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Contributions
of the
American Entomological Institute
Volume 6, Number 1, 1970
V
AUG 26 1970
ys LBRARIED
cant HSO Ni “f,
MOSQUITO STUDIES (Diptera, Culicidae)
XXI. The Culicidae of Jamaica.
| a
John N. Belkin, Sandra J. Heinemann and William A. Page
CONTRIBUTIONS
of the
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(Continued on back cover)
THE CULICIDAE OF JAMAICA’”
(Mosquito Studies. XXI)
By
John N. Belkin® , sandra J. Heinemann”
and
William A. Page”
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION. . UA VARs. g URRMMMEA ect ar ads sake Tubal’ Se petty race ’ ae Be
MATERIAL AND METHODS . eH tacks = VA ae a eae gh abt at geass eo Ve
ANALYSIS OF THE FAUNA. . . “pertinent i cee aig tat ae ae Te
BIONOMICS AND MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Se a eek asthe wetriytiee tl eR
Se es RE Ce ele et ugh od CRS yc ee dl gy bean ae
Nat SN eI ks yl incase ogo gale pete wi ele he ee © le Se
Keys to Tribes and Genera .. . aed ag 5b eons nica lia ah nar
Tribe Anophelini, Genus Anopheles Si aN a a a Sa ee a a kee
Keys to Species . . Pp eeRar te ies Th wees fap ane Maes iy hie
1. Anopheles (Nys.) ee tk eg 5) Suneraen el eee | ae
DIA OMe ee ng 3 eh oe thee eee
Dy As CH ee atic et anh, ee be ee
A AO Are SA Al VaR PE ig i ge ee gulige ey yaa
hn i a ee ns as a ke he we ee Se
afive. Asranedaeniini. Genus Urano menid oo ge at ke sees mee)
Keys to Species... . Becca sy fon > bs le’ fat vag) aah gs Sea, pena a | ae
6. Uranotaenia socialis TBI PIP geet | ae RS at LDS ek BP ee SS re eae gE RAT,
Se APNG OIE 50 ised ical BR Ey ah ee ey lg Re
REE SS ETT ALE A: | SA rea RD eG EN Ra Ae aN ea PR NE
‘Published simultaneously as Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, vol. 6,
no. 1 and Bulletin of the Institute of Jamaica, Science Series, no. 20.
*Contribution from project “Mosquitoes of Middle America” supported by U.S. Public Health
Service Research Grant AI-04379 and U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command
Research Contract DA-49-193-MD-2478. Part of field work was supported by travel grants from
the Wellcome Trust to William A. Page, and from the Institute of Jamaica to John N. Belkin.
* Department of Zoology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024.
*Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Tribe Culicini .
Genus Deinocerites .
Keys to Species ..
9. Deinocerites cancer .
Genus Culex .
Keys to Subgenera and Species
Subgenus Culex...
10. Culex (C.) hahamensis
11. Culex (C.) corniger
12. Culex (C.) chidesteri .- .
13. Culex (C.) janitor .
14. Culex (C.) secutor .
15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus
16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus .
Subgenus Melanoconion .
17. Culex (Mel.) atratus .
18. Culex (Mel.) opisthopus
19. Culex (Mel.) erraticus
20. Culex (Mel.) iolambdis .
21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator
22. Culex (Mel.) sp., Jamaican form
23. Culex (Mel.) pilosus . a4
24. Culex (Mel.) panocossa .
Subgenus Micraedes. . .
25. Culex (Micr.) arawak
Tribe Mansoniini .
Keys to Genera and Species .
Genus Coquillettidia
26. Coquillettidia (R.) nigricans
Genus Mansonia .
27. Mansonia (M. ) titillans
28. Mansonia(M.) flaveola .
29. Mansonia(M.) dyari .
Tribe Orthopodomyiini, Genus Orthopodomyia :
Key to Adults . ee
30. ee waverleyt
Tribe Aedini
Genus Psorophora
Keys to Subgenera and Species
Subgenus Psorophora . .
31. Psorophora(P.) ciliata .
Subgenus Janthinosoma . .
32. Psorophora (J.) johnstonii
33. Psorophora (J.) ferox
34. Psorophora (J.) sp., Jamaican form
Subgenus Grabhamia
35. Psorophora(G.) infinis .
36. Psorophora(G.) jamaicensis .
37. Psorophora(G.) insularia .
38. Psorophora(G.) pygmaea .
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica
Genus Aedes
Keys to Subgenera and Species
Subgenus Ochlerotatus .
39. Aedes (O.) ‘eetmarharaohes
40. Aedes (O.) sollicitans
41. Aedes (O.) pertinax .
42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus
43. Aedes (O.) tortilis .
44. Aedes (O.) auratus
45. Aedes (O.) calumnior
Subgenus Finlaya . ‘
46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus
Subgenus Howardina
47. Aedes (H.) walkeri
48. Aedes (H.) aurites .
49. Aedes (H.) grabhami .
50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis
51. Aedes (H.) stenei .
Subgenus Stegomyia
52. Aedes (S.) aegypti .
Genus Haemagogus .
53. Haemagogus (L.) equinus
Tribe Sabethini
Genus Wyeomyia .
Keys to Species :
54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigtitubas:
55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii .
56. Wyeomyia (W.) vanduzeei .
57. Wyeomyia (W.) luna .
58. Wyeomyia (W.) stellata . oe
59. Wyeomyia (W.) sp., Jamaican fonn A
60. Wyeomyia(W.) corona . pas
61. Wyeomyia (W.) juxtahirsuta .
62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta .
63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata
64. Wyeomyia (W.) sp., Jamaican form B
Genus Limatus
65. Limatus ho aa
Tribe Toxorhynchitini, Genus Toxorhynchites
Keys to Species
66. Toxorhynchites ( E. ) portoricensis.
SUBFAMILY CHAOBORINAE .
Keys to Genera and Species .
Tribe Chaoborini, Genus Sayomyia .
67. Sayomyia lanei .
Tribe Corethrellini, Genus Corethiclian
68. Corethreila (C.) appendiculata .
69. Corethrella (C.) longitubus
70. Corethrella(C.) librata .
4 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
SUBFAMILY DIXINAE .
Keys to Genera and Species .
Genus Dixella .
71. Dixella scitula
Genus Mesodixa .
72. Mesodixa Becca
JA COLLECTION DATA.
REFERENCES CITED
FIGURES . .
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTIONS .
CONSPECTUS OF TAXONOMIC CHANGES .
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 5
INTRODUCTION
The present review of the Culicidae of Jamaica is the first in a series of coop-
erative regional studies being undertaken in connection with a long-term project
on the systematics of the mosquitoes of Middle America (Belkin, Schick et al,
1965, 1967). In January 1964 W.A. Page, then on the staff of the Zoology Depart-
ment, University of the West Indies, undertook the supervision of a survey of the
Jamaican mosquito fauna with emphasis on obtaining individually reared material
of the species which were originally described from this island. Material from this
cooperative survey, which was carried on sporadically through late September 1967,
forms the basis of this review. Associated stages of all but 4 of the topotypic
nominal species were obtained and several new species and records were added
so that it is now possible to provide a sound taxonomic basis for future studies
on the mosquitoes of the island. A really thorough knowledge of this fauna will
require much additional work that can be accomplished only by local residents
carrying on systematic surveys over a period of years or undertaking special studies
to fill the numerous lacunae in our present knowledge. 3
We have included in our review not only the true mosquitoes of the subfamily
Culicinae but also the subfamilies Chaoborinae and Dixinae which were not treated
in the 2 previous reviews of the mosquitoes of Jamaica (Theobald, 1905a; Hill and
Hill, 1948). We have also tried to increase the usefulness of this work by includ-
ing in the keys all the genera, and whenever possible all the species, reported from
the Greater Antilles. Brief discussions are also given for some of these species, par-
ticularly those that we believe may occur in Jamaica.
We are most grateful to Professor I.M. Goodbody, Department of Zoology, Uni-
versity of the West Indies, for providing laboratory facilities and other support,
and to D.C. Watson, a student at the University, for valuable assistance in the field
and laboratory. We also thank Dr. H.B. Johnston, H.L. Tucker and other members
of the Mosquito Control Organization of the Ministry of Health, Jamaica, for as-
sistance and cooperation in the field. To the Wellcome Trust we are indebted for
a 3-month travel grant to W.A. Page to continue the field work in Jamaica. We
thank Dr. T.H. Farr, Science Museum, Institute of Jamaica, for valuable advice
and assistance in the field.
Nearly all the staff, past and present, of the project ‘“‘Mosquitoes of Middle
America” has participated in the preparation of this review. We are particularly
indebted to the following: A.J. Adames, O.G.W. Berlin and T.J. Zavortink for ex-
pert advice on Deinocerites, Aedes (Howardina) and Orthopodomyia respectively;
W.A. Powder and L.G. Woodley for the preparation of the material; S. Barr, S.L.
Burmeister, S.A. Dieckmann, N. Kitamura, L.M. Kowalczyk, and N.L. Martsch for
the illustrations; S.E. Bernstein for typing some of the early drafts of the manu-
script and C.L. Abrams for the later drafts and the final copy for lithoprinting.
We also thank Alan Stone of the U.S. National Museum and Peter F. Mattingly
of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for the loan of material and for comparing spec-
imens with types.
Finally we wish to thank Director C. Bernard Lewis of the Institute of Jamaica
for his interest, encouragement and cooperation. It was at his request that we
undertook the preparation of this review for publication and this could not have
been achieved without his assistance in obtaining funds for some of the field work
and illustrations. —
All the illustrations for this work are original except for the following: figs. 1-6
6 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
which are reproduced in a slightly modified form from volume 2 of the “‘Mosqui-
toes of the South Pacific’? (Belkin, 1962:figs. 406-408 ,410-412) with the permis-
sion of the University of California Press; and figs. 34,48, in part (Berlin, 1970),
54,55 (Zavortink, 1968) and 82-91 (Berlin, 1969), which have appeared in the
Contributions of the American Entomological Institute. :
Although all 3 of us share the responsibility for the entire study and the author-
ship of the new species, each one was primarily responsible for certain aspects of
the work. W.A. Page devoted his efforts primarily to the field work and the record-
ing of the data on the bionomics and distribution. S.J. Heinemann made all the
preliminary identifications, prepared the genitalia slides, recorded all the material,
supervised the preparation of the illustrations and did the final taxonomic study of
the genus Wyeomyia. The final taxonomic studies of the other groups and the gen-
eral organization of the study were done by J.N. Belkin with the assistance of S.J.
Heinemann.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
MATERIAL. This study is based primarily on material collected and reared un-
der the supervision of W.A. Page for the project ‘““Mosquitoes of Middle America’”’
using the methods developed for the project by Belkin, Hogue et al (1965, 1967).
The data for these and a few special and miscellaneous collections are given in a
separate section following the taxonomic treatment. These collections were pri-
marily undertaken to obtain associated stages of the 38 nominal species originally
described from Jamaica in order to determine unequivocally their identity. The bulk
of this material will remain at the University of California, Los Angeles [UCLA]
and representative series will be deposited at the U.S. National Museum [USNM],
British Museum (Nat. Hist.) [BM] and the Institute of Jamaica [JAM].
Additional material examined for this study came from the collections of the
USNM, JAM and BM, consisting largely of small remnants of important collections
by Michael Grabham (1899-1907), Rolla B. Hill and Claire McDowell Hill (1941-
1945), W.H.W. Komp (1940) and G.A. Thompson and associates (1944-1946), as
well as more recent collections of T.A. Farr [JAM], R.H. Hochman and W.W. Wirth
[USNM]. A valuable collection made by T.H.G. Aitken in December 1962 [UCLA]
came to our attention too late for inclusion in the distribution data.
Michael Grabham’s collections are of particular interest since they included the
first rearings made on the island and because the majority of the species originally
described from Jamaica were based on his material. The earlier collections (1899-
1904) form the basis for the first review of the mosquitoes of Jamaica which ap-
parently was originally undertaken as a cooperative study but was entirely written
by Theobald (1905a) although the title page states ‘With descriptions of some of
the various stages by M. Grabham” and there are a few such descriptions quoted
in the text. Except for some specimens now in the USNM, the material received.
by Theobald from Grabham is still in the BM collection, including the types of all
the species described by Theobald from this material.
In 1905 Grabham stopped sending material to Theobald and began publishing
independently on the Jamaican fauna. He was apparently preparing a second edi-
tion of Theobald’s paper (Grabham, 1907:25) when his collection was destroyed
in the earthquake of 1907 (Dyar and Knab, 1908:56). Fortunately Grabham sent
material during this period to Washington for study by Howard, Dyar and Knab
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 7
for their monograph on the mosquitoes of North and Central America and the
West Indies (1913-1917). This material, now in the USNM, contains specimens
from the type series of all the species described by Grabham except johnstonii
and aureostriatus and from it lectotypes have been designated by previous workers
or by us here.
The Hill and Hill material formed the basis for the second review of the mosqui-
to fauna of the island (Hill and Hill, 1948). All that remains of this material in
Jamaica are a few slides, unlabelled or with a collection number only. These will
be deposited in the Institute of Jamaica. Mrs. Hill informs us that the collection
records were left in Jamaica but we could not locate them anywhere. There are a
few Hill and Hill specimens in the USNM collection but these carry no locality
data; there are also some specimens in the Komp material.
The Komp material from Jamaica consists of specimens apparently collected by
Komp himself in January 1940 and some collections made by the Hills, Thompson
and others. The bulk of this material is in very poor condition but is provided
with dates and sometimes localities; it will remain in the USNM collection.
The G.A. Thompson material is represented by a small number of well-labelled
pinned specimens in the JAM collection and a larger number of specimens in the
USNM collection, the pinned material largely without specific locality labels and
the slides usually with nothing but a number. Apparently the bulk of this material
was collected in the southern half of Clarendon parish. Associated in the collection
of some of this material were W.H.W. Komp, H.D. Pratt and A.E. Pritchard.
_ We examined more than 27,000 specimens from Jamaica (3,689 males, 6,440
females, 10,800 larvae, 6,267 pupae), representing 70 of the 72 species recognized
here and including 4,332 individual rearings of 56 species (1,436 larval, 2,330 pu-
pal, 566 incomplete). We were not able to find any material of Mansonia (M.)
flaveola and Psorophora (J.) johnstonii from Jamaica.
METHODS OF STUDY AND PRESENTATION. The methods of study and pre-
sentation are essentially similar to those used by Belkin (1962). The general des-
criptive terminology is illustrated in figs. 1-3 for the adults, fig. 4 for the pupa,
and figs. 5 and 6 for the larva. A few special terms introduced here are explained
and illustrated under the groups involved.
We have devoted special attention to the species originally described from Ja-
maica that we consider to be valid. For these, the descriptions are more detailed
and the illustrations include the complete larva as well as the pupa and male geni-
talia. For Jamaican species originally described from elsewhere the treatment is
briefer and only details of the larva are illustrated in addition to the complete pu-
pa and male genitalia; whenever possible all of these from the Jamaican populations.
The taxonomic and other bibliographic references are selective and include pri-
marily works dealing with the Jamaican species, the major standard reference works
and major taxonomic revisions. For widespread species, the synonyms given are re-
stricted to those described from Jamaica or neighboring areas.
In the distribution sections, the localities are listed in alphabetical sequence un-
der the parishes which are also arranged alphabetically. For simplicity we have
combined the Kingston and St. Andrew parishes into one. The number or num-
bers following a locality refer to our collections; the data for these are given in a
separate section following the taxonomic treatment.
8 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ANALYSIS OF THE FAUNA
COMPOSITION. We are reporting here 72 species of the family Culicidae from
Jamaica; 4 of these remain unnamed because of insufficient material (Culex (Mel.)
sp. 22, Psorophora (J.) sp. 34, Wyeomyia (W.) sp. 59 and Wyeomyia (W.) sp. 64);
we have not been able to confirm the record of Mansonia (M.) flaveola by Porter
(1967:40) but include it as this species may be present on the island. At the com-
pletion of the study we found 1 male (without abdomen) of an undescribed spec-
ies of Aedes which is possibly endemic to Jamaica. This species is excluded from
the following account but is briefly discussed under the genus Aedes.
The subfamily Dixinae is reported for the first time from Jamaica by 2 new
species, 1 in the new genus Mesodixa, the other tentatively placed in Dixella. Both
genera belong to the tribe Paradixini, the only one known at present from the
New World tropics.
The subfamily Chaoborinae is represented by both tribes known from the New
World tropics, (1) the Chaoborini, not previously reported from the island, by a
new species in the genus Sayomyia, and (2) the Corethrellini by 3 species in the
genus Corethrella, 2 of them new.
The largest number of species, 66, belong to the subfamily Culicinae which is
represented by 8 of the 10 tribes (in the sense of Belkin, 1962:117) known from
the New World. To the previous records we have added Limatus hoffmani and
Uranotaenia cooki, the 4 unnamed species mentioned above, and 5 new species of
Wyeomyia. We have also made several changes in the taxonomic interpretation of
previously recorded species, including the recognition of 2 new species for the
forms previously reported as Mansonia (M.) indubitans and Aedes (O.) obturbator.
In the review of Hill and Hill (1948) a total of 48 species of Culicinae was reliably
recorded from Jamaica.
Nearly every species recorded from Jamaica belongs to a separate phyletic line
or group. There appear to be only 4 groups that are represented by more than 1
species. Among the ground pool breeders these are (1) the Scapularis Group of
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) represented by hemisurus, tortilis and auratus, and (2) pos-
sibly Culex (Mel.) inhibitator and Culex (Mel.) sp. 22. Among the container breed-
ers are 2 endemic species groups, (1) the Aurites Group of Aedes (Howardina)
with aurites, grabhami, inaequalis and stenei, and (2) the Hirsuta Group of Wyeo-
myia with luna, stellata, sp. 59, corona, juxtahirsuta, hirsuta, atrata and sp. 64.
CHARACTER AND AFFINITIES. As can be seen from the outline above the
culicid fauna of Jamaica is well balanced and diversified. It is essentially an iso-
lated continental fauna and not a miscellaneous assemblage of chance immigrants
over extensive ocean barriers.
Although the Jamaican fauna is still very poorly known and although our know-
ledge of the faunas of the rest of the Greater Antillean area and Central America
is even more fragmentary, general patterns of affinities can be discerned. These
are derived primarily from the known distributions of the species reported from
Jamaica which are summarized in the Table of Distributions (p. 447). There are
obvious gaps and probably many errors in these distributions and therefore the in-
ferences presented here can be only tentative.
Two of the 72 species reported from Jamaica are definitely introduced, the Old
World Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus and Aedes (S.) aegypti. The 70 indigenous spec-
ies seem to fall into 5 more or less distinct groups: Jamaican Endemic (JE), Great-
er Antillean (GA), Middle American (MA), North American (NA) and Widespread
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 2
(WG, WN, WS).
The endemic Jamaican element may include all of the 25 species (36%) listed
below, but further collecting and study of related forms may reduce or increase
the number: Uranotaenia socialis (doubtful), Culex (Mel.) sp. 22, Culex (Micr.)
arawak, Orthopodomyia waverleyi, Psorophora (J.) sp. 34, Aedes (O.) auratus, Ae-
des (O.) calumnior, Aedes (H.) walkeri, Aedes (H.) aurites, Aedes (H.) grabhami,
Aedes (H.) inaequalis, Aedes (H.) stenei, Wyeomyia (W.) luna, Wyeomyia (W.) stel-
lata, Wyeomyia (W.) sp. 59, Wyeomyia (W.) corona, Wyeomyia (W.) juxtahirsuta,
Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta, Wyeomyia (W.) atrata, Wyeomyia (W.) sp. 64, Sayomyia
lanei, Corethrella (C.) longitubus, Corethrella (C.) librata, Dixella scitula, Mesodixa
biambulacra.
The Greater Antillean element consists of about 21 species (30%) whose distri-
butions are centered in the Greater Antilles but may sometimes variously extend
into Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas and the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles
but not beyond. It is possible that some of these species may actually belong to
the Middle American class. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii, Uranotaenia cooki, Culex
(C.) bahamensis, Culex (C.) janitor, Culex (C.) secutor, Culex (Mel.) atratus, Culex
(Mel.) inhibitator, Mansonia (M.) flaveola, Psorophora (J.) johnstonii, Psorophora
(G.) infinis, Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis, Psorophora (G.) insularia, Psorophora (G.)
pygmaea, Aedes (O.) pertinax, Aedes (O.) hemisurus, Aedes (O.) tortilis, Aedes
(F.) mediovittatus, Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii, Wyeomyia (W.) vanduzeei, Limatus
hoffmani, Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis.
The Middle American element is composed of about 11 species’ (16%) whose
distributions include at least Central America and Panama, the core of the Middle
American area, and may extend into northern South America. Haemagogus equinus
is a typical representative as it has a distribution encompassing almost the entire
area; the other species have more restricted distributions. This element is composed
of the following species: Anopheles (N.) albimanus, Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis,
Deinocerites cancer, Culex (C.) chidesteri, Culex (Mel.) opisthopus, Culex (Mell.)
iolambdis , Culex (Mel.) panocossa, Coquillettidia (R.) nigricans, Mansonia (M.) dyari,
Haemagogus equinus, Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
The North American element is represented by only 3 species (4%) which have
extensive North American distributions and do not invade the tropics south of the
Greater Antilles and Mexico: Anopheles (A.) atropos, Anopheles (A.) crucians and
Aedes (O.) sollicitans.
The widespread element consists of about 10 species (14%) with extensive dis-
tributions in the New World. We have divided this element into 3 subclasses. The
Widespread General (WG) group consists of 5 species with extensive distributions
in both North and South America: Uranotaenia lowii, Culex (C.) nigripalpus, Psoro-
phora (J.) ferox, Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus and Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
- The Widespread Northern (WN) group consists of 3 species with more extensive
distributions in North America than in South America: Culex (Mel.) erraticus, Cu-
lex (Mel.) pilosus and Psorophora (P.) ciliata. The Widespread Southern (WS) group
includes only Culex (C.) corniger and Mansonia (W.) titillans which have more ex-
tensive distributions in South America than in North America. It is very likely that
a thorough study of these widespread species will reveal that many consist of com-
plexes of species. Jamaican populations tentatively assigned to some of these are
more or less clearly differentiated but it is impossible to determine the taxonomic
significance of these differences without extensive comparative studies of popula-
tions from the entire reported range of these species.
10 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Outside of some of the widespread species there is practically nothing in com-
mon between Jamaica (and the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas) and the Wind-
ward Islands of the Lesser Antilles. Another striking feature of the culicid fauna
of Jamaica and the Antillean area is the absence of some dominant elements pres-
ent in Central America, notably Culex (C.) coronator Dyar & Knab, 1906.
BIONOMICS AND MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
BREEDING SITES. In the Table of Distributions (p. 447) we have indicated
the principal type of breeding habitat used by every species reported from Jamaica;
in the few cases where this is not known we have assigned a habitat by analogy
with related species. Only the 70 indigenous species are considered here; for the
introduced domestic qguinquefasciatus and aegypti see the discussions of the bio-
nomics under these species.
A surprisingly large number of species, 46 (66%), utilize ground waters (G). The
largest number of species, 28 (all Anopheles, Uranotaenia, Coquillettidia, Mansonia;
most Culex; Sayomyia, Corethrella librata, Dixella, Mesodixa), are primarily found
in permanent or semipermanent ground waters (GP) such as streams, ponds, swamps,
ditches and impoundments (Culex (Mel.) opisthopus may breed in solution holes in
coral limestone). Temporary ground pools (GT) of various types are the normal
breeding sites of 13 species, all but 1 species each in the genus Psorophora and
the subgenus Ochlerotatus of Aedes. Three species (Psorophora (G.) insularia, Ae-
des (O.) calumnior and Corethrella (C.) longitubus) are apparently largely, if not
entirely, confined to breeding in rockholes (GR), and Psorophora (G.) infinis (in-
cluded in GT above) may also prefer this type of breeding site; 2 species (Deino-
cerites cancer and Culex (C.) janitor) are restricted to crabholes (GC).
The plant container breeders (C) number only 24, constituting a smaller per-
centage (34%) of the total fauna than is normal in the American tropics and par-
ticularly on islands. The largest group of these (CA) breeds in the leaf axils of
bromeliads and aroids and the flower bracts of heliconias and includes 10 of the
11 species of Wyeomyia, 3 species of the subgenus Howardina of Aedes (aurites,
grabhami, stenei) and Culex (Micr.) arawak. Seven species breed in treeholes or
bamboo (CT): Orthopodomyia waverleyi, Aedes (F.) mediovittatus, Aedes (H.) in-
aequalis, Haemagogus (L.) equinus, Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus, Toxorhynchites (L.)
portoricensis, Corethrella appendiculata. Two additional species utilize a wide ar-
ray of plant container habitats (XX) and may occasionally be found in rock pools
or rockholes with large amounts of decaying vegetation (Culex (C.) corniger, Aedes
(H.) walkeri); a third species, Limatus hoffmani, whose breeding sites are still un-
known, is included with these for it may breed in plant material (leaves, fruits) on
the ground, in treeholes or in bamboo.
Relatively few species in Jamaica have been noted to breed in moderately to
highly saline waters: Anopheles (A.) atropos, Deinocerites cancer, Culex (C.) ba-
hamensis, Culex (C.) nigripalpus, Psorophora (G.) insularia, Psorophora (G.) pyg-
maea, Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus, Aedes (O.) sollicitans, Aedes (O.) pertinax and
Aedes (O.) tortilis. Some of the more common lowland ground pool breeders such
as Anopheles (N.) albimanus, Culex (Mel.) atratus, Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis and
probably others tolerate brackish water.
There appear to be no geographical and relatively little altitudinal differentia-
tion in the culicid fauna of Jamaica. The few obligate brackish water breeders are
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 11
restricted to the immediate coast but most species found in the coastal plain oc-
cur to elevations of 350 m or more. A small number of species are restricted to
higher elevations, particularly Culex (C.) secutor. Many of the bromeliad breeders
are found primarily at intermediate or high elevations with lower temperatures
and higher rainfall, but they occur also in narrow wooded river valleys where simi-
lar conditions prevail.
BLOOD FEEDING. Probably the original hosts for the bloodsucking Culicinae
of Jamaica were primarily birds. At the present time, in addition to the introduced
domestic pests (quinquefasciatus and aegypti), the most common species attack-
ing man, as determined by Page (1967), in the coastal plain are Aedes (O.) tae-
niorhynchus, Aedes (O.) hemisurus (as scapularis), Culex (C.) nigripalpus, Psoro-
phora (G.) jamaicensis (as confinnis), Aedes (O.) tortilis, Anopheles (N.) albimanus
and Psorophora (G.) pygmaea.
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Malaria, now eradicated from Jamaica, was probably
transmitted on this island primarily by Anopheles (N.) albimanus as concluded by
Boyd and Aris (1929:309-399), but all the other species of Anopheles present on
the island are also potential malaria vectors. At least albimanus and grabhamii pop-
ulations are high enough at present to be a source of concern in the event that
‘malaria is reintroduced on the island.
Nocturnal periodic Bancroftian filariasis is transmitted in the West Indies pri-
marily, if not solely, by Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus. The extent and importance
of this infection in Jamaica at the present time are not known to us.
The arboviruses are probably the most important pathogens of the future trans-
missible by mosquitoes in Jamaica. Although yellow fever is not now present in
the area, its vector, Aedes (S.) aegypti, is widespread and abundant and is period-
ically responsible for the transmission of the dengue fever virus. In recent years
St. Louis Encephalitis virus has been isolated twice in Jamaica from Culex (C.)
nigripalpus (Belle, Grant and Page, 1964; L.S. Grant, personal communication) and
other arboviruses not known to be pathogenic to humans have been recovered
from Anopheles (A.) grabhamii, Culex (C.) nigripalpus, Mansonia (M.) titillans, Psor-
ophora (G.) jamaicensis, Psorophora (G.) pygmaea, Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus and
Aedes (O.) hemisurus [as tortilis and scapularis] (op. cit.).
12
2(1).
2(1).
2(1).
2(1).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
KEYS TO SUBFAMILIES
ADULTS
Mouthparts long, labium subequal in length to forefemur . . . .Culicinae
Mouthparts short, labium much shorter than forefemur . . ..... .2
Wing veins with only a few short inconspicuous hairs, fringe composed of
hairs; antennal flagellum with 14 segments . . . . . Dixinae
Wing veins with numerous long hairs or hairlike scales, fringe composed of
scales; antennal flagellum with 13 segments. . . . . . . Chaoborinae
MALE GENITALIA
A distinct paramere developed between basal piece and aedeagus Sek
Oe ee ee er. gee es ae eee ee . Culicinae
Aedeagal sclerites articulating directly with basal piece . . ..... .2
Phallosome very simple, consisting of a poorly developed basal piece and
projecting aedeagal sclerites (penis valve). . .. . . . . Chaoborinae
Phallosome complex, basal piece strongly developed, prosophallus or op-
isthophallus or both strongly developed, aedeagal sclerites located in a
PON Fe REC eS ee ae Pe A See
PUPAE
Abdominal tergites with conspicuous incomplete submedian transverse ridges
i Ges. 2 Bag SOE ERT ee nd SS eee a, Dixinae
Abdominal tergites without submedian transverse ridges. . . .... .2
Paddles fused or not articulated at base or trumpet coarsely reticulate
Chaoborinae
Paddles always separate and dyticuleted at base and trumpet with tracheoid
Oe Tinety Tienes ne id oe es. et a ee kc: a Culicinge
LARVAE
Venter of abdominal segments I or I and II with short unsegmented paired
prolegs; thoracic segments subequal in width to abdominal. . . Dixinae
Venter of abdominal segments without prolegs; thoracic segments distinctly
Wer te re rg Pon EM er
Mouthbrushes completely absent or represented at most by about 5 long
bristlelike spicules . . . . . . Chaoborinae
Mouthbrushes always well developed, usually: very 1 numerous, rarely reduced
to 10 heavy long flattened filaments ........ .. . .Culicinae
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 13
SUBFAMILY CULICINAE
The Mosquitoes
The mosquitoes, characterized by the development of an elongate proboscis in
the adults, are treated here as a subfamily of the Culicidae in a broad sense rather
than a family distinct from the Dixidae and Chaoboridae of some recent authors
(Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959; Stone, 1965). Although there is a basic morpho-
logical similarity in all stages and particularly in the immature stages with the
other subfamilies, the Culicinae are readily separated by the combination of fea-
tures given in the keys to the subfamilies.
The Culicinae form the dominant element of the culicid fauna in Jamaica as
elsewhere in the New World tropics. Of the 10 tribes (in the sense of Belkin, 1962:
117) recognized in the New World, only 2 (Aedeomyiini and Culisetini) are not
known from Jamaica. A total of 66 species is recorded here from Jamaica, 4 of
the species are very poorly known and not named, and 1 (ansonia flaveola) is
included on the basis of an unconfirmed record. The representation of the tribes
is as follows: (1) Anophelini with 5 species, all in the genus Anopheles; (2) Urano-
taeniini with 3 species in the genus Uranotaenia; (3) Culicini with a total of 17
species, 1 in Deinocerites and 16 in Culex; (4) Mansoniini with a total of 4 species,
1 in Coquillettidia and 3 in Mansonia; (5) Orthopodomyiini with 1 species of Or-
thopodomyia; (6) Aedini with a total of 23 species, 8 in Psorophora, 14 in Aedes
and 1 in Haemagogus; (7) Sabethini with a total of 12 species, 11 in Wyeomyia
and 1 in Limatus; and (8) Toxorhynchitini with 1 species of Toxorhynchites. An
additional endemic species of Aedes may also be present (see genus).
We have included in the keys the other 2 New World tribes since both have
been recorded from Cuba: (1) Culisetini by Culiseta (C.) inornata (Williston, 1893)
which has a wide distribution in North America including northern Mexico; it is
very unlikely that this species will be found in Jamaica; and (2) Aedeomyiini by
Aedeomyia squamipennis (Lynch Arribalzaga, 1879) which is widely distributed in
the New World tropics and may actually consist of a complex of species; this spec-
ies may be present in Jamaica, most likely in the western part of the island.
KEYS TO TRIBES AND GENERA
ADULTS
Toxorhynchitini
.: Proboscis rigid, with attenuate and caudally recurved distal part .
, Toxorhynchites
Proboscis flexible, more Or less uniform - in ‘width or swollen apically, not
recurved caudad
Anophelini
2(1). Scutellum evenly rounded on caudal margin; female palpus subequal in
length to proboscis; male palpus club shaped . . . . . . Anopheles
Scutellum trilobed on caudal margin; female palpus less than 0.6 of pro-
boscis; male palpus sometimes swollen apically but not club shaped .3
14
3(2).
4(3).
5(4).
6(5).
7(6).
8(4).
9(8).
10(9).
11(10).
12(11).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Uranotaeniini
Vein R,43 more than 3.0 of vein R,; mesonotum with streak of whitish
or iridescent blue scales laterally from wing root. . . . .Uranotaenia
Vein R,+3 subequal to or shorter than vein R,; mesonotum without
streak of whitish or iridescent blue scales laterally from wing root . .4
Base of hindcoxa in line with base of meron or slightly above it; meron
very small; postnotum always with bristles and sometimes scales (Sa-
bethini) .° 2: oe)
Base of hindcoxa distinctly ventrad of base of n meron; meron 1 large: post-
notum rarely with bristles
Sabethini
Occiput with line of conspicuous black erect scales (longipes, Cuba; see
tribe) 3. . 1 eo. Pe a 2. oD ehoprosopon
Head without erect scales
Mesonotal scales dull bronzy, with only slight metallic sheen .
Wyeomyia
Mesonotal scales with brilliant metallic sheen or t with strong contrasting
CGlOh ea ee
Mesonotum with pattern of gold and violet scales; spiracular bristles re-
placed by scales (65. hoffmani) . . . . . Limatus
Mesonotal scaling uniform, smooth and with strong metallic green sheen;
spiracular bristles distinct; midleg with “‘paddle’’ of very long scales on
tibia and base of tarsus (bipartipes, Hispaniola; see tribe). . . Sabethes
Culisetini
Base of vein Sc on lower surface of wing with patch of strong bristles
(inornata, Cuba;see subfamily) . . mes oo Culiseta
Base of vein Sc on lower surface of wing with scales only a, ar: SS9
Aedini
Mesonotum without any bristles on disc (no acrostichals, dorsocentrals
or prescutellars), vestiture of smooth metallic scales; anterior pronotal
lobes (apn) enlarged and approximated over midline back of head and
overlapping vertex (53. equinus) . . . . Haemagogus
Mesonotum with at least prescutellar bristles developed, vestiture varied
but not as above; anterior pronotal lobes normal, not approximated or
CveopIne vortex eS TO
POursoitacular Diistles Present eee dT
POstspiracuia® DfistieS abseNt be ee. ss. 13
Spiacular bristles present i. fl sl tt... ..Psorophora
Silden lar Gristics desert ee AD
Plume scales of dorsal surface of veins R, and R3 narrow; apex of abdo-
men Of female more orless pointed. ..... ......... . . Aedes
13(10).
14(13).
15(14).
2(1).
3(1).
4(3).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 15
Mansoniini
Plume scales of dorsal surface of veins R, and R; very broad; apex of ab-
domen of female truncate . . .. . . . .Coquillettidia, Mansonia
Orthopodomylini
Mesonotum with conspicuous pattern of narrow white scaled lines; seg-
ment 4 of foretarsus and midtarsus of female shorter than segment 5 .
_ Orthopodomyia
Mesonotum Witholit pattern of 3 narrow white scaled lines: segment 4 of
foretarsus and midtarsus of female longer thansegment5 ... . 14
Aedeomyiini
Apex of midfemur with large tuft of outstanding scales; mesonotum with
broad scales; dorsal wing scales all broad, in an irregular but conspic-
uous dark and white pattern (squamipennis, Cuba; see subfamily) .
. Aedeomyia
Midfemur ‘without tuft of erect scales: ‘mesonotum with narrow scales;
some dorsal wing scales narrow, not in contrasting pattern of dark and
White Culicint) 0 ee ee Ry rs
Culicini
First flagellar segment of antenna subequal to or shorter than clypeus
. Culex
First flagellar segment of antenna at least twice as s long as : clypeus
Deinocerites
MALE GENITALIA
Proctiger strongly developed, paraproct with a transverse comblike crown
of at least 6 subequal spines or patch of numerous spines, denticles, or
spicules; sidepiece with subapical lobe bearing specialized setae eat
Cini) .
Proctiger variously developed, paraproct if distinct usually with not 1 more
than 5 irregular spines, denticles or teeth; sidepiece without such sub-
apical lobe =. 2) oe ae es
Culicini
Ninth tergite consisting primarily of greatly developed lateral lobes artic-
ulating with sternite. . . . . Deinocerites
Ninth tergite lobes dorsal or submedian not crbiculatine with sternite
. Culex
Proctiger nearly completely membranous distally, without distinct para-
proct —.. oy. 8
Proctiger with distinct sclerotized -paraproct usually ending i in a sharp
point or 1-5. denticles, rarely rounded on apex... 0... °. +... 6
Anophelini
Aedeagus long and slender except at base, surrounded by complex clas-
POtte coo ke ee es a es eee ee Anopheles
16
5(4).
6(3).
TO):
8(6).
9(8).
10(9).
11(10).
12(11).
13(12).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Aedeasus broad, claspette Marceveioved =. 6 wk eS
Aedeomyiini
Spiniform of clasper pectinate; aedeagus without conspicuous spines (squa-
mipenrds, Cuba; sce SUBTamilyy) SS. a Cw ACAEOMYIa
Uranotaeniini
Spiniform of clasper simple; aedeagus with conspicuous spines
Uranotaenia
Tergite VIII with distinct median caudal lobe . Se eee ee
Tergite VIII without distinct median caudallobe ........ .8
Orthopodomyiini, Culisetini
Spiniform of clasper pectinate. . . . . . . Orthopodomyia
Spiniform of clasper simple (inornata, Cuba: see ve subfamily) . . Culiseta
Mansoniini
Tergite [IX membranous and without setae . . . . . . .Mansonia
Tergite IX partially or completely sclerotized, with setae Richa Asner tele
Tergite [IX with conspicuous median caudal process between lobes; clas-
pette (basal mesal lobe) with a pair of closely appressed flattened apical
a . . . Coquillettidia
Tergite [X without conspicuous median caudal process between lobes;
claspette (basal mesal lobe, mesal plate) varied, without pair of flat-
Pee ee ee eee tp
Toxorhynchitini
Aedeagus bulbous at base and with very long slender apical process; baso-
lateral sclerotization of proctiger poorly developed, not forming con-
spicuous dorsallobe. . . . . . . Toxorhynchites
Aedeagus varied, apical process if present much broader; basolateral scler-
otization of proctiger strongly developed, forming conspicuous dorsal
ee tee ee a a a ee eee OL
Aedeagus with lateral sclerotizations bearing a pair of distally joined sub-
median arms forming a narrow tergal bridge, and a pair of distally
approximated apical arms (Sabethini) . . . ros ee
Aedeagus with single cylindrical or troughlike sclerotization, or if with
distinct lateral sclerotizations the tergal bridge broad and apical (Ae-
eR or ashe cut eae ie ie eee Oe Ss RS
Sabethini
Clasper simple, very long and slender (longipes, Cuba; see tribe) .
op Aas oa, ROE ee EE RSD. ee . Trichoprosopon
Clasper comipics, Will iopes On fede 2 oe ee eww. OB
Aedeagus elongate, subcylindrical . . ...... . . . Wyeomyia
AcGegens Oi SN yconb et. ee i eM. OTM
14(13).
15(11).
16(15).
2{1).
3(2).
4(3).
5(4).
6(4).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 17
Aedeagus widest beyond middle; paramere without long sternal process
(bipartipes , Hispaniola; see tribe). ial . . . Sabethes
Aedeagus broadest near base; paramere with long sternal process (65.
hofimani)<.cciccic cians. Behn, «eee 4 oe eee
Aedini
Apex of sternomesal margin of sidepiece with long striated scales (53.
equinus) . . . . . Haemagogus
Sternomesal margin of sidepiece without striated scales PES we be eee
Clasper irregular in outline, with distinct expansion or small lobe at mid-
dle or beyond + 2... wee . Psorophora
Clasper usually regular in outline, at ‘most with slight expansion at base
Ot AIG coli ee dake ines ack)... Sea hci eer al ares
PUPAE
Anophelini
Hair 9-III-VI at or very near caudolateral angle of tergite, usually distinct-
ly spiniform at least at base; meatus of trumpet deeply slit to near base .
. . Anopheles
Hair 9-II-VI distinctly removed cephalad of caudolateral angle of tergite;
meatus of paddle at most narrowly slit a short distance from pinna. . 2
Trumpet meatus with a distinct tracheoid extending a considerable dis-
tance from base .. . es
Trumpet meatus without any ‘indication of tracheoid c or at most faintly
APC ROG al CRITI DAR susie isis eck. ikK Gunde Made Nom ed
Mansoniini
Trumpet without pinna, apex specialized for piercing plant tissue
ah . Coquillettidia, Mansonia
Trumpet with distinct open pinna a Se eee Tee eee ee OY OE
Cephalothoracic hair 8-C closer to base of trumpet than to 9-C, at or near
level of trumpet. <4. ‘is
Cephalothoracic hair 8-C closer to 9-C than to base of trumpet, removed
far candad of latter (C Wlicing) 0 6. . ices SED ind Bamlindk baba. rhe
Uranotaeniini, Aedeomyiini
Paddle hair 1-P very short; inner part of paddle ae widened near
mde. 604s . . .Uranotaenia
Paddle hair 1-P very ‘Jong, subequal to paddle length: inner part of paddle
cade widened in distal third ict tod Cuba; see subfamily)
' pee eye te i . Aedeomyia
Culicini
Paddle hair 1-P subequal to or longer than paddle length. . Deinocerites
Paddle hair 1-P much shorter than paddle . ....... .. . Culex
18
12).
8(7).
9(8).
10(9).
11(10).
12(8).
13(12).
14(12).
15(14).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 19770
Toxorhynchitini
Anal segment with conspicuous cercal hair 1-X . . . . Toxorhynchites
Cereal ae Pence develop ee. 8
Hairs 9-VII,VIII subequal, both large and with numerous branches; pad-
dle small and without hairs (Sabethini) . . oe)
Hair 9-VII rarely subequal to 9-VIII, then both with few branches: paddle
normal and With I-P present « ea
Sabethini
Abdominal hair 5-III very strongly developed, longer than tergite follow-
ing (longipes, Cuba; see tribe). . . . . Irichoprosopon
Abdominal hair 5-III relatively weak, euch shorter than tergite following .
10
Abdominal hair 4-IV caudad of level of hair 3 (65. keene . Limatus
Abdominal hair 4-IV cephalad of level of hair3 . . . oe
Caudolateral angle of tergite VIII produced as a conspicuous rounded
lobe over outer base and outside of paddle (bipartipes, Hispaniola; see
ibe)... . . . Sabethes
Posterior margin of tergite VII nearly straight from tergite IX to caudo-
lateral angle or at most slightly sinuous .... . . . . Wyeomyia
Cephalothoracic hairs 8-C and 9-C in a line perpendicular to middorsal
ridge; paddle without marked infuscation near external buttress and
apex. = es
Cephalothoracic hair 8c usually distinctly 1 more “anterior than 9-C; if
rarely the 2 hairs in line perpendicular to middorsal ridge then paddle
with marked infuscation near external buttress and apex (Aedini) . 14
Culisetini, Orthopodomyiini
Abdominal hair 1-VI laterad of hairs 2 and 3 eee Cuba; see sub-
family). . es . . Culiseta
Abdominal hair 1-VI mesad of hairs p. and z ‘Soeur _ Orthopodomyia
Aedini
Abdominal hair 5-II mesad of hair 4 or paddle deeply infuscated near ex-
ternal buttress and apex . . . . . Psorophora
Abdominal hair 5-II laterad of hair 4 and paddle not infuscated as above .
15
Abdominal hair 5 short, weak and single on gel II and III (53.
equinus) . . . . Haemagogus
Abdominal hair 5 ‘moderately to stronely developed or branched on both
SOQMERIS Gc ee et ae erate . Aedes
4(3).
5(4).
6(2).
7(6).
8(7).
9(8).
10(7).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 19
LARVAE
Anophelini
Spiracular apparatus sessile, siphon not developed . . . . . Anopheles
Spiracular apparatus on apex of sclerotized siphon. . . ..... .2
Ventral brush of anal segment composed of 1 pair of hairs (Sabethini) . 3
Ventral brush of anal segment composed of at least 4 pairs of hairs. . .6
Sabethini
Head capsule with normal circular foramen magnum bounded by distinct
collar, without caudolateral slit (ongipes, Cuba; see tribe) .
eC Trichoprosopon
Head. capsule without distinct collar, foramen magnum extended as a slit
on caudolateraliantlecnieiiuo, eek ene Oe Bi? BERORE somes
Inner apical angle of maxilla produced into long dark spine (bipartipes,
Hispaniola; see tribe) . . . . . . . Sabethes
Inner apical angle of maxilla rounded, not produced into Spe? swiss nad
Caudolateral slit of head capsule short and broad; comb scales usually less
than 7 (65. hoffmani) . . . . . . Limatus
Caudolateral slit of head capsule Jong and 1 narrow; ‘comb scales at least 8,
ustallyinumberous cia Seeks A! SR es, Pee ea Wyeomyia
Mansoniini
Median dorsal valve of siphon very long, ankylosed and with serrated dor-
sal margin; siphon short and conical. . . . .Coquillettidia, Mansonia
Median dorsal valve of siphon short, free and never with serrated dorsal
musein; siphon more Or lees Cylindrical =... eo oe a ke eT
Siphon without any indication of pecten teeth. Gera" 6 Oe ee 8
Siphon with at least: pair of pecten teeth.) aii. Gee ee ae 10
Toxorhynchitini
Dorsal and ventral abdominal hairs in groups of 3-5 on large common
sclerotized plates; mouthbrushes reduced to about 12 broad flat simple
filaments:c0. . . . Toxorhynchites
Dorsal and ventral abdominal hairs arising separately and without strong
basal plates; mouthbrushes of at least 40 thin cylindrical simple or pec-
tinate filaments
Orthopodomyiini, Aedeomyiini
Antenna simple, much shorter than head capsule; labial plate of head cap-
sule much longer than wide. . . . . Orthopodomyia
Antenna strongly curved and longer than head capsule; labial plate of head
capsule short, about as long as basal width (squamipennis, Cuba; see
SUDTAINEV) 9. cind. wh een cewek to sewohigios “lace ew eAedeamnim
Siphon with accessory hairs in addition to usual hairs 1,2-S (Culicini). 11
20 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Siphon without accessory hairs; 1-S sometimes very small and indistinct
12
Culicini
11(10). Base of mandible with spiculate lobe; head capsule widest near level of
antenna . . . . Deinocerites
Base of mandible without ‘such lobe; head capsule widest i in caudal half .
- Culex
Culisetini
12(10). Hair 1-S at extreme base of siphon; distal pecten teeth hairlike, very long
and — different from proximal (inornata, Cuba; see subfamily) .
. Culiseta
Hair 1 S never at base of siphon, ‘sometimes very small and indistinct; dis-
tal pecten teeth not markedly different from proximal . . ... 13
Uranotaeniini
13(12). Maxillary suture of head capsule not differentiated; labial plate very long
(Uranotaeniini) .. . . Uranotaenia
Maxillary suture of head capsule always complete and reaching posterior
tentorial pit; labial plate short or moderate (Aedini) . .... . 14
Aedini
14(13). Ventral brush usually with at least 4 strongly developed precratal hairs
piercing complete saddle; if saddle incomplete precratal tufts extend
to at least basalO.S of segment . . . . . Psorophora
Ventral brush with precratal tufts not piercing complete saddle: if saddle
incomplete then precratal tufts not developed or small and confined to
micgsity of Be win eon lel ecisa: Lev ip wi eeeed ae 2 OS
15(14). Anal saddle incomplete and hairs 5-7-P with small separate tubercles and
12-I present (53. equinus) . . . . . Haemagogus
Anal saddle complete or incomplete; when incomplete then hairs 5-7-P on
common tubercle and/or 12-labsent~. . ....... . . Aedes
TRIBE ANOPHELINI
GENUS ANOPHELES
The tribe Anophelini is represented in Jamaica, as well as elsewhere in the West
Indies, only by the genus Anopheles which is readily recognized from the other
Culicinae by the following features. In the adults the posterior margin of the scutel-
lum is evenly rounded; in the females the palpus is subequal in length to the pro-
boscis and the abdominal segments have at most small patches of scales; in the males
the palpus is distinctly clubbed apically. In the pupae the meatus of the trumpet
is deeply slit; abdominal hair 9 is inserted at the posterolateral corner on tergites
II-VII and is usually spiniform at least near its base. The larvae are immediately
recognized by the absence of a distinct siphon, the spiracular lobe being sessile;
the head is longer than wide and has hairs 5-7-C in a transverse line; abdominal hair
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 21
1 is developed as a palmate tuft on some of the segments.
Only 5 species of Anopheles are currently known from Jamaica, all breeders in
ground waters. The subgenus Nyssorhynchus is represented only by albimanus, the
principal malaria vector of the Caribbean area. The remaining 4 species we have re-
tained in the subgenus Anopheles although it is evident that there are several dis-
tinct major New World phyletic lines represented in the current interpretation of
this subgenus in the world catalog (Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959) some of which
will probably be segregated into distinct subgenera in the future. Two Jamaican
species assigned to the nominate subgenus undoubtedly belong respectively to the
atropos and crucians complexes of North America but their exact identity is uncer-
tain because of inadequate material; they are provisionally assigned to these species;
crucians in Jamaica may possibly be represented by 2 forms. The third species, vesti-
tipennis, appears to be similar to its typical populations in Central America and to
other populations in the northern West Indies. Finally, there is no question about
the identity of grabhamii since its type locality is Jamaica; this species appears to
be restricted to the northern West Indies.
The present knowledge of the Anopheles of Jamaica is surprisingly fragmentary.
Except for albimanus and grabhamii there is very little material in collections; for
atropos and crucians males are unknown and the immature stages of atropos have
not been collected. For these 2 species we have depended on extralimital material
of the unknown stages for the keys, descriptions and illustrations. These may not
be reliable since there is a possibility, at least for crucians, that the Jamaican form
may be distinct from the typical North American populations. The Jamaican popu-
lations of albimanus, crucians, grabhamii and vestitipennis resemble in general adult
features other populations referred to these species we have examined from Cuba,
Grand Cayman, Hispaniola and Central America but there appear to be some dif-
ferences even between the populations of albimanus from Jamaica and Grand Cay-
man. No attempt is made here to differentiate these populations because of the
lack of adequate material of the immature stages of the extralimital as well as the
Jamaican populations.
The only other Anopheles reported from the northern West Indies is walkeri
Theobald, 1901 (type locality, Ontario, Canada), which was identified in Cuba on
the basis of larvae by Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:33). We have included this
species in the keys and have provided illustrations of the larva of this complex from
Florida (fig. 8) since a form of this complex may be present in Jamaica and could
easily be confused with atropos. The current interpretation of walkeri may include
2 forms, the typical northern one with a dark scaled knob of the haltere and a south-
ern one with a light scaled knob (Stone, 1953:209).
Members of the genus Anopheles are the only known vectors of human malarias.
There is no doubt that albimanus was the principal vector of malaria in Jamaica
prior to its eradication, as was concluded by Boyd and Aris (1929:309-399) after a
careful malaria survey of the island. However all the other species of Anopheles
recorded from Jamaica are known either on this island or elsewhere to feed on man
and to be capable of transmitting human malaria organisms. Cache Valley virus has
been isolated twice from grabhamii in Jamaica.
The breeding sites of all the species of Anopheles known from the northern
West Indies are essentially ground waters; grabhamii has been found occasionally
in large artificial containers.
22
2( 7).
3(2).
4(2).
5(4).
2(1).
3(2).
4(3).
5(3).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
KEYS TO SPECIES
ADULTS
Mesonotum with general sparse vestiture of broad silvery gray decumbent
scales; hindtarsus with broad white ring from middle of segment 2 to apex
of segment 4 (Nyssorhynchus). . . . . . . IL. albimanus
Mesonotum with general vestiture of hairs, distinct scales narrow, present
only on anterior promontory, humeral anele and wing root; hindtarsus
completely dark or with narrow light rings on some segments (Anopheles).
“2
Frontal tuft of head dark; wing scales alldark. . . . ek
Frontal tuft of head white; wing with some scales white c or whitish . ear!
Legs without knee spots; haltere knob dark scaled; palpus without distinct
white bands. . . . . 2, atropos
Legs with distinct knee spots: haltere knob light scaled: palpus with distinct
narrow white bands (Cuba; see genus). . . . oe. WELKELL
Legs entirely or largely dark, without conspicuous spotting or speckling on
femora or tibiae and without distinct light tarsal markings . . 3. crucians
Legs with conspicuous light markings on femora, tibiae and/or tarsi . . .5
Wing predominantly dark scaled, scales allnarrow ... . 4. vestitipennis
Wing predominantly white scaled, dark scales very broad, nearly circular d
5. grabhamii
MALE GENITALIA
Sidepiece with 1 parabasal seta and 2 accessory setae; ventral part of clasp-
ettes fused distally into single lobe (Nyssorhynchus) . . . 1. albimanus
Sidepiece with 2 parabasal setae and no accessory setae; ventral part of
claspette distinctly separated from its mate mesally (Anopheles). . . .2
Claspette not differentiated into dorsal and ventral lobes; all claspette setae
pointed. . . . . 3. crucians
Claspette differentiated into dorsal lobe and ventral lobe: dorsal lobe of
claspette with flattened apically rounded setae . ......2.2. 2.3
Poamosome with) 4-5 pairs Of leatieis. a ees eK we a a
Froalicsome wi | or 2 paver (evilets. 6 ae fe eee ed
Apical leaflet of phallosome about 2.0 length of subapical . . . 2. atropos
a leaflet of ea about 1.2 eee of uP S (Cuba; see genus) .
walkeri
Only 1 pair of very long phallosome leaflets; setae of dorsal lobe of claspette
usually 3, 2 of which are oo dilated fe ninth tergite lobe long,
strongly angled laterad . . 4. vestitipennis
2(1).
3(2).
4(3).
5(4).
ACT).
3(2).
4(3).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 23
Leaflets of phallosome usually 2 pairs; setae of dorsal lobe of claspette usual-
ly 2, neither strongly dilated ee ninth ge lobe short, slightly
angled VadOPA oe he ; . . . . 5, grabhamii
PUPAE
Hair 9-VIII usually single, rarely forked apically; 1-IV-VII all single and
about as long as tergite following (Nyssorhynchus). . . . 1. albimanus
Hair 9-VIII with thickened shaft and many lateral branches; 1-IV-VII usual-
ly all branched and shorter than tergite following (Anopheles) . . . .2
Trumpet with 2 clefts in meatus and with a conspicuous caudal lobe .
AS OD Sg ey Wagaya eer ee 4. vestitipennis
Trumpet with only 1 cleft in meatus and without caudal lobe.
Paddle with coarse blunt teeth on external margin (Cuba; see genus) .
SPE. Wade: : walkeri
Paddle without strong c coarse . blunt teeth on external margin wissvieen.. Sam
Abdominal hairs O0-III-V usually with at least 3 branches; external and inter-
nal margins of paddle smooth in distal0.2 . . . . 3. crucians
Abdominal hairs O-III-V usually single, rarely forked: external and internal
margins of paddle with filamentous spicules in distal part . . . . . .5
Abdominal hair 9-IV at least 0.5 of 9-V; paddle hair 1-P with 3 or 4 forks
near middle . . . . 2, atropos
Abdominal hair 9 IV at ‘most 0. 3 of 9-V: paddle hair 1-P thickened and
Singles. 6 os bei on ete ‘ ae pee oo Se orem
LARVAE
Submedian prothoracic hairs 1,2-P on large common tubercle; palmate hairs
all with unnotched leaflets (Vyssorhynchus) . . . . . . 1. albimanus
Submedian prothoracic hairs 1,2-P not on common tubercle; strongly devel-
oped palmate hairs with notched or serrated leaflets (Anopheles) . . .2
Abdominal hair 0 very large and multiple, subequal to hair 2 on segment IV .
. 3. crucians
Abdominal hair 0 ‘cnall: inconspicuous, single | or with. a few branches, always
much smaller than hair 2,0n all seements.: 7 ke cee 23
Antennal hair 1-A more than 0.5 length of antennal shaft; abdominal hair 1-I
with flattened leaflets . . 4
Antennal hair 1-A less than 0. 5 length of antennal shaft: abdominal hair 1-I
simple, without flattened lealletscice jo472 fai ar eel a ye ae 8
Antennal hair 1-A strong, with more than 12 branches; hair 9-P usually triple
4. vestitipennis
Antennal hair 1-A weak, with less than 7 branches: hair 9-P single (Cuba; see
Cen ne ae ene fs Rees ne ArT ge faeces
24 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
5(3). Outer clypeal (3-C) with not more than 10 short apical branches; protho-
racic hair 1-P usually oe abdominal hair 1-III with only a few leaflets .
2. atropos
Outer clypeal (3-C) with 1 more ‘than 20 strone dendritic branches; prothorac-
ic hair 1-P with 5-8 lateral branches; abdominal hair 1-III a fully developed
panigto ncn. See Se Ses ? BEAD
1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus Wiedemann
Figs. 7,8,9
1820. Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, 1820:10. TYPE: Holotype female, Santo Domingo
(Dominican Republic) [NMW].
1901. Anopheles argyrotarsis (!) albipes Theobald, 1901a:125-128. TYPE: Lectotype male,
Jamaica, 16 ‘Dec 1899, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:8-9] . Synonymy
with albimanus by Coquillett (1906b:8,13).
1905. Cellia tarsimaculata Goeldi, 1905:133. TYPE: Same as for albipes above [BM; designation
of Belkin, 1968b:8-9] . Unjustified emendation for albipes Theobald, 1901.
For complete synonymy see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:30).
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus of Dyar (1922a:103; 1928:434-435); Kumm (1929:6-7);
Boyd and Aris (1929); Carley (1931); Edwards (1932:45); Komp (1941 :92-97; 1942:5 67-69,
115-117,154-156); Rozeboom (1941 :99-101); Simmons (1941:124-125); Simmons and Aitken
(1942:80-84); Ross and Roberts (1943:35-36); Matheson (1944:115-116); Carpenter, Middle-
kauff and Chamberlain (1946:80-83); Penn (1949:68-69); Vargas and Martinez Palacios (1950:
119-123; 1956:119-122); Lane (1953:256-259); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:55-57); Horsfall
(1955:172-177); Perez Vigueras (1956:180-189); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959 :30); Forat-
tini (1962:371-376); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:32); Porter (1967:36).
Anopheles albimanus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:979-984); Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey
(1926:74); Russell, Rozeboom and Stone (1943:30); King, Bradley and McNeel (1944:39);
Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:36-37); Thompson (1947:78); Foote and Cook (1959:112-113).
Cellia albimana of Coquillett (1906b:13); Theobald (1907:106-109; 1910:69-70).
Cellia albipes of Theobald (1905a:15-17; 1905b:11); Prout (1909:487).
Anopheles albipes of Theobald (1903a:110-113).
Cellia argyrotarsis (!) of Theobald (1905a:14; 1905b:11; 1907:105; 1910:68, records from Jamai-
ca); Prout (1909:487).
Anopheles argyrotarsis (!) of Theobald (1901a:123-125, record from Jamaica); Johnson (1919:
425).
FEMALE (fig. 7). Wing about 3.5-4.0 mm. Grayish species, wing with contrast-
ing black and white markings, hindtarsus with broad white band from about middle
of segment 2 to end of segment 4. Head: All scales of vertex and occiput light;
frontal tuft conspicuous, white. Flagellar segment 1 with conspicuous tuft of white
scales. Palpus predominantly dark scaled; apex of segments 2 and 3 with a narrow
band of white scales; segment 5 with white scales only. Thorax: Mesonotal integu-
ment gray or grayish brown with 3 conspicuous black spots; sparse vestiture of sil-
very white broad decumbent scales, narrow and outstanding in front of wing root,
anterior promontory and humeral angle; some dark outstanding scales below humer-
al angle. Apn with patch of outstanding dark scales in upper part; pra and upper and
lower stp with a few light scales. Legs: Forefemur predominantly dark, light at base
and on apical 0.3 on lower surface; foretibia dark above and light below and on
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica piss)
apex. Foretarsal segments 1,2,3 with apical whitish bands, distinct above; lower
surface of segment 1 pale throughout. Mid and hindfemora predominantly dark on
anterior surface except at base, with subapical and apical white spots and an indis-
tinct narrow longitudinal pale streak; lower and posterior surfaces pale. Midtibia
dark on anterior surface except at apex, posterior and lower surfaces predominantly
pale; midtarsal segment 1 with indistinct apical dorsal pale band, lower surface pale;
midtarsal segments 2-5 usually entirely dark. Hindtibia and hindtarsal segment 1
dark above except for narrow apical light band, white and broader on tibia, lower
surfaces pale; hindtarsal segment 2 pure white from just before middle, segments
3 and 4 entirely pure white; segment 5 dark at base and white apically, extent of
white scaling variable, usually less than distal 0.5 dorsally in Jamaican population.
Wing: Anterior part predominantly dark, posterior light; vein C with following
light spots, usually 3 basal, sectoral, subcostal, preapical and apical, all small except
preapical and sometimes apical. Haltere: Stem pale, knob dark scaled. Abdomen:
Pregenital tergites with pale scales in middorsal triangular patches; tergite II] with
a few apical lateral dark scales, these more numerous, longer and more outstanding
on IV-VII and extending toward midline. Pregenital sternites with a few scattered
pale scales laterally, a conspicuous submedian patch on II, and with an apical med-
ian triangular patch of dark scales, progressively larger on distal segments.
MALE. In general similar to female but somewhat lighter in coloration.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 9). Ninth tergite unsclerotized, without lateral lobe.
Sidepiece with lateral scales; 1 parabasal seta with slightly hooked rounded apex,
2 accessory setae with hooked apex; internal seta slender, apically attenuate; sub-
apical seta similar to internal but straighter. Claspette divided; dorsal lobe with
3 foliform setae; the 2 ventral lobes fused in distal half, apex of fused lobe deeply
emarginate in the middle. Aedeagus long, narrow, with slightly expanded bulbous
membranous apex; leaflets not developed.
PUPA (fig. 9). Chaetotaxy as figured; diagnostic characters as in the key. Trump-
et simple, meatus with 1 cleft only; uniformly moderately pigmented. Abdominal
hair O usually with at least 2 branches on all segments except VIII; hair 9-II III
very short; 9-I[V apically rounded, about 2.0 of 9-III and about 0.33 of 9-V; hairs
9-V-VIII all long, single and with attenuate apex; 1-IV-VII, 5-V-VII all long and
single. Paddle uniformly unpigmented except for external buttress and midrib; both
external and internal margins with very faint, widely spaced filamentous spicules;
hair 1-P single, strong; 2-P very thin, single or double.
LARVA (fig. 8). Diagnostic characters as in the key. Inner clypeal (2-C) and
usually outer clypeal (3-C) both strongly barbed; the 2 inner clypeals separated by
a distance usually greater than 0.5 of that between inner and outer clypeals on
one side. Antenna with very strong short spicules on inner surface; antennal hair
(1-A) in basal 0.33 of shaft, only slightly longer than diameter of shaft, usually
with 2-4 branches. Submedian prothoracic group (1-3-P) with large common tuber-
cle for hairs 1 and 2, alveolus of 3-P not on tubercle; 1-P large, with flattened
expanded shaft and numerous side branches. Prothoracic pleural group (9-12-P)
with hair 9 always branched (usually 4). Mesothoracic hair 1-M with elongate flat-
tened shaft. Metathoracic hair 1-T a distinct palmate hair with poorly pigmented
leaflets. Abdominal hair 0 well developed and branched on all segments except VIII.
Hair 1 a distinct palmate hair with pigmented simple (nonserrated) leaflets on all
segments, smaller on I and II. Hairs 2-IV,V and 6-IV-VI all usually single and long.
SYSTEMATICS. The albimanus population on Jamaica does not appear to be
strongly differentiated in the adult stage but there is a tendency for hindtarsal seg-
26 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ment 5 to be darker than usual; some females have the white scaling restricted to
the extreme apex dorsally. In the larva there is considerable variation in the outer
clypeals (3-C) which are sometimes nearly bare or only finely barbed.
The record of argyrotarsis (!) from Jamaica is erroneous and undoubtedly per-
tains to albimanus. It is based, as stated by Theobald (1905a:14), on specimens
collected by Grabham in 1899. Such specimens are recorded in Theobald (1901b:
360-361) under collections 37 (“much damaged’’) and 53 (“good condition’’). It
is probable that the damaged specimens form the basis for the record of argyro-
tarsis whereas some of the specimens from collection 53 are mentioned in the orig-
inal description of albipes (= albimanus) and 1 of these has been designated as its
lectotype (Belkin, 1968b:8-9).
BIONOMICS. During our survey, albimanus was found breeding most frequently
in the following sites: margins of streams (30%) and ditches (21%), ground pools
(16%), ponds (9%) and swamp margins (8%). The breeding sites were usually of a
permanent nature but some were temporary; a slow current was frequently present.
The water was usually fresh but albimanus may tolerate some salinity as larvae
were taken within a few feet of the sea. There was a decided preference for breed-
ing sites exposed to full sunlight. An almost universal feature of the breeding sites
was the presence of algae, either floating on the surface in mats or lining the bot-
tom. When algae were absent, grassy or herbaceous vegetation breaking the water
surface was present. In permanent and semipermanent breeding sites, Anopheles
grabhamii, Culex (C.) nigripalpus and Culex (Mel.) atratus were common associates
and Uranotaenia socialis and U. lowii occasional ones. In ponds with fluctuating
water levels albimanus was at times found associated with temporary pool breeders
such as Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis, Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus, Aedes (O.) hemi-
surus and Aedes (O.) tortilis.
Females of albimanus bite man freely out-of-doors and may also enter houses to
feed but do not rest there. They come readily to human or donkey bait about sun-
set, and to donkey-baited stable traps and light traps.
Anopheles albimanus is widely distributed over the island. It is most common
on the coastal plains where suitable breeding sites are most numerous. It is less
common in the interior and in the mountains, being rare at elevations above 350
m. Its altitudinal limit may be near 450 m, the elevation of our collection at Hermi-
tage Dam (JA 390). Although fluctuations in its population size do occur, albiman-
us, because of the permanent nature of many of its breeding sites, is found through-
out the year.
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Anopheles albimanus was regarded as the principal
vector of malaria in Jamaica before the disease was eradicated on the island (Boyd
and Aris, 1929). The reported natural infection rates of this species in Jamaica
was very low (1 specimen with oocysts and 2 with sporozoites in about 717 dis-
sections), possibly because many of the specimens dissected were caught after in-
tensive control measures were well under way (Carley, 1931). Because of its close
contact with human populations and its still relatively high population level through-
out the year, albimanus should be regarded as a potentially dangerous species in
Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION. Anopheles albimanus has a typical lowland Middle American
distribution except for a truncation in the southeastern part of the region. On the
Pacific side it extends from the state of Sinaloa in Mexico through to the southern
shores of the Gulf of Guayaquil in northern Peru (Tumbes). On the Atlantic side it
extends from the southwestern corner of Texas through Mexico, Central America,
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 27
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela to Carupano, the Greater Antilles, the Florida keys,
Bahamas (according to Porter, 1967:39), Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and the
Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles. It is absent from the Windward Islands (ex-
cept perhaps Guadeloupe), Trinidad, eastern Venezuela and southward.
JAMAICA. Anopheles albimanus is the commonest Anopheles in Jamaica and has been report-
ed from every parish on the island even in early surveys (Boyd and Aris, 1929:374). We are list-
ing here only the records of material we have examined. Clarendon: Milk River Bath (868). King-
ston and St. Andrew: Ferry (347,350,781,896). Hermitage Dam gateway (390). Kingston, various
dates 1902-1906, M. Grabham, 8 M, 7 F [USNM]. Newstead (962). Temple Hall (46,47,48). Up-
per Mt. View, 21 Oct 1946, G.A. Thompson, 3 F [JAM]. St. Ann: Claremont (742). Delight
(757). Runaway Bay (766). St. Catherine: Caymanas (1,2,4,29,30,32,210,743 ,744,746,747). Cen-
tral Village (759). Congrieve Park (22). Grange Farm (20). Great Salt Pond Farm (26). Gregory
Park (16-18). Naggo Head (8,10,11,23). Passage Fort (12). Port Henderson (9). Rio Cobre Dam
(819). Spanish Town (24,25,27,35,36). St. Elizabeth: Luana (357). St. Mary: Castleton Botani-
cal Gardens (807). Fort Stewart (808). St. Thomas: Albion (803,873). Amity Hall ($8). Chiswick
(65). Dalvey (91,148). Duckenfield Hall (54,55). Golden Grove (56,63). Grants Pen (75,77,413,
~ 800,813,814,871,872). Hampton Court (149). Holland Bay (57). White Bay (121,169). Winchester
House (67,205). Locality not specified, Mar 1928, M.F. Boyd, 5 M, 10 F [USNM]. Westmore-
land: Crab Pond Bay (782,785). Negril (231,935). Parish not Specified: Locality not specified,
M.F. Boyd, 5 L, 1 p [USNM].
Material Examined: 557 specimens; 79 males, 107 females, 196 larvae, 175 pupae; 150 indi-
vidual rearings (58 larval, 70 pupal, 22 incomplete).
2. Anopheles (A.) atropos Dyar & Knab
Figs. 8,10
1828. Anopheles ferruginosus Wiedemann, 1828:12-13. TYPE: Lectotype female, New Orleans,
Louisiana, U.S.A., Thomas Say [NMW; designation of Belkin, 1968b:9-10] . Nomen ob-
litum according to Art 23(b) of present International Code of Zoological Nomenclature;
synonymy with atropos by Belkin (loc. cit.); formerly considered conspecific with Culex
quinquefasciatus Say, 1823.
1906. Anopheles atropos Dyar and Knab, 1906b:160. TYPE: Lectotype female, Florida Keys
(Monroe Co.), Florida, U.S.A., Hiram Byrd [USNM, 10029; designation of Stone and
Knight, 1956b:276].
Anopheles atropos of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:1032-1033); Dyar (1922a:106-107; 1928:
455); Edwards (1932:37); King and Bradley (1941a:69-70; 1941b:73); Komp (1941:92-97);
Rozeboom (1941:107); Simmons (1941:113-114); Simmons and Aitken (1942:11-12); Ross
and Roberts (1943:17-18); Russell, Rozeboom and Stone (1943:21); King, Bradley and McNeel
(1944:37-38); Matheson (1944:109-110); Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:37); Carpenter, Middle-
kauff and Chamberlain (1946:52-55); Thompson (1947:78); Perez Vigueras (1948:300-301;
1956:216-221); Penn (1949:57-58); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:31-32); Horsfall (1955:61-
62); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:15); Forattini (1962:470-473); Montchadsky and Garcia
1966:32); Porter (1967:36).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.5-4.0 mm. Almost entirely uniformly dark brown spec-
ies. Head scales all dark, including frontal tuft. Palpus entirely dark scaled except
for very inconspicuous lighter scales on apices of segments 3 and 4. Mesonotum
without distinct scales except a few hairlike scales on anterior promontory and
humeral angle; pleuron without scales. Legs dark scaled, without light knee spots;
apices of tibiae with inconspicuous lighter scales; tarsal joints inconspicuously nar-
28 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
rowly lighter. Wing scales all dark, no distinct dark spots present. Haltere stem
light, knob dark scaled. Abdomen without scales.
MALE. Unknown for Jamaican population but probably essentially as in the fe-
male except for the usual sexual characters.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 10). Description and figure from specimens from Louis-
iana, 30 Sept 1922, G.E. Beyer and Key Largo, Florida, 23 July 1944, W.W. Wirth
[USNM]. Ninth tergite lobe moderately long, slender, tapered, pointed or rounded
at tip. Sidepiece without or with a few scales; 2 apically attenuate parabasal setae;
internal seta longer than width of sidepiece. Claspette with dorsal and ventral lobes
separated; dorsal lobe usually with 2 or 3 flattened, apically rounded or slightly
capitate setae; ventral lobe with 1 flattened apically pointed seta and 1 or 2 small-
er simple setae. Aedeagus long, slender, with 3 or 4 simple leaflets, apical one
about 2.0 of subapical.
PUPA (fig. 10). Description and figure from specimens from Fort George, Flor-
ida, 16 Aug 1945, A.E. Pritchard, 104,105 [USNM]. Chaetotaxy as figured; diag-
nostic characters as in the key. Trumpet simple. Abdominal hair 0 single, short;
9-V short, not more than 5.0 its diameter; 9-VII short and stout, its apex not grad-
ually tapering, distinctly longer than 9-VI; hair 9-VHI with 12 or more lateral |
branches. Paddle with inconspicuous fringe of short fine spicules on external mar-
gin; paddle hair 1-P with 3 or 4 forks near middle.
LARVA (fig. 8). Description and figure from specimens from Key Largo, Florida,
23 July 1944, W.W. Wirth [USNM]. Inner clypeals (2-C) close at base but some-
times separated by distance greater than 1 basal tubercle; simple or sparsely finely
barbed near apex; outer clypeal (3-C) with 5-10 weak apical branches. Antennal
hair 1-A short, weak and with a few apical branches. Prothoracic submedian group
(1-3-P) without distinct basal tubercles, 1-P single, subequal to or shorter than 3-P;
hairs 9,10,12-P all single; mesothoracic hair 1-M without markedly flattened stem;
metathoracic hair 3-T small, with a few transparent unnotched leaflets. Abdominal
hair 0 minute and single on all segments; 1-I simple, usually forked, 1-II with
a few slightly flattened transparent branches, 1-III a poorly developed palmate
hair with transparent unnotched leaflets (much smaller than 1-IV), 1-IV-VII fully
developed palmate hair with pigmented, notched leaflets; antepalmate hair (2) long
and usually single, rarely double, on IV,V; hair 6-IV,V usually at least triple.
SYSTEMATICS. We have not been able to locate the larvae of atropos collected
by Hill and Hill (1948:37) at Falmouth and our description of atropos from Jamai-
ca is based entirely on a few females. Although these agree very well with topo-
typic atropos from Florida and there is little doubt that the 2 populations are con-
specific, males and the immature stages are needed for definite confirmation of
this identification and to establish any possible racial differences between these
populations. We have seen females from the Cayman Islands that agree well with
Jamaican specimens.
The conspecifity of ferruginosus and atropos was not recognized until 1968 (Bel-
kin, 1968b:9-10) and the earlier name is now a nomen oblitum as it has remained
unused as a senior synonym of atropos for more than 50 years. The case is being
referred to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature with a re-
quest to place ferruginosus in the Official Index of Rejected Specific Names.
BIONOMICS. Hill and Hill (1948:37) reported larvae of atropos from a man-
grove swamp with abundant shade in Falmouth and females caught on animal bait
poe the vicinity of this swamp. This species appears to be very uncommon in
amaica.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 29
Elsewhere, atropos has been found breeding in salt marshes in permanent salt
and brackish water pools with NaCl content of 1-12%, often in very shallow water
(Carpenter and LaCasse, 1955:32). Females are vigorous biters even in broad sun-
light and are readily attracted to light traps.
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Although capable of transmitting human malarias ex-
perimentally, atropos is not considered to be an important vector. Because of its
restriction to salt marshes or mangroves this species probably seldom comes in con-
tact with man and is of little economic importance.
DISTRIBUTION. Anopheles atropos is a North American coastal species report-
ed from the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards from New Jersey through Texas. It has
not been reported from Mexico but may be present along its eastern coasts. The
intrusion of atropos into the West Indies is apparently very limited. It has been
reported only from Cuba and Jamaica, and we have seen specimens from the Cay-
man Islands.
JAMAICA. St. Catherine: Little Goat Island, Portland Bight, June 1945, G.A. Thompson, 1 F
[USNM]. Trelawny: Falmouth, 1942, females, larvae (Hill and Hill, 1948:37). Westmoreland:
Savanna-La-Mar, 1942, females (Hill and Hill, 1948:37). Parish not Specified: Locality not speci-
fied, 1943, Hill and Hill, 2 F [USNM].
Material Examined: 3 females only.
3. Anopheles (A.) crucians Wiedemann
Figs. 7,8,11
1828. Anopheles crucians Wiedemann, 1828:12. TYPE: Lectotype female, New Orleans (Lou-
isiana), U.S.A. [NMW; designation of Belkin (1968b:9)].
Anopheles crucians of Coquillett (1906b:12); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:1023-1026); John-
son (1919:424); Dyar (1922a:107; 1928:451); Gowdey (1926:74); Boyd and Aris (1929);
Matheson (1929:90-91; 1944:106-108); Carley (1931); Edwards (1932:38); King and Bradley
(1941a:69-70; 1941b:73-74); Komp (1941:92-97; 1942:5,48-49,89-91,137-139); Rozeboom
(1941:104-105); Simmons (1941:113-114); Simmons and Aitken (1942:13-18); Ross and Rob-
erts (1943:19-20); Russell, Rozeboom and Stone (1943:21); King, Bradley and McNeel (1944:
34-35); Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:37-38); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:
60-64); Thompson (1947:78); Penn (1949:63-64); Vargas and Martinez Palacios (1950:68-
71; 1956:69-72); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:35-37); Horsfall (1955:75-79); Perez Vigueras
(1956:190-197); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:17); Foote and Cook (1959:117); Forat-
tini (1962:318-320); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:33); Porter (1967:36).
2 Anopheles punctipennis of Theobald (1905a: 12-13); Prout (1909:487); Johnson (1919:425).
FEMALE (fig. 7). Wing about 4.0 mm. Dark species with restricted light scal-
ing on head, palpus, wing and sometimes basal segments of legs; tarsi dark. Head:
Vertex with small anterior median patch of white erect and decumbent scales, re-
mainder dark scaled; frontal tuft white. Palpus subequal to proboscis in length;
with narrow basal and apical white scaled rings on segments 3 and 4, segment 5
with white scales only. Thorax: Mesonotum very dark gray brown, with pruinose
lines; vestiture of short dark hairs (some light bronzy) except for elongate whitish
hairlike scales on anterior promontory and humeral angle. Apn with a few outstand-
ing dark scales in upper part; remainder of pleuron without scales. Legs: Largely
dark scaled. Knee spots usually not developed, rarely slightly indicated on hindlegs.
Tibial apices usually all dark, slightly indicated on hindlegs. Tarsi entirely dark
30 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
scaled. Wing: Dorsal scaling predominantly dark. Whitish or yellow scales forming:
(1) a small apical costal spot, including tips of R, and R,, (2) elongate streak in
distal 0.6 of R43 and (3) elongate subbasal streak on 1A. Dingy grayish scales
forming variable patches or spots as follows: (1) elongate streak on distal 0.5 of
Rs, (2) variable spot on R3, usually in distal 0.5, (3) elongate streak between m-cu
and furcation of M, (4) variable median streaks on M,4, and M344, (5) variable
dark gray submedian streak on Cu,, (6) light gray subapical streak on 1A. Vein
1A predominantly dark. Haltere: Stem light, knob dark scaled. Abdomen: Without
distinct scales.
MALE. Not available for Jamaican population but probably with more extensive
light scaling of wing veins than in female.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 11). Description and figure from specimens from Wilson
Dam, Alabama [UCLA]. Ninth tergite lobe very long and slender. Sidepiece with
scales laterally; 2 apically attenuate slender parabasal setae; internal seta slender,
longer than diameter of sidepiece. Claspette not differentiated into dorsal and ven-
tral lobes, with 1 or 2 pointed differentiated large apical setae, 1 long slender
mesal seta and 1-3 lateral setae. Aedeagus long, slender, with 3 or 4 slender leaflets.
PUPA (fig. 11). Chaetotaxy as figured; diagnostic characters as in the key; inte-
gument moderately to very lightly pigmented. Trumpet simple; moderately uni-
formly pigmented. Abdominal hair 0 double or triple on II-VII, usually single on
IL, VIII; hairs 9-IV-VII all short and stout, with bluntly rounded apices; 9-VI,VII
subequal in length; 9-VIII with about 16 lateral branches. Paddle margins smooth
in distal 0.2; paddle hair 1-P single, thickened basally and attenuate in distal 0.67.
LARVA (fig. 8). Inner clypeals (2-C) separated at base by less than diameter of
1 tubercle, single and without barbs; outer clypeal (3-C) densely dichotomously
branched beyond a short basal stem. Antennal hair short and weak, usually with
4 or 5 branches. Prothoracic submedian group (1-3-P) without distinct basal tuber-
cles, 1-P single or apically forked, subequal to hair 3-P, hair 2-P with simple shaft;
hairs 9,10,12-P all single; mesothoracic hair 1-M strong, with distinctly flattened
shaft; metathoracic hair 3-T a small palmate hair with poorly developed unpig-
mented, unnotched leaflets. Abdominal hair 0 always branched (2-4) and short on
segments II,VII,VIII, multiple and subequal to hair 2 on other segments; 1-I with
a few flattened, unpigmented, unnotched leaflets, 1-II a rudimentary palmate hair
with stiff, partially pigmented simple leaflets, 1-III-VII fully developed palmate
hair with pigmented, notched leaflets; antepalmate hair (2) usually about 6-branch-
ed on segments IV,V; hair 6-IV usually at least triple, 6-V double to quadruple.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican population of the crucians complex may be a
distinct species but the material available for this study is too scanty to establish
this definitely. The females are much darker than those of the typical populations
from the southern United States but there is considerable variation in the light
scaling of the wing in Jamaican specimens. Somewhat similar dark winged forms
of the crucians complex occur in the Gulf coast of Mexico, in British Honduras,
and on the east coast of Guatemala and Honduras.
Our very limited material of immature stages from Jamaica conforms in breed-
ing sites and in general morphology to typical crucians from the United States but
there appear to be slight differences in chaetotaxy which cannot be evaluated with-
out additional material.
There is a possibility that 2 forms or species of the crucians complex exist in
Jamaica. We have not been able to locate any of the material of immature stages
collected by Hill and Hill (1948:37) in mangrove swamps. Such a habitat suggests
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 31
a form similar to bradleyi King, 1939 while our freshwater material conforms with
the habitat of typical crucians. The species of the complex can be differentiated
with certainty only in the immature stages.
It is very probable that the specimens of punctipennis from Port Antonio, Ja-
maica, mentioned by Theobald (1905a:12) actually were crucians, although the
description of the adult is that of punctipennis. Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:
1014) explain the probable misidentification of these specimens. We believe that
“The specimen sent me by Dr. Grabham was quite normal’’ (Theobald, loc. cit.)
was not from Jamaica but probably punctipennis from New Mexico, U.S.A. where
M. Grabham collected with T.D.A. Cockerell a number of mosquitoes mentioned
in a paper by Theobald (1903c).
BIONOMICS. Our 4 collections of immature stages of crucians were from 2
ditches, a drain and a stream margin. All were in the coastal plain in full sunlight
in fresh water containing algae and floating or submerged vegetation. The associ-
ated species were Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus, Uranotaenia socialis, Culex (C.) nig-
ripalpus and Culex (C.) atratus. Hill and Hill (1948:37) state that crucians “‘breeds
in mangrove swamps near the coast, the water probably being slightly brackish’.
This is contrary to our limited experience and to the much more extensive surveys
reported by Boyd and Aris (1929:377,379) who also found crucians only in fresh
water. The difference in breeding sites suggest that another member of the crucians
complex may be present on Jamaica.
In Jamaica, females of crucians feed primarily on domestic animals but will bite
man around sunset. They enter donkey baited stable traps and both sexes are at-
tracted to light traps. The species is widespread on the island but common only
locally.
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Boyd and Aris (1929:394) concluded that “A. cru-
cians may be a vector of malaria on the island, but owing to its limited geographical
distribution, and relative scarcity, it cannot be of great importance’’. Since that
time crucians has been found to be more widespread on Jamaica but it has never
been considered to be an important vector. One natural sporozoite infection in 234
dissections was reported from Cuba by Carr and Hill (1942) but none from Jamaica
by Carley (1931).
DISTRIBUTION. The crucians complex is primarily eastern North American in
distribution, occurring north to Massachusetss and west to Kansas and New Mexico.
Of the 3 forms currently recognized in the complex, only crucians proper has been
reported south of the United States, from Mexico through Nicaragua in Central
America, and from the Bahamas (Porter, 1967:39), Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (here
confirmed for the Dominican Republic) and questionably from Puerto Rico (Tul-
loch, 1937:153; repeated by others).
JAMAICA. Adults of crucians have been collected by the Mosquito Control Organization in
all parishes of the island except Hanover and St. Mary. As few collections were made in the latter
parishes, it is not unlikely that crucians occurs there also. We list below only the material we
have seen. St. Catherine: Port Henderson (6). Spanish Town (34,36). St. Elizabeth: Black River,
2 mi E (794). Luana (357,358). Locality not specified, Feb 1928, M.F. Boyd, 10 F [USNM].
Material Examined: 34 specimens; 27 females, 4 larvae, 3 pupae; 3 individual larval rearings.
4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis Dyar & Knab
Figs. 7,8,12
1906. Anopheles vestitipennis Dyar and Knab, 1906a:136. TYPE: Lectotype female, Cacao,
32 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Trece Aguas (Alta Verapaz), Guatemala, 7-14 Apr 1906, E.A. Schwarz and H.S. Barber
[USNM, 9976; designation of Stone in Russell, Rozeboom and Stone, 1943:34].
Anopheles vestitipennis of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:989-990); Johnson (1919:424); Gowd-
ey (1926:74); Dyar (1928:458-459); Boyd and Aris (1929); Carley (1931); Edwards (1932:43);
Komp (1941:92-97; 1942:5,53-55,97-99,142-143); Rozeboom (1941:106); Simmons (1941:
123-124); Simmons and Aitken (1942:78-79); Russell, Rozeboom and Stone (1943:34-35); Hill
and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:38-39); Thompson (1947:78); Vargas and Martinez Palacios (1950:
96-99; 1956:96-99); Lane (1953:172-175); Horsfall (1955:165-166); Perez Vigueras (1956:
206-215); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:29); Foote and Cook (1959:139); Forattini (1962:
351-353); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:33); Porter (1967:36).
Anopheles maculipes of Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey (1926:74).
Arribalzagia maculipes of Theobald (1905a:13-14); Prout (1909:487).
FEMALE (fig. 7). Wing about 4.0-4.5 mm. Blackish species with whitish spotted
femora and tibiae, white rings on fore and hindtarsus and predominantly black
wings with very small white spots. Head: Erect scales of vertex predominantly dark
except usually a varied number of light scales in front; a few white decumbent
scales in front extending into interocular space as semierect scales but not forming
a conspicuous frontal tuft. Palpus usually slightly shorter than proboscis, with shag-
gy dark vestiture, sometimes a few whitish scales at base of segments 3, 4 and 5.
Thorax: Mesonotal integument blackish brown; vestiture of bronzy and coppery
hairs; hairlike lighter golden scales in front of wing root; anterior promontory with
small patch of golden hairlike scales; humeral angle with extensive but sparse patch
of erect, apically widened dark scales. Apn with large patch of dark erect scales
in upper part; lower and upper stp with a few light scales. Legs: Femora and tibiae
with small discrete whitish or light yellowish spots; knee spots not developed. Fore-
tarsus with distinct white dorsal bands over the joints between segments 1, 2, 3
and 4, less distinct on ventral surface; segment 1 with 2-5 small white spots on
dorsal surface. Midtarsus usually with only 1-3 light spots on dorsal surface of seg-
ment | and usually without dorsal light bands on distal segments. Hindtarsus with
distinct apical whitish rings on segments 1-4; segment 1 with several narrow dorsal
light bands, some extending to ventral surface. Wing: Predominantly dark scaled,
with very small spots of creamy scales on dorsal surface of all veins; vein 1A usual-
ly with 5 light spots. Haltere: Stem light, knob dark scaled. Abdomen: Sometimes
with 1 or 2 small broad dark scales on sides of pregenital tergites; pregenital ster-
nites usually with a few scattered similar dingy scales.
MALE. Essentially as in female except for usual sexual characters. Light scaling
of palpus, legs and wing usually much more extensive than in female.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 12). Ninth tergite unsclerotized but long and promin-
ent; lateral lobe conspicuous, narrow, directed laterad at angle of about 45°, apex
rounded. Sidepiece with scales laterally; 2 parabasal setae, both with tapered apex,
outer thinner, longer and with more attenuate apex; internal seta usually about
1.4 of diameter of sidepiece. Claspette divided; dorsal lobe with 3 flattened setae,
2 with curved expanded apex, other rounded apically; ventral lobe with 1 long and
2 medium setae near apex. Aedeagus long, slender; apex with only 1 pair of very
long leaflets.
PUPA (fig. 12). Chaetotaxy as figured; diagnostic characters as in the key; pig-
mentation moderate to strong. Trumpet complex; meatus with 2 clefts, pinna with
a conspicuous caudal lobe; uniformly darkly pigmented. Abdominal tergites II-VII
with small but distinct sharp spicules on caudal margins; hair 0 usually single on all
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 33
segments, rarely forked; 9-II,III very short; 9-IV a little less than 3.0 of 9-III and
about 0.7 of 9-V; hairs 9-V-VII subequal and all with blunt apex; 9-VIII with about
15 lateral branches. Hair 1-X present, long but without alveolus, sometimes branch-
ed. Paddle deeply irregularly pigmented; both inner and outer margins with long
fine filamentous spicules closely packed and usually in double row so that they
appear to be branched; hair 1-P strong and with 3 or 4 distal forks; 2-P single.
LARVA (fig. 8). Diagnostic characters as in the key. Inner clypeals (2-C) sep-
arated at base by more than width of tubercle, with a few fine barbs beyond mid-
dle; outer clypeal (3-C) usually with less than 15 irregular dendritic branches start-
ing at about middle. Antennal hair (1A) in basal 0.25 of shaft, very strong, more
than 0.5 of shaft length, with about 12 long lateral branches. Submedian prothor-
acic group (1-3-P) essentially as in grabhamii. Prothoracic pleural group (9-12-P)
with hair 9-P usually triple. Mesothoracic hair 1-M with shaft barely thickened in
basal half. Metathoracic palmate hair (3-T) moderately developed, leaflets flat and
tapered but not pigmented. Abdominal hair 0 minute on all segments, usually single.
Hair 1-I,I] a rudimentary palmate hair with a few flattened tapered unpigmented
leaflets, 1-III-VII fully developed palmate hairs with pigmented serrated leaflets.
Hair 2-IV,V usually triple from near base; 6-IV,V usually double or triple.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican population of vestitipennis does not appear to
differ significantly from most other Antillean or Central American populations but
the material available for this study is very limited and differences may actually
exist. In Puerto Rico, females of vestitipennis collected in mangrove swamps are
much darker than those collected inland, some showing practically no light scales
on the wings. A remarkable feature of the pupa of the Jamaican population is the
presence of hair 1-X (cercal hair). This appears to be a fixed anomaly since this
hair does not have an alveolus. As we have no pupal material from other popula-
tions, it is not known if this feature is characteristic of the species as a whole.
Theobald’s (1905a:13) description of maculipes agrees in general features with
vestitipennis and there is no question that Theobald misidentified the material from
Jamaica as he fails to list it under maculipes at a later date (Theobald, 1910:49).
BIONOMICS. Only 6 collections of immature stages were made during our sur-
vey; these were on the edges of rice fields and swamps, in ditches and in a pond.
All the breeding sites were in the lowlands, none above 30 m above sea level, in
rather scrubby areas near the sea. The water was clear, fresh and stagnant, usually
with grass, rice, reeds or cattails. Associated species were Anopheles (A.) grabhamii,
Culex (C.) nigripalpus and Culex (Mel.) pilosus.
Females of vestitipennis bite man, both in the evening and during the day in
overcast weather. However, they prefer to feed on domestic animals and large num-
bers have been taken in donkey-baited stable traps.
Adults are particularly abundant in St. Elizabeth and Westmoreland parishes at
the southwest end of Jamaica where there are large tracts of freshwater swamps
and much rice is grown and it may be that swamp rice fields form highly suitable
breeding places for this species.
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Boyd and Aris (1929:394) suspected vestitipennis
as a potential malaria vector on Jamaica owing to its inclination for human blood
but did not consider this species to be important because of its limited distribution.
The latter is actually not true but vestitipennis was not found to be naturally in-
fected during the survey by Carley (1931) and was disregarded as a malaria vector
on Jamaica. However it has been suspected as a vector in Cuba and British Honduras.
DISTRIBUTION. Anopheles vestitipennis is a Middle American species with a
34 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
more restricted distribution than albimanus. Its known range extends from the
state of San Luis Potosi in Mexico through Central America to Panama and Colom-
bia. In the West Indies it is known only from Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti and
Dominican Republic) and Puerto Rico.
JAMAICA. Adults of vestitipennis have been collected in every parish on the island, in greatest
numbers in the southwest parishes of Westmoreland and St. Elizabeth. The following records are
of the scanty material we have examined. St. Catherine: Passage Fort (14). Spanish Town (23,37,
38). St. Elizabeth: Luana (357). Maggotty (793). Locality not specified, Feb 1928, M.F. Boyd, 2
F [USNM]. St. Thomas: Albion (804). Westmoreland: Crab Pond Bay (790). Negril Swamp
(232). Parish not Specified: Locality not specified, M.F. Boyd, 2 1, 1 p [USNM].
Material Examined: 30 specimens; 2 males, 16 females, 7 larvae, 5 pupae; 4 individual rearings
(3 larval, 1 pupal).
5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii Theobald
Figs. 7,13,14
1901. Anopheles grabhamii Theobald, 1901a:205-207. TYPE: Holotype female, Kingston, Ja-
maica, M. Grabham [BM].
Anopheles grabhamii of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:1006-1009); Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey
(1926:74); Dyar (1928:457-458); Boyd and Aris (1929); Carley (1931); Edwards (1932:42);
Komp (1941:92-97; 1942:5,52-53,96-97,141-142); Rozeboom (1941:104); Simmons (1941:
123-124); Simmons and Aitken (1942:66-67); Russell, Rozeboom and Stone (1943:32); Hill
and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:38); Thompson (1947:78); Lane (1953:177-179); Horsfall (1955:87);
Perez Vigueras (1956:198-205); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:19); Forattini (1962:360-
362); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:32); Porter (1967:36).
Cycloleppteron grabhamii of Theobald (1901b:312; 1903a:56-59; 1905a:17-18; 1905b:8); Co-
quillett (1906b:13); Prout (1909:487).
FEMALE (fig. 7). Wing about 3.5-4.0 mm. Brownish species with speckled fe-
mora and tibiae and narrowly banded tarsi; wing thinly scaled, predominantly light
and speckled with large, nearly circular black scales. Head: Integument blackish.
Scaling of vertex dark except for anterior median triangular patch of erect and de-
cumbent white scales; frontal tuft white. Palpus entirely dark scaled, shaggy, sub-
equal to proboscis in length. Antennal torus with mesal patch of small dark bronzy
scales. Thorax: Mesonotal integument grayish brown, with pruinose lines; vestiture
of golden hairs except for hairlike erect scales in front of wing root and in supraalar
area, anterior promontory with outstanding narrow whitish scales, and humeral
angle with patch of outstanding narrow dark scales. Apn with small upper patch of
dark outstanding scales; pra with a few outstanding light scales; stp usually without
scales. Legs: Femora predominantly light scaled, speckled with dark scales; tibiae
predominantly dark scaled, speckled with light scales. Tarsi predominantly dark
scaled; segment 1 on all legs with some scattered pale scales; very inconspicuous
basal pale rings on tarsal segments 1-3 and sometimes 4 on all legs. Wing: Very thin-
ly scaled; scales predominantly light and with variable speckling of large nearly
circular, ballon or teardrop shaped dark scales; vein C with small narrow dark scales
except for very small yellowish subcostal spot and a large yellowish subapical spot
involving also veins R, and R, and separated by a very small dark spot from a small
apical light spot. Haltere: Stem light gray, knob with dense vestiture of intensely
black scales. Abdomen: Without scales on pregenital segments.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 35
MALE. Essentially as in female except for usual sexual characters. Palpal seg-
ments 4 and 5 with a few dingy white or pale scales at base.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 13). Ninth tergite unsclerotized; lateral lobe small, nar-
row, prominent, apically rounded. Sidepiece with scales laterally; 2 parabasal setae,
both with tapered apex, outer longer and straighter than inner; internal seta only
slightly longer than diameter of sidepiece. Claspette divided; dorsal lobe with 2
flattened setae with rounded, slightly expanded apex; ventral lobe with 1 acumi-
nate apical stout seta, 1 moderately long and 1 short simple setae. Aedeagus long,
slender; leaflets 2 pairs, apical more than 2.0 of subapical.
PUPA (fig. 13). Chaetotaxy as figured; diagnostic characters as in the key; inte-
gumentary pigmentation variable, usually strong. Trumpet simple, meatus with |
cleft; uniformly moderately pigmented except for slightly lighter base. Abdominal
hair O usually single on all segments; 9-II,III very short; 9-IV only about 2.0 of 9-III
and about 0.3-0.4 of 9-V; hairs 9-V,VI subequal; 9-VII distinctly longer than 9-V,VI
and with tapered apex; 9-VIII with about 15-18 lateral branches. Paddle uniformly
pigmented; inner and outer margins both with fine filamentous spicules distally;
hair 1-P thickened, single, acuminate; 2-P usually double or triple.
LARVA (fig. 14). Chaetotaxy as figured; diagnostic characters as in the key.
Head pigmentation varied from uniformly intensely dark to moderately blotchy;
inner clypeals (2-C) separated at base by less than width of tubercle, apical half
with a few barbs; outer clypeal (3-C) sparsely dendritic from a moderate basal
shaft. Antennal hair (1-A) in basal 0.25 of shaft, about 0.3 of shaft length, usually
with 3-6 branches. Prothoracic submedian group (1-3-P) with only a small tubercle
at base of hair 2; hair 1-P slender, usually with 5-8 lateral branches; 2-P strong,
with slender shaft and about 10-15 long lateral branches. Prothoracic pleural group
(9-12-P) with all long hairs usually single, rarely 1 of these double. Mesothoracic
hair 1-M with shaft only slightly thickened and flattened in basal half. Metathoracic
palmate hair 3-T poorly developed, with unpigmented, smooth, slender leaflets.
Abdominal hair 0 minute on all segments but usually double. Hair 1-I simple, usu-
ally with 3 or 4 stiff branches; 1-II not palmate, usually with about 10 thin branch-
es similar to hair 2; hair 1-III-VII fully developed palmate tuft with pigmented
serrated leaflets. Hair 2-IV,V usually double, rarely single; 6-[V,V usually double.
SYSTEMATICS. Few species of Anopheles are as readily recognized in the adult
stage as grabhamii with its large circular black scales speckling the thinly clad pre-
dominantly light scaled wings. There is a great deal of variation in the pattern of
the adults but we have made no attempt to correlate these with geographical and
ecological differences. In the larva there is considerable variation in the develop-
ment of hair 1 on abdominal segments I and II but in no case are the branches
distinctly flattened as leaflets.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of grabhamii were found during our survey
primarily at the margins of streams, in pools in stream beds, in ground pools and
ditches, occasionally at the margins of swamps and ponds, and in large artificial
containers, such as horse troughs and large shallow barrels. This species breeds
more commonly in permanent water but will also utilize temporary sites. The water
of choice is fresh, clear and with no more than a slow current. In mountain streams,
where the water is rapid, the immature stages are found along grassy margins or
in pools with slower current. Vegetation in the breeding sites is either present or
absent. All conditions of light are tolerated, from full sunlight to deep shade. This
species also tolerates brackish water (Boyd and Aris, 1929:377).
In the lowlands, the immature stages of grabhamii are frequently associated with
36 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
those of Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus, Culex (C.) nigripalpus and Culex (Mel.) atrat-
us; at higher elevations their common associates are Culex (C.) secutor and Culex
(Mel.) inhibitator.
Anopheles grabhamii is probably the most widespread mosquito in Jamaica, oc- —
curring from near sea level to elevations as high as 1700 m (Clydesdale, 754). Al-
though fairly common, grabhamii does not seem to attain as large populations or
to show as strong seasonal fluctuations as albimanus.
Females of grabhamii feed on man in the open, but appear to prefer donkeys,
mules and other domestic animals. They are readily captured in donkey-baited
traps and will enter chicken-baited traps in small numbers. Both sexes are attracted
to light traps.
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Boyd and Aris (1929:394) were of the opinion that
grabhamii could be exonerated as a vector of malaria in Jamaica on epidemiological
grounds (distribution and peak of incidence not coinciding with that of malaria)
and relatively low attraction to humans. Carley (1931), however, found 1 naturally
infected specimen with a mature oocyst in 125 dissections (higher rate than in
albimanus). Because of its abundance and wide distribution, grabhamii may be an
important reservoir species and occasionally a vector of pathogens to man. In re-
cent years 2 isolations of Cache Valley virus and another one of an unidentified
arbovirus have been made from grabhamii in Jamaica (Taylor, 1967:503; L.S. Grant,
personal communication).
DISTRIBUTION. Anopheles grabhamii appears to be endemic to the West Indies
where it is definitely known only from Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Hispaniola
(Haiti and Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The record
from Panama (Lane, 1953:179; Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959:19) has not been
confirmed and is probably erroneous.
JAMAICA. Anopheles grabhamii occurs throughout the island, from near sea level to eleva-
tions as high as 1700 m. The following records are of specimens seen by us. Clarendon: Milk
River Bath (868). Yorks Pen (604). Kingston and St. Andrew: Cavaliers (41,43). Clydesdale
(754). Ferry (769,797,798,857,860). Gordon Town (911,947). Hermitage Dam Road (739,828,
851,852,891 ,893). Kingston, various dates, M. Grabham, 5 M, 7 F [USNM]. Mount Airy (51).
Newcastle (832-836). Newstead (962). Temple Hall (44,46,47). University of the West Indies
(209). Portland: Rio Grande River (921). St. Ann: Drax Hall (608). St. Catherine: Caymanas
(29,30,32,210,743,744,746,747). Ft. Simonds, Jan 1946, G.A. Thompson, 1 F [USNM]. Recess
Pen (225,226). Spanish Town (28,38). St. Mary: Castleton, 5 mi N (954). St. Thomas: Albion
(873). Amity Hall (58). Chiswick (65). Dalvey (91). Golden Grove (56,63). Hampton Court
(147,149). Hectors River (60). White Bay (121). Winchester House (67). Yallahs River (817).
Locality not specified, Mar 1928, M.F. Boyd, 2 M, 6 F [USNM]. Westmoreland: Crab Pond Bay
(785). Negril (231,232).
Material Examined: 404 specimens; 49 males, 87 females, 140 larvae, 128 pupae; 112 individ-
ual rearings (51 larval, 41 pupal, 20 incomplete).
TRIBE URANOTAENIINI
GENUS URANOTAENIA
The small, delicate mosquitoes of the genus Uranotaenia are readily recognized
from other Culicidae in the West Indies by the following combination of characters:
(1) in the adults; vein R,43 more than 3 times as long as vein R, ; side of mesono-
tum with a streak of whitish or iridescent blue scales extending forward from
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 37
wing root; palpus extremely short in both sexes; labium usually distinctly swollen
apically; (2) in the pupa; hair 6-C strongly developed and usually simple; trache-
oid of trumpet present; 1-IX usually strong and conspicuous (except in cooki); and
(3) in the larva; head longer than wide and with hairs 5,6-C single and spikelike;
comb scales arising from a sclerotized lateral plate. In the male genitalia of Urano-
taenia, the so-called ‘“‘ninth tergite lobe’”’ is undoubtedly developed from the baso-
lateral sclerotization of the proctiger and is therefore termed here the basal tergal
lobe of the proctiger. A similar lobe is developed in other Culicinae, notably in
the tribes Culicini, Aedini and Sabethini.
Three species of Uranotaenia are now known from Jamaica, each representing
a distinct phyletic line. The topotypic Jamaican socialis is considered here as a
species distinct from the North American sapphirina following Galindo, Blanton
and Peyton (1954) but it is questionable whether some of the extralimital popula-
tions of supposed socialis are really conspecific with the Jamaican population. The
newly discovered Jamaican species we are assigning tentatively to cooki from His-
paniola (Haiti) but this needs confirmation. The third species we are retaining in
lowii, although the Jamaican population shows a number of departures from the
topotypic one from St. Lucia. It is evident that there is considerable local popula-
tion differentiation in many species of Uranotaenia with wide reported distribu-
tions in the New World tropics but it is not possible to evaluate these without
adequate material of associated stages. The material of Jamaican species is very
scanty and in poor condition in the case of the immature stages.
We have included in the keys the 2 other species of Uranotaenia reported from
the northern Antilles. Uranotaenia sapphirina (Osten Sacken, 1868) is easily con-
fused with socialis and we have therefore provided detailed drawings of the former
(figs. 16,20) from the southern United States with the hope that these will help to
establish the identity of the species reported from Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands. Uranotaenia oteizai Perez Vigueras, 1956 is a member of
the U. leucoptera (Theobald, 1907) complex recently described from Cuba. It has
not been recognized outside of Cuba, where it is apparently uncommon, but the
records of leucoptera from the state of Tabasco, Mexico (Martini, 1935:39) may
actually pertain to oteizai. The larva described and figured by Perez Vigueras (1956:
443-449) may be incorrectly associated with the adults as it does not conform to
the type in lJeucoptera and appears to be very similar to Jowii except for the most
unusual feature of apparently unbranched hair 1 on most abdominal segments (pos-
sibly a drafting error). Lacking material of oteizai we have had to rely on the origi-
nal description for the characters used in our keys.
New World species of Uranotaenia, as far as known, breed in ground waters
only. The larvae are seldom collected as they are usually mistaken for the younger
instars of other genera or unnoticed because of their sluggishness. They are also
difficult to rear individually. Such rearings are essential since the differences be-
tween species are often obscure or minute and several species may be found breed-
ing together in a single habitat.
Females of Uranotaenia are not usually attracted to warm-blooded vertebrates
and are therefore not normally encountered in hand catches or baited traps. Both
sexes of a number of species are readily collected at lights or in light traps. Females
of some species are known to feed on amphibians. Nothing is known about the
adult bionomics of the species in Jamaica.
38
2(1).
3(2).
4(2).
4(3).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
KEYS TO SPECIES
ADULTS
Wing predominantly white scaled dorsally; head predominantly light scaled
(Cuba; see genus). . . .oteizai
Wing predominantly dark scaled dorsally, with restricted lines of iridescent
azure scales on base of veins R and Cu; head predominantly dark scaled,
MAGA Ce GOALOS Big ROTTEN oo ey 5 ia) nica 2 aay c aes 2
Mesonotum with a median longitudinal line of iridescent azure scales; scutel-
lum with similar scales on midlobe; abdominal tergites without iridescent
azure apicolateral spots .. . aad
Mesonotum without median longitudinal line of iridescent < azure ‘scales: all
lobes of scutellum dark scaled; abdominal tergites with large iridescent
ATi ADI aie La OPS ee ii eae eae ue te ice ia, woe
Mesonotal line of azure scales ending in anterior part of prescutellar space;
iridescent azure streak of vein Cu not reaching half distance to its furca-
el, eRe . . 6. socialis
Mesonotal line of azure . scales extending to scutellum; ‘iridescent azure streak
of vein Cu extending more than half distance to its furcation (U.S.A.;
possibly northern Antilles other than Jamaica; see genus) . . sapphirina
Hindtarsus entirely dark dorsally, indistinctly paler on distal segments ven-
trally; apicolateral azure spots present on abdominal tergites III-VII; male
foretarsal segment 1 much shorter than2 . . . . 7. cooki
Hindtarsus white or grayish white from about middle of segment 3 to apex;
apicolateral azure spots present on abdominal tergites II,III,V and VI;
male foretarsal segment 1 longerthan2 ......... . 8. lowii
MALE GENITALIA
Clasper with about 15 heavy spiniforms in distal half. . . . . . 8. lowii
Clasper with 1 (rarely 2) slender subapical spiniform . ....... .2
Apex of aedeagus with denticulate lobe (Cuba; see genus) . . . . oteizai
Apexof aédeasus withoutdenticulate lobe. ite Ce ee 8
Tergite IX short, its proximal border shallowly emarginate; clasper with dis-
tinct dorsomesal postmedian lobe .. . i obe T COORI
Tergite [IX long, its proximal border very deeply emarginate: clasper without
distinct-dorsomesal postmmedian lobe 866. Gan SPO wee cabal 4}
Distance between basal tergal lobes of proctiger greater than length of lobe
. 6. socialis
Diatanec eres. basal tergal lobes of proctiger es than length of lobe
(U.S.A., possibly northern Antilles other than Jamaica; see genus) .
sapphirina
ZXT).
3(1).
4(3).
1901.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 39
PUPAE
(oteizai unknown)
Metanotal hair 11-C usually single; trumpet pinna long and strongly oblique,
meatus without open slit. . . . ike, es LOW!
Metanotal hair 11-C usually with at least 3 branches. trumpet pinna short
and truncate, meatus with long narrow openslit. ........ .2
Trumpet distinctly flared apically; hair 1-IX not developed. . . . 7. cooki
Trumpet not distinctly flared apically; hair 1-IX distinct. . . .... .3
Trumpet index about 8.0, tracheoid ending distinctly before middle .
. . 6. socialis
Trumpet index about a 0- 12. 0, tracheoid extending ‘distinctly distad of
middle S.A. a northern Antilles other than Jamaica; see genus)
sapphirina
LARVAE
Prothoracic hair 3-P less than 0.4 of 1-P; hair 14-P branched . .... .2
Prothoracic hair 3-P more than 0.5 of 1-P; hair 14-P single (unknown in
OLEL eee a a ee Bee ee ee
Pecten teeth usually less than 12; comb scales usually 8 or less; head hair
4-C usually triple. . . . . 6. socialis
Pecten teeth usually more than 12: comb scales usually 1 more than 8; head
hair 4-C usually double or single (. S.A., Soa northern Antilles other
than Jamaica; see genus)... oo... Aaa ppairine
Comb scales usually more than 10; siphon usually with distinct dark ring
before hair 1-S. --. ss » ts COOK
Comb scales usually less than 9: ‘siphon tisually ‘without distinct premedian
atk Pie no te ee a eS ae
Abdominal hair 1 a multiple stellate tuft on allsegments. . . . . 8. lowii
Abdominal hair 1 SRP eee ed on segments ITII-VII (Cuba;
See Bemus), ¢ 3. LA ee meeae
6. Uranotaenia socialis Theobald
Figs. 15,19
Uranotaenia socialis Theobald, 1901b:340-342. TYPE: Lectotype male (111), Kingston
district, Jamaica, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:38].
Uranotaenia socialis of Theobald (1905a:35; 1905b:36; 1907:557; 1910:502); Grabham (1905:
402-404); Coquillett (1906b:26); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:905-908, in part); Johnson
(1919:424); Dyar (1922a:98-99); Gowdey (1926:74); in part of Galindo, Blanton and Peyton
(1954:164-168); in part of Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:119); Porter (1967:40).
40 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Uranotaenia sapphirina socialis of Dyar and Shannon (1924a:190).
Uranotaenia sapphirina of Dyar (1928:420-421, in part); Edwards (1932:99, in part); Matheson
(1944:256-257, in part); Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:40); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Chamb-
erlain (1946:104-107, in part); Thompson (1947:79); Lane (1953:570-571, in part); Horsfall
(1955:345-346, in part); Perez Vigueras (1956:433-439, in part).
FEMALE (fig. 15). Wing about 2.0-2.5 mm. Head with only a few light brown
short erect scales on occiput; vertex dark scaled except for azure blue scales in a
large triangular anterior patch narrowly connected on each side to an elongate tri-
angular lateral azure patch; frontal tuft not developed. Mesonotal integument uni-
formly brown; general vestiture of relatively short, narrow, curved dark bronzy
scales; a narrow median longitudinal line of short, nearly circular deep azure scales
from just behind anterior promontory to about middle of prescutellar space; a line
of similar azure scales above paratergite from wing root cephalad to almost level
of scutal angle. Median scutellar lobe with broad line of broad azure scales in the
midline, surrounded on each side by narrow line of deep bronzy broad scales; lat-
eral lobe with deep bronzy broad scales. Pleural integument brown and with large
blackish blotch in upper stp; apn with large patch of deep azure broad scales; a
broad line of similar scales in dark part of upper stp. Legs predominantly dark ex-
cept for light bases and lower surfaces of mid and hindfemur and pure white apical
dorsal spots on femora and tibiae, poorly developed on foreleg, moderately on
midleg and strongly on hindleg. Wing dark scaled dorsally except for azure streaks
on (1) posterior part of base of R to just beyond arculus and (2) on base of Cu
extending from arculus to a little over 0.3 of distance to furcation of Cu; vein
R,43 about 3.3 of vein R,. Haltere stem light, knob dark scaled. Abdominal ter-
gites apparently entirely dark scaled, without lateral apical light markings; sternites
with pale tan scales. |
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation except for a median apical
triangular pale patch on tergite V. Sexual dimorphism marked; flagellar whorls very
long and dense, flagellar segments 12 and 13 each about 3.0 as long as segment 11;
anterior midclaw greatly enlarged, posterior not visible.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 15). Ninth tergite long, deeply emarginate at base, un-
sclerotized distally. Basal tergal lobe of proctiger short, truncate, separated from
its mate by a distance greater than its length. Sidepiece with 1 scale on one side.
Clasper slender, without distinct lobe; 1 subapical spiniform and numerous short
setae in distal half; spicules not developed. Aedeagus with smooth apex; subapical
spine very prominent.
PUPA (fig. 15). Chaetotaxy as figured; integument and hairs usually lightly pig-
mented, most large branched hairs with branches of unequal length. Trumpet not
distinctly flared apically; pinna small, truncate; meatus with long narrow slit; trach-
eoid extending to about 0.4; index about 8.0. Cephalothoracic hair 6-C much long-
er than 7-C; metanotal hair 11-C weak, usually 4-branched. Abdominal hair 9-VIII
dorsal and distinctly removed mesad of caudolateral angle; 1-IX strongly developed,
more than 0.5 of tergite length. Paddle uniformly lightly pigmented; inner part
about 2.0 of outer; outer margin with closely set sharp strong denticles, inner with
a few weaker widely spaced denticles; hair 1-P weak, usually double.
LARVA (fig. 19). Chaetotaxy as figured. Head capsule brown; antenna slightly
darker; hairs 5,6-C blackish brown; 4-C usually triple (2-4); hair 7-C usually 5-
branched (4-6). Prothoracic hair 3-P usually 9-branched (7-10), less than 0.4 of
1,2-P; hair 14-P at least 4-branched. Mesothoracic hair 6-M usually single. Abdom-
inal hair 6-I,II triple, 6-III-VI usually about 10-branched (8-15); hair 1-III-VI usual-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 41
ly at least 10-branched (10-14). Comb scales usually 7 or 8 (5-8), widely spaced,
the middle ones enlarged. Siphon rather uniformly pigmented except for slightly
lighter base ventrally; index slightly less than 5.0; pecten usually with fewer than
11 fully developed teeth, ending before hair 1-S; hair 1-S before the middle of
ventral surface. Caudal margin of saddle with short sharp spicules of varied sizes;
hair 1-X usually 8-10-branched; most proximal hairs of ventral brush (4-X) short,
usually with 3 or 4 branches.
SYSTEMATICS. Uranotaenia socialis appears to be a distinct species in the sap-
phirina complex. The very scanty material of the typical Jamaican population is
readily separated from sapphirina from the southern U.S.A. in all stages by the
characters in the keys and additional features mentioned in the diagnosis. How-
ever, the genitalic difference in the basal tergal lobes of the proctiger may not hold
as it is based on a single specimen of socialis and there is considerable variation in
the lobes of sapphirina. The Jamaican population differs in detail from the “soc-
ialis” from Honduras and Panama described by Galindo, Blanton and Peyton (1954:
164-168) and from other populations we have examined from British Honduras
and especially from Guyana. All of these populations are distinct from sapphirina
in the characters pointed out by Galindo, Blanton and Peyton (loc. cit.). It is prob-
able that a complex of species or subspecies is involved but this cannot be resolved
without detailed study of large samples of all stages of the different populations.
For the present we retain all the Neotropical populations under the name socialis.
BIONOMICS. Of 4 collections of immature stages of socialis obtained during
Our survey, 2 were at a margin of a swamp, 1 in a ditch and 1 at the edge of a
stream. In all cases the water was permanent, clear and fresh. All the breeding
sites were in full sunlight and contained algae. The associated species were Anoph-
eles (Nys.) albimanus, An. (An.) grabhamii and Culex (Mel.) atratus. All the col-
lections were obtained in the lowlands, below 22 m. Adults were caught in light
traps but not on human or donkey bait.
DISTRIBUTION. Uranotaenia socialis is definitely known only from Jamaica
but 1 or more similar forms are known from Central America, Panama, northern
South America and the Guianas and are tentatively retained under socialis.
JAMAICA. Kingston and St. Andrew: Kingston, M. Grabham, 1 M, 1 F [USNM]. Rockport,
Apr 1906, M. Grabham, 4 M, 7 F [USNM]. St. Catherine: Caymanas Bay (744). Naggo Head
(23). Tamarind Farm (25). St. Elizabeth: Luana (358). St. Thomas: Grants Pen (77).
Material Examined: 46 specimens; 8 males, 11 females, 21 larvae, 6 pupae; 5 individual rear-
ings (2 larval, 2 pupal, 1 incomplete).
7. Uranotaenia cooki Root
Figs. 17,20
1937. Uranotaenia cooki Root, 1937:98-100. TYPE: Lectotype genitalia, foreleg and part of
another tarsus of a male all mounted on 1 slide, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 11 Feb 1932, S.S.
Cook [USNM, 50375; designation of Stone and Knight, 1957c:200].
Uranotaenia cooki of Pratt (1947:578-581); Lane (1953:581); Galindo, Blanton and Peyton
(1954:114-117, in keys); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:112); Porter (1967:37).
FEMALE (fig. 17). Wing about 2.0 mm. Head with a few short dark erect scales
on posterior part of vertex and occiput; vertex dark scaled except for a contin-
42 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
uous broad azure border to the eyes bent laterally across vertex to apn. Mesonot-
al integument blackish brown; general vestiture of relatively long, narrow, straight
dark bronzy scales; a line of light azure scales above paratergite from wing root
cephalad to scutal suture (from scutal angle). All scutellar lobes with broad flat
dark bronzy scales. Pleural integument dark to blackish brown except for light
membranes and somewhat lighter lower stp; a broad line of azure scales on apn,
a line of similar scales on upper stp slightly broadened posteriorly. Legs predom-
inantly dark scaled except for (1) lighter ventral surfaces on femora, (2) azure
patches on base of all coxae, (3) small white knee spots on mid and hindlegs, and
(4) a large dorsal apical white spot on hindtibia and a very small one on midtibia.
Wing dark scaled dorsally except for azure streaks on (1) posterior part of base of
R to just beyond arculus and (2) on base of Cu extending from arculus to a little
over 0.4 of distance to furcation of Cu; vein R2+3 about 3.3 of vein R,. Haltere
stem light, knob dark scaled. Abdominal tergites dark scaled except for conspicu-
ous light azure apicolateral patches on III-VII, progressively smaller distally; stern-
ites with dark tan scales.
MALE (fig. 17). Essentially similar to female in ornamentation except for small-
er knee spots and absence of midfemoral apical light spot. Sexual dimorphism
marked; flagellar whorls longer than in female but not very dense, flagellar seg-
ments 12 and 13 moderately elongate, each slightly less than 2.0 of segment 11;
foretarsal segment 1 greatly shortened, a little less than 0.25 of segment 2, and
twisted; anterior midclaw greatly enlarged, posterior not visible.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 17). Ninth tergite relatively short, very shallowly emar-
ginate at base. Basal tergal lobes of proctiger more or less triangular and widely
separated. Clasper widened distally and with a prominent but inconspicuous wrink-
led dorsomesal lobe near apical 0.25, bearing minute setae; ventral surface with
minute setae in distal half; 1 subapical spiniform; spicules not developed. Aedeagus
with smooth apex; apical spine very long and curved.
PUPA (fig. 17). Chaetotaxy as figured; integument moderately to strongly un-
evenly pigmented; hairs moderately pigmented, some of the larger hairs with branch-
es of uneven lengths. Trumpet distinctly flared apically; pinna small, truncate; meat-
us with a very narrow short slit; tracheoid extending to about 0.5; index about
12.0. Cephalothoracic hair 6-C only slightly longer than 7-C; metanotal hair 11-C
weak, usually 4-branched. Abdominal hair 9-VIII at caudolateral angle of tergite;
1-IX apparently not developed at all. Paddle moderately to lightly pigmented; inner
part only slightly wider than outer; outer margin with closely set sharp strong
denticles, inner with a few scattered weak denticles; hair 1-P inconspicuous, single.
LARVA (fig. 20). Head capsule darker and more mottled than in socialis and
hairs 5,6-C not quite as strongly thickened; 4-C usually triple (2,3); hair 7-C usu-
ally 5-branched (4-6). Prothoracic hair 3-P usually 6-branched, about 0.7 of 1,2-P;
hair 14-P single. Mesothoracic hair 6-M apparently usually double. Abdominal hair
6-I,II usually double, 6-III-VI usually 5,6-branched; 1-III-VI usually about 5-branch-
ed. Comb scales usually about 12 (10-14), with long slender pointed shaft and ex-
panded minutely fringed sides. Siphon with dark ring in about basal half; index
about 4.5; pecten usually with about 18 teeth extending to hair i-S at about mid-
dle of ventral surface. Caudal margin of saddle with rather long sharp spicules;
hair 1-X usually 5,6-branched; most proximal hairs of ventral brush (4-X) short,
usually single or double.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican specimens described here are only provisionally
assigned to cooki since no topotypic material of the immature stages of cooki is
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 43
available for comparison. However, it seems very likely that this assignment is cor-
rect and that the 2 populations are conspecific despite some discrepancies with
the descriptions and figures of Root (1937) and Pratt (1946), particularly in the
shape of the clasper of the male genitalia. The head capsule of Jamaican cooki
tends to be mottled dark brown and not golden brown as described by Pratt (loc.
cit.) for the Puerto Rican population.
BIONOMICS. The only 2 collections of the immature stages of this species in
Jamaica were in a deeply shaded ditch in an area of scrub forest. The water was
permanent, clear and fresh; there was abundant flotage and some vegetation. One
male was collected in a light trap together with specimens of socialis and lowii.
DISTRIBUTION. Uranotaenia cooki has been reported only from Haiti, Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands (St. Croix) and now Jamaica; it undoubtedly occurs also in the
Dominican Republic.
JAMAICA. Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry (797,798). St. Elizabeth: Luana (358).
Material Examined: 13 specimens; 3 males, 1 female, 6 larvae, 3 pupae; 3 individual rearings
(1 larval, 2 pupal).
8. Uranotaenia lowii Theobald, 1901
Figs. 18,20
1901. Uranotaenia lowii Theobald, 1901b:339-340. TYPE: Lectotype female, Castries, St. Luc-
ia, Feb, G.C. Low [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:37-38].
1906. Uranotaenia continentalis Dyar and Knab, 1906c:186,187. TYPE: Larva, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana, U.S.A., 6-9 Sept and 23 Oct 1904, J.W. Dupree [LU; see Stone, Knight and
Starcke, 1959:114]. Synonymy with lowii by Dyar (1922a:97).
For other possible synonymy see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:114-115).
Uranotaenia lowii of Theobald (1905a:40); Grabham (1905:401-402); Coquillett (1906b:26);
Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:911-914, in part); Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey (1926:74);
Dyar (1922a:97-98; 1928:425, in part); Matheson (1929:202; 1944:258, in part); Edwards
(1932:99, in part); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:101-104, in part); Hill and
Hill (1945a:3; 1948:40); Pratt (1947:581-583); Thompson (1947:79); Lane (1953:568-570, in
part); Galindo, Blanton and Peyton (1954:155-157, in part); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:76-
77); Horsfall (1955:344, in part); Perez Vigueras (1956:440-442); Stone, Knight and Starcke
(1959:114-115); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:35); Porter (1967:37).
FEMALE (fig. 18). Wing about 2.0-2.3 mm. Head apparently without erect scales;
vertex dark scaled except for azure scales in a small anterior triangular spot con-
nected to an azure line laterally which widens in a line towards apn. Mesonotal
integument light yellowish tan except for dark brown prescutellar area, paratergite
and laterally above paratergite; general vestiture of relatively short, very narrow
dark bronzy scales; a line of light azure scales above paratergite (in dark spot) ex-
tending from wing root anteriorly to about 0.75 of distance to scutal angle. All
scutellar lobes with broad flat dark bronzy scales. Pleural integument very light
yellowish tan except for dark brown apn, lower part of ppn, upper stp and some-
times middle mep; a broad line of azure scales on apn, a broad even line of similar
scales through middle of dark upper stp. Legs predominantly dark scaled except
for (1) lighter ventral surfaces of femora, (2) small azure patches on base of all
coxae, (3) small white knee spots on all legs, (4) dorsal apical white spots on fore
and hindtibiae and (5) white or whitish apex of hindtarsus from at least middle of
Auth, Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
segment 3. Wing dark scaled dorsally except for light azure streaks on (1) posterior
part of base of R to just beyond arculus and (2) base of Cu extending from arculus
to a little less than 0.3 of distance to furcation of Cu; vein R243 about 3.3 of
vein R,. Haltere stem light, knob dark scaled. Abdominal tergites dark scaled ex-
cept for apicolateral patches of pale azure scales on segments II,III,V,VI, that of
III distinctly larger; sternites pale scaled.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation. Sexual dimorphism very
slight; flagellar whorls only slightly longer and denser than in female; flagellar seg-
ment 12 subequal to 11, segment 13 about 1.5 of 11; anterior midclaw enlarged,
posterior short and slender.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 18). Ninth tergite long, deeply emarginate at base.
Basal tergal lobes of proctiger small, narrowed distally and relatively widely separ-
ated. Sidepiece without scales. Clasper broad from base; distal part with about 15
or more heavy broad acute spiniforms in about 4 curved rows on dorsal and dorso-
mesal surface; body of clasper with numerous conspicuous spicules. Aedeagus very
broad, with smooth apex, without apical spine.
PUPA (fig. 18). Chaetotaxy as figured; integument uniformly moderately pig-
mented; hairs moderately pigmented, some of the larger hairs with branches of un-
even lengths. Trumpet slightly flared apically; pinna long, strongly oblique; meatus
without open slit; tracheoid extending to about 0.6 or slightly beyond; index about
6.5 or less. Cephalothoracic hair 6-C much longer than 7-C, sometimes double;
metanotal hair 11-C weak, usually single. Abdominal hair 9-VIII on dorsal surface
near caudolateral angle of tergite; 1-IX developed but weak, less than 0.5 of tergite
length. Paddle elongate, moderately pigmented; inner part about 2.0 of outer in
width; outer margin with closely set sharp denticles, stronger distally; inner margin
with larger but weaker denticles, some smaller denticles in a second irregular row;
hair 1-P single.
LARVA (fig. 20). Head capsule uniformly dark brown except for light ocular
areas; hair 4-C usually triple; 7-C usually 4,5-branched. Prothoracic hair 3-P usually
5,6-branched, about 0.7 of 1,2-P; hair 14-P single. Mesothoracic hair 6-M usually
double. Abdominal hair 6-I,II usually double, 6-III-VI usually 6-10-branched; 1-III-
VI usually about 8-branched. Comb scales usually about 7 (6-8), subequal in length,
fringed in basal 0.6. Siphon usually darkened dorsally in basal half; index about
4.5; pecten usually with 12-16 fully developed teeth, not extending beyond hair
1-S; hair 1-S somewhat variable in position, usually before middle of ventral sur-
face. Caudal margin of saddle with sharp spicules of varied size; hair 1-X usually
5,4-branched; most proximal hair of ventral brush (4-X) short, usually single or
double.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican population undoubtedly belongs to the lowii com-
plex but it shows a number of departures from the typical population from St.
Lucia, especially in a considerably longer azure streak on vein Cu which is less than
0.23 of the vein in the latter population. The Cayman population differs from
the Jamaican in having the hindtarsal light scaling beginning beyond the basal half
of segment 3; in many Jamaican specimens the light scaling starts.in the basal 0.25
or less (particularly in the males) and is dingy white instead of pure white. In
neither population is there any indication of pale tarsal markings on the fore and
midtarsi mentioned for the Panama population by Galindo, Blanton and Peyton
(1954:155). There is considerable variation in both populations in the femoral and
tibial light markings. The taxonomic status of the various reported populations
of Jowii cannot be determined without a careful comparative study of all the stages
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 45
of individually reared specimens. Pending such a revision we are retaining the Ja-
maican population in /owii, but suspect that it is a distinct species.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of Jowii were collected only twice during
our survey, in a ditch and a ground pool, where the water was of a temporary
nature, clear, fresh and with some vegetation. Both sites were in partial shade.
Hill and Hill (1948:40) record larvae from grassy stock ponds and ground pools.
Adults have been collected only in light traps. All the records of the species to
date are from lowlands.
DISTRIBUTION. Uranotaenia lowii has the widest reported distribution of any
species of Uranotaenia in the New World, extending from the southern U.S.A. to
Argentina. However it is very probable that a species complex is actually involved.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Yorks Pen (604). Kingston and St. Andrew: Kingston, shallow pools,
M. Grabham, 3 M, 4 F; 13 Sept 1905, J.M. Aldrich Collection, 2M, 2 F [USNM]. St. Catherine:
Central Village (759,761). St. Elizabeth: Luana (358).
Material Examined: 101 specimens; 18 males, 19 females, 38 larvae, 26 pupae; 19 individual
rearings (8 larval, 9 pupal, 2 incomplete).
TRIBE CULICINI
In the West Indies the tribe Culicini is most easily recognized in the larval stage,
by the following combination of features: comb scales present; normal siphon with
at least 3 pairs of hairs and a pecten of at least a few teeth; ventral brush with sev-
eral pairs of hairs. The adults can usually be recognized by the following combina-
tion of features: mesonotum with scales all narrow and without conspicuous pat-
tern of ornamentation; pleuron without postspiracular bristles; wing without con-
spicuous speckling; and abdomen truncate apically in the females. The pupae have
the tracheoid developed and a normal pinna on the trumpet, and cephalothoracic
hair 8-C removed caudad from the level of the trumpet.
Of the 3 New World genera, 2 are represented in Jamaica: Deinocerites by 1 in-
digenous species and Culex by 15 indigenous species and the introduced quinque-
fasciatus. The third genus of the tribe, the recently described monotypic Galindo-
myia Stone & Barretto, 1969, is known only from Colombia. The marked dom-
inance in the number of species of the tribe in the New World tropics as a whole
is not evident in Jamaica or elsewhere in the West Indies.
GENUS DEINOCERITES
This endemic New World genus is strikingly differentiated in all stages from the
related genus Culex as indicated in the description of cancer. In the adults, the
antenna is longer than the proboscis and the first flagellar segment is remarkably
elongated in most species. The male genitalia are unique in the development of the
so-called dorsal paramere (see description of cancer). The pupae have many appar-
ently primitive features in the abdominal chaetotaxy but are most readily sepa-
rated from Culex by the great development of paddle hair 1-P which is at least
two-thirds as long as the paddle. In the larva, the shape of the head capsule (broad-
est near the antenna), the presence of a “hairy” lobe at the base of the mandible,
and features of the siphon (3 pairs of siphonal hairs characteristic in development
and position; and the bifid or trifid pecten teeth) will immediately separate Deino-
cerites from Culex and all other genera of the subfamily.
46 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
We are providing keys to separate the closely related magnus (Theobald, 1901),
the only other species of the genus known from the West Indies, with a distribu-
tion starting at Mona Island (east of Hispaniola) and extending through Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands and all the Lesser Antilles to Trinidad, the Guianas and
apparently the state of Maranhao in Brazil.
Members of this genus are all apparently normally confined to the holes of land-
crabs for breeding and resting sites. Some species may be involved as vectors of
arboviruses as suggested by the isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from D.
pseudes Dyar & Knab, 1909 in Panama (Grayson, Srihongse and Galindo, 1967).
KEYS TO SPECIES
ADULTS
1. Female: specialized setae of cercus arising side by side on apex. Male: only
larger claw of foreleg with large subbasal tooth . . i . . 9. cancer
Female: specialized setae of cercus not arising side by side, apical the other
subapical. Male: both claws of foreleg with subbasal tooth (see genus)
Se oe Ci SN ae 6 magnus
MALE GENITALIA
1. Dorsal paramere with slender apical spine, ventral teeth numerous, slender and
arising from distinct lobe; ninth tergite lobe extending beyond subapical lobe
ODSIGEDIECe 6. . . . 9. cancer
Dorsal paramere with short broad apical process, ventral teeth few in number,
short, heavy and arising in single row along truncate border; ninth tergite
lobe not reaching subapical lobe of sidepiece (see genus). . . . . magnus
PUPAE
I. Cephalothoracic hair 7-C usually double; abdominal hair 3-II usually single
. . 9. cancer
Cephalotharacic ae TL ‘with 3 to. 5 benches: eb dcnenal aie 3-II double or
(epic (see Senuis) 6 a ee GS a ee. alae Sees
LARVAE
1. Ventral brush of anal segment usually with 6 pairs of hairs; hair 2-C usually
shorter than 1-C; hair 8-P usually single . . . . . 9. cancer
Ventral brush of anal segment usually with 7 pairs of hairs; hair 2-C usually
longer than 1-C; hair 8-P usually double (see genus). . . .... magnus
9. Deinocerites cancer Theobald
Figs. 21,22
1901. Deinocerites cancer Theobald, 1901b:215-217. TYPE: Lectotype female, Spanish Town
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 47
Road, Kingston, Jamaica, 8 Feb 1900, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin and
Hogue, 1959:432].
Deinocerites cancer of Johnson (1919:422); Dyar (1922a:8); Gowdey (1926:73); King, Bradley
and McNeel (1944:61); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:51-52); Thompson (1947:78); Belkin
and Hogue (1959:432-434); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:47); Porter (1967:39).
Deinocerites cancer in part of Theobald (1903a:276-281; 1905a:35-36; 1905b:37); Coquillett
(1906b:26); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:201-205); Dyar (1928:262-263); Edwards (1932:
222); Matheson (1944:250-251); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:275-277);
Lane (1953:554-556); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:325-327); Horsfall (1955:599-600); Perez
Vigueras (1956:476-483); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:284).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.0-3.4 mm. Medium-sized brown species with antenna
longer than proboscis and greatly elongate flagellar segment 1. Head: Decumbent
scales tan, all narrow except for small patch of broad, paler ones laterally. Erect
scales all tan, very numerous and extending to near orbital bristles. Labium dark
scaled. Palpus 3-segmented, dark scaled, about 0.2 of proboscis. Antenna exceed-
ing proboscis from about middle of flagellar segment 7; flagellar segment 1 a little
longer than combined length of segments 2 through 4. Thorax: Mesonotal integu-
ment brown, paler on scutal angle; scales brown, predominantly narrow but some-
what broadened in supraalar area; bristles all present and strongly developed ex-
cept acrostichals which are absent on disc; paratergite broad, bare. Scutellar lobes
with narrow brown scales, more numerous and narrower on midlobe. Pleural inte-
gument generally light, with darkened areas especially on ppn and stp; scales re-
stricted to upper part of ppn where they are narrower in front and somewhat broad-
ened posteriorly, a few sometimes on ppl, and a patch of broad bronzy somewhat
translucent scales covering almost all of stp; all normal pleural bristles present ex-
cept sp and psp; ppn with several short bristles in lower part; 1 or 2 short hairs
below base of haltere; pra and upper mep bristles short; 1 lower mep bristle. Legs:
Forecoxa with large patch of dark scales, midcoxa and hindcoxa with pale scales.
Remainder of legs dark scaled except for usual pale surfaces of femora. Claws all
simple; pulvilli very small and with setiform spicules. Wing: Vein scales all dark;
plume scales of veins R, and R; rather broad, especially distad. Haltere: Stem
pale; knob dark scaled. Abdomen: Tergites entirely dark scaled; tergite I very exten-
sively scaled, some scales extending on to laterotergite. Sternites with paler scales,
especially on proximal segments. Sternite VIII with specialized setae along margin
of deep median apical emargination; cercus conical, usually at least partially visi-
ble, its apex with 1 pair of long flattened specialized setae arising side by side.
MALE. Essentially as in the female including palpus and antenna but latter dis-
tinctly longer, exceeding proboscis from about middle of flagellar segment 4. Lab-
ium with distinct false joint at about 0.6 from base, beyond joint labium is more
or less flattened dorsoventrally. Claws of foreleg and midleg somewhat enlarged,
unequal; both larger claws with conspicuous subbasal tooth, smaller claws simple;
hindclaws as in the female.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 21). Segment IX: Very strongly developed. Tergite
represented primarily by extremely large lobe articulated with and movable on lat-
eral dorsal process of sternite, with numerous setae at base mesally and with dis-
tal flattened part extending beyond subapical lobe of sidepiece. Sternite long and
broad, widely separating sidepieces, with small median longitudinal apodeme, with
narrow lateral process directed dorsad to articulate with tergite. Sidepiece: Conical;
mesal membrane not developed distad of subapical lobe; tergal surface with num-
48 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
erous bristles of varied size; scales absent. Subapical lobe (median mesal lobe of
Belkin and Hogue, 1959) submedian in position, projecting dorsad; with 3 spec-
ialized setae, 2 of which are flattened spiniforms, and 3 short slender specialized
setae on sternal (inner) surface. A conspicuous apicosternal bristly lobe extending
beyond base of clasper. Clasper: Short, irregular in shape; with a dorsal inner post-
median angular shelflike process, a ventral inner apical tooth and a dorsal outer
apical rounded process; inserted between the 2 processes is a heavy bifid spiniform;
dorsal surface with very dense vestiture of very long hairlike spicules. Phallosome:
Complex, composed of a ventral aedeagus and 1 pair each of ventral and dorsal
parameres (of Belkin and Hogue, 1959). Aedeagus more or less cylindrical in dor-
sal aspect, apparently homologous to tergally broadly connected simple lateral plates
of some subgenera of Culex such as Melanoconion. Dorsal paramere apparently
homologous to the opisthophallus of some Dixinae (Belkin, 1968a:9); the 2 dorsal
parameres closely approximated tergally and with broad incomplete sclerotized dor-
sal bridge; apical spine slender, moderately curved; ventral teeth slender, long and
arising usually from a distinct process from the convex caudolateral border, 2 or
more teeth often with common base, several additional smaller denticles removed
from border. Proctiger: Broad; basolateral sclerotization small, broadly connected
to paraproct sclerotization and with only a slight dorsolateral process; paraproct
sclerotization moderate, without basal sternal process. Crown of paraproct broad,
with a single row of blunt teeth arising from expanded apical part of the paraproct
sclerotization. Cercal setae numerous and long, primarily subapical but 2 or more
detached from group proximad.
PUPA (fig. 21). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. In general similar
to Culex but with following apparently diagnostic features for the genus and spec-
ies. Cephalothorax: Uniformly lightly pigmented. Hair 5-C double, very strongly
developed, largest hair on cephalothorax. Trumpet: Relatively short and with small
pinna; inner wall well separated from outer throughout; tracheoid in basal 0.35 or
more; meatus without slit. Metanotum and Abdomen: Rather uniformly moderate-
ly pigmented, anterior segments lighter. Abdominal hair 1-II similar in appearance
to float hair (1-]T) but closer to its mate; 1-III-VI relatively poorly developed; 2-III-
VII mesad of hair 1; hair 5 similarly developed on segments II-VI (very unusual
and probably primitive condition), long and single, mesad of hair 4 on segment I];
hair 6 similarly developed on I-VI (very unusual and probably primitive condition),
very long and single; 7-II ventral in position; 9-VII short, branched and caudad of
hair 6; hair 9-VIII very long and single, arising ventrally at caudolateral angle; 1-IX
not developed. Paddle: Midrib very strongly developed to near apex; external but-
tress slightly developed near base; margins without distinct spicules; only hair 1-P
developed, single, subequal in length to paddle.
LARVA (fig. 22). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. In general similar
to Culex but with the following apparently diagnostic features for the genus and
species. Head: Head capsule about as wide as long, widest at level of base of anten-
na because of projecting subantennal lobe and the absence of a distinct ocular
bulge. Labrum poorly differentiated dorsally, rounded on anterior margin; labial
plate very long and narrow; maxillary suture complete and extended dorsolaterally
caudad of posterior tentorial pit; collar not developed; subantennal lobe very prom-
inent containing a deep pouch with eversible inner wall into which projects a con-
spicuous fingerlike lobe of mandible with long hairlike spicules; mental plate rudi-
mentary, poorly sclerotized and with sharp widely spaced marginal spicules. Hair
0-C setiform; 1-C short, widely spaced; 2-C developed; 3-C represented by a spicule
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 49
or sometimes a distinct hair; 4-6-C in anterior part of head capsule; 4-C short and
branched; 5-C moderate, with 4 or 3 branches; 6-C long, single and conspicuously
pectinately barbed in basal part; 7-C multiple, shorter than 5-C; hairs 8-10-C short
and branched; 11-C short, branched, on dorsal surface of subantennal lobe far re-
moved from 12,13-C which are ventral, small, branched and at about same level.
Neck with a small sclerotized plate on each side on ventral surface (possibly rudi-
ment of collar). Antenna: Slender, about 0.5 of head capsule length, gradually
slightly tapered; shaft with a few minute spicules in basal half; shaft hair (1-A)
submedian, with a few branches, barely reaching apex of shaft; apical hairs (2-6-A)
moderately developed. Thorax: Hairs 1-3-P on poorly sclerotized connected basal
tubercles, all single, 3-P about 0.7 of hair 1; tubercles of 6,7-M not connected.
Abdomen: Chaetotaxy essentially as in Culex; hairs 6-I-V all double, 6-VI single,
6-I,II shorter than others. Segment VIII: Essentially as in Culex. Comb scales in
about 8 rows; small, elongate and with expanded fringed apex. Tubercle developed
only at base of hair 3-VIII. Siphon: Elongate and without marked distal tapering;
index usually about 4.5-4.7; acus attached, with ventral process. Pecten of about
5-7 widely spaced teeth of unusual form, bifid or rarely trifid to base. Siphonal
hairs (1,la-S) always 3 pairs; proximal large and conspicuous, usually double and
submedian in position; distal 2 short and inconspicuous, one subventral, other sub-
dorsal, both usually double; 2-S short, nearly apical; median caudal filament of
spiracular apparatus apparently not developed. Anal Segment: Saddle represented
by poorly defined separate small dorsal and ventral sclerotizations; a small patch
of spicules caudoventrad of dorsal saddle. Hair 1-X near middle of segment lateral-
ly, usually single; 2-X multiple, with subequal branches. Ventral brush with 6 pairs
of hairs, all on grid without distinct lateral bar. Gills represented by short protu-
berance indented in middle.
SYSTEMATICS. The type locality of cancer, the type species of the genus Dein-
ocerites, was restricted to Jamaica by the designation of the lectotype (Belkin and
Hogue, 1959:432). There is therefore no doubt about the identity:of the Jamaican
population and our descriptions have been made from the exact type locality on
Spanish Town Road west of Kingston.
Deinocerites cancer in the sense of Belkin and Hogue (1959:432-434) appears
to be a single species although there is some variation in all stages in different pop-
ulations which are now known from Florida, the Bahamas, Hispaniola, Cuba, Cay-
man Islands, British Honduras and the Atlantic coast of Guatemala, Honduras, Nic-
aragua and northern Panama (Almirante).
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of cancer, as well as all other species of Deino-
cerites, are normally found only in the burrows of land crabs. In Jamaica cancer
has been collected solely in crabholes of medium to large size, never in smaller
holes such as those made by fiddler crabs. Besides breeding in mangrove swamps
and salt marshes, cancer has been found utilizing crabholes along river banks a con-
siderable distance from the sea. In the former cases the salinity of the water in
the breeding sites may reach 56 parts per 1000 NaCl; in the latter it is quite fresh.
On 2 occasions a few larvae of cancer were taken in rockholes at the seashore.
The only normal associate of cancer is Culex (C.) janitor but this association is
confined to crabholes with fresh water. In brackish crabholes, Aedes (O.) taenio-
rhynchus is sometimes found with cancer and occasionally one finds Culex (C.)
nigripalpus, Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis and even Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus and
Anopheles (A.) grabhamii together with cancer in very large shallow holes in dry-
ing swamps.
50 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
In Jamaica, cancer feeds on donkeys and other domestic animals and will also
bite man. Adult populations show marked fluctuation during the year and may
reach very high levels at times in areas with extensive mangrove swamps where
cancer can be the most common mosquito in donkey-baited traps and light traps.
Records over a 3-year period at Holland Bay (St. Thomas) indicate peak catches
in April, May and June.
DISTRIBUTION. Deinocerites cancer is now known from Florida and the Baha-
mas, Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic), Jamaica, Cuba, Cayman Islands and
the Atlantic coast of Central America from British Honduras to northern Panama.
JAMAICA. Deinocerites cancer is a common species near the coast all around the island. We
are listing here only the records of our survey. Clarendon: Milk River Bath (865-867). Hanover:
Bulls Bay (89). Kingston and St. Andrew: Duhaney Park, Spanish Town Rd (610,705). Ferry (215,
217-221 ,347-350,366-371 ,385 386,398,701 ,736,770,857-861 ,883-886,903). Port Royal (269-271,
274-279 ,314-317,880-882). Riverton City (344-346,839). Rockfort (948-950,953,961). Portland:
Port Antonio (812). St. Catherine: Fort Augusta (264). Port Henderson (260-263 ,3 13,878,879).
St. Elizabeth: Black River, 2 mi E (794). St. Mary: Annotto Bay (254,255). St. Thomas: Chis-
wick (92). Duckenfield Hall (90,205A). Folly Bay (103). Golden Grove (140). Grants Pen (871).
Holland Bay (112). New Pera (180). White Bay (78,79,127,170,175,178). Westmoreland: Brough-
ton Wharf (88). Cave (615,616). Crab Pond Bay (783).
Material Examined: 4069 specimens; 446 males, 896 females, 1994 larvae, 733 pupae; 480
individual rearings (177 larval, 268 pupal, 35 incomplete).
GENUS CULEX
Culex is the dominant genus of the tribe Culicini and is characterized in the
adults by a normal antenna, subequal to or shorter than the proboscis in both sex-
es, and with a strongly plumose flagellum in the males. In the male genitalia there
is no separate “dorsal paramere” as in the genus Deinocerites. The larvae are dis-
tinguished from the latter by lacking a long spiculate lobe at the base of the man-
dible and the pupae by the short paddle hair and abdominal hair 6-VII caudad or
at level of hair 9 and different in appearance from 6-VI.
The genus is much more poorly represented in Jamaica and the Greater Antilles
in general than elsewhere in the New World tropics where it is the dominant genus
of the subfamily Culicinae. Only 3 subgenera are currently known from Jamaica:
(1) Culex, represented by 7 species, including the introduced guinquefasciatus, (2)
Melanoconion, represented by 8 species, one of which is not named, and (3) Mic-
raedes by | species. The only species definitely endemic to the island is arawak of
the subgenus Micraedes and it is also the only species of the genus known from
bromeliads. It is surprising that there is no representative of the subgenus Micro-
culex which is the dominant breeder of the genus in bromeliads elsewhere in the
New World tropics.
It is very probable that more species of Culex will eventually be found in Jamaica
including some of the species known from elsewhere in the Greater Antilles. None
of the latter species has been included in the keys but all-are listed under the sub-
genera Culex and Melanoconion with reference to recent reviews.
The key to the adults is applicable primarily to females and may not be eaietnely
reliable, particularly in the subgenus Melanoconion. The males are generally similar
to the females in ornamentation but can be identified with certainty only on the
basis of the genitalia.
2(1).
32):
4(3).
5(3).
6(5).
7(6).
8(7).
o(7):
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 51
KEYS TO SUBGENERA AND SPECIES
ADULTS
(22. Jamaican form unknown)
Micraedes
Palpus about 0.35 of proboscis in both sexes, very slender (Micraedes)
. 25. arawak
Palpus less than 0. 25 of proboscis i in females, subequal to or longer than
PLODOSCIS iA Tacs ts a, Be ae ee ei
Medium-sized species; veins R, and R3 with linear plume scales; acrosti-
chal bristles present on disc of mesonotum (Culex). . . 3
Small species; veins R, and R3; with broad plume scales at least distally;
acrostichal bristles absent on disc of mesonotum (Melanoconion) . 14
Culex
Tarsi without indication of pale or whitish scales forming rings over the
joints,even on hindleg. . . . ee ee
Tarsi with more or less distinct pale or whitish ‘scales forming rings over
joints, especially On hindle®. 3) fe. eee eae
Mesepimeron with large patch of scales in the middle and with numerous
scales at base of upper mep bristles; abdominal tergites of female with
distinct widened transverse basal pale bands . . 16. quinquefasciatus
Mesepimeron without scales in the middle and with only a few narrow
scales among upper mep bristles; abdominal tergites of female usually
without transverse basal pale bands, rarely with very narrow bands .
.15. nigripalpus
Males; palpus longer than proboscis. . . sj EEE CE Daa GC day eaten at
Females; palpus less than 0.25 of proboscis . RUC NS aa eae
Palpus with te a few short bristles from apex of segment 3 distad
13. janitor
Palpus with numerous 1s long bristles from middle of segment 3 distad . .7
Palpus exceeding proboscis from at least 0.5 of segment4 ..... .8
Palpus exceeding proboscis by about length of segment 5 orless .. .9
Line of whitish scales on lower surface of palpal segment 4 interrupted
in the middle and on apex .. . . .11. corniger
Line of whitish scales on lower suntioe of palpal Seoment 4 interrupted
HY IMIGGIC ONIY wo a eS a ee ee eae acer
Lower surface of palpal segment 4 without line of whitish scales
Decal, ae, bahamensis
Lower surface of palpal segment 4 with conspicuous line of whitish scales.
. 14. secutor
$2
10(5).
11(10).
12(10).
13(12).
14(2).
15(14).
16(15).
17(15).
18(17).
19(18).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Labium uniformly dark, without even an indication of pale scaling ven-
trally .. é NO ee kee
Labium distinctly pale scaled ventrally © or with 1 more or Jess distinct pale
ne ex tendee Goren) ne ba ee eS ig Se ete ew A gdh
Mesepimeron with only a few pale scales in middle and a few elongate
pale scales in upper mep bristles . . . . . . . 13. janitor
Mesepimeron with conspicuous patches of whitish scales in middle and
at base of upper mep bristles . . ...... =... . 14. secutor
Ventral surface of labium with long pale area not sharply marked
ge ab FA chidesteri
Ventral ‘surface with discrete postmedian whitish band, sometimes extend-
ed dorsad to form amore or less distinct ring. ........ 13
Abdominal tergites with conspicuous complete transverse basal whitish
DANS i. G . . . . 10. bahamensis
Abdominal tergites with indistinct tan “patches in middle not forming
complete transverse bands . . ... . . 4... . «IL. corniger
Melanoconion
Hindtarsal segment 5 white to gray, other hindtarsal segments with at
least indication of pale to white rings over the joints, sometimes with
conspicuous white rings . . Hiliee disor! oh ego
All tarsi without any indication of white rings pire Med te he
Decumbent scales of vertex of head all linear, broad scales restricted to
sides and at most extending a short distance dorsad along orbital line .
Sige ea ance
Natrow decumbent scales restricted. to central part of vertex and occiput,
broad scales forming a nearly complete orbital line. . . . . .. 17
Pleural integument blackish brown, mep with upper and lower blackish
SpOis \ades Beis Zot Bri yg: Cees
Fisural integument light: mep uniformly light . . . . . . 24. panocossa
Mesepimeron with large median patch of scales . . . . . 19. erraticus
Mesepimeron without scales in middle (separation of species in this group
tenvedsiandnobredationm M4 vepteh eevee loge oS
Mesonotal integument with strong violet red iridescence. . . 23. pilosus
Mesonotal integument without strong metallic iridescence . . . . . 19
Thoracic integument blackish brown; broad scales of orbital line dark :
20. iolambdis
Thoracic integument brown: broad scales of orbital line light, grayish to
Se beet i ee Way Mari ae ee: in eigee ied we Mao oe ood ihibitatoer
Att).
3(2).
4(3).
5(4).
6(5).
7(6).
8(1).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 53
MALE GENITALIA
(22. Jamaican form unknown)
Paraproct with a dense aay of sharp spicules in addition to blunt teeth
(Culex den ctilesi. ET ES ee a AE OE? 3
Paraproct with only. a single : TOW of blunt teeth eS Te ae at
Culex
Basal sternal process of proctiger weak and short, not curved sternad dis-
tally; inner division of lateral plate strongly developed, in form of very
large broad outwardly directed sharp sternal spine .
tod Say 16. quinquefasciatus
Basal sternal process of proctiger sthone and long, its distal part bent
sternad; inner division of lateral plate not developed ...... .3
Sidepiece with conspicuous dense clumps of moderately long setae on ter-
gal surface near base of subapical lobe and distad; subapical lobe with-
eut-lealoiic . . . . 10. bahamensis
Tergal surface of sidepiece with only scattered short setae; subapical lobe
with dent avelaned ie disse Back die Neteie wy alias Sisal thaw aeet eR: «lyk &
Ninth tergite deeply emarginate on distal margin, with prominent lobes;
tergal lobe of basolateral sclerotization of proctiger broad and with
conspicuous spicules . . . . .15. nigripalpus
Ninth tergite shallowly if at all emarginate, lobes poorly differentiated;
tergal lobe of basolateral sclerotization of proctiger narrow and with-
CORI RIMS WiStOAR AT NAMEN sr ge i a ee me eS
Mesal spine of lateral plate inconspicuous, much shorter than median
PPOCEES cigs : . .11. corniger
Mesal spine of lateral ‘plate sanepicaeus. subequal in length to median
PYOCESS pen sig lt OR eee ih ecb = east led Ee eee oy a ee el
Mesal spine of lateral plate conspicuously bent outward distally; median
process with very small teeth .... . . . . . . 12. chidesteri
Mesal spine of lateral plate straight; median process with moderately large
feetbe eo dada aes ve eet. Kereta lasdieie aera beg TE th tenant
Ventral cornu of lateral plate very conspicuous, more than twice as long
as teeth of median process; mesal spine tapered from base in mesal
aspect .-. 4 . . 13. janitor
Ventral cornu of lateral plate inconspicuous, ‘subequal ; in length to teeth
of median process; mesal spine broadened beyond base and then sharp-
Rg ee en
Micraedes
Distal division of subapical lobe not distinctly separated from proximal,
appearing as sternal appendage of proximal division (Micraedes) .
dee TE oh a Pl ah a'r a . 25. arawak
54
9(8).
10(9).
11(10).
12(11).
13(12).
14(13).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Subapical lobe clearly separated into proximal and distal divisions (Melan-
ECO Ras ee i ee ee a ae 2D
Melanoconion
Distal division of subapical lobe with 1 long hooked seta and a long-
petiolate leaf; a very narrow nonstriated foliform on sidepiece near
base of clasper. . . . . . . . 24, panocossa
Distal division of subapical Jobe with more numerous specialized setae;
sidepiece without such a foliform near base of clasper. . . . . . 10
Distal half of clasper uniformly tapered and simple, its outer margin
smoothly curved and without apical “snout’’; 4-6 broad flattened api-
cally curved setae on sidepiece between the divisions of the subapical
1OBe.c 35. cial. S247, atratus
Distal part of clasper not uniform, with head, outer crest and/or apical
““snout’’; specialized setae not developed between divisions of subapical
PS OS EG ha aoy Cel
Clasper with strong outer subapical rounded head following a narrow stem
Geng, Benne Bier ET Mead: MARE ENS Re gay ONE ee . 23. pilosus
Clasper without such rounded head and narrow basalstem. . . . . 12
Proximal division of subapical lobe not divided and with the 2 setae aris-
ing at about same level; lobe of ninth tergite fingerlike
rie 18. opisthopus
Proximal division’ of subapical lobe subdivided or with setae arising far
apart; lobe of ninth tergite round.to oval. 9: 2 2 Se eee FS
Proximal division of subapical lobe undivided, the 2 setae inserted far
apart on common stem; distal division without broad leaf . .
vn, iolambdis
Proximal division ‘of subapical lobe distinctly divided into 2 arms, each
bearing 1 apical seta; distal division with broad leaf. . . ... . 14
Distal division of subapical lobe with long slender stem; distal part of
lateral plate with apical and subapical tooth . . . . 19. erraticus
Distal division of subapical lobe with short broad stem; distal part of lat-
eral plate with subapical lateral tergal process and more or less strongly
developed denticles along rounded sternallobe . . . .21. inhibitator
PUPAE
(22. Jamaican form unknown)
Micraedes
Abdominal tergite VIII with caudal lobe overlying lateral part of tergite
IX; hair 1-IX absent (Micraedes, group characters, pupa unknown for
species). ee : 25. arawak
Abdominal tergite VIII with caudal lobe not overlying lateral sek of ter-
mite TA hair. t-Ppresent.. oe a oh Oe)
ZELS:
3(2).
4(3).
5(3).
6(5).
TD).
8(7).
(2).
10(9).
11(10).
P2(1 1).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 55
Meatus of trumpet with narrow slit from proximal part of pinna; hair 2-
VI usually laterad of hair 1 (Melanoconion). . . : 3
Meatus of trumpet without slit from proximal part ‘of pinna; hair 2 VI
ustially mesad Of naira (Caley ee ee Re 8
Melanoconion
Hair 9-VIII at or very near caudolateral angle . . .4
Hair 9-VIII distinctly removed cephalad of caudolateral angle « on ventral
Sisiahes “ier eo eee eee a a ee ere
Paddle uniformly pigmented; caudolateral angle of abdominal segment
Vill rounded: 62>. . . . . .18. opisthopus
Paddle conspicuously infuscated on 1 apex of ‘external surface and nearly
all of internal; caudolateral angle of abdominal segment VIII strongly
produce@:. fh Pe ER eR Ge ee oe | Ba panecossa
Hair 5-V double or triple and at least nearly as long as tergite following . 6
Hair 5-V usually with at least 4 branches; if double or pai then distinct-
ly shorter than tergite following ia ini Wa eee 28 Sad envi cie eed
Pinna of trumpet short, including slit less than 0.3 of total length .
se eer) e pilosus
Pinna of trumpet long including s slit about 0, 4. 0. 5 of total length .
19. erraticus
Hair 6-IV,V at least 4-branched; 5-V usually at least 5-branched; trumpet
index usually more than 8.5. . oe @ 7: atratus
Hair 6-IV,V usually sci 5-V usually 4 branched: frumpét index usually
SO-oriess 2). er a a ee NEM a Beam Gea
Trumpet ba darkly pigmented, only slightly flared . . .
Nicer aN 7 inhibitator
Trumpet lighter in color between apex “Ot tracheoid and base of pinna,
more.strongly flared. ©. 6b. ak ee ee a Oe as ela dis
Culex
Median plate of abdominal tergite I with distinct short spicules, particu-
larly caudally ... . . . . . 10. bahamensis
Median plate of abdominal tergite I without distinct spicules’ 46°. 4. 30
Hairs 5-IV-VI all single and distinctly longer than be as following; 8-C
single 4. . . 11. corniger
Hairs 5-IV-VI usually at least double: 8-C ‘branched . CES Se git ed aa
Median caudal part of sternite II with distinct discrete short sharp spicules
Median caudal part of sternite I] without distinct spicules or with minute
spicules in imbricete lines. 5) (em ee ees aes a a
Trumpet very long, index usually more than9.0. . . . . 12. chidesteri
Trumpet moderate, index usually about 5.0 .. . . . .15. nigripalpus
56
13(11).
14(13).
2(1).
SPAR
4(3).
5(4).
6(4).
7(6).
8(7).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Hair 5-IV extending at least to middle of tergite VI; trumpet darkened on
apex, slender, not flared, pinna short . . . . . 14. secutor
Hair 5-IV usually barely reaching apex of tergite Vv: fampet not darkened
on apex, more or less distinctly flared, pinna usually long . . . . 14
Hair 6-III-V usually single; 1-VI,VII weak, usually double . . 13. janitor
Hair 6-III-V usually at least double; 1-VI,VII moderate, usually 4-branch-
ede ig ers ee he i a Lo eee eee.» 1G. quinquefasciatus
LARVAE
Micraedes
Caudolateral border of anal saddle with very long spinelike marginal spic-
ules, some with lateral fringes or branches; thorax and abdomen with
stellate hairs WMicraedes). . . Boe beads 25. arawak
Caudolateral border of anal saddle at most with simple sharp spicules;
thorax and abdomen without stellate hairs .
Prothoracic hair 3-P at least 0.67 of 1-P; labrum short dorsally, without
projecting lobe at base of 1-C (Culex) . . re
Prothoracic hair 3-P less than 0.5 of 1-P; fabran fone dorsally, ‘usually
with projecting lobe at base of 1-C (Melanoconion). . . . cog aloe
Culex
Anal saddle restricted to small sclerotized dorsal plaque; gills 1 pair only,
more or less globular... . . . . 10. bahamensis
Anal saddle complete; 2 pairs of gills, at least dorsal BlOnedle ues a e
Antennal shaft hair (1-A) small, simple, with less than 10 branches, not
reaching apex of shaft; prothoracic hair 3-P branched. . . =
Antennal shaft hair (1-A) large, with more than 20 barbed branches, ex-
tending well beyond apex of shaft; prothoracic hair 3-P single. . . .6
Siphonal hairs with spikelike branches; siphon very short, index about
2.5; prothoracic hairs 1,2-P single ... . ~ oo sb, copniger
Siphonal hairs with normal branches; siphon moderate, index about 4.0;
prothoracic hairs 1-3-P usually alldouble. . . . . . . . 13. janitor
Siphon index usually less than 5.0; head hair 6-C usually with at least 5
branches. 4, . . 16. quinquefasciatus
Siphon index usually at least é 0: head hair 6-C iis with 2 to 4
DPaNCHeES 2 a. i atl ics Anata ecahil€, rh Pere
Siphonal hairs usually 4 pairs, 2 middle ones anaes dorsad
oe ay 15. nigripalpus
Siphonal hairs usually at least 6 pairs, ally more or fess in line or ventrad
ee ae ee ee S| ee en ey Se ke eee ce ee ee ee
Siphon index usually more than 16.0; siphonal hairs usually 8 pairs, all
dorsad of pecten and allshort. . . .... . .. .. . 12. chidesteri
92).
10(9).
11(10).
12(9).
13(12).
14(13).
15(14).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 57
Siphon index usually not more than 10.0; siphonal hairs usually 6 pairs,
all ventrad and distad of pecten, long except apical pair . . 14. secutor
Melanoconion
All or some of the comb scales long and more or less spinelike . . . 10
All comb scales small and with evenly fringed apex. . ...... 12
Comb scales of 2 types, some short and apically fringed, others long and
spinelike although very minutely fringed. . . . . . . 24. panocossa
Comb scales all long and spinelike with sharp unfringed apical part. . 11
Siphon short, index usually less than 5.0, distinctly upturned distally, con-
vex on ventral margin; siphonal hairs extending to near apex; anal sad-
dle without differentiated marginal spicules. . . . . . . 23. pilosus
Siphon index usually 6.0 or more, only slightly upturned, nearly straight
on ventral margin; anal saddle with distinct sharp marginal spicules.
19. erraticus
Siphon uniformly dark, index usually more than 17.0; distal subdorsal
siphonal hair inserted near apex, at a distance less than 0.5 of its length;
antenna uniformly dark .. . rye on 48. opisthopus
Siphon moderately pigmented, with or without dark submedian ring, in-
dex usually not exceeding 14.0; distal subdorsal siphonal hair inserted
at a distance from apex greater than its length; antenna light except on
distal partandsometimesiat Pase Git. ieee Meee 2 OES
Siphon usually with 3 pairs of subdorsal hairs; anal saddle with distinct
differentiated marginal spicules . . . . . . 17. atratus
Siphon usually with 2 pairs of subdorsal hairs: arial saddle without differ-
eqitigied martial Spiies i. Re reek) Rie, Gh ee
Head hair 6-C double or triple, 5-C multiple . . . . 22. Jamaican form
Head hair 6-C single, 5-C single to triple-e-). 0 eT , Ce, ES
Head hair 5-C usually triple; prothoracic hair 7-P usually double; siphon
without submedian dark ring .. . . . .21. inhibitator
Head hair 5-C usually single or forked apically: prothoracic hair 7-P usual-
ly triple; siphon usually with dark submedian ring . . . 20. iolambdis
Subgenus CULEX
Adults of the nominate subgenus can be separated from the other subgenera of
Culex by their generally larger size, presence of narrow plume scales on veins R,
and R3, and the presence of the acrostichal bristles on the mesonotal disc. In the
male genitalia the paraproct has numerous large sharp spicules in addition to the
blunt teeth and the subapical lobe of the sidepiece is not distinctly divided. The
larvae have prothoracic hair 3-P at least two-thirds as long as hair 1. The pupae
lack the “‘slit” in the meatus of the trumpet and have abdominal hair 2-VI always
mesad of hair 1.
58 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
The subgenus is represented in Jamaica by 7 species, each of which apparently
belongs to a distinct but not necessarily equivalent group. All the species except
quinquefasciatus are indigenous; secutor may be endemic but its relationship to
similar forms in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the island of Dominica cannot be de-
termined at this time. Of the other species, the extralimital distributions of 2 are
confined to the West Indies: janitor apparently to Hispaniola and Puerto Rico;
bahamensis to the Bahamas, Florida, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
and the northern Lesser Antilles as far south as Guadeloupe. The 3 remaining spec-
ies belong to complexes with very wide reported distributions. The Jamaican nigri-
palpus is not obviously differentiated from other populations we have seen from
the United States southward to the Guianas and Ecuador. The Jamaican popula-
tions of corniger and chidesteri, on the other hand, do not agree very well with
some of the other populations reported as these species and may belong to distinct
Antillean segregates. Because of the paucity of Jamaican or extralimital material
we have not been able to determine their taxonomic status and have retained them
under the names of the complexes. The record of bickleyi Forattini, 1965 from
Jamaica is based on a misidentification of secutor.
Several other species of the subgenus Culex have been reported from the Greater
Antilles, Bahamas and the Virgin Islands: (1) duplicator Dyar & Knab, 1909 from
Hispaniola; (2) finlayi Perez Vigueras, 1956 from Cuba, which we consider provi-
sionally to be conspecific with chidesteri from Jamaica; (3) habilitator Dyar &
Knab, 1906 from the Dominican Republic and also reported from Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands (Virgin Gorda, St. Thomas), the Lesser Antilles southward to Mont-
serrat; and probably erroneously from Trinidad and Peru; (4) inflictus Theobald,
- 1901, undoubtedly erroneously from Cuba as all the material of the complex we
have seen from the West Indies is from the Lesser Antilles; (5) interrogator Dyar
& Knab, 1906, undoubtedly erroneously from Puerto Rico (Porter, 1967:40; as-
cribed to Bram (1967) who does not list the species from Puerto Rico); (6) scimitar
Branch & Seabrook, 1959 from the Bahamas and apparently Cuba (Bram, 1967:
100); and (7) sphinx Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1913 from the Bahamas. We have not
included any of these in the keys although at least duplicator and habilitator might
possibly occur in Jamaica. Bram’s (1967) revision of the subgenus should be con-
sulted in case specimens are encountered in Jamaica that do not appear to fit any
of the species we are treating here.
As in the case of the subgenus Melanoconion, the recognition of most species
of the subgenus Culex is still based primarily on male genitalic differences. Caution
should be exercised in using these characters exclusively because of considerable
individual variation as well as the occurrence of at least superficially similar male
genitalia in species differing strongly in larval features.
For the description of the lateral plate of the male genitalia we have adopted a
modification of the terminology of Bram (1967) as follows: (1) mesal spine for ex-
ternal process, (2) dorsal process for basal process but in a broader sense to include
the most tergal angle of the median process, (3) ventral cornu (as in Bram) as the
most sternal angle of the median process, and (4) median process as in Bram but
with the differentiation of an external lobe which is developed in some species. This
terminology is illustrated in fig. 29.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 59
10. Culex (C.) bahamensis Dyar & Knab
Figs. 23,25
1906. Culex bahamensis Dyar and Knab, 1906c:210. TYPE: Lectotype larva, Bahama Islands,
1903, T.H. Coffin [USNM; designation of Stone and Knight, 1957a:43].
1918. Culex (Transculicia) eleuthera Dyar, 1918a:184-186. TYPE: Lectotype male (19), Gov-
ernor’s Harbor, Eleuthera, Bahama Islands, 1903, T.H. Coffin [USNM, 21570, designa-
tion of Stone and Knight, 1957a:48]. Synonymy with bahamensis by Dyar (1920a:29).
1920. Culex (Transculicia) petersoni Dyar, 1920a:27-29. TYPE: Holotype male (St.J.-12), Lein-
ster Bay, St. John, Virgin Is., 22 Oct 1919, E. Peterson [USNM, 22689]. Synonymy
with bahamensis by Dyar (1928:360).
Culex (C.) bahamensis of Dyar (1928:360-361); Edwards (1932:205); King, Bradley and McNeel
(1944:42); Matheson (1944:202-203); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:240-
242); Pritchard, Seabrook and Mulrennan (1947:12); Lane (1953:324-325); Carpenter and
LaCasse (1955:274-275); Perez Vigueras (1956:390-393); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:
243); Forattini (1965a:146); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:43); Porter (1967:38); Bram
(1967:32-33).
Culex (Transculicia) bahamensis of Dyar (1920a:29).
Culex bahamensis of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:300-301); Fisk (1939:469); Hill and Hill
(1945a:2; 1948:53); Thompson (1947:78).
Culex corniger in part (Florida record) of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:246); Dyar (1922a:23-
24; 1928:367-368); Matheson (1944:203-204).
FEMALE. Wing usually less than 3.0 mm. A rather small species with general
characters as described here for quinquefasciatus and with the following conspic-
uous diagnostic features. Head: Narrow decumbent scales darker. Erect scales all
dark. Labium with discrete postmedian ventral white band frequently extended
dorsad to form a more or less complete ring. Palpus always with some whitish
scales distally. Thorax: Acrostichal bristles stronger. Ppn scales broader. Legs: All
femora pale at base; anterior surface of forefemur with a few pale scales near lower
part, that of midfemur with more extensive pale scaling; anterior surface of hind-
femur with a conspicuous lower whitish line usually reaching apex. Base and apex
of all tibiae pale; posterior surface of foretibia and midtibia entirely whitish, anter-
ior surface more or less distinctly speckled with pale scales, more on midtibia;
anterior surface of hindtibia with whitish line to near apex. Lower surface of all
tarsal segments | and usually 2 pale scaled; base of tarsal segments 1 pale; very
narrow pale rings over the joints between all tarsal segments involving apex and
base of adjoining segments, less distinct or sometimes absent on distal joints of
foreleg and midleg. Wing: Costa lightly speckled with whitish scales. Abdomen:
Basal transverse pale bands of tergites even on most segments and joined to baso-
lateral pale patches. |
MALE. Differing from quinquefasciatus in same features as female and from the
male of that species in the following. False joint of labium at about 0.6 from base,
area around it with pale scaling extending to form a ring dorsally. Palpus exceed-
ing proboscis from about 0.5 of segment 5; with more or less complete pale ring
beyond middle of segment 3 and at base of segments 4 and 5, very narrow on lat-
ter; lower surface without whitish line.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 23). In general as in quinquefasciatus, differing chiefly
in following conspicuous features. Sidepiece with clumps of moderately long setae
on tergal surface at base of subapical lobe and distad of it. Subapical lobe more
60 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
proximal; setae a-c all short and broad; d-h represented by about 4 flattened and
several simple setae; leaf not differentiated. Clasper slender, sharply bent near base.
Lateral plate without inner division; outer division complex; mesal spine long, acu-
minate and straight; median process with about 15-20 flattened appressed teeth;
dorsal process poorly differentiated, broad and rounded; ventral cornu strongly dif-
ferentiated, in form of spine bent outward at nearly a right angle. Basal sternal
process of proctiger long and curved sternad in distal part.
PUPA (fig. 23). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently variable.
In general as in quinquefasciatus, differing chiefly in following conspicuous fea-
tures. Cephalothoracic hairs 1,5-C longer. Trumpet darkened apically. Median plate
of abdominal tergite I with conspicuous short sharp spicules anteriorly and poster-
iorly. Hair 5-V,VI longer and usually single; dorsal hairs of segment VII weaker,
1,4,5-VII frequently single.
LARVA (fig. 25). In general as described and figured by Carpenter and LaCasse
(1955:275) and as described by Bram (1967:32-33), except as noted. Differing
from quinquefasciatus as described here in following conspicuous features. Head
hairs 5,6-C weaker and shorter. Antenna lightly pigmented except for darkened
distal part, contrasting with head capsule; longer, about 0.67 of head length. Tho-
rax and abdomen weakly and sparsely spiculate, integument very pale, whitish.
Prothoracic hair 7-P usually triple, 8-P usually single or with weak branch. Abdom-
inal hair 6-I-VI weaker, usually triple or double; 7-I usually single; 1-III-V weaker,
shorter, inconspicuous, apparently usually triple; 13-III-V much weaker, inconspic-
uous. Comb scale patch smaller; scales strongly pigmented and more slender. Siphon
more slender and evenly slightly tapered; integument spiculose, very conspicuously
on apex, particularly ventrad where spicules are long and heavy; pecten teeth with
a longer apical spine and usually only 2 denticles in basal part; siphonal hairs usual-
ly 5 pairs (sometimes 6 on 1 side), all ventrad of pecten and 2 within pecten, all
more strongly branched; median caudal filament of spiracular apparatus apparently
not developed. Anal saddle incomplete, represented by heavily pigmented dorsal
plaque (not complete as stated by Carpenter and LaCasse, and Bram), rest of inte-
gument densely spiculose; hair 1-X with 3 or 4 basal branches in addition to main
shaft; ventral brush with 7 pairs of hairs, the most proximal hair sometimes pre-
cratal, hairs more heavily branched; gills a single pair, very short and bulbous.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican population agrees in general with other popula-
tions of bahamensis from the Bahamas, Grand Cayman, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
(St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix), Anguilla, St. Barthelemy, St. Kitts, Antigua and
Guadeloupe. We have seen no material from Florida, Cuba or Haiti but there is no
reason to doubt these records. It seems very doubtful that the records of this spec-
ies from French Guiana as well as Trinidad are correct.
Females from Jamaica tend to have conspicuous white speckling on the costa
of the wing which is seldom developed in the other populations we have seen.
There are some differences in the immature stages also, but these are subject to con-
siderable variation. Contrary to the statements of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:
301), Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:275) and Bram (1967:33) the anal segment
of the larva is not completely ringed by the saddle but has a strongly pigmented,
dorsal sclerotized plaque with poorly defined margins.
BIONOMICS. In Jamaica the immature stages of bahamensis have been found
several times in coral rockholes near the sea with fresh to salty water and in shallow
open pools in mangrove areas. Large artificial containers are sometimes used for
breeding. This species is usually found alone but occasionally is associated with
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 61
Psorophora (G.) insularia and Culex (Mel.) atratus. Nothing is known of the habits
of the adults.
DISTRIBUTION. Culex bahamensis has been reliably reported from the Bahamas
(type locality), Cuba, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Florida, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands, the Leeward Islands and Guadeloupe.
JAMAICA. Restricted to the coast at or near sea level. Collected from all parishes except
Manchester, Portland, St. Elizabeth and St. Mary. The following records are of specimens seen by
us. Clarendon: Milk River Bath (207). Hanover: Bulls Bay (89,717). Mosquito Cove (936). King-
ston and St. Andrew: Ferry (898). St. Ann: Runaway Bay, Feb 1969, W.W. Wirth, 3 F [USNM].
St. Catherine: Port Henderson, Salina, 10 Dec 1946, G.A. Thompson, 3 M, 4 F [JAM]. St.
James: Montego Bay, 16 Mar 1940, 1 M [UCLA] ; 6-7 Dec 1954, Fitz and Bignum, 2 L [USNM].
St. Thomas: White Bay (121). Westmoreland: Negril (233).
Material Examined: 294 specimens; 22 males, 56 females, 144 larvae, 72 pupae; 24 individual
rearings (8 larval, 9 pupal, 7 incomplete).
11. Culex (C.) corniger Theobald
Figs. 24,25
1903. Culex corniger Theobald, 1903a:173-174. TYPE: Lectotype male with attached geni-
talia mount, Para, Brazil, E.A. Goeldi [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:15].
1906. Culex hassardii Grabham, 1906a:167-170. TYPE: Lectotype by PRESENT DESIGNA-
TION, male with intact genitalia, Newcastle, Jamaica, 15 Oct 1905, Major Hassard; 1 of
a series of 8 males and 5 females all bearing printed labels, //Kingston/Jam//M Grabham/
Collector//, and 3 handwritten labels, on 3 separate specimens, //Newcastle/Jamaica/
15-10-05//C. hassardii//Gbm//hassardi//, evidently all part of Grabham’s original materi-
al [USNM] . Synonymy with lactator by Theobald (1910:613), with corniger by Howard,
Dyar and Knab (1915:240).
1907. Culex subfuscus Theobald, 1907:403-405. TYPE: Holotype male with genitalia on slide,
Moneague (St. Ann), Jamaica, 12 Feb 1905, Lord Walsingham [BM]. Synonymy with
corniger by Dyar (1921a:28), suggested by Bonne-Wepster and Bonne (1921:18).
For complete current synonymy, see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:244-245).
Culex (C.) corniger of Dyar and Knab (1918:174); Dyar (1928:367-368, except record from
Florida); Edwards (1932:205); Lane (1953:374-375); Perez Vigueras (1956:394-399); Stone,
Knight and Starcke (1959:244-245); Forattini (1965a:154); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:
43); Porter (1967:38); Bram (1967:43-45); Page (1967).
Culex corniger of Theobald (1905b:25); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:240-246, except record
from Florida); Johnson (1919:422); Gowdey (1926:73); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:54);
Thompson (1947:78).
Culex subfuscus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:429-430); Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:
73).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.2 mm. Medium-sized to rather small species with gen-
eral characters as described here for quinquefasciatus and with the following con-
spicuous diagnostic features. Head: Labium with a distinct whitish ventral patch at
about 0.5-0.7, darkened distad. Thorax: Mesonotal scales scantier, predominantly
bronzy; inconspicuous patches of whitish or creamy scales, some broadened, on
humeral and scutal angles, lower and upper parts of fossal line, above paratergite,
in anterior part of supraalar area around end of acrostichal line, and sides of pres-
cutellar space; sometimes entire lateral margin from humeral angle to wing root
pale scaled. Scutellar scales narrow and numerous on midlobe, broadened and sparse
62 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
on lateral lobe; all pale. Pleural integument darkened, especially on psp, stp, pra
and on upper and lower patch on mep. Apn scales largely restricted to lower part;
ppn scales sparser, dark in front, light caudad. Legs: Anterior surface of hindfemur
darker, pale scaling of lower part indistinct and not extending much beyond basal
0.5. Knee spots small but conspicuous. All tibiae with small apical light spot, larger
on hindtibia. Tarsi with narrow pale rings over all the joints, represented by only a
few scales on distal segments. Abdomen: Tergal pale markings in form of elongate
narrow median tan patches not connected to basolateral whitish patches. Sternites
with apicolateral dark patches on distal segments, usually forming narrow apical
transverse bands on VI and VII.
MALE. Differing from quinquefasciatus in same features as female and from the
male of that species in the following. False joint of labium at about 0.6 from base,
with distinct complete pale ring distad of it, followed by darkened apical area. Pal-
pus longer, exceeding proboscis from about middle of segment 4; with conspicuous
broad pale dorsal band beyond middle of segment 3; segment 4 with very narrow
dorsal basal pale band and with conspicuous white scaled patches on ventral surface
at base and subapically; segment 5 with very narrow basal dorsal pale band and
sometimes extensively pale scaled apex dorsally; segment 3 with bristles beginning
at about middle of segment, those of segments 4 and 5 less numerous and shorter
than in quinquefasciatus. Claws of foreleg subequal in length. Abdominal tergites
with complete even pale basal transverse bands except on II where pale scaling is
restricted to median area.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 24). In general as in quinquefasciatus, differing chiefly
in following conspicuous features. Setae of IX tergite lobe much more numerous.
Subapical lobe less prominent; setae a-c variable, b usually strongly developed and
distinctly longer than a and c; setae d-f represented by 1 simple seta; leaf (g) de-
veloped, accessory seta (h) slender. Clasper with 1 very long basal external seta in
1 specimen. Lateral plate without inner division; outer division complex; mesal
spine very short, flattened and straight; median process with closely packed num-
erous teeth of varied size and a conspicuous ventral external lobe; dorsal process
poorly differentiated, rounded; ventral cornu flattened, straight, rounded apically
except for dorsal point. Basal sternal process of proctiger long and curved sternad
distally.
PUPA (fig. 24). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently variable.
In general as in quinquefasciatus, differing in following conspicuous features. Pig-
mentation usually uniformly light. Cephalothoracic hairs 1,3,8,9-C usually single.
Trumpet shorter, with much smaller pinna. Hair 1-III-VII usually single or double;
2-VII usually mesad of hair 1; hair 5-IV-VI usually single and distinctly longer than
tergite following; 6-III-VI usually single; 4,5-VII frequently single. Paddle very light-
ly pigmented; at least external margin usually with inconspicuous spicules.
LARVA (fig. 25). Markedly different from other local species of subgenus; in
life superficially resembling species of Aedes. With general features of quinquefas-
ciatus as described here but with the following conspicuous differences; chaeto-
taxy variable. Head only slightly wider than long; most hairs with fewer branches;
hairs 4-7-C in an arcuate line at about level of antennal base, all short and without
distinct barbs, 4-C double or triple, 5,6-C triple or double, 7-C usually with 4 or 5
branches; 8-C usually single, longer than usual. Antenna short, about 0.35 of head
length; shaft uniform, without differentiation into proximal and distal parts; spic-
ules absent; hair 1-A short, not reaching apex of shaft, usually double or triple;
terminal antennal hairs short. Thoracic integument with short sharp spicules; hair
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 63
3-P usually triple or double, 4-P usually with 4 branches, 7,8-P usually double.
Abdominal hairs 6-I-VI double; 7-I usually triple; 1-III,[V usually single; 13-III-V
usually double. Comb scales in a very small patch, more slender and somewhat
spatulate; hairs without conspicuous basal plates or tubercles. Siphon very short
and broad, index about 2.5. Pecten of about 5-9 teeth, with numerous small basal
and 1 large distal denticle near main spine. Siphonal hairs (1,la-S) usually 5 pairs;
2 pairs ventrad of pecten, the proximal within pecten; 1 pair about in line with
pecten; 1 pair subdorsal; 1 pair dorsal; all with 2 or 3 spikelike branches; median
caudal process of spiracular apparatus shorter, not reaching apex of ventrolateral
valve. Anal saddle very short, usually with differentiated short spinelike marginal
spicules; hairs 2,3-X both single; ventral brush with 7 pairs of hairs; gills sausage
shaped but somewhat pointed apically, very long, nearly 3.0 of dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. The assignment of the Jamaican population, described as has-
sardii by Grabham and subfuscus by Theobald, to corniger is only provisional.
We find considerable differences in the immature stages of this population from
those of other populations of corniger from Mexico, Central America, Panama and
northern South America and it seems probable that a complex of species with
somewhat similar male genitalia may be involved over the wide reported range
(Mexico to Uruguay). Unfortunately we have no material from the type locality
(Para, Brazil) or from the other localities in the West Indies where “‘corniger’’ has
been found (Cuba, Haiti and Guadeloupe).
The male genitalia of the Jamaican population do not agree in several details of
the lateral plate and the subapical lobe with the figures in Lane (1953:375) and
Bram (1967:44).
BIONOMICS. In Jamaica corniger is found breeding most commonly in broken
or cut bamboo where it is usually associated with Aedes (H.) inaequalis and Wyeo-
myia (W.) nigritubus. It has also been found in treeholes, leaves on the ground,
coconut shells, and occasionally in artificial containers. It also uses leaf axils of
aroids, flower bracts of Heliconia and, according to Hill and Hill (1948:54), leaf
axils of ground bromeliads; in such habitats its associates may be Wyeomyia (W.)
mitchellii, W. (W.) hirsuta and Aedes (H.) walkeri. This species breeds also in ground
waters with large amounts of decaying vegetable matter, such as stream bed pools
and rockholes, where its associates may be Anopheles (A.) grabhamii, Culex (C.)
secutor and Culex (Mel.) inhibitator.
Females of corniger occasionally bite man in Jamaica and have been taken in
donkey and chicken baited traps (Page, 1967). Both sexes have also been taken in a
light trap.
DISTRIBUTION. As indicated under systematics above, corniger may consist of
a complex of species over its wide reported distribution extending from Mexico to
Uruguay.
JAMAICA. Culex corniger has been most often collected in the mountainous central and east-
em portions of the island at elevations of up to 480 m; Hill and Hill (1948:54) report records up
to 2700 ft; less often collected at low elevations near the coast. The following records are of
Specimens seen by us. Kingston and St. Andrew: Hermitage Dam Road (288,289,296,300-303,
307,308,611,739,827,891). Hope Gardens (944). Kingston and vicinity, M. Grabham, 8 M, 5 F;
June 1958, H.D. Pratt, 2 L [USNM]. Mount Salus (780). Newcastle, 15 Oct 1905, M. Grabham
[USNM] . Parks Road (50). U.W.I. (382). Manchester: Williamsfield (636). Portland: Ecclesdown
(748,749). Manchioneal (915). St. Ann: Moneague, Jan 1940, ? W.H. Komp, 2 M, 33 L [UCLA].
Runaway Bay, Feb 1969, W.W. Wirth, 2 M [USNM]. Parish not Specified: 9 Sept 1905, M.
Grabham, 2 L [UCLA]; Jan 1940, ? W.H. Komp, 4 L [UCLA].
Material Examined: 516 specimens; 74 males, 105 females, 223 larvae, 114 pupae; 64 individ-
ual rearings (22 larval, 38 pupal, 4 incomplete).
64 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
12. Culex (C.) chidesteri Dyar
Figs. 26,27
1921. Culex (Culex) chidesteri Dyar, 1921c:117-118. TYPE: Lectotype male (1520) with geni-
talia slide, Colon, Panama, 24 June 1921, W.S. Chidester [USNM, 24716; designation of
Stone and Knight, 1957a:45].
1956. Culex (Culex) finlayi Perez Vigueras, 1956:382-389. TYPE: Not designated, described
from male, female and larva, Finca “El Pino,”’ Casiguas, Barrio de Jaruco (Habana), Cuba,
late Nov, I. Perez Vigueras [location unknown]. Synonymy with chidesteri by Mont-
chadsky and Garcia (1966:43).
Culex (C.) chidesteri of Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:240); Dyar (1925c:162-163; 1928:365);
Edwards (1932:207); Floch and Abonnenc (1945:21-22); Pratt (1947:581); Lane (1953:375-
377); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:275-277); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:244); Mont-
chadsky and Garcia (1966:43); Bram (1967:42-43); Porter (1967:38).
Culex chidesteri of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:53-54); Thompson (1947:78).
Culex (C.) finlayi of Stone (1963:134); Bram (1967:63-64); Porter (1967:38).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.6 mm. A medium-sized species with general characters
as described here for quinquefasciatus and with following conspicuous diagnostic
features. Head: Erect scales all dark. Labium usually with more or less distinct long
pale area on lower surface. Palpal segment 3 more slender. Thorax: Mesonotal
scales usually darker except on anterior promontory and humeral angle. Psp fre-
quently with a few broad pale scales just caudad of spiracle. Legs: Knee spots us-
ually somewhat more conspicuous. All tibiae with more or less distinct pale apical
spot; posterior surfaces of tibiae more distinctly pale. Extremely narrow pale rings
over the tarsal joints, involving apex and base of adjoining segments, sometimes
represented by only a few scales or absent on distal joints, especially on foreleg
and midleg. Abdomen: Basolateral pale patches of tergites II-VII larger and whiter,
basal transverse pale bands narrower and straighter, usually connected to basolateral
patches on IV-VI. | ,
MALE. Differing from quinquefasciatus in same features as female and from the
male of that species in the following. False joint of labium at about 0.6 from base,
with distinct pale ring distad of it extending to dorsal surface. Palpus longer, ex-
ceeding proboscis by nearly full length of segments 4 and 5; with a few pale scales
laterally near middle of segment 3; lower surface of segment 4 with line of whitish
scales interrupted in the middle; bristles of segment 3 longer, more numerous, ex-
tending from near middle to apex of segment. Basal transverse pale bands of abdom-
inal tergites narrower.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 27). In general as in quinquefasciatus, differing chiefly
in the following conspicuous features. Subapical lobe with seta a distinctly shorter
than b and c; setae d-f represented by 3 alveoli; leaf (g) broad, somewhat pointed;
accessory seta (h) slender. Lateral plate without inner division; outer division com-
plex; mesal spine long, broad and flat and angled laterad distally; median process
with about 18 small teeth in central area, produced as a flattened lateral lobe ster-
nad of the ventral cornu; dorsal process poorly differentiated, rounded; ventral
cornu a conspicuous, broad, slightly rugose lateral lobe. Basal sternal process of
proctiger long and curved sternad distally.
PUPA (fig. 27). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; variable. In general
as in quinquefasciatus, differing chiefly in following conspicuous features. Pigmenta-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 65
tion usually stronger and more uniform but darker on metanotum and anterior
abdominal segments. Cephalothoracic and metanotal hairs usually with more branch-
es. Trumpet much more slender, longer and not flared apically; index usually more
than 9.0; uniformly darkly pigmented; tracheoid extending beyond 0.5; pinna very
small. Median caudal part of sternite II with conspicuous short sharp spicules. Hair
1-III-V usually with more branches; 2-III-VI usually removed cephalad of caudal
margin, 2-VII mesad of hair 1; hair 5-IV usually with 4 branches; 5-V,VI variable,
single or double, shorter or subequal to tergite following; 6-III-VI usually stronger,
sometimes with 4 branches.
LARVA (fig. 26). In general as described and figured by Carpenter and LaCasse
(1955:276-277) except as noted. Differing from quinquefasciatus as described here
in following conspicuous features. Head hair 6-C usually triple. Antenna nearly as
long as head, proximal part lightly pigmented, distal darkened. Thorax and abdo-
men conspicuously spiculate. Prothoracic hairs 4,7,8-P missing in all specimens.
Abdominal hair 6-I,II double or triple. Comb scales more slender, somewhat spatu-
late. Siphon much longer and slender, index usually more than 16.0; pecten teeth
usually with more numerous denticles, distal widely separated; siphonal hairs usu-
ally 8 pairs, all short and above level of pecten, the proximal within last pecten
tooth; median caudal filament of spiracular apparatus longer. Anal saddle and inte-
gument with long spicules; hair 1-X usually double; gills subequal, rounded apically,
distinctly longer than dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. There is considerable doubt about the assignment of the Jamai-
can population to chidesteri. It appears that several distinct species are currently
confused under chidesteri which has been reported over a wide range extending
from Texas to Brazil and Argentina. Our limited material from Jamaica agrees fair-
ly well with topotypic chidesteri from Panama. There are apparently some differ-
ences in the male genitalia of these 2 populations but these cannot be evaluated
properly because we have only 2 males from Jamaica. The Jamaican population
may be conspecific with the Cuban, described as finlayi by Perez Vigueras, in
spite of the bizarre appearance of the lateral plate of the male genitalia of the lat-
ter which we believe is due to the unusual aspect from which the drawing was
made. Unfortunately we have not seen material of the complex from Cuba, Puerto
Rico (Pratt, 1947:581), Guadeloupe (Floch and Abonnenc, 1945:21-22), or from
other localities in the Antilles.
There is also considerable doubt about the identity of several other populations
reported as chidesteri. The population from Texas described and figured by Car-
penter and LaCasse (1955:276-277) agrees well in the larva with the Jamaican and
Panamanian populations but the lateral plate of the male genitalia figured for chi-
desteri by these authors is completely different and apparently indistinguishable
from that of interrogator Dyar & Knab, 1906 as figured by them (Carpenter and
LaCasse, 1955:281). The male genitalia of Mexican specimens figured as chidesteri
by Martinez Palacios (1950: figs. 3,4) resemble Jaticlasper Galindo & Blanton, 1954
and are those of an undescribed species with a larva of the chidesteri type which
we have from Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. The male genitalia figured by
Lane (1953:376) and Bram (1967:44, fig. 10c, subapical lobe only) are quite dis-
tinct from topotypic Panamanian chidesteri and suggest the presence of another
species of the chidesteri complex in South America. The phallosome of a specimen
from Puerto Rico figured by Bram (1967:44, fig. 10d) resembles in some respects
that of the Jamaican specimens and the differences from the latter may be due to
the flattening of the preparation from which his figure was made.
66 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
BIONOMICS. We found the immature stages of chidesteri twice in the same
small swamp in association with Mansonia (M.) titillans and Hill and Hill (1948:
54) report larvae from a stock pond. Hill and Hill (loc. cit.) collected adults in
association with arawak (as americanus) in caves. This species is apparently very
uncommon in Jamaica. |
DISTRIBUTION. Reported over a wide range extending from Texas to Argen-
tina; probably a complex of species involved; type locality, Panama.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Locality not specified (Hill and Hill, 1948:54). St Ann: Moneague
(Hill and Hill, loc. cit.). Westmoreland: Petersville (277,361).
Material Examined: 18 specimens; 2 males, 4 females, 6 larvae, 6 pupae; 6 individual rearings
(2 larval, 4 pupal).
13. Culex (C.) janitor Theobald
Figs. 29,30
1903. Culex janitor Theobald, 1903a:183-185. TYPE: Lectotype male with genitalia mount,
Kingston, Jamaica, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:16-17].
Culex (C.) janitor of Dyar (1918c:96; 1928:372-373); Bonne-Wepster and Bonne (1921:21);
Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:215); Edwards (1932:206); Tulloch (1937:150); Lane (1953:
360-362); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:250); Forattini (1965a:161-162); Bram (1967:
71, in part); Porter (1967:38).
Culex janitor of Theobald (1905a:24; 1905b:26); Grabham (1905:406-407); Coquillett (1906b:
23); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:258-261); Johnson (1919:422); Gowdey (1926:73); Hill
and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:55); Thompson (1947:78).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.6 mm. A medium-sized species with general characters
as described for quinquefasciatus and with the following conspicuous diagnostic
features. Head: Erect scales all dark. Labium uniformly dark, without indication
of pale scaling ventrally. Thorax: Pleural integument usually darkened at least on
Psp, pra and upper and lower mep. Psp nearly always with a few small broad whit-
ish scales in anterior part just caudad of spiracle; middle mep scale patch small,
usually with less than 10 scales. Legs: Tibiae with pale apex and usually a few
scattered pale scales. Usually all tarsal segments 1 with at least a few pale scales
at base dorsally; tarsal joints with narrow pale rings involving apex and base of ad-
joining segments, varied in color, frequently reduced to a few pale dorsal scales or
absent on distal 2 joints of foreleg and midleg and sometimes inconspicuous even
on hindleg. Abdomen: Pale markings of tergites restricted to small basolateral whit-
ish patches, sometimes slightly produced dorsad at base but not forming trans-
verse bands. Sternites II-VII pale scaled at base, with more or less extensive dark
scaled patches distally in the middle and laterally and forming complete transverse
dark bands usually more extensive on basal segments.
MALE. Differing from quinquefasciatus in the same features as female and from
male of that species in the following. False joint of labium at about 0.6 from base,
with distinct pale ring around it extending to dorsal surface. Palpus more slender
and shorter, exceeding proboscis by about 0.5 of segment 5; ventral surface of seg-
ment 4 with long line of pale scales not quite reaching apex, base usually with
some dorsal pale scales; segment 5 with patch of pale scales at base dorsally as well
as ventrally; segments 4 and 5 very slender; bristles of segments 3-5 very short and
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 67
less numerous. Abdominal tergites III-V usually with complete narrow transverse
basal pale bands, VI,VII with basolateral light patches only, II usually without pale
scales.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 29). In general as in guinquefasciatus, differing chief-
ly in the following conspicuous features. Subapical lobe with seta a slightly shorter
than b and c and rounded apically; d-f represented by 2 microsetae and 1 simple
seta; leaf (g) broad, distinctly pointed; accessory seta (h) very slender. Lateral plate
without inner division; outer division complex; mesal spine long, slender, tapered
and ridged; median process with about 8 moderately large teeth; dorsal process
strongly differentiated as laterally projecting simple spine; ventral cornu strongly
differentiated, more than twice as long as teeth of median process, with apex ang-
led dorsad. Basal sternal process of proctiger long, with broadened distal part curved
sternad.
PUPA (fig. 29). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently variable.
In general very similar to quinquefasciatus, differing chiefly in the following. Hair
1-II stronger, usually with conspicuous stem; 1-I[V-VII weaker, usually double, some-
times single; 6-III-VI usually single. Paddle usually slightly produced on apex.
LARVA (fig. 30). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently vari-
able. Differing conspicuously from quinquefasciatus as described here in the fol-
lowing. Head not as wide; labrum less conspicuous; maxillary suture continued
caudolaterad to collar base; hair 1-C stronger distally, not filamentous; 4-6-C more
anterior, 5,6-C shorter. Antenna about 0.4 of head length; shaft uniform, with very
inconspicuous, practically invisible scattered spicules; hair 1-A submedian, usually
with 5 or 6 simple branches not reaching apex of shaft; terminal hairs all short.
Basal tubercles of thoracic hairs strongly developed; prothoracic hairs 1-3-P usually
all double, sometimes triple, 4-P usually triple, 6-P usually double, 7-P usually with
at least 6 branches, 8-P weak. Abdominal hair 6-III-V usually triple; 1-III-V usually
weaker. Comb scale patch larger, denser, with about 5 rows of scales; basal plate
of hair 1-VIII not developed, tubercle of 3-VIII weak. Siphon more uniform in
width, index usually about 4.0; pecten usually with 6-8 widely spaced teeth with
several long denticles; siphonal hairs usually 5 pairs, proximal 3 subequal, usually
multiple and below level of pecten with the first 2 within pecten, the distal 2
slightly above level of pecten, subapical usually double and long, distal short and
at least triple; median caudal filament of spiracular apparatus very short. Anal sad-
dle short, with imbricate spicules caudolaterally; gills sausage shaped but with apex
somewhat pointed, nearly 3.0 of saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. There is no doubt about the identity of the Jamaican popula-
tion as it is the topotypic one. We have | male with associated immature stages
from Haiti which agrees with the Jamaican material and it appears likely that the
material from Puerto Rico (Tulloch, 1937:150) recently identified on the basis
of male genitalia by Bram (1967:71) is also conspecific with janitor. On the other
hand, Bram’s record (loc. cit.) of a specimen of janitor from Bogota, Colombia,
is undoubtedly in error and may pertain to a specimen of bickleyi Forattini, 1965
which may be conspecific with alani Forattini, 1965.
There is considerable variation in the extent and color of the light tarsal mark-
ings in the Jamaican population but they are apparently always developed. There
may be some difficulty in seeing them in worn females and these could be mistaken
for nigripalpus which is sometimes found resting in crabholes. Such females of jan-
itor can be recognized by the dark areas on the mesopleuron which is uniformly
light in nigripalpus and also usually by the presence of a few scales in the middle
68 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
of the mesepimeron (absent in nigripalpus). The males of the 2 species are readily
separated by the development of the palpus.
BIONOMICS. Culex janitor, the False Crabhole Mosquito, appears to be even
more restricted to crabholes than Deinocerites cancer and to have more specific
breeding requirements. We found the immature stages of janitor only in 2 crab-
holes containing fresh water. They were associated with cancer in 1 instance and
with both cancer and Culex (C.) nigripalpus in the other. Our collections of adults
of janitor in crabholes were also much less numerous than those of cancer and in
less than half of these was cancer found associated.
We have 1 doubtful record of janitor in a biting-landing collection (359).
DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica (type locality), Hispaniola (Haiti) and Puerto Rico.
Record from Colombia erroneous, see systematics above.
JAMAICA. Distinctly more restricted in distribution than D. cancer. Kingston and St. Andrew:
Ferry (701,702,719,720,736,885 888,889). Kingston and vicinity, IV-06, M. Grabham, 14 M, 8 F;
Dec 12, M. Grabham, 1 M, 1 F [USNM]. Rockfort (949). St. James: Montego Bay, 1 July 1957,
King and Beidler, 3 M, 4 F [USNM]. Westmoreland: Cave (616). Crab Pond Bay (359,360).
Ee Specified: 17 Feb 1902, M. Grabham, 1 F; M. Grabham, 4 L; R.B. Hill, 2 M, 2 F
Material Examined: 412 specimens; 240 males, 73 females, 77 larvae, 22 pupae; 20 individual
rearings (9 larval, 7 pupal, 4 incomplete).
14. Culex (C.) secutor Theobald
Pies; 31532
1901. Culex secutor Theobald, 1901b:321-322. TYPE: Lectotype male with genitalia on slide,
Cinchona (St. Andrew), Jamaica, elev. 4900 ft, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin,
1968b:20].
1906. Culex lamentator Dyar and Knab, 1906c:219. TYPE: Larval skin (124.1) with associated
pupal skin and female, San Francisco Mountains, Santo Domingo [Dominican Republic] ,
28 Aug 1905, A. Busck [USNM; designation of Stone and Knight, 1957a:52] . Synonymy
with secutor by Dyar (1918c:97).
1907. Culex quasisecutor Theobald, 1907:398-400. TYPE: Lectotype male with genitalia slide,
Newcastle, Jamaica, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968a:19]. Synonymy
with secutor by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:282,286).
1907. Culex toweri Dyar and Knab, 1907:13. TYPE: Holotype female, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico,
W.V. Tower [USNM, 10222; see Stone and Knight, 1957a:57]. Synonymy with secutor
by Dyar (1918c:97).
Culex (C.) secutor of Dyar (1918c:97; 1928:373-374); Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:215-
216); Edwards (1932:206); Lane (1953:355-357, in part); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:
259, in part); Forattini (1965a:172-174); Bram (1967:100-101, in part); Porter (1967:39).
Culex secutor of Theobald (1903a:182; 1905a:22-23; 1905b:26; 1910:355); Grabham (1906a:
167); Dyar (1905a:26); Coquillett (1906b:23); Dyar and Knab (1906c:219); Howard, Dyar
and Knab (1915:282-286); Johnson (1919:422); Gowdey (1926:73); Hill and Hill (1945a:
3; 1948:57); Thompson (1947:78).
Culex lamentator of Dyar (1906:17); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:276-279).
Culex toweri of Theobald (1910:613); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:281-282).
Culex (C.) bickleyi of Bram (1967:33-35, in part); Porter (1967:38).
FEMALE. Wing about 4.0-4.5 mm. A rather large, very dark species with general
characters as described here for quinquefasciatus and with the following conspic-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 69
uous diagnostic features. Head: Erect scales of vertex all dark. Labium without
any indication of pale scaling ventrally. Thorax: Mesonotal integument blackish
brown to nearly black; scaling predominantly dark bronzy, patches of creamy to
tan scales on anterior promontory, humeral and scutal angles, upper end of fossal
line, and a few above paratergite; acrostichal bristles more strongly developed. Pleur-
al integument blackish brown with lighter pruinose areas on mep between and
around upper and lower dark spots; lower apn scales narrower; ppn with creamy
to tan curved scales; scales of ppl, stp and mep narrower and whiter. Legs: Anterior
surface of hindfemur extensively whitish to about 0.65 from base. Knee spot on
hindleg more conspicuous. Tibiae dark except for a few pale scales at base dorsally
and conspicuously pale apex. Tarsal segment | of all legs narrowly pale at base;
hindtarsal segment 5 pale scaled on apex; narrow pale rings on joints of tarsal seg-
ments involving apex and base of adjoining segments, present on all joints and
rather conspicuous on hindleg, usually restricted to the 2 basal joints and less con-
spicuous on foreleg and midleg. Abdomen: Basolateral pale patches of tergites small
and white; dorsal pale markings restricted, creamy to tan, variable, II usually with
median patch, III-V sometimes with narrow transverse bands or median patch. Dis-
tal sternites with variable median dark patches, frequently expanded as apical trans-
verse dark band on V-VII.
MALE. Differing from quinquefasciatus in the same features as female and from
male of that species in the following. False joint of labium surrounded by narrow
ring of pale scales. Palpal segment 3 with pale scales near middle; ventral line of
whitish scales sometimes interrupted in middle of segment 4 or not reaching its
apex; segment 3 with bristles longer, more numerous and extending to about mid-
dle of segment. Dorsal light markings of abdominal tergites essentially as in female
but broader.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 31). In general as in quinquefasciatus, differing chiefly
in the following conspicuous features. Subapical lobe with setae d-f represented by
1 or 2 simple setae and 1 longer, heavier seta with distinctly broadly recurved apex;
leaf (g) narrower and with sharply acuminate apex; accessory seta (h) very slender.
Lateral plate without inner division; outer division complex; mesal spine long, broad-
ened beyond base and then sharply narrowed; median process with 5-7 moderately
large teeth and a small lateral lobe; dorsal process strongly differentiated as laterally
projecting lobe with more or less strongly developed spine or point recurved mesad;
ventral cornu poorly developed, short, only slightly longer than one of the larger
teeth of the median process. Basal sternal process of proctiger long, narrow and
curved sternad distally.
PUPA (fig. 31). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently variable.
In general as in guinquefasciatus, differing chiefly in following conspicuous fea-
tures. Trumpet slender, not markedly flared apically; darkened on apex; pinna short.
Hair 5-IV-VI longer, usually reaching middle of second tergite following.
LARVA (fig. 32). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently vari-
able. Differing from quinquefasciatus as described here in following conspicuous
features. Head hairs 5,6-C longer, 5-C usually with 4 branches, 6-C usually triple.
Antenna longer, about 0.67 of head length; proximal part with very conspicuous
large spicules, distal without spicules and strongly darkened. Thoracic and abdom-
inal integument with small patches of sparse short tubercular spicules, chiefly lat-
erally, sometimes conspicuously developed. Abdominal hair 6-I,II usually double,
1-III-V short, usually triple or double. Segment VIII with minute spicules laterally;
comb scales more numerous, in about 5 rows, scale more slender; hair 1-VIII with
70 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
poorly developed basal tubercle. Siphon longer, index usually at least 6.0, frequent-
ly greater; tapered distally; pecten usually with at least 12 teeth with large lateral
denticles and poorly developed apical spine; siphonal hairs usually 6 pairs, all dis-
tad and ventrad of pecten, apical smaller and usually double or triple, others mul-
tiple; median caudal filament of spiracular apparatus apparently not developed.
Anal saddle conspicuously emarginate on proximal margin subdorsally; distinctly
spiculate dorsally; hair 1-X frequently double; 2-X usually with only 1 branch at
base of main shaft; gills varied in shape but always at least 3.0 of dorsal saddle
length.
SYSTEMATICS. The topotypic Jamaican population of secutor, with its syn-
onym quasisecutor, is quite uniform and there is no indication that more than 1
species is present on the island. The status of the 2 extralimital synonyms of secu-
tor cannot be resolved at this time as we have no material of lamentator from
Hispaniola and only a small series of toweri from Puerto Rico. The latter has male
genitalia similar to topotypic secutor but the larvae show some constant slight
differences as do the females. Another form with similar male genitalia occurs in
the interior of the island of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles. Females of this form
lack tarsal light markings and the larvae are more similar to toweri from Puerto
Rico than to secutor from Jamaica. Although the 3 populations from Hispaniola,
Puerto Rico and Dominica may be nothing more than geographical races of secu-
tor, it is possible that a complex of closely related species is involved. Similar male
genitalia have been described for 2 forms from Colombia, alani Forattini, 1965 and
bickleyi Forattini, 1965; 2 specimens from Jamaica identified as the latter by Bram
(1967:35) are actually secutor. It seems probable that alani and bickleyi are con-
specific but whether or not this species is related to secutor cannot be determined
until the immature stages and females from Colombia are described.
BIONOMICS. Culex secutor definitely prefers cool and shaded waters for breed-
ing. We did not find it below elevations of about 480 m. Its natural breeding
sites appear to be pools in mountain stream beds where its common associates are
Anopheles (A.) grabhamii, Culex (Mel.) inhibitator and Culex (C.) nigripalpus. We
have found it on several occasions in large artificial containers. This species has
not been recorded biting man or domestic animals.
DISTRIBUTION. Culex secutor may be restricted to Jamaica but similar forms
occur in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Dominica. The status of these forms is un-
certain as well as that of the somewhat similar alani and bickleyi from Colombia;
see systematics.
JAMAICA. At elevations above 480 m. Kingston and St. Andrew: Cinchona Botanical Gardens
(340-343 ,365,612-614,751-753);.10 Dec 1903, M. Grabham, 1 M, 1 F [USNM]. Hardwar Gap,
Jan 1946, G.A. Thompson, 6 L [USNM]. Hermitage Dam Road (738,739,827,828,85 1,852,891,
893). Kingston and vicinity, M. Grabham, 1 M, 1 F, 6 L [USNM]. Newcastle, 10 Apr 1906, M.
Grabham, 7 M, 4 F [USNM]. Newcastle, 1 mi S (755,832-835). Parish not Specified: 17 June
1902, M. Grabham, 1 M, 1 F; 21 Jan 1946, W.H. Komp, 1 M, 1 F; Jan 1946, G.A. Thompson, 1 M,
2 L;G.A. Thompson, 2 M [USNM]. St. Thomas: Locality not specified (Hill and Hill, 1948:57).
Material Examined: 1426 specimens; 201 males, 231 females, 659 larvae, 335 pupae; 131 in-
dividual rearings (25 larval, 77 pupal, 29 incomplete).
15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus Theobald
Figs. 26,28
1901. Culex nigripalpus Theobald, 1901b:322-324. TYPE: Holotype male, St. Lucia, G.C. Low
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 71
[Lost, see Belkin, 1968b:18].
1903. Culex similis Theobald, 1903a:207-208. TYPE: Holotype female, Red Hills, Kingston,
Jamaica, M. Grabham [Lost, see Belkin, 1968b:20]. Synonymy with nigripalpus by
Dyar (1921a:28, as race; 1925c:166).
1905. Culex microsquamosus Theobald in Grabham, 1905:407-410. TYPE: Lectotype male
with genitalia on slide, Rio Cobre Canal dam, near Spanish Town (St. Catherine), Jamai-
ca, 17 Jan 1905, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:17]. Synonymy with
nigripalpus by Dyar (1921a:28, as synonym of race similis; 1925c:166).
For complete current synonymy see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:252).
Culex (C.) nigripalpus of Dyar (1921a:28, as race similis; 1925c:166; 1928:363-364); Bonne and
Bonne-Wepster (1925:209-211); Edwards (1932:207); Lane (1953:348-351, in part); Carpen-
ter and LaCasse (1955:282-284); Perez Vigueras (1956:376-381); Stone, Knight and Starcke
(1959:252); Forattini (1965a:129-134); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:44); Bram (1967:
84-86); Porter (1967:38); Page (1967).
Culex nigripalpus of Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:55-56); Thompson (1947:78).
Culex similis of Theobald (1905a:26-27); Coquillett (1906b:23); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:
339-342); Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:73).
Culex microsquamosus of Grabham (1905:407); Dyar and Knab (1906c:219); Howard, Dyar and
Knab (1915:403-406); Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:73, as macrosquamosa).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.2-3.6 mm. A medium-sized species with general char-
acters as described here for quinquefasciatus and with following diagnostic features.
Head: Narrow decumbent scales darker, coppery. Erect scales all dark. Labium
with pale ventral scaling more restricted, forming a broad median band. Thorax:
Mesonotal scaling all light bronzy or dark coppery, without patches of lighter scales
on the sides. Mesepimeral integument lighter than remainder of pleuron, without
darkened area. Apn usually without scales in lower part; ppn with narrow dark
bronzy scales in upper part; whitish scaling of pleuron usually restricted to a few
small broad scales in upper and lower stp and a few narrow scales in upper mep.
Legs: Essentially as in quinquefasciatus. Abdomen: Basolateral tergal whitish patch-
es produced dorsally on V-VII; basal transverse pale markings usually completely
absent, rarely developed as narrow bands on some segments.
MALE. Differing from quinquefasciatus in the same general features as female
and from the male of that species in the following. False joint before the middle,
surrounded by numerous long setae. Palpus exceeding proboscis from about the
basal third of segment 4; ventral surface with small patches of whitish scales at
base and apex of segment 4 and a few on base of segment 5; bristles more num-
erous and longer, on segment 3 extending from about middle of segment. Abdom-
inal tergites with very indistinct dingy pale transverse bands sometimes developed,
segments V,VI with more distinct basolateral dingy white patches.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 28). In general as in quinquefasciatus, differing chiefly
in the following conspicuous features. Tergite IX deeply emarginate on caudal mar-
gin between lobes which appear prominent. Subapical lobe with setae d-f not devel-
oped, occasionally represented by 1 alveolus; leaf (g) with sharply acuminate apex;
accessory seta (h) very slender. Lateral plate without inner division; outer division
complex; mesal spine very long, pointed in mesal aspect; median process with 3
or 4 strong teeth along mesal margin; dorsal process very broad, flat and rounded,
projecting caudolaterad; ventral cornu a curved inner spine with ridged apical por-
tion. Tergal lobe of basolateral sclerotization of proctiger broad and with conspic-
uous spicules; basal sternal process long, with widened distal part curved sternad.
PUPA (fig. 28). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently variable.
Vz Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
In general as in quinquefasciatus, differing chiefly in following conspicuous fea-
tures. Trumpet not flared, pinna small. Median caudal part of abdominal sternite
II with short sharp spicules. Abdominal hair 5-IV usually with 4 branches.
LARVA (fig. 26). In general as described and figured by Carpenter and LaCasse
(1955:283). Differing from quinquefasciatus as described here in following con-
spicuous features. Head hairs 5,6-C usually both triple. Antenna longer, about 0.67
of head length. Thoracic integument with variable spiculation, usually with con-
spicuous short sharp spicules; prothoracic hair 7-P usually triple (2-4). Abdominal
hair 6-I,I] usually triple; 1-III-V shorter, double or triple. Segment VIII with incon-
spicuous spicules; comb scales in smaller, sparser patch. Siphon long and slender,
index usually more than 8.0; pecten teeth usually about 12 (9-15), with several
large denticles to near apex; siphonal hairs usually 4 pairs, all distad and at or above
level of pecten, proximal usually long and single or double, following one shorter
usually double or triple, the last 2 shorter and double or triple; median caudal
process of spiracular apparatus longer. Anal saddle usually with short strong spic-
ules which are not differentiated along caudal margin; hair 2-X sometimes with
only 1 branch at base of main shaft; gills variable, from shorter than to nearly 3.0
of dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. The unique type male of this important species is lost (Stone,
1957a:341; Belkin, 1968b:18) but we have a large series from St. Lucia, the type
locality, that agrees with the current interpretation of nigripalpus. The Jamaican
similis and microsquamosus agree in every detail with this topotypic material in
all stages and we are confident that these nominal species are conspecific with
nigripalpus. We have made no attempt to check the identity of all the other cur-
rent synonyms of nigripalpus listed in Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:252). This
Species is so clearly marked in the male genitalia (particularly IX tergite lobe and
tergal lobe of basolateral sclerotization of the proctiger) that there should be no
difficulty in checking the synonymies when males with associated immature stages
are available for the extralimital nominal species.
BIONOMICS. Contrary to the experience of Hill and Hill (1948:56) we found
nigripalpus to be a widespread and common species in Jamaica. It was found to
utilize all types of ground water (permanent, semipermanent and temporary) in-
cluding occasionally large crabholes and seaside rockholes. It may also breed occa-
sionally in large artificial containers and was once doubtfully recorded from an
epiphytic bromeliad. Culex nigripalpus tolerates a wide range of conditions in its
breeding habitats (salinity, sunlight, organic matter, etc.) and has been found with
almost every species known to utilize ground water habitats in Jamaica. It is most
common in the coastal plains but is known to breed at elevations of about 480 m.
Page (1967) reports nigripalpus to be a common man-biting species and very
readily attracted to donkey-baited and chicken-baited traps. We also found it to be
attracted to light traps. St. Louis Encephalitis virus was twice isolated from nigri-
palpus in Caymanas, St. Catherine, in June 1962 and Aug 1963, and an unidenti-
fied virus in Milk River, Clarendon, in Sept 1962 (Belle, Grant and Page, 1964,
L.S. Grant, personal communication).
DISTRIBUTION. Reported from many localities from the southern US.A. to
northern Brazil and Ecuador; apparently only 1 species involved in the West Indies.
JAMAICA. Widely distributed from sea level to elevations of about 500 m. Clarendon: Yorks
Pen (604). Hanover: Mosquito Cove (936). Kingston and St. Andrew: Duhaney Park (610). Ferry
(216,736,797-799 857,896). Hermitage Dam Road (611,891,893). Kingston and vicinity, M. Grab-
ham, 1 F [USNM]. Mona, R.B. Hill, 1 F [UCLA]. Temple Hall (49,253). U.W.I. (209,641). St
Ann: Delight (757). Runaway Bay, Feb 1969, W.W. Wirth, 6 M, 1 F [USNM]. St Catherine:
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 73
Bog Walk (914). Browns Hall (601). Caymanas (210,211,745). Central Village (759,761). Col-
beck Farm (600). Rio Cobre Dam (818); 16 Apr 1906, M. Grabham, 11 M, 10 F [USNM].
Spanish Town (34). St. Elizabeth: Luana (358). St. Mary: Annotto Bay (254,255). St. Thomas:
Albion (804,805). Amity Hall (58). Dalvey (93,148,151). Duckenfield Hall (53,54,146). Folly
Bay (104). Golden Grove (140). Grants Pen (800,814,871,872). Hampton Court (147). Holland
Bay (71,72,142,143,168). Hordley Estate (62). New Pera (199). Westmoreland: Broughton Wharf
(87). Crab Pond Bay (784). Grange Hill (132). Negril (232). Petersville (228,229,786). Parish not
Specified: 7 Dec 1900, M. Grabham, 1 M; M. Grabham, 3 L; June 1945, G.A. Thompson, 10 M
[USNM]; R.B. Hill, 1 L [USNM].
Material Examined: 1162 specimens; 246 males, 258 females, 288 larvae, 370 pupae; 215 in-
dividual rearings (58 larval, 134 pupal, 23 incomplete).
16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus Say
Figs. 4,5,33
1823. Culex 5-fasciatus Say, 1823:10-11. TYPE: Adults, type locality restricted to vicinity of
New Orleans, Louisiana by Belkin, Schick and Heinemann (1966:4-5) [Lost] . Synonymy
with fatigans not universally accepted, see Stone (1957:342-343).
1828. Culex fatigans Wiedemann, 1828:10. TYPE: Lectotype female, East Indies, collection
Winthem [NMW; designation of Belkin, 1968a:68]. Synonymy with quinquefasciatus
by Dyar and Knab (1909a:34) not universally accepted.
1909. Culex revocator Dyar and Knab, 1909b:256. TYPE: Lectotype male, Hope Gardens,
Kingston, Jamaica, M. Grabham [USNM, 12100; designation of Stone and Knight, 1957a:
55]. Synonymy with quinquefasciatus by Dyar (1918c:99).
For very extensive synonymy see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:254-256).
Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus of Dyar (1918c:99; 1922a:16-17; 1928:380-382); Carpenter and La
Casse (1955:286-288); Porter (1967:38).
Culex (C.) pipiens quinquefasciatus of Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:254-256).
Culex quinquefasciatus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:345-360); Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey
(1926:73); Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:56); Thompson (1947:78).
Culex (C.) pipiens fatigans of Lane (1953:344-346) and authors.
Culex (C.) fatigans of Edwards (1932:208-209); Page (1967).
Culex fatigans of Theobald (1905a:27-28); Grabham (1906a: 167).
Culex (C.) pipiens of Forattini (1965a:42-87); Bram (1967:90-91).
Culex pipiens of Coquillett (1906b:23).
Culex revocator of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:344-345); Gowdey (1926:73).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.6 mm. A medium-sized brown species with dark legs
and banded abdomen; diagnostic characters as in the key. Head: Decumbent scales
of vertex and occiput all narrow and pale tan; broad whitish scales restricted to
sides and lower surface, none along orbital line above. Erect scales numerous, ex-
tending to orbital bristles, pale tan in center, dark laterally. Labium dark scaled
above, pale ventrally from base to about 0.7. Palpus 3-segmented, about 0.2 of
proboscis; largely dark scaled, some pale or even whitish scales sometimes on seg-
ments 2 and 3. Antenna about as long as proboscis; torus with rather long hairs
and sometimes a few narrow scales; flagellar segment 1 usually with a few whitish
scales near middle on inner surface. Thorax: Mesonotal integument uniformly brown,
pleuron lighter and without darkened areas. Mesonotal scales narrow and pale brown
to coppery, usually longer and paler in front, sides and prescutellar area; parater-
gite bare; mesonotal bristles all developed, including acrostichals on disc. Scutellum
74 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
with narrow elongate scales similar to paler scales of mesonotum. Apn with num-
erous light brown scales, elongate in upper part, broadened in lower; ppn with
light brown to tan narrow scales in upper half, sometimes with broader scales
towards lower posterior part of patch; ppl with small patch of broad flat whitish
scales; stp with an upper and a lower patch of broad whitish scales; mep with a
rather large patch of elongate broad whitish scales near middle and numerous more
elongate semierect whitish scales at base of upper mep bristles; bristles present on
apn, ppn, ppl, stp, pra, upper mep and lower mep (1 strong and sometimes | or
2 additional weaker). Legs: Coxae with whitish scales at base and dark ones distal-
ly. Trochanters with pale scales. Anterior and dorsal surfaces of forefemur and
midfemur predominantly dark, ventral and posterior surfaces and usually apex pale;
hindfemur pale at base and on lower part of anterior surface to near apex, remaind-
er as on other legs. Knee spots inconspicuous, involving primarily base of tibiae.
Tibiae predominantly dark except at base; hindtibia with a more or less conspicu-
ous anterior apical pale-scaled spot. Tarsi dark. Posterior surfaces of tibiae and
sometimes lower surface of basal tarsal segments more or less distinctly paler than
upper surfaces. Claws all simple and very small, particularly on hindlegs; pulvilli
distinctly developed as long spiculose lobes under each claw. Wing: Dorsal vein
scales all dark; plume scales of veins R, and R3 elongate and nara w. Haltere:
Upper part of stem and knob with pale brown or tan scales, some darker scales
on lower part of knob. Abdomen: Tergites predominantly dark scaled. Tergite I
with small median apical patch of dark scales; laterotergite without scales. Tergites
II-VII with dingy white basolateral patches and distinct dingy white, creamy or
tan transverse basal bands widened in the middle and frequently not connected to
basolateral patches; extent of pale scaling variable but transverse pale bands usually
broad. Sternites II-VII predominantly pale scaled, sometimes with a few dark scales
apically in middle of posterior segments but not forming transverse apical bands.
Apex of abdomen truncate; cercus short and broad, usually not visible at rest.
MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual characters. Labium with false
joint at about 0.67 from base. Palpus 5-segmented, exceeding proboscis by about
length of segment 5 or a little more; segments 4 and 5 upturned; a line of whitish
scales ventrally from base of segment 4 to base of segment 5, sometimes some pale
scales laterally toward apex of segment 3; apical third of segment 3 with about 12
moderately long external ventrolateral hairs; segments 4 and 5 with numerous mod-
erately long ventrolateral and ventral bristles. Antennal flagellum densely long plu-
mose. Claws of foreleg and midleg enlarged and unequal; longer claws with large
submedian tooth, smaller claws with subbasal tooth; hindclaws as in the female,
very small. Abdominal tergites with broad even basal transverse pale bands, baso-
lateral pale patches not developed.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 33). Segment [X: Tergal lobe poorly indicated, with
variable number of setae, sometimes in 2 rows. Sidepiece: Conical; tergal surface
with short setae in mesal portion; scales absent. Subapical Lobe: Undivided. Setae
as figured; a and b heavy, c more slender; sternal group (d-f) usually 3, sometimes
4, most sternal distinctly flattened; leaf (g) moderately developed, apex rounded;
accessory seta (h) slender, close to leaf. Clasper: Simple; moderately broad; grad-
ually tapering in distal part. Phallosome: Lateral plates complex, connected by
proximal and narrower distal sclerotized tergal bridges in basal part. Inner division
represented by very large, broad, outwardly directed, sharply pointed sternal spine
(absent in all other Jamaican species). Outer division relatively simple; with long
straight acuminate mesal spine (external process of Bram, 1967); median process
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 75
relatively simple, without teeth; dorsal process (basal of Bram) short and rounded;
ventral cornu in form of short broad spinelike process. In undissected phallosome,
the 2 mesal spines subparallel, not diverging, so that distance between apex of
mesal spine and apex of inner division (DV) on one side is usually more than 0.7
of the distance between the apices of the 2 mesal spines (D), i.e., DV/D ) 0.7.
Proctiger: Strongly developed. Basolateral sclerotization produced into relatively
narrow glabrous tergal lobe; broadly joined to paraproct sclerotization laterally.
Paraproct sclerotization broad; with variable but relatively short and straight basal
sternal process arising laterally; apex with numerous large acuminate spicules ex-
tending on membrane in addition to blunt teeth. Cercal sclerite elongate, usually
with 3-5 setae in distal part, all elongate.
PUPA (figs. 4,33). Chaetotaxy as figured, variable except for diagnostic features
as in the key. Cephalothorax: Lightly to moderately pigmented, darkened on meso-
notum. All hairs usually double or triple. Trumpet: Relatively short and flared
apically; index about 5.0 or less; tracheoid darkened, extending to about 0.4 from
base; pinna very long, oblique, its maximum length usually at least 0.4 of total
trumpet length; meatus without “‘slit”. Metanotum and Abdomen: Pigmentation
uneven, moderate to strong on anterior segments, particularly in middle, light on
posterior segments. Median plate of abdominal tergite I without distinct spicules.
Median caudal part of sternite II without distinct short sharp spicules. Hair 10-C
usually double or single; 12-C usually triple. Hair 1-III-VI usually multiple, some-
times double or triple on V-VII; hairs 2-III-VI all mesad of hair 1 and near caudal
margin, 2-VII laterad of hair 1; hair 5-[V-VI usually double, rarely triple, 5-[V usu-
ally barely as long as tergite V; hair 6-III-VI usually double or triple. Paddle: Lightly
pigmented; midrib darker and strong to near apex; external buttress indicated at
base; marginal spicules not developed; both hairs (1,2-P) distinct.
LARVA (fig. 5). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; extremely vari-
able. Diagnostic characters as in the key. Head: Distinctly wider than long. Labrum
distinct dorsally but rather short, truncate or at most slightly emarginate on anter-
ior border, without projecting lobe at base of hair 1-C; ocular bulge slight; labial
plate elongate; maxillary suture complete, extended caudolaterad from posterior
tentorial pit to near collar; collar moderately developed; mouthbrushes filamen-
tous; mental plate normal. Pigmentation uniformly moderate except for usual light
and darkened areas. Hair O-C a minute peg; 1-C very slender, filamentous distally;
3-C distinct; 2-C usually represented by a short sharp spicule mesad of 3-C; hairs
4-6-C at about middle of head capsule, 4-C usually single and rather long, 5,6-C
usually with at least 4 branches; 8-10-C usually all branched; 11,13-C moderately
long, usually double or triple; 12-C short, caudad of hair 13; hair 14-C usually
more anterior than shown in figure. Antenna: About 0.5-0.6 of head length. Shaft
moderately to strongly pigmented, sometimes lighter in middle of proximal part;
width of proximal part varied, sometimes nearly 2.0 of distal; spicules strongly
developed on proximal part, slender except toward hair 1-A, distal part usually
without spicules. Hair 1-A large, multiple; longer than distal part of shaft. Thorax:
Integument glabrous. Larger hairs all with conspicuous basal tubercles; common
tubercles only for hairs 1-3-P, 6,7-M and pleural groups (9-12-P,M,T). Prothoracic
hairs 1-3-P all single, 3-P at least 0.67 of hair 1; hairs 4,7,8-P all long and usually
double; 5,6-P long and single; 13-P absent. Abdomen: Integument glabrous. Hair
6-I,II long, usually with 4 branches, 6-III-VI equally long or longer, usually double;
7-I long, usually double, 7-II much shorter, branched; 1-III-V usually double or
single; 13-III-V usually triple. Segment VIII: Comb scales in a patch of 3 or 4 ir-
76 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
regular rows, all short, simple and evenly fringed on sides and apex. Hairs 1,3-VIII
with basal tubercles, 2-VIII with very small basal plate. Siphon: Index variable,
usually less than 5.0; usually more or less distinctly swollen near or before middle,
apex narrowed; moderately to strongly pigmented, often with darkened base and
apex; acus attached, large, with longer ventral than dorsal process. Pecten variable,
usually with 8-12 teeth, distal tooth sometimes more widely spaced; larger teeth
usually with 3 or 4 long basal denticles and rather short principal spine. Siphonal
hairs (1,la-S) usually 4 pairs, the proximal sometimes within pecten, all except
subapical ventrad of level of pecten, subapical distinctly out of line dorsad; 2-S a
short straight slender nearly apical spiniform; median caudal filament of the spi-
racular apparatus slender, rather long, extending slightly beyond ventrolateral valve.
Anal Segment: Saddle complete, without acus; moderately uniformly pigmented;
without distinct differentiated marginal spicules. Hair 1-X moderately long, usually
single; 2-X usually double or triple. Ventral brush with 6 pairs of hairs all on
strongly developed grid with lateral bar attached to saddle. Gills unequal, dorsal
usually markedly longer than ventral, usually distinctly longer than dorsal saddle
length.
SYSTEMATICS. Both the nomenclature and the taxonomy of the ubiquitous
Southern House Mosquito are highly controversial matters to this day. We follow
Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:254) in using the name quinquefasciatus but treat
it as a full species instead of a subspecies of pipiens.
This species is not indigenous to Jamaica or to the New World as a whole but
was probably introduced from Africa. The Jamaican population does not appear
to present any striking peculiarities.
Culex quinquefasciatus is an extremely variable species but on Jamaica it can be
readily separated in all stages except the pupa from all the indigenous forms by the
key characters. The male genitalia are particularly diagnostic, especially in the pres-
ence of the characteristically developed inner division of the lateral plate of the
phallosome, which in our opinion is not homologous with the ventral cornu of the
outer division as interpreted by Bram (1967:91).
BIONOMICS. The breeding sites of guinquefasciatus in Jamaica are as elsewhere
in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. They are al-
most invariably domestic and peridomestic and range from small artificial contain-
ers to extensive polluted ground waters.
The females bite man primarily after dusk, indoors or near buildings where they
rest during the day. They are seldom collected on human bait away from habita-
tions but have been caught in some numbers in chicken-baited traps in such situa-
tions (Page, 1967). Culex quinquefasciatus is the dominant vector of nocturnal
periodic Bancroftian filariasis in urban and suburban situations.
DISTRIBUTION. Widespread through the tropical, subtropical and warm tem-
perate regions of the world, at low or moderate elevation.
JAMAICA. Found throughout the island at low and moderate elevations, primarily in associa-
tion with man; does not seem to be present at elevations above 800 m.
Material Examined: 753 specimens; 114 males, 109 females, 269 larvae, 261 pupae; 173 indi-
vidual rearings (66 larval, 87 pupal, 20 incomplete).
Subgenus MELANOCONION
Adults of this subgenus can be separated from other subgenera of Culex in Ja-
maica by the small size, the presence of broadened plume scales on at least the
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica TF
distal part of veins R, and R3, and the absence of acrostichal bristles on the disc
of the mesonotum. In the male genitalia the paraproct has only a single row of
elongate teeth and the subapical lobe of the sidepiece is divided into proximal
and distal parts. The larvae have prothoracic hair 3-P much shorter than 1-P and
the caudolateral border of the anal saddle lacks long spinelike spicules. The pupae
are readily recognized by the narrow slit in the meatus of the trumpet and the
position of abdominal hair 2-VI usually laterad of hair 1.
As indicated under pilosus, we do not consider Mochlostyrax as a subgenus dis-
tinct from Melanoconion. In this broader sense, Melanoconion is represented in
Jamaica by at least 7 described species and 1 undescribed form (sp. 22) which
may prove to be a distinct species. The current knowledge of the subgenus as a
whole does not permit a satisfactory internal classification but the Jamaican species
appear to fall into 5 more or less natural groups: (1) atratus, the type species of
the subgenus and the dominant species on the island; (2) opisthopus; (3) erraticus,
iolambdis, inhibitator and sp. 22; (4) pilosus; and (5) panocossa, formerly reported
as aikenii. It is possible that 2 species are represented in our limited material of
iolambdis. Three other names have been applied recently to Jamaican Melanoconion:
taeniopus of authors and annulipes of Belkin (1969a) both refer to opisthopus in
our present treatment, and flabellifer of authors is inhibitator.
The Jamaican fauna of Melanoconion has not been adequately sampled and it is
very probable that several other species will eventually be found on the island. The
following species recorded from elsewhere in the Greater Antilles should be looked
for especially: (1) carcinophilus Dyar & Knab, 1906 from Hispaniola (Dominican
Republic and Haiti); (2) mulrennani Basham, 1948 from Florida and Cuba, found
also on Grand Cayman; and (3) peccator Dyar & Knab, 1909 from eastern U.S.A.,
Mexico and Puerto Rico. These have not been included in the keys but can be
identified readily by comparison of the male genitalia with the figures in Rozeboom
and Komp (1950).
The only suggestion of endemicity at the specific level in Melanoconion in Ja-
maica is in the case of species 22, which is very doubtful however, since the 2
larvae of this form may be nothing more than aberrant individuals of inhibitator.
Three of the species (atratus, erraticus and pilosus) have been reported to have
very wide distributions extending to Brazil, and 4 (opisthopus, iolambdis, inhibi-
tator and panocossa [as aikenii]) have reported ranges extending southward to
Panama or Colombia. However, the Jamaican populations for which immature stages
are known (all but panocossa) show at least a suggestion of local differentiation.
We have made no attempt to evaluate this because of lack of extralimital material
or the great complexity of the problem owing to the considerable individual vari-
ation in the Jamaican and other populations.
Most species of Melanoconion are difficult or nearly impossible to differentiate
as preserved females except as to groups, characterized chiefly by the type of scal-
ing of the vertex of the head and the plume scales of the wing veins. However,
it appears that in some species at least, fresh females show characteristic integu-
mentary thoracic coloration or pleural spotting which may be useful in differenti-
ation.
The descriptions and recognition of most species of Melanoconion have been
based primarily on the male genitalia, often without association either with the
female or the immature stages. Although in general, male genitalic differences are
excellent diagnostic features, little attention has been paid to the considerable in-
dividual variation which is evident in many of these characters and difficulties may
78 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
be encountered in relying exclusively on slight genitalic differences in recognizing
new forms. As pointed out by Rozeboom and Komp (1950), careful dissection
and uniform orientation of the mounts of the lateral plate of the phallosome are es-
sential to determine its features. In our brief descriptions of the lateral plate we are
using the following terminology: (1) basal part, consisting of the so-called “‘hook”’
which is nothing more than the heavily sclerotized outer tergal rim of the remain-
ing membranous proximal part of the plate; the width of the “Shook” shows con-
siderable individual variation; the apex of the hook projects sternad; (2) distal part,
which is sclerotized throughout and shows the most useful taxonomic and diag-
nostic features; this is the part which projects caudad in the undissected genitalia;
it frequently shows a curved spine at base near the sternal margin of the basal
part and its outer part is variously developed into spines or denticulate processes;
all of these features are subject to considerable individual variation. The ninth ter-
gite lobe is frequently characteristically developed in a given species but again it is
subject to much individual variation. In the subapical lobe of the sidepiece the
proximal division may have either stout rods or sinuous setae; in the distal division
there are typically in order from the base, 1 large hooked seta, 1 short saber (var-
ied in width); 1 long saber (also varied), 3 closely appressed foliforms (variously
flattened setae), and frequently a conspicuous straited “Jeaf’? whose position is
varied. Our terminology for the clasper, which shows very useful group as well as
diagnostic characters, is indicated in fig. 48.
Many species of Melanoconion appear to have highly specialized breeding sites
and their immature stages are still poorly known and apparently not always cor-
rectly associated in spite of the excellent pioneer studies of Foote (1952; 1954).
Although we find a great deal of individual variation in the larval and pupal chaeto-
taxy in the Jamaican species, there is no difficulty in separating the different spec-
ies except possibly inhibitator and iolambdis. However, since additional species of
Melanoconion are probably present on Jamaica, identification must be based in all
stages on careful comparison with the descriptions and illustrations and not on key
characters alone.
17. Culex (Mel.) atratus Theobald
Figs. 35,36
1901. Culex atratus Theobald, 1901b:55-57. TYPE: Lectotype male with attached genitalia
mount, Ferry Swamp (St. Catherine), Jamaica, 8 Feb 1900, M. Grabham [BM; designa-
tion of Belkin, 1968b:13].
1909. Culex falsificator Dyar and Knab, 1909b:257-258. TYPE: Lectotype male (408) with
genitalia slide, La Habana, Cuba, 15 Feb 1904, J.R. Taylor [USNM, 12108; designation
of Stone and Knight, 1957a:49-50]. Synonymy with atratus by Bonne and Bonne-
Wepster (1925:268).
1938. Culex advieri Senevet, 1938:185-187. TYPE: Holotype male (234) on slide with dis-
sected genitalia, associated pupal skin on another slide, Prise d’Eau de Pointe-a-Pitre,
Guadeloupe, 27 Aug 1936, G. Senevet [FMP; see Belkin, 1968b:12]. Synonymy with
atratus by Rozeboom and Komp (1950:87).
Culex (Melanoconion) atratus of Dyar and Ludlow (1921:47); Dyar (1923d:187; 1928:338-339);
Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:268); Edwards (1932:214); Matheson (1944:216-217); Car-
penter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:260-262); Rozeboom and Komp (1950:87); Lane
(1953:473-474); Foote (1952; 1954:21-23); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:303-305); Perez
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 79
Vigueras (1956:400-403); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:266); Montchadsky and Garcia
(1966:45); Porter (1967:39); Page (1967).
Culex atratus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:388-390); Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:
73); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:52-53); Thompson (1947:78).
_ Melanoconion atratus of Theobald (1903a:239; 1905a:28-29; 1905b:32; 1910:456); Dyar (1905b:
49, designation as type species); Grabham (1905:403,404); Coquillett (1906b:24).
Culex falsificator of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:425-426).
FEMALE. Wing about 2.3 mm. Small dark species with dark tarsi and head
without a complete border of broad scales behind eyes. Head: Decumbent scales
narrow and pale in broad central area from occiput to orbital margins; broad scales
grayish, largely restricted to lateral patch which is extended dorsally a short dis-
tance along orbital margin to about level of second upper orbital bristle. Erect
scales dark, numerous, extending on vertex. Labium dark scaled. Palpus 3-segment-
ed, dark scaled; about 0.2 of proboscis. Antennal torus with a few short setae on
mesal surface. Thorax: Mesonotal integument blackish brown; scales narrow, dark
bronzy; paratergite bare. Mesonotal bristles all strongly developed except acrosti-
chals which are absent caudad of anterior promontory; 2 posterior fossals present;
parascutellar bristle very weak. Scutellar lobes with narrow dark scales. Pleural in-
tegument largely blackish brown with gray pruinose areas, mep with upper and
lower blackish spots; scales absent except narrow bronzy on upper ppn and broad
translucent whitish in upper stp and a line of similar scales on lower posterior stp;
1 lower mep bristle present. Legs: Dark scaled except for usual pale scaling of fe-
mora, narrowly at base on anterior surface, along ventral line and most of posterior
surface. Wing: Dorsal scales all dark; plume scales distinctly broadened on at least
distal parts of veins R, and R,. Haltere: Stem largely pale, knob dark scaled. Ab-
domen: Tergite I with dorsal patch of dark scales, laterotergite without scales. Ter-
gites II-VII dark scaled except for basolateral white patches which are usually nar-
rowly extended dorsad basally on V-VII but do not form transverse bands. Sternites
II-VII white at base, dark apically.
MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual characters. Palpus exceeding
proboscis from at least basal 0.5 of segment 4; dark scaled except for a few pale
scales at base ventrally on segment 4 and sometimes also segment 5; apex of seg-
ment 3 and all of 4 with numerous long bristles, segment 5 with shorter bristles.
Antennal flagellum densely long plumose. Claws of foreleg and midleg enlarged,
unequal; larger claws with submedian tooth, smaller claws with small subbasal tooth.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 35). Segment IX: Tergite lobe prominent; basal part
with distally barbed setae; distal part pointed laterad, bare. Sidepiece: Outer mar-
gin convex, inner concave; mesal membrane not developed except at base. Outer
part of tergal surface with numerous setae of varied sizes; scales at base of outer
part of tergal surface and laterally. Subapical lobe conspicuously divided, with sev-
eral (usually 4-6) specialized flattened setae with expanded curved sharply pointed
apex between divisions; proximal division prominent, with apical heavy rod, sub-
median smaller thinner rod and numerous simple short setae at base; distal division
less prominent, with 1 broad truncate leaf, 1 long hooked seta and 3 short foli-
form setae. Clasper: Simple; broad at base, distal part slender, uniform in width
and smoothly curved on outer margin; spiniform small. Phallosome: Lateral plate
with basal hooklike marginal sclerotization directed sternad; distal part in form of
a very long heavy sternal spine. Proctiger: Basolateral sclerotization broad, with
tergal projection not forming a prominent lobe, and with a free sternal process.
Paraproct sclerotization narrow, not continuous with basolateral sclerotization; apex
80 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
with only a single row of elongate teeth, without spicules; cercal setae usually 2.
PUPA (fig. 35). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently quite
variable. Cephalothorax: Pigmentation uneven, moderate to strong. All hairs usual-
ly branched. Trumpet: Long and narrow, not distinctly flared apically; index about
8.5 or greater; tracheoid darkened, extending to nearly 0.5 from base; pinna long,
continued into meatus as a narrow slit with sclerotized parallel walls about 0.5 of
pinna length. Metanotum and Abdomen: Pigmentation uneven, moderate to strong,
usually darkened on anterior segments and sometimes posterior. Hair 10-C usually
with 6-10 branches, rarely dendritic; 11-C usually single, longer than 10-C; hair
12-C usually triple. Hair 1-III-VI multiple; 2-III-V mesad of hair 1; hair 2-VI,VII
usually laterad of hair 1; hair 5-[V-VI shorter than tergite following, usually mult-
iple, 5-VI usually with at least 4° branches; 6-III-VI usually with at least 4 branches;
9-VII cephalad of hair 6, usually double or triple; 9-VIII inserted on ventral surface
distinctly cephalad of caudolateral angle, usually with 3 or 4 branches; 1-I1X dis-
tinct, single. Caudolateral angle of tergite VIII rounded or slightly produced but
not forming a spine; caudal margin of tergite VIII with slight lobe which does not
overlie lateral margin of tergite IX. Paddle: Lightly pigmented; midrib strong to
near apex; external buttress developed at base only; margins without distinct spic-
ules. Hair 1-P moderate, single; 2-P usually very weak.
LARVA (fig. 36). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently vari-
able. In general as described by Foote (1952; 1954:21-23), except as noted. Head:
Wider than long. Labrum distinct dorsally, concave on anterior border between
bases of hair 1-C; ocular bulge distinct; labial plate elongate; maxillary suture com-
plete, extended caudad from posterior tentorial pit to near collar; collar very poor-
ly developed, represented by slight marginal thickening; mouthbrushes filamentous.
Pigmentation moderate to strong, uniform except for usual lighter areas. Hair O-C
a minute peg; 1-C thick and dark but without subbasal broadening shown by Foote
(1952, fig. 14; 1954, fig. 6j); hairs 2,3-C absent; 4-6-C in posterior part of head
capsule, 4-C single or apically forked, 5-C short, multiple, 6-C very long, single;
8-10-C all branched; 13-C double or forked, near level of 11-C; hair 14-C double,
anterior. Antenna: Slightly shorter than head capsule. Shaft lightly pigmented and
with thin spicules in curved thicker part basad of hair 1-A; distal part thinner,
straighter and darkly pigmented, with a few heavier shorter spicules. Hair 1-A very
large, multiple. Thorax: Integument with stiff thin spicules. Larger hairs all with
conspicuous basal tubercles; common tubercles only for hairs 1-3-P and pleural
groups (9-12-P,M,T). Prothoracic hairs 1,2-P long and single, 3-P short and mult-
iple; 4-P usually double; 5,6-P single; 7-P usually triple or with 4 branches; 8-P
usually double; 13-P absent. Abdomen: Integument glabrous; tergite IV pale in life;
others dark. Hair 6-I,II long, usually double, 6-III shorter, usually with 4 branches,
6-IV-VI usually triple; 7-I long and single, 7-II-VI short and branched; 1-IV-VI us-
ually with 4 or 5 branches, rarely with more or fewer. Segment VIII: Comb scales
in a patch of 3 or 4 irregular rows, those of posterior row longer, with spatulate
fringed apex; hair 2-VIII on large sclerotized basal plate, 3-VIII at end of long
sclerotized plate. Siphon: Long and slender, index about 12.0-14.0; moderately
pigmented, somewhat darker near middle; acus attached, with long dorsal exten-
sion. Pecten usually composed of about 16-20 teeth in basal 0.3 or less; distal 2
or 3 teeth more widely spaced;-longer teeth fringed as in figure. Siphonal hairs
(1,la-S) conspicuously differentiated into subventral and subdorsal; subventral hairs
usually 5 pairs, all distal to pecten, usually with 5-3 branches, most distal smaller
and usually double or triple; subdorsal hairs always 3 pairs, usually double or single;
Belkin, Heinemann & Page; Culicidae of Jamaica 81
2-S inserted in membrane near base of dorsolateral valve, only slightly recurved
and with very thin straight subbasal branch. Anal Segment: Saddle complete, with-
out acus; darker than siphon; caudolateral area with nedoabieds sharp marginal
spicules, grading into smaller spicules basad. Hair 1-X short and branched; 2-X
usually with 3 short to moderate branches from base of main shaft; 3-X single;
ventral brush with 5 pairs of hairs on grid which is attached to saddle margin by
lateral bar. Gills pointed, less than 0.5 of dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican population of atratus is the topotypic one as
Belkin (1968b:13) restricted the type locality to Jamaica by designating the lecto-
type. This species was designated as the type species of Melanoconion by Dyar
(1905b:49).
We have made no attempt to determine whether the widespread populations
(Florida to Brazil) currently regarded as atratus, primarily on the basis of the char-
acteristic male genitalia, are actually conspecific with the Jamaican population.
There appears to be at least regional differentiation in the immature stages, par-
ticularly in the larva, judging by the descriptions and figures in Foote (1954:21-
23) which do not agree with the Jamaican population. The Florida population as
described and figured by Carpenter and LaCasse appears to be very similar to the
Jamaican.
Although there is considerable variation in all stages of Jamaican atratus, there
is no difficulty in differentiating this dominant species from all the other local
species of Melanoconion.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of atratus are most commonly found in Ja-
maica in more or less permanent bodies of water such as ponds, stream margins,
ditches and swamps with plentiful vegetation such as grass, reeds and algae. This
species tolerates some brackishness but prefers fresh water partially shaded from
the sun. The most common associates of atratus are Anopheles (N.) albimanus and
Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; less common associates are Culex (C.) nigripalpus, Urano-
taenia socialis and U. cooki.
Previous authors (Grabham; Theobald; Hill and Hill) have reported atratus to be
a major pest or nuisance to man. Page (1967), however, found only a few females
attracted to human bait. Culex atratus has been collected in donkey-baited traps
and light traps and has been found resting in crabholes along with Deinocerites
cancer, Culex (C.) janitor and Culex (Mel.) opisthopus.
DISTRIBUTION. Reported to be widespread from the Florida Keys in the U.S.A.
southward through the Antilles, Panama, Trinidad, the Guianas to Brazil; probably
a complex of species. Apparently one form in the Greater Antilles, Cayman Islands,
Virgin Islands and northern Lesser Antilles.
JAMAICA. Very common and widely distributed in the lowland swampy areas; highest collec-
tion made at 300 m. Hanover: Bulls Bay (717). Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry (701,719,720,
769,781,797,798,898,899). Kingston and vicinity, 1901, M. Grabham, 1 M, 1 F [USNM]. Temple
Hall (47). St. Ann: Drax Hall (609). St. Catherine: Caymanas (29,30,33,213,744,862). Central
Village (759). Gregory Park (18). Naggo Head (10). Passage Fort (13). Port Henderson (6).
Tamarind Farm (25). St. Mary: Castleton Botanical Gardens (807). St. Thomas: Grants Pen (75-
77,414,813,814,816,871). Roselle (727). Winchester House (67). Westmoreland: Crab Pond Bay
(785). Negril (86). Parish not Specified: G.A. Thompson, 1 L, 1 P; June 1945, G.A. Thompson,
1 M [USNM]; R.B. Hill, 2 M, 6 L [JAM]; 1943, R.B. Hill, 1 M [UCLA].
Material Examined: 504 specimens; 73 males, 71 females, 210 larvae, 150 pupae; 119 individ-
ual rearings (33 larval, 66 pupal, 20 incomplete).
82 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
18. Culex (Mel.) opisthopus Komp
Figs. 37,38
1907. Melanoconion annulipes Theobald, 1907:512-513. TYPE: Holotype female, Red Hills,
Jamaica, M. Grabham [BM]. Rejected as junior secondary homonym of Culex annulipes
Meigen, 1830 [now Aedes (O.) annulipes| by Edwards (1932:213).
1926. Culex (Choeroporpa) opisthopus Komp, 1926:44-45. TYPE: Lectotype male (2177)
with genitalia slide, Puerto Castilla, Honduras, Mar 1925, W.H.W. Komp [USNM; desig-
nation of Stone and Knight, 1957a:54]. Synonymy with annulipes by Belkin (1969b:
68). ;
1928. Culex (Mochlostyrax) mychonde Komp in Dyar, 1928:295. TYPE: Holotype male geni-
talia slide, Almirante, Panama, 1 Feb 1928, W.H.W. Komp [USNM]. Synonymy with
opisthopus by Komp (1935:3-4) who disclaimed authorship of description in Dyar.
1968. Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei Stone and Hair, 1968:49-41. TYPE: Holotype male with
associated larval and pupal skins, progeny of female collected at Mahogany Hammock
(Dade Co.), Florida, U.S.A., 21: June 1967 [USNM, 69792]. Synonymy with annulipes
by Belkin (1969a:27).
Culex (Melanoconion) opisthopus of Edwards (1932:213); Komp (1935:3-4); Pratt, Wirth and
Denning (1945:245-251); Rozeboom and Komp (1950:94); Lane (1953:403-405); Foote
(1954:77-79, in part); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:310-311); Porter (1967:39); Belkin
(1969b:68).
Culex (Mochlostyrax) opisthopus of Dyar (1928:294-295).
Culex (Mel.) annulipes of Belkin (1969a:26-28); Galindo (1969:87, with subspecies annulipes,
cedecei and opisthopus).
Culex annulipes of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:258); Johnson (1919:422); Gowdey (1926:
73):
Culex (Mel.) mychonde of Edwards (1932:213).
Culex (Mochlostyrax) mychonde of Dyar (1928:295).
Culex (Mel.) taeniopus in part of Edwards (1932:213); Rozeboom and Komp (1950:97); Lane
(1953:402-403); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:275); Forattini (1965a:184-185); Porter
1967:39, in toto).
Culex (Mochlostyrax) taeniopus in part of Dyar (1928:293-294).
Culex taeniopus of Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:57); Thompson (1947:78).
Culex (Mel.) cedecei of Hair (1968:425-427).
FEMALE. Wing about 2.5 mm. A small dark species with hindtarsus narrowly
banded with white on segments 1-4, and segment 5 largely light gray to white. In
general as in atratus, with following conspicuous differences. Decumbent scales of
vertex and occiput of head all narrow, dark in middle, grayish to white laterally;
broad decumbent scales grayish to white, restricted to sides. Sometimes 1-3 addi-
tional lower mep bristles present. Hindtarsal segment 1 with or without a few pale
scales at base; variable, usually narrow, complete or incomplete white rings on
base of segments 2-4 involving apex of preceding segment; apex of segment 4 with
narrow apical white ring or dorsal band; segment 5 varying from largely white to
gray, frequently darkened ventrally. Wing with broader plume scales on veins R,
and R3.
MALE. Differing from atratus in same features as female. Palpus slightly longer
than in atratus; with more distinct patches of pale scales at base of segments 4 and
5; apex of segment 3 with only a few shorter bristles; segment 4 with less num-
erous bristles. Abdominal tergites II-VII with conspicuous rather broad basal white
bands, nearly joining basolateral white patches on distal segments.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 83
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 37). In general as in atratus; with following diagnostic
features. Lobes of tergite IX closely approximated, fingerlike, long, distal part wrin-
kled, setae very fine and short. Tergal.setae and scales of sidepiece less numerous.
Divisions of subapical lobe approximated; proximal division entire, with 2 deeply
inserted sinuous apical setae; distal division with elongate stem, 1 long sinuous
hooked seta, 1 long thick narrow asymmetrically truncate leaf, 1 long thin saber,
1 short saber and 3 narrow foliforms. Clasper with postmedian wrinkled crest and
apical snout on outer margin; spiniform broad. Distal part of lateral plate of phallo-
some with tergal apicolateral angle produced into a short spine. Basolateral sclero-
tization of proctiger with large free rounded tergal lobe, connected by narrow
sclerotized process to base of paraproct sclerotization.
PUPA (fig. 37). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently variable.
In general as described for atratus and with following diagnostic features. Pigmen-
tation uniform, moderate to strong. Cephalothoracic hair 6-C usually single; 11-C
usually double. Trumpet more slender, index about 10.0 or slightly more, trach-
eoid to slightly beyond 0.5; pinna shorter, including slit about 0.2 of total length.
Abdominal hair 3-I usually double; 1-IIJ-V with fewer branches; 5-IV-VI shorter
and usually with fewer branches, 5-VII weak, usually forked; 6-III-VI usually dou-
ble, 6-VII usually closer to hair 9; hair 9-VII weaker, usually double or single; 9-
VIII inserted at or very near caudolateral angle, weaker, usually double or single.
Paddle more strongly pigmented, especially midrib.
LARVA (fig. 38). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently vari-
able. In general as in atratus but with following conspicuous differences; agreeing
with the description and figures of opisthopus in Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:
311) but not in Foote (1954:77-79). Head: More rounded, narrower and with in-
conspicuous ocular bulge; uniformly moderately to strongly pigmented; hair 3-C
present, minute, in line with hair 5; hairs 4-6-C more anterior; 5-C longer; 6-C
much longer, extending beyond apex of antennal shaft; 12-C more anterior; 13-C
multiple. Antenna: Shaft uniformly moderately to strongly pigmented from base
to apex. Thorax: Integument glabrous; hair 8-P usually triple. Abdomen: Tergite
IV not distinctly paler than others; hair 6-1,I] usually double, 6-III-VI usually with
4 or more branches; 7-I usually double. Segment VII: Sclerotized plates of hairs
2,3-VIII smaller. Siphon: Longer and thinner, index usually more than 17.0; pec-
ten teeth usually less than 12, in basal 0.2 or less, fringes finer and absent from
base; subventral hairs usually 4 pairs, rarely 3, much shorter, usually triple or dou-
ble; subdorsal hairs only 2 pairs, the proximal usually double and distad of last
subventral hair, the distal single and removed from apex of siphon by less than its
length; hair 2-S more curved and with submedian branch; spiracular apparatus with
long median caudal filament. Anal Segment: Caudal margin of saddle without sharp
spinelike spicules; hair 2-X sometimes with 5 basal branches in addition to main
shaft; gills more than 0.5 of dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. Until recently the Jamaican annulipes had been considered con-
specific with taeniopus following the tentative synonymy by Dyar (1928:294). This
synonymy was accepted by Edwards (1932:213) and later by Stone, Knight and
Starcke (1959:275) although Rozeboom and Komp (1950:97) suggested that an-
nulipes was probably conspecific with opisthopus. Belkin (1969a:26-28) found the
male genitalia of topotypic opisthopus from Honduras to be similar to those of
annulipes from Jamaica and Grand Cayman and to cedecei from Florida. Because
of the similarity in the immature stages of cedecei and Jamaican annulipes he syn-
onymized these 2 nominal species and tentatively assigned the Grand Cayman pop-
84 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ulation to the same species for which he incorrectly used the name annulipes.
Later Belkin (1969b:68) found that the name annulipes was invalid because it had
been rejected as a junior secondary homonym prior to 1961 (by Edwards, 1932:
213) and provisionally applied the next available name, opisthopus, to the popu-
lations from Jamaica, Grand Cayman and Florida.
The taxonomic status of the opisthopus complex is by no means settled. Galindo
(1969:84-85,87) considers the Jamaican form to be subspecifically distinct from
cedecei from Florida and from opisthopus from Central America and Panama, ap-
parently primarily on differences in the amount of light scaling on the hindtarsi
and unspecified slight differences in the subapical lobe of the male genitalia of
cedecei from Florida and mychonde from Panama. Since topotypic opisthopus from
Honduras is still known only inthe adult stage the problem cannot be definitely
resolved and we prefer not to recognize subspecies at this time and are retaining
the populations from Jamaica, Grand Cayman and Florida under opisthopus.
As indicated by Belkin (1969a:28) and in the description and illustrations of
the larva here, Foote’s (1954:78) illustration of the terminal segments of the larva
of opisthopus does not agree with the material from Jamaica and Florida. This
may be due to incorrect association of the stages or possibly the presence of a dif-
ferent species in Puerto Rico.
The association of the stages of the Jamaican population was obtained through
progeny rearings of several females but the immature stages were not found in
nature.
BIONOMICS. The breeding sites of opisthopus are unknown in Jamaica but are
probably in underground solution pools in coral limestone as in Florida. A few
males have been collected resting in crabholes. Females are readily attracted to hu-
man bait near sunset and will also come to light traps. A few females were found
resting in dense vegetation along the edge of a large swamp at the foot of coralline
hills.
Immature stages of opisthopus from Jamaica were obtained by rearing eggs pro-
duced by females blooded on humans in the field. Development, as in the case of
the population from Florida (Hair, 1968), was very slow and survival was favored
by relatively low temperatures.
DISTRIBUTION. As tentatively interpreted here (see systematics), opisthopus in
a broad sense is known from Florida, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Grand Cayman, British
Honduras, Honduras and Panama.
JAMAICA. From near sea level to about 150 m. Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry (719). St.
Elizabeth: Luana (357,358). Maggotty (793). St. Thomas: Grants Pen (718,874-876).
Material Examined: 286 specimens; 7 males, 214 females, 50 larvae, 15 pupae; 4 individual
rearings (3 larval, 1 pupal).
19. Culex (Mel.) erraticus (Dyar & Knab)
Figs. 42,43
1906. Mochlostyrax erraticus Dyar and Knab, 1906c:224. TYPE: Lectotype larval skin, mount-
ed with 2 others on 1 slide, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A., J.W. Dupree [USNM; desig-
nation of Stone and Knight, 1957a:49].
For extensive current synonymy see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:270-271).
Culex (Melanoconion) erraticus of Dyar and Knab (1918:179, in part); Edwards (1932:214, in
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 85
part); King and Bradley (1937:345-349); King, Bradley and McNeel (1944:44); Matheson
(1944:215-216); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:262-265); Rozeboom and
Komp (1950:91); Lane (1953:492-495); Foote (1954:51-54); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:
305-307); Perez Vigueras (1956:404-409); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:45); Porter (1967:
39).
Culex (Mochlostyrax) erraticus of Dyar (1928:399-300, in part).
Culex (Choeroporpa) erraticus in part of Dyar (1922a:12).
Culex erraticus of Matheson (1929:172-173, in part); Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:54); Thompson
(1947:78).
FEMALE. Jamaican material in alcohol. Probably differing from atratus as in
North American populations in a larger size and following features. Narrow decum-
bent scales of head restricted to occiput and posterior part of vertex; broad de-
cumbent scales largely grayish or whitish forming a complete anterior band on ver-
tex. Mesonotal integument lighter; scaling predominantly coppery to dark golden
in anterior part and scutellar lobes; pleural integument brown, broad scales whiter
and more numerous on stp patches and present also in a large patch in middle
mep; parascutellar bristle strong.
MALE. Wing about 2.5 mm. Differing from atratus by the characters as given
above for female. Palpus apparently a little shorter than in atratus and without
pale scales on base of segment 4.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 43). In general as in atratus; with the following diag-
nostic features. Lobe of tergite IX oval in outline. Divisions of subapical lobe ap-
proximated; proximal division with 2 arms, basal shorter, each with 1 long apical
sinuous seta; distal division essentially as in opisthopus but leaf very broad and
very conspicuous and foliforms broad. Clasper with snout and spiculelike trans-
verse ridges proximad of it on external margin. Distal part of lateral plate of phal-
losome as figured. Basolateral sclerotization of proctiger with conspicuous broad
free dorsal lobe.
PUPA (fig. 43). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently variable.
In general as described for atratus and with following diagnostic features. Trumpet
shorter, index about 6.0 or slightly greater; moderately pigmented except for dark-
ened tracheoid; pinna longer, including slit about 0.4-0.5 of total length. Abdom-
inal hair 5-V,VI usually double and distinctly longer than tergite following; 6-VI
usually triple or with 4 branches; 9-VII stronger, usually triple or with 4 branches,
9-VIII stronger and usually with at least 4 branches. Caudolateral angle of tergite
VIII produced into a sharp caudal spine. |
LARVA (fig. 42). In general as described and figured by Foote (1954:51-54)
and Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:305-307). Differing from atratus as described
here in the following conspicuous features. Head pigmentation very light; hair 1-C
shorter; 14-C multiple, submedian. Prothoracic hair 4-P single. Abdominal integu-
ment with thin hairlike spicules; hair 6-I,II usually double or triple, 6-[II-VI triple
or with 4 branches. Comb scales in 2 irregular rows, with long spinelike shaft
fringed in basal part only; hair 2-VIII without sclerotized basal plate. Siphon short-
er, slightly upturned distally, lightly pigmented; index about 6.0-7.0; pecten teeth
about 12-16, more evenly spaced and with more distinctly differentiated apical
spine on distal teeth; subventral hairs longer and with more branches especially in
distal 2; subdorsal hairs only 2 pairs, usually triple; hair 2-S much stronger and
longer, very strongly recurved and usually without basal branch. Saddle lightly pig-
mented, with conspicuous hairlike spicules in distal part in addition to larger mar-
ginal spinelike spicules; hair 2-X usually with only 1 branch at base of main shaft;
86 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ventral brush with 6 pairs of hairs.
SYSTEMATICS. The limited material from Jamaica agrees in general with topo-
typic erraticus from the southern United States and is probably conspecific with
it. We have made no attempt to compare this material with the widespread popula-
tions (Mexico through Brazil) currently regarded as erraticus.
BIONOMICS. We found immature stages of erraticus only twice, in a ditch in a
swamp (77) and a large stream bed pool (728). In the first instance erraticus was
associated with Anopheles (N.) albimanus, Uranotaenia socialis and Culex (Mel.)
atratus; in the second it was found alone.
This species is apparently rare in Jamaica and nothing is known of the habits
of the adults on this island. :
DISTRIBUTION. Reported to be widespread from the eastern and central United
States southward through Central America and the West Indies to Colombia and
Brazil.
JAMAICA. St. Thomas: Grants Pen (77). Roselle (728). Parish not Specified (probably Claren-
don): R.B. Hill, 2 M [JAM]; Feb 1945, G.A. Thompson, 1 L [USNM]; Dec 1945, G.A. Thomp-
son, 2 M, 1 F [UCLA].
Material Examined: 20 specimens; 7 males, 1 female, 7 larvae, 5 pupae; 5 individual rearings
(3 larval, 2 incomplete).
20. Culex (Mel.) iolambdis Dyar
Figs. 39,41
1918. Culex (Choeroporpa) tolambdis Dyar, 1918:106-107. TYPE: Holotype male, Panama,
A. Busck [USNM, 21603].
Culex (Melanoconion) iolambdis of Edwards (1932:216); Rozeboom and Komp (1950:92); Pratt
and Seabrook (1952:27-32); Lane (1953:471-472); Foote (1954:61-63); Carpenter and La |
Casse (1955:307-308); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:272); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:
45); Porter (1967:39).
Culex (Mochlostyrax) iolambdis of Dyar (1925c:175; 1928:329).
FEMALE. Jamaican material consisting of a single slide-mounted female. Prob-
ably differing from inhibitator as in the male in the following features. Narrow
decumbent scales of head restricted to occiput; broad decumbent scales all dark,
even on orbital line, except in lateral grayish patch. Mesonotal integument blackish
brown; scales darker. Pleural integument uniformly blackish brown; ppn scales less
numerous; broad scales of stp not as distinctly pale. Femora almost completely
dark, with only slightly paler ventral line, posterior surface dark.
MALE. Wing about 2.0 mm. Differing from inhibitator by the darker coloration
as indicated above under female. Palpus as in inhibitator except that bristles on
segment 4 more numerous and longer.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 39). Differing from atratus by same general features
as erraticus and distinguished from the latter chiefly by the following. Lobe of
tergite IX rounded in outline. Proximal division of subapical lobe not split, the 2
setae arising far apart; leaf of distal division resembling a foliform. Distal part of
lateral plate of phallosome with 2 or 3 small apical denticles and a strong subapical
lateral spine.
PUPA (fig. 39). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently variable.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 87
In general as described for atratus and with following diagnostic features. Pigmen-
tation usually deeper. Trumpet rather distinctly flared; shorter, index about 6.0;
area between apex of tracheoid and slit. distinctly lighter than remainder; pinna in-
cluding slit about 0.35-0.4 of total length. Abdominal hair 5-V usually triple or
with 4 branches, 5-VI double or triple, both not exceeding apex of tergite follow-
ing; 6-III-VI usually triple; 9-VII usually triple, 9-VIII usually with at least 5 branch-
es. Caudolateral angle of tergite VIII acute to obtuse, not rounded, sometimes pro-
duced into small sharp caudal spine. Paddle hairs 1,2-P better developed.
LARVA (fig. 41). In general as described and figured by Foote (1954:61-63)
and Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:307-308). Differing from atratus as described
here in the following conspicuous features; very similar to inhibitator. Head hair
1-C shorter, heavier, especially near base; 5-C usually single or with postmedian
fork or barb, sometimes double or triple; 14-C multiple, farther removed from an-
terior border. Thorax with sparse inconspicuous short spicules; prothoracic hair
4-P single. Abdominal hair 1-IV,V usually double or triple. Comb scales more num-
erous. Siphon shorter, usually slightly upturned; index about 7.0-8.0; usually with
a broad submedian dark ring; pecten teeth more evenly spaced, broader and with
stronger denticles; subventral hairs longer and with more branches; subdorsal hairs
only 2 pairs, usually triple; hair 2-S much stronger and longer, strongly recurved
and with slender premedian recurved branch. Saddle with short heavy spicules dor-
solaterad but without marginal spicules; hair 2-X usually with only 1 short branch
at base of main shaft; ventral! brush with 6 pairs of hairs; gills somewhat longer.
SYSTEMATICS. The male genitalia of the small sample of the Jamaican popu-
lation agree in general with topotypic iolambdis from Panama and with those of a
population from Guatemala. In both of the latter there is a great deal of variation
in the shape and denticulation of the lateral plate of the phallosome which is much
more uniform in the Jamaican material and agrees well with the illustration in
Rozeboom and Komp (1950: fig. 44).
The larva of Jamaican iolambdis is very similar to that described and figured by
Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:307-308), presumably from Florida, but shows sig-
nificant differences from the descriptions and figures in Foote (1954:61-63) and
from specimens we have seen from Panama and less significant differences from
specimens from Guatemala and Mexico. In our collections from mangroves near
Crab Pond Bay (782,784), the dark postmedian ring of the larval siphon is strongly
marked as it is in populations from Florida and Puerto Rico, but it is not indi-
cated in the 2 larvae obtained in a swamp at Port Henderson (6) as is typical of
iolambdis reported elsewhere, including Panama. The specimens from Port Hender-
son show other features reminiscent of the Central American populations but un-
fortunately no males from this collection are available to determine whether or
not there are also genitalic differences. There is a possibility that 2 species are
represented in our Jamaican material but this cannot be determined without addi-
tional associated material of all stages. The identity of these forms must. await a
thorough study of material of iolambdis in the current sense from its entire re-
ported range.
As indicated under inhibitator, the key characters to separate iolambdis from
that species even on Jamaica may not be reliable. Panamanian larvae of the iolamb-
dis complex will key out to inhibitator in our key.
BIONOMICS. All 3 collections of immatures of iolambdis were made in man-
grove areas, in a ditch (6), stream margin in a clearing (782) and a pond (784), all
with fresh water. Associated species were Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus, Anopheles
88 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
(A.) crucians, Culex (C.) nigripalpus and Culex (Mel.) atratus. We have no informa-
tion at all on the adults.
DISTRIBUTION. Panama (type locality), Florida, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Mexico,
Guatemala and Colombia. |
JAMAICA. Apparently rare and restricted to the coast. St. Catherine: Port Henderson (6).
Westmoreland: Crab Pond Bay (782,784). Parish not Specified: R.B. Hill, 1 M, 2 F, 5 L [USNM],
6 M [JAM], 1 M, 2 F [UCLA].
Material Examined: 35 specimens; 11 males, 5 females, 13 larvae, 6 pupae; 4 individual rearings
(2 larval, 2 pupal).
21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator Dyar & Knab
Figs. 40,41
1906. Culex inhibitator Dyar and Knab, 1906c:216. TYPE: Described from larva, lectotype
not designated because of poor condition of material (135), San Francisco Mountains,
Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), 3 Sept 1905, A. Busck [USNM; see Stone and
Knight, 1957a:51].
1906. Culex investigator Dyar and Knab, 1906c:216. TYPE: Described from larva (256a), only
head capsule remaining, lectotype not designated, along railroad track 3 mi from Santa
Lucrecia [Jesus Carranza] (Vera Cruz), Mexico, 20 June 1905, F. Knab [USNM; see
Stone and Knight, 1957a:51]. Doubtful synonymy with inhibitator by Dyar (1928:
317,318); accepted by Matheson (1929:173) and subsequent workers.
Culex (Melanoconion) inhibitator of Edwards (1932:216, in part); Rozeboom and Komp (1950:
91-92); Lane (1953:466-467, in part); Foote (1954:59-60); Porter (1967:39).
Culex (Mochlostyrax) inhibitator in part of Dyar (1928:317-318).
Culex inhibitator of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:391-393); Matheson (1929:173-175, in part);
Komp (1935:6); King and Bradley (1937:349-350); Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:55); Thomp-
son (1947:78).
?Culex flabellifer of Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:55); Thompson (1947:78).
FEMALE. Wing about 2.7 mm. In general similar to atratus and extremely simi-
lar to iolambdis from which it differs apparently primarily by a generally lighter
coloration. Narrow decumbent scales of head restricted to occiput and posterior
part of vertex; remainder of vertex with broad decumbent scales, largely dark ex-
cept on orbital border and sides where they are whitish to grayish. Mesonotal in-
tegument brown. Pleural integument brown (greenish in fresh specimens), usually
without distinct sharply marked darkened areas; broad whitish scales usually re-
stricted to lower posterior stp line or small patch. Femora apparently more exten-
sively pale at base than in atratus.
MALE. Differing from atratus by same characters as female. Palpus sometimes
longer than in atratus; segments 4 and 5 more slender and without pale scales at
base; apex of segment 3 with only a few moderately long bristles, segment 4 with
shorter and much less numerous bristles.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 40). Differing from atratus by same general features
as erraticus and distinguished from the latter chiefly by the following. Proximal
division of subapical lobe short and shallowly cleft; distal division with short broad
stem, leaf not as strongly developed. Subapical part of external margin of clasper
with shallow wrinkles not appearing as spicules. Distal part of lateral plate of phal-
losome with large subapical lateral tergal process, more or less strongly developed
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 89
denticles along sternal margin, and a prominent slender external hooked basal ster-
nal spine.
PUPA (fig. 40). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; variation extensive.
Very similar to iolambdis and differing from atratus in same features; distinguished
from the former primarily by the following. Pigmentation usually much lighter.
Trumpet widened distad but indistinctly flared; index a little less than 8.0; uni-
formly pigmented throughout; pinna including slit usually less than 0.35 of total
length. Abdominal hair 5-V,VI weaker and shorter; 9-VIII usually with 4 branches
or triple. Caudolateral angle of tergite VIII usually acute. Paddle hairs 1,2-P weaker.
LARVA (fig. 41). In general as described and figured by Foote (1954:59-60).
Differing from atratus as described here in the same features as iolambdis except
for the following characters which may not always be reliable because of consid-
erable variation. Head hair 5-C usually triple. Prothoracic hair 7-P usually double.
Abdominal hair 6-III,[V weaker, frequently double. Siphon without dark ring. Sad-
dle with weaker dorsolateral spicules; hair 2-X frequently with 2 basal branches;
gills usually longer.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican population of inhibitator is extremely variable
in all stages. Apparently some of the Jamaican material was identified by W.H.W.
Komp as Culex flabellifer Komp, 1936 and by Alan Stone as inhibitator with the
result that both nominal species were reported by Hill and Hill (1945a; 1948) and
Thompson (1947).
The Jamaican material agrees in general with topotypic inhibitator from the
Dominican Republic and we believe that, in spite of the great variability, the 2
populations are conspecific. We have seen no material from Mexico or Panama re-
ported as inhibitator, presumably on the basis of male genitalia. The male genitalia
of the Jamaican population exhibit a great deal of variation in the shape and par-
ticularly in the denticulation of the lateral plate of the phallosome. These varia-
tions do not appear to be correlated with the type of breeding site or the elevation
(see bionomics).
The immature stages of the Jamaican population are very variable and it is prob-
able that some difficulty may be experienced in separating them from iolambdis
by the characters given in the keys. The larva is in general very similar to that of
species 22 and the latter may prove to consist merely of aberrant specimens of
inhibitator. Outside of Jamaica, the pupal stage of inhibitator is unknown, and the
larva is known either from fragments of associated skins or unassociated whole
larvae (Mexico, Panama and “West Indies’’). Foote’s description of the larva (1954:
59-60) does not agree in several details with the Jamaican material and his key
(1954:10) contradicts the description in couplet 52 in the statement that abdom-
inal segments I-IV are spiculate.
BIONOMICS. The majority of our collections of immature stages of inhibitator
were made at an elevation of about 480 m on the Hermitage Dam Rd (739,827,
828,851,852,891,893,895) in shaded stream bed pools or rockholes in association
primarily with Anopheles (A.) grabhamii, Culex (C.) corniger, Culex (C.) secutor
and Culex (C.) nigripalpus. Here both sexes were found resting in large numbers
on moist rock ledges. Three other collections were at an elevation of about 150 m
near Temple Hall, in a pool in a ditch exposed to the sun (45) without associated
species, in large ground pool in partial shade (47) with Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus,
Anopheles (A.) grabhamii and Culex (Mel.) atratus, and in a rockhole in the shade
(352) in association with Aedes (O.) calumnior, Aedes (F.) mediovittatus and Aedes
(H.) inaequalis. Although we found a considerable number of adults resting in
90 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
crabholes at low elevations (360,616,701,888), immature stages could not be lo-
cated in their vicinity and the only collection of immature stages at a low eleva-
tion came from the north slope from a ground pool in a dried stream bed of a
tributary of the Rio Grande (921), presumably in a shaded situation as the assoc-
iated species were Anopheles (A.) grabhamii and Psorophora (J.) ferox.
DISTRIBUTION. Dominican Republic (type locality), Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Common species of Melanoconion at elevations above 150 m; also at lower el-
evations to near sea level. Clarendon: Goshen (352). Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry (701,
888). Hermitage Dam Road (738,739,827,828,85 1-853,891 893-895); 20 Jan 1940, ? W.H. Komp
2 M, 1 F [UCLA]. Irish Town, 23 Nov 1943, R.B. Hill, 1 M, 1 F [USNM]. Kingston and
vicinity, Apr 1906, M. Grabham, 1 M, 1 F [USNM]. Temple Hall (45,47). Portland: Rio Grande
(921). St. Ann: Runaway Bay, Feb 1969, W.W. Wirth, 1 M, 1 F [USNM]. Westmoreland: Cave
(616). Crab Pond Bay (360). Parish not Specified (probably Kingston and St. Andrew): 23 Jan
1945, R.B. Hill, 2 M; R.B. Hill, 2 M [USNM]; R.B. Hill, 1 lpM, 6 M [JAM]; R.B. Hill, 1 M
[UCLA].
Material Examined: 452 specimens; 105 males, 139 females, 115 larvae, 93 pupae; 56 indi-
vidual rearings (15 larval, 34 pupal, 7 incomplete).
22. Culex (Mel.) sp., Jamaican form
Fig. 45
FEMALE, MALE, PUPA. Unknown.
LARVA (fig. 45). Known by 2 specimens only. Chaetotaxy as figured. Differ-
ing from all other local species of Melanoconion in head hair 6-C double or triple,
and 5-C with 4 or 5 branches and at least 0.75 of 6-C. In other respects essentially
as in inhibitator but both specimens with pecten and subventral hairs of siphon
asymmetrical, 5 pairs and longer pecten on one side and 6 pairs and pecten shorter
on the other; hair 2-S weaker than in inhibitator.
DISCUSSION: The 2 larvae at hand may be nothing more than aberrant individ-
uals of inhibitator as indicated by their general similarity with this species in nearly
all features. However, the unique development of head hairs 5 and 6 and some
features of the siphon suggest that a distinct species, related to inhibitator, may
be involved. One larva was collected at the east end of Holland Bay, St. Thomas
(168) in association with Culex (C.) nigripalpus and the other by itself in a large
crabhole in a cane field at Fort Stewart, St. Mary (809).
23. Culex (Mel.) pilosus (Dyar & Knab)
Figs. 42,44
1906. Mochlostyrax pilosus Dyar and Knab, 1906c:224. TYPE: Lectotype larval skin (267b)
with associated pupal skin and male, S. Lucrecia [Jesus Carranza] (Vera Cruz), Mexico,
21 June 1905, F. Knab [USNM; designation of Stone and Knight, 1957a:54-55].
1906. Mochlostyrax jamaicensis Grabham, 1906b:318-320. TYPE: Lectotype by PRESENT
DESIGNATION, male with intact genitalia, with printed labels, //Kingston/Jam//M Grab-
ham/Collector// and handwritten label, //Mochlostyrax/jamaicensis/Gbhm.//, evidently
part of Grabham’s original material together with 2 females, both bearing the same
printed labels and 1 with handwritten //reductor// [USNM]. Synonymy with pilosus
apparently by Dyar (1924c:186).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 91
1909. Culex reductor Dyar and Knab, 1909b:257. TYPE: Same as for jamaicensis Grabham,
1906 [USNM]. Replacement name for jamaicensis Grabham, 1906 preoccupied by Culex
jamaicensis Theobald, 1901 [now in Psorophora] .
For complete current synonymy see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:277-278).
Culex (Melanoconion) pilosus of King, Bradley and McNeel (1944:45); Matheson (1944:218-
219); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:268-271); Rozeboom and Komp (1950:
94-95); Lane (1953:452-454); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:313-315); Perez Vigueras (1956:
410-415); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:46).
Culex (Mochlostyrax) pilosus of Dyar (1924c:186; 1928:290-291); Edwards (1932:218); Foote
(1954:114-116); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:277-278); Porter (1967:39).
Culex pilosus of Matheson (1929:171-172); Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:56); Thompson (1947:
78).
Culex reductor of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:399-402); Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:
73).
FEMALE. Wing about 2.3 mm. Small dark species; differing from atratus princ-
ipally in the following features. Narrow decumbent scales of head restricted to
occiput, broad scales largely grayish to whitish forming a complete broad band be-
hind eyes. Mesonotum with strong violet red iridescence. Pleural integument brown,
usually with only small darkened spot at base of mep bristle; scaling sparse, only
a few narrow scales at extreme upper ppn, broad scaling usually restricted to lower
stp.
MALE. Differing from atratus by same features as female and the following.
Palpus more slender and slightly longer, exceeding proboscis by nearly full length
of segment 4; pale scales absent; apex of segment 3 with only a few heavy bristles,
segment 4 with long bristles less numerous.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 44). In general as in atratus; with following diagnostic
features. Lobes of tergite IX widely separated, small, fingerlike, each arising from
setiferous basal area. Tergal setae of sidepiece more numerous and longer; scales
restricted to small basal lateral area. Divisions of subapical lobe approximated; prox-
imal division with 2 arms, each with 1 long sinuous apical seta; distal division
with setae essentially as in opisthopus but leaf thinner, sabers and foliforms broad-
er and insertions different. Clasper distinctly narrowed beyond middle and with
conspicuous swollen head with spicules on outer margin. Distal part of lateral plate
of phallosome with apical tergal spine, lateral subapical spine and longer thinner
slender apical mesal sternal spine. Basolateral sclerotization of proctiger with very
short, inconspicuous free dorsal lobe.
PUPA (fig. 44). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently variable.
In general as described for atratus and quite similar to erraticus; differing from
former chiefly in the following. Trumpet shorter, index usually a little less than
6.0; pinna including slit usually less than 0.3 of total length. Abdominal hair 5-
V,VI nearly as long as tergite following, usually double or triple; 6-VI usually with
4 or more branches; 9-VII,VIII with branches as in erraticus but weaker. Caudo-
lateral angle of tergite VIII acute.
LARVA (fig. 42). In general as described and figured by Foote (1954:114-116)
and Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:313-315). Differing from atratus as described
here in the following conspicuous features. Head: Labial plate much shorter; max-
illary sutures divergent; collar more distinct. An inconspicuous ovoid gill on ventral
surface near antennal base. Hairs 4-6-C (particularly 4) nearer middle of head cap-
sule; 5-C single or double; 6C single, usually conspicuously barbed, relatively short;
7-C with fewer branches; 13-C large, multiple, near 12-C; hair 14-C nearer anterior
92 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
border, usually triple. Antenna: More slender and less curved; distal part longer;
spicules more conspicuous. Thorax: Integument with very sparse minute spicules.
Prothoracic hair 4-P single, 7-P usually double, 8-P usually single. Abdomen: Inte-
gument practically glabrous at 200 X. Hair 6-I,IJ usually triple, 6-III-VI usually
double. Segment VIIT: Comb scales usually about 8-12, in an irregular single or
partial double row, very heavily sclerotized and darkly pigmented, spinelike and
without fringes; hair 2-VIII with moderate basal plate, 3-VIII with very large basal
plate. Siphon: Conspicuously upturned and slightly narrowed distally; short, in-
dex about 3.5-4.5; lightly to moderately uniformly pigmented except for darken-
ed basal ring; acus large but without dorsal process. Pecten of about 10 (7-12)
strongly pigmented teeth, conspicuously longer distally, with uniform, short fringes
to near apex. Subventral hairs usually 8 pairs, extending from within pecten to
near apex, all very long, the basal usually triple, the distal with 4 or more branches;
subdorsal hairs 2 pairs, lateral in position, usually double or triple; hair 2-S set on
a conspicuous sclerotized basal plate, very strong, distinctly recurved and with slen-
der curved subbasal branch. Median dorsal valve of spiracular apparatus very small.
Anal Segment: Saddle lightly to moderately pigmented, without differentiated mar-
ginal spicules. Hair 2-X usually with only 1 rather long branch from base of main
shaft. Gills longer than saddle.
SYSTEMATICS. For the present we are retaining jamaicensis (Grabham, 1906)
as a synonym of pilosus (Dyar & Knab, 1906). The male genitalia of the Jamaican
population are entirely similar to topotypic pilosus from Mexico but we do not
have sufficient material of the immature stages of the latter to evaluate the slight
differences apparent in these stages. We have made no attempt to compare it with
other populations of pilosus which have been reported from a range extending
from southeastern United States to northern Argentina.
Culex pilosus cannot be confused with any other Jamaican Melanoconion in
any stage. These differences, in our opinion, are no more significant than those
characterizing atratus or opisthopus, and therefore we are relegating the subgenus
Mochlostyrax, to which pilosus is currently assigned, to the status of a section in
the subgenus Melanoconion.
BIONOMICS. We have only 3 collections of pilosus from Jamaica, all of imma-
ture stages. One of these (232) was on the coast in a ground pool in association
with Anopheles (A.) grabhamii and Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis. The other 2 were
in the interior at elevations of 300-350 m; the Petersville collection (618) was in
a shaded ground pool in association with Psorophora (G.) infinis; the Moneague
area collection (757) was in an open stock pond in association with Anopheles
(N.) albimanus, Culex (C.) nigripalpus and 2 species of Psorophora (G.) and 2 spec-
ies of Aedes (O.).
The larvae of this species have the curious habit of resting on their backs on
the bottom and sides of their breeding sites where they are very difficult to see.
DISTRIBUTION. Culex pilosus, with its numerous current synonyms, has a re-
ported range extending from the southeastern United States southward through
the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Mexico (type locality), Central America to Ecuador
and northern Argentina and Paraguay.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Locality not specified, larvae, H.D. Pratt (Hill and Hill, 1948:56).
Kingston and St. Andrew: Kingston and vicinity, M. Grabham, 1 M, 3 F [USNM]. St. Ann:
Delight (757). Westmoreland: Negril Swamp (232). Petersville (618). Parish not Specified (prob-
ably Clarendon): June 1945, G.A. Thompson, 2 M [USNM].
Material Examined: 66 specimens; 11 males, 6 females, 35 larvae, 14 pupae; 15 individual
rearings (8 larval, 3 pupal, 4 incomplete).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 93
24. Culex (Mel.) panocossa Dyar
Fig. 48
1923. Culex (Melanoconion) panocossa Dyar, 1923a:120-121. TYPE: Lectotype male (1809)
with genitalia slide, Bas Obispo, Canal Zone, Feb 1923, J.B. Shropshire [USNM; designa-
tion of Stone and Knight, 1957a:54].
Culex (Gnophodeomyia) panocossa of Dyar (1923d:188).
Culex (Mel.) aikenii in part of Dyar (1925a:21-22; 1925c:168; 1928:337-338); Edwards (1932:
214); Rozeboom and Komp (1950:86); Lane (1953:423-425); Foote (1954:14-16); Stone,
Knight and Starcke (1959:266).
Culex aikenii of Thompson (1947:78,79); Hill and Hill (1948:10, footnote).
FEMALE. Unknown in Jamaica. Apparently indistinguishable from ocossa Dyar
& Knab, 1919 in Panama. Probably in general similar to atratus but generally light-
er in color and without darkened spots on upper and lower mep. Plume scales of
veins R, and R3 probably much broader.
MALE. Known from Jamaica only by the genitalia described below. Panaman-
ian specimen (PA 12-116) differs from atratus by the features indicated above for
female and also by a shorter palpus which exceeds the proboscis by distinctly less
than full length of segment 5.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 48). In general as in atratus; very similar to ocossa.
Lobe of tergite IX poorly differentiated, very short and broad, prominent laterally
only, with 5 or 6 marginal setae. Apex of sidepiece with numerous moderately long
bristles closely set in a single or partial double row from mesal sternal angle around
side to tergal surface, appearing as a dense apical tuft. Proximal division of sub-
apical lobe long columnar, with 2 apical rods, the longer distinctly shorter than
stem of lobe, latter with 3 microsetae on tergal (outer) surface; distal division
shorter, columnar, with long apical hooked seta and expanded, petiolate leaf near
base; a very narrow, nonstriated foliform on tergal surface near base of clasper.
Clasper with distinct subapical crest with distinct ridges, and a slight apical snout;
spiniform very broad and large. Lateral plate of phallosome essentially as in atratus
but basal “hook’’ with more extensive sclerotization; distal part with sternal spine
shorter and more acute, and with an external slender sharp slightly curved spine
near base sternally. Basolateral sclerotization of proctiger with conspicuous tergal
lobe and without free sternal process.
PUPA. Unknown in Jamaica and not definitely known in Panama. Probably sim-
ilar, at least in general features, to ocossa as figured here (fig. 47) from Guyana
and with the diagnostic characters as indicated in the key. Pupa of ocossa differ-
ing from atratus primarily in the following. Cephalothoracic hairs 5,8-C with fewer
branches, usually triple. Trumpet distinctly flared; tracheoid extending to beyond
middle; pinna longer, including slit about 0.5 of total length. Abdominal hair 1-II,
III weaker, usually with 5 or 6 branches, 1-V,VI usually triple; 5-IV-VI dark, with
heavy densely barbed branches; 6-III-VI usually double, rarely single; 9-VII weak,
usually single; 9-VIII single or apically forked, located at tip of distinct caudo-
lateral process; 1-I[X strongly developed. Paddle conspicuously infuscated on apex
of external surface and nearly all of internal; only hair 1-P developed.
LARVA. Unknown in Jamaica and not definitely known in Panama. Probably
similar, at least in general features, to ocossa as figured here (fig. 46) from Guyana
and with the diagnostic characters as indicated in the key. Larva of ocossa differ-
94 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ing from atratus primarily in the following. Head: Not as wide; maxillary suture
not extended caudad from posterior tentorial pit. Hairs 4-6-C nearer middle of
head capsule; 3-C strongly developed; 5-C much longer, strongly barbed near mid-
dle. Antenna: Spicules more conspicuous and stronger, especially on distal part.
Thorax: Integument glabrous. Basal tubercles not as strongly developed; larger hairs
usually with very conspicuous long barbs especially near middle. Hair 4-P triple or
double; 7-P usually with 5 branches; 8-P triple. Abdomen: Hair 6-III-VI usually
with 5 branches; 1-III strongly developed, usually with at least 8 branches, 1-IV-VI
usually with at least 6 branches. Segment VIII: Comb scales of 2 types, slender
spatulate fringed scales in 3 irregular rows, the caudal row interspersed with about
6 long spinelike minutely fringed long scales. Hair 2-VIII with much smaller basal
plate. Siphon: Shorter, index about 6.0; slightly upturned. Pecten usually of about
7-12 rather widely spaced teeth, all but the proximal very long and slender and
with dense fringe of very short fine spicules. Subdorsal siphonal hairs only 1 pair,
placed far dorsad, usually with 4 branches. Hair 2-S strong, recurved and with dis-
tinct subbasal recurved branch. Anal Segment: Saddle without marginal spicules.
Hair 2-X usually with 4 or 5 very short branches at base of main shaft. Ventral
brush with 6 pairs of hairs. Gills markedly unequal, upper only about 0.5 of lower,
latter subequal to saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. The record of panocossa from Jamaica is based on a single
male collected by G.A. Thompson in a light trap in Clarendon in February 1945
(Thompson, 1947:78,79) and identified by W.H.W. Komp as aikenii. In the USNM
is a single genitalia slide mount by Thompson marked 450212, originally labelled
atratus by him and corrected in pencil to aikenii by A. Stone. We consider that
this slide is the one examined by Komp and that the pinned specimen is probably
lost. There are 2 other Thompson slides in the USNM collection marked 450212
containing a male pupal skin and fragments of a larval skin which were also origi-
nally marked atratus by Thompson and corrected to aikenii by Stone, probably
in the belief that these were associated with the above mentioned male genitalia.
However, the immature stages are undoubtedly those of atratus. The Thompson
number probably merely refers to the date that the material was either collected
or mounted and does not imply association; associations are indicated in the Thomp-
son material from Jamaica by the addition of an identifying number or letter fol-
lowing the date number.
The male genitalia of the Jamaican specimen are extremely close to those of
panocossa Dyar, 1923 (originally described from Panama) and we are assigning the
Jamaican population to this species. Culex panocossa and ocossa (Dyar & Knab,
1919) have recently been resurrected from synonymy with aikenii (Aiken & Row-
land, 1906) by Belkin (1970b) who also relegated the latter to the status of a
nomen dubium. The 2 species are clearly distinct in the male genitalia as originally
indicated in the description of panocossa by Dyar and as shown by our illustra-
tions (figs. 47,48). At present there is no way of distinguishing the females of the
2 species. The immature stages of panocossa are not definitely known even in the
type locality of Panama. Since they are probably in general similar to those of
ocossa we are providing here brief descriptions and illustrations of the pupa (fig.
47) and the larva (fig. 46) of the latter from the type locality of Georgetown,
Guyana. Hopefully, these figures as well as the characters in the keys based on
ocossa will provide a basis for the identification of panocossa in Jamaica.
BIONOMICS. In Panama the immature stages of panocossa apparently occur in
water collections containing Pistia, in association with ocossa. Nothing is known of
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 95
the breeding sites of this species in Jamaica as the only specimen known, a male,
was collected in a light trap.
DISTRIBUTION. To date panocossa is definitely known only from Panama (type
locality) and Jamaica, but it is very likely that the records of “aikenii’ from Mexico
and Costa Rica also pertain to this species which has a more northern distribution
than ocossa (Panama to Surinam).
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Locality not specified, 1 male genitalia (450212), Feb 1945, G.A.
Thompson [USNM].
Subgenus MICRAEDES
25. Culex (Micr.) arawak Berlin
Figs. 34,48
1970. Culex (Micraedes) arawak Berlin, 1970:37-38. TYPE: Holotype male (KO 29-19) with
genitalia slide (680626-4), Moneague (St. Ann), Jamaica, 1943, R.B. Hill [USNM].
Culex (Aedinus) bisulcatus in part of Porter (1967:39); Stone (1967:218).
Culex (Aedinus) americanus in part of Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:281).
Culex americanus of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:52).
FEMALE. Unknown; probably similar to male and with palpus about 0.35 of
proboscis length.
MALE. Wing about 3.0 mm. A pale, tan to yellowish species with brown ap-
pendages and abdominal tergites. Head: Decumbent scales all narrow and whitish
except on the sides and lower surface where they are broad. Erect scales pale
brown, long and numerous. Proboscis shorter than forefemur. Palpus slender, about
0.35 of proboscis; 5-segmented, segment 5 minute; without long bristles. Antennal
flagellum with sparse long whorl bristles. Thorax: Mesonotal integument tan; scales
narrow, pale brown to tan. Mesonotal bristles all developed, including acrostichals
which extend to prescutellar space. Paratergite bare. Scutellar lobes with narrow
tan scales. Pleural integument pale tan to yellowish; scales apparently absent but
possibly a few tan scales may be developed on upper ppn and paler scales on stp
and upper mep; pleural bristles normal for genus but lower mep bristle absent.
Legs: Predominantly with brown scales except for pale scales on coxae and usual
pale surfaces of femora. Claws of foreleg and midleg enlarged, unequal; larger claws
with submedian tooth, smaller simple; hindclaws simple. Wing: Dorsal vein scales
all brown; veins R, and R3 with broadened plume scales near apex. Haltere: Stem
pale, knob with very dark scales. Abdomen: Tergite I apparently with small med-
ian patch of brown scales; laterotergite without scales. Tergites II-VII predomin-
antly with brown scales and with large lateral patches of silvery white scales ex-
tending from base to near apex. Sternites II-VII predominantly pale scaled, distal
segments with some scales dark.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 48). Essentially as in subgenus Melanoconion as des-
cribed for atratus; with the following diagnostic features. Segment IX: Tergite lobe
broad, with 5 or 6 setae and without distal clear portion. Sidepiece: Not as strong-
ly inflated as in Melanoconion; tergal surface with moderately long bristles ex-
tending to near base of proximal division of subapical lobe and with 1 to several
96 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
scattered scales; lateral and sternal surfaces without scales; sternal surface with short
bristles. Subapical lobe not clearly differentiated into divisions, the distal division
appearing as distal sternal appendage of proximal; proximal division prominent,
split apically into 2 equal parts, tergal part with a long narrow saber, sternal with
a flattened rod, a smaller narrow saber arising from base on tergal surface; distal
division with 4 relatively simple setae with slightly hooked apex and | longer seta
with recurved apical barb. Clasper: Relatively simple, slender; a long seta on exter-
nal margin at base; apex with slight snout. Phallosome: Basal “chook” of lateral plate
broadly sclerotized; distal part with long apical process and a long sternolateral
spine at base. Proctiger: Relatively smaller. Basolateral sclerotization with tergal
process nearly meeting its mate on midline. Apex of paraproct with 6 or 7 teeth.
Cercal setae 2, their alveoli confluent.
PUPA. Unknown, but probably as in other members of Bisulcatus Group of sub-
genus as indicated in the key.
LARVA (fig. 34). Conspicuously different from species of Melanoconion; read-
ily separated from other local species of Culex by the stellate hairs of thorax and
abdomen, and by the long spinelike marginal spicules of anal saddle. Chaetotaxy
as figured; not studied in detail. Head: Only slightly wider than long (1.2); ocular
bulge inconspicuous. Lightly pigmented except for darkened postocular spot. La-
brum well differentiated dorsally; labial plate long; maxillary suture straight, com-
plete but extending only short distance caudad of posterior tentorial pit; collar
moderately well developed. Hair 3-C apparently not developed; 4-6-C in anterior
part of head capsule, 5,6-C both branched and longer than antenna; 8,10-C single;
9-C double; 11-C strongly developed; 13-C closer to 12-C than to 11-C; hairs 14,
15-C anterior. Antenna: Short, a little more than 0.5 of head length; shaft slender,
nearly straight, basal part not markedly differentiated except for more conspicu-
ous spicules; pigmentation uniformly light. Hair 1-A near middle. Thorax: Integu-
ment glabrous; tubercle of hairs 1-3-P poorly developed; 3-P relatively long, about
0.6 of 1-P, both branched; 4-P triple; 7-P single; 8-P short and with 4 branches;
14-P single; 0,8-P, 1,13,14-M and 3,13-T stellate. Abdomen: Integument glabrous,
very pale; hairs 1,2,5,7,9,13 stellate on most segments; hair 2 in anterior part of
segment; 6-I quadruple, 6-II single, both long; 6-III-VI shorter, double; 7-I,]] both
long, 7-I double, 7-II triple. Segment VIII: Comb scales slender, simple, fringed
but not spatulate; in 3 irregular rows. Siphon: Very lightly pigmented except for
darkened basal ring and apex; acus attached and with ventral projection; index
about 10.5-12.0. Pecten extending to about 0.35; with about 25 long teeth with
short denticles extending to near apex. Subventral siphonal hairs 4 pairs, usually
with at least 5 branches, progressively shorter caudad; subdorsal hairs 2 pairs, usu-
ally double; hair 2-S slightly recurved and with small subbasal branch. Anal Seg-
ment: Saddle complete, very lightly pigmented; caudal margin with long spines,
some branched apically; hair 1-X single; 2-X usually triple. Ventral brush with 5
pairs of hairs, all on grid with distinct lateral bar not attached to saddle. Gills nar-
row, long, about 3.0 of dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. This is an endemic species of the Bisulcatus Group that in the
past has been reported as americanus (Neveu-Lemaire, 1902). The association of
the male and the larva is presumptive only and the pupa is unknown as no indi-
vidual rearings have been made. However, it is very probable that only 1 species
of the group is present on the island and that the male and the larva are correctly
associated. These are readily separated from the other 2 species of the group as
indicated by Berlin (1970): antillummagnorum Dyar, 1928 from Cuba, Hispaniola
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 97
(Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and bisulcatus (Coquil-
lett, 1906) from the Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles from St. Croix to St. Lucia.
Culex arawak is the only representative of the subgenus Micraedes on Jamaica.
This subgenus, formerly lumped into Aedinus of Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:
281-282), shows some affinities with Melanoconion but can be distinguished from
it by the characters indicated in the keys. For more details, the recent revision of
Berlin (1970) should be consulted.
BIONOMICS. We did not succeed in rearing either of the 2 larvae we obtained
in separate collections (763,772) in the vicinity of Moneague in epiphytic brome-
liads where they were associated with Aedes (H.) walkeri, Aedes (H.) grabhami,
Aedes (H.) stenei, Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii, Wyeomyia (W.) stellata and Wyeo-
myia (W.) hirsuta.
Hill and Hill (1948:52, as americanus) collected adults of both sexes on moist
earth in limestone caves near Moneague.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica, where at present it is known only from
the Moneague area.
JAMAICA. St. Ann: Moneague, Jan 1940, W.H. Komp, 13 L [UCLA]; 28 Jan 1943, R.B.
Hill, 1 M [UCLA], 1 M [USNM]. Moneague-Spanish Town Road, bend near mi post 29 (763).
Moneague-Spanish Town Road, near Unity Valley (772).
Material Examined: 17 specimens; 2 males, 15 larvae.
TRIBE MANSONIINI
The tribe Mansoniini is strikingly differentiated from all the Culicinae by unique
adaptive morphological features associated with securing “air”? from plant tissues
in the larva (piercing valves of the siphon) and in the pupa (apical process of trum-
pet). Females of this tribe in Jamaica, as elsewhere in the New World tropics,
appear annectent between the Culicini (truncate abdomen) and the Aedini (pres-
ence of postspiracular bristles). Adults of both sexes in this area can be separated
from those of both other tribes by the presence of only broad plume scales on
the dorsal veins of the wing. These scales are markedly asymmetrical in the gen-
us Mansonia but less so in Coquillettidia, the 2 genera known from the New World
tropics, both represented in Jamaica.
We have seen material of only 3 species of the tribe from Jamaica but have also
included a fourth, flaveola, which has been recently reported from Jamaica (Porter,
1967:40) and could occur on the island.
The genus Coquillettidia is represented in Jamaica by 1 species of the subgenus
Rhynchotaenia. This appears to be nigricans although positive identification can-
not be made on the basis of females, the only known stage for this population.
Since nigricans can be easily confused with ‘“‘venezuelensis”, another species of the
subgenus reported from Central America, we discuss briefly its diagnostic features
under nigricans and have included it in the key to the adults.
In the nominate subgenus of Mansonia we treat 3 species. One of these is un-
doubtedly a member of the fitillans complex and we tentatively assign it to this
species. The second species, formerly reported as indubitans, we describe as a new
species, dyari, since it differs markedly from populations of what appears to be
true indubitans from Trinidad, Surinam and the Amazon basin. Mansonia flaveola,
originally described from St. Thomas, Virgin Islands and known primarily from
Puerto Rico, can be easily confused with ftitillans and may occur in the Greater
Antilles including Jamaica.
98 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Identifications of Neotropical Mansoniini have been based in the past to a large
extent on the male and female genitalia and many species are currently reported
to have extremely wide distributions. It appears to us that there are many more
species than currently recognized and that many of these have rather restricted
distributions. Many of the populations currently regarded conspecific differ mark-
edly in details of the male genitalia but do not appear to show significant differences
in the female. In several instances, when the immature stages are known, there
are good correlated differences in the larvae and pupae. Unfortunately, at the pres-
ent time associated material of all stages from the type localities of most described
species is lacking and it is very difficult, if not impossible, to apply the available
names correctly.
The Jamaican material of the tribe is very limited, fragmentary and in very poor
condition. However, owing to the efforts of G.A. Thompson, all the stages of fitil-
lans and dyari are known and the pupa and adults of both sexes have been assoc-
iated through rearings for the latter.
The immature stages of the Mansoniini are rarely collected or seen since they
are attached to plants below the water surface and only the pupa comes to the
surface for the emergence of the adult. They also require special treatment for
rearing. Belkin, Hogue et al (1965:34,35,58) have described methods for the col-
lection and rearing of the immature stages of the Mansoniini. Adults of some spec-
ies are notorious pests at least in the vicinity of their breeding sites which are pri-
marily stagnant bodies of water such as lakes, ponds and swamps.
KEYS TO GENERA AND SPECIES
ADULTS
1. Femora with a conspicuous preapical white band on anterior surface (Coquil-
lettidia, subg. Rhynchotaenia); wing without speckling of pale scales . . 2
Femora conspicuously speckled with dark and light scales but without dis-
tinct preapical white band on anterior surface; wing distinctly speckled
with pale scales WMansonia, subg. Mansonia)
Coquille ttidia
2(1). Tibiae dark on anterior surface Pie for preapical light band
— 26. nigricans
Tibiae speckled with light spots on anterior surface (see nigricans) .
‘venezuelensis”
Mansonia
OL) Males. 8 ee a sa os See Key. to Male Genitalia
CS i i i es GS, Gee pg
4(3). Palpus about 0.5 of proboscis; labium without distinct postmedian white
dorsal band; casein’ scaling of abdominal tergites light to dark cop-
pery . i es «puede Maveola
Palpus about 0. 35 or ‘Jess of proboscis; labium with a small but distinct
postmedian white dorsal band; predominant scaling of abdominal tergites
SE) C010, eR RUSE EOS are ea ee eer et en er Oe
5(4).
2(1).
3{2).
el).
3(2).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 99
Apex of tergite VII with row of short dark spiniforms; ventral surface of
labium predominantly dark scaled, without distinct broad pale band; elon-
gate scales of supraalar area of mesonotum with simple apex .
o2e: titillans
Apex of tergite VIL without r row v of short dark spiniforms: ventral surface
of labium with pale band from about 0.25 to 0.65; elongate scales of
supraalar area of mesonotum with forked apex ... . . . .29. dyari
MALE GENITALIA
Coquille ttidia
Tergite IX sclerotized, lobe with setae; claspette with apical setae longer
than body; cercal setae absent (Coquillettidia, subg. Rhynchotaenia) .
26. nigricans
Terzite IX menibsanaus, without setae: aspetic a ‘apical spiniform short-
er than body; cercal setae present (Vansonia, subg. Mansonia) ... .2
Mansonia
Sidepiece capitate distally, its outer apical tergal area with numerous long,
narrow Striated scales . . . pa BSL ayant
Sidepiece gradually slightly tapering distally, its outer apical tergal area with
simple setae only — 2... see aes On ee
Free portion of claspette projecting dorsomesad; external margin of clasper
smooth and even in outline; integument dark . . .. . . . 27. titillans
Free portion of claspette projecting directly caudad; external margin of
clasper with a distinct angle; integument light. . . . . . .28. flaveola
PUPAE
Coquille ttidia
Hair 6 absent on abdominal segments I-VI; distal portion of apical process
of trumpet with conspicuous “‘villi” (Coquillettidia, subg. Rhynchotaenia),
trumpet index over 12.0. . . . 26. nigricans
Hair 6 present on abdominal segments I-VI: distal portion of apical process
of trumpet without conspicuous “‘villi”’ (Mansons. subg. Mansonia); trum-
Det Inde "hese tna Ce ee ee ee ee
Mansonia
All dorsal abdominal hairs short and relatively weak; paddle very broad,
index less than 2.0... . . . . 28. flaveola
Some dorsal abdominal hairs, especially {, 3 and 5, stnor aly developed and
long; paddle narrower, index distinctly more than ee ee
Trumpet broad, index about 6.0; paddle Siicuee broad, index about 2.5.
, . 27. titillans
Trumpet slender, index about 10. 0: paddle r narrow, index over 3. ie
ans dyari
100 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
LARVAE
Coquillettidia
ie Distal part of antenna (beyond hairs 2,3-A) at least 2.0 of basal, practically
colorless; 2,3-A very short; head capsule width subequal to length (Coquil-
lettidia, cube, Rhynchotaenia). . . . 26. nigricans
Distal part of antenna (beyond hairs 2 3-A) subequal to or shorter than
proximal, distinctly pigmented; 2,3-A of same order of magnitude as dis-
tal part of antenna; head capsule width sania paar than length
(Mansonia, subg. Mansonia). . ..... . auetest
Mansonia
2(1). Ventral brush with 4 pairs of hairs on grid — 3-VIII — double; 1-S
usually with 4 branches). . . . . . . 27. titillans
Ventral brush with 3 pairs of hairs on erid Sudan ML atest. So 3
3(2). Dorsal comb scales long; spinelike; hairs 3-VIII and 1-S both single :
eee. feweuks
All omit scales short aid broad; hairs 3-VIII anid 1-S both multiple . 29. dyari
GENUS COQUILLETTIDIA
26. Coquillettidia (Rhyn.) nigricans (Coquillett)
Figs. 49,50
1904. Taeniorhynchus nigricans Coquillett, 1904:166-167. TYPE: Lectotype female, Panama,
18 Apr 1904, J.W. Ross [USNM, 7943; designation of Stone and Knight, 1957c:198].
1909. Bancroftia persephassa Dyar and Knab, 1909b:254. TYPE: Holotype female, San Anton-
io de Los Banos (La Habana), Cuba, J.H. Pazos [USNM, 12118]. Synonymy with nigri-
cans by Dyar (1921a:31).
Coquillettidia (Rhynchotaenia) nigricans of Ronderos and Bachmann (1963a:51, in part); Stone
(1967:204); Porter (1967:37).
Mansonia (Rhynchotaenia) nigricans in part of Dyar (1918d:113-114; 1921a:30- 31; 1925b:41;
1925c:151-152; 1928:258); Edwards (1932:117); Lane (1953:61 5-616); Perez Vigueras (1956:
451-452); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:107); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:37).
Mansonia nigricans of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:511-512); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:
50); Thompson (1947:79); Horsfall (1955:376).
Taeniorhynchus (Rhynchotaenia) nigricans in part of Castro and Bressanello (1952:233- 234)...
Taeniorhynchus (Coquillettidia) nigricans of Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925 :330).
Taeniorhynchus nigricans of Coquillett (1906b: 24).
Orthopodomyia persephassa of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:886-887).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.0 mm. Small blackish species with proboscis, femora,
tibiae and tarsi banded with white; mesonotum golden scaled in middle; wing dark
scaled. Head: Decumbent scales all light, pale yellowish in middle, whitish laterally;
erect scales light in middle in front, dark posteriorly and laterally. Labium with
broad submedian white band; labella light brown. Palpus tipped with a few white
scales. Torus with large mesal patch of short broad pale golden scales. Thorax:
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 101
Mesonotal scaling sparse, predominantly pale golden in the middle, dark bronzy
scales primarily in fossa, outer posterior dorsocentral and prescutellar lines, pos-
terior part of acrostichal line, and in front and above wing root. Midlobe of scutel-
lum with pale golden scales; lateral lobes without scales. Pleural scaling restricted
to apn, stp and mep, pale golden to whitish, narrow on apn, broad elsewhere; stp
with large upper scale patch and a small. lower; mep with single large patch caudad
of anterior median bristles. Legs: Coxae with dark scales except for a few light
ones at base of patch. Anterior surface of all femora entirely dark scaled except
for light apex and a white preapical band and a more or less distinct subbasal band
on midleg and hindleg; posterior surface with light streak from near base to near
preapical light band. Foretibia and midtibia dark except for postmedian or pre-
apical light band or spot, a few pale scales apically and a light posterior streak
from near base to light ring; hindtibia with only a preapical and a narrow apical
light ring. All tarsi with narrow light rings on base of all segments and a few light
scales on apex of segments 1-3, occasionally also apex of segment 4. Wing: Dorsal
plume scales all broad, slightly asymmetrical; all dorsal scales dark except for a
very small patch of light ones at base of vein R beyond remigium. Haltere: Entirely
light, including scales of knob. Abdomen: Laterotergite without scales. Tergites
with dark scales except for basolateral white patches on segments II-VIII, larger
and more conspicuous on V-VII. Sternites with creamy scales at base and dark
distally.
MALE. Not known for Jamaican population; described from Panamanian speci-
mens. Essentially similar to female in coloration. Palpus exceeding proboscis by
about length of segment 5 which is drooping; dark scaled except for broad pale
bands at base of segments 2 and 3 and narrow pale bands at base of 4 and 5; with
long ventrolateral bristles from apex of segment 3 through 5.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 49). Not known for Jamaican population; described
and figured from Panamanian specimens. Segment VIII: Tergite about 0.75 length
of sternite, setae of middorsal surface restricted to distal 0.35. Segment IX: Ter-
gite very long and conspicuous, projecting cephalad much more than sternite; its
caudal border with a conspicuous small median lobe; lateral tergal lobes separated
by distance subequal to width of median lobe, each lobe usually with 7-11 setae,
the median ones shorter and somewhat flattened, outer thin and longer. Sidepiece:
Mesal surface unsclerotized for less than 0.5 distance between apex of claspette
and base of clasper; area distad of unsclerotized area with numerous moderate se-
tae; mesal portion of dorsal surface with numerous shorter, thinner setae; scales
and long setae restricted to apex and lateral and ventrolateral areas. Claspette: Not
connected across midline with its mate, with a long narrow tergal process; with a
short apical tubercle bearing 2 very long, slender, closely appressed, flattened, api-
cally rounded setae. Clasper: Slender except for basal swelling; outer and inner
margins smooth in outline and gradually tapering beyond swelling; dorsal surface
with a thin ledgelike expansion starting beyond basal swelling and extending to
apex; without setae. Spiniform broad, flat, broadly rounded apically; moderately
long and projecting more than 0.5 of its length beyond apex of clasper. Phallo-
some: Aedeagus small, rounded in outline; aedeagal sclerite with 4-6 short denticles
on apex of its dorsomesal projection only. Proctiger: Paraproct strongly sclerotized
and pigmented; its apex with variable number of strong teeth, usually 3. Cercal
setae absent.
PUPA (fig. 49). Nat known for Jamaican population; described and figured from
Panamanian specimens. Chaetotaxy as figured but extremely variable and unstable;
102 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
hairs usually all single but occasionally some of the smaller hairs with irregular
terminal branches; some of the hairs frequently represented by alveoli only or
completely absent. Cephalothorax: Lightly pigmented. Only hairs 6-9-C moderate-
ly developed; 1-3-C apparently all absent; 4,5-C very difficult to see, apparently
sometimes absent. Trumpet: Very long, slender, index over 12.0; heavily pigmen-
ted except for light bulb and apical process. Distal part without tracheoid, form-
ing an inconspicuous bulb. Meatus nearly straight. Apical process slender, weakly
sclerotized; its basal 0.5 within a conspicuous funnel (representing walls of pinna)
projecting from bulb; its distal.0.5 free, projecting beyond funnel, bearing num-
erous conspicuous “‘villi’’. Basal tubercle strongly developed. Metanotum and Ab-
domen: Moderately unevenly pigmented. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of abdomen
with minute sharp spicules which are stronger and more conspicuous distally. Cau-
dolateral angle of tergite VIII produced into acute spinelike process. Sternites II-
VII with conspicuous anterior transverse arcuate ridges extended caudad and de-
limiting central areas. Hair 2 absent on segments II,VII, represented at most by an
alveolus on VI; hair 3 absent on II,VI,VII; hair 6 absent on all segments; hair 8
sometimes absent on VII; hair 9 absent on I; hair 10 absent on II and VI; hair 11
apparently represented by an alveolus on III-VII; other alveoli occasionally present
on II-VII, probably representing transitory hairs 12 and 13. Hair 9-VII very weak
and short, removed ventrolaterally cephalad of caudolateral angle; 9-VIII weak,
dorsal, removed mesad of caudolateral spine. Paddle: Deeply emarginate apically
on inner margin, with outer lobe much longer than inner. Margins with short den- —
ticles, in 1 row on inner margin and several rows on external buttress. Terminal
Segments: Female genital lobe short, with very broad cercus. Male genital lobe
very long; sidepiece case with conspicuous slender apical process.
LARVA (fig. 50). Not known for Jamaican population; partially described and
figured from Panamanian specimens. Complete chaetotaxy not studied; apparently
unstable and extremely variable; most hairs small, very fine, practically unpigmen-
ted and very difficult to locate; usually many hairs broken off in mature larvae.
Head: Head capsule uniformly light yellowish except for darkened collar and a
black spot near base of mouthbrushes. Head capsule about as long as wide; anten-
na inserted a considerable distance caudad of anterior border; labrum not produced
at insertion of hair 1-C. Ventrolateral angle of antennal tubercle without spine.
Maxillary suture interrupted in middle anterior portion, hair 14-C in this position;
15-C distinctly caudad of 14-C near middle of labial plate. Antenna: Distal ‘“‘an-
nulate” part (beyond hairs 2,3-A) more than 2.0 of basal, practically colorless. Ba-
sal part darker than head capsule, without spicules; hair 1-A beyond middle. Tho-
rax: Only lateral and ventrolateral hairs conspicuous, chiefly those of pleural groups.
Abdomen: All hairs inconspicuous, even hair 6 which is apparently single on inter-
mediate segments; usually practically all hairs are broken off in mature larvae. Seg-
ment VIII: Comb scales usually about 10, very slender on attached and free por-
tions, latter consisting of a single simple spine; frequently a short thin spine pro-
jecting from base below the principal spine. Hairs 3-5-VIII in a compact group. Si-
phon: Body of siphon moderately pigmented except for darkened basal ring. Hair
I-S inserted on preapical ridge. Anal Segment: Saddle moderately pigmented ex-
cept for narrow darkened basal ring. One accessory saddle hair (x-X) present in
addition to 1-X on saddle. Ventral brush with 5 pairs of hairs on strongly devel-
oped grid; hairs strongly flattened, apparently double. Gills slender, pointed; slight-
ly shorter than saddle.
SYSTEMATICS. The identification of the Jamaican population of the subgenus
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 103
Rhynchotaenia as nigricans is based entirely on females. Although these females
are extremely similar in ornamentation to topotypic females from Panama, posi-
tive identification can be made only after discovery of the male and immature
stages. For the present we are describing these stages for topotypic nigricans from
Panama from material kindly provided by M.M. Boreham.
We have seen females of nigricans similar to the Panamanian and Jamaican pop-
ulations from Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Coquillettidia nigricans has been
reported also from Cuba, El Salvador, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia
and Argentina (Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959:107). In view of the marked dif-
ference in the aedeagus of the topotypic population of nigricans from that des-
cribed and figured by Lane and Coutinho (1940:593,595) for neivai, it seems high-
ly improbable that these 2 forms are conspecific as believed by Lane (1951:335)
and it would appear that neivai is a distinct species with a South American distri-
bution extending possibly as far north as Venezuela.
Another species of the subgenus Rhynchotaenia that could easily be confused
with nigricans is venezuelensis (Theobald, 1912) which has a wide reported distri-
bution in Central and South America. Females of this complex we have examined
from Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica frequently lack light scales at the base
of vein C and could be mistaken for nigricans. However, they are readily separated
from it by the speckled tibiae and the presence of some light speckling on the an-
terior surface of the femora. This form, which appears to be distinct from topo-
typic venezuelensis, may possibly occur in the Greater Antilles.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of nigricans have not been collected in Ja-
maica. Larvae are said to attach to roots of sedges that form floating islands in
Gatun Lake in the Canal Zone (Dyar, 1925c:151).
A few females have been collected on animals or in light traps in Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION. Panama (type locality); probably Mexico, Guatemala, El Sal-
vador, Honduras, Cuba and Jamaica; other records in literature doubtful except
possibly from Colombia and Venezuela.
JAMAICA. Probably more widespread than reported. Clarendon: Locality not specified, Feb
1945, G.A. Thompson (Thompson, 1947:79). St. Elizabeth: Black River, 2 mi E (794). Luana
(357,358). Maggotty (792A). St. Thomas: Bath, R.B. Hill, 1944 (50-35) [USNM].
Material Examined: 12 females.
GENUS MANSONIA
27. Mansonia (M.) titillans (Walker)
Figs. 50,51
1848. Culex titillans Walker, 1848:5. TYPE: Holotype female, with genitalia on slide, Brazil,
presented by Mrs. J.P.G. Smith [BM].
Mansonia (M.) titillans in part (?) of Dyar (1918d:112; 1928:254-255); Shannon (1931:151);
Edwards (1932:116); Matheson (1944:246-247); Pratt (1945:121-129; 1953:15); Carpenter,
Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:124-127); Lane (1953:594-597); Carpenter and LaCasse
(1955:107-109); Perez Vigueras (1956:453-461); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:106); Ron-
deros and Bachmann (1963a:48; 1963b:61; 1964:1-8); Forattini (1965b:70-76); Montchadsky
and Garcia (1966:37); Porter (1967:37).
Mansonia titillans in part (?) of Theobald (1903a:273; 1905a:33-34; 1905b:31); Coquillett (1906b:
25); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:516-521); Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:73); King,
104 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Bradley and McNeel (1944:58); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:50-51); Thompson (1947:79);
Perez Vigueras (1948:298-300); Horsfall (1955:380-381).
Taeniorhynchus (T.) titillans in part (2) of Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:316-320); Lima
(1935:464-466); Barretto and Coutinho (1944:57-59). |
FEMALE (fig. 51). Wing about 4.0 mm. Medium-sized brown to dark brown
species lightly to moderately speckled with white and whitish scales on labium,
palpus, wing, femora, tibiae and tarsal segments 1, and abdomen; tarsi with small
but conspicuous dorsal basal white bands on all segments except on 5 of foreleg
and midleg; labium with a narrow dorsal white band at apical third. Head: Decum-
bent scales narrow, whitish or pale golden on disc; broader and white on sides and
along lower part of ocular border. Erect scales dark, very numerous, present on
nearly all of disc and sides. Proboscis slightly longer than forefemur. Labium pre-
dominantly dark scaled throughout, lightly to moderately speckled with whitish
scales; with conspicuous narrow dorsal white band on apical third. Palpus about
0.35 of proboscis; segment 4 minute, white, without scales; segment 3 (long “‘ter-
minal” segment) a little more than 2.0 of club-shaped segment 2; without scales
on ventral and inner surfaces, predominantly dark scaled on dorsal and outer sur-
faces, with scattered whitish and white scales, scaling shaggy on segment 2. Anten-
na subequal in length to proboscis; base of flagellar segments whitish, strongly con-
trasting with dark color of remainder; torus with a few small scales, both dark and
light, on mesal surface; flagellar segment 1 with a few small dark scales on mesal
surface. Thorax: Mesonotal scales all narrow, curved, short, except for large patch
among supraalar bristles and smaller patch at end of dorsocentral row of bristles
where they are very long and outstanding; predominantly dark bronzy but with
some lighter, whitish to golden brown scales present, primarily on anterior pro-
montory, supraalar area, and around prescutellar area. Mesonotal bristles very num-
erous, all rows strongly represented; fossa with several bristles. Scutellum with whit-
ish to golden narrow scales on all lobes. Paratergite very poorly developed, bare.
Pleural scaling sparse, usually restricted to apn, ppn, ppl and stp; scales narrow
and pale golden on apn and ppn; pale golden and broader on ppl; whitish or white
and broad in small patch on upper stp and along lower posterior stp; sometimes a
few scales on pst similar to those on ppl, a few elongate whitish scales in upper
mep. Mesepimeron with 3 or more middle anterior bristles in addition to large up-
per mep patch; psp bristles numerous. Legs: Coxae and trochanters with light and
dark scales. Femora speckled with light scales against a background of dark scales
except for a narrow pale dorsal streak on foreleg and predominantly pale posterior
surfaces of midleg and hindleg; very small pale knee spots more or less distinct on
all femora. Tibiae predominantly dark with some pale scaling on all surfaces, ex-
cept ventral surface which is paler especially on foreleg. Tarsi as described above;
white markings sometimes forming complete rings on segments 2-4 at least on hind-
legs. Wing: Dorsal plume scales all broad and distinctly asymmetrical; predomin-
antly dark but with scattering of whitish scales throughout. Haltere: Stem pale,
knob dark scaled. Abdomen: Laterotergite bare. Tergite I with small median patch
of pale scales; tergites II-VII predominantly dark scaled, with more or less numer-
ous pale (dingy white or yellowish) scales laterally and more or less conspicuous
short apicolateral transverse border of white scales; on tergite II usually a varied
apical transverse band of pale scales. Sternites II-VII with irregular and variable
mixture of dark and pale scales. Tergite VII with a long apical arcuate row of short
dark spiniforms. Tergite VIII with about 8 (6-9) of the heavy spiniforms of the
apical row clumped together at the midline.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 105
MALE. In general similar in ornamentation to female except for more extensive
pale scaling of the abdomen and tarsi. Palpus in general similar to that described
for dyari except pale scaling other than basal white bands more yellowish.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 51). Described and figured from 1 Jamaican specimen,
compared with Central American material. Essentially as described and figured by
Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:107-108). Segment VIII: Tergite with single apical
row of 8-10 specialized thickened setae with flared apex with 2-5 forks. Segment
IX: Tergite poorly developed, median part unsclerotized except for complete or
incomplete narrow caudal bridge. Sidepiece: Elongate; mesal margin nearly straight,
without any indication of distal swelling; distinctly differentiated narrow mesal
membrane from apex of sessile part of claspette to base of clasper; tergoapical
area with a few simple setae of varied size; apical sternomesal area with a few mod-
erate and short simple setae; tergomesal margin with 5-9 thin setae in basal 0.5. A
row of 3 or more very heavy, long, nearly straight bristles at base of tergal surface
laterally; other strong bristles laterally near base and sternolaterally near apex. Scales
numerous, restricted to lateral and ventral surfaces. Claspette: Greater part sessile
on sidepiece, including a sternal sclerotization meeting its mate on midline, a ter-
gal sclerotization extending towards mesal basal angle of sidepiece, and a broader
caudal sclerotization extending in basal mesal membrane of sidepiece. Free distal
portion of claspette short, projecting dorsomesad, appearing swollen on mesal mar-
gin; usually with 1 heavy apical spiniform, sometimes with 1 additional short ad-
jacent somewhat thickened seta. Clasper: Inserted at apex of sternal margin of
sidepiece. Base not markedly swollen; distal part gradually and only moderately
bent dorsad; tapering very gradual except on apical 0.2. External margin even in
outline. Dorsal surface with short, broad, flat, apically rounded ledge arising in
basal 0.4 and not reaching apex of body of clasper. Spiniform short, projecting
for less than 0.5 of its length beyond apex of clasper. Phallosome: Aedeagus wid-
ened and broadly rounded distally, without any lateral process and with lateral
plates joined apically across midline in distal 0.13-0.2. Proctiger: Very long; broad
at base and distinctly constricted laterally near middle when viewed in resting posi-
tion; with conspicuous dorsal spiculose membranous lobe on each side developed
from basolateral sclerotization just ventrad of tergite IX. Ventrolateral part of para-
proct sclerotization twisted near middle to form the lateral constriction; apex of
paraproct with 1 heavy apical spine. Cercal setae about 6-8, usually all short.
PUPA (fig. 51). Chaetotaxy as figured; hairs usually all single except 9-VII, VIII;
occasionally some normally single hairs with 1 or 2 irregular short branches or
barbs. Cephalothorax: Evenly moderately to lightly pigmented. All normal hairs
present but only 8,9-C easily seen. Trumpet: Short, index about 6.0 or less; darkly
pigmented and contrasting. Tracheoid extending on posterior (convex) surface to
level of base of apical process so that no bulb is differentiated. Meatus moderately
curved with convex outline posterior. Apical process strongly curved laterad in dis-
tal part; its base very broad, with a solid envelope around the more heavily sclero-
tized central core; funnel (representing walls of pinna) inconspicuous, very shal-
low throughout and extending to beyond middle; distal free part heavily sclero-
tized, covered with densely packed minute, apparently branched spicules. Basal
tubercle very prominent. Metanotum and Abdomen: Pigmentation moderate, even
or uneven, somewhat darker caudad. Spiculation inconspicuous. Caudolateral angle
of segment VIII not produced. Sternites without conspicuous transverse ridges.
Hair 2 present on segments I-VII; hair 3 absent only on VII; hair 6 absent only on
VII; hair 8 absent on II; hair 9 absent on I; hair 10 apparently absent on II; hair
106 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
11 present only on VII, apparently not represented even by an alveolus on other
segments. Hair 9-VII,VIII strongly developed, branched; at caudolateral angle of
segments, ventral not dorsal as shown on figure. Dorsal hairs strongly developed,
1 and 5 longer than tergites following on II-VI; ventral hairs weak and difficult
to see. Paddle: Moderately broad, index about 2.5 or less. Shallowly emarginate
apically on inner margin, only outer lobe developed. Margins with sharp denticles.
Terminal Segments: Female genital lobe short, details invisible in material at hand.
Male genital lobe less than 0.5 of paddle length; apex of sidepiece case with slight
process.
LARVA (fig. 50). Complete chaetotaxy not studied. Most hairs strongly devel-
oped and easy to see. Head: Head capsule uniformly moderately pigmented except
for darkened collar and a blackish spot near base of mouthbrushes. Head capsule
distinctly wider than long; antenna inserted far forward; labrum distinctly pro-
duced at base of hair 1-C. Ventrolateral angle of antennal tubercle with long sharp
spine. Maxillary suture complete; hair 15-C only slightly caudad of level of 14-C.
Antenna: Distal part (beyond hairs 2,3-A) very inconspicuously “annulate”, sub-
equal in length to basal part, moderately pigmented and easy to see. Basal part
more heavily pigmented, especially at base; spicules distinct. Hair 1-A multiple,
branches barbed; inserted before middle, at end of widened proximal part. Hairs
2,3-A single, slightly longer than distal part of antenna. Thorax: Not studied. Ab-
domen: Hair 6 long and single on segments I-VI. Segment VIII: Comb scales usual-
ly about 8; dorsal in form of long slender spines with fine fringes at base only;
ventral with shorter main spine with secondary basal spine; occasionally | very
short broad apically fringed scale. Hairs 3-5-VIII widely separated; 3-VIII usually
double, distinctly barbed and not flattened. Siphon: Body of siphon slightly pig-
mented. Hair 1-S usually with 4 or 5 branches, simple, not flattened and without
distinct barbs; inserted a short distance basad of preapical ridge. Anal Segment:
Saddle strongly pigmented. Accessory saddle hairs (x-X) absent. Hair 1-X short,
simple, usually with 6 branches; branches of dorsal brush hairs (2,3-X) simple, not
flattened or barbed. Ventral brush (4-X) with 4 pairs of hairs on strong grid, all
with simple branches except 4d-X whose branches are flattened distally; 4 precra-
tal hairs, all usually double, the proximal with slight flattening of branches distally.
SYSTEMATICS. Our assignment of the Jamaican population to fitillans is only
tentative as we have not seen topotypic material of this species from Brazil. Man-
sonia titillans in the current sense may be a complex of at least 2 forms judging
by the flattened hair 3-VIII and uniformly long comb scales of the larva and dif-
ferent trumpet and paddle of the pupa from Argentina figured by Ronderos and
Bachman (1963b:59) and slight but constant differences in the male genitalia of
specimens from that area examined by us. However, these differences may be cli-
nal or strictly local.
The Jamaican population of titillans is apparently similar to those we have seen
from the United States (Florida), Cuba, Antigua, St. Lucia, Mexico, El Salvador,
Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Guyana, but not all critical stages were available
for comparison for all these populations.
Characteristic of the titillans complex is the shape of the male clasper as des-
cribed and figured here. An interesting feature of the larva is the presence of 4
pairs of hairs on the grid of the ventral brush. This feature is also found in a new
species found recently in Panama by M.M. Boreham as well as in true indubitans
from South America and Trinidad (see dyari).
BIONOMICS. According to Hill and Hill (1948:49) the favorite host plant for
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 107
the attachment of the larvae and pupae of fitillans is the water hyacinth (Lich-
hornia crassipes). Our only collections of immature stages (227,361,789) were all
made in the same small shallow grassy semipermanent swamp with rice plants,
sedges and herbaceous vegetation. Pratt (1953:17) records collecting pupae of ti-
tillans from the roots of a Pontederia-like plant with purplish flowers in Clarendon
on 11 Jan 1946 in company with G.A. Thompson.
Females of titillans bite man readily in Jamaica and have been collected also in
animal-baited traps and light traps. An unidentified virus was recovered from fitil-
lans in Milk River, Clarendon, in Sept 1962 (L.S. Grant, personal communication).
DISTRIBUTION. Brazil (type locality); reported from the southern U.S.A. (Flor-
ida and Texas) all the way to Argentina; as indicated under systematics above it is
doubtful that all these populations are conspecific. A form apparently similar to
the one found in Jamaica occurs in Florida, Mexico, Central America, Panama,
Greater and Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and the Guianas.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Rhymesbury and probably other localities, Jan 1945-Jan 1946, G.A.
Thompson, 1 M, 14 F, 7 L, 4 P [USNM; UCLA]. South Clarendon, May 1944, A.E. Pritchard,
1 L [USNM]. Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry (703). Kingston and vicinity, various dates, M.
Grabham, 7 F [USNM]. St Catherine: Rio Cobre Valley (914). St. James: Unspecified locality
(Hill and Hill, 1948:51). St. Thomas: Grants Pen (874). Westmoreland: Crab Pond Bay (359).
Petersville (227,361,789).
Material Examined: 75 specimens; 1 male, 25 females, 45 larvae, 4 pupae; no individual rear-
ings.
28. Mansonia (M.) flaveola (Coquillett)
Figs. 50,52
1906. Taeniorhynchus flaveolus Coquillett, 1906a:182. TYPE: Holotype male, St. Thomas,
Virgin Islands, Aug 1905, A. Busck [USNM, 8288].
Mansonia (M.) flaveola in part (?) of Shannon (1934:107); Pratt (1945:121-129; 1953:14); Lane
(1953:598-600); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:106); Ronderos and Bachmann (1963a:
48; 1963b:57, possible synonym of pseudotitillans; 1964:6-7); Porter (1967:37).
Mansonia flaveola of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:521-523).
Taeniorhynchus (T.) flaveolus in part (?) of Lima (1935:461-463); Barretto and Coutinho (1944:
62-64).
Taeniorhynchus flaveolus of Coquillett (1906b:24); Theobald (1910:432; questions generic place-
ment).
Taeniorhynchus (T.)} titillans var. flaveolus of Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:320).
Mansonia (M.) titillans in part of Dyar (1918d:112; 1925c:151; 1928:254-255); Edwards (1932:
116).
FEMALE (fig. 52). Wing about 4.5 mm. Described from Puerto Rican popula-
tion. General size and appearance of ftitillans as described except for less contrast
between dark and light scaling and with the following conspicuous differences.
Head: Orbital line of narrow decumbent scales better differentiated, with whitish or
white scales instead of yellowish. Proboscis a little shorter than forefemur. Labium
without dorsal white band in apical third; scaling varied from predominantly dark
to predominantly light; light scaling light dingy yellow to light coppery. Palpus
‘distinctly longer, about 0.5 of proboscis; usually more extensively pale; minute
apical segment distinctly longer. Thorax: Mesonotum with narrow pale scales more
108 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
numerous and white or whitish. Scales of apn and ppn broader and whitish. Legs:
More extensively pale, sometimes femora, tibiae and tarsal segments | predomin-
antly pale, speckled with dark scales. At least basal 0.5 of hindtarsal segment 1
whitish; basal light scaling of tarsal segments 2-4 (2 and 3 on foreleg) more exten-
sive, forming complete whitish rings, variable in size but usually at least 0.3 of
segment length on segments 3 and 4 on midleg and foreleg. Wing: Dorsal pale scal-
ing somewhat more extensive. Abdomen: Tergites II-VII predominantly with dingy
light to dark coppery scales with variable patches of bronzy scales basolaterally,
particularly on segments II and III and sometimes basally across entire tergite on
III; apicolateral light scales very few and dingy white. Sternites II-VI predomin-
antly with dingy white scales. Tergites VII and VIII with spiniforms essentially as
in fitillans.
MALE. Described from Puerto Rican populations. Essentially similar to female
except for somewhat lighter scaling throughout. Palpus essentially as in titillans but
scaling and bristles much paler.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 52). Described and figured from Puerto Rican speci-
mens. In general similar to fitillans as described above but with the following diag-
nostic features; integument very pale. Segment VIII: Specialized setae not as strong-
ly differentiated, more slender, with longer apical forks; in an uneven apical med-
ian patch and scattered in apical 0.3 of tergite. Sidepiece: Without distinct differ-
entiation of a mesal membrane. Claspette: Free portion somewhat longer and pro-
jecting dorsocaudad not dorsomesad, not appearing swollen in resting position. Clas-
per: Broader in proximal part which is nearly straight after initial strong basal
curvature; external margin with distinct postmedian angle, beyond which apical
portion is gradually tapered; dorsal ledge submedian in origin, with broad basal
part and narrow thumblike distal part. Phallosome: Aedeagus nearly circular in
outline. Proctiger: Narrower and with less conspicuous median lateral constriction;
dorsal lobe of basolateral sclerotization with few to no spicules; ventrolateral sclero-
tization broader at base and less twisted distally.
PUPA (fig. 52). Described and figured from 1 Puerto Rican specimen. Chaeto-
taxy as figured. In general similar to ftitillans as described above except for follow-
ing conspicuous diagnostic features. Trumpet somewhat shorter. Abdominal pig-
mentation lighter; dorsal hairs much weaker and shorter, none exceeding 0.6 of
length of tergite following. Paddle distinctly broader, index less than 2.0; apical
emargination shallower; marginal denticles weaker.
LARVA (fig. 50). Described from 1 Puerto Rican specimen for details of head
and terminal segments only. In general as described for titillans above except for
following striking differences. Head: Lighter in color. Spine of antennal tubercle
longer and more slender. Segment VIIJ: Comb with 2 dorsal scales long and spine-
like and 4 much shorter scales with short apical and weaker basal denticles. Hair
3-VIII single; 4,5-VIII shorter and with more numerous branches. Siphon: Lighter
in color. Hair 1-S inserted a greater distance from preapical ridge, single and dis-
tinctly flattened. Anal Segment: Saddle lighter in color; a pitlike sense organ dor-
sad of subbasal precratal hair. Ventral brush with only 3 pairs of hairs on grid;
hair 1-X weaker; dorsal brush hairs (2,3-X) and ventral brush hairs (4-X) with few-
er branches, these as well as the unbranched precratal hairs all distinctly flattened.
SYSTEMATICS. The material of flaveola we have studied is all from the main
island of Puerto Rico and the islet of Isla Verde, north of San Juan, Puerto Rico.
There is no reason to doubt the conspecificity of these populations with topo-
typic flaveola from St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands which is located on the same
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 109
submarine rise as Puerto Rico and is only about 40 miles from its eastern end.
Apparently no additional topotypic material has been collected and a recent search
by M.M. Boreham on St. Thomas proved negative.
The name flaveola is hardly descriptive of the general coloration of the females
of this species from Puerto Rico. The general appearance of these females is not
markedly different from titillans although as pointed out in the description, the
light speckling of the legs is more extensive and the predominant color of the ab-
dominal tergites is coppery (light to dark). The males tend to be lighter in color,
with more yellowish abdominal tergal scaling.
We have not been able to locate the source for the record of flaveola from
Jamaica by Porter (1967:40) but it is quite possible that this species occurs on
the island as well as elsewhere in the West Indies and has been confused with fitil-
lans. The only material we have seen from elsewhere than Puerto Rico and St.
Thomas that can be assigned with some doubt to flaveola is from Panama (cour-
tesy of M.M. Boreham).
The most characteristic feature of the female of flaveola is the relatively long
palpus. Populations with this feature and a distinct yellow color have been reported
as flaveola from South America (Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia and
Argentina). Although these populations undoubtedly belong to the flaveola com-
plex, their conspecifity with it is questionable. The palpus of the few females
we have seen from the Lower (Brazil) and Upper (Peru) Amazon [USNM] is con-
siderably longer than in the Carribean flaveola. The male genitalia from the Lower
Amazon are quite similar to typical flaveola in general features but the material is
not adequate for detailed comparison. The status of the South American ‘“‘flaveola”’
population cannot be determined without study of the immature stages, which
have not been described, but it seems very unlikely that they will prove to be con-
specific with typical flaveola.
BIONOMICS. Larvae and pupae of flaveola were collected in Puerto Rico on
the roots of water spoon (Hydromystria stolonifera) on 19 Sept 1943 (Pratt, 1945:
121). Adults of flaveola have been taken in light traps in Puerto Rico.
DISTRIBUTION. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (type locality), Puerto Rico and
possibly Panama; the record from Jamaica (Porter, 1967:40) has not been con-
firmed but this species may occur on the island. Other records of flaveola, from
South America, probably pertain to a different species.
JAMAICA. No material seen.
29. Mansonia (M.) dyari, n.sp.
Figs. 50,53
TYPES: Holotype male and allotype female, with associated pupal skins and genitalia mounted
together on 2 slides (450103), [Ft. Simonds] , Clarendon, Jamaica, 3 Jan 1945, G.A. Thompson
[USNM]. Paratypes: 1 male with genitalia slide and associated pupal skin (450301/2/A), 1 male
(4/4), 13 females (LT-1, LT 3/1, LT 3/3, LT 3/4V, LT 3/4VII, LT 3/5, LT 4/2, LT 4/3,
DT 20/2, 450105S, 450208-1, 450208-2, 450208-3) all with genitalia slides except LT 3/4VIII
and LT 3/5, 1 female genitalia slide (Journ. Kans. Ent. Soc. 18:125, 1945 fig.) without associ-
ated female, 15 larvae, same locality as holotype and allotype, Jan-Aug 1945, G.A. Thompson
[BM; UCLA; USNM]; 2 females [UCLA], 12 females [USNM], [Molynes Pen] , Kingston, Jamai-
ca, 16 Nov 1906, M. Grabham.
110 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Mansonia (M. ) indubitans of Pratt (1945:121-129; 1953:12-14); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Cham-
berlain (1946:121-123); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:105-107); in part of Stone, Knight
and Starcke (1959:106); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:37); Porter (1967:37).
Mansonia indubitans of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:49-50); Thompson (1947:79).
FEMALE (fig. 53). Wing about 3.5 mm. In general similar to titillans as des-
cribed above except chiefly for the smaller size, whiter color of the pale scaling
throughout and the following. Head: Decumbent scales white throughout. Labium
more extensively pale scaled; lower surface with broad pale band extending from
basal 0.25 to 0.65. Palpus slightly shorter; segment 3 about 1.8 of segment 2. An-
tennal torus with white scales more numerous; flagellar segment 1 without scales.
Thorax: Erect scales in supraalar area more numerous, longer and darker (nearly
black), majority of these with broad truncate apex with several points; clump of
erect scales at posterior end of dorsocentral row of bristles larger and darker. Scu-
tellar scales white. Legs: White scaling of tarsi more extensive, usually forming
complete rings on segments 2-4 of all legs. Knee spots less distinct. Abdomen:
Scaling of tergite I white; tergite II apparently without pale apical transverse band.
Tergite VII without apical row of spiniforms, corresponding hairs short, slender,
simple; setae removed from apex of segment. Tergite VIII without a median clump-
ing of the spiniforms of the posterior row.
MALE. In general similar to female in ornamentation except for a more or less
distinct apical transverse pale band on tergite II. Palpus exceeding proboscis by
about length of segment 5; dorsal surface extensively speckled with pale scales,
very narrow, more or less distinct white bands at base of segments 2-5; apex of
segment 3 with a dense clump of thin straight setae ventrally, projecting forward
externally to beyond middle of segment 5; entire ventral surface of segment 4
with similar but curved setae projecting forward internally to about same level; en-
tire ventral surface of segment 5 with much shorter, nearly straight setae outward
and inward.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 53). In general as described and figured for indubitans
by Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:105-106), agreeing with description of titillans
as given above except for following diagnostic features. Segment VIII: Tergite us-
ually with only 5 or 6 forked apical spiniforms. Sidepiece: Mesal margin distinctly
swollen in distal part, particularly sternally, to form a short, broad lobe so that
sidepiece appears broadly capitate in distal half; mesal membrane much more ex-
tensive; tergoapical area with numerous long, narrow, sharply pointed striated scales;
apical sternomesal area with large clump of moderately long, somewhat flattened
setae and shorter simple hairs; setae on tergomesal margin less numerous in basal
0.5, usually 2 or 3 but additional 1 or 2 setae usually present near level of origin
of free part of claspette. Claspette: Apical spiniform only about half as thick.
Clasper: Broader; base very broad; distal part bent dorsad at nearly right angle,
distinctly sharply tapered only on apical portion; external margin appearing sinu-
ous in resting position but without sharp angle; dorsal ledge much broader, arising
from base and reaching nearly to apex of body of clasper. Phallosome: Aedeagus
somewhat less swollen distally. Proctiger: Paraproct spine not as strong.
PUPA (fig. 53). Chaetotaxy as figured. In general very similar to fitillans as des-
cribed above but with the following diagnostic features. Trumpet distinctly longer
and more slender, index about 10.0; apical process much longer, funnel more con-
Spicuous at base and extending to near tip of apical process. Dorsal abdominal
hairs somewhat shorter, rarely exceeding length of tergite following; hair 6 dis-
tinctly shorter. Paddle distinctly more slender, index about 3.5; marginal denticles
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 111
less distinct. :
LARVA (fig. 50). In general as described for titillans above except for follow-
ing striking differences in details of antenna and terminal segments. Antenna: Hair
1-A inserted near middle of basal part; 2,3-A apparently shorter. Segment VIII:
Comb scales about 7, all short, broad and with subequal apical and lateral denti-
cles. Hair 3-VIII usually with 5 distinctly flattened branches; 5-VIII with 2 flat-
tened branches. Siphon: Lighter in color. Hair 1-S inserted a greater distance from
preapical ridge, usually with 5-7 distinctly flattened branches. Anal Segment: Sad-
dle lighter in color. Ventral brush with only 3 pairs of hairs on grid. Hair 1-X with
more numerous and longer branches. Hairs 2-4-X (including precratal tufts) all with
strongly flattened branches; dorsal brush (2,3-X) and grid hairs of ventral brush
(4-X) with fewer branches.
SYSTEMATICS. This species is distinct in all stages from indubitans Dyar &
Shannon, 1925, whose type locality is Belem, Brazil. We have seen no topotypic
material of indubitans but we have studied associated material of all stages from
Trinidad [UCLA] whose male genitalia are identical with those of 2 specimens
from the Amazon basin [USNM] identified by Shannon as indubitans and | spec-
imen from Surinam [USNM]. Because of this genitalic similarity we consider that
the Trinidad population is probably conspecific with indubitans.
The male genitalia of all the material of the indubitans complex we have seen
from South America and Trinidad conform to a type different from dyari and are
in general similar to the figure in Barretto and Coutinho (1944:85) in the broad-
ened clasper. The immature stages are in general similar to the figures of the larva
(1,2) and pupa (10,11) in Ronderos and Bachmann (1963b:59-60). However, there
are considerable differences in the shape of the clasper, particularly in Colombian
populations, and it is possible that in South America the complex is represented
by another species in addition to true indubitans.
Material of the indubitans complex we have seen from Florida, Puerto Rico,
Costa Rica and Panama agrees quite well with dyari from Jamaica. It appears,
therefore, that from Panama northward in Central America and Mexico, and in the
Greater Antilles and southeastern United States the indubitans complex may be
represented by this one species. Some local differentiation may be present, how-
ever, as suggested by the differences in the chaetotaxy of the terminal segments of
the larva figured in Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:106).
Mansonia dyari differs from indubitans in the following features: (1) in the male
genitalia, presence of many striated long setae or scales on the apex of the side-
piece, instead of a few; and much more convoluted clasper which is sharply bent
in the distal 0.5 and much narrower beyond its base; (2) in the pupa, the trumpet
longer and more slender and the long abdominal hairs shorter; and (3) in the larva,
short broad comb scales instead of a few slender spinelike; ventral brush with 3
_ pairs of hairs on grid instead of 4; hair 3-VIII multiple instead of double.
A striking feature of all the members of the indubitans complex is the develop-
ment of numerous long erect scales with broad truncate apex with several points
(in general similar to erect scales of head capsule) in the supraalar area, and a clump
of broadened, semierect dark scales at the posterior end of the dorsocentral row
of bristles. Females of the complex lack the row of short dark spiniforms on the
apex of tergite VII and have no median clumping of the spiniforms of the posterior
row on tergite VIII. In our opinion, the taxonomic value of the arrangement of
spiniforms on tergite VIII in the subgenus Mansonia is limited and can be used only
to delimit groups because of marked individual variation.
112 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of dyari (as indubitans) were collected attach-
ed to the roots of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) in south Clarendon parish by
G.A. Thompson and H.D. Pratt on 17 Jan 1945 (Pratt, 1945:121). Females were
taken in the same area in light traps in 1943, 1944 and 1945.
DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica (type locality); Florida, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica and
Panama; and probably other records of indubitans from the Greater Antilles, Mexi-
co and Central America.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Ft. Simonds, Sandy Gully and Rhymesbury area, Jan-Aug 1945, G.A.
Thompson et al., 2 M, 15 F, 15 L, 2 P [USNM; BM; UCLA]. Kingston and St. Andrew: Kingston
vicinity, Molynes Pen, 16 Nov 1906, M. Grabham, 14 F [USNM; UCLA].
Material Examined: 48 specimens; 2 males, 29 females, 15 larvae, 2 pupae; 2 individual pupal
rearings.
TRIBE ORTHOPODOMYIINI
GENUS ORTHOPODOMYIA
The species of Orthopodomyia reported from the West Indies are easily recog-
nized in the adult stage by the pattern of narrow white scaled lines on the meso-
notum and the absence of postspiracular bristles. The siphon of the larvae has no
pecten teeth, the head capsule and the antenna are normal, the comb is uniquely
developed and segments VII and VIII have large sclerotized dorsal plates. The pu-
pae resemble those of the Aedini in the absence of a tracheoid on the trumpet
and in general chaetotaxy and are difficult to differentiate as a group but the West
Indian species may be differentiated by the combination of characters given in the
Key.
We are following the worldwide revision of the genus by Zavortink (1968) for
the taxonomy of the species known from the West Indies. Zavortink recognizes
waverleyi from Jamaica as a species distinct from signifera (Coquillett, 1896) which
has rather distinct populations in Cuba and Puerto Rico and possibly Hispaniola
(Haiti).
We are including both species in the key to the adults, the only stage showing reli-
able differences. For detailed descriptions of all stages, Zavortink’s revision should
be consulted.
KEY TO ADULTS
1. Lateral prescutellar light scaled line connected to the inner dorsocentral ‘line;
posterior fossal line indicated and connected to the sparsely scaled outer
dorsocentral line... . 2 ist oro. 0.30) waverleyl
Lateral prescutellar light scaled line not connected to inner dorsocentral line;
posterior fossal line absent and outer dorsocentral line densely scaled (Cuba,
PueriOagCOn (a. be. asian orc th eelaes cath. pene ess... weno Siena
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 113
30. Orthopodomyia waverleyi (Grabham)
Figs. 54,55
1903. Mansonia waverleyi Grabham, 1907:25. TYPE: Lectotype male (650626-14) with geni-
talia slide, Waverley Estate, Constant Spring (St. Andrew), Jamaica, 1 Sept 1906, M.
Grabham [USNM; designation of Zavortink, 1968:31-32].
Orthopodomyia waverleyi of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:891-893); Johnson (1919:424);
Gowdey (1926:74); Edwards (1939:121-123); Zavortink (1968:31-35).
Pneumaculex waverleyi of Theobald (1910:469,619-620).
Orthopodomyia signifera of Dyar (1928:397, in part); Edwards (1932:108, in part); Lane (1939:
97, in part; 1953:628-629, in part); Hill and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:51); Thompson (1947:79);
Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:124, in part); Porter (1967:37, in part).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.8 mm. A medium-sized black species highly ornament-
ed with white scales on head, thorax, legs, wing and abdomen. Head: Decumbent
scales all white, in a conspicuous orbital line and a sparse patch on disc. Erect scales
numerous, extending to orbital bristles; long, slender, all black. Labium with nar-
row line of white scales laterad of labial groove from base to apex. Palpus 4-seg-
mented, segment 4 minute; about 0.33 of proboscis; with narrow dorsal line of
white scales to apex of segment 3. Antennal torus with narrow curved mesal line
of white scales continued on flagellar segments, sometimes up to segment 7. Tho-
rax: Vestiture sparse, largely in longitudinal lines with extensive bare spaces be-
tween lines; very dark bronzy scales in (1) rather broad acrostichal line to anterior
part of prescutellar space in middle of which they are replaced by short dark hairs,
(2) broad dorsocentral line, and (3) scattered over most of fossa; pure white scales
all in lines mostly 1 or 2 scales wide along (a) inner dorsocentral, connected to
(b) denser lateral prescutellar, (c) sparse posterior fossal, connected to (d) outer
(posterior) dorsocentral, and (e) and (f) anterior prescutal and supraalar forming a
continuous lateral border from humeral angle to parascutellum. Median scutellar
lobe with line of white scales continuous with lateral prescutellar line, posterior
scales very long. Mesonotal bristles very strongly developed, especially acrostichals,
dorsocentrals and fossals, all very long. Paratergite bare. Pleural scaling pure white,
sparse, arranged as follows: narrow line across apn and ppn; small patch in poster-
ior psp; line across ppl and upper anterior stp continuous with large patch in upper
and posterior stp; small patch in pra; small middle and upper mep patches. Pleural
bristles moderately developed, on apn, ppn, ppl, stp, pra and upper mep. Legs:
Coxae and trochanters with white scales. Femora predominantly dark except for
usual pale surfaces and speckling of white scales. Small white knee spots usually
distinct. Tibiae predominantly dark, with speckles and lines of white scales. Tarsi
predominantly dark, marked with white patches, bands or rings as follows: fore-
tarsal segment 1 usually with small basal and apical dorsal patches, segment 2
sometimes with basal dorsal patch; midtarsal segment 1 with complete narrow ba-
sal ring and incomplete apical ring, segment 2 with small basal and apical dorsal
patches; all hindtarsal segments with basal and apical bands, usually forming com-
plete rings at base of segment 1 and on joint between segments 1 and 2, segment
5 sometimes without apical patch; foretarsal and midtarsal segment 4 shorter than
5. Claws all simple, subequal. Wing: Dorsal scales predominantly dark, white scales
in speckles and small spots; remigium with white scales; vein 1A with long basal
white streak. Haltere: Pale scaled. Abdomen: Tergite I with median patch of white
114 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
scales, laterotergite without scales; tergite II largely white scaled; tergites III-VIII
predominantly dark, with small basolateral patches of white scales and sometimes
basal white scales dorsally, not forming complete transverse bands. Sternite II en-
tirely white scaled; sternites III-VII white scaled at base and middle, apicolateral
dark scaling becoming more prevalent on distal segments.
MALE. Essentially as in female. Palpus very slender; slightly shorter than pro-
boscis; porrect; 5-segmented, segment 5 minute; segments 1-3 with white scales on
dorsal surface in a continuous or speckled line, segment 4 with dorsal basal band
of white scales, segment 5 with white scales only; segment 4 with a few moderate-
ly long bristles primarily toward apex. Antennal flagellum densely long plumose.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 54). As figured; diagnostic characters as in the key to
tribes and genera. Segment VIII: Tergite with small median caudal lobe. Segment
IX: Tergite short, without lobe but with a few submedian setae on each side re-
moved from posterior margin. Sidepiece: More or less conical; mesal surface mem-
branous for short distance distad of claspette; tergomesal area with 2-4 specialized
bristles near level of claspette. Claspette (basal mesal lobe): Poorly differentiated,
with 3-5 stout bristles and 1 or 2 finer bristles. Clasper: Simple, narrow; spiniform
broadened distally into a fine-toothed comb. Phallosome: Aedeagus large, bulbous
at base, narrowed distally; a dorsolateral subapical crown of several denticles. Proc-
tiger: Only slightly narrowed distad of very broad base. Basolateral sclerotization
strong but not meeting on dorsal midline; broadly continuous at base with ventro-
lateral sclerotization. Distinct narrow dorsal sclerotization present. Paraproct apex
usually with 2 or 3 teeth. Cercal setae usually 3 or 4.
PUPA (fig. 54). In general resembling species of tribe Aedini; diagnostic char-
acters as in the key to tribes. Cephalothorax: Moderately pigmented, darkened on
mesonotum. Hairs 8-C and 9-C in a line perpendicular to middorsal ridge. Trumpet:
Very darkly pigmented, contrasting; tracheoid not developed; pinna large. Meta-
notum and Abdomen: Uniformly moderately to strongly pigmented but anterior
part generally darker. Hairs 10-12-C usually single to triple. Abdominal hairs other
than 1-I, 9-VII,VIII weak, mostly single or with a few branches; 1-VI mesad of
hairs 2 and 3; hair 2-III-V mesad of hair 1. Paddle: Small; outer part slightly wider
than inner; midrib weak distally; marginal spicules not developed. Only hair 1-P
developed, branched. :
LARVA (fig. 55). Diagnostic characters as in the key to tribes and genera; body
purple in life. Head: Darkly pigmented, lighter on sides in ocular area. Length sub-
equal to width; ocular bulge not developed; antennal insertion far forward; labrum
very short; labial plate very long; maxillary suture incomplete anteriorly, nearly
straight; mouthbrushes normal; collar very poorly developed. Antenna: Short, wid-
ened in basal half; shaft without spicules; hair 1-A in basal half. Thorax: Hair 13-P
not developed. Common basal tubercles developed only for pleural groups (9-12).
Abdomen: Chaetotaxy normal; segment VII usually with large sclerotized dorsal
plate, segment VI often with smaller plate. Hair 1-III-VII long, single; 6-I,II multi-
ple; 6-III-VI very long and single; 7-I long, usually double; 7-II short, usually triple.
Segment VIII: Very large sclerotized plate covering most of dorsal and lateral sur-
faces. Comb scales in 2 rows, the posterior row shorter; basal part of free portion
of scales with fine fringes, distal a long slender spine. Siphon: Strongly uniformly
pigmented; pecten completely absent; base irregularly sclerotized in older speci-
mens. Hair 1-S large, multiple, near middle. Anal Segment: Saddle complete, uni-
formly strongly pigmented. Acus absent but conspicuous lateral basal sclerotized
band developed. Hair 1-X weak, usually single. Ventral brush usually with 7 pairs
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 115
of hairs on weakly developed grid. Gills short to moderate, rounded apically.
SYSTEMATICS. Orthopodomyia waverleyi is the most derived species of the
Signifera Group of Orthopodomyia in adult ornamentation but it is extremely sim-
ilar in the immature stages to some populations of signifera (Coquillett, 1896). It
is apparently endemic to Jamaica since it is very likely that its record from Haiti
by Root (1927:465) actually pertains to signifera which is known to occur in Cuba
and Puerto Rico (Zavortink, 1968:42).
We have not been able to find a record of the existence of a Waverley Estate in
Constant Spring and it is possible that the name waverleyi was a lapsus for a name
derived from the Maverley Estate near Constant Spring.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of this species have been reported only from tree-
holes where they were associated most frequently with Corethrella (C.) appendi-
culata (7). They were also found with Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis (3), Hae-
magogus equinus (2), Aedes (Steg.) aegypti (2), Aedes (H.) inaequalis (1) and Aedes
(F.) mediovittatus (1). Nothing is known of the habits of the adults.
DISTRIBUTION. Apparently endemic to Jamaica; record from Haiti(Root, 1927:
463,465) doubtful.
JAMAICA. Kingston and St. Andrew: Constant Spring (327,697,698). Waverley Estate, 1 Sept
1906, M. Grabham, 2 males, 2 larvae [USNM, type series]. Hermitage Dam Rd (110,394,625).
St. Mary: Broadgate (256,401,407,622,642). St. Thomas: Leith Hall (690). Parish and Locality
not Specified: 1 F, R.B. Hill [USNM].
Material Examined: 459 specimens; 47 males, 44 females, 265 larvae, 103 pupae; 72 individual
rearings (30 larval, 38 pupal, 4 incomplete).
TRIBE AEDINI
The tribe Aedini in the West Indies is most clearly characterized in the larval
stage, by the following combination of features: comb scales present; normal si-
phon with pecten of at least 1 pair of teeth and with 1 subventral tuft located
well beyond base; ventral brush with several pairs of hairs. Adults of the genera
Aedes and Psorophora possess postspiracular bristles and their females have the
tip of the abdomen more or less tapered; those of Haemagogus resemble sabethines
from which they can be differentiated by the base of the hindcoxa being distinct-
ly ventrad of the meron and the postnotum without setae. The pupae lack a trach-
eoid on the trumpet and are most similar to the Culisetini and Orthopodomyiini
from which they are differentiated by the combination of characters indicated in
the key to the tribes and genera.
The Aedini are represented in Jamaica by all the 3 genera known from the New
World and by more species than any other tribe: (1) Psorophora by 8 indigenous
species; (2) Aedes by 13 indigenous species, the introduced African aegypti and
possibly 1 additional endemic species, and (3) Haemagogus by 1 indigenous spec-
ies, equinus.
GENUS PSOROPHORA
Adults of the genus Psorophora are distinguished from the other genera of the
tribe in the New World by the presence of spiracular bristles. In the larvae, the
ventral brush consists of a few pairs of hairs on a poorly developed grid and several
precratal hairs which pierce the saddle, except in insularia which has an incom-
116 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
plete saddle. The pupae can be distinguished with some difficulty from Aedes by
the characters given in the Key to the tribes and genera.
All 3 recognized subgenera are represented in Jamaica: (1) Psorophora by ciliata,
(2) Janthinosoma by johnstonii, “‘ferox’’ (probably a distinct species, echinata)
and the unnamed sp. 34, and (3) Grabhamia by infinis, jamaicensis, pygmaea and
insularia.
We have included in the keys howardii which is known from Cuba and may pos-
sibly occur in western Jamaica, and columbiae which is known from Grand Cay-
man Island and probably is the species reported as confinnis from Cuba.
We have encountered more problems in studying Psorophora than with any other
genus primarily because of the very confused taxonomy of the group and the pau-
city of material, particularly in the subgenus Janthinosoma. \t appears that undue
reliance has been placed on similarity in male genitalia which has resulted in un-
warranted extensive synonymy of species frequently well characterized in the lar-
vae or pupae or even in adult ornamentation. Distinctive features in the immature
Stages are not always easily found because of very pronounced individual variation
in chaetotaxy. The male genitalia appear to be extremely similar in many forms in
the subgenera Janthinosoma and Grabhamia. Much work remains to be done on
this genus in Jamaica, particularly in the subgenus Janthinosoma.
Members of this genus breed only in temporary ground waters such as ground
pools and flooded margins of streams and swamps, and even seaside pools. Avid
blood suckers are known in all 3 subgenera but are particularly numerous and im-
portant in the subgenus Grabhamia.
KEYS TO SUBGENERA AND SPECIES
ADULTS
E. Very large species; mesonotum with unscaled areas between acrostichal and
dorsocentral bristles and between prescutellars and supraalars (Psorophora)
Medium-sized to small species; mesonotum scaled between acrostichals and
dorsocentrals and between prescutellars and supraalars ...... .3
Psorophora
2(1). Mesonotum with median longitudinal line of golden scales from anterior
promontory to nearscutellum. .. . . . 31. ciliata
Mesonotum with median longitudinal line of dark bronzy eis from anter-
ior promontory to prescutellar space (Cuba; see subgenus) . . . howardii
3(1). Tibiae uniformly dark, with violet to purple reflections; proboscis without
pale ring or pale scales ventrally in either sex; light basal markings absent
from tarsal segments 1-3 on all legs (Janthinosoma). . . .4
Tibiae speckled or spotted with light scales; proboscis with distinct pale ring
or with pale scales ventrally in females; light basal markings present on
at least segments 1 and 2 of alllegs(Grabhamia). . ....... .6
Janthinosoma
4(3). Mesonotal scales all dingy white, without strong yellowish or golden cast;
hindtarsal segment 4 white, segment 5 dark. . ... . . 32. johnstonii
5(4).
6(3).
7(6).
8(7).
9(7).
2(1).
3(1).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 117
Some of mesonotal scales dark bronzy, golden or with strong yellowish cast;
hindtarsal segments 4 and 4 bot White i a we cu ge sk pee
Mesonotum with mixed vestiture of golden and dark bronzy scales without
delinite. pattem: xs: <<<. . . .od. ferox
Mesonotum with discrete broad. ‘median longitudinal stripe of dark bronzy
scales, lateral scales light golden . . .... .. .. . 34. Jamaican form
Grabhamia
Wing with dark scales only; abdominal tergites with apicolateral silvery white
patches not forming complete transverse bands; mesonotum with very
conspicuous spots or patches of silvery scales . . . . . . 35. infinis
Wing speckled with dark and light scales; abdominal tergites with conspic-
uous broad transverse apical white or whitish bands on at least basal seg-
ments; mesonotum without conspicuous silvery spots or patches. . . .7
First segment of all tarsi with more or less distinct median ring or band of
pale scales; tibiae with discrete evenly oats spots of light scales in
females. . . . <8
First segment of all tarsi without median ring or band of pale scales; tibiae
irregularly speckled with light scales in females..... . + ¢ ..- «1. +9
Pale scales of mesonotum silvery gray to yellowish gray without lavender
Case a . . 36. jamaicensis
Pale scales of mesonotum with strong lavender cast (U. S.A., Grand Cayman;
sce jamaicensis) 4. 6 ORS SS 8 os er ae © eae
Female proboscis with sharply marked narrow white band ventrally, often
forming distinct ring; apex of segment 3 of male palpus nearly reaching
base of labella of proboscis . . . . . . 38. pygmaea
Female proboscis extensively pale ventrally but without sharp demarcation;
apex of segment 3 of male palpus extending only to about 0.7 of pro-
OCIS En ne ae, ERE aL Arcee Nyt eee Srey (rere Nn ae
MALE GENITALIA
(34. Jamaican form unknown)
Aedeagus with sharp broad lateral subapical spine (Psorophora). . . . .2
Aedeagus conical or cylindrical, without lateralspine. . . ..... .3
Psorophora
Clasper relatively simple, without dorsomesal lobe; apical lobe of claspette
small, with about 30 filamentous setae. . . . wk slay st cacy seth OA
Clasper complex, with long broad dorsomesal lobe; apical lobe of claspette
very large, with more than 100 setae (Cuba; see subgenus) . . . howardii
Janthinosoma
Apex of claspette with 1 short simple and 2 large twisted foliforms (Jan-
thinosoma) . . . . . 32. johnstonii; 33. ferox
Apex of claspette without such foliforms ‘(Geabhaniia) fig vishal a eae
118
4(3).
5(4).
6(5).
2(1).
| i
4(3).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Grabhamia
Sternite IX truncate on nearly entire distal margin, not extending between
sidepieces; claspettes diverging at an acute angle from base, with distinct
sternal and tergal sclerotizations from base of main bar . . . 35. infinis
Sternite IX broadly rounded on distal margin, extending between sidepieces;
claspettes diverging at an obtuse angle from base, without sternal or tergal
Sclerotizations froin Oase Ol May bar © 5 a ew
Apical lobe of claspette not differentiated from sidepiece, apical setae sim-
ple, not flattened, and a arising from separate tubercles set in mem-
brane of sidepiece. ...°. . . .37. insularia
Apical lobe of claspette more or ‘Jess strongly differentiated from sidepiece
providing a free common sclerotized plate from which all or most setae
arise. latver Gistinculy flattened =... «1. 3 2 es: ae
Inner margin of sidepiece straight, without indication of apicosternal lobe;
mesal area distad of claspette with more than 30 setae; clasper with mod-
erate internal swelling distad of middle; oe lobe of claspette narrow . .
: . . 38. pygmaea
lntss margin of sidepiece produced into a short broad apicosternal lobe;
mesal area distad of claspette with less than 30 setae; clasper with strong
internal swelling, most prominent at about middle of clasper; apical lobe
Gf claspettc broad =. ww ww ws. 3G. Jamaicensis; columbiae
PUPAE
(34. Jamaican form unknown)
Very large species; paddle heavily pigmented near external buttress and apex;
abdominal hair 5-I] caudad of 3-II, usually with less than 5 branches;
metanotal hair 10-C usually with less than 5 branches (Psorophora) . .2
Medium-sized to small species; paddle without contrasting pigmentation near
external buttress and apex; abdominal hair 5-II] cephalad of 3-II, usually
with more than 5 branches; metanotal hair 10-C usually with more than
SOranenes a ee 8
Psorophora
Abdominal segments II-VII with diffuse sublateral diagonal dark stripes;
tergite VIII without submedian dark spots . . . - . » on, Cillata
Abdominal segments II-VII with sharply marked, saturated diagonal dark
stripes; tergite with small submedian dark spots (Cuba; see subgenus).
Ce a . howardii
Posterolateral angle of abdominal segment IV with conspicuous spines ee
thinosoma) .
Posterolateral angle of abdominal segment IV without spines (Cabana) 5
Janthinosoma
Distal abdominal segments with only central area darkly pigmented, sides
MCU ee ee SOMTISTONE
>(3).
6(5).
KS).
8(7).
2(1).
361).
4(3).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 119
Distal abdominal segments uniformly pigmented from side to side . ae
. 33. ferox
Grabhamia
Abdominal hair 2-I,II usually laterad or inline with hair3 . ..... .6
Abdominal hair 2-I,I] distinctly mesad of hair 3 . oe ae q
Abdominal hair 1-II with dendritic branching; 4-I usually with at least 7
branches .... . . . 38. pygmaea
Abdominal hair 1-I] with 5- 7 simple ‘branches: 4- I usually with 4 or 5 branch-
OS a ae pie eee peas oe . . .37. insularia
Cephalothoracic hairs 4,5,7-C usually double or triple, 8-C usually multiple;
abdominal hair 3-II III forked, branched or with strong barbs. 35. infinis
Cephalothoracic hairs 4,5,7-C usually with at least 4 branches, 8-C usually
double; abdominal hair 3-IL Ill usually single ... 2... ... 2: 2... 8
Metanotal hair 12-C usually with at least 5 branches; abdominal hair 6-II, II
usually with at least 4 branches, 1-IV usually with at least 4 branches,
5-VII usually atleast triple . . . . . . 36, jamaicensis
Metanotal hair 12-C usually single or ‘double: abdominal hair 6-II,III single
to triple, 1-I[V usually single, 5-VII ee double te S.A., Grand Cay-
man; see jamaicensis) . .. . --, > e€olumbide
LARVAE
(34. Jamaican form unknown)
Very large species; head capsule truncate in front; antenna not reaching an-
terior border of head capsule; pecten teeth numerous (Psorophora). . .2
Medium-sized species; head capsule normal, rounded in front; antenna ex-
tending well beyond anterior border of head capsule; pecten teeth re-
duced, usually less than. Oncor. cei ee eee a me, ee GS
Psorophora
Hair 1-X of anal segment usually with 3 or 4 branches from base
ek, tue ale ciliata
Hae 1 X a pie segment single. or okea some S itance from base (Cuba;
SCC SUDSENUS):) fi.soud us weeeonglls Mayo algae, yee ee tee me
Antenna at least subequal in length to head capsule Vanthinosoma) . . .4
Antenna at most about 0.8 of head capsule length (Grabhamia) . . . . .5
Janthinosoma
Siphon short and broad, without distinct narrowed distal part; ventral brush
with total of about 14 hairs, grid ee sclerotized between bars
oan johnstonii
Siphon claneate. moderately erollen in proximal half and with distinct nar-
rowed distal part; ventral brush with total of about 18 hairs, grid unsclero-
AZO cl pial: le eee AM eat sin en, eel kd Gee? be ee
120 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Grabhamia
5(3). Anal saddle widely incomplete and indented around insertion of hair 1-X;
gills short and rounded. . . erage 2 fusulitin
Anal saddle complete, hair 1-X on . saddle: gills long and pointed . See ee
6(5). Head hairs 3,60 usually botisiigic. . =... . . CO. PY RIMNACA
At least hair 5-C multiple . ee a ee ee ae ee a a
7(6). Head hair 6-C single but with strong barbs; ventral brush usually with a total
of 12 hairs, 4 of which on strong grid bars; median spine of comb scales
about 2.0 of lateral; pecten teeth very broad, without strongly differen-
tiated main spine. . . . 35. infinis
Head hair 6-C at least triple, usually multiple: ventral brush usually with a
total of 16-18 hairs, 4 of which sometimes on weak grid bars; median
spine of comb scales about 3.0 or more of lateral; pecten teeth with
StlOnEIy Gilicf ntiates WamGoie. ee eee
8(7). . Head capsule with a distinct marginal tubercle or spine caudad of hair 10-C;
head hair 6-C long, usually reaching anterior margin of head capsule
. . 36. jamaicensis
Head capsule without distinct tubercle or ‘spine caudad of hair 10-C; head
hair 6-C shorter, not reaching anterior border of head capsule (U.S.A.,
isrand Cayman: sce jamaicamsisy) a columbiae
Subgenus PPOROPHORA
Females of the subgenus Psorophora, called gallinippers in the United States,
are giants among biting mosquitoes. They have all the claws with 1 tooth as in
the subgenus Janthinosoma. Adults of both sexes are distinguished from the other
2 subgenera by the extensive longitudinal unscaled areas between the acrostichal
and dorsocentral rows of bristles and between the prescutellars and supraalars.
The larvae are predaceous on other mosquitoes and can easily be recognized by
the subquadrate head with the mouthbrush bases produced to the anterolateral
angles of the head capsule and the very short antenna. The pupae of the 2 species
treated here are easily recognized from members of the other subgenera by their
large size and the deep pigmentation of the paddle laterally near the buttress and
on the apex.
Both North American species of the subgenus, ciliata (Fabricius, 1794) and how-
ardii Coquillett, 1901, have been reported in the past from the West Indies but
only from Cuba. During the present survey we found ciliata in the western part of
Jamaica and we have seen material of this species from Grand Cayman Island.
We have included in the keys the distinguishing features of the very similar how-
ardii. Although this species has not been found in Jamaica to date, it may be pres-
ent in the western part of the island that has not been thoroughly surveyed. This
species is very easily confused with ciliata in all stages except in the male genitalia.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 121
31. Psorophora (P.) ciliata (Fabricius)
Figs. 56,57
1794. Culex ciliata Fabricius, 1794:401-402. TYPE: Adult(s), locality restricted to vicinity of
Ten Mile Station near Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A., by Belkin, Schick and Heine-
mann (1966:3-4) [NE].
For extensive complete synonymy, see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:125).
Psorophora (P.) ciliata of numerous authors, including Coquillett (1906b:14); Howard, Dyar and
Knab (1917:530-536); Dyar (1922a:33-34; 1928:113-114); Matheson (1929:189-191; 1944:
233-234); Edwards (1932:124); King, Bradley and McNeel (1944:54); Carpenter, Middlekauff
and Chamberlain (1946: 133-136); Perez Vigueras (1948:301-302; 1956:310-315); Lane (1953:
733-735); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:114-116); Horsfall (1955:386-390); Stone, Knight
and Starcke (1959:125); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:38).
FEMALE. Wing about 7.5 mm. A very large dark brown species with femora pre-
dominantly yellowish and with conspicuous erect black scales on apices of all fe-
mora, all of the tibiae and hindtarsal segments 1 and 2. Head: Decumbent scales all
broad, whitish, sparse, absent from median longitudinal line; erect scales very narrow,
some indistinguishable from setae, widely distributed, unusually short and largely
dark except anteriorly where they grade into golden upper orbital bristles. Labium
predominantly with erect dark scales in basal 0.5, with decumbent scales distally,
yellowish except in short apical dark ring. Palpus about 0.35-0.4 of proboscis; with
erect dark scales and very numerous hairs. Thorax: Mesonotum with very dark in-
tegument; scaling sparse; narrow acrostichal stripe of narrow curved golden to cop-
pery scales from anterior promontory extending through prescutellar space where
it is bounded by broad white scales laterad to prescutellar bristles, a very small
bare space between end of golden stripe and scutellum; indefinite line of slightly
broader, darker golden to dark coppery scales just mesad of dorsocentral bristles
to about level of scutal angle; distad of this point a broad patch of narrow very
dark metallic scales (difficult to see against integument) around both sides of pos-
terior dorsocentral bristles, continued as a narrowed line among prescutellar bristles
but not reaching scutellum; narrow shiny bare space between acrostichal and dorso-
central bristles to level of prescutellar space; broader but shorter shiny bare space
between prescutellar and supraalar bristles reaching scutellum; side of mesonotum
with sparse vestiture of predominantly very broad flat white scales from near hum-
eral angle to near scutellum, merging with anterior dorsocentral light scales where
some scales have a yellowish tinge and with posterior dorsocentral dark patch where
some of the white scales are elongate; scutal angle and paratergite bare. Mesonotal
bristles very numerous but short, all rows present. Scutellum with sparse vestiture of
narrow to moderately broad scales varying from white to distinctly golden. Pleuron
with very sparse vestiture of largely broad white scales, some narrower or slightly
yellowish present, restricted to ppl, pcx, hypostigial area, lower ssp, psp, upper
stp, pra and mep. Legs: Forecoxa and midcoxa with small patch of white and dark
scales, hindcoxa with small basal patch of white scales. Trochanters with mixture
of yellowish and dark scales. Femora predominantly with smooth vestiture of yel-
lowish scales except for conspicuous apical tufts of erect dark scales. Tibiae shaggy
except for the smooth yellowish dorsal scaling at base, with erect dark scales, dens-
er apically. Foretarsus and midtarsus smooth scaled throughout; segment | largely
pale, yellowish to dingy white, apex darkened; segment 2 pale in about basal 0.5;
122 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst:., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
segment 3 with narrower basal pale ring; segments 4 and 5 usually all dark. Hind-
tarsal segments 1 and 2 with dark scaling shaggy as on tibiae, remainder of scaling
smooth; segments 1-4 with conspicuous, contrasting, moderate, basal whitish rings
from 0.25-0.35 of segment length; segment 5 with or without whitish scales at
base. All claws with 1 tooth. Wing: Dorsal scaling largely dark except for varying
number of inconspicuous pale scales on base of costa and radius. Haltere: Stem
pale; knob predominantly dark scaled. Abdomen: Laterotergite bare; tergite I with
median patch of whitish scales; tergites II-VI predominantly tan to light brown in
central dorsal area, darker laterad but with scattered paler scales and a more or less
conspicuous narrow lateral border of widely spaced very broad white scales. Ster-
nites II-VI with sparse vestiture of very broad white scales. Segment VII elongate
and markedly narrowed distad, with only apex of cerci projecting.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation but with less contrast be-
tween dark and light scales of legs; abdominal scaling greatly reduced, tergites bor-
dered with very numerous long hairs. Palpus exceeding proboscis by length of seg-
ments 4 and 5 which are upturned and densely hairy; nearly entire length of seg-
ment 3 also with long hairs. Antennal flagellum densely plumose. Femora with
fringe of very long thin hairs.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 57). Segment VIII: Shortened; tergite and sternite sub-
equal in length. Tergite with numerous thickened moderately long specialized setae
without normal attenuate apex, arranged in several long irregular rows near caudal
margin. Segment IX: Tergite poorly sclerotized; long but with a deep proximal
emargination in middle; lobe poorly differentiated, broad and only slightly pro-
jecting, usually with about 20 thin straight setae. Sidepiece: More or less cylindri-
cal and without indication of lobes; usually without scales; without distinct mem-
brane from claspette to clasper base; apical sternomesal area strongly sclerotized,
with distinct patch of setae of varying sizes. Claspette: Stem distinctly separated
from sidepiece; long and slender at base; widened distally into a more or less tri-
angular apical lobe produced mesodorsad; outer sternal angle of lobe with special-
ized flattened seta-(foliform) with sharply recurved acute apex which is minutely
widely forked; dorsal surface of lobe with about 30 slender curved setae with fila-
mentous apex which usually appears twisted in mounts. Clasper: Relatively nar-
row. Outer margin concave to a subapical angle, convex from angle to apex. Inner
margin convex except in subapical area, slightly bulging beyond middle where it
bears 4-7 thickened setae. Ventral surface with 4-6 thinner setae near inner mar-
gin. Dorsal surface with a slight thin ledge extending proximad from subapical
angle and a shorter ledge extending to apex. Spiniform apical, short. Phallosome:
Aedeagus small, narrowed distally; sternally subapical area produced into conspic-
uous acute lateral spine, tergally into a narrow dorsal denticulate median process.
Proctiger: Very broad at base, narrowed distad. Apex of paraproct usually with 3
strong teeth. Cercal setae short, numerous, extending from near apex to near base
of narrowed part of proctiger.
PUPA (fig. 57). Very large. Chaetotaxy as figured; studied in detail for North
American populations by Barr and Barr (1969); extremely similar to that of how-
ardii from which it is distinguished primarily by diffuse instead of saturate, sharp-
ly marked sublateral diagonal pigmented stripes on abdominal tergites and sternites
II-VII. Cephalothorax: Unevenly pigmented. Hair 6-C with at least 3 branches; 8-C
usually single. Trumpet: Uniformly darkly pigmented. Metanotum and Abdomen:
Evenly pigmented, grossly appearing to have 3 longitudinal diffuse dark stripes.
Caudolateral angle of tergite IV without spines. Sternite VIII with conspicuous
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 123
sublateral lobe on caudal margin. Hair 10-C usually with less than 5 branches. Hair
3-III closer to 5-III than to 1-III; hair 5-II,]HI usually with less than 4 branches;
9-VIII usually with less than 6 principal branches. Paddle: Midrib, external but-
tress, base of outer and apex of inner parts deeply pigmented. Marginal spicules
distinct only on external buttress. Hairs 1,2-P both present, 2-P very poorly de-
veloped. :
LARVA (fig. 56). Very large. Chaetotaxy as figured; not studied in detail. Very
similar to howardii from which it is distinguished by saddle hair 1-X with 3 or 4
branches from near base instead of single or forked beyond middle. Head: Sub-
quadrate in outline, ocular bulge very small; concave dorsally near anterior margin
(labrum and palatum); mouthbrush process projecting dorsolaterally beyond anter-
ior edge of frontoclypeus; maxillary suture complete but weak anteriorly, extend-
ed caudad beyond posterior tentorial pit which is located about 0.3 from collar.
Dorsal chaetotaxy unusual, homologies uncertain; hairs 0,1-C near outer angle of
frontoclypeus above mouthbrush bases, both very short; 4-C long, single; 5-C short,
with apical forks; 6-C far forward, near level of 3-C; hair 2-C absent; 8-C far cau-
dad of 9-C. Antenna: Slender and short; apex not reaching anterior border of head
capsule; shaft with short sharp denticles. Hair 1-A single, short; near distal 0.2.
Thorax: Without conspicuous tubercles except for those of pleural groups (9-12);
hair 13-P absent. Abdomen: Hair 12-I present. Hair 7 multiple on all segments,
long on I,II; hair 6 usually double on III, single or double on II-VI. Segment
VIII: Comb usually with about 12-16 scales in a single curved row; comb scales
with sharp median spine and strong basal denticles; area proximad of comb with
patch of differentiated broad apically denticulate spicules. Siphon: Elongate, not
swollen in middle. Acus strongly developed. Pecten usually with more than 20
teeth in an evenly spaced row; teeth with a long slender attenuate filament and
usually 1 short basal denticle. Hair 1-S long, single, inserted beyond middle, distad
of pecten. Anal Segment: Saddle complete. Hair 1-X usually with 4 or 3 branches
arising from base. Ventral brush usually with 5 or 6 pairs of hairs on a very poorly
developed grid without lateral bar, and about 10-12 hairs in an irregular double
row piercing the saddle to near the base. Gills very long, slender and attenuate
apically.
SYSTEMATICS. The 2 females, the only material available from Jamaica, agree
in all respects with topotypic ciliata from the southeastern United States and we
have no doubt that they are conspecific with the latter. We have, therefore, pro-
vided descriptions of the other stages from this topotypic material.
Elsewhere in the Antilles, ciliata has been reported only from Cuba (Perez Vi-
gueras, 1948:301-302; 1956:310-315; Montchadsky and Garcia, 1966:38) but we
have seen material also from Grand Cayman Island.
Although ciliata has been reported to have a range extending from southern
Canada to Argentina (Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959:125), it seems probable
that actually a complex of at least 2 forms is involved. Material we have seen from
Mexico agrees well with topotypic ciliata but specimens from Venezuela show con-
siderable departure in details of mesonotal ornamentation and leg markings, and
it seems unlikely that true ciliata occurs in South America south of the Guianas.
However, we have no material to enable us to determine the status of 3 nominal
species currently listed as synonyms of ciliata, namely cyanopennis (Humboldt,
1819) from Colombia, tibialis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827) from Brazil, and lynchi
Brethes, 1916 from Argentina.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of this species have not been collected in
124 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Jamaica but will undoubtedly be found in open sunlit temporary pools or flooded
margins of swamps. The larvae are predaceous and develop very rapidly. The fe-
males are persistent biters and attack humans at any time of the day in the vicinity
of their breeding sites.
DISTRIBUTION. Canada and eastern United States southward through Mexico,
Central America, West Indies to Colombia and Argentina. South American records
probably pertain, at least in part, to a different species.
JAMAICA. St. Elizabeth: Black River. Westmoreland: Petersville (206).
Material Examined: 2 females.
Subgenus JANTHINOSOMA
Adults of the subgenus Janthinosoma are usually readily recognized from the
other 2 subgenera by the dark violet metallic scaling of the legs, labium and ab-
dominal tergites. All but a few species have conspicuous white markings on hind-
tarsal segments 4 and/or 5 and sometimes 3. Females have all the claws with 1
tooth. The larvae resemble the subgenus Grabhamia in a strongly inflated siphon
and a normal head but can usually be distinguished by the antennae being longer
than the head capsule. The pupae are usually readily separated from the subgenus
Grabhamia by the presence of distinct spines on the caudolateral angle of abdom-
inal tergite IV and the longer trumpet.
The taxonomy of the subgenus is in a very confused state, to a large extent be-
cause of the lack of males and associated immature stages for many populations,
and the apparent variability of the tarsal markings in the adults. Although the lar-
vae of nearly half the recognized species have been described, they cannot be ade-
quately separated at the present time.
Three distinct species are now known to occur in Jamaica but the material avail-
able for study has been so limited and fragmentary that we have not been able to
determine the exact taxonomic status and extralimital relationships of any of these
species.
Members of this subgenus breed primarily in the shade in flooded wooded areas
that are often inaccessible, and their immature stages are seldom collected. Females
of some species are avid blood suckers but apparently not in Jamaica.
32. Psorophora (J.) johnstonii (Grabham)
Figs. 58,61
1905. Janthinosoma johnstonii Grabham, 1905:410-411. TYPE: Syntypes 4 females, 5.5 mi
along Molynes Road at foot of Red Hills, Kingston, Jamaica, July 1905, M. Grabham
[NE].
1906. Janthinosoma coffini Dyar and Knab, 1906a:134. TYPE: Holotype female, Nassau, Ba-
hamas, B.W.I., 22 June 1903, T.H. Coffin [USNM, 9969]. Synonymy with johnstonii by
Thurman, Haeger and Mulrennan (1951).
1906. Janthinosoma schwarzi Dyar and Knab, 1906a:135. TYPE: Holotype female, Cayamas,
Cuba, 7 May, E.A. Schwarz [USNM, 9970]. Synonymy with johnstonii by Howard,
Dyar and Knab (1917:572).
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) johnstonii of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:572-574); Dyar (1928:
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 125
121); Edwards (1932:125); Pratt (1946:210); Perez Vigueras (1948:293-298; 1956:346-355);
Thurman, Haeger and Mulrennan (1951); Lane (1953:751-753); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:
124-125); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:128); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:39).
Psorophora johnstonii of Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:73); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:
48); Thompson (1947:79).
Psorophora coffini of Horsfall (1955:390).
FEMALE. Jamaican material not available; significant characters from Grabham’s
original description. Body length 4.5 mm. Head: Decumbent scales all broad, pale
yellow and violet; an orbital line of white scales. A group of dark erect scales on
occiput. Interorbital bristles black. Thorax: Mesonotum with creamy white broad
scales on black background, denser on sides; mesonotal bristles black. Scutellum
with white scales. Apn with white scales and long black bristles; other pleural areas
with silvery scales and golden hairs. Legs: With metallic violet reflections. Base
and most of lower surface of femora yellow scaled; knee spot white, small. Hind-
tarsal segment 4 completely white except for a few apical black bristles. Haltere:
Stem and knob pale yellow. Abdomen: Tergite I with pearly white scales and gold-
en hairs; tergites II-VI violet scaled, with lateral apical white scaled areas and black
bristles. Sternites white scaled with basal bands of violet scales.
MALE. Unknown for Jamaican population. Presumably similar to female in orn-
amentation.
MALE GENITALIA, PUPA and LARVA. Unknown for Jamaican population.
Figures (figs. 58,61) based on specimens from Florida; diagnostic characters as in
the keys.
SYSTEMATICS. We have seen no material of johnstonii from Jamaica. The 4
female syntypes are all lost and we have not been able to locate the female from
St. Andrew collected by Hill and Hill (1948:48) or the specimens (presumably all
females) collected by G.A. Thompson at Portland Ridge and mentioned in Hill
and Hill (loc. cit.) and Pratt (1946:210). We did not find this species during our
surveys and apparently no males or immature stages have been collected as yet in
Jamaica.
Our description of topotypic johnstonii is therefore confined to an extract of
apparently significant features of the female mentioned in the original description
of Grabham. These do not agree in several respects with the current interpretation
of johnstonii which is based to a large extent on material from the Florida Keys
studied by Thurman, Haeger and Mulrennan (1951). These authors accepted the
synonymy of schwarzi from Cuba with johnstonii by Howard, Dyar and Knab
(1917:572) although the latter had before them only the unique holotype female
of schwarzi and no material at all of johnstonii. Thurman, Haeger and Mulrennan
themselves synonymized coffini which had been regarded as a distinct species by
Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:574-575), Dyar (1928:121-122) and provisionally
by Pratt (1946), and had been reported from the Bahamas (type locality) and the
Virgin Islands. The synonymy was based on the great variation in the supposed
distinctive characters of the females (body size and extent of knee spots) which
they found in the topotypic population of coffini, in populations from the Florida
Keys (first reported as varipes by King, Bradley and McNeel, 1939:50-51); Virgin
Islands (reported as coffini by Dyar, 1928 and Pratt, 1946), and Puerto Rico (te-
ported as johnstonii by Pratt, 1946). Thurman, Haeger and Mulrennan found no
significant differences in the larvae from the Virgin Islands and Florida and con-
sidered the male genitalia from these 2 populations to be identical. However, only
1 female (presumably the holotype of schwarzi) from Cuba was seen by these au-
126 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
thors and no specimens at all of topotypic johnstonii from Jamaica.
For the present we are retaining the synonymy of Thurman, Haeger and Mul-
rennan but suspect that true johnstonii from Jamaica may prove to be a species
distinct from other members of this complex. We have seen 3 females from Grand
Cayman Island which have a facies quite distinct from that of specimens from
Florida but agree in general with Grabham’s description except for light interor-
bital bristles, dingy white decumbent and pale erect head scales, and dingy white
mesonotal scales. These specimens actually fit better the redescription of schwarzi
(as johnstonii) by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:573-574) except for very in-
distinct knee spots and practically no narrow dark scales in the middle of the
mesonotum.
Since it is very likely that the male genitalia and the immature stages of topo-
typic johnstonii will conform to the same general type, we have included key char-
acters and figures of these from specimens from Florida.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of johnstonii have never been found in Jamaica.
It seems probable that the breeding sites will be found to be shaded temporary
pools in wooded areas similar to those used by ferox. This species is apparently
rare in Jamaica and the females may bite only in the shade.
DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica (type locality), Cuba, Cayman Islands, Florida, Baha-
mas, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands; possibly 2 or more forms involved.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Portland Ridge, G.A. Thompson, females biting (Hill and Hill, 1948:
48). Kingston and St. Andrew: Red Hills, Molynes Rd at base of, M. Grabham, type series. Lo-
cality not specified, 1 specimen in animal-baited trap (Hill and Hill, 1948:48).
Material Examined: None.
33. Psorophora (J.) ferox (Humboldt)
Figs. 59,60
1819. Culex ferox Humboldt, 1819:340. TYPE: Adults, Guayaquil River valley near San Bo-
rondon [Samborondon], Ecuador [NE].
1821. Culex posticatus Wiedemann, 1821:43. TYPE: Holotype female, Mexico, coll. Winthem
[NMW]. Synonymy with ferox by Dyar (1923b:122).
1906. Janthinosoma echinata Grabham, 1906b:311-313. TYPE: Lectotype by PRESENT DES-
IGNATION, female, with handwritten locality and date label, Molynes Road, Kingston,
Jamaica, 10 Apr 1906, M. Grabham; 1 of 2 specimens apparently of type series, the other
a male without genitalia, bearing label //echinata// [USNM]. Synonymy with posticatus
by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:548).
1907. Janthinosoma sayi var. jamaicensis Theobald, 1907:157. TYPE: Lectotype female, Run-
away Bay (St. Ann), Jamaica, 15 Apr, Lord Walsingham [BM; designation oi Belkin,
1968b:27]. Synonymy with posticatus by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:548).
For extensive complete current synonymy see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:127-128).
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox of Dyar (1923c:180-181; 1928:116-117); Edwards (1932:125);
King, Bradley and McNeel (1944:55); Matheson (1944:236-237); Carpenter, Middlekauff and
Chamberlain (1956:142-145); Lane (1953:745-747); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:120-122);
Horsfall (1955:399-401); Perez Vigueras (1956:342-345); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:
— Forattini (1965a:410-417); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:38-39); Porter (1967:
371)
Psorophora ferox of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:47); Thompson (1947:79).
Psorophora (J.) sayi of Dyar (1922a:35-36).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 127
Psorophora posticata of Matheson (1929:192-193).
Psorophora (J.) posticatus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:548-552); Johnson (1919:423);
Gowdey (1926:73).
Janthinosoma posticata of Coquillett (1906b:17).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.5 mm. Medium-sized dark species with dark scales pre-
dominantly metallic with violet reflections; mesonotal scaling mixed dark and gold-
en, without definite pattern; hindtarsus with segments 4 and 5 white. Head: Inte-
gument light to dark brown, shining. Decumbent scales usually absent from anter-
ior part of vertex except for an arcuate sparse row of broad silvery white scales
anterior to orbital bristles; more numerous but still sparse broad golden scales on
posterior part of vertex, occiput and laterally. Erect scales numerous, golden. Pro-
boscis subequal to or slightly longer than forefemur; labium predominantly with
dark violet scales except at base and variable extent of lower surface where scales
tend toward coppery. Palpus 3-segmented; largely without scales on segment 1;
segments 2 and 3 with deep violet scales, sometimes some coppery scales on 2.
Antenna slightly shorter than proboscis; mesal surface of torus with a few short
dark hairs but no scales; flagellar segment 1 with a few small dark scales on mes-
al surface. Thorax: Integument shining, moderate to dark brown. Mesonotal ves-
titure a mixture of small broad pale scales, golden except for white ones above
wing root, and smaller narrower dark bronzy scales; no distinct pattern discern-
ible. Paratergite bare. Scutellum predominantly with small broad golden scales on
all lobes but smaller dark bronzy scales usually present on midlobe. Scaling of
apn sparse, golden in upper part, white in middle; ppn with broad silvery white
scales except for narrower pale golden scales in upper part; ppl, pcx, hypostigial
area, SSP, pSp, Stp, pra and mep with broad silver white scales. Legs: Forecoxa and
midcoxa with scales silvery white at base and coppery or bronzy distally, hind-
coxa with small patch of silvery white scales. Trochanters with golden to coppery
scales. Anterior and dorsal surfaces of forefemur and midfemur largely deep violet,
posterior and lower deep golden to coppery to beyond middle; hindfemur predom-
inantly golden except for dark violet distal 0.25-0.3 on all surfaces and an indefi-
nite dorsal dark line extending from dark area to near base. Knee spots usually
poorly developed on midfemur and hindfemur and absent on forefemur. Remain-
der of legs dark violet except for white hindtarsal segments 4 and 5; apex of hind-
tarsal 3 completely dark. Distal part of hindtibia and hindtarsal segments | and 2
(rarely also 3) slightly shaggy, with short semierect scales. All claws with subbasal
tooth; those of hindlegs smaller. Wing: All dorsal scales dark violet. Haltere: Stem
pale; knob dark scaled. Abdomen: Laterotergite and sides of tergite I with pale
scales, whitish to light golden; middle of tergite I with patch of dark violet scales.
Tergites II-VI predominantly dark violet except for lateral patches of light golden
scales expanded triangularly mesad on apex. Sternites II-VI predominantly golden,
with scattered violet scales not forming bands. Segment VII predominantly dark
violet, usually with some golden scales laterally and toward apex of sternite.
MALE. Described from 1 Jamaican specimen. In general similar to female in
ornamentation except for presence of a very small apical dorsal patch of white
scales on hindtarsal segment 3. Palpus exceeding proboscis by nearly entire length
of segments 4 and 5 which are porrect or only slightly upturned; apex of segment
3 and all of 4 with moderately long bristles. Antennal flagellum densely plumose.
Claws of foreleg and midleg enlarged, unequal; larger claws with heavy short basal
tooth and more slender longer premedian tooth; smaller claws with slender basal
128 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
tooth only. All femora and midtibia and hindtibia with long outstanding bristles or
hairs.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 59). Unknown for Jamaican population, probably in
general similar to those figured here from specimens from Wilson Dam, Alabama.
Segment VIII: Shortened and narrowed; tergite and sternite subequal in length.
Tergite with lateral distal patch of several thickened specialized setae without nor-
mal attenuate apex. Segment IX: Tergite short, completely but lightly sclerotized;
lobe broad, poorly differentiated but projecting, usually with more than 12 thin
setae. Sidepiece: More or less cylindrical and without distinct lobes; mesal mem-
brane developed only in basal part. Claspette: Attached base sternal. Stem long
and slender; free from near base and projecting dorsad. Distal part (apical lobe)
bent caudolaterad; with dense preapical mesal patch of about 16 specialized setae
with flattened fringed apices; apex with 2 flattened, broadened and strongly con-
torted filaments and 1 shorter narrow foliform. Clasper: Inner margin strongly in-
flated, with 1 short seta on ventral surface of expansion. Ventral surface with
strong ridge near outer margin, several setae on ridge and 1 or 2 nearby. Spiniform
apical, prominent. Phallosome: Aedeagus small; broad basally, narrowed distad; apex
appearing pointed because of median dorsal ridge. Proctiger: Very broad at base,
sharply narrowed distad. Paraproct with 4 apical spines. Cercal setae usually 4, in
distal part only.
PUPA (fig. 59). Figured from 1 Jamaican specimen. Apparently distinguished
from other populations of the ferox complex by weaker and shorter hairs 1 and 5
on abdominal segments IV and V, and a shorter, somewhat flared trumpet. Cep-
halothorax: Moderately evenly pigmented. Hair 6-C double; 8-C with 4 branches.
Trumpet: Uniformly darkly pigmented, contrasting; apparently flared distally. Meta-
notum and Abdomen: Evenly moderately pigmented, lighter distad. Caudolateral
angle of tergite IV with several short sharp spines. Sternite VIII with conspicuous
sublateral lobe on caudal margin. Hair 10-C subequal to 11-C in length, with 9
branches from near base; 12-C double. Hair 3-III closer to 1-III than to 5-III; hair
I-VII single. Paddle: Uniformly lightly pigmented. Margins without distinct spic-
ules. Only hair 1-P present.
LARVA (fig. 60). Chaetotaxy not studied in detail. In general similar to other
populations of ferox complex and without obvious diagnostic features. Head: Dis-
tinctly broader than long, ocular bulge very conspicuous; labrum and mouthbrush
base normal; maxillary suture complete and strong throughout, not extended cau-
dad beyond posterior tentorial pit which is near collar. Dorsal chaetotaxy normal;
hairs 5,6-C both long, usually double but 1 branch usually weaker and slightly
shorter, both with fine barbs. Antenna: Distinctly longer than head capsule, slen-
der, prominent; slightly darker on distal part; shaft with conspicuous sharp den-
ticles. Hair 1-A submedian, multiple, long, usually reaching apex of antennal shaft.
Thorax: Hair 13-P apparently absent. Abdomen: Hair 12-I present. Hair 6-I,[] mul-
tiple, 6-III double or triple, 6-IV-VI single or double; 7-I,II long, with 3 or 4
branches; 7-III-V short, multiple. Segment VIII: Comb usually with about 7 scales
with broad base, long differentiated median spine, 2 strong denticles and some
fringes basally; bases of some scales usually connected by light sclerotizations. Si-
phon: Moderately swollen in proximal part but varied in shape. Acus distinct, at-
tached. Pecten variable, usually with 3-5 widely spaced teeth in proximal 0.3. Hair
1-S very inconspicuous, short, multiple; varied in position and difficult to see.
Anal Segment: Saddle complete; deeply indented for ventral brush. Hair 1-X short
and inconspicuous. Ventral brush usually with 4 pairs of hairs on a very poorly
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 129
developed grid without lateral bar, and about 10-12 precratal hairs in an irregular
double row piercing the saddle to near base. Gills very long, slender and attenuate
distally.
SYSTEMATICS. Psorophora ferox appears to be a single somewhat variable spec-
ies throughout much of its reported wide range as currently interpreted. However,
there is considerable differentiation in local populations, perhaps enough to justify
the recognition of subspecies or even species in some cases. The Jamaican popula-
tion, for which the name echinata is available, appears to be among these. It dif-
fers from ferox from the Guayas River basin in Ecuador in the white of the hind-
tarsus being usually restricted to segment 4 and 5 (rarely a few white scales occur
on the ventral surface of the apex of segment 3) and apparently in a shorter flared
trumpet and shorter dorsal abdominal hairs 1 and 5 in the pupa. The larva of the
Jamaican population has a more strongly inflated siphon and a very inconspicuous
siphonal hair 1-S, but in these features it resembles the North American popula-
tions. A similar reduction in the white tarsal markings we have seen only in a small
sample of a population from Dominica. There is an even greater reduction in spec-
imens from St. Lucia in which the white scaling is restricted to hindtarsal segment
5. No males or immature stages are known for the latter 2 populations. In all oth-
er populations we have seen from the United States, Mexico, British Honduras,
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Trinidad, French Guiana
and Peru at least the extreme apex of hindtarsal segment 3 is white scaled in the
adults. The male genitalia we have available for some of these populations appear
to be all indistinguishable from topotypic ferox from Ecuador.
Since our sample of Jamaican adults consists of a limited number of females, |
male without genitalia, 1 complete individual larval rearing and a few whole larvae,
we prefer not to recognize the Jamaican population as a distinct form at this time.
We have listed here only the synonymy pertinent to the Jamaican population.
The rest of the extensive current synonymy is given by Stone, Knight and Starcke
(1959:127-128) with the inclusion of fiebrigi (Edwards, 1922) which has been
shown since to be a distinct species by Souza and Guedes (1962) and earlier by
Vargas (1951:57). We have not studied in detail the North American populations
(including Cuba and the Bahamas) which were treated as sayi (Dyar & Knab, 1906)
by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:554-557) and were considered by them to be
distinct from the other populations of the complex. Only a small portion of the
taxonomic literature on the ferox complex is listed here as the bulk of it is not per-
tinent to the Jamaican population.
BIONOMICS. The only definitely associated immature stages of ferox from Ja-
maica (921) were collected in a ground pool in a dried stream bed in association
with Anopheles (A.) grabhamii and Culex (Mel.) inhibitator, presumably in a shad- |
ed situation. Three other collections of larvae, probably of this species, came from
a coral rockhole in deep shade in a mangrove area (159) in association with 3 spec-
ies of Aedes (O.), a large temporary ground pool at an elevation of about 15 m
(156) in association with Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis, and a large semipermanent
ground pool in partial shade at an elevation of about 225 m (788) without associ-
ated species. The immature stages have been seldom collected probably partially
because they are easily alarmed and stay for long periods at the bottom of the
pools where they are difficult to see among the numerous dead leaves and other
organic debris.
Females of ferox bite man fiercely during the day in the shade of thickets or
wooded areas. This species may be more common than our records indicate for
130 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
collectors may be driven out of the areas where it occurs because of attacks by
the females of this and other species biting in the shade.
DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador (type locality) and a very wide reported range ex-
tending from southeastern Canada southward through Central America, West Indies
and South America to Peru and Argentina; possibly more than | species involved.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Locality not specified, G.A. Thompson (Hill and Hill, 1948:47). King-
ston and St. Andrew: Molynes Rd, Kingston, 10 Apr 1906, M. Grabham, 1 F [USNM]. Kingston
and vicinity, M. Grabham, 1 M [USNM]. Portland: Blue Hole (918). Port Antonio, Rio Grande
River (921). St. Ann: Runaway Bay, Lord Walsingham, type series of jamaicensis. St. Elizabeth:
Maggotty (792A). St. Thomas: Golden Grove (156). Grants Pen (649). Holland Bay (159). West-
moreland: Crab Pond Bay (359,360); 21 July 1961, T.H. Farr, 11 F [JAM] . Petersville (788).
Material Examined: 30 specimens; 1 male, 21 females, 7 larvae, 1 pupa; 1 individual larval
rearing.
34. Psorophora (J.) sp., Jamaican form
FEMALE. In general very similar to ferox as described above, including white
hindtarsal segments 4 and 5. Readily distinguished from ferox by the following
features. Head: Decumbent scales more numerous on anterior part of vertex, with
about 3 rows of white ones between orbital margin and orbital bristles; also num-
erous in interocular space. Labium and palpus entirely dark violet. Antennal torus
with several translucent light scales on mesal surface. Thorax: Mesonotal vestiture
in a conspicuous definite pattern with a broad median longitudinal stripe of nar-
row dark bronzy scales bordered on the sides by larger broader pale golden scales.
All scutellar lobes with dark bronzy scales, midlobe with a few lighter, coppery
scales near base. Apn with numerous silvery white broad scales except for a few
light golden in upper part; pleural bristles, especially on ppn, more numerous.
MALE, PUPA and LARVA. Unknown; the pupa and larva are probably of the
type described above for ferox and some of the whole larvae provisionally identi-
fied as the latter may actually be of this form.
SYSTEMATICS. This is unquestionably a distinct species but we refrain from
naming and describing it in detail at this time because of the limited material at
hand and its poor condition. Our series consists of 3 females each from 2 collec-
tions, only 1 of which is in reasonably good condition but unfortunately lacks the
hindtarsus. This species has a facies somewhat similar to albipes (Theobald, 1907)
but differs markedly from this and all other Janthinosoma species we have seen in
the scaling of the vertex of the head which is, however, of the type found in the
ferox complex except for being more extensive. The light golden scales of the
sides of the mesonotum are much broader than in other species with similar meso-
notal markings and are of the type found in the populations of the johnstonii com-
plex from Grand Cayman Island.
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry and vicinity (795). St. Thomas: Holland Bay
(117).
Material Examined: 6 females only.
Subgenus GRABHAMIA
Adults of the subgenus Grabhamia are readily recognized from the other 2 sub-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 131
genera of Psorophora by the presence of basal light markings on at least the basal
segments of all tarsi and the absence of extensive unscaled areas between the acro-
stichal and dorsocentral and between the prescutellar and supraalar rows of bris-
tles. Females of Jamaican species lack teeth on all the claws. The larvae resemble
the subgenus Janthinosoma from which they can be separated by the antennae be-
ing distinctly shorter than the head capsule. The pupae lack spines on the caudo-
lateral angle of abdominal tergite IV.
In Jamaica, 2 distinct groups occur: (1) the cingulata group, represented by in-
finis, in which the wing is entirely dark scaled, and (2) the confinnis group, repre-
sented by jamaicensis, pygmaea and insularia, in which the wings are speckled with
light and dark scales. All the species are restricted to the West Indies except pyg-
maea which is known also from southern Florida.
We have included in the keys Psorophora (G.) columbiae (Dyar & Knab, 1906),
another member of the confinnis complex, which has been confused under the lat-
ter name with jamaicensis and is present on Grand Cayman Island and probably
also in Cuba.
Members of this subgenus breed primarily in open, sunlit ground waters and the
immature stages of several species develop very rapidly. Several species are impor-
tant pest mosquitoes and may be vectors of arboviruses. In Jamaica, jamaicensis
and pygmaea are important man-biting mosquitoes.
35. Psorophora (G.) infinis (Dyar & Knab)
Figs. 61,63
1906. Janthinosoma infine Dyar and Knab, 1906c:181,182. TYPE: Lectotype larval skin (103.1)
with pupal skin on same slide, with associated male (103.1) and its genitalia (103.1) in-
correctly labeled slide 192 instead of 193, Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), Aug
1905, A. Busck [USNM; designation of Stone and Knight, 1955:285].
Psorophora (Grabhamia) infinis of Dyar (1928:131-132); Edwards (1932:126).
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) infine of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:594-596).
Psorophora infinis of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:47-48); Thompson (1947:79).
Grabhamia infine of Dyar (1906:16).
Psorophora (Grabhamia) cingulata in part of Lane (1953:762-763); Stone, Knight and Starcke
(1959:129); Forattini (1965a:429-430); Porter (1967:37); Page (1967, in toto).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.5 mm. Medium-sized species, differing conspicuously
from other Jamaican species of the subgenus in completely dark wings and the
mesonotum with contrasting patches of silvery scales on a background of bronzy
scales. Head: Dorsal decumbent scales narrow, predominantly silvery, very con-
spicuous on ocular border. Erect scales long and slender, all dark. Proboscis with
a narrow white ring starting at about 0.6 from base. Palpus with dark scales, apex
with numerous pale hairs. Antennal torus with whitish scales and pale hairs on
mesal surface. Thorax: Mesonotal integument dark reddish brown. Mesonotal vesti-
ture predominantly of small narrow curved bronzy scales; with conspicuous patch-
es or lines of narrow silvery scales at anterior promontory, humeral angle, along
suture from scutal angle and at the point of its contact with dorsocentral line, in
front of wing root, in supraalar area before bare space, in prescutellar space at end
of acrostichal row and mesad of posterior prescutellar bristles. Paratergite bare.
132 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Scutellar lobes all with narrow silvery scales. Apn and ppn with narrow silvery
scales; ppl, stp, lower pra and middle mep with discrete patches of broad silvery
scales; psp sometimes with a few narrow light golden scales. Legs: Forecoxa and
midcoxa with small patch of silvery scales, some dark scales also on forecoxa; hind-
coxa without scales. Trochanters predominantly with pale scales. Remainder of
legs predominantly dark except for usual light ventral and/or posterior surfaces of
the femora and as noted. All femora with narrow preapical white band; forefemur
and midfemur with anterior ventral row of discrete pale yellowish to white spots.
Distinct pale knee spots involving both apex of femur and base of tibia on all legs.
Anterior surface of all tibiae with a dorsal row of discrete white spots; apex of
foretibia with large white spot anteriorly. Foretarsus with narrow dorsal basal white
bands on segments 1 and 2, midtarsus with similar bands on 1-3, rarely with a few
white scales at base of 1 additional segment on both legs; hindtarsus with more or
less complete narrow to moderate basal white rings on all segments, sometimes re-
duced ventrally on segment 5. Claws all simple, subequal. Wing: Dorsal scales all
dark; plume scales long and narrow. Haltere: Entirely pale; scales of knob very
pale golden. Abdomen: Laterotergite without scales, middle of tergite I with a few
dark scales. Tergites II-VI predominantly dark scaled, sides with narrow lines of
silvery scales connected to narrow apical transverse lines of silvery scales on II-V,
usually broadly interrupted dorsally except on segment II. Sternites II-VII predom-
inantly with pale golden scales, VII with dark scales laterally and subapically.
MALE. Ornamentation essentially as in the female. Palpal segment 3 reaching
only to about 0.8-0.85 of proboscis; segments 4 and 5 slender, only slightly up-
turned; only extreme apex of segment 3 and all of segment 4 with a few long
bristles; joint between segments 2 and 3 pale, base of segments 4 and 5 with a few
pale scales. Claws of foreleg and midleg enlarged, unequal; larger claw with 1 tooth,
smaller simple.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 63). Very different from other Jamaican species of the
subgenus in the base of the claspette and sternite IX. Segment VIII: Shortened
and narrowed at base; heavy specialized setae of tergite entirely lateral distally.
Segment IX: Tergite short, with long narrow bridge between longer lateral areas
which are not at all produced distally into lobes but bear each about 12 slender
setae. Sternite very strongly developed, with prominent anterior lobe; distal margin
nearly straight and not produced between sidepieces. Sidepiece: More or less cyl-
indrical but distinctly curved; without lobes; mesal membrane not developed distad
of claspette, this area with 60 or more short setae; apicosternal area with numerous
thin curved setae. Claspette: Base with distinct anterior sternal sclerotized plate
joined to that of its mate and with tergal sclerotization extending into mesal mem-
brane of sidepieces. The 2 claspettes diverging at base at an acute angle. Distinct
short apical lobe projecting free from sidepiece, with 5-7 flattened specialized setae
with very inconspicuous lateral spicules in distal part; seta closest to sidepiece (ster-
nal) usually distinctly broader. Clasper: Base rather broad; external margin nearly
straight except apically; internal margin moderately swollen; dorsal and ventral sur-
faces both with a ridge in area of swelling, ventral ridge with 2 or 3 setae; dorsal
surface without distinct reticulations; apical part gradually narrowed and curved
dorsad, with short apical spiniform. Phallosome: Aedeagus small, nearly parallel-
sided except for narrowed apex, without denticles. Proctiger: Moderately broad at
base and gradually narrowed to near apex; ventrolateral sclerotization not pro-
duced on sternal surface. Apex of paraproct with 4 or 5 small teeth. Cercal setae
about 8, restricted to distal half.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 133
PUPA (fig. 63). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently highly
variable. In general similar to jamaicensis from which it differs in following con-
spicuous features. Cephalothorax: Hairs 4,5,7-C usually double or triple; 8-C usual-
ly multiple. Trumpet: Usually narrower and longer. Metanotum and Abdomen:
Larger hairs on anterior abdominal segments with pigmented rings around alveoli.
Hair 12-C usually with 3 or 4 branches. Hair 3-I distally forked or strongly barbed;
1-II with flattened base and numerous irregularly dendritic branches; 3-I,III fork-
ed, branched or with strong barbs; 5-VII usually single or double; 6-II,III single to
triple. Paddle: Hair 2-P apparently always absent.
LARVA (fig. 61). Chaetotaxy not studied in detail, apparently in general similar
to jamaicensis. Readily differentiated from other Jamaican members of subgenus
by following conspicuous features. Head: Rather uniformly lightly pigmented. Hair
5-C multiple; 6-C single, barbed in basal half. Antenna: Longer and more slender,
about 0.7 of head capsule length; uniformly lightly pigmented; shaft with incon-
spicuous slender denticles. Segment VIII: Comb usually of 6 scales whose bases
are attached to a poorly pigmented, lightly sclerotized plate; median spine of scale
not much more than 2.0 of largest lateral spine, which is separated from median
by short denticle. Siphon: Moderately inflated. Uniformly lightly pigmented ex-
cept on incomplete dark basal ring. Pecten varied, usually with 5-8 teeth which
may extend to about 0.4 of siphon length; teeth very broad, without strongly dif-
ferentiated principal spine, with numerous denticles, 2 or 3 often of same order of
magnitude. Hair 1-S conspicuous, long, usually with 2-4 branches. Anal Segment:
Saddle very lightly pigmented, difficult to see. Ventral brush usually with a total
of 12 hairs, 4 of which on strong grid bars with. lateral sclerotization.
SYSTEMATICS. Psorophora infinis is the most distinct of the 6 or more species
included in the current concept of cingulata (Fabricius, 1805) whose type locality
was restricted to Cayenne, French Guiana, by Belkin, Schick and Heinemann (1965:
41-42). It differs from all the other species in the very conspicuous discrete silvery
markings of the mesonotum of the adults, a shorter male palpus, characteristic
male genitalia, and unique comb scales and other features of the larva as described
above. Almost all these distinctive features were recognized in the redescription
of infinis by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:594-596) and it is difficult to under-
stand how Lane’s synonymy (1953:762) of this species with cingulata has been
accepted.
The Jamaican population of infinis agrees.in all respects with the topotypic ma-
terial from the Dominican Republic but there is considerable variation in our rela-
tively large series from Jamaica, particularly in the immature stages. We have seen
no material of infinis from anywhere else. Dyar’s (1928:132) record from Cuba,
the basis for all subsequent reports from this island, is questionable as neither Perez
Vigueras (1956) nor Montchadsky and Garcia (1966) found infinis in Cuba. The
records of cingulata from the Lesser Antilles actually pertain to at least 2 undes-
cribed species of the complex, 1 in the Leeward Islands and 1, or possibly 2, in the
Windward Islands.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of infinis have been found in Jamaica in
ground pools, rockholes and occasionally in tanks, cisterns and concrete drainage
sumps. One collection, made in a leaf axil of a terrestrial bromeliad (608) is either
a natural or laboratory contamination. The breeding sites may be deeply shaded
or fully exposed to the sun. This species appears to be more common at higher
elevations, our collections having come primarily from elevations of 80 m to 1600
m. The species found most commonly associated with infinis was Culex (C.) secu-
134 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
tor; occasional breeding associates were Culex (C.) corniger, Culex (Mel.) inhibi-
tator, Aedes (O.) calumnior and Aedes (F.) mediovittatus.
This species does not seem to be attracted to man as only a few females have
been taken on human bait (Page ,1967). One female was taken in a light trap (611).
However, these records were obtained in the lowlands where infinis is uncommon.
Nothing is known of the habits of the adults at higher elevations.
DISTRIBUTION. Definitely known only from the Dominican Republic (type
locality) and Jamaica; probably occurs also in Haiti. Record from Cuba doubtful,
see systematics above. |
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Mocho (603). Kingston and St. Andrew: Cinchona Botanical Gardens
(340,341,343). Cinchona Botanical Gardens, rd to (612). Hermitage Dam Rd (611,739). New-
castle Rd, elev. 2500-3000 ft (Hill and Hill, 1948:48). St. Ann: Drax Hall (608). Westmoreland:
Petersville (618,620). Parish not Specified: Sept 1944, R.B. Hill, 3 M, 3 F [USNM].
Material Examined: 249 specimens; 41 males, 82 females, 98 larvae, 28 pupae; 28 individual
rearings (10 larval, 15 pupal, 3 incomplete).
36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis (Theobald, 1901)
Figs. 66,67
1901. Culex jamaicensis Theobald, 1901a:345-346. TYPE: Lectotype female, Spanish Town
Road, Kingston, Jamaica, 8 Feb 1900, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:
Z7\,
1907. Taeniorhynchus walsinghamii Theobald, 1907:484-486. TYPE: Holotype female, Runa-
way Bay (St. Ann), Jamaica, Apr, Lord Walsingham [BM]. Synonymy with jamaicensis
by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:581).
Psorophora (Grabhamia) jamaicensis of Dyar (1928:128-129); Edwards (1932:126).
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) jamaicensis in part (?) of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:582-585).
Psorophora jamaicensis of Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:73).
Grabhamia jamaicensis in part of Theobald (1903a:244-245, in toto; 1905a:29-30; 1905b:23;
1910:281); Coquillett (1906b:21).
Taeniorhynchus walsinghamii of Theobald (1910:419,427).
Psorophora (Grabhamia) confinnis in part of Aitken (1940:677); Lane (1953:768-770); Carpen-
ter and LaCasse (1955:129-131); Horsfall (1955:390-394); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:
129-130); Forattini (1965a:422-428); Porter (1967:37); Page (1967, in toto).
Psorophora confinnis of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:46-47); Thompson (1947:79).
FEMALE. Wing about 4.0 mm. Medium-sized dark brown species with speckled
wings; labium broadly pale in the middle at least ventrally; a dense patch of dark
scales at base of vein R4+;; hindtarsal segment 1 with a median white ring. Head: —
Decumbent scales of vertex and occiput narrow and gray, sparse except in lateral
patch above broader, flatter, predominantly yellowish scales of sides. Erect scales
numerous, dark except in middle and back where they are pale. Labium with med-
ian pale yellowish gray band occupying more than 0.5 of its length, frequently
some dark scales scattered on band dorsally. Palpus tipped with yellowish gray
scales; apparently 3-segmented but possibly a minute segment 4 may be invagina-
ted. Thorax: Mesonotal integument dark rusty brown. Mesonotal scales narrow,
curved; predominantly light bronzy to dark coppery with pale, silvery gray to yel-
lowish gray scales scattered throughout and usually concentrated in small patches
in front of fossa, at humeral angle, inner posterior part of fossa, above wing root,
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 135
and in and around prescutellar space. Paratergite bare. All lobes of scutellum with
narrow light scales, silvery gray to yellowish gray. Apn scales narrow, predomin-
antly pale as on mesonotal patches except for some darker coppery above; ppn
scales narrow and dark as on mesonotum except for some paler ones in lower pos-
terior part; other pleural scales broader, whitish, usually restricted to ppl, psp, stp,
base of pra and middle mep. Legs: Coxae and trochanters with pale scales pre-
dominant. Femora with usual pale surfaces; anterior surface predominantly dark
scaled, lightly speckled with pale scales and with conspicuous white preapical band
and apex. Tibiae predominantly dark scaled, anterior surfaces with rather evenly
spaced spots of white scales. Tarsi predominantly dark scaled; segment 1 on all legs
with a short basal and a little longer median white bands which may form complete
rings; foretarsal segments 2 and 3, midtarsal segments 2-4 and hindtarsal segments
2-5 with short basal white rings, smaller on distal segments. Claws all simple, sub-
equal. Wing: Dorsal veins speckled with dark and light scales without distinct pat-
tern; base of vein R44; with dense patch of dark scales producing a more or less dis-
tinct spot. Haltere: Entirely pale. Abdomen: Laterotergite and median dorsocau-
dal part of tergite I with pale scales. Tergites II-VI dark scaled at base, II and Ill
with apical transverse white scaled bands triangularly produced basad, IV similar
but usually basal projection of white band not as regular, V-VI usually with sub-
lateral light scaled stripes, narrowly connected on apex; sides of tergites H-VI with
narrow lines of light scales connected distally with transverse dorsal light bands or
markings. Sternites II-VI predominantly with yellowish gray scales, with some sub-
apical dark scales.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation except as noted. Labium
with only a few pale scales at false joint, without broad pale ring. Palpus exceed-
ing labium by entire length of segments 4 and 5 which are sharply upturned; distal
0.5 of segment 3 and all of segments 4 and 5 with numerous long bristles; joint
between segments 2 and 3 pale, base of 4 and 5 with a few pale scales. Antennal
flagellum densely plumose. Tarsal white rings less distinct, usually reduced or not
developed on distal segments. Foreclaws and midclaws enlarged, unequal; larger
claws with flattened apically rounded basal external tooth and a longer submedian
tooth; smaller claws with basal external tooth only. Abdominal tergites with scal-
ing greatly reduced, with dark scaling predominating on distal segments, lateral
light scales replaced by very long hairs.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 66). In general similar to other species of subgenus ex-
cept infinis. Segment VIIT: Shortened; specialized setae of tergite lateral. Segment
IX: Tergite well sclerotized; with a narrow median bridge between broad lateral
lobes; each lobe with 12-18 thin setae. Sternite projecting between sidepieces, its
anterior margin not markedly lobed, its distal margin broadly rounded. Sidepiece:
More or less cylindrical except for produced sternal apex which bears short straight
setae; mesal membrane not developed distad of claspette, this area with about 20-
25 short setae. Claspette: Without sternal or tergal sclerotizations from base of
main bar. The 2 claspettes diverging at base at an obtuse angle. Distinct broad api-
cal lobe projecting free from sidepiece, with 1 or 2 specialized flattened setae with
minutely spiculose distal part at external angle near sidepiece and usually 5 similar
specialized setae on the mesal projection, occasionally 1 or more additional sim-
pler setae present. Clasper: Narrow at base; external margin sinuous; internal mar-
gin produced into a broad lobe which bends ventrad, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral sub-
apical setae on this lobe; apical part strongly narrowed and bent dorsomesad, with
short apical spiniform. Dorsal surface strongly reticulate. Phallosome: Aedeagus
136 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
small, nearly parallel-sided except for base and rounded apex, without denticles.
Proctiger: Moderately broad at base and gradually narrowed to near apex; ventro-
lateral sclerotization broad and strongly produced on sternal surface. Apex of para-
proct with 4 or 5 small teeth. Cercal setae about 6, restricted to distal half.
PUPA (fig. 66). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; differing markedly
from that described for ‘‘confinnis” by Barr and Barr (1969:8-9) in more branches
in hairs 10,12-C, 6-I-III,VI, 1-IV and 5-VII. Cephalothorax: Unevenly pigmented,
distinctly darker in male; hairs 6,8-C double. Trumpet: Uniformly lightly pigmen-
ted, relatively short and broad. Metanotum and Abdomen: Unevenly pigmented,
particularly on lower surface of abdomen; lighter caudad; distinctly darker in male.
Caudolateral angle of tergite IV without spines. Sternite VIII with slight lobe on
caudal margin laterad of genital segments. Hair 10-C usually with 9 barbed branch-
es; 12-C usually with at least 5 branches. Hair 3-III closer to 1-III than to 5-III;
hair 1-IV usually with at least 4 branches; 5-IV-VI usually double and shorter than
tergite following, 5-VII usually at least triple; 6-I-III,VI with at least 4 branches,
often more; 9-VIII with at least 6 branches. Paddle: Very lightly pigmented. Mar-
ginal spicules indistinct. Hair 1-P normal in length; 2-P frequently absent, when
present very weak.
LARVA (fig. 67). Chaetotaxy as figured but not studied in detail. Very similar
to North American “‘confinnis”’ as described and figured by Carpenter and LaCasse
(1955:130-131) but readily separated by the lateral postocular spine and nearly
straight dorsal caudal. border of head capsule. Head: Distinctly broader than long;
ocular bulge conspicuous anteriorly; a distinct spinelike tubercular lateral caudal
postocular process; labrum and mouthbrush base normal; maxillary suture complete
and strong throughout, nearly straight, not extended caudad beyond posterior ten-
torial pit which is about 0.17 from collar. Dorsal chaetotaxy normal; hairs 5-7-C
all multiple; hair 6 usually reaching anterior margin of head capsule, hair 7 reach-
ing insertion of antennal hair 1-A. Antenna: Distinctly shorter than head capsule;
shaft with small sharp denticles. Hair 1-A submedian, multiple, nearly reaching
apex of shaft. Thorax: Hair 13-P absent. Abdomen: Hair 12-I present; 6-I usually
with 4 branches, 6-II usually triple; 6-III-V double; 7-I,II long, triple to with 5
branches, 7-III-V short, multiple. Segment VIII: Comb usually with 6 scales whose
bases are all connected into a lightly sclerotized plate; individual scales with long
differentiated median sharp spine, usually 2 strong denticles and some weaker den-
ticles and fringes at base. Siphon: Elongate, only slightly swollen in basal part.
Acus distinct, attached. Pecten rarely with more than 4 widely spaced teeth in
proximal 0.3; teeth usually with only 1 basal or subbasal denticle. Hair 1-S readily
seen, long but weak, multiple. Anal Segment: Saddle complete; moderately inden-
ted for ventral brush. Hair 1-X short, inconspicuous, double to multiple with weak
forks. Ventral brush usually with 16 hairs, 4-6 of which on very poorly developed
grid without lateral bar and 10-12 in an irregular double row piercing the saddle.
Gills very long and slender.
SYSTEMATICS. Psorophora jamaicensis is currently considered to be conspecif-
ic with confinnis (Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891) primarily on the basis of similarity in
the male genitalia. Martini (1935:45) was the first to suggest this synonymy and
Aitken (1940:674-677) formalized it. However, we find that in all stages except
the male genitalia, jamaicensis is easily distinguished from all the other populations
of the complex we have seen and therefore restore it to full specific status.
That jamaicensis is not just a local Jamaican population of confinnis is confirm-
ed by the presence of similarly marked adults and similar larvae and pupae (not
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 137
always all stages from a given locality) in Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Repub-
lic), Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (St. Croix; mentioned by Barr and Barr,
1969:8, as not being conspecific with their ‘“confinnis’’). We consider all these pop-
ulations to be conspecific with topotypic jamaicensis.
Psorophora jamaicensis can be separated from the North American populations
of the confinnis complex by the diagnostic features mentioned in the keys. In the
absence of topotypic material of confinnis from Argentina we have not been able
to determine the taxonomic status of populations other than jamaicensis but be-
lieve that it is very likely that the populations north of the Amazon basin belong
to 1 or more species distinct from true confinnis. For the present we are provi-
sionally applying the name columbiae (Dyar & Knab, 1906) to the populations
from the eastern and southern United States and to a population from Grand Cay-
man Island. We have made no attempt to study carefully the extensive material of
the confinnis complex from Mexico and Central America but it appears that at
least some of the populations in this area may be conspecific with those from east-
ern North America.
Psorophora jamaicensis appears to be a relict species throughout most of its
range and in the process of being replaced by the dominant pygmaea throughout
their area of sympatry. There is some suggestion of hybridization between the 2
species in Jamaica; 2 males in our collection with external facies of pygmaea have
the male genitalia and pupal features indistinguishable from jamaicensis.
Our records suggest that jamaicensis is perhaps less common in some areas of
Jamaica than reported in the past. As indicated under pygmaea, the characters used
to separate these species in Hill and Hill’s key to adults (1948:25, couplet 14) are
invalid and it seems probable that some of the specimens identified as confinnis
(= jamaicensis) in the past were actually pygmaea, including some tabulated for
Page’s (1967) observations on man-biting mosquitoes.
P.F. Mattingly has kindly reexamined the holotype of walsinghamii for us and
confirmed that the first tarsal segment of all legs does have a submedian pale band
as in jamaicensis. The presence of this feature, not mentioned in Theobald’s origi-
nal description, removes all doubt from the validity of the synonymy of walsing-
hamii with jamaicensis.
BIONOMICS. In Jamaica, the immature stages of jamaicensis are found mainly
in temporary ground pools (62%) but occur also in ditches, ponds, margins of
swamps and occasionally in crabholes and rockholes. The breeding sites are usual-
ly without any vegetation and exposed to the sun. Brackish water is tolerated but
fresh water appears to be preferred. The most common associate. of jamaicensis is
its congener pygmaea; much less frequent associates are Aedes ( O.) hemisurus, Aea-
es (O.) tortilis and various permanent ground water breeders such as the dominant
species of Anopheles and Culex. The species is widespread in the lowlands and
occurs at higher elevations also; our highest record is from 450 m.
Females of jamaicensis bite man readily and have been taken in small numbers
in donkey-baited traps. The populations of the adults vary a great deal during the
year, being very low during the dry months and very high during the wet season.
At Caymanas, Milk River and Salt River jamaicensis was most common during 2
periods, April-June and September-November.
An unidentified virus was isolated from specimens of this species collected 19
Sept 1962 at Milk River, Clarendon (L.S. Grant, personal communication).
DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica (type locality). Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
Islands (St. Croix).
138 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
JAMAICA. Widespread but possibly not as common as reported in past in some areas. Claren-
don: Fort Simonds, 20 Jan 1946, G.A. Thompson, 1 M [UCLA]. Frankfield (81). Parnassus
(863,864). Pass Side (869). Summerfield (80). Toll Gate (870). Yorks Pen (604). Kingston and
St. Andrew: Hermitage Dam Rd (291). Kingston and vicinity, various dates, M. Grabham, 8 M,
23 F [USNM]. Red Hills Quarry (841). Upper Mountain View, 25-27 Oct 1946, G.A. Thompson,
8 F [JAM]. St Ann: Delight (757). Runaway Bay, Feb 1969, W.W. Wirth, 1 F [USNM]. Sz.
Catherine: Bog Walk (913). Caymanas (2-4,862). Congrieve Park (21,22). Spanish Town (37).
St. James and St. Mary: Localities not specified (Hill and Hill, 1948:47). St. Thomas: Amity Hall
(58,59,61). Chiswick (101,102,161,162). Dalvey (93). Duckenfield Hall (94,165). Golden Grove
(156). Hampton Court (171). Holland Bay (96,97,155). New Pera (202). Rocky Point (163).
Springfield House (157). Winchester House (128). Trelawny: Locality not specified (Hill and
Hill (1948:47). Westmoreland: Grange Hill (137). Petersville (362,363). Parish not Specified:
Various dates, M. Grabham, 7 L; Apr 1945, G.A. Thompson, 3 M; Mar 1946, G.A. Thompson, 25
L [USNM]; R.B. Hill, 10 L [JAM].
Material Examined: 735 specimens; 92 males, 147 females, 335 larvae, 161 pupae; 120 individ-
ual rearings (63 larval, 46 pupal, 11 incomplete).
37. Psorophora (G.) insularia (Dyar & Knab)
Figs. 62,64
1906. Janthinosoma insularius Dyar and Knab, 1906a:125-136. TYPE: Holotype female (108.1),
Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), Aug 1905 (stated to be 11 July in Howard, Dyar
and Knab, 1917:607, but Busck’s notes give Aug), A. Busck [USNM, 9975; see Stone
and Knight, 1955:285].
1908. Aedes haruspicus Dyar and Knab, 1908:56. TYPE: Lectotype female, Port Antonio,
Jamaica, 15 Nov 1906, M. Grabham [USNM, 11995; designation of Stone and Knight,
1955:284]. Synonymy with insularia by Dyar (1928:126).
Psorophora (Grabhamia) insularia of Dyar (1928:126); Edwards (1932:126); Pratt (1946:213);
Lane (1953:770-771; in part, not figures of larva); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959: 130);
Porter (1967:37); Barr and Barr (1969:9-10).
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) insularius of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:605-607).
Psorophora insularia of Maldonado-Capriles, Pippin and Kuns (1958:68).
Psorophora insularius of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:48).
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) haruspicus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:603-605).
Psorophora haruspicus of Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:73).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.0-3.5 mm. Small species; generally similar to jamaicensis
and pygmaea from both of which it can be distinguished by the much lighter meso-
notal integument, lack of contrast between the darker and lighter scales and the
following conspicuous features. Head: Decumbent scales of disc of vertex distinct-
ly silvery-gray white. Labium broadly pale in the middle to largely light ventrally
but band not sharply differentiated dorsally. Palpus with brown scales, a few paler
scales sometimes at base of segment 2 but none on apex of 3. Antennal torus with
broad white scales. Thorax: Mesonotal integument light brown to dark tan, with
a rather distinct dark spot at upper posterior part of fossa. Mesonotal scaling pale
throughout, golden and silvery-gray white, without distinct pattern but golden on
acrostichal line and predominantly silvery on dorsocentral line, scutal angle (broad-
ly), caudad of dark spot, above wing root, posterior part of supraalar area and in
prescutellar space. Scutellar lobes with silvery-gray white scales. Apn with broad,
semierect whitish scales. Ppn with whitish narrow scales above and some broad
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 139
whitish scales below and posteriorly. Rest of pleural scaling scantier but a few
broad white scales present on ssp. Legs: Predominantly with brown scales, except
for usual pale surfaces of femora and generally paler lower surfaces of all tibiae.
Femora moderately speckled with paler scales on anterior surfaces, preapical white
bands conspicuous but small; knee spots poorly developed, yellowish to white.
Tibiae lightly speckled with pale scales on anterior surfaces; foretibia with a large
conspicuous inner dorsal apical spot of white to whitish scales. Submedian pale
band of tarsal segments 1 not developed, these segments without distinct speck-
ling of light scales; basal pale tarsal rings as in the other species but dingy white
and frequently indistinct except on segments 1-3. Wing: Dorsal scaling sparse, with
little contrast between light and dark scales; base of vein R44; without concentra-
tion of dark scales. Abdomen: Light scaling of tergites dingy white; apical light
bands irregular, sometimes extensive but usually not produced triangularly basad.
MALE. Differing from jamaicensis and pygmaea essentially in the same features
as the female except for sexual differences. Labium indistinctly pale in distal part
ventrally. Palpus distinctly shorter than in jamaicensis and pygmaea, segment 3 us-
ually barely reaching to 0.7 of proboscis.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 64). In general differing from jamaicensis in same fea-
tures aS pygmaea and distinguished from both by the following. Segment [X: Ter-
gite lobe usually with less than 12 setae. Sidepiece: Sternal apex not produced;
mesal setae intermediate in number. Claspette: Free apical lobe practically unde-
veloped, represented by 2 or 3 separate tubercles arising from membrane of side-
piece, each bearing 1 relatively simple seta without flattened distal part. Clasper:
Swollen part of internal margin much less developed than in pygmaea; subapical
setae more numerous and proportionately longer.
PUPA (fig. 64). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail, apparently extreme-
ly variable. In general differing from jamaicensis in same features as pygmaea; very
similar to latter, apparently distinguished from it by the following. Trumpet light-
er. Abdominal hair 4-I usually with 4 or 5 branches; 1-II shorter, with 5-7 simple
branches. :
LARVA (fig. 62). Chaetotaxy not studied in detail, apparently in general similar
to jamaicensis. Unique in genus in having an incomplete saddle and short rounded
gills. Head: Strongly pigmented except for light ocular bulge. Hair 1-C moderate,
darkly pigmented; 5-C usually triple or double; 6-C usually double or single. An-
tenna: Short, about 0.5 or slightly more of head length; darkened distally; shaft
usually of uniform width and without denticles, rarely with 1 or 2 denticles dis-
tally. Hair 1-A strong, multiple. Segment VIII: Comb usually of 5 or 6 scales, not
connected basally; scales with | differentiated apical and 2 basal shorter spines
and smaller denticles. Siphon: Moderately inflated to very near tip, where swell-
ing sometimes most conspicuous; varied in length; lightly pigmented except on
basal ring and apex. Pecten varied, usually with 1-3 teeth in basal 0.33; teeth sim-
ple or with 2 or 3 weak to strong basal denticles or spicules. Hair 1-S small but
distinct, usually with 3-5 branches, rarely single. Anal Segment: Saddle widely in-
complete, narrowed laterally. Hair 1-X short, usually with 3 or 4 branches, inserted
in indentation of saddle. Ventral brush usually with 10-12 hairs in an irregular dou-
ble row, at least caudal 6 with distinct grid bars at base, sometimes connected la-
terally. Gills short, rounded.
SYSTEMATICS. In view of the extensive variation present in our relatively small
sample from Jamaica in the adults (size and ornamentation), pupae (hair branch-
ing and development), and larvae (chaetotaxy, comb scales, pecten teeth, antennal
140 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
anomalies), we believe that the Jamaican haruspicus is conspecific with insularia
from the Dominican Republic in spite of the differences noted between the 2 nom-
inal species in the redescriptions of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:603-607). Plas-
ticity marked by individual variation and frequent anomalies rather than develop-
ment of stabilized characters in isolated populations seems to be characteristic of
salt rockhole breeders such as insularia.
Outside of Jamaica and Hispaniola, insularia has been reported from Mona Island
(Maldonado-Capriles, Pippin and Kuns, 1958:68) and Puerto Rico (Stone, Knight
and Starcke, 1959:130). Barr and Barr (1969:10) noted significant differences be-
tween the pupae from these 2 populations but considered them to be probably
conspecific. Our Jamaican material shows similar individual variation except for
the position of hair 2 on abdominal segment I, which, however, may also be an
anomaly or an individual variation. Therefore, although we have not seen the ma-
terial from Mona Island and Puerto Rico, we believe that it is conspecific with
topotypic and Jamaican insularia.
We have males and females of insularia from Guantanamo, Cuba, that have a
considerably darker mesonotal scaling than in the Jamaican population. These con-
form to the latter, however, in the relatively short male palpus, and in the indis-
tinct pale scaling of the labium and legs.
The larva of insularia is unique in the genus in having an incomplete anal saddle
and short rounded gills, both characters common features in salt water breeders in
general. |
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of insularia have been found only in seaside
coral rockholes in the splash zone, fully exposed to the sun. The water in the breed-
ing sites is brackish and clear and the bottom is sandy. Culex (C.) bahamensis is
at times associated with insularia. All the records we have are from August to No-
vember and it is possible that breeding is confined to this time of the year when a
proper combination of rain water and salt water spray is obtained in the rockholes.
Nothing is known of the habits of the adults in Jamaica as they have not been
collected in nature. Collections from Cuba suggest that adults of both sexes may
be taken in light traps.
DISTRIBUTION. Hispaniola (Santo Domingo, type locality), Cuba, Mona Island,
Puerto Rico and Jamaica.
JAMAICA. To date known only from the north coast. Hanover: Bulls Bay (89,717). Mosquito
Cove (936). Portland: Navy Island (389,400). Port Antonio, various dates, M. Grabham, 6 M, 6 F,
3 L [USNM]. St. Mary: Port Maria (927).
Material Examined: 221 specimens; 34 males, 41 females, 83 larvae, 63 pupae; 47 individual
rearings (12 larval, 25 pupal, 10 incomplete).
38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea (Theobald)
He CPEs
1903. Grabhamia pygmaea Theobald, 1903a:245-246. TYPE: Lectotype female with wing on
slide, Antigua, Leeward Is., Aug, W.R. Forrest (119) [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:
28-29].
1903. Culex nanus Coquillett, 1903:256. TYPE: Lectotype female, Key West, Florida, U.S.A.,
Aug 1901, A. Busck [USNM, 6893; designation of Stone and Knight, 1955:285]. Syn-
onymy with pygmaea by Theobald (1907:289,290).
1904. Taeniorhynchus antiguae Giles, 1904:382,384. TYPE: Lectotype female, Antigua, 11
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 141
June 1901, W.R. Forrest [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:25]. Synonymy with pgy-
maea by Theobald (1907:289,290).
Psorophora (Grabhamia) pygmaea of Dyar (1922a:41; 1928:126-127); Edwards (1932:127); King,
Bradley and McNeel (1944:56); Matheson (1944:242-243); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Cham-
berlain (1946: 160-162); Pratt (1946:213); Lane (1953:77 1-773); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:
133-134); Horsfall (1955:404); Perez Vigueras (1956:336-339); Stone, Knight and Starcke
(1959:130); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:39-40); Porter (1967:37); Page (1967).
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) pygmaea of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:600-603).
Psorophora pygmaea of Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:73); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:
48-49); Thompson (1947:79).
Grabhamia pygmaea of Theobald (1905a:31-32; 1905b:23; 1907:289-291); Coquillett (1906b:
21).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.0-3.5 mm. Superficially very similar to jamaicensis from
which it can usually be distinguished by the smaller size and the following con-
spicuous differences. Head: Decumbent scales more numerous. Erect scales shorter
and broader, all light except laterally. Labial pale band narrower, usually less than
0.2 of proboscis and relatively well marked. Palpus with scattered pale scales, usu-
ally not tipped with pale scales. Antennal torus with numerous narrow pale scales
instead of hairs. Thorax: Mesonotal integument dark to blackish brown. Mesonotal
scaling predominantly light coppery to gray golden with rather distinct patches of
dark bronzy scales laterally in front of scutal angle, in upper posterior part of fos-
sa and in anterior part of supraalar area. Apn and ppn scales all pale and narrow,
more numerous; lower part of ssp with numerous broad whitish scales in 1 or 2
patches; broad pleural scales somewhat whiter. Legs: Femora more extensively pale
on anterior surfaces, pale scales predominating on basal part at least, subapical
pale band not as distinct. Tibiae with scattered pale scales, not arranged in dis-
crete spots. First tarsal segments without submedian pale band, with scattered pale
scales. Basal white bands or rings usually restricted to segments 1-3 on foreleg and
midleg, 1-4 on hindleg. Wing: Pale scales whiter, more conspicuous; plume scales
shorter and broader. Base of vein R44, without concentration of dark scales. Abdo-
men: Light scaling of tergites whiter; tergite | with large patch of white scales;
apical white bands of tergites H-V more conspicuous, all triangularly produced
basad; tergites VI,VII with numerous scattered white scales in addition to narrow
apical pale band; sternites with grayish white scales only.
MALE. Differing from jamaicensis essentially in the same features as the female
except for sexual characters. Labium with more distinct ventral pale band than in
jamaicensis and abdominal tergites with more conspicuous and extensive pale scal-
ing. Palpus essentially as in jamaicensis. Pale scaling of femora and especially tibiae
not as distinct as in female.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 65). In general similar to jamaicensis, differing from
it in the following conspicuous features. Sidepiece: Sternal apex not produced.
Mesal surface beyond claspette with setae more numerous. Claspette: Free apical
part very short and not markedly expanded, usually with 4 (3-5) specialized setae.
Clasper: Swollen part of internal margin not as prominent and more distal.
PUPA (fig. 65). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail, apparently extreme-
ly variable. In general similar to jamaicensis from which it differs in the following
conspicuous features. Cephalothorax: Unevenly pigmented, light ventrally, darken-
ed dorsally on mesonotum, more strongly in male. Trumpet: Short, strongly flared
distally, pinna long; uniformly concolorous with mesonotum. Metanotum and Ab-
142 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
domen: Moderately and strongly pigmented anteriorly, largely colorless distally;
darker in male. Hair 10-C usually with at least 12 branches. Hair 2-I usually laterad
or in line with 3-I; hair 4-I with 7-12 branches. Hair 1-II usually with dendritic
branching; 2-II usually laterad or in line with 3-II. Paddle: Practically colorless ex-
cept for midrib and external buttress.
LARVA (fig. 62). Chaetotaxy not studied in detail, apparently in general simi-
lar to jamaicensis. Readily differentiated from other members of subgenus by the
following features. Head: Strongly pigmented except for light ocular bulge; latter
usually with 1 or more small tubercles in caudal part. Hairs 5,6-C both long, usual-
ly single; 1-C very slender, lightly pigmented. Antenna: Short, less than 0.5 of
head length; darkly pigmented; shaft of uniform width, with scattered short den-
ticles. Hair 1-A variable in position. Segment VIII: Comb usually of 6 scales whose
bases are united by irregular sclerotizations; scales with 1 differentiated apical and
2 basal shorter spines and smaller denticles. Siphon: Moderately inflated; varied
in length. Pecten varied, usually with 4-6 teeth which may extend to 0.5; teeth
usually with several basal denticles, sometimes simple. Hair 1-S small but distinct,
with 2-4 branches. Anal Segment: Saddle complete, moderately to strongly inden-
ted for ventral brush. Hair 1-X short, usually double or triple. Ventral brush usual-
ly with total of 12 hairs, 8 of which with well developed grid bars but no lateral
sclerotization, and 4 precratal hairs piercing the saddle. Gills moderately long, poin-
ted.
SYSTEMATICS. Psorophora pygmaea is apparently an extremely variable and
very common dominant species with a wider distribution in the West Indies than
any other species of the genus. We have not studied in detail the various popula-
tions but a superficial examination of populations from Antigua (type locality),
Nevis, St. Kitts, Hispaniola (Haiti), Jamaica, Grand Cayman and Cuba (Guantana-
mo) shows no obvious significant constant differences. Psorophora pygmaea has
also been reported from Puerto Rico (Tulloch, 1937:142), Bahamas (Howard, Dyar
and Knab, 1917:603) and Florida (Key West, type locality of nanus; and near
Miami Beach by Buren, 1946:185). All these records undoubtedly pertain to pyg-
maea in the current sense. However, the record of pygmaea from Trinidad in Stone,
Knight and Starcke (1959:130) is very doubtful.
The Jamaican population agrees in all significant details of general coloration of
adults, male genitalia, pupa and larva with the topotypic population of pygmaea
from Antigua. There is a great deal of variation in the chaetotaxy of the imma-
tures and in the light markings of the legs and abdominal tergites in both popula-
tions. The relatively large adults from Antigua do not show the wide range in size
which is evident in our Jamaican collections but this is probably merely due to
different conditions in the breeding sites.
As indicated under jamaicensis there is a suggestion of hybridization or intro-
gression between that species and pygmaea. The adults of the presumed hybrids
tend toward the pygmaea type of ornamentation but the male genitalia and the
pupa are indistinguishable from jamaicensis. Possibly the development of the small
tubercles in the postorbital area of the larva in pygmaea may be a feature derived
from jamaicensis through introgression or common ancestry.
It appears that pygmaea has been confused with jamaicensis in the past in Ja-
maica. Presumably the 2 species were separated as adults on the basis of the char-
acters in couplet 14 of the key in Hill and Hill (1948:25) that are not valid. Our
records suggest that pygmaea may be a more common species in some areas in
Jamaica than jamaicensis and we suspect that at least some of the specimens re-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 143
ported as confinnis (= jamaicensis) by Page (1967:182) were actually pygmaea.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of pygmaea are found in temporary ground pools
with a muddy bottom, usually fully exposed to the sun. Margins of ponds and
swamps are also used by this species. All these breeding sites are similar to those
used by jamaicensis but pygmaea is found much more frequently in brackish wa-
ter, a little more than half of our collections being recorded from brackish water.
These 2 species are frequently associated in a single habitat; lesser frequent associ-
ates of pygmaea are Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus and Aedes (O.) tortilis and occa-
sional ones Aedes (O.) hemisurus, Aedes (O.) pertinax, Culex (C.) nigripalpus and
Anopheles (N.) albimanus. The majority of our records of pygmaea are from the
lowlands, all but one (200 m) below 60 m.
Females of pygmaea bite man and donkeys but do not seem to enter stable traps
readily. They are sometimes found in very large numbers exceeding the populations
of jamaicensis. An unidentified arbovirus was isolated from pygmaea collected in
Sept 1962 at Milk River, Clarendon (L.S. Grant, personal communication).
DISTRIBUTION. Antigua (type locality), Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Flor-
ida, Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Nevis, St. Kitts.
JAMAICA. Probably more widely distributed than present records indicate. Clarendon: Par-
nassus (863,864). Pass Side (869). Toll Gate (870). Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry and vicinity
(237A). Kingston and vicinity, various dates, M. Grabham, 7 M, 12 F, 3 L [USNM]. Red Hills
quarry (841). St. Ann: Delight (757). St. Catherine: Caymanas (Page, 1967). St. Thomas: Chis-
wick (101,102). Holland Bay (95-97,99,143). Morant Point (100). White Bay (139). Parish not
Specified: M. Grabham, 2 L [USNM].
Material Examined: 2132 specimens; 211 males, 306 females, 1299 larvae, 316 pupae; 114
individual rearings (18 larval, 92 pupal, 4 incomplete).
GENUS AEDES
Aedes is the dominant genus of the tribe Aedini and is characterized in the
adults by normal anterior pronotal lobes and the absence of spiracular bristles. In
the New World the larvae are readily distinguished from Psorophora by the absence
of precratal tufts on the body of the anal segment except rarely at the very apex,
but are difficult to separate from those of Haemagogus (see key to tribes and gen-
era). The pupae are very similar to those of Psorophora and Haemagogus and can
be separated only by the combination of characters given in these keys.
All 3 subgenera indigenous to the New World tropics are represented in Jamaica
by indigenous species: (1) Ochlerotatus by 7 species in 4 groups, (2) Finlaya by 1
species only, (3) Howardina by 5 species. In addition, the ubiquitous aegypti of
the Old World subgenus Stegomyia has been introduced.
We have included in the keys all the other species of Aedes reported from the
West Indies as indicated under the subgenera Ochlerotatus and Howardina.
The habitats of the immature stages of species of Aedes in the West Indies range
from temporary ground pools and rockholes to treeholes and leaf axils of various
plants. Females of some species, particularly taeniorhynchus, are avid blood suckers;
some of these species may be involved in the transmission of arboviruses.
At the conclusion of this study we found 1 male Aedes in the USNM collection
with the following printed label //Jamaica BWI/Jan 1946/GA Thompson//. The
specimen lacks the abdomen and there is no indication that a genitalia slide was
prepared. Without the genitalia it is impossible to determine with certainty the
subgeneric status of this specimen but it appears probable that it falls in a group
144 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
annectent between Finlaya and Ochlerotatus. There are a few resemblances with
the Aedes (O.) varipalpus complex of the western United States but these are not
necessarily indicative of true affinity. We have provisionally included this form in
the key to the adults among the species of Ochlerotatus. Additional striking fea-
tures of this specimen are as follows: (1) decumbent scales of vertex of head nar-
row, erect scales very numerous; palpus slender, about 0.8 of proboscis, banded
with white at joints between segments 3 and 4 and 4 and 5, with only a few long
bristles on 4 and 5; labium entirely dark; (2) mesonotal scales all narrow, in an in-
distinct pattern of pale golden on bronzy background, a patch of white scales in
supraalar area; scutellar scales all narrow and pale golden; paratergite with mod-
erately broad white scales; pleural scales predominantly broad and white; (3) knee
spots conspicuous; foretarsi and midtarsi (hindtarsi missing) white on base of seg-
ment 1 and on joints between segments 1 and 2 and 2 and 3; (4) costa of wing
with basal whitish streak on lower surface nearly reaching level of humeral crossvein.
We suspect that this unnamed form is a treehole or bamboo breeder.
KEYS TO SUBGENERA AND SPECIES
ADULTS
iz Pleural scales all metallic . vertex of head ce without erect
SCAIGN Teas F: oy
Pleural scales dark, srayish or pure white, but never 7 metallic silvery (Och-
POPOT ey rrr, SE ISS AI Seg aS
Stegomyia
2(1). Clypeus with scales; mesonotum with lateral prescutal silvery line curved
inward and broadened along scutal suture (Stegomyia) . . 52. aegypti
Clypeus without scales; mesonotum with varied pattern but never with
SC aimee ee ee AE et Seva ol? Rw we ees
Finlaya
3(2). Mesonotum with a narrow median (acrostichal) longitudinal silvery line
from anterior promontory to prescutellar space (Finlaya)
46. mediovittatus
Mesonotum without. a median longitudinal silvery line (Howardina) . .4
Howardina
4(3). All mesonotal light scales golden (Aurites Group) ........ ..5
At least lateral mesonotal tine silvery Or. whites ce eae ee ee
5(4). Pleuron with large silvery patch continuous from lower pra across pos-
terior stp toitslower margin .. . . . 48. aurites
Pleuron with 3 small separate silvery patches) ] each on wos pra, upper
stp and lower stp .
6(5). Antealar area (above paratergite) included in lateral marginal line, with
golden scales, rarely 1-3 bronzy scales present. . . . . 49. grabhami
Antealar area with numerous dark bronzy scales below narrow posterior
lateral marginal golden line . . . . . . . .50. inaequalis; 51. stenei
7(4).
8(7).
9(8).
10(9).
11(1).
12(11).
ee eas
14(13).
ge C4
16(15).
e435).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 145
Lateral mesonotal line broadened to form a conspicuous fossal silvery
paten vecoud . . . . . 47. walkeri
Lateral mesonotal line very fi narrow, not extending onfosmdm. . . .-.8
Median prescutellar line golden, faint; palpus entirely dark (Lesser An-
tilles; see subgenus). . . , otha rier Deeded
Median prescutellar line sineey: conspicuous: palpus with some silvery
SOMES oe oe Wel ee hs a Ce pe akg I et oe tins
Hindtarsal segment 5 with some white scales (Cozumel Island, Yucatan
Peninsula, British Honduras; see subgenus) . . . . . . cozumelensis
Hindtarsal:ségment:5:with-black scales*onlyw«..'>. oso. -oaetm so... 10
Hindtarsal segment 3 white scaled in barely more than basal 0.5 (Baha-
mas;see subgenus) . . . . . . bahamensis
Hindtarsal segment 3 white scaled. in ‘at least basal 0. 7 (Hispaniola; see
SUDOCRUT 5G i a Ee Oe yg a ge gg eas
Ochlerotatus
Dorsal wing scales and legs Brita heen yellow (Cuba; see subgenus) .
pallens
Dorsal wing scales piedominan thy dark or wings speckled with pale scales;
legs predominantly dark or speckled or banded with pale or white
es eee go ee aa oe See es en ee oe ae let, Sele ee
At least hindtarsus distinctly ringed with white aero 2 Rok ie ee ee
All tarsi entirely dark dorsally’. ©... 44°". ‘et op Oh ane at 2
Upper part of ppn predominantly with broad white scales (see genus).
. undetermined species
Upper part of ppn with all scales narrow and dark ........ 14
Wing without speckling of pale scales; mesonotal scaling predominantly
dark bronzy. . . . . . 39, taeniorhynchus
Wing extensively speckled with pale scales: mesonotal scaling predomin-
antly golden and reddish coppery. . ... .. . . . 40. sollicitans
Anterior part of mesonotum with white to silvery white scales in a large
median patch or broad stripe .. . i SE ae ame
Anterior part of mesonotum with bronzy, coppery, “golden or light tan
SOQIGS) ba tn 8 Visca dar revrentest dec bei Pee oe ee matic
White scaling of mesonotum in a Siig: or rounded patch extended
towards scutal angle. . . . . . . . 42, hemisurus
White scaling of mesonotum in a broad parallel-sided longitudinal stripe
(Bahamas; see subgenus)’ so eee sw ae los eondolescens
Mesonotal disc completely or largely covered with pale tan scales, dark
bronzy scales restricted to acrostichal line or patch at end of acrostichal
IRR Gy fh Puts Bri ates pew tue rhe ay tke is vs SIR Ok ee
146
18(17).
19(17).
2(1).
3(2).
4(3).
5(4).
6(5).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Light scaling of mesonotal disc grayish white, pale golden to light bronzy,
not as extensive or completely absent, dark bronzy scales always pres-
ent on posterior dorsocentral and prescutellar lines. . . . . . . 19
Mesonotum at most with a small patch of dark scales at posterior end of
acrostichal line. <... :. . . . 45. calumnior
Mesonotum with a distinct continuous acrostichal dark scilled line (Baha-
Mids, SCC SUUBEGUS) 0 ee ee obturbaror
Mesonotal disc entirely dark scaled or with a narrow grayish to white
acrostichal line. . . . . . .41. pertinax
Anterior part of mesonotum with large patch o or broad median stripe of
deep golden to light bronzy scales (tortilis complex) . .
oe 43. tortilis: 44, auikatus
MALE GENITALIA
Stegomyia
Aedeagus with apical and lateral denticles; IX tergite lobe very large;
strongly diverging laterad; paraproct without apical spine (Stegomyia) .
. . 52. aegypti
Aedeagus smooth, without denticles: IX tergite lobe small, submedian;
Paragroct Will StiOne apical Some... kk a eee a
Claspette very small, appearing as a mesal lobe appressed to base of side-
piece oye an 3
Claspette strongly differentiated, projecting sternally mesad of sidepiece,
with strongly differentiated columnar stem and specialized apical fila-
Me we
Howardina
Tergal surface of sidepiece with very dense vestiture of long setae, some
as long as sidepiece (Bahamas; see subgenus) . .. . . . bahamensis
Tergal surface of sidepiece with sparse vestiture of short or moderate se-
fae, none more tian 0.5 Ol silepiece lene... ... . ..... ... .4
Clasper very long, including spiniform about as long as sidepiece (Hispan-
iola; see subgenus) . . a sradiam, GlDOnOTaIUS
Clasper short or moderate, including spiniform not exceeding 0.75 of
eee OO a a a a ee ae
Claspette narrowed distally into a distinct apical process bearing | seta;
body of claspette with short subapical setae
Claspette conical; gradually tapered, apical seta (sometimes a bome « on
short basal tubercle; body of claspette with several strong subapical
setae on smaller tubercles
Basal tergal setae of sidepiece weak, much shorter and weaker than tergo-
mesal marginal setae (Aurites Group) .
48. aurites; 49. grabhami: 50. inaequalis; 51. stenei
75),
8(2).
9(8).
10(9).
11(10).
C11).
13(10).
14(13).
15(13).
16(15).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 147
Basal tergal setae of sidepiece strong, subequal in length and development
to tergomesal marginal setae (Lesser Antilles; see subgenus). . .busckii
Clasper more than 0.5 of sidepiece length, without distinct subapical setae
: . 47. walkeri
Clasper ‘Jess than QO. : of sidepicge ae with distinct subapical setae
(Cozumel Island, Yucatan Peninsula, British Honduras; see subgenus) .
: cozumelensis
Finlaya
Sidepiece with numerous scales on dorsal surface; claspette stem longer
than clasper exclusive of spiniform (Finlaya) . . . 46. mediovittatus
Sidepiece at most with a few scales on dorsal surface; claspette stem usu-
ally shorter than, at most subequal to, clasper exclusive of spiniform
(OchilenOlaiey. RO ae a 8
| Ochlerotatus
Basal tergomesal lobe detached from sidepiece, attached to base of clasp-
ette (SerratusGroup) . . . . . . 41. pertinax
Basal tergomesal lobe attached to sidepiece at base, separate from clasp-
eT ee
Basal tergomesal lobe of sidepiece without differentiated heavy seta dor-
sally at base. . . eed
Basal tergomesal lobe of sidepiece with a 1 heavy differentiated seta dorsal-
IV Qt DASe? oo Rs a ee es a eS
Middle of dorsal surface of sidepiece with setae nearly as long as entire
sidepiece; basal tergomesal lobe very large . . . . . . 45. calumnior
Middle of dorsal surface of sidepiece with short or minute setae only; basal
fereomesailOMe Site adc) iene ke eee os ee, oy
Claspette filament with retrorse process . . . . . .39. taeniorhynchus
Claspette filament without retrorse process. . . . . . . 40. sollicitans
Claspette filament without sharp retrorse process on convex margin . 14
Claspette filament with distinct sharp retrorse process on convex margin
15
Claspette filament narrow at base, widened and angled near middle; spec-
ialized seta of basal tergomesal lobe attenuate apically. . 42. hemisurus
Claspette filament broadened and angled near base; specialized seta of
basal tergomesal lobe with semis Gisiekuae flattened apex (Cuba; see
SUDSCNUIG) cc cos sabeiic itty ans
Claspette filament about 2.0 of stem length, with very slender long petiole
(specimen from Mona Island; see subgenus). . . . . . . obturbator
Claspette filament only slightly longer than stem, with short petiole . 16
Distal part of basal tergomesal lobe narrow, usually with less than 10 thin
setae lareely in 2 iregillar rows =... wk a se. aS Os
148
2(1).
3(2).
4(3).
5(4).
6(5).
7(6).
8(6).
9(5).
10(9).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Distal part of basal tergomesal lobe larger and broader, usually with more
than 25 longer, heavier setae in several irregular rows . . . 44. auratus
PUPAE
(44. auratus unknown)
Abdominal hair 2-III usually distinctly laterad of hair 1, rarely in line
with it in which case 3-III is closer to hair 5 than to hair 1 or about
equidistant... og
Abdominal hair 2-III usually distinctly naees if fic \ Kel in ine with
it in which case 3-III is much closer to hair 1 than * hair 5 (Ochlero-
en ee ee nt tere ey ee ee a ol a
Stegomyia
Cephalothoracic hair 6-C longer than hair 7 (Stegomyia). . . 52. aegypti
Cephalothoracic hair 6-C much shorter than hair 7 . Rea pee.
Finlaya
Hair 4-II mesad of hair 5 (Finlaya) . . .. . . . . 46. mediovittatus
Pit 4-1) balerad of ltait S34 oOwardina). © 2. 4. OP Se eee
Howardina
Paddle deeply emarginate at hair 1-P . . Tc te. Ve water
Paddle smoothly rounded at apex or at most shallowly emarginate . nikon
Metanotal hair 10-C usually with at least 10 branches Set ie ,
Hair 10-C usually with less than 5 branches . Be
Pigmentation very light and uniform; metanotum uniformly lightly pig-
mented. : :
Pigmentation moderate ond. uneven; ‘< ietanb abt oo abi area in ‘middle
ug Ng ESRI Sp Choe SA SCAN al tt Ug lee aerial ak ee ME Seat So
Hair 2-VI distinctly laterad of hhair3 ....... .. . . 48. aurites
Hair 2-VI mesad or inline with hair3 . . . . .. . . . 49. grabhami
Median tergal darkening of abdominal segment III indistinct .
5 SO} inaequalis
Median terzal darkening of segment Il sharply marked . . 1. stenei
Cephalothoracic hair 5-C at least 2.0 of hair 4 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan
Peninsula, British Honduras; see subgenus) . . . . . . cozumelensis
Cephalothoracic hair 5-C subequalto hair4 2. ree AO
Hairs 7,10-C both single; paddle elongate, length more than 1.5 of greatest
width (Hispaniola; see subgenus). . . . . .albonotatus
Hairs 7,10-C usually at least double; paddle length fiodetate: bone 4 less
than 1.3 of greatest width ... ae eee
11(10).
1.21).
£3(1 2).
14(13).
bois)
16(15).
2(1).
3(2).
4(3).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 149
Pinna long, more than 0.33 of total trumpet length; paddle slightly emar-
ginate at hair 1; hair 6-III,IV strong, usually at least double (Bahamas;
see subgenus) . . . . . bahamensis
Pinna about 0.25 of total trumpet length: paddle evenly coandied on apex;
hair 6-III,IV weak, single (Lesser Antilles; see subgenus). . . .busckii
Ochlerotatus
Caudolateral angles of abdominal segments III-V with conspicuous den-
ticles (Serratus Group). . . . . . 41. pertinax
Caudolateral angles of abdominal segments I11-V without denticlés.° 13
Abdominal hair 9-VII usually with at least 5 barbed branches. . . . 14
Abdominal hair 9-VII usually simple, double or triple. . . . . .. 15
Hair 6-III-VI usually single; 5-III usually double or triple.
pas. Se are are 2 eae taeniorhynchus
Hair 6-III-VI usually at least double: 5-lll usually with at least 5 branches .
LG aaah waar Ge ediegash vihk eee Gell nb geen wear guint an aon a . 40. sollicitans
Abdominal hairs 5-IV-VI usually all single, rarely 1 of these double
he: 45. calumnior
Abdominal hairs 5. IV- VI usually all double, rarely 1 of these single or
Pigs oe ee ne BIS eee eee
Hairs 6-III-VI usually all single; 1-V-VII usually double . . 42. hemisurus
At least hair 6-VI usually double; 1-V-VII usually at least triple .
_ 43. tortilis
LARVAE
Anal saddle incomplete; ventral brush with 5 or 6 pairs i eee
Anal saddle complete; ventral brush with 7 to 9 pairs of hairs (Ochlero-
CU se a a ee ON Re Ace Se ie 45a, ae
Stegomyia
Tubercles of mesothoracic and metathoracic pleural groups (9-12) with
long sharp spine; caudal margin of saddle without spicules (Stegomyia) .
een . 52. aegypti
Tubercles of mesothoracic and metathoracic pleural groups without long
sharp spine; caudal margin of anal saddle with long spicules. . . . .3
Finlaya
Pecten of siphon arcuate, curved dorsad distally; comb scales strongly
sclerotized, with sharp’ median spine and 1 or more smaller spines or
strong denticles at base (Finlaya). . . . . 46. mediovittatus
Pecten of siphon straight; comb scales poorly sclerotized and lightly ae
mented, without strong basal spines or strong denticles (Howardina) .
Howardina
Abdominal integument densely covered with large branched spicules .
ee . 47. walkeri
150
5(4).
6(5).
7(6).
8(7).
9(7).
10(9).
11(10).
121).
13(12).
14(13).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Abdominal integument eslabrous at 100 X . - 2 eS
Hair 13-P present (Cozumel Island, Yucatan Peninsula, British Honduras;
see subeenus) ee ee eozume}lensis
Hiasr 125 GOsent ee ee ee 8
Ventral brush with 5 pairs of hairs (Lesser Antilles; see subgenus) . :
a a ee busckii
Ventral brush with © pairs of faits «<,90 4 Oe be a
Head hair 6-C usually single or double; pecten teeth short and with basal
denticles; siphon index 3.0 orless ... .8
Head hair 6-C multiple, usually with more than 5 branches: pecten teeth
long, slender and without basal denticles; siphon index more than 4.0
(AuritesGrOup)- 2 ee ee
Gills subequal; siphon hair 1-S adjacent to last pecten tooth (Hispaniola;
see subgenus) . . . . .albonotatus
Gills markedly eneaual: siphon hair ] S well beyond last pecten tooth
(Bahamas; see subgenus) . 2 2. 2 ey Si > s bohamensis
Hair 2-VIII large, stellate, with 4-7 branches . ... .. . .S1.stenei
Hoe 2V ili small siete 6 ee ee 0
Siphon index less than 5.5; gills markedly unequal, the smaller distinctly
shorter than saddle . ... . . 30. inaequalis
Siphon index 6.0 or more; gills ae and distinctly boneer than saddle.
a 11
Head hair 5-C usually at least triple; 7-C about 0.5 of antenna and usually
with 6 branches . . . . 48. aurites
Head hair 5-C usually single; 7 a short, ie than 0.25 of antenna
and usually triple. . .. . 2 . » . « 49, grabhami
Ochlerotatus
Comb scales large, spinelike and fringed near base only, in a single irreg-
ular row; bases of prothoracic hairs 5,6-P connected by narrow arcuate
anterior plate (Serratus Group) .. . etic os AL pertinax
Comb scales small, broad and fringed to at least near apex where a spinule
may be developed, in a patch of 3 or more irregular rows; bases of pro-
{thofacic hairs 5.6-P not conmected 2. : ow. eee
Lateral abdominal hair 6-III-V double to 5-branched . ...... 14
Lateral abdominal hair G-IEL-V single... ic Bee ecw Se BS
Comb scales without well-developed median spinule; saddle with distinct
sharp spicules near dorsocaudal margin . . . . . 39. taeniorhynchus
Comb scales with well-developed median spinule; saddle without sharp
spicules near dorsocaudal margin. . .... . .. . . 40. sollicitans
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 151
15(13). Lateral abdominal hair 6-I,II single . . . ee dete en eh
Lateral abdominal hair 6-I, II double or triple Girone whee wis own EG
16(15). Dorsocaudal margin of saddle with short sharp spicules (Mona Island spec-
imens; see subgenus)... .—; ie a SOopturbator
Dorsocaudal margin of saddle without cheep spicules ee, Vee ed
17(16). Siphon index more than 3.0, pecten teeth more than 24; gills less than
dorsal saddle length. . . . . 45. calumnior
Siphon index less than 2.5, pecten teeth ieee than 15; lls more than 2.0
dorsalsaddle length = 2 24.0 3: 4 . . 44. auratus
18(15). Head hair 6-C usually double; distal pecten teeth strongly detached; si-
phon hair 1-S well within pecten (Cuba; see subgenus). . . . .pallens
Head hair 6-C single; distal pecten tooth not distinctly detached; siphon
hair 1-8 atend of pecten ee a ee 19
19(18). Thoracic and abdominal integument with long sharp spicules; comb scales
without median spinule; ventral brush without precratal hair on saddle .
. 42. hemisurus
Thoracic and abdominal integument “with, much shorter and less dense
spicules; comb scales with distinct short median spinule; ventral brush
usually with 1 precratal haironsaddle. . ..... . . 43. tortilis
Subgenus OCHLEROTATUS
Females of the subgenus Ochlerotatus can usually be recognized from other sub-
genera of Aedes by the narrow, elongate projecting cerci; both sexes have the head
with narrow decumbent scales in a rather broad median patch and the erect scales
usually numerous and extending on the disc of the vertex. In the male genitalia
the claspette is well developed and the aedeagus is without teeth. In the Antilles
the larvae can be recognized by the complete anal saddle and the pupae by ab-
dominal hair 2 usually being distinctly mesad of hair 1 on segments III-V.
Seven species of Ochlerotatus are recognized here from Jamaica representing
the main evolutionary lines of the subgenus in the Neotropical area: (1) the wide-
spread taeniorhynchus and the Nearctic sollicitans of the Taeniorhynchus Group,
(2) pertinax, formerly regarded as conspecific with the nominate species of the
Serratus Group, (3) hemisurus of the scapularis complex and tortilis and auratus
of the tortilis complex in the Scapularis Group, and (4) a new species, calumnior,
apparently related to obturbator.
An additional undescribed species from Jamaica, possibly belonging to this sub-
genus, is discussed under the genus Aedes.
We have included in the keys 3 other species reported from the Greater Antilles:
(1) the North American pallens Ross, 1943 currently regarded as a subspecies of
fulvus (Wiedemann, 1828), reported from Cuba; (2) condolescens Dyar & Knab,
1907 from the Bahamas (female only known), actually probably a complex of
forms similar to the scapularis complex, reported from Cuba, Puerto Rico, Lesser
Antilles, Mexico, Guatemala and South America and now also Grand Cayman; and
(3) obturbator Dyar & Knab, 1907 from the Bahamas (female only known), re-
152 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ported also from Mona Island (male genitalia and larva).
Members of this subgenus are predominantly breeders in temporary ground pools.
The Jamaican calumnior breeds normally in coral rockholes. Females of taeniorhyn-
chus, hemisurus and tortilis attack man vigorously in Jamaica.
39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann)
Figs. 68,69
1821. Culex taeniorhynchus Wiedemann, 1821:43. TYPE: Female, Mexico [NMW;; see Belkin,
1968b:7-8] .
1823. Culex damnosus Say, 1823:11-12. TYPE: Adults, Pennsylvania [NE]. Synonymy with
taeniorhynchus apparently by Coquillett (1906b:21).
1904. Taeniorhynchus niger Giles, 1904:382,384. TYPE: Lectotype female, Antigua, W. Indies,
21 July 1901, W.R. Forrest [BM: designation of Belkin, 1968b:6]. Name rejected as
secondary homonym of Aedes niger Theobald, 1901 [now Ficalbia nigra] apparently by
Dyar (1922a:88). Synonymy with taeniorhynchus by Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:
. 411), |
1905. Culex portoricensis Ludlow, 1905:386-387. TYPE: Lectotype female, San Juan, Puerto
Rico, 15 Aug 1905, L.G. de Queveda [USNM, 10007; designation of Stone and Knight,
1956a:224]. Synonymy with niger by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:672); with taenio-
rhynchus apparently by Dyar (1928:218).
1914. Aedes epinolus Dyar and Knab, 1914:61-62. TYPE: Lectotype female, Ventanillas (Caja-
marca), Peru, 4 Feb 1914, C.H.T. Townsend [USNM, 18362; designation of Stone and
Knight, 1956a:217]. Synonymy with taeniorhynchus apparently by Bonne and Bonne-
Wepster (1925:411).
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus of Edwards (1932:138); King, Bradley and McNeel (1944:
47-49); Matheson (1944:139-140); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:209-211);
Lane (1953:678-680); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:238-240); Horsfall (1955:452-453); Perez
Vigueras (1956:268-277); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:155); Forattini (1965a:302-312);
Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:41-42); Porter (1967:38); Page (1967).
Aedes (Taeniorhynchus) taeniorhynchus of Dyar (1928:218-219).
Aedes taeniorhynchus of Matheson (1929:132-133); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:45); Thompson
(1947:78). | |
Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus of Coquillett (1906b:19,21).
Culicelsa taeniorhynchus of Felt (1904:391b); Theobald (1907:377-379).
Culex taeniorhynchus of Theobald (1901a:350-353; 1903a:158-159; 1905a:22; 1905b:25; 1910:
316).
Aedes (Taeniorhynchus) portoricensis of Dyar (1922a:88).
Aedes niger of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:672-675); Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey (1926:
73-74).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.0-3.5 mm. A medium-sized to rather small dark species
with banded proboscis, tarsi and abdomen; palpus usually tipped with white scales,
wing without speckling of white scales. Head: Narrow decumbent scales of vertex
usually predominantly dark except for narrow ocular pale border and interocular
space, and variable posterior patch of pale scales, latter sometimes extensive. Broad
decumbent scales predominantly whitish, a few dark scales dorsally and in a lateral
patch. Erect scales very numerous, usually all dark. Proboscis with variable small
premedian whitish ring, sometimes incomplete dorsally or nearly absent. Palpus
tipped with a few white scales; 4-segmented, segment 4 minute. Antennal torus
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 153
with median patch of pale to dark small broad scales. Thorax: Mesonotal integu-
ment very dark; scaling narrow, predominantly dark, bronzy to coppery, with pale
scales, some whitish, on anterior promontory, humeral angle, above ppn, along
scutal suture and posterodorsal part of fossa, prealar and posterior supraalar areas,
laterad of acrostichal line in front of prescutellar space, and around and in pres-
cutellar space. Mesonotal bristles all developed, rather short and dark. Paratergite
with small broad whitish scales. All scutellar lobes with long narrow pale scales.
Pleuron with uniformly dark integument. Apn with moderately broad, semierect
scales, dark in upper part, white to whitish in lower; ppn with dark scales in upper
part, narrow along mesonotal border anteriorly, moderately broad towards lower
posterior patch of similar white or whitish scales; rest of pleural scaling moderately
broad, whitish to white, present on ppl, psp, ssp (large patch), stp (upper and low-
er), base of pra, and upper anterior part of mep. One lower mep bristle sometimes
present. Legs: Predominantly dark. Forecoxa with large patch of scales, dark ex-
cept at base; midcoxa with smaller patch of dark and white scales; hindcoxa with
small apical patch of white scales. Trochanters and base of femora predominantly
pale scaled. Femora with usual pale surfaces; hindfemur pale on lower part of an-
terior surface. Knee spots indistinct. Tibiae with some pale scales at base and apex;
usually some dingy indistinct pale scaling on lower surface, particularly on mid-
tibia, and sometimes indistinct dingy pale spots or line on dorsoanterior surface of
midtibia and hindtibia. Foretarsus and midtarsus with very small dorsal basal bands
of white scales on segments 1-3, usually indistinct or completely absent on seg-
ment 1 of foretarsus. Hindtarsus with small basal white rings on all segments, usu-
ally involving a few white or pale scales on apex of preceding segment; basal white
ting of segment 5 usually less than 0.3 of its length. Claws of foreleg and midleg
all with subbasal tooth; hindclaws simple. Wing: Dorsal scales usually all dark ex-
cept for a few pale scales at base of costa which sometimes form a short line. Hal-
tere: Stem and knob usually pale. Abdomen: Tergite I with numerous dark scales;
laterotergite with large patch of white scales. Tergites II-VI with narrow basal trans-
verse white bands, VI and VII with apical transverse row of white scales; large la-
teral submedian patches of white scales on II-VII, not connected to transverse
bands, extended dorsad on VI and VII. Basal sternites predominantly pale scaled,
distal with more or less extensive subapical dark band. Cercus slender, exerted.
MALE. Essentially similar to female except for sexual characters. Palpus sub-
equal to proboscis in length; porrect; with numerous long bristles from apex of
segment 3 distad; with white scales near base of segment 2 and at base of seg-
ments 3-5. Antennal flagellum densely long plumose. Claws of foreleg and midleg
enlarged, unequal, larger claws with basal external and submedian teeth, smaller
claws with basal tooth only; hindclaws simple, as in female. Abdominal tergites
with broader basal white bands on II-VII; lateral white patches not developed on
II-IV, represented by a few scales on V-VII dorsolaterally, sides of tergites with
numerous long bristles. Abdominal sternites II-V predominantly dark scaled; VI,
VII with white scales laterally.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 68). Segment IX: Tergite deeply emarginate in mid-
dle of anterior margin; lobe poorly differentiated, with 3-6 setae, sometimes flat-
tened. Sidepiece: Elongate, more or less cylindrical; mesal membrane developed
to apex. Basal tergomesal lobe prominent; with circular apical area bearing about
15-20 slender attenuate setae, 1 to several heavier shorter setae nearby. Claspette:
Stem slender, shorter than clasper. Filament with simple acute retrorse process.
Clasper: Expanded in basal 0.65. Spiniform long. Phallosome: Aedeagus small, sim-
154 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ple; parallel-sided in basal 0.6. Proctiger: Moderately developed. Basolateral sclero-
tization strongly developed, produced into spiculose tergal lobe ventrad of lobe of
tergite IX. Apex of paraproct with 1 simple spine. Cercal setae about 5 or 6, most-
ly in distal half.
PUPA (fig. 68). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. Cephalothorax:
Moderately to darkly pigmented, lighter ventrally. Hair 1-C usually double; 3-C us-
ually triple; 8-C at least triple. Trumpet: Uniformly darkly pigmented, contrasting;
short; pinna large. Metanotum and Abdomen: Lightly to moderately pigmented;
darker anteriorly. Hair 10-C multiple, long; 11-C single, double or with strong barbs.
Hair 1-II large, with dendritic branching, 1-III usually with 6-8 barbed branches,
1-IV-VII single or double; 5-IV-VI usually double, sometimes triple; 6-III-VI usual-
ly single; 9-VII usually with at least 5 barbed branches. Paddle: Uniformly lightly
pigmented except for darkened midrib and external buttress. Terminal Segments:
Female genital lobe with long projecting cercus.
LARVA (fig. 69). Chaetotaxy and general morphology essentially as in hemi-
surus, not studied in detail; diagnostic characters as in the key. Head capsule un-
evenly darkly pigmented, darkened on collar. Antenna light in basal part, darken-
ed distad; spicules very small and sparse. Lateral abdominal hairs 6-I,II usually dou-
ble, rarely triple, 6-III-V usually triple, 6-VI usually single. Comb scales in a patch
of 3 irregular rows; scales small, with fringe of long spicules, without differentiated
spine. Siphon short; darkly to moderately pigmented, with darker narrow basal
and apical rings; pecten with about 11-17 short evenly-spaced teeth with differen-
tiated spine and several denticles in basal half; hair 1-S distad of and in line with
pecten. Anal saddle lightly to moderately pigmented, darkened at base dorsally;
with short spicules dorsolaterally toward caudal margin. Ventral brush usually with
8 pairs of hairs. Gills shorter than saddle.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican and other Antillean populations, as noted by —
Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:672-675) who considered them to be at least sub-
specifically distinct, are consistently darker in adult ornamentation than the topo-
typic populations from Mexico. This is particularly striking in the dark erect scales
of the head and in the reduction of the white rings on the hindtarsus, the fifth
segment having only a short basal white ring. We can find no significant differences
in the male genitalia, or in the immature stages which all show considerable varia-
tion as in all other populations we have seen.
The Antillean populations could be separated, if desired, as the subspecies por-
toricensis (Ludlow, 1905); the earlier name, niger (Giles, 1904), having been re-
jected as a junior secondary homonym by Dyar (1922a:88). However, a thorough
study of the taeniorhynchus complex should be undertaken first to evaluate the
taxonomic status of the various populations from the entire range which covers
the coasts and inland saline areas from California to northern Peru (and outlying
islands) and from Massachusetts to southern Brazil. There is at least 1 distinct spec-
ies breeding in bromeliads in the Galapagos Islands that is undoubtedly derived
from taeniorhynchus and a form as distinct as the Antillean in the Revillagigedo
Islands off the coast of Baja California. The mainland populations show consider-
able variation, with occasional specimens at least showing reduction or almost com-
plete loss of white markings on the proboscis, palpus and tarsi.
BIONOMICS. In Jamaica as elsewhere the natural breeding sites of taeniorhyn-
chus are transient pools in mangroves and salt marshes. These breeding sites are
influenced by tides and rainfall. The water in these breeding sites is usually at least
slightly brackish. In our collections in these areas taeniorhynchus was frequently
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 155
found alone but was also commonly associated with Deinocerites cancer in large
shallow crabholes and with Psorophora (G.) pygmaea in isolated ground pools.
Aedes taeniorhynchus also does well in fresh water in temporary ground pools and
in irrigation and stream overflows in the coastal lowlands. We found it once in a
coral limestone rockhole in the foothills (238) in association with calumnior and
mediovittatus.
Aedes taeniorhynchus is the most serious pest mosquito of the island (Page,
1967). Females will bite at any time of day in the shade in the mangroves and
wooded areas near the breeding sites and at times of high population densities even
out in the open. In late afternoon and particularly at and following dusk they ac-
tively search for blood and will attack in droves out of doors and will also invade
houses. This species enters donkey-baited stable traps but the catches are smaller
than those made on exposed human bait. Aedes taeniorhynchus is also attracted
to light traps.
Cache Valley Virus has been isolated 3 times from taeniorhynchus in Jamaica,
from a collection in St. Thomas parish in March 1963, and from collections in
September and October 1965 in Caymanas, St. Catherine. Unidentified arboviruses
were also isolated from taeniorhynchus collected in Milk River, Clarendon in Sep-
tember 1962 and May-July 1963 (L.S. Grant, personal communication).
DISTRIBUTION. Primarily coasts but some interior areas from California to
Peru (including Revillagigedo and Galapagos Islands) and from Massachusetts to
Brazil.
JAMAICA. Widespread; probably throughout the lowland coastal areas of the island. Records
given here are only for the material examined by us. Clarendon: Goshen (238). Fort Simonds,
Dec 1945, G.A. Thompson, 4 M, 2 F [USNM]. Kingston and St. Andrew: Beverly Hills, Oct
1959, R.P. Bengry, 6 F [JAM]. Ferry and vicinity (222,237A,348,349,369,371,384-386,391A,
398,610,796,860,861,896); 13 May 1941, Chapin, 1 F [USNM]; 7-31 Oct 1946, G.A. Thompson,
1 M, 1 F [JAM]. Gunboat Beach (912). Hermitage Dam Rd (108). Kingston and vicinity, M.
Grabham, 1 F [USNM]. Liguanea, 3 June 1931, Kisliuk, 1 F [USNM]. Red Hills (842). Man-
chester: Richmond Hill, 16 Jan 1940, W.H. Komp, 5 F [USNM]. St. Ann: Runaway Bay, Feb
1969, W.W. Wirth, 1 F [USNM]. St. Catherine: Port Henderson (313). St. Elizabeth: Black River
(794). Luana (357,358). St. Thomas: Chiswick (92). Grants Pen (649,802,875,876). Holland Bay
(95,96,98,99,114,115,142,159). Morant Point (100,179). White Bay (79,119,120,139,144,177).
Westmoreland: Cave (616). Crab Pond Bay (359). Grange Hill (137). Parish not Specified: No
data, 2 F; Apr 1945, G.A. Thompson, 1 M [USNM]; R.B. Hill, 3 M [JAM].
Material Examined: 511 specimens; 62 males, 189 females, 142 larvae, 118 pupae; 83 individual
rearings (26 larval, 48 pupal; 9 incomplete).
40. Aedes (O.) sollicitans (Walker)
Figs. 69,70
1856. Culex sollicitans Walker, 1856:427. TYPE: Lectotype female, vicinity of Charleston,
South Carolina, U.S.A. (type locality restricted by Belkin, Schick and Heinemann, 1966:
3) [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:7].
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sollicitans of Edwards (1932:137); King, Bradley and McNeel (1944:46-47);
Matheson (1944:137-139); Carpenter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:199-203); Lane
(1953 :673-676); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:227-229); Horsfall (1955:445-448); Perez Vi-
gueras (1956:258-267); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:154); Forattini (1965a:313-318);
Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:41); Porter (1967:38); Page (1967).
156 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Aedes (Taeniorhynchus) sollicitans of Dyar (1922a:90; 1928:216-217).
Aedes sollicitans of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:658-665); Johnson (1919:423); Gowdey
(1926:74); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:44-45); Thompson (1947:78).
Ochlerotatus sollicitans of Coquillett (1906b:19).
Grabhamia sollicitans of Theobald (1903a:247-248; 1905a:32-33; 1905b:23; 1907:291-294).
Culex sollicitans of Theobald (1901a:368-370); Felt (1904:294-297). |
FEMALE. Wing about 4.0 mm. A medium-sized brown species with banded pro-
boscis, speckled wings and conspicuously ringed tarsi. Differing from taeniorhyn-
chus in following conspicuous features. Head: Decumbent and erect scales predom-
inantly pale. Pale ring of proboscis postmedian, larger. Palpus distinctly longer,
with only a few apical pale scales. Scales of antennal torus more numerous, pre-
dominantly pale. Thorax: Mesonotal vestiture generally paler, largely golden in pos-
terior part and along broad dorsocentral line, reddish coppery between dorsocen-
tral lines, reddish coppery to bronzy laterad of dorsocentral line. Mesonotal bris-
tles shorter, dark in anterior part, golden in posterior. Paratergite with white scales
on underside. Scutellar lobes with golden scales. Pleuron with very strong con-
trast between upper dark part as on side of mesonotum and the extensive pure
white scaling which forms a broad diagonal lower streak from ppl to upper mid-
dle mep and includes pst, acx, ppl, pcx, lower apn, lower ppn, ssp, hypostigial
area, psp, upper stp, all of pra and upper mep; upper mep with reddish bronzy
and coppery scales on a very dark background; lower posterior stp with small
patch of broad pure white scales similar to those in upper streak. Legs: Anterior
surface of all femora predominantly dark with extensive whitish speckling. Knee
spots large, whitish. Tibiae extensively speckled with whitish scales. Foretarsus
and midtarsus with distinct basal white rings on segments 1-3, segment 1 with
speckling of pale scales sometimes forming a median band, segment 5 of mid-.
tarsus largely pale; hindtarsus with broad basal white rings on segments 1-4, seg-
ment 5 entirely white except for a few dingy apical scales ventrally, segment 1
with extensive pale scaling in middle forming a more or less distinct broad pale
band or ring; basal white rings including a few white scales on apex of preceding
segment on all legs. Wing: Dorsal veins extensively speckled or streaked with pale
scales. Abdomen: Tergite I with pale scales in middle; tergites II-VII with median
longitudinal pale streak in addition to narrow basal transverse pale bands; lateral
white patches smaller. Sternites all predominantly pale scaled, some dark scales on
distal segments.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation. Proboscis with very broad-
ly pale ventral surface forming a more or less distinct pale ring dorsally. Palpus
exceeding proboscis by about 0.5 of segment 5, latter drooping; white scaling usu-
ally restricted to very small dorsal basal patches on segments 3-5; very dense vesti-
ture of long largely golden hairs from middle of segment 3 distad.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 70). In general similar to taeniorhynchus, differing pri-
marily in following conspicuous features. Sidepiece broader; basal tergomesal lobe
less prominent but extending farther sternad, with larger area of more numerous
long thin bristles followed sternad by shorter setae. Claspette with shorter stem;
filament sickle shaped, without retrorse process. Clasper without distinct mesal ex-
pansion; spiniform shorter.
PUPA (fig. 70). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. In general similar to
taeniorhynchus, differing in following conspicuous features. Cephalothoracic hairs
4-7-C with more branches. Trumpet narrower, with smaller pinna. Metanotum and
anterior abdominal segments unevenly pigmented; most hairs with pigment rings
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 157
around aveoli. Hair 1-II smaller and with fewer branches, 1-III with more branches;
5-III shorter and with more branches; 6-II-VI usually at least double.
LARVA (fig. 69). Chaetotaxy and general morphology essentially as in hemi-
surus and especially taeniorhynchus, not studied in detail; differing from taenio-
rhynchus in the following conspicuous features. Head capsule with more conspic-
uous ocular bulge. Antenna darkened from near base; spicules stronger and more
numerous. Lateral abdominal hairs 6-III-V usually double. Comb scales with dis-
tinct differentiated median apical spinule. Siphon distinctly more slender and light-
er in color; pecten usually more extensive, usually with more than 17 teeth, occa-
sionally 1 or 2 apical teeth slightly detached. Anal saddle without distinct spicules
dorsolaterally near caudal margin. Gills somewhat longer but not exceeding dorsal
saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican population of sollicitans shows no striking dif-
ferences from the topotypic mainland population in North America or the other
populations in the West Indies. This species is easily recognized in all stages by the
features mentioned in the brief diagnosis above.
BIONOMICS. We have only 3 collections of immature stages of sollicitans from
Jamaica, 2 from brackish water by the sea, in footprints in a salt marsh (7), and a
coral rockhole (153), both without associated species, and 1 from fresh water in a
flooded margin of a stream a considerable distance from the sea (896) in associa-
tion with Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus, Aedes (O.) hemisurus, Aedes (O.) tortilis,
Culex (C.) nigripalpus and Anopheles (N.) albimanus.
Females of sollicitans bite man freely during the day as well as at night and at
times are a great nuisance. They can fly 8 to 10 miles from the breeding sites but
this does not seem to have led to widespread breeding over the island. Although
the species probably occurs in all coastal areas, particularly in mangrove areas, it
is not very common and the breeding appears to be sporadic and localized.
DISTRIBUTION. Eastern North America, primarily coasts but also inland areas
with brackish water, from New Brunswick to Texas (type locality, Charleston, South
Carolina); Mexico, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Bahamas, Puerto Rico.
JAMAICA. Probably occurs in all coastal areas; in addition to our records below, sollicitans
has been reported by the MOH staff in Clarendon, St. Elizabeth and Westmoreland parishes.
Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry and vicinity (237A,896); 12 May 1941, Chapin, 1 M, 3 F
_ [USNM]; 7 Oct 1946, G.A. Thompson, 1 F [JAM]. Kingston and vicinity, 8 Sept 1917, H.
Morrison, 1 F [USNM]. Riverton City (840). St Catherine: Port Henderson (7). St. Thomas:
Morant Point (153). White Bay (405).
Material Examined: 121 specimens; 20 males, 26 females, 47 larvae, 28 pupae; 27 individual
rearings (15 larval, 11 pupal, 1 incomplete).
41. Aedes (O.) pertinax Grabham
Figs. 71,72
1906. Aedes pertinax Grabham, 1906b:316-318. TYPE: Lectotype male with genitalia slide
(206), Kingston, Jamaica, 10 Apr 1906, M. Grabham [USNM; designation of Stone and
Knight, 1956a:223].
1907. Protoculex quasiserratus Theobald, 1907:465-466. TYPE: Lectotype female, Kingston,
Jamaica, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:7]. Synonymy with pertinax
by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:791).
Aedes pertinax of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:791-794); Johnson (1919:423).
158 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) nubilus in part of Dyar (1922c: 161-162; 1928:157); Edwards (1932:142),
Aedes nubilus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:721-723, in part); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:
44); Thompson (1947:78).
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) serratus of Komp (1949:105-114, in part); Lane (1953:658-600, in part);
Perez Vigueras (1956:302-304); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:153, in part); Montchadsky
and Garcia (1966:41); Porter (1967:38); Page (1967).
FEMALE. Wing about 4.0 mm. A medium-sized brown species with dark tarsi
and unbanded abdomen; mesonotal scaling usually all dark, rarely with a narrow
pale scaled acrostichal line. Head: Narrow decumbent scales in a broad median
patch extended on interocular space and narrow orbital line, whitish or with slight
yellowish cast; broad decumbent scales dark in large patch dorsally, pale laterally.
Proboscis entirely dark. Palpus 3-segmented; entirely dark. Antennal torus with
short dark hairs on mesal surface. Thorax: Mesonotal scales narrow, predominantly
or entirely dark bronzy; sometimes a narrow acrostichal line of whitish scales, line
broadened posteriorly and extending on anterior part of prescutellar space; anter-
ior promontory and lateral prescutellar area sometimes with pale to whitish scales.
Paratergite bare. Mesonotal bristles poorly developed; acrostichals and anterior dor-
socentrals not developed except on anterior promontory and humeral angle; fos-
sals absent. Lateral scutellar lobe with dark bronzy scales, median with dark bronzy
or pale to whitish scales. Pleural scaling restricted; apn apparently without scales;
ppn with dark bronzy narrow scales in uppermost part followed ventrad by large
patch of small moderately broad dark bronzy scales and similar white scales at
lower posterior corner of patch; remaining scales broad and white, restricted to ppl,
upper posterior and lower posterior stp, base of pra bristles and upper anterior
mep. Legs: All coxae with whitish scales, forecoxa with dark scales in distal part
of patch. Trochanters and base of femora pale scaled. Femora dark except for us-
ual pale surfaces and whitish lower part of anterior surface of hindfemur to near
apex; dorsal dark line of hindfemur extending to near base. Tibiae and tarsi dark.
All claws with heavy subbasal tooth. Wing: Dorsal scales all dark except occasion-
ally with a few pale scales at extreme base of costa not forming a line. Haltere:
Largely pale. Abdomen: Tergite I with large patch of dark scales in middle; latero-
tergite without scales. Tergites II-VII dark scaled except for large basolateral whit-
ish patches. Sternites II-VI] predominantly pale scaled, with apical bands and apico-
lateral patches of dark scales.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation; head scaling predomin-
antly pale except for erect scales. Palpus exceeding proboscis by about full length
of segment 5; segments 4 and 5 slightly drooping; numerous moderately long dark
bristles on apex of segment 3 and all of segment 4, segment 5 with shorter bris-
tles. Antennal flagellum densely long plumose. Mesonotum usually with pale scales
around prescutellar space; acrostichal light-scaled line apparently more frequently
developed than in female.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 71). In general as in other species of Ochlerotatus but
with the characteristic detached basal tergomesal lobe as in other members of the
Serratus Group. Segment IX: Tergite lobe small, prominent, with 5-10 setae, some
distinctly flattened. Sidepiece: Elongate; scales numerous laterally and ventrally,
occasionally a few scales dorsally. A conspicuous thumblike apical tergomesal lobe
with short thin setae. Sternomesal margin basad of apical lobe with 2 irregular
rows of bristles subequal in length to apicosternal bristles distad of apical lobe.
Basal tergomesal lobe detached (separated by membrane) from tergomesal margin
of sidepiece and joined to base of claspette, thus appearing as a dorsal lobe of
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 159
claspette; complex in structure, tergally with small lobe bearing a long specialized
seta and | or 2 short simple setae, sternally with a long slender lobe bearing about
12 setae of varied lengths. Claspette: Stem slender and long but shorter than clas-
per; filament broad at base, more or less sickle shaped, without retrorse process.
Clasper: Long and slender, with only slight mesal expansion; spiniform slender.
Phallosome: Aedeagus moderately tapered distad. Proctiger: Essentially as in tae-
niorhynchus.
PUPA (fig. 71). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail, apparently variable;
distinguished from other local species of Ochlerotatus by denticles on caudolateral
angle of abdominal segments III-V, characteristic of Serratus Group. Cephalotho-
rax: Lightly to moderately pigmented with darker mesonotum and wing and leg
cases. All hairs branched, 4,5,7,8-C usually with at least 4 branches. Trumpet:
Moderately unevenly to uniformly darkly pigmented, contrasting. Pinna very small.
Metanotum and Abdomen: Lightly to moderately pigmented, anterior segments
darkened. Lateral areas of abdominal segments III-V and to lesser extent II with
tubercular spicules grading into conspicuous denticles on lateral and caudal mar-
gins near caudolateral angles on III-V. Hair 9-VII very weak, usually with 2-4 sim-
ple branches; 6-VII dendritic; possibly homology of 6,9-VII reversed. Hair 6-III-VI
usually double. Paddle: Lightly pigmented, with slightly darker midrib and exter-
nal buttress.
LARVA (fig. 72). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. Readily sepa-
rated from other local species of Ochlerotatus by the single row of spinelike comb
scales characteristic of Serratus Group. General morphology and chaetotaxy as in
tortilis except as noted. Head: Unevenly darkly to moderately pigmented; anterior
ocular area with small denticles. Hair 4-C unusually long. Antenna: Uniformly light-
ly pigmented; spicules small but distinct. Thorax: Bases of hairs 5,6-P connected
by narrow curved anterior sclerotized plate. Abdomen: Hair 6-I,II usually double,
6-III-VI single; 1-IV,V single or double. Segment VIII: Comb scales in single row
of 8-12, scale in form of large spine fringed at base. Siphon: Short, darkly pig-
mented, with black basal ring and lighter distal part. Pecten usually with at least
12 evenly spaced teeth, majority with long spine and several basal denticles. Hair
I-S ventrad of pecten and usually proximad of base of last tooth. Anal Segment:
Saddle moderately pigmented except for blackish basal ring. Ventral brush usually
with 8 pairs of hairs on strongly developed grid and 2 precratal hairs on saddle
_ margin or piercing saddle. Gills markedly uneven and very long.
SYSTEMATICS. We are restoring pertinax to full specific status for the West
Indian populations currently placed under serratus (Theobald, 1901) following the
synonymy of nubilus (Theobald, 1903) with serratus by Komp (1949:105-114)
and of pertinax with nubilus by Dyar (1922c:151; 1925c:145). Neither synonymy
is justified in our opinion. It appears that there are at least 3 distinct species in
the serratus complex: serratus (with the probable synonym mathisi Neveu-Lemaire,
1902 and possibly also meridionalis Dyar & Knab, 1906); nubilus (with the prob-
able synonym polyagrus Dyar, 1918); and pertinax (with the synonym quasiser-
ratus).
The past confusion of serratus, nubilus and pertinax is primarily due to the be-
lief that the differences in mesonotal ornamentation are individual variations. This
does not appear to be the case. In all true serratus we have seen there is a broad
whitish longitudinal line in both sexes. In nubilus, which occurs sympatrically with
serratus, all the males have a broad whitish line but the female mesonotum may
be completely dark or with whitish scales in a varied line which is broadened an-
160 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
teriorly. The male genitalia of nubilus are markedly different from those of ser-
ratus and pertinax in a much larger sternal division of the basal tergomesal lobe
and in lacking long bristles on the sternomesal margin.
Aedes pertinax combines the features of nubilus in ornamentation and serratus
in the male genitalia. As indicated in the diagnosis above, females tend to have
the mesonotum completely dark or occasionally with a narrow acrostichal light
line which broadens caudad; males apparently always have some white mesonotal
scaling but not as extensive as in nubilus. The male genitalia of pertinax are very
similar to serratus but the latter has the sternomesal setae much longer, conspicu-
ously longer than those in the sternoapical patch.
Aedes pertinax appears to be an uncommon relict species with considerable in-
dividual variation and anomaliés in all stages. From a single larval collection we
have reared females with or without the light mesonotal line. On the dasis of gen-
eral similarity of the immature stages and the presence of considerable chaetotaxic
variation in the same individual there is no indication that the 2 color forms are
distinct species.
Although we have not seen any material of pertinax outside of Jamaica, we be-
lieve that specimens from Cuba, the Dominican Republic and the Bahamas assigned
to this species by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:794) are probably conspecific
with pertinax as are the dark specimens from the Dominican Republic listed by
these authors (1917:723) under nubilus.
We have not been able to determine the status of the populations of the serratus
complex from Central America and Mexico as we have seen nothing but females
from this area except for 1 male from Mexico which differs in the basal tergomesal
lobe from pertinax. It is possible that meridionalis is a form distinct from serratus
as we find considerable variation in the mesonotal markings of the females in this
area, some approaching the condition in pertinax.
Related to serratus, nubilus and pertinax are 4 Neotropical species (aenigmaticus
Cerqueira & Costa, 1946; eucephalaeus Dyar, 1918; hastatus Dyar, 1922; and oligo-
pistus Dyar, 1918) and 3 Nearctic species (atlanticus Dyar & Knab, 1906; dupreei
(Coquillett, 1904); and tormentor Dyar & Knab, 1906). These species also belong
to the Serratus Group which appears to be sharply differentiated from the other
New World Ochlerotatus in male genitalia and larva and usually in adult ornamen-
tation. The generic group name Protoculex Felt, 1904 (type species, serratus) is
available for this group.
BIONOMICS. The only collection of immature stages of pertinax was made in
a coral rockhole with brackish water, in association with Aedes (O.) taeniorhyn-
chus, Aedes (O.) tortilis and Psorophora (G.) pygmaea. Females were taken biting
man a considerable distance from the sea. This species appears to be very un-
common.
DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica (type locality); probably also Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto
Rico and the Bahamas.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Locality not specified, G.A. Thompson (Hill and Hill, 1948:44, as
nubilus). Kingston and St. Andrew: Kingston and vicinity, Apr 1906, M. Grabham, 2 M, 2 F, 13
L [USNM], 4 L [UCLA]. St. Elizabeth: Maggotty (792,792A). St. Thomas: Holland Bay (159).
Material Examined: 67 specimens; 6 males, 26 females, 28 larvae, 7 pupae; 8 individual rear-
ings (7 larval, 1 incomplete).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 161
42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus Dyar & Knab
Figs. 73,74
1906. Aedes hemisurus Dyar and Knab, 1906c:199. TYPE: Larva, Kingston, Jamaica; based on
figure in Grabham (1905:405) [NE; see Stone and Knight, 1956a:218].
1907. Aedes indolescens Dyar and Knab, 1907:11-12. TYPE: Holotype female, Cayamas, Cuba,
May, E.A. Schwarz [USNM, 10249; see Stone and Knight, 1956a:219]. Synonymy with
hemisurus and scapularis apparently by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:787).
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis of Dyar (1922b:57-59; 1928:167-168, in part); Edwards (1932:
142, in part); Lane (1953:665-667, in part); Perez Vigueras (1956:286-295); Stone, Knight
and Starcke (1959:153, in part); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:41); Porter (1967:37); Page
(1967).
Aedes scapularis of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:783-787, in part); Johnson (1919:423); Gow-
dey (1926:74); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:44); Thompson (1947:78).
Aedes tortilis of Belle, Grant and Page (1964:453).
Ochlerotatus confirmatus of Coquillett (1906b:19, in part).
Culex confirmatus of Theobald (1905a:25; 1905b:26); Grabham (1905:404-405).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.0-3.5 mm. Medium-sized to small dark brown species
with the anterior 0.6 of mesonotum largely silvery scaled; all tibiae largely pale on
one surface. Head: Narrow decumbent scales all pale, white or whitish, in a broad
median patch extended on interocular space and narrow orbital line; broad de-
cumbent scales laterally and ventrally, all usually pale, creamy to light tan. Erect
scales numerous, extending over most of vertex as well as occiput, all light ex-
cept posterolaterally. Labium dark, indistinctly paler ventrally. Palpus with minute
globular segment 4. Antennal torus with short hairs and sometimes a few small
narrow scales on mesal surface. Thorax: Mesonotum with large rounded hexagonal
patch of silvery scales from anterior promontory and humeral angle to about level
of posterior end of paratergite; lateral margin of patch nearly straight from hum-
eral angle to near scutal angle, lateral triangular area in front of scutal angle with
dark bronzy to golden scales, varied in extent but not encroaching mesad on sil-
vered area; posterolateral margin nearly straight, more or less following scutal su-
_ ture to about level of first or second posterior dorsocentral bristle; posterior trans-
verse margin jaggedly truncate. Posterior part of mesonotum predominantly with
dark to light bronzy scales; usually lighter coppery to golden scales around pres-
cutellar space. Paratergite bare. Mesonotal bristles poorly developed; acrostichals
and anterior dorsocentrals not developed except on anterior promontory and hu-
meral angle; fossals absent. Scutellar lobes with light bronzy to golden scales. Apn
usually with only a few moderately broad, dark to pale scales in addition to hairs.
Ppn with narrow bronzy to coppery scales along mesonotal border, followed ven-
trad by broader flatter dark bronzy scales and broad white scales in lower posterior
part of patch. Remainder of pleural scaling broad and white, on ppl, narrow streak
on ssp, 3 narrowly connected patches on pra, upper stp and lower stp, and on up-
per mep, occasionally 1 or more scales on psp. Legs: Forefemur predominantly
pale except for distal part of anterior (upper) surface and lower anterior dark
streak; anterior surface of midfemur predominantly dark except for pale base and
white lower streak to near apex; anterior surface of hindfemur white to near apex.
Knee spots not developed. Tibiae predominantly dark; foretibia with continuous
pale streak on ventral surface; midtibia with continuous pale streak on dorsopos-
terior surface; hindtibia pale in middle 0.6 or more, chiefly on ventroanterior sur-
162 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
face, dark throughout on dorsal surface. Two basal segments of all tarsi pale ven-
trally, most conspicuously on hindleg; remainder of tarsi dark, with ventral surface
somewhat lighter on hindleg. All claws with prominent subbasal tooth. Wing: Dor-
sal scales all dark except for small patch of pale scales at extreme base of costa
and remigium, producing a conspicuously pale base to wing. Haltere: Largely pale.
Abdomen: Tergite I with large patch of dark scales in middle; laterotergite without
scales. Tergites II-VII with large basolateral white patches and basomedian patches
of indistinctly pale scales more obvious posteriorly and sometimes forming a longi-
tudinal line. Sternites II-VII pale scaled except for small apicolateral patches of
dark scales on distal segments. Cercus narrow, long, projecting.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation. Palpus exceeding probos-
cis by about 0.5 of segment 5; apex of segment 3 and all of segment 4 with long
dark bristles, segment 5 with shorter bristles. Antennal flagellum densely long plu-
mose. Claws of foreleg and midleg enlarged, uneven; larger claws with long sharp
basal external tooth and blunt submedian tooth; smaller claws with subbasal tooth
only; hindclaws as in female.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 73). In general as in other local species of Ochlero-
tatus and particularly the ftortilis complex, condolescens and obturbator. Integu-
ment densely spiculose on segment IX, sidepiece and base and stem of claspette.
Segment IX: Tergite deeply emarginate in middle of anterior margin, with only a
narrow sclerotized caudal bridge connecting the small prominent submedian tergal
lobes; each lobe usually with 3-6 setae, some distinctly flattened. Sidepiece: Elon-
gate, more or less cylindrical but curved inward. Mesal membrane developed to
apex. Scales usually restricted to lateral surface, some occasionally developed on
dorsal surface. Tergal surface with sparse vestiture of short to moderately long
setae, 2 or 3 thickened and longer near level of base of apical lobe. Sternomesal
margin with 2 or 3 irregular rows of long bristles. Apical lobe (tergomesal) incon-
spicuous and short, frequently collapsed mesad in mounts; with a few short thin
setae. Basal tergomesal lobe attached to sidepiece, its distal part projecting ventrad
and appearing folded under in most preparations; with strongly differentiated basal
tergal specialized seta and about 12 simple setae of varied sizes in distal part.
Claspette: Stem slender and elongate but shorter than clasper; filament narrow at
base, expanded near middle, with an obtuse outer angle without any indication of
retrorse process or spicules. Clasper: Long and slender, with slight mesal expan-
sion in basal half; shaft with conspicuous spicules, primarily on inner surface, to
near the subapical seta; spiniform long and slender. Phallosome: Aedeagus small,
simple; short pyriform, at most slightly narrowed subapically; completely sclero-
tized dorsally, with slight apical emargination. Proctiger: Moderately developed.
Basolateral sclerotization strongly developed, produced into lateral tergal lobe ven-
trad of lobe of tergite IX. Paraproct sclerotization strong, broadly joined to baso-
lateral sclerotization; apex of paraproct with 1 simple free spine and a short strong
mesal sclerotized process. Cercal setae usually 3-5, in distal half.
PUPA (fig. 73). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail, apparently variable.
Essentially as in other local species of Ochlerotatus. Cephalothorax: Moderately
pigmented with darkened mesonotum and leg and wing cases. Hairs 1-3-C double;
4-C with several distal forks; 5-C usually distally forked; 6-C usually at least triple;
7-C with 2 or more distal forks; 8-C at least triple; 7-C with at least 2 forks. Trum-
pet: Elongate; strongly reticulate; pinna small. Uniformly darkly pigmented, con-
trasting. Metanotum and Abdomen: Moderately, rather uniformly pigmented, an-
terior part darker. Hair 10-C usually with 5 branches; 11-C double; 12-C usually
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 163
with 2-4 distal forks. Hair 2-I mesad of hair 3; hair 3-II usually with 2 forks. Hair
1-II dendritic; 1-III varied in position, sometimes laterad of hair 3, weak, usually
double to 4-branched; 1-IV-VII strong, usually double, varied in length. Hair 2-
IV,V distinctly mesad of hair 1. Hair 3-II,III usually branched. Hair 5-II branch-
ed; 5-III usually with 4 or more branches. Hairs 6-III-VI usually all single. Hair
9-VII double or triple, often with strong barbs or distal forks. Paddle: Lightly
pigmented, with darker midrib; external buttress indistinct. Marginal spicules poor-
ly developed. Only paddle hair 1-P developed, single, strong. Terminal Segments:
Female cercus strongly sclerotized externally, projecting well beyond genital lobe.
LARVA (fig. 74). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; in general as in
other local species of Ochlerotatus, diagnostic characters as in the key. Thoracic
and abdominal integument with distinct spicules. Head: Distinctly wider than long;
darkly pigmented except for usual light areas. Labrum narrow from dorsal aspect,
distinctly produced laterally in front at base of hair 1-C; ocular bulge conspicuous,
with distinct short sharp spicules near anterior part; maxillary suture complete,
diverging; labial plate short; collar strongly developed. Hairs 5,6-C far forward,
both strong and usually single; 4-C near level of hair 6, short and usually triple;
8-C usually long and single; 13-C long and single, near level of 12-C; hair 14-C
short, spiniform, removed caudad of anterior border; 15-C near middle of labial
plate; 11,12,15-C all short and multiple. Antenna: Short, uniform in width; shaft
with sparse short sharp spicules; uniformly moderately pigmented; hair 1-A near
middle, usually with 3 or more branches. Thorax: Integument with dense vesti-
ture of long sharp spinelike (not hairlike) spicules. Only pleural groups (9-12-P,
M,T) and hairs 6,7-M with common basal plates. Hairs 1-6,8-10,12,14-P usually all
single; 7-P usually triple; 13-P not developed. Abdomen: Integument as on thorax,
spicules more hairlike on distal segments. Hair 12-I present. Lateral abdominal hair
6-I,1I usually double, 6-III-VI usually single; 7-I long and single, 7-II-VI branched,
moderate to short; 1,13-IV,V long and single. Segment VIII: Comb scales usually
about 20-25 in triangular patch of 3 irregular rows; scales short, with even fringe
of strong spicules. Siphon: Index about 2.5 or slightly more; slightly tapered in
distal half; uniformly moderately pigmented except for blackish basal ring and
slight apical darkening; integument with distinct imbricate sculpturing; strong at-
tached acus present. Pecten teeth usually 12-15, evenly spaced in slightly more
than basal half, distal 1 or 2 sometimes slightly more widely spaced; teeth with
strongly differentiated slender main spine and 1 to several subbasal denticles. Hair
1-S distad of and more or less in line with pecten; 2-S subapical, distinctly shorter
than distal pecten teeth. Anal Segment: Saddle complete, with distinct attached
slender acus; uniformly lightly pigmented except for basal darkening, chiefly dor-
sad of acus; integument distinctly imbricate; without distinct caudal marginal spic-
ules. Hair 1-X single, long. Dorsal brush with hair 2-X multiple, less than half as
long as single 3-X. Ventral brush with 8 pairs of hairs on a strongly developed grid
with lateral bar attached to saddle; no precratal hairs. Gills subequal, pointed, dis-
tinctly longer than dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. We are restoring hemisurus to full specific rank for the West
Indian populations currently placed under scapularis (Rondani, 1848). In our opin-
ion, the synonymy of hemisurus and indolescens with scapularis by Howard, Dyar
and Knab (1917:787) is unjustified as there appear to be at least 4 and possibly
more distinct nonclinal forms involved. As in the case of pertinax of the serratus
complex, the past confusion is primarily due to the belief that the differences
noted in the mesonotal ornamentation are individual variations rather than char-
164 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
acteristic of populations.
The mesonotal pattern of hemisurus is very similar to that of scapularis from
Brazil, but in the male genitalia the filament of the claspette differs markedly in
lacking any indication of a retrorse process or spicules and the distal part of the
basal tergomesal lobe bears fewer setae. True scapularis apparently extends north-
ward through the Guianas to Trinidad where it seems to be sympatric with a num-
ber of forms, 1 of which appears to be the only representative of the scapularis com-
plex in northcentral Venezuela. These forms resemble camposanus Dyar, 1918 (un-
doubtedly a member of the scapularis complex) from coastal Ecuador and north-.
ern Peru, in the reduction of the anterior part of the silvery patch of the mesono-
tum by the extension of dark scales over the outer part of the fossa near the scu-
tal suture. The Venezuelan representative of this complex is distinct in the reduc-
tion of the white scaling of the hindtibia and the populations from the Guianas
and Trinidad differ in details of ornamentation so that it appears that in northern
South America there may be 3 distinct forms of the camposanus type. The male .
genitalia of these forms show considerable regional differentiation; in camposanus
the retrorse process of the claspette filament is usually completely undeveloped.
In the majority of specimens from Central American populations of the scapu-
_ laris complex we have seen (Honduras, Guatemala, British Honduras and Mexico),
the mesonotal silvery patch is extensive as in hemisurus. We have no males or im-
mature stages from this area and therefore cannot determine with certainty whether
some of these populations belong to hemisurus.
Easily confused with the scapularis complex are a number of species with a some-
what similar mesonotal silvery ornamentation. The sides of the silvery patch in
these forms are straight instead of directed toward the scutal angle from the front
and back and the hindtibia does not show the conspicuous pale scaling. Among these
other members of the Scapularis Group are: the West Indian condolescens Dyar
& Knab, 1907 (records other than from the West Indies and possibly Central Amer-
ica are probably erroneous); the North American infirmatus Dyar & Knab, 1906;
and a large number of Neotropical forms, mostly undescribed but including euplo-
camus Dyar & Knab, 1906 and crinifer (Theobald, 1903). Also part of the Scapu-
laris Group is the West Indian tortilis complex.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of hemisurus have been collected in a variety of
temporary ground pools, small or large, sunlit or in partial shade but always with
fresh water. The largest number were found in an overflow of a stream. The most
common associated species was Aedes (O.) tortilis but other temporary pool breed-
ers were frequently found with hemisurus.
Females of hemisurus bite man readily during the day, usually in the shade,
rarely in the open but near wooded areas. Being a conspicuously marked species,
hemisurus has been noticed and collected more than some of the other species of
the subgenus Ochlerotatus. It was found by Page (1967:181) to bite man more
frequently than any other mosquito except taeniorhynchus. An unidentified arbo-
virus was recovered from hemisurus (as tortilis) collected in September 1962 at
Milk River, Clarendon (Belle, Grant and Page, 1964:453).
DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica (type locality), Cuba and Hispaniola; possibly also Puer-
to Rico.
JAMAICA. More widespread than our records indicate; reported in addition from Manchester
(including Mandeville), Portland, St. Elizabeth and St. James parishes by Hill and Hill (1948:44,
as scapularis). Clarendon: Goshen (353). Parnassus (863). Yorks Pen (604). Kingston and St.
Andrew: Beverly Hills, Liguanea, 6 Dec 1953, R.P. Bengry, 1 F [JAM]. Ferry and vicinity (768,
796,799,890,896). Kingston and vicinity, M. Grabham, 1 M, 2 F [USNM]. St Ann: Delight
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 165
(757). St. Catherine: Bog Walk (913,914). Caymanas (404). Central Village (759). Rio Cobre
Dam, M. Grabham, 2 M, 1 F [USNM]. Spanish Town (37). St. Thomas: Grants Pen (649). Parish
not Specified: No data, 1 F [USNM]; R.B. Hill, 5 L [JAM].
Material Examined: 251 specimens; 56 males, 91 females, 61 larvae, 43 pupae; 37 individual
rearings (19 larval, 16 pupal, 2 incomplete).
43. Aedes (O.) tortilis (Theobald)
Figs. 75,76
1903. Culex tortilis Theobald, 1903b:281-282. TYPE: Lectotype female, Kingston, Jamaica,
20 Aug 1903, M. Grabham [BM; designation of Belkin, 1968b:8].
1906. Culex bracteatus Coquillett, 1906a:184. TYPE: Holotype female, Havana, Cuba, 1 Nov
1902, J.R. Taylor [USNM, 7753; see Stone and Knight, 1956a:215]. Synonymy with
tortilis by Dyar (1922b:55), as subspecies.
1906. Aedes habanicus Dyar and Knab, 1906c:198. TYPE: Lectotype fragments of a larval
skin, Havana, Cuba, 28 Oct 1903, J.R. Taylor [USNM; designation of Stone and Knight,
1956a:218]. Synonymy with bracteatus apparently by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:
802).
1907. Aedes balteatus Dyar and Knab, 1907:9-10. TYPE: Holotype female, Santo Domingo
(Dominican Republic), Aug 1905, A. Busck [USNM, 10142; see Stone and Knight,
1956a:215]. Synonymy with tortilis by Dyar (1922b:55-56), as subspecies.
1907. Aedes plutocraticus Dyar and Knab, 1907:11. TYPE: Holotype female (10), Nassau,
Bahama Islands, 21 June 1903, T.H. Coffin [USNM, 19251; see Stone and Knight,
1956a:224]. Synonymy with tortilis by Dyar (1922b:55), as subspecies.
1922. Aedes tortilis virginensis Dyar, 1922b:56. TYPE: Holotype female, St. Thomas, Virgin
Islands, Aug 1905, A. Busck [USNM, 24898].
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) tortilis in part of Dyar (1928:169-170); Edwards (1932:143); Pritchard,
Seabrook and Mulrennan (1947:11); Lane (1953:653-654); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:
245-247); Perez Vigueras (1956:296-301); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:156); Forattini
(1965a:369-371); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:42); Porter (1967:38); Page (1967).
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) tortilis tortilis in part, tortilis plutocraticus, tortilis bracteatus, tortilis bal-
teatus and tortilis virginensis all of Dyar (1922b:54-56).
Aedes tortilis in part of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:806-809); Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey
| (1926:74); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:45-46); Thompson (1947:78).
Aedes bracteatus, plutocraticus and balteatus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:802-804; 804-
805; 809-810).
Culex tortilis of Theobald (1905a:26; 1905b:26;.1907:428-429; 1910:387).
FEMALE. Wing about 2.5-3.0 mm. A rather small dark brown species with disc
of mesonotum with coppery to dark golden scales, fossa with extensive area of
dark bronzy scales. General morphology and chaetotaxy as in hemisurus; extreme-
ly similar to auratus, from which it cannot be separated with certainty. Head: Nar-
row decumbent scales in a narrow to moderately broad median line, extending on
interocular space and orbital line, whitish to pale golden. Broad decumbent scales
more numerous, narrower dorsally; predominantly pale except for indefinite dark
patch laterally. Erect scales all yellowish except for a few dark ones posterolater-
ally, largely confined to occiput and posterior part of vertex. Labium entirely dark.
Palpus dark, 3-segmented. Thorax: Mesonotum with dark golden to coppery scales
covering anterior 0.6 or more except most of fossa and antealar area, usually pro-
jecting caudad along acrostichal line; similar pale scales in supraalar area, above
166 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
wing root in front of a patch of outstanding golden linear scales, and around pres-
cutellar space; remaining areas with dark bronzy scales, denser in fossa and at end
of posterior dorsocentral row of bristles. Mesonotal bristles better developed than
in hemisurus; lateral prescutal bristles strong, occasionally outer fossal bristle de-
veloped. Scutellar lobes with golden to coppery scales. Apn usually with some
moderately broad pale scales. Ppn scaling varied; usually narrow only, golden to
bronzy along mesonotal border followed ventrad by bronzy scales with some pale
scales; sometimes broadened in lower posterior part of patch. Remaining pleural
scales broad, dingy white; on ppl, usually streak on lower ssp, below pra bristles,
more or less continuous patch on upper and lower posterior stp, and upper mep.
Legs: Coxae predominantly with pale scales, forecoxa with some dark scales. Tro-
chanters and base of femora with pale scales. Femora with usual pale surfaces;
forefemur and midfemur predominantly dark on anterior surfaces; hindfemur pre-
dominantly pale on anterior surface except for apex and on upper surface in about
distal half. Knee spots not developed. Tibiae predominantly pale at base dorsally,
remainder dark but sometimes appearing paler on ventral surfaces in some aspects.
Tarsi entirely dark. Wing: Dorsal scales all dark. Haltere: Stem and knob predom-
inantly pale. Abdomen: Tergite | with large dorsal patch of dark scales; lateroter-
gite occasionally with a few creamy scales. Tergites II-VII with large lateral patches
of creamy scales, triangularly extending dorsad at base except on VII; median dor-
sal basal pale patches, dark tan to whitish, present on at least II-[V, sometimes
narrowly connected to lateral white patches. Sternites II-VII with creamy scales.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation except for more conspic-
uous, whitish basal transverse bands on abdominal tergites II-VII and absence of
lateral pale patches. Palpus only slightly longer than proboscis. Pleural scaling re-
duced. Other sexual characters as in hemisurus.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 75). Essentially as in auratus and hemisurus, differing
from latter primarily in the following. Tergal setae of sidepiece somewhat stronger
and longer; apical lobe more prominent. Basal tergomesal lobe usually with less
than 10 unspecialized setae on distal part. Filament of claspette with conspicuous
retrorse process and 1 to several spicules proximad of process.
PUPA (fig. 75). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. In general similar
to hemisurus, differing primarily in the following features. Abdominal hair 1-V-VII
usually at least triple; 4-VII usually branched or forked; 6-VI usually double or
triple. Paddle margins with less conspicuous spicules.
LARVA (fig. 76). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. General morph-
ology and chaetotaxy essentially as in hemisurus. Head hair 4-C usually shorter.
Thoracic and abdominal spicules much shorter and not as dense. Abdominal hair
6-II rarely single. Comb scales of posterior row with a distinct but poorly differ-
entiated slender median spinule. Siphon usually darker proximad, lighter distad;
hair 1-S shorter. Saddle more strongly pigmented; acus usually more broadly at-
tached; integument distad of saddle without spicules dorsad of hair 1-S. Ventral
brush frequently with 1 hair on margin of or piercing saddle. Gills usually about
equal to dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. In the current taxonomic interpretation, which follows Dyar
(1928:169), tortilis is regarded as a single highly variable species confined to the
West Indies except for intrusions into Florida and southern Mexico and Guatemala.
However, we find that on Jamaica there are 2 apparently distinct species, tortilis
and auratus, indistinguishable in general adult morphology and ornamentation but
readily separated by male genitalic and larval features as indicated in the diagnoses.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 167
The taxonomic status of the other populations, which were regarded as distinct
geographically isolated species by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:802-805 809-810)
and as subspecies by Dyar (1922b:54-56), cannot be determined without a thor-
ough revision which is beyond the scope of this study and cannot be undertaken
until associated immature stages and males are obtained from all areas.
Topotypic tortilis from Jamaica appears to be different from all the other pop-
ulations of the complex in the larval stage in the development of a distinct median
spinule on the comb scales and a denser spiculation of the thoracic and abdominal
integument. In the male genitalia there are fewer setae on the distal part of the
basal tergomesal lobe than in other populations except those from the Lesser An-
tilles. As noted in the diagnosis, there is a great deal of variation in the color of
the pale scaling of the mesonotum in the females of topotypic ftortilis. In some
specimens it may even be light bronzy and not sharply contrasted with the dark
bronzy scaling. This type of variation occurs also in all other populations. How-
ever, the mesonotum of Jamaican females tends to have some pale scales above
the paratergite and above the wing root that are usually not found in other pop-
ulations.
Perhaps some of the variability evident in all stages of tortilis in Jamaica may
be due to hybridization or introgression with the sympatric auratus. This is sug-
gested by the male genitalia of some specimens in which the distal part of the ba-
sal tergomesal lobe bears numerous setae as in auratus while the rest of the side-
piece is typical of ftortilis. We have seen a few larvae (notably collection JA 730)
with a mixture of tortilis and auratus features: comb scales and abdominal hair 6-I
as in tortilis, and gills and hair 6-II as in auratus. While these differences could be
individual variations in tortilis, the presence of 2 species of the same complex in
Jamaica and the geographical differentiation in the complex elsewhere suggests that
auratus may have been an early stock of the complex on Jamaica and that tortilis
is a more recent invader which may be replacing the relict auratus. A similar situ-
ation may exist elsewhere in the Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, and the Leeward Islands, with a dominant tortilis-like form replacing an
earlier geographical isolate in each group. This may not be the case in St. Lucia
where a rather distinct uniform population is present.
On the basis of general adult morphology, male genitalia, and larval and pupal
features, the fortilis complex is very similar to the scapularis complex and should
be included in the Scapularis Group. The similarity is most marked in the pupa
where the separation from hemisurus is very tenuous.
BIONOMICS. Topotypic tortilis breeds in brackish water ground pools in man-
grove swamps as well as in freshwater temporary pools and overflows of streams.
There appears to be some preference for shaded situations but tortilis has been
taken in pools exposed to full sunlight. In mangrove areas it has been found assoc-
iated most frequently with Psorophora (G.) pygmaea. In freshwater situations it
has been taken more frequently with Aedes (O.) hemisurus than any other species.
Females of tortilis bite man readily but Page (1967) found this species to be
less numerous in man-biting collections than taeniorhynchus, hemisurus, nigripal-
pus or jamaicensis.
DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica (type locality); complex reported also from Florida,
Bahamas, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Mexico,
Guatemala, Leeward and northern Windward Islands.
JAMAICA. More widespread than our records indicate; found in interior also; reported by
Hill and Hill (1948:46) also from the parishes of Hanover and St. James (including Montego
168 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Bay). Clarendon: Milk River Bath (730). Parnassus (863). Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry and
vicinity (197A,610,79€,799,869). Liguanea, 3 June 1931, Kisliuk, 1 F [USNM]. Hill Gardens,
July 1924, G.C. Stratham, 1 F [USNM]. Mona, R.B. Hill, 1 F [UCLA]. St Ann: Delight (757).
St. Catherine: Bog Walk (913,914). St. Elizabeth: Luana (357). St. Thomas: Chiswick (161).
Holland Bay (97,143,159). Westmoreland: Crab Pond Bay (790). Parish not Specified: 1945,
R.B. Hill, 1 M [JAM].
Material Examined: 213 specimens; 40 males, 54 females, 72 larvae, 47 pupae; 44 individual
rearings (15 larval, 22 pupal, 7 incomplete).
44. Aedes (O.) auratus Grabham
Figs. 77,93
1906. Aedes auratus Grabham, 1906b:313-315. TYPE: Lectotype by PRESENT DESIGNA-
TION, male with genitalia slide (680827-15), Kingston, Jamaica, 10 Apr 1906, M. Grab-
ham [USNM; 1 of 4 specimens (3 males, 1 female) bearing identical labels, undoubtedly
part of Grabham’s type series; date given in Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:809), 10
July 1906, is that of receipt from Grabham as indicated by labels].
Aedes auratus of Dyar and Knab (1906b:163).
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) tortilis in part of authors indicated under that species.
Aedes tortilis in part of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:806-809); Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey
(1926:74); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:45-46); Thompson (1947:78).
FEMALE. Only thorax and part of head of 1 specimen known. Apparently ex-
tremely similar to tortilis, possibly distinct in ppn dark scales all moderately broad,
pale scaling of pleuron distinctly white (absent on ssp and psp) and narrow scaled
area of head wider. :
MALE. Ornamentation apparently as in the female. Sexual characters apparently
as in tortilis but palpus exceeding proboscis by nearly full length of segment 5S.
Tibiae and tarsal segments 1 indistinctly pale on lower surface.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 93). Essentially as in hemisurus and tortilis, differing
from both primarily in the following. Tergal setae of sidepiece of 2 sizes, short
mesally and distinctly longer laterally; a row of 5 or 6 conspicuously thickened
and elongated subapical tergal bristles and 2 or 3 similar bristles near base lateral-
ly. Basal tergomesal lobe larger, with more than 25 setae on distal part, some of
the most distal setae distinctly flattened.
PUPA. Unknown.
LARVA (fig. 77). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. General morph-
ology and chaetotaxy essentially as in hemisurus. Very similar to tortilis from which
it is distinguished primarily by the following features. Thoracic and abdominal
spiculation similar but sparser. Abdominal hair 6-I,II always single. Comb scales of
posterior row without differentiated median spinule. Siphon lighter in pigmenta-
tion; hair 2-S much shorter. Saddle lighter; acus less distinct. Gills more than 2.0
of dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. Aedes auratus has been considered to be conspecific with tor-
tilis since Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:806). However, it is obviously distinct
from tortilis in the male genitalia and in the larva and we are therefore restoring
it to full specific rank. The only material of auratus we have seen is from Grab-
ham’s original collections. The only remaining female is in such poor condition
that it is impossible to differentiate it from ftortilis. As suggested under the lat-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 169
ter, auratus may be an earlier derivative of the complex that is being replaced by
tortilis and may hybridize with it.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages were collected by Grabham in temporary
rain pools in the vicinity of Kingston, apparently in association with those of per-
tinax as larval skins of both species were mounted by him on | slide.
This species has not been found since Grabham’s original collections of imma-
tures on 2 and 7 April 1906.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Kingston and St. Andrew: Kingston vicinity, 2,7 Apr 1906 (immatures), 10 Apr
1906 (adults), M. Grabham, 3 M, 1 F, 11 L [USNM; UCLA].
Material Examined: 15 specimens as above.
45. Aedes (O.) calumnior, n.sp.
Figs. 78,79
TYPES: Holotype male (JA 603-101) with slides of male genitalia and associated pupal skin,
Mocho, in cut forest near May Pen (Clarendon), Jamaica, 90 m, 6 Sept 1966, D.C. Watson
[USNM]. Paratypes: 65 males, 75 females, 12 pupae, 26 larvae, same data as holotype (JA 603),
including 3 lpM (603-10,11,13), 2 pM (603-102,104), 3 IpF (603-12,14,15), 2 lp (603-16,17),
2 p (603-100,103) [BM; UCLA].
Aedes orbturbator in part of Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:150); Porter (1967:37).
Aedes tortilis in part of Jamaican reports.
FEMALE. Wing about 3.2 mm. A medium-sized dark legged species with disc
of mesonotum usually entirely covered with elongate pale tan scales from anterior
promontory to scutellum. Head: Decumbent scales all pale tan except a varied
lateral patch of broad dark scales; median stripe of narrow scales very wide ex-
tending to dark scaled patch, scales elongate and semierect except on ocular bor-
der. Erect scales covering almost entire dorsal surface, all pale except a few dark
posterolaterally. Labium dark scaled. Palpus 3-segmented; dark scaled. Antennal
torus with a few short dark hairs on mesal surface. Thorax: Mesonotum elongate;
integument light brown, darkened laterally; vestiture of very long, mostly straight
light tan scales throughout except laterally on outer part of fossa near scutal angle,
above paratergite, prealar area and sometimes part of supraalar area and posterior
part of acrostichal line, where scales dark bronzy, curved and shorter. Acrostichal
bristles developed throughout, long but sparse; only 2 or 3 anterior dorsocentrals
developed cephalad of scutal suture, usually strong. Paratergite bare. Median scu-
tellar lobe with numerous narrow pale tan scales; lateral lobe usually without scales.
Apn usually without scales; ppn with large upper patch of dark bronzy broadened
scales, occasionally a few pale scales at lower posterior part of patch; remaining
pleural scaling of moderately broad whitish scales, very sparse, usually restricted
to ppl, lower ssp, upper and lower posterior stp, base of pra and middle anterior
mep, sometimes a few scales on psp. Legs: Coxae with small patches of whitish
scales. Trochanters and base of femora with pale scales. Femora with usual pale
surfaces but not extensive; anterior surfaces largely dark. Knee spots not devel-
oped. Tibiae and tarsi dark. All claws with 1 tooth. Wing: All dorsal scales dark.
Haltere: Stem pale; knob largely pale scaled. Abdomen: Tergite I with median
patch of dark scales and a few scattered whitish scales laterally; laterotergite with
170 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
a few whitish scales. Tergites II-VI predominantly dark, with narrow basal trans-
verse bands of tan scales connected on III-VI to inconspicuous narrow lateral line
of whitish scales, tergite II usually with separate larger basolateral patch of whitish
scales; tergite VII usually entirely dark. Sternites II-VI usually predominantly pale
scaled, whitish on proximal segments and basal parts of distal which tend to be
light tan, distal segments with increasing apical bands of dark scales; sternite VII
predominantly dark except at base. Cercus normal for subgenus, projecting.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation but mesonotal light scal-
ing more extensive laterally, dark scaling more restricted and sparser; tergal abdom-
inal transverse pale bands more conspicuous, whiter, widened laterally on IV-VII,
lateral light patches replaced by much shorter hairs than usual in Ochlerotatus.
Palpus subequal to distinctly shorter than proboscis; very slender, porrect and with-
out long bristles. Antennal flagellum densely long plumose. Claws of foreleg and
midleg enlarged, unequal; larger claws with strong blunt submedian tooth; smaller
claws with small sharp basal external tooth; all claws with short spicules on base
and shaft.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 78). Markedly different from other local Ochlerotatus,
suggestive of some Finlaya. Segment VIII: Tergite with numerous very long atten-
uate setae. Segment IX: Tergite short laterally; anterior margin narrowly but deep-
ly emarginate in middle; lobe wide, close to midline, with 12-16 setae. Sidepiece:
Narrow at base, widened beyond; mesal membrane developed to apex. Tergal sur-
face densely covered with very long setae. Scales on lateral and ventral surfaces.
Sternomesal area with dense vestiture of setae, straight and moderately long near
level of basal tergomesal lobe, followed distad by short curved setae and then by
longer setae with curled apex; numerous longer setae and heavy bristles ventrad of
these. Apicotergal lobe not developed. Basal tergomesal lobe attached to sidepiece,
widened ventrad into a large prominent lobe densely covered with setae which are
largely straight except at lateral margin where they are curved inward. Claspette:
Bases of the 2 claspettes closer together than in other species. Stem elongate, nar-
row; filament with an external ledge from base to near apex, posterior margin
with retrorse process and sometimes 1 or more spicules. Clasper: Long, slender,
slightly expanded on mesal margin. Spiniform long and slender. Phallosome: Aede-
agus small, simple, rounded apically but with an indistinct deep median emargina-
tion in the dorsal sclerotization. Proctiger: Rather small, essentially as in other
species. Cercal setae 3-5, in distal half.
PUPA (fig. 78). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. Essentially as in
hemisurus, differing primarily in abdominal hairs 1-I1V-VI weaker; 3-III, 5-IV-VI
usually all single; 6-III-VI usually all double or triple; 4-VII,VIII frequently forked
or double; 9-VII usually double.
LARVA (fig. 79). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. General morph-
ology and chaetotaxy essentially as in hemisurus, differing primarily in the follow-
ing conspicuous features. Head hair 14-C double, not spiniform. Antennal shaft
with a few minute inconspicuous spicules. Thoracic and abdominal integument with-
out distinct spicules. Abdominal hairs 6-I-VI1 all single; 1-[V,V much weaker. Comb
scales frequently more numerous. Siphon and anal saddle more strongly pigmented.
Siphon distinctly longer, index usually more than 3.0, slightly swollen at about
middle; pecten teeth usually more than 24. Gills unequal, shorter, broader and not
as distinctly tapered distally.
SYSTEMATICS. The general morphology and ornamentation of the adults of
calumnior is so similar to obturbator Dyar & Knab, 1907 from the Bahamas that
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 171
it is not surprising that partially denuded females of calumnior have been reported
as obturbator in the past. Adults of calumnior have at most only a few scattered
dark scales along the acrostichal line and small patch of dark scales at the end of
it instead of a complete moderately broad line of dark scales as in obturbator.
The male genitalia and the larva of calumnior are strikingly different from “obtur-
bator” from Mona Island reported by Maldonado-Capriles, Pippin and Kuns (1958:
66-68). Whether the latter are conspecific with topotypic obturbator cannot be
determined as only females are known from the Bahamas. However, since calum-
nior differs from both. populations in adult ornamentation, we are confident that
it is a distinct species. It may not even be related to obturbator and therefore we
are only provisionally associating the 2 species.
We have seen a few females from Grand Cayman which may be conspecific with
calumnior. However this cannot be determined definitely without males and im-
matures and we are therefore considering calumnior to be restricted to Jamaica for
the present.
BIONOMICS. Aedes calumnior differs markedly from other species of Ochlero-
tatus in Jamaica in its breeding sites which in all but 1 instance (marshy depres-
sion) were coral rockholes where mediovittatus and/or inaequalis were invariably
associated with it. The rockholes, except for one in a garden, were all in shaded
situations in scrub forests. A few females of calumnior have been taken in biting-
landing collections in a similar environment or in denser woods.
DISTRIBUTION. Tentatively considered endemic to Jamaica, but possibly pres-
ent in Cayman Islands (see systematics).
JAMAICA. Probably more widespread than current records indicate. Clarendon: Ft. Simmonds,
14 July 1942, C.B. Philip, 3 F [USNM]. Goshen (235,238,352,602). Mocho (603). Kingston and
St. Andrew: Red Hills (845). Rockfort (953). St. Catherine: Bog Walk (914). St. James: Red
Hill, Montego Bay, 26 June 1957, King, 5 L [USNM]. Montego Bay, R.B. Hill, 1 M [USNM].
St. Mary: Annotto Bay (254).
Material Examined: 303 specimens; 86 males, 106 females, 61 larvae, 50 pupae; 43 individual
rearings (16 larval, 20 pupal, 7 incomplete).
Subgenus FINLAYA
46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus (Coquillett)
Figs. 80,81
1906. Stegomyia mediovittata Coquillett, 1906c:60. TYPE: Holotype male (99.4) with assoc-
iated larval and pupal skins, St. Domingo [Dominican Republic], Aug 1905, A. Busck
[USNM, 9138; see Stone and Knight, 1956a:221].
1907. Aedes uncatus Grabham, 1907:25. TYPE: Lectotype male (210) with male genitalia
slide, near Kingston, Jamaica, M. Grabham [USNM; designation of Stone and Knight,
1956a:226] . Synonymy with mediovittatus by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:821).
Aedes (Finlaya) mediovittatus of Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:420); Dyar (1928:227-228,
in part); Edwards (1932:152, in part); Lane (1953:695-697, in part); Perez Vigueras (1956:
248-257); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:167, in part); Forattini (1965a:394-395); Mont-
chadsky and Garcia (1966:40); Porter (1967:38).
Aedes (Gualteria) mediovittatus of Dyar (1918b:79).
Aedes mediovittatus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:821-824); Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey
(1926:73); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:43); Thompson (1947:78).
172 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Gymnometopa mediovittata of Coquillett (1906b:25); Theobald (1907:210-211; 1910:219).
Aedes uncatus of Theobald (1910:596-597).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.5 mm. An elegant medium-sized brown species with
silvery markings; superficially resembling species of subgenus Howardina but im-
mediately distinguished from its local representatives by a median acrostichal sil-
very line. Head: Decumbent scales predominantly broad, dark in front of disc,
yellow to golden in back and silvery on side near orbital margin; conspicuous nar-
row median longitudinal line of narrow silvery scales from interocular space to oc-
ciput. Erect scales short, yellow, largely restricted to occiput. Proboscis long and
slender; predominantly dark scaled, with a few scattered white scales, primarily in
middle part. Palpus 4-segmented, segment 4 small; dark scaled except for silvery
scales on upper surface, scattered on segment 2, large basal patch on 3 and all of
4. Antennal torus with large mesal patch of broad silvery scales; flagellar segment
1 with a few scales on mesal surface, usually including some silvery scales. Tho-
rax: Mesonotum predominantly with small narrow bronzy, coppery and golden
scales in a definite pattern and with conspicuous silvery markings; a narrow acro-
stichal line of narrow silvery scales to prescutellar space; broad silvery scales in
(1) a short lateral prescutellar line, (2) a short line or patch in posterior part of
fossa near scutal suture, (3) a supraalar line and (4) a line above wing root; golden
scales in (1) inner anterior dorsocentral line, broadened on humeral angle and (2)
outer posterior dorsocentral and prescutellar line; dark bronzy scales primarily in
broad median longitudinal line between the dorsocentral and prescutellar golden
lines and between posterior dorsocentral-prescutellar and supraalar bristles; coppery
scales largely in lateral areas, primarily in fossa and caudad of fossal silvery patch.
Paratergite with broad silvery scales. Acrostichal bristles absent except on anterior
promontory; fossal bristles absent; others present, moderately to strongly devel-
oped. All lobes of scutellum with large apical patch of broad silvery scales; median
lobe with large patch of small bronzy scales cephalad of silvery patch. Pleural scal-
ing all broad silvery except for small broadened curved bronzy scales in upper
part of ppn; largely in lines or narrow patches; restricted to middle of apn, upper
middle ppn, ppl, pcx, lower ssp, upper stp, lower stp, and 2 separate ones in up-
per mep. Lower mep bristles absent. Legs: Coxae with small patches of silvery
scales, dark scales also present on forecoxa. Trochanters largely with golden to
coppery scales. Femora predominantly dark scaled except for usual light surfaces;
midfemur and hindfemur with narrow line or streak of white scales on anterior
surface from base to near apex and some scattered white scales; forefemur with
scattered dingy white or light yellowish scales on anterior surface more or less in
longitudinal line in lower part. Distinct knee spots on all legs, involving only apex
of femora. Tibiae predominantly dark, all with conspicuous ventral white spot, in
basal 0.25-0.3 on foreleg and midleg, in basal 0.3-0.4 on hindleg. Tarsi with basal
white bands or rings; small on segments 1 and 2 of foretarsus and midtarsus; large
on all segments of hindtarsus, forming complete rings on 2-5, occupying more than
0.7 of segment on 4 and 5. Claws of foreleg and midleg subequal, all with small
subbasal tooth; those of hindleg smaller, without tooth; all with slender external
basal spicules. Wing: Dorsal scales all dark. Haltere: Stem light; knob with dark to
pale scales at base and silvery scales on apex. Abdomen: Laterotergite with large
patch of silvery scales; tergite I with median patch of dark scales. Tergites II-VII
predominantly dark scaled, with large basolateral silvery patches; tergites III-V with
very narrow transverse basal bands of pale scales. Sternites II-VII predominantly
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 173
with pale yellowish scales and with some dark scales apicolaterally; at least ster-
nites V-VII with submedian lateral patches of silvery scales, sometimes produced
to form a postmedian transverse band. Cercus not projecting beyond apex of ab-
domen.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation; basal transverse pale bands
of tergites more extensive, usually present on segments III-VI. Palpus very slender
and without conspicuous bristles; subequal to proboscis; a very large dorsal silvery
patch on base of segment 2, progressively smaller basal silvery rings on 3-5. Claws
of foreleg and midleg enlarged, unequal; larger claws with long subbasal tooth,
smaller with short thin external basal tooth.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 80). Segment VIIT: Sclerotization of tergite distinctly
emarginate on caudal margin. Segment IX: Tergite lightly sclerotized, deeply emar-
ginate on anterior margin; lobe small, prominent, usually with 4 curved setae but
sometimes with only | thickened seta. Sidepiece: Very elongate, cylindrical; mesal
membrane largely sternal, extending only about halfway to base of clasper. Scales
very numerous from outer part of dorsal to outer part of ventral surface. Basal
tergomesal angle with a heavy specialized seta. Claspette: Strongly developed; with
long slender stem and expanded filament with retrorse angle. Clasper: Short, sim-
ple; spiniform more than 0.5 of body of clasper. Phallosome: Aedeagus without
teeth; with conspicuous distal bulbous expansion. Proctiger: Moderately develop-
ed, gradually narrowed distad. Paraproct with a single apical tooth. Cercal setae
usually 3.
PUPA (fig. 80). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently quite
variable in degree of development of some hairs and their positions. In general sim-
ilar to species of subgenus Howardina and superficially to aegypti; usually readily
distinguished from these by the characters in the key to subgenera and species.
Cephalothorax: Moderately pigmented except for darkened mesonotum. All hairs
short and usually all single or double. Trumpet: Short, with large pinna; uniform-
ly darkly pigmented, contrasting. Metanotum and Abdomen: Moderately to lightly
pigmented, darker anteriorly. Abdominal segments II-[V with rather conspicuous
short spicules, particularly laterally on tergites. All hairs except 10-C, 1-I-III and
9-VI-VIII usually single or double. Hair 9-VI dorsal, usually strongly developed
and cephalad of 6-VI. Paddle: Moderately pigmented, slightly darkened on midrib.
Inner and outer parts subequal in width; margins with rather distinct sharp spic-
ules. Hair 1-P strong. |
LARVA (fig. 81). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; stellate hairs al-
ways well developed. Readily differentiated from all other local species by the
short siphon with the row of pecten teeth curved dorsad distally. Head: Uniform-
ly moderately pigmented. Labrum not evident from dorsal surface, hair 1-C just
caudad of rounded anterior border on dorsal surface; maxillary suture complete,
short; collar moderately developed. Hairs 4,6-C far forward, near anterior border;
4-C long and multiple; 6-C single, flattened in basal part, attenuate distally. An-
tenna: Short, shaft uniform in width, without spicules. Hair 1-A single, submed-
ian. Thorax: Hair 13-P absent. Hairs 1-3-P on common basal plate; tubercles of
5,6-P joined; many of the dorsal hairs stellate as figured. Abdomen: Stellate hairs
as figured. Hair 6-I usually with 4 or 5 branches, 6-II triple or double, 6-III-VI
usually double; 7-I long, single, 7-II-VI stellate; 3-VII strong and single, very long,
extending beyond base of siphon. Segment VIII: Comb scales usually 6-8, in a
single row; scales varied from single long spine to short spine with strong basal
denticles. Siphon: Short, slightly narrowed distad; strongly pigmented, darkened
174 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
at base which is irregularly sclerotized; acus not developed. Pecten usually of more
than 20 simple teeth with adjoining bases, in a row curved dorsad distally. Hair 1-S
usually single, long, postmedian. Anal Segment: Saddle incomplete, strongly pigmen-
ted; caudal margin with long simple spines of varied length. Hair 1-X strong, usually
3 or 4-branched. Ventral brush with 6 pairs of hairs on a strongly sclerotized, heavily
pigmented boss. Gills, short, rounded, unequal.
SYSTEMATICS. Aedes mediovittatus, the only representative of the subgenus
Finlaya in the West Indies, appears to be a single highly variable species as inter-
preted by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:821-824) who synonymized uncatus,
proposed for the Jamaican population by Grabham.
We have not made a careful analysis of our large sample from Jamaica but it is
evident that there is a great deal of variation in all stages. The comb scales of the
larva vary tremendously even on an individual specimen. However, as pointed out
by Grabham, the “‘subdorsal thoracic lines” (inner and outer dorsocentral) of the
adults are uniformly golden throughout in the Jamaican population.
We have seen some material of mediovittatus from Grand Cayman, Cuba (Guan-
tanamo), Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico and Virgin Is-
lands (St. Croix). The larvae, from Haiti and Puerto Rico only, do not show any
significant differences from the Jamaican population. The pupae from Puerto Rico
fall within the range of variation of the Jamaican population except for an occa-
sional slight emargination on the apex of the paddle. The male genitalia of speci-
mens from the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and St. Croix are also indistin-
guishable from the Jamaican population. There appear to be, however, some more
or less constant differences in the ornamentation of the adults in the samples of
the different populations. Specimens from Grand Cayman and Cuba resemble the
Dominican Republic population in having the outer dorsocentral line at least par-
tially silvery instead of golden. The Puerto Rican population is very similar to the
Jamaican in this character although all the golden scales appear lighter. In 2 speci-
mens from St. Croix the outer dorsocentral line is largely white but in the third it
is pale golden as in Puerto Rican specimens; the acrostichal line in all 3 is not as
distinctly silvery as in the other populations.
The taxonomic significance of this slight, apparently regional, differentiation can-
not be determined without a great deal more material than is currently available.
For the present all these populations are considered to be conspecific.
On geographical grounds, we believe that the record of mediovittatus from Ven-
ezuela (Aragua) in Dyar (1928:228) is incorrect and probably pertains to a sibling
Species or is based on mislabeled material.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of mediovittatus have been found most frequent-
ly in treeholes, commonly in coral rockholes and occasionally in bamboo. The
breeding associates of mediovittatus include all the other species normally utiliz-
ing the same type of habitat, but Aedes (H.) inaequalis in treeholes and Aedes
(O.) calumnior in rockholes appear to be its most common associates.
Females of mediovittatus readily attack man during the day in wooded areas
where this species breeds.
DISTRIBUTION. Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, type locality; Haiti), Cuba,
Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands (St. Croix); record from
Venezuela probably erroneous.
JAMAICA. Probably more widespread than present records indicate; chiefly at low or mod-
erate elevations. Clarendon: Balcarres (902). Goshen (235,236,238,239,352,602). Mocho (603).
Sandy Gully, G.A. Thompson (Hill and Hill, 1948:43). Locality not specified, Jan 1946, G.A.
Thompson, 1 F [USNM]. Kingston and St. Andrew: Constant Spring (82,248,327,328,387,408,
699). Hermitage Dam Rd (286,288,296,390,391 ,397,623,624,627). Kingston and vicinity, M.
Grabham, 3 M, 2 F [USNM]. Red Hills (845). Rockfort (949,952). Temple Hall (252). Man-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 175
chester: Mandeville (638). St. Catherine: Bog Walk (913,914). Rio Cobre Dam (351,373,605).
St. Thomas: Grants Pen (410,801). Westmoreland: Negril (230). Parish not Specified: M. Grab-
ham, 6 L [USNM]; 1945, R.B. Hill, 1 L [JAM].
Material Examined: 679 specimens; 103 males, 90 females, 301 larvae, 185 pupae; 146 indi-
vidual rearings (44 larval, 85 pupal, 17 incomplete).
Subgenus HOWARDINA
The subgenus Howardina resembles the subgenus Finlaya in all stages and prob-
ably represents an early specialized offshoot of the same general stock. In the West
Indies, Howardina is the dominant group of container breeding Aedini. The adults
have a linear pattern of golden or silvery scales on the mesonotum and silvery
scales on the pleuron. The females have untoothed claws and the males possess a
very small claspette and a simple aedeagus. The larvae resemble Finlaya and the
introduced aegypti of the Old World subgenus Stegomyia in the incomplete saddle
of the anal segment; they are differentiated from both by the comb scales lacking
a sharply differentiated strong median spine. The pupae also resemble Finlaya and
aegypti but can be separated by the key characters. The subgenus has recently
been revised by Berlin (1969), whose taxonomic treatment is followed here.
All the species known from Jamaica are endemic and fall into 2 distinct groups
of the Walkeri Section: (1) the Walkeri Group, represented by the nominate form
(with the only other known species, argyrites, in Venezuela) and (2) the endemic
Aurites Group with a flock of at least 4 sibling species: aurites, grabhami, inae-
qualis and stenei; a fifth form may represent a distinct species or hybrids between
grabhami and stenei.
Elsewhere in the West Indies the subgenus is represented by 3 other groups of
the Walkeri Section with largely complementary distributions. All of these have
been included in the keys since 1 or more of the species might possibly occur in
Jamaica. For descriptions of these, Berlin’s revision (1969) should be consulted.
The Ioliota Group is represented by cozumelensis Diaz Najera, 1966 on Cozumel
Island off the coast of Yucatan as well as on the mainland southward to British
Honduras. The Albonotatus Group consists of at least 2 species: albonotatus (Co-
quillett, 1905) on Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic) and questionably on
Guadeloupe, and bahamensis Berlin, 1969 in the Bahamas; a third, undescribed,
species may be present in the northern part of the Dominican Republic. The Busckii
Group, with only busckii (Coquillett, 1906) recognized at present, includes a com-
plex of more or less differentiated populations definitely known only from the
Lesser Antilles. We agree with Berlin (1969:67) that the record of busckii from
Jamaica by Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:43) was probably based on an erroneous
identification of a member of the Aurites Group but it is possible that a member
of the busckii complex does occur on this island.
47. Aedes (H.) walkeri (Theobald)
Figs. 82,83
1901. Culex walkeri Theobald, 1901a:424. TYPE: Holotype female (45/110), Jamaica [BM].
Aedes (Howardina) walkeri of Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:368); Dyar (1928:235); Edwards
176 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
(1932:156); Lane (1953:725-727); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:174); Porter (1967:38);
Page (1967); Berlin (1969:33-37).
Aedes walkeri of Dyar and Knab (1906c:189,192); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1913a:70; 1917:
849-852); Dyar (1918b:73,80); Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey (1926:74); Hill and Hill (1945a:
2; 1948:46); Thompson (1947:78). |
Howardina walkeri of Theobald (1903a:287-289; 1905a:20-22; 1905b:21; 1907:215-216; 1910:
220); Dyar (1905a:23); Coquillett (1906b:26); Grabham (1906a:170-171).
Culex walkeri of Blanchard (1905:416).
Haemagogus walkeri of Dyar and Knab (1906b:166).
?Culex fasciatus of Johnson (1894:271).
FEMALE (fig. 83). Wing about 2.6 mm. Small dark species with mesonotum
broadly silvered on sides and with narrow longitudinal silvery or golden lines on
disc. Head: Decumbent scales predominantly broad, dark in submedian and lateral
patches separated by golden patch, silvery below; a broad median line of narrow
silvery scales from interocular space to occiput. Erect scales very short, restricted
to occiput. Palpus tipped with silvery scales. Thorax: Mesonotal scales all narrow;
sides broadly silvery from humeral angle to wing root, including most of fossa;
central area between silvery sides with very dark bronzy scales extending on pres-
cutellar space and with narrow golden inner dorsocentral and outer (posterior)
dorsocentral lines; a broader median prescutellar line, golden in front, silvery be-
hind and continued on median lobe of scutellum. Acrostichal bristles developed
on anterior promontory only; only 1 posterior fossal bristle present; other bristles
present, moderately developed. Paratergite bare. All scutellar lobes with narrow
very dark bronzy scales in addition to white scales on median lobe. Pleural scales
silvery, in restricted patches only on apn, ppl, upper and lower stp, pra and upper
anterior mep. Lower mep bristles absent. Legs: Anterior surface of forefemur and
midfemur largely dark; hindfemur largely creamy except for dark apical 0.3 or
more dorsally, extending to anterior and posterior surfaces, and lower part of sur-
face with silvery streak joining knee spot. Knee spots present on all legs, most con-
spicuous on hindleg. Tibiae all dark. Tarsal white markings restricted to a few dor-
sal scales on foretarsal segment 1 and moderate rings on hindtarsal segments 1-3.
Claws simple on all legs but with minute spicules at base of external surface. Wing:
Dorsal scales all dark. Haltere: Stem pale; knob mostly dark, fringe scales creamy.
Abdomen: Laterotergite with large patch of silvery scales; tergite I with numerous
dark scales dorsally. Tergites II-VII predominantly dark scaled; with broad baso-
lateral silvery patches, progressively more removed from base and extending more
tergally on distal segments; basomedian creamy patches more or less distinct on
II-VI. Sternites creamy on II-IV, on other segments with basal creamy and apical
dark scales. Cercus usually not visible.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation. Palpus porrect, slender,
subequal to proboscis in length, without long bristles; with basomedian white scales
on segments 4 and 5. Antennal flagellum densely long plumose. Claws of foreleg
and midleg enlarged and unequal, larger with submedian and basal teeth, smaller
with basal only; hindclaws as in female.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 83). Segment VII: Long and wide, unspecialized. Seg-
ment IX: Tergite moderately developed, narrowed in middle; lobe not developed
but represented by group of about 3 or 4 setae. Sidepiece: More or less conical;
mesal membrane developed from base to apex; scales present laterally and ventral-
ly. Claspette: Very poorly developed, represented by an inconspicuous sternal baso-
mesal lobe bearing 1 apical bristle on a short broad conical tubercle. Clasper: Sim-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 177
ple; base slightly swollen and with minute spicules. Spiniform simple, about 0.2 of
clasper shaft. Phallosome: Aedeagus moderate, subquadrate; without teeth. Procti-
ger: Strongly developed; basolateral sclerotizations not meeting on middorsal line.
Paraproct with large, simple, heavily sclerotized, curved apical tooth. Cercal setae
short, near paraproct apex, usually about 3.
PUPA (fig. 83). In general similar to other species of subgenus Howardina but
readily separated by presence of minute denticles on abdomen and distinctly emar-
ginate paddle. Cephalothorax: Moderately pigmented throughout. Hair 5-C usually
at least triple, subequal to distance from its alveolus to trumpet base and at least
2.0 length of 4-C; hair 7-C usually triple. Trumpet: Slender, index about 4.5-5.0,
pinna small; uniformly moderately pigmented and only slightly contrasting with
cephalothorax. Metanotum and Abdomen: Moderately to strongly pigmented, pro-
gressively lighter caudad; integument with minute denticles. Hair 10-C with 2-7
branches. All large abdominal hairs except 1-I-III, 9-VII,VIII usually single or dou-
ble; 2-II-VII laterad of hair 1, hair 2-II laterad or in line with 3-II; hair 5-IV,V
usually extending to apex of tergite following; 9-II-VI usually at level or slightly
cephalad of hair 6; hair 9-VII subequal to hair 6; hair 4-VIII single. Paddle: Short;
inner part distinctly broader than outer; uniformly lightly pigmented except for
slightly darker midrib. Apex distinctly emarginate at hair 1-P. Marginal spicules
more or less distinct.
LARVA (fig. 82). General morphology and chaetotaxy as in other members of
subgenus; readily differentiated from local species by densely stellate hairs, abdom-
inal integument with dark dendritic spicules and pecten extending almost to apex
of siphon. In life very dark and hairy, quite different in appearance from other
species of subgenus. Head: Width subequal to length; integument smooth and strong-
ly pigmented. Labrum very narrow, not evident from dorsal surface; maxillary su-
ture complete, short; collar poorly developed. Hair 1-C always branched; 4-6-C all
far forward; 5-C single; 14-C stellate; 15-C long. Antenna: Short; shaft appearing
smooth but with scattered minute sharp spicules. Hair 1-A single, submedian, very
weak. Thorax: Hair 13-P absent. Hairs 1-3-P on common basal plate, tubercles of
5-7-P joined. Many of the hairs strongly and darkly pigmented. Abdomen: Integu-
ment with densely packed, large, dendritically branched spicules; stellate hairs as
figured. Hair 6-I,I] with 3 or 4 branches, 6-III-V double or triple, 6-VI usually
double; 7-I long, single or double, 7-II-VI stellate; 3-VII strong and single, very
long, extending beyond base of siphon. Segment VIIT: Comb scales in single row
of about 12; scale long, minutely fringed to near apex. Siphon: Darkly pigmented;
integument with minute spicules; index a little less than 3.0; acus absent. Pecten
extending almost to apex, with about 20 teeth; distal teeth long, simple. Anal Seg-
ment: Saddle narrowly incomplete; darkly pigmented; body with numerous strong
spicules; caudal margin with long fringed spines. Hair 1-X strong, usually with about
8 branches. Ventral brush with 6 pairs of hairs on very strongly sclerotized boss
without distinct grid bars.
SYSTEMATICS. Aedes walkeri, the type species of the subgenus Howardina, is
endemic to Jamaica. Its only close relative is argyrites Dyar & Nunez Tovar, 1927
from Venezuela.
This species is very readily recognized from all other mosquitoes of Jamaica in
all stages and shows relatively little individual variation except in the color of the
median prescutellar line of the adult mesonotum which ranges from entirely sil-
very to predominantly golden. The larvae of walkeri are easily recognized in the
field by their very dark “furry’’ bodies.
178 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
BIONOMICS. The breeding sites of walkeri are primarily leaf axils of terrestrial
and epiphytic bromeliads but other habitats may occasionally be used by this dom-
inant species, such as heliconia axils (748), treeholes (336,390), broken or cut
bamboo (711,778) and a crabhole (369). This species has been found associated
with all the members of the Aurites Group of Howardina and has a much wider
altitudinal and geographical range than any other species of the subgenus in Jamai-
ca. Other associates of walkeri are some of the members of the Hirsuta Group of
Wyeomyia (see). |
Females of walkeri attack man readily in the shade during the day, with peaks
of activity at 0900 and 1700 according to Berlin (1969:35) but Hill and Hill (1948:
46) maintain that they prefer to feed at dusk in the open.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica, where it is widespread at elevations of
30 m to 1400 m. ;
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Balcarres (902A). Goshen (237,239,353). Hanover: Lethe (665,667).
Sandy Gully, Feb 1945, G.A. Thompson, 1 L [USNM]. Kingston and St. Andrew: Castleton
(645). Ferry and vicinity (369,399). Hardwar Gap (647). Hermitage Dam (85,390). Hermitage
Dam Rd (282,294,304,318,319,322-324,333 ,334,392,393,723-725,765,843 854,855). Irish Town
(683). Kingston and vicinity, 1 Apr 1906, M. Grabham, 1 M, 2 F [USNM]. Mavis Bank, M. Grab-
~ ham, 1 M [USNM]. Mount Salus (777-779,848). Newcastle (122-124,335-338,678-682). New-
castle, 14-15 mi from Kingston on road to (648). Temple Hall (646,646A). Manchester: Hope
Farm (354,356,634A,635,664,684). Mandeville (639,640,940,941). Melrose Hill (243,244,247,
631,633,657,660). Williamsfield (637). Portland: Ecclesdown (748). Fairy Hill (693-695). Port
Antonio (925). Portland Point, 4 Aug 1942, C.B. Philip, 1 F [USNM]. Sherwood Forest (707-
711,716). St Ann: Dunns River (740). Faiths Pen (762). Fern Gully (930,931). Moneague and
vicinity (374,379 ,606,607,732,733,735,758,763,764,767,771,772). Mount Diablo (381). Runa-
way Bay, Feb 1969, W.W. Wirth, 4 M, 4 F [USNM]. St. Catherine: Bog Walk (913,914). Dove
Hall (820,825). Harkers Hall (821). Zion Hill (824). St. Elizabeth: Maggotty (792A). St. James:
Copse (668). Montego Bay, Jan 1940, W.H. Komp, 2 L [USNM]. Reading (669-672,675). St.
Mary: Broadgate (257,643). Castleton Botanical Gardens (644). St. Thomas: Barrett’s Gap, 14
Nov 1946, G.A. Thompson, 1 F [JAM]. Norris (653). Pleasant Hill, 14 June 1931, Kisliuk, 7 F
[USNM]. Port Morant (729). Scotland Gate (654). Windsor Forest, road to (650,651). Westmore-
land: Crab Pond Bay (359,360). Petersville (787). Parish not Specified: Jan 1940, W.H. Komp, 1
F; 1940, ? W.H. Komp, 1 F; Jan 1946, G.A. Thompson, 1 M, 9 F; M. Grabham, 1 M, 3 F,
5 L, 1 P; R.B. Hill, 3 F; G.A. Thompson, 1 F [USNM].
Material Examined: 2997 specimens; 250 males, 1162 females, 884 larvae, 701 pupae; 519
individual rearings (151 larval, 239 pupal, 129 incomplete). |
48. Aedes (H.) aurites (Theobald)
Figs. 84,85
1907. Howardina aurites Theobald, 1907:216-218. TYPE: Lectotype female, Newcastle (St.
Andrew), Jamaica, elev. 4000 ft, July 1906, Col. Loscombe [BM; designation of Belkin,
1968b:4].
Aedes (Howardina) aurites of Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:371); Dyar (1928:236, in part);
Edwards (1932:155, in part); Lane (1953:720-722, in part); Berlin (1969:40-42).
Aedes aurites of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:859-860); Dyar (1918b:73); Johnson (1919:
424); Gowdey (1926:73); Hill and Hill (1945a:2, in part; 1948:42-43, in part).
Howardina aurites of Theobald (1910:220).
Aedes (Howardina) inaequalis in part of Thompson (1956:199-200); Stone, Knight and Starcke
(1959:174); Porter (1967:38); Page (1967:38).
Aedes inaequalis in part of Thompson (1947:78).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 179
FEMALE (fig. 84). Wing about 2.6 mm. Small dark species with general mor-
phology as in walkeri; with the following diagnostic features in ornamentation.
Head: Broad decumbent scales predominantly yellow, submedian and lateral dark
patches very small; narrow decumbent scales golden on median longitudinal line
and short orbital line. Erect scales yellowish. Only a few silvery scales on apex of
palpus. Thorax: Mesonotal light scales all golden, in longitudinal lines broader than
the intervening densely dark scaled lines; inner dorsocentral light line extending to
prescutellar space, followed by moderately broad median prescutellar line; outer
dorsocentral light line complete, extending from humeral angle to lateral scutellar
lobe, merging with lateral marginal line anteriorly so that fossa is largely golden;
lateral marginal light line complete to supraalar area and including area above para-
tergite. Scutellar lobes with longitudinal lines of golden scales flanked by dark
scales. Apn almost completely covered with silvery scales; ppl with large patch of
silvery scales; a very large continuous silvery patch extending from pra bristles
through the posterior part of stp to base of coxa; mep with upper anterior patch
of silvery scales. Legs: Tarsal white basal markings restricted to a few scales on
midtarsal segment 1, and short rings on hindtarsal segments 1 and 2. Abdomen:
Silvery markings as in walkeri; basomedian tergal light scaling inconspicuous.
MALE. Ornamentation essentially as in female. Palpus as in walkeri but without
white scales.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 84). In general similar to walkeri; differing primarily
in following features. Claspette with distinct apical fingerlike cylindrical process
more than 2.0 as long as wide and bearing a shorter, heavier bristle. Clasper more
slender and curved; spiniform longer. Aedeagus longer, subequal to proctiger.
PUPA (fig. 84). General morphology and chaetotaxy as in walkeri; very similar
to other species of the group as given below; distinguished from these primarily
by the following features: metanotum uniformly lightly pigmented, hair 9-C single,
2-VI laterad of 3-VI. Cephalothorax: Uniformly lightly pigmented. Hair 5-C with
at least 4 branches, moderately long but not reaching base of trumpet; 7-C with
at least 4 branches. Trumpet: Long and slender; pinna small; uniformly lightly pig-
mented, slightly contrasting. Metanotum and Abdomen: Uniformly lightly pigmen-
ted, without light areas on sides of metanotum. Hair 10-C usually with at least 10
branches. Hair 1-II-[V with many branches, 1-II with about as many branches as
1-I; hair 2-IIJ-VII usually laterad or in line with hair 1, hair 2-II mesad of 3-II; hair
5-IV,V long, usually exceeding tergite following; 9-III-VI short, usually at level or
slightly cephalad of hair 6; hair 9-VII subequal to hair 6; hair 4-VIII usually dou-
ble. Paddle: Practically unpigmented; apex rounded; marginal spicules indistinct;
hair 1-P single.
LARVA (fig. 85). General morphology and chaetotaxy as in walkeri; in general
similar to other members of the group as given below; distinguished from these
most readily by the characters in the key. Head: Width subequal to length; integu-
ment smooth; pigmentation very light except for darkened collar. Hair 1C single;
S-C branched, usually triple; 6-C with at least 6 branches; 14-C single; 15-C short.
Antenna: Simple as in walkeri, but longer. Thorax: Stellate hairs less strongly de-
veloped than in walkeri. Abdomen: Integument glabrous. Stellate hairs less strong-
ly developed than in walkeri; hair 2 not markedly displaced cephalad; 6-III-VI us-
ually single. Hair 2-VII small, single. Segment VIII: Comb scales fringed on apex.
Siphon: Long, index about 6.0-6.5; integument glabrous; moderately pigmented
except for darkened basal ring. Pecten not reaching middle of siphon. Anal Seg-
ment: Saddle moderately pigmented, darkened basally; body without spicules ex-
180 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
cept distally; caudal margin with row of long simple spines; hair 1-X always single.
Ventral brush with 6 pairs of hairs on weak boss without grid bars. Gills subequal,
about 2.0 of dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. Aedes aurites is the most strongly differentiated member of its
group which includes also grabhami, inaequalis and stenei. There is no striking var-
iation in adult ornamentation in the small series of specimens examined and the
immature stages are quite uniform in the diagnostic features.
This apparently uncommon species was incorrectly synonymized with inaequalis
by Thompson (1947:78; 1956:199) who apparently did not realize that the large
continuous silvery patch of the sternopleuron and prealar knob is a constant and
unique feature of aurites.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of aurites are known only from arboreal brome-
liads, generally at elevations above 1000 m but sometimes down to elevations of
300 m in favorable areas. This species has not been found associated with any
other member of the Aurites Group. Females have been collected biting man in
the shade during the day.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica, where it appears to have a rather restrict-
ed distribution, primarily at higher elevations.
JAMAICA. Kingston and St. Andrew: Ferry and vicinity (702). Hardwar Gap (647). New-
castle (125, oe ,338,677,679-682). Manchester: Hope Farm, 1 Jan 1946, G.A. Thompson, 2 IpM,
1 IM, 1 pF, 1 IP; 1 Oct 1946, G.A. Thompson, 1 P [USNM].
Material Evamined: 145 specimens; 24 males, 33 females, 44 larvae, 44 pupae; 36 individual
rearings (7 larval, 22 pupal, 7 incomplete).
49. Aedes (H.) grabhami Berlin
Figs. 86,87
1906. Howardina aureostriata Grabham, 1906a:171-173. TYPE: Syntypes males, females, lar-
vae, pupae, Newcastle (St. Andrew), Jamaica, elev. 4000 ft, Col. Loscombe and Miss
Maclaverty [NE]. Name aureostriata preoccupied in Aedes by aureostriatus (Doleschall,
1857) and aureostriatus (Leicester, 1908).
1969. Aedes (Howardina) grabhami Berlin, 1969:42-46. TYPE: Holotype male (JA 688-20)
with associated larval and pupal skins and genitalia slide, Hope Farm (Manchester), Ja-
maica, elev. 1000 ft, 12 Nov 1966, O.G.W. Berlin [USNM].
Aedes (Howardina) aureostriatus in part of Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:370-371).
Aedes aureostriatus in part of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:855-859); Dyar (1918b:73,80);
Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey (1926:73).
Howardina aureostriata of Theobald (1910:609-611).
Haemagogus aureostriatus of Dyar and Knab (1906b:166,167).
Aedes (Howardina) inaequalis in part of Thompson (1956:199-200); Stone, Knight and Starcke
(1959:174); Porter (1967:38); Page (1967).
Aedes inaequalis in part of Thompson (1947:78).
Aedes (Howardina) aurites in part of Dyar (1928:236); Edwards (1932:155); Lane (1953:720-
722).
Aedes aurites in part of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:42-43).
FEMALE (fig. 87). Wing about 2.2 mm. Essentially similar to aurites but small-
er in size and differing conspicuously in the following features. Submedian and
lateral patches of broad dark scales on vertex more extensive. Erect occipital scales
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 181
largely dark. Mesonotal dark scaling less dense but more extensive, light lines usual-
ly distinctly narrower, outer dorsocentral line usually not merging with lateral mar-
ginal line anteriorly so that fossa has numerous dark scales; lateral marginal line
usually narrower but including area above paratergite which contains at most 3
dark scales. Lateral scutellar lobes with a few narrow golden scales only. Lower ssp
with small patch of silvery scales; silvery patches separate on base of pra, upper
stp and lower stp. Midtarsus with a few white scales on segments | and 2; hind-
tarsus with moderate rings on segments 1-3.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation. Sexual characters as in
aurites.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 87). As figured; apparently indistinguishable from other
members of Aurites Group.
PUPA (fig. 87). Chaetotaxy as figured; extremely similar to aurites from which
it can be distinguished by hair 2-VI being distinctly mesad or at level of 3-VI.
LARVA (fig. 86). Chaetotaxy as figured. In general similar to aurites as described
above; with the following conspicuous diagnostic features. Head hair 5-C single.
Thoracic and abdominal stellate hairs usually with fewer branches than in aurites.
Abdominal hair 2-VII small and single. Siphon index about 6.8-8.5. Gills about 1.5
of saddle length, subequal.
SYSTEMATICS. Aedes grabhami is another distinct species of the Aurites Group
which was erroneously synonymized, as aureostriatus, with inaequalis by Thomp-
son (1947:48, 1956:199-200). Berlin (1969:42-46) described grabhami as a new
species rather than a substitute name for aureostriatus, because the types of the
latter are lost. However, there is no doubt that the 2 nominal species represent
the same taxon.
As pointed out by Berlin (loc. cit.), there is considerable variation in the adults
of grabhami in the width of the golden longitudinal mesonotal lines. There are also
a few specimens in which the mesonotum is almost completely golden except for
a few dark scales in indistinct narrow longitudinal lines. In these individuals the
hindtarsal markings are restricted to segments 1 and 2. As Berlin suggested, these
specimens may represent a distinct species or possibly hybrids between grabhami
and stenei, which frequently occur together. This material is provisionally retained
under grabhami because of similarity in other features.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of grabhami are found in both terrestrial and ep-
iphytic bromeliads, apparently frequently in association with stenei and some spec-
ies of the Hirsuta Group of Wyeomyia. It is not known, however, if this association
extends to the use of the same individual axil. Next to stenei, this is the most
common species of the Aurites Group and its females attack man readily with a
peak of activity at about 1700 hours.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica, where it is widespread and common, es-
pecially at elevations between 30 m and 550 m.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Balcarres (902A). Hanover: Lethe (667). Kingston and St. Andrew:
Ferry and vicinity (702). Hermitage Dam Rd (319,723,725,765,854,892). Kingston and vicinity,
M. Grabham, 1 M [USNM]. Newcastle, 14-15 mi from Kingston on rd to (648). Manchester:
Hope Farm (354,356,684,686-688); July 1945-Jan 1946, G.A. Thompson, 3 IpM, 4 IpF, 2 IM, 2
lp, 2 M, 2 F, 6 L [USNM]. Mandeville, 5 Mar 1928, Pickering, 5 F [USNM]. Melrose Hill
(630-632,655,656,658). Portland: Sherwood Forest (706,708). St, Ann: Faiths Pen (762). Mon-
eague and vicinity (375,376,378,731-735,758,763,764,771-774,776). Mount Diablo (380). Sz.
James: Reading (669,670,676). St. Mary: Broadgate (643). St. Thomas: Leith Hall (689). Wind-
sor Forest, rd to (650-652A). Parish not Specified: 1944, R.B. Hill, 1 M; 1 Jan 1946, G.A.
Thompson, 7 L; M. Grabham, 1 lp; G.A. Thompson, 1 M, 2 F [USNM].
182 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Material Examined: 1223 specimens; 172 males, 385 females, 293 larvae, 373 pupae; 298 in-
dividual rearings (69 larval, 198 pupal, 31 incomplete).
50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis (Grabham)
Figs. 88,89
1907. Howardina inaequalis Grabham, 1907:25-26. TYPE: Lectotype male with genitalia slide,
Kingston, Jamaica, M. Grabham [USNM; designation of Stone and Knight, 1956a:219].
Aedes (Howardina) inaequalis in part of Thompson (1956:199-200); Stone, Knight and Starcke
(1959:174); Porter (1967:38); Page (1967); Berlin (1969:46-49, in toto).
Aedes inaequalis in part of Thompson (1947:78).
Howardina inaequalis of Theobald (1910:611).
Aedes (Howardina) aurites in part of Dyar (1928:236); Edwards (1932:155); Lane (1953:720-
122).
Aedes aurites in part of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:42-43).
Aedes (Howardina) aureostriatus in part of Bonne and Bonne-Wepster (1925:370-371).
Aedes aureostriatus in part of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:855-859); Dyar (1918b:73,80).
FEMALE (fig. 88). Wing about 2.4 mm. In general similar to aurites and grab-
hami and differing conspicuously in the following features; indistinguishable from
stenei. Submedian and lateral patches of broad dark scales on vertex more exten-
sive. Erect occipital scales largely dark. Mesonotal dark scaling less dense but much
more extensive; mesonotal light lines faint and much narrower, outer dorsocentral
line not merging with lateral marginal anteriorly so that fossa is largely dark scaled;
lateral marginal line narrow throughout, not including area above paratergite which
contains dark scales only. Lateral scutellar lobes with a few narrow golden scales.
Apn silvery patch distinctly smaller than in aurites and grabhami; other pleural
scale patches as in grabhami. Tarsal markings as in grabhami.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation. Sexual characters as in
aurites.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 88). As figured; apparently indistinguishable from other
members of Aurites Group.
PUPA (fig. 88). Chaetotaxy as figured; as described for aurites; differing from
the latter and grabhami by the lightly pigmented lateral area on metanotum and
from stenei by the absence of the triangular darkening on the anterior abdominal
segments. :
LARVA (fig. 89). Chaetotaxy as figured. In general similar to aurites as des-
cribed above; with the following conspicuous diagnostic features. Head hair 5-C
usually double, rarely single. Thoracic and abdominal stellate hairs usually with
fewer branches than in aurites. Abdominal hair 2-VII small and single. Siphon in-
dex about 4.25-5.3. Gills markedly unequal, ventral about 0.65 of dorsal, latter at
most subequal to dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. In recent years, following Thompson’s (1947:78; 1956: 199-200)
unwarranted synonymies, inaequalis has been treated in a very broad sense to in-
clude aurites and grabhami (as aureostriatus). Berlin (1969:46-49) demonstrated
that Grabham’s inaequalis is distinct in all stages from these species but cannot be
separated in the adults from Thompson’s stenei. We agree with Berlin’s interpre-
tation and regard inaequalis as a distinct species restricted in breeding to treeholes
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 183
and occasionally rockholes and crabholes. In view of these generalized breeding
sites, this species may represent the primitive stock from which the 3 other spec-
ies of the Aurites Group, all bromeliad breeders, were derived.
BIONOMICS. Aedes inaequalis is the only member of the Aurites Group that
does not breed in bromeliads. Its immature stages are found primarily in treeholes
and cut or broken bamboo but may also occur occasionally in rockholes and crab-
holes. It has been found associated with all the other species with similar breeding
sites but its common associate in treeholes appears to be Aedes (F.) mediovittatus
and in bamboo, Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
Females of inaequalis probably bite man as do other members of the Aurites
Group and are probably included in the stenei-inaequalis group in Berlin’s data on
the biting activity since the 2 species cannot be differentiated (Berlin, 1969:fig. 7).
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica, where it occurs from near sea level to
elevations of about 330 m.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Goshen (352,602). Mocho (603). Kingston and St. Andrew: Constant
Spring (327,408,696). Ferry and vicinity (369). Hermitage Dam (390). Hermitage Dam Rd (109,
280,288,290,292-294,296,298,300,302-304,306-309,321,325,326,330,33 1,397,826). Mount Salus
(780). Temple Hall (250-252). Manchester: Hope Farm (634). Portland: Blue Hole (916,917).
Port Antonio (924). Sherwood Forest (711,713,715). St. Catherine: Rio Cobre Dam (351,372,
373,605). Zion Hill (822). St Mary: Castleton Botanical Gardens (258). Port Maria (173). St.
Thomas: Folly Bay (103). Grants Pen (412). Westmoreland: New Roads (901). Parish not Spec-
ified: Jan 1940, ? W.H. Komp, 1 M, 2 F [USNM].
Material Examined: 599 specimens; 60 males, 86 females, 351 larvae, 102 pupae; 86 individual
rearings (30 larval, 47 pupal, 9 incomplete).
51. Aedes (H.) stenei Thompson
Figs. 90,91
1956. Aedes (Howardina) stenei Thompson, 1956:196-199. TYPE: Holotype male (45090211)
with associated larval skin and male genitalia slide, near Hope Farm, just above Porus, on
road to Mandeville, Manchester (as Clarendon), Jamaica, elev. about 1000 ft, Sept 1945,
G.A. Thompson [USNM].
Aedes (Howardina) stenei of Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:174); Porter (1967:38); Berlin
(1969:49-52).
Aedes aurites in part of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:42-43).
Aedes n.sp. of Thompson (1947:78).
FEMALE. Wing about 2.6 mm. Apparently indistinguishable from inaequalis;
differing from aurites and grabhami in the same features as inaequalis.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation. Sexual characters as in
aurites.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 91). As figured; apparently indistinguishable from other
members of Aurites Group.
PUPA (fig. 91). Chaetotaxy as figured; as described for aurites; differing from
all members of the group by the triangular darkening of the anterior abdominal
segments.
LARVA (fig. 90). Chaetotaxy as figured. In general similar to aurites as des-
cribed above; with the following conspicuous diagnostic features. Head hair 5-C
usually with 4 branches (3-5). Thoracic and abdominal stellate hairs developed
184 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
about as in aurites. Abdominal hair 2-VII a stellate tuft with 4-7 spikes. Siphon
index about 5.8-6.7. Gills slightly less than 2.0 of saddle length, subequal.
SYSTEMATICS. Aedes stenei is undoubtedly a distinct species in the Aurites
Group, although it is indistinguishable from inaequalis in the adults. It is immed-
iately recognized from all the other species of the group by the stellate nature of
hair 2 on abdominal segment VII of the larva. Its affinity with inaequalis is also
indicated by the similarity in the pupal stage.
There is a suggestion of possible rare hybridization or introgression between stenei
and grabhami, which frequently occur together (see grabhami).
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of stenei are known only from terrestrial and
epiphytic bromeliads, usually associated with grabhami and sometimes with species
of the Hirsuta Group of Wyeomyia. This association may not extend to the utiliza-
tion of the same individual axil, however. Aedes stenei appears to be the dominant
member of the Aurites Group.
Berlin (1969:51) believes that the majority of the females of the stenei-inaequalis
complex which he observed to feed on man were actually stenei. They showed a
peak of activity at about 1700 hrs (Berlin, 1969:fig. 7).
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica, where it is widespread between elevations
of about 330 m to 760 m.
JAMAICA. Hanover: Lethe (666). Kingston and St. Andrew: Hermitage Dam Rd (318,319,
392,723,725,854,855). Kingston and vicinity, 15 Sept 1906, M. Grabham, 1 M [USNM]. Mavis
Bank, M. Grabham, 1 M [USNM]. Mount Salus (779). Newcastle, 14-15 mi from Kingston on rd
to (648). Rockfort (952,957). Shooters Hill, 3 Dec 1946, G.A. Thompson, 2 F [JAM]. Stony
Hill, 16 Sept 1946, G.A. Thompson, 1 F [JAM]. Temple Hall (646). Manchester: Hope Farm
(240-242,355,661,685,688); Sept 1945-Jan 1946, G.A. Thompson, 2 IpM, 5 IpF [USNM]. Mel-
rose Hill (630-632,655,658). Portland: Port Antonio (925). Sherwood Forest (706,708,710). Sz.
Ann: Faiths Pen (762). Fern Gully (930). Moneague and vicinity (375,376,607,731-734,758,
763,764,771-774,776); 1943, R.B. Hill, 1 F [USNM]. Mount Diablo (380,381). St. Catherine:
Bog Walk (914). Dove Hall (820). St Elizabeth: Maggotty (791). St. James: Reading (699-671,
673,674,676). St. Mary: Broadgate (643). St. Thomas: Port Morant (729). Windsor Forest, rd to
(650-652). Parish not Specified: New Park, June 1929, C.D. Williams, 1 F [BM]; Apr 1906, M.
Grabham, 1 F; 1944, R.B. Hill, 4M, 1 F; Jan 1940, W.H. Komp, 2 M; R.B. Hill, 1 M, 4 F [USNM].
Material Examined: 1501 specimens; 226 males, 395 females, 388 larvae, 492 pupae; 371 indi-
vidual rearings (102 larval, 227 pupal, 42 incomplete).
Subgenus STEGOMYIA
52. Aedes (S.) aegypti (Linnaeus)
Figs. F 92.93
1762. Culex aegypti Linnaeus, 1762:470. TYPE: Neotype female (0325 B/14) with associated
larval and pupal skins, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaya, Sept 1957, W.W. Macdonald
[BM; designation of Mattingly, Stone and Knight (1962:208-219)]. Name and neotype
validated under plenary powers by International Commission on Zoological Nomencla-
ture (1964:246).
For complete synonymy see Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:178-180).
Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti of Dyar (1920b:204; 1928:239-241); Carpenter and LaCasse (1955:
261-263); Christophers (1960); Porter (1967:38) and numerous other authors.
Aedes aegypti of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:41-42); Thompson (1947:78).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 185
Aedes argenteus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:824, footnote); Johnson (1919:424); Gowdey
(1926:73).
Aedes calopus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:824-840).
Stegomyia fasciata of Theobald (1901a:289-295; 1905a: 19-20); Grabham (1906a:167).
Stegomyia fasciata var. mosquito of Theobald (1905a:20).
FEMALE (fig. 1). Wing about 3.0 mm. Medium-sized dark species with con-
trasting silvery ornamentation on head, thorax, legs and abdomen; easily recog-
nized by the silvery scales on the clypeus and the more or less continuous silvery
line on the mesonotum from the humeral angle to the scutellum, broadened and
crescentic in the area of scutal angle and suture. Head: Decumbent scales all broad,
flat except along narrow silvery orbital line; scales silvery on median longitudinal
line from interocular space to back of occiput, on sides and below, separated by
patches of dark scales. Erect scales restricted to occiput, all pale. Clypeus with
large patch of silvery scales on each side of median line. Proboscis dark. Palpus 4-
segmented; segment 3 with silvery scales above. Antennal torus with large mesal
and external patches of silvery scales. Thorax: Mesonotal scaling predominantly
dark, with distinctive pattern of light scales as follows: (1) a more or less continu-
ous silvery line from humeral angle to near scutellum, narrow anteriorly where
scales are narrow, broadened and crescentic in area of scutal angle and scutal su-
ture where scales are broader, narrow along outer posterior dorsocentral line, (2) a
patch of narrow elongate silvery scales on anterior promontory, (3) a very narrow
outer acrostichal line of very narrow yellowish scales from about level of end of
patch on anterior promontory to near the anterior border of prescutellar space,
(4) a small median patch of very narrow whitish scales at anterior end of prescu-
tellar space, (5) a very narrow lateral prescutellar line of narrow whitish scales, and
(6) a transverse patch of broadened whitish to silvery scales in front of wing root,
sometimes extended caudad by narrower whitish scales along supraalar line. Para-
tergite with broad silvery scales. Acrostichals developed only on anterior promon-
tory; anterior dorsocentrals well developed, displaced laterad toward fossa. Scutel-
lum with broad flat silvery scales on all lobes, median lobe with similar dark scales
in distal part. Apn with large patch of broad silvery scales. Ppn with large patch
of broad silvery scales becoming narrower dorsad and with some narrow dark in
upper part; a separate patch of a few broad silvery scales in lower part of ppn.
Remaining pleural scaling broad and silvery, present on: pst, ppl, middle lower ssp,
pra, upper stp, lower posterior stp, upper mep and middle mep. Legs: Coxae with
large patches of silvery scales. Trochanters and base of femora pale scaled. Anterior
surfaces of femora varied from predominantly dark with line of pale scales on lower
surface to predominantly pale and whitish with dark scaling largely restricted to
dorsal line and distal part of anterior surface, variously extended basad. Knee spots
silvery, conspicuous on all legs. Tibiae dark. Foretarsal and midtarsal segments 1
and 2 with short basal white or silvery dorsal patches or rings; hindtarsal segments
1-3 with short to moderate basal silvery rings, segment 4 usually silvery for more
than 0.5, segment 5 entirely silvery. Claws of foreleg and midleg with submedian
tooth; hindclaws simple. Wing: Dorsal scales dark except for small silvery patch at
base of costa. Haltere: Largely pale. Abdomen: Tergite I largely pale scaled except
for basolateral dark patches; laterotergite with silvery scales. Tergites II-VII with
narrow basal transverse white bands usually involving 1 row of scales on apex of
preceding segment; large lateral patches of silvery scales on all segments, usually
not visible from above. Sternites II-IV largely pale scaled, IV with dark scales later-
186 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ally, V,VI predominantly dark with pale scales basally and in middle, VII dark
except for small subapical lateral silvery patch.
MALE (fig. 1). Essentially as in the female except for sexual characters. Palpus
subequal to proboscis in length, slightly upturned; silvery scales present dorsally
on base of segment 2, a basal ring on segment 3, and small basal ventral patch on
segments 4 and 5; segment 4 with a few short bristles. Antennal flagellum mod-
erately densely long plumose. Claws of foreleg and midleg enlarged and unequal;
larger claw of foreleg with broad sharp submedian tooth, all others simple. Ter-
gites with lateral silvery patches smaller, hairs short and not very numerous, ster-
nites more extensively dark scaled. |
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 92). Markedly different from indigenous species of
Aedes. Segment IX: Tergite short in middle, with very conspicuous projecting,
more or less triangular lateral lobe with straight outer margin and laterally diverg-
ing inner margin. Sidepiece: Short and broad; without basal tergomesal lobe. Clasp-
ette: Appressed to and occupying most of mesal surface of sidepiece; with numer-
ous simple straight setae and a sternal row of flattened setae, 2 or more with sin-
uous attenuate apex. Clasper: Rather short and heavy, hollowed out on inner sur-
face in distal half; spiniform short and slender, slightly subapical. Phallosome: Ae-
deagus slender except for slightly bulbous base; distal sternal part with broad later-
al denticles leading to dense tergal apical patch of slender blunt spicules. Proctiger:
Basolateral sclerotization very broad and with poorly developed tergal lobe, articu-
lated with paraproct sclerotization; latter very broad, covering entire lateral sur-
face, with uniform dorsal extension and a long projecting sternal arm; apex of
paraproct not developed into tooth; cercal setae absent.
PUPA (fig. 92). Chaetotaxy as figured. Readily distinguished from indigenous
Aedes by hair 6-C longer than 7-C and paddle margins with strong sharp spicules.
Cephalothorax: Moderately pigmented, darkened on mesonotum and appendage
cases; hairs usually all single or double. Trumpet: Uniformly moderately to strong-
ly pigmented, contrasting; short and with large pinna. Metanotum and Abdomen:
Moderately pigmented on posterior segments, darkened on anterior; all hairs ex-
cept 1-I and 9-VIII single or with a few branches; 2-II-VIII usually laterad or in
line with hair 1, never strongly mesad; 9-III-VI thickened and elongate. Postero-
lateral angle of segment VIII rounded. Paddle: Moderately pigmented; midrib strong,
distinct to base of hair 1-P. Margins with distinct sharp spicules. Terminal Segments:
Female cercus broad, only slightly projecting distad of genital lobe.
LARVA (fig. 93). Readily differentiated from indigenous species of Aedes by
the long sharp spine on the tubercles of the mesothoracic and metathoracic pleu-
ral groups (9-12-M,T); anal saddle incomplete and without long spicules on its cau-
dal margin. Head: Labrum poorly developed dorsally, without projection at base
of hair 1-C; maxillary suture complete, short, convex laterally; collar moderately
developed. Hairs 4,6-C far forward toward anterior border, 4-C multiple, long, an-
terior to 6-C; hairs 5,6-C long, single; 14-C removed from anterior margin; 15-C in
anterior half of labial plate. Antenna: Short, slender, uniform; shaft without spic-
ules. Hair 1-A single, submedian. Thorax: Hair 13-P absent; common basal tuber-
cles present only on pleural groups (9-12) and 6,7-M, those of 9-12-M,T with sharp
spine at least as long as base of tubercle. Abdomen: Hair 6-I,II usually triple or
with 4 branches, rarely double on IJ; hair 6-III-V usually double or triple; 7-I
long, double or single, 7-II shorter, usually double. Segment VIII: Comb in a sing-
le irregular row of 7-12 scales with long median spine and strong basal denticles.
Siphon: Uniformly moderately pigmented; index about 2.0; acus not developed.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 187
Pecten usually in basal 0.5; usually of 10-12 teeth with distinct main spine and
usually 1 or 2 basal denticles. Anal Segment: Saddle narrowly incomplete; lightly
pigmented; without spinelike spicules on caudal margin; hair 1-X on caudal mar-
gin; acus not developed. Ventral brush with 5 pairs of hairs, grid bars indistinct or
absent on proximal 1 or 2 pairs. Gills long, rounded apically.
SYSTEMATICS. The ubiquitous and universally known aegypti is an African
species now widely distributed throughout the world within the 20° C isotherms,
usually in close association with human settlements. It can easily be recognized by
the characters given in the keys and diagnoses above. We have made no attempt
to analyze the extensive variation present in the Jamaican population in the adult
ornamentation and the chaetotaxy and other features of the immature stages.
BIONOMICS. This tropicopolitan mosquito is a major domestic pest in Jamaica
as elsewhere. It breeds in a wide variety of artificial containers, both out of doors
and in houses, although it possibly has a preference for small containers (tin cans,
flower vases, tires). In Jamaica it is not uncommon in treeholes and has been found
in bamboo stumps and once in a rockhole. We also have a number of records of
immature stages from ground pools, ditches and stream beds but these are almost
certainly all due to laboratory contamination and cannot be regarded as natural
breeding sites.
Females bite man at any time during the day indoors and in shady places. Dur-
‘ing periods of rain following dry spells they can be a very great nuisance.
Aedes aegypti is the classical vector of the virus of Yellow Fever and Dengue.
DISTRIBUTION. Tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world.
JAMAICA. Very common throughout the island, largely in vicinity of settlements.
Material Examined: 665 specimens; 106 males, 145 females, 226 larvae, 188 pupae; 139 indi-
vidual rearings (57 larval, 61 pupal, 21 incomplete).
GENUS HAEMAGOGUS
Adults of the genus Haemagogus are brilliantly colored day-flying mosquitoes
that resemble sabethines in scaling, reduction of thoracic and abdominal chaeto-
taxy and development of a very large apn lobe. They can be separated from sa-
bethines by the base of the hindcoxa being distinctly ventrad of the meron (in-
stead of in line with it) and the absence of spiracular bristles. They can be immed-
iately differentiated from other New World genera of the Aedini by the very dense
flat metallic thoracic scaling and the absence of all mesonotal bristles except those
of the anterior promontory and supraalar area. The immature stages resemble close-
ly those of some treehole breeding species of Aedes of the subgenera Finlaya and
Ochlerotatus and can be separated from these with some difficulty by the com-
bination of characters given in the keys.
In Jamaica only 1| species, belonging to the subgenus Longipalpifer, is known.
This species, equinus, has a wide reported distribution from the Rio Grande valley
in Texas southward through Mexico, Central America, Panama to at least northern
South America and through the Guianas. It is not known anywhere in the West
Indies outside of Jamaica but it may be present on at least the island of Hispaniola
which shares with Jamaica a number of relict species. However, the report of lar-
vae of Haemagogus from Cuba collected in bromeliads by Montchadsky and Garcia
(1966:46-47) cannot pertain to equinus on the basis of the characters mentioned
by these authors. These characters suggest rather a species of the subgenus Howar-
dina of Aedes.
188 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
53. Haemagogus (L.) equinus Theobald
Figs. 94,95
1903. Haemagogus equinus Theobald, 1903b:282-283. TYPE: Holotype female, Old Pound
Rd, Kingston, Jamaica, 24 Aug, M. Grabham [BM].
1906. Aedes affirmatus Dyar and Knab, 1906b:164. TYPE: Lectotype female, Salina Cruz,
Oaxaca, Mexico [USNM, 10023; designation of Dyar, 1921b:103, see Stone and Knight,
1955:287]. Synonymy with equinus by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:871,875).
1906. Aedes philosophicus Dyar and Knab, 1906c:190,195. TYPE: Lectotype larval skin (295b)
with associated male and genitalia slide (330), Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico [USNM;
designation of Dyar, 1921b:103, see Stone and Knight, 1955:288-289]. Synonymy with
equinus by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:871,874-875).
Haemagogus (Longipalpifer) equinus of Levi-Castillo (1951:attached Erratus and p. 12-13,31-33);
Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:215-216); Forattini (1965b:48-53); Porter (1967:38).
Haemagogus (Cyanocops) equinus of Lane (1953:802-806).
Haemagogus (Stegoconops) equinus in part of Dyar (1921b:102-103); Edwards (1932:179).
' Stegoconops equinus of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1913b:fig. 162).
Cacomyia equinus of Coquillett (1906b:25); Theobald (1907:554-556; 1910:494).
Haemagogus equinus of Theobald (1905a:37; 1905b:37); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:871-
875); Johnson (1919:424); Dyar (1925c:138-139); Gowdey (1926:74); Hill and Hill (1945a:
2; 1948:49); Thompson (1947:79); Horsfall (1955:535).
FEMALE. Wing about 3.0 mm. A rather small species with smooth, dense, bril-
liant metallic thoracic scaling and reduced chaetotaxy; abdomen very long; legs
predominantly dark. Head: Decumbent scales dark greenish blue except for nar-
row orbital border and large connected lateral silvery patch. Proboscis very long
and slender, about 1.3 of forefemur; labium dark scaled. Palpus short, about 0.13
of proboscis; 4-segmented, segment 4 minute; scaling dark with deep violet reflec-
tions. Thorax: Mesonotal scaling very dense and smooth, predominantly deep bronzy
with coppery, greenish blue and olivaceous reflections except for patch of blue
scales over supraalar bristles and silver scales in antealar area and over paratergite;
bristles developed only on anterior promontory and supraalar area. Scutellum with
similar but more bluish scales. Apn lobe very large, projecting dorsomesad but not
meeting mate across midline, densely covered with silver scales; ppn densely cov-
ered with scales, dark in upper part, silver in lower; remainder of pleuron largely
densely covered with silver scales; sp, psp, upper stp and lower mep bristles ab-
sent. Legs: Coxae and trochanters with silver scales. Remainder of all legs dark
scaled with deep purple or violet reflections except for basal part of lower surface
of forefemur and midfemur, nearly 0.7 of anterior, lower and posterior surfaces
of hindfemur, and inconspicuous knee spots of midfemur and hindfemur which
are light scaled, usually dingy or slightly yellowish silver. Foreclaws and midclaws
with premedian tooth. Wing: Dorsal scales all dark, deep blue with violet reflec-
tions. Haltere: Stem light; knob dark scaled. Abdomen: Laterotergite and side of
tergite I with silver scales, remainder of tergite I dark scaled; tergites II-VIII pre-
dominantly dark blue with violet reflections with conspicuous lateral silver patches,
complete on II, basal on III-VII, becoming progressively smaller on distal segments,
some silver basal scales dorsally usually forming basal transverse incomplete or com-
plete bands on IV-VII. Sternites II-VII predominantly dark scaled, with silver scales
at base. Tergite VII strongly produced caudad.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation. Palpus very slender; about
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 189
0.6-0.65 of proboscis length; apex of terminal and subterminal segments with a
few short stiff bristles. Antennal flagellum densely plumose. Claws of foreleg and
midleg enlarged, unequal, all with premedian or subbasal tooth.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 94). Segment VIII: Tergite about 0.5 of sternite; distal
margin widely and shallowly emarginate, with a large patch of long, specialized
scales in the middle. Segment [X: Tergite unsclerotized in the middle except slight-
ly on distal margin, which is narrowly but deeply emarginate on midline; lobe in-
dicated only by 2 or 3 setae on side of emargination. Sidepiece: Elongate; with
distinct complete mesal membrane. Basal tergomesal lobe not prominent, bearing
numerous flattened attenuate setae of varying sizes and short simple setae. Distal
sternomesal area with large patch of long striated scales as figured. Scales numer-
ous on ventral and lateral surfaces and extending conspicuously to basal 0.5 of
outer tergal area (not shown in figure). Claspette: Stem narrow near base; distal
part widened and with thin membranous flaps projecting dorsad and ventrad from
body of stem, the 2 flaps joined apically on inner surface of stem around the basal
part of the filament. Basal part of filament greatly expanded and with lateral (ex-
ternal) sclerotized supporting ribs; distal part with broad thin posterior flap over-
lying a slightly convoluted anterior margin; apex narrowed. Clasper: Short, rela-
tively simple; spiniform very long and slender. Phallosome: Aedeagus with median
dorsal process. Proctiger: Broad at base, narrowed distally. Apex of paraproct with
broad curved striated process not a spine. Cercal setae variable, 2-8.
PUPA (fig. 94). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. Apparently only
nonhairy form present in Jamaica. Cephalothorax: Moderately unevenly pigmented;
hairs usually all single except 4,5-C, all weak except 1-C. Trumpet: Strongly evenly
pigmented; strongly broadened from near base. Metanotum and Abdomen: Mod-
erately rather evenly pigmented, lighter distad. Metanotal hairs 10-12-C usually all
single, rarely 10-C double. Float hair 1-I varied, usually comparatively sparsely
branched; with strongly differentiated primary branches. Hairs of abdominal seg-
ments II-VI all weak except 3-II,III and 5-IV-VI; all dorsal hairs usually single ex-
cept 4 and rarely 1. Paddle: Midrib conspicuous, strongly pigmented; paddle hair
1-P strong.
LARVA (fig. 95). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. Apparently only
nonhairy form present in Jamaica. Head: Head capsule rounded in outline; uni-
-formly moderately to strongly pigmented, with slightly darker collar. Labrum poor-
ly developed, not visible from dorsal aspect. Maxillary suture complete, with con-
spicuous extension laterocaudad of posterior tentorial pit to a lateral pitlike area
near collar base. Hair 1-C blunt, frequently with a few minute broad spinules; 6-C
usually distinctly flattened in middle part. Antenna: Slender, short and without
well developed spicules. Hair 1-A single, submedian. Thorax: Hairs 1-3-P on com-
mon tubercle; 5-7-P on separate poorly developed tubercles; 6,7-M on common
tubercle. Prothoracic pleural group (9-12-P) poorly developed; 13-P absent. Abdo-
men: Hairs 1,2,5,9 all weakly stellate on I-VI, also 4-II, 7-II-V, 10-VI, 11-I, 13-I-
V. Hair 6-L,II usually triple, 6-III-VI double; 7-I single. Hair 12-I present. Hair 3-
VII very strong, single, extending well beyond base of siphon. Segment VIIT: Comb
scales about 8-10, in a single row; individual scales with large basal sclerotized por-
tion and a single sharp minutely fringed spine. Siphon: Evenly moderately to strong-
ly pigmented. Short, index about 2.5; slightly tapered in distal 0.5. A small de-
tached acus present. Pecten of about 8-15 teeth in a rather even straight row in
basal half, sometimes proximal teeth not developed; distal teeth with main spine
and 1-3 basal denticles. Hair 1-S usually double or triple. Anal Segment: Saddle
190 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
incomplete, extending only about halfway around segment; moderately to strong-
ly pigmented; caudolateral area with patch of sharp simple teeth. Hair 1-X usually
double, longer than saddle; 2-X usually with 4-6 branches; 3-X single. Ventral brush
with 5 pairs of hairs on grid with poorly developed lateral sclerotization. Gills
short, unequal.
SYSTEMATICS. There is no question as to the identity of the Jamaican popu-
lation since equinus was originally described from Jamaica. This population of equi-
nus appears to be fairly uniform although there is considerable variation in the
amount of silver scaling on the abdominal tergites and a limited amount in the
chaetotaxy of the larva and the pupa, which are of the nonhairy type.
We have seen material of what appears to be equinus from Mexico, Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Guyana. This agrees
well with the Jamaican population except for the presence of hairy forms of the
larva and pupa, particularly in Mexico. In the hairy forms, the setae are much
more strongly developed and with numerous branches, producing such a strikingly
different facies to the specimens that they appear to belong to a different species.
In many populations both hairy and nonhairy immature stages are frequently pres-
ent together and both give rise to identical adults. It is possible that hairy imma-
tures will be discovered in some areas of Jamaica not as yet sampled.
Haemagogus equinus has also been reliably reported from near Brownsville, Tex-
as, by Trapido and Galindo (1956) and the records from Colombia, Venezuela,
Trinidad, Tobago, Surinam and French Guiana are probably also correct. We have
no information to substantiate or refute the records from Brazil and Bolivia (Stone,
Knight and Starcke, 1959:215).
BIONOMICS. All our collections of immature stages of equinus are from tree-
holes but Hill and Hill (1948:49) report collecting larvae in bamboo stumps. In
our collections the most frequent associate was Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; less fre-
quently associated were Aedes (H.) inaequalis and Corethrella (C.) appendiculata
and once each Aedes (S.) aegypti, Orthopodomyia waverleyi and Toxorhynchites
(L.) portoricensis.
This species has seldom been collected in Jamaica but may be more common than
suspected in some areas during favorable periods of rainfall. Females were taken
in several biting-landing collections near Rockfort in August 1968.
Haemagogus equinus has been shown experimentally to be able to transmit Yel-
low Fever virus.
DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica (type locality), Texas, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salva-
dor, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, To-
bago, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana; also reported from Bolivia and Brazil.
JAMAICA. Probably more widespread than present records indicate. Kingston and St. Andrew:
Constant Spring (327,328,696,699); May 1945, R.B. Hill, 1 M, 1 F [UCLA]. Hermitage Dam
(391). Kingston and vicinity, May 1945, R.B. Hill, 1 M, 2 F, 3 L [USNM]. Rockfort (948,951,
952,957-959). St. Mary: Broadgate (407). St. Thomas: Grants Pen (410,412); 6 Sept 1964, T.H.
Farr, 2 F [JAM]. Poor Mans Corner, 13 Dec 1959, T.H. Farr, 1 F [JAM]. Parish not Specified:
June 1945, R.B. Hill, 1 F [USNM].
Material Examined: 114 specimens; 9 males, 44 females, 38 larvae, 23 pupae; 20 individual
rearings (8 larval, 8 pupal, 4 incomplete).
TRIBE SABETHINI
The tribe Sabethini in the New World is most readily recognized in the larval
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica (191
stage, by the presence of only | pair of hairs in the ventral brush of the anal seg-
ment. The pupae are characterized by the following combination of characters:
(1) abdominal hairs 9-VII,VIII subequal, both large and with numerous branches,
(2) paddle small and without hairs, and (3) hair 1-[X not developed. The adults
have the base of the hindcoxa in line with the base of the meron or slightly above
it; the meron is very small and the postnotum bears some setae and also sometimes
scales.
The tribe is represented in Jamaica by 2 genera, (1) Limatus by hoffmani and
(2) Wyeomyia by at least 9, possibly as many as 11, species. We have included in
the keys the 2 other genera reported from the Greater Antilles, (1) Sabethes (S.),
known by bipartipes Dyar & Knab, 1906 from the Dominican Republic; this relict
species is probably endemic to the Greater Antilles and may occur in Jamaica but
its records from Panama, Ecuador, the Guianas and Brazil are undoubtedly erron-
eous, and (2) Trichoprosopon (Runchomyia), with a doubtful record of longipes
(Fabricius, 1805) from Cuba by Lane (1953:857), Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:
76) and Porter (1967:39).
Members of this tribe breed exclusively in containers, in Jamaica primarily in
bromeliads. Of great interest is the development of a flock of endemic species of
Wyeomyia in Jamaica, comparable to but more complex than the situation in the
Aurites Group of the subgenus Howardina of Aedes. None of the members of the
tribe is known or has been suspected of being involved in disease transmission.
The only species commonly attracted to man is Wyeomyia mitchellii.
GENUS WYEOMYIA
Wyeomyia is the dominant genus of the Sabethini in the West Indies as well as
elsewhere in the New World tropics. In Jamaica, the adults can be recognized from
_Limatus by the relatively dull color of the mesonotal scales; this character separ-
ates them also from Sabethes and the absence of erect scales on the head will dis-
tinguish them from the species of Trichoprosopon (Runchomyia). The larvae lack
an apical spine on the maxilla and are separated from the very similar Limatus by
a longer and narrower caudolateral slit in the head capsule as indicated in the gen-
eric key. No reliable characters for the separation of pupae of Wyeomyia from
other sabethine genera are evident at this time but perhaps the characters in the
key may be applicable in the Greater Antilles.
We have placed all the Jamaican species in the subgenus Wyeomyia for the pres-
ent as the subgeneric classification of the genus by Lane and Cerqueira (1942)
and Lane (1953) does not appear to be a natural one but cannot be modified with-
out a thorough study of the immature stages of the numerous phyletic lines which
is beyond the scope of this study.
There are at least 9, possibly as many as 11, species of Wyeomyia in the material
we have examined from Jamaica. Four more or less distinct phyletic lines are rep-
resented: (1) the Caracula Group by nigritubus; originally described from Panama
and also reported from Mexico, this bamboo breeder was formerly known in Ja-
maica as caracula Dyar & Nunez Tovar, 1927, a species originally described from
Venezuela; the group is so distinct from the other species of Wyeomyia in Jamaica
that it should eventually be placed in a different subgenus; (2) the Pertinans Group
by the topotypic population of mitchellii, a species with a wide range of breeding
sites including bromeliads, aroids and heliconias; (3) the Vanduzeei Group by the
192 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
bromeliad breeding vanduzeei which is also found throughout the Greater Antilles
and in southern Florida; and (4) the endemic bromeliad breeding Hirsuta Group
consisting of a flock of 6 to 8 species, the previously described hirsuta, 5 new spec-
ies (luna, stellata, corona, juxtahirsuta and atrata) and 2 unnamed forms (Jamaican
forms A and B) which may or may not be distinct species.
The Hirsuta Group is apparently endemic to Jamaica and derived by local radi-
ation from a stock in common with the Vanduzeei Group. The data that support
this are: (1) vanduzeei, of the 3 species of Jamaican Wyeomyia that have extralim-
ital distributions, is clearly most closely related (showing the greatest number of
significant homologous similarities) in the following respects: (a) general chaetotaxy
of larva and pupa, (b) hairs on the larval siphon characteristically differentiated
into at least 3 series, (c) clasper lobes of the male genitalia completely homologous,
with lobes A and E characteristically developed; (2) no other described species of
Wyeomyia is as closely related and although the clasper lobes can be completely
homologized with those of celaenocephala Dyar & Knab, 1906 (and the related
smithii (Coquillett, 1901) and haynei Dodge, 1947), lobe A is short and rounded
rather than elongate and lobe E is closely associated with lobe M rather than lobe
A, and the siphonal hairs of the larva are not differentiated in the same fashion;
(3) 2 or 3 unnamed bromeliad breeding species from Puerto Rico (form A known
from female and associated pupal skin; form B from female and form C from lar-
vae only, probably the same species as form A) show similarities with the Hirsuta
Group, especially in the extremely depressed head capsule and spiculose body of
the larva; however, the form of the individual body spicules and the chaetotaxy
of the larva are quite different, and the pupal trumpets are not flattened, suggest-
ing convergence with the Hirsuta Group; thus the Puerto Rican group may also be
derived by local radiation from a stock in common with the Vanduzeei or even the
Pertinans Group. Further clarification of the origin and affinities of the Hirsuta
Group may be obtained when the Wyeomyia fauna of the rest of the Greater An-
tilles is better known, particularly of Cuba and Hispaniola where no species simi-
lar to the Hirsuta Group are known at present.
The Hirsuta Group is distinguished from the Vanduzeei Group by the following
derived features and tendencies, assuming vanduzeei characters to be primitive: (1)
female with anterior pronotal lobe metallic blue or violet; midtarsi dark; (2) male
genitalia with the stem of clasper becoming longer and narrower; (3) pupa with
the trumpet extremely flattened and often laterally expanded; and (4) larva with
at least the anal saddle and siphon spiculose, usually entire body spiculose; head
capsule tending to become strongly depressed; comb scales becoming longer, more
pointed and less conspicuously fringed; head hairs 4-7-C multibranched and den-
dritic; antennal hair 1-A multiple; prothoracic hairs 2,3-P on common tubercle; ab-
dominal hair 6-I,II more strongly branched.
Within the Hirsuta Group, 3 phyletic lines can be recognized, which may repre-
sent radiation from 2 or even 3 separate stocks: (1) the Luna Subgroup consisting
of 1 highly specialized species, an early derivative from the ancestral stock and
easily characterized by a number of unique features as indicated in the sysivmatics
discussion under this species; (2) the Stellata Subgroup consisting of stellata, corona
and possibly Jamaican form A which are quite distinct from one another in all
Stages but are clearly related on the basis of the following: (a) male genitalia with
Clasper lobe A apically enlarged and bearing a comblike structure, (b) pupa with
hair 5-V,VI long and conspicuously barbed, and (c) larva with stellate hairs well
developed, maxilla with the long subapical seta usually multiple, hair 2-I-VII lateral
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica £93
and cephalic in position, 8-VI well cephalad of 9-VI and little or not at all ventrad,
and siphonal hairs mostly long, strongly barbed and arranged in 2 nearly straight
lines; (3) the Hirsuta Subgroup consisting of juxtahirsuta, hirsuta, atrata and possib-
ly Jamaican form B which are indistinguishable as adult females (except form B) and
with the male genitalia of hirsuta and atrata, and the larvae of juxtahirsuta and hir-
suta very similar; distinguished from the Stellata Subgroup by the following: (a)
male genitalia with clasper lobes simpler, less setose and lobe A narrowed apically,
(b) pupa with hair 5-V,VI shorter and not barbed, and (c) larva with stellate hairs
moderately developed, hair 2-I-VII mesal and caudal in position, 8-VI directly ven-
trad of 9-VI or slightly cephalad and ventrad, and siphonal hairs shorter, unbarbed
and arranged in 2 very irregular lines. The adults of the species of the Hirsuta
Group are insufficiently known to establish diagnostic adult subgroup characters.
The species of the Hirsuta Group are largely sympatric, there being no apparent
pattern to geographic or altitudinal distribution; however, the number of collec-
tions is too small to be sure, especially for Juna and corona. There is some indica-
tion of specific preference for a certain bromeliad genus as a breeding site: (1)
juxtahirsuta, hirsuta and stellata are associated only with each other and the ubiq-
uitous mitchellii (6 lots), and are recorded only from Hohenbergia (5 lots), with the
exception of a single pupal rearing of hirsuta from Heliconia; (2) atrata is associ-
ated only with mitchellii and is recorded only from Tillandsia (2 lots); (3) luna is
not found in association with other Wyeomyia and is recorded only from Aechmea
(1 lot); (4) corona and vanduzeei are associated only with each other (1 lot); (5)
particularly suggestive are 3 lots collected at the same time in the same general
area, JA 723 (stellata, juxtahirsuta and hirsuta in Hohenbergia), JA 724 (mitchellii
and atrata in Tillandsia) and JA 725 (stellata and hirsuta in Hohenbergia).
Two other species have been reported in the past from Jamaica and are still listed
in the world catalog as occurring on this island (Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959).
The record of grayii Theobald, 1901 by early workers and the subsequent records
of pertinans (Williston, 1896) with which grayii was synonymized by later authors
undoubtedly all refer to hirsuta or some other related dark legged form; these rec-
ords are listed under hirsuta in our treatment. The record of pampithes (Dyar &
Nunez Tovar, 1928) in our opinion pertains to the true male of hirsuta and is also
discussed under that species.
To recapitulate, we are proposing the following groups and subgroups for the
species of Wyeomyia recorded here from Jamaica:
Caracula Group
54. nigritubus
Pertinans Group
55. mitchellii
Vanduzeei Group
56. vanduzeei
Hirsuta Group
Luna Subgroup
57. luna
Stellata Subgroup
58. stellata
194 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
59. Jamaican form A
60. corona
Hirsuta Subgroup
61. juxtahirsuta
62. hirsuta
63. atrata
64. Jamaican form B
The Wyeomyia fauna of the remainder of the northern Antilles (Greater Antilles
and the Bahamas) is very poorly known. We have seen material of only 4 or 5
species not represented in Jamaica. Whenever material was available we have in-
cluded these species in the keys and have provided brief descriptions in the text
as follows: (1) bahama Dyar & Knab, 1906 from the Bahama Islands and eastern
Cuba, and sororcula Dyar & Knab, 1906 from the Dominican Republic, under van-
dueeel of our treatment, and (2) 2 or 3 unnamed species from Puerto Rico, in
the discussion of the Hirsuta Group above. The records of the following species
from this area we consider erroneous. We have not been able to trace the original
source of the record of autocratica Dyar & Knab, 1906 from the Bahamas (Stone,
Knight and Starcke, 1959:84; Porter, 1967:39) but no specimens even faintly re-
sembling this South American species are known from the West Indies. The re-
cent records of ulocoma (Theobald, 1903) from the Dominican Republic (Lane,
1953:975; Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959:88; Porter, 1967:40) are all based on
a report by Dyar and Knab (1906c:229) and actually pertain to mitchellii of our
treatment (see).
Adults of Wyeomyia are notoriously difficult to identify on the basis of orna-
mentation alone. The most obvious characters are white markings on the tarsi;
these are not always reliable because of considerable variation and also because of
sexual dimorphism in some species. The same difficulties are encountered with
the markings on the underside of the labium. Considerable use is made of the color
of the scales on the anterior pronotal lobe (apn) which is quite reliable but varies
with the angle of observation. All the scales referred to in our keys and descrip-
tions of all parts of the body as being “dark’’ without other qualifying statements
exhibit the following range of colors depending on the angle of observation with
respect to the horizontal plane of the structure: rust, gold, green, blue, violet and
matt brown or black; the more acute the angle of observation (90°—0°) the more
brilliant the color; casually observed these ‘“‘dark’’ scales appear dull bronzy and
only careful observation of individual scales reveals the colors described above.
The clasper of the male genitalia in all Jamaican species is provided, as in most
other species of Wyeomyia, with variously developed lobes which are among the
most reliable diagnostic specific characters. In the past there has been no uniform-
ity in describing these lobes which present very different configurations depending
on the angle of observation with the result that apparently homologous lobes in
related species have been described as different structures. We have attempted to
develop for the purpose of this study a homologous terminology which is labelled
in all the illustrations and have figured two sides of the clasper head. Of the 31
valid species of Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) listed in the world catalog (Stone, Knight
and Starcke, 1959:77-82) for which the male genitalia are known, 17 species (abe-
bela Dyar & Knab, 1908, celaenocephala Dyar & Knab, 1906, charmion Dyar,
1928, gaudians Dyar & Nunez Tovar, 1928, gausapata Dyar & Nunez Tovar, 1927,
haynei Dodge, 1947, hirsuta (Hill and Hill, 1946), medioalbipes Lutz, 1904, melan-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 195
opus Dyar, 1919, mitchellii (Theobald, 1905), pertinans (Williston, 1896), scoti-
nomus (Dyar & Knab, 1907), simmsi (Dyar & Knab, 1908), smithii (Coquillett,
1901), stonei Vargas & Martinez Palacios, 1953, telestica Dyar & Knab, 1906 and
vanduzeei Dyar & Knab, 1906) have clasper lobes which can be definitely homol-
ogized at least in part, and to which the terminology used here applies. In addi-
tion, at least as many species again, largely belonging to the Pertinans Group and
either undescribed or incorrectly synonymized, also have homologous clasper lobes.
Of the 9 Jamaican species of Wyeomyia for which the male genitalia are described
all but 1 (nigritubus) have clasper lobes which can definitely be homologized. Con-
sidering the clasper in an extended position, projecting caudad more or less in a
straight line with the sidepiece as it develops in the pupa, the lobes are as follows:
(1) lobe A (‘‘outer arm” of Dyar, 1928:37,39,40,43-46, for scotinomus, gausapata,
quasiluteoventralis, mitchellii, guatemala and simmsi; “inner arm” of Dyar, 1928:
39, for gaudians), the most tergal lobe, typically slender, narrowed apically and
bearing 1-3 small spiniforms apically and subapically; well developed in all Jamai-
can species but small or not clearly differentiated in others (simmsi, melanopus),
or apically enlarged in some (Stellata Subgroup); (2) lobe M (variously “‘main lobe”’,
“central arm’, “‘disk’’, ‘““mid arm’’, “‘middle part’, “bulb” of Dyar, 1928:37-46),
the large median lobe, variously shaped, always bearing characteristic patterns of
setae and often partially subdivided; present in all species; (3) lobe E, arising be-
tween lobes A and M, roughly digitiform, bearing setae at apex and having a long-
itudinal membranous flap extending tergad; always clearly differentiated in the
Hirsuta and Vanduzeei Groups but absent or undifferentiated from lobe A or M
in the Pertinans Group and the celaenocephala-haynei-smithii complex; (4) lobe C
(“core-arm’”’ of Dyar, 1928:37,39,40,43-46, for scotinomus, gaudians, gausapata,
quasiluteoventralis, mitchellii, guatemala and simmsi), arising from the sternal mar-
gin of lobe M near the base, usually large and strongly recurved, bent mesad and
bearing characteristic patterns of hairlike or spinelike spicules; present in all but
a few species (melanopus); (5) lobe B (“inner arm” of Dyar, 1928:39,40,43-45,
for gausapata, quasiluteoventralis, mitchellii and guatemala; “‘outer arm” of Dyar,
1928:39, for gaudians) arising from the sternal margin of lobe M just distad and
laterad of the origin of lobe C; small, stemmed, bent mesad and with enlarged
apex bearing characteristic patterns of hairlike or spinelike spicules; diagnostic of
the Pertinans Group, absent in all other species; (6) lobe M’, arising from sterno-
apical corner of lobe M and bearing characteristic patterns of setae; present only
in certain species of the Pertinans Group (mitchellii, ‘“‘medioalbipes’’).
KEYS TO SPECIES
ADULTS
(58. stellata and 60. corona not included;
Puerto Rican form C unknown)
e Wing with plume scales broad on branches of radius and media, ligulate only
on Rs and M (fig. 102); male palpus white scaled. . . . . 54. nigritubus
Wing with plume scales ligulate on all branches of radius and media (fig.
FOZ miaie palpus dat scaled, a a ee re
196
2(1).
3(2).
4(3).
5(3).
6(5).
7).
8(7).
9(8).
10(8).
hit T)
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Anterior pronotal lobe (apn) covered only with silver-white scales, often
with violet reflections . . . a 313
Apn partially covered with dark a often with phoncunced blue sud vi0-
let reflections, light-colored scales confined to upper or lowerends. . .7
Labium white scaled on ventral surface for at least basal 0.8 of its length;
silver-white scales of apn with violet reflections (Hirsuta Subgroup) . . 4
Labium entirely dark scaled; silver-white scales of apn without violet reflec-
ent ¥ andureentspoum)s. citer fous. Bale eu fee Giga Pik 5
Hindtarsus with short streaks of white scales on base of posterior surface
of allsegments. . . . . . . 64. Jamaican form B
Hindtarsus usually completely -datk: at most with faint narrow line of white
scales on posterior surface of segment 1 and2or1-3 . .
. 61. juxtahirsuta; 62. hirsuta: 3: atrata
Abdominal tergite VIII completely dark scaled or nearly so (see 56. van-
duzeei). .. ae ie SORORCRIA
Abdominal tergite VIII ‘completely white scaledic or riéarly SO Lt See
Midtarsus conspicuously white scaled on anterior surface from apex of seg-
ment 2 or base of 3 to apex of 4orbaseof5 ... . . . 56. vanduzeei
Midtarsus with white scalation on anterior surface absent or indistinct but
probably white scaled on posterior surface for full length in male (see 56.
Vaniibree!) ee Oar 10) wae TR Pe Rohe gag’. Co. a beer
Midtarsus conspicuously white scaled on anterior surface from apex of seg-
ment 2 or baseof 3 toapexof4or5 . . PS
Midtarsus dark scaled on anterior surface but often white scaled on . posterior
einface for ful teneth mimes at Ge TO NS oye a eae
Hindtarsus completely dark scaled . . pic ie Rat Sats
Hindtarsus with basal streak of white scales on ‘all segments Si ae es
Anterior pronotal lobe (apn) with dark scales without gold in addition to
blue and violet reflections, lower end with silver-white scales . .
: 55. mitchellii (in large part)
Apn with dark scales with cold in addition to blue and violet reflections,
lower end without silver-white scales (see Hirsuta Group under genus)
. Puerto Rican form A
Apn with silver-white scales on lowerend . . 55. mitchellii (in small part)
Apn without silver-white scales on lower ene (see Hirsuta Group under
CO ee artes ne OR Caa ky eee ee Tala eS a POM EO) TREC ORD JOFME Te
Labium entirely dark scaled; anterior pronotal lobe Ph with lower end
white scaled. . . Poa oT. Ba
Labium white scaled on 1 ventral surface from base to near tip; apn with lower
Sncarescard oO Sales Be ec aw SS aaican forny A
2(1).
3(2).
4(3).
5(3).
6(5).
7(6).
8(6).
9(5).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 197
MALE GENITALIA
(59. and 64. Jamaican forms A and B, bahama and Puerto Rican
forms A, B and C unknown)
Ninth tergite lobe usually with 6-8 (5-9) thick pointed setae, progressively
- longer laterad (fig. 96); aedeagus with median sternal plate well sclero-
tized and smoothly rounded on nical (posterior) margin (fig. 97) .
. 54. nigritubus
Nentk tergite lobe ae oon 2- 4 We 5) thick pointed ae. subequal or
progressively shorter laterad (fig. 96); aedeagus with median sternal plate
membranous and laterally fringed near apex (fig.99) . ..°. . . . .2
Lobe B (small, stemmed, with globular head bearing many very fine short
hairlike spicules) and lobe M’ (prominent, bearing about 12 heavy short
hooked setae and a very long apical seta) present on head of clasper (fig.
9) 3 Bee GO a EE BG, epatchelha
Lobe B and lobe M’ not developed hy tg SIG A es a S
Apex of paraproct with dense patch of about 20-40 setae... ... .4
Apex of paraproct with only 2-5 scattered setae, or setae absent. . . . .5
Lobe C of clasper with apex straight and the apical arm shorter than the
recurved Dasal arm (fig. 113). os... 3 . . .63. atrata
Lobe C with apex bent and the apical arm longer than the recurved basal
army Hig PLAT PR gS aoa Ee Ee SG Bia Rd a ara
Lobe A of clasper tapered from near base, not ns ne ie at ie 6
Lobe A apically enlarged (fig. 105) . si a
Lobe M of clasper without patch or fringe of long hairlike aa near
base on sternal side (fig. 109) . . . phe
Lobe M with patch or fringe ae long hairlike spicules: near base on ‘Stemal
pie (tees 101) am By a ei Andon gic tania ra ivan merle ci (oe
Lobe C of nig twice recurved, in middle and at apex (fig. 109) .
. 61. juxtahirsuta
ious Cc ee once resued. a chiens apex ee $6. eundiauere .sororcula
Patch of long hairlike spicules on lobe M of clasper forming a longitudinal
fringe with spicules of varying lengths (fig. 103). . . . . . . 57. luna
Patch of long hairlike spicules on lobe M forming a very dense tuft with all
spicules subequal: (fig. LOL). cs 5 ee eo ee eG vandureei
Recurved lobe C of clasper with a small patch of short hairlike spicules on
elbow only (fig. 107) . . . Vee 8-60, corona
Recurved lobe C with fringe of tong ‘haitlike seiales on elbow and inner
limb, and another small patch of short spicules in middle of outer limb
Ce AS a ie ee ee, Bort Le i aie al ak a > Se NaN
198
4(3).
5(4).
6(5).
7(6).
8(7).
9(6).
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
PUPAE
(59. and 64. Jamaican forms A and B, bahama and
Puerto Rican forms B and C unknown)
Hair 5-C with 2-5 branches; 9-VIII longer than paddle; integument golden,
without pattern on dorsum . . . . . 34, nigritubus
Hair 5-C single; 9-VIII shorter than paddle: integument with at least a faint
pattern in yellow or brown on dorsum. . . rege ide
Paddle fringed with long filamentous spicules on outer and part of inner
MAlCINS. 2% pendideda- wee eee oo). mitchelit
Paddle spicules short, seldom filamentous Se a
Dorsal intersegmental sclerites absent; trumpet brown mottled with dark
brown; dorsum with iridescent markings. . . . poe ds S71. ne
Dorsal intersegmental sclerites present; trumpet not mottled: dorsum with-
Out iridescent Markings ko ea A a as ee eee
Abdomen with middorsal stripe on segments I to VI or VII, never broader
than 0.3 width of segment . . ae fal juxtahirsuta
Abdomen with dorsal markings te ae to lateral margins on at least one
ReCWISIs a a ee
Abdomen with clearly defined dorsal pattern in medium to dark brown in-
cluding all, or all but lateral margins, of segments II,III and center of IV
to V or VI; trumpet laterally expanded ...... .. .. . 62. hirsuta
Abdomen with poorly defined dorsal pattern in medium to light brown, not
exactly as above: trumpet not laterally expanded. ...2.. - wi. ) 26
Well-developed dorsal intersegmental sclerites following tergites II and. III
only... aoa
Well-developed dorsal intersegmental sclerites following tergites I to IV or V
2
Abdominal tergite I with a mottled brown pattern extending to lateral mar-
S1NS . . 56. vanduzeei; sororcula
Abdominal tergite . almost completely light, only a small light brown area
inl Cetiter Near Posterior Margin... es ee er 8
Abdominal hair 5-IV-VI double (see Hirsuta Group under genus)
doanoty . Puerto Rican forma
Abdominal hair 5-IV-VI single . nape ede t eae lan Gees OO. CORRNA
Tergite II with extreme anterolateral corner dark, tergites III and IV with
dark pattern extending to lateral margins. . . . . 63. atrata
Tergite II with extreme anterolateral corner light, tergites III and IV with
dark pattern not extending to lateral margins . . . . . . 38. stellata
ZT).
3(2).
4(3).
5(4).
6(4).
7(2);
8(7).
9(8).
10(9).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 199
LARVAE
(59. and 64. Jamaican forms A and B, bahama and
Puerto Rican forms A and B unknown)
Head hair 14-C at least 0.6 length of head capsule; comb scales usually less
than 20, in an irregular line . . . . . . 34, nigritubus
Head hair 14-C never more than 0. 4 length of head capsule; comb scales us-
ually more tan 20; in a sthiicin mine” ee a ee
Thorax and abdomen with integument completely glabrous or with only
minute spicules on the most caudal abdominal segments. . . . See.
Thorax and abdomen with integument completely or largely covered with
CONSPICUOUS SpICUleS ee Oe
Abdominal hairs 6-IV-VI double, 1-3-X allsingle. . . . . . 57. mitchellii
Abdominal hairs 6-IV-VI single, 1-3-X never allsingle. . ...... .4
Head hairs 4-7-C all ae siphon and anal segment only very minutely
Spiculagie . 2... ee
Head hairs 4-7-C never all single: siphon and anal segment spiculate, lone
spicules on caudal margin of anal saddle .
Prothoracic hair 5-P with 5 or 6 branches; siphon with dorsolateral hairs
double, less often single or triple. . ... . . 36. vanduzeei
Prothoracic hair 5-P with 3 or 4 branches; siphon with dorsolateral hairs
3,4-branched, less often with 2 or 5 branches (see 56. vanduzeei) —
oe
Head hair 14C single; abdominal hair 2-I-VII short and single. . . 57. luna
Head hair 14-C with 3-6 branches; abdominal hair 2-I-VII longer, multi-
beanched and stellate. 6b oe Bs Se relia
Head hairs 4-6-C single and unbarbed; abdominal hairs 6-I,II double or triple,
6-III-VI double, 9-I-VII ee (see Hirsuta Group under genus)
. . Puerto Rican form C
Head hairs 4. 6-C with e main branches, ‘barbed to dendritic; abdominal
hairs 6-I,II with 6-10 branches, 6-III-VI1 nae 9-I-VII multibranched and
tcllate. ke te een:
Head hair 14-C with 7-12 branches; siphon with 9-12 short multibranched
hairs in a subapical cluster . . . . 60. corona
Head hair 14-C with 2-6 branches; siphon without subapical cluster of hairs,
all siphonal hairs single or less often double. . . . Se ae ae 9
Head hair 11-C with 8-17 branches; abdominal hair 1-X with 3-6 branches. .
ig eee tes ae ae ae i ee ee ae ee ee
Head hair 11-C with 3-7 branches; abdominal hair 1-X double. . . . . 10
Prothoracic hair 5-P with thornlike barbs; thorax and abdomen with mid-
200 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
dorsal and midventral stripes where integumentary spicules are greatly
reduced or absent. . . . . . 61. juxtahirsuta
Prothoracic hair 5-P with normal hairlike barbs: thorax and abdomen with
middorsal and midventral spicules only slightly shorter than lateral spicules
. 62. hirsuta
54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus Galindo, Carpenter & Trapido
Figs. 96,97,98,102
1951. Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) nigritubus Galindo, Carpenter and Trapido, 1951:89-91. TYPE:
Holotype male with slides of genitalia and associated larval and pupal skins, La Victoria,
Cerro Azul (Panama), Panama, elev. 2100 ft, 27 Apr 1950 [USNM].
Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus of Lane (1953:890-892); Vargas (1956:35); Stone, Knight and Starcke
(1959:80).
Wyeomyia (W.) caracula in part of Lane (1953:896-898); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:78);
Porter (1967:36, in toto).
Wyeomyia caracula of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1945b:296-299; 1948:33-34); Thompson (1947:
79).
FEMALE (fig. 102). Wing about 2.8 mm. Medium-sized species, largest of the
Jamaican Wyeomyia; apn with dark scales on about upper two-thirds concolorous
with those on head and mesonotum, silver-white scales on about lower third and
small spot of whitish scales on upper end; both mid and hindtarsi with well-devel-
oped white markings; wing with plume scales broad on branches of radius and
media, ligulate only on Rs and M. Head: Covered with broad decumbent scales
only; dark on disc of vertex, silver-white on sides extending mesad in narrow line
for variable short distance along orbital margin and white in a very small spot,
occasionally obsolete, in center of vertex on anterior margin. Interorbital setae
yellowish. Interocular space, frons, torus and clypeus without scales, brownish and
somewhat pruinose. Proboscis about 0.8-0.9 of forefemur; apex enlarged slightly
more than in hirsuta. Labium completely dark scaled or with variable narrow ven-
tral line of white scales from near base to about 0.8. Palpus dark scaled, slightly
longer than clypeus and about 0.12 of proboscis; apparently 2 segmented, basal
segment minute. Antenna about 0.8-0.9 of proboscis. Thorax: Mesonotum densely
covered with moderately broad dark scales except for variable small number of
whitish scales in center on anterior margin and along lateral margin above para-
tergite, largely overlapping it. Scutellum covered with scales concolorous with those
on mesonotum but somewhat broader. Postnotum rounded, a broad median keel
slightly developed; a patch of pale yellow hairs in center at posterior end of Keel;
a few inconspicuous whitish scales usually present just cephalad of setae. Pleuron
densely and uniformly covered with broad silver-white scales except for the follow-
ing: apn which is partially dark scaled as described above, and anteroventral mar-
gin of stp, paratergite, meron and metapleuron which are without scales. Pleural
chaetotaxy reduced; only following pale yellow bristles present: apn (several), sp
(1-3), ppl (2 or 3), pra (2-4), lower stp (3 or 4), and upper mep (11-15). Legs:
Coxae and trochanters largely covered with silver-white scales. Femora and tibiae
largely dark scaled on anterior surface and white scaled on posterior surface. Fore,
mid and hindtarsi usually with faint narrow line of white scales on posterior surface
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 201
from base of first segment for variable distance along segment 1 and sometimes 2.
Foretarsus otherwise dark. Midtarsus conspicuously white scaled on anterior sur-
face from about middle or apical third of segment 2 to apex of 4 or base of 5.
Hindtarsus with variable inconspicuous streak of white scales on anterior surface
from base to near apex on both segments 4 and 5. Tarsal claws small, subequal,
simple. Wing (fig. 102): Scalation all dark. Plume scales broad on branches of rad-
ius and media, ligulate on Rs and M. Haltere: Stem white; knob with ventral sur-
face white scaled, dorsal surface dark scaled. Abdomen: Tergites completely dark
scaled; sternites completely white scaled; line of demarcation between dark and
light areas more or less straight.
MALE (fig. 102). Essentially as in female but with the following differences.
Head: Clypeus whitish. Labium white scaled on dorsal surface for short variable
distance at base; ventral surface with line of white scales from base to about 0.8.
Palpus entirely white scaled, very slightly shorter and narrower than in female.
Legs: Fore and midtarsi with line of white scales on posterior surface for full
length. Midtarsus completely white scaled from about middle of segment 2 to apex
of 5; midtarsal segments 4 and 5 proportionately slightly wider and shorter than
in female, with specialized setae and tufts of scales; midtarsal claws unequal, one
minute, the other enlarged, simple and strongly curved (fig. 102). Hindtarsus as in
female except white markings on segments 4 and 5 longer and more conspicuous.
MALE GENITALIA (figs. 96,97). Segment VIII: Tergite with posterior margin
slightly emarginate in center, bordered from near center to lateral margin with band
of dense long setae; cephalad of setae a diagonal band of dense long narrow scales,
from center of posterior margin to middle of lateral margin. Sternite with single
row of setae on posterior margin behind a wide band of scales. Segment [X: Ter-
gite lobe with single row of usually 6-8 (5-9) thick pointed setae, progressively
longer laterad, apices bent slightly laterad; interlobular bar short and more or less
straight. Sternite about twice as wide as long, posterior projection with sides scler-
otized and apex membranous. Sidepiece: Length 3.0-3.5 of greatest width; apical
quarter bent slightly tergad. Tergal surface with 3 very long setae (tergal triad) in-
serted on closely placed tubercles about one-third distance from base; 1 very long
seta (long lateral) inserted on tubercle on lateral surface almost 0.5 distance from
base, always lost soon after eclosion. Lateral and sternal surfaces, distad of inser-
tion of tergal triad, with many scattered scales and short setae. Mesal Plate: Rough-
ly quadrangular with scattered short setae in center; outer posterior angle produced,
bearing 1 or 2 longer setae. Clasper: Shorter than sidepiece. Stem long, narrow,
about 0.8 of total length, bent slightly laterad in middle. Head as figured;. lobes
not positively homologized with those of other Jamaican species of Wyeomyia.
Head primarily divided into 2 lobes, tergal and sternal. Sternal lobe with rounded
apical portion (possibly homologous to lobe M) bearing about 12 short slender
setae in a U-shaped pattern on its lateral surface; arising from sternal lobe immed-
jately sternad of-its attachment to stem is a long abruptly recurved arm (possibly
homologous to lobe C) projecting parallel to stem for almost 0.5 of stem’s length,
bearing hairlike spicules on the elbow and along outer limb for less than 0.5 of
distance to apex, and with the extreme apex abruptly recurved about 90°, slightly
darker and comblike in appearance. Tergal lobe (possibly homologous to lobes A
and E) larger, roughly rectangular, bearing a fringe of short slender setae on its
long distal margin, a line of 5 or 6 slightly longer thicker setae on its internal stern-
al margin, 3 short often blunt spiniforms and a short hyaline conical process on
its distal tergal angle, and a transverse line of about 13 closely appressed “‘scales”’
202 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
on its lateral surface just below the distal margin and ending near the 3 spiniforms.
Phallosome: Aedeagus broad, width about two-thirds of length; with a pair of sub-
median tergal arms joined at midline to form a tergal bridge, a pair of apical ter-
gal arms bent towards each other but not joined, and a well sclerotized median
sternal plate with a smoothly rounded apical (distal) margin. Proctiger: In lateral
view, with triangular basal sclerotization attached at right angle to paraproct at
base. Paraproct rodlike with 2 or 3 small apical teeth and no setae.
PUPA. (fig. 97). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. In general similar
to hirsuta except for the following features. Cephalothorax: Pigmentation uniform-
ly pale golden. Hairs moderately pigmented; hair 5-C with 2-5 branches; 8-C weak
and usually branched. Trumpet: Uniformly bright golden. Only slightly flattened
and not laterally expanded; width of pinna only very slightly less than greatest
width of meatus; more or less straight when viewed on edge. Metanotum and Ab-
domen: Pigmentation uniformly pale golden except for inconspicuous narrow light
brown bands on venter at anterior margins of segments II-VII. Intersegmental scler-
ites absent. Integument almost completely smooth; very minute spicules present
only on the more distal segments. Hairs moderately pigmented; hair 12-C usually
single; 1-II relatively long and apically branched; 2-II relatively long and well laterad
of 1; 2-III-VII near posterior margin; 5-IV-VI all slightly longer than following ter-
gite; 6-1 weak and single or branched; position of 6-II-VI variable, usually at level
of hair 9 but may be posterior or even anterior; 7-II ventral; 9-VIII considerably
longer than paddle. Paddle: Short, only slightly longer than segment VIII. Pigmen-
tation pale golden. Margin smooth except for double row of minute spicules at
apex. Index 1.4-1.7; tapered more or less evenly from near base, extreme tip slight-
ly pointed. Male Genital Lobe: Extending to near tip of paddle; posteromesal cor-
ner prolonged into small digitiform lobe.
LARVA (fig. 98). Chaetotaxy as figured, but highly variable in length and branch-
ing of hairs. Entire body glabrous. All hairs and sclerotized portions pigmented
pale to dark golden brown; stellate hairs and basal tubercles very poorly developed.
Head: General outline squarish, without ocular bulge; length only slightly less than
width, 0.80-0.95; head capsule relatively little depressed, lateral margin rounded.
Labrum not distinct dorsally and without bulge at base of hair 1-C; mouthbrushes
dense, filaments apically hooked, extreme lateral filaments straight. Mandible and
maxilla normal, not enlarged or adapted for predaceous feeding, maxilla with the
heavy subapical seta single, apex often minutely cleft; mental plate with 1 large
central tooth and 6-9 pairs of small lateral teeth; maxillary suture complete, ex-
tending diagonally forward from posterior tentorial pit which is just cephalad of
ventrocaudal margin of capsule. Collar essentially absent; foramen magnum less
slitlike than in other Jamaican species of Wyeomyia but still extending dorsally
almost to lateral margin of capsule; integument darkly pigmented on lateral cor-
ner and ventrolateral margin with collarlike sclerotization. Hairs 0,3-C small and
ventral; 1-C thick and blunt, shorter than in other Jamaican Wyeomyia, inserted
on anterior margin but usually bent ventrad; 4-6-C subequal, of moderate length,
unbarbed and single or occasionally double; 4,6,7-C evenly spaced in straight line
along anterior margin, 5-C well caudad; 7-C with 2-6 branches; 11-C with 7-12
branches; 12-C weak and with 1-3 branches; 13-C well out of line of 11-C and
12-C; hair 14-C with 8-18 branches and long, at least 0.6 length of head capsule.
Antenna: Slender and slightly constricted near base. Hair 1-A short and single, in-
serted in apical 0.2-0.4. Thorax: Basal tubercles developed for following hairs and
groups of hairs: 4-P; 5-7-P; 5,6-M; 7-T; 9-12-P,M,T; 13-T; narrow sclerotized bands
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 203
usually present connecting tubercles of 5-7-P and 9-12-P, and between 7-T, 9-12-
T and 13-T; tubercle of 9-12-T large, with conspicuous annulus. Only hairs 8,14-P
tending to be multibranched and stellate. Hair 4-P with 5-7 branches, barbed only
finely near base and roughly 0.5 length of 5-P; hairs 5,12-P, 5,6,10,12-M, 10,12-T
very long and single or double; 6-P, 9-M very long and with few branches; 7,9,10-P,
7,9,13-T very long and multibranched; 11-P,M,T relatively well developed and sing-
le; 13-P present between hairs 8 and 14, weak and with few branches; 14-M rela-
tively long, typically with 4 or 5 branches. Abdomen: Hair 1-I,II short and with
1-4 branches, 1-III longer and with 1-5 branches, 1-I[V-VII long and with 3-6 branch-
es; 2-I-VII short and single or occasionally double, 2-I,II slightly cephalad of level
of hair 6 and slightly laterad or at level of hair 1, hair 2-III-VII at about level of
hair 6 and mesad of hair 1; hair 3-I-VII single, occasionally double, short except
for 3-V which is long and 3-VII which is very long; 4-I-VII always short and us-
ually multiple; 5-I short and single or double, 5-II,III,VII longer and 1-4 branch-
ed, 5-IV-VI long and with 2 or 3 branches; 6-I,II very long and with 3-5 branches,
6-III-VI very long and double or triple, 6-VII short and single to triple; 7-I,II very
long and with 3-7 branches, 7-III-VII short and usually multiple; 8-II-VII very short
and usually multiple, 8-II-VI always cephalad and slightly dorsad of hair 9, hair
8-VII directly ventrad of hair 9; hair 9-I-VII of moderate length and with 1-6 rigid
and fairly thick branches; 10-I-VII, 12-II-VH, 13-VII typically single and short or
moderate in length; 11-I of relatively moderate length and with 1-5 branches, 11-
II-VII very short and with few branches; 13-I of moderate length and with 2-6
branches, 13-II-VI double or triple and long, subequal to length of segment, 13-
VII short and single. Segment VIII: Comb scales usually 10-20 (8-25), highly irregu-
lar in shape and placement, in an uneven single or partially double lateral line;
longest scale less than 0.10 mm long and less than 2.0 length of shortest scale;
individual comb scales with short fringe at base and a pointed spine, not arched
in side view. Hair 1-VIII of moderate length and multiple; 2,4-VIII of moderate
length and single or double; 3-VIII short and multiple; 5-VIII usually longer and
heavier than hair 4, single or double. Siphon: Index 3.0-4.0; ventral margin usually
straight, dorsal margin usually slightly arched with widest point at about basal 0.3;
apex 0.4-0.5 of basal width; integument light to dark golden brown, with or with-
out dark basal ring. Siphonal hairs (1,la-S) typically arranged as follows: (1) a pair
of double or triple ventral hairs in about basal 0.3-0.4, about 0.5 length of siphon,
(2) a pair of short single ventral hairs inserted in apical 0.3, and (3) 2 or 3 pairs
of short single dorsal hairs. Hair 2-S laterally compressed, slightly sinuate, with a
pointed apex, slightly shorter than width of apex of siphon and inserted on sep-
arate tubercle, not on body of siphon; valves small and colorless; 6,8,9-S very
short and single; median caudal filament not apparent. Anal Segment: Saddle in-
complete, extending just ventrad of hair 1-X; clearly defined, light to dark golden
brown and with or without basal and apical dark bands. Hair 1-X very long, heavy
and typically with 3-6 branches; 2-X slightly shorter than hair 3, heavy and typical-
ly with 6-9 branches; 3-X slightly shorter than hair 1, heavy and typically with 4
or 5 branches; 4-X of moderate length and typically with 8-11 branches. Gills sub-
equal, sausage-shaped, typically about as long as siphon.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican population, formerly reported as caracula Dyar
& Nunez Tovar, 1927, described from Venezuela, is tentatively considered here
to be conspecific with nigritubus, described from Panama. We know the true cara-
cula only from the original description and the unique holotype examined by Belkin
at the USNM and a male genitalia slide labeled “No. 122-1, Ven.” The male geni-
204 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
talia of true caracula, nigritubus and the Jamaican form are all very similar except
that caracula differs from the other 2 forms as follows: (1) clasper lobe ?C with
extreme apex darker, more strongly recurved (about 110° vs 90°), recurved por-
tion relatively longer, (2) clasper lobe ?C with outer limb spiculose to near apex
instead of only from elbow to about half distance to apex, (3) tergal lobe with 2
relatively long blunt spiniforms and 1 short hyaline spiniform on its tergal angle
instead of 3 short usually blunt spiniforms, and (4) IX tergite lobe with 4 or 5
instead of 6-8 spines. Although the immature stages of caracula are undescribed,
the type male was said to have been bred from a larva collected from an epiphytic
bromeliad; nigritubus, including the Jamaican population, is not known to breed
in bromeliads at all and has been found primarily in bamboo. Topotypic nigritubus
and the Jamaican form agree well in all stages except in the larva. In all the larval
skins of the type series of nigritubus in the USNM the sclerotized areas are much
darker and the hairs are more branched and usually shorter than in most Jamaican
larvae. However, Jamaican larvae vary considerably in this respect, and a large ser-
ies of Panamanian larvae are necessary to determine the importance of these dif-
ferences.
The problem is further confused by a few additional specimens of forms close
to caracula and nigritubus, as follows: (1) a male genitalia slide from ‘Empire,
C.Z.’’ with clasper lobes and IX tergite lobe essentially as in caracula, indicating
that caracula and nigritubus, if distinct species, are probably sympatric; (2) two
Trinidad forms, 1 from bamboo and 1 from a treehole, both with dark midtarsus
(all other forms have white markings on the midtarsus), with genitalia of the cara-
cula type except 1 specimen with a clasper tergal lobe of the nigritubus type. We
have not seen any specimens of the species reported as nigritubus from Pueblo,
Mexico, by Vargas (1956:35) but have no reason to doubt this identification. It is
possible that the Jamaican form is a distinct species, but until further collections
have been made, it seems best to consider it conspecific with nigritubus. All the
forms mentioned above we are segregating into a well marked Caracula Group.
This group shows some affinities with arthrostigma (Lutz, 1905) and aporonoma
Dyar & Knab, 1906 in the immature stages, but is quite distinct in the adults and
male genitalia.
BIONOMICS. In Jamaica the immature stages of nigritubus have been found
primarily in bamboo internodes (broken, cut, or uncut with small hole); the only
exception is a collection of 4 larvae in a large treehole. Our collections were at
elevations of from 20 to 480 m, but Hill and Hill (1948:34) report altitudes up to
2500 ft (761 m). Panamanian nigritubus also breeds in bamboo internodes (Galindo,
Carpenter and Trapido, 1951:90). In Jamaica, frequent associates of nigritubus are
Culex (C.) corniger, Aedes (Steg.) aegypti, Aedes (H.) walkeri and Aedes (H.) ina-
equalis, and occasional ones Aedes (F.) mediovittatus, Toxorhynchites (L.) portori-
censis and Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
A few females have been taken in Jamaica in biting-landing collections.
DISTRIBUTION. Panama (type locality), Mexico and Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Known only from the eastern half of the island. Clarendon: Goshen (239). King-
ston and St. Andrew: Hermitage Dam Rd (111,286,287,290,293-298,300-304 ,306-309,321,395,
737); 19 Jan 1940, ? W.H. Komp, 1 F, 1 L [USNM]. Mount Salus (778). Portland: Devils Elbow
(920). Port Antonio (923,924). Sherwood Forest (711-715). St. Catherine: Zion Hill (822,823).
St. Mary: Castleton Botanical Gardens (258,259,311,312). St. Thomas: Dalvey (150). Parish not
Specified: Jan 1940, W.H. Komp, 1 pM, 4 M, 3 F [USNM], 2 F [UCLA]; 10 Mar 1945, R.B.
Hill, 2 M, 2 F [USNM]; R.B. Hill, 5 L [JAM].
Material Examined: 452 specimens; 72 males, 78 females, 165 larvae, 137 pupae; 133 individual
rearings (54 larval, 65 pupal, 14 incomplete).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 205
55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii (Theobald)
Figs. 96,99,100,102
1905. Dendromyia mitchellii Theobald, 1905a:37-38. TYPE: Holotype female, Jamaica, 7 Jan
1904, M. Grabham [BM; see Belkin, 1968b:41].
1905. Dendromyia jamaicensis Theobald, 1905a:11. TYPE: Holotype female, same specimen
as holotype of mitchellii [BM]. Inadvertent use of a different name in the key for the
specimen described under the name mitchellii in the text.
1906. | Wyeomyia ochrura Dyar and Knab, 1906c:229. TYPE: Lectotype larval skin (113.1) on
slide with associated pupal skin and larval and pupal skins of another specimen (113.2),
with associated fragmentary male with genitalia mounted on slide (365), near Santo
Domingo City, San Domingo [Dominican Republic], 17 Aug 1905, A. Busck [USNM,
9987; designation of Stone and Knight, 1957b:124-125]. Synonymy with mitchellii by
Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:80).
1906. Wyeomyia violescens Dyar and Knab, 1906a:138. TYPE: Holotype female, Cayamas,
Cuba, 8 June, E.A. Schwarz [USNM, 9991; see Stone and Knight, 1957b:126]. Syn-
onymy with mitchellii by Dyar (1928:43); as insular form of mitchellii by Dyar (1924a:
105).
1906. Wyeomyia glaucocephala Dyar and Knab, 1906a:140. TYPE: Holotype female (113),
near Santo Domingo City, Santo Domingo [Dominican Republic], 17 Aug 1905, A.
Busck [USNM, 9999; see Stone and Knight, 1957b:123]. Synonymy with ochrura by
Dyar (1924a:105), as insular form of mitchellii; with mitchellii by Dyar (1928:43).
1908. Wyeomyia abia Dyar and Knab, 1908:67. TYPE: Lectotype female (4-2), Dominica,
W.I. [Dominican Republic], F.E. Campbell [USNM, 11988; designation of Stone and
Knight, 1957b:120]. Synonymy with mitchellii and correction of type locality by Belkin
(1970a).
1909. Wyeomyia antoinetta Dyar and Knab, 1909b:263. TYPE: Holotype female (356.5) with
genitalia slide (363), Estero, Florida, U.S.A., early May, 1906, J.B. Van Duzee [USNM,
12179]. Synonymy with mitchellii by Dyar (1919:133).
Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii of Dyar (1922a:5-6; 1928:43-44); Edwards (1932:85); Lane and Cer-
queira (1942:556-557; in part, not genitalia figure); Matheson (1944:255); Carpenter, Middle-
kauff and Chamberlain (1946:90-93); Lane (1953:902-903; in part, not genitalia figure); Car-
penter and LaCasse (1955:66-68; in part); Perez Vigueras (1956:420-427); Vargas (1956:
35, at least in part); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:80; in part); Montchadsky and Garcia
(1966:34); Porter (1967:36); Belkin (1970a).
Wyeomyia mitchellii of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:80-83); Johnson (1919:422); Gowdey
(1926:74); Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:34-35); Thompson (1947:79).
Wyeomyia violescens, antoinetta, abia and. glaucocephala of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:79-
80,83-85,113-115,136-137).
Wyeomyia abia of Dyar (1919:127-128).
Wyeomyia (W.) quasiluteoventralis in part of Dyar (1928:40-41); Edwards (1932:85); Lane and
Cerqueira (1942:557-559).
Wyeomyia (W.) medioalbipes in part of Lane (1953:893-894); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:
79); Bruijning (1959:103-109); Stone (1969:2-4).
Wyeomyia (D.) ulocoma in part (Dominican Republic record) of Dyar and Knab (1906c:229);
Lane (1953:975); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:88); Porter (1967:40).
FEMALE (fig. 102). Wing about 2.5 mm. Essentially as described for hirsuta
but with the following differences. Labium with narrow ventral line of white scales
from near base to about 0.8; line may be discontinuous or obsolete. Palpus usually
proportionately slightly longer than in hirsuta, slightly longer than clypeus and
about 0.12 of proboscis. Apn with dark scales with blue and violet reflections, ex-
206 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
cept for silver-white scales on lower end and a few white scales on extreme upper
end. Forefemur with anterior surface usually entirely dark scaled except for dorsal
and ventral margins near base. Midtarsus conspicuously white scaled on anterior
surface from about apical third of segment 2 to about middle of 5. Hindtarsus as
in hirsuta, except for some specimens with a faint basal streak of white scales on
posterior surface of each segment, becoming progressively shorter distad.
MALE (fig. 102). Essentially as in the female; with sexual differences as noted
for male hirsuta, except midtarsus not white on posterior surface for entire length.
MALE GENITALIA. (figs. 96 and 99). In general similar to hirsuta but with the
following differences. Segment VIII: Tergite with both setae and scales longer,
denser and more numerous. Segment [X: Sternite well developed, large and rela-
tively well sclerotized, slightly longer than wide and smoothly rounded on poster-
ior margin. Sidepiece: Only about apical fifth bent rather abruptly tergad. Tergal
triad inserted about 0.3-0.4 distance from base of sidepiece; long lateral seta insert-
ed about 0.8 distance from base. Numerous scattered scales and short setae present
on lateral and sternal surfaces distad of insertion of tergal triad. Mesal Plate: Very
roughly quadrangular, the longer differentiated seta inserted near lateral margin in
center. Clasper: Stem narrow and slightly longer than head; without internal thumb-
like process at base. Head as figured; 5 lobes developed: a large median lobe (M)
and 4 smaller ones (A, B, C and M’). Lobe E apparently not developed, although
it may be regarded as an undifferentiated part of lobe M. Lobes B and M’ not de-
veloped in other Jamaican species, although present in many of the extralimital
species in the Pertinans Group. Lobe M large and central in position, slightly emar-
ginate distally, with short setae and 2 or 3 very long setae on distal margin; also a
longitudinal line of 6 or 7 short setae on the sternomesal margin from middle to
apex. Lobe M’ a prominent, stemmed lobe arising from sternolateral corner of lobe
M, bearing 2 rows (1 incomplete) of short heavy apically bent setae on its sternal
margin, and a few short slender setae and a single very long slender seta at apex.
Lobe B a small stemmed lobe arising from middle of sternal side near base of lobe
M’ and bent slightly mesad, with globular head bearing many very fine short hair-
like spicules. Lobe C a rather broad recurved arm arising just proximad of lobe B
and bent mesad, bearing many short fine appressed hairlike spicules on elbow and
outer limb; apex pointed and appearing slightly rugose. Lobe A narrowed apically,
with a small apical stout hooked seta and a short conical subapical seta. Phallo-
some: Aedeagus broader, width about 0.5 length. Proctiger: Paraproct with apex
little enlarged, bearing about 3 small teeth along upper margin at apex and 2 or 3
short setae just below. e
PUPA (fig. 99). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. As described for
hirsuta except for the following features. Cephalothorax: General pigmentation pale
with yellowish tint except for poorly defined pale brown pattern on mesonotum
and base of wing cases as figured. Hairs lightly pigmented. Trumpet: Uniformly
golden. Only slightly flattened and not laterally expanded, width of pinna sub-
equal to greatest width of meatus; more or less straight when viewed on edge.
Metanotum and Abdomen: General pigmentation pale with yellowish tint except
for poorly defined pale brown pattern, as figured, on metanotum and segments I
to IV or V, extending to lateral margin only on tergite II; sternites II-VII with nar-
row light brown bands on anterior margin in middle. Intersegmental sclerites ab-
sent. Integument almost completely smooth. Hairs poorly pigmented; hair 12-C
single; 1-II single or branched; 2-II laterad and cephalad of 1-II, hair 2-[II-VII an-
terior and lateral in position, usually anterior to hair 6 and about in line with hair
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 207
1 or 3; hair 5-IV-VI distinctly longer than the following tergite; 6-I weak and usu-
ally single, position of 6-II-VI variable but usually posterior to hair 9. Paddle: Rel-
atively short, about 1.5-1.7 length of segment VIII. Pigmentation pale with yellow-
ish tint. Margins except for basal half of inner margin fringed with long hairlike
spicules. Index 1.4-2.0; tapered strongly only in apical half; widest point near mid-
dle. Male Genital Lobe: Extending to about 0.9 of paddle; a slight indentation on
posteromesal corner.
LARVA (fig. 100). Chaetotaxy as figured, variable. As described for hirsuta ex-
cept for the following features. Body glabrous except for minute spicules on ab-
dominal segment VIII and anal segment. All hairs and sclerotized portions pigment-
ed light golden. Stellate hairs and basal tubercles poorly developed; all hairs with
fewer branches. Head: Capsule little depressed; lateral margins rounded. Hairs 4-7-
C unbarbed; 4-C single; 5,7-C with 3 or 4 branches; 6-C double; 11-C not heavy,
with 4-7 branches; 12-C with 3-5 branches; 13-C mesad, not in line with hairs 11-
C and 12-C; hair 14-C with 2-4 branches. Antenna: Hair 1-A inserted at apical 0.3.
Thorax: Only hairs 7,13-T with separate basal tubercles; 4-P included on same tub-
ercle with 5-7-P; hairs 2,3-P not on common tubercle; otherwise only following
hair groups on common tubercles: 9-12-P,M,T and 5,6-M. Only hairs 0,1,8,14-P,
13-M, 5-T tending to be multibranched and stellate; 1,11-M, 1,4,11-T with fewer
branches and somewhat stellate; 4-P with 4 or 5 branches, finely barbed throughout
and roughly half the length of 5-P; hairs 5-7-P all very long and single; 9-P typically
triple; 14-M relatively long and multiple. Abdomen: Hairs 1,5,13-I-VII, 11-I with
fewer branches and only slightly stellate; 2-I-VII with 4-6 branches, longer than in
hirsuta and only slightly caudad of spiracle; 2-I,II slightly laterad of hair 1, hair
2-III-VII slightly mesad of hair 1; hair 6-I with 3 or 4 branches, 6-II-VI double; 7-I
long and triple, 7-II long and double; 8-VI cephalad of hair 9, at most slightly ven-
trad; 9-I-VII with fewer branches, shorter and only slightly stellate; 10-I-VII, 12-
II-VII single to triple; 11-VI multibranched. Segment VIIT: Comb scales 15-26 not
extending as far ventrad, longest scale less than 0.09 mm long; individual comb
scales wider and blunter, not arched in side view; lateral fringe longer and easily
visible. Hair 3-VIII multibranched; 5-VIII single, occasionally double. Siphon: In-
dex 3.8-5.0; very slightly expanded in middle, then tapering to an apex 0.40-0.50
wide as base. Siphonal hairs (1,la-S) not arranged in pairs or readily separable ven-
tral, dorsolateral or basolateral groups, instead about 20-30 long single hairs tend-
ing to be shorter and double distad, irregularly scattered over entire surface. Anal
Segment: Saddle without spicules on posterior margin. Hairs 1-3-X single; 4-X multi-
branched and shorter than in hirsuta. Gills subequal, 1.0-3.0 of dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. In our opinion, mitchellii is a distinct species, the northern-
most segregate of the Pertinans Group as defined below. It is diagnosed most read-
ily by an inconspicuous but constant feature of the clasper of the male genitalia,
the presence of several (usually 4 or more) submarginal dorsal setae on lobe M’
that are as strong as the marginal setae of this lobe; these setae are absent or weak
in all the other species. The midtarsus of the adults is conspicuously marked with
white and the larva has a relatively short siphon and sparsely branched head hairs
5 and 6 (usually double or triple). Populations with male genitalia similar to topo-
typic mitchellii are known from the Atlantic slope of Mexico (at least from near
Tamazunchale, state of San Luis Potosi), Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
and southern Florida. There appear to be some slight differences among these dif-
ferent populations in the extent of the white tarsal markings of the adults but we
have not analyzed these because of the paucity of material. In the Jamaican popu-
208 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
lation hindtarsal segments 4 and 5 are usually completely dark scaled. For the pres-
ent we are considering all of these populations conspecific with mitchellii. The re-
cent records of ulocoma from the Dominican Republic cited in the taxonomic
references above are based, in our opinion, on the confusion of some of the larvae
of ochrura collected by August Busck in the Dominican Republic with those of
ulocoma of Dyar and Knab (1906c:229) obtained by the same collector in Trini-
dad. This interpretation is supported by the statement in the original description
of glaucocephala: ‘““The larva of this species was included with the larva in our des-
cription, cited above [Dyar and Knab, 1906c:229]. They are doubtless similar;
but perfect material will probably enable them to be separated”? and by Dyar’s
later statement (1924a:106): ““Two names were proposed for the Santo Domingoan
form, ochrura founded on the larva and glaucocephala on the adult.”
Bruijning (1959:103-106) has recently proposed a wholesale synonymy of nom-
inal species of Wyeomyia with white markings on the midtarsus with medioalbipes
(Lutz, 1904) from Brazil. Stone (1969:2-4) correctly removed several Central Amer-
ican and Panamanian nominal species from this synonymy but retained mitchellii
as a junior synonym of medioalbipes on the basis of similarity in male genitalia
and apparently also because of the belief that populations with white marked mid-
tarsus occur in the Lesser Antilles, namely abia Dyar & Knab, 1908 from Dominica
and colsoni Senevet and Quievreux, 1941 from Martinique. The latter does not
appear to be the case because (1) numerous recent collections in the Lesser Antilles
have produced only dark legged adults, (2) colsoni was differentiated from abia in
the original description by the absence of white on the midtarsus, and (3) as indi-
cated in the synonymy of mitchellii above, the type locality of abia is undoubtedly
the Dominican Republic and not the island of Dominica.
The dark legged forms from the Lesser Antilles are obvicusly related to those
with the midtarsus marked with white in several basic features. We are therefore
proposing the Pertinans Group for this entire assemblage of species with the fol-
lowing combination of diagnostic characters: (1) clasper of the male genitalia with
a capitate lobe B developed in nearly all species (absent in all other species known
to us) and with lobe C usually characteristically developed, (2) pupal paddle with a
marginal fringe of long filamentous spicules, and (3) larva with a relatively short
to moderately long siphon and without strong development of stellate hairs.
The Pertinans Group appears to be 1 of the major phyletic lines in the genus
_and includes the type species (grayii), the earliest described species (pertinans) and
‘““medioalbipes” of Stone (1969) and in part of Bruijning (1959). We interpret its
distribution and components as follows. In the Greater Antilles, at least 1 locality
in Mexico and in southern Florida it is represented by mitchellii as diagnosed above.
In other parts of Mexico (possible partially sympatrically with mitchellii), in Cen-
tral America and in Panama it is represented by many species (more than suggested
by Stone, 1969:3-4; we have about 13) with very distinctive male claspers; the ma-
jority of these species have conspicuous tarsal markings on the hindtarsus as well
as the midtarsus. We have made no attempt to associate the numerous available
names with the different species we have seen from this area.
We have seen no material or published records of the group from the Bahamas,
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and the northernmost islands of the Lesser Antilles.
We have collections from all the major islands of the Lesser Antilles from Mont-
serrat southward to Grenada. As noted above all the adults in this area are dark
legged. On the basis of male genitalia 2 species appear to be represented, grayii
Theobald, 1901 and pertinans (Williston, 1896). The clasper of both species is sup-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 209
erficially similar to mitchellii but lobe M’ has only 2 or 3 weak submarginal setae;
in pertinans this lobe is sharply differentiated at base from lobe M while in grayii
its base blends into lobe M. The larvae of both species have a considerably longer
siphon and more comb scales than mitchellii. Wyeomyia grayii, whose type locality
was restricted to St. Lucia by Belkin (1968b:40), shows considerable local insular
differentiation in the immature stages, particularly in the larva, but we believe that
only 1 species is involved, with a distribution encompassing Montserrat, Guade-
loupe (antillarum Floch & Abonnenc, 1945; NEW SYNONYMY), Dominica, Mar-
tinique (colsoni, Senevet & Quievreux, 1941; NEW SYNONYMY) and St. Lucia.
Wyeomyia pertinans shows less insular differentiation and is apparently restricted
to St. Vincent (type locality), probably the Grenadines, Grenada and Barbados.
In Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia and the Guianas, the Pertinans Group is appar-
ently represented by at least 6 species, all white legged forms (including the hind-
tarsi in some). The male genitalia of at least 2 forms resemble those of pertinans
and none have lobe M’ of the clasper with the characteristic development of mitch-
ellii. It is possible that 1 of these forms is conspecific with medioalbipes but this
cannot be determined until topotypic material of this species is obtained from the
state of Bahia, Brazil.
BIONOMICS. Topotypic mitchellii has an unusually wide range of breeding sites.
It is not restricted to epiphytic (15 lots) and terrestrial (4 lots) bromeliads but oc-
curs in the largest populations in the leaf axils of the “wild coco yam”’ (13 lots),
an aroid apparently of the genus Xanthosoma but possibly confused with Colocasia
sp., and is also found in the flower bracts of a large heliconia (2 lots). We have a
record of immature stages from a treehole but this may be a contamination. Hill
and Hill (1948:35) report mitchellii from bamboo stumps; this is probably a mis-
identification because in 46 bamboo collections we found only nigritubus. Else-
where mitchellii has been found only in bromeliads in Mexico, Florida (Carpenter
and LaCasse, 1955:68) and Cuba (Perez Vigueras, 1956:422; Montchadsky and
Garcia, 1966:34) and in both aroids (‘“Malanga’’) and bromeliads in Hispaniola.
Our collections in Jamaica were from near sea level to elevations of about 760 m.
We found nearly the complete array of bromeliad breeders associated with mit-
chellii, including Culex (Micr.) arawak, the 3 species of the subgenus Howardina
of Aedes (walkeri, grabhami and stenei) and 4 species of Wyeomyia (atrata, hir-
suta, juxtahirsuta and stellata). In the aroid axils mitchellii is usually found alone
but in 1 lot it was associated with Culex (C.) corniger. In the flower bracts of
heliconias we found it associated with corniger, hirsuta and walkeri.
We have several records of adult females in biting-landing collections on humans
and on donkey bait and we also found mitchellii in a light trap collection. Hill
and Hill (1948:35) state that when breeding is near houses, mitchellii will bite man
in the open, particularly at dusk, and occasionally will enter houses.
DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica (type locality), Atlantic slope of Mexico, Cuba, His-
paniola and southern Florida. We have not seen mitchellii from anywhere else and
consider that records from Central America, Panama, Venezuela, Trinidad and Les-
ser Antilles are erroneous (see systematics).
JAMAICA. Widely distributed over the island, from sea level to elevations of at least 760 m.
Clarendon: Fort Simonds, 11 Jan 1946, H.D. Pratt, 3 L [USNM]. Trout Hall (105). Kingston
and St. Andrew: Ferry and vicinity (703). Hermitage Dam Rd (282,322,334,724,855). Hope Bo-
tanical Gardens (942,945,946); Jan 1940, ? W.H. Komp, 15 M, 18 F [USNM],3 M, 1 F [UCLA].
Kingston and vicinity, M. Grabham, 1 F [USNM]. Newcastle (648). Parks Rd (50). Manchester:
Hope Farm (664). Portland: Devils Elbow (406,919,920). Ecclesdown (748,749). Frenchman’s
Cove (810). Long Bay (692). Port Antonio (922). Priestmans River (811). Reach (126). Sherwood
210 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Forest (708). St, Ann: Drax Hall (608). Moneague and vicinity (377,758,763). Shaw Park (933).
St. Catherine: Caymanas (403). St. Elizabeth: Luana (358). St. James: Reading (671,673). St.
Mary: Quebec (621). Richmond (208). St. Thomas: Airy Mount (154). Port Morant (691). Roselle
(726). Springfield House (158). Winchester House (130,204). Westmoreland: Bluefields, R.B. Hill,
3 L [JAM]. Petersville (787). Parish not Specified: M. Grabham, 4 F [USNM] ; Jan 1940, ? W.H.
ae 1 M [USNM], 80 L, 6 P [UCLA]; 18 Apr 1944, R.B. Hill, 1 M [USNM]; R.B. Hill, 1 M, 15
L [JAM], 1 F [UCLA]; Dec 1945, G.A. Thompson, 12 M, 9 F [UCLA] ; Jan 1946, G.A. Thomp-
son, 9 M, 12 F [USNM]; ? G.A. Thompson, 1 L, 1 P [USNM].
Material Examined: 1254 specimens; 154 males, 229 females, 606 larvae, 265 pupae; 178 in-
dividual rearings (64 larval, 100 pupal, 14 incomplete).
56. Wyeomyia (W.) vanduzeei Dyar & Knab
Figs. 101,102
1906. Wyeomyia vanduzeei Dyar and Knab, 1906a:138. TYPE: Lectotype male (356.5) with
genitalia slide (349), Estero, Florida, U.S.A., 22 Apr-6 May 1906, J.B. Van Duzee [USNM,
9988; designation of Stone and Knight, 1957b: 126].
1908. Wyeomyia argyrura Dyar and Knab, 1908:70. TYPE: Holotype female, San Antonio
de Los Banos, Cuba, J.H. Pazos [USNM, 12009]. Synonymy with vanduzeei by Dyar
(1922a:6).
1909. Wyeomyia conchita Dyar and Knab, 1909b:264. TYPE: Lectotype female (397), San
Antonio de Los Banos, Cuba, J.H. Pazos [USNM, 12180; designation of Stone and
Knight, 1957b:122]. Synonymy with argyrura by Dyar (1919:126); with vanduzeei
by Dyar (1922a:6).
Wyeomyia (W.) vanduzeei in part of Edwards (1932:86); Lane and Cerqueira (1942:550); Car-
penter, Middlekauff and Chamberlain (1946:96-99); Lane (1953:880-881); Carpenter and La
Casse (1955:70-72); Perez Vigueras (1956:428-430); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:82);
Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:35); Porter (1967:36).
Wyeomyia(Phyllozomyia) vanduzeei in part of Dyar (1924b:112; 1928:31-32); Dyar and Shannon
~ (1924d:480). |
Wyeomyia vanduzeei of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:35-36); Thompson (1947:79).
Wyeomyia conchita, argyrura and vanduzeei of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1915:63,64,65).
FEMALE. Wing about 2.0 mm. A very small species, generally somewhat lighter
in color than other Jamaican Wyeomyia. Essentially as described for hirsuta but
with the following differences. Head: Labium completely dark scaled. Thorax: Mes-
onotum with scales relatively light colored, with bronze and gold reflections. Apn
covered with silver-white scales. Legs: Midtarsal segments 3 and 4 white scaled on
anterior surface, apex of segment 2 and base of 5 may also be white scaled on an-
terior surface. Hindtarsal segments all with short basal streak of white scales, be-
coming progressively shorter distad. Haltere: Knob with dorsal side white scaled at
base and laterally. Abdomen: Tergite I usually with variable white scalation at
base and on sides; tergite VIII almost completely white scaled; a few white scales
apically on tergite VII.
MALE. Unknown for Jamaican population, described from Grand Cayman spec-
imens. Essentially as for female, with sexual differences as noted for male hirsuta
and the following. Foretarsus tending to have a line of white scales for full length
on posterior surface. Midtarsus white scaled on full length of posterior surface; about
apical one-half to one-third of midtarsal segment 2 and all of 3, 4 and 5 completely
white scaled. Hindtarsal segments with basal white streak usually longer than in fe-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 211
male, often reaching to near apex on segment | and progressively shorter distad.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 101). Described from a single specimen from Jamaica
with some characters from specimens from Florida and Grand Cayman. As des-
cribed for hirsuta but with the following differences. Segment VIII: Tergite with
small area at center along posterior margin without setae and often without scales.
Segment IX: Tergite lobe with 4 heavy setae (1-5 in other portions of its geo-
graphic range). Sidepiece: Apical third bent slightly tergad. Tergal triad inserted
about one-third distance from base; long lateral seta apparently absent. Area on
tergolateral surface just distad of insertion of tergal triad with patch of relatively
long setae, about one-half length of sidepiece. Lateral and sternal surfaces distad
of insertion of tergal triad with many scattered scales and short setae. Mesal Plate:
Roughly square in outline, with differentiated longer seta in middle of lateral mar-
gin. Clasper: Subequal to sidepiece in length. Stem very short, about 0.3 total
length, not clearly differentiated from head and apparently without an internal
thumblike process at base. Head as figured. Lobe M with longitudinal groove on
its sternal surface from near base to apex, with row of rather stout short pointed
setae on each side and cluster of short setae at apex; sternolateral margin of lobe
M near origin of lobe C slightly produced and bearing a very dense tuft of about
12 long flattened pointed hairlike spicules. Lobe C a single large abruptly recurved
arm with both an apical and a subapical membranous recurved attenuate process;
many hairlike spicules on elbow and outer limb. Lobe E well developed, with the
tergal membranous flap greatly enlarged and conspicuously wrinkled. Lobe A nar-
rowed apically and slightly sinuate, bearing apically a hyaline spinelike process and
subapically 2 or 3 short stout curved pointed setae. Phallosome: Aedeagus broad-
er, width about two-thirds length. Proctiger: Paraproct with apex slightly enlarged,
bearing 2 small teeth and about 4 short setae.
PUPA (fig. 101). Described from Grand Cayman material. Chaetotaxy as fig-
ured, not studied in detail; all hairs somewhat longer and heavier than in hirsuta.
As described for hirsuta except for the following features. Cephalothorax: Gen-
erally pale with yellowish tint except for poorly defined mottled pattern as fig-
ured, in light to medium brown on mesonotum and base of wing case. Hairs lightly
pigmented. Trumpet: Pigmented golden brown. Not flattened or laterally expand-
ed, more or less cylindrical. Metanotum and Abdomen: General pigmentation pale
with yellowish tint except for poorly defined mottled pattern in light to medium
brown on metanotum and tergites I-IV or V, becoming progressively lighter and
less extensive caudad, extending to lateral margin only on tergites I,II; pattern as
figured but somewhat variable. Sternites II-VII with narrow light brown bands on
anterior margin in middle. Paired brown intersegmental sclerites present following
tergites II and III. Hairs lightly pigmented; hair 5-IV-VI usually barbed and extend-
ing to about middle of second following tergite; 7-I,II tending to be long and
single or double. Paddle: Pigmentation pale with yellowish tint. Index variable,
1.4-2.5.
LARVA (fig. 102). Chaetotaxy as figured, variable. As described for hirsuta ex-
cept for the following features. Body glabrous except for minute spicules on anal
segment and siphon. All hairs and sclerotized portions lightly pigmented a golden
brown. Stellate hairs and basal tubercles poorly developed. Head: Capsule some-
what less depressed, lateral margins slightly rounded. Hairs 4-7-C single and with-
out barbs; 11-C with 3-5 branches, not heavy or inserted on tubercle; 14-C double
or triple. Antenna: Hair 1-A single, about 0.4 length of antenna and inserted at
apical 0.2; hair 2-A about 0.3 length of antenna. Thorax: Hairs 1-3,8-P, 1,4,5-T
22 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
without basal tubercles. Only hairs 0,8-P, 13-M tending to be multibranched and
stellate. Hair 4-P with 10-13 branches and characteristically developed with about
basal 0.4 unbarbed, middle 0.3 densely barbed and apical 0.3 sparsely barbed; 5-P
with 5 or 6 branches; 6-P double or triple; 9-P double or triple; 11-P,M,T with
fine flexible branches; 14-M multibranched and longer. Abdomen: Hairs 1,5,13-
I-VII, 11-1 with fewer branches and seldom stellate; 2-I,II longer, usually with 4 or
5 branches and somewhat stellate, slightly laterad of hair 1 and slightly caudad of
spiracle; 2-III-VII single or double, mesad of hair 1 and slightly caudad of spiracle;
6,7-I,I1 with 3-6 branches; 8-VI cephalad and not distinctly ventrad of hair 9;
hair 9-I-VII shorter, with fewer branches and seldom stellate. Segment VIII: Comb
scales about 25-30, in a slightly irregular line; longest scale less than 0.09 mm long
and about 2.0 length of shortest scale; individual comb scale blunter than in hirsuta
and little arched in side view, lateral fringe longer and more readily visible. Hair
1-VIII with fewer branches and seldom stellate. Siphon: Index 6.5-8.0; apex 0.35-
0.45 of basal width. Siphonal hairs (1,la-S) arranged as follows: (1) a pair of long
double ventrolateral hairs about 0.3 from base, (2) 4-7 short single or less often
double ventral hairs in distal 0.5 in an irregular line, (3) 10-14 short double or oc-
casionally single or triple dorsolateral hairs in an irregular double line. Anal Seg-
ment: Saddle without long spicules on posterior margin. Hair 1-X occasionally triple.
SYSTEMATICS. We are retaining the Jamaican population in vanduzeei only
provisionally as we have very limited material from Jamaica and because it appears
that a complex of species is involved under the current concept of vanduzeei.
The Vanduzeei Group appears to have a northern Antillean distribution some-
what similar to that of mitchellii of our treatment but with an easterly extension
into the Bahamas and apparent absence from Mexico. At least 3 species are appar-
ently involved. We are tentatively assigning to vanduzeei populations from Cuba,
Grand Cayman, Jamaica and Florida (type locality). There are considerable differ-
ences among these populations but the available material of associated stages is in-
sufficient to determine their significance.
From the Dominican Republic we have limited material of sororcula Dyar &
Knab, 1906 which is very distinct from vanduzeei in the male genitalia and is also
differentiated in the female from the latter by the presence of only dark scales on
abdominal tergite VIII. We believe that the unique specimen of fratercula Dyar &
Knab, 1906 bearing label (71) is probably 1 of the specimens of the type series of
sororcula, with which it agrees in every detail, that was incorrectly reported from
Martinique as a result of an error in labeling which occurred in several other in-
stances with August Busck’s material. The following data are given for collection
71 in Busck’s field notes: “the larvae in water in iron-work of an old mill, July 24,
1905” and the only species recorded are ‘Culex pipiens and Culex salinarius’’. It
is very unlikely that a species of Wyeomyia was found associated with these species.
Furthermore in extensive surveys in the Lesser Antilles no species of Wyeomyia of
the vanduzeei type has ever been found. For additional details see Belkin (1970a).
A third probably distinct species of the group is bahama Dyar & Knab, 1906,
whose male and immature stages are still unknown. This species is apparently char-
acterized by the restriction of the white tarsal markings to the hindlegs. It is pos-
sible that this form occurs outside of the Bahamas, in eastern Cuba as suggested by
Dyar (1928:32) and even in southern Florida.
We have seen no specimens with the completely silvery anterior pronotal lobe
characteristic of the Vanduzeei Group from any island in the West Indies other
than those mentioned above. As indicated in the discussion of the genus, there are
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 213
affinities between vanduzeei and the Hirsuta Group and it is probable that they
are derived from a common stock.
BIONOMICS. Our only collection of the immature stages of vanduzeei (732) on
Jamaica consists of a single third-instar larva found in an epiphytic bromeliad at
an elevation of 380 m in association with Wyeomyia (W.) corona and Aedes (H.)
walkeri, Aedes (H.) grabhami and Aedes (H.) stenei. Hill and Hill (1948:36) re-
port larvae of vanduzeei from epiphytic bromeliads from Montego Bay, presum-
ably at a lower elevation. One-of us (JNB) has collected vanduzeei in terrestrial as
well as epiphytic bromeliads on Grand Cayman but elsewhere both vanduzeei and
sororcula have been reported only from epiphytic bromeliads.
A few adult females were taken in a biting-landing collection (793) on human
bait at an elevation of 150 m. In Florida, females are reported to bite man readily
(Seabrook and Duffey, 1946:194) and we have 2 females taken in a biting-landing
collection on Grand Cayman.
DISTRIBUTION. Florida (type locality) and tentatively Cuba, Grand Cayman
and Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Apparently very uncommon and localized. St, Ann: Moneague and vicinity (732).
St. Elizabeth: Maggotty (793). St. James: Montego Bay, R.B. Hill, 1 M, 8 L [JAM].
Material Examined: 14 specimens; 1 male genitalia slide, 4 females, 9 larvae.
57. Wyeomyia (W.) luna, n.sp.
Figs. 103,104
TYPES: Holotype male (JA 731-11) with genitalia and associated larval and pupal skins mount-
ed on 2 slides, track leading S into Unity Valley, 1.5 mi S of Moneague (St. Ann), Jamaica, élev.
380 m, epiphytic bromeliad (Aechmea paniculigera), 17 Aug 1967, J.N. Belkin and W.A. Page
[USNM]. Allotype female (JA 731-100) with associated pupal skin mounted on slide, same data
as holotype [USNM]. Paratypes: 1 lpM (JA 731-12), 1 lpF (JA 731-10), 1 larva, 1 pupa (JA
731-1), same data as holotype; 1 pM (JA 733-109), 1 mi S of Moneague on Kingston Road by
roadside (St. Ann), Jamaica, elev. 380 m, epiphytic bromeliad in grazing area, 17 Aug 1967,
J.N. Belkin and W.A. Page [UCLA].
FEMALE. Wing about 2.5 mm. Differing from hirsuta primarily in the follow-
ing features. Labium entirely dark scaled. Apn with silvery scales with violet re-
flections on extreme upper end, dark scales with blue and violet reflections in mid-
dle and silver-white scales on extreme lower end. Hindtarsus dark scaled except
for short streaks of white scales at base of segments 1, 2 and 3 on posterior sur-
face; segments 4 and 5 white scaled on posterior surface from base to about 0.8-
0.9 of each segment.
MALE. Essentially as for female, with sexual differences as noted for male hir-
suta, including white scalation along entire length of midleg on posterior surface.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 103). Differing from hirsuta in the following features.
Sidepiece: Apical half bent tergad only very slightly. Scales as well as short setae
numerous on lateral and sternal surfaces distad of insertion of tergal triad. Mesal
Plate: Roughly triangular, with or without differentiated large seta. Clasper: Stem
very short, about 0.2 of total length. Head as figured. Lobe M with characteristic
pattern of short setae, and apically subdivided into 2 lobes, the sternolateral one
shorter and narrower; sternolateral margin of lobe M near origin of lobe C pro-
duced and with a longitudinal fringe of long hairlike spicules. Lobe C a single large
214 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
abruptly recurved arm, its tip attenuate and with a subapical membranous recurved
attenuate process; many hairlike relatively short spicules on elbow and outer limb.
Lobe A basally enlarged, apically narrowed and slightly sinuate, with 2 short stout
pointed setae at apex and 1 near middle. Phallosome: Aedeagus broader, width
about two-thirds length. Proctiger: Paraproct little enlarged apically, with 2 small
teeth and 2 short setae. _
PUPA (fig. 103). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. Differing from
hirsuta in the following features. Cephalothorax: General pigmentation very pale
except for a poorly defined mottled pattern in light yellow-brown on mesonotum
behind attachment of trumpets and on base of wing cases; also an irregular mid-
dorsal spot at level of hair 8-C and a pair of small spots behind this which are
pearly iridescent with glints of green, blue and violet; pattern as figured, iridescent
areas indicated by diagonal lines. Trumpet: Relatively large, extending well beyond
middorsal ridge. Pigmented brown mottled with light brown. Lateral expansion
even greater than in hirsuta, width of pinna 0.3-0.4 greatest width of meatus. Meta-
notum and Abdomen: General pigmentation very pale except for posterolateral
corner of haltere case which is light brown and a poorly defined mottled pattern
in light yellow-brown on metanotum and tergites I-IV or V, becoming progressively
lighter and less extensive caudad, not extending to lateral margin; also irregular
areas of pearly iridescence with glints of green, blue and violet on dorsum as fol-
lows: (1) a very small separate spot at base of each hair 10-C on metanotum, (2)
separate submedian and lateral spots on each side of segment I, (3) a single large
roughly inverted V-shaped spot on segment II and III, and (4) a large sublateral
spot on each side of segment IV; pattern in general as figured, although iridescent
areas extremely variable. Sternites IIJ-VII with narrow brown bands on anterior
margin in middle. Intersegmental sclerites absent. Hairs slightly or not at all pig-
mented; 12-C single to triple and very long; 2-II far laterad of hair 1, hair 2-III-VI
far mesad of hair 1 and near posterior margin of segment; 5-IV double or triple
and extending only to just beyond middle of following tergite, 5-V,VI barbed and
extending to base of second following tergite. Paddle: Slightly less than twice as
long as segment VIII. Index 1.7-2.0. Male Genital Lobe: Extending to about 0.4
of paddle; apex truncate, posterolateral corner only very slightly produced.
LARVA (fig. 104). Chaetotaxy as figured, variable. As in hirsuta except for the
following features. Body glabrous except for small spicules on siphon and anal seg-
ment. All hairs, spicules and tubercles lightly or not at all pigmented. Stellate hairs
and basal tubercles very poorly developed; hairs generally longer. Head: Capsule
somewhat less depressed, lateral margins slightly rounded. Posterior margin of cap-
sule pigmented light brown on ventral surface. Hairs 4-6-C dendritic; 4-C with 3-
5 main branches; 5-C with 2 main branches, more anterior than in hirsuta; 6-C
double or triple; 7-C with 5-8 branches and strongly barbed; 11-C with 8-12 branch-
es; 12-C long and double; 14-C single and shorter. Antenna: Longer, about 0.40
length of head capsule. Hair 1-A inserted at apical 0.3; hair 2-A about 0.4 length
of antenna. Thorax: Hairs 1,8-P, 1,4,5-T without basal tubercles. Only hairs O-P,
13-M with slight stellate tendency. Hairs 4,5-P brushlike with many dense branches;
_6-P with 2-4 branches; 7-P multibranched; 9-P,M,T with 3 or 4 branches; 14-P,M
relatively short and single or double. Abdomen: Hair 1-I-VII multiple, not stellate;
2-I-VII very short and single, well caudad of spiracle and well mesad of hair 1;
hair 5-I-VII multiple but not stellate, long on II-VI; hair 6-I,II with 7-10 branches,
6-III double, 6-VII with 3-6 branches; 7-I,II with 3-7 branches, 7-III-VI never stel-
late; 8-VI,VII stellate, well cephalad and slightly ventrad of hair 9; hair 9-I-VII
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 215
with 2-5 branches and tending to be stellate; 11-I, 13-I-VII not stellate. Segment
VIII: Comb scales about 20-30, not extending as far ventrad and shorter, longest
comb scale less than 0.08 mm and 2.0-3.0 length of shortest scale; individual comb
scales little arched in side view; lateral fringe more readily visible but still very
faint. Hair 3-VIII double. Siphon: Long and narrow; index 10.0-12.0; tapering di-
rectly from base to an apex 0.30-0.40 times as wide as base. Siphonal hairs (1,1a-S)
as follows, 11-13 dorsal, 12 or 13 ventral and 1 basolateral pair. Anal Segment:
Hairs 1,2-X double; 3-X single; 4-X with 5 branches.
SYSTEMATICS. Wyeomyia luna is the most widely divergent species of the Hir-
suta Group and clearly the earliest derived from the ancestral stock as is indi-
cated by its combination of both very primitive and highly derived characters. It is
possible that it arose in Jamaica from a stock separate from the stock that gave
rise to the Stellata and Hirsuta Subgroups, in which case the derived characters
they possess in common (given as diagnostic characters for Hirsuta Group in gen-
eral discussion for genus Wyeomyia) arose through parallelism. This species is de-
rived in the following: (1) male clasper lobes C and M uniquely developed; (2)
pupa with yellow and pearly iridescent pattern on dorsum, trumpets mottled and
with strong lateral expansion; (3) larva with very long siphon tapered evenly from
base, sclerotized parts very poorly pigmented. In the lateral expansion of the pu-
pal trumpets, the very distinctive pupal pattern and the poor larval pigmentation,
luna shows convergence with hirsuta and juxtahirsuta; it is also convergent with
stellata in the possession of a long larval siphon. Wyeomyia luna retains the fol-
lowing primitive characters: (1) male clasper lobe C with many hairlike spicules,
lobe M with a group of long hairlike spicules on sternal margin, clasper stem very
short, clasper head generally bulky and complex; (2) larva nearly completely glab-
rous, stellate hairs virtually absent (least spiculose and stellate haired of all species
of the Hirsuta Group).
The species name is in reference to the pearly iridescence on the pupa, and as
a foil to the name stellata, a species which also has a long siphoned larva.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages have been collected in epiphytic bromeliads
(Aechmea paniculigera in 1 lot) at an elevation of 380 m in association with Aedes
(H.) walkeri, Aedes (H.) grabhami and Aedes (H.) stenei.
A single adult female (identification doubtful) has been taken in a biting-landing
collection (man) but it is not known if it was actually biting.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica.
JAMAICA. St. Ann: Moneague and vicinity (377,731,733).
Material Examined: 16 specimens; 3 males, 3 females, 4 larvae, 6 pupae; 5 individual rearings
(3 larval, 2 pupal).
58. Wyeomyia (W.) stellata, n.sp.
Figs. 96,105,106
TYPES: Holotype male (JA 725-13), adult, genitalia and associated larval and pupal skins all
mounted on 3 slides, Hermitage Dam Rd (St. Andrew), Jamaica, elev. 480 m, epiphytic brome-
liad (Hohenbergia) in forest, 15 Aug 1967, J.N. Belkin and W.A. Page [USNM]. Paratypes: 2
pM (JA 725-91,102), 1 larva (JA 723-4), same data as holotype [UCLA].
FEMALE. Unknown.
MALE. Insufficiently known.
216 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
MALE GENITALIA (figs. 96 and 105). Differing from hirsuta in the following
features. Segment IX: Sternite more strongly sclerotized, about as wide as long,
with rounded posterior margin. Sidepiece: Length 3.0-3.5 of greatest width; apical
half bent tergad only very slightly. Scales as well as short setae numerous on lateral
and sternal surfaces distad of insertion of tergal triad. Mesal Plate: Quadrangular
rather than crescent shaped. Clasper: Head as figured. Lobe M apically subdivided
into 2 subequal lobes, each with characteristic pattern of short setae. Lobe C a
single large abruptly recurved arm, its tip with 2 or 3 membranous recurved serra-
tions; many rather long hairlike spicules on elbow and inner limb; also a patch of
short hairlike spicules in middle of outer limb. Lobe E somewhat reduced, shorter
than lobe A and with apex bent more strongly tergad. Lobe A with apex expanded,
and bearing 3 stout short setae and a row of short hairlike spicules forming a comb-
like structure. Phallosome: Aedeagus broader, width about two-thirds length. Proct-
iger: Paraproct with apex little enlarged, bearing 3 or 4 teeth along upper margin
and 3 short setae.
PUPA (fig. 105). Chaetotaxy as fieured, not studied in detail; all hairs some-
what longer and heavier than in hirsuta. Differing from hirsuta primarily in the
following. Cephalothorax: General pigmentation pale with yellowish tint except
for poorly defined mottled pattern in light brown on mesonotum and base of wing
cases, aS figured. Hairs only slightly pigmented. 7rumpet: Pigmented light brown;
greatly flattened but little or not at all expanded laterally. Metanotum and Abdo-
men: General pigmentation pale with yellowish tint except for poorly defined mot-
tled pattern in light to medium brown on metanotum and tergites I-VI or VII, be-
coming progressively lighter and less extensive caudad, extending to lateral margin
only on tergite II; pattern as figured. Sternites II-VII with narrow light brown
bands on anterior margin in middle. Rather large light brown paired intersegmental
sclerites present caudad of tergites II-[V and sometimes a small pair caudad of ter-
gite V. Hairs slightly pigmented; hair 12-C relatively long and with 2-4 branches;
2-II single or occasionally double, cephalad and laterad of hair 1, hair 2-III-VII
slightly mesad of hair 1 and cephalad or at level of hair 6; hair 5-[V barbed and
extending to basal third of second following tergite, 5-V,VI single or double, barbed
and extending to near posterior margin of second following tergite; 6-III-VI usually
long and single, at level or caudad of hair 9; hair 7-I,I] usually long and double.
Paddle: Pigmentation pale with yellowish tint. Index 2.5-3.3; tapered more or less
evenly from near base, extreme tip not truncate. Male Genital Lobe: Extending to
near middle of paddle; posterolateral corner with small rugose digitiform lobe.
LARVA (fig. 106). Chaetotaxy as figured, variable. Differing from hirsuta in
the following features. Body glabrous except for minute spicules on abdominal seg-
ments IV-VII and short simple spicules on anal segment and siphon. All hairs,
spicules and tubercles moderately pigmented pale to medium golden brown. Stel-
late hairs and basal tubercles much more strongly developed; hairs generally long-
er and more strongly branched. Head: General pigmentation pale golden. Capsule
somewhat less depressed, lateral margin slightly rounded. Maxilla with the long
heavy subapical seta double or triple, occasionally single. Hair 4-C with 2 main
branches and many fine branches; 5-C with | main branch, occasionally 2, and
many fine side branches; 6-C with 2 or 3 main branches and many fine branches,
more caudal in position than in hirsuta; 7-C with 6-8 heavily barbed branches; 11-C
with 3-6 main branches and several fine shorter basal branches; 12-C with 2-5 main
branches and several fine shorter basal branches; 14-C heavy and with 3-6 branches.
Antenna: Hair 1-A inserted in apical 0.2-0.3; hair 2-A about 0.4 length of antenna.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 217
Thorax: Hair 4-P with 6-8 branches, not stellate, strongly barbed and considerably
more than half the length of 5-P; hairs 5,6-P double or triple; 7-P single; 9-P with
2-4 branches; 11-P,T tending to be multibranched and stellate; 14-M long and multi-
branched. Abdomen: Hair 2-I-VII stellate and removed cephalad, nearly at level of
spiracle, and only slightly mesad of hair 1; hair 6-I,II with 5-8 branches; 7-III rela-
tively long and triple, 7-I[V-VI shorter, tending to be multibranched and stellate;
8-VI stellate, well cephalad and slightly ventrad of hair 9, hair 8-VII stellate and
distinctly ventrad of hair 9; hair 11-VII very short and multibranched. Segment
VIII: Comb scales about 28-40; generally shorter, longest comb scale slightly less
than 0.10 mm long and 1.5-2.0 length of shortest scale; individual comb scales
pigmented light golden brown and little arched in side view; lateral fringe more
readily visible but still very faint. Hair 3-VIII multibranched; 5-VIII triple. Siphon:
Pigmented light golden brown; longer and narrower, index 7.5-9.0; tapering direct-
ly from base to an apex 0.35-0.45 times as wide as base. Siphonal hairs (1,1la-S)
conspicuously barbed, 13-17 long hairs in nearly straight ventral line and 11-14
shorter hairs in irregular double dorsal line, as well as the long basolateral pair of
hairs. Hair 8-S longer than 2.0 width of siphon apex. Anal Segment: Saddle pig-
mented golden brown; spicules on posterior margin longer, about 0.5 dorsal length
of saddle. Hair 1-X triple; 2-X triple, occasionally with 4 branches; 3-X double,
occasionally triple; 4-X with 7 or 8 branches. Gills long, 3.0-4.0 dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. Wyeomyia stellata is probably most closely related to corona
on the basis of common possession of certain derived characters in all stages as.
given in the general discussion of the Stellata Subgroup under the genus. Especi-
ally significant is the peculiar development of the male clasper lobe A that is very
similar in both species and could hardly occur except through common ancestry. .
Wyeomyia stellata and corona have diverged from each other much more than
have the species within the Hirsuta Subgroup as is evident in the dissimilarities of
the larvae and male genitalia. In stellata derived characters not possessed by corona
include: (1) male clasper lobes M and especially C with unique development, (2)
larval siphon long and tapered smoothly from base (shared with luna). Wyeomyia
stellata is more primitive than corona in the largely glabrous larva.
This species is named in reference to the stellate larval hairs (most highly devel-
oped of all Jamaican species of Wyeomyia) and as a foil for the name luna, a spec-
ies which also has a long siphoned larva.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of stellata have been collected from epiphytic
bromeliads (Hohenbergia sp. in 3 lots) at elevations of 150-530 m. This species has
the same associates as hirsuta.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Known only from eastern half of island in inland areas. Kingston and St. Andrew:
Hermitage Dam Rd (723,725). Portland: Sherwood Forest (710). St. Ann: Moneague and vicinity
(763,771,772). St. Catherine: Dove Hall (820).
Material Examined: 16 specimens; 4 males, 8 larvae, 4 pupae; 4 individual rearings (1 larval,
3 pupal).
59. Wyeomyia (W.) sp., Jamaican form A
FEMALE. Wing 2.7 mm. Essentially as in hirsuta but with the following differ-
ences. Apn with silvery scales with violet reflections on upper half, and dark scales
with blue and violet reflections on lower half. Hindtarsus with short streaks of
white scales at base of segments 1, 2 and 3 on posterior surface; segment 4 white
218 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
for basal 0.7 and segment 5 for basal 0.8 on posterior surface.
MALE, PUPA and LARVA. Unknown.
SYSTEMATICS. This form, known from a single adult female, is quite distinct
from all other Jamaican species of Wyeomyia for which the adults are well known,
except Juna which has similar apn scalation and tarsal markings. While it is possible
that form A is Juna, it is much more probable that it is the unknown female of
stellata, a species similar to Juna in some respects (larva with long siphon, retention
of many primitive characters) and is thus tentatively placed in the Stellata Sub-
group. It is also possible that form A is a distinct species or that it is the unknown
female of corona.
BIONOMICS. The unique specimen was taken in a biting-landing collection (man)
at an elevation of 380 m.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica.
JAMAICA. St. Ann: Moneague and vicinity (735).
Material Examined: 1 female only.
60. Wyeomyia (W.) corona, n.sp.
Figs. 107,108
TYPE: Holotype male genitalia and associated larval and pupal skins all on 1 slide (adult male
lost), Hermitage Dam (St. Andrew), Jamaica, elev. 1500 ft, epiphytic bromeliad, R.B. Hill and
C. McD. Hill (previously designated as allotype of hirsuta) [USNM].
Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta in part of Lane (1953:898-900); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:79);
Porter (1967:36).
Wyeomyia hirsuta in part of Hill and Hill (1946b:236; 1948:34); Thompson (1947:79).
Phoniomyia hirsuta in part of Hill and Hill (1946a:39-41; male, pupa, larva and all figures).
FEMALE. Insufficiently known.
MALE. No material in existence. Based upon description of Hill and Hill (1946a:
39), their male allotype of hirsuta (= corona) was essentially similar to the male of
true hirsuta in external characters.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 107). Described and figured from a single damaged
specimen, the head of clasper being greatly distorted. Similar to hirsuta but with
the following differences. Sidepiece: Length 3.0-3.5 times greatest width; apical
portion bent tergad only very slightly. Scales as well as short setae scattered on
lateral and sternal surfaces distad of insertion of tergal triad. Mesal Plate: Roughly
quadrangular. Clasper: Stem short, about 0.3 total length; internal thumblike pro-
cess poorly developed. Head as figured. Lobe M apically subdivided into 2 lobes:
a sternal lobe slightly shorter and narrowed apically, and a tergal lobe broader and
slightly emarginate apically; both lobes bearing characteristic patterns of short set-
ae at their apices. Lobe C a single large abruptly recurved arm, its tip attenuate
and with a subapical membranous recurved attenuate process; a small patch of
very short hairlike spicules on elbow. Lobe A apically expanded and cleft, bearing
at apex | rather thick pointed seta, 1 slender seta and a short fingerlike projection
laterally fringed from apex down into cleft. Phallosome: Aedeagus broader, width
probably about two-thirds length. Proctiger: Paraproct with apex little enlarged,
bearing several small apical teeth; setae apparently absent.
PUPA (fig. 107). Described from single pupal skin in poor condition, metano-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 219
tum missing. Chaetotaxy as figured; all hairs slightly longer than in hirsuta. Similar
to hirsuta except for the following. Cephalothorax: General pigmentation pale with
yellowish tint except for poorly defined pattern in light brown on mesonotum
and base of wing cases, as figured. Hairs lightly pigmented; hair 5-C barbed. Trum-
pet: Pigmented golden brown, slightly lighter at apex. Apparently flattened but
not laterally expanded, the margins roughly parallel and width of pinna subequal
to greatest width of meatus. Abdomen: General pigmentation pale with yellowish
tint except for poorly defined pattern in light brown on tergites II-I[V extending
to lateral margin on II but not on III and IV; pattern as figured. Sternites II-VII
with narrow light brown bands on anterior margin in middle. Paired brown inter-
segmental sclerites present following tergites II and III. Hairs slightly pigmented;
hair 2-II double and well laterad of hair 1; hair 2-III-VII relatively long and single;
more lateral (nearly in line with hairs 1 or 3) and anterior (at level or well cephalad
of hair 6) in position; 5-IV-VI barbed, 5-IV extending to about middle of second
following tergite and 5-V,VI to near posterior margin of second following tergite;
6-VII apparently ventral in position. Male Genital Lobe: Extending to just before
middle of paddle; posterolateral corner with small rugose digitiform lobe.
LARVA (fig. 108). Chaetotaxy as figured, variable. As described for hirsuta ex-
cept for the following. Body spicules much shorter, always simple and golden brown.
All hairs and basal tubercles moderately pigmented pale to medium golden brown.
Stellate hairs and basal tubercles much more strongly developed; hairs generally
longer and more strongly branched. Head: General pigmentation pale golden. Cap-
sule somewhat less depressed, lateral margin slightly rounded. Maxilla with the long
heavy subapical seta with 1-4 branches. Hair 4-C with 3-5 main branches and num-
erous fine shorter branches; 5-C single or double and with fine shorter branches;
6-C with 4-6 main branches and numerous fine shorter branches, more caudal in
position than in hirsuta; 7-C with 7-9 branches; 11-C with 7-10 branches; 12-C
heavy and with 4-7 branches; 14-C heavy and with 7-12 branches. Antenna: Hair
1-A double and inserted in apical 0.2-0.3. Thorax: Hair 4-P with 11-13 branches,
strongly barbed and somewhat less than half the length of 5-P; hair 5-P with 4-6
branches; 6-P triple; 7-P with 3 or 4 branches; 9-P,T double or triple; 9-M single;
14-M longer and with 5 or 6 branches. Abdomen: Hair 2-I-VII stellate and anterior,
at about level of spiracle and only slightly mesad of hair 1; hair 6-I,II with 7-10
branches; 6-VII 5-branched; 7-II-VI stellate; 8-VI stellate, well cephalad and slightly
ventrad of hair 9; hair 8-VII stellate and directly ventrad of hair 9. Segment VIII:
Comb scales about 25-40; generally shorter, longest comb scale about 0.10 mm
long and 2.0-3.0 as long as shortest scale; individual comb scales pigmented light
golden brown and less arched in side view; lateral fringe more readily visible but
still very faint. Hair 3-VIII multibranched. Siphon: Pigmented light golden brown.
Index 5.5-6.5. Siphonal hairs (1,la-S) conspicuously barbed, typically arranged as
follows: (1) a pair of long lateral hairs near base, (2) 9-12 long single hairs in a
more or less straight ventral line, (3) 9-12 shorter single hairs in an irregular double
dorsal line, and (4) 9-12 short multibranched hairs in subapical cluster. Anal Seg-
ment: Saddle pale golden brown; spicules on posterior margin longer, about 0.5
dorsal length of saddle. Hair 1-X usually 4-branched (3-5); hair 2-X usually 4-
branched (3 or 4); hair 3-X double; 4-X with 6-12 branches.
SYSTEMATICS. This species was confused with hirsuta by Hill and Hill in their
original description. Their allotype male was not conspecific with the holotype fe-
male of hirsuta. The male genitalia, pupal skin and larval skin of this specimen are
here designated as the holotype of corona in spite of the fact that the pinned adult
220 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
male has been lost. We are forced to take this action owing to the fact that no addi-
tional males of corona are known. For further discussion of the confusion between
corona and hirsuta, see the systematic discussion of the latter.
Although corona shows affinities with the Hirsuta Subgroup, especially atrata
in the larva and juxtahirsuta in the male genitalia as mentioned in the systematics
sections for those species, the similarities are largely due to retention of primitive
characters, except for the strong larval spiculation which is due to parallelism. Wye-
omyia corona is probably most closely related to stellata on the basis of common
possession of certain derived characters in all stages as given in the general discus-
sion of the Stellata Subgroup under the genus. However, corona has the following
derived characters not possessed by stellata, indicative of its relatively strong diver-
gence from its most closely related species. These are (1) male clasper lobes A and
M with distinct development and (2) larval siphon with apical cluster of short mul-
tiple hairs.
It is possible that 2 species are confused in our interpretation of corona. In 2
collections made at high elevations (1220 and 1228 m), consisting of larvae only,
the hairs are more strongly stellate than in the larvae from the other 2 collec-
tions which were made at lower elevations (150 and 380 m). Without males and
pupae from the higher elevations it is impossible to determine whether 2 distinct
species are involved.
The name corona refers to the crown of short multiple hairs on the larval siphon.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of corona have been collected in epiphytic brome-
liads (genus not recorded) at elevations of 150-1228 m. They were associated with
Wyeomyia (W.) vanduzeei, Aedes (H.) walkeri, Aedes (H.) stenei, Aedes (H.) aurites
and Aedes (H.) grabhami.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Known only from eastern half of island, well inland. Kingston and St. Andrew:
Hermitage Dam, R.B. Hill, 1 lpM [USNM]. Newcastle (677,678). St. Ann: Moneague and vicinity
(607,732).
Material Examined: 15 specimens; 1 male genitalia mount, 1 female, 11 larvae, 2 pupae; 2
individual rearings (1 larval, 1 pupal).
(
61. Wveomyia (W.) juxtahirsuta, n.sp.
Figs. 109,110
TYPE: Holotype male (JA 676-18), adult, genitalia and associated larval and pupal skins all
mounted on 3 slides, Reading, roadside near Five mile (St. James), Jamaica, elev. 30 m, epi-.
phytic bromeliad, 6 Nov 1966, O.G.W. Berlin and D. Watson [USNM].
FEMALE. Wing about 2.5 mm. Essentially as described for hirsuta.
MALE. Insufficiently known.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 109). As described for hirsuta except for the follow-
ing differences. Segment IX: Tergite lobes with 3 or 4 setae. Sidepiece: Apical
third bent slightly tergad, less than in hirsuta. Scales as well as short setae numer-
ous on lateral and sternal surfaces distad of insertion of tergal triad. Mesal Plate:
Quadrangular rather than crescent shaped. Clasper: Slightly longer than sidepiece.
Stem about 0.5 of total length. Head as figured. Lobe M longer, exceeding A and
E, apex less rounded and distribution of setae somewhat different. Lobe C a single
large abruptly recurved arm, its tip again recurved and pointed; many hairlike spic-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 221
ules on elbow and outer limb. Phallosome: Aedeagus broader, width about 0.5 of
length. Proctiger: Paraproct with apex little enlarged, bearing 3 or 4 teeth along
upper margin and 2 or 3 short setae.
PUPA (fig. 109). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; all hairs slightly
shorter than in hirsuta. As described for hirsuta except for the following differ-
ences. Cephalothorax: Clearly defined pattern of medium brown present on meso-
notum and extending forward in a sublateral stripe on each side. Trumpet: Lateral
expansion slightly less; width of pinna about 0.6-0.8 of greatest width of meatus.
Metanotum and Abdomen: Dorsum with clearly defined medium brown stripe from
anterior margin of metanotum to segment VI or VII, never broader than 0.3 of
width of segment and becoming narrower caudad. Paired medium brown interseg-
mental sclerites behind tergites II-IV included in the dorsal stripe on the tergites.
Sternites III-VI with narrow short brown bands on anterior margin in middle. Hair
1-I single or with a few branches; 2-IIJ-VII well mesad of all other hairs but as an-
terior as in hirsuta; 5-IV-VI relatively poorly developed, never longer than follow-
ing tergite. Male Genital Lobe: Extending to about 0.4 of paddle length; postero-
lateral corner less produced.
LARVA (fig. 110). Chaetotaxy as figured, variable. Very similar to hirsuta ex-
cept for the following. Entire body, except for head capsule, neck and narrow
intersegmental bands which are nude, covered with pale simple to dendritic spic-
ules which are shorter and more often simple; these spicules becoming simple and
very small or even absent middorsally and midventrally on thorax and abdomen.
Most hairs usually very slightly shorter and with fewer branches than in hirsuta.
Antenna: Hair 1-A with 4 or 5 branches and longer, about 0.7 length of antenna;
2-A about 0.5 length of antenna. Thorax: Hairs 1-P, 1,4,5-T without basal tuber-
cles. Hairs 4,5-P with thick thornlike barbs for most of their length; 4-P multi-
branched and shorter, less than a third of the length of 5-P; hair 5-P with 7-10
branches. Abdomen: Hair 2-I-VII at least double. Segment VIII: Comb scales 14-
20; somewhat shorter and less arched than in hirsuta but at least 0.10 mm long.
Siphon: Index 6.5-8.5; apex 0.30-0.45 of basal width, not as figured. Siphon with
8-10 dorsal hairs and 9 or 10 ventral hairs, as well as the single basolateral pair.
Anal Segment: Covered with simple spicules only. Hair 2-X occasionally single.
SYSTEMATICS. Wyeomyia juxtahirsuta is closely related to hirsuta and atrata
on the basis of characters given in the discussion of the Hirsuta Subgroup. The
_ immature stages are very similar to hirsuta; a condition that probably arose through
parallelism as is discussed under hirsuta. The male genitalia are clearly of a primi-
tive type: (1) clasper lobe C has a single recurved arm with a long inner limb (as
in corona and vanduzeei), (2) scales numerous on sidepiece and (3) proctiger of
moderate size with few setae (as in vanduzeei, luna, corona and stellata). Wyeomyia
juxtahirsuta is the least common species of the subgroup (at least in our limited
collections).
The name juxtahirsuta refers to the great similarity of the larva to that of hir-
suta, and to the utilization of the same bromeliad as a larval habitat.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages have been collected from epiphytic bromeliads
(Hohenbergia sp. in 1 lot) at elevations of from 30 to 600 m in association with
the same species as hirsuta.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Kingston and St. Andrew: Hermitage Dam Rd (723). St. Ann: Moneague and vi-
cinity (758,774). St. James: Reading (676). St. Thomas: Norris (653). Windsor Forest, rd to (650).
Material Examined: 23 specimens; 2 males, 1 female, 15 larvae, 5 pupae; 5 individual rearings
(1 larval, 2 pupal, 2 incomplete).
222 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta (Hill & Hill)
Figs. 96,111,112
1946. Phoniomyia hirsuta Hill and Hill, 1946a:39-41. TYPE: Holotype female with associated
larval and pupal skins, Hermitage Dam (St. Andrew), Jamaica, elev. 1500 ft., epiphytic
bromeliad, R.B. & C. McD. Hill [USNM].
Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta in part of Lane (1953:898-900); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:79);
Porter (1967:36).
Wyeomyia hirsuta in part of Hill and Hill (1946b:236; 1948:34); Thompson (1947:79).
Phoniomyia hirsuta of Hill and Hill (1945a:2), nomen nudum.
? Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) pampithes record from Jamaica of Lane (1953:988); Stone, Knight and
Starcke (1959:86); Porter (1967:40).
? Wyeomyia pampithes of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:35); Thompson (1947:79).
? Wyeomyia pertinans of Hill and Hill (1945a:2; 1948:35); Thompson (1947:79); Porter (1967:
40).
? Wyeomyia grayii of Theobald (1905a:39); Johnson (1919:422); Gowdey (1926:74).
FEMALE. Wing about 2.5 mm. Small species virtually indistinguishable from
atrata and juxtahirsuta; tarsi dark except for occasional faint white markings on
segments | and 2; apn covered with silvery scales with violet reflections; labium
white ventrally. Head: Covered with broad decumbent scales only; dark on disc of
vertex, silver-white on sides extending mesad in narrow line for variable distance
along orbital margin and in a small spot in center of vertex on anterior margin. In-
terorbital setae blackish. Interocular space, frons, torus and clypeus without scales,
yellow to dark brown and somewhat pruinose. Proboscis very slightly shorter than
forefemur; apex slightly enlarged. Labium dark scaled except for a ventral line of
white scales for most or all of its length. Palpus dark scaled, subequal to clypeus
and about 0.10 of proboscis; apparently 2 segmented, basal segment minute. An-
tenna about 0.7-0.8 of proboscis. Thorax: Mesonotum densely covered with mod-
erately broad dark scales except for a patch of whitish scales on anterior margin
‘in center and a line along lateral margin above paratergite and largely overlapping
it. Scutellum covered with scales concolorous with those on mesonotum but some-
what broader. Pleural chaetotaxy reduced; only following pale yellow bristles pres-
ent: apn (several), sp (1-3, occasionally absent), ppl (3-5), pra (3 or 4), lower stp
(1-3) and upper mep (6-11). Pleuron densely and uniformly covered with broad
_ silver-white scales except for the following: apn which is covered with silvery scales
with violet reflections; and anteroventral margin of stp, paratergite, meron and
metapleuron which are without scales. Postnotum rounded, keel poorly developed;
a small patch of several pale yellow hairs in center near posterior end; scales ab-
sent. Legs: Coxae and trochanters largely covered with silver-white scales. Fore-
femur dark scaled on anterior surface except for variable white scaled area at base;
posterior surface covered with white scales that usually extend over to anterior
surface in about the basal third from both dorsal and ventral edges. Mid and hind-
femora and all tibiae largely dark scaled on anterior surface and white scaled on
posterior surface. Tarsi dark scaled except for a faint variable line of white scales
on posterior surface of segments | to 2 or 3 which may be absent, especially on
hindtarsus. Tarsal claws small, subequal, simple. Wing: Scalation all dark. Plume
scales ligulate on branches of radius and media except near the apices of veins (as
in fig. 102). Haltere: Stem white; knob with ventral surface white scaled, dorsal
_ surface dark scaled. Abdomen: Tergites completely dark scaled; sternites complete-
Sera as
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 223
ly white scaled; line of demarcation between dark and light areas more or less
Straight.
MALE. Essentially as in female, usually somewhat smaller in size and with the
following differences. Midtarsus white on posterior surface for entire length; mid-
tarsal segments 4 and 5 proportionately slightly wider and shorter than in female,
with specialized setae and tufts of scales; midtarsal claws unequal, one minute, the
other enlarged, simple and strongly curved (as in fig. 102).
MALE GENITALIA (figs. 96 and 111). Segment VIII: Tergite with posterior
margin broadly emarginate, bordered with band of long setae; anterior to setae a
diagonal band of scales, shorter and broader than in nigritubus, from center of pos-
terior margin to middle of lateral margin. Sternite with single row of setae on pos-
terior margin behind a wide band of scales. Segment IX: Tergite lobe with single
row of 2 or 3 long thick pointed setae, subequal, or lateral setae shorter, apices
bent slightly laterad; interlobular bar rather short and slightly convex. Sternite poor-
ly developed, wider than long, well sclerotized only on lateral margin of posterior
projection. Sidepiece: Length 3.5-4.0 of greatest width; apical half bent tergad.
Three very long setae (tergal triad) inserted in closely placed tubercles on tergal
surface slightly less than 0.5 distance from base of sidepiece; 1 very long seta (long
lateral) inserted in tubercle on lateral surface about two-thirds distance from base,
always lost soon after eclosion. Lateral and sternal surfaces, distad of insertion
of tergal triad, with scattered short setae; scales absent or | or 2 on side near inser-
tion of long lateral seta. Mesal Plate: Roughly crescent-shaped, with scattered short
setae, highest point bearing 1 stout longer seta. Clasper: About 0.9 of sidepiece
length. Stem short, about 0.4 of total length, with internal thumblike process at
base. Head as figured; 4 lobes developed, a large median lobe (M) and 3 smaller
ones (A, E and C). Lobe M most sternal in position, with rows of very short setae
along sides and on apex. Lobe C an armlike projection from base of lobe M parallel
to clasper stem and extending to its base, the attenuate apex bent abruptly to side
and with short hairlike spicules; base of lobe C with a recurved pointed arm, some-
what shorter than apical arm. Lobe E a long fingerlike lobe arising near base of
lobe M and tergomesad of it; apex with cluster of very short setae; tergal margin
with membranous flap along full length and extending tergad. Lobe A a long rod-
like lobe arising at base of lobe E and tergomesad of it, with 2 short stout pointed
apically curved setae at apex and | short simple seta below the 2 hooked setae.
Phallosome: Aedeagus narrow, width about one-third length, widest point near mid-
dle; a pair of submedian tergal arms joined at midline forming a narrow median
tergal bridge; a pair of apical tergal arms bent towards each other but not joined;
and a membranous median sternal plate with a few lateral serrations at apex. Proct-
iger: In lateral view with basal rodlike sclerotization joined at right angle to base
of paraproct. Paraproct rodlike, with enlarged apex bearing 2 or 3 small teeth on
lateral corner and a dense tuft of about 25 short setae.
PUPA (fig. 111). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; variable as in most
species of Wyeomyia. Recognized by the distinctive brown pattern on the integu-
ment and the extremely flattened laterally expanded trumpet. Cephalothorax: Gen-
eral pigmentation very pale except for clearly defined pattern of uniform medium
to dark brown on the mesonotum from just anterior to attachment of trumpets to
posterior margin and laterally to bases of trumpets and wing cases. Hairs mostly
unpigmented; 1-C more anterior in position than in other tribes of Culicinae, very
long, invariably double and sigmoid; 5-C very long, always single and without barbs,
all other hairs weak and with 1-4 branches, except 8-C which is single and may be
224 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
moderately long. Trumpet: Small, extending only about to middorsal ridge. Pig-
mented medium brown, progressively slightly lighter towards apex. Tracheoid not
developed; entire surface with minute imbricate spicules. Greatly flattened and lat-
erally expanded in middle so that width of pinna is about 0.5 of greatest width of
meatus; appearing slightly sigmoid when viewed on edge. Pinna with small round-
ed opening; no suggestion of slit. Metanotum: Pigmentation very pale except for
center and along mesal half of anterior margin which is medium to dark brown.
Hairs unpigmented and relatively weak; 10,11-C usually single; 12-C double or trip-
le. Abdomen: General pigmentation very pale except for well-defined medium to
dark brown pattern consisting of a middorsal area on posterior half of I, all or all
but lateral margins of II and III, and a middorsal stripe becoming gradually nar-
rower and fainter on IV-V or VI. Sternites IV-VI with narrow brown bands on
anterior margin in middle. Paired medium to dark brown intersegmental sclerites
present in dorsal membrane following segments II,]II and often IV; these tend to
carry out pattern on tergites, being large.after IJ and III, and absent or small and
central after IV. Integument smooth except for very minute spicules on most sur-
faces. Hairs largely unpigmented. Hairs weak and single or with a few branches ex-
cept for following: 1-I a large dendritic float hair; 9-VII, VIII large subequal multi-
branched hairs characteristic of Sabethines; and 3,6-I,I], 3-IIJ, 5-IV-VI which tend
to be long and single. Hair 1-II multiple; 2-II single and just laterad of hair 1, hair
2-III-VII single and anterior in position (in line with or slightly posterior to hair 6
on III,[V and anterior to hair 6 on V-VII) and well mesad of hair 1; hair 5-I[V-VI
without barbs, 5-IV subequal to following tergite, 5-V,VI slightly longer than fol-
lowing tergite; 6-II posterior to hair 9 and at about level of hair 7, hair 6-III-VI at
level or cephalad of hair 9 and relatively short and single or double, 6-VII dorsal
and slightly mesad of hair 9; hair 9-VIII considerably shorter than paddle. Poster-
olateral corner of segment VIII smoothly rounded. Paddle: About twice as long as
segment VIII. Pigmentation very pale; midrib poorly developed; external buttress
not developed. Margins with single line of minute spicules from about middle to
apex on both sides. Index 2.0-2.5; tapered strongly only near apex, extreme tip
usually truncate. Hairs 1,2-P absent. Male Genital Lobe: Extending to about mid-
dle of paddle; posterolateral corner produced but not developed into digitiform
lobe.
LARVA (fig. 112). Chaetotaxy as figured, variable. Entire body, except for head
capsule, neck and narrow intersegmental bands, densely and more or less uniform-
ly covered with dendritic or sometimes simple spicules. All hairs, spicules and scler-
otized portions unpigmented to very pale golden. Head: General outline rounded;
without ocular bulge; length only slightly less than width, about 0.85-0.95; head
capsule strongly depressed so that anterior and lateral margins are sharp edged.
Labrum not distinct dorsally, with only a slight bulge at base of hair 1-C; mouth-
brushes dense, lateral filaments straight and inner filaments apically hooked. Mand-
ible and maxilla normal, not enlarged or adapted for predaceous feeding, the long
heavy subapical seta on maxilla single or double; mental plate with 1 large central
tooth and about 11-13 pairs of small lateral teeth; maxillary suture complete, ex-
tending straight forward from posterior tentorial pit which is on venter of capsule
distinctly removed from caudal margin. Collar absent; foramen magnum slitlike,
with conspicuous dorsolateral extension on each side. General pigmentation very
pale except for portions of mouthparts and edges of lateral part of foramen mag-
num. Hairs 0,3-C very small and ventral; 1-C relatively slender and bluntly point-
ed, inserted on anterior margin but characteristically bent ventrad; 4-7-C typically
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 225
with | or 2 main branches and numerous shorter fine branches; 4,6,7-C evenly
spaced along anterior margin in a straight line, 5-C well caudad; 11-C with 3-7
branches, rather heavy and inserted on small tubercle; 12-C with 2-4 branches; 13-
C usually in line with hairs 11 and 12; hair 14-C with 2-6 branches, never more
than 0.4 of head capsule length. Antenna: Short, about 0.25 of head capsule length,
without spicules. Hair 1-A double or triple, about 0.5 of antennal length and in-
serted in apical 0.1-0.2; hairs 2-6-A small and inconspicuous. Thorax: Densely and
uniformly (except on neck and narrow intersegmental bands) covered with dendri-
tic spicules about half as long as hair 1-M. Hairs 1,4,8-P, 8-M, 1,4,5,7,13-T all
with at least small basal tubercles; groups 9-12-P,M,T, 2,3-P, 5-7-P and 5,6-M with
common tubercles. Hairs with normal hairlike barbs or without barbs; 4-P evenly
barbed from near base and somewhat shorter than half the length of 5-P. Follow-
ing hairs tending to become multibranched and stellate: 0,1,4,8-P, 1,13-M, 1,4,5-
T. Hairs 7,9,10,12-P, 5,6,9,10,12-M, 9,10,12-T long and single or double; 5,6-P
long and with 3-7 branches; 7,13-T long and multibranched. Hair 11-P,M,T well
developed, with 2-5 thick rigid branches; 13-P absent; 14-P,M short and with few
branches. Abdomen: Densely and uniformly (except for narrow intersegmental
bands) covered with dendritic spicules about as long as hair 0. Hair 1-I-VII tend-
ing to be stellate; 2-I-VII relatively short and single or double, although often
multibranched and stellate on segments I,II, well caudad of spiracle and well mesad
of hair 1; hair 3-I-VII usually single and relatively long, especially on segments III-
V and VII; hair 4-I-VII variable but often single and never stellate; 5-I-VII tending
to be stellate; 6-I,[I long and with 6-9 branches, on common tubercle with 7-I,II; —
hair 6-III-VI very long and single, with basal tubercle; 6-VII much shorter and with
3 or 4 branches; 7-I,II moderately long and with 4-6 branches, 7-III-VI shorter
and multibranched, occasionally stellate, 7-VII single; 8-II-V small and with 1-4
branches, well cephalad of hair 9 and only slightly or not at all ventrad; 8-VI,VII
small and multibranched, usually directly ventrad of hair 9; hair 9-I-VII multi-
branched and strongly stellate; 10-I-VII, 12-II-VII of moderate length and single,
sometimes double; 11-I multibranched and stellate, 11-II-VII very short and with
1-3 branches; 13-I-VII multibranched and tending to be stellate. All stellate hairs
inserted on small basal tubercles. Segment VIIT: Comb scales 22-30, in a perfectly
straight line from just ventrad of hair 1 to just short of midventral line, the scales
progressively shorter ventrad, longest scales at least 0.10 mm long and 2.0-4.0 length
of shortest one; individual comb scales very pale golden, long, narrow and pointed,
with long bases, both base and especially spine strongly arched in side view; faint
lateral fringe present from base to apex, visible only under special light conditions
at high magnifications. Integumentary spiculation as on rest of abdomen except
that spicules tend to be shorter and simple behind the comb scales. Hair 1-VIII
tending to be stellate; 2,4-VIII moderately long and single; 3-VIII short and with
3-5 branches; 5-VIII long and double. Siphon: Index 6.0-8.0, sides parallel in about
basal half then tapering gradually in apical half to an apex 0.40-0.50 times as wide
as base, not as figured. Integument evenly covered with short simple spicules ex-
cept at apex. Siphonal hairs (1,1a-S) single or occasionally double and highly vari-
able both as to number and placement, usually not in pairs but typically arranged
as follows: (1) a pair of long lateral hairs near base, (2) 8-13 long hairs in an irreg-
ular ventral line, becoming shorter near apex, and (3) 9-12 shorter hairs in an ir-
regular dorsal line; 2-S thickened in middle, laterally compressed, and with a curved
and pointed tip, inserted on small distinct tubercle, not on body of siphon. Valves
small and colorless; hairs 6,9-S small and single; 8-S shorter than 2.0 width of apex
226 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
of siphon, single; median caudal filament not apparent. Anal Segment: Saddle not
clearly defined but incomplete, extending just ventrad of hair 1-X. Integument, in-
cluding saddle, covered with short simple spicules becoming long and heavy on
posterior margin of saddle, and long and dendritic ventrally. Hairs 1-3-X very long,
heavy and double; 4-X shorter and with 3-6 branches. Gills narrow, tapering; 2.0-
3.0 of dorsal saddle length, ventral pair somewhat shorter than dorsal.
SYSTEMATICS. Hill and Hill’s original description of hirsuta included 2 species.
The true hirsuta has to be interpreted on the basis of the holotype female. The
male allotype belongs. to a different species which we are describing here as co-
rona. Unfortunately all the figures in Hill and Hill’s original paper are based on
male specimens and are of corona and not hirsuta; these figures and the descrip-
tion of the male and larva in Lane (1953:898-900) are reproduced from Hill and
Hill and are also of corona.
Hill and Hill apparently suspected that they had 2 species in their material from
Fern Gully and Hermitage Dam and sent slides of male genitalia of both forms
and another slide of a pupal and larval skin of 1 of these to John Lane through
W.H.W. Komp (Hill and Hill, 1946a:39; 1948:34 [hirsuta], 35 [pampithes]). Lane
evidently recognized that 2 species were involved but obviously a misunderstand-
ing developed for at first Hill and Hill (1946a:39) stated that Lane “reported that
it [hirsuta] was a new species of Phoniomyia” and later (Hill and Hill, 1946b:236)
stated “Due to a misunderstanding the mosquito [hirsuta] was incorrectly placed
by us in the genus Phoniomyia. We have been informed by Dr. John Lane and by
Dr. Harry D. Pratt that the correct genus is Wyeomyia.” We believe that the mis-
understanding also involved the other species which Hill and Hill (1948:35) stated
was identified by John Lane from a genitalia mount as pampithes (Dyar & Nunez
Tovar, 1928). In the Hill and Hill material at the Institute of Jamaica we found a
slide of male genitalia and another of a larval skin labeled in pencil respectively
//Phon./pam/d 151// and //Phon./pam/Larva 151//. The species on both slides is
true hirsuta. The male genitalia slide may be the one seen by Lane in spite of the
fact that Hill and Hill (1948:35) state ““The larva was not saved and has not been
‘taken again’? for the identifying number (151) appears to be a general collection
number as it occurs also on a slide with a whole mount of mitchellii. The larval
skin of ‘Spam’? may have been subsequently discovered in the material mounted
from collection 151. In view of the condition of the male genitalia mount it is
- conceivable that Lane may have tentatively identified it as species near pampithes
or pampithes itself on the basis of the original description of Dyar and Nunez Tovar
for obviously he was uncertain about the identity of this species and later (Lane,
1953:988) described and figured as pampithes a species which in no way agrees
with the original description. We are therefore tentatively considering the “‘pam-
pithes” from Jamaica to be the male of hirsuta.
We are also tentatively assigning to hirsuta the records of pertinans and grayii
from Jamaica as listed in the taxonomic references above. These records are all
based on dark legged specimens collected by Grabham and originally identified as
grayii by Theobald and later assigned to pertinans following the currently accepted
synonymy of the 2 nominal species. The species has not been identified by subse-
quent workers and Grabham’s material is lost. It obviously belongs to the dark leg-
ged forms of the Hirsuta Subgroup which are indistinguishable on external adult
characters. We have chosen to assign these records to hirsuta because it is the most
common species.
Wyeomyia hirsuta is the dominant, most highly derived species in the Hirsuta
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 227
Group, exhibiting the largest number of advanced characters (considering vanduzeei-
like characters to be primitive) such as (1) adult with apn all silvery-violet, tarsi of
female all dark (all shared with atrata and juxtahirsuta), (2) male genitalia with
scales on sidepiece greatly reduced or absent, proctiger large and with numerous
setae, clasper lobes greatly simplified, lobe C with 2 arms (all shared with atrata),
(3) pupa with dark distinctive pattern, trumpet laterally expanded (both shared with
juxtahirsuta), (4) larva with sclerotized parts very poorly pigmented, body spicules
long and strongly dendritic, comb scales long and arched (all shared with juxtahir-
suta). Wyeomyia hirsuta is probably most closely related to atrata since it is diffi-
cult to see how the unique and very similar male genitalia in the 2 forms could be
due to anything other than common ancestry, while the similarities of the imma-
ture stages of hirsuta and juxtahirsuta, although great, are not unique and could
conceivably have arisen through parallelism. These 3 closely related species of the
Hirsuta Subgroup are largely or completely sympatric and although in the case of
hirsuta and atrata there is apparently an ecological barrier (they apparently breed
in different bromeliads), in the case of hirsuta and juxtahirsuta it is difficult to see
how they can successfully compete since they are both found in Hohenbergia and,
in 4 collections, the same plant. A possible explanation is that they exploit differ-
ent microhabitats in the same bromeliad. Hohenbergia are large bromeliads with a
central tank containing a large amount of relatively clear water and smaller amounts
of muddy water in the lower (outer) leaf axils.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of hirsuta have been collected from epiphytic
bromeliads (Hohenbergia sp. in 3 iots, H. pendiflora in 1 lot) except for a single
collection from Heliconia flower bracts, at elevations from 30 to 600 m. Almost
always found in association (same bromeliad, but see above under systematics)
with hirsuta were Aedes (H.) walkeri, Aedes (H.) stenei or Aedes (H.) grabhami;
often other species of Wyeomyia (mitchellii, juxtahirsuta or stellata); and less often
Culex (Micr.) arawak and Culex (C.) corniger.
A few adult females belonging to the Hirsuta Subgroup and probably hirsuta it-
self have been taken in biting-landing collections (man), but it is not known if they
were actually biting.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Relatively widespread in inland parts of the island. Kingston and St. Andrew:
Castleton, 2 mi S of (645). Hermitage Dam Rd (723,725). Mount Salus (779,846). Temple Hall
(646). Manchester: Hope Farm (663A,684). Melrose Hill (655). Portland: Devils Elbow (920).
Ecclesdown (748). Sherwood Forest (706). St. Ann: Fern Gully (931); R.B. Hill, 1 M, 1 L [JAM].
Moneague and vicinity (377,758,763,767,772,774). St. James: Reading (670,671 ,674,676). St.
Mary: Castleton Botanical Gardens (664). St. Thomas: Windsor Forest, rd to (651).
Material Examined: 191 specimens; 15 males, 31 females, 101 larvae, 44 pupae; 41 individual
rearings (12 larval, 23 pupal, 6 incomplete).
63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata, n.sp.
Figs. 113,114
TYPES: Holotype male (JA 740-10), adult, genitalia and associated larval and pupal skins all
mounted on 3 slides, Dunns River (St. Ann), Jamaica, 100 yd above falls, elev. 20 m, epiphytic
bromeliad (Tillandsia), 20 Aug 1967, J.N. Belkin and W.A. Page [USNM]. Allotype female (JA
740-101) with associated pupal skin mounted on 1 slide, same data as holotype [USNM]. Para-
types: 2 pF (JA 740-100,102), 5 larvae (JA 740-1), same data as holotype [UCLA].
228 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
FEMALE. Wing about 2.4 mm. Essentially as described for hirsuta.
MALE. Insufficiently known.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 113). Essentially as described for hirsuta except for
following differences. Sidepiece: Slightly broader, length 3.0-3.5 of greatest width.
Clasper: Stem slightly longer, about 0.5 total length. Lobe C with apical arm short-
er, not reaching to base of stem, apex straight and pointed, not bent to side; basal
recurved arm longer than apical arm. Phallosome: Aedeagus broader, width about
0.5 of length. Proctiger: Setae at apex of paraproct somewhat longer and more
numerous.
PUPA (fig. 113). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. As described for
hirsuta except for the following. Cephalothorax: General pigmentation pale with
yellowish tint except for poorly defined mottled pattern in pale golden brown (as
figured) on mesonotum, pleural areas and base of wing cases. Hairs lightly pigment-
ed. Trumpet: Pigmented golden brown. Greatly flattened but not laterally expand-
ed, the margins roughly parallel, width of pinna subequal to greatest width. Meta-
notum and Abdomen: General pigmentation pale with yellowish tint except for
poorly defined mottled pattern in light golden brown (as figured) on metanotum
and all tergites, progressively lighter and less extensive caudad, extending to lateral
margins on tergites I-III or IV but not on other tergites. Sternites II-VII with nar-
row light brown bands on anterior margin in middle. Paired light to medium brown
intersegmental sclerites caudad of tergites II-IV or V; more or less round and pro-
gressively slightly smaller caudad. Hairs lightly pigmented; hair 12-C single or doub-
le; 2-II cephalad and typically mesad of hair 1; hair 2-III-VII well mesad of other
hairs and cephalad of hair 6 at least on segments V-VII; hair 5-III subequal to 3-III.
Paddle: Pigmentation pale with yellowish tint. Male Genital Lobe: Extending to
about 0.4 of paddle.
LARVA (fig. 114). Chaetotaxy as figured, variable. Very similar to hirsuta ex-
cept for the following. Body spicules much shorter, more often single and dark
brown. All hairs and sclerotized portions moderately pigmented pale to medium
golden brown. Head: General pigmentation pale golden. Hair 7-C with 3-5 main
branches and numerous shorter branches; 11-C with 8-17 branches. Antenna: Hair
1-A with 3-5 branches and longer, about 0.7 length of antenna; 2-A about 0.5
length of antenna. Thorax: Hairs 1,4,5-T without basal tubercles. Stellate hairs
poorly developed, only 1,4,8-P, 1,4-T with slight tendency to be stellate. Hair 5-P
with 7-10 branches; 6-P with 2-4 branches; 7-P double or triple; 9-P,M,T double
or triple. Abdomen: Hair 2-I-VII short, with 2-5 branches, 6-VII with 2-4 branches.
Stellate hairs more poorly developed. Segment VIII: Comb scales 22-39; longest
scale less than 0.10 mm long and only about 2.0 length of shortest scale; individual
comb scales moderately pigmented golden brown and only slightly arched in side
view; lateral fringe more readily visible but still very faint. Siphon: Pigmented light
golden brown. Index 5.0-6.5; apex 0.50-0.60 width of base. Siphonal hairs (1,1a-S)
more often double than in hirsuta and occasionally barbed, 6-9 dorsal, 5-9 ventral,
and usual single basolateral pair. Anal Segment: Saddle well defined, pigmented
dark golden brown. Hair 1-X with 3-6 branches; 2-X with 2-4 branches; 3-X double
or triple; 4-X with 5-9 branches.
SYSTEMATICS. On the basis of the male genitalia atrata is probably most close-
ly related to hirsuta, as is discussed under that species. Both the larva and the pupa
show primitive characters such as (1) larva with sclerotized parts well pigmented,
body spicules relatively short and seldom dendritic, comb scales relatively short
and little arched, (2) pupa with diffuse pattern on much of dorsum, trumpet not
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica La?
laterally expanded (all shared with corona and in part with vanduzeei).
The specific name refers to the dark spiculation of the larva.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of atrata are known from epiphytic brome-
liads (Tillandsia sp. in 2 lots) at elevations from 76 to 760 m, always in association
with Aedes (H.) walkeri, less often with Aedes (H.) grabhami, Aedes (H.) stenei,
and Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii. ,
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Hanover: Lethe (665,667). Kingston and St. Andrew: Hermitage Dam Rd (116,
724,843,856). Irish Town (683). Newcastle, 14-15 mi from Kingston on rd to (648). St. Ann:
Dunns River (740). St, Catherine: Harkers Hall (821). St. James: Reading (675). Westmoreland:
Petersville (787).
Material Examined: 68 specimens; 3 males, 7 females, 48 larvae, 10 pupae; 10 individual rear-
ings (3 larval, 7 pupal).
64. Wyeomyia (W.) sp., Jamaican form B
FEMALE. Wing 2.5 mm. Essentially as described for hirsuta except for the fol-
lowing. Labium with only a narrow ventral line of white scales from base to about
0.8. Hindtarsus with short streaks of white scales at base of all segments on pos-
terior surface.
MALE, PUPA and LARVA. Unknown.
SYSTEMATICS. This form, known only from 3 adult females, resembles closely
females of the Hirsuta Subgroup except in the white hindtarsal markings, and is
tentatively placed in that subgroup. Form B may be an aberrant form of any of
the 3 known species of the Hirsuta Subgroup or a new species in that subgroup.
It is also possible that it is the unknown female of corona.
BIONOMICS. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Endemic to Jamaica.
JAMAICA. St Ann: Runaway Bay, Feb 1969, W.W. Wirth, 3 F [USNM].
Material Examined: 3 females only.
GENUS LIMATUS
Adults of this genus have the spiracular bristles replaced by scales and the meso-
notal scales with striking brilliant golden, blue and violet sheen in some areas when
viewed from certain angles. The larvae resemble Wyeomyia but have head hairs 1-
C set close together, the distance separating them being less than 0.2 of the anten-
nal length. The pupae are also very similar to Wyeomyia but perhaps may be dis-
tinguished by the features given in the key.
Until recently the genus was known from the Antilles by 1 male, | larva and 1
pupa of hoffmani described from Haiti and not known elsewhere. In August 1968,
R.H. Hochman collected 2 females on the northern slope of Jamaica that we are
provisionally assigning to hoffmani. We have also 1 female from Guadeloupe which
appears to be different from hoffmani and may represent another species endemic
to the Antilles.
230 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
65. Limatus hoffmani Root
1927. Limatus hoffmani Root, 1927:465-469. TYPE: Lectotype male with slides of genitalia
and associated pupal skin, Riviere Froide, west of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 14 Oct 1924
[USNM; Root did not designate a holotype and included a whole larva in the type ser-
ies; therefore the PRESENT DESIGNATION of lectotype is made].
Limatus hoffmani of Dyar (1928:25-26); Lane and Cerqueira (1942:654-655); Lane (1953:1050);
Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:91); Porter (1967:37).
FEMALE. Wing about 2.5 mm. Small species with some mesonotal scales with
brilliant metallic golden and violet to blue sheen when viewed from certain angles,
spiracular bristles replaced by scales, legs without paddles. Head: Decumbent scales
of vertex all dark and with deep blue sheen except for small median anterior gold-
en patch; sides with very large patch of silvery scales. Labium entirely dark scaled.
Thorax: Mesonotal scales all broad, basically bronzy or dark coppery but with
brilliant metallic sheen when viewed from certain angles in the following areas:
(1) dark violet to deep blue in a restricted patch in fossa and a larger darker patch
in front and above wing root, (2) dark golden in front part of disc largely between
dorsocentral areas, at scutal angle, scutal suture and continued on prescutellar line,
and in front of scutellum including most of prescutellar area and posterior part
of supraalar area; mesonotal bristles restricted to anterior promontory, humeral
angle, supraalars and 1 or 2 very short posterior prescutellars; paratergite appar-
ently with a few golden scales along external margin. Scutellar lobes with broad
bronzy scales. Postnotum flattened and with broad median keel and a narrower
sublateral keel in upper.part; at end of this area a median patch of about 10-12
light golden hairs preceded by about an equal number of broad light golden scales,
sometimes 1 or more similar scales below the hairs. Pleuron almost completely cov-
ered by broad scales except metapleuron which is bare, scales golden on upper part
including apn, ppn, sp, psp, ssp and pra, distinctly silvery on ppl, stp and mep,
pleural bristles restricted to apn, lower stp, pra and upper mep; sp bristles replaced
‘by scales. Legs: Coxae and trochanters with silvery scales. Remainder of legs dark
except for usual pale surfaces of femora and lower surfaces of all tibiae and at
least base of all tarsal segments 1; pale scaling appearing white to silvery in some
aspects. Claws of foreleg and midleg paired, all simple; hindleg with only | minute
claw. Wing: Dorsal vein scales all dark; plume scales all very broad except on Rs
and M proximad of r-m. Haltere: Stem entirely pale; knob dark scaled. Abdomen:
Tergite I with pale yellowish to whitish scales except for a few small dark scales
basally. Tergites II-VII predominantly dark scaled, sides with continuous broad
line of pale yellowish to whitish scales on II-VII, with even tergal border in 1 spec-
imen, but slightly produced tergally on apex of segments IV-VI on one side of the
other specimen. Sternites pale scaled, somewhat whiter distally.
MALE. Unknown for Jamaican population. The type specimen is said to have
“the abdominal colors incised...the proboscis...sharply bent at a little less than
half its length and the terminal portion...only slightly arched and swollen. Both
the basal portion of the proboscis and the middle of the terminal portion are of
about the same dull golden tint. At the bend is a fairly extensive black-scaled area,
including a patch of black scales which project ventrally. Just before the tip is a
much smaller black-scaled area in the form of an obliquely-placed ring. Ventrally,
just beyond the bend, is a small oval patch of blue scales, entirely within the black
area at the bend.” (Root, 1927:466.)
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 231
MALE GENITALIA. Unknown for Jamaican population. Stated to be intermed-
iate between asulleptus and durhamii for the type by Root (1927:466,468). Ap-
parently distinct from all other species of the genus in the presence of | tuft of
long setae on the sidepiece.
PUPA and LARVA. Unknown for Jamaican population. Indistinguishable from
durhamii according to Root (1927:469). Presumably with the generic characters
as given here in the keys.
SYSTEMATICS. The assignment of she Jamaican population to hoffmani is pro-
visional as our material consists of 2 females and topotypic hoffmani is known
only by 1 male, 1 larva and 1 pupal skin. However, it seems probable that the
populations from Haiti and Jamaica are conspecific. The Jamaican females appear
to be intermediate in some respects between durhamii (Theobald, 1901) and asul-
leptus (Theobald, 1903) but they are distinct from these and all other known
species of Limatus in several features as indicated in the description and particu-
larly in the color of the hairs and scales of the postnotum.
BIONOMICS. The only recorded data on the bionomics of topotypic hoffmani
is that the larvae were “‘taken ona hillside’. The females from Jamaica were taken
biting the collector.
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Haiti and Jamaica.
JAMAICA. St. Ann: Fern Gully (930). St. Mary: Castleton, 5 mi N on A3 road (956).
Material Examined: 2 females.
TRIBE TOXORHYNCHITINI
GENUS TOXORHYNCHITES
The very large showy adults of the tribe Toxorhynchitini are readily recognized
from all other Culicidae by the attenuate caudally recurved distal part of the pro-
boscis. The monstrous larvae and pupae are also easily told from other tribes by
the diagnostic characters mentioned in the key. Joxorhynchites, the only genus
recognized, is amazingly similar in all stages throughout its nearly worldwide dis-
tribution and great difficulty is experienced in identifying species. New World spec-
ies have been diagnosed largely on the basis of light markings of the tarsi, which
frequently differ in the 2 sexes and are not always reliable. The metallic colora-
tion of the thoracic scales shows considerable differences among species but is
subject to some variation and is difficult to describe accurately owing to marked
changes in color depending on the angle of observation. Few specific differences
have been noted in the male genitalia. To date no reliable characters have been
found to separate any of the species of a group in the larval and pupal stages but
it is apparent that some subtle group characters are present.
In Jamaica there is apparently only 1 variable species present. It is retained here
as a local population of portoricensis but as indicated in the discussion of the spec-
ies below, the status of this species is questionable. We have provided keys in all
stages to separate portoricensis from 2 other species reported from adjacent islands.
Toxorhynchites superbus (Dyar & Knab, 1906) is the name applied provisionally
to the species reported from Cuba. Toxorhynchites guadeloupensis (Dyar & Knab,
1906) is known definitely only from the northern Lesser Antilles but may also be
present in Puerto Rico; records of this species from elsewhere are erroneous. Both
species are bromeliad breeders whereas portoricensis breeds in treeholes and bam-
232 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
boo stumps.
The larvae of Toxorhynchites are predaceous on the immature stages of other
container-breeding species of mosquitoes and the females are incapable of taking
blood. Unsuccessful attempts have been made in the past to use species of Toxo-
rhynchites in biological control of disease vectors or pest mosquitoes. Insular spec-
ies of Toxorhynchites appear to have very low population densities that are ad-
justed to their host species density and are particularly unsuited for biological
control.
KEYS TO SPECIES
ADULTS
1. Abdominal segment VII with red lateral scale tufts (Cuba; bromeliad breeder)
. superbus
Abdominal segment VII without any indication of red lateral scale tufts. JZ
2(1). Hindtarsal segment 4 with a complete white ring occupying nearly the en-
tire segment; pleural scaling (other than apn and ppn) dingy silver .
. 66. portoricensis
Hindtarsal segment 4 without such a . white ihe: pleural scaling distinctly light
golden (Lesser Antilles; bromeliad breeder). . . . . . guadeloupensis
PUPAE
1. Apex of paddle broadly truncate. . . . . 66. portoricensis
Apex of paddle broadly rounded (bromeliad breeders). Linde tas ts HE a chk
2(1). Abdominal hair 6-V very short; trumpet brown, much. darker than cephalo-
thoracic integument (Lesser Antilles) . . . . guadeloupensis
Abdominal hair 6-V very long, subequal to 6-VI- trumpet yellow, lighter
than cephalothoracic integument (Cuba). . .. . oe os Spero.
~ LARVAE
1. Ventral brush usually with 10, rarely 9, pairs of hairs; siphon short, index
usually less than 2.5. . . . . 66. portoricensis
Ventral brush usually with only g pairs of hepa siphon larger, index at least
tO AG CO a ee
2(1). Siphonal hair 1-S usually with 6 or more thin branches (Lesser Antilles) .
ea a aR ES a ee Co Sa Ce ie ete laa guadeloupensis
Siphonal hair 1-S usually with 4 heavy branches(Cuba) . . . . . superbus
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 233
66. Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis (von Réder)
Figs. 115,116
1885. Megarrhina portoricensis von Roder, 1885:337-338. TYPE: Holotype male, unspecified
locality in Puerto Rico [apparently lost].
1906. Megarhinus haitiensis Dyar and Knab, 1906d:253-254. TYPE: Holotype female (134.1)
with associated larval and pupal skins, San Francisco Mts, Santo Domingo [Dominican
Republic], Sept 1905, A. Busck [USNM, 9955]. Synonymy with portoricensis by How-
ard, Dyar and Knab (1917:959).
Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) portoricensis of Lane (1953:128-129, in part); Perez Vigueras (1956:
487-493); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:60, in part); Montchadsky and Garcia (1966:34,
in part); Porter (1967:36).
Megarhinus portoricensis of Theobald (1901a:232-233; 1905b:13; 1907:129; 1910:93; all in part);
Coquillett (1906b:14); Dyar and Knab (1906d:245); Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:958-
962); Root (1927:465); Dyar (1928:408-409); Edwards (1932:60); Tulloch (1937:151); Hill
and Hill (1945a:3; 1948:39); Thompson (1947:49); Vargas (1953:28-31, in part).
FEMALE. Wing about 6.5-7.5 mm. A very large, brilliantly colored species with
distal part of proboscis attenuate and recurved caudad; scaling all broad, flat and
very dense; setae reduced. Head: Decumbent scales dark except for patch of light
ones laterally, appearing dark bronzy to coppery from the front; an indefinite pale
ocular border connected to light lateral patch. Labium dark bronzy with blue to
violet reflections when viewed from different aspects. Palpus extending to about
beginning of strong curvature of labium; apical segment blunt, about 0.5 of pre-
apical; color dark bronzy with violet, blue or rarely green reflections except for
narrowly pale apex of last 3 segments. Thorax: Mesonotal scales predominantly
dark bronzy but some of these scales appearing dark coppery in some aspects; a
conspicuous narrow acrostichal line of moderately dark greenish blue scales and
some scattered similar scales in prescutellar space, a broad even lateral line of light-
er greenish blue scales joining acrostichal line in front, involving apn, ppn and ex-
tending to supraalar bristles where scales are usually reddish purple when viewed
from the front. Scutellum with dense vestiture of similar greenish blue scales ex-
cept for lateral patch of light scales. Paratergite bare. Lower part of ppn with pale
scales; ppl, pst, most of stp and mep with dense vestiture of dingy silvery scales.
Legs: Coxae and trochanters with dingy silvery scales as on lower part of pleuron.
Remainder of legs dark with deep blue, purple or deep violet reflections except
for (1) lower surfaces of femora which are light (extensively at base), (2) small light
Knee spots on all femora, (3) inconspicuous dingy pale scales on anterior surface
of segment 2 of midtarsus in most specimens, and (4) segment 4 of hindtarsus
conspicuously white on all surfaces (exclusive of extreme apex). Wing: Dorsal scales
all dark with deep blue to violet reflections. Haltere: Stem pale, knob dark scaled.
Abdomen: Laterotergite densely covered with dingy silvery scales as on lower part
of pleuron. Tergites I-VIII entirely dark with deep blue to purple or deep violet
reflections except for very narrow lateral pale lines. Sternites predominantly with
dingy silvery to light golden scales.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in color except that midtarsal segment 2
lacks the anterior pale scales and posterior surface of most of hindtibia and base of
hindtarsal segment 1 with elongate narrow golden scales. Palpal segment 5 pointed,
without apical pale scales, about 1.7 of segment 4. Antennal flagellum very strong-
234 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ly plumose; flagellar segment 1 much longer than in female and with many more
scales which are dark except along lower inner margin of segment. Claws of fore-
leg and midleg enlarged, larger claws toothed.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 115). As figured; without obvious distinctive features,
not studied in detail; in general very similar to rutilus and septentrionalis as des-
cribed by Carpenter and LaCasse (1956:59-60). Clasper very long and slender, its
spiniform long.
PUPA (fig. 115). Extremely large; rather uniformly heavily pigmented. Chaeto-
taxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently very similar to rutilus and sep-
tentrionalis and other treehole breeding species of the subgenus Lynchiella. Trum-
pet moderately long, uniformly pigmented. Abdominal chaetotaxy variable; hair
6-VI very long, subequal to 5-VI; hairs 6-II-V usually all short but 6-V variable,
rarely (JA 623-10) as long as 6-VI. Paddle distinctly broadly truncate apically; hairs
absent. Cercal lobe with well developed hair 1-X.
LARVA (fig. 116). Extremely large; purplish or reddish in life. Chaetotaxy as
figured, not studied in detail; apparently quite variable but very similar to rutilus
and septentrionalis, other treehole breeding species of the subgenus Lynchiella,
and even to Old World species of subgenus Toxorhynchites. Head: Rectangular in
outline; heavily pigmented. Mouthbrushes composed of about 10 broad flattened
curved simple filaments. Antenna: Short, slender and without spicules. Thorax:
Most hairs on large common plates as figured. Abdomen: Segment I with 4 pairs
of plates from which most hairs arise; segments II-VII with 3 pairs of such plates.
Segment VIII: Comb scales absent; large sclerotized plate bearing hairs 2-5. Siphon:
Heavily pigmented. Variable in length and index, usually shorter and broader than
figured. Pecten absent. Hair 1-S near base, sometimes on a conspicuous tubercle.
Anal Segment: Saddle complete, heavily pigmented; lateral portion of caudal mar-
gin with conspicuous spicules, those dorsad of hair 1-X markedly differentiated
into short and long ones, those ventrad varied in length. Hair 1-X on caudal mar-
gin; single, strongly barbed. Ventral brush with 9 or 10 pairs of single strongly
fringed hairs.
SYSTEMATICS. The Jamaican species of Toxorhynchites belongs to portoricen-
sis as currently interpreted but this may be a complex rather than 1 species. The
conspecificity of the Jamaican population with portoricensis itself is questionable
and tentative only because of lack of specimens of the complex from critical areas
and because even the supposed diagnostic feature of the portoricensis complex
(white markings confined to hindtarsal segment 4 in both sexes) does not hold
for some populations, including the Jamaican.
The female of true portoricensis has apparently never been collected and the
only 2 males reported in the literature are apparently lost, the unique specimen
(not 2 as indicated by Belkin, 1968b:34) from which von Réder described the
species and the specimen mentioned by Tulloch (1937:151). In the original des-
cription of portoricensis the mesonotal and scutellar scales are stated to be green-
ish gold. This is markedly different from the condition in most other populations
of the complex but may be in error because of the partially denuded condition
of the specimen. The only material of the complex we have seen from Puerto Rico
is 1 larva [USNM] on which the other record in Tulloch’s account is apparently
based. This larva agrees with the material we have from Jamaica but this is not
significant since our larvae cannot be differentiated even from septentrionalis as
well as many other treehole breeding New World Toxorhynchites. There is a pos-
sibility that 2 species of Joxorhynchites occur on Puerto Rico as Tulloch men-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 235
tions the larval habitat of portoricensis as bromeliads as well as treeholes. Such is
the case on Montserrat, a much smaller island than Puerto Rico, where a form of
portoricensis breeds in treeholes and guadeloupensis (Dyar & Knab, 1906) in brome-
liads. The Puerto Rican larva we have examined cannot be guadeloupensis because
of the markedly shorter siphon and is therefore presumed to be true portoricensis
from a treehole. Von Roéder’s portoricensis cannot be the same species as guade-
loupensis because the male of the latter does not have hindtarsal segment 4 nearly
completely white. Early workers reported the more northern U.S.A. form, septen-
trionalis (Dyar & Knab, 1906) of the rutilus (Coquillett, 1906) complex, as por-
toricensis because of the restricted tarsal markings of the male. Although there is
a great deal of general similarity in mesonotal markings between the portoricensis
and rutilus complexes, the adults from Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Re-
public) and Montserrat we have seen can be readily separated from the rutilus com-
plex and it seems very likely that this would also be the case with true portoricensis.
The present concept of portoricensis is based on the Hispaniola population, des-
cribed as haitiensis by Dyar and Knab from the Dominican Republic and synony-
mized with portoricensis by Howard, Dyar and Knab (1917:959). We have seen
all the original topotypic material of haitiensis, including the only female, as well
as another female (legs broken) from Haiti. The former female has midtarsal seg-
ment 2 marked with dingy white scales on the anterior surface as in most Jamai-
can specimens. This feature was overlooked in the original description and all sub-
sequent redescriptions of this specimen.
Most adults of the Jamaican population have a much darker mesonotal scaling
than any other population we have seen, showing a much narrower median light
line and no blue scales in the fossal area when viewed from the side. However,
the only specimen, a female, we have from northern Jamaica (JA 924-12) does
have some light scales on the fossa above the light lateral border as well as in the
caudal part of the disc, approaching in this respect the haitiensis population, in
which however there are more numerous moderately dark greenish blue scales in
the fossa and lighter more coppery scales in the prescutellar area and on the scu-
tellum. Most Jamaican females, including the one from the northern slope, have a
long line of dingy light scales on anterior surface of midtarsal segment 2 as in the
_haitiensis female mentioned above. The larvae of the Jamaican population show no
significant differences from haitiensis and exhibit considerable variation in the si-
phon and chaetotaxy. Two of the Jamaican larvae have the siphon similar to the
Puerto Rican specimen; in the majority the siphon is shorter, as in haitiensis. As
noted above, there is considerable variation in the chaetotaxy of Jamaican pupae.
Of the Montserrat population we have only | male (MNT 17-10) with associ-
ated larval and pupal skins reared from a treehole. The ornamentation of the adult
is similar to haitiensis; the larval siphon is similar to the Puerto Rican specimen
and the longer-siphoned Jamaican specimens; the pupa is indistinguishable from
the Jamaican population.
Final resolution of the portoricensis complex must await discovery of adults
(particularly females) from Puerto Rico and restudy of all the available material.
In view of the above facts, it appears possible that only | species is involved, with
small relict populations showing considerable differentiation as well as a great deal
of individual variation.
The portoricensis complex is definitely known at present only from the islands
of Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Cuba. We have seen no ma-
terial from Cuba but the description under this name in Perez Vigueras (1956:
236 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
487-493) conforms well with portoricensis as interpreted here; however, Montchad-
sky and Garcia (1966:34) report it from bromeliads as well as treeholes in Cuba
and it is possible that 2 species may be confused under this name on the island.
Other records of portoricensis are probably erroneous. We have an undescribed
form from Grenada (GR 31,51,111) which could be mistaken for portoricensis on
the basis of tarsal markings but it differs in the more restricted white scaling on
hindtarsal segment 4, greenish gold light markings of the mesonotum, and distinct-
ly different larva and pupa; it has been found breeding in bromeliads and fallen
fruits. This could be the species reported as portoricensis from Venezuela (Stone,
Knight and Starcke, 1959:60) and from St. Vincent (Williston, 1896:270).
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of this predaceous species have been found
in Jamaica only in large treeholes, such as occur in old mangos, yokewood and bal-
sam cedar. The water is typically reddish brown and may be clear or turbid and
with organic sediment at the bottom. The immature stages are frequently found
in a solitary state, the larvae having consumed their prey or siblings. The more
common associates of portoricensis appear to be Orthopodomyia waverleyi and
Corethrella appendiculata, and the less common Haemagogus equinus, Aedes (F.)
mediovittatus and Aedes (S.) aegypti.
Both sexes fly during the day and because of their large size and striking appear-
ance attract the attention of even general collectors. The species appears to be
uncommon.
DISTRIBUTION. Puerto Rico (type locality), Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and
Montserrat; other records apparently erroneous.
JAMAICA. Probably widespread over the island; our collections were all at elevations of more
than 100 m. Kingston and St. Andrew: Constant Spring (697-699). Hermitage Dam Rd (118,
285,332,394,623). Long Mt., 4 Jan 1959, T.H. Farr; 23 Oct 1955, D. Gregory; 21 Nov 1955,
T.H. Farr, 3 M [JAM]. Manchester: Hope Farm (634,663). Portland: Port Antonio (924). Parish
and Locality not Specified: 2 F, R.B. Hill [USNM].
Material Examined: 41 specimens; 8 males, 9 females, 11 larvae, 13 pupae; 12 individual rear-
ings (8 larval, 4 pupal).
¢
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 237
SUBFAMILY CHAOBORINAE
The Carnivorous and Phantom Midges
The adults of the Chaoborinae are small midgelike species with short mouth-
parts, bristly thorax, legs and abdomen, and hairy wings. The venation is essen-
tially as in the true mosquitoes of the subfamily Culicinae and scales are always
present in the fringe of the wings and sometimes on the veins and legs. The larvae
are all predaceous and have prehensile antennae and no distinct mouthbrushes of
the type found in the Culicinae. The pupae are extremely varied in structure in
the different tribes and some superficially resemble those of the Ceratopogonidae
and Chironomidae. The chaetotaxy of the immature stages is essentially similar to
that of the other subfamilies of the Culicidae. For this reason and because of the
basic similarity of the morphology of the adults we are following Edwards (1932),
Lane (1953) and Belkin (1962:536) in treating this miscellaneous assemblage of
forms as a subfamily of the Culicidae. Some recent workers have elevated the group
to family rank (Stone, 1957, 1966; Cook, 1965).
The Chaoborinae are very poorly known at the present time in the New World
tropics as well as almost everywhere else in the world. Except for the pioneer mor-
phological studies of Cook (1956) and the chaetotaxic study of the immature stages
of Corethrella laneana by Belkin and McDonald (1955) recent work has been chief-
ly confined to the description of new species primarily on the basis of color pat-
tern of adults and some features of the pupae (in the tribe Corethrellini). For the
present we are following the classification of Lane (1953:64-65) who recognized
2 tribes in the New World tropics: (1) Corethrellini with the genera Corethrella
and Lutzomiops and (2) Chaoborini with the genera Sayomyia and Edwardsops.
The tribe Chaoborini is represented in Jamaica by an apparently endemic spec-
ies of Sayomyia which we are naming lanei. The chaetotaxy of the pupa of this
species, the first homologized in full for the tribe, is amazingly similar to that of
members of the subfamily Culicinae.
In Jamaica the tribe Corethrellini is now known by 3 species of Corethrella:
(1) the widespread treehole breeding appendiculata, (2) the apparently endemic
_ longitubus which is known from a single collection in coral rockholes and (3) the
apparently endemic librata known definitely from a single pupal skin collected in
a small swamp. In the genus Corethrella specific differences are most readily ap-
parent in the pupal stage, particularly in the trumpet, the development of abdom-
inal hairs and the integumentary ornamentation and spiculation, and in the shape
of the paddle. The larvae have a very uniform chaetotaxy but we have found some
apparently reliable specific differences in the terminal abdominal segments. We have
figured here the complete larval and pupal chaetotaxy of all 3 species found in
Jamaica. The chaetotaxy of these species is entirely similar to that described and
figured for laneana Vargas, 1946 from southern California by Belkin and McDonald
(1955). We have reinterpreted their homologies to conform to those of Belkin
(1962) for the Culicinae and have made the following corrections in the chaeto-
taxy and morphology as described by these authors. In the pupa: (1) the struc-
tures on the mesothorax and metathorax interpreted as spiracles appear to be some
type of sense organ in the form of a hollow thick-walled globe with a small circu-
lar opening to the outside; a small rudimentary metathoracic spiracle is present as
in the Culicinae; (2) hairs 4-III, 3-[V, 2-V-VII of these authors are absent; (3) the
238 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
homology of the other hairs is as shown in our figures. In the larva: (1) an extra
hair, y, is present on the head laterad of 4-C; (2) on abdominal segments IT and
III, one of the long lateral hairs (the most ventral) is hair x, true hair 5 on these
segments is a minute hair laterad of hair 4, not seen by Belkin and McDonald;
(3) the homology of the ventral abdominal hairs is reinterpreted as shown in our
figures.
We have seen a denuded specimen with abdomen and legs partially broken in
the USNM collection, tentatively identified as a species of Lutzomiops. The spec-
imen bears the following labels, //Jamaica/Bath St Thos//Sta 433/Chapin and/Black-
welder//. The washed out appearance may be due to preservation in alcohol as 1
of the wings is folded. In our opinion this is probably a specimen of a species of
Corethrella, possibly even appendiculata.
Our treatment of the subfamily is very brief and superficial. We have not includ-
ed in the keys the other species reported from the Greater Antilles because of
lack of material of the significant stages; they are briefly discussed below: (1)
Corethrella tripunctata Lane, 1942 from Puerto Rico, under C. longitubus, and (2)
S. antillum (Knab, 1913) from Cuba and S. braziliensis (Theobald, 1901) reported
from Puerto Rico, under S. lanei.
All members of the subfamily are predaceous in the larval stage. The breeding
sites range from ground pools to container habitats such as treeholes and leaf axils
of plants. It is surprising that there are no bromeliad breeding Corethrella in Ja-
maica as bromeliads are abundant on the island and form favorite breeding sites
for Corethrella in the continental areas of the New World tropics.
KEYS TO GENERA AND SPECIES
ADULTS
(70. C. librata unknown)
Sayomyia
1. Eyes small, widely separated, interocular space greater than maximum width
of 1 eye; vein R, ending on C distad of level of apex of vein Cu, (Chao-
borini; genus Sayomyia) . . . =... 67. lanes
Eyes large, approximated, interocular space much less than maximum width
of 1 eye; vein R, ending on C at or basad of level of apex of vein Cu,
(Coretnrelat, Gents COneiiciag). ke a cc ge
Corethrella
2(1). Dark species; ground color of thorax reddish brown to blackish brown; legs
infuscated, with tarsi appearing ringed; haltere knob dark Eig
68. appendiculata
Pale species: ‘pround color of thorax pale tan with restricted brown lines;
legs pale, tarsi uniformly pale; haltere knob pale. . . . .69. longitubus
MALE GENITALIA
(70. C. librata unknown)
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 239
Sayomyia
t Aedeagal sclerites separate apically (Chaoborini; genus Sayomyia) . 67. lanei
Aedeagal sclerites fused apically (Corethrellini; genus Corethrella) . . . .2
Corethrella
2(1). Lateral-setae of tergite IX usually at least 25 and in 4 rows dorsally
oss 68. appendiculata
Lateral setae of tergite IX ‘usually about 15 and i in ie or 3 rows dorsally . .
. 69, longitubus
PUPAE
Sayomyia
d. Body cylindrical; cephalothorax small, abdomen elongate; trumpet meatus
coarsely reticulate; paddle free, movable fe gah ae genus Sayomyia) .
Gir. lanéi
Body flattened: cephalothorax large, in same plane as ; short abdomen: trum-
pet meatus granulose or imbricate; paddle continuous with tergite IX at
base, immovable (Corethrellini; genus Corethrella) . . ...... .2
Corethrella
2(1). Trumpet elongate, with simple small apical pinna; abdominal hairs 9-II-VII,
6-V-VII strongly developed, their length about 0.5 of tergite width. . .
Law Oe. longitubus
Trumpet relatively short ‘and with large pinna: abdominal hairs 9-II-VII, 6-
V-VII weak, their length less than 0.25 of tergite width . . . ... .3
3(2). Trumpet more or less gradually widened distally, with broad diagonal pinna;
abdominal tergites II-VII without denticles near caudal margin; abdominal
hair 2-II-V extending beyond caudal margin of its tergite :
sey. aa appendiculata
Trumpet with distinct stem ‘at base of elongate horizontal pinna; abdominal
tergites II-VII with 2 or more rows of short denticles near caudal margin;
abdominal hair 2-II-V not reaching caudal margin of its tergite Sean aie
70. librata
LARVAE
(70. C. librata not definitely known)
Sayomyia
+; Head compressed, without lateral row of spines; antenna directed ventrad;
siphon not developed (Chaoborini; genus Sayomyia) . . . . . 67. lanei
Head depressed, with lateral crown of spines; antenna directed laterad; si-
phon. distinct (Corethrellimi: genus: Corerhrelia) ic.% se) Ps OA ca
Corethrella
2(1). Abdominal segments I-VI without median tergal plate; anal segment without
hair y, hair 1-X shorter than dorsal saddle length; head width about 3.5 of
240 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
antennal length; head without caudal tergite . . . . 68. appendiculata
Abdominal segments I-VI with median tergite plate; anal segment with hair
y, hair 1-X longer than dorsal saddle length; head width about 2.5 of an-
tennal length; head with caudal tergite. . . .69. longitubus; ? 70. librata
TRIBE CHAOBORINI
GENUS SAYOMYIA
67. Sayomyia lanei, n.sp.
Fig. 117
TYPES: Holotype male (JA 900-10) with slides of genitalia, associated pupal skin and fragment
of larval skin (head capsule), Mona Reservoir, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, 20
Sept 1967, W.A. Page [USNM]. Allotype female (JA 756), 11 Mountain View Ave., University of
the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica, 24 Aug 1967, J.N. Belkin [USNM]. Paratypes, 1 male
with genitalia slide (681268-12), 3 females (JA 750), Zoology Dept. building, University of the
West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica, 24 Aug 1967, J.N. Belkin [UCLA] ; 7 females (JA 756),
same data as allotype [BM; JAM; UCLA; USNM]. This species is dedicated to the late J ohn Lane,
a pioneer in the study of Neotropical Chaoborinae.
FEMALE. Wing about 1.7 mm. Small pale tan species with strongly contrasting
brown and blackish markings; legs conspicuously banded. With the general charact-
eristics of Sayomyia as described and figured by Cook (1956:31-32) and with the
following apparently diagnostic features. Head: Vertex pale except for lateral in-
fuscation; clypeus pale. Labium infuscated. Palpus brown to blackish; segment 5
irregularly annulate. Antennal torus and flagellar segment | pale; distal flagellar
segments progressively darker. Thorax: Ground color of integument pale tan on
disc and whitish on lateral border; median longitudinal stripe brown to light brown,
narrowly divided by light median acrostichal line; lateral longitudinal stripe darker
brown than median; posterior part of prescutellar area darkened laterad of mid-
line. Mesonotal bristles pale to light brown; a conspicuous patch of long blackish
narrow erect scales at end of acrostichal line, preceded by a few shorter narrower
-gcalelike black bristles. Scutellum pale except for small blackish lateral area. Post-
notum dark brown except for narrow triangular anterior median area. Pleural inte-
gument pale to whitish except for variable infuscations in upper middle part of
ppn, all of ppl, variable area of psp and especially ssp, anterior part of stp and at
base of stp bristles, all of pra, upper part of mep and narrowly along anterior bor-
der of metapleuron; apn whitish. Pleural bristles pale to dark brown; apn with
about 10 bristles; ppn with 1 to 3 bristles in middle of upper part; ppl bristles
usually 4-6; stp usually with 3 or 4 bristles near middle of posterior border; pra
with about 6 or 7 bristles in a vertical row; upper mep with 1 or 2 bristles. Legs:
Pale and with contrasting dark brown to blackish rings on nearly all segments.
Femora pale at base, usually with 7 or 6 dark rings on foreleg and midleg and 6 or
5 on hindleg; apex tan on foreleg and midleg and dark on hindleg. Tibiae narrowly
pale at base and usually with dark rings as on femora but including apex on all
legs. Tarsi with conspicuous broad apical dark rings on segments 1-3 on all legs,
less distinct on segment 4 especially on foreleg; segment 5 light to dark. Wing:
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 241
Generally pale; with extensive but slight infuscation of membrane as follows: (1)
at base of furcation of R,+43, extending to R, and R4+;, (2) distad of crossveins
r-m and m-cu, (3) distal part of Cu,, and (4) basad of furcation of Cu, extending
to M and 1A; very faint infuscation on anterior border proximad of furcation of
R. Haltere: Knob white. Abdomen: Integument pale except for conspicuous brown
to blackish brown areas as follows: (1) narrow transverse band on tergite I, more
dilute or interrupted near midline; (2) lateral borders of tergites H-VII, variously
produced dorsad but not forming complete transverse bands; (3) large median spots
on sternites VI,VII extending nearly full length of segments; and (4) small dark
spots at base of lateral bristles on sternites V-VII.
MALE. Essentially as the female except for usual sexual characters and follow-
ing features. Antennal flagellar whorls very long and dense. Pale color of integu-
ment lighter, whitish; dark rings of legs narrower; abdominal tergite I with only a
small lateral dark spot, lateral dark areas of tergites II-VII smaller and more regular.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 117). Essentially as in other species of Sayomyia as
described and figured by Cook (1956). With the following diagnostic features. Side-
piece infuscation starting slightly before level of apex of mesal lobe. Mesal lobe
rounded on apical free portion; mesal setae on lobe and proximad thickened, es-
pecially in basal part; tergal setae adjacent to mesal setae very thin and long. Ae-
deagal sclerite with long fingerlike slightly curved apical dorsal part and with a
short sharp slightly curved premedian ventral spine.
PUPA (fig. 117). General morphology as described by Cook (1956:14-15) for
Chaoborus americanus. Chaetotaxy as figured, not previously described for the gen-
us; extremely similar to that of the subfamily Culicinae; of the normal culicid hairs
only the following apparently not developed, metanotal 11-C and abdominal 0-II,
3-I, 4-I,I1 and 9-I; hair 12 present on IV and V; all hairs unpigmented and all ex-
cept 6-C, Q-III-VIII, 2-I-VII, 3-II, 9-II-VII, 14-I0J-VIII and 12-P with very fine
branches; larger hairs with short basal stem and usually largely pectinate or plu-
mose branching (more so than shown in figure). Cephalothoracic and abdominal
integument colorless and transparent except for slight infuscations as shown in fig-
ure; minute short sharp spicules present on dorsum of thorax and abdomen. Trum-
pet very lightly pigmented, coarsely reticulate. Specific characters unknown as other
species not described or figured in detail. Paddle apparently distinctive; very broad;
apex truncate but with slight emargination near middle; midrib moderately devel-
oped, distinct to near emargination; buttresses strongly developed, external with |
4 or 5 strong denticles near apex, internal with scattered small sharp denticles to
near basal truncation; paddle hair 1-P with 6 branches; 2-P single, minute.
LARVA (fig. 117). Only skin of head capsule available; as figured. In living lar-
va, thoracic air sac ovate and speckled with black pigment, abdominal air sac helical
and unpigmented. }
SYSTEMATICS. The adults of Janei are superficially similar in ornamentation
to braziliensis (Theobald, 1901) and festiva (Dyar & Shannon, 1924) which in
our opinion are distinct species erroneously synonymized by Edwards (1932:26).
The aedeagal sclerite is characteristically developed in all 3 species, that of lanei
differing from the others in the long slender fingerlike apical portion and a short
subbasal or premedian ventral spine. The pupa of Janei differs from that of brazil-
iensis as figured by Lane (1942: pl. 4, fig. 5) in the shape of the paddle.
The adults of 2 other species show some resemblance to lanei: (1) antillum
(Knab, 1913) from Cuba, which differs in a lighter coloration and a very different
aedeagal sclerite, and (2) annulata (Cook, 1956) from the southeastern United
242 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
States, known only in the female which is much lighter in color and has a different
pattern of wing pigmentation.
In view of the apparently restricted distribution of species of Sayomyia in the
West Indies, Janei in Jamaica and antillum in Cuba, the record of braziliensis from
Puerto Rico (Tulloch, 1937:154; Lane, 1942:142) is probably erroneous and may
pertain to an undescribed species.
BIONOMICS. Immature stages of Sayomyia obtain oxygen directly from the
water and do not come to the surface, except the pupae for emergence of the
adults. In lakes and ponds they are most readily collected with special limnologi-
cal nets or samplers. One mature larva of lanei was collected by dragging a net in
the Mona Reservoir (900), and a few adults were taken in nearby buildings where
they were undoubtedly attracted to lights at night.
DISTRIBUTION. To date known only from the Mona Reservoir area but prob-
ably occurs in permanent or semipermanent bodies of water throughout Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Kingston and St. Andrew: University of the West Indies (750,756,900).
Material Examined: 20 specimens; 2 males, 16 females, 1 larval fragment, 1 pupa; 1 individual
larval rearing (only head capsule of larva preserved).
TRIBE CORETHRELLINI
GENUS CORETHRELLA
68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata Grabham
Figs. 118,119
1906. Corethrella appendiculata Grabham, 1906c:343-345. TYPE: Lectotype by PRESENT
DESIGNATION, male from series of 10 “cotypes’’, Kingston, Jamaica, M. Grabham
[USNM, 9960].
Corethrella appendiculata of Dyar and Shannon (1924c:216); Lane (1942:113-117; 1953:81-
83); Cook (1956:60-62; 1965:105); Stone (1966:1).
FEMALE. Wing about 1.4 mm. Small dark reddish brown to blackish brown
species with banded tarsi and banded legs. In general as described by Cook (1956:
61-62). Head: Vertex blackish brown; clypeus dark brown; labium and palpus light-
er; antennal torus blackish brown, basal flagellar segments dark brown, distal pro-
gressively lighter. Thorax: Mesonotal integument dark reddish brown appearing pru-
inose with blackish areas in some aspects; scutellum and postnotum dark reddish
brown. Mesonotal bristles strongly developed except acrostichals which are short
but numerous; longer bristles bronzy, shorter coppery to golden; short coppery
hairs numerous between rows of bristles; metanotum with several short setae lat-
erally. Pleural integument dark reddish brown, somewhat lighter than mesonotal.
Pleural bristles restricted to 2 or 3 long and about 10-12 short on apn, 3 long and
about 5-7 short on upper ppn, and about 15-18 moderate on posterior mep slight-
ly above middle. Legs: Femora and tibiae with numerous narrow striated scales in
addition to hairs and bristles of different sizes; tarsi with scales less numerous.
Femora predominantly dark bronzy; forefemur and midfemur narrowly pale on
apex; apical 0.3 or more of hindfemur pale; all femora swollen, midfemur more
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 243
than others. Tibiae shaggy, with several very long erect bristles and apical tufts of
scales and bristles; foretibia and midtibia predominantly dark on anterior surface
with somewhat darker apex, posterior surface paler; hindtibia extensively pale to
whitish on posterior surface, anterior surface light brown in middle, darkened at
base and apex. Tarsi very light brown except for darkened base, largely on dorsal
surface, producing a ringed appearance. Claws all simple and subequal. Wing: Vein
R, ending on costa slightly distad of level of furcation of R243, distance between
apices of R, and R, about 3.0 that between Sc and R,; remigium and base of Sc
ventrally with strong bristles. Veins with distinct narrow striated scales which are
grayish white except for light brownish ones in areas of diffuse “‘dark”’ crossbands.
Background of crossbands formed by concentrations of larger denser darker granu-
lar microtichia on wing membrane; evident in dry-mounted specimens only in some
aspects. Basal band extending on anterior margin from base of wing to short dis-
tance before furcation of R, involving scales on C, Sc and R; extended towards
posterior border of wing as a narrow process involving scales on vein M for short
distance before crossvein m-cu. Postmedian band much narrower but more distinct,
especially on anterior border, broader but more diffuse towards posterior border
of wing; involving scales of vein C, apex of Sc, apex of R, from level of apex of
Sc, more than distal 0.5 of R243, almost all of M distad of r-m, middle 0.5 of Cu,,
a few scales on apex of Cu,, and a faint rather broad band of fringe scales. Erect
fringe scales in 3 ranks, longest with long slender stem and broad lanceolate distal
part with 5 striations. Haltere: Stem whitish; knob brown. Abdomen: Tergite I
dark reddish brown; tergites II-VII yellowish brown to dark reddish brown, with
vestiture of golden hairs. Sternites brown to dark reddish brown, with dark hairs.
MALE. Essentially similar to female in ornamentation and morphology except
for usual sexual characters. Antennal torus much more strongly developed, flagel-
lar whorls more strongly developed and denser. Posterior mep bristles usually less
numerous. Claws of foreleg enlarged, distinctly unequal, both simple; other claws
as in female.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 119). Segment VIIT: Long, strongly constricted at base.
Segment IX: Tergite moderately developed, rounded on caudal margin; lateral setae
usually 25 or more, nearly reaching midline where they are in 4 irregular rows.
Sidepiece: Long, subcylindrical, simple; without differentiated mesal membrane.
Basal mesal specialized seta flattened, relatively short, arising from distinct tuber-
cle with apical process. Tergomesal specialized setae slender, widely spaced; distal
arising at about 0.6 from base of sidepiece. Clasper: Slender, slightly curved; sub-
equal to sidepiece in length; a long slender internal seta in about basal 0.18; sev-
eral minute subapical setae but no differentiated spiniform. Phallosome: Very sim-
ple. Prosophallus with arm on each side of median line extending to base of aedea-
gus and distal part of small basal piece. Aedeagus porrect, triangular in outline,
the 2 lateral sclerites fused distally. Proctiger: Largely membranous, without dis-
tinct sclerotizations; cercal setae not developed.
PUPA (fig. 119). Chaetotaxy as figured; not studied in detail but apparently un-
iform; hairs nearly all single. In general similar to Janeana Vargas, 1946 as des-
cribed by Belkin and McDonald (1955:84-87) from southern California and with
the following diagnostic features. Uniformly lightly pigmented, a little brighter on
distal abdominal segments and dorsally on cephalothorax; setae lightly to moder-
ately pigmented. Trumpet relatively short and gradually widened from base; uni-
formly moderately pigmented and contrasting with general integument; pinna diag-
onal, moderate, cuplike; outer wall of meatus with coarse imbrications; inner tube
244 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
narrow. Abdomen conspicuously tapered distally; lateral and posterior borders of
segments without amorphous membrane; caudal margin of tergites and sternites
without distinct spicules; lateral margin and caudolateral angle of tergites II-VIII
with inconspicuous short, widely spaced denticles. Abdominal hairs poorly devel-
oped except 2; hair 2 thickened on all segments but not spiniform, extending be-
yond caudal margin of tergites on II-VI; hair 8-III-V ventral or ventrolateral, 8-VI,
VII dorsal or dorsolateral; 6,9-II-VII weak and short, less than 0.25 of tergite width.
Segment IX and paddle relatively short and broad; combined outer length of ter-
gite [X and paddle subequal to tergite VIII in female, only slightly longer in male.
LARVA (fig. 118). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail; apparently rela-
tively uniform except for some variation in branching. In general similar to laneana
Vargas, 1946 as described by Belkin and McDonald (1955:87-89) from southern
California and with the following diagnostic features. Fat body pigment of thorax
and abdomen dark reddish purple to dark reddish brown, very extensive in sub-
epidermal layer, especially laterally on abdominal segments I-VII. Head uniformly
moderately to lightly pigmented except for darkening along margin of foramen
magnum; unusually wide; antennal process only slightly produced anteriorly; no
tergal plate caudad of frontoclypeus; crown usually with about 12 to 14 spines on
each side; hair 4-C branched. Antenna relatively short, less than 0.3 of maximum
head width. Abdominal segments I-VI without median tergal plates. Dorsal lengths
of siphon and anal saddle subequal; hair 1-S inserted a considerable distance from
base of siphon. Anal segment with only 2 accessory hairs, hair y not developed,
hair x inserted on edge of saddle; 1-X distinctly shorter than dorsal saddle length.
SYSTEMATICS. The topotypic population of appendiculata from Jamaica does
not appear to differ significantly from other populations assigned to this species
we have seen from Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad,
and French Guiana. All of these have the diagnostic characters of the pupa and
larva as given here and have the apex of the hindfemur of the adults extensively
pale. We have not examined material from the United States, Brazil or Argentina.
However, at least the populations from the United States are probably correctly
assigned to appendiculata in spite of some discrepancies in coloration (hindfemur
and tarsi) in the descriptions of Cook (1956:61-62).
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of appendiculata are found almost entirely
in treeholes of varied size. We have 1 record from cut bamboo (311) and from a
small artificial container (364). The water in the treehole may be clear or turbid;
often it is colored and with an accummulation of plant debris. In only 6 collec-
tions out of 27 was appendiculata found alone. Its usual associates are Orthopodo-
myia waverleyi, Aedes (F.) mediovittatus and Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis.
Nothing is known of the habits of the adults in Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION. Corethrella appendiculata has the widest recorded distribution
of any species of Corethrella in the New World. Its range supposedly extends from
the U.S.A. southward to Argentina. It appears that at least in the Middle American
area (from the southern U.S.A. to French Guiana) the various populations are very
similar but no thorough comparative study has been made to date.
JAMAICA. Widely distributed in eastern, central and western parishes, from sea level to about
480 m elevation. Hanover: Lucea (364). Kingston and St. Andrew: Constant Spring (328,329,
408,679,699). Hermitage Dam Rd (281,331,332,397,623-626,826,829). Kingston and vicinity,
M. Grabham, 4 M, 4 F [USNM]. Manchester: Hope Farm (634,663). St. Ann: Runaway Bay,
Feb 1969, W.W. Wirth, 1 F [USNM]. St. Catherine: Caymanas (402,403). St. Mary: Broadgate
(256,401 407,622,642). Castleton Botanic Gardens (311). Westmoreland: Grange Hill (133).
Material Examined: 267 specimens; 37 males, 43 females, 109 larvae, 78 pupae; 48 individual
rearings (8 larval, 35 pupal, 5 incomplete).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 245
69. Corethrella (C.) longitubus, n.sp.
Figs. 120,121
TYPES: Holotype male (JA 245-42) with associated larval and pupal skins and genitalia on
slides, Goshen, about 2 mi N of Four Paths on Mocho Rd (Clarendon), Jamaica, 18 Aug 1965,
W.A. Page [USNM]. Allotype female (JA 245-46) with associated larval and pupal skins on slide,
same data as holotype [USNM]. Paratypes, same data as holotype, 4 IpF (245-43,47-49), 3 pM
(245-101,105,107), 4 pF (245-100,102,106,111), 2 lp (245-41,42), 1 IP (245-40), 1 1 (245-45),
3 L, 11 P (245) [BM; JAM; UCLA].
FEMALE. Wing about 1.6 mm. Small light brown species; with unbanded tarsi
and banded wing. In general similar to appendiculata but lighter in color and with
the following diagnostic features. Head: Vertex brown to dark brown; clypeus dark
brown; remainder light brown. Thorax: Mesonotal integument uniformly light brown
except for slight infuscation along acrostichal and dorsocentral lines and in front
of wing root, prescutellar area darkened in middle; scutellum uniformly light brown;
postnotum brown except for pale lateral margin. Mesonotal bristles largely light
brown to golden; longer than in appendiculata, especially acrostichals; short hairs
less numerous. Pleural integument light brown, with slight infuscations particularly
on apn, pra and upper posterior mep. Pleural bristles less numerous; ppn usually
with only 2 bristles and about 3 or 4 short hairs; posterior mep setae shorter, usu-
ally about 4. Legs: Uniformly light brown, tarsi slightly paler than other segments,
scales very poorly developed and very sparse; femora less swollen; apices of tibiae
not as densely hairy. Wing: Apex of R, and Sc more distant. Dorsal vein scales
slightly narrower; longest fringe scales usually with only 4 striations. Dark cross-
bands more diffuse and broader, formed primarily by scales as microtrichia of mem-
brane are more uniform throughout; scales of costa somewhat darkened through-
out. Basal crossband broader towards posterior margin of wing, involving scales on
much greater segment of vein M and some slightly darkened scales on Cu proxi-
mad of furcation. Postmedian band distinctly broader towards posterior margin,
involving more scales on Cu, and Cu,; only a few fringe scales slightly darkened.
A more or less distinct apical dark spot on vein C starting proximad of apex of
R3. Haltere: Stem whitish; knob creamy. Abdomen: Integument brown, lighter on
sternites; hairs light brown to golden.
MALE. Essentially as in the female in color and morphology except for usual
sexual differences as in appendiculata. Enlarged claws of foreleg more nearly equal
than in appendiculata.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 120). Very similar to appendiculata, differing primarily
in the following features. Tergite IX shorter, with about 16 setae on each side, in
2 or 3 rows; basal mesal seta of sidepiece longer, not flattened.
PUPA (fig. 120). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail but apparently
uniform. In general as in appendiculata and librata but with the following con-
spicuous diagnostic features. Uniformly moderately pigmented except for darken-
ed tergum of cephalothorax; setae moderately to strongly pigmented. Trumpet very
long and narrow; uniformly pigmented and contrasting with general integument;
pinna terminal, small, cuplike; outer wall of meatus with small rounded spicules,
giving a granular appearance; inner tube wide but well separated from outer wall.
Abdomen conspicuously tapered distally; lateral and posterior borders of segments
with narrow amorphous membrane which may be faintly ribbed; caudal margin
of tergites II-VII and sternites III-VII with spicules shorter and less numerous than
246 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
in librata, usually in 1 or 2 rows; lateral margin and caudolateral angle of tergites
II-VIII with denticles adjacent, longer and coarser than in Jibrata. Abdominal hairs
more strongly developed than in the other species; hair 2 thickened on all segments
but not spiniform, extending beyond caudal margin on tergites IH-VII; hair 8 dor-
sal on segments VI and VII; hairs 6-V-VII, 9-II-VII thickened, very conspicuous
and usually longer than 0.5 of tergite width. Combined outer length of tergite [X
and paddle about 1.3 of tergite VIII.
LARVA (fig. 121). Chaetotaxy as figured, not studied in detail. Apparently in-
distinguishable from presumptive larva of librata; in general similar to appendicu-
lata, differing primarily in the following obvious features. Fat body pigment pur-
plish, sparse and restricted to foregut and midgut. Head narrower and with anten-
nal area more strongly produced anteriorly; a small tergal plate on each side of
median line caudad of frontoclypeus; crown usually with 10 spines on each side;
hair 4-C single. Antenna proportionally longer, about 0.4 of maximum head width.
Abdominal segments I-VI each with a small median tergal plate. Siphon longer in
proportion to saddle, hair 1-S nearer base of siphon. Anal segment with 3 accessory
hairs, hair y developed, hair x inserted on membrane; 1-X longer than dorsal sad-
dle length. ,
SYSTEMATICS. The pupa of longitubus is differentiated from all known pupae
of Corethrella by the following combination of characters: (1) trumpet very long
and slender and with small apical pinna, (2) abdomen strongly tapered distad, (3)
abdominal hairs 6-V-VII and 9-II-VII very strongly developed.
The larva resembles laneana Vargas, 1946 as described by Belkin and McDonald
(1955:87-89) from southern California but is distinct in having: (1) the siphon
longer, hair 1-S longer, 2-S stronger and longer, and 6-S stronger; (2) saddle longer
and 1-X proportionately’ shorter.
The adults appear to have a wing pattern similar to that described for tripunctata
Lane, 1942 from Puerto Rico but differ in a lighter mesonotal integument, uni-
form color of the hindfemur and hindtibia and the absence of pale rings on the
tarsi.
_ BIONOMICS. The only known collection of longitubus was made in a hole in
coral limestone in a scrub forest. No other culicid was found in the breeding site.
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type collection in Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Clarendon: Goshen (245).
Material Examined: 53 specimens; 4 males, 9 females, 13 larvae, 27 pupae; 16 individual rear-
ings (6 larval, 7 pupal, 3 incomplete).
70. Corethrella (C.) librata, n.sp.
Figs. 122,123
TYPE: Holotype male pupal skin (JA 361), Petersville (Westmoreland), Jamaica, 11 Sept
1965, rice swamp near post office, J.N. Belkin and W.A. Page [USNM].
FEMALE and MALE. Unknown.
PUPA (fig. 123). In general similar to appendiculata and longitubus in chaeto-
taxy and with the following diagnostic features. Uniformly very lightly pigmented.
Trumpet concolorous with general integument; uniformly lightly imbricate; meatus
narrow, stemlike, bent in distal part which bears a long relatively narrow horizon-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 247
tal pinna with stigmatic plate; one margin of pinna crenulate. Abdomen conspicu-
ously tapered distally; lateral and posterior border of abdominal segments with
moderately broad amorphous membrane which may be faintly ribbed; caudal mar-
gins of tergites I-VII and sternites III-VII with 2 or 3 irregular rows of short sharp,
widely spaced spicules; lateral margins and caudolateral angles of tergites II-VIII
with widely spaced denticles, more strongly developed on distal segments. Abdom-
inal hairs in general shorter and weaker than in the other species; hair 2 thickened
on all segments but not distinctly spiniform, relatively short, not reaching caudal
margin of tergites on II-VIII; hair 8 ventral on all segments; hairs 6 and 9 weak
and short on all segments. Combined outer length of tergite IX and paddle about
1.75 of tergite VIII.
LARVA (fig. 122). Association with pupa presumptive only. Extremely similar
to longitubus and without obvious diagnostic features except possibly a somewhat
longer tubercle of hair 13-T.
SYSTEMATICS. This species is definitely known by a single pupal skin which
shows some resemblance to a population of laneana Vargas, 1946 from southern
California in the structure of the trumpet and general abdominal chaetotaxy. It
differs from the latter however in the following features: (1) pinna of trumpet
apparently much narrower; (2) amorphous membrane of abdominal segments nar-
rower; (3) caudal spicules of abdominal segments more numerous; (4) lateral mar-
ginal denticles of abdominal tergites smaller but extending around caudolateral ang-
le; (5) abdominal hair 2 simple on all segments, not spiniform; (6) hair 8-IV-VII
ventral; (7) hair 6-V-VII more anterior; and (8) tergite LX and paddle longer.
The larva collected in association with the pupal skin is probably conspecific.
It differs from Janeana in the same features as longitubus but cannot be separated
with certainty from the latter.
BIONOMICS. The only collection of librata (a pupal skin and a whole larva)
was made in a semipermanent swampy area in a grassy field with sedges and rice.
The water was clear and fresh but brown in color. The associated species were Culex
(C.) chidesteri and Mansonia (M.) titillans.
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the single collection in Jamaica.
JAMAICA. Westmoreland: Petersville (361), 1 pupal skin, 1 whole larva.
248 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
SUBFAMILY DIXINAE
The Dixa Midges
Dixa midges, often considered to form a separate family rather than a subfamily
of the Culicidae, share with the Culicinae and Chaoborinae a basic morphological
similarity in all stages and particularly an almost identical pattern of chaetotaxy
in the immature stages. For this reason we are following Belkin (1962:93-96; 1968a:
8-15) in treating them as the subfamily Dixinae of the Culicidae.
All stages of the Dixinae are readily separated from the Culicinae and Chaobori-
nae by the combination of features given in the keys to the subfamilies.
Prior to our survey of the Culicidae of Jamaica, only 2 species of Dixinae had
been reported from the West Indies: clavulus Williston, 1896 from St. Vincent in
the Lesser Antilles and hoffmani Lane, 1942 from Puerto Rico. The 2 species des-
cribed here from Jamaica show some superficial similarity to the above mentioned
species but in our opinion are distinct forms. One of them, scitula, we are assign-
ing provisionally to Dixella Dyar & Shannon, 1924 (type species, lirio Dyar & Shan-
non, 1924 from Panama), the only genus of the subfamily recognized to date from
the New World tropics. For the other, biambulacra, we are erecting the genus Mes-
odixa because of several fundamental morphological differences in the adults, male
genitalia and larva. All 4 West Indian species belong to the tribe Paradixini.
As pointed out by Belkin (1968a:14,20,31-32), the generic classification of the
entire subfamily is in chaotic condition because of the remarkable uniformity in
the general morphology of all stages, the use of superficial characters in defining
genera and the lack of knowledge of the immature stages of the type species.
All members of the subfamily utilize still or flowing ground waters for breeding
sites. The larvae feed at the water surface by turning their heads ventral surface
up over the thorax. They are usually found resting on the edges of the breeding
site with the body bent in a U, with only the head and tail ends in the water.
They are capable of crawling out of the water and move rapidly on the surface
film by a backward looping motion of the body. Pupae can swim but are most
frequently found partially or completely out of the water (surrounded by water
film, however); emergence of the adult takes place with the pupa out of the water.
Both sexes can be found resting on the vegetation in shaded protected areas near
the breeding sites. Dixa midges are seldom encountered except in their natural en-
vironment; females do not take blood and neither sex is attracted to light traps.
KEYS TO GENERA AND SPECIES
ADULTS
1. Sternopleuron and metapleuron without setae as indicated below; mesonotum
and pleuron with sharply contrasting pattern of dark and pale color; scu-
tellum dark blackish brown (Dixella) . ... potas < FAs Seite
Sternopleuron with 2 setae above transverse suture, “‘metapleuron with | seta
below spiracle; mesonotum and pleuron rather uniformly light brown, with-
out sharply contrasting pattern; scutellum light brown (Mesodixa) .
tae iar ar ae eo biambulacra
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 249
MALE GENITALIA
1. Apical lobe of sidepiece with narrowed distal part directed sternad; clasper
with distinct acute apical spiniform (Dixella) . . . .. . . . 71. scitula
Apical lobe of sidepiece with simple expanded distal part; clasper without
spiniform (Mes0dixa) sc ches ved ogee tie] Soe ha i eeddy Dombulacra
PUPAE
1. Paddle constricted at about half distance from genital lobe to apex, broad
proximad, very narrow distad; trumpet with narrow pinna with a deep pos-
terior notch in meatus (Dixella) . . . bP. FL setulae
Paddle constricted just distad of genital Lobe: uniformly narrow and tapered
beyond; trumpet with a uniformly broad pinna without posterior notch in
meatus Gesodiza) oF ee See eee ee eo Pe oe oo 2 amopulaera
LARVAE
1. Ventral ambulacral combs present on segments V-VII; antennal hair 1-A on
external margin at about 0.67 from base (Dixella) . . . . . . 71. scitula
Ventral ambulacral combs present on segments V and VI; antennal hair 1-A
on apex of shaft ventrally (WWesodixa) . . ... . . . . 72. biambulacra
GENUS DIXELLA
71. Dixella scitula, n.sp.
Figs. 123,124,125
TYPES: Holotype female (JA 742-13) with associated larval and pupal skins, pond near Clare-
mont (St. Ann), Jamaica, at mile post 34 on Spanish Town Road, 20 Aug 1967, J.N. Belkin and
W.A. Page [USNM]. Allotype male (691003-2) with genitalia slide, Runaway Bay (St. Ann), Feb
1969, W.W. Wirth [USNM]. Paratypes, 5 lpF (JA 742-10-12,14,15), 30 larvae, 1 pupa (JA 742),
same data as holotype [BM; JAM; UCLA; USNM]; 1 M (691003-1), same data as allotype [UCLA].
FEMALE (fig. 124). Wing about 3.0 mm. In general similar to biambulacra; dif-
fering chiefly in a slightly larger size, darker color and the following diagnostic
features. Clypeus yellowish except at base; antennal scape and pedicel blackish
brown. Mesonotal integument reddish to dark brown with blackish brown vittae
and median fossal spot; sides from humeral angle to scutellum strongly contrast-
ing yellowish to light tan, narrowly except for dorsal extensions on scutal suture
and on parascutellum; acrostichals apparently not extending on prescutellar space.
Scutellum and postnotum dark to blackish brown; scutellar bristles very short, in
an even single row. Upper part of pleuron (except light brown apn) tan to yellow-
ish, lower part dark to blackish brown including ppl; sternopleuron and lower meta-
pleuron without bristles. Coxae and trochanters pale; tibiae uniformly dark brown,
not darkened on apex; rest of legs dark brown except hindfemur which is light
brown with blackish apex; claws as figured. Wing base lighter in color; crossvein
-m always slightly distad of furcation of Rs; vein Sc ending on costa usually slight-
250 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ly before or at furcation of vein R. Haltere paler. Genitalia essentially as in New
Zealand Paradixa but apparently without differentiated bursa copulatrix and the
following features; narrowed lateral part of tergite IX with setae; cowl distinctly
articulated with and not continuous with tergite IX, widely interrupted on mid-
ventral line; cercus broad and short, its base broadly joined to base of postgenital
plate and extended dorsad but not meeting on middorsal line; postgenital plate
with short triangular distal process with setose sides and a narrow poorly sclero-
tized bare triangular area which joins the broad poorly sclerotized basal part; sper-
matheca in segment VII.
MALE. Essentially similar to female. All claws enlarged; median teeth usually 3
or 4, longer and more distal than in biambulacra.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 123). In general similar to biambulacra except for fol-
lowing significant differences. Segment IX: More strongly sclerotized; sternal artic-
ular process more conspicuous; sternite without setae or with | or 2 setae restricted
to sides; dorsal median part of tergite more strongly sclerotized and not appearing as
a lobe. Sidepiece: Shorter and broader; apical inner tergal lobe much longer, its
upper surface with long seta near middle and a short one subapically; narrowed
apex of lobe directed sternad and with 2 small apical setae. Clasper: Longer and
more slender, apex with distinct sharply pointed spiniform. Phallosome: Proso-
phallus (?) produced as a long conical process apparently bearing genital opening
at its apex. Aedeagal sclerite a poorly sclerotized plate laterad of prosophallic cone,
not attached to sidepiece, its apex broad and recurved. Opisthophallus strongly de-
veloped, articulated with long process of basal piece; complex in structure; a large
ovoid inner spiculose lobe at base of lateral sclerotized bar, latter joined to its
mate across midline; dorsolaterad of transverse bar on each side a conspicuous ir-
regular short lobe, spiculose at base, apical part with smooth integument and with
several tubercles each with a microseta. Proctiger: Simple spiculose lobe, without
setae.
PUPA (fig. 125). Morphology and chaetotaxy as figured. Very similar to biam-
bulacra, differing apparently chiefly in the following features. Pinna of trumpet
narrower, with deep notch on posterior margin. Tergite VIII with less distinct med-
ian caudal process. Paddle sharply attenuated in distal third, not gradually tapered
from near base.
LARVA (fig. 125). Morphology and chaetotaxy as figured. More similar to spec-
ies of Paradixa than to biambulacra; differing from the latter in following diagnostic
features. Head hair 17-C present. Antenna normal; shaft with sparse patch of short-
er hairlike spicules ventrally toward inner margin distad of hair 1-A only, no dor-
sal inner line of hairlike spicules; 1-A on outer margin of shaft at about 0.67 from
base. Ventral prothoracic hairs subequal in length to entire thorax. Hair 11-II pres-
ent on outer face of proleg. Ventral ambulacral combs present on segments V-VII,
with more distinct median sclerite. Longest ventral hair (4-VIII) of segment VIII
projecting beyond apex of basal saddle of anal segment. Anteromedian lobe of
spiracular apparatus with median sclerotization bifurcate anteriorly, arms bearing
hair 3-S; anterolateral lobe smaller; median plate with small unpaired median scler-
ite not connected to larger lateral lobes, area with short sharp spicules and some
hairlike spicules caudad of median sclerite; apex of posterolateral lobe with pointed
ventral apical process, 13-S longer. Pecten with spicules of marginal row in form
of small furcate spines; 1 large bifurcate postpecten spine always present; hair 1-S
more proximal, with at least 3 branches. Basal anal saddle smaller, not connected
to the basal plate bearing hair 4-X.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 251
SYSTEMATICS. This elegant species is provisionally assigned to Dixella. There
appears to be a superficial resemblance in the external features of the adults of
scitula and to hoffmani Lane, 1942 from Puerto Rico, which is known from the fe-
male only and whose generic placement is also uncertain. However, the color pat-
tern of the thorax does not agree in details and we believe that the 2 species are
distinct and belong to different genera.
The association of the male is presumptive only as no rearings of this sex were
obtained. However, it is very likely that it is correct because of the similarity with
the female in details of morphology and coloration. The male genitalia resemble
lirio Dyar & Shannon in general superficial features of the sidepiece and clasper
but differ in details of the apical lobe of the sidepiece. We did not study the phal-
losome of lirio and do not know if it is of the same type as that of scitula.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of scitula were collected twice along the edge
of Dunns River above the falls (741,775) in association with Mesodixa biambulacra
and once in a pond near Claremont (742) in association with Anopheles albimanus.
Two males were found in a stream bed at Runaway Bay presumably in a sweeping
collection.
DISTRIBUTION. To date known only from the north slope of Jamaica.
JAMAICA. St. Ann: Claremont (742). Dunns River (741,775). Runaway Bay, stream bed,
Feb 1969, W.W. Wirth, 2 M [USNM; UCLA].
Material Examined: 69 specimens; 2 males, 9 females, 46 larvae, 12 pupae; 10 individual rear-
ings (9 larval, 1 incomplete).
MESODIXA, new genus
TYPE SPECIES: Mesodixa biambulacra, n.sp.
With the general characteristics of the tribe Paradixini; differing from Paradixa
Tonnoir, 1924 as redescribed by Belkin (1968a:29-31) in the following diagnostic
features.
ADULTS. Sternopleuron with 2 setae above transverse suture; metapleuron with
1 seta below spiracle.
MALE GENITALIA. Opisthophallus largely membranous, without spines. Proc-
tiger membranous, with | or 2 sternal setae. Median dorsal part of tergite IX poor-
ly sclerotized, appearing as a median lobe.
PUPA. Without apparent differences.
LARVA. Antennal hair 1-A at apex of ventral surface of shaft; latter with long
hairlike spicules on inner dorsal margin as well as on ventral surface. Ventral pro-
thoracic hairs shorter than entire thorax. Ventral ambulacral combs present only
on abdominal segments V and VI. Median plate of spiracular apparatus without un-
paired median sclerite, area with stellate spicules; posterolateral lobe with rounded
ventral apical process.
For discussion see biambulacra below.
72. Mesodixa biambulacra, n.sp.
Figs. 124,126
TYPES: Holotype male (JA 775-10), genitalia and associated larval and pupal skins, all mount-
Zo2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
ed on 3 slides, Dunns River (St. Ann), Jamaica, about 150 yd above falls, 10 Sept 1967, W.A.
Page [USNM]. Allotype female (JA 775-11) and associated larval and pupal skins, mounted on
2 slides, same data as holotype [USNM]. Paratypes, 4 IpF (JA 741-10-12,14), 1 pM (JA 741-
102), 2 pF (JA 741-100,101), 16 larvae, 15 pupae (JA 741), same locality as holotype, 20 Aug
1967, J.N. Belkin and W.A. Page; 1 lpM (JA 775-15), 1 lpF (JA 775-12), 1 pM (JA 775-100), 1 Ip
(JA 775-14), 13 larvae, 12 pupae, 2 M, 1 F (JA 775), same data as holotype [BM; JAM; UCLA;
USNM].
FEMALE (fig. 124). Wing about 2.5 mm. Morphology of head and thorax as
figured; essentially as described by Belkin (1968a:29-30) for Paradixa, except as
noted. Head: Dorsal surface dark brown; clypeus brown, somewhat darkened at
base. Antenna about 2.0 of mesonotum; scape and pedicel (torus) light brown;
flagellar segment 1 a little longer than combined length of segments 2 and 3. Tho-
rax: Mesonotal integument light brown, with darkened but not strongly contrast-
ing median and lateral vittae and anterior part of fossa; acrostichals strongly devel-
oped and extending about halfway on prescutellar space, dorsocentrals very strong
except at anterior end. Scutellum very light brown to tan; with strong marginal
bristles in a single row except in middle where more bristles usually present. Post-
notum brown. Pleural integument light brown with slightly darkened areas, most
conspicuously on mep; apn and ppn with a few bristles; 2 bristles above transverse
suture of stp; metapleuron with 1 bristle below spiracle and 2 microsetae near base
of haltere (latter also present in Paradixa). Legs: Brown to light yellowish brown,
with darkened apices of femora and tibiae, most conspicuously on hindleg. Only
midtarsal segment | with differentiated apical spiniform. Claws with external spic-
ules only, as figured, several basal and 1 long subbasal. Wing: Membrane with bare-
ly perceptible infuscation around r-m. Vein Sc relatively poorly developed, with
setae in distal 0.5 only, usually ending on costa slightly before furcation of vein R;
crossvein r-m strongly developed, at furcation of Rs; m-cu weaker, more or less in
line with r-m but angled proximad. Haltere: Light at base, darkened distally. Ab-
domen: Dark brown. Genitalia: Markedly different from New Zealand Paradixa;
tergite IX short, laterally joined to cowl which is indented and heavily sclerotized
on the midline; cercus elongate, very narrowly joined at its base laterally to broad-
ened base of postgenital plate; postgenital plate large, with short narrow dorsal
lateral extension, distal bilobed part with narrow median triangular unsclerotized
sternal area; a small attached atrial sclerite present; bursa apparently poorly differ-
entiated and without visible sclerotizations; spermatheca apparently in segment VIII.
MALE (fig. 124). Essentially similar to female. All claws enlarged and all with
4 or 5. median teeth in addition to basal external spicules.
MALE GENITALIA (fig. 124). Markedly different from Paradixa and relatively
small and simple. Segment IX: Very deep, moderately to poorly sclerotized and
with numerous bristles on tergite and sternite; sternite small, its boundary indicated
by slight articular process for sidepiece; tergite very large, moderately sclerotized
on lateral part, dorsal part poorly sclerotized and appearing as a large median lobe.
Sidepiece: Short; with conspicuous apical inner tergal fingerlike lobe, with long
seta tergally in basal part and 2 microsetae near apex sternally, distal part some-
what expanded, not bent ventrad. Clasper: Simple and uniform in width, with
clear apical process and numerous simple setae. Phallosome: Very simple and light-
ly sclerotized. Prosophallus short and broad, continuous across midline. Aedeagal
sclerite very broadly attached to sidepiece (basal piece) at base, apex somewhat
hooked. Opisthophallus apparently represented by a prominent membranous lobe
with lightly sclerotized basal lateral bar and basal sternal bridge. Proctiger: Simple,
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 253
short broad setose lobe, with | or 2 sublateral setae on sternal surface.
PUPA (fig. 126). Morphology and chaetotaxy as figured. Essentially as described
by Belkin (1968a:30) for Paradixa, but with the following distinctive features.
Cephalothorax: Hair 1-C apparently absent. Integument strongly tubercular. 7rum-
pet: Short and with large rounded or ovoid pinna. Abdomen: Integument strongly
tubercular on transverse ridges. Tergite VIII with conspicuous median caudal pro-
cess with sharp spicules. Hairs 6,7-II-VII more dorsal in position; hair 12 present
on segment VII. Paddle: Evenly tapered from base, just distad of genital lobe. Hair
2-P at external margin.
LARVA (fig. 126). Morphology and chaetotaxy as figured. Essentially as des-
cribed by Belkin (1968a:30-31) for Paradixa but with the following conspicuous
diagnostic features.. Head: Posterior tentorial pit at about middle of labial plate as
in Paradixa (incorrectly figured in Belkin, 1968a). Hair 4-C cephalad and laterad
of 5-C; hairs 8,17-C apparently both absent; 14,15-C both small and forked. An-
tenna: Shaft with line of long hairlike spicules on inner margin dorsally and a sep-
arate line on ventral surface. Antennal hair 1-A on apex of shaft ventrally, mod-
erately thickened and hooked. Thorax: Integument with very dense vestiture of
long heavy spicules, particularly dorsally and laterally, and small bare areas. Ven-
tral prothoracic hairs shorter than entire thorax. Abdomen: Spiculation more spine-
like and shorter than on thorax. Prolegs with hooks essentially as in Paradixa but
lighter hooks long. Ventral ambulacral combs on segments V and VI only (as in
Nothodixa); teeth in a single rank, separated by a very small median sclerite and
with numerous heavily pigmented spicules at base. Hair 14-I more lateral in posi-
tion, near outer base of proleg (also laterad of 13-I in Paradixa and not as shown —
in Belkin, 1968a); hair 11-II apparently absent. Segment VII with conspicuous
median caudal ventral spiculate process; ventral hairs of segment short, none reach-
ing middle of segment VIII. Hairs of segment VIII short, longest (4-VIII) not reach-
ing apex of basal saddle of anal segment. Spiracular Apparatus: Spiracles moder-
ate. Anteromedian lobe with more or less hexagonal median sclerotization, fene-
strate in middle and bearing hair 3-S; hairs 4,5-S on common basal plate not con-
nected to median sclerotization. Median plate not developed, lateral sclerotizations
small and not connected, this area densely covered with short largely stellate spic-
ules as in Nothodixa. Posterolateral lobe with short rounded clear ventral apical
process; hairs 8,9-S both submarginal, near the lateral spicules; other hairs as in
_ Paradixa. Pecten plate strongly sclerotized and heavily pigmented dorsally; with
short broad, apically fringed spicules in 2 or 3 rows; at most 1 simple small post-
pecten spicule developed; hair 1-S in distal dorsal part, usually single or double.
Anal Segment: Basal saddle well developed, joined to the plate bearing hair 4-X.
SYSTEMATICS. This species differs from all other known Paradixini in several
fundamental features mentioned in the generic diagnosis and undoubtedly belongs
to a phyletic line distinct from Dixella. The larval characters are particularly strik-
ing. In our opinion, the differences between Mesodixa and all other Paradixini
are of the same order of magnitude as those differentiating Nothodixa Edwards,
1930 from Dixa Meigen, 1818 in the tribe Dixini.
Although there is some superficial resemblance in color pattern of adults of bi-
ambulacra with clavulus Williston, 1896 from St. Vincent, known from females
only, the antennal flagellum of clavulus appears to be considerably longer and it
seems unlikely that the 2 species are even congeneric.
BIONOMICS. The immature stages of biambulacra have been collected only twice,
both times in association with D. scitula (741,775) along the edge of Dunns River
254 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
above the falls. Adults have not been found in nature.
DISTRIBUTION. To date known only from the north slope of Jamaica.
JAMAICA. St. Ann: Dunns River (741,775).
Material Examined: 95 specimens; 6 males, 9 females, 39 larvae, 41 pupae; 14 individual rear-
ings (8 larval, 4 pupal, 2 incomplete).
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 255
JA COLLECTION DATA
The bulk of the material on which this study is based was collected and reared
following the methods outlined by Belkin, Hogue et al (1965, 1967). This material
is identified only by 1 of the following 2 printed labels: //JA [handwritten collec-
tion number]/Jamaica 64/65/William A. Page// or //JA [numbers continuous with
above] /Jamaica 64-68/Mosq Mid Amer//. All the data pertinent to each collection
(locality, date, collector, breeding site, rearing information, etc.) are entered on
standard record forms deposited in the Department of Zoology, University of Cal-
ifornia, Los Angeles. These data are summarized in the following list under each
collection number. Included in this series are some miscellaneous collections, par-
ticularly a very valuable one by R.H. Hochman [USNM].
The data are given in the following order: Collection number. Parish, nearest
town, specific locality (Universal Transverse Mercator Grid coordinates; Jamaica
1:50,000, U.S. Army Topographic Command, E721); approximate elevation above
sea level in meters; date, abbreviation for collector(s). [Collections of immature
Stages] Specific breeding site and general environment; water conditions; vegeta-
tion in breeding site; bottom conditions; light condition. [Collections of adults]
Type and site of collection; hours of collection. [Species obtained] Number as-
signed to species in text followed by scientific name. The following abbreviations
are used for the names of collectors: Bk (J.N. Belkin); BkP (J.N. Belkin and W.A.
Page); Br (O.G.W. Berlin); BrW (O.G.W. Berlin and D.C. Watson); F (T.H. Farr);
H (R.H. Hochman; followed by his field number); M (Ministry of Health officials);
P (W.A. Page); T (H. Tucker); W (D.C. Watson).
1. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas area (TQ980930), 10 m; Jan 64, T.
Collection of immatures without data. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
2. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas area (TQ980930), 10 m; Jan 64, T.
Collection of immatures without data. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 36. Psoro-
phora (G.) jamaicensis.
3. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas area (TQ980930), 10 m; Jan 64, T.
Collection of immatures without data. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
4. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Estate (TQ980930), 10 m; Jan 64, P.
Small ground pool in partial forest; water fresh, clear, temporary; vegetation abun-
dant, mud bottom; partial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 36. Psorophora
(G.) jamaicensis.
5. No collection.
6. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson (UQO015855), sea level; 21 Jan
64, T. Ditch in littoral mangrove; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vege-
tation abundant with floating and submerged weeds, scum; mud bottom; partial
shade. 3. Anopheles (A.) crucians; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus; 20. Culex (Mel.) iolamb-
dis.
7. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson (UQ015855), sea level; 21 Jan
64, P. Footprints in salt marsh; water temporary, clear, brackish; algae; mud bottom;
full sun. 40. Aedes (O.) sollicitans.
8. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Naggo Head (TQ999865), 4 m; 21 Jan 64, T.
Stream margin in salt marsh; water permanent, clear, fresh, moderate current; vege-
tation scanty, submerged weeds; mud bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albiman-
US.
256 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
9. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson (UQ015855), sea level; 22 Jan
64, T. Large concrete artificial container, domestic; water temporary, clear, fresh; al-
gae scanty; mud bottom on concrete; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 16.
Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
10. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Naggo Head, Portmore (UQ006876), 5 m; 22
Jan 64, T. Pond in thorn scrub; water permanent, clear, fresh; algae and submerged
weeds scanty; mud bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 17. Culex
(Mel.) atratus.
11. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Naggo Head, Portmore (UQ006876), 5 m; 22
Jan 64, T. Concrete artificial container in thorn scrub; water temporary, clear, fresh;
concrete and twigs bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
12. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Passage Fort (UQ024893), 4 m; 23 Jan 64, T.
Stream margin in thorn scrub; water permanent, clear, fresh, moderate current; sub-
merged weeds; mud bottom; full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
13. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Passage Fort (UQ024893), 4 m; 23 Jan 64, T.
Ditch in thorn scrub; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation scanty, algae; mud
bottom; partial shade. 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus. |
14. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Passage Fort (UQ024893), 4 m; 23 Jan 64, T.
Ditch in thorn scrub; water temporary, clear, fresh, stagnant; no vegetation; mud
bottom; partial shade. 4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis.
15. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Gregory Park, Newlands (UQ008895), 10 m; 24
Jan 64, T. Footprints in canefield; water temporary, clear, fresh; mud bottom; par-
tial shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
16. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Gregory Park (UQ009905), 10 m; 24 Jan 64, T.
Stream margin in thorn scrub; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; algae;
mud bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
17. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Gregory Park, Newlands (UQ008895), 10 m; 24
Jan 64, T. Stream margin in canefield; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current;
algae; mud bottom; full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
18. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Gregory Park (UQ009905), 10 m; 27 Jan 64, T.
Pond in thorn scrub; water permanent, clear, fresh; vegetation abundant, algae, float-
ing water lily; mud bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 17. Culex
(Mel.) atratus.
19. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Gregory Park (UQ009905), 10 m; 27 Jan 64, T.
Large concrete drum, domestic; water temporary, clear, fresh; no vegetation; con-
crete bottom; partial shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
20. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Grange Farm, 1 mi from Bernard Lodge (TQ
960888), 15 m; 28 Jan 64, T. Ditch in field; water temporary, clear, fresh, al-
gae; mud bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
21. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Congrieve Park, 1% mi from Bernard Lodge
(TQ971871), 15 m; 28 Jan 64, T. Drain in field; water temporary, clear, fresh,
stagnant; algae; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
22. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Congrieve Park, 1% mi from Bernard Lodge
(TQ971871), 15 m; 28 Jan 64, T. Footprint in canefield; water temporary, clear,
fresh; algae; mud bottom; full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 36. Psorophora
(G.) jamaicensis.
23. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Naggo Head (TQ999865), 4 m; 28 Jan 64. T.
Stream margin in clearing in thorn scrub; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow cur-
rent; floating weeds and algae scanty; mud and gravel bottom; full sun. J]. Anopheles
(Nys.) albimanus; 3. Anopheles (A.) crucians; 6. Uranotaenia socialis.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 257
24. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Cookson Farm (probably about UQ000881), 10
m; 28 Jan 64, T. Drain in field; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation scanty,
grass and algae; mud bottom; full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
25. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Tamarind Farm, 1 mi SW of Spanish Town
(TQ923888), 22 m; 29 Jan 64, T. Swamp margin in ricefield; water temporary, clear,
fresh; vegetation abundant, algae, rice; mud bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.)
albimanus; 6. Uranotaenia socialis; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
26. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Great Salt Pond Farm (TQ969858), 12 m; 29
Jan 64, T. Ditch in plantation; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation scanty weed,
algae; mud bottom; partial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
27. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Finleys Cottage; 30 Jan 64, T. Ditch in planta-
tion; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation, algae, floating weed; mud and gravel
bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
28. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Finleys Cottage; 30 Jan 64, T. Crabhole on
shore of stream in plantation; water semipermanent, clear, fresh; no vegetation; mud
bottom; full sun. 4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
29. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay, 1% mi N of Caymanas (TQ
975952), 15 m; 3 Feb 64, T. Marshy depression in cleared forest; water semiper-
manent, clear, fresh; vegetation scanty floating weed, algae; mud bottom; full sun.
I. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 17. Culex (Mel.) atra-
tus. |
30. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay (TQ975952), 15 m; 3 Feb 64. T.
Stream margin in plantation; water permanent, clear, fresh, moderate current; vege-
tation abundant, floating weeds, algae; sand, gravel bottom; partial shade. 1. Anoph-
eles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
31. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay (TQ975952), 15 m; 3 Feb 64, T.
Large earthen pot, domestic; water clear, fresh; partial shade. 16. Culex (C.) quin-
quefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
32. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas (TQ980930), 15 m; 4 Feb 64. T.
Ditch in canefield; water temporary, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation abundant,
floating weeds, algae; mud, rock bottom; partial shade. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albi-
manus, 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
33. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas (TQ980930), 15 m; 4 Feb 64, T.
Large ground pool in field; water temporary, clear, fresh; algae; mud bottom; deep
shade. 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
34. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, March Pen Road, 1 mi S of Spanish Town
(1Q932885), 15 m; 6 Feb 64, T. Ditch in plantation; water clear, fresh, stagnant;
algae, water grass; mud, gravel bottom; partial shade. 3. Anopheles (A.) crucians;,
15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
35. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Blair Pen Farm, 15 m; 6 Feb 64, T. Drain in
field; water temporary, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation abundant, algae, grass,
floating weeds; mud bottom; full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
36. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, St. Johns Road (TQ910911), 30 m; 6 Feb 64, T.
Large drain along road; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation abundant, grass,
algae; mud bottom; partial shade. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 3. Anopheles (A.)
crucians.
37. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Featherbed Lane (TQ935905), 30 m; 6 Feb 64,
T. Footprints in ricefield; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation abundant grass,
algae; mud bottom; partial shade. 4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis; 36. Psorophora
(G.) jamaicensis; 42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus.
258 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
38. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Featherbed Lane (TQ935905), 30 m; 6 Feb 64,
T. Drain in plantation; water temporary, clear, fresh, slow current, vegetation abun-
dant, algae, grass; mud bottom; partial shade. 4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis; 5.
Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
39. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Cavaliers, Mount Tirza (UR963010),
380 m; 11 Feb 64, T. Large copper container; water clear, fresh; partial shade.
16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
40. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Cavaliers, Mt. Tirza (UR063010), 380 m,
11 Feb 64, T. Small drum, domestic; water colored, fresh; 2 ins tar bottom, partial
shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
41. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Cavaliers (UR063010), 380 m; 11 Feb
64, T. Stream pool in plantation; water permanent, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation
algae, flotage; mud, gravel bottom; partial shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
42. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Cavaliers (UR063010), 380 m; 11 Feb
64, T. Cut bamboo, domestic; water temporary, clear, fresh; decaying plant matter
in bottom; partial shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus. |
43. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Cavaliers (UR063010), 380 m; 14 Feb
64, T. Stream margin in clearing in rain forest; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow
current; vegetation scanty, algae, water lily; mud bottom; partial shade. 5. Anoph-
eles (A.) grabhamii.
44. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall (UR069033), 150 m; 17
Feb 64, T. Drain in plantation; water temporary, clear, fresh, slow current; sand,
gravel bottom; deep shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
45. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall, on main road (UR069033),
150 m; 17 Feb 64, T. Pool in ditch in plantation; water temporary, clear, fresh; vege-
tation scanty, algae; sand, gravel bottom; full sun. 21. Culex (Mel. ) inhibitator.
46. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall, Murdock Spring (UR06903 3),
150 m; 17 Feb 64, T. Small ground pool in clearing in rain forest; water temporary,
clear, fresh, algae; sand, gravel bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus,
5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
47. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall (UR069033), 150 m; 17
Feb 64, T. Large ground pool in clearing in rain forest; water temporary, clear,
fresh; vegetation scanty, algae, floating weeds; sand, gravel bottom; partial shade.
1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 17. Culex (Mel.) at-
ratus; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator.
48. Kingston and St. Andrew, Temple Hall, Wag Water River (UR069033), 150
m; 18 Feb 64, T. Stream margin in clearing in rain forest; water permanent, clear,
fresh, slow current; vegetation scanty, algae; sand, gravel bottom; full sun. J. Anoph-
eles (Nys.) albimanus. 3
49. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall (UR069033), 150 m; 18
Feb 64, T. Small ground pool in plantation; water temporary, clear, fresh; no vege-
tation; sand, gravel bottom; full sun. 15. Culex (C_) nigripalpus; 16. Culex (C.) quin-
quefasciatus.
50. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Parks Road (UR026018), 380 m; 18 Feb
64, T. Wild coco yam, domestic; partial shade. 17. Culex (C.) corniger; 55. Wyeo-
myia (W.) mitcheliii.
51. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Mount Airy, 3 mi from Brandon Hill
(UR123042), 600 m; 19 Feb 64, T. Large ground pool in plantation; water tempor-
ary, clear, fresh; mud bottom; partial shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
52. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Dalvey, Belgium (UQ674805), 20 m; 3 Mar 64,
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 259
T. Drain in plantation; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation scanty, algae; mud,
rock bottom; full sun. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
53. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Spanish Wood, near Duckenfield Hall (UQ673815),
30 m; 3 Mar 64, T. Ditch in canefield; water temporary, clear, fresh, stagnant; mud
bottom; full sun. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
54. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall, Spanish Wood (UR673815), 30
m; 4 Mar 64, T. Small ground pool in canefield; water temporary, turbid, fresh;
algae; mud bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 15. Culex (C.) nigri-
palpus.
55. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall, Spanish Wood (UR673815), 30
m; 4 Mar 64, T. Ditch in canefield; water temporary, clear, fresh; mud bottom; full
sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
56. St. Thomas, Golden Grove (UQ653832), 30 m; 4 Mar 64, T. Stream margin in
plantation; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation scanty, algae,
floating water grass; mud bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anoph-
eles (A.) grabhamii.
57. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay (UQ706832), 1 m; 4 Mar 64, T.
Stream margin in plantation; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation
abundant, algae, floating weeds; mud bottom; full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albiman-
us.
58. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Amity Hall (UQ670855), 80 m; 9 Mar 64, T.
Stream margin in plantation; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation
abundant, algae; sand, gravel bottom; partial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus;
5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 36. Psorophora (G.) jamai-
censis.
59. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Amity Hall, Quaw Hill (UQ676855), 61 m; 9 Mar
64, T. Large ground pool in clearing in rain forest; water temporary, colored, fresh;
full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
60. St. Thomas, Manchioneal, Hectors River (UQ662908), 15 m; 11 Mar 64, T.
Stream margin in plantation; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation
scanty, floating weeds; mud, gravel bottom; full sun. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
61. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Amity Hall (UQ670855), 80 m; 11 Mar 64, T.
Large ground pool, domestic; water temporary, colored, fresh; mud bottom; partial
shade. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
62. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Hordley Estate (UQ658848), 15 m; 17 Mar 64, T.
Drain in plantation; water temporary, colored, fresh, stagnant; scum; mud, rock bot-
tom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
63. St. Thomas, Golden Grove (UQ653832), 30 m; 17 Mar 64, T. Drain in cultiva-
tion; water temporary, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation scanty, algae; mud bottom;
partial shade. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
64. St. Thomas, Port Morant, New Pera (UQ630777), sea level; 24 Mar 64, T.
Marshy depression in ricefield; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation abundant,
rice; mud bottom; full sun. Culex (Mel.) sp.
65. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Chiswick, 1 mi from Dalvey (probably UQ687800),
8 m; 25 Mar 64, T. Large ground pool in junction of mangrove swamp and canefield;
water temporary, colored, brackish; no vegetation; mud bottom; full sun. 7. Anoph-
eles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; Culex (Mel.) sp.
66. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Wheelerfield (UQ635854), 30 m; 1 Apr 64, T.
Stream margin in plantation; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation
abundant, algae, flotage; floating weeds; mud bottom; full sun.
260 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
67. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Winchester House (UQ633845), 30 m; 1 Apr 64,
T. Seepage in plantation; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation
scanty, algae; mud bottom; partial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus;, 5. Anoph-
eles (A.) grabhamii; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
68. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Hampton Court (UQ659809), 70 m; 7 Apr 64, T.
Small crabhole, domestic; water temporary, colored, fresh; mud bottom; partial
shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
69. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Hampton Court (UQ659809), 70 m; 7 Apr 64, T.
Large absorption pit, domestic; water temporary, colored, fresh; mud bottom; par-
tial shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
70. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Hampton Court (UQ659809), 70 m; 7 Apr 64, T.
Large crabhole, domestic; water temporary, clear, fresh; mud bottom; partial shade.
16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
71. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay (UQ700834), sea level; 9 June 64, T.
Small ground pool in mangrove swamp edge; water temporary, brackish; sand bot-
tom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
72. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay (UQ700834), sea level; 17 June 64,
T. Drain in plantation; water temporary, clear, fresh, stagnant; mud bottom; partial
shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
73, 74. No collections.
75. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, on sea side of Albion swamp (UQ279800),
sea level; 16 July 64, BKP. Freshwater swamp margin; water permanent, clear, fresh;
vegetation abundant, grassy; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. J. Anopheles (Nys.)
albimanus; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
76. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, 20 ft W of drainage ditch (UQ280803), 8 m;
16 July 64, BkP. Freshwater swamp interior; water semipermanent, clear, fresh; vege-
tation abundant, algae, grassy; mud, decayed plant matter bottom; partial shade.
17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
77. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen waterworks, 50 yds S of road (UQ280803),
8 m; 16 July 64, BkP. Ditch in freshwater swamp; water permanent, clear, fresh,
‘slow current; vegetation abundant, scum, algae, grassy, Typha sp.; mud bottom;
full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 6. Uranotaenia socialis; 17. Culex (Mel.)
atratus; 19. Culex (Mel.) erraticus.
78. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 3 m; 16 July 64, BkP.
Adults resting in very open shallow crabhole in mangrove swamp; time 1430. 9.
Deinocerites cancer.
79. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 3 m; 16 July 64, BkP.
Large crabhole in mangrove; water permanent, clear; mud, sand bottom; partial
shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
80. Clarendon, Chapelton, Summerfield, 1 mi from Chapelton, on St. Thomas
River (TR589023), 240 m; 17 July 64, BkP. Small ground pool in road rut in field;
water temporary, turbid, fresh; vegetation scanty, grass; mud bottom; full sun. 36.
Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
81. Clarendon, Frankfield (TR475089), 250 m; 17 July 64, BkP. Rockhole in
coral limestone on stream margin in rain forest; water temporary, clear, fresh, stag-
nant; rock, decaying plant matter bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
82. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Constant Spring, behind post office
(UQ098959), 150 m; 18 July 64, BkP. Large treehole, 1 m above ground; water
temporary, light brown; decaying vegetation bottom; partial shade. 46. Aedes (F.)
mediovittatus.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 261
83. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Constant Spring, behind post office
(UQ098959), 150 m; 18 July 64, BkP. Small treehole 0.75 m from ground; water
light brown; decaying vegetation bottom; partial shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
84. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ1 20998), 400
m; 18 July 64, BkP. No material.
85. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam (UQ120998), 480 m; 18
July 64, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliad in rain forest; water dark brown; deep shade.
47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
86. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Negril, S. past lighthouse (QL795190), 2 m;
29 July 64, P. Rockhole, coral, seaside in thorn scrub; water semipermanent, clear,
brownish, fresh; scanty algae; rock, decaying plant matter bottom; partial shade.
17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
87. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Little London, Broughton Wharf (QL952149),
sea level; 30 July 64, P. Canoe in mangrove; water temporary, clear, brown, fresh;
wood bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
88. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Little London, Broughton Wharf (QL952149),
sea level; 30 July 64, P. Large crabhole in mangrove; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites
cancer.
89. Hanover, Lucea, Bulls Bay, 3 mi W of Lucea on Green Island Road (QL
943423), sea level; 2 Aug 64, W. Rockhole, coral seaside in rocky littoral; water
semipermanent, green, salty; rock bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 10. Cu-
lex bahamensis; 37. Psorophora (G.) insularia.
90. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall, Spanish Wood (UQ673815),
30 m; 5 Aug 64, T. Large crabhole in mangrove; water dark brown, brackish; mud
bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
91. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Dalvey, Belgium (UQ674805), 20 m; 7 Aug 64, P.
Small ground pool in mangrove edge; water temporary, brackish; decaying vegeta-
tion bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
92. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Chiswick, 11 yds from sea (probably UQ687800),
8 m; 7 Aug 64, P. Crabhole in mangrove; water brackish; mud bottom; full sun.
9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
93. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Dalvey (UQ677805), 15 m; 10 Aug 64, P. Pond
in clearing in rain forest; water temporary, clear, fresh; mud, decaying grass bottom;
partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
94. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall, about % mi E of Duckenfield-
Holland Bay road junction (UQ673835), 25 m; 10 Aug 64, P. Large ground pool in
canefield; water temporary, light brown, fresh; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psoro-
phora (G.) jamaicensis.
95. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, about 6 chains E of village, near
first bridge (UQ700834), sea level; 10 Aug 64, T. Large ground pool in mangrove;
water clear, brackish; algae; sand bottom; full sun. 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea;
39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
96. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, 1 chain W of village (UQ700834),
sea level; 10 Aug 64, T. Marshy depression in mangrove; water temporary, colored,
brackish; vegetation abundant, grassy; mud, sand bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora
(G.) jamaicensis; 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
97. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, E of Holland Bay village, between milestones 50
and 51 (UQ715825), sea level; 11 Aug 64, T. Swamp margin in mangrove; water
temporary, brownish, brackish; vegetation scanty, grass; mud bottom; deep shade.
36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis; 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea; 43. Aedes (O.) tor-
tilis.
262 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
98. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, E of Holland Bay village, between milestones 51
and 52 (UQ715825), sea level; 11 Aug 64, T. Swamp interior in mangrove, 2 chains
from road; water colored, brackish; mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 39. Aedes (O.)
taeniorhynchus.
99. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, E, between milestones 51 and 52
(UQ715825), sea level; 11 Aug 64, T. Drain, about | chain inside mangrove swamp;
water temporary, colored, brackish, stagnant; mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 38.
Psorophora (G.) pygmaea; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
100. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Morant Point lighthouse (UQ745813), 5 m; 11 |
Aug 64, T. Large ground pool in littoral grass; water temporary, clear, brackish;
vegetation scanty, grass; mud, rock bottom; full sun. 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea;
39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
101. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Chiswick (probably UQ687800), 8 m; 11 Aug
64, T. Large ground pool in mangrove; water temporary, clear, brackish; mud bot-
tom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis; 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea.
102. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Chiswick (probably UQ687800), 8 m; 11 Aug
64, T. Small ground pool in mangrove; water temporary, clear, brackish; mud bot-
tom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis; 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea.
103. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Folly Bay, 9 yds from sea (UQ725799), sea lev-
el; Aug 64, T. Rockhole, coral seaside, in littoral mangrove; water fresh; vegetation
decaying; rock bottom; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 50. Aedes (H.) inae-
qualis.
104. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Folly Bay, 16 chains from sea (UQ725799), sea
level; Aug 64, T. Pond, littoral; water semipermanent, brackish; vegetation scanty,
grassy; mud bottom; full sun. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
105. Clarendon, Chapelton, Trout Hall (TR525072), 350 m; 15 Aug 64, M. Adults
on donkey bait at dusk. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
106. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 20 Aug 64, P. No data. |
107. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 20 Aug 64, P. Adults biting man in forest about 3 yds off road; 1115 hrs.
_ Aedes (H.) sp. =
108. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, 25 yds from Constant Spring Road
along Hermitage Dam Road (UQ106997), 160 m; 20 Aug 64, P. Adult biting man;
1030 hrs. 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
109. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, about 100 yds
before end of tarmac (UQ120998), 450 m; 20 Aug 64, P. Rockhole, coral limestone,
in rain forest; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation decaying; rock bottom; deep
shade. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
110. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, at beginning of
dirt road (UQ120998), 450 m; 20 Aug 64, P. Treehole in rain forest; water slightly
brown, fresh; decaying vegetation bottom; deep shade. 30. Orthopodomyia waver-
leyi.
111. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, at beginning of
dirt road (UQ120998), 450 m; 20 Aug 64, P. Bamboo, cut and broken, at edge of
clearing in rain forest; water temporary, colored light brown, fresh; decaying plant
matter bottom; partial shade. 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
112. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay (UQ706832), 3 m; 19 Aug 64, T.
Large crabhole in mangrove; water colored, brackish; sand bottom; partial shade.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 263
9. Deinocerites cancer.
113. St. Thomas, Morant Bay, Seaforth, approx % mi W of Serge Island and Sea-
forth road junction (UQ453840), 80 m; 19 Aug 64, T. Ditch in field; water temp-
orary, clear, fresh, stagnant; mud, concrete bottom; partial shade. 16. Culex (C_)
quinque fasciatus.
114. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, between milestones 51 and 52
(UQ715825), 3 m; 19 Aug 64, T. Drain in mangrove; water temporary, dark brown,
brackish, stagnant; mud bottom; full sun. 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
115. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, between milestones 51 and 52
(UQ715825), 3 m; 19 Aug 64, T. Small ground pool in road in mangrove; water
temporary, clear, brackish; mud, gravel bottom; full sun. 16. Culex (C.) quinque-
fasciatus; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
116. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road near beginning
of dirt road (UQ120998), 450 m; 20 Aug 64, P. Epiphytic bromeliad, clearing in
rain forest; water clear; decaying vegetation bottom; deep shade. 63. Wyeomyia
(W.) atrata.
117. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, between milestones 51 and 52
(UQ715825), 3 m; 19 Aug 64, T. Adults biting man on road near mangrove swamp;
1530 hrs. 34. Psorophora (J.) sp., Jamaican form.
118. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, 2 yds off road
(UQ1 20998), 450 m; 20 Aug 64, P. Large treehole in rain forest; water brown; mud-
like debris bottom; deep shade. 66. Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis.
119. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 28 Aug 64, T.
Large ground pool in mangrove; water temporary, clear, brackish; mud, dead leaves
bottom; partial shade. 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
120. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 28 Aug 64, T.
Rockhole, coral, in mangrove; water temporary, clear; rock, dead leaves bottom;
full sun. 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
121. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay, entrance to Morant Point lighthouse
(UQ738814), 3 m; 18 Aug 64, T. Galvanized iron water container, domestic in man-
grove-littoral grass; water temporary, clear, fresh; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) al-
bimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 10. Culex (C.) bahamensis.
122. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Newcastle, Woodcutter’s Gap (UQ
192998), 1350 m; 3 Sept 64, P. Epiphytic bromeliad, 2.5 m, in montane rain for-
est; water turbid, brown; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
123. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Newcastle, Woodcutter’s Gap (UQ
192998), 1350 m; 3 Sept 64, P. Epiphytic bromeliad in montane rain forest; wat-
er clear, brown; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
124. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Newcastle (UQ188992), 1200 m; 5
Sept 64, P. Small epiphytic bromeliad 3 m above ground, domestic; water clear,
colored; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
125. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Newcastle, by ‘““Refuge’’, a house (UQ
188992), 1200 m; 5 Sept 64, P. Large epiphytic bromeliad, 4 m above ground,
domestic; water clear, brown; partial shade. 48. Aedes (H.) aurites.
126. Portland, Manchioneal, Reach, 3 mi E of Manchioneal (UQ618950), 225
m; 9 Sept 64, M. Wild coco yam in rain forest; partial shade. 55. Wyeomyia (W.)
mitcheliii.
127. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 3 m; 9 Sept 64, T.
Adults in CDC light trap in mangrove. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
127A. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Rocky Point (due S of Golden Grove) (UQ
264 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
652785), 2 m; 10 Sept 64, T. Stream margin in plantation; water permanent, clear,
fresh, slow current; algae; mud bottom; partial shade.
128. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Winchester House (UQ633845), 30 m; 15 Sept
64, T. Small ground pool in plantation; water temporary, clear, fresh; mud, gravel
bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
129. St. Thomas, Bath, Plantain Garden River Estate (UQ605837), 60 m; 15 Sept
64, T. Large ground pool in plantation; water temporary, clear, fresh; algae; mud,
gravel bottom; full sun.
130. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Winchester House, about 4 chains NW of school
(UQ633845), 30 m; 15 Sept 64, T. Wild coco yam in plantation; deep shade. 55.
Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
131. Westmoreland, Frome, Grange Hill (QL977266), 90 m; 26 Sept 64, P. Well,
disused, domestic; water turbid; mud, old tins, etc. bottom; partial shade.
132. Westmoreland, Frome, Grange Hill (QL977266), 30 m; 26 Sept 64, P. Disused
pit latrine, concrete edge, domestic; water temporary, clear, fresh; mud, old mattress
in bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
133. Westmoreland, Frome, Grange Hill (QL977266), 30 m; 26 Sept 64, P. Dis-
carded motor tires, domestic; water clear; deep shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; 68.
Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
134. Westmoreland, Frome, Grange Hill (QL977266), 30 m; 26 Sept 64, P. Wood-
en barrel, domestic; water clear; partial shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
135. Westmoreland, Frome, Grange Hill (QL977266), 30 m; 26 Sept 64, P. Wood-
en water drum, domestic; water clear; deep shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
136. Westmoreland, Frome, Grange Hill (QL977266), 30 m; 26 Sept 64, P. Art-
ificial container, domestic; water clear; partial shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
137. Westmoreland, Frome, Grange Hill (QL977266), 30 m; 26 Sept 64, P. Ditch,
domestic; water temporary, clear, stagnant; vegetation scanty, grassy; mud bottom;
partial shade. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
138. Westmoreland, Frome, Grange Hill (QL977266), 30 m; 26 Sept 64, P. Adults
biting man in open area near slaughter house; 1130 hours.
139. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 28 Sept 64, T.
Small ground pool in coconut plantation, mangrove; water temporary, clear, brack-
ish; mud, gravel bottom; full sun. 38 Psorophora (G.) pygmaea; 39. Aedes (O.)
taeniorhynchus.
140. St. Thomas, Golden Grove (UQ653832), 15 m; 29 Sept 64, T. Very shallow
crabhole in field; water colored, fresh; gravel bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites can-
cer; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
141. St. Thomas, Golden Grove (UQ653832), 15 m; 29 Sept 64, T. Discarded
motor tire in plantation; water colored; partial shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasci-
atus.
142. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, east end (UQ706832), 3 m; 5 Oct
64, T. Swamp margin in mangrove; water temporary, colored, brackish; vegetation
grassy; mud bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 39. Aedes (O.) taen-
iorhynchus.
143. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, east end (UQ706832), 3 m; 5 Oct
64, T. Large ground pool in mangrove; water temporary, clear, brackish; vegetation
grassy; mud bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 38. Psorophora (G.)
pygmaea; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
144. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 6 Oct 64, T.
Ditch in plantation and mangrove; water temporary, colored, brackish, stagnant;
sand bottom; partial shade. 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 265
145. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, nr 49 milestone (UQ715825), 2 m;
6 Oct 64, T. Large ground pool in clearing in mangrove; water temporary, clear,
brackish; vegetation grassy; sand bottom; full sun.
146. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall (UQ670820), 30 m; 7 Oct 64,
T. Ditch, domestic; water temporary, colored, fresh, stagnant; mud bottom; partial
shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
147. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Hampton Court (UQ659809), 70 m; 7 Oct 64,
T. Small ground pool in plantation; water colored, fresh; mud bottom; full sun.
5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
148. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Dalvey (UQ677805), 30 m; 7 Oct 64, T. Pond in
clearing in rain forest; water temporary, colored, fresh; vegetation scanty, grassy;
mud bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus,; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
149. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Hampton Court (UQ659809), 70 m; 7 Oct 64,
T. Pond in plantation; water temporary, colored, fresh; vegetation grassy, floating
weeds; mud bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.)
grabhamii.
150. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Dalvey (UQ677805), 20 m; 7 Oct 64, T. Cut
bamboo in plantation; water colored, fresh; partial shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti;
54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
151. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Dalvey (UQ677805), 20 m; 7 Oct 64, T. Pond in
plantation; water temporary, colored, fresh; vegetation grassy; mud bottom; full sun.
15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
152. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 19 Oct 64, T.
Large ground pool in mangrove; water colored, brackish; mud, gravel bottom; full
sun.
153. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Morant Point (UQ745813), 2 m; 19 Oct 64, T.
Rockhole, coral limestone in littoral grass; water clear; vegetation grassy; rock bot-
tom; full sun. 40. Aedes (O.) sollicitans.
154. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Airy Mount at Martha River (UQ626805), 80 m;
21 Oct 64, T. Terrestrial bromeliad; full sun. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
155. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, milestone 48 (UQ715825), 3 m; 21
Oct 64, T. Swamp margin in coconut plantation, mangrove; water semipermanent,
brackish; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
156. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Golden Grove Cemetery (UQ653832), 15 m; 22
Oct 64, T. Large ground pool, domestic; water clear, fresh; mud bottom; full sun.
33. Psorophora (J.) ferox; 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis; 38. Psorophora (G.)
pygmaea. |
157. St. Thomas, Morant Bay, Springfield House, E of Morant Bay (UQ485775),
8 m; 22 Oct 64, T. Ground pool in plantation; water temporary; mud bottom; par-
tial shade. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
158. St. Thomas, Morant Bay, Springfield House, E of Morant Bay (UQ485775),
8 m; 22 Oct 64, T. Terrestrial bromeliad in plantation; deep shade. 55. Wyeomyia
(W.) mitchellii.
159. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, east end (UQ706832), 3 m; 23
Oct 64, T. Rockhole, coral, in mangrove; water temporary, colored, brackish; rock,
decaying vegetation bottom; deep shade. 33. Psorophora (J.) ferox; 38. Psorophora
(G.) pygmaea; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus; 41. Aedes (O.) pertinax; 43. Aedes
(O.) tortilis.
160. St. Thomas, Golden Grove (UQ653832), 15 m; 22 Oct 64, T. Small ground
pool; water temporary, stagnant; mud bottom; full sun.
266 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
161. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Chiswick (probably UQ687800), 8 m; 22 Oct
64, T. Large ground pool at edge of mangrove; water fresh; vegetation grassy; mud
bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
162. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Chiswick (probably UQ687800), 8 m; 22 Oct
64, T. Small ground pool at edge of mangrove; water fresh; vegetation grassy; mud
bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
163. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Rocky Point (UQ652785), 2 m; 23 Oct 64, T.
Small ground pool in plantation; water fresh; vegetation grassy; mud, decaying vege-
tation bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
164. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall (UQ670820), 15 m; 27 Oct
64, T. Large ground pool in field; water colored, fresh; mud bottom; full sun. /6.
Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
165. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall (UQ670820), 15 m; 27 Oct
64, T. Small ground pool in field; water clear, fresh; mud bottom; full sun. 36.
Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
166. St. Thomas, Golden Grove (UQ653832), 30 m; 27 Oct 64, T. Small ground
pool in plantation; water fresh; vegetation grassy; mud bottom; full sun. 16. Culex
(C.) quinquefasciatus.
167. St. Ann, Ocho Rios, Cave Valley (TR746376), 15 m; 19 Oct 64, M. Large
crabhole; water temporary, colored; vegetation grassy; partial shade.
168. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Holland Bay, east end (UQ706832), 3 m; 27 Oct
64, T. No data. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 22. Culex (Mel.) sp., Jamaican form.
169. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 28 Oct 64, T.
Large ground pool in mangrove; water colored, brackish; mud, gravel bottom; par-
tial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
170. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 28 Oct 64, T.
Small crabhole in mangrove; water clear, brackish; sand bottom; partial shade. 9.
Deinocerites cancer.
171. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Hampton Court (UQ659809), 70 m; 29 Oct 64,
T. Ground pool; water fresh; vegetation grassy; mud bottom; full sun. 16. Culex (C.)
_ quinquefasciatus; 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
172. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Chiswick (probably UQ687800), 30 m; 29 Oct
64, T. Small ground pool at edge of mangrove; water fresh; vegetation grassy; mud
bottom; full sun. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
173. St. Mary, Port Maria, Prospect (URO05320), 20 m; 3 Nov 64, T. Rockhole,
coral, domestic; water temporary, colored, fresh; mud, decaying vegetation bottom;
partial shade. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
174. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Stokes Hall (UQ640824), 15 m; 8 Nov 64, P.
Tire, roadside; water clear, fresh; mud, sand bottom; full sun.
175. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 8 Nov 64, P. Large
crabhole in mangrove; water clear, brackish; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. 9.
Deinocerites cancer.
176. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 8 Nov 64, P. Large
crabhole in mangrove; water clear, brackish; mud, sand bottom; partial shade.
177. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 8 Nov 64, P. Ditch
in mangrove; water temporary, turbid, brackish; stagnant; mud, sand bottom; partial
shade. 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
178. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay (UQ735817), 2 m; 8 Nov 64, P. Large
crabhole in mangrove; water clear, brackish; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. 9.
Deinocerites cancer.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 267
179. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Morant Point lighthouse grounds (UQ745813),
2 m; 8 Nov 64, P. Large ground pool in littoral grassland; water temporary, clear,
brackish; vegetation abundant, grass; mud, decaying plant matter bottom; full sun.
39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
180. St. Thomas, Port Morant, New Pera (UQ630777), 2 m; 19 Nov 64, T. Crab-
hole in mangrove, water colored, brackish; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
181. No collection.
182. No data. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
183. No data. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
184. No data. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
185. No data. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
186. No data. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
187, 188. No collections.
189. No data. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
190. No data. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
191. No data. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
192-194. No collections.
195. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Stokes Hall (UQ640824), 15 m; 1 Feb 65, T.
Large asphalt drum in plantation; water clear, fresh, stagnant; asphalt bottom; full
sun. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
196. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall (UQ670820), 15 m; 2 Feb 65,
T. Stream in field; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation gras-
sy; mud bottom; partial shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
197. St. Thomas, Golden Grove (UQ653832), 30 m; 1 Feb 65, T. Large asphalt
drum in field; water colored, fresh, stagnant; asphalt bottom; partial shade. 16.
Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
197A. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry (UQ018938), 10 m; 2 Feb 65,
M. Stream margin overflow; water colored, fresh, slow current; algae, grassy; mud,
decaying vegetation bottom; partial shade. 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
198. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall (UQ670820), 15 m; 1 Feb 65,
T. Stream margin in field; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, slow current; mud
bottom; full sun. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
199. St. Thomas, Port Morant, New Pera (UQ630777), 2 m; 1 Feb 65, T. Pond in
‘grazing area; water semipermanent, colored; vegetation grassy; mud bottom; partial
shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
200. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall (UQ670820), 15 m; 2 Feb 65,
T. Large artificial container, domestic; water temporary, clear, fresh; rust bottom;
partial shade.
201. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Amity Hall (UQ670855), 80 m; 2 Feb 65, T.
Large container, domestic; water temporary, colored; rust bottom; partial shade.
202. St. Thomas, Port Morant, New Pera (UQ630777), 2 m; 1 Feb 65, T. Small
ground pool in field; water colored, fresh; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora
(G.) jamaicensis.
203. St. Thomas, Port Morant, Old Pera (UQ603765), 3 m; 2 Feb 65, T. Stream
margin; water temporary, colored, fresh, slow current; vegetation grassy; mud, de-
caying plant matter bottom; partial shade.
204. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Winchester House (UQ633845), 25 m; 3 Feb
65, T. Wild coco yam in grassy area; deep shade. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
205. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Winchester House (UQ633845), 25 m; 3 Feb
65, T. Stream margin in field; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegeta-
268 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
tion algae, floating weeds; mud bottom; full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
205A. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, Duckenfield Hall, Spanish Wood (UQ673815),
30 m; 19 Feb 65, T. Small crabhole; water temporary, stagnant; partial shade. 9.
Deinocerites cancer.
206. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, Petersville (SR875057), 100 m; 3 Feb 65, M.
Adults resting in postal agency. 31. Psorophora (P.) ciliata.
207. Clarendon, May Pen, Milk River Bath (TQ504752), 2 m; Feb 65, M. Col-
lection of immatures without data. 10. Culex (C.) bahamensis.
208. St. Mary, Port Maria, Richmond, Mount Zion (URO01180), 250 m; 24 Feb
65, T. Wild coco yam, in plantation; full sun. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
209. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, grounds of Zoology Dept, U.W.I. (UQ
148913), 122 m; 18 May 65, P.-Half barrels (iron), domestic; water permanent, tur-
bid, rusty, fresh; rusty iron bottom; full sun. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 15. Culex
(C.) nigripalpus; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
210. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay (TQ975952), 15 m; 29 June
65, P. Ditch in canefield; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, slow current; mud bot-
tom; full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 15. Cu-
lex (C.) nigripalpus.
211. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas (TQ980930), 25 m; 29 June 65, P.
Ditch in canefield; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, slow current; mud bottom;
partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
212. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay (TQ975952), 15 m; 29 June
65, P. Stream pool blocked by cane leaf in canefield; water permanent, clear, fresh,
slow current; mud, decaying vegetation bottom; partial shade.
213. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay (TQ975952), 15 m; 29 June
65, P. Stream pool in clearing; water permanent, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation
abundant, algae, floating and submerged weeds; mud bottom; partial shade. J 7.
Culex (Mel.) atratus.
214. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Gordon Town (UQ183949), 380 m; 25
June 65, M. No data. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
215. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, 1 mi along Red Hills Road
(UQ010946), 15 m; 6 July 65, P. Large crabholes in banks of drainage channels in
thicket in thorn forest; water clear, brackish; mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 9.
Deinocerites cancer.
216. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, | mi along Red Hills Road
(UQ010946), 15 m; 6 July 65, P. Ditch in forest; water semipermanent, turbid, fresh,
slow current; vegetation scanty; mud bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigri-
palpus.
217. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, 1 mi along Red Hills Road
(UQ010946), 15 m; 6 July 65, P. Small crabhole in thorn forest; water colored,
brackish; mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
218. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, 1 mi along Red Hills Road
(UQ010946), 15 m; 6 July 65, P. Large crabhole in thorn forest; water colored,
brackish; mud bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
219. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, 1 mi along Red Hills Road
(UQ010946), 15 m; 6 July 65, P. Large crabhole in thorn forest; water colored,
brackish; mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
220. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, | mi along Red Hills Road
(UQ010946), 15 m; 6 July 65, P. Large crabhole in thorn forest; water colored,
brackish; mud bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 269
221. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, | mi along Red Hills Road
(UQ010946), 15 m; 6 July 65, P. Large crabhole in thorn forest; water colored,
brackish; mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
222. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, | mi along Red Hills Road
(UQ010946), 15 m; 6 July 65, P. Adults biting beneath trees; 1030 hrs. 39. Aedes
(O.) taeniorhynchus.
223. No data. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
224. St. Catherine, Linstead, Recess Pen nr water tank (TR848135), 70 m; 13
July 65, P. Pool in stream in forest; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vege-
tation abundant; mud, decaying vegetation bottom; deep shade. 52. Aedes (S.)
aegypti (contamination).
225. St. Catherine, Linstead, Recess Pen nr water tank (TR848135), 70 m; 13
July 65, P. Stream pool in grazing area; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current;
vegetation abundant, grassy, wood, herbaceous; mud bottom; deep shade. 5. Anoph-
eles (A.) grabhamii; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
226. St. Catherine, Linstead, Recess Pen nr water tank (TR848135), 70 m; 13
July 65, P. Stream pool in grazing area; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current;
vegetation abundant, grassy, woody, herbaceous; mud bottom; deep shade. 5. Anoph-
eles (A.) grabhamii.
227. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, Petersville, behind postal agency (SR875057),
225 m; 21 July 65, P. Swamp margin in grazing area; water semipermanent, clear,
colored slightly brown, fresh; vegetation abundant, water weeds, 1-1% ft wild rice;
mud bottom; full sun. 12. Culex (C.) chidesteri; 27. Mansonia (M.) titillans.
228. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, Petersville, %miS of postal agency (SR875057),
225 m; 21 July 65, P. Animal (cattle) tracks in grazing area; water temporary, clear,
fresh; vegetation scanty grass; mud bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
229. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, Petersville, 4% miS of postal agency (SR875057),
225.m; 21 July 65, P. Animal (cattle) tracks in grazing area; water temporary, clear,
fresh; vegetation abundant, grass; mud bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigri-
palpus.
230. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Negril village by Negrito Beach cottages
(QL799228), 4 m; 24 July 65, P. Rockhole, coral limestone, domestic; water temp-
orary, clear, fresh; vegetation scanty algae; rock, decaying plant matter bottom; par-
tial shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus.
231. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, 2 mi from Negril village on road to light-
house (QL787203), 3 m; 24 July 65, P. Rockhole, coral limestone, in clearing; water
semipermanent, clear, fresh; vegetation scanty algae; sand, rock, decaying plant mat-
ter bottom; full sun. 7. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus, 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
232. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Negril Swamp, 100 yds from main road nr
parish border (QL818258), 2 m; 25 July 65, P. Large ground pool in freshwater
swamp; water permanent, clear, brown, fresh; vegetation abundant, reeds, flotage;
mud bottom; deep shade. 4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis; 5. Anopheles (A.) grab-
hamii; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 23. Culex (Mel.) pilosus.
233. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Negril Village, Llantrissant House, sea level
(QL799229); 30 July 65, P. Rockhole, coral, seaside, rocky shore; water semiper-
manent, clear, brackish; sand, rock bottom; full sun. 10. Culex (C.) bahamensis.
234. No collection.
235. Clarendon, May Pen, Goshen, on Mocho Road about 2 mi N of Four Paths
(TQ553918), 150 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Rockhole, coral limestone, in scrub forest;
water clear, fresh; abundant flotage; rock, decaying vegetation bottom; partial shade.
270 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 45. Aedes (O.) calumnior; 46. Aedes (F.) medio-
vittatus. 2 |
236. Clarendon, May Pen, Goshen, on Mocho Road about 2 mi N of Four Paths
(TQ553918), 150 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Rockhole, coral limestone, in scrub forest;
water clear, fresh; scanty flotage; rock, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 46. Aedes
(F.) mediovittatus. :
237. Clarendon, May Pen, Goshen, on Mocho Road about 2 mi N of Four Paths
(TQ553918), 150 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Rockhole, coral limestone, in scrub forest;
water clear, fresh; scanty flotage; rock, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri. : :
237A. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, quarry by Fresh River (UQ
022942), 10 m; 13 Sept 65, W. Adults biting man in open land by quarry; 1705
hrs. 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus; 40. Aedes (O.)
sollicitans.
238. Clarendon, May Pen, Goshen, on Mocho Road 2 mi N of Four Paths (TQ —
553918), 150 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Rockhole, coral limestone, in scrub forest; water
clear, fresh; vegetation scanty; rock, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 39. Aedes
(O.) taeniorhynchus; 45. Aedes (O.) calumnior; 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus.
239. Clarendon, May Pen, Goshen, on Mocho Road 2 mi N of Four Paths (TQ
553918), 150 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Large treehole, “slippery tree’’, in scrub forest;
water clear, fresh; decaying organic matter bottom; deep shade. 46. Aedes (F.)
mediovittatus; 47, Aedes (H.) walkeri; Aedes (H.) sp.; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
240. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm, 4 mi from Porus on Mandeville Road (TQ
404993), 280 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Large epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area; water
colored; deep shade. 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
241. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm (TQ404993), 280 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Large
epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area; water colored; deep shade. 51. Aedes (H.)
stenel.
242. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm (TQ404993), 280 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Large
epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area; water colored; deep shade. 51. Aedes (H.)
stenel. -
243. Manchester, Porus, Melrose Hill, milestone 41 on Porus-Mandeville Road
(TQ411986), 280 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Small epiphytic bromeliads in partial forest;
water clear; deep shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
244. Manchester, Porus, Melrose Hill, milestones 40-41 on Porus-Mandeville Road
(TQ411986), 280 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Small epiphytic bromeliads in partial forest;
water clear; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
245. Clarendon, May Pen, Goshen, on Mocho Road about 2 mi N of Four Paths
(TQ553918), 150 m; 18 Aug 65, P. Rockhole, coral limestone in partial forest;
water clear, fresh; mud, rock, dead plant matter bottom; partial shade. 69. Coreth-
rella (C.) longitubus.
246. Manchester, Porus, Melrose Hill, milestones 40-41 on Porus-Mandeville Road
(TQ411986), 280 m; 18 Aug 65, W. Adults resting on canvas flap of land rover;
1340 hours. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
247. Manchester, Porus, Melrose Hill, milestones 41-40, Porus-Mandeville Road
(TQ411986), 280 m; 18 Aug 65, W. Very small epiphytic bromeliad, 3-4 m above
ground in partial forest; water clear; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
248. Kingston and St. Andrew, Constant Spring, behind post office (UQ098958),
150 m; 24 Aug 65, W. Small, deep treehole in rain forest; water clear, fresh; partial
shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 271
249. Kingston and St. Andrew, Constant Spring, behind post office (UQ098958),
150 m; 24 Aug 65, W. Rockhole, coral limestone in rain forest; water clear, fresh;
partial shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
250. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall by Wag Water River (UR
069033), 150 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in grazing area; water clear, fresh; par-
tial shade. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
251. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall by Wag Water River (UR
069033), 150 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in grazing area; water turbid, fresh,
dead leaves, bits of bamboo on bottom; partial shade. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
252. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall by Wag Water River (UR
069033), 150 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in grazing area; water turbid, fresh;
dead leaves, cut bits of bamboo bottom; partial shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus;
50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
253. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall near Wag Water River
(UR069033), 150 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Stream pool in grazing area; water semiperman-
ent, turbid, fresh, stagnant; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigri-
palpus.
254. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, between milestone 31-32 on Annotto Bay- King-
ston Road (UR119209), 2 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Marshy depression in freshwater swamp;
water semipermanent, clear; vegetation abundant, reeds; mud, sand bottom; partial
shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 45. Aedes (O.) calumnior.
255. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, between milestones 31-32 on Annotto Bay-Kingston
Road (UR119209), 2 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Large crabhole in freshwater swamp; water
colored; mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 15. Culex (C.)
nigripalpus.
256. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Broadgate by P.W.D. embankment works (UR
082165), 300 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Large treehole by roadside; water clear, very dark
red-brown; deep shade. 30. Orthopodomyia waverleyi; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendi-
culata.
257. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Broadgate by P.W.D. embankment works (UR
082165), 300 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Small epiphytic bromeliad in clearing by river;
water clear; full sun. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
258. St. Mary, Kingston, Castleton Botanic gardens by Wag Water (URO072098),
450 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in botanic gardens; water clear; dead leaves bot-
tom; partial shade. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
259. St. Mary, Kingston, Castleton Botanic gardens by Wag Water (URO72098),
450 m; 25 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in botanic gardens; water clear; dead leaves bot-
tom; partial shade. 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
260. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson on road to Fort Augusta
(UQ025865), 1 m; 27 July 65, W. Large crabhole by seaside; water turbid, salty;
_ mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
261. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson on road to Fort Augusta
(UQ025865), 1 m; 27 July 65, W. Large crabhole by seaside; water clear, salty; mud,
sand bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer. |
262. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson on road to Fort Augusta
(UQ025865), 1 m: 27 July 65, W. Large crabhole by seaside; water turbid, salty;
mud, sand bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
263: St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson on road to Fort Augusta
(UQ025865), 1 m; 27 July 65, W. Large crabhole by seaside; water turbid, salty;
sand bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
2y2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
264. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Fort Augusta (UQ042872), 2m; 27 July 65, W.
Large crabhole in saltmarsh; water colored, salty; mud, sand bottom; partial shade.
9. Deinocerites cancer.
265. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson (UQ014853), 1 m; 27 July
65, W. Small ground pool, domestic; water clear, fresh; mud, sand bottom, partial
shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti (contamination).
266, 267. No collections.
268. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal (UQ045837), sea level; 30
July 65, W. Large crabhole in mangrove; water turbid, salty; sand bottom; deep
shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer. ,
269. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal (UQ045837), sea level; 30
July 65, W. Large crabhole in mangrove; water turbid, salty; sand bottom; deep
shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
270. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal (UQ045837), sea level; 30
July 65, W. Large crabhole in mangrove; water colored, salty; mud, sand bottom;
deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
271. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal (UQ045837), sea level; 30
July 65, W. Large crabhole in mangrove; water colored, salty; mud, sand bottom;
deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
272. No collection.
273. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, grounds of U.W.I. (UQ148913), 120 m;
27 July 65, W. Ditch, domestic; water clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation scanty;
mud bottom; partial shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti
(contamination?).
274. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal (UQ045837), sea level; 3
Aug 65, W. Large crabhole in mangrove; water turbid, salty; deep shade. 9. Deino-
cerites cancer; 52. Aedes aegypti (contamination).
275. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal (UQ045837), sea level; 3
Aug 65, W. Large crabhole in mangrove; water colored, salty; deep shade. 9. Deino-
cerites cancer.
276. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal, Fort Charles (UQ045837),
1 m; 3 Aug 65, W. Large crabhole, littoral; water turbid, salty; mud, sand bottom;
deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
277. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal, Florizel Ave. (UQ045837),
2 m; 3 Aug 65, W. Large crabhole, littoral; water colored, salty; mud, sand, gravel
bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
278. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal, Florizel Ave. (UQ045837),
2 m; 3 Aug 65, W. Small crabhole, littoral; water turbid, salty; mud, sand bottom,
deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
279. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal (UQ045837), sea level; 22
Aug 65, W. Small crabhole in mangrove; water colored, salty; mud, sand bottom;
deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
280. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 22 Aug 65, P. Large treehole in clearing in forest; water colored brown; par-
tial shade. 30. Orthopodomyia waverleyi; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 52. Aedes (S.)
aegypti (contamination?).
281. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 22 Aug 65, P. Large treehole in clearing in forest; water brown; mango
leaves and fruit on bottom; partial shade. 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
282. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 273
450 m; 22 Aug 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads, 3-4 m above ground in rain forest; par-
tial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
283. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 10 Aug 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliad in rain forest.
284. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 10 Aug 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliad in mango grove.
285. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 10 Aug 65, P. Large treehole in mango tree in clearing in forest; water brown;
partial shade. 66. Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis.
286. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
480 m; 10 Aug 65, P. Cut and broken bamboo in forest; water clear, fresh; plant
material bottom; partial shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 54. Wyeomyia (W.)
nigritubus.
287. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 10 Aug 65, P. Cut and broken bamboo in forest clearing; water clear; par-
tial shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
288. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 10 Aug 65, P. Large treehole in cleared area; water clear, brown; full sun.
11. Culex (C.) corniger; 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
289. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 10 Aug 65, P. Small treehole, “‘redwood’’, in clearing; water clear, red; full
sun. 11. Culex (C.) corniger.
290. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
480 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 50. Aedes
(H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
291. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Large ground pool in road through forest; water temporary,
clear, fresh; vegetation scanty, submerged grass; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psoro-
phora (G.) jamaicensis.
292. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest clearing; water clear; partial shade.
50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
293. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ1 20998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest clearing; water clear; partial shade.
50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
294. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
295. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 50. Aedes
(H.) walkeri; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
296. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 11. Culex
(C.) corniger; 46. Aedes (F) mediovittatus, 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia
(W.) nigritubus.
297. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; deep shade. 54. Wyeomyia
(W.) nigritubus.
298. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; deep shade. 50. Aedes (H.)
274 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
inaequalis; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
299. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Adults biting man, edge of road through forest; 1115 hrs.
50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
300. Kingston and St: Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Uncut internode of bamboo with small hole, in forest; water
clear; partial shade. 11. Culex (C.) corniger; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 52. Aedes ( S.)
aegypti; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
301. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 11. Culex
(C.) corniger; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
302. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Bamboo internode with small hole, in forest; water clear; par-
tial shade. 11. Culex (C.) corniger; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.)
nigritubus.
303. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 11. Culex
(C.) corniger; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
304. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; 54. Wyeomyia (W.)
nigritubus.
305. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Bamboo internode with hole, in forest; water clear; partial
shade. 52. Aedes ( Ss) aegypti.
306. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 50. Aedes —
_(H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
307. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 17. Culex
(C.) corniger; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia ( w) nigritubus.
308. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 71. Culex
(C.) corniger; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia ( Ww.) nigritubus.
309. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; deep shade. 50. Aedes (H.)
inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
310. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 Aug 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliad in forest; deep shade.
311. St. Mary, Kingston, Castleton Botanic Gardens (URO72098), 450 m; 25 Aug
65, P. Cut bamboo in botanic garden; water clear; dead leaves bottom; partial shade.
54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
312. St. Mary, Kingston, Castleton Botanic Gardens (URO72098), 450 m; 25 Aug
65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 54. Wye-
omyia (W.) nigritubus.
313. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson on road to Fort Augusta
(UQ025865), 2 m; 28 Aug 65, P. Large crabhole in mangrove, saltmarsh; water
clear, salty; sand bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taenio-
rhynchus.
314. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal, small swamp behind Flori-
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 215
zel Avenue (UQ045837), sea level; 30 Aug 65, W. Large crabhole in mangrove; water
clear, salty; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
315. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal, small swamp behind Flori-
zel Avenue (UQ045837), sea level; 30 Aug 65, W. Large crabhole in mangrove; water
colored; salty; mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
316. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal, swamp behind Fort Charles
(UQ045 837), 2 m; 30 Aug 65, W. Large crabhole in saltmarsh; water colored, salty;
mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer. :
317. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Port Royal, swamp behind Fort Charles
(UQ045837), 2 m; 30 Aug 65, W. Large crabhole in saltmarsh; water colored, salty;
mud, sand bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
318. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
480 m; 1 Sept 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads, 4 m above ground, in forest; water
brown; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
319. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 1 Sept 65, P. Broad-leaved epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area; water clear;
deep shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei;
52. Aedes (S.) aegypti (contamination?).
320. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 1 Sept 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliad in forest; water clear; deep shade.
321. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 1 Sept 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest; water clear; partial shade. 50. Aedes (H.)
inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus. —
322. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 1 Sept 65, P. Narrow-leaved epiphytic bromeliads in forest clearing; water
clear; deep shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
323. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 1 Sept 65, P. Broad-leaved epiphytic bromeliad in forest clearing; water
clear; deep shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
324. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 1 Sept 65, W. Narrow-leaved epiphytic bromeliads in forest; water clear;
partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
325. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 1 Sept 65, P. Large treehole in mango tree in clearing in forest; water turbid;
partial shade. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
326. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 1 Sept 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest clearing; water clear; dead leaves, bits of
cut bamboo on bottom; partial shade. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
327. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Constant Spring, roadside at Water-
works gate (UQ106975), 225 m; 7 Sept 65, BkP. Large treehole, 2 m above ground
in grazing area; water colored brownish; flotage; partial shade. 30. Orthopodomyia
waverleyi; 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 52. Aedes (S.)
aegypti; 53. Haemagogus equinus.
328. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Constant Spring, roadside at Water-
works gate, Waterworks Road (UQ106975), 225 m; 7 Sept 65, BkP. Treehole, 1 m
above ground in grazing area; water clear, pale brown; decaying vegetation; partial
shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 53. Haemagogus equinus; 68. Corethrella (C.)
appendiculata.
329. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Constant Spring, roadside at Water-
works gate, Waterworks Road (UQ106975), 225 m; 7 Sept 65, BkP. Treehole, 0.5 m
276 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
above ground in grazing area; water clear, brown; partial shade. 68. Corethrella (C.)
appendiculata.
330. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
350 m; 7 Sept 65, BkP. Small treehole in stump in clearing; water clear, colored; full
sun. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
331. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 7 Sept 65, BkP. Large treehole in forest clearing; water colored; partial
shade. 50. Aedes (H. ) inaequalis; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
332. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 7 Sept 65, BkP. Large treehole in clearing in forest; water turbid; partial
shade. 66. Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis; 68. Corethrella ( C.) appendiculata.
333. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 7 Sept 65, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads 3 m above ground in forest; water
clear; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
334. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 7 Sept 65, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads 2 m above ground in forest; water
turbid; deep siade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
335. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, Waterworks track (UQ189994), 1100
m; 8 Sept 65, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads 3 m above ground in forest; partial shade.
47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
336. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, rose apple thicket along Ulster Road
(UQ189994), 1100 m; 8 Sept 65, BkP. Large treehole in forest; deep shade. 47.
Aedes (H.) walkeri.
337. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, Ulster Road (UQ189994), 1100 m;8
Sept 65, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads in forest; full sun. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri;
48. Aedes (H.) aurites.
338. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, Ulster Road (UQ189994), 1100 m; 8
Sept 65, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads in forest; full sun. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri;
48. Aedes (H.) aurites.
339. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, Ulster Road (UQ189994), 1100 m; 8
Sept 65, BkP. Leaf axil, large epiphytic bromeliads in forest; partial shade.
340. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, Botanical Gardens (UQ245984), 1600
m; 8 Sept 65, BkP. Large concrete water tank by great house, domestic; water clear,
stagnant; flotage; concrete bottom; deep shade. 14. Culex (C.) secutor; 35. Psoro-
phora (G.) infinis.
341. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, Botanical Gardens (UQ245984), 1600
m; 8 Sept 65, BkP. Drain sump in botanical garden; water temporary, turbid, fresh,
stagnant; mud bottom; full sun. 14. Culex (C.) secutor; 35. Psorophora (G.) infinis.
342. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, Botanical Gardens (UQ245984), 1600
m; 8 Sept 65, BkP. Large concrete water tank at small house, domestic; water clear,
fresh; algae; concrete bottom; deep shade. 14. Culex (C.) secutor.
343. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, Botanical Gardens (UQ245984), 1600
m; 8 Sept 65, BkP. Large tank, domestic; water clear, fresh, stagnant; concrete bot-
tom; deep shade. 14. Culex (C.) secutor; 35. Psorophora infinis.
344. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Riverton city by Salt River (UQ042923),
3 m; 9 Sept 65, BkP. Large crabhole in grazing area; water turbid, brackish; mud
bottom; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
345. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Riverton city by Salt River (UQ042923),
3 m; 9 Sept 65, BkP. Small crabhole in grazing area; water turbid, brackish; mud,
sand bottom; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 277
346. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Riverton city by Salt River (UQ042923),
3 m; 9 Sept 65, BkP. Large crabhole in saltmarsh; water turbid, brackish; mud,
sand bottom; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
347. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 9 Sept 65, BkP. Large open crabhole in cleared mangrove; water clear, brack-
sih; mud, sand bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 9. Deinocerites
cancer.
348. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 9 Sept 65, BkP. Large crabhole in cleared mangrove; water clear, brackish;
mud, sand bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
349. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 9 Sept 65, BkP. Large crabhole in mangrove; water clear, brackish; mud, sand
bottom; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
350. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, Fresh River by quarry (UQ022942), 10 m;
9 Sept 65, BkP. Stream margin in scrub; water clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation
scanty, algae, submerged weed; mud, sand, gravel, rock bottom; full sun. J. Anoph-
eles (Nys.) albimanus.
351. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, track at crescent, Rio Cobre Dam (TQ903960),
30 m; 10 Sept 65, BkP. Large treehole in ackee tree in partial forest; water turbid;
partial shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
352. Clarendon, May Pen, Goshen, 2 mi N of Four Paths on Mocho Road (TQ
553918), 150 m; 10 Sept 65, BkP. Rockhole, coral limestone in scrub forest; water
clear, fresh; vegetation scanty; rock, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 21. Culex
(Mel.) inhibitator; 45. Aedes (O.) calumnior; 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; SO.
Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
353. Clarendon, May Pen, Goshen, 2 mi N of Four Paths on Mocho Road (TQ
553918), 150 m; 10 Sept 65, BkP. Adults biting man in thicket; 1150 hrs. 42.
Aedes (O.) hemisurus; 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
354. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm, on Porus-Mandeville Road (TQ404993), 330
m; 10 Sept 65, BkP. Small epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area; water clear; partial
shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami.
355. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm, on Porus-Mandeville Road (TQ404933), 330
m; 10 Sept 65, BkP. Large epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area; water clear, brown;
partial shade. 51. Aedes (H.) stenei,
356. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm, on Porus-Mandeville Road (TQ404933), 330
m; 10 Sept 65, BkP. Adults biting man by side of road beneath trees; 1320 hrs;
weather cloudy. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 50. Aedes (H.)
inaequalis; 51. Aedes (H.) stenéi.
357. St. Elizabeth, Black River, Luana, by side of swamp, milestones 82-83,
Black River-Middle Quarters Road (SR978010), 3 m; 10 Sept 65, BkP. Adults bit-
ing man by roadside; 1830 hrs. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 3. Anopheles (A.)
crucians; 4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis; 18. Culex (C.) opisthopus; 26. Coquillet-
tidia (R.) nigricans; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
358. St. Elizabeth, Black River, Luana, by swamp, milestones 82-83 (SR978010),
3 m; 11 Sept 65, BkP. Adults in C.D.C. light trap overnight in thicket between road
and swamp edge. 3. Anopheles (A.) crucians; 6. Uranotaenia socialis; 7. Uranotae-
nia cooki; 8. Uranotaenia lowii; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 18. Culex (Mel.) opis-
thopus; Culex (Mel.) sp.; 26. Coquillettidia (R.) nigricans; 39. Aedes (O.) taenio-
rhynchus; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitcheliii.
359. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Crab Pond Bay, 100 yds W of milestone
278 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
102, Black River-Savanna-La-Mar Road (SR168060), 2 m; 11 Sept 65, BkP. Adults
biting man in thicket about 100 yds S of road; 0930 hrs. /3. Culex (C.) janitor;
27. Mansonia (M.) titillans; 33. Psorophora (J.) ferox; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhyn-
chus; 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
360. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Crab Pond Bay, 100 yds W of milestone
102, Black River-Savanna-La-Mar Road (SR168060), 2 m; 11 Sept 65, BkP. Adults
resting and swarming in crabholes; 1000 hrs. 13. Culex (C.) janitor; 21. Culex (Mel.)
inhibitator; 33. Psorophora (J.) ferox; 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
361. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, Petersville, behind postal agency (SR875057),
225 m; 11 Sept 65, BkP. Small pond in grazing area; water semipermanent, clear,
brown, fresh, stagnant; abundant vegetation, algae, rice plants; mud, plant matter
bottom; partial shade. 12. Culex (C.) chidesteri; 27. Mansonia (M.) titillans; 70. Cor-
ethrella (C.) librata.
362. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, Petersville, outside postal agency and store (SR
875057), 225 m; 11 Sept 65, BkP. Small ground pool, domestic; water temporary,
clear, fresh; vegetation grass; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
363. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, Petersville, near postal agency (SR875057), 225
m; 11 Sept 65, BkP. Small ground pool, domestic; water temporary, turbid, fresh;
mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
364. Hanover, Lucea, Lowton lane (QL987417), sea level; 16 Aug 65, M. Small
artificial container, domestic. 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
365. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, Botanical Gardens (UQ246984), 1600
m; 8 Sept 65, W. Adult biting man, near disused cistern; 1630 hrs. 14. Culex (C. }
secutor.
366. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 13 Sept 65, P. Large crabhole in cleared mangrove; water turbid, brackish;
mud, sand bottom: full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
367. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 13 Sept 65, P. Large crabhole in cleared mangrove; water turbid, brackish;
mud, sand bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
368. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 13 Sept 65, P. Large crabhole in cleared mangrove; water turbid, brackish;
mud, sand bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
369. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 13 Sept 65, P. Large crabhole in cleared mangrove; water turbid, brackish;
mud, sand bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus;
47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis. Mixed collection.
370. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 13 Sept 65, P. Large crabhole in cleared mangrove; water brackish; mud, sand
bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
371. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 13 Sept 65, P. Large crabhole in cleared mangrove; water turbid, brackish;
mud, sand bottom: full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
372. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, by Rio Cobre Dam pool (TQ903960), 30 m;
17 Sept 65, P. Ditch in cultivation; water temporary, turbid, fresh, slow current; veg-
etation scanty, algae, flotage; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. 50. Aedes (H.) in-
aequalis (contamination).
373. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, track by Rio Cobre Dam crescent (TQ903960),
30 m; 17 Sept 65, W. Large treehole in forest; water clear; partial shade. 46. Aedes
(F.) mediovittatus; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 279
374. St. Ann, Moneague, Unity Valley (TR761194), 450 m; 17 Sept 65, P. Epi-
phytic bromeliad in grazing area; water turbid; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
375. St. Ann, Moneague, Unity Valley, 2 mi S (TR761194), 450 m; 17 Sept 65,
P. Bromeliads growing on bank in grazing area; deep shade. 49. Aedes (H.) grab-
hami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei. |
376. St. Ann, Moneague, Unity Valley (TR761194), 450 m; 17 Sept 65, P. Large
epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area; water colored brown; deep shade. 49. Aedes
(H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
377. St. Ann, Moneague, track in Unity Valley (TR761194), 450 m; 17 Sept 65,
P. Adults biting-landing on man, by side of road under trees; 1200 hrs. 55. Wyeo-
myia (W.) mitchellii; 57. Wyeomyia (W.) luna; ? 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
378. St. Ann, Moneague, track from Unity Valley (TR761194), 450 m; 17 Sept
65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads on bank in grazing area; partial shade. 49. Aedes (H.)
grabhami. |
379. St. Ann, Moneague, track from Unity Valley (TR761194), 450 m; 17 Sept
65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads (Jillandsia), in grazing area; water clear; full sun. 47.
Aedes (H.) walkeri.
380. St. Ann, Moneague, roadside, Ewarton-Moneague Road, Mt. Diablo (TR
781153), 450 m; 17 Sept 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads in forest; water clear; partial
shade. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
381. St. Ann, Moneague, roadside, Ewarton-Moneague Road, Mt. Diablo (TR
781153), 450 m; 17 Sept 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads in forest; water clear; partial
shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
382. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Zoology Dept., U.W.I. (UQ148913),
122 m; 18 Sept 65, W. Small enamel dish, domestic; water clear, fresh; containing
honey and rainwater; partial shade. JJ. Culex (C.) corniger.
383. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, Botanical Gardens (UQ246984), 1600
m; 8 Sept 65, W.
384. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, on Red Hills Road (UQ010946),
10 m; 27 Sept 65, P. Adults biting man along road by Fresh River; 1032 hrs. 39.
Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
385. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by Fresh River along Red Hills
Road (UQ010946), 10 m; 27 Sept 65, P. Large crabhole in scrub forest; water tur-
bid, brackish; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
386. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 27 Sept 65, P. Large crabhole in mangrove; water turbid, brackish; full sun.
9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
387. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Constant Spring, Waterworks Road by
Waterworks gate (UQ106975), 225 m; 27 Sept 65, P. Large treehole in grazing area;
water clear; partial shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
388. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Constant Spring, Waterworks Road by
Waterworks gate (UQ106975), 225 m; 27 Sept 65, P. No data.
389. Portland, Port Antonio, Navy Island (UR460114), sea level; 5 Oct 65, M.
Rockhole, coral limestone, in rocky shore; water clear, brackish; sand bottom; full
sun. 37. Psorophora (G.) insularia.
390. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam, gateway to reservoir
(UR126001), 480 m; 29 Oct 65, P. Large treehole in ‘“‘yokewood” in grazing area;
water turbid; partial shade. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus (contamination), 46.
Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
391. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam, gateway to reservoir
280 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
(UR126001), 480 m; 29 Oct 65, P. Small treehole in “‘yokewood”’, in grazing area;
water colored; deep shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 53. Haemagogus equinus.
391A. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 6 Nov 65, P. Adults biting in small copse by Fresh River; 1235 hrs. 39. Aedes
(O.) taeniorhynchus.
392. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 29 Oct 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads, 4 m above ground, in forest; water
colored; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
393. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 29 Oct 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads, 4 m above ground, in forest; water
clear, brown, slimy; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
394. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 29 Oct 65, P. Large treehole, 0.5 m above ground in forest clearing; water
clear, brown; partial shade. 30. Orthopodomyia waverleyi; 66. Toxorhynchites (L.)
portoricensis.
395. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 29 Oct 65, P. Cut bamboo in forest clearing; water clear, slimy; partial
shade. 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
396. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 29 Oct 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads in forest; water clear; partial shade.
397. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 29 Oct 65, P. Large treehole in clearing in forest; water brown; full sun.
46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 68. Corethrella (C.) appenda-
iculata. ,
398. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, by P.W.D. quarry (UQ022942),
10 m; 6 Nov 65, P. Large crabhole in mangrove; water clear, brackish; partial shade.
9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
399. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Ferry, old road from Spanish Town
(UQ022942), 10 m; 6 Nov 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliad in scrub forest; water clear;
full sun. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
400. Portland, Port Antonio, Navy Island, honeycomb rock on W shore (UR
460114), sea level; 12 Nov 65, P. Rockhole, coral limestone in splash zone, seaside;
water clear, brackish; rock, sand bottom; full sun. 37. Psorophora (G.) insularia.
401. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Broadgate, by roadside (UR082165), 300 m; 12 Nov
65, P. Large treehole in clearing; water turbid, brown. 30. Orthopodomyia waver-
leyi; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
402. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Estate, roadside (TQ980930), 10 m;
26 Nov 65, P. Small treehole, 2-3 m above ground in canefield; water turbid; deep
shade. 38. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
403. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Estate, by roadside (TQ980930), 10
m; 26 Nov 65, P. Large treehole in mango tree, 3 m above ground in canefield; water
colored; partial shade. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendi-
culata. :
404. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Estate (TQ980930), 10 m; 26 Nov
65, P. Adults biting man in open pasture; 1200 hrs. 42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus.
405. St. Thomas, Golden Grove, White Bay, on road to Morant Point (UQ735817),
3 m; 28 Nov 65, W. Adult caught inside land rover; 1000 hrs. 40. Aedes (O.) sollic-
itans.
406. Portland, Long Bay, Devils Elbow (Pt. Antonio-Manchioneal Road) (UQ
626989), 75 m; 28 Nov 65, P. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1 m above ground in roadside;
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 281
water clear. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
407. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Broadgate, by roadside (UR082165), 300 m; 28 Nov
65, P. Large treehole in clearing by roadside; water turbid, brown. 30. Orthopodo-
myia waverleyi; 53. Haemagogus equinus; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
408. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Constant Spring, Waterworks Road,
Waterworks gate (UR106975), 225 m; 3 Dec 65, P. Large treehole, 2 m above
ground in grazing area; water turbid; partial shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus;
50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
409. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, milestone 14 on Kingston to Yallahs Road,
track up hillside (UQ282810), 70 m; 10 Dec 65, P. Adults biting-landing beside
treehole in scrubland; 1100 hrs.
410. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, path up hill from bend near milestone 14
(UQ282810), 70 m; 10 Dec 65, P. Small treehole in forest; water clear; partial shade.
46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 53. Haemagogus equinus. |
411. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, track from near milestone 14 (UQ282810),
70 m; 10 Dec 65, P. Adult biting man along path into forest; 1245 hrs.
412. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, track near milestone 14 (UQ282810), 70
m; 10 Dec 65, P. Small treehole in forest; water brown; partial shade. 50. Aedes (H.)
inaequalis; 53. Haemagogus equinus.
413. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, stream in swamp opposite waterworks
(UQ280803), 8 m; 10 Dec 65, W. Stream margin in freshwater swamp; water per-
manent, clear, fresh, moderate current; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. 1. Anoph-
eles (Nys.) albimanus; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
414. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, opposite waterworks (UQ280803), 8 m;
10 Dec 65, W. Swamp edge, between roots of plants in swamp; water permanent,
turbid, stagnant, brackish; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. J 7. Culex (Mel) atratus.
415—599. No collections.
600. St. Catherine, Old Harbour, Colbeck Farm (TQ738874), 80 m; 5 Sept 66, W.
Seepage, overflow from tank in grazing area; water clear, fresh; partial shade. 15.
Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
601. St. Catherine, Old Harbour, Browns Hall, road to Bellas Gate (TQ709925),
150 m; 5 Sept 66, W. Epiphytic bromeliad; water clear. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus
(contamination).
602. Clarendon, May Pen, Goshen, road to Mocho from Four Paths (TQ553918),
60 m; 6 Sept 66, W. Rockhole, coral limestone in partial forest; water clear, fresh:
vegetation abundant, flotage; rock bottom; partial shade. 45. Aedes (O.) calumnior;
46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
603. Clarendon, May Pen, Mocho (TQ527956), 90 m; 6 Sept 66, W. Rockhole,
coral limestone, in cleared forest; water clear, fresh; rock bottom; full sun. 35. Psoro-
phora(G.) infinis; 45. Aedes (O.) calumnior; 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 50. Aedes
(H.) inaequalis.
604. Clarendon, Hayes, Yorks Pen (TQ623778), 20 m; 6 Sept 66, W. Drain in pas-
ture; water temporary, colored, fresh, slow current; vegetation abundant, algae; mud
bottom; partial shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 8. Uranotaenia lowii; 15. Culex
(C.) nigripalpus; 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis; 42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus.
605. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Rio Cobre Dam, track leading into forest
(TQ903960), 30 m; 9 Sept 66, W. Large treehole, domestic; water turbid; partial
shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
606. St. Ann, Moneague, along roadside (TR763206), 150 m; 9 Sept 66, W.
Epiphytic bromeliad, 2.5 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
282 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
607. St. Ann, Moneague, road to Moneague from Spanish Town (TR763206),
150 m; 9 Sept 66, W. Epiphytic bromeliads. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.)
stenei; 60. Wyeomyia (W.) corona.
608. St. Ann, St. Ann’s Bay, Drax Hall (TR698386), 15 m; 9 Sept 66, W. Ter-
restrial bromeliad, by side of flooded stream in old pasture. 5. Anopheles (A.) grab-
hamii; 35. Psorophora (G.) infinis; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchelilii.
609. St. Ann, St. Ann’s Bay, Drax Hall (TR698386), 15 m; 9 Sept 66, W. Stream
pool in old pastureland. 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
610. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, Duhaney Park, near river (UQ034938),
10 m; 6 Sept 66, W. Adults in CDC light trap in thicket; 1700-0800 hrs. 9. Deino-
cerites cancer; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus; 43. Aedes
(O.) tortilis. |
611. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 7 Sept 66, W. Adults in CDC light trap in thicket; 1600-0800 hrs. 17. Culex
(C.) corniger; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 35. Psorophora (G.) infinis; 51. Aedes
(FH) stenei. :
612. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, road to Botanical Gardens (UQ246984),
1000 m; 10 Sept 66, W. Small ground pool along road in forest; full sun. 14. Culex
(C.) secutor; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator; 37. Psorophora (G.) infinis.
613. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona Botanical Gardens (UQ246984), 1600
m; 10 Sept 66, W. Water tank in gardens, domestic; water clear, fresh; deep shade.
14. Culex (C.) secutor.
614. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona Botanical Gardens (UQ246984), 1600
m; 10 Sept 66, W. Ditch, domestic; full sun. 14. Culex (C.) secutor.
615. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Cave, logwood grove by pond (RL125145),
1m; 13 Sept 66, W. Large crabhole in forest; water brackish; deep shade. 9. Deino-
cerites cancer.
616. Westmoreland, Savanna-La-Mar, Cave, logwood grove by pond (RL125145),
1 m; 13 Sept 66, W. Adults resting in crabhole (615). 9. Deinocerites cancer; 13.
‘Culex (C.) janitor; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
617. No collection.
618. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, road to Petersville (SR875057), 60 m; 14 Sept
66, W. Ground pool in forest; water temporary, clear, fresh; rock bottom; full sun.
23. Culex (Mel.) pilosus; 35. Psorophora (G.) infinis.
619. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, Petersville (SR875057), 225 m; 14 Sept 66, W.
Small ground pool in grazing area; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation scanty;
mud, sand bottom; full sun.
620. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, Petersville, along donkey path (SR875057), 80
m; 14 Sept 66, W. Small ground pool in partial forest; water temporary, clear, fresh;
vegetation scanty; gravel bottom. 35. Psorophora (G.) infinis.
621. St. Mary, Port Maria, Quebec, along old river banks (URO11295), 15 m; 16
Sept 66, W. Coco yam, in cultivation; partial shade. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
622. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Broadgate, by roadside (UR082165), 300 m; 16 Sept
66, W. Large treehole in cleared forest; water brown; deep shade. 30. Orthopodo-
myia waverleyi; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
623. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 21 Sept 66, W. Large treehole in clearing in forest; water brown; deep shade.
46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; 66. Toxorhynchites (L.) porto-
ricensis; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
624. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 283
450 m; 21 Sept 66, W. Small open treehole in forest; water clear. 46. Aedes (F.)
mediovittatus; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
625. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Bad (UQ120998),
450 m; 21 Sept 66, W. Large treehole at edge of forest; water clear; deep shade.
30. Orthopodomyia waverleyi; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
626. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 21 Sept 66, W. Large treehole in forest; water clear; partial-shade. 68. Cor-
ethrella (C.) appendiculata.
627. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ1 20998),
450 m; 21 Sept 66, W. Adults resting on surface of water in treehole (624). 46.
Aedes (F.) mediovittatus.
628, 629. No collections.
630. Manchester, Melrose Hill, 4 mi from Porus on road to Mandeville (TQ
411986), 280 m; 23 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 3 m above ground in for-
est; full sun. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
631. Manchester, Melrose Hill, 4% mi from Porus on road to Mandeville (TQ
411986), 280 m; 23 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads in forest; water turbid;
partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.)
stenei.
632. Manchester, Melrose Hill, 4% mi from Porus on Mandeville Road (TQ411986),
280 m; 23 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.5 m above ground in forest; water
turbid; partial shade. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
633. Manchester, Melrose Hill, 5 mi from Porus on Mandeville Road (TQ411986),
280 m; 23 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 3 m above ground in forest; partial
shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
634. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm (TQ404993), 305 m; 23 Oct 66, BrW. Tree-
hole, grazing area, forest; water turbid; deep shade. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 66.
Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
634A. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm (TQ404993), 305 m; 23 Oct 66, BrW.
Adults biting man, under cassia trees; 1130 hrs. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
635. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm (TQ404993), 305 m; 23 Oct 66, BrW. Epi-
phytic bromeliads, 3 m above ground, grazing area; water turbid; full sun. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri.
636. Manchester, Williamsfield, Williamsfield gardens (TQ385995), 330 m; 23
Oct 66, BrW. Cut bamboo in plantation; water turbid, colored; partial shade. 1/1. Cu-
lex (C.) corniger.
637. Manchester, Williamsfield, Williamsfield gardens (TQ385995), 330 m; 23
Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2.5 m above ground, grazing area; water tur-
bid; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
638. Manchester, Mandeville (TQ345965), 600 m; 24 Oct 66, BrW. Treehole, 2.5
m above ground, on roadside; water turbid, colored; partial shade. 46. Aedes (F.)
mediovittatus.
639. Manchester, Mandeville (TQ345965), 600 m; 24 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic
bromeliads, 2.5 m above ground, on roadside; water turbid; partial shade. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri.
640. Manchester, Mandeville (TQ345965), 600 m; 24 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic
bromeliads, 3 m above ground, on roadside; water turbid; deep shade. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri.
641. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, U.W.I., Botany Dept. garden, 122 m
(UQ148913); 26 Oct 66, Br. Large drum containing Pistia; partial shade. 15. Culex
284 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
(C.) nigripalpus; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
642. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Broadgate, along roadside (UR082165), 300 m; 27
Oct 66, BrW. Large treehole in clearing; partial shade. 30. Orthopodomyia waverleyi,
52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
643. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Broadgate, along road (UR082165), 300 m; 27 Oct
66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, on roadside; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri;
49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
644. St. Mary, Kingston, Castleton Botanic Gardens (URO72098), 450 m; 27 Oct
66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1 m above ground in botanic garden. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
645. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, 2 mi S from Castleton on Kingston
Road (UR063085), 180 m; 27 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads. 47. Aedes (H.)
walkeri; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
646. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall (UR069033), 150 m; 27
Oct 66; BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 0.6 m above ground, along roadside; shade of
trees. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
646A. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Temple Hall (UR069033), 150 m; 27
Oct 66, BrW. Adults biting along roadside in shade of trees; 1600 hrs. 47. Aedes (H.)
walkeri.
647. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, Hardwar Gap (UR173002), 1160 m;
29 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 0.5 m above ground in montane rain forest;
water turbid; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 48. Aedes (H.) aurites.
648. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, 14-15 mi on road from Kingston (UQ
179980), 760 m; 29 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1 m above ground in forest;
water colored; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51.
(H.) stenei; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii; 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
649. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen (UQ276803), 3 m; 30 Oct 66, BrW. Adults
biting man in pasture; 0730 hrs. 33. Psorophora (J.) ferox; 39. Aedes (O.) taenio-
rhynchus, 42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus.
650. St. Thomas, Yallahs, road to Windsor Forest (UQ300870), 225 m; 30 Oct
66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2 m above ground; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.)
walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 61. Wyeomyia (W.) juxta-
hirsuta.
651. St. Thomas, Yallahs, road to Windsor Forest (UQ300870), 180 m; 30 Oct
66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground; deep shade. 47. Aedes (H.)
walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
652. St. Thomas, Yallahs, road to Windsor Forest (UQ300870), 200 m; 30 Oct
66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.3 m above ground; partial shade. 49. Aedes (H.)
grabhami,; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
652A. St. Thomas, Yallahs, road to Windsor Forest (UQ300870), 200 m; 30 Oct
66, BrW. Adults biting man; 0900 hrs. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami.
653. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Norris (UQ326818), 80 m; 30 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic
bromeliads, 3 m above ground; water turbid. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 61. Wyeomyia
(W.) juxtahirsuta. |
654. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Scotland Gate, along Yallahs-Windsor Castle Road
(UQ382810), 150 m; 30 Oct 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2.5 above ground in
forest; water turbid; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
655. Manchester, Melrose Hill, 3 mi from Porus (TQ411986), 305 m; 1 Nov 66,
Br. Epiphytic bromeliad. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 62. Wyeo-
myia (W.) hirsuta.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culcidae of Jamaica 285
656. Manchester, Melrose Hill, along road, 3% mi from Porus (TQ411986), 305
m; 1 Nov 66, Br. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1 m above ground; water turbid. 49. Aedes
(H.) grabhami.
657. Manchester, Melrose Hill, along road, 3% mi from Porus (TQ411986), 320
m; 1 Nov 66, Br. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2.5 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
658. Manchester, Melrose Hill, along roadside, 3% mi from Porus (TQ411986),
320 m; 1 Nov 66, Br. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground. 49. Aedes (H.)
grabhami, 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
659. Manchester, Melrose Hill, along roadside, 3% mi from Porus (TQ411986),
320 m; 1 Nov 66, Br. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2.1 m above ground.
660. Manchester, Melrose Hill, along road, 4% mi from Porus (TQ411986), 305
m; 2 Nov 66, Br. Epiphytic bromeliads. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
661. Manchester, Porus, near Hope Farm (TQ404993), 305 m; 2 Nov 66, Br.
Epiphytic bromeliads, | m above ground. 51. Aedes (H.) stenei. ©
662. Manchester, Porus, near Hope Farm (TQ404993), 305 m; 2 Nov 66, Br.
Epiphytic bromeliads.
663. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm, along road (TQ404993), 305 m; 2 Nov 66,
Br. Large treehole. 66. Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis; 68. Corethrella (C.) ap-
pendiculata.
663A. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm, along road (TQ404993), 305 m; 2 Nov 66,
Br. Adults biting man, 1 m above ground, shady area along road; 1330-1400 hrs.
62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
664. Manchester, Porus, 1 mi from Hope Farm (TQ404993), 335 m; 2 Nov 66, Br.
Epiphytic bromeliad, 1 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 55. Wyeomyia
(W.) mitcheliii.
665. Hanover, Montego Bay, Lethe, roadside (SR865358), 76 m; 6 Nov 66, BrW.
Epiphytic bromeliads. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
666. Hanover, Montego Bay, Lethe, by road (SR865358), 76 m; 6 Nov 66, BrW.
Epiphytic bromeliads. 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
667. Hanover, Montego Bay, Lethe, by roadside (SR865358), 76 m; 6 Nov 66,
BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 63.
Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
668. St. James, Montego Bay, Copse, by roadside (SR862342), 213 m; 6 Nov 66,
BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
669. St. James, Montego Bay, 1 miS of Reading, by railroad (SR884400), 150 m;
6 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri;
49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
670. St. James, Montego Bay, 1 miS of Reading, by railroad (SR884400), 150 m;
6 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.5 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri;
49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
671. St. James, Montego Bay, 1 miS of Reading, by railroad (SR884400), 150 m;
6 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri;
51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
672. St. James, Montego Bay, | miS of Reading, by railroad (SR884400), 150 m;
6 Nov 66, BrW. Adults in bushes along roadside; 1210 hrs. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
673. St. James, Montego Bay, 1 mi S of Reading (SR884400), 150 m; 6 Nov 66,
BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2 m above ground; water turbid, foul; partial shade.
51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
674. St. James, Montego Bay, 1 mi S of Reading, near railroad (SR884400), 150
m; 6 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2.1 m above ground; water turbid, foul;
286 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
deep shade. 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
675. St. James, Montego Bay, 1 mi S of Reading, alongside railroad (SR884400),
150 m; 6 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.5 m above ground. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri; 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
676. St. James, Montego Bay, Reading, roadside near Five mile (SR894413), 30
m: 6 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2 m above ground. 49. Aedes (H.) grab-
hami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 61. Wyeomyia (W.) juxtahirsuta; 62. Wyeomyia (W.)
hirsuta.
677. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, track to Catherine’s Peak (UQ195995),
1220 m; 8 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground in forest.
48. Aedes (H.) aurites; 60. Wyeomyia (W.) corona.
678. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, track to Catherine’s Peak (UQ195995),
1228 m; 8 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2 m above ground in forest. 47.
Aedes (H.) walkeri; 50. Wyeomyia (W.) corona.
679. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, track to Catherine’s Peak (UQ195995),
1250 m; 8 Nov 66, BrW. Adults along track in ep at 1130 hrs. 47. Aedes (H.)
walkeri; 48. Aedes (H. ) aurites.
680. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, track to Catherine’s Peale (UQ195995),
1270 m; 8 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1 m above ground in forest. 47.
Aedes ( H) walkeri; 48. Aedes (H.) aurites.
681. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, track to Catherine’s Peak (UQ195995),
1250 m; 8 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.5 m above ground in forest.
47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 48. Aedes (H.) aurites.
682. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, track to Catherine’s Peak (UQ195995),
1310 m; 6 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 2.5 m above ground in forest.
47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 48. Aedes (H.) aurites.
683. Kingston and St. Andrew, Irish Town, 7 mi from Newcastle (7UQ170960),
600 m; 8 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground on roadside;
partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
684. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm, by roadside (TQ404993), 305 m; 12 Nov 66,
Br. Adults biting, swarming and taken by sweeping in shade of citrus and Papilion-
aceae trees; 1130 hrs. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 50. Aedes
(H.) inaequalis; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; ? 62. Wyeomyia (W.)
hirsuta.
685. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm (TQ404993), 305 m; 12 Nov 66, Br. Epi-
phytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground. 51. Aedes (H.) stenéi.
686. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm (TQ404993), 305 m; 12 Nov 66, Br. Epi-
phytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami.
687. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm (TQ404993), 305 m; 12 Nov 66, Br. Epi-
phytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami.
688. Manchester, Porus, Hope Farm (TQ404993), 305 m; 12 Nov 66. Br. Epi-
phytic bromeliads, 2 m above ground. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.)
stenel.
689. St. Thomas, Morant Bay, Leith Hall, edge of canefield (UQ580770), 10 m;
13 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads in canefield. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami.
690. St. Thomas, Morant Bay, Leith Hall (UQ580770), 10 m; 13 Nov 66, BrW.
Large treehole in mango tree. 30. Orthopodomyia waverleyi.
691. St. Thomas, Port Morant, roadside (UQ600795), 30 m; 13 Nov 66, BrW.
Wild coco yam. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
692. Portland, Port Antonio, near Long Bay (UR603028), sea level, 13 Nov 66,
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 287
BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads, 0.6 m above ground. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitcheliii.
693. Portland, Port Antonio, Fairy Hill (UR540086), 30 m; 13 Nov 66, BrW. Epi-
phytic bromeliads, 1.5 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
694. Portland, Port Antonio, Fairy Hill (UR540086), 30 m; 13 Nov 66, BrW. Epi-
phytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
695. Portland, Port Antonio, Fairy Hill (UE540086), 30 m; 13 Nov 66, BrW. Epi-
phytic bromeliads, 2.5 m above ground. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
696. Kingston and St. Andrew, Constant Spring, Waterworks gate, Waterworks
Road (UQ106975), 210 m; 16 Nov 66, BrW. Large treehole in grazing area; partial
shade. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 53. Haemagogus equinus.
697. Kingston and St. Andrew, Constant Spring, Waterworks gate, Waterworks
Road (UQ106975), 200 m; 16 Nov 66, BrW. Large treehole. 30. Orthopodomyia
waverleyi; 66. Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
698. Kingston and St. Andrew, Constant Spring, Waterworks gate, Waterworks
Road (UQ106975), 210 m; 16 Nov 66, BrW. Large treehole. 30. Orthopodomyia
waverleyi; 66. Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis. |
699. Kingston and St. Andrew, Constant Spring, Waterworks gate, Waterworks
Road (UQ106975), 210 m; 16 Nov 66, BrW. Large treehole. 46. Aedes (F.) medio-
vittatus; 53. Haemagogus equinus; 66. Toxorhynchites (L.) portoricensis; 68. Coreth-
rella (C.) appendiculata.
700. Kingston and St. Andrew, Constant Spring, Waterworks gate, Waterworks
Road (UQ106975), 210 m; 16 Nov 66, BrW. Epiphytic bromeliads.
701. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 8 Aug 67, BkP. Adults
resting in crabholes; 1500 hrs. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 13. Culex (C.) janitor; 17.
Culex (Mel.) atratus; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 51.
Aedes (H.) stenei.
702. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 8 Aug 67, BkP. Adults
resting in crabhole; 1500 hrs. 13. Culex (C.) janitor; 48. Aedes (H.) aurites; 49.
Aedes (H.) grabhami.
703. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 8 Aug 67, BkP. Adults
biting man in shade of trees within forest; 1500 hrs. 27. Mansonia (M.) titillans;
55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
704. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 8 Aug 67, BkP. Egg
rafts from crabholes.
705. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, Duhaney Park, reclaimed swamp on Span-
ish Town Road, on S side, about 100 yds W of Duhaney Bridge (UQ034938), 10 m;
9 Aug 67, BkP. Large crabholes in saltmarsh; water turbid, brackish; mud, sand bot-
tom; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
706. Portland, Port Antonio, Kemnay-Sherwood Forest, on road from Fairy Hill
to Nonesuch (UR542073), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Hohen-
bergia pendiflora) in grazing area; water clear; partial shade. 49. Aedes (H.) grab-
hami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
707. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch (UR
538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Tillandsia) in grazing area;
partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
708. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch (UR
288 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Hohenbergia) in grazing
area. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 55.
Wyeomyia (W.) mitchelliii.
709. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch (UR
538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Guzmania) in grazing area.
47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
710. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch (UR
538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Hohenbergia) in grazing
area. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 58. Wyeomyia (W.) stellata.
711. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch, group of
trees and bamboo about 150 yds from road (UR538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP.
Cut bamboo in grazing area; water clear; plant matter bottom; partial shade. 47.
Aedes (H.) walkeri; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
712. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch, group of
trees and bamboo about 150 yds from road (UR538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP.
Bamboo internode, with very small hole, in grazing area; water clear, fresh. 54. Wye-
omyia (W.) nigritubus.
713. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch, group of
trees and bamboo about 150 yds from road (UR538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP.
Cut bamboo in grazing area. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritu-
bus.
714. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch, group of
trees and bamboo about 150 yds from road (UR538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BKP.
Cut bamboo in grazing area. 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
715. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch, group of
trees and bamboo about 150 yds from road (UR538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP.
Cut bamboo in grazing area. 51. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritu-
bus.
716. Portland, Port Antonio, Sherwood Forest, along road to Nonesuch, group of
trees and bamboo about 150 yds from road (UR538062), 250 m; 13 Aug 67, BkP.
_ Epiphytic bromeliads, 142 m above ground in grazing area; water clear. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri.
717. Hanover, Lucea, Bulls Bay (QL941423), sea level; 13 Aug 67, W. Rockhole,
coral, seaside in splash zone, seashore; water brackish; full sun. 10. Culex (C.) baha-
mensis; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus; 37. Psorophora (G.) insularia.
718. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, Albion swamp (UQ280803), 3 m; 11 Aug
67, BkP. Adults biting man in swamp, area of Typha sp.; 1030 hrs. 18. Culex (Mel.)
opisthopus.
719. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 15 Aug 67, BkP. Adults
resting in crabholes; 1000-1100 hrs. 73. Culex (C.) janitor; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus;
18. Culex (Mel.) opisthopus.
720. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 15 Aug 67, BkP. Gravid
female adults resting in crabholes; 1000-1100 hrs. 13. Culex (C.) janitor; 17. Culex
(Mel.) atratus.
721. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes.N (UQ010946), 10 m; 15 Aug 67, BkP.
Gravid female adults resting in crabholes. Culex (Mel.) sp.
722. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 289
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 15 Aug 67, BkP. Adults
biting man under trees in woodland; 1030 hrs.
723. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
480 m; 15 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Hohenbergia) in forest. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 58. Wyeomyia (W.)
stellata; 61. Wyeomyia (W.) juxtahirsuta; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
_ 724. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
480 m; 15 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Tillandsia) in forest. 47. Aedes (H.)
walkeri; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii; 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
725. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
480 m; 15 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Hohenbergia) in forest. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 58. Wyeomyia (W.)
stellata; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
726. St. Thomas, Morant Bay, Roselle, 50 yds W of waterfall on main road
(UQ446766), 1 m; 16 Aug 67, BkP. Wild coco yam in clearing; water clear; partial
shade. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchelilii.
727. St. Thomas, Morant Bay, Roselle, 50 yds W of waterfall on main road
(UQ446766), 1 m; 16 Aug 67, BkP. Seepage in clearing by road; water permanent,
clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation scanty, grass, flotage; mud, dead leaves bottom;
partial shade. 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
728. St. Thomas, Morant Bay, Roselle, bridge E of Whitehorses beach, 2 m (UQ
462769), 16 Aug 67, BkP. Stream pool in clearing; water permanent, clear, fresh,
stagnant; vegetation scanty, water lilies; mud bottom; partial shade. 19. Culex (Mell)
erraticus.
729. St. Thomas, Port Morant, bridge E of Port Morant on main road by speed
limit sign (UQ603785), sea level; 16 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Hohen-
bergia) in mangrove swamp. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
730. Clarendon, May Pen, Milk River Bath (TQ504752), 1 m; 15 Aug 67, BkP.
Adults biting man by roadside in mangrove swamp; 1200 hrs. 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
731. St. Ann, Moneague, track leading S into Unity Valley, 1.5 mi S of Moneague
(TR761194), 380 m; 17 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Aechmea paniculigera)
in edge of grazing area; water turbid, brown, fresh; plant matter bottom. 49. Aedes
(H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 57. Wyeomyia (W.) luna.
732. St. Ann, Moneague, track leading S into Unity Valley, 1.5 miS of Moneague
(TR761194), 380 m; 17 Aug 67, BkP. Various epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area;
partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) sten-
ei; 56. Wyeomyia (W.) vanduzeei; 60. Wyeomyia (W.) corona.
733. St. Ann, Moneague, 1 mi S of Moneague on Kingston Road by roadside
(TR763205), 380 m; 17 Aug 67, BkP. Various epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area;
partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) sten-
ei; 57. Wyeomyia (W.) luna.
734. St. Ann, Moneague, track leading S into Unity Valley, 1.5 mi S of Moneague
(TR761194), 380 m; 17 Aug 67, BkP. Various epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area.
49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
735. St. Ann, Moneague, track leading S into Unity Valley, 1.5 mi S of Moneague
(TR761194), 380 m; 17 Aug 67, BkP. Adults biting man along road in shade; 1400
hrs. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami,; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 51.
Aedes (H.) stenei; 59. Wyeomyia (W.) sp., Jamaican form.
736. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, along Red Hills Road, 8% mi from King-
ston, between road curve and river (UQ003951), 20 m; 18 Aug 67, BkP. Large crab-
290 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
hole by shore of river; water turbid, fresh; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. 9.
Deinocerites cancer; 13. Culex (C.) janitor; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
737. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UR126001),
480 m; 19 July 67, P. Adult biting man; 1800 hrs. 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
’ 738. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from dam (UR126001), 480 m; 19 July 67, BkP. Adults resting beneath rock
hanging over pool (739); 1800 hrs. 14. Culex (C.) secutor; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibi-
fator.
739. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from dam (UR126001), 480 m; 19 July 67, BkP. Rockhole in stream bed in
forest; water permanent, clear, fresh, very slow current; vegetation scanty, algae;
rock, abundant dead plant material bottom; deep shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grab-
hamii; 11. Culex (C.) corniger; 14. Culex (C.) secutor; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator;
35. Psorophora (G.) infinis.
740. St. Ann, Ocho Rios, Dunns River, 100 yds above falls (TR738373), 20 m;
20 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliads (Tillandsia), 2 m above ground, in plantation
of citrus and pimento. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
741. St. Ann, Ocho Rios, Dunns River, about 150 yds above falls (TR738373),
20 m; 20 Aug 67, BkP. Stream margin in plantation of citrus and pimento; water
permanent, clear, fresh, strong current; vegetation scanty; mud, rock bottom; partial
shade. 71. Dixella scitula; 72. Mesodixa biambulacra.
742. St. Ann, Claremont, at milestone 34 on road to Spanish Town (TR718270),
300 m; 20 Aug 67, BkP. Pond in pasture; water permanent, turbid, green-brown col-
or, fresh, stagnant; vegetation scanty, grass, algae; mud bottom; full sun. 1. Anoph-
eles ( Nys.) albimanus; 71. Dixella scitula.
743. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas, along irrigation canal 50 yds N of
bridge (TQ980930), 15 m; 21 Aug 67, BkP. Ditch, blocked, in grazing area; water
permanent, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation grassy, algae, abundant flotage; mud,
sand bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
744. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay, washing place on Fresh River
(TQ975952), 15 m; 21 Aug 67, BkP. Stream margin in clearing; water permanent,
clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation abundant, watercress, algae, flotage; mud, sand
bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii;
6. Uranotaenia socialis; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
745. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay, Fresh River, E of village (TQ
975952), 15 m; 21 Aug 67, BkP. Pool at stream margin in field; water semiper-
manent, turbid, fresh, stagnant; vegetation scanty; mud bottom; partial shade. 15.
Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
746. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay, Fresh River, downstream from
village (TQ975952), 15 m; 21 Aug 67, BkP. Stream margin in grazing area; water per-
manent, clear, fresh, slow current; abundant vegetation, algae, herbaceous; mud bot-
tom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
747. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas Bay, spring house near YMCA camp
(TQ975952), 15 m; 21 Aug 67, BkP. Stream margin in grazing area; water perman-
ent, clear, fresh, slow current; abundant vegetation, watercress; mud bottom; par-
tial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
748. Portland, Manchioneal, Ecclesdown, along road running W from store (UQ
582972), 350 m; 22 Aug 67, BkP. Heliconia flower bracts in forest; water clear,
fresh, slimy; dead plant material bottom; deep to partial shade. 11. Culex (C.) cor-
niger; 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii; 62. Wyeomyia (W.)
hirsuta.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 291
749. Portland, Manchioneal, Ecclesdown, along road W from store (UR582972),
305 m; 27 Aug 67, BkP. Heliconia flower bracts in forest; water clear, fresh, slimy;
dead plant material bottom. 11. Culex (C.) corniger; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
750. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Dept. of Zoology, U.W.I. (UQ148913),
122 m; 21 Aug 67, BkP. Adult on staircase of new building, dead. 67. Sayomyia
lanei.
751. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, Botanical Gardens (UQ246984), 1600
m; 24 Aug 67, BkP. Water tank at great house, domestic; water permanent, clear;
concrete bottom; deep shade. 14. Culex (C.) secutor.
752. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, Botanical Gardens, greenhouse (UQ
246984), 1600 m; 24 Aug 67, BkP. Large water tank, domestic; water permanent,
clear; concrete bottom; deep shade. 14. Culex (C.) secutor. —
753. Kingston and St. Andrew, Cinchona, Botanical Gardens (UQ246984), 1600
m; 24 Aug 67, BkP. Large water tank behind great house; water permanent, clear;
vegetation scanty algae; concrete bottom; deep shade. 14. Culex (C.) secutor.
754. Kingston and St. Andrew, Clydesdale, at swimming pool in stream (UQ
232999), 1060 m; 24 Aug 67, BkP. Seepage in forestry plantation; water permanent,
clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation scanty, algae; mud, rock bottom; partial shade.
5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
755. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, culvert about 3/4 mi S of Newcastle
on Kingston Road (UQ186990), 1100 m; 24 Aug 67, BkP. Rockhole, stream margin
in forest; water semipermanent, clear, stagnant; mud, rock, abundant dead leaves
bottom; partial shade. 14. Culex (C.) secutor.
756. Kingston and St. Andrew, Mona, U.W.I., 11 Mountain View Ave. (UQ
146908), 180 m; 24 Aug 67, BkP. Adults at light on verandah. 67. Sayomyia lanéi.
757. St. Ann, Moneague, Delight, on N side of road from Ersil-Walkers Wood
(TR787232), 350 m; 25 Aug 67, BkP. Stock pond in pasture; water semipermanent,
clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation scanty, grass; mud bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles
(Nys.) albimanus; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 23. Culex (Mel.) pilosus; 36. Psoro-
phora (G.) jamaicensis; 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea; 42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus;
43. Aedes (O). tortilis.
758. St. Ann, Moneague, 2 mi S on Spanish Town Road near Unity Farm (TR
765192), 380 m; 25 Aug 67, BkP. Various epiphytic bromeliads. 47. Aedes (H.)
walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitch-
ellii; 61. Wyeomyia (W.) juxtahirsuta; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
759. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Central Village, roadside opposite new housing
estate (UQ968907), 20 m; 29 Aug 67, P. Many small ground pools in roadside graz-
ing area; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation abundant, grassy, flotage; mud,
dead leaves, mule dung bottom; partial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 8.
Uranotaenia lowii; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus; 42. Aedes
(O.) hemisurus.
760. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Central Village; roadside opposite new housing
estate (UQ968907), 20 m; 29 Aug 67, P. As 759, egg rafts.
761. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Central Village, Spanish Town Road opposite
new housing estate (UQ968907), 20 m; 29 Aug 67, P. Many small ground pools in
roadside grazing area; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation abundant, grassy,
flotage; mud, dead leaves, mule’ dung bottom; partial shade. 8. Uranotaenia lowii;
15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
762. St. Ann, Moneague, Faiths Pen in school yard (TR786172), 530 m; 31 Aug
67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads, domestic. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 59. Aedes
292 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
(H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenéi.
763. St. Ann, Moneague, bend near milestone 29 on Spanish Town to Moneague
Road (TR763191), 530 m; 30 Aug 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in grazing
area; partial shade. 25. Culex (Micr.) arawak, 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.)
_ grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii; 58. Wyeomyia (W.)
stellata; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
764. St. Ann, Moneague, bend near milestone 29 on Spanish Town-Moneague
Road (TR763191), 530 m; 30 Aug 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in grazing
area; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.)
stenel. |
765. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
480 m; 5 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliad (Hohenbergia). 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri;
49. Aedes (H.) grabhami (continuation of No. 892).
766. St. Ann, Runaway Bay, 2 mi E of town on coast road (TR518428), 1 m; 5
Sept 67, P. Stream margin in coconut plantation; water permanent, clear, fresh,
slow current; vegetation abundant, herbaceous, algae; mud bottom; partial shade.
1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
767. St. Ann, Moneague, Claremont-Moneague Road, 3 mi W of Moneague (TR
736251), 380 m; 5 Sept 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in clearing, grazing
area; partial shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta. :
768. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, Fresh River along Red Hills Road (UQ
010946), 15 m; 6 Sept 67, P. Small ground pool on shore of.stream; water tempor-
ary, clear, stagnant; vegetation scanty, grass; mud, dead leaves bottom; partial shade.
42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus.
769. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, along river (UQ010946), 20 m; 6 Sept 67, P.
Small ground pool on bank of stream; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, stagnant;
vegetation scanty, flotage, algae, grass; mud, dead leaves bottom. 5. Anopheles (A.)
grabhamii; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
770. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, along river bank (UQ010946), 15 m; 6 Sept
67, P. Large crabhole. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
771. St. Ann, Moneague, on Spanish Town-Moneague Road near Unity Valley
(TR761194), 380 m; 7 Sept 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in forest. 47. Aedes
(H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 58. Wyeomyia (W.)
stellata.
772. St. Ann, Moneague, Spanish Town-Moneague Road near Unity Valley (TR
761194), 350 m; 7 Sept 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area. 25.
Culex (Micr.) arawak; 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes
(H.) stenei; 58. Wyeomyia (W.) stellata; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
773. St. Ann, Moneague, road from Unity Valley to Hollymount (TR761194),
600 m; 7 Sept 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area; partial shade.
49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
774. St. Ann, Moneague, road from Unity Valley to Hollymount (TR761194),
600 m; 7 Sept 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area; partial shade.
49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 61. Wyeomyia (W.) juxtahirsuta;
62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
775. St. Ann, Ocho Rios, Dunns River, about 150 yds above falls (TR738373),
20 m; 10 Sept 67, P. Stream margin in plantation; water permanent, clear, strong
current; vegetation scanty, herbaceous; mud, rock bottom; partial shade. 71. Dixella
scitula; 72. Mesodixa biambulacra.
776. St. Ann, Moneague, milestones 30-31 on Spanish Town Road (TR752220),
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 293
500 m; 10 Sept 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in grazing area. 49. Aedes (H.)
grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
777. Kingston and St. Andrew, Redhills, Mt. Salus, % mi W of postal agency
(UQ065988), 450 m; 11 Sept 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in roadside clear-
ing. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
778. Kingston and St. Andrew, Redhills, Mt. Salus, % mi W of postal agency
(UQ065988), 450 m; 11 Sept 67, P. Cut and broken bamboo in forest. 47. Aedes
_(#H.) walkeri; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
779. Kingston and St. Andrew, Redhills, Mt. Salus, % mi W of postal agency
(UQ065988), 450 m; 11 Sept 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads in forest. 47.
Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
780. Kingston and St. Andrew, Redhills, Mt. Salus, % mi W of postal agency
(UQ065988), 450 m; 11 Sept 67, P. Cut and broken bamboo in forest. 1/7. Culex
(C.) corniger; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
781. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, river (UQ010946), 20 m; 12 Sept 67, P.
Stream margin in clearing; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation
abundant, algae, submerged weeds; mud bottom; partial shade. J. Anopheles (Nys.)
albimanus,; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
782. Westmoreland, Bluefields, track to Crab Pond Bay between milestones 101-
102 on Black River to Savanna-La-Mar Road (SR171055), sea level; 14 Sept 67, P.
Stream margin in clearing in mangrove; water permanent, clear, brown, fresh, slow
current; vegetation scanty, grassy; mud bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albi-
manus; 20. Culex (Mel.) iolambdis.
783. Westmoreland, Bluefields, track to Crab Pond Bay between milestones 101-
102 on Black River to Savanna-La-Mar Road (SR171055), sea level; 14 Sept 67, P.
Large crabhole, flooded, in clearing in mangrove swamp; partial shade. 9. Deino-
cerites cancer; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator.
784. Westmoreland, Bluefields, track to Crab Pond Bay between milestones 101-
102 on Black River to Savanna-La-Mar Road (SR171055), sea level; 14 Sept 67, P.
Pond in mangrove swamp; water clear, brown, fresh, stagnant; vegetation scanty;
mud, sand, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 20. Culex
(Mel.) iolambdis.
785. Westmoreland, Bluefields, track to Crab Pond Bay between milestones 101-
102 on Black River to Savanna-La-Mar Road (SR171055), sea level; 14 Sept 67, P.
Stream pool blocked by sand bar by seaside; water permanent, clear, brown, very
slow current; vegetation scanty, flotage; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. J. Anoph-
eles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 17. Culex (C.) atratus.
786. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, near Petersville, 2 mi from Auchindown on
road to Hopetown (SR861068), 250 m; 14 Sept 67, P. Pond in field; water per-
manent, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation scanty, grass; mud bottom; partial shade.
15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
787. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, about 2 mi W of Petersville postal agency on
Hopetown Road (SR864065), 300 m; 14 Sept 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads
in clearing by roadside; full sun. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitch-
ellii; 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
788. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, behind Petersville postal agency (SR875057),
225 m; 14 Sept 67, P. Large ground pool in grazing area; water semipermanent, clear,
fresh; vegetation abundant, grass 0.75 m high, tangled; mud bottom; partial shade.
33. Psorophora (J.) ferox.
789. Westmoreland, Whitehouse, behind Petersville postal agency (SR875057),
294 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
225 m; 14 Sept 67, P. Pond in grazing area; water permanent, clear, fresh, stagnant;
vegetation abundant, grassy, herbs; mud bottom; partial shade. 27. Mansonia (M.)
titillans.
790. Westmoreland, Bluefields, track leading to Crab Pond Bay, milestones 101-
102 on Black River to Savanna-La-Mar Road (SR171055), sea level; 14 Sept 67, P.
Adults biting man amongst bushes in mangrove swamp, overcast day; 1000-1100
hrs. 4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
791. St. Elizabeth, Maggotty, small pond on right of road, % mi S of town (TR
079098), 150 m; 15 Sept 67, P. Epiphytic bromeliad in plantation; deep shade.
51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
792. St. Elizabeth, Maggotty, by small pond on W side of road, % mi S of town
(TRO79098), 150 m; 15 Sept 67, P. Progeny of 2 females from collection 792A.
41. Aedes (O.) pertinax.
792A. St. Elizabeth, Maggotty, by small pond on W side of road, % miS of town
(TRO79098), 150 m; 15 Sept 67, P. Adults biting man under trees in cassava plot;
1100-1130 hrs. 26. Coquillettidia (R.) nigricans; 33. Psorophora (J.) ferox; 41. Aed-
es (O.) pertinax; 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
793. St. Elizabeth, Maggotty, by small pond on W side of road, 4% mi S of town
(TRO79098), 150 m; 15 Sept 67, P. Adults biting man under trees in cassava plot;
1100-1130 hrs. 4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis; 18. Culex (Mel.) opisthopus; 56.
Wyeomyia (W.) vanduzeei.
794. St. Elizabeth, Black River, 2 mi E of town on Crane Road (TQ004922), sea
level; 13-14Sept 67, P. Adults in CDC light trap in bushes at edge of swamp and new
(unused) road, 1.5 m above ground; 1600-0630 hrs. 3. Anopheles (A.) crucians;
9. Deinocerites cancer; Culex (Mel.) sp.; 26. Coquillettidia (R.) nigricans; 39. Aedes
(O.) taeniorhynchus.
795. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from —
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ0O10946), 10 m; 18 Sept 67, P. Adults
biting man under trees; 1000-1200 hrs. 34. Psorophora (J.) sp., Jamaican form.
796. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 18 Sept 67, P. Small.
ground pool in scrub forest; water temporary, turbid, fresh; vegetation abundant,
grassy; mud bottom; partial shade. 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus,; 42. Aedes (O.)
hemisurus; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
797. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 18 Sept 67, P. Blocked
drain in scrub forest; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation abun-
dant, flotage; mud, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii;
7, Uranotaenia cooki; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
798. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 19 Sept 67, P. Blocked
drain in scrub forest; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation abun-
dant, flotage; mud, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii;
7. Uranotaenia cooki; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
799. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about | mi along Red Hills Road from |
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 19 Sept 67, P. Ditch in
scrub forest; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, stagnant; mud bottom; partial shade.
15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
800. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen playing field (UQ276803), 1 m; 6 July 67,
P. Pond in clearing, grazing area in dry scrub; water permanent, clear, brown, fresh;
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 295
vegetation fairly abundant, grassy, herbaceous, woody; mud bottom; partial shade.
1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 17. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
801. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, edge of playing field (UQ276803), 1 m; 6
July 67, P. Small treehole, 1 m above ground in mangrove swamp; water clear,
brown; decaying vegetation bottom; deep shade. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus.
802. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, playing field (UQ276803), 1 m; 6 July 67,
P. Adult biting man in parked car; 1045 hrs. 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
803. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Albion estate, along dirt road towards sea (UQ292784),
3 m; 6 July 67, P. Ditch in freshwater swamp; water permanent, clear, fresh, moder-
ate current; vegetation abundant, algae, grass, submerged weeds; mud, plant material
bottom; partial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
804. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Albion estate, along dirt road towards sea (UQ292784),
3 m; 6 July 67, P. Stream pool in freshwater swamp, water permanent, clear, fresh,
slow current; vegetation abundant, grassy, herbaceous; mud, green vegetation tramp-
led by cattle on bottom; partial shade. 4. Anopheles (A.) vestitipennis; 15. Culex
(C.) nigripalpus. |
805. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Albion estate, along dirt road towards sea (UQ292784),
3 m; 6 July 67, P. Cattle tracks in freshwater swamp; water turbid, fresh; vegetation
abundant, grassy; mud bottom; partial shade. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
806. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Albion, opposite store at Easington Road junction
(UQ299785), 15 m; 16 July 67, P. Large treehole in plantation; water clear, brown;
deep shade. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
807. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Castleton Botanic Gardens, Wag Water River (UR
072098), 450 m; 7 July 67, P. Stream margin in clearing; water permanent, clear,
slow current; vegetation scanty, floating algae; sand bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles
(Nys.) albimanus; 17. Culex (C.) atratus.
808. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Fort Stewart, 500 yds before milestone 34 on Port
Antonio Road (UR167201), 5 m; 7 July 67, P. Stream margin in canefield; water
permanent, clear, moderate current; vegetation scanty, grassy, submerged weeds;
mud bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
809. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Fort Stewart, 500 yds before milestone 34 on Port
Antonio Road (UR167201), 5 m; 7 July 67, P. Large crabhole in canefield; water
fresh; mud bottom; deep shade. 22. Culex (Mel.) sp., Jamaican form. :
, 810. Portland, Port Antonio, Frenchmans Cove Hotel (UR495102), 3 m; 7 July
67, P. Wild coco yam, domestic; partial shade. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitcheliii.
811. Portland, Port Antonio, Priestmans River, between road and river, 3 m (UR
585054); 7 July 67, P. Wild coco yam, in cultivation; partial shade. 55. Wyeo-
myia (W.) mitcheliii.
812. Portland, Port Antonio, Health Office, sea level; 7 July 64, P. Resting on
walls of lavatory; 1200 hrs. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus.
813. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen playing field (UQ276803), 1 m; 11 July
67, P. Marshy depression in edge of clearing; water semipermanent, clear, colored,
brackish; vegetation abundant, herbaceous; mud, plant material bottom; full sun.
1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
814. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, edge of playing field (UQ276803), sea
level; 11 July 67, P. Pit, 2 ft square in edge of grazing area by mangrove; water per-
manent, clear, colored, brackish; mud bottom; full sun. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albim-
anus; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
815. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen fish house (UQ273804), sea level; 11 July
67, P. Large concrete storage tank, domestic; water fresh; deep shade. 52. Aedes (S.)
296 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
aegypti.
816. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen waterworks (UQ280803), 3 m; 11 July 67,
P. Blocked drain in cattail marsh; water permanent, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation
abundant, grassy, floating duck weed; mud bottom; partial shade. 17. Culex (Mel.)
atratus.
817. St. Thomas, Yallahs, E bank of Yallahs River at Easington bridge (UQ
319822), 35 m; 11 July 67, P. Pond in dry forest; water semipermanent, turbid,
fresh, stagnant; mud bottom; full sun. 5. Anopheles (A. ) grabhamii.
818. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, crescent by Rio Cobre Dam (TQ903960), 30
m; 12 July 67, P. Small ground pool, overflow from dripping standpipe, domestic;
water turbid, stagnant: vegetation abundant, grassy; mud bottom; partial shade.
15. Culex (C) nigripalpus.
819. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Rio Cobre River, 50 yds above poe (TQ
903960), 30 m; 12 July 67, P. Stream margin in plantation; water permanent, clear,
moderate current; vegetation abundant, floating (Pistia), algae; mud bottom; full
sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus.
820. St. Catherine, Bog Walk, Dove Hall, milestone 11 on Harkers Hall Road,
bank of Rio Pedro (TR920042), 150 m; 12 July 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads
in plantation; water colored; deep shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.)
stenei; 58. Wyeomyia (W.) stellata.
821. St. Catherine, Bog Walk, Harkers Hall, in pasture by road (TR965044), 225
m; 12 July 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads, 2.5 m above ground in grazing area;
water clear; deep shade. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
822. St. Catherine, Kingston, between Harkers Hall and Zion Hill (TR987041),
225 m; 12 July 67, P. Cut bamboo in roadside forest; water clear; partial shade.
50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus.
823. St. Catherine, Kingston, between Harkers Hall and Zion Hill (TR987041),
225 m; 12 July 67, P. Cut bamboo in roadside forest; partial shade. 54. Wyeomyia
(W.) nigritubus.
824. St. Catherine, Kingston, between Harkers Hall and Zion Hill (TR987041),
225 m; 12 July 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads, 1.2 m above ground in roadside
forest. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
825. St. Catherine, Bog Walk, Dove Hall, milestone 11 on Harkers Hall Road,
bank of Rio Pedro (TR920042), 150 m; 12 July 67, P. Adult biting man under tree
(820); 1215 hrs. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
826. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 13 July 67, P. Large treehole in mango tree in forest clearing. 50. Aedes
(H.) inaequalis; 68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
827. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UR126001),
480 m; 13 July 67, P. Stream pool in forest; water clear, brownish, fresh, slow cur-
rent; mud, much decaying plant material bottom; deep shade. J1. Culex (C.) cor-
niger; 14. Culex (C.) secutor; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator.
828. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from dam gate (UR126001), 480 m; 13 July 67, P. Stream pool, about 3 ft
above 827, in forest; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; rock, decaying
plant material bottom; deep shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 14. Culex (C.)
secutor; 21. Culex (C.) inhibitator.
829. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, lower end of
Water Commission land (UQ1 20998), 400 m; 13 July 67, P. Large treehole in mango
tree in forest; water semipermanent, clear, colored; mud bottom; partial shade.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 297
68. Corethrella (C.) appendiculata.
830. St. Catherine, Kingston, Caymanas (TQ980930), 10 m; 17 July 67, P. No
material.
831. Kingston and St. Andrew, Irish Town, the house “Bracken” (UQ172968),
760 m; 18 July 67, P. Concrete pond, domestic; water permanent, turbid, green,
fresh; full sun. 16. Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
832. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, culvert under road 18.8 mi from King-
ston (UQ193988), 1050 m; 18 July 67, P. Small stream pool in forest; water semi-
permanent, clear, fresh, very slow current; mud, rock, dead leaves bottom; partial
shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 14. Culex (C.) secutor.
833. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, culvert 18.8 mi from Kingston (UQ
193988), 1050 m; 18 July 67, P. Stream pool, about 20 ft above (832) in forest;
water semipermanent, clear, very slow current; rock, dead leaves bottom; deep shade.
5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 14. Culex (C.) secutor.
834. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, 18.3 mi from Kingston, near ‘““The
Hut’? (UQ192985), 1050 m; 18 July 67, P. Large water trough in forest; water per-
manent, colored greenish brown; concrete, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 5.
Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 14. Culex (C.) secutor.
835. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newcastle, 18.3 mi from Kingston, near “The
Hut” (UQ192985), 1050 m; 18 July 67, P. Pool at base of trough (834) in forest;
water semipermanent, clear, fresh, stagnant; vegetation abundant, grassy; mud bot-
tom; partial shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 14. Culex (C.) secutor.
836. Kingston and St. Andrew, Irish Town, Kingston Road between Irish Town
and Tamarind Tree, culvert beneath road (UQ170958), 460 m; 18 July 67, P. Drain
under culvert in forest; water permanent, clear, stagnant; vegetation scanty, grassy;
mud bottom; deep shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
837. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Molynes Road, base of Red Hills near
Mackeville Terrace (UQ068949), 61 m; 19 July 67, P. Large treehole, 4 m above
ground, domestic; water clear, brown; partial shade. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypii.
838. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Molynes Road at base of Red Hills
(UQ068949), 61 m; 19 July 67, P. No material.
839. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Riverton City by Salt Bier: near coast
(UQ042923), sea level; 20 July 67, P. Small crabhole in saltmarsh; water turbid,
_ fresh; mud bottom; full sun. 9. Deinocerites cancer. |
840. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Riverton City by Salt River, near coast
(UQ042923), sea level; 20 July 67, P. Adults biting man in open on saltmarsh;
1000 hrs. 40. Aedes (O.) sollicitans. |
841. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Red Hills quarry, base of Red Hills,
150 yds from bridge (UQ066950), 60 m; 21 July 67, P. Small ground pool on road;
water clear, fresh; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis; 38. Psoro-
phora (G.) pygmaea.
842. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Red Hills, Belvedere Road, near upper
end of Belvedere Crescent (UQ050957), 225 m; 21 July 67, P. Adults biting man
under trees; 1000 hrs. 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
843: Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, lower end of
Water Commission land (UQ120998), 450 m; 13 July 67, P. Various epiphytic
bromeliads, 1% m above ground in forest; water clear, brown; partial shade. 47. Aed-
es (H.) walkeri; 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
844. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
480 m; 13 July 67, P. Epiphytic bromeliad growing on bank in forest; water clear,
298 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
brown; full sun. No material. 7
845. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Red Hills, Swain Spring Road, house
“Morris Mount” (UQ060975), 450 m; 24 July 67, P. Rockhole in garden; water
temporary, clear, fresh, stagnant; mud, rock bottom; partial shade. 45. Aedes (O.)
calumnior; 46. Aedes (O.) mediovittatus.
846. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Mt. Salus Road, between milestones
10-11, 500 yds W of Mt. Salus postal agency (UQ065988), 450 m; 24 July 67, P.
Epiphytic bromeliad (Hohenbergia) in forest; water clear; partial shade. 62. Wyeo-
myia (W.) hirsuta. ; 7
847. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Mt. Salus Road, milestones 10-11, 500
yds W of Mt. Salus postal agency (UQ065988), 450 m; 24 July 67, P. No material.
848. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Mt. Salus Road, between milestones
10-11, 500 yds W of Mt. Salus postal agency (UQ065988), 450 m; 24 July 67, P.
Various epiphytic bromeliads, 2.5 m above ground in forest; partial shade. 47.
Aedes (H.) walkeri.
849. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Mt. Salus Road, milestones 10-11, 500
yds W of Mt. Salus postal agency (UQ065988), 450 m; 24 July 67, P. Epiphytic
bromeliad about .75 m above ground in forest; partial shade. No material.
850. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Mt. Salus Road (UQ065988), 450 m;
24 July 67, P. No material.
851. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from dam gate (UR126001), 480 m; 25 July 67, P. Stream pool in forest;
water semipermanent, clear, fresh, very slow current; mud, rock, much decaying
plant material bottom; partial shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 14. Culex (C.)
secutor; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator. |
852. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from dam gate (UR126001), 480 m; 25 July 67, P. Stream pool in forest;
water semipermanent, clear, fresh, slow current; rock, dead leaves bottom; partial
shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 14. Culex (C.) secutor; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibi-
tator. |
_ 853. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from dam gate (UR126001), 480 m; 25 July 67, P. Adults resting on and un-
der rock overhang, with seepage running down face of rock; 0930 hrs. 21. Culex (C.)
inhibitator. | |
854. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UQ120998),
450 m; 25 July 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads at top of 10 ft bank in forest;
full sun. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
_ 855. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, near Mint Spring
(UQ120998), 450 m; 25 July 67, P. Various epiphytic bromeliads on bank in forest.
47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
856. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, near Mint Spring
(UQ1 20998), 450 m; 25 July 67, P. Small epiphytic bromeliad 4 m above ground
in forest. 63. Wyeomyia (W.) atrata.
857. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, quarry swamp at N side (UQ022942), 10
m; 26 July 67, P. Large open crabhole in cleared mangrove; water fresh; mud bot-
tom; full sun. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 9. Deinocerites cancer; 15. Culex (C.)
nigripalpus. 3
858. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, quarry swamp at N side (UQ022942), 10 ©
m; 26 July 67, P. Large crabhole in cleared mangrove; water turbid, pale brown, stag-
nant, slightly brackish; mud, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites
cancer.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 299
859. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, quarry swamp at N side (UQ022942), 10
m; 26 July 67, P. Adults resting inside crabhole (858); 1000 hrs. 9. Deinocerites
cancer.
860. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, quarry swamp at N side (UQ022942), 10
m; 26 July 67, P. Large crabhole in mangrove; mud bottom; deep shade. 5. Anoph-
eles (A.) grabhamii; 9. Deinocerites cancer; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
861. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, quarry swamp at N side (UQ022942), 10
m; 26 July 67, P. Small crabhole in mangrove; deep shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer,
39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
862. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Caymanas, about % mi from Spanish Town
Road (TQ995930), 10 m; 26 July 67, P. Ditch in canefield; water temporary, clear,
fresh, stagnant; algae; mud, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. J 7. Culex (Mel.) atrat-
us; 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis.
863. Clarendon, May Pen, Parnassus on May Pen-Milk River Road (TQ603840),
30 m; 28 July 67, P. Large ground pool in canefield; water temporary, clear, fresh,
stagnant; abundant grass; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis;
38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea; 42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
864. Clarendon, May Pen, Parnassus on May Pen-Milk River Road (TQ603840),
30 m; 28 July 67, P. Small ground pool in ruts in canefield edge; water temporary,
turbid, fresh, stagnant; vegetation abundant, grass; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psoro-
phora (G.) jamaicensis; 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea.
865. Clarendon, Milk River Bath, culvert at milestone 42 (TQ504752), 10 m; 28
July 67, P. Large crabhole on edge of mangrove; water clear, fresh; mud bottom;
partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer. 3
866. Clarendon, Milk River Bath, culvert at milestone 42 (TQ504752), 10 m; 28
July 67, P. Large crabhole on edge of mangrove; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites
cancer.
867. Clarendon, Milk River Bath, culvert at milestone 42 (TQ504752), 10 m; 28
July 67, P. Large crabhole on edge of mangrove; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites
cancer.
868. Clarendon, Milk River Bath, culvert by milestone 42 (TQ504752), 10 m; 28
July 67, P. Swamp edge in mangrove; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, stagnant;
mud bottom; partial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grab-
— hamii.
869. Clarendon, Milk River Bath, Pass Side on Milk River-Toll Gate Road (TQ
504796), 25 m; 28 July 67, P. Large ground pool in scrub forest; water temporary,
clear, fresh; vegetation abundant, grass, flotage; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psoro-
Phora (G.) jamaicensis; 38. Psorophora (G.) pygmaea.
870. Clarendon, Toll Gate, about 2 mi Son Milk River Road (UQ480853), 30 m;
28 July 67, P. Ditch in grazing area; water temporary, clear, fresh, stagnant; vege-
tation scanty, grassy; mud bottom; full sun. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis; 38.
Psorophora (G.) pygmaea.
871. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, Albion swamp, between waterworks and
milestone 16 (UQ280803), 5 m; 1 Aug 67, BkP. Small ground pool in edge of cat-
tail swamp; water semipermanent, clear, fresh; stagnant; mud, dead leaves bottom;
partial shade. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 9. Deinocerites cancer; 15. Culex (C.)
nigripalpus,; 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
872. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, seaside of Albion swamp (UQ279800),
sea level; 1 Aug 67, BkP. Small ground pool in edge of freshwater swamp; water
clear, brown, fresh; mud, dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 1. Anopheles (Nys.)
300 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
albimanus; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus.
873. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Albion estate, along dirt road by side of store, towards
sea (UQ292784), 3 m; 1 Aug 67, BkP. Ditch in plantation; water permanent, clear,
fresh, slow current; vegetation scanty, algae; mud bottom; partial shade. /. Anoph-
(Nys.) albimanus; 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
874. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, NE corner of playing field (UQ276803), 1
m; 1 Aug 67, BkP. Adults biting man under trees; 1845-1915 hrs. 18. Culex (Mel.)
opisthopus; 27, Mansonia (M.) titillans.
875. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, NE corner of playing field (UQ276803), l
m; | Aug 67, BkP. Adults biting man under trees; 1845-1915 hrs. Individual isola-
tions for eop-laying. 18. Culex (Mel.) opisthopus; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
876. St. Thomas, Yallahs, Grants Pen, NE corner of playing field (UQ276803), 1
m; | Aug 67, BkP. Adults biting man under trees; 1845-1915 hrs. Progeny from mass
egg-laying. 18. Culex (Mel.) opisthopus; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
877. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson, road to Fort Augusta (UQ
025865), 1 m; 2 Aug 67, BkP. No material.
878. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson, within swamp alongside road
to Fort Augusta (UQ025865), 1 m; 2 Aug 67, BkP. Large crabhole in mangrove; wat-
er brackish; mud, sand bottom; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
879. St. Catherine, Spanish Town, Port Henderson, along road to Fort Augusta
(UQ025865), 1 m; 2 Aug 67, BkP. Large crabhole along road through mangrove.
9. Deinocerites cancer.
880. Kingston and St. Andrew, Port Royal, U.W.I. marine laboratory (UQ045 837),
sea level; 3 Aug 67, BkP. Large crabhole, domestic; water brackish; mud, sand bot-
tom; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
881. Kingston and St. Andrew, Port Royal, swamp on Palisadoes (UQ045837),
I m; 3 Aug 67, BkP. Large crabhole in mangrove; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites
cancer.
882. Kingston and St. Andrew, Port Royal, swamp along Baisedos (UQ045 837),
1m; 3 Aug 67, BkP. Large crabhole in mangrove; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites
. Cancer.
883. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ0O10946), 10 m; 4 Aug 67, BkP. Large
crabhole in scrub forest; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
884. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 4 Aug 67, BkP. Large
crabhole in scrub forest; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
885. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; BkP. Large crabhole in
scrub forest; water fresh; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer; 13. Culex (C.) janitor.
886. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 4 Aug 67, BkP. Deep
large crabhole in scrub forest; partial shade. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
887. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 4 Aug 67, BkP. Large
crabhole.
888. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 4 Aug 67, BkP. Adults
resting in crabholes. 13. Culex (C.) janitor; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator.
889. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 301
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 4 Aug 67, BkP. Adults
resting in crabhole. 13. Culex (C.) janitor.
890. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 4 Aug 67, BkP. Adults
biting man beneath trees; 1100-1230 hrs. 42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus.
891. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from bridge (UR126001), 480 m; 5 Aug 67, BkP. Stream pool in forest; water
permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; flotage; mud, rock, plant material bottom;
partial shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 11. Culex (C.) corniger; 14. Culex (C.)
secutor; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator.
892. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road (UR126001),
480 m; 5 Aug 67, BkP. Epiphytic bromeliad (Hohenbergia), growing on bank in
forest. 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami.
893. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from dam gate (UR126001), 480 m; 8 Aug 67, BKP. Rockhole in stream in
forest; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, slow current; mud, rock, dead leaves bot-
tom; partial shade. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 14. Culex (C.) secutor; 15. Culex
(C.) nigripalpus; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator.
894. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from dam gate (UR126001), 480 m; 8 Aug 67, BkP. Adults resting on rocks
overhanging pool (893); 1030 hrs. 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator.
895. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hermitage Dam Road, first culvert
down from dam gate (UR126001), 480 m; 8 Aug 67, BkP. Rockhole in stream, 3 ft
above 893, in forest; water semipermanent, clear, fresh, slow current; mud, rock,
dead leaves bottom; partial shade. 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator.
896. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about | mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road, on river side of road (UQ010946), 10 m; 8 Aug 67, BkP. Large
ground pool in cleared river bank; water clear, fresh; vegetation abundant, grassy,
flotage; mud, dead leaves bottom; full sun. 1. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; 15. Culex
(C.) nigripalpus; 39. Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus; 40. Aedes (O.) sollicitans; 42. Aedes
(O.) hemisurus; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis.
897. No collection.
898. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road, by river side (UQ010946), 10 m; 8 Aug 67, BkP. Large ground
pool (896) in cleared river bank, egg rafts; water temporary, clear, fresh; vegetation
abundant, grassy; mud, dead leaves bottom; full sun. 10. Culex (C.) bahamensis;
17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
899. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road, N bank of river (UQ010946), 10 m; 8 Aug 67, BkP. Stream
margin in river bank; water permanent, clear, fresh, slow current; vegetation abun-
dant, grassy, herbaceous; mud bottom; full sun. 17. Culex (Mel.) atratus.
900. Kingston and St. Andrew, U.W.I., Mona Reservoir (UQ143913), 200 m; 20
Sept 67, P. Reservoir, domestic; water permanent, clear, fresh; rock bottom; full
sun. 67. Sayomyia lanei. '
901. Westmoreland, Leamington, New Roads (SR894134), 28 Oct 67, F. Epi-
phytic bromeliad. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
902. Clarendon, Spaldings, Balcarres (TR427056), 915 m; 7 Nov 67, F. Tree-
hole. 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus.
902A. Clarendon, Spaldings, Balcarres (TR427056), 915 m; 7 Nov 67, F. Leaf
axil, epiphytic bromeliad. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 49. Aedes (H.) grabhami.
302 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
903. Kingston and St. Andrew, Ferry, about 1 mi along Red Hills Road from
Spanish Town Road where track goes N (UQ010946), 10 m; 19 Sept 67, F. Large
crabhole. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
904—910. No collections.
911. Kingston and St. Andrew, Gordon Town (UQ183949), 360 m; 2 Aug 68,
H(802). Seepage in rain forest. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
912. Kingston and St. Andrew, Palisadoes, Gunboat Beach (UQ133847), sea level;
3 Aug 68, H(803). Adults biting man, adjacent to mangrove; 2000-2100 hrs. 39.
Aedes (O.) taeniorhynchus.
913. St. Catherine, Bog Walk, 3 mi S of town along Rio Cobre (TQ847990), 90
m; 4 Aug 68, H(804). Adults biting man in forest. 36. Psorophora (G.) jamaicensis;
42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis; 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus; 47.
Aedes (H.) walkeri.
914. St. Catherine, Bog Walk, Rio Cobre Valley (TQ897990), 100 m; 5 Aug 68,
H(805). Adults biting man in forest. 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 27. Mansonia (M.)
titillans; 42. Aedes (O.) hemisurus; 43. Aedes (O.) tortilis; 45. Aedes (O.) calum-
nior; 46. Aedes (O.) mediovittatus; 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri; 50. Aedes (H.) inae-
qualis; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
915. Portland, Manchioneal, 2 mi S of town (UQ650920), 3 m; 6 Aug 68, H
(806). Dried fallen banana leaf in banana plantation. 1/1. Culex (C.) corniger.
916. Portland, Port Antonio, Blue Hole (UR534094), sea level; 7 Aug 68, H(1-
807). Hole in fallen tree. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
917. Portland, Port Antonio, Blue Hole (UR534094), sea level; 7 Aug 68, H(2-
807). Treehole. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis.
918. Portland, Port Antonio, Blue Hole (UR534094), sea level; 7 Aug 68, H(3-
807). Adult biting near shore in woods. 33. Psorophora (J.) ferox.
919. Portland, Long Bay, Devils Elbow, 2% mi S of Long Bay (UQ628989), 40
m; 7 Aug 68, H(4-807). Colocasia axils. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitcheliii.
920. Portland, Long Bay, Devils Elbow, 2% mi S of Long Bay (UQ628989), 40
m; 7 Aug 68, H(5-807). Adults biting man, vicinity of 919; 1500-1730 hrs. 52.
Aedes (S.) aegypti; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus; 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitcheliii,
? 62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
921. Portland, Port Antonio, Rio Grande River (UR425089), 15 m; 8 Aug 68,
H(808). Ground pool in dried stream bed, about 1% hrs down river from raft de-
parture point. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii; 21. Culex (Mel.) inhibitator; 33. Psoro-
phora (J.) ferox.
922. Portland, Port Antonio, bamboo grove near Bonnie View Hotel (UR461096),
125 m; 9 Aug 68, H(1-809). Adult biting man. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
- 923. Portland, Port Antonio, bamboo grove near Bonnie View Hotel (UR461096),
125 m; 9 Aug 68, H(2-809). Bamboo, uncut internode. 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nig-
ritubus. |
924. Portland, Port Antonio, bamboo grove near Bonnie View Hotel (UR461096),
125 m; 9 Aug 68, H(3-809). Bamboo stumps, cut or broken. 50. Aedes (H.) inae-
qualis; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; 54. Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus; 66. Toxorhynchites
(L.) portoricensis. :
925. Portland, Port Antonio, near Bonnie View Hotel (UR461096), 80 m; 9 Aug
68, H(4-809). Adults biting man in shade of bromeliad-laden tree. 47. Aedes (H.)
walkeri; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei.
926. Portland, Port Antonio, Bonnie View Hotel (UR461096), 80 m; 10 Aug 68,
H(1-810). Adult biting in hotel room. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 303
927. St. Mary, Port Maria, 2 mi W of town near Tropic Winds Motel (UR000350),
10 Aug 68, H(2-810). Adults biting man at edge of forest near coast; 0930-1000
hrs. 37. Psorophora (G.) insularia.
928. St. Mary, Port Maria, Tropic Winds Motel (URO00350), 11 Aug 68, H(1-
811). Adults resting in motel room. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
929. St. Mary, Port Maria, Tropic Winds Motel (URO00350), 11 Aug 68, H(2-
811). Adults biting, 0100 hrs.
930. St. Ann, Ocho Rios, Fern Gully (TR788335), 210 m; 12 Aug 68, H(1-812).
Adults biting in the open on footpath up the side of fern gully. 47. Aedes (H.)
walkeri; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 65. Limatus hoffmani.
931. St. Ann, Ocho Rios, Fern Gully (TR788335), 210 m; 12 Aug 68, H(2-812).
Terrestrial bromeliad, off footpath, up side of fern gully. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri;
62. Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta.
932. St. Ann, Ocho Rios, Fern Gully (TR788335), 210 m; 13 Aug 68, H(1-813).
Epiphytic bromeliad.
933. St. Ann, Ocho Rios, Shaw Park gardens (TR765355), 3 m; 13 Aug 68, H(2-
813). Colocasia axils. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchelliii.
934. Hanover, Lucea, about 5 mi S of Lucea; 15 Aug 68, H(1-815). Bamboo
stump, cut or broken.
935. Westmoreland (Hanover border), 2 mi N of Negril (QL814270), sea level;
15 Aug 68, H(2-815). Adults biting on beach; 1900-dusk. J. Anopheles (Nys.)
albimanus.
936. Hanover, Lucea, Mosquito Cove, 4 mi E of Lucea (RLO55415), sea level; 16
Aug 68, H(1-816). Rockhole, coral, seaside; water fresh; algae. 10. Culex (C.) ba-
hamensis; 15. Culex (C.) nigripalpus; 37. Psorophora (G.) insularia.
937. Hanover, Lucea, Mosquito Cove (RL055415), sea level; 16 Aug 68, H(2-
816). Adult biting at side of larval collection 936. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
938. Manchester, Mandeville (TQ345965), 600 m; 17 Aug 68, H(1-817). Adult
biting at dusk in open.
939. Manchester, Mandeville, Mandeville Hotel (TQ345965), 600 m; 17 Aug 68,
H(2-817). Adult biting in hotel room.
940. Manchester, Mandeville (TQ345965), 600 m; 18 Aug 68, H(1-818). Epi-
phytic bromeliad. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
941. Manchester, Mandeville (TQ345965), 600 m; 18 Aug 68, H(2-818). Adults
biting in woods, dusk. 47. Aedes (H.) walkeri.
942. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hope Botanical Gardens (UQ152932),
180 m; 19 Aug 68, H(1-819). Terrestrial bromeliad. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchelilii.
943. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hope Botanical Gardens (UQ152932),
180 m; 19 Aug 68, H(2-819). Epiphytic bromeliad.
944. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hope Botanical Gardens (UQ152932),
180 m; 19 Aug 68, H(3-819). Flower bract, Heliconia sp. 11. Culex (C.) corniger.
945. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hope Botanical Gardens (UQ152932),
180 m; 19 Aug 68, H(4-819). Colocasia axil. 55. Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii.
946. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Hope Botanical Gardens (UQ152932),
180 m; 19 Aug 68, H(5-819). Adults biting in palm garden. 55. Wyeomyia (W.)
nitchellii.
947. Kingston and St. Andrew, Gordon Town (UQ183949), 360 m; 20 Aug 68,
H(820). Stream pool in forest. 5. Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
948. Kingston and St. Andrew, Rockfort, off Windward Road (UQ156874), 2 m;
21 Aug 68, H(1-821). Adults biting in wooded area in scrub forest; 1500-1800 hrs.
304 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
9. Deinocerites cancer; 53. Haemagogus equinus.
949. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, near Rockfort, off Windward Road
(UQ156874), 2 m; 21 Aug 68, H(2-821). Adults resting in crabholes in scrub forest.
9. Deinocerites cancer; 13. Culex (C.) janitor; 46. Aedes (F.) mediovittatus.
950. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, near Rockfort, off Windward Road
(UQ156874), 2 m; 21 Aug 68, H(3-821). Flooded crabhole in scrub forest. 9. Dein-
ocerites cancer. ,
951. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, near Rockfort, off Windward Road
(UQ156874), 2 m; 21 Aug 68, H(4-821). Treehole in scrub forest. 53. Haemagogus
equinus.
952. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, above Rockfort (UQ156874), 30 m;
22 Aug 68, H(1-822). Adults biting in woods; 1500-1800 hrs. 46. Aedes (F.) med-
iovittatus; 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 51. Aedes (H.) stenei; 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti;
53. Haemagogus equinus.
953. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Rockfort (UQ160872), 2 m; 22 Aug
68, H(2-822). Adults biting by crabhole; 1900-dusk. 9. Deinocerites cancer, 45.
Aedes (O.) calumnior.
954. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Wag Water River, 5 mi N of Castleton, off A3 Road
(UR073133), 150 m; 23 Aug 68, H(1-823). Stream margin in forest. 5. Anopheles
(A.) grabhamii.
955. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Wag Water River, 5 mi N of Castleton (UR073133),
150 m; 23 Aug 68, H(2-823). Rockhole in boulder about 10 ft above stream bed.
52. Aedes (S.) aegypti.
956. St. Mary, Annotto Bay, Wag Water River, 5 mi N of Castleton on A3 Road
(UR073133), 150 m; 23 Aug 68, H(3-823). Adult biting in woods along bank, in
afternoon. 65. Limatus hoffmani.
957. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Rockfort (UQ160872), 2 m; 24 Aug
68, H(1-824). Adults biting in woods in scrub forest. 50. Aedes (H.) inaequalis; 51.
Aedes (H.) stenei; 53. Haemagogus equinus.
958. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, above Rockfort (UQ160872), 30 m;
24 Aug 68, H(2-824). Treehole in woods. 53. Haemagogus equinus.
959. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Rockfort (UQ160872), 2 m; 25 Aug
68, H(1-825). Adults biting in woods. 52. Aedes (S.) aegypti; 53. Haemagogus
equinus.
960. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Rockfort (UQ160872), 2 m; 25 Aug
68, H(2-825). Adults resting in crabhole.
961. Kingston and St. Andrew, Kingston, Rockfort (UQ160872), 2 m; 25 Aug
68, H(3-825). Crabhole in scrub forest. 9. Deinocerites cancer.
962. Kingston and St. Andrew, Newstead, below Windward Falls (UQ206870),
100 m; 25 Aug 68, H(4-825). Stream margin. J. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus, 5.
Anopheles (A.) grabhamii.
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 305
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SWNNBRWNY
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 317
FIGURES
Morphology of adults; general
Morphology of adults; chaetotaxy and scaling of head and thorax
Morphology of adults; female and male genitalia
Morphology of pupa
Morphology of larva; general
Morphology of larva; head, siphon, anal segment and hair types
Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus, An. (An.) crucians, An. (An.) grabhamii and An.
(An.) vestitipennis; head, legs and wing of female
Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus, An. (An.) atropos, An. (An.) crucians, An. (An.)
vestitipennis and An. (An.) walkeri; head, prothoracic submedian hairs, hair
1 on abdominal segments I-III, and abdominal segment IV of larva
. Anopheles (Nys.) albimanus; male genitalia and pupa
. Anopheles (An.) atropos; male genitalia and pupa
. Anopheles (An.) crucians; male genitalia and pupa
. Anopheles (An.) vestitipennis; male genitalia and pupa
. Anopheles (An.) grabhamii; male genitalia and pupa
. Anopheles (An.) grabhamii; larva
Uranotaenia socialis; head, thorax and base of wing of female; male genitalia;
and pupa
Uranotaenia sapphirina: head, thorax and base of wing of female; male geni-
talia; and pupa
Uranotaenia cooki; head, thorax and base of wing of female; male foretarsus
and genitalia; and pupa
Uranotaenia lowii; head, thorax and base of wing of female; male genitalia;
and pupa
Uranotaenia socialis; larva
Uranotaenia sapphirina, U. cooki and U. lowii; head, prothoracic submedian
hairs and terminal segments of larva
. Deinocerites cancer; male genitalia and pupa
. Deinocerites cancer; larva
Culex (C.) bahamensis; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (C.) corniger; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (C.) bahamensis and Culex (C.) corniger; head and terminal segments of
larva
Culex (C.) chidesteri and Culex (C.) nigripalpus; head and terminal segments
of larva
Culex (C.) chidesteri; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (C.) nigripalpus; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (C.) janitor; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (C.) janitor; larva
Culex (C.) secutor; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (C.) secutor; larva
Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus; male genitalia and pupa
. Culex (Micr.) arawak; larva
Culex (Mel.) atratus; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (Mel.) atratus; larva
Culex (Mel.) opisthopus; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (Mel.) opisthopus; larva
Culex (Mel.) iolambdis; male genitalia and pupa
318
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
Culex (Mel.) inhibitator; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (Mel.) iolambdis and C. (Mel.) inhibitator; head and terminal segments
of larva
Culex (Mel.) erraticus and C. (Mel.) pilosus; head and terminal segments of
larva
Culex (Mel.) erraticus; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (Mel.) pilosus; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (Mel.) sp. , Jamaican form; larva
Culex (Mel.) ocossa; larva
Culex (Mel.) ocossa; male genitalia and pupa
Culex (Mel.) panocossa and Culex (Micr.) arawak; male genitalia
Coquillettidia (Rhyn.) nigricans; male genitalia and pupa
Coquillettidia (Rhyn.) nigricans and Mansonia (M.) titillans; head and fernenal
segments of larva. Mansonia (M.) dyari and Mansonia (M. ) flaveola; terminal
segments of larva.
. Mansonia (M.) titillans; male and female genitalia, and pupa
. Mansonia (M.) flaveola; male and female genitalia, and pupa
. Mansonia (M.) dyari; male and female genitalia, and pupa
Orthopodomyia waverleyi; male genitalia and pupa
Orthopodomyia waverleyi; larva
. Psorophora (P.) ciliata; larva
. Psorophora (P.) ciliata; male genitalia and pupa
. Psorophora (Janth.) johnstonii; male genitalia and pupa
. Psorophora (Janth.) ferox; male genitalia and pupa
. Psorophora (Janth.) ferox; larva
. Psorophora (Janth.) johnstonii and Psorophora (Grabh.) infinis; head and ter-
minal segments of larva
. Psorophora (Grabh.) insularia and Psorophora (Grabh.) pygmaea; head and ter-
minal segments of larva
. Psorophora (Grabh.) infinis; male genitalia and pupa
. Psorophora (Grabh.) insularia; male genitalia and pupa
. Psorophora (Grabh.) pygmaea; male genitalia and pupa
. Psorophora (Grabh.) jamaicensis; male genitalia and pupa
. Psorophora (Grabh.) jamaicensis; larva
. Aedes (Ochl.) taeniorhynchus; male genitalia and pupa
. Aedes (Ochl.) sollicitans and Ae. (Ochl.) taeniorhynchus; head and terminal
segments of larva
. Aedes (Ochl.) sollicitans; male genitalia and pupa
. Aedes (Ochl.) pertinax; male genitalia and pupa
. Aedes (Ochl.) pertinax; larva
. Aedes (Ochl.) hemisurus; male genitalia and pupa
. Aedes (Ochl.) hemisurus; larva
. Aedes (Ochi.) tortilis; male genitalia and pupa
. Aedes (Ochi) tortilis; larva
. Aedes (Ochl.) auratus; larva
. Aedes (Ochl.) calumnior; male genitalia and pupa
. Aedes (Ochl.) calumnior; larva
. Aedes (Finlaya) mediovittatus; male genitalia and pupa
. Aedes (Finlaya) mediovittatus; larva
. Aedes (How.) walkeri; larva
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 319
Aedes (How.) walkeri; thoracic ornamentation of female, male genitalia and
pupa
Aedes (How.) aurites; mesonotal pattern of female, male genitalia and pupa
Aedes (How.) aurites; larva
Aedes (How. ) grabhami; larva
Aedes (How.) grabhami; mesonotal pattern of female, male genitalia and
pupa
Aedes (How.) inaequalis; mesonotal pattern of female, male genitalia and
pupa
Aedes (How.) inaequalis; larva
Aedes (How.) stenei; larva
Aedes (How.) stenei; male genitalia and pupa
Aedes (Steg.) aegypti; male genitalia and pupa
Aedes (Steg.) aegypti; larva. Aedes (Ochl.) auratus; male genitalia
Haemagogus (Longip.) equinus; male genitalia and pupa
Haemagogus (Longip.) equinus; larva
Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta, W. (W.) mitchellii, W. (W.) nigritubus and W. (W.)
stellata; male genitalia
Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus; male genitalia and pupa
Wyeomyia (W.) nigritubus; larva
Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii; male genitalia and pupa
Wyeomyia (W.) mitchellii; larva
Wyeomyia (W.) vanduzeei; male genitalia and pupa
Wyeomyia (W.) vanduzeei; larva. W. (W.) mitchellii and W. (W.) nigritubus;
apex of female wing and apex of male midtarsus
Wyeomyia (W.) luna; male genitalia and pupa
Wyeomyia (W.) luna; larva
Wyeomyia (W.) stellata; male genitalia and pupa
Wyeomyia (W.) stellata; larva
Wyeomyia (W.) corona; male genitalia and pupa
Wyeomyia (W.) corona; larva
Wyeomyia (W.) juxtahirsuta; male genitalia and pupa
Wyeomyia (W.) juxtahirsuta; larva
Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta; male genitalia and pupa
Wyeomyia (W.) hirsuta; larva
Wyeomyia (W.) atrata; male genitalia and pupa
Wyeomyia (W.) atrata; larva
Toxorhynchites (Lynch.) portoricensis; male genitalia and pupa
Toxorhynchites (Lynch.) portoricensis; larva
Sayomyia lanei; male genitalia, pupa and head of larva
Corethrella (C.) appendiculata; larva
Corethrella (C.) appendiculata; male genitalia and pupa
Corethrella (C.) longitubus; male genitalia and pupa
Corethrella (C.) longitubus; larva
Corethrella (C.) librata; larva
Corethrella (C.) librata; pupa. Dixella scitula; male genitalia
Dixella scitula; head, wing and claws of female. Mesodixa biambulacra; fe-
male head, thorax, genitalia and claws; male genitalia, claws and apex of
hindtibia
Dixella scitula; larva and pupa
Mesodixa biambulacra; larva and pupa
paratergite
SSS mesothoracic wing
spiracle ora
MALE AQ Fig. |
i ZY<—mesonotum
scutellum
metathoracic
VT spiracle -
« metapleuron
: postnotum :
- Lee haltere MALE
stp fof
palpus
“ff
labellum x Zi
A
foretibia
b postgenital
foretarsus hae
2
empodium FEMALE foretarsus
toothed claw
wing length
humeral subcostal
basicgsta C | Sc
eae: furcation R- —— a |
ee)
\
remigial bristles
alula
upper my
calypter GZ
\ Y
on
A
"e
,
'
—
a Mi
lower so ee ih i
calypter ea te
DORSAL ? Pe ee er ll aa PE lS aM
basicosta
—
arculus
4
plical scales
'
",
at
nek
, Pes
pe wie a
‘wo
Tovey
’
DASE Eyaey
ws
Diyvevanay
ves
VENTRAL
anterior .
apn x4 Promontory IQ
fossa
Loo HeLa?
tes Oh ie fossal
\
scutal » acrostichal
‘ anterior dorsocentral
posterior fossal of (
mesonotum ° iene uy
al? antealar
pre-
scutellar
space
scutellum
pe lobe
_ foramen
magnum
midlobe
THORAX- DORSAL THORAX - DORSAL
BRISTLES SCALING
erect scales on occiput ee “ed erect scales on vertex
narrow x
decumbent
scales cervical interorbitals
ropleuron |
on vertex sclerites. prop (ppl)
prosternum (pst)
antecoxal (acx)
¢ Yy membrane
’ ne a forecoxa
foretrochanter
aie thn Saree
torus (pedicel)
clypeus
midcoxa
palpus
bristles
: labium
labium—- ah
HEAD-ANTERIOR THORAX-ANTERIOR HEAD-LATERAL
mesothoracic paratergite
spiracle pra if / y paratergite pra fl if
a a: scutellars [
jo’ : ppn if
a pastneiols
haltere postnotal
Jax metathoracic
spiracle
mep apn
(7 metapleuron hypostigial 4 7 : He metapleuron
metameron SSP
ate ppl metameron
“ Vi
hindcoxa
forecoxa
a = anterior
midcoxa | = lower
m= middle y
THORAX-LATERAL p = posterior THORAX-LATERAL
BRISTLES u = upper SCALING
CULICINI AEDINI
cercus
IX tergite
OE Gye
postgenital:
plate
Vill sternite
So postgenital
ae spermatheca
plate
FEMALE GENITALIA:
PROCTIGER-PR SEGMENT IX
; paraproct . \
spine
cercal setae
tergite \) op
paraproct 1X-T q spiniform
basolateral sternite oF
sclerotization IX-S CLASPER ..
C
aedeagus
basal piece
ventral
paramere
PHALLOSOME
sternomesal margin PH
tergomesal
margin
SIDEPIECE 3 mesal membrane angina
CLASPETTEY
basal tergomesal lobe CL stem
_—————— PROC T |GER ——_____
lobe of
IX tergite
IX=TL
<SEGMENT Ix
sternite
iX=S
PHALLOSOME
DORSAL
VENTRAL
MALE GENITALIA
head shield | Fig. vA
['\\
[\
Aa
\ ?- |
VOSS:
mouthparts cases /
antennal case
CEPHALOTHORAX
Pe.
pe qos
ans SK
a
mu are
S.
ae
7
| / TRUMPET
pinna
wing case
—
leg cases
Dorsal Ventral
ABDOMEN & = “werewn @ (\
METANOTUM |
external
buttress
midrib
|
meatus
spiracular
sensillum
UN
(Gi ag haltere
spiracular bes a ee case
sensillum ‘ | Il
|A Pd,
tracheoid
Dorsal Ventral
Vill
|
margin
PADDLE (P) vi
See
serrations mae vv
spicules
sidepiece lobe
MALE
ee E “, x ~
TERMINAL SEGMENTS
Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus
Fi
labrum
tl WH
Ye
se
’
NY)
NYY
NI
\ \ id aad ~~ ) (| WY,
} a
mouth
WHY \ AYA Dorsal Ventral
MAN] \N
YN Wy HEAD
\ NY i (Cc) maxillary
: suture
fronto- V ;
: labial ocular
\ etypeus / ocular plate bulge
lobe ;
posterior
tentorial pit
'Z ie collar
PROTHORAX og
(P)
| y PAZ
MESOTHORAX —
a ox Souk
pleural groups , M
ENTAL PLATE
| (9-12)
wid SWAN
HANAN A RY KYW
RAR IAA
INNA. HAAN)
CAN
y Culex (C.) A Wh UN)
Aj 3 quinquefasciatus AS Ay
AU
I <e valves ae
CS = comb scales
PT = pecten teeth
dorsal gill
ELS
At = ventral gill
Pooley \NN 4b
—. Pe |
Dorsal Ventral es 4d
TERMINAL SEGMENTS - Left Lateral
Fig. 6
HEAD
Dorsal
labrum
LEFT VENTRAL
ANTENNA THORACIC
(A) PLEURAL
distal proximal GROUPS
part — part
basal
Bae HAIR TYPES
a ede.
SINGLE & SIMPLE SINGLE & BARBED BRUSH TIP FORKED BRANCHED
STELLATE PLUMOSE PECTINATE DENDRITIC PALMATE
accessory dorsolateral SIPHON (S) median dorsal valve
hairs (2a-S) spiracle
stirrup shaped piece !vocheo | dorsolateral
Los 2 E valve
pecren ‘median
—s caudal
WN filament
acus 13
| 12
II 9
8 ventrolateral
; accessory - vate 8 APEX
ventrolateral APEX-LATERAL
hairs (la-S) CAUDAL
AV : ANAL SEGMENT (X) detached hairs
saddle
l lateral
‘ RY. x transverse
\ \\ SS ° median dorsal
MWS p caudal process ae
acus KYW of saddle grid of ventral brush
SS
d
C2
LATERAL ee ee AOE OGRSAL. APEX- VENTRAL
Ficet
NYSSORHYNCHUS
albimanus
JA 746
Mins: = «i
Ml hii ii Vg AN AAW ‘
AV Usees es << NNW Z
i} HHA Wty ee : _ Se AN \ : Be
4 y 7 Ta a AANA eS
TT NS zs
vestitipennis
JA 357
Ne i 7 MIKA
OTT AR (aaa
ACT ee
grabhamii
JA 828
crucians
Up,
UY Y Yi 7p 5 :
Wy Wi WT I
Mh TANT TR
: AY \
N. MARTSCH
Fig. 8
NYSSORHYNCHUS
albimanus 0
JA 746
1
TI
ANOPHELES
4) \
A ANY)
\S m4
\ a\s j Yi ( y
men
S ,
vestitipennis
JA 804
crucians
EEE
<= Ss
qi
4
Ci. bs
B12 4 Cc
P
=> oe 13
| . m ‘4 \
walkeri o 2 atropos
- 8 “A 4 >. 1 10)
Orlando, Fla. Key Largo, Fla. » S. 1
UO. S24, U.S.A,
Fig/3
NYSSORHYNCHUS
albimanus
JA 782
2G
°
atropos
Louisiana
U. S.A.
N.MARTSGH
D Fig. ||
MN : ANOPHELES -
tA
3 a. *. \
Saye
crucians
A RA a
0.3 Ws “A VES
5 Ah S So ae
-
OS ————————
Pp —s
i
\
f\ ————
55135 1 —— a,
\ y)
L-p
ANOPHELES
FIGS
ANOPHELES
a V s |
6 4 11 ; y
of ee ae et ih x
t
J
(l) >
———"
Oo
nO
grabhamii
JA 836
) Fig.lo
URANOTAENIA
e
Be = EF ig
I GZZy
\ZF
/;
On fo igs
LEE a eee
EROS, eee =.
= : se a = anh e
titpae
BE2LEAE A EOP Pa
ERE SSS eee
nT Tre NW at
i
Pa
socialis
JA 77
Fig. 16
URANOTAENIA
tay Baisley ee at :
ZY s Ue ui
XN
SSS ee Sig.
mp» We
a
—~
AA
\
\ i Ky x % &Q
bi Ces
sapphirina
Wilson Dam, Ala.
U.S.A.
Fig. 17
URANOTAENIA
)
(| Nini Tine |
AN hii
Hh
SS
fa ieee . : \
men
WG 9
SSS <=
segment 1
SS =
~
‘et foretarsus WS 4
SS wy
: Ne
VSR
N MARTSCH
Zz
AZ
\ AV
ZZ
Zz
[|}:3}2
ZZ
INN
AAR Rn
KAN
socialis
JA 77
Fig 2U URANOTAENIA
sapphirina
Wilson Dam, Ala.
U.S.A.
oer]
: f
WA aeacrhKths
Peed Nes 1 OE
Gay V2’
P 4 a
11
10
rid. |
DEINOCERITES Sie
Vi
cancer
JA 705
MAU
UD)
Wa. Be
DEINOCERITES
W.MARTSCH
bahamensis
Sk FEC
iM,
AiG. 20
lateral
NA
Ni
WS
nH SYS
corniger
JA 382
>
lj
WY
NY
corniger
JA 228
| Wy /
Vv) |
: GY x ii!
CY’, Ae
bahamensis
JA 717
CULEX
THE ee
‘e ; S SH i Lg nigripaipus
\W aN
JA 805
3
WY
Yj
MH ’y} YY th 27 BEX
“ge AAA
chidesteri
JA 227
=k
Lp
|
WP
KEG
SI
\
S
eo
chidesteri
JA 361
0.3
nigripalpus
JA 805.
@
lateral
dorsal process (dp),
lateral
ZZ NENA
janitor
JA 736
N. MARTSCH
X
~Ae
cK = . ik \
BQ i) \\\
_ S \ %, ) Nt \\ \
s\ 2
esintiN
secutor
JA 751
24 ALMARTSCH
Na y inner division
Pp —
quinquefasciatus
JA 209
MICRAEDES
atratus
N.MARTSCH
MELANOCONION
y
Wy pf pay
My He
2 o
MELANOCONION
opisthopus
ik
WZ
MELANOCONION
ASS
cS
opisthopus
JA 876
rig. 30
MELANOCONION
JA 782
iolambdis hs es
14 10751
AG
Nn | 3 Gs
7; 1
i
a ey
2644 JANN "a \ TO :
i) iu) is aS “a a)
ee on
n STs
Zu
~
JA 893
inhibitator
Fig. 40
MELANOCONION
. Fig. 4
Rene MELANOCONION
ae | |
lant yj
KV
ent tg
wa
ny
a UATE
o ] ——
J j-—=
tee f
y RO sf
SS
RN
~
: SS W os
: —
= ra \ P24
———
—
iolambdis
JA 782
inhibitator
MELANOCONION
erraticus
pilosus
JA 757
Fig.43
MELANOCONION
fo1iforms (f)
| ; y ip ©
/ / : Zp ZZ A leaf (1)
4 3 — hook (h)
i i em 2
4
-
ALS (J
ee L y/ Pia IN Shoes
¢ proximal ay
Bee! 7 YY,
YY
| erraticus
“SX =~ \
. : JA 728
MELANOCONION
“hy
dy
5\, Uf / ly
ih
\ ve
ne |e
SSS
BE
g !
™
f
sp. 22
Jamaican form
MELANOCONION
ocossda
GUY 36
Georgetown
Guyana
Fig. 47
MELANOCONION
Spee
SEAR Se
——
ocossd
GUY 36
Georgetown 1 N.MARTSCH
Guyana
MELANOCONION
panocossa
MICRAEDES
arawak
Fig. 49
RHYNCHOTAENIA —
ge
N.MARTSCH
w”
ee
je) tS
oO §N
o§
mm i)
(=
. %
“ *,
ai
> gs
. RN
SINS
XS
WS
YN
& p) = Gee S S ‘ ‘
Che TS sce | ~
o : Wee 2 —_>——
ee) at)
») os ee oo = x
és > > “
\
NQ —j)
Z
COP
JS
2 D) z es
— ee, z ® oe fl ae Z
See DO iM AZAD y
Fig. SO
MANSONIA
CS
titillans ay
JA 789
flaveola
Carolina
Puerto Rico
Clarendon Parish
Jamaica
"ate RHYNCHOTAENIA
1.0 nigricans |
1.0
CZMB 1
Canal Zone
(
titillans
Rhymesbury
Jamaica
SS_N-MARTSCH
PigLo2
MANSONIA
o
oO
®
>
5
—
8
Ne
RES
°§
PASS
SS
SAN \Y
a
\
3 MANSONIA
Z
a. LILLIES
S
S
Qi
\\\
| .\ NWT
a iz re |
| . i Wie
i n me (W i
YY] ff}
\ YW
\ Hf Y i] yf
\ ! i] Y Wo
i} if y
\ | HAM
\! Hf
4 Wp
HY)
| Yf fi
\ | ! VAL Mf ~!
\ HAKEIY
Ma =
ma\\ ¥/ L/
\We \
\ ¥ %
“4
<4 cY
Fig. 94
ORTHOPODOMYIA
Gyr
yy
NS Ula ll
waverleyi
JA 256
Z
ORTHOPODOMYIA jr Fig. 99
waverleyi
JA 256
Fig. 56
PSOROPHORA
ciliata
Wilson Dam, Ala.
U. S.A.
Fig. 57
PSOROPHORA
Fig.58 |
oN
JANTHINOSOMA ae
N.MARTSCH
JANTHINOSOMA
JANTHINOSOMA
ran
Oo
fee a a Na
Cie
\\\
i,
\ ay i Uf
}
WY
WY
Fig. Ol te , _GRABHAMIA
| 10 S 8g ;
\ es ie = {i\\ 10) y ,
w \\ \\ | Sia f ZA * : u \ 3
: WN . \\ \\ \\hs! : \- y
N WY N hk - var { er
S QY No b ’ Eset .
Pe} yl
infinis
JA 620
tT
johnstonii
Florida Keys
U.S.A.
GRABHAMIA
s
pygmaea
JA 863
Pe
ow
insularia
JA 171
ae oe
\
\\\\4
\
MY
ili
Fig. 63
GRABHAMIA
1
JA 620 =
B . : 3?
KZA.
SS i>
>)
mols oe
: ft Wy YY Ly b]/
A
Hh
y
AY!
infinis
N. MARTSCH
c\ “Fig. 64
iS
we
N.MARTSCH
Fig. 65 \\4
AW
\g !
gmaea
JA 863 Ry
\
VA
N.MARTSCH
$]__AA A 2
aad
Choke
= G cg - —
:
ae
D Zw,
{®
2.
3
5 \,
4 dM
‘ \ Ns ‘4 \\
N \\\It
SN
EFA 5,
N.MARTSCH
jamaicensis
JA 862
(=)
—
Fig. 68
OCHLEROTATUS
Fig. 69 OCHLEROTATUS
P 09. oS
My Wins - 1 oe“
\ 4 oe > S Vy
Ph Q
9,00,° gh o9
Ona Ye! ers
1s 7? SZ
ar x
sollicitans
JA 896
Fig. (O
OCHLEROTATUS
N.MARTSCH
Pigg
OCHLEROTATUS
—__a
z =A
Gj
fe as
ES Zea
LE PLETE
-
\5 LD
pile E GS « .
th
OCHLEROTATUS
pertinax
JA 792
riachD
OCHLEROTATUS
H/( ]
\ Wf
ee
N.MARTSCH
H SN
|
y
hemisurus
JA 896
N. MARTSCH
OGHLEROTATUS
SE * io Ze oy
Oe, A> Zz EZ uf
S re gE ZF, (VE, A yj
MA, | —
Fig. (6 p
OCHLEROTATUS .\K ,\,\A
tortilis
JA 796
OCHLEROTATUS
s
\ 6
a
7 ;
s
g
ws
is! al
ae
Na
ae ——
iy WG
——— o
2 2 ©
ae <=
{0
fx,
Kingston
Jamaica
Fig. (8
es OCHLEROTATUS
«
oe
SNS
satY SS Ss
WAALS
RS
calumnior
JA 603
N. MARTSCH
yp
fa
Nex :
=
on
“
=;
= e
=
N
°
Coe
os
EO ip RET
& 28
iq
ie}
vad
p AN
| r
C
) a,
.
calumnior
JA 603
Fig. 8O !
FINLAYA \ hs ¢
4.5
6 VSR ae
N! Ni AY \\
S\N, |
Zi
1
——
3
Yip
PLZ LA ra ERT
: 7 ean
eo 28 cy
= e _
=< =< <S SEES ===
S SSS S
=>
Va Bil i \\WRa\h \
——s
<i SA \ \
‘ Ls)
WW
\
Fig.
sale FINLAYA
10
mediovittatus
JA 699
y Nip
bf jf
%4 Yi ff
Yy yy
Yt}
\
\\ \
\ WH
Si
\\\
Yl WG
SS
6
a
Lf, 4
/ i}
;
HIN
Yj, Yi]
Hf
/
| lg AS
VW
11g
ive
13
y,/|| N
walkeri
JA 243
HOWARDINA
Fig. 65
HOWARDINA
walkert
Fig. 84
HOWARDINA
aurites
JA 682
HOWARDINA .
FIC
70
— 4 LW 10 vm, a
5 Ul ae de JA 632
Hager
HOWARDINA
Fig. 88
HOWARDINA
1 x \ IGE
3
2 ——_T___
SS ron Wea
inaequalis
JA 290
HOWARDINA
cs
inaequalis
JA 252
HOWARDINA
Fig. Jl
HOWARDINA
rig.37
STEGOMYIA
Ug,
| esse Y/
if
4 fk
aegypti Sy
JA 19
STEGOMYIA
rig
OCHLEROTATUS
ws
“ res ‘ y é TE. LG,
e ees ti
RI A OR, oie ZA Pa
|
aegypti
JA 31
\) \
wn
U
M7
Ki
AP 4do
h
8
ce
Noi
auratus
Fig. 94
LONGIPALPIFER
\ x nee i
S ~ : Nery
“i ew ke | 74
Ug g
A
equinus
JA 328
ria Yo
WYEOMYIA
stellata
JA 725
hirsuta
JA 763
; ‘ e
;
b———__——_—_________©
89 OSH
\ a:
ee .
\N7 a 4 pion ear ee
pee Ra 4 So
Rae Re Are Neg)
wit
Atle
= 3 IZ
—
mitchellii nigritubus
JA 726 | ey
\
WW
a
\
N
t
ca \'
, Ser -
te “
/2pical tergal arm
y
Bit a _median sternal plate
a, ‘ \
\’ \ __tergal bridge
nigritubus
JA 302, 303
SQ 14
\ al
me 2 wr? ye
8 -
sp
Fig. 22
WYEOMYIA
mitchellit
JA 282
‘ Fig. jO0
a WYEOMYIA
My
mL IN
Vil ; :
Ban inl, S
:
>
mitchellii
JA 282
i Fig. lOl
WYEOMYIA
CAY 121
Grand Cayman
(/
Hill & Hill 84
Jamaica
vanduzeei
ae CTY 1 \
a \\\
\
i {l i
"
XN
“ars /*
| 1 ~
iy V4
Wy i
Hill & Hill 84
Jamaica
vanduzeei
=
WH,
Y 1/7
i \\
LEN 1
mitchellii
JA 748
1.0
JA 151
JA 184
2
=
=
2
JA 715
- Fig.1O3
WYEOMYIA
ZN hah es Check we r
ais
luna p
JA 731
N.MARTSCH
stellata
JA 725
Fig. 1Q5
WYEOMYIA
WYEOMYIA
Ls :
S =\ hi
BA/
yo Uf
4
on
v4
¥ AWINS 2
= a g B ~
—
Yi
4 fy
\
\
» i
Lye ss, WV
Nees “2 5G a Ze a.
a
~ stellata
WYEOMYIA
corona
Hill & Hill
Jamaica
N. MARTSCH
WYEOMYIA
(re.
juxtahirsuta
JA 676
WYEOMYIA
=
=
=
O
Lid
Se
=
hirsuta
JA 763
Fig. 113
WYEOMYIA
Fig. 114
WYEOMYIA
WT)
LOD ead wees
k MUNN ;
fii) 7 i 3) : i
aN
Fig IS
LYNCHIELLA
<< ——— 3 =
SSS =z
S SSS = = >
Vl,
i
Ae
Nt
— §
\"
oN
N.MARTSCH
LYNCHIELLA
4
6
Bs
3 hd
|
: paretes|
a,
a1\ 4
os
10
———— Meee
MP
5
=
—sm.
IV
\
\\
WW
AY
NV
~
\
\
portoricensis
JA 698
A. MARTSCH
SAYOMYIA
{2
O
@,
a
=P -,
CORETHRELLA
| f
PIDs
=
o)
ha
3S
a
a
es
@
5 EN oO
= on x
a
S =
= Xi)
s NS: “ y
-_ _
s
- z Na
> —
~ ~
= =
Ay = fH = ia
CORETHRELLA
=e x
ay
5 = —
ZEEE
gf
be re
&)
:
ag
1
|
; 414
aos
CORETHRELLA
r,
4}
q ie
0
JA 245
N.AMARTSCH
Fig. I2l
CORETHRELLA
2)
13
10
x
14
longitubus
JA 245
Fig. 122
CORETHRELLA
10
Figi2o
librata
JA 361
_
°
WN > A ae
ce Sevres ye oT
“gs aan “s C
DIXELLA ‘eee eas
scitula
JA 742
ee
SSSMASSSSSSSS SSS SS SSS SS =—
0 1 MESODIXA
aD
biambulacra
JA 775
xs
14frs
COL;
0.1
S N : - \ x
NAN AS \ sy
— YE BERENS ‘
Prosophallus AS SON >
YS SAWS
Aedeagal \ .
(||) Sclerite (PH) WW
c Opistophallus
(OP)
DIXELLA
SSS SSNS SESS SOSSSS SSESESS SG
SSS SS, i
<RaSSsss SSS NN
scitula
JA 742
0.05
FORE MID HIND
Fig 125
DIXELLA
Fig.l26
MESODIXA
biambulacra
JA 775
NMARTSCH
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTIONS
Legend
Habitat
Plant axils, bracts GA —
Treehole, bamboo JE
Ground, permanent MA —
Ground, temporary NA —-
Crabhole WG —
Rockhole WN —
Domestic, introduced Ws —
Varied
Distribution Symbols
© _ indigenous
yx _—sppresence or identity doubtful
© _ introduced
Class
Greater Antillean
Jamaican Endemic
Middle American
North American
Widespread, general
Widespread, northern
Widespread, southern
447
HABITAT
a
{Teo ago oo o
DISTRIBUTION
Anopheles
1. albimanus
2. atropos
3. crucians
4. vestitipennis
5. grabhamii
Uranotaenia
6. socialis
7. cooki
8. lowii
Deinocerites
9. cancer
Culex
10. bahamensis
11. corniger
12. chidesteri
13. janitor
14. secutor
15. nigripalpus
16. quinquefasciatus
17. atratus
18. opisthopus
19. erraticus
20. iolambdis
21. inhibitator
22. Jamaican form
23. pilosus
24. panocossa
25. arawak
_ Coquillettidia
26. nigricans
Mansonia
27. titillans
28. flaveola
29. dyari
Orthopodomyia
30. waverleyi
Psorophora
31. ciliata
32. johnstonii
33. ferox
34. Jamaican form
35. infinis
36. jamaicensis
Ri 37. insularia
38. pygmaea
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTIONS. I
JAMAICA
Colom. Ecua.
Hispaniola
Puerto Rico
N. America
3 o
3) 3)
a <a
o 5)
= =
< <
Ss wv
Louisiana
Venezuela
Guianas
OG
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTIONS. II
DISTRIBUTION
C. America
Hispaniola
Venezuela
America
N. America
Louisiana
Leeward
Trinidad
Guianas
N)
JAMAICA
HABITAT
Colom. Ecua
Aedes
39. taeniorhynchus Ae) ae) o
«
©
©
o
O60
40. sollicitans
41. pertinax
42. hemisurus
43. tortilis +
44. auratus
45. calumnior
46. mediovittatus
47. walkeri
48. aurites
49. grabhami
50. inaequalis
51. stenei
Ad
52. aegypti | | 6.8 .@ 8 Oe &
Haemagogus
53. equinus ° ie) Ae) +
Wyeomyia
54. nigritubus
55. mitchellii
56. vanduzeei
57. luna
58. stellata
59. Jamaican f. A
60. corona
61. juxtahirsuta
62. hirsuta
63. atrata
64. Jamaican f. B
Limatus
65. hoffmani
Toxorhynchites
O
+)
66. portoricensis
Sayomyia
67. lanei
Corethrella
68. appendiculata o © © Ae) © « @
69. longitubus
70. librata
Dixella
71. scitula
Mesodixa
Oo 6 6660 6 © © GO6C6O000600600
72. biambulacra
450 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
CONSPECTUS OF TAXONOMIC CHANGES
NEW TAXA
A ciec _ Mesodixa
_ calumnior. 169 a onde
Corethrella | eee |
hOtata 246 Wiecor.
lonvitubus' © . 2 245 ae
Dixella | : a
Yoko - juxtahirsuta .
: : luna ...
dyari_. 5 te 109 stellata
CHANGES IN TAXONOMIC STATUS
Aedes
auratus, to specificrank . . . 168 Savontiy
hemisurus, to specific rank . 163 fess i occike Gink
nubilus, to specific rank . = 159 W 4 r :
. as yeomyia
pertinax, to specific rank. . . 159
Coquillettidia | he Brae Sy RORY MY
neivai, to specific rank . 103 ks ones ”~ k
Psorophora gt i oe nan k
columbiae, to specific rank . . 137 a On he ee ie
infinis, to specific rank . . . 133 Ae ee aes
jamaicensis, to specific rank. . 136
LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS
Aedes
avratus. ..... 37,1. F168
Corethrella ae Limatus
appendiculata . . .... . 242 ~ hoffmani
Culex : : Psorophora
passardil =... 5 a eG echinata .
JQIRGICCNSIS. 2. 6 eB
Feductor = =) ss ee LD)
. 241
7209
. 209
. 208
207
212
. 230
126
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 451
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Names of valid taxa represented in Jamaica are in boldface type, names of valid extralimital
taxa are in roman type. Italic type is used for names of all taxa considered invalid in this work
(synonyms, homonyms, misidentifications, gross erroneous spellings, and so on). Misidentifica-
tions or erroneous taxonomic interpretations are indicated by the use of the term “of authors”
and are listed as separate entries following the entry for the correctly applied identical name.
Boldface numerals refer to the principal text references, roman numerals to secondary text
references, with the suffix k indicating mention in a key. Italic numerals refer to figure num-
bers. Numerals enclosed in parentheses at the end of an entry refer to JA collection numbers
for which data are given on p. 255-304.
abebela (Wyeomyia), 194
abia (Wyeomyia), 205, 208
advieri (Culex), 78
Aedeomyia, 13, 15k, 16k, 17k, 19k
Aedeomyiini, 13, 15k, 16k, 17k, 19k
Aedes, 8, 13, 14k, 17k, 18k, 20k, 62, 115,
116, 143-144, 151, 186, 187, 191
Aedes, Jamaican sp., see sp. undetermined -
Aedini, 13, 14k, 17k, 18k, 20k, 97, 112, 115,
143, 187
Aedinus of authors, 97 —
aegypti (Aedes), 8, 10, 11, 115, 143, 144k,
146k, 148k, 149k, 173, 175, 184-187, 190,
204, 236; 1, 92, 93; (JA 15, 17, 19, 31,
39, 58, 83, 133-137, 150, 164-166, 171,
172. 182,195,197, 209,214. 221. 223.
224, 226, 249, 252, 265, 273, 274, 280,
267, 298, 300, 304,305, 319, 327, 373,
387, 623, 641, 642, 684, 806, 815, 822,
831, 837, 851, 916, 920, 926, 928, 937,
952, 955, 959)
aenigmaticus (Aedes), 160
affirmatus (Haemagogus), 188
aikenii (Culex), 94
aikenii (Culex) of authors, 77, 93, 94, 95
alani (Culex), 67, 70
albimanus (Anopheles), 9, 10, 11, 21, 22k,
23k, 24-27, 31, 34, 36, 49, 81, 86, 87, 89,
92, 143, 157, 251; 7, 8 9; (JA 1, 2, 4, 8-
12, 16-18, 20, 22-27, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36,
46-48, 54-58, 63, 65, 67, 75, 77, 91, 121,
148, 149, 169, 205, 210, 231, 347, 350,
357, 390, 413, 742-744, 746, 747, 757,
759, 766, 781, 782, 785, 800, 803, 807,
808, 813, 814, 819, 868, 871-873, 896,
935, 962)
albipes (Anopheles), 24, 26
albipes (Psorophora), 130
albonotatus (Aedes), 145k, 146k, 148k, 150k,
175
Albonotatus Group, 175
- americanus (Chaoborus), 241
americanus (Culex) of authors, 66, 95, 96, 97
annulata (Sayomyia), 241
annulipes (Culex), 77, 82, 83, 84 ©
Anopheles, 10, 11, 13, 13k, 15k, 17k, 19k,
20-21, 137
Anopliclat 13, 13k, 18k, 15k, 17k, 19k, 20-
21
antiguae (Psorophora), 140
antillarum (Wyeomyia), 209
antillum (Sayomyia), 238, 241, 242
antillummagnorum (Culex), 96
antoinetta (Wyeomyia), 205
aporonoma (Wyeomyia), 204
appendiculata (Corethrella), 9, 10, 115, 190,
204, 236, 237, 238, 238k, 239k, 240k,
242-244, 245, 246; 118, 119;(JA 133, 256,
281, 311, 328, 329, 331, 332, 364, 397,
401-403, 407, 408, 622-626, 634, 642, 663,
697, 699, 826, 829) |
arawak (Culex), 9, 10, 50, 51k, 53k, 54k, 56k,
66, 95-97, 209, 227; 34, 48; (JA 763, 772)
argenteus (Aedes), 185
argyrites (Aedes), 175, 177
argyrotarsis (Anopheles) of authors, 24, 26
_ argyrura (Wyeomyia), 210
arthrostigma (Wyeomyia), 204
asulleptus (Limatus), 231
atlanticus (Aedes), 160
atrata (Wyeomyia), 8, 9, 192, 193, 194, 196k,
197k, 198k, 199k, 209, 220, 221, 222,
227, 227-229; 113, 114;(JA 116, 648, 665,
667, 675, 683, 724, 740, 787, 821, 843,
856)
atratus (Culex), 9, 10, 26, 31, 36, 52k, 54k,
452 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
55k, 57k, 61, 77, 78-81, 82, 83, 85, 86,
87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95; 35, 36;
(JA 6, 10, 13, 18, 25, 29, 30, 33, 47, 67,
75-77, 86, 213, 414, 609, 701, 717, 719,
720, 727, 744, 759, 769, 781, 785, 797,
798, 807, 813, 814, 816, 862, 871, 898,
899)
atropos (Anopheles), 9, 10, 21, 22k, 23k, 24k,
27-29; 8, 10
auratus (Aedes), 8, 9, 146k, 148k, 151k, 151,
165, 166, 167, 168-169; 77, 93
aureostriatus (Aedes), 7, 180, 181
aureostriatus (Aedes) of authors, 182
aurites (Aedes), 8, 9, 10, 144k, 146k, 148k,
150k, 175, 178-180, 181, 182, 183, 184,
220; 84, 85; (JA 125, 337, 338, 647, 677,
679-682, 702)
aurites (Aedes) of authors, 180, 182, 183
Aurites Group, 8, 144k, 146k, 148k, 150k,
175, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184
autocratica (Wyeomyia) of authors, 194
bahama (Wyeomyia), 194, 196k, 212
bahamensis (Aedes), 145k, 146k, 149k, 150k,
175
bahamensis (Culex), 9, 10, 51k, 52k, 53k, 55k,
56k, 58, 59-61, 140; 23, 25; (JA 89, 121,
207, 233, 717, 898, 936)
balteatus (Aedes), 165
biambulacra (Mesodixa), 9, 248, 248k, 249k,
249, 250, 251, 251-254; 124, 126; (JA 741,
775)
bickleyi (Culex), 67, 70
bickleyi (Culex) of authors, 58, 68, 70
bipartipes (Sabethes), 14k, 17k, 18k, 19k, 191
bisulcatus (Culex), 97
bisulcatus (Culex) of authors, 95
Bisulcatus Group, 96
bracteatus (Aedes), 165
bradleyi (Anopheles), 31
braziliensis (Sayomyia), 241
braziliensis (Sayomyia) of authors, 238, 242
busckii (Aedes), 145k, 147k, 149k, 150k, 175
busckii (Aedes) of authors, 175
busckii complex, 175
Busckii Group, 175
calopus (Aedes), 185
calumnior (Aedes), 9, 10, 89, 134, 146k, 147k,
149k, 151k, 151, 152, 155, 169-171, 174;
78, 79; (JA 235, 238, 254, 352, 602, 603,
845, 914, 953)
camposanus (Aedes), 164
cancer (Deinocerites), 9, 10, 45, 46k, 46-50,
68, 81, 155; 21, 22; (JA 78, 79, 88-90,
92, 103, 112, 127, 140, 170, 175, 178,
180, 205A, 215, 217-221, 254, 255, 260-
264, 268-271, 274-279, 313-317, 344-350,
366-371, 385, 386, 398, 610, 615, 616,
701, 705, 736, 770, 783, 794, 812, 839,
857-861, 866, 867, 871, 878-886, 903,
948-950, 953, 961)
caracula (Wyeomyia), 191, 203, 204
caracula (Wyeomyia) of authors, 191, 200,
203, 204
Caracula Group, 191, 193, 204
carcinophilus (Culex), 77
cedecei (Culex), 82, 83, 84
celaenocephala (Wyeomyia), 192, 194, 195
Chaoboridae, 13
Chaoborinae, 5, 8, 12k, 237-238, 248
Chaoborini, 8, 237, 240
charmion (Wyeomyia), 194
chidesteri (Culex), 9, 51k, 52k, 53k, 55k, 56k,
58, 64-66, 247; 26, 27; (JA 227, 361)
ciliata (Psorophora), 9, 116, 116k, 117k, 118k,
119k, 120, 121-124; 56, 57; (JA 206)
cingulata (Psorophora), 133
cingulata (Psorophora) of authors, 131, 133
Cingulata Group, 131
clavulus (Dixella), 248, 253
coffini (Psorophora), 124, 125
colsoni (Wyeomyia), 208, 209
columbiae (Psorophora), 116, 117k, 118k,
119k, 120k, 131, 137
conchita (Wyeomyia), 210
condolescens (Aedes), 145k, 151, 162, 164
confinnis (Psorophora), 136, 137
confinnis (Psorophora) of authors, 11, 116,
134, 136, 137, 143
confinnis complex, 137
Confinnis Group, 131
confirmatus (Aedes) of authors, 161
continentalis (Uranotaenia), 43
cooki (Uranotaenia), 8, 9, 37, 38k, 39k, 41-
43, 81; 17, 20; (JA 358, 797, 798)
Coquillettidia, 10, 13, 15k, 16k, 17k, 19k,
97, 98k, 99k, 100k, 100
Corethrella, 8, 237, 238, 238k, 239k, 242
Corethrellini, 8, 237, 242
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 453
corniger (Culex), 9, 10, 51k, 52k, 53k, 55k,
56k, 58, 61-63, 89, 134, 204, 209, 227;
24, 25; (JA 50, 288, 289, 296, 300-303,
307, 308, 382, 611, 636, 739, 748, 749,
780, 827, 891, 915, 944)
corniger (Culex) of authors, 59
corona (Wyeomyia), 8, 9, 192, 193, 194, 197k,
198k, 199k, 213, 217, 218, 218-220, 221,
226, 229; 107, 108; (JA 607, 667, 678,
732)
coronator (Culex), 10
cozumelensis(Aedes), 145k, 147k, 148k, 150k,
175
crinifer (Aedes), 164
crucians (Anopheles), 9, 21, 22k, 23k, 29-31,
88; 7, 8, 11; (JA 6, 23, 34, 36, 357, 358,
794)
Culex, 10, 13, 15k, 17k, 20k, 45, 48, 50, 5ik,
53k, 55k, 56k, 57-58 (subgenus), 76, 137
Culex, Jamaican form, see sp. 22
Culicinae, 5, 8, 12k, 13, 237, 241, 248
Culicini, 13, 15k, 17k, 20k, 45, 97
Culiseta, 13, 14k, 16k, 18k, 20k
Culisetini, 13, 14k, 16k, 18k, 20k, 115
cyanopennis (Psorophora), 123
damnosus (Aedes), 152
Deinocerites, 5, 13, 15k, 17k, 20k, 45, 45-
46,49, 50
Dixa, 253
Dixella, 8, 10, 248, 248k, 249k, 249, 251,
253
Dixidae, 13
Dixinae, 5, 8, 12k, 248
Dixini, 253
duplicator (Culex), 58
dupreei (Aedes), 160
durhamii (Limatus), 231
dyari (Mansonia), 9, 97, 98, 99k, 100k, 109-
112; 50, 53
echinata (Psorophora), 116, 126, 129
Edwardsops, 237
eleuthera (Culex), 59
epinolus (Aedes), 152
equinus (Haemagogus), 9, 10, 14k, 17k, 18k,
20k, 115, 187, 188-190, 236; 94, 95; (JA
327, 328, 391, 407, 410, 412, 696, 699,
941, 951, 952, 957-959)
erraticus (Culex), 9, 52k, 54k, 55k, 57k, 77,
84-86, 88, 91; 42, 43; (JA 77, 728)
eucephalaeus (Aedes), 160
euplocamus (Aedes), 164
falsificator (Culex), 78, 79
fasciatus (Aedes), 185
fasciatus (Aedes) of authors, 176
fatigans (Culex), 73
ferox (Psorophora), 9, 90, 116, 117k, 119k,
126, 126-130, 130; 59, 60; (JA 156, 159,
359, 360, 649, 788, 792A, 918, 921)
ferruginosus (Anopheles), 27, 28
festiva (Sayomyia), 241
fiebrigi (Psorophora), 129
Finlaya, 143, 144, 144k, 147k, 148k, 149k,
170, 171, 174, 175, 187
finlayi (Culex), 58, 64, 65
flabellifer (Culex) of authors, 77, 88, 89
flaveola (Mansonia), 7, 8,9, 13, 97, 98k, 99k,
100k, 107-109; 50, 52
flaveola (Mansonia) of authors, 109
fratercula (Wyeomyia), 212
fulvus (Aedes), 151
Galindomyia, 45
gaudians (Wyeomyia), 194, 195
gausapata (Wyeomyia), 194, 195
glaucocephala (Wyeomyia), 205, 208
grabhami (Aedes), 8, 9, 10, 97, 144k, 146k,
148k, 150k, 175, 180, 180-182, 182, 183,
184, 209, 213, 215, 220, 227, 229; 86,
87; (JA 319, 354, 356, 376, 378, 380, 630-
632, 643, 648, 650-652A, 655, 656, 658,
667, 669, 670, 676, 684, 686-689, 702,
706, 708, 723, 725, 731-735, 758, 762-
765, 771-774, 776, 854, 892, 902)
grabhamii (Anopheles), 9, 11, 21, 22k, 23k,
24k, 26, 33, 34-36, 49, 63, 70, 81, 89, 90,
92, 129; 7, 13, 14; (JA 28-30, 32, 38, 41,
43, 44, 46, 51, 56, 58, 60, 63, 65, 67, 91,
121, 147, 149, 209, 210, 225, 226, 231,
232, 604, 608, 739, 743, 744, 746, 747,
754, 769, 785, 797, 798, 817, 828, 832-
836, 851, 852, 857, 860, 868, 873, 891,
893, 911, 921, 947, 954)
Grabhamia, 92, 116, 117k, 118k, 119k, 120k,
124, 130-131
grayii (Wyeomyia), 208, 209
grayii (Wyeomyia) of authors, 193, 222, 226
guadeloupensis (Toxorhynchites), 231, 232k,
235
454 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
guatemala (Wyeomyia), 195
habanicus (Aedes), 165
habilitator (Culex), 58
Haemagogus, 13, 14k, 17k, 18k, 20k, 115,
143, 187
haitiensis (Toxorhynchites), 233, 235
haruspicus (Psorophora), 138, 140
hassardii (Culex), 61, 63
hastatus (Aedes), 160
haynei (Wyeomyia), 192, 194, 195
hemisurus (Aedes), 8, 9, 11, 26, 137, 143,
145k, 147k, 149k, 151k, 151, 152, 154,
157, 161-165, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170;
73, 74; (JA 37, 353, 404, 604, 649, 757,
759, 768, 796, 799, 863, 890, 896, 913,
914)
hirsuta (Wyeomyia), 8, 9, 63, 97, 192, 193,
194, 196k, 197k, 198k, 200k, 200, 202,
205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 21T, 212.213,
214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221,
222-227, 228, 229; 96, 111, 112; (JA 644-
646, 651, 655, 670, 671, 674, 676, 706,
723, 725, 748, 158, 763; 167, Ti2, 774,
779, 846, 931)
hirsuta (Wyeomyia) of authors, 218, 219, 226
Hirsuta Group, 8, 178, 181, 192, 192-193,
193,194, 195, 213, 215, 227
Hirsuta Subgroup (Wyeomyia), 193, 194, 215,
217,220; 221, 226, 227, 229
hoffmani (Dixella), 248, 251
hoffmani (Limatus), 8, 9, 10, 14k, 17k, 18k,
19k, 191, 229, 230-231; (JA 930, 956)
howardii (Psorophora), 116, 116k, 117k, 118k,
119k, 120, 122, 123
Howardina, 5, 8, 10, 143, 144k, 146k, 148k,
149k, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 187, 191,
209
inaequalis (Aedes), 8, 9, 10, 63, 89, 115, 114k,
146k, 148k, 150k, 171, 174, 175, 180,
182-183, 183, 184, 190, 204; 88, 89; (JA
103, 109, 173, 250-252, 258, 280, 288,
290, 292-296, 298-300, 302-304, 306-309,
321, 325-327, 330, 331, 351, 352, 356,
369, 372, 373, 390, 397, 408, 412, 602,
603, 605, 634, 684, 696, 701, 711, 713,
715, 735, 780, 822, 826, 827, 901, 914,
916, 917, 924, 925, 930, 952, 957)
inaequalis (Aedes) of authors, 178, 180, 181
indolescens (Aedes), 161, 163
indubitans (Mansonia), 97, 106, 111
indubitans (Mansonia) of authors, 8, 97, 110,
111,112
infinis (Psorophora), 9, 10, 92, 116, 117k,
118k, 119k, 120k, 131, 131-134, 135; 61,
63; (JA 340, 341, 343, 603, 608, 611, 612,
- 618, 620, 739)
infirmatus (Aedes), 164
inflictus (Culex) of authors, 58
inhibitator (Culex), 8, 9, 36, 52k, 54k, 55k,
57k, 63, 70, 77, 78, 86, 87, 88-90, 90,
129, 134; 40, 41; (JA 45, 47, 352, 360,
612, 616, 701, 738, 739, 827, 828, 851-
853, 888, 891, 893-895, 921)
inornata (Culiseta), 13, 14k, 16k, 18k, 20k
insularia (Psorophora), 9, 10, 61, 115, 116,
117k, 118k, 119k, 120k, 131, 138-140;
62, 64; (JA 89, 389, 400, 717, 927, 936)
interrogator (Culex), 65
interrogator (Culex) of authors, 58
investigator (Culex), 88
iolambdis (Culex), 9, 52k, 54k, 55k, 57k, 77,
78, 86-88, 88, 89; 39, 41; (JA 6, 782, 784)
Ioliota Group, 175
Jamaican form (Culex), see sp. 22
Jamaican form (Psorophora), see sp. 34
Jamaican form A (Wyeomyia), see sp. 59
Jamaican form B (Wyeomyia), see sp. 64
jamaicensis (Culex), 90, 91, 92
jamaicensis (Psorophora, Grabhamia), 9, 10,
11, 26, 49, 91, 116, 117k, 118k, 119k,
120k, 129, 131, 133, 134-138, 138, 139,
141, 142, 143, 167; 66, 67; (JA 2-4, 21,
22, 37, 58, 59, 61, 80, 81, 93, 94, 96, 97,
101, 102, 128, 137, 155-157, 161-163,
165, 171, 189, 202, 291, 362, 363, 604,
757, 841, 862-864, 869, 870, 913)
jamaicensis (Psorophora, Janthinosoma), 126
jamaicensis (Wyeomyia), 205
janitor (Culex), 9, 10, 49, 51k, 52k, 53k, 56k,
58, 66-68, 81; 29, 30; (JA 359, 360, 616,
701, 702, 719, 720, 736, 885, 888, 889,
949)
janitor (Culex) of authors, 67
Janthinosoma, 116, 116k, 117k, 118k, 119k,
120, 124, 130, 131
johnstonii (Psorophora), 7,9, 116, 116k, 117k,
118k, 119k, 124-126, 130; 58, 61
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 455
sistahieins (Wyeomyia), 8,9, 192, 193, 194, ©
196k, 197k, 198k, 200k, 209, 215, 220,
220-221 , 222, 227; 109, 110;(JA 650, 653,
676, 723, 758, 774)
lactator (Culex), 61
lamentator (Culex), 68, 70
laneana (Corethrella), 237, 243, 244, 246, 247
lanei (Sayomyia), 9, 237, 238, 238k, 239k,
240-242; 117; (JA 750, 756, 900)
laticlasper (Culex), 65
leucoptera (Uranotaenia), 37
librata (Corethrella), 9, 10, 237, 239k, 240k,
245, 246, 246-247; 122, 123; (JA 361)
Limatus, 13, 14k, 17k, 18k, 19k, 191, 229
lirio (Dixella), 248, 251
Longipalpifer, 187
longipes (Trichoprosopon), 14k, 16k, 18k, 19k,
191
longitubus (Corethrella), 9, 10, 237, 238, 238k,
239k, 240k, 245-246, 246, 247; 120, 121;
(JA 245)
lowii (Uranotaenia), 9, 26, 37, 38k, 39k, 43,
43-45; 18, 20; (JA 358, 604, 759, 761)
luna (Wyeomyia), 8, 9, 192, 193, 196k, 197k,
198k, 199k, 213-215, 217, 218, 221; 103,
104; (JA 377, 731, 733)
Luna Subgroup, 192, 193, 215
Lutzomiops, 237
Lutzomiops sp. of authors, 238
lynchi (Psorophora), 123
Lynchiella, 234
macrosquamosa (Culex) of authors, 71
maculipes (Anopheles) of authors, 32, 33
magnus (Deinocerites), 46, 46k
-Mansonia, 10, 13, 15k, 16k; 17k, 19k, 97,
98k, 99k, 100k, 103
Mansoniini, 13, 15k, 16k, 17k, 19k, 97-98
mathisi (Aedes), 159
3 medioalbipes (Wyeomyia), 194, 208
medioalbipes (Wyeomyia) of authors, 192,
205, 208, 209
mediovittatus (Aedes), 9, 10, 89, 115, 134,
144k, 147k, 148k, 149k, 155, 171, 171-
175, 183, 190, 204, 236, 244; 80, 81;(JA
82, 230, 235, 238, 239, 248, 252, 286,
288, 296, 327, 328,351, 352, 373,387.
390, 391, 397, 408, 410, 602, 603, 605,
623, 624, 627, 638, 699, 801, 845, 902,
913, 914, 949, 952)
mediovittatus (Aedes) of authors, 174
Melanoconion, 48, 50, 52k, 54k, 55k, 57k,
58, 76-78, 81, 92, 95, 96, 97
melanopus (Wyeomyia), 194, 195
meridionalis (Aedes), 159, 160
Mesodixa, 8, 10, 248, 248k, 249k, 251, 253
Micraedes, 50, 51k, 53k, 54k, 56k, (95-97
Microculex, 50
microsquamosus (Culex), 71, 72
mitchellii (Wyeomyia), 9, 63, 97, 191, 193,
194, 195, 196k, 197k, 198k, 199k, 205-
210, 226, 227, 229; 96, 99, 100, 102; (JA
50, 105, 126, 130, 154, 158, 184, 204,
208, 282, 322, 334, 358, 377, 403, 406,
608, 621, 648, 664, 671, 673, 691, 692,
703, 708, 724, 726, 748, 749, 758, 763,
787, 810, 811, 855, 912, 920, 922, 933,
942, 945, 946)
Mochlostyrax, 77,92
mosquito (Aedes), 185
mulrennani (Culex), 77
mychonde (Culex), 82, 84
nana (Psorophora), 140, 142
neivai (Coquillettidia), 103 .
niger (Aedes), 152, 154
nigra (Ficalbia), 152
nigricans (Coquillettidia), 9, 97, 98k, 99k,
100k, 100-103; 49, 50; (JA 357, 358,
792A, 794) ?
nigripalpus (Culex), 9, 10, 11, 26, 31, 33, 36,
49, 51k, 53k, 55k, 56k, 58, 67, 68, 70,
70-73, 81, 88, 89, 90, 92, 143, 157, 167;
26, 28; (JA 34, 49, 53, 54, 58, 62, 71, 72,
-— 87, 93, 104, 132, 140, 142,143, 146-148,
151, 168, 199, 209-211, 216, 228, 229, ©
232, 253-255, 358, 600, 601, 604, 610,
611, 641, 736, 745, 757, 759, 761, 784,
786, 797-800, 804, 805, 814, 818, 857,
871, 872, 891, 893, 896, 914, 936)
nigritubus (Wyeomyia), 9, 10, 63, 183, 191,
193, 195, 195k, 197k, 198k, 199k, 200-
204, 209, 223; 96, 97, 98, 102; (JA 111,
150, 239, 258, 259, 286, 287, 290, 293-
298, 300-304, 306-309, 311, 312, 321,
395; 711-715, 737, 778; 822, 823, 920,
923, 924)
Nothodixa, 253
nubilus (Aedes), 159, 160
456 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
nubilus (Aedes) of authors, 158, 160
Nyssorhynchus, 21
obturbator (Aedes), 146k, 147k, 151k, 151-
152, 162, 170, 171
obturbator (Aedes) of authors, 8, 169, 171
Ochlerotatus, 8, 10, 92, 129, 143, 144, 145k,
147k, 149, 150k, 151-152, 158, 159, 160,
162, 163, 164, 170, 171, 187
ochrura (Wyeomyia), 205, 208
ocossa (Culex), 93-94, 95; 46, 47
oligopistus (Aedes), 160
opisthopus (Culex), 9, 10, 52k, 54k, 55k, 57k,
77, 81, 82-84, 85, 91, 92; 37, 38; (JA 357,
358, 718, 719, 793, 874-876)
Orthopodomyia, 5, 13, 15k, 16k, 18k, 19k,
112
Orthopodomyiini, 13, 15k, 16k, 18k, 19k,
112,115
oteizai (Uranotaenia), 37, 38k, 39k
pallens (Aedes), 145k, 147k, 151k, 151
pampithes (Wyeomyia), 226
pampithes (Wyeomyia) of authors, 193, 222,
226
panocossa (Culex), 9, 52k, 54k, 55k, 57k, 77,
93-95; 58
Paradixa, 250, 251, 252, 253
Paradixini, 8, 248, 251, 253
peccator (Culex), 77
persephassa (Coquillettidia), 100
pertinans (Wyeomyia), 195, 208, 209
pertinans (Wyeomyia) of authors, 193, 222,
226
Pertinans Group, 191, 192, 193, 195, 206,
207, 208, 209
pertinax (Aedes), 9, 10, 143, 146k, 147k,
149k, 150k, 151, 157-160, 163, 169; 72,
72; (JA 159, 792, 792A)
petersoni (Culex), 59
philosophicus (Haemagogus), 188
Phoniomyia of authors, 226
pilosus (Culex), 9, 33, 52k, 54k, 55k, 57k,
77, 90-92; 42, 44; (JA 233, 618, 757)
pipiens (Culex), 76
pipiens (Culex) of authors, 73
plutocraticus (Aedes), 165
polyagrus (Aedes), 159
portoricensis (Aedes), 152, 154
portoricensis (Toxorhynchites), 9, 10, 115,
190, 204, 231, 232k, 233-236, 244; 115, .
116; (JA 118, 285, 332, 394, 623, 634,
663, 697-699, 924)
portoricensis (Toxorhynchites) of authors,
235, 236
portoricensis complex (Toxorhynchites), 234,
235
posticatus (Psorophora), 126, 127
Protoculex, 160 :
pseudes (Deinocerites), 46
pseudotitillans (Mansonia) of authors, 107
Psorophora, 10, 13, 14k, 17k, 18k, 20k, 115,
115-116, 116k, 117k, 118k, 119k, 120
(subgenus), 131, 143
Psorophora, Jamaican form, see sp. 34
Puerto Rican form A (Wyeomyia), 192, 196k,
198k
Puerto Rican form B (Wyeomyia), 192, 196k
Puerto Rican form C (Wyeomyia), 192, 199k
punctipennis (Anopheles) of authors, 29, 31
pygmaea (Psorophora), 9, 10, 11, 116, 117k,
118k,..119k.. 120k, 131, 137; 138,139,
140-143, 155, 160, 167; 62, 65; (JA 95-
97, 99-102, 139, 143, 156, 159, 237A,
757, 841, 863, 864, 869, 870)
quasiluteoventralis (Wyeomyia), 195
quasiluteoventralis (Wyeomyia) of authors,
205
quasisecutor (Culex), 68, 70
quasiserratus (Aedes), 157, 159
quinquefasciatus (Culex), 8, 10, 11, 26, 50,
51k, 53k, 56k, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65,
66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73-76; 4, 5, 33;
(JA 9, 15, 31, 34, 39, 40, 42, 49, 52, 62,
68, 69, 70, 113, 115, 132, 140, 141, 146,
164, 166, 171, 172, 183, 185, 190,491,
195-198, 209, 225, 235, 248, 273, 641,
761, 806, 812, 831)
reductor (Culex), 91
revocator (Culex), 73
Rhynchotaenia, 97, 98k, 99k, 100k, 103
rutilus (Toxorhynchites), 234, 235
rutilus complex (Toxorhynchites), 235
Sabethes, 14k, 17k, 18k, 19k, 191
Sabethini, 13, 14k, 16k, 18k, 19k, 190-191
sapphirina (Uranotaenia), 37, 38k, 39k; 16,
20
Belkin, Heinemann & Page: Culicidae of Jamaica 457
sapphirina (Uranotaenia) of authors, 40
sayi (Psorophora), 129
sayi (Psorophora) of authors, 126
Sayomyia, 8, 10, 237, 238k, 239k, 240
scapularis (Aedes), 161, 163, 164
scapularis (Aedes) of authors, 11, 161, 163,
164
scapularis complex, 151, 164, 167
Scapularis Group, 8, 151, 164, 167
schwarzi (Psorophora), 124, 125, 126
scimitar (Culex), 58
scitula (Dixella), 9, 248, 248k, 249k, 249-
251, 253; 123, 124, 125; (JA 741, 742,
775)
scotinomus (Wyeomyia), 195
secutor (Culex), 9, 11, 36, 51k, 52k, 53k, 56k,
57k, 58, 63, 68-70, 89, 133-134; 31, 32;
(JA 340-343, 365, 612-614, 738, 739, 751-
753, 755, 827,:828,..832-635,. 851,852,
891, 893)
septentrionalis (Toxorhynchites), 234, 235
serratus (Aedes), 159, 160
serratus (Aedes) of authors, 158
serratus complex, 159, 163
Serratus Group, 151, 158, 159, 160
signifera (Orthopodomyia), 112, 112k, 115
signifera (Orthopodomyia) of authors, 113
Signifera Group, 115
similis (Culex), 71, 72
simmsi (Wyeomyia), 195
smithii (Wyeomyia), 192, 195
socialis (Uranotaenia), 9, 26, 31, 37, 38k, 39k,
39-41, 43, 81, 86; 15, 19; (JA 23, 25, 77,
358, 744)
socialis (Uranotaenia) of authors, 41
sollicitans (Aedes), 9, 10, 145k, 147k, 149k,
150k, 151, 155-157; 69, 70; (JA 7, 153,
237A, 405, 840, 896)
sororcula (Wyeomyia), 194, 196k, 197k, 198k,
199k, 212, 213
sp. 22 (Culex), 8, 57k, 77, 89, 90; 45; (JA
168, 809)
sp. 34 (Psorophora), 8, 9, 116, 117k, 130;
(JA 117, 795)
sp. 59 (Wyeomyia), 8,9, 192, 194, 196k, 217-
218; (JA 735)
sp. 64 (Wyeomyia), 8, 9, 192, 193, 194, 196k,
229 |
sp. undetermined (Aedes), 8, 13, 143-144,
145k, 151
sphinx (Culex), 58
squamipennis (Aedeomyia), 13, 15k, 16k, 17k,
19k
Stegomyia, 143, 144k, 146k, 148k, 149k, 175,
184
stellata (Wyeomyia), 8, 9,97, 192, 193, 197k,
198k, 199k, 209, 215, 215-217, 218, 220,
221, 227; 96, 105, 106; (JA 710, 723, 725,
763, 771, 772, 820)
Stellata Subgroup, 192-193, 193, 195, 215,
217; 218,220
stenei (Aedes), 8, 9, 10, 97, 114k, 146k, 148k,
150k, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183-184, 209,
213, 215, 220, 227, 229; 90, 91; (JA 240-
242, 299, 318, 319, 355, 356, 375, 376,
380, 381, 392, 607, 630-632, 643, 646,
648, 650-652, 655, 658, 661, 666, 669-
671, 673, 674, 676, 684, 685, 688, 701,
706; 708, 710; 723.725,0729, T34-735,
785, 762-764, 771-774, 776, 779, 791,
820, 854, 855, 914, 925, 930, 952, 957)
stonei (Wyeomyia), 195 |
subfuscus (Culex), 61, 63
superbus (Toxorhynchites), 231, 232k
taeniopus (Culex) of authors, 77, 82, 83
taeniorhynchus (Aedes), 9, 10, 11, 26, 49,
143, 145k, 147k, 149k, 150k, 151, 152,
152-155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 164, 167;
68, 69; (JA 79, 92, 95, 96, 98-100, 108,
114, 115, 119, 120, 137, 139, 142, 144,
159, 177, 179, 222, 237A, 238, 313, 348,
349, 357-359, 369, 371, 384-386, 391A,
398, 610, 616, 649, 794, 796, 802, 842,
860, 861, 875, 876, 896, 912)
Taeniorhynchus Group, 151
tarsimaculatus (Anopheles), 24
telestica (Wyeomyia), 195
tibialis (Psorophora), 123
titillans (Mansonia), 9, 11, 66, 97, 98, 99k,
100k, 103-107, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
247; 50, 51; (JA 227, 359, 361, 703, 789,
874, 914)
titillans (Mansonia) of authors, 107
tormentor (Aedes), 160
tortilis (Aedes), 8, 9, 10, 11, 26, 137, 143,
146k, 147k, 149k, 151k, 151, 152, 157,
159, 160, 164, 165-168, 168, 169; 75, 76;
(JA 97, 143, 159, 161, 197A, 357, 610,
730, 757, 790, 796, 799, 863, 896, 913,
914)
458 | Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 1, 1970
tortilis (Aedes) of authors, 11, 161, 164, 168,
169
tortilis complex, 151, 162, 164, 167
toweri (Culex), 68, 70
Toxorhynchites, 13, 13k, 16k, 18k, 19k, 231-
232
Toxorhynchitini, 13, 13k, 16k, 18k, 19k, 231
Trichoprosopon, 14k, 16k, 18k, 19k, 191
tripunctata (Corethrella), 238, 246
ulocoma (Wyeomyia) of authors, 194, 205,
208
uncatus (Aedes), 171, 172, 174
Uranotaenia, 10, 13, 14k, 16k, 17k, 20k, 36-
37
Uranotaeniini, 13, 14k, 16k, 17k, 20k, 36-37
vanduzeei (Wyeomyia), 9, 192, 193, 194, 195,
196k, 197k, 198k, 199k, 210-213, 220,
221, 227, 229; 101, 102;(JA 732, 793)
Vanduzeei Group, 191, 192, 193, 195, 212
varipalpus (Aedes), 144
varipes (Psorophora) of authors, 125
venezuelensis (Coquillettidia), 103
venezuelensis (Coquillettidia) of authors, 97,
98k, 103
vestitipennis (Anopheles), 9, 21, 22k, 23k, 31-
34, 92; 7, 8, 12; (JA 14, 28, 37, 38, 232,
357, 790, 793, 804)
violescens (Wyeomyia), 205
virginensis (Aedes), 165
walkeri (Aedes), 9, 10, 63, 97, 145k, 147k,
148k, 149k, 175-178, 179, 204, 209, 213,
215, 220, 227, 229; 82, 83; (JA 85, 122-
124, 186, 237, 239, 243, 244, 247, 257,
282, 294, 304, 318, 319, 322-324, 333-
338, 353, 354, 356, 359, 360, 369, 374,
379, 381, 390, 392, 393, 399, 606, 607,
631, 633, 634A, 635, 637, 639, 640, 643-
648, 650, 651, 653, 654, 657, 660, 664,
665, 667-672, 675, 678-684, 693-695, 707-
711, 716, 723-725, 729, 733, 735, 740,
748, 758, 762-765, 767, 771, 772, 777-
779, 787, 792A, 820, 821, 824, 825, 843,
848, 854, 855, 902A, 913, 914, 925, 930,
931, 940, 941)
walkeri (Anopheles), 21, 22k, 23k, 8
Walkeri Group, 175
Walkeri Section, 175
walsinghamii (Psorophora), 134, 137
waverleyi (Orthopodomyia), 9, 10, 112, 112k,
113-115, 190, 236, 244; 54, 55; (JA 110,
256, 327, 394, 401, 407, 622, 625, 642,
690, 697, 698) |
Wyeomyia, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14k, 16k, 18k, 19k,
178, 181, 191, 191-195, 223, 229
Wyeomyia, Jamaican form A, see sp. 59
Wyeomyia, Jamaican form B, see sp. 64
Wyeomyia, Puerto Rican sp., see Puerto Rican
form A, B and C
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No.
No.
No.
No.
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he ° ory, 7 gr Gre rd / ”
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Volume 6, Number 2, 1970
ca HSOW lay
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~~
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MOSQUITO FAUNA OF
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Vil. Genus Aedeomyia Theobald in Southeast Asia.
VUI. Genus Aedes, Subgenus Mucidus Theobald in
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by
W. H. Tyson
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Contributions
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Volume 6, Number 2, 1970
a2 i
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MOSQUITO FAUNA OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA
VIl. Genus Aedeomyia Theobald in Southeast Asia.
VII. Genus Aedes, Subgenus Mucidus Theobald in
Southeast Asia.
by
W. H. Tyson
CONTENTS
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Genus AeCCOmny ey oe rs os ee he Bae eee ede
KEY TO THE WORLD SPECIES OF ADULT AEDEOMYID .....
KEY TO THE WORLD SPECIES OF AEDEOMYIA PUPAE .....
KEY TO THE WORLD SPECIES OF AEDEOMYIA LARVAE ....
SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MOSQUITO FAUNA OF SOUTHEAST ASIA, VIL.
GENUS AEDEOMYIA THEOBALD IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. :
By
W. H. Tyson”
INTRODUCTION
The genus Aedeomyia was originally validated by inclusion in a key
by Theobald in July (1901a :235) and again in November (1901b :98). His ge-
neric description appeared that same month (1901c :218) and was based on
specimens of Aedeomyia squammipenna (L. Arribalzaga) =.Aedeo. squamt-
pennis. Included in his material were specimens from the Oriental Region
which were the then undescribed catasticta Knab. He also included Aedes
(Aedeomyia) venustipes Skuse as probably being a member of his genus. The
following year Giles (1902: 478) emended the spelling of the genus name to
Aedomyia. Edwards (1912: 24) emended the genus by placing a diaretic mark
over the initial e. Brunetti (1914: 54) placed Aedomyia in synonymy with
Aedes but later considered it a valid genus. In 1923 Enderlein described a
new species from Africa for which he proposed the new genus Lepiothauma.
Edwards (1925 :262) placed Lepiothauma in synonymy with Aedomyia. Amos
(1944 :24) incorrectly cited this genus as Aediomyia. Because of the many
spelling emendations applied to this genus, the literature has been complicat-
ed by a variety of names, many of which have been used quite recently.
This paper deals primarily with Aedeomyia catasticta Knab but because
of past problems involving synonymy and identification of catasticta and
venustipes, the latter is included although not in the range of Southeast Asia.
Specimens of the following species of Aedeomyia have been examined:
africana Neveu- Lemaire, catasticta Knab, furfurea (Enderlein), pauliani
Grjebine (larvae only),squamipennis (L. Arribalzaga), and venustipes (Skuse).
Abbreviations used in references to literature conform to the World
List of Scientific Periodicals, 3rd. ed., Academic Press, New York, 1952.
An asterisk following the abbreviations used (2 = female, o = male, P = pupa,
L = larva) indicates that at least some portion of that form is figured. New
distribution records are indicated by two asterisks.
The following combination of characters are those generally used to
separate Aedeomyia from other genera: Adults with spiracular and postspi-
racular bristles absent, lower mesepimeral bristles less than 3; palpi 0. 25
or less the length of the proboscis in both sexes; torus, flagellomere I, and
clypeus with broad scales; wings densely covered with broad yellow, white,
and brown scales; mid and hind femora with large apical scale tuft; male
with apical two flagellomeres of antenna swollen. Pupa with hair 9-II-VI u-
sually short and stout; paddles narrow at base, broad at apex and notched at
the insertion of the apical hair. Larva with greatly enlarged antenna; trachea
of siphon reduced, apex of siphon with a pair of curved hooks and a pair of
multibranched hairs; pecten absent, siphon uniformly pubescent; comb scales
I'This work was supported by Research Contract No. DA-49-193-MS-~- 2672
from the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office
of the Surgeon General, and carried out at the Southeast Asia Mosquito
Project, Washington, D.C.
2Captain, MSC, U. S. Army, Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20012.
2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
less than 25, usually less than 20, arranged in a single row on a sclerotized
plate much as in Uranotaenia.
This genus is here divided into two subgenera on the basis of the mor-
phological characteristics listed below. Subgenus Lepiothauma includes the
Ethiopian species fuvfurea (Enderlein). Subgenus Aedeomyia includes the re-
mainder of the recognized species.
Subgenus Aedeomyia Subgenus Lepiothauma
FEMALE :
- Hind tarsomeres with all ~Hind tarsomeres with many erect
scales decumbent. scales dorsally.
MALE
- Penultimate flagellomere -Penultimate flagellomere with a dor-
simple. sal basal tuft of 3-6 white scales
(Figure 6, H).
PUPA
- Abdominal hair 9-II- VII -Hair 9-II-VIII single, broad and
Single or divided, hair-like heavily sclerotized.
or much narrowed.
LARVA
- Abdominal hairs 1, 2,5, 9, - These hairs distinctly brush-tipped.
13-I-IV simple or slightly
fimbriated.
GENUS AEDEOMYIA THEOBALD
Aedeomyia Theobald 1901a (July), J. trop. Med. 4: 235; 1901b (November),
Mon. Cul. I: 98; 1901c (November), Mon. Cul. II: 218 (generic de-
isi oa Logotype: Aedes squamipenna L. Arribalzaga. (Brunetti
Aedomyia Giles 1902, Handbook, 2nd. ed. p. 478 (emend. ).
Aédomyia Edwards 1912a, Bull. ent. Res. 3: 24 (emend. ).
Aedes Brunetti 1914, Rec. Indian Mus. 10:54 (Aedomyia syn. ot Aedes).
Lepiothauma Enderlein 1923, Wien. ent. Zeit. 40(1-4): 25. Orthotype:
furfurea Enderlein.
eae cae lie a 1925, Bull. ent. Res. 15(3): 262 (lapsus for Lepio-
uma).
Aediomyia Amos 1944, Mosq. Cont. Train. Manual p. 24 (lapsus for
Aedeomyia).
FEMALE. Head. Antenna shorter than proboscis, torus and basal
flagellomere with broad scales; clypeus with a median patch of white scales;
palpus short, 0. 20-0. 25 the length of the proboscis, segments dorso-ventral-
ly flattened, apical segment longest, usually with white scales at its apex,
basal segments with several large bristles; proboscis with 4-6 basal bristles,
white rings at or before middle, and before labellum, always present, a ring
(usually broken or restricted to a few dorsal white scales) usually present at
basal third; labellum dark; orbital bristles long and dark or pale; orbital
margin with decumbent white and black scales; vertex with erect scales with
truncate or slightly emarginate apices, usually mixed white, yellow and
brown scales present. Thorax. Scutum with bristles long, those of supra-
alar and prescutellum longest; most pleurites with bristles except spiracular
Tyson: Aedeomyia in Southeast Asia 3
postspiracular, paratergite, meron, metameron, and metapleuron; upper,
anterior and lower mesepimeral bristles present, upper and posterior sterno-
pleural bristles present; scales of scutum mostly decumbent except for erect
and semierect scales on the lateral margin of the scutum, the anterior pro-
montory region and the junction of the posterior dorsocentral and the prescu-
tellar region; scales on most pleurites except spiracular, meron and meta-
pleuron, scales of thorax mostly yellow or white with the majority of dark
scales restricted to the lateral margin of the scutum; scutellum with 3 lobes,
each with long bristles, scales of scutellum usually light at base with the
scales at the tip of each lobe dark; postnotum bare. Wing. Majority of scales
dark or yellow with white scales mainly at wing base, a patch at basal third
and a patch at the apical third (africana has the basal area mostly yellow
scaled), fringe scales long, vaguely infuscated, usually of two lengths and uni-
laterally expanded; squama with a fringe of broad scales; alula with narrow
fringe hairs. Halter. Stem pale, knob dark scaled with the stem and some-
times the medial region white scaled. Legs. All coxae and trochanters with
bristles and scales; femora dark and white scaled but with broad white bands
absent, apex of mid and hind femora with a large tuft of erect scales, some-
times present on fore femur but reduced in size; tibiae with most scales dark
and several narrow, entire or broken, white bands, scales of fore tibia all de-
cumbent, mid tibia with a few erect scales at base, hind tibia with a large com-
pact tuft just before base (furfurea), or as above except with hind tibial tuft
small or elongate (catasticta, squamipennis, venustipes), or with tuft absent
(africana); tarsomere I of fore leg as long as rest of segments combined, tar-
someres I], III with distinct basal pale bands, other segments dark or mottled
with white scales; mid leg with tarsomeres I-IV with basal bands, or with I-III
banded ( eae ; tarsomeres of hind leg with scales decumbent or with erect
scales dorsally (Figure 6, A, furfurea), basal white band on I-IV, or I-II with
Ill all white (venustipes), tarsomere V all white or with a few apical, ventral
black scales, or all black (venustipes); tarsal claws not toothed (Figure 6, G).
Abdomen. Cylindrical, broadly truncate at apex; segment VIII with a project-
ing fringe or erect, elongate scales; scale pattern variable, generally dark
with white and yellow scales forming a variety of patterns; segments VI, VII
slightly expanded laterally, dorso-ventrally flattened. Terminalia. Simple,
cerci short and stout, postgenital plate large, broad, and truncate (venustipes)
or varying to small, narrow, and deeply emarginate (squamipennis); atrial
plate and ninth and tenth tergites absent (Coher 1949: 109); spermatheca single,
large, with a funnel shaped projection at base of duct (Figure 6, I).
MALE. Head, Antenna short as in female, or slightly longer, flagel-
lomeres II-XI annulate, silver at base, dark at apex, flagellomeres XII, XII
swollen, XII scaleless or with a dorsal basal tuft of 3-6 white scales (furfurea);
torus and clypeus with yellowish or.white scales; palpus short as in female or
slightly shorter; proboscis as in female with scales decumbent throughout or
slightly rough basally, or with erect dark scales on the ventral basal half
(furfurea); scales of head as in female. Thorax. Scales and bristles of scu-
tum and pleurites as in female. Wing. Scaling and pattern of wing scales very
similar to that of the female but generally lighter in color. Halter. As in fe-
male. Legs. As for female; fore and mid tarsal claws slightly asymmetrical,
major claw with a single median, blunt tooth (Figure 6, F), hind claws small,
simple. Abdomen. Segments I-V cylindrical, slightly tapering, VI-VI dorso-
ventrally flattened and expanded laterally, segment VII normal, not expanded;
scaling of terga variable, usually dark with lateral, apical regions of each
segment with white scales forming patches or oblique vittae or mostly white
scaled basally and with the black scales becoming dominant apically, or vary-
ing to mostly dark scaled. Terminalia. Basimeres stout and short, each
bearing a patch of strong bristles on the basal lobe; distimeres shorter than
the basimeres and nearly parallel sided; differences in shape noted by some
authors appear to be due to the angle from which they are viewed; distimeres
4 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
usually have small hairs on the apical half (apical 0.66 in venustipes) and the
apex with a comb-like process, the teeth of which are variable in number but
average about 20 (except africana which has 15); generally the terminalia are
withdrawn into the eighth segment; ninth tergite ill defined, merely a thin
sclerotized strip, without definitive characters, which lies basally to the mem-
branous proctiger; proctiger supported laterally by simple paraprocts, each
paraproct being connected distally to a sclerite with which it articulates; phal-
losome complicated, consists of at least 2 distinct parts; the sides of the struc-
ture are attached to the parameres and form a "horseshoe" configuration, the
distal end of this structure is in the form of an enlarged cap-like structure
with a tergal median lip, this lip varies slightly among the species, attached
sternally to the cap are a pair of indistinct sclerites (Figure 3, E, ps) with the
distal apices expanded, these attach to the sternal surface of the horseshoe
but are separate structures, and seem to correspond to the prosophallus in the
Dixinae (Belkin 1968: 8). These structures also vary but may not be constant
intraspecifically. The homology of the parts of the phallosome is undecided
and is open to challenge.
PUPA. Integument vaguely to moderately infuscated, region of pad-
dle before insertion of apical hair with a circular area of infuscation. Cepha-
lothorvax. Hairs of cephalothorax single or branched, mostly branched in
catasticta, mostly single in furfurea and africana; trumpets short and wide
(africana, catasticta) or elongate and more narrow (squamipennis) or elongate
with the pinna broad (furfurea, venustipes). Abdomen. Hairs 1,6-I, 1,5, 6-
II-VI and 5-VII usually enlarged and multibranched, branches distinctly plu-
mose to vaguely plumose, or simple (venustipes), hair 5-V-VIL with some
branches long, surpassing base of next segment, or very long with the longest
branches surpassing all of the following segment and part of the next segment
(squamipennis); hair 9-II- VIII short, stout and single or branched - single,
heavily sclerotized and spinose (furfurea), stout and bifid on III, IV (venustipes),
small and hair-like on I-VI (africana), spine-like and not sclerotized (squami-
pennis) or spine-like and sclerotized on III-VI (catasticta). Paddle. Narrow
at base, wide at apex with a notch at the insertion of the apical hair (1-P), api-
cal hair long and simple or vaguely plumose.
LARVA. Head. Antenna enlarged, nearly as long or longer than the
head, 1-A with 6-11 plumose branches (3-5 branches in pauliani), placed at or
beyond the middle of antenna, 2-4-A elongate and plumose, 5,6-A much smal-
ler and simple, situated on a pedestal, body of antenna swollen with surface
spiculate and with a patch of hairs on the apical, mesal third (absent in
africana and pauliani); head hairs 5-7-C large, multibranched and plumose;
1-C spinose and heavily sclerotized; mouth brushes large; maxilla elongate with
a straight terminal spine, similar to 1-C butlonger (muchlonger in squamipennis
and africana) usually simple but barbedin venustipes;mandible of 2 separate
teeth, mesal tooth bifid; mental plate small and with 5 teeth. Thorax. Integu-
ment minutely pubescent; main hairs of pleural groups including 4,5, 7-P elon-
ate and plumose. Adbomen. Hairs 1, 2,5,9,13-I-IV multibranched, plumose
(vaguely so or simple in venustipes) with the apex of most branches simple
africana, pauliani, squamipennis, venustipes) or slightly fimbriated (cata -
sticta), or strongly brush-tipped (furfurea, Figure 5, H); segment VIII with
comb scales in a single row on the distal margin of a sclerotized plate, teeth
6-25, each tooth usually with a membranous margin which may or may not be
fringed; siphon without pecten, densely, uniformly pubescent, 1-S multi-
branched and plumose, placed usually slightly beyond the middle of the siphon,
2-S single (6 branched in squamipennis) and situated at the apical fifth (near
middle in sqguamipennis), 8-S large, multibranched and slightly to distinctly
plumose; lateral valves with seta 9 modified to form a pair of hook-like appen-
dages, the function of which is still not understood; anal segment with saddle
complete, surface minutely pubescent, dorsal apical region with longer erect
and flattened hairs, each of which is fringed unilaterally and usually with a
Tyson: Aedeomyia in Southeast Asia 5)
smaller setiform spicule at the base, anal brush of 6 pairs of long pectinate
hairs (6-8 pairs in pauliani, 1-IX of 3 branches (2 in pauliani) and placed be-
yond the middle of the saddle, 2, 3-IX elongate and pectinate; anal papillae
short.
EGG. Baisas (1938: 191) reports Aedeomyia eggs having a silvery
polygonal make up similar to those found in anopheline eggs.
DISTRIBUTION. The following is a list of the recognized species of
Aedeomyia arranged in the zoogeographic regions in which they occur.
NEOTROPICAL |
Aedeomyia (Aedeomyia) squamipennis (L. Arribalzaga)
ETHIOPIAN
Aedeomyia (Aedeomyia) africana Neveu- Lemaire
Aedeomyia (Aedeomyia) pauliani Grjebine
Aedeomyia (Lepiothauma) furfurea fendertain)
AUSTRALIAN
Aedeomyia (Aedeomyia) venustipes (Skuse)
ORIENTAL, AUSTRALASIAN, MICRONESIAN
Aedeomyia (Aedeomyia) catasticta Knab
The genus is primarily of the Southern Hemisphere. Although catia -
_ Sticta, furfurea, africana, and squamipennis do range north of the Equator,
none approach the Tropic of Cancer. The species are well isolated except for
the sympatric furfurea and africana(see Edwards 1941: 64 for additional in-
formation), and are probably relict populations of a once widespread form.
The genus may have arisen in Africa and spread eastward across the Mideast,
over what is now an unfavorable route, through Southeast Asia down to Austra-
lia. An ancestral form may have invaded South America via Australia and
Antarctica when the climate was more propitious. This presence of a species
in tropical and subtropical South America is less easily explained unless one
accepts a route vie Antarctica. A northern passage via Bering Straits without
leaving any traces north of Central America seems less likely. The Mada-
gascar pauliani is undoubtedly a derivative of africana but until adults are col-
lected and described, its relationship remains unknown.
BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Until recently Aedeomyia
was considered to be of no medical importance. However, Doherty, et al.
(1968: 431) reported the isolation of MRM3929 virus, subgroup of Group B,
Murray Valley encephalitis virus from catasticia in Australia. The virus was
also isolated from the swamp pheasant Centropus phasianinus. Whitehead, ef
al. (1968: 440) suggested the name Alfuy for this virus. Standfast and Barrow
(1968) recorded catasticta taken in traps baited with chickens. Aitken (1967:
72) records squamipennis engorging primarily on chicks and to a lesser degree
on mice. He also observed feeding on wild birds in a canopy situation, as well
as a higher frequency of feeding in the canopy compared to near ground level.
Mattingly (1949: 399) records africana collected commonly on canopy platforms.
_ The larvae have been collected in a variety of situations: weedy ponds
(Barraud 1923: 505), swamps (Mackerras 1937: 260), ponds, ditches and
marshes (Penn 1948: 242), wheel ruts (Bonne-Wepster 1954: 58), stock dams
and lakes (Douglas 1961: 262), and appear always to be associated with various
types of thick aquatic vegetation. Mackerras (loc. cit.) reported venustipes
in water with Nitella and Douglas (loc. cit.) mentioned Myriophyllum. Aedeo-
myia catasticta has been collected in waters heavy with Pistia stratiotes
(Bonne-Wepster loc. cit.), Spirogyra (Iyengar & Menon 1956: 788), Azolla and
Utricularia (Assem & Bonne-Wepster 1964: 78), and Eichhornia crassipes
(Standfast & Barrow 1968: 427). Hamon (1966: 372) records africana with
6 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
dense Pistia growth. Hopkins (1952: 77) records furfurea with Potamogeton
growth. The methods by which the larvae obtain oxygen when submerged are
still in question. They are able to spend prolonged periods beneath the sur-
face which lead Mackerras (loc. cit.) to suggest they obtain oxygen from the
plant material. Douglas (loc. cit.) reported that isolated larvae, without
plant material, were able to maintain respiration under the surface for long
periods. Various authors have suggested cuticular respiration, especially
through the enlarged antennae and this may be partially true. Although the
trachea in the siphon is greatly reduced it is still utilized and larvae have been
observed at the surface. The apex of the siphon is typical of surface breathing
species. The enlarged antennae and siphonal hooks are thought to be utilized
for clinging (Mackerras Joc. cit.), but until these interesting adaptations are
studied more fully, their total function will remain uncertain. It has been
noted that larvae preserved in alcohol easily loose one or both antennae, the
reason for which is unexplained. The pupae apparently have no special adapta-
tions for respiration and are recorded as spending most of their time at the
surface, being difficult to disturb. Lewis (1949: 60) discussed the position as-
sumed by agitated larvae, namely, inverted while supporting themselves with
the tip of the siphon and the dorsum of the thorax. Leicester (1908: 183) re-
cords squamipenna (= catasticta) adults as being similar to Orthopodomyia in
their resting position.
KEY TO THE WORLD SPECIES OF ADULT AEDEOMYIA!
1. Hind tarsomeres without erect scales dorsally (Fig.6, B-E);
male without scale patch on penultimate flagellomere
ee a es ae Fa Subgenus Aedeomyid ....... 0. ec eee 2
Hind tarsomeres II-IV with erect scales dorsally (Fig. 6, A);
males with a patch of 3-6 white scales at base of penulti-
mate flagellomere (Fig.6, H); Africa, Madagascar
Pe ee eee Subgenus Lepiothauma......... furfurea
2. Hind tarsomere III all white, V all black (Fig. 6, B);
AUSIPOG 220 ee es venustipes (p.12 )
Hind tarsomere III with an apical black band, V mostly
WHEE oo re i es oe Ie ces 3
3. Hind tibia without erect scale tuft at ventral base;
wing with a large yellow scale patch at base; Africa....... africana
Hind tibia with erect scales at ventral base; wing
base mottled, without a distinct yellow patch;
Oriental, Nectropicat 6 0. es a ee kn i ee 4
4. Pale scales on mid band of palpus, flagellomere I,
erect scales of head, and generally those of scutum,
yellow or yellowish; Neotropical ..............0006- squamipennis
These pale scales white; Oriental, Australasian ... catasticta (p.8 )
KEY TO THE WORLD SPECIES OF AEDEOMYIA PUPAE!
1. Seta 9 forked or multiple on at least segment VI, VIII
hee Oe es Subgenus Aedeomyia .......020005. 2
Seta 9-II- VII short, simple, very stout and rapier-like;
Alvida 220.055 nea Subgenus Lepiothauma ........ furfurea
Adults and pupa of pauliani are undescribed.
Tyson: Aedeomyia in Southeast Asia 7
Seta 9 short, stout and bifid on segments III- VI
(Fig. 5,2 B); Ausivalie., ie ee venustipes (p. 12 )
Seta 9-ITI-IV hair-like, slender, or if spine-like
then not. bifid at tip (Pig. 2. 1B) ccs oe a 3
Seta 9-I-VI minute, hair-like, infrequently bifid;
PAPO R cy oe eee ee ge a ee africana
Seta 9-III-VI spine-like, even if curved and colorless ........... 4
Trumpets long and slender, index 5-7; longest branch
of 5-IV-VI reaching beyond the distal margin of the
next 2 segments; Neotropical ........ rus Ca cen oie squamipennis
Trumpets short and broad, index 3-4; longest branch
of 5-IV-VI not reaching much beyond the distal margin
of the next segment; Oriental, Australasian ...... catasticta (p. 8 )
KEY TO THE WORLD SPECIES OF AEDEOMYIA LARVAE
Abdominal hairs plumose, slightly fimbriated or
SiMe ee ee Subgenus Aedeomyia ..........006 2
The majority of the abdominal hairs strongly fimbriated
with broad, brush-like terminals; Africa, Madagascar
ee Ge UE Re aoe Subgenus Lepiothauma,....... furfurea
Head hair 6-C equal to 5, 7-C; comb patch of 19 or
more scales (Fig.5, E); Australia ............. venustipes (p.12 )
Head hair 6-C smaller and shorter than 5, 7-C;
comb patch of less than 19 scales (Fig.5, F-G)............000. 3
Antenna without long slender hairs on mesal, apical
half; antennal hairs 5,6-A about as long as the ped-
estal on which they occur; Africa, Madagascar...........c.0e0. 4)
Antenna with mesal, apical half with closely set hairs
which may sometimes be restricted to the distal 0. 25;
Oriental, Australasian, Neotropical: 25.66.06. dese wes e cae: 4
Siphon with 2-S branched and placed near middle;
Neotropical ps4 cco. eee es ee a a squamipennis
Siphon with 2-S single and placed well beyond the
middle; Oriental, Australasian ................ catasticta (p. 8 )
Hair 1-IX with 2 branches; comb scales less than 8;
Madagascar...... els a Ge ea ee ee pauliani
Hair 1-IX with 3 branches; comb scales more than
Os AIO R ies 50s woh os we a we i africana
8 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
AEDEOMYIA (@EDEOMYIA) CATASTICTA KNAB
(Figures 1,3,4,5 F,6 D,G,1)
Aedeomyia squammipenna(L. Arribalzaga), Theobald 190lc, (in part), Mon.
Cul. II: 219; Banks 1906, Philipp. J. Sci. 1(9): 990.
Aedeomyia squamipennis, Green 1901, (nec Arribalzaga), Royal Botanic
Gardens Circular, Series I(25): 368; Leicester 1908, Stud. Inst. med.
Res. F.M.S. 3(3): 182.
Aedeomyia squamepennis\(Arribalzaga), Giles 1902, (in part), Handbook, 2nd.
ed., p. 478 (emend. )
Aedeomyia squamipenna (Arribalzaga), Brunetti 1907, (in part), Rec. Indian
Mus. 1(4):366; Brunetti 1912, Rec. Indian Mus. 4:488; Brunetti 1920,
Rec. Indian Mus. 17: 177.
Aedeomyia venustipes, Taylor 1913, (nec Skuse), Aust. Inst. trop. Med. p. 12;
Taylor, 1916, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 41(3):573 (catasticta into syn. ); -
Iyengar 1953, Bull. W.H.O. 9(6): appendix V; Thurman 1963, Proc. 9th.
Pacif. Sci. Congr. 9: 52.
Aédeomyia venustipes, Farner 1944, (nec Skuse), U.S. Navmed 133: 208.
Aédomyia venustipes (Skuse), Edwards 1924, (in part), Bull. ent. Res. 14:
364; Edwards 1925, Bull. ent. Res. 15: 262; Edwards 1929, Bull. ent.
Res. 20: 325; Barraud 1934, Faun. Brit. India, Diptera, p. 132 (o*, 9*, P,
L*); Baisas 1938, Mon. Bull. Philipp. Hlth. Serv. 18(5): 181 (P*); Carter
el Ceylon J. Sci. 24(2): 88; Iyengar & Menon 1956, Bull. ent. Res. 47:
85. |
Aedomyia venustipes (Skuse), Taylor 1916, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 41(3):
573 (catasticta syn. venustipes); Barraud 1927, (nec Skuse), Indian J. med.
Res. 14(3): 523 (o*); Barraud & Covell 1928, Indian J. med. Res. 15: 676
(¢*); Borel 1930, Monogr. Coll. Soc. Pat. exot. 3:303 (o*, 9, L*); Bonne-
Wepster & Brug 1937, Geneesk. Tijdschr. 77: 46 (o*, 2%).
ney ae Amos 1944, (nec Skuse), Mosq. Cont. Train. Manual
pp. 24, 31. ,
Aediomyia catasticta, Amos 1947, Mosq. Cont. Train. Manual pp. 17, 23.
Aedomyia catasticta Knab, Barraud 1923, Indian J. med. Res. 11(2): 505 (L*);
Mackerras 1937, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 62:259 (L*), (catasticta from
syn. ); Bonne-Wepster & Brug 1939, Geneesk. Tijdschr. 79: 1252 (L*);
Brug & Bonne-Wepster 1947, Chron. Nat. 103: 184; Penn 1949, Pacif.
Sci. 3: 38 (P*); Bonne-Wepster 1954, Roy. trop. Inst. Amst. Spec. Pub.
20: 55 (o'*, L*); Macdonald 1957, Stud. Inst. med. Res. F.M.S. 28: 17;
Douglas 1961, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 86(3): 262; Assem & Bonne-
Wepster 1964, Zool. Bijdr. 6: 76 (o*, ?, L*).
Aédomyia catasticta Knab, Edwards 1912a, (in part), Bull. ent. Res. 3(1): 25
(emend. ); Edwards 1912b, Bull. ent. Res. 3(4): 379 (L*); Edwards 1917,
Bull. ent. Res. 7: 229 (o'*); Edwards 1922, Indian J. med. Res. 10(2):
458; Edwards 1932, in Gen. Insect., Fasc. 194: 122 (syn. of venustipes);
Lee 1944, Atlas Mosq. Larvae Aust. Reg. p. 46 (L*); Iyengar & Menon
1956, Bull. ent. Res. 47: 788 (L*).
Aédeomyia catasticta Knab, Dyar 1920, Insec. Inscit. Menst. 8(10-12): 184;
Coher 1948(1949), Ent. Amer. 28:107 (9*).
Aedeomyia catasticta (Knab), Thurman 1963, Proc. 9th. Pacif. Sci. Cong. 9:54.
Aedeomyia catasticta Knab 1909, Ent. News 20:387 (2); Brunetti 1912, Rec.
Indian Mus. 4: 488; Brunetti 1920, (zz part), Rec. Indian Mus. 17: 177;
Knight, Bohart & Bohart 1944, Nat. Res. Counc. Div. med. Sci. p. 40;
Bohart 1945, Navmed 580: 44 (L); Knight & Chamberlain 1948, Proc.
Helm. Soc. Wash. 15: 15 (P*); Penn 1948, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 50(9):
242; Thurman & Thurman 1955, Mosquito News 15: 222; Bohart 1957, Ins.
of Micronesia 12: 20 (¢, 9, L); Thurman 1959, Univ. Maryland Agr. expt.
Sta. Bull. A-100: 61 (o*, P, L*); Belkin 1962, Mosq. S. Pacific 1: 276,
Tyson: Aedeomyia in Southeast Asia 9
2: 178 (2*, P*, L*); Standfast & Barrow 1968, Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med.
Hyg. 62(3): 422; Doherty, Whitehead, Wetters & Gorman 1968, Trans. R.
Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 62(3): 431; Whitehead, Doherty, Domrow, Standfast
& Wetters 1968, Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 62(3): 440.
FEMALE. (Figure 1) Head. Antenna shorter than proboscis, torus
with broad white scales on most of its surface, flagellomere I inflated with
white or white and black scales on apical half, flagellomeres II- XIII nearly
equal in length with strong dorsal, basal bristles; clypeus inflated with a dor-
sal patch of white or cream-white scales; palpus very short, appearing dorso-
ventrally flattened, especially so apically, dark scaled with some white scales
at apex of last two segments, penultimate segment with one or more dorsal
bristles; proboscis with decumbent dark and white scales, dark basally with a
patch of white scales at dorsal, basal 0.25, a complete white ring before 0.5
and another just before the labellum; labellum dark, without scales; orbital
bristles large and dark; scales of vertex erect basally, cream-white at middle
becoming dark laterally, scales white and decumbent near front, sides dark
and white scaled. Thorax. Bristles of scutum moderate in length, curved,
yellowish or dark, scales mostly decumbent and dark but with a median longi-
tudinal band of yellow- white scales, margined laterally with white scales, this
band ends approximately at the middle where it is divided by mixed white and
dark scales, the remainder of the scutum is variable dark and white scaled
without a definitive pattern; scutellum yellow- white scaled with the tips of the
three lobes dark scaled, scutellar bristles longer than thoracic bristles; pleu-
rites without scales or bristles on spiracular, meron, and metapleuron, with-
out bristles but with scales on paratergite, postspiracular and metameron.
Wing. Scales of wing dark, white, and yellow, white prominent at base, a
transverse band crossing wing just before and including base of radial- sector
but becoming vague beyond M, a transverse band at 0.66 which becomes vague
posteriorly, other areas of white scaling variable in size and position. Halter.
Stem pale with the knob dark scaled. Legs. All coxae and trochanters with
scales and bristles; femora with decumbent dark and white scales in variable
patterns, fore femur with a small brush of erect scales at ventral apex, mid
and hind femora with a large brush of erect scales at or before apex, apex
with a small white band; tibiae dark scaled with narrow, oblique white lines
which may be broken or entire, hind and sometimes mid tibiae with a variable
brush of erect scales before base on ventral margin; tarsomeres variable but
with tarsomere I with white bands as on tibiae and with an apical white band
which joins a basal white band on tarsomere II, tarsomere II dark apically ex-
cept for a thin apical white band which joins the basal white band on tarsomere
Ill, this white band is narrow on the fore and mid tarsi but very wide on the
hind tarsus, tarsomere IV all dark or with a dorsal basal white band on fore
and mid tarsi but all white or white with a ventral, apical dark spot on hind
tarsus; claws simple, not toothed. Abdomen. Scaling of terga extremely
variable, terga of segments I-III either yellow scaled, dark scaled, or dark
scaled with variable yellow spots, terga of segments IV-VI similar but usually
with lateral white scaling, VI-VIL usually with irregular oblique white bands
from base, near middle, to apical lateral margins, segment VIII narrower
than VII with scales on terga erect near apex and orange medially. Terminalia.
Cerci short and broad with long bristles and shorter hairs beneath; postgenital
plate very broad and slightly emarginate to truncate at apex; spermatheca large,
single, with a funnel shaped projection joining the duct.
MALE. (Figure 1) Head. Antenna shorter than proboscis, flagello-
meres I-XI with whorls of long hairs, shorter mesially, basal half of each
segment with silvery reflections, flagellomeres VI- XIII elongate, inflated
with hairs much reduced; palpus as in female or slightly shorter; proboscis as
in female or slightly longer, basal white mark sometimes enlarged to a com-
plete ring; scaling of head as for female but generally darker. Wing. Similar
10 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
to female but slightly lighter in general coloration, fringe usually light with
some areas of dark scales. Legs. As for female but erect scales of base of
hind tibia expanded to include the dorsal side as well; fore and mid claws un-
equal, enlarged major claw with a blunt median tooth, minor claw entire, hind
claws as in female. Abdomen. Scaling of abdominal terga variable, usually
with segments I-II white scaled, III-V white scaled with a median dark area,
VI- VII dorsoventrally flattened, much wider than V or VII and dark scaled
with variable areas of white or cream colored scales, VII generally dark at
base, light at apex with apical scales erect. Terminalia. (Figure 3 C-E) As
described under generic characteristics (p.3 )
PUPA. (Figure 3 A-B) Integument slightly infuscated with the trum~
pets and a spot just anterior to the een wa of the apical paddle hair the dark-
est. Most body hairs minutely plumose.+ Cephalothorax. Trumpets dark,
striate on basal 0.33; hairs 1-6-C multiple, 7-C single or forked, 8-C multi-
ple, 9-C single or forked, 10-C multiple, 11-C single or multiple at tip, 12-C
with short stalk then multiple. Abdomen. Hair 1-I a multibranched tuft, 2-I
single or multiple at tip, 3-I 2 or 3 branched, 4-I with stalk and multibranch-
ed tip, 5-I small, multiple, 6-I 6-8 branched, 7-I elongate, longer than 6-I,
single, 9-I single; hair 1-II-VII multiple, 2-II-VII single, spine-like, 5-IV-VU
multiple with a median branch elongate, 6-II-V similar to 1-II-V, 9-II-VI sin-
gle, spine-like and sclerotized, bifid on VII and trifid on VIII. Paddle. Paddle
pear-shaped, notched at insertion of apical hair, with an infuscated patch ante-
rior of the notch, apical hair long, single, and minutely barbed.
LARVA. (Figure 4) Head. Antenna elongate, inflated, and twisted
near base to curve mesially, 1-A beyond middle and at lateral margin, of
several plumose branches, 2-4-A at distal end, elongate with plumose branches
longer than those of 1-A, 5,6-A short and spine-like, placed on a fleshy pedes-
tal, antennal surface pubescent with a mesal, distal patch of longer hairs; head
hair 1-C spine-~like, heavily sclerotized and placed on a short tubercle at the
side of the labrum; 3-C small, single, 4-C multiple, branches not plumose, 5,
6, 7-C multiple and plumose, 5,7-C long, equal in length, 6-C shorter, 8-C
usually single with tip multiple, 11-C 3-5 branched, 12-C 1-3 branched, 13-C
single, 14-C small, multiple, 15-C single, bifid, or trifid at middle; maxil-
lary spine elongate, heavily sclerotized, margins not barbed (Figure 3 F).
Thorax. 4,5,6-P, 9,10-M, and 9,10-T very long, 3,8-P, 1-M, 1,5-T multi-
ple with their branch tips slightly fimbriated. Abdomen. Hair 6-I-VI long,
plumose, of 2 or more branches, 1, 2,5-I-VI and 9,13-II-VI multiple with fim-
briated tips; segment VIII with comb teeth 9-15 on a slightly sclerotized patch,
each tooth with a serrate membranous margin; siphon without pecten, uniform-
ly pubescent, 1-S beyond middle, multiple, plumose, 2-S single, at dorsal api-
cal 0.80, 8-S 4 branched, valves with a pair of sclerotized hooks; saddle com-
plete, anal brush with pectinate branches, dorsal, apical region with spines,
some of which are erect, flattened, and unilaterally margined, the base of
ses erect spine with a smaller basal branch, 1-IX 3 branched, anal papillae
short.
TYPE DATA. Lectotype 2 (selected by Stone & Knight 1957: 196)
plus 2 92 and 4 oc’ syntypes from Samal, Bataan, PHILIPPINES, 31 Jan - 4
Feb -07 (Thru Miss Ludlow). U.S. National Museum #12627.
DISTRIBUTION. This is the most wide spread species in the genus.
Specimens have been noted from as far north as Northern Thailand to as far
Note. The minute branches of many of the body hairs in both the larva and
pupa have been over-accentuated in order to show properly on the illustra-
tions. Normally, these branches are much thinner and usually not as heavily
sclerotized as the main branch.
Tyson: Aedeomyia in Southeast Asia 11
south as East-Central Australia. Besides the localities listed below, Brug &
Bonne-Wepster (1947: 184) included INDONESIA, Sumatra, Kalimantan,
Billiton, Boeton; SINGAPORE; and CEYLON. Material examined: 50 oc, 64
29, 152 larvae, 29 larval skins, 14 pupae, 23 pupal skins as follows:
THAILAND, Prachin Buri, Ban Kut Nao, 8 oo, 799, with associated skins, 9
larvae; Prachaub Khiri Khan, Ko Glang Nam Rom, 1c, 1 larval skin, 21-II- 64;
Chiang Mai, Chiangmai, 1c, Thurman; Tak, Ban Tah Pui, 1 larva, 20-VII-52,
Thurman; Tak, Sam Ngao, 1 larval skin, 20-VII-52, Thurman; Chiang Rai,
Muang, 1c; Nan, Nan, 1 larva, 14-II-53, Thurman; South Siam, 1c, -VIII-33,
Causey. CAMBODIA, Kandal(Phnom- Penh), Chrui Changvar, 1c, 19, 10-V-67;
26-IV-67; Sihanoukville, Banin Pare (?),1°,19, 26-IV-67. SOUTH VIETNAM,
Pleiku, Pleiku, 1c, 799, 20-IX-66, 2-X-66, 4-X-66, 14-X-66, 15-X-66, 29-
XI-64; Southern Vietnam, Cam Ranh Bay, 19, 2-VI-66; Binh Dinh, Qui Nhon,
aco, 299, 10-VI-66, 17-VI-66, 25-VI-66, 28-VI-66; Binh Dinh, Phu Tai, 2c,
3¢?, 4 larvae, rock pool, 20-VII-66, 29-VII-66; Vinh Long, Vinh Long, Ic;
Kien Glang (?), Van Hon, 6-XII-63; Tan Thanh, 30 larvae, rock pool, 20-I-67,
Palmer. ANDAMAN ISLANDS, Haddo, 19, at light, 6-IV-11, C. Paiua.
WEST MALAYSIA, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, 5 larval skins, 1-VI-56, Gould;
Trengganu, Dungum, 3 larvae. EAST MALAYSIA, Savawak, Kuching, 1c, 19.
INDONESIA, Java, Batavia, 19, 1-II-16, Stanton; Java, Djakarta, 1c, 16-II-
06, Wijono; Morotai, 3 larvae, -IX-44, Darlington; West Irian, Hollandia, 19,
at light, 31-I-45, King & Hoogstraal. NEW GUINEA, Los Negros, 1 larva,
20-V-44, Ruebush; Koerik, 1o, 299. BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS, Bougain-
ville, Augusta Bay, 1c, 1 larva, 1944, Gurney; same data, 14 larvae, 2 larval
skins, 3 pupae, 17-IlIl-44, Gurney; Guadalcanal, 1, with associated skins,
Belkin, Kolambangavra, 1°, 19, 2 larvae, -XI-43, -X-44, Franclemont;
Solomon Islands, 1c, -III-44, Gurney. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Mitchell
River Station, Magnificent Creek, 10cc, 1399, 10 larvae, Oct-Nov-1963,
Standfast & Barrow; Mareeba, 1c’, with associated skins, 21-VI-46, Flecher;
Horn Island, 1 larva, 1 pupal skin, 15-VIII-52, Mackerras & Marks. FIJI
ISLANDS, Fiji, 2 larvae, 11-X-43, Nadi. MARIANA ISLANDS, Guam, Sumay,
1c, Oakley. CAROLINE ISLANDS, Yap, 19, 5 larvae, -VII-50, R. J. Goss;
same data 34 larvae, 9 pupae, 14-II-46, Frey; Rockhampton, 19, 4-IV-57,
Stoney; Caroline Islands, 1 larva, Frey. PHILIPPINES, Bataan, Samal, 1¢,
31-I-07 to 4-II-07, syntype; Mindoro, San Jose, 1c, 4 larvae, 2 larval skins,
3 pupal skins, 10,11-I-45, E.S. Ross; Caminawit Pt., 19, 2 larvae, 1 larval
skin, 30-XII-49, Penn; Mindanao, Parang, 1°; Cotabato, 1c, at light, 15-VI0-
08, R.E. Milliron; Lanao, Dansalan, 1c, 15-V-31, King; Bukidnon, Cmp. del
Monte, 1c’, 30-IIJ-31, King; Leyte, Tacloban, 1c, with pupal skin, 13-II-45,
Roberts; Lagolago, Baybay, 229, 1 pupal skin, 13-II-45, Roberts; Luzon,
Olongapo, 622, 1945, Rozeboom, Knight & Laffoon; La Union, Agoo River,
2c, 19, 10 larvae, -VII-45, Franclemont; Rizal, Paranaque, 1c, 24-XII-30,
King; Albay, Camp Daraga, 1c; Pangasinan, Manaoag, 13 larvae, 22-I-45,
Bray; San Fabian, 1c’, 13-IlI-45, Gurney; Batangas, 299, -VIII-45; Palawan,
Iwahig, 2 larval skins, 2 pupal skins, 28-V-45; Philippines, no data, 699.
DISCUSSION. This species is the most variable in size and colora-
tion of the genus Aedeomyia. Although males tend to be smaller and lighter
colored than the females, this does not always hold true. The leg banding of
the adults is similar to squamipennis and africana (Figure 5 C,E) but the
characters given in the key to the adults as well as the distinct ranges of the
three species will easily separate them. The pupae differ on the number of
branches of abdominal hair 9 as well as the moderate length of the median
branch of abdominal hair 5-IV-VI. The larvae are separable on the slightly
fimbriated body hairs.
12 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
AEDEOMYIA (AEDEOMYIA) VENUSTIPES (SKUSE)
(Figures 2,5 A-E,6 B)
Aedes venustipes Skuse 1889, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 3(2): 1761 (¢*).
Aedes (Aedeomyia ?) venustipes Skuse, Theobald 1901c, Mon. Cul. II: 223.
Aedomyia venustipes Skuse, Giles 1902, Handbook, 2nd. ed., p. 479;
Mackerras 1937, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 62: 259.
Aedomyia venustipes (Skuse), Douglas 1961, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 86(3):
262 (o*, os p*, L*).
Aédomyia venustipes Skuse, Edwards 1932, in Gen. Insect., Fasc. 194: 122;
Lee 1944, Atlas Mosq. Larva Aust. Reg. p. 45. :
Aedeomyia Be Skuse, Dobrotworsky 1965, The Mosq. of Victoria, p.
63 (o*,o*, 7). |
eK venustipes (Skuse), Taylor 1916 (im part), Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
FEMALE. (Figure 2) Head. Antenna shorter than proboscis, torus
with white scales over most of its surface, dense mesally, flagellomere I
slightly inflated with small dark and white scales over most of its surface, re-
maining flagellomeres sub- equal in length with XIII longer, most flagellomeres
with elongate hairs dorsally, lacking or fewer ventrally; clypeus inflated and
with a dorsal patch of white scales; palpus as in catasticta; proboscis with
white band at basal 0. 25 usually incomplete ventrally; labellum dark; orbital
bristles large, dark; erect scales of vertex mostly cream-colored becoming
darker both laterally and basally with some scattered white scales on sides.
Thorax. Bristles of scutum moderate in length, recurved; scales decumbent
except for some dark erect scales at prealar region, pattern variable but usu-
ally with a median yellow scale line from front margin caudal to prescutellar
region where it expands, region in middle of expanded area with some dark
scales, yellow band margined with lighter scales, rest of scutum dark and
light scaled without a definitive pattern; scutellum light scaled with lobes dark
scaled; pleuron with bristles similar to catasticta although the upper sterno-
pleural and prealar patches are usually connected. Wing. Scales and scale
pattern are Similar to catasticta. Halter. Stem pale scaled with the knob
dark. Legs. Similar to catasticta but differ as follows: erect scales in tuft at
base of hind tibia usually small and sometimes absent, hind tarsomere III all
white with V all black; claws as in catasticta. Abdomen. Mostly dark scaled,
terga I with many white scales, terga II-IV dark or dark with some lateral
white scales, V-VII similar but white scales more numerous, VII with erect
dark, white and yellow scales.
MALE. Head. Antenna shorter than proboscis, whorls of hairs as in
catasticta; palpus slightly shorter than females, white scaled at tip; proboscis |
somewhat longer but with general scale pattern of female, white ring at 0. 25
enlarged and ill-defined. Thorax. As for female but general color pattern
lighter. Legs. Mesal, basal portion of femora with many white scales, mid
tibia with some erect scales at base, hind tibia with a tuft of broad, erect
scales; claws as in catasticia. Terminalia. As described for the genus, no
definitive characters of specific value found. ne
PUPA. (Figure 5 A-B) Integumental infuscations as in caiasticia,
body hairs not minutely plumose. Cephalothorax. Trumpets wide, slightly
elongate, hairs 8,10-C multiple. Abdomen. Most body hairs as described for
catasticta, 7-1 short, not longer than 6-I, 9-I single or bifid, 9-II single, 9-
IlI- VI bifid at tip, 9-VII trifid at tip, 9- VIII with many branches. Paddle.
Paddle with apical hair without small barbs.
LARVA. (Figure 5 C-E) Head. Similar to caiasticia but differs in
having hair 6-C equal in length to 5,7-C, maxillary spine elongate, heavily
sclerotized and with small barbs mainly on the basal half (Figure 5 C).
Abdomen. Hairs 1, 2,5,9,13-I-IV vaguely plumose if at all, the apices of
Tyson: Aedeomyia in Southeast Asia 13
branches simple, not fimbriated; comb scales over 19, membraneous margin
not serrate.
TYPE DATA. Holotype ?, Elizabeth Bay, near Sydney, New South
Wales, AUSTRALIA, 1886 (Skuse), Macleay Museum of Natural History,
Sydney. Allotype “, 3 morphotype larvae and 3 morphotype pupae (designated
by Douglas 1961: 262) from Woodside, Victoria (Douglas), National Museum
of Victoria, Melbourne.
DISTRIBUTION. This species is restricted to the extreme south-
east section of Australia (see Map). Material examined: 4c, 499, 6 larvae,
1 larval skin and 2 pupal skins as follows: AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Woodside,
3c°0°, 499, 5 larvae, 1 larval skin, 2 pupal skins, 3-2-53, 8-1-53, 23-12-52,
8-12-55, G.W. Douglas; Yarram, Gippsland, 10, 9-3-55, reared, T. Pearce;
Gifford Bolands, 1 larva, 30-4-53, G.W. Douglas. Other localities given in
the literature include National Park, New South Wales (Mackerras 1937: 261);
Melbourne, Bairnsdale, Box Ridge, Darriman, Giffard, Won Wron, Ouyen,
all of Victoria (Douglas 1961: 262).
DISCUSSION. This species and catasticta share several characteris-
tics but can be easily separated on the scale pattern of the hind tarsomeres.
The larvae differ in the number of comb teeth (9-15 in catasticta, 19-25 in
venustipes); the length of head hair 6-C (equal to 5, 7-C in venustipes, shorter
than 5, 7-C in catasticta); and the maxillary spine (simple in catasticta, barbed
in venustipes). The pupae differ in the lack of plumose abdominal hairs, the
non- barbed apical paddle hair, and the short abdominal hair 7-I.
The ranges of the two species are distinct but catasticta approaches
the northern range of venustibes. The barrier involved in the separation of
the two is unknown but the climate conditions of Victoria and New South Wales
differ from the rest of the country. It is possible that catasticta.is limited to
the warmer regions of the North Coast.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study is based on material in the collection of the Southeast Asia
Mosquito Project and the United States National Museum. In addition, materi-
al was obtained for me by SEAMP from the following to whom I am most grate-
ful for their assistance: Dr. F. Zumpt, South African Institute for Medical
Research, Johannesburg; Dr. Peter F. Mattingly, British Museum (Natural
History), London; Dr. J. Rageau, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et
Technique Outre-Mer, Paris; Mrs. E.C.C. van Someren, Medical Research
Laboratory, Nairobi; Dr. N.V. Dobrotworsky, University of Melbourne,
Victoria; Dr. J.N. Belkin, University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. E.N.
Marks, University of Queensland, Brisbane; and Dr. S. Ramalingam, Univer-
sity of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. I also wish to acknowledge Dr. H.A. Standfast,
Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane and Professor W. Peters,
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool for their valuable informa-
tion on the Australasian distribution of Aedeomyia. My special thanks to Drs.
Alan Stone and Botha de Meillon for contructive criticisms during the course
of the study and the preparation of the manuscript. My thanks to the illustra-
tors of the 406th, Medical Research Unit, Tokyo, for the habitus drawings and
to Karen Prather and L.M. Druckenbrod of SEAMP for the remainder of the
illustrations, , we
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Tyson: Aedeomyia in Southeast Asia 15
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16 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
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Tyson: Aedeomyia in Southeast Asia 17
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18 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
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Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 62(3): 439-445.
Distribution of Aedeomyia catasticta Knab (®), and Aedeomyia venustipes (Skuse) (°)
in the Southeast Asia- Australasian Regions.
side view dorsal view
catasticta
be
WWSSESNS
QS
paraproct
paramere
Aedeomyia catasticta
KH Prather
ASE
W)
i oat
55
Ke)
<
0.
te
d-
SRW
KE a VV =
5
oS al >
IS
Aedeomyia catasticta
Aye oN
J
ae
Ni
\
dt
‘
RY
tA}
iy
veg:
Uy?
CA
| : Z “SD ;
5 \ ANY nt WSs NOS sar a
venustipes
venustipes
venustipes
M. Druckenbrod
eee furfurea
Figure.6 Aedeomyia (L.) furfurea, A, 2 hind tarsus; F,.c’fore tarsal claw; H, apical
flagellomeres of @ antenna. Aedeo.(A.) venustipes, B, 2 hind tarsus.
Aedeo.(A.)squamipennis, C,2 hind tarsus. Aedeo.(A.) catasticta,
D,? hind tarsus; G,@ hind tarsal claw; 1, spermatheca. Aedeo.(A.)
africana, E,? hind tarsus
i
a
re
ee
ae
Tyson: Aedeomyia in Southeast Asia 27
INDEX
Valid names are printed in roman type, synonyms are italicized. Ital-
icized page numbers are those which begin the primary treatment of that spe-
cies. Numbers in parentheses refer to the figures illustrating some portion of
that species.
Aedeomyia Ly 2°59, 6; 1,°8; 1,12; Ts.
Aédeomyia 8.
Aediomyia diy Zi
Aedomyia 1, 2,8, 12,14
Aédomyia a, 8,° 12;
Aedes Ne? ea
africana 1, 3, 4,5, 6,7, (6B).
Anopheles 1);
Azolla D.
catasticta 1, 3545 By by eT 8y £2, 13; Loy (a,
4, 5F, 6D, G, I).
Centropus Ds
crassipes D.
Eichhornia D.
furfurea L, 2; 3, 4, 5; 6, 7, OH GA, F, A).
Lepiothauma 1 25 6, %.
Lepisthauma 2.
Myriophyllum D-
Nitella 5
Orthopodomyia 6, 14.
pauliani 1 ay, 6s 7, (6G).
phasianinus De
Pistia 5, 6.
Potamogeton 6.
Spirogyra Ds
Squamepennis 8.
Squamipenna 2,6; 8.
squamipennis 1, 8, 4,5, 6, 7,8, OC)
Squammipenna 1, 8
stratiotes Dis
Utricularia Die
venustipes L, 3, 4,3, 0, TO) £248) -18, 19," (2,
5A-E, 6B).
28 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION wo 35 ces ov cee ss a ees ee aa eee es
Genus Aedes Meigen, Subgenus Mucidus Theobald ...........e0¢
KEY TO THE WORLD SPECIES OF ADULT MUCIDUS ........
KEY TO THE PUPAE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN SPECIES .......
KEY TO THE LARVAE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN SPECIES .....
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SPECIES
GROUP A MUCIDUS
POV CHU TONIC oe ee Ce a se es ee ae he
eer VA eC, et, ss ne ein oe oa ew en ble a
OUR STICT INS NIALUNOLY 6 ce eae eee swe dace cence edt
SCQPOPIGSOINES CTDEODAIG) os cc. oe es cee nn vee vbw she ewes
GROUP B PARDOMYIA
aurantius aurvrantius (Theovald) 5... cess ccc wesc evn e BS
UT TPHNICTES (INIIOW) on aes 6 ok oo oe oe se os ca ee se ees
AOCRNOW Ei DIEING Oise whe sea eee cee Cee nce sec pee eesew nes
Le TeRe Re CLP oe. oe Si ba cee wee esp oeees cee eeus
DIS PRP Ua ION: MARS icc ae es oe ee cee Oe a a Oke ok oe se Re
Oceans |
RS os se ls ek ee oe oy ok a eee ee Gee eee Che pewa ves vues
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MOSQUITO FAUNA OF SOUTHEAST ASIA. VII.
GENUS AEDES, SUBGENUS MUCIDUS THEOBALD
IN SOUTHEAST ASIA!
By
W. Hz. Tyson?
INTRODUCTION
The subgenus Mucidus was originally described by Theobald (1901b:
268) as a distinct genus based on Culex alternans Westwood. Theobald (1907:
280) erected a new genus Pardomyia in which he described the species
auvantius. The following year Leicester (1908: 71) described the same spe-
cies placing it in his new genus Ekvinomyia and called it aureostriata.
Edwards (1932: 133) placed the above three genera into the subgenus Mucidus
of the genus Aedes. He then divided the subgenus into two groups, Group A
Mucidus and Group B Pardomyia, which are differentiated on page 30. Al-
though various authors have disagreed on the speciation within the groups,
Edwards‘ higher classification has remained unchallenged.
This paper deals with six species from Southeast Asia in which the
range of one is enlarged and the hitherto unknown immature forms of Ae.
laniger (Wiedemann) are described. Keys to the adult, pupal and larval forms
of species found in Southeast Asia are included. The key to the adult forms
also includes all recognized species and subspecies of the subgenus. For tax-
onomic information on the Australasian forms see Knight (1947) and Belkin
ees For the Ethiopian forms see Edwards (1941), Gebert (1948), Hopkins
1952), Muspratt (1959), and Tyson (1970). For additional information on
oa and Philippine Mucidus see Knight & Hull (1951) and Mattingly
1961).
Abbreviations used in references to literature conform to the World
List of Scientific Periodicals, 3rd. ed., Academic Press, New York, 1952.
An asterisk following the abbreviations used (2 = female, “= male, P = pupa,
L = larva) indicates that at least some portion of that form is figured. New
distribution records are indicated by two asterisks.
Specimens of the following species of Aedes (Mucidus) have been ex-
amined during the course of this study: alternans (Westwood), aurantius
aurantius (Theobald), auvantius chrysogaster (Taylor), ferinus Knight,
grahami (Theobald), laniger (Wiedemann), lucianus Muspratt, mucidus
(Karsch), nigerrimus (Theobald), painei Knight, quadripunctis | epee
quasiferinus Mattingly, scatophagoides (Theobald), sudanensis (Theobald),
and tonkingi Gebert.
There is a great diversity exhibited between the two groups, Mucidus
(Group A) and Pardomyia (Group B), and the following list (although incom-
plete) was derived to show a spectrum of the major differences that exist.
pce: |
This work was supported by Research Contract No. DA-49-193-MD- 2672
from the U. 8S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office
of the Surgeon General, and carried out at the Southeast Asia Mosquito
Project, Washington, D.C.
2Captain, MSC, U. S. Army, Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20012.
30
GROUP A MUCIDUS
10.
ao oO FP WO bd
. Trumpets moderate in length
. Cephalothorax with hairs single.
. Siphonal tuft not plumose.
. Head hair 1-C long and slender.
2
3
. Abdominal hair 2-VII single. 4.
. Antennal tuft of 2-3 hairs. 5)
6
. Thoracic hairs 8-P, 9-M, and
Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst.,
ADULTS
. Scutum with decumbent scales 1,
and tufts of twisted, erect scales.
. Body color white, yellow, and 2.
brown.
. Wings with large scales of white, 3.
yellow and brown.
. Abdomen light with apical seg- 4.
ments white and yellow with some
scales erect.
. Lower mesepimeral bristles 3-8. 5.
. Palpi of female long, 0.8 length 6.
of the proboscis.
. Thoracic pleuron with many if
white scales, some erect.
. Legs with many erect scales. 8.
. Males with palpi longer than uo.
proboscis by one segment.
Fore and mid tarsal claws of 10.
male toothed, major claw with
two teeth, minor claw with one.
PUPAE
1:
and wide.
2.
. Abdominal hair 1-I with branches 3.
simple.
LARVAE
. Siphon with pecten not attaining t.
siphonal tuft.
9-T single.
vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
GROUP B PARDOMYIA
Scutum with decumbent scales only.
Body color yellow- gold and brown.
Wings with smaller scales of yellow
and brown.
Abdomen dark with apical segments
yellow- gold, all scales depressed.
These bristles 0-5.
Palpi of female shorter, 0. 25 length
of the proboscis.
Thoracic pleuron with small patches
of decumbent yellow scales.
Legs with decumbent scales only.
Males with palpi only slightly
longer than proboscis.
Male with major tarsal claw with
one tooth, minor claw simple.
Trumpets very long and narrow.
These hairs multiple.
This hair with plumose branches.
Siphon with pecten attaining sipho-
nal tuft.
. Siphonal tuft plumose.
. This hair small, thorn-like.
This hair double.
. Antennal tuft of 3-5 hairs.
. These hairs multiple or multiple
and plumose.
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 31
7. Saddle with dorsal, apical region 7. Saddle apex smooth.
with numerous small spines.
The general characteristics of the subgenus were categorized by
Knight (1947: 315) and more completely by Mattingly (1961: 18). The following
combination of characters are those which generally separate this subgenus
from other Aedes. Wing membrane clouded in the region of the cross veins;
posterior pronotal bristles numerous (10-30); anterior and medial mesepimer-
al bristles present or absent (= lower mesepimerals of Knight, Mattingly, and
others); female with cerci long and narrow; male with palpi as long as or
longer than proboscis; larvae with mouth parts modified for predation; anal
segment with ventral brush extending the length of the segment; pupae with
large paddles.
GENUS AEDES MEIGEN
SUBGENUS MUCIDUS THEOBALD
Mucidus Theobald 190la, J. trop. Med. 4:235. Logotype: Culex alternans
Westwood, (Neveu- Lemaire) 1902, 219.
Pardomyia Theobald 1907, Mon. Cul. 4: 280. Haplotype: auvantia Theobald.
Erkinomyia Leicester 1908, Cul. Malaya :65, 71. Haplotype: aureostriata
3 Leicester.
Aedes (Mucidus) Theobald, Edwards 1932, Gen. Insect., Fasc. 194: 132;
Knight 1947, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 315; Hopkins 1952, Mosq.
aor a aes 1: 121; Mattingly 1961, Cul. Mosq. Indomalayan
rea, YET.
FEMALE. Head, Torus and flagellomere I with a mesal patch of
scales (flagellomere scales few or absent in Group B); palpus 0. 25 (Group B)
to 0.8 (Group A) length of proboscis; palpus and base of proboscis with large .
erect scales (Group A) or moderate depressed scales (Group B); orbital and
frontal bristles well developed; orbits margined with pale scales (whitish,
Group A; yellow, Group B); scales of vertex mostly erect with apices forked;
narrow decumbent scales on vertex present. Thorax. Scutum with scales
narrow, decumbent (Group B) or decumbent with paired erect tufts (Group A)
usually located in the following regions: scutellar, supraalar, posterior,
dorsocentral, and fossal; scutum with bristles well developed, long; anterior
promontary, humeral, acrostichal, dorsocentral, ante- and supraalar, and
prescutellar bristles always present; scutellar bristles long; postnotum bare;
anterior pronotal lobes widely separated, erect, with numerous scales and
well developed bristles; pleura with several large patches of scales, some of
which are erect (Group A) or decumbent and reduced to smaller patches (Group
B); scales on the propleuron, sternopleuron, upper and lower mesepimeron,
upper and lower prealar, and paratergite are common to both groups; bristles
are present on the posterior pronotum, postspiracular, prealar, propleuron,
sternopleuron, and mesepimeron; meron, metameron and metapleuron bare;
middle or middle and anterior mesepimerals present, large (Group A) or mod-
erate and few to absent (Group B). Legs. Fore, mid and hind coxae and tro-
chanters with patches of scales and bristles; femora and tibiae with some erect
scales (Group A) or mostly depressed scales (Group B) and distinct bands of
white and brown (Group A) or yellow-gold and brown (Group B); fore and mid
tarsomeres variable, dark scaled above, yellow beneath with basal yellow
bands (Group B) or unicolorous yellow (Group A), or yellow with white basal
bands on I and II (tonkingi) or with basal white bands on I-III and a median band
on I (scatophagoides, alternans); hind tarsomeres dark brown with narrow yel-
low bands on I-III, sometimes on IV, with V all white (Group B) or with
32 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
segments yellow or yellow-brown with basal white bands on all tarsomeres or
with IV and V all white (Group A) or with II all yellow-brown (laniger). Wing.
Usually light and dark scaled with small to large scales, small scales yellow
and brown (Group B) or with large white, yellow and brown scales (Group A);
alula with narrow dark or dark-tipped scales confined to the fringe; squama
with a fringe of long hairs; membrane in regions of the cross veins always
clouded. Halter. With pale scales (Group A) or darker scales mostly on the
apical half (Group B). Abdomen. Scaling of terga variable but generally with
the basal half dark (Group B) without white scales or erect tufts or generally
light with many white scales and some erect, lateral tufts (Group A). Termi-
nalia. Cerci long and narrow; postgenital plate emerginate or truncate; three
spermathecae, one usually larger than the others. :
MALE. Similar to the female in general habitus. Head, Antenna
plumose with hairs directed primarily dorsally and ventrally; palpus slightly
longer than the proboscis (Group B) or much longer (Group A), penultimate
segment shorter than last segment (Group A) or equal to or longer than the
last segment (Group B), both with many ventral hairs; apex of segment III also
hairy ventrally; apical segment with long, laterally projecting hairs with fewer
on dorsoventral aspects (Group A) or with a moderate number of shorter hairs
mesally (Group B). Legs. Fore and mid tarsal claws unequal, minor claw
approximately 0.5 length of major claw and with one tooth, major claw with
two teeth (Group A) or with minor claw entire and major claw with one tooth
(Group B); hind claws equal, simple or with a minute denticle (Group B) or
with one tooth (Group A). Wing. Similar to female but scales reduced in size
and number and generally paler in color. Terminalia. Distimere slender
with 2 to 4 setae on outer, apical 0. 25, and with a well developed slender ap-
pendage; basimere with basal lobe only; basal lobe with 1-5 strong setae at
base as well as numerous slender bristles (Group A) or with only bristles
ae He claspette stem with several moderate bristles along its length
Group B) or without such bristles (Group A), filament well developed; phallo-
some (aedeagus) usually without teeth though in scatophagoides and tonkingi
the aedeagus has a median raised ridge or carina which in scatophagoides pro-
jects beyond the apex in the form of a tooth.
PUPA. The pupae can be divided into their appropriate groups by the
characters given on page 30. The great variation within this subgenus is ex-
emplified in this immature form. The number and size of many of the body
hairs are extremely variable and atypical members of related species are not
easily separated.
LARVA. Head. Antenna spiculate with the antennal tuft of 2-3 hairs
(Group A) or of 3-5 hairs (Group B); hair 1-C long and slender (Group A) or
short and thorn-like (Group B); hair 9,10-C single or double (Group A) or mul-
tiple (Group B); mouth brushes elongate, serrate on the inner apical margin;
mental plate with 13-15 teeth; mandible trifid, basal tooth usually with 4 blunt
lateral teeth. Thovax. Mesothoracic hairs 8,9-M multiple and plumose
(Group B) or 8 multiple not plumose and 9 single (Group A); metathoracic
hairs 7,9-T multiple and plumose (Group B) or 7 multiple, not plumose, and
9 single (Group A). Abdomen. Segment VIII with comb patch of 30 to 80scales
(usually over 50) in several rows, scales fringed on apical half, variable in
size and shape and in number in each individual; hair 2-VIII sirigle (Group A)
or double (Group B); hairs 1, 3,5-VIII plumose (Group B) or simple (Group A);
siphon moderate with siphonal tuft (1-S) near middle and of 4-15 branches,
plumose (Group B) or simple (Group A); pecten reaching or surpassing sipho-
nal tuft (Group B) or not (Group A); pecten teeth variable, entire or having 1-4
lateral teeth; anal segment with saddle incomplete with dorsal apical edge
smooth (Group B) or with many small spines (Group A); ventral brush covering
the complete length of the anal segment; hairs 2, 3-X extremely long; anal pa-
pillae short, usually less than the length of the saddle.
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 33
DISTRIBUTION. The following is a list of the recognized species of
Aedes (Mucidus) arranged by zoogeographical regions.
AUSTRALASIAN REGION
Aedes (Mucidus) alternans (Westwood
Aedes (Mucidus) aurantius chrysogaster (Taylor)
Aedes (Mucidus) painei Knight
CW De
ORIENTAL REGION
Aedes (Mucidus) aurantius aurantius (Theobald)
Aedes (Mucidus) ferinus Knight
Aedes (Mucidus) laniger (Wiedemann)
Aedes (Mucidus) quadripunctis (Ludlow)
Aedes (Mucidus) quasiferinus Mattingly
Aedes (Mucidus) scatophagoides (Theobald)
OD Ole © DOF
ETHIOPIAN REGION
Aedes (Mucidus) grahamii (Theobald)
Aedes (Mucidus) lucianus Muspratt
Aedes (Mucidus) mucidus (Karsch)
Aedes (Mucidus) nigerrimus (Theobald)
Aedes (Mucidus) sudanensis (Theobald)
Aedes (Mucidus) tonkingi Gebert
OD OP 09 pO
The two groups have overlapping ranges. Group B is recorded from
EAST and WEST MALAYSIA, NEW GUINEA, PHILIPPINES, AUSTRALIA,
SOLOMON ISLANDS, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO, and INDONESIA (see map
#2). The range of Group A can be divided into two distinct areas. The first
(Oriental- Australasian) ranges from WEST PAKISTAN, INDIA, CEYLON,
BURMA, THAILAND, SOUTH VIETNAM, and MALAYSIA, south and west to
INDONESIA, NEW GUINEA, PHILIPPINES, TIMOR, NEW CALEDONIA, and
AUSTRALIA (map #1). The second area is Ethiopian and Mucidus has been
collected in the following countries: GHANA, KENYA, MALAWI, MALI,
MAURITANIA, MOZAMBIQUE, NIGERIA, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA,
RHODESIA, SENEGAL, SOMALIA, SUDAN, TANZANIA, THE DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, UPPER VOLTA, and ZAMBIA. The presence
of tonkingi on Mauritius presents an interesting problem. The absence of
Mucidus on Madagascar and the Islands of the Seychelles- Mauritius Ridge
limits the possibility of it radiating from Africa. Its close relationship to
the African sudanensis, the Oriental scatophagoides, and the Australasian
alternans further complicates the issue. Many major problems need to be
answered before the origin and routes of distribution of the groups can be hy-
pothesized.
BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Although not shown to be
a vector of human pathogens, several species do not hesitate to feed on man.
Aedes laniger, scatophagoides, alternans, and aurantius are recorded as feed-
ing on man. The type series of scatophagoides was collected feeding on pa-
tients in a hospital in India (Giles in Theobald 1901b: 278).
Adults are apparently arboreal (Mattingly 1949: 399) and nocturnal
(Haddow et al. 1951: 217). Knight (1947: 321) records alternans as a vicious
biter and feeding at sundown. The majority of authors igree that Aedes
(Mucidus) breed only in temporary pools of various types, and the larvae feed
on other mosquito larvae. Hopkins (1952: 122) records mucidus larvae as
showing no reluctance to feeding on smaller specimens of its own species.
Gebert (1948: 96) records tonkingi in association with Anopheles gambiae and
Aedes fowleri. Rageau & Hamon (1957: 377) record the prey of alternans as
34 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
being Aedes vexans, vigilax, Culex sitiens and annulirostris. Paine &
Edwards (1929: 305) record painei feeding on Aedes funereus, Culex hilli, and
Anopheles punctulatus. Edwards & Given (1928: 341) found aurantius in asso-
ciation with Aedes umbrosus and Bick (1951: 406) found aurantius chrysogaster
in association with Culex pullus, halifaxii, Anopheles punctulatus, and Uvano-
taenia argyrotarsis.
Hopkins (1952: 113) believes that because of a lack of succession of
generations in breeding places, the eggs are probably deposited at random
while flying. Bancroft (in Theobald 1907: 162) and Giles (in Theobald 1901b:
279) note the eggs being laid singly, and Hopkins (1952: 121) believes them to
be resistant to dessication.
Although fresh water is primarily utilized, alternans is said to breed
succesSfully in saline marshes (Knight 1947: 321). Other species have been
collected in highly polluted waters (Bick 1951: 406) or water free from pollu-
tants.
KEY TO THE WORLD SPECIES OF ADULT MUCIDUS
1. Scutum with tufts of twisted erect white
scales; general coloration white, yellow,
and brown; palpi of female over 0.5 as :
long as proboscis ..........- Group A, Mucidus ....5. 00056 2
Scutum with scales depressed; general
coloration gold and brown; palpi of female
barely 0. 25 as long as proboscis
ee Group B, Pardomyia ........ 12
2(1). Distal white band on all tibiae subapical;
(Fie. G6); Australasian: 2.55 Foe a eee. alternans
Distal white band on all tibiae apical;
Pinioplan and Oriental 66.6.6 ee ee ae: 3
3(2). Fore tibia with apical white band not occupying
more than 0. 25 of total tibial length, usually
with a median white band (sometimes restricted
to @ few (white scales) 22 Ss OP ee ee 4
Fore tibia with apical white band longer than 0. 25
of total tibial length, or median band of fore
Lila ADSCHE V6 er ea ee ea ee ee re ae 7
4(3). Tarsomere I of all legs with a distinct basal and
medial white band; fore and mid tarsomeres II, |
Ill (often IV, V) with basal white bands; Ethiopian
ane Oriental oo es a Ps a a Oe
ae.
9
La)
wn
(e)
8
c¢0)
ry
@)
7)
=)
e)
et
po)
~n
ro)
S
<
©
Oo
5(4). Proboscis with many white scales at middle
(reduced to a vaguely defined ring in male);
Oricttal 550 a es scatophagoides (p.43 )
Proboscis yellow scaled, without white
scales at middle; Ethiopian ................ oe a sudanensis
6(4). Fore tibia with a well developed median pale
band’ PHIDpImes.. 80 ee ca ee te es ferinus (p.37 )
Fore tibia with a vague or interrupted (some-
times absent) median pale band; Indomalayan
Ohloh ee ete ee es quasiferinus (p. 41 )
7(3).
8(7).
9(8).
10(9).
11(8).
12(1).
13(12).
14(13).
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 35
Hind tarsomere II brown, sometimes with a
few scattered white scales along its length;
Oriental oie 4h cee eh on ee eda GS laniger (p. 39 )
Hind tarsomere II with a distinct basal
white band; Ethbopiath: jis dsidivns Gartewwrs. = «Glens es uses cles 8
Hind tarsomere III 0.3-0.6 white basally;
costa lareely yellow 6 esccicec wk vali ti wes SoA G ae oe 9
Hind tarsomere III white except at tp; costa
yellow but generally darker. «swt suscik ine ind hw wa wis w eee. 10
Fore tarsomeres I, II and mid tarsomeres I-III
wath 2: pate basal band: Mauritius 2.6. 0s$a Seek kas tonkingi
Fore and usually mid tarsomeres unicolorous;
(Fis. 5)° Aiea. 6 esa ven. sa oes oe eas ee mucidus
Costa and apical 0.33 of Ry mostly yellow scaled;
proboscis yellow and white scaled, few, if any,
dark scales present beyond basal 0.33; general
color yellowish; Southeast Africa 2... 60. cce sence cesvss lucianus
Costa darker, usually with basal 0.5 very dark;
scales of proboscis mostly dark with dark scales
usually reaching apex; general color much
dapker: Central Arica... . dona 6 ea de Pies Hie oe ews 11
Hind tarsomere II less than half white, hind tarso-
Meres lV AV MOSUly WHILE ocak ss keke ie wb bk es che nigevrimus
Hind tarsomere II more than half white; hind tarso-
meres IV, V either yellow-brown or mostly white
CEA BY iin ds Me Oe oR Res 0 Chae io Ue ee eee a grahamii
Scutum entirely yellow-copper scaled or with a few
scattered dark scales randomly placed; medial and
anterior mesepimeral bristles usually absent;
integument reddish-brown; Philippines ..... quadripunctis (p. 49 )
Scutum with considerable areas of brown scaling;
medial and anterior mesepimeral bristles
combined 4-5, ‘integument DOW... 6 ies ss «8 wake 60ers tke «2% 13
Females only. : Scutum with basal and apical
yellow scale bands, medial region with dark
brown scales (a few yellow scales may some-
times be. presenby. oo wi wots Maas s Hiw wok te Wk es sa 14
Scutum as above but medial region with many
yellow s- les,as many as the dark scales;
Australia and New Guinea ........cceees aurantius chrysogaster
Terminal abdominal terga V-VII entirely
yellow scaled; Malaya to New Guinea
Sekine’ siaeeait aides vd baw Wee OE 4 ea ea aurantius aurantius (p. 46 )
Abdominal terga VI- VIII with yellow scaling
largely confined to mediodorsal area
with many dark scales intermixed; /
POlLOMmON [SANS wii pc eyra gi5 a wih 4 telmce Wi lao Rik aie a wale ews painet
Ty
ales of the auvantius complex, including painei, are indistinguishable.
36 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
KEY TO THE PUPAE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN SPECIES!
lL. Metanotal hairs 10-12 single; trumpets
shorter and more gradually expanded,
3-6 times as long as greatest width of
meatus;2 base tracheoid for a distance
less than apical width....... Group A, Mucidus ........... 2
Metanotal hairs 10-12 multiple; trumpets
long and narrow, index 6-10, with an
abruptly expanded apex; base tracheoid
for a distance as long or longer than apical
width...... es, SPS ete ee Group B, Pardomyia......... 5)
2(1). Trumpets moderately long and slender;
micdes 470~6,0; averace 4:8. ee is EN Se 3
Trumpets shorter and thicker, index 2. 8-
AO, OVC Bes re re oe a a ee Oe Fe es 4
3(2). Abdominal hair 1-II usually bifid; hair 1-I
not dendritic with an average of 6 basal
Prancies <b rer Se ae RS As Pes ferinus (p. 38 )
This hair usually single; hair 1-1 dendritic
with 3 or 4 basal branches is. 0. ee tos. Se re laniger (p.40 )
4(2). Abdominal hair 9-VIII with prominent secon-
dary branching; hair 5-IV-VI single; hair 1-1
MOU CENGPHEG 6 4.04... 54 SO scatophagoides (p. 44 )
Hair 9-VIII with little or no secondary branch-
ing; hair 5-IV-VI double; hair 1-I dendritic... quasiferinus (p.42 )
5(1). Paddle with the lateral margin densely and
conspicuously spiculate ............ aurantius aurantius (p.47 )
Paddle with lateral margin vaguely to
moderately spiculate quadripunctis (p.50 )
KEY TO THE LARVAE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN SPECIES?
1. Pecten with apical teeth not attaining siphonal
tuft; dorsal apical edge of saddle with elon-
gate spines; thorax with hairs 2,3-P single;
abdominal hair 2-VIII single ...........
Se ates ee aot Se a a eS Group A, Mucidus 5 0.30. 2
Pecten with the apical 2 teeth somewhat displaced
and at least 1 tooth attaining or surpassing the
siphonal tuft; dorsal edge of saddle smooth; hairs
2,3-P multiple; hair 2-VIII double........
SWON TS Ga pris wee ek ee ees Fee Group B, Pardomyia ........ 5
Because of the great variation that occurs within this stage, only typical indi-
viduals will key out successfully.
2slide preparations were used to determine these indices. Pupae in spirits
may prove to have different averages.
3 Because of the great variation exhibited in this form, many characteristics
could not be used. Distribution is in many cases the only sure means of
separation.
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 37
2. Siphon with siphonal tuft of 8-15 branches;
pecten teeth elongate oo... oe ee eae scatophagoides (p.42 )
Siphonal tuit of 4-¥ branenes Pe ee Oe Oe Ss AS 3
3. Pecten teeth moderate in length, 17 or less
cn BAIN DOP SG Ser Pee og BE Ce ree is Pee es Pee Cie eee 4
Pecten teeth elongate; usually more than 17
but Sometimes less 027 60.0 ree CE A laniger (p.40 )
4, PHU pOINeS t's 0 PES ee Oe POPES. ferinus (p. 39 )
Indonesia,’ Burma, Ceylon... Cove. 06 eee quasiferinus (p. 45 )
5; Indoniaiayan 265 eee ee a eS aurantius aurantius (p.47 )
PRUMpINGS ae Se eee quadripunctis (p.50 )
GROUP A MUCIDUS
AEDES (MUCIDUS) FERINUS KNIGHT
(Figures 1,8 A,10 A,13 A, 16)
Aedes (Mucidus) ferinus Knight 1947, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 316 (o*, L*);
Knight & Chamberlain 1948, Proc. helm. Soc. Wash. 15:10 (P*);
Knight & Hull 1951, Pacif. Sci. 5:224; Mattingly 1961, Culic. Mosq.
Indomalayan Area V: 31 (o*, 9, P*, L*).
FEMALE. (Figure 1) Head. Antenna longer than proboscis, light
brown with apical segments darker; flagellomere I with a few white scales on
mesal margin; torus with a patch of white scales on mesal half; clypeus bare,
appearing frosty white in certain lights; palpus yellow brown, approximately
0.8 length of proboscis, basal segment small and slightly inflated with an
oblique row of dark bristles, segment II mainly with erect pale scales but the
majority with tip dark, segment III with only a few dark tipped scales, the
majority white, segment IV all white scaled and the scales mostly decumbent,
segments III-IV with many erect bristles on ventral side; proboscis with 4-6
basal bristles, basal half with erect white and dark scales, middle region
white and progressing to yellow with a white ring at apex; labellum dark; ver-
tex clothed with narrow erect scales that are forked at apex, medial area
from mid vertex to frontal tuft white scaled, sides with mixed white and dark
scales; orbital line with narrow decumbent white scales; orbital bristles pale
yellow. Thorax. Scutum clothed with decumbent, .recurved and erect narrow
white scales; erect scales forming twisted tufts noticeable in regions of poste-
rior dorsocentral, prescutellar, and supraalar; scutum with some decumbent
yellow scales in fossal region; bristles of scutum gold-brown, well developed
with acrostichal, anterior promontory, fossal, anterior fossal, and supraalar
regions all with many bristles; scutellum with tufts of twisted, erect, white
scales on each lobe; scutellar bristles very long and numerous on lateral and
medial lobes; pleural integument dark brown with some pleurites with light
margins; small erect tufts of white scales in regions of prealar, paratergite,
upper sternopleuron, posterior sternopleuron, and anterior mesepimeron; all
pleurites with some scales except metapleuron, metameron, and meron; pos~
terior pronotum with approximately 30 bristles, postspiracular with approxi-
mately 12, prealar with approximately 27, mesepimeron with approximately
20 upper bristles and 8 anterior and middle bristles combined; anterior pro-
notum and propleuron with many bristles; postnotum bare. Legs. Coxae and
trochanters with white scales and several bristles; femora with a basal and
apical white band, mid and hind femora with white band at basal third and api-
cal third, dark scales decumbent, white scales erect or decumbent; tibiae
38 Contrib. Amer. Ent: Inst. , vole G,.no. 2.1970
with many erect scales, basal, medial and apical white bands present, apical
white band of fore tibia less than 0. 25 total length of tibia; fore and mid tarsi
unicolorous yellow, tarsomere I with a small basal white band, hind tarso-
meres with white bands, tarsomere I with some white scales scattered along
its length and 0. 8 the combined length of the following tarsomeres, tarsomere
II similar to first, tarsomeres III-V white with yellow apices; tarsal claws
with one lateral tooth. Wing. Squama with fringe of yellow hairs; alula with
fringe of narrow scales with dark apices; membranous areas clouded in the
regions of the cross veins; veins covered with white, yellow, and dark scales;
costa white at base, medial region with yellow and dark scales and the apex
usually darker; fringe of wing variably light and dark marked. Halter. Stem
pale with knob darker and covered with pale scales. Abdomen. Terga with
lateral, basal tufts of erect white scales and apical fringe of bristles; basal
terga darker with white restricted to basal and medial regions; apical seg-
ments lighter, segment VII all white; apical segments VII, IX retracted into
segment VII. Terminalia. (Figure 8 A) Postgenital plate with apex rounded
or slightly truncate; spermathecae 3, 1 larger than the others.
MALE. Similar to female in general habitus, but paler. Head.
Antenna shorter than proboscis, flagellomeres I-XI shortened, densely hairy;
torus and flagellomere I with white scales mesially; palpus longer than pro-
boscis, white scaled at base, segments II, III with brown and yellow scales,
segment IV with dark, yellow and white scales intermixed, segment V witha
basal white band, segments IV, V with ventral tufts of golden hairs. Legs.
Fore and mid tarsal claws enlarged, unequal, major claw with 2 lateral teeth
and twice the length of the minor claw, which has 1 lateral tooth; hind tarsal
claws equal in size to those of female, symmetrical, each with 1 lateral tooth.
Wing. As in female but much paler and with a reduction in the number of
scales. Abdomen. Scaling of terga primarily white and yellow with few or no
dark scales. Terminalia. (Figure 10 A) Basimere moderately broad, basal
lobe with 2 strong setae on inner face; filament of claspette narrow; aedeagus
simple, not toothed; setose lobes of ninth tergite with 3-5 setae on either side.
PUPA. (Figure 13 A) Entire surface moderately infuscated, gen-
erally dark; trumpets moderate in length with pinna not greatly expanded;
index 4~4,.5. Cephalothorax. Hairs 1-12-C single or terminally forked. Ab-
domen. Hair 1-I somewhat stellate, not dendritic, with several basal branch-
es; hairs 1-3-I single, 4-I forked near apex, 5,6-I single, 7-I terminally
forked, 8-11-I single; hair 1-II usually bifid at middle; hair 1-VIL terminally
forked, 2-4-VII single, 5,6-VII double, 7-VII single, 8-VII trifid at half, 9- VI
3-4 branched, 10-VII terminally forked, 11-VII single; hair 9-VIII with 15-18
branches. Paddie. Paddles spiculate and with infuscated areas; hair 1-P
with 2-4 branches.
LARVA. (Figure 16) Head. Antenna vaguely spiculate, antennal
tuft of 2 hairs at apical fourth; hairs 1,3-8-C single, 9-C single or double,
10-C double, 11-C single, 12,13-C double or triple. Thorax. Hairs O-P
0-6 branched, 1-3-P single, 4-P 5 branched, 5-7-P single; hair 1-M double,
2,3-M single, 4-M double, 5-M single; hair 1-T single, 2-T double, 3-T 6
branched, 4-6-T single. Abdomen. Hair 2,4~VII single; comb patch of
over 50 scales, each scale fringed apically and variable in shape; siphon with
well developed acus; siphonal tuft at middle, 5-7 branched, branches not plu-
mose; pecten of 12-16 teeth, each tooth usually with 1 lateral tooth, apex
moderate in length; saddle incomplete, dorsal apical region with many small
Spines, longest at apical margin; ventral brush of 30-32 tufts, each tuft of
39-10 branches; anal papillae nearly equal in length, short.
TYPE DATA. Holotype “, with associated skins, San Ramon Penal
Farm, Zamboanga, Mindanao, PHILIPPINES, 2-X-1945, J.L. Laffoon and
K.L. Knight; paratypes, 1c’, with associated skins, same data as type; 15c'¢,
3292, Zamboanga, Mindanoa, 12-IX-1945, J.L. Laffoon, D.R. Johnson and K.
L. Knight; 1¢, 19, with associated skins, Olongapo, (Subic Bay), Zambales,
rrr * =
Te ee ee a ee a Re ee, ee ee eee
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 39
Luzon, 21-VII-1945, L.E. Rozeboom and E.S. Zolik; 299, Dulag, Leyte, 25-
XI-1945, H.R. Roberts. All in the U.S. National Museum. ,
DISTRIBUTION. This species is restricted to the PHILIPPINES.
Specimens examined: 290'c', 1199, 1 larva, 6 larval skins, and 3 pupal skins
as follows: Paratypes, 160, 499, with 3 pairs of associated skins, as listed
above: Luzon, Calaccad (?), 1300, 599, and 2 unassociated larval skins, 1-
Ill-1963; Labo, Bagacay, 19, -X-1968, human biting collection; Leyte, Dulag,
1 larval skin, 25-XI-1944, H. R. Roberts; Mindanao, San Ramon, I larva, 2-
X-1945, Knight, Rozeboom and Laffoon; Torrey Barracks, 192, Ludlow.
Knight & Hull (1951: 225) also record Luzon, Tarlac, San Miquel.
TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The adult habitus is similar to all mem-
bers of the Group A Mucidus, but small characteristics enumerated in the Key
to Species will separate them. The adults of quasiferinus and this species are
very Similar and are most difficult to separate. The female terminalia and the
distribution offer the best means for separating the two. The larvae are also
Similar to quasiferinus, but the pupae separate easily on the size and shape of
the tie eaae The preceding descriptions were based solely on paratypic ma-
terial.
BIOLOGY. The type series was collected from light traps and
one a larvae collected in grassy flood pools and marshy pools (Knight
947: 319).
AEDES (MUCIDUS) LANIGER (WIEDEMANN)
(Figures 2,8 C,10 B,14 A, 17)
Culex laniger Wiedemann 1820, Dipt. exot., Sect. I: 9.
Mucidus laniger Wiedemann, Theobald 1901, Mon. Cul. I: 279.
Mucidus mucidus, Banks 1906 (nec Karsch) Philipp. J. Sci. I: 983.
Mucidus Nee Leicester 1908 (mec Karsch) Stud. Inst. med. Res. F.M.S.
3(3): 69.
Mucidus mucidus, Brunetti 1912 (nec Karsch) Rec. Indian Mus. 4(10): 440.
Mucidus laniger (Wiedemann), Edwards 1913, Bull. ent. Res. IV: 224;
Barraud 1929, Indian J. med. Res. 16: 1053.
Mucidus laniger Wiedemann, Brug & Edwards 1931, Tijdschr. Ent. 74: 257.
Aedes (Mucidus) laniger (Wiedemann), Barraud 1934, Faun. Brit. Ind. Dipt.
V: 147 (in pari); Bohart 1945, U.S. Navmed, 580: 51 (in part ?);
Knight 1947, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 320 (c, ?)(i part); Knight &
Hull 1951, Pacif. Sci. 5: 225; Bonne-Wepster 1954, Roy. trop. Inst.
Amst. Spec. Pub. 106: 59; Mattingly 1961, Culic. Mosq. Indoma-
layan Area V: 31 (c*, 9*).
FEMALE. (Figure 2) Head, Antenna light brown, darker apically,
flagellomere I with a few white scales mesally; torus with scattered white
scales on mesal half; clypeus bare; palpus light brown, clothed with erect and
semi-erect scales, scales of segment II primarily dark tipped with a few
white scales randomly placed, segment III similar to II, segment IV mostly
white, 0.5 length of II, mainly white scaled but with several dark scales inter-
mixed; proboscis light brown with 4-6 basal bristles, scales of basal half erect
and decumbent, dark yellow or brown tipped, apical half with decumbent dark
yellow scales with a white ring before labellum; labellum dark; vertex clothed
with narrow erect scales which are vaguely forked at apex, a few decumbent
hair-like scales beneath, medial area white as in ferinus, sides with decum-
bent white scales; orbital line with moderate decumbent white scales; orbital
bristles very pale. Thorax. Scales and bristles of scutum, scutellum and
pleura similar to ferinus. Legs. Coxae and trochanters with white scales
and rows of bristles; femora with basal and apical white bands, mid and hind
femora with white bands at basal third (vague) and apical third, scales both
40 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
erect and decumbent, fore femur with a broad but interrupted medial pale
band; apical band of fore tibia about 0.33 the length of the tibia, scales of tib-
ia mainly erect; tarsi mainly yellow, fore and mid tarsi unicolorous except
for a small basal white band on tarsomere I, and some dark scales on mid
tarsomere I, tarsomere I of hind tarsus with a small basal white band and
with many erect, dark scales, tarsomere II all yellow brown or infrequently
with a narrow (.08 length of tarsomere) basal white band, tarsomeres II-V
white with apices yellow and scales decumbent; each tarsal claw with 1 lateral
tooth. Wing. Squama with fringe of yellow hairs; alula with fringe of long
scales with dark tips; vein scales generally darker than ferinus, quasiferinus,
and scatophagoides, similar to nigerrimus, costa with yellow and dark scales
on basal 0. 66 and subapical area yellow scaled, apex usually with a dark scale
patch; fringe with pale and dark scales. Halter. As in ferinus. Abdomen.
Terga mainly dark scaled, terga II-IV with many more dark scales than light,
white scales confined to a basal, lateral patch and a medial patch, terga V- VI
with more white scales, dark laterally. Terminalia. (Figure 8 C) Postgeni-
Ma plate with apex slightly to moderately emarginate; spermathecae as in
erinus.
MALE. Similar to female in general habitus but much paler. Head.
Antenna shorter than proboscis, flagellomeres I-XI shortened with large dorso-
ventral projecting tufts of hairs, flagellomeres XII, XIII elongate, without large
tufts; torus and basal flagellomere with mesal patches of white scales; palpus
longer than proboscis, basal segments with dark and light scales, segments
II, II yellow with scattered dark scales and a few white scales present, seg-
ments IV, V and apical third of III with ventral tufts of pale hairs, IV, V with
basal white bands, scales of segments mainly decumbent except segment V
where they are erect. Legs. Fore and mid tarsal claws unequal, hind claws
equal, as described for ferinus. Wing. Very pale, white scales few, most
scales small and pale; fringe hairs mainly pale; scales of alula small, short
and pale. Abdomen. Scaling of targa mainly white with darker scales later-
ally, terminal segments all white. Terminalia. (Figure 10 B) As described
for ferinus and typical for the Group A Mucidus.
PUPA. (Figure 14 A) Entire surface infuscated, trumpets slightly
elongate, index over 4 but variable, paddles infuscated and showing areas
which are clear, or Sometimes entirely clear or intergrading between the
two. Cephalothorax. Hair 1,2-C single, 3-C 1-3 branched or forked at
apical third, 4,5-C forked or single, 6-C forked, 7-12-C single. Abdomen.
Hair 1-I multibranched, dendritic with 2-4 basal branches, hair 2, 3-I single,
4-I variable, single, double or forked, 5,6-I single or forked, 7-I single or
bifid, 9-11-I single; hair 1-II single; hairs 1-4-VII single, 5-6-VII double or
triple, 7-VII single, 8-VII bifid or trifid, 9-VII 3 or 4 branched, 10,11-VIl
single; hair 4-VIII single, 9- VII with 14-17 branches with little or no secon-
dary branching. Paddle. Surface spiculate; hair 1-P double or triple.
LARVA. (Figure 17) Head. Antenna with acute spicules irregular-
ly placed over entire surface, antennal tuft of 2 hairs at apical 0. 25; hairs 1,
3-8-C single, 9,10-C single or double, 11-C single, 12,13-C double; mandi-
bles trifid, basal tooth with 4 secondary teeth, apical tooth entire, acute.
Thorax. Hair 0-P with 3-5 branches, 1-3-P single, 4-P with 4 branches, 5-
9-P single, 14-P double or triple; hair 1-3-M single, 4-M double, 5-7-M
single, 14-M 5-7 branched; hair 1-T single, 2-T double, 3-T 3 or 4 branched,
6-T single. Abdomen. Hair 1, 2-I single, 3-I double, 4-I with 6 branches, 5,
9-I single, 10-I double, 11-I single, 12-I double, 13-I single; hairs 2, 4-VII
single, comb scales in patch of over 60, sometimes over 80; siphon with a
well developed acus; siphonal tuft just before middle and of 4-5 non-plumose
branches; pecten of 20-22 teeth, apical tooth not attaining siphonal tuft, each
tooth usually with only 1 basal, lateral tooth; hair 2,6,7-S single, 8-S double,
9-S single; saddle incomplete, apical edge with numerous spines, surface with
minute scallopings; ventral tufts ofanal segment 30-36, each with 8-12 branches;
anal papillae short, ventralpair slightly longer than dorsal pair.
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 41
TYPE DATA. Holotype ¢ Batavia, Java, INDONESIA, -1815
Westermann, (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen).
DISTRIBUTION. Specimens examined, 9c, 1699, 12 larvae, 17
larval skins, and 17 pupal skins as follows: THAILAND, Songkhla, Hoodyai,
2km. south Ton Nga Falls, 300°, 399 with associated skins, 12 larvae, 26-
10-1965. PHILIPPINES, Palawan, Panakan, 3c, 6992, with associated skins,
4 unassociated skins, 29-XI-1967; Luzon, Dagupan, 19, -I]-1945. WEST
MALAYSIA, Kuala Lumpur, 1c, 19, 1912, G. F. Leicester; Segambut, 192, 12-
III- 1955; Selangor, 19, 4-II-1948. SINGAPORE, Coronation Road, 192, 5-V-
1921. INDONESIA, Sumatra, Djambi, 1¢, 192, -II-1923, DeRook; Deli, 19,
-1914, A.J. Stanton; Poelau Radjo, 1¢, -I-1932. Parrish (1968: 4) records
laniger at light, SOUTH VIETNAM, Pleiku.
TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. In the past there was some doubt as to
the exact determination of laniger (Knight 1947: 320, Knight & Hull 1951: 225).
Mattingly (1961: 26) has examined Wiedemann's type and found the material
originally assigned to this species by Knight as being correct.
This form is related to the Ethiopian forms in the presence of a
large, apical pale band on the fore tibia. It differs from others in Group A
Mucidus in the usually all brown second hind tarsomere. However, several
specimens from the Philippines have a basal white band of one scale in thick-
ness - approximately 0.08 the length of the tarsomere - on this segment. The
previously unknown immatures are extremely variable. The larvae normally
have more than 17 pecten teeth but a few individuals have less. The pecten
teeth are unique in having that portion apical of the lateral tooth elongate, a
character laniger shares with scatophagoides. ‘The larvae differ from scato-
phagoides in the fewer branches of the siphonal tuft, and from ferinus and
quasiferinus by the elongate apex of the pecten teeth. The pupae differ from
ferinus in having hair 1-I dendritic whereas in fevinus it is stellate, and from
scatophagoides in the lack of noticeable secondary branching in hair 9-VIII.
BIOLOGY. Material from the Philippines was collected in a stag-
nant ditch with some emergent vegetation. The material from Thailand was
collected in a turbid flood pool that was lightly shaded and with marginal grass
and rotten leaves. From this same pool were collected Anopheles balabacen-
sis, pollicaris, Aedes imprimens, and alboscutellatus.
AEDES (MUCIDUS) QUASIFERINUS MATTINGLY
(Figures 6, 7,8 B,11 A,13 B, 18)
? Culex laniger Thwaites 1859, in Tennent's Ceylon, I: 268.
Mucidus laniger Wiedemann, Edwards 1922, Indian J. med. Res. 10:462 (in
part); Brug & Edwards 1931, Tijdschr. Ent. 74: 257 (in part?).
Aedes (Mucidus) laniger (Wiedemann), Barraud 1934, Faun. Brit. Ind. Dipt.
5: 147 (o*, 2); Carter 1950, Ceylon J. Sci., B 24:101.
Aedes (Mucidus) quasiferinus Mattingly 1961, Culic. Mosq. Indomalayan Area
V: 32 (o*, 9*, P*, L*).
Aedes (Mucidus) ferinus , Thurman 1963 (nec Knight) 9th Pacif. Sci. Congr.
Proc,:8: 55.
FEMALE. (Figure 6) Head. Antenna dark brown, flagellomere I
with a narrow row of white scales on mesal margin; torus with an apical patch
of white scales on mesal half; clypeus as in fevinus; palpus brown, clothed with
erect and semi-erect scales, basal segments dark scaled with some white
scales intermixed, apical segments lighter with the distal segment all white;
proboscis with 6 basal bristles, scales erect and semi-erect on basal half, de-
cumbent on apical half, base dark scaled blending to white at middle and then
to yellow on the apical sixth, apex with a narrow white ring before labellum;
labellum moderately dark; vertex clothed with narrow erect scales which are
42 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
vaguely forked at apex and a few narrow decumbent white scales beneath these,
medial area white but sides also pale, erect scales white or yellow brown; |
sides with decumbent white scales; orbital bristles pale. Thorax. Erect
scales of upper sternopleuron and anterior mesepimeron very narrow and
long, nearly as long as the tufts on scutum; other scales and bristles of scu-
tum, scutellum and pleura similar to ferinus. Legs. Coxae and trochanters
with white patches and rows of bristles; scales both erect and decumbent; fe-
mora with basal and apical white bands and small white bands at basal and api-
cal third, those of fore femur somewhat blended by white scales in between;
tibia with basal and apical white bands, hind tibia with a median white band,
mid tibia with a vague median band or reduced to a few white scales, fore tib-
ia with median white band either present and large, reduced to a few white
scales, or infrequently absent, usually with an interrupted band; tarsi yellow-
ish, fore and mid tarsi with a basal white band on tarsomere I, hind tarso-
meres yellow brown with white bands, hind tarsomere I equal to or slightly
shorter than following tarsomeres combined, with a short basal white band,
hind tarsomere II similar to first but less than half its length, hind tarsomeres
IlI-V white with some yellow at apices and all scales decumbent; tarsal claws
equal with one tooth. Wing. Squama with fringe of yellow hairs; alula with
long, thin scales along margin, mainly pale, not dark tipped; vein scales
white, yellow, and brown; costa yellowish, especially near apex, apex without
avery dark spot at tip but with a moderate to pale brown spot; fringe variable,
marked with pale and dark. Halter. Halter with pale scales over entire sur-
face. Abdomen. TergalIlI and III yellow scaled with patches of white along
basal margin, apical terga more white, yellow confined to lateral, apical mar-
gin, segment VII all white. Terminalia. (Figure 8 B) Postgenital plate
slightly to moderately emarginate at tip; spermathecae similar to others in
Group A Mucidus, but of 3 distinct sizes.
MALE. (Figure 7) Similar to general habitus of female but paler.
Head, Antenna shorter than proboscis, basal 11 joints shortened with dense
tufts of hair projecting dorso-ventrally, flagellomeres XII, XIII elongate with-
out tufts; torus and basal flagellomere with white scales on mesal side; palpus
longer than proboscis, basal segments light, segment I and base of segment IT
mostly white, remainder of segment II yellow with some scales dark tipped,
segment III with a basal and apical white band, segment IV white, V white at
base and apex with some dark scales in between; proboscis dark at base with
or without a median white band, yellowish overall with a white ring at apex.
Legs. Fore and mid tarsal claws unequal, hind claws as in female, typical of
group. Wing. Wing pale but darker than male laniger; fringe hairs with some
dark markings; scales of alula very small and all pale. Abdomen. Scaling of
terga white and yellow, all terga with some yellow scales laterally except ter-
minal segment which is all white. Terminalia. (Figure 11 A) Similar to
ferinus and laniger but averaging a larger number of setae on the apex of the
ninth tergite.
PUPA. (Figure 13 B) Entire surface deeply infuscated; trumpets
moderate to very broad with index 3-3.75. Cephalothovax. Hairs 1-4-C
single, 5-C bifid, 6-12-C single. Abdomen. Hair 1-I multibranched, den-
dritic, 2,3-I single, 4-I trifid, 5,6-I single, 7-I trifid, 9-I single; hair 1-II
single or bifid at middle; hairs 1-4-VII single, 5-VII double, 6-VI small, bi-
fid or trifid, 7,8-VII single, 9-VII 3-5 branched, 10,11-VII single; hair 4-VII
single, 9-VIII with 13-16 branches and some secondary branching. Paddle.
l-P bifid; entire surface spiculate, infuscation absent in some areas producing
a bicolored appearance.
LARVA. (Figure 18) Specimens examined had the thorax and parts
of the abdomen partially destroyed but have been reconstructed in the illustra-
tion. Head. Antenna sparsely spiculate, antennal tuft of 2 hairs at apical
0. 25; hairs 1,3-8-C single, 9-C single, 10-C bifid, 11-C single, 12,13-C bi-
fid; mentum with 6-7 lateral teeth. Abdomen. Hairs 2,4-VIII single; comb
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 43
patch of over 50 scales, each scale narrow and fringed; siphon with acus well
developed; siphonal tuft just before middle, of 4-6 hairs; pecten not reaching
tuft, of 9-15 teeth each moderate in length with 1 basal, lateral tooth, distal
tooth usually entire; saddle incomplete, apical edge similar to ferinus and
laniger; ventral brush of 27-30 hair tufts, each with 6-9 branches; anal papil-
lae short, ventral pair slightly longer than the dorsal pair.
TYPE DATA. Holotype ? with associated skins, Sungei Besi, Kuala
Lumpur Area, Selangor, WEST MALAYSIA, -II-1955, W.W. Macdonald; para-
types, 12, Airport, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, 3-II-1955, W.W. Macdonald;
1c’, Kampong Sireh, Selangor, T-IV-1953; 12, SINGAPORE; 19, Dermajoe,
Benkoelen, Sumatra, INDONESIA, 9-XII-1929, Brug and DeRook; 299, Karta
Agoeng, Sumatra, -1925, Rodenwaldt; 11, ASSAM, Christophers; pines ee
THAILAND, 5- -TI- 1928, is Mackie; 19, Trincomalee, CEYLON, 1915, C.F
S. Baker. All in the British Museum.
DISTRIBUTION. Specimens examined: I have examined all but one
of the paratypes plus 90'c", 1299, 1 larval skin, and 15 pupal skins as follows:
THAILAND, Lampoon, Lampoon, 19, -1952; Chiang Mai, Muang, 1c, -1964;
Chiang Mai, Heuy Chang Kien, 19, -1962; Ban Muang Kao, 7c, 999, with 2
associated larval skins and 15 associated "pupal skins; 14- VII- 1966: Banshiyok,
1o¢, -1965. WEST MALAYSIA, Selangor, Jinjang, Ie, 12-VIII- 1956, H.C.
Barnett.
TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The adults of this species and ferinus
are very Similar. The geographic distribution and the shape of the posigenital
plate of the females are the best methods for separation. The pupae are simi-
lar to alternans and ferinus but differ as follows: from fevrinus by the much
stouter and shorter trumpets, and from aliernans in having more branches,
12-15 in hair 9- VII (6-9 in alternans) and in hair 1-IV-VI (double in alternans,
single in quasiferinus ). Because of the variation found in the characters that
have been employed in the past to separate fevinus and quasiferinus larvae, I
suggest the use of distribution. I have examined the skins of 3 paratypes of
fevrinus and the stem of the hair tufts of the ventral brush and the comb scales
do not show distinct differences (Mattingly 1961: 25).
BIOLOGY. The holotype was reared from larvae collected from a
stagnant earth drain. Material from Thailand was collected from a partially
shaded flood pool which was stagnant and contained floating dead leaves. In
the same pool were collected the larvae of Anopheles maculatus, Aedes albo-
scutellatus, mediolineatus, caecus, culicinus, and Culex annulus.
AEDES (MUCIDUS) SCATOPHAGOIDES (THEOBALD)
(Figures 3,9 C,11 B,14 B,19)
Culex mbes Macquart 1839 (mec Wiedemann), Mem. Soc. Sci. Lille 1(2):
Mucidus scataphagoides Theobald 1901b, Mon. Cul. I: 277 (¢*); Giles 1902,
Handbook 2nd. ed., p. 348 (9); Christophers 1906,Sci. Mem. Med.
Spa pee India 25 (n.s.) 13; Barraud 1929, Indian J. med. Res.
Mucidus scatophagoides Theobald, Edwards 1911, Bull. ent. Res. 2: 246
(emend. ); Brunetti 1912, Rec. Indian Mus. 4(10): 440; Edwards
1922, Indian J. med. Res. 10: 450.
Aedes (Mucidus) scatophagoides (Theobald), Edwards 1932, Gen. Insect., Fas.
194: 133; Barraud 1934, Faun. Brit. Ind. Dipt. 5: 138 (c*, 2, L*):
Knight 1947 : part), J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 319 fe ?); Mattingly
1961 (in part), Culic. Mosq. Indomalayan Area, V: 18
44 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
FEMALE. (Figure 3) Head. Antenna light to dark brown, flagel-
lomere I with a moderate patch of white scales on mesal margin; torus with
white scales on mesal half; clypeus bare, typical for the group; palpus brown
0.66 length of proboscis, segment I small and dark, segment II with erect
white and yellow scales, the yellow scales with dark tips, segment III mostly
white scaled with scales at base decumbent, segment IV all white scaled; pro-
boscis with 6 basal bristles, scales mainly decumbent but with some erect and
and semi-erect scales on basal half, scales dark and white at base, white at
middle, and yellow with some dark tipped scales at apex, no white ring at apex;
labellum light to dark brown; vertex clothed with erect and decumbent scales,
erect scales white and dark, narrow, few forked, with some narrow decumbent
white scales beneath; orbital bristles pale; orbital line with decumbent white
scales. Thorax. Scales and bristles of scutum, scutellum and pleura typical
for Group A Mucidus. Legs. Coxae and trochanters with white scale patches
and rows of bristles; femora with basal and apical white bands, mid and hind
femora with white bands at basal and apical third, band at basal third some-
times absent, fore femur with many white scales, basal white band sometimes
enlarged covering 0.33 of femur, scales of femur small and decumbent on bas-
al 0.5, larger and with some erect scales near apex; tibia with basal, medial,
and apical white bands, scales erect, semi-erect and decumbent, darker
scales very dark brown; tarsi with most segments with white bands, hind tar-
somere I variable, as long as, or slightly shorter, than following segments
combined, with basal and medial white bands, tarsomeres II, III with basal
white bands, all scales decumbent with some semi-erect dark tipped scales
on hind tarsomere I; fourth and fifth tarsomeres of fore and mid tarsi with or
without white bands; tarsal claws equal with 1 tooth. Wing. Squama with
fringe hairs pale; alula with fringe of long, thin, pale scales, not dark tipped;
vein scales yellow, white and brown; costa and Rj usually entirely yellow on
apical third; fringe with distinct dark and white bands of variable size. Halter.
Halter pale with light scales noticeable at apex. Abdomen. Basal terga with
yellow and dark tipped yellow scales in predominance, white scales confined
to lateral tufts and a median patch or stripe, segments VI and VI mostly all
white with some lateral yellow scales. Terminalia. (Figure 9 C) Postgenital
plate slightly emarginate at middle of apex; cerci with thin setae over entire
surface.
MALE. Similar to female in general habitus but slightly paler.
Head. Antenna shorter than the proboscis with basal 11 flagellomeres short-
ened and clothed with tufts of long, dorso-ventrally projecting hairs, hairs
near base 0.5 as long as the antenna, flagellomeres XII and XIII elongate with-
out tufts, basal flagellomere with white scales mesally; torus bare; palpi lon-
ger than proboscis by 0. 2, segment I and 0.5 of segment II predominantly
white scaled, apical region of segment II with yellow and dark tipped yellow
scales, segment III 0.5 white, dark portion with many long, ventrally project-
ing hairs, segment IV white at base and apex with numerous long hairs, seg-
ment V with yellow and white scales and shorter hairs beneath; proboscis
mainly yellow scaled with a few white scales on basal half and a median narrow
white band. Legs. Fore and mid tarsal claws unequal, major claw 0. 66 length
of fifth tarsomere with 2 blunt teeth, minor claw 0.5 length of major claw and
with 1 tooth, hind claws as in female. Wing. Costa and Rj; mostly yellow
scaled, scales much smaller and fewer than in female. Abdomen. Scales re-
duced in number but pattern similar to female, erect scales expanded at apex
and truncate. Terminalia. (Figure 11 B) This species is distinct in having a
raised carina on the aedeagus that is prolonged apically in the form of a tooth,
large setae on basal lobes of basimeres with an odd structure embracing the
base of the seta, structure acute on one side, rounded over the rest of the sur-
face, otherwise similar to the typical form.
PUPA. (Figure 14 B) Surface only slightly infuscated, trumpets
short and stout with an average index of 4. Cephalothorax. Hair 1-3-C single,
ce ae nla Des ee a he eA Ree OM Sane AT) Ts Lge P nary SN 64 eee ee ae
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 45
4-6-C single, bifid or trifid, 7-12-C single. Abdomen. Hair 1-1 multibranch-
ed, somewhat stellate, 2,3-I single, 4-I trifid, 5-I bifid or trifid, 6-I single,
7-1 bifid, 9-I single or forked; hair 1-II short, bifid near base; hair 1-4-VU
single, 5-VII with 2-5 branches, 6- VII multibranched and very small, 7-VII
single, 8-VII 4-6 branched, 9-VII with 4 branches, branches may show secon-
dary branching, 10,11-VII single; hair 4-VII single, 9-VIII with 9-16 branches,
many with up to 4 secondary filaments. Paddle. Surface spiculate, without
dark infuscated areas; hair 1-P single or double or infrequently with small
secondary filaments.
LARVA. (Figure 19) Head. Antenna spiculate, antennal tuft of 2
or 3 hairs at distal fourth; hair 1,3-8-C single, 9-C 2-4 branched, 10-C dou-
ble, 11-C single, 12,13- C with 3-4 branches; mentum as in quasiferinus.
Thorax. Hair 0-P with 3-4 branches, 1-3- “Py single, 4-P with 4 branches,
o-7-P single, 7-P double, 9-P single, 14-P single or double; hair 1-3-M sin-
gle, 4-M double, 5-7-M single, 14-M with 12-13 branches; hair 1-T Single,
2-T double or triple, 3-T with 4 branches, 5,6-T single. ‘Abdomen. Hair 1-1
single, 3-I double, 4-I with 5-6 branches, 5-I single, 10-I double, 11-I single,
12-1 double, 13-I single; hair 1-II short, bifid; hair 1-VII bifid, 2,3-VII sin-
gle, 4,5-VII single or bifid, 6-VII with 4 branches, 7-VII single, 8-VII 5
branched, 9-12-VI single, 13-VII with 5 branches; hairs 2, 4-VII single;
comb scales over 50, fringed apically; siphon with a well developed acus, Si-
phonal tuft just before middle with 9-15 branches, pecten of 20-30 teeth, each
with 1, rarely 2, lateral teeth, distal tooth displaced from pecten but not
reaching siphonal tuft, hairs of siphon as in quasiferinus; ventral brush of 25-
28 tufts, each with 7- il branches; anal papillae short, nearly equal in length.
TYPE DATA. Lectotype 2 (Selected by P. F. Mattingly), Gajraula,
29 m. w. Moradabad, N.W. Provinces, INDIA, -X-1900, Giles; cotype ? (so
labelled), Myingyan, Mandalay, BURMA. Both in the British Museum.
DISTRIBUTION. Specimens examined: 20'c', 1999, 2 larvae, 7
larval skins, and 5 pupal skins as follows: SOUTH VIETNAM#*, Dong Ba
Thin, 12 with associated skins, 3-VIII-1966, Frolic; Hoa Da, 19 with associ-
ated skins, 3-VIUI-1966, Haws; Nah Trang, 1 larva and 1 larval skin, 9-XI-
1966, Nourse. INDIA, Delhi, 19 with associated skins, 10-X-1927, R.S.
White; Punjab, Karmal, 1 larva, 3 larval skins, and 2 pupal skins, -VI-1930,
P.J. Barraud; Punjab, Pathankote, Railway Car Ridge, 19, 6-IX-1906, C.
Barrows; N. Canara, Karwar, 1¢,39¢, H. Cogill; India, 1¢, Christophers;
n.w. India, 12; Amritsar, 1c, 299; Bengal, Calcutta, 299, 4-VIII-1944, D.E.
Hardy. WEST PAKISTAN, Lahore, Kahna Kacha, 599, 24-VIII-1962, D.H.
Gould; same data, 19, 6- -IX- 1962; same data, 19, 14-IX-1962; same data, 12,
4- VIII- 1962. Knight (1947: 320) includes CHINA, Hongkong. ‘Mattingly (1961:
18) includes BURMA and CEYLON.
TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The adults of this species resemble in
general habitus. the other members of the Mucidus Group. They differ, how-
ever, in having a medial white band on the first tarsomere. This character
is shared with alternans from the Australasian Region and sudanensis from
Africa, but they can easily be separated. The apical white band of the femora
is subapical in alternans and apical in scatophagoides and sudanensis. The
latter can be separated on the presence of white scales on the proboscis
al inedidont or the proboscis entirely yellow scaled (sudanensis). The
males of scatophagoides and sudanensis apparently differ from all other
Mucidus in having the torus without scales. Both males examined has seg-
ments IV and V of the palpus contorted and laterally or dorso-ventrally flat-
tened. I doubt that this is a natural condition and probably resulted from kil-
ling freshly emerged individuals. Knight (1947: 319) noted a difference between
** New record.
46 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
the Oriental and Ethiopian specimens. Examination of additional material by
Tyson (1970) has confirmed his opinion that Theobald's sudanensis, synony-
mized by Edwards (1911: 246) is distinct. Macquart mentioned Culex laniger
Wiedemann in his 1839 work. He stated it was probably different from the
true laniger and that it had bands on all tarsal segments. Because of the leg
banding it is almost certain that he was referring to the then undescribed
scatophagoides.
The larvae differ from other Oriental Mucidus by the elongate apex
of the pecten teeth and the number of branches of the siphonal tuft. Hopkins
(1951: 121) illustrated a larva which may not have been a fourth instar. It
had 21 comb scales and in his description states the norm to be 30-40. I have
not seen mature larvae with less than 48 comb scales. The pupae differ in the
amount of secondary branching on hair 9-VIII, and with hairs 1, 3-IlI-VI long
and single. |
BIOLOGY. Barraud (1934: 146) lists open natural pools as breeding
sites. Material from Vietnam was reared from larvae collected in a ditch, a
rice paddy, and a Swamp.
GROUP B PARDOMYIA
AEDES (MUCIDUS) AURANTIUS AURANTIUS (THEOBALD)
(Figures 6,7,9 A,12.A,15 B, 20)
Pardomyia aurantia. Theobald 1907, Mon, Cul. 4: 280 (?); Edwards & Given
1928, Bull. ent. Res. 18: 341 (P*, L*), :
Ekrinomyia aureostriata Leicester 1908, Stud. Inst. med. Res. F.M.S. 3(3):
71 (o, 92); Brunetti 1912, Rec. Indian Mus. 4(10): 440.
Mucidus ae ne ahiaeaaae (Theobald), Brug & Edwards 1931, Tijdschr.
Ent. 74: 257.
Aedes (Mucidus) aurantius (Theobald), Lee 1944, Atlas Mosq. Larvae Austra-
lasian Region, p. 51 (L*); Brug & Bonne-Wepster 1947, Chronica
Naturae 103: 184; Macdonald 1957, Stud. Inst. med. Res. F.M.S.
28: 17; Mattingly 1961, Culic. Mosq. Indomalayan Area V: 33 (c*,
o*, P*, L); Assem & Bonne-Wepster 1964, Zool. Bijdr. 6:78 (2, L).
Aedes (Mucidus) aurantius aurantius (Theobald), Knight, Bohart & Bohart
- 1944, Natl. Res. Council, Div. med. Sci., p. 33; Knight 1947, J.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 323 (co, 2, L).
FEMALE. (Figure 6) Héad. Antenna light at base becoming dark
brown apically, nearly as long as proboscis; torus with thin setaform gold
scales on mesal half; clypeus light brown or yellow, bare; palpus short, ap-
proximately 0. 25 the length of the proboscis, segment I short, mainly yellow
scaled but with a few dark scales randomly placed, segment IIT with many e-
rect hairs on dorsal surface, yellow scaled or with a few randomly placed
dark scales, segment III elongate, longer than preceding segments combined,
yellow scaled or yellow with apex black, segment IV short, bulbous, usually
dark scaled; proboscis slender, yellow scaled with scales decumbent, semi-
decumbent on ventral basal half, dark scales at ventral, lateral base, a ring
at apex, and a few sometimes scattered along dorsum; labellum dark; vertex
clothed with erect and decumbent scales, erect scales yellow, slightly forked
' at apex, decumbent scales beneath these, narrow and bright shining yellow;
orbital line with bright yellow scales not separated from decumbent scales of
vertex; orbital bristles pale. Thorax. Integument dark brown; scutum clothed
with erect bristles and thin, decumbent scales, anterior region with a trans-
verse band of bright yellow scales which also includes the anterior and poste-
rior pronotum laterally, rest of scutal scales dark coppery brown with a few
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 47
scattered yellow scales on basal half (prescutellar, etc.); scutellum yellow
scaled; postnotum bare; pleura dark with small patches of decumbent yellow
scales, bristles similar to Mucidus Group but anterior and medial mesepime-
rals reduced to 1-5. Legs. Coxae and trochanters with rows of bristles and
yellow scale patches; femora with basal and apical yellow bands, scales all
decumbent, color variable but usually mottled with small yellow and dark
bands; tibia with a small basal yellow band and an apical dark band, scales
mainly decumbent but hind tibia with some semi-erect dark scales; tarsi vari-
able, fore tarsi mottled, light beneath, darker dorsally, mid tarsi with tarso-
mere I all yellow or mottled yellow and dark, apical segments of fore and mid
tarsi with vague basal yellow bands, hind tarsi dark, segments I-III with basal
yellow bands, segment IV with or without a basal yellow-white band, segment
V all white; fore and mid tarsal claws equal, each with 1 tooth, hind claws
equal, simple. Wing. Scaling of wings much reduced as compared to Mucidus
Group, scales small, yellow and dark, scales of costa and Ry much larger
than scales on other veins; fringe not banded, dark; squama with fringe of dark
hairs, alula with thin, dark scales at margin. Halter. Halter frosted, whit-
ish at base, dark at apex with thin dark scales. Abdomen. Variable; tergum
I dark scaled, terga II, II dark scaled with yellow scales at base and 2 yellow
Spots at middle on each side of the median line, these spots may be joined on
tergum III, terga IV-VII yellow scaled with scattered dark scales usually lat-
erally. Terminalia. (Figure 9 A) Typical for this group; postgenital plate
deeply emarginate; spermathecae 3, 1 larger than the remaining 2,
MALE. (Figure 7) Similar to female in general habitus. Head.
Antenna shorter than proboscis, flagellomeres I-XI shortened with long tufts
of hair that project mainly dorsally and ventrally, flagellomeres XII, XIII
elongate, over 0.5 the length of preceding ones combined, without large tufts
of hairs; palpus slightly longer than proboscis, segment I short, yellow or
yellow with apex dark, segment II yellow or yellow with base dark, segment
III yellow at middle, segments IV, V yellow at base, apex of segment III, seg-
ment IV and base of segment V with ventral tufts of long hairs; proboscis as
in female. Legs. Tarsal claws of fore and mid tarsi unequal, both major and
minor claws with 1 tooth, hind tarsal claws equal, entire. Wing. Scale fringe
of alula pale, otherwise as in female. Terminalia. ae 12 A) Typical
for the subgenus but with the basistyle more slender (common to Pardomyia);
accessory lobe of the stem of the claspette small with a stout hair at its apex.
PUPA. (Figure 15 B) Trumpets long and narrow, pinna wider,
base tracheoid for 0.33 the total length of the trumpet; index 6-10, averaging
8. Cephalothorax. Hairs 1-12-C multibranched, variable. Abdomen. Hair
1-I with many plumose branches, 2-I single, 3-7-I multibranched, variable;
hair 1-II single, long; hairs 1, 2-VII single, 3-VII with 3 branches, 4-VII dou-
ble, bifid, or trifid, 5-VII with 3-5 branches, 6-VII with 4-5 branches, 7-VII
single, 8-VII trifid, 9-VII with 4 branches, 10-VII single or bifid, 11-VU
multiple at apex; 4-VIII 1-3 branched, 9-VIII with 8-11 plumose branches.
Paddle, Margin densely spiculate; 1-P single.
LARVA. (Figure 20) Head, Antenna sparsely spiculate, antennal
tuft at apical fifth of 3-5 hairs; hairs 1,3-8-C single, 9-C double, 10-C triple,
11-C bifid, 12-C triple, 13-C with 4 branches, 14,15-C divided. Thorax.
Hair 0-P multibranched, 1-P single, 2-P double, 3-P with 2-4 branches, 4-P
with 2-3 branches, 5-7-P single, 8-P with 9 branches; hair 2-M double, 3-M
double, 4-M with 3 branches, 5-7-M single, 8-M multibranched, 4-T small,
multibranched, 5-T single, 7-T multibranched, 8-T multiple, 9-T multi-
branched, 10-12-T single. Abdomen. Hair 1, 2-I single, 3-I triple, 4-I mul-
tibranched, 5-I small, multibranched, 6-I single, 7-I with 7-8 branches, 9-I
bifid, 10-I triple, 11-I small, multibranched, 12-I single; hair 1-VII with 2
branches, 2-VII single, 3-VII double or triple, 4-VII single, 5-VII single,
6-VII multibranched, 7-VII single, 8,9-VIL multiple, 10-VII 3-5 branched,
11-VII single, 12-VII with 2-4 branches, 13-VII with 3-5 branches; hair 2-VII
with 2-3 branches, 4-VIII single; comb teeth small, fringed, 60-82 in number;
48 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
siphon with acus well developed, siphonal tuft beyond middle, of 9-11 plumose
branches, pecten of 20 or more teeth, each with 1 or 2 lateral teeth, apical
tooth usually entire and displaced from the pecten, surpassing the siphonal
tuft; saddle incomplete, hair 1-X at middle near apex of segment, ventral
brush of 22-25 tufts, each of 6-11 branches; anal papillae short, ventral pair
slightly longer than dorsal pair.
TYPE DATA. Holotype ¢,Kuching, Savawak, EAST MALAYSIA,
-XI-190-, Barker. Types of aureostriata as follows: lectotype ? and allotype
o, Fort Road, Klang, WEST MALAYSIA, 7-1-1904, Leicester, from pupae in
amud hole. All in the British Museum.
DISTRIBUTION. Specimens examined: 100’, 1799, 9 larval skins,
and 9 pupal skins as follows, types, 2c'o°,1? paratypes, 12 cotype (ureostria -
ia), and 8 unassociated larval and pupal skins, WEST MALAYSIA, Selangor,
Kuala Lumpur, -1912, Leicester; Selangor, Rantau Panjang, 1<,19, 19-II-
1954, W.W. Macdonald; same data, 20'c, 3-VII-1952; same data, 2c'o, 13-II-
1957; same data, 19, 25-IJ-1952, samedata, 1c, -VII-1956; same data, 299,
9-IV-1952; same data, 19, 4-III-1953. SINGAPORE, 1 larval skin, 1 pupal
skin, D. Given. EAST MALAYSIA, Sabah, Darat, Berbulah, 19, 14-VII-1965;
Sabah, Membakut, 19, -1913, Roper; Sabah, Kuala Abai, 299, 7-IX-1965;
Sarawak, Kuching, 12, Moulton. INDONESIA, Celebes, Polewali, 19, 1-III-
1926, Kaiser; Celebes, Kalawara, 19, 8-II-1937, J. Brug; West Irian,
Hollandia, 2c'o', 299, 12-VII-1944, E.S. Ross. KIRIWINA ISLAND, 1°. Brug
& Edwards (1931: 257) includes INDONESIA, Doerian. Mattingly (1961: 36) in-
cludes INDONESIA, Sumatra,
TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The adult habitus is similar to that of
painei (Figure 7) from the Solomon Islands. The males are nearly inseparable
but the females differ in the scale pattern on the terga of the abdomen. Also
Similar is qguadripunctis but differs in the coloration of the integument and the
scales of the scutum and abdomen. The intraspecific variation exhibited in the
subgenus is somewhat less in Group B Pardomyia, but it does occur in the im-
mature forms. Mattingly (1961: 34) noted variations in the color of mid tarso-
mere I in specimens from Sumatra and Borneo. I have seen additional mate-
rial which shows this character to occur randomly throughout the range of
this species. One specimen from the Celebes shows similarities to quadri-
punctis. The palpi and proboscis are entirely yellow and the legs are mostly
yellow. Also, the integument is somewhat lighter than the typical auvantius.
Presently I am unable to separate the larvae of this species and
quadripunctis. Knight (1947: 324) suggested that there might be a difference
in the number of branches in the siphonal tuft. In all the material examined
(aurantius, painei, and quadripunctis) the same variation in the number of
branches was seen. Edwards & Given (1928: 341) showed the comb scales as
being 20-26 (as cited by Knight). Mattingly states "about 50" being the average
in Specimens he examined. My observations show the comb scales to vary be-
tween 50 and 82 per patch, and may even go higher. Edwards & Given were
probably examining a third instar larva which may account for the lower num-
ber of scales.
The pupae show close similarities in chaetotaxy to painei and quadri-
punctis. They differ from painez in the shape of the trumpets, which are gra-
dually expanded to the pinna in painei, and from quadripunctis by the more
densely spiculate paddles. Penn (1949: 41) described and figured the pupae of
aurantius chrysogaster as differing in abdominal hair 1-I having 3-4 secondary
branches. I have examined 5 slides of this subspecies from Australia and 4 of
the 5 had hair 1-I single, without secondary branches, the fifth was as Penn
described.
The relationship between the species in this group is interesting. It
is certain that they arose from a common ancestry and have or are now reach-
ing a point of speciation. I feel the 3 forms deserve separation until biologic
or cytotaxonomic studies prove otherwise.
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 49
BIOLOGY. Like other members of the subgenus, auvantius imma-
tures are found in temporary pools of various types. Those listed in the liter-
ature include pig wallows, small holes in marshy ground, grass-grown pools,
pot-holes in mangrove swamps, ground pools among nipa palms, and clear
pees pools. Adults have been collected while feeding on man and domestic
animals.
AEDES (MUCIDUS) QUADRIPUNCTIS (LUDLOW)
(Figures 4,9 B,12 B,15 A, 21)
Pardomyia quadripunctis Ludlow 1910, in Theobald, Mon. Cul. 5: 608 (9);
Brunetti 1912, Rec. Indian Mus. 4(10): 460; Dyar & Shannon 1925,
Insec. Inscit. Menst. 13: 73. :
Aedes (Mucidus) aurantius var. quadripunctis Ludlow, Edwards 1932, Gen.
Insect., Fasc. 194: 135.
Aedes (Mucidus) pele oy quadripunctis (Ludlow), Knight & Hull 1951, Pacif.
Sei, Ds ;
Aedes (Mucidus) quadripunctis (Ludlow), Bohart 1945, U.S. Navmed 580: 55;
| Knight 1947, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 322 (¢, 9, L*); Mattingly 1961,
Culic. Mosq. Indomalayan Area V: 26 (c'*, 2, P*).
FEMALE. (Figure 4) Head. Antenna brown, nearly as long as the
proboscis; torus yellow-gold with yellow scales on mesal half; clypeus light
brown, bare; palpus short, approximately 0. 25 the length of the proboscis,
segments I and II short, yellow- gold scaled with erect hairs on segment II,
segment III yellow-gold, elongate, longer than preceding segments combined,
segment IV short, bulbous, apex of segment III and segment IV dark scaled;
proboscis slender, yellow- gold scaled, scales mostly decumbent, semi-de-
cumbent on ventral, basal half, base with several dark brown scales on ven-
tral and lateral margins, apical half with scattered dark scales on dorsal sur-
face; labellum dark; vertex clothed with narrow, decumbent, light yellow
scales, above these are erect, forked at apex, and slightly darker scales; or-
bital bristles pale. Thorax. Scutum clothed with erect bristles and narrow,
decumbent scales, scales yellow-copper, bristles darker yellow; integument
light reddish-brown; generally similar to auvantius; medial and anterior mes-
epimeral bristles usually absent. Legs. Femora and tibiae as in auvantius
but lighter due to the lighter integument; tarsi also lighter, hind tarsomeres
usually with pale basal bands on I,I, sometimes on I-III, or all dark; tarsal
claws as in auvantius. Wing. Scales of alula setaform, narrower than in
aurantius, dark; squama with fringe dark; scales of wing much reduced, most
noticeable on costa and R1; clouded regions of cross veins easily seen; fringe
hairs of wing longer at base than apical 0.3. Halter. Halter light brown with
some scales on expanded apex. Abdomen. Variable, generally entirely yel-
low- gold scaled dorsally, segment VII with lateral margins dark scaled; ven-
tral surface often dark scaled. Terminalia. (Figure 9 B) As in aurantius.
MALE. Similar to female in general habitus. Head, Antenna as in
aurvantius; torus bare, yellow-tan; palpus slightly longer than proboscis, seg-
ment I yellow scaled or yellow with dark scales scattered randomly, segment
II yellow with apical 0. 25 dark scaled, segment III all yellow scaled with apex
dark, segment IV yellow with apical 0. 25 dark and scattered dark scales along
dorsum, segment V mottled, mainly yellow on basal half, dark on apical half,
apex of segment III and all of segment IV with ventral hairs. Legs. As in fe-
male; tarsal claws as in auvantius. Wing. Scale fringe of alula mostly pale;
wing scales generally lighter than in female. Terminalia. (Figure 12 B) The
accessory lobe of the stem of the claspette as figured by Mattingly (1961: 35)
is not as pronounced in all members, but is usually larger than in auvantius,
and the filament is somewhat broader.
50 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 6, no. 2, 1970
PUPA. (Figure 15 A) Trumpets long and narrow, pinna wider and
dark, basal third tracheoid; index 6-10. Cephalothorax. Hairs 1-5-C bifid or
trifid, 6-C small, triple, 7-C double, 8-C single or double, 9-C multiple,
10-C single, double, or triple, 11,12-C multiple. Abdomen. Hair 1-1 multi-
branched with branches plumose, 2-I single, 3-5-I multibranched, 6-I single
or bifid; hair 1-II long, single; hair 1-VII double or bifid, 2-VII single, 3-VI
double, 4-VII single, 5-VII double or triple, 6-VII small, multibranched,
7-VII small, multibranched, 9-VII with 2-4 branches, branches plumose, 10,
11-VII bifid or trifid; 4- VII single or bifid, 9- VIII with 8-10 plumose branches.
Paddle. Vaguely spiculate on lateral margin; hair 1-P long and single.
LARVA. (Figure 21) Head. Antenna vaguely spiculate, antennal
tuft of 3-5 hairs at apical fifth; hairs 1,3-8-C single, 9-C double or triple,
10-C triple, 11-C double, 12,13-C with 3-5 branches; mentum with 13 teeth.
Thorax. Hair 0- P small, multibranched, 1-P single, 2,3-P double, 4-P with 3-4
branches, 5-7-P single, 8-P with 6-8 branches, 9-P triple, 10-P single, 11-P
small, double, 12-P single or double, 14-P single; hairs 1-3-M double, 4-M
with 4 branches, 5-7-M single; hair 1-T single, 2-T with 4 branches, 3-T
with 8 branches, 4-T small, 4-5 branched, 5-T single, 6-T triple. Abdomen.
Hair 1-I single or double, 3-I triple, 6-I single, 7-I with 6 plumose branches,
9-I single or double, 10-I triple, 11-I small, multibranched, 12-I double, 13-I
small, multibranched; hair 1-VI double or triple, 2-VII single, 3-VII triple,
4-VII single or double, 7-VII single, 9-VII double or triple, 10-VII with 3-5
branches, 11-VII single or double, 12-VII double, 13-VII triple; hair 2- VII
double, 4-VIII single; comb scales over 50, usually over 60; siphon with well
developed acus, siphonal tuft well beyond middle, of 11-15 plumose branches;
pecten with apical 2 teeth displaced, apical tooth usually entire and surpassing
the siphonal tuft, other pecten teeth with 1-3 lateral teeth; saddle incomplete,
dorsal apical edge without spines, hair 1-X long and single; ventral brush of
22-25 tufts, each with 9-11 branches; anal papillae short.
TYPE DATA. Holotype °, Parang, Cotabato, Mindanao,
PHILIPPINES, 26-X-, Page, in the U.S. National Museum.
DISTRIBUTION. This species is restricted to the PHILIPPINES.
Material examined: 1600, 1299, 2 larvae, 26 larval skins, and 26 pupal skins
as follows: Leyte, Tacloban, 14c'c, 799 with associated skins, 4 unassociated
larval and pupal skins, and 2 whole larvae, 25-IX-1945, H. Roberts; Leyte,
Carigara, 1c’, 10-XI-1944, E.S. Ross; Palawan, Panakan, 1c, 49° with asso-
ciated skins, 29-XI-1967; Tawi Tawi, Tarawakan, 19, -IV-1967, M. Delfinado;
same data, 19, 12-XI-1961. 3
TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. This form is similar to auvantius and
many have felt it should remain a subspecies of auvantius as placed by Edwards
(he used the term variety). Because of the differences found in the adult and
the pupal forms, and the distinct ranges of each, I prefer to leave quadri-
punctis as a distinct species.
The adults differ in having the integument reddish-brown and the ab-
dominal tergites and scutum covered with yellow-copper colored scales (main-
ly copper-brown in painei and aurantius). The larvae cannot be separated on
any non-varying characters. The larvae of auvantius, painei and quadripunctis
are all very similar and at this time are best separated by distribution alone.
The pupae are also similar but differ in having the lateral edges of the paddles
vaguely spiculate in quadripunctis, densely so in painei and aurantius (See
Figure 15).
BIOLOGY. Knight records the larvae from rain filled temporary
puddles. Material on hand from Palawan was taken from the same locality,
and perhaps the same pool, as the laniger material.
Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia ol
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank Dr. Botha de Meillon, Project Leader, Southeast
Asia Mosquito Project, Dr. Alan Stone, Agriculture Research Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, and Dr. K.L. Knight, Department of Entomology,
North Carolina State College, for their help and useful criticisms during the
course of the study and the preparation of the manuscript. Special thanks to
Dr. P. F. Mattingly, British Museum of Natural History, who examined the
cotypes of, and selected a lectotype of Ae.scatophagoides for me. The loan
of various specimens obtained for me by SEAMP from Dr. Mattingly, Dr. J.
N. Belkin, Department of Entomology, University of California at Los
Angeles; the Director, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre
Mer, Paris, France; The Director, South African Institute for Medical Re-
search, Johannesburg; and Dr. P. Konfortion, Medical and Health Department,
Regent, Mauritius, are acknowledged with thanks.+ The illustrators of the
_ 406th Medical Laboratory, Japan, and Mrs. Elaine Hodges of SEAMP are
acknowledged for their beautiful and invaluable work, and the curator and tech-
nicians of SEAMP for their detailed work and technical assistance. My per-
sonal thanks to E.L. Peyton for always making himself available for advice.
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Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia D3
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Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia ao
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Tyson: Aedes (Mucidus) in Southeast Asia 19
INDEX
Valid names are printed in roman type, synonyms are italicized. Ital-
icized page numbers are those which begin the primary treatment of that spe-
cies. Numbers in parentheses refer to the figures illustrating some portion of
that species. |
Aedes 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 49,
D2; Do, 04.
alboscutellatus 41, 43.
alternans 29, 31, 33, 34; 43, 45, (6,7).
annulirostris 34.
annulus 43.
Anopheles 33, 34, 41, 43.
argyrotarsis 34.
aurantia 31, 46.
aur antius 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 46, 48, 49, 50,
57, (6, 7, 9A, 12A, 15B, 20).
aureostriata 29, 31, 46, 48.
balabacensis 41.
caecus 43.
chr ysogaster 29, 33, 34, 35, 48.
Culex 29, 31, 34, 39, 41, 43, 46, 52.
culicinus 43.
Ekrinomyia 29, 31, 46.
ferinus 29, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
56, (1, 8A, 10A, 13A, 16).
Ficalbia OL.
Finlaya D3.
fowleri 33.
funereus 34.
cambiae 33.
erahamii 29, 33, 35, (6; 7).
halifaxii 34.
hilli 34.
Hodgesia oi.
imprimens 41.
laniger 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43,
46, 50, 56, tS 8C, 10B, 14A, 17).
lucianus 29, 38, 30, (2).
maculatus 43.
mediolineatus 43.
Mimomyia 51.
Mucidus 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 45, 46, 49, 51, 52,
53, 54.
mucidus 29, 33, 35, (5).
Mucidus Group 20: 30, 81. 82, 33, 34, 386, 37, 39, 40,
: 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 56.
Neomelaniconion 09.
nigerrimus 29, 33, 35, 40.
Ochlerotatus ao,
painei 29, 33, 34, 35, 48; 50, (7).
Pardomyia 29, 31, 46, 49.
Pardomyia Group 29, 30, $1, 22,.83, 34, 35, 36, 46, 47,
48, 57.
pollicaris 41.
pullus 34.
punctulatus 34.
80 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. , no. , 1970
quadripunctis 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 48, 49, 50, 57, (4,
9B, 12B, 15A, 21). 7
quasiferinus 29, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45,
56, (6, 7, 8B, 11A, 13B, 18).
Rachionotomyia 51.
scataphagoides 43.
scatophagoides 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 40, 41, 43, 45,
46, 51, 56, (3, 9C, 11B, 14B, 19).
sitiens 34.
sudanensis 29, 33, 34, 45, 46.
tonkingi H9)tdts OG; 335° 30.
umbrosus 34.
Uranotaenia | 34.
vexans 34.
vigilax . 34,
No.
No.
No.
(Continued from inside front cover)
Parts of Volume 4, with prices
Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae), 1968.
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Contributions to the mosquito fauna of southeast Asia, 1970.
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VI. Tyson, W. H. Genus Aedes, subgenus Mucidus Theobald in southeast Asia. 54 pages,
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