FLORA OF PERU

BY

DONOVAN S. CORRELL

HEAD, BOTANICAL LABORATORY,

TEXAS RESEARCH FOUNDATION

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME XIII, PART V-B, NUMBER 2

JANUARY 18, 1967

PUBLICATION 1016

FLORA OF PERU

BY

DONOVAN S. CORRELL

HEAD, BOTANICAL LABORATORY,

TEXAS RESEARCH FOUNDATION

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME XIII, PART V-B, NUMBER 2

JANUARY 18, 1967

PUBLICATION 1016

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 36-10426

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY PIELD MUSEUM PRESS

FLORA OF PERU

DONOVAN S. CORRELL

SOLANACEAE (Juss.) Lindl.

KEY TO SECTION NEOLYCOPERSICON AND SECTION TUBERARIUM'

Flowers slightly zygomorphic (irregular) ; pedicels subtended by floral

bracts I. Section Neolycopersicon.

Flowers actinomorphic (regular) ; pedicels naked, not subtended by

floral bracts II. Section Tuberarium.

I. Section NEOLYCOPERSICON Correll

The Potato and its Wild Relatives 39. 1962.

Plants herbaceous, with fibrous roots and brittle stems; leaves

odd-pinnate; flowers bright yellow, slightly zygomorphic; pedicels

subtended by floral bracts, articulate above the middle; anthers

loosely coherent, curved, with two large apical pores, without sterile

appendages; pistil recurved above the middle; fruits globular.

Plant densely glandular-pubescent throughout; leaflets coarsely cre-

nate or crenate-dentate S. Pennettii.

Plant merely puberulent or with few scattered hairs; leaflets entire

or only slightly and distantly crenate-dentate.

S. Pennettii var. puberulum.

Solatium Pennellii Corr., Madrono 14: 233, Fig. 1 (B). 1958;

Wrightia 2: 23-24, Fig. 5. 1959. Figure 2.

Open rocky slopes and in sandy-rocky soil from near sea level up

to 1,000 m. alt. Rare in Peru.

Plant woody-herbaceous, erect, 5 dm. or more tall, glandular-

pubescent throughout (sticky to the touch), rootstock with fibrous

roots, non- tuber-bearing; stem woody; leaves odd-pinnate, up to

13 cm. long, with few interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5 or 7, promi-

nently petiolulate, suborbicular, coarsely crenate or crenate-dentate,

truncate to cordate at base, up to 4 cm. in diameter; petiolules up to

1 cm. long; pseudostipular leaves shaped similarly to the leaflets but

1 See page 157 of Vol. 13, Parts 5-B, No. 1. 1962. Drawings by Vivien Frazier .

271

272

FLORA OF PERU 273

somewhat reniform, 1-2 cm. long; inflorescence terminal or terminat-

ing the lateral branches, corymbose or racemose, few- to many-flow-

ered; peduncle slender, up to 8 cm. long, provided with one or more

semiorbicular bracts that sometimes continue into the inflorescence;

pedicels slender, up to 2 cm. long, articulate well below the middle or

near the base; flowers lemon-chrome; calyx 5-6 mm. long, divided to

near the base into oblong-elliptic obtuse lobes; corolla rotate-stellate,

up to 3.5 cm. in diameter, the lobes broadly ovate and acute to sub-

obtuse; anthers of two lengths, linear-oblong in outline, the largest

up to 10 mm. long, the smaller up to 7 mm. long, strongly recurved

above the middle, opening by two pores at the apex that soon become

slit to the base of the anthers; filaments rather thick, pubescent, up

to 2 mm. long; style up to 11 mm. long, strongly curved near the

apex, adorned with long silky hairs for most of its length; stigma

elongate and prominent; fruits subglobose, compressed or oblate,

glandular-puberulent (sticky to the touch), 1.5-2 cm. in diameter.

Arequipa: along Panamerican Highway between Chala and Atico,

near sea level, Correll & Smith P173. — La Libertad: Prov. Trujillo,

El Portachuelo, Ascope-San Benito, Lopez M. 1273. — Lima: Chosica,

near Tiro al Blanco, sandy soil, Ferreyra 6107. Quive, open rocky

slope, Pennell 14304. Vicinity of Sicacayo, Lurin Valley, in low places

72-73 km. from Lima, Smith s.n. — Indefinite: Weberbauer 5315.

Solanum Pennellii var. puberulum Corr., Wrightia 2: 197.

1961. Figures.

If the basic design and habit of the plant and flowers did not fol-

low so closely that of typical S. Pennellii the var. puberulum might

readily be separated as a distinct species. Outwardly, it differs rather

markedly from typical material, and at first I considered it to be a

distinct species to the extent of having an illustration prepared. As

its name implies, the plant is puberulous instead of being densely

glandular-pubescent. The leaflets also have entire to subentire rather

than crenate or coarsely dentate margins. This plant apparently

represents an extreme condition in this rather highly variable species.

lea: Nazca Prov., sandy-rocky soil in dry river-bed between Nazca

and Palpa, Ferreyra 14028.

FIG. 1. Solanum Wittmackii Bitt. Odd-pinnate leaf to demonstrate segmenta-

tion, X 1A'- 1. pseudostipular leaf; 2, petiole; 3, rachis; 4, lateral leaflet; 5, petiolule;

6, secondary leaflet; 7, interstitial leaflet; 8, terminal leaflet.

FIG. 2. Solanum Pennellii Corr. 1, upper flowering branch, X \4; 2, leaf from

lower part of plant, X H; 3, inflorescence, X 1 ; 4, calyx, spread out, X 2; 5, corolla,

spread out, X 11A; 6, stamens and pistil, spread out, X 2; 7, apical portion of

anther, ventral view (note large pores), X 10; 8, fruit, X Y*.

274

FIG. 3. Solatium Pennellii var. puberulum Corr. 1, upper part of flowering

plant, X H; 2, leaf from lower part of plant, X Y^\ 3, calyx, spread out, X \1A;

4, corolla, spread out, X 11A;5, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 6, stamen, ventral view,

X 3; 7, pistil, X 3.

275

276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—BOTANY, VOL. XIII

II. Section TUBERARIUM (Dunal) Bitt.

Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 531, 532. 1912; 11: 255. 1912. Tuberarium

Dunal in DC., Prodr. 13 (1): 28. 1852, as Subsection.

Plants unarmed, commonly tuber-bearing. Leaves usually odd-

pinnate, sometimes simple and entire or rarely pinnatifid. Pedicels

always articulate (jointed) either at the base or just below the calyx

or anywhere between these two points.

A. Subsection BASARTHRUM Bitt.

Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 350. 1912.

Pedicels articulate at the base or essentially so; hairs acute, usu-

ally merely 2-celled, the basal cell provided with a thicker wall and

longer, the apical cell shorter with a thinner wall (bayonet-hairs);

plants perennial herbs, vines or viny shrubs, non-tuber-bearing.

Corolla rotate or sometimes rotate-substellate.

Plants cultivated for their large edible fruits or ruderal; corolla

usually 2.5 cm. or more in diameter 1. Series Muricata.

Plants not cultivated for their fruits; corolla rarely up to 2.5 cm.

in diameter.

Filaments more or less united above their attachment to the

corolla; leaves simple or rarely composed of as many as 5

leaflets with the lowermost pair of lateral leaflets greatly

reduced in size 2. Series Caripensa.

Filaments not united; leaflets always 5 or more, the lowermost

pair of leaflets only slightly reduced in size.

4. Series Suaveolentia.

Corolla stellate, usually deeply so.

Plant a viny bush; stem not rooting at nodes; filaments always

more or less united above their attachment to the corolla;

flowers often showy 2. Series Caripensa.

Plant a climbing or sprawling vine; stem usually rooting at the

nodes; filaments may or may not be united; flowers incon-

spicuous 3. Series Appendiculata.

B. Subsection HYPERBASARTHRUM Bitt.

Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 359. 1912.

Pedicels articulate above the base, often articulate at about the

middle or rarely only a little below the calyx or at or near the base;

FLORA OF PERU 277

hairs usually many-celled, the basal cell not provided with a thick-

ened membrane or wall and not several times longer than the upper

cells; plants perennial herbs, rarely suffrutescent, usually tuber-

bearing.

Plant an erect or viny shrub or high-climbing vine; flowers usually

deep yellow 5. Series Juglandifolia.

Plant herbaceous or rarely slightly woody; flowers not deep yellow

but sometimes yellowish white.

Leaves simple, oblanceolate, the blade sessile or essentially so;

fruits globose 11. Series Megistacroloba.

Leaves (at least some) odd-pinnate.

Plant densely glandular, usually with a peculiar aroma; distri-

bution in loma vegetation zone of coastal Peru.

10. Series Vaviloviana.

Plant glabrous to pubescent, at most only very sparsely gland-

ular, without a distinctive or peculiar odor; distribution in

mountains (except S. chancayense) .

Leaf-rachis prominently winged or with most of the lateral

leaflets strongly decurrent on the leaf-rachis.

Terminal leaflet much larger than the individual lateral

leaflets 11. Series Megistacroloba.

Terminal leaflet not noticeably larger than the lateral leaf-

lets 6. Series Ingaefolia.

Leaf-rachis not prominently winged, rarely very narrowly

winged; the uppermost pair of lateral leaflets sometimes

decurrent on the leaf-rachis, the lower pairs of lateral leaf-

lets usually only sessile or petiolulate.

Plant prostrate on ground or forming rosettes; lateral leaf-

lets auriculate on the acroscopic side; pedicels seem-

ingly inarticulate or with a ring just below the calyx.

12. Series Acaulia.

Plant without the above combination of characteristics.

Fruit ellipsoid-conical 8. Series Conicibaccata.

Fruit globose or ovoid at most, not conical.

Leaves usually thick or subcoriaceous; leaflets glossy

(vernicose) and mostly glabrous on upper surface,

frequently with short often harsh hairs increasing

in number toward the typically revolute margin,

the margin often marginate 7. Series Piurae.

278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Leaves not as above.

Leaves with a 3-leaflet aspect; terminal leaflet much

larger than the adjacent pair of lateral leaflets;

leaf-rachis and petiole with numerous small sub-

imbricated interstitial leaflets.

9. Series Minutifoliola.

Leaves not as above.

Distribution confined to mountainous regions ex-

cept for the coastal species S. chancayense.

13. Series Transaequatorialia.

Distribution central and southern Peru, coastal or

(if montane) very coarsely pubescent (espe-

cially the calyx) and with the upper pair of

lateral leaflets more or less decurrent on the

leaf-rachis 14. Series Tuberosa.

Series 1. MURICATA

Muricata Corr., Sect. Tuberarium of Genus Solanum of N. Amer.

and Centr. Amer. (Agr. Monogr. No. 11, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

49. 1952.

Plants from woody rootstocks, bushy, much-branched or rarely

simple, non- tuber-bearing; leaves simple or odd-pinnate, with the

petiole articulate at base; pedicels articulate at base; corolla rotate-

pentagonal to broadly rotate-substellate; fruits ovoid to ellipsoid,

edible.

Cultivated in temperate and cool regions throughout Latin

America.

Leaves entire.

Plants appressed-strigose S. muricatum.

Plants glabrous S. muricatum f . glaberrimum.

Leaves (at least some) odd-pinnate . . . . S. muricatum var. protogenum.

Solanum muricatum Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 250. 1789. Type

locality: native of Peru; Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 358. 1912: Corr.,

Sect. Tuberarium of Genus Solanum of N. Amer. and Centr. Amer.

(Agr. Monogr. No. 11, U. S. Dept. Agr.) 51, Figs. 30-33. 1952. S.

variegatum R. & P., Fl. Peruv. & Chil. 2: 32, T. 162a. 1799. Figure ^

Cultivated in temperate and cool regions throughout Latin Amer-

ica for its edible fruit, occasionally found along streams and on hill-

sides of warm mountain valleys, 1,000-2,700 m. alt.

W$ffi'£*. (/ '

FIG. 4. Solatium muricatum f. glaberrimum Corr. 1, upper part of flowering

plant, X V2- Solatium muricatum Ait. 2, calyx, spread out, about X ll/4;3, co-

rolla, spread out, about X \Yi\l, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, fruit,

X ^.

279

280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Plant an erect or ascending herb or shrub with woody base and

fibrous roots, up to 1 m. or more tall, appressed-strigose throughout

or rarely entirely glabrous (cf. f. glaberrimum) ; stem branched or

sometimes simple; leaves usually long-petiolate, simple or with one or

two pairs of lateral leaflets (cf. var. protogenum), without interstitial

leaflets; blades of leaves or leaflets ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceo-

late or oblong-lanceolate, rounded or rather abruptly contracted into

the petiole at the oblique base, obtuse to tapering and acute to acumi-

nate at the apex, up to 15 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide; petiole 3-7 cm.

long, articulate at base; inflorescences pseudoterminal on leafy

branches, few- to many-flowered (as many as 12) ; peduncle forked

once just below the flowers or sometimes simple, 5-8 cm. long; ped-

icels 5-15 mm. long, increasing noticeably in length and thickness in

the fruiting stage, articulate at or near the base; flowers violet-purple

or white marked with purple; calyx 4-7 mm. long, divided to about

or below the middle into irregular unequal lanceolate acuminate

lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal to broadly rotate-substellate, up to

4 cm. in diameter, with the lobes broadly rounded above and apicu-

late at the apex, strigose on the outer surface; anthers linear to linear-

lanceolate in outline, 4.5-6 mm. long; filaments about 1.5 mm. long,

glabrous; style 5-9 mm. long, slightly exceeding the stamens, com-

monly papillose; stigma clavellate, somewhat bifid; fruit ovoid to

ellipsoid, white or pale green and purple-variegated, pendent, edible,

the flesh yellow, up to about 10 cm. long and 6 cm. in diameter.

Solarium muricatum is believed to be a native of the Andean re-

gion, but is probably known only in cultivation or as an escape from

cultivation. Fruits of the cultivated plants are usually seedless. The

green fruits are cooked and eaten, the ripe ones eaten raw. This spe-

cies is known by a number of vernacular names, of which some of the

common ones are "pepino," "pepino bianco," and "pepino dulce."

Lima: Prov. Huarochiri, along small stream on hillsides above

Sta. Eulalia, 1,250 m. alt., Goodspeed 33100. Lima, cultivated, Sou-

kup 3560. Lima, Ruiz & Pavon 8/64 (88) . Lima, Ruiz & Pawn s.n.

—Indefinite: Tambotal, Chucarapi, cultivated, Guenther & Buchtien

592, received Dec. 27, 1878, Martinet 989. Pavon 374.

Solatium muricatum f. glaberrimum Corr., Wrightia 2: 178.

1961.

This plant is entirely glabrous throughout in contrast to the ap-

pressed-strigose condition of all other plants that make up this species.

Lima: Rio Pativilca Valley, Hacienda Paramonga, Seibert 2176.

FLORA OF PERU 281

Solanum muricatum var. protogenum Bitt, Repert. Sp.

Nov. 12: 442. 1913. S. hebephorum H. & B. ex Dun., Solan. Syn. 7.

1816. Type locality: Peru, near Cajamarca.

All those plants that have all or some of their leaves odd-pinnate

are placed in the var. protogenum. Other than this tendency to de-

velop lateral leaflets, I can find no other difference in these plants to

contrast it with the simple entire-leaved typical S. muricatum.

Cajamarca: near Cajamarca, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n.

Series 2. CARIPENSA

Caripensa Corr., The Potato and its Wild Relatives 50. 1962.

Woody or somewhat herbaceous vines or viny shrubs with fibrous

roots and non-tuber-bearing; leaves simple or with one or sometimes

two reduced lateral leaflets; petiole articulate at or near the base;

pedicels articulate at the base; corolla rotate to rotate-substellate or

rarely stellate; filaments more or less united above their attachment

to the corolla; fruits subglobose to ovoid.

The species in this series differ from the closely related S. muri-

catum primarily in their small fruits and more or less united filaments.

From Costa Rica to Peru.

Inflorescence many-flowered, commonly cymose-paniculate; calyx-

lobes triangular-ovate, not noticeably constricted or ligulate.

Leaf or leaflets acute to acuminate at apex S. basendopogon.

Leaf or leaflets rounded to obtuse at apex.

S. basendopogon f . obtusum.

Inflorescence few-flowered, mostly racemose.

Leaves always simple, with a truncate to subcordate base; calyx-

lobes ligulate S. filiforme.

Leaves usually with some odd-pinnate; calyx-lobes more or less

constricted, not ligulate.

Corolla rotate to rotate-stellate S. caripense.

Corolla conspicuously stellate S. caripense var. stellatum.

Solanum basendopogon Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 1. 1913.

Figure 5.

Among shrubs on rocky hills and about old stone fences, up to

3,300 m. alt. Known only from Arequipa and Lima departments,

Peru.

282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Plant a small shrub or viny shrub, up to at least 3 m. tall, more

or less densely strigose throughout with short appressed or porrect-

incurved whitish or tawny hairs; stem slender, strong, branched;

leaves simple or trifoliate, with a petiole up to 2.5 cm. long which is

conspicuously articulate at base and readily deciduous, with straight

or crinkly hairs on lower surface, strigose on upper surface; terminal

leaflet or simple leaf suborbiculate-ovate to ovate-elliptic or lanceo-

late to elliptic-lanceolate, bluntly rounded (in f . obtusum) to acute or

shortly acuminate at apex, broadly rounded to cuneate at base, up

to 8 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide; lateral leaflets (when present) similar

to the terminal leaflet but greatly reduced; pseudostipular leaves

broadly lunate, up to 1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, up

to 50-flowered, cymosely paniculate; peduncle up to 8 cm. long, sev-

eral branched above, the branches spreading and mostly slender, often

provided with a solitary bract below the middle and a bract or bracts

in axil of first fork; pedicels about 8 mm. long, articulate at base;

flowers light purple to lavender; calyx 2-4 mm. long, divided to about

the middle into short triangular-ovate obtuse to subacute lobes; co-

rolla rotate-pentagonal to rotate-substellate, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter,

sometimes with a central row of sharp glistening hairs on the inner

surface of each petal; anthers oblong-elliptic in outline, 2.5-3.5 mm.

long, cellular-pilose on ventral surface and at base; filaments less than

1 mm. long, pilose; style 56 mm. long, usually strongly bent near

apex, minutely cellular-papillose below middle, the stigma slightly

thickened; fruit globose to ovoid, deep green at base, light green and

often white-spotted above, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter.

The type specimen of S. basendopogon has elliptic-lanceolate,

shortly acuminate, entire leaves, while the rest of the material that is

cited here as f. obtusum has typically ovate-elliptic, broadly obtuse

leaves and in some collections a pair of small lateral leaflets is de-

veloped.

This species differs from S. caripense mainly in its slender, usually

several-branched, inflorescence and the short, differently lobed calyx.

Arequipa: Cerro prieto, Chala alta, small shrub 2 to 3 m. tall,

Martinet 37 If.

Solatium basendopogon f. obtusum Corr., Wrightia 2: 170.

1961. Figures.

Although I have considered this plant to be a geographic variety,

it is quite possible that this is too conservative a treatment. How-

ever, until more material becomes available, especially between the

FIG. 5. Solanum basendopogon Bitt. 1, flowering branch, X 1A\ 2, calyx,

spread out, X 3; 3, corolla, spread out, X l^i; 4, three stamens to show united

filaments, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3. Solanum basendopogon f. obtusum Corr.

6, branch of flowering plant, X K-

283

284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

departments Arequipa and Lima, Peru, I believe it best to treat these

plants as I have done.

The more common f . obtusum differs from typical S. basendopogon

in having its leaves or primary leaflets ovate-elliptic and broadly ob-

tuse instead of elliptic-lanceolate and shortly acuminate. In some

plants a pair of lateral leaflets is sometimes developed on the leaves.

Forma obtusum is also a stouter and more heavily pubescent plant.

The paniculate inflorescence and floral characteristics, however, ap-

pear to be essentially similar in both.

Lima: on slopes above Canta, 2,850 m. alt., Correll, Smith &

Ferreyra P284. Growing among bushes above Canta, 2,900 m. alt.,

Correll, Smith & Ferreyra P299. Above Surco, Ferreyra 3438. Prov.

Huarochiri, above Surco, rocky place on brow of hill, 2,600-2700 m.

alt., Ferreyra 6065. Prov. Huarochiri, above Surco, 2,600-2,700

m. alt., Ferreyra 6068. Prov. Huarochiri, Picoy, above Surco,

3,200-3,300 m. alt., Ferreyra 6092. Matucana, at base of old stone

fence, 2,450 m. alt., MacBride & Featherstone 390. Matucana, Mar-

tinet s.n. Hills of Purruchuca, Mathews 526. Indefinite: Canruru,

Savatier s.n.

Solatium caripense H. & B. ex Dun., Solan. Syn. 8. 1816;

H.B.K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3: 22. 1818. S. chiliadenium Bitt., Repert.

Sp. Nov. 16: 408. 1920. Figure 6.

In and on the edge of thickets, on wooded slopes and along streams,

about the base of cliffs or sometimes on open slopes, 800-3,800 m. alt.

Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Plant a viny bush, climbing or sprawling, up to 2 m. or more tall

(or long), more or less densely pilose throughout with dull tawny or

shiny silvery hairs; stem woody or thick-herbaceous, hirsute; leaves

entire to trilobed or with a second pair of greatly reduced lateral leaf-

lets, rarely more than 12 cm. long, with a petiole up to 5.5 cm. long;

leaf or leaflets ovate to ovate-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate to lanceo-

late, cuneate to broadly rounded or cordate at base, broadly obtuse

to shortly acuminate at apex, densely hirsute; lateral leaflets sessile

to very shortly petiolulate, mostly asymmetrical and sometimes basi-

scopically subauriculate at base; terminal leaflet usually noticeably

larger than the lateral ones, up to 10 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, usually

much smaller; pseudostipular leaves broadly reniform, lunate, up to

about 2 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal and/or lateral, a few-

Cup to about 10) flowered simple raceme or very rarely paniculate;

peduncle naked or subtended by a pair of bracts at or near the base,

FIG. 6. Solarium caripense H. & B. 1, branch of plant in bud, X 1A; 2, flower

bud with corolla removed, X 1A; 3, inner surface of young corolla, showing attached

stamens, X Y^\ 4, outer surf ace of young corolla, X H; 5, calyx, spread out, X 1^;

6, corolla, spread out, X 1 J^; 7, stamens, dorsal view, note united filaments, X 3;

8, pistil, X 3; 9, calyx, spread out, X 1H; 10, corolla, spread out, X 1J^; 11, two

stamens, dorsal view, note united filaments, X 3; 12, pistil, X 3; 13, branch of

flowering plant, X Yi\ 14, two fruits, X H-

285

286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

up to 8 cm. long, simple or sometimes once- or twice-forked above;

pedicels slender or stout, about 1 cm. long, articulate at or near the

base, hispid-pubescent and frequently glandular; flowers commonly

purple to lavender or somewhat bluish tinged, occasionally white or

whitish and marked with purple or lavender; calyx dark green, usu-

ally densely pilose, 4-6 mm. long, rarely longer, divided to about the

middle into lanceolate or broadly rounded and abruptly acuminate

to acute lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal to rotate-stellate or stellate

(in var. stellatum) , 1.3-2.3 cm. in diameter; anthers elliptic in outline,

3-4 mm. long, rarely dorsally pilose along the center; filaments usu-

ally united about midway or more above their attachment to the

corolla, hirsute; style 6-7 mm. long, more or less papillose, the stigma

only slightly enlarged; fruit globose to ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, green

with darker green or purplish stripes, up to 3 cm. in diameter.

Although the pubescence of most specimens of S. caripense is char-

acteristically tawny and dull, some plants are found that have dense

silvery brilliant hairs. The pubescence varies with almost every

plant or, at least, collection. On the stem, leaf-rachises, peduncle

and petioles the hairs are irregularly wide-spreading; that is, they

grow at right angles to these organs and are sometimes even directed

downward or spreading erratically.

Typical S. caripense predominantly has a 3-leaflet aspect, but a

second pair of greatly reduced lateral leaflets may be present or the

leaf may be simple and undivided. The corolla is rotate-pentagonal

to somewhat rotate-substellate or even stellate (in var. stellatum).

Amazonas : Chachapoyas, Mathews 1511. Chachapoyas, Mathews

3246. — Ancash: in thicket, 11 km. from Huaraz on road to Yungay,

about 3,000 m. alt., Correll & Smith P953. Bafios de Chancos

(Huaraz), in semishade, 2,600 m. alt., Sandeman 4624- Prov. Hua-

ras, Marcara, 3,000 m. alt., Velarde Nunez 3237. — Apurimac: Aban-

cay, 2,400 m. alt., Vargas C. 753. — Ayacucho: Ccarrapa, between

Huanta and Rio Apurimac, wooded hillside, 2,200 m. alt., Killip &

Smith 23209. — Cajamarca: on brushy slope, 27 km. from Cajamarca

on road to Chilete, 2,700 m. alt., Correll & Smith P853. In thicket

along stream about 4 km. south of Namora, 2,500 m. alt., Correll &

Smith P900. Prov. Hualgayoc, Monte Seco, 1,800 m. alt., Soukup

3901 . Prov. Cutervo, Sucse River Valley, west of Socota, in shrub-

land pasture, 2,800 m. alt., Stork & Horton 10104. — Cuzco: Prov.

Paucartambo, among shrubs on steep slopes, 3,500 m. alt., Balls &

Hawkes 6672. Above Limatambo, 3,800 m. alt., Blood & Tremelling

193. Pisac, sandy soil on edge of corn field, 3,500 m. alt., Cardenas

FIG. 7. Solanum caripense var. stellatum Corr. 1, branch of flowering plant,

X 2^; 2, fruiting inflorescence, X H; 3, calyx, spread out, X 1 l/&\ 4, corolla, spread

out, X 1M; 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 6, pistil, X 3.

287

288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

2304. Ollantaytambo, 3,000 m. alt., Cook & Gilbert 285 & 403.

Rocky slopes 5 km. from Pisac on road to Cuzco, 3,200 m. alt., Cor-

rell, Smith & Vargas P226. Prov. Convenci6n, Hacienda Potreto,

among shrubs, 1,350 m. alt., Vargas 1749. Vilcabamba, Prov. Calca,

Vargas 3910. Prov. Paruro, Collcha, in rocky places and on cliffs,

left of the Apurimac River, 2,800 m. alt., Vargas 9739. — Huanca-

velica: among shrubs on brow of argillaceous hills, Checcyancu, 4 km.

east of Conaica, 3,300-3,350 m. alt., Tovar 183. — Junin: on open

brushy slope along small stream in valley just below Palca, 2,800 m.

alt., Correll & Smith P764- Mito, supported in stream-canyon jun-

gle, 2,740 m. alt., MacBride 3427. Prov. Jauja, 5 km. from Comas,

3,250 m. alt., Ochoa 537. Top of the mountain, near Carpapata be-

low San Ram6n, Tarma, 2,200 m. alt., Ochoa 624- Prov. Tarma,

Carpapata, below San Ram6n, 2,200 m. alt., Ochoa 2017. Huancayo,

3,317 m. alt., Soukup 2022. Prov. Tarma, between Palca and Car-

papata, leaning on shrubs, 2,900 m. alt., Stork 10974- — La Libertad:

along brushy stream about 3 km. west of Huamachuco, 3,200 m. alt.,

Correll & Smith P931. — Lambayeque: on bank among bushes, 42 km.

from Olmos on road to Jaen, 2,000 m. alt., Correll & Smith P814-

Rocky thicket, San Buenaventura, Pennell 14561.

Solatium caripense var. stellatum Corr., Wrightia 2: 170.

1961. Figure 7.

Vegetatively, this plant is indistinguishable from what we con-

sider to be "typical" S. caripense. The stellate corolla, however,

readily sets it apart from the essentially rotate corolla of typical S.

caripense.

Junin: Prov. Tarma, Utcuyacu, on waste land, 1,800 m. alt.,

Woytkowski 35386.

Solanum filiforme R. & P., Fl. Peruv. & Chil. 2: 31, Tab. 159,

fig. b. 1799; Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 13: 102. 1914. S. apalophyllum

Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 42. 1852. Figure 8.

Plant shrubby, much-branched; oldest branches about 3.5 mm.

thick, sparingly tawny pilose; youngest branches floriferous, terete,

about 1.5 mm. thick, densely pilose with erect-spreading yellowish

sharp hairs; leaves simple and entire, ovate to broadly ovate-elliptic,

rounded to obtuse at apex, truncate to somewhat cordate at base,

strigose on both surfaces, up to 7 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, with a

petiole up to 2.5 cm. long; pseudostipular leaves about 1 cm. long,

elliptic, essentially symmetrical; inflorescence pseudoterminal on the

FIG. 8. Solanum filiforme R. & P. 1, branch of flowering plant (in bud),

2, calyx, spread out, X 11A; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1^; 4, stamens, dorsal view,

note united filaments, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

289

290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

young branches, few- (up to 9) flowered ; peduncle usually less than

2 cm. long, densely pilose with tawny hairs; pedicels about 1 cm.

long, articulate at base, densely pilose with tawny hairs; flowers ap-

parently lavender-purple; calyx 4-7 mm. long, divided to about or

below the middle into ligulate obtuse lobes, the sinus broad and

U-shaped between the lobes, densely pilose with tawny hairs; corolla

rotate-pentagonal, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, densely tawny pilose on

the outer surface; anthers elliptic in outline, 4-4.5 mm. long, with a

dorsal excrescence at the base; filaments united to form a crown,

glabrous; style about 7 mm. long, minutely cellular-papillose below

the middle, the stigma only slightly thickened; fruit unknown.

Indefinite: 1778-1788, Pavon s.n — 1778-1788, Ruiz & Pawn s.n.

-1778-1788, Ruiz & Pavon 8/57.

Series 3. APPENDICULATA

Appendiculata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 146, 174. 1924.

Woody vines that usually root at the nodes, trail on the ground,

adhere to the bark of trees or climb high into trees, non-tuber-bear-

ing; leaves odd-pinnate or sometimes with some or most simple, with-

out interstitial leaflets; petiole commonly articulate at base; pedicels

articulate at or near the base; corolla usually small and whitish, stel-

late; fruits globular to ovoid or ellipsoid, often reddish when ripe.

Solatium brevifolium H. & B. ex Dun., Solan. Syn. 22. 1816.

Figure 9.

Climbing on trees or sprawling on floor of forests and in thickets,

2,700-3,400 m. alt. Ecuador and Peru.

Plant mostly with a flattened habit, climbing and clinging to trees

and shrubs, subglabrous to sparsely pilose; stem slender, wiry, root-

ing at the nodes, much-branched; leaves simple or with one or two

lateral leaflets, dark green and glossy, thick-herbaceous to coriaceous,

rarely more than 5 cm. long, with a petiole mostly less than 1 cm.

long which is articulate at the base; terminal leaflet or simple leaf

broadly or narrowly elliptic to oblong-elliptic or sometimes suborbic-

ular, rounded to truncate or subcordate at the oblique base, obtuse at

apex, up to 4 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, usually much smaller; lateral

leaflets greatly reduced; pseudostipular leaves obliquely elliptic, up

to 8 mm. long; inflorescences composed of several flowers that are

clustered at the apex of twigs and branchlets; peduncle apparently

lacking; pedicels up to 2.5 cm. long, usually much shorter, articulate

FIG. 9. Solarium brevifolium H. & B. 1, flowering and sterile branch, X J^;

2, calyx (spread out) and upper part of pedicel, X 1}A; 3, corolla, spread out,

X 1H; 4» stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, two fruits, X M-

291

292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

at the base; flowers white, occasionally purple-tinged; calyx 3-4 mm.

long, divided to about the middle into ovate-triangular acute margi-

nate lobes, commonly bilabiate; corolla stellate, divided to near the

base into elliptic subacute to obtuse lobes that are 8-10 mm. long and

thicker at the apex; anthers elliptic in outline, 3.5-4 mm. long; fila-

ments slender, essentially terete, glabrous, 1-1.5 mm. long; style

about 8 mm. long, glabrous; fruits unknown.

The type collection, which was in the Berlin Herbarium, is attrib-

uted to Peru. I have, however, seen no other specimen from our

region. The species seems to be indigenous to south-central Ecuador.

Solanum brevifolium, if it belongs at all in section Tuberarium, is

apparently one of the farthest removed from the tuber-bearing spe-

cies. It is included in this section for the first time, primarily on the

basis of its apparent relationship to other species that have tradition-

ally been maintained in the series Appendiculata.

Peru. — Indefinite: "almaguev," A. von Humboldt 2201.

Series 4. SUAVEOLENTIA

Suaveolentia Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 146, 173. 1924.

Herbaceous or somewhat woody lax or stout vines or viny shrubs

with fibrous roots, apparently non-tuber-bearing; leaves odd-pinnate,

with or without interstitial leaflets; pedicels articulate at or near the

base; corolla rotate-pentagonal; fruits globular to ovoid.

From northern Mexico to the Yungas region of Bolivia.

Solanum suaveolens Kunth & Bouche", Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol.

1848: 14. 1848; Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 351. 1912; Corr., Sect.

Tuberarium of Genus Solanum of N. Amer. and Centr. Amer. (Agr.

Monogr. No. 11, U. S. Dept. Agr.) 44, Figs. 26-27. 1952. S. End-

licheri Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 67. 1852. S. tarapotense Van

Heurck & Muell. Arg. in Heurck, Obs. Bot. 38. 1870-71. Figure 10.

In thickets and forested areas, on open grassy-rocky slopes, about

the base of cliffs and along streams of valleys and canyons, and in

hedgerows of cultivated areas, from near sea level up to 2,300 m. alt.,

usually below 1,000 m. on lower mountain slopes and valleys from

San Luis Potosi State, Mexico, southward through Guatemala, Brit-

ish Honduras, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru

to the Yungas region of Bolivia.

Plant lax, straggly, up to 9.5 dm. or more tall, usually about

4 dm., more or less strigose throughout with appressed hairs; stem

FIG. 10. Solatium suaveolens Kunth & Bouche\ 1, upper part of flowering

plant, X H; 2, calyx, spread out, X 3; 3, corolla, spread out, X 3; 4, stamen,

dorsal view, X 6; 5, pistil, X 6; 6, fruiting inflorescence, X 1A-

293

294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

weak, somewhat angular, branched or sometimes simple; leaves odd-

pinnate, 10-27 cm. long, rather densely short-strigose on both sur-

faces, with few interstitial leaflets; petioles up to 4 cm. long; leaflets

7 to 13, usually 9, elliptic-lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate,

rounded to broadly cuneate at the oblique base, sessile or with a slen-

der petiolule up to 1 cm. long, 3-10 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide, the

lowermost pair much reduced; interstitial leaflets small, subsessile to

shortly petiolulate, obovate to elliptic or ovate, obtuse to subacute,

up to 8 mm. long and 5 mm. wide; pseudostipular leaves semiovate,

with a semicordate base, up to 12 mm. long and 7 mm. wide; inflores-

cences lateral, several, a raceme; peduncles simple or very rarely

once-forked, up to 9 cm. long, slender, subtended near the base by a

pair of pseudostipular leaves, sparsely appressed-pilose to subglabrous;

pedicels filiform, 7-10 mm. long, articulate at the base; flowers white

or yellowish, fragrant, usually 10 or more; calyx up to 5 mm. long,

strigose to subglabrous, divided to about the middle into ovate to

ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate acute to acuminate lobes;

corolla rotate-pentagonal, 1-1.3 cm. in diameter, with short lobules

1 mm. or less long, more or less strigose on the outer surface; anthers

oblong in outline, about 3 mm. long; filaments 0.5-1 mm. long, some-

times united part way; style about 3.5 mm. long, slightly exceeding

the stamens, cellular-papillose, the stigma globose and slightly

notched; fruit ovoid to globose, green striped with dark purplish

green, about 2 cm. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter.

Characteristics that readily distinguish this species are a simple

peduncle that is provided with appressed tawny hairs; lanceolate,

acute to acuminate calyx-lobes; rotate corolla; leaves without or with

very few interstitial leaflets.

Ayacucho: Rio Apurimac Valley, near Kimpitiriki, 400 m. alt.,

KiUip & Smith 22971. — Cuzco: Quelloum, 950 m. alt., Bues s.n.

Santa Ana, about 900 m. alt., Cook & Gilbert 1682. — Huanuco: Las

Cueras, Tingo Maria, in deep ravine, 625-1,100 m. alt., Attard 20545.

Tingo Maria, Asplund 12092. Steep sunny rocky slope, Asplund

12094. Tingo Maria, edge of corn field, Blood & Tremetting 65.

Vicinity of Tingo Maria, Km. 138, Ferreyra 923. On road to Mon-

z6n, near Tingo Maria, tropical forest, 650-750 m. alt., Ferreyra

12663. In mountains near "Huanocco," Haenke s.n. Right bank of

Rio Huallaga, near Cayumba, undergrowth in cleared forest, 790 m.

alt., Mexia 8334. Near Rio Huallaga, 3 km. north of Tingo Maria,

sandy gravelly bank, 700 m. alt., Stork & Horton 9449. Tingo Maria,

Soukup 2285. — lea: Pampayacu, Hacienda at mouth of Rio Chincha,

FLORA OF PERU 295

about 1,000 m. alt., trailing along rocky wood road, Macbride 5072.

— Junin: Prov. Tarma, near San Ram6n, Valley of Chanchamayo, in

thicket of tropical forest, 800-900 m. alt., Constance & Tovar 2276.

La Merced, wooded valley, about 700 m. alt., Killip & Smith 24055.

Along Rio Perene, near "Hacienda 3," Colonia Perene, thickets,

about 600 m. alt., Killip & Smith 25219. — Loreto: Puerto Arturo,

lower Rio Huallaga below Yurimaguas, thickets, about 135 m. alt.,

Killip & Smith 27851 . Lower Rio Huallaga, Fortaleza, Yurimaguas,

Williams 4279. Lower Rio Huallaga, Fortaleza, edge of forest, Yuri-

maguas, Williams 4480. Lower Rio Huallaga, forest, Puerto Arturo,

Yurimaguas, Williams 5058. Lower Rio Huallaga, Puerto Arturo,

Yurimaguas, Williams 5322. — San Martin : on roadside to Pucallpa,

625-1,100 m. alt., Allard 20715. Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, moun-

tain forest, 1,200-1,600 m. alt., King 8524- Chazuta, Rio Huallaga,

forest, 260 m. alt., King 4139. Near Tarapoto, Spruce 3938. San

Roque, forest, Wittiams 7985. San Roque, forest, Williams 7095.

4 miles east of Tarapoto, in sunny place around huge fallen tree in

forest, 890 m. alt., Woytkowski 35231. — Tumbes: Pampa Hospital,

500 m. alt., Velarde Nunez 329. Mountains east of Hacienda Chi-

cama, 800-900 m. alt., Weberbauer 7640. — Indefinite: Casapi, Math-

ews 1965. Cuchero, Poeppig 1472.

Series 5. JUGLANDIFOLIA

Juglandifolia Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 146, 173. 1924.

Plants erect or viny shrubs or high-climbing vines, non-tuber-

bearing; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets inarticulate; flowers yellow or

rarely dull whitish; pedicels articulate at about or above the middle;

corolla rotate-pentagonal or stellate; fruit globular.

The inclusion of this series in subsection Hyperbasarthrum is

somewhat anomalous. Also, the species comprising the series are ex-

tremely heterogeneous. Their common characteristic, yellow flowers,

denotes their apparent near relationship to the segregate genus Ly-

copersicon. They differ from the tomatoes, however, primarily in

lacking floral bracts and a sterile tip to their anthers. They are in-

cluded here on the basis of their having pedicels articulate at some

distance above the base. It is quite possible that our purpose would

be best served if they were segregated as a distinct subsection in sec-

tion Tuberarium.

From the mountains of Central America and northwestern South

America as far south as northern Chile.

296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Leaflets variously dissected S. ly coper sicoides.

Leaflets of an elliptic to lanceolate type, entire S. ochranthum.

Solatium lycopersicoides Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 38. 1852;

Bitt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 466. 1912. Figure 11.

In clays or volcanic soils on open slopes among boulders and in

quebradas, 2,800-3,140 m. alt. Extreme southern Peru.

Plant shrubby, glandular-pubescent throughout, up to 2.5 m. tall,

non-tuber-bearing; stem woody, erect or tortuously ascending; leaves

asymmetrically pinnate-pinnatifid, up to 13 cm. long, with numerous

toothed interstitial leaflets; leaflets 7 to 11, sessile to decurrent on the

rachis or rarely shortly petiolulate, irregularly pinnatifid, up to 5 cm.

long, with the pinnules often toothed and the ultimate segments ob-

tuse to acute; pseudostipular leaves lobed similarly to the leaflets,

about 1 cm. long; inflorescence terminal, sub terminal or terminal on

the branches, cymose, many-flowered; peduncle rather stout, 4-9 cm.

long; pedicels slender, up to 12 mm. long, articulate 1-2 mm. below

the calyx; flowers bright yellow, showy; calyx 3.5-5.5 mm. long, di-

vided to about the middle into ovate to ovate-lanceolate acute to

acuminate lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal to rotate-substellate,

about 2 cm. in diameter, with short triangular lobes, coarsely pubes-

cent on the outer surface; anthers 3.5-5 mm. long, oblong-elliptic in

outline, opening by 2 large pores at apex that commonly become longi-

tudinal slits on the inner surface extending from the apex to base;

filaments filiform, sometimes papillose, 1-2 mm. long, united at the

swollen base to enclose the ovary; style 7-12 mm. long, slender, re-

curved above middle, pubescent below, with a conspicuously clavel-

late stigma; fruit globose, about 1 cm. in diameter, purple-black,

marked with green, the pulp remaining moist long after ripening due

to the thick chartaceous pericarp.

Of the several collections of S. lycopersicoides which I have exam-

ined no two are exactly identical. Although there are noticeable vari-

ations, especially in the leaf-size and dissection, it seems best to

recognize the material as representing a variable species rather than

to attempt varietal segregations based on minor characters.

Tacna : Cordillera de Palca, d'Orbigny 291 . 38 km. from Tacna on

road to Charana (Bolivia), 7 km. west of Palca, about 3,000 m. alt.,

in quebrada with Lycopersicon chilense, Rick SAL215. Quebrada de

Palca, I. von Tschudi s.n. Cordillera de Palca, Weddell s.n. Prov.

Parata, near Candarave, dry open hillside, in clay and volcanic rock,

2,800 m. alt., Metcalf 30382. Prov. Tarata, on east shore of Lake

FIG. 11. Solarium lycopersicoides Dun. 1, flowering branch, X H; 2, two

types of leaves from same plant, X 1A\ 3, calyx, attached to pedicel and spread

out, X 3; 4, corolla, spread out, X 2; 5, stamen, ventral view to show slits, X 3;

6, pistil, X 3; 7, stamens and pistil in natural position, X 3.

297

298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Aricota, open hillside among lava boulders, 2,900 m. alt., Metcalf

30404- Causiri, 1 km. from Palca (in Quebrada de Palca) and 45 km.

from Ciudad Tacna, 3,140 m. alt., Ochoa 2035.

Solatium ochranthum Dun., Solan. Syn., Montpellier 6. 1816.

Type: Ecuador, near Chillo; Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 462. 1912.

S. ochranthum var. glabrifilamentum Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 466.

1912; Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 50 (Beibl. Ill): 58. 15 Ap. 1913. Figure 12.

In thickets, on the edge of forests, and in hedgerows, barrancas

and on steep ravine slopes, soil pH 7.2-7.4, 1,800-3,500 m. alt. Co-

lombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Plant large, coarse, lax and bushy or viny, more or less pubescent

throughout, up to 12 dm. or more tall, non-tuber-bearing; stem stout,

woody, often climbing; leaves odd-pinnate, usually with numerous

variously sized interstitial leaflets, up to 32 cm. long, thick-herba-

ceous, mostly hirsute above and tomentose-canescent beneath, rarely

subscabrous above with the hairs somewhat pustulate; petioles about

4 cm. long; leaflets 9 to 13, rarely 15, sessile or rarely with a short

petiolule up to 6 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to acute or occa-

sionally acuminate, obliquely rounded or tapering at base, 5-12 cm.

long, 2-5 cm. wide, the lowermost pair much reduced, prominently

veined (especially beneath) ; terminal leaflet similar to the lateral ones

but occasionally longer and wider; pseudostipular leaves in pairs,

semi-ovate, obtuse to subacute, up to 3 cm. long; inflorescence cy-

mose, lateral, much-branched, subdichotomous, glandular-pubescent

(especially on the branches and pedicels), as much as 30 cm. across,

often very showy; peduncle stout, elongate, 6-15 cm. long; pedicels

conspicuously short, up to 1.5 cm. long, usually less than 1 cm. long,

articulate about the middle or near the calyx, with the articulation

prominent; flowers brilliant yellow, odoriferous, often pungent, usu-

ally numerous; calyx 4-7 mm. long, divided to above the middle into

broadly triangular acute lobes; corolla up to 3.5 cm. in diameter,

rotate-stellate to subrotate, divided to above the middle into broadly

ovate acute to acuminate lobes; anthers 5-7 mm. long, oblong in out-

line, laterally dehiscent their entire length, papillose on inner surface;

filaments stout, pubescent to glabrous, 1.5-3 mm. long; style 8-

13 mm. long, slender, exceeding the anthers, pubescent on lower

half; stigma stout; fruit globose, up to 6 cm. in diameter, with a

tough thick coat, grass-green and glabrous.

Some herbarium specimens of this species and the allied Ecua-

dorean S. juglandifolium often resemble one another closely. In the

FIG. 12. Solanum ochranthum Dun. About X H (re-drawn from drawing in

Monlpellier Herbarium).

299

300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

field, however, these two plants are readily distinguishable. The leaf-

lets of this species are nearly always sessile or essentially so, whereas

at least some of those of S. juglandifolium are usually noticeably

petiolulate. The leaflets are also more closely spaced than in S. jug-

landifolium and are even often somewhat overlapped. They are also

usually more elliptic and obtuse than in that species. It is of interest

that the anthers of S. ochranthum, besides having prominent apical

pores, readily dehisce for most of their length.

Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Samanga, Valley of Utcubamba, 1,800-

1,900 m. alt., Ochoa 1694.. Chilingote, near Leimebamba, 1,900 m.

alt., Ochoa 1695. — Apurimac : near the river in Abancay, rocky places,

2,400 m. alt., Vargas C. 460. Abancay, "Cachoro," 3,000 m. alt.,

Vargas 91 35. Andahuaylas, Rio Pampa, Hacienda Cotahuacho,

2,600-2,700 m. alt., Weberbauer 5907. — Cuzco: near Piscacucho, vi-

cinity of Machu Picchu, Blood & Tremelling 184. Between Ollan-

taytambo and Torontoy, 3,000 m. alt., Cook & Gilbert 829. Torontoy,

Urubamba Valley, 2,400 m. alt., Cook & Gilbert 1185. Urubamba,

among rocks, between Salapuncu and Sta. Rita, 2,500 m. alt., Vargas

8108. Urubamba Valley, near Cedrobamba, in damp location, mar-

gin of dense riverside woods, 2,100 m. alt., West 64-61. — Huancavelica:

between the Haciendas Tocas and Pilcos, Prov. Tayacaja, 1,900-

2,200 m. alt., Ochoa 973. Tayacaja, Salcabamba, shrubland, in gravel

and black loam soil, 3,250 m. alt., Stork & Horton 10276. — Junin:

along road to Satipo, Calabaza, Soukup 2874-. — San Martin : Huam-

bos, about 2,000 m. alt., Soukup 4452. — Indefinite: Gay s.n. Scan-

dent, quebrada of "Parichuanca," Mathews 841.

Series 6. INGAEFOLIA

Ingaefolia Ochoa in Corr., The Potato and its Wild Relatives 129.

1962; Los Solanum Tuberiferos Silvestres del Peru 68. 1962

[1963].

Bushy and straggly or erect subshrubby or herbaceous plants,

with tuber-bearing stolons or rhizomes that produce plants; leaves

odd-pinnatifid, the rachis winged; pedicels usually articulate just be-

low the calyx; calyx variously lobed; corolla rotate; fruits globose to

ovoid.

The species in this series are distinguished by their odd-pinnati-

fid leaves with typically prominently winged leaf-rachis and well-

developed leaflets that are not noticeably decurrent on the leaf-rachis.

The calyces are also usually uniquely lobed. The series is closely

allied to series Piurana.

FLORA OF PERU 301

From southern Colombia through Ecuador to northern Peru.

Stem more or less winged S. ingaefolium.

Stem wingless or essentially so.

Leaflets abruptly acuminate-attenuate at apex; calyx-lobes apicu-

late S. raquialatum.

Leaflets obtuse to subacute at apex; calyx-lobes obtuse to acute.

Plant glabrous S. jalcae.

Plant somewhat pilose throughout S. jalcae var. pubescens.

Solatium ingaefolium Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 26: 319, Figs.

1959. Figure 18.

Plant erect to erect-ascending, up to 9 dm. tall, stoloniferous and

tuber-bearing; tubers ellipsoid to oval, white, up to 10 cm. long; stem

stout, up to 1 cm. thick, branched below, the internodes short, broadly

and sinuously crisp-winged; leaves odd-pinnatifid, the largest up to

3 dm. long, usually much shorter, without interstitial leaflets; rachis

broadly winged; leaflets 3 to 7; lateral leaflets narrowly elliptic to

elliptic-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at the apex, tapering at the

sessile base and decurrent on the rachis, up to 6.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm.

wide; terminal leaflet about the same as the lateral leaflets but some-

times rhombic-lanceolate and slightly larger; pseudostipular leaves

semiovate, up to 2.5 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, cymose-

paniculate, up to 20-flowered; peduncle pigmented, up to 1.5 cm.

long; pedicels short, about 1 cm. long, articulate just below the calyx,

warty (muriculate) on the upper part; flowers blue; calyx fleshy, 3-

4 mm. long, divided to about or above the middle into ovate-triangu-

lar subacute lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal, 3-3.5 cm. in diameter;

anthers about 5.5 mm. long, lanceolate in outline; filaments 1-2 mm.

long, glabrous, united for about half their length to form a crown;

style stout, 8-9 mm. long, cellular-papillose below, the stigma glo-

bose; fruit unknown (the ovary broadly ovoid).

Solanum ingaefolium and S. raquialatum are closely allied. There

are, however, several distinctive differences in the two species. This

species, in contrast to S. raquialatum, has prominently winged stems,

the short winged leaf-rachis does not have interstitial leaflets, and

the filaments are united for one-half their length above the point of

attachment to the corolla-throat.

The above two species are also closely related to S. jalcae.

Piura: near Ayabaca, Prov. Ayabaca, Montana de Cuyas, 2,800 m.

alt., Ochoa 1765.

FIG. 13. Solarium ingaefolium Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X %;

2, calyx, spread out, X \1A; 3, corolla, spread out, X IJ^J 4, stamens, dorsal view

(note united filaments), X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

302

FIG. 14. Solarium jakae Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X Y^\

2, calyx, spread out, X 1; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, anther, dorsal view, X 3;

5, pistil, X 3.

303

304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Solatium jalcae Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 19: 167, Figs. 1-2.

1954. Figure!^

On open grassy-rocky slopes, commonly in seepage areas, 3,100-

3,550 m. alt., northern Peru.

Plant rather bushy, decumbent-ascending to erect-ascending, up

to 4 dm. or more tall, glabrous throughout, rhizomatous to produce

new plants and sometimes tuber-bearing; tubers small, white, glo-

bose, produced at intervals on stolons (moniliform) ; stem somewhat

flexuous, glabrous or laxly pilose, simple or sparsely branched, essen-

tially wingless, mostly purple-mottled; leaves odd-pinnatifid, shiny

green on the upper surface, more or less tinged purplish on the lower

surface, up to 16 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, without or with one to

several or rarely many (in var. pubescens) interstitial leaflets; rachis

noticeably winged; leaflets 7 or 9, rarely 5; lateral leaflets narrowly

or broadly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, conspicuously decurrent at the

base to form lateral wings on the rachis, obtuse to subacute at the

apex, up to 5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide; terminal leaflet somewhat

larger than the lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves semiorbicular, fal-

cate, up to about 1.2 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, cymosely

paniculate, up to about 20-flowered; peduncle up to 11 cm. long,

divided above; pedicels up to 4 (usually about 2.5) cm. long, articu-

late 3-5 mm. below the calyx, tinged purplish; flowers bluish or bluish

purple to dull lavender, showy; calyx 6-7 mm. long, tinged dark pur-

ple, divided to about or below the middle into ovate to triangular-

ovate obtuse to acute lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal to broadly

rotate-stellate, 3-3.8 cm. in diameter; anthers lanceolate in outline,

6-7 mm. long; filaments thick, glabrous, about 1 mm. long; style

1-1.2 mm. long, cellular-papillose below the middle, the stigma slightly

enlarged; fruit (immature) subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter.

La Libertad: on seepage slope a few km. below Quiruvilca, 3,500 m.

alt., Correll & Smith P94.1. Ascending from Hacienda Motil, "hacia

las jalcas," 3,100-3,300 m. alt., Ochoa

Solatium jalcae var. pubescens Corr., Wrightia 1: 181. 1961.

Variety pubescens has a less broadly winged leaf-rachis than in

typical S. jalcae, with quite a few interstitial leaflets. Also, instead

of being glabrous, the stems, leaf-rachises, margins of the leaflets on

the upper surface and lower surface of leaflets are usually sparsely

pilose. In fact, with further study, this plant may eventually prove

to be a hybrid between S. jalcae and the Ecuadorean S. Solisii.

FIG. 15. Solanum raquialatum Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X Yi\

2, calyx, spread out, X 11A', 3, corolla, spread out, X 11A', 4, stamen, dorsal view,

X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

305

306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Cajamarca: rocky grassy open slopes, near entrance to Hacienda

Porc6n, north of Cajamarca, 3,550 m. alt., Corrett & Smith P866.

Rocky grassy open slope, near entrance to Hacienda Porcon, north

of Cajamarca, 3,550 m. alt., Correll & Smith P867.

Solatium raquialatum Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 19: 172, Figs.

6-7. 1954. S. rachialatum Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 26: 312, 322.

1959. Figure 15.

Plant up to 8 dm. tall, probably tuber-bearing; tubers unknown;

stem stout, somewhat flexuous, wingless, tending to be purplish in

exposed situations; leaves odd-pinnatifid, up to 28 cm. long and 17

cm. wide; rachis irregularly and broadly winged throughout and often

with several poorly defined interstitial leaflets, dark green and rather

coarsely and sparsely pilose on the upper surface, lighter green and

more finely and densely pubescent on the lower surface; leaflets 7 to

11, shortly petiolulate and strongly decurrent on the basiscopic side,

elliptic-lanceolate, rounded to broadly cuneate at the somewhat

oblique base, acuminate-attenuate at the apex, up to 8.5 cm. long

and 3.5 cm. wide, the terminal leaflet usually somewhat larger than

the lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves semiorbicular, falcate, up to

about 1.5 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, cymosely panicu-

late, with 10 or more flowers; peduncle up to 4.5 cm. long, glabrous;

pedicels 1.5-3.2 cm. long, glabrous, slightly muriculate above, articu-

late about 3 mm. below the calyx; flowers white; calyx 3-4.5 mm.

long, divided to about the middle into broadly rounded apiculate

lobes with scarious margins; corolla rotate-pentagonal, about 3 cm.

in diameter; anthers narrowly lanceolate in outline, minutely several-

lobulate at the base, 6-7 mm. long; filaments 1-2 mm. long, glabrous

or sparsely puberulent; style about 1 cm. long, papillose about the

middle, the stigma somewhat swollen; fruit not seen but the ovary

is ovoid.

The irregularly and broadly winged leaf-rachis and elliptic-lan-

ceolate long-acuminate leaflets make this a most distinctive species.

When first described, this species was placed in the series Megista-

croloba, apparently because of the decurrent lateral leaflets and

winged leaf-rachis.

Piura: Prov. Huancabamba, quebradas west of Canchaque, com-

mon in weedy growths, clay, 1,200 m. alt., Stork 11394.

Series 7. PIURANA

Piurana Hawkes, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, 7: 693. 1954.

FLORA OF PERU 307

Short bushy to erect and robust plants with rhizomes or stolons

that may or may not produce tubers; leaves odd-pinnate, often sub-

coriaceous, with or without interstitial leaflets; leaflets glabrous to

coarsely or harshly pubescent on the upper surface, vernicose on the

upper surface (even when pubescent), the occasionally undulate-

crenulate to erose margins somewhat revolute, sometimes strongly

pigmented; pedicels variously articulate above the base; corolla

mostly showy; fruits globose to ovoid or rarely ovoid-ellipsoid.

This series, probably more than any of the others, may be consid-

ered as a catch-all. Paradoxically, its component species are held to-

gether not so much by their similarity as by their differences. The

individual species, when first encountered, either in the field or in

the herbarium, impress one by their distinctiveness. They are, for

the most part, totally different from one's concept of the general

habit and appearance of the commonly cultivated potato.

The species in this series consist of those plants that have leaflets

that are either glabrous or glabrescent and vernicose on the upper

surface or which have thick, subcoriaceous leaflets that are coarsely

or even harshly pubescent on the upper surface and whose occasion-

ally undulate-crenulate margins are somewhat revolute. Usually,

even when pubescent, the upper surface of the leaflets is glossy.

Series Piurana is closely related to series Conicibaccata. The

fact that some species apparently do not produce tubers and some

have long-ovoid, apically blunted fruits, while others, as S. piurae,

apparently have globose fruits, is significant since this rather vege-

tatively distinct group of species evidently forms a bridge with series

Ingaefolia, as it were, from the non-tuber-bearing, globular-fruited

series Etuberosa to the conical-fruited, usually tuber-bearing, series

Conicibaccata. The usually high articulation of the pedicel also

shows a close relationship with the latter series.

From southern Colombia to southern Peru, mainly in southern

Ecuador and northern Peru.

Leaves without interstitial leaflets.

Lateral leaflets large and usually coarse, up to 11 cm. long and

3.5 cm. wide.

Lateral leaflets sessile, subcoriaceous, densely and harshly hispid.

S. chiquidenum.

Lateral leaflets more or less petiolulate, rather thin-textured and

thinly hispid S. chiquidenum var. cachicadense.

308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Lateral leaflets smaller than those above, up to 6 cm. long and

2 cm. wide.

Leaves typically with two pairs of well-developed lateral leaflets.

S. cantense.

Leaves typically with a 3-leaflet aspect, the lowermost second

pair of lateral leaflets greatly reduced S. acroglossum.

Leaves (at least some) with interstitial leaflets.

Lower surface of leaflets densely short-pilose to puberulent or with

gray crinkly hairs.

Upper surface of leaflets rather densely pubescent.

Leaflets with coarse harsh hairs.

S. chiquidenum var. porconense.

Leaflets with rather fine hairs.

Pedicels and calyx densely pilose.

Plant usually somewhat glandular S. pampasense.

Plant not glandular . . S. marinasense f . longimucronatum.

Pedicels and calyx essentially glabrous or only slightly pilose

or puberulent S. chomatophilum f. pilosum.

Upper surface of leaflets essentially glabrous to only slightly

pilose.

Plant somewhat glandular; hairs gray and crinkly.

S. pampasense f . glabrescens.

Plant and hairs not as the above.

Pedicels and calyx glabrous or only lightly puberulent;

leaflets with repand-undulate to crenulate margins.

S. Earl-Smithii.

Pedicels and calyx densely pilose.

Leaflets somewhat marginally toothed ; interstitial leaf-

lets numerous. . .S. marinasense var. dentifolium.

Leaflets not marginally toothed; interstitial leaflets

very few S. marinasense.

Lower surface of leaflets essentially glabrous or only sparsely pilose

(and this on the veins).

Leaflets mostly noticeably marginate (that is, undulate, crenu-

late-dentate or erose).

Terminal leaflet greatly exceeding in size the lateral leaflets,

broadly elliptic to suborbicular, abruptly acuminate-

attenuate S. hypacrarthrum.

FLORA OF PERU 309

Terminal leaflet not as above.

Leaflets mostly conspicuously petiolulate S. immite.

Leaflets mostly sessile or not conspicuously petiolulate.

Pedicel articulate below the middle; distribution in coastal

loma vegetation zone of Peru S. mochiquense.

Pedicel articulate above the middle or near the calyx; dis-

tribution in high mountains S. piurae.

Leaflets not noticeably marginate.

Leaflets typically broadly elliptic and obtuse.

Plant producing tubers in a necklace; pedicels prominently

articulate 2-3 mm. below the calyx. . . .S. moniliforme.

Plant apparently non-tuber-bearing or with a few brittle

tubers, mostly with woody stolons; pedicels articulate

more than 3 mm. below the calyx . . . S. chomatophilum.

Leaflets typically elliptic-lanceolate and acuminate.

Calyx with attenuate lobes that are more or less fused.

S. chomatophilum f. angustifoliolum.

Calyx not as above S. immite var. vernale.

Solarium acroglossum Juz., Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., ser. Biol.

2: 313. 1937. S. paucissectum Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 27(4) : 365,

Figs. 1960 (type: Peru, Dept. Piura, Ci6nago Largo, between Paso

Cuello del Indio and Huancabamba, 3,180 m. alt., May 5, 1960,

Ochoa 2321). Figure 16.

In mountains, 2,700-3,180 m. alt. Northern and central Peru.

Plant suberect to erect-ascending, up to about 7.5 dm. tall, stolo-

niferous and tuber-bearing; tubers whitish, globose, about 2 cm. in

diameter; stem simple to slightly branched, terete below to somewhat

angular above, glabrous or very sparingly short-pilose; leaves simple

on lower part of stem, odd-pinnate on upper part of stem, without

interstitial leaflets, up to 15 cm. long, the rachis more or less bisulcate

above; petiole up to 2.5 cm. long; leaflets 3 or 5 (when not simple),

the more or less revolute margins often subdenticulate and with short

coarse bristly hairs, dark green and vernicose and sometimes minutely

glandular on the upper surface, light green and white-granulose and

sometimes with scattered hairs (especially on the veins) on the lower

surface; lateral leaflets sessile, commonly basiscopically decurrent on

the leaf-rachis, oblong to elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, obtuse to

acuminate at apex, narrowed at base, up to 6 cm. long and 1.6 cm.

FIG. 16. Solatium acroglossum Juz. 1, flowering plant, X 1A; 2, inflorescence

from a more mature plant, X M; 3, calyx, spread out, X 1H; 4, corolla, spread

out, X \]/2\ 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 6, pistil, X 3.

310

FLORA OF PERU 311

wide, usually much smaller, the basal pair (when present) greatly

reduced; terminal leaflet elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or

rarely narrowly obovate-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, obtuse to

acuminate at the apex, up to 10 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide; pseudo-

stipular leaves falcate, up to about 1 cm. long; inflorescences pseudo-

terminal and /or lateral, few-flowered; peduncle slender, glabrous, up

to 5 cm. long, usually much shorter, branched above; pedicels slen-

der, glabrous, up to 2.5 cm. long, articulate at about or usually above

the middle; flowers white marked with violet-color or obscurely vio-

let-blue; calyx fleshy- thickened, pigmented, 5.5-7 mm. long, glabrous,

divided to about or below the middle into ovate-subquadrate to ovate-

lanceolate more or less abruptly acuminate lobes; corolla rotate to

broadly rotate-substellate, eventually spreading, 2.5-3 cm. in diam-

eter, the acumens usually somewhat cucullate; anthers 6-8 mm. long,

linear-lanceolate in outline; filaments 1-1.5 mm. long, glabrous; style

1-1.1 cm. long, subglabrous to minutely cellular-papillose below the

middle, narrowed into the ovary, slenderly clavellate into the globose

stigma; fruit ovoid, up to 2 cm. long, green and mottled with purple.

The characteristics attributed to this species are, for the most part,

not too unlike those found in some specimens of S. piurae, to which

this species is strongly allied to the point of possibly representing only

an extreme condition of that species. Its only real differences, if

there be any, that I can find from typical S. piurae are its usually

prominent 3-leaflet aspect with the pair of lateral leaflets more de-

current on the leaf-rachis, the complete lack of interstitial leaflets,

and the usually light blue-violet or purplish instead of the usually

whitish flowers. It is of interest that the flowers of the plant de-

scribed as S. paucissectum, the type of which I have unfortunately

not seen, are said to have whitish flowers with a yellowish central star

and lilac-colored acumens.

Huanuco: Pillao, scarce, 2,700 m. alt., Woytkowski 32 (34032).—

Junin: near Cerro de Pasco, between Cajamarca and Huariaca,

Juzepczuk 10672.

Solatium cantense Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 26: 217, Fig. 1959.

Figure 17.

Plant slender, erect-ascending, up to 5 dm. tall, stoloniferous and

tuber-bearing; tubers whitish, globose to ellipsoid, 1.5-3.5 cm. long;

stem slender, brownish, terete, not winged, with a few long scattered

silvery hairs; leaves odd-pinnate, shortly petiolate, glabrous and ver-

nicose on upper surface, with the somewhat revolute margins shortly

FIG. 17. Solatium cantense Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X 1A\

2, calyx, spread out, X 1; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, corolla-acumen to show

cucullate condition, X 3; 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 2; 6, pistil, X 2.

312

FLORA OF PERU 313

hispidulous, up to 11 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, without interstitial

leaflets, the rachis with a few long scattered silvery hairs; leaflets 5

or 7; terminal leaflet elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, rounded

at base, up to 6.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, larger than the lateral

leaflets; lateral leaflets essentially sessile, lanceolate, acute to acumi-

nate at apex, rounded at the oblique base, up to 5.5 cm. long and

1.8 cm. wide; pseud ostipular leaves semi-ovate, lunate, about 1 cm.

long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, up to 16-flowered; peduncle up to

6 cm. long; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long, articulate well above the middle;

flowers white, with a yellow star; calyx membranaceous, subglabrous

or with a few bristly hairs, 6-8 mm. long, divided to about or below

the middle into ovate-lanceolate attenuate lobes; corolla rotate, 2.5-

3.5 cm. in diameter, the slender-attenuate acumens cucullate; anthers

lanceolate in outline, 6-6.5 mm. long; filaments 1-2 mm. long, gla-

brous; style about 1 cm. long, lightly cellular-papillose below the mid-

dle, the stigma sub-globose; fruits ovoid, about 1 cm. long, mottled.

This species is closely allied to S. piurae. However, its lack of

interstitial leaflets and the cucullate acumens of the corolla-lobes set

it apart from that species.

Lima: Capra Marca, near Canta, Prov. Canta, 2,800 m. alt.,

Ochoa 115 '4-

Solatium chiquidenum Ochoa, Biota (Lima) 1(1): 5, Figs. 1-2.

1954. Figure 18.

In thickets and on rocky-grassy slopes along streams and on

brushy slopes, 2,800-3,400 m. alt. Northern Peru.

Plant erect to erect-ascending, robust, deep green, up to 8 dm.

or more tall, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers globose, white,

slightly compressed, produced at frequent intervals on the stolons

(moniliform), 1-2 cm. in diameter; stem elongate, mostly thick, sim-

ple or much-branched, subglabrous or with a few scattered, short,

coarse, white, sharp hairs; leaves odd-pinnate or sometimes simple on

basal part of plant, subcoriaceous, harshly hispid (especially on the

margins and upper surface) with sharp pustulate hairs to glabrous or

subglabrous and vernicose (in var. cachicadense) , up to 23 cm. long,

with petiole up to 7.5 cm. long; leaflets 3 or 5; lateral leaflets sub-

petiolulate (in var. cachicadense) to sessile and basiscopically auricu-

late at the very oblique base or slightly decurrent on the leaf-rachis,

lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or rarely ovate,

acute to acuminate at the apex, commonly slightly falcate, up to

11 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide; terminal leaflet similar to the lateral

3L^ VS&sSKKiy />•»• •JN^i.vyjf

FIG. 18. Solanum chiquidenum Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant with

basal bijugate leaf in background, X H; 2, calyx, spread out, X l^i; 3, corolla

spread out, X 1^5 4, stamen, dorsal view, note twist, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, tubers

(moniliform), X 1.

314

FLORA OF PERU 315

ones but usually slightly larger; pseudostipular leaves broadly lunate,

up to 1 cm. long; inflorescences often several, pseudoterminal or lat-

eral, cymosely paniculate, up to 20-flowered ; peduncle stout, glabrous

or sparsely pilose, up to 10 cm. long, divided above; pedicels 1.5-

2.5 cm. long, articulate above the middle or just below the calyx;

flowers yellowish white or white with light lavender-color on the outer

surface; calyx 6-8 mm. long, tinged with purple, divided to about the

middle into ovate to ovate-lanceolate abruptly long-acuminate lobes,

with the lobes fleshy-thickened and usually provided with a crenulate

keel on the back; corolla rotate-pentagonal, 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter,

the acumens minutely cucullate; anthers lanceolate in outline, usually

noticeably twisted, 5.5-6.5 mm. long; filaments 1-1.5 mm. long, gla-

brous; style about 1 cm. long, the stigma slightly globose; fruit ovoid,

marbled, 1.5-1.8 cm. long.

Cajamarca: on brushy slope along small stream about 15 km. from

Cajamarca on road to Bambamarca, 3,000 m. alt., Correll & Smith

P854- On brushy slope, about 25 km. from Cajamarca on road to

Bambamarca, 3,400 m. alt., Correll & Smith P855. Along rocky-

grassy stream bank near headquarters of Hacienda Porc6n, north of

Gajamarca, 3,200 m. alt., Correll & Smith P877. Near ChiquideX

district of San Juan, 2,800 m. alt., Ochoa 1505.

Solatium chiquidenum var. cachicadense Ochoa, Agronomia

(Lima) 26:318. 1959.

In habit, var. cachicadense is not unlike typical S. chiquidenum.

The subpetiolulate to shortly petiolulate, finer textured and more

narrowly lanceolate leaflets that are less densely hispid readily sep-

arate it from the typical plant.

La Libertad: in briar thicket along stream near Km. 212 from

Trujillo, between Huamachuco and Cajabamba, 3,050 m. alt., Cor-

rell & Smith P919. Prov. Santiago de Chuco, near Cachicadan, Cerro

Botica or Cerro de Oro, 3,020 m. alt., Ochoa U69.

Solatium chiquidenum var. porconense Ochoa, Agronomia

(Lima) 27(4): 369, Fig. 1960 (type: Peru. Dept. Cajamarca, Jalcas

de la Hacienda Porc6n, above headquarters, May 14, 1960, Ochoa

2340).

This plant has the coarse pubescence of typical S. chiquidenum

although it is more dense, and the flowers are essentially the same

in both entities. It differs, however, in its more dissected leaves

which have as many as six lateral leaflets and several interstitial leaf-

316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

lets. The leaflets of the var. porconense are also somewhat shorter

and broader than in typical S. chiquidenum. Ochoa also emphasizes

the presence of a strong pigmentation which may not be too evident

in dried specimens.

I am not entirely satisfied with the present disposition of this

plant. Ochoa states that the variety porconense bore round, white

tubers that were 1-2 cm. in diameter, and Dr. Smith's and my collec-

tion from Ancash Department referred to here had individual white,

pyriform tubers about 2.5 cm. long. Our collections of typical S. chi-

quidenum, however, had globose tubers produced at regular inter-

vals along a slender rhizome, thus being moniliform in character.

Perhaps further study will warrant the complete separation of these

two entities.

Ancash: open grassy-brushy slope about 5 km. below Jupash,

2,900 m. alt., Correll & Smith

Solanum chomatophilum Bitt., Abhandl. Naturwiss. Ver.,

Bremen 25: 246. 1924. Figure 19.

On rocky-grassy slopes and in thickets or occasionally woodlands,

in ravines, canyons and along streams, 2,500-4,100 m. alt., usually

above 3,000 m. Southern Colombia and Ecuador to central Peru.

Plant mostly bushy, erect or erect-ascending, up to 9 dm. or more

tall, usually much less tall, essentially glabrous throughout or rarely

with densely pilose stem and leaves (in f. pilosum), commonly with

large thick woody stolons from a mother-plant that gives rise to new

plants, sometimes producing whitish brittle tubers, essentially gla-

brous throughout; stem simple to much-branched, commonly mottled

with purple; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 22 cm. long, mostly about

8 cm. long, without or with several small interstitial leaflets, dark

green and vernicose on the upper surface, paler green on the lower

surface; leaflets 5 to 9, rarely 3, sessile to conspicuously petiolulate

(rarely with secondary leaflets on the petiolules), the margins usually

only slightly revolute and sometimes lightly puberulent; lateral leaf-

lets ovate-elliptic to broadly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, broadly

rounded to obtuse or acute to shortly acuminate at the apex, some-

what rounded to cuneate at the oblique base, 2-8 cm. long, 1^4 cm.

wide; terminal leaflet similar to the lateral ones but somewhat larger,

up to 9.5 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide; pseudostipular leaves lunate,

falcate, about 1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, subumbellate

to cymosely paniculate, laxly few- to 12-flowered ; peduncle slender,

3.5-10 cm. long; pedicels 1.2-3 cm. long, articulate above the middle

FIG. 19. Solanum chomatophilum Bitt. 1, portion of flowering plant, X l/2\

2, calyx, spread out, X 1; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 2;

5, pistil, X 2; 6, fruit, X 1.

317

318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

(rarely at the base), conspicuously dilated into the calyx; flowers pur-

plish or violet-color; calyx 4-6 mm. long, divided to about or above

the middle into broadly triangular to triangular-ovate or shortly

ovate-lanceolate obtuse to shortly acuminate lobes, often purple, the

margins usually scarious; corolla rotate-pentagonal to sometimes

broadly rotate-stellate, 2-4 cm. in diameter; anthers 5-7.5 mm. long,

elliptic-lanceolate in outline; filaments 1.5-2 mm. long, broad, puber-

ulent or glabrous; style 8-10 mm. long, densely papillose below the

middle, the stigma usually rather abruptly globose; fruit broadly

ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, somewhat cordate at base, up to 3.5 cm. long.

Ancash: Prov. Pallasca, below the mine of Huaura, 3,950 m. alt.,

Weberbauer 7201 — Cajamarca: on slope about 43 km. from Caja-

marca on road to Chilete, 1,950 m. alt., Correll & Smith P840. On

rocky-grassy slope, about 1 mile north of entrance to Hacienda Por-

c6n, north of Cajamarca, 3,500 m. alt., Correll & Smith P862. Rocky-

grassy slopes near entrance to Hacienda Porcon, north of Cajamarca,

3,550 m. alt., Correll & Smith P868. Km. 60 on road from Caja-

marca to Celendin, 3,400-3,500 m. alt., Ochoa 1517. Prov. Chota,

Cofiorpata, 3,000 m. alt., Ochoa 1531. — Huanuco: Bafios, Capt. Wilkes

Expedition s.n. — La Libertad: Pr. Santiago de Chuco, Huillilas, north

of Cachicadan, in moist ravine, 4,000 m. alt., Stork & Horton 10006.

—Lima: near Antaicocha, Cerro Colorado, east of Canta, rocky

slopes and bushy thickets, 3,800-4,000 m. alt., Pennell 14651. Near

Antaicocha, Cerro Colorado, east of Canta, about springhead in small

canyon, 3,800-4,100 m. alt., Pennell 14656. — Piura: pass in the moun-

tains of Huancabamba, above 3,000 m. alt., Ochoa 1798. 2 km. from

Ayabaca to Arraypite, Ceja, growing with Fuchsia and Begonia,

2,500 m. alt., Rimpau & H. Ross 1082 p.p. — Indefinite: Viso, among

rocks on wet slope, 2,750 m. alt., MacBride & Featherstone 594- 1834-

1840, Mathews 847 p.p.

Solarium chomatophilum f. angustifoliolum Corr., Wrightia

2: 180. 1961.

Forma angustifoliolum, as its name implies, differs from typical

S. chomatophilum in having narrower leaflets, these being lanceolate

to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate and subacute to acuminate at the apex.

It also usually has more numerous interstitial leaflets and the calyx,

which is sometimes so irregular as to be bilabiate, has typically longer

lobes.

La Libertad: near Hacienda Motil, 3,000 m. alt., Ochoa 1436.—

Piura: Pingola near Ayabaca, 2,300 m. alt., Rimpau & Ross 1068-

1069.

FLORA OF PERU 319

solatium chomatophilum f. pilosum Corr., Wrightia 2: 180.

1961.

Except for being usually more dwarf, f. pilosum differs from typ-

ical S. chomatophilum only in having its stems and leaves rather

densely pilose.

Piura: climbing from Canchaque to the pass "Cuello del Indio"

on the road from Canchaque to Huancabamba, Ochoa 1795.

Solanum Earl-Smithii Corr., Wrightia 2: 135, Fig. 25. 1961.

Figure 20.

In rocky loma area and in disturbed soils at somewhat higher ele-

vation, 400-1,650 m. alt. Northern Peru.

Plant stout, bushy, up to 6 dm. or more tall, from a thick fibrous

rootstock and apparently non-tuber-bearing; stem stout, more or less

zigzag, puberulent, simple or branched; leaves odd-pinnate, deep

green and shiny-glabrous on the upper surface, dull grayish green

and densely puberulent on the lower surface, 10-27 cm. long, usually

with several interstitial leaflets; rachis more or less puberulent; leaf-

lets 7 or 9, the lowermost pair greatly reduced, sessile to shortly peti-

olulate, the margins repand-undulate to conspicuously crenulate;

lateral leaflets asymmetrically elliptic to broadly elliptic or elliptic-

lanceolate, obtuse to acute at the apex, the basiscopic side more or

less auriculate at the base, the acroscopic side deeply recessed and

rounded at the base, up to 9 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide, usually much

smaller; terminal leaflet similar to the lateral ones but frequently

somewhat larger and sometimes suborbicular-elliptic, rounded to sub-

cordate at base; pseudostipular leaves semi-elliptic, broadly lunate

or falcate, up to 1.5 cm. long; inflorescences pseudoterminal and/or

lateral, a conspicuously many-flowered and showy panicle, with the

3 main branches divergent and spreading; peduncle up to 6 cm. long,

usually much abbreviated as compared with the large inflorescence,

3-branched above, essentially glabrous to lightly puberulent; pedicels

1.3-2 cm. long, articulate well below the middle or to near the base,

glabrous or sparingly puberulent; flowers white and usually with a

light greenish center; calyx 3-5 mm. long, shallowly lobed with the

lobes broadly rounded to subquadrate and apiculate, glabrous or with

a few scattered hairs; corolla rotate-pentagonal, about 2.5 cm. in

diameter, the acumens more or less cucullate; anthers 5-6 mm. long,

oblong-lanceolate in outline; filaments 1-1.5 mm. long, glabrous;

style 9-10 mm. long, cellular-papillose on the lower half, the stigma

FIG. 20. Solanum Earl-Smithii Corr. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X K;

2, calyx, spread out, with pistil partially attached, X 3; 3, corolla, spread out,

note cucullate acumens, X 1%; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, fruit, X M-

320

FLORA OF PERU 321

globose and commonly notched; fruit globose, deep green, about

1.5 cm. in diameter.

This is one of the species of apparently local occurrence, if not en-

demic, that are found more or less isolated in widely separated places

in northern Peru. There is little doubt that when more incisive and

prolonged exploration is undertaken in this region additional species

new to science will be discovered.

As one progresses beyond centers of concentration of wild tuber-

ous Solarium species, with their vast population development, such

as the region about Lake Titicaca, one should expect distinctive and

unique lines to arise among the diverging and diminishing popula-

tion. In a region of great concentration of wild species as well as

cultigens some interbreeding is bound to occur, in which case indi-

vidual characteristics tend to be submerged or lost and hybrid swarms

replace what was once perhaps many distinctive species.

Solatium Earl-Smithii shows some vegetative relationship with

S. mochiquense and S. cajamarquense and, in its cucullate acumens of

the corolla, some floral relationship with S. chiquidenum.

Cajamarca: in disturbed soil along road, 58 km. from Cajamarca,

between Chilete and mountain pass, 1,650 m. alt., Correll & Smith

P836. — La Libertad: Prov. Trujillo, Cerro Campana, near Trujillo,

rocky loma, 400-500 m. alt., Ferreyra 8609.

Solanum hypacrarthrum Bitt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 367.

1912; Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 151. 1913. Figure 21.

On hills, and in brushy forests, 1,800-3,400 m. alt. Central Peru.

Plant up to 4 dm. or more tall, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing;

tubers white; stem slender or stout, flexuous, narrowly to broadly

winged; leaves odd-pinnate or rarely simple, up to 18 cm. long, dark

green and glabrous to subglabrous and shiny on the upper surface,

much paler and lightly pilose on the veins on the lower surface, with

or without small irregular interstitial leaflets, the rachis winged; leaf-

lets 3 or 5, rarely 7, the margins undulate-crenulate to somewhat

pleated; terminal (or simple) leaflet conspicuously larger than the

lateral ones, broadly elliptic to suborbicular, abruptly short-acumi-

nate at the apex, broadly rounded to subcordate and decurrent at the

base, up to 12 cm. long and 10 cm. wide; lateral leaflets broadly ovate

to ovate-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acute to shortly acuminate at

the apex, rounded to broadly cuneate at the oblique base, subsessile

to sessile and decurrent on the rachis, up to 7 cm. long and 4 cm. wide;

FIG. 21. SolanumhypacrarthrumBitt. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X 1A;

2, calyx, spread out, X 1M; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1^5 4, stamen, dorsal view,

X 2; 5, pistil, X 2.

322

FLORA OF PERU 323

pseudostipular leaves semi-ovate-cordate to obliquely lanceolate, fal-

cate, 1-1.5 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, a few- to 20-flow-

ered cymose panicle; peduncle 3-6.5 cm. long; pedicels slender, 2-4

cm. long, puberulent to subglabrous, articulate less than 5 mm. below

the calyx; flowers white, showy; calyx 7-10 mm. long, divided to well

below the middle into ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate acute to acumi-

nate lobes, usually sparsely pilose; corolla broadly rotate-pentagonal,

spreading-reflexed, 2.5-3.5 (rarely up to 5) cm. in diameter; anthers

lanceolate in outline, 5-7 mm. long; filaments 1-1.5 mm. long, gla-

brous, tapering from a broad base; style 9-12 mm. long, slender,

mostly cellular-papillose below the middle, with a narrowly slender-

clavellate stigma; fruit (immature) globose-ovoid, about 1 cm. long.

This species is distinctive in the ragged appearance of its irregular

leaves. The greatly enlarged terminal leaflet is quite characteristic.

Lima: in brushy woods near St. Bartolomi, Zarate, about 3,000 m.

alt., with small tubers, Diers 1128. Cuesta of Purruchuca, Mathews

772. Llacllishi, near Huaquicha, east of Surco, 1,800 m. alt., Ochoa

1163. Prov. Canta, Cuesta de Huamantanga, 3,400 m. alt., Ochoa

2049.

Solatium immite Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1) : 32. 1852. S. Math-

ewsii Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 53. 1913. Figure 22.

On hills in mountains of central Peru.

Plant erect or weakly ascending, up to 4 dm. or more tall, glabrous

throughout or only slightly pilose (especially on the veins and mar-

gins of leaflets) and sometimes lightly glandular, probably tuber-

bearing; stem slender; leaves odd-pinnate, 6-21 cm. long, the petiole

up to 1.5 cm. long, mostly with a few interstitial leaflets; leaflets 9 or

11, subsessile to conspicuously petiolulate, sometimes decurrent on

rachis, similar but with the lowermost pair of lateral leaflets much

reduced, obliquely ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, subobtuse

to subacuminate or abruptly acuminate, cuneate to subtruncate or

subcordate at the very oblique base, up to 6.5 cm. long and 3 cm.

wide, usually smaller, thick-textured with the margins somewhat rev-

olute and undulate-crenulate, deep green and shining on upper sur-

face, paler on lower surface; pseudostipular leaves lunate, falcate, up

to about 1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal on the branches,

cymosely paniculate, few- to many (16) -flowered; peduncle 2-8.5 cm.

long, conspicuously forked above; pedicels slender, up to 3.5 cm. long,

articulate at about or somewhat above the middle, often somewhat

dilated into the calyx; flowers showy, apparently white; calyx short,

FIG. 22. Solanum immite Dun. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X H;

2, calyx, spread out, X 11A'> 3, corolla, spread out, with stamens still attached at

center, X IY2; 4, pistil, X 3.

324

FIG. 23. Solarium immite var. vernale Corr. 1, flowering plant, X H; 2, calyx,

spread out, X 11A; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1H; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3;

5, pistil, X 3.

325

326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

3-5 mm. long, divided to about or below the middle into suborbicular-

ovate abruptly acute to acuminate lobes, the margins brown-scarious;

corolla rotate-pentagonal, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter; anthers about 5 mm.

long, oblong-lanceolate in outline; filaments broad, 1-2 mm. long,

glabrous, connate below; style up to 1 cm. long, cellular-papillose

below the middle, with the stigma slightly clavellate; fruit (imma-

ture) globose, about 1 cm. in diameter (ovate-oblong, fide Dunal).

Except for the rotate corolla, this species resembles closely the

Mexican species, S. brachistotrichum (Bitt.) Rydb. It also is super-

ficially similar to some plants of S. chomatophilum.

Lima: Cuesta of Purruchuca, Mathews 771 p.p. "Patatas del

Peru," Ruiz & Pawn 8/90.

Solatium immite var. vernale Corr., Wrightia 2: 181.1961*

Figure 23.

Variety vernale is not only a larger plant than most of the material

referable to typical S. immite but, as its name implies, it also flowers

in the spring (August) instead of in the fall as in typical S. immite.

This is the second instance that I know of where plants that are

otherwise basically similar are found at different times of the year at

different elevations. In the case of S. medians and its var. autumnale,

typical material flowers in the spring in the loma vegetational zone

while the var. autumnale flowers in the fall at high elevations.

These two examples pose still another problem yet to be fully

explored and solved in this complicated group of plants.

Lima: rocky valley, about 8 km. east of San Bartolo, about 120 m.

alt., Saunders 185.

Solatium marinasense Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part. 1

(Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco): 83, Fig. 29. 1949, nom. nud.; Part II: 53.

1956. S. cuzcoense Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 26: 219, Figs. 1959.

Figure 24.

Among trees and shrubs on stony banks in shade or sometimes in

open, in quebradas and about fields, 2,050-3,500 m. alt. Southern

Peru.

Plant up to 1 m. tall, erect, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers

globose, yellowish-white, the eyes superficial, up to 2.5 cm. in diam-

eter; stem slender to stout, glabrous or slightly pilose; leaves odd-

pinnate, 8-17 cm. long, deep green or yellowish green and shiny above

(with only the veins sometimes minutely pilose) or (in f . longimucro-

FIG. 24. Solatium marinasense Vargas. 1, upper part of flowering plant,

X M; 2, calyx, spread out, X 1; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamen, dorsal

view, X 2; 5, pistil, X 2.

327

328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

natum) densely pilose, densely whitish tomentose on the lower sur-

face, without or with interstitial leaflets, the rachis sparsely pilose;

leaflets 5 or 7, rarely 9; lateral leaflets sessile to shortly or occasionally

long-petiolulate, elliptic-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, obliquely

cuneate to occasionally auriculate at base, up to 7 cm. long and

2.8 cm. wide; terminal leaflet similar to but somewhat larger than the

lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves about 8 mm. long, strongly lunate-

falcate; inflorescence pseudoterminal, laxly several- to 18-flowered, cy-

mosely paniculate; peduncle 3.5-7 cm. long, slender, branched above,

slightly pilose; pedicels slender, 1-2 cm. long, articulate at about or

below the middle and sometimes 6-8 mm. below the calyx, shortly

pilose; flowers azure blue to lavender or deep bluish purple, showy;

calyx 8-12 mm. long, divided to below the middle into ovate-lanceo-

late long-acuminate lobes, the lower margins scarious, prominently

long-pilose, commonly mottled with purple; corolla rotate-pentagonal

to occasionally rotate-stellate, usually about 2.5 (sometimes up to

3.5) cm. in diameter, the triangular lobes often prominent and densely

pilose; anthers 6-8 mm. long, elliptic-oblong in outline, rather prom-

inently auricled at base; filaments 1.5-2 mm. long, stout, about 1 mm.

wide; style 9-10 mm. long, minutely papillose below, the stigma capi-

tate; fruit globose, up to 2 cm. in diameter, white spotted.

In typical material, the contrast in the leaflets of a glabrous shiny

upper surface with a densely tomentose lower surface is most striking.

Cuzco: wet brushy slope 9 km. from Pisac on road to Cuzco,

3,400 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Vargas C. P225 p.p. On shaded bank

about km. 48 on railroad line between Cuzco and Ollantaitambo,

Correll & Smith P258. Prov. Cuzco, Quebrada de las anderias,

Granja de Kaira, 3,300 m. alt., Ochoa 211*2. Prov. Calca, Huancalle,

among Cactaceae and various herbs and shrubs about potato fields,

3,200 m. alt., Rimpau, Ross & Vargas C. 798-799. Prov. Calca, Haz,

Huaran between Calca and Urubamba, in rocky area, 2,900 m. alt.,

Rimpau, Ross & Vargas 806. Prov. Calca, among brambles on slope

of quebrada, Ckochocc, 2,900 m. alt., Vargas 4073. Prov. Calca, In-

tihuatana, Pisac, rocky slopes, 3,450 m. alt., Vargas 5079. Prov.

Calca, S. Salvador, among bushes, 3,000 m. alt., Vargas 5521.

Prov. Canchis, Combapata, 3,466 m. alt., ruderal, Vargas ("Leg. Ing.

0."} 5652.

Solatium marinasense var. dentifolium Vargas, Las Papas

Sudperuanas, Part II (Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco) : 56. 1956.

This plant, in comparison with typical material, is extremely ro-

bust. The larger leaves with many interstitial leaflets and broader

FLORA OF PERU 329

more or less marginally toothed leaflets set it apart from typical S.

marinasense.

Cuzco: Prov. Paucartambo, between Illichua and Anobamba, in

rocky places on edge of road, 3,100-3,500 m. alt., Vargas C. 5566.

Solatium marinasense f. longimucronatum (Vargas) Corr.,

Wrightia 2: 181. 1961. S. longimucronatum Vargas, Las Papas Sud-

peruanas, Part II (Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco): 60, Fig. 17 [leaf illus-

trated is not typical of type material]. 1956.

Forma longimucronatum differs from the type of S. marinasense

in having the usually somewhat larger leaflets densely pubescent on

the upper surface instead of being essentially glabrous and shiny.

Also, it has more interstitial leaflets, and the petiolules are usually

longer.

The leaf used to illustrate S. longimucronatum, when it was orig-

inally described, is lacking interstitial leaflets. The leaves of all the

type material I have seen have three or more small suborbicular in-

terstitial leaflets.

Apurimac: Prov. Abancay, Curahuasi, Suiluluchayok, quebrada,

Vargas C. 9218. — Cuzco: on open bank near Km. 85 along railroad

between Machu-Picchu and Cuzco, Correll & Smith P259. Valle" del

Apurimac, Herrera s.n.

Sola nu in mochiquense Ochoa, Agronomfa (Lima) 26, No. 2:

111, Figs. 1959. Figure 25.

Plant erect-ascending, up to 5 dm. tall, stoloniferous and tuber-

bearing; tubers globose, white, up to 3 cm. in diameter, the eyes

superficial; stem slender, puberulent, erect-ascending to somewhat

decumbent; leaves odd-pinnate, usually about 20cm. long, sometimes

as much as 30 cm., with numerous several-sized interstitial leaflets,

glabrous (except for the puberulent center vein) and vernicose on

upper surface, softly green and paler on lower surface, the rachis

puberulent; leaflets 9 to 11, the margins undulate and irregularly

crenulate-denticulate; lateral leaflets sessile to shortly petiolulate,

broadly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to acute at the apex,

rounded at the very oblique base, up to 6 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide;

terminal leaflet similar to the lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves sub-

lunate, up to 2 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal and /or lateral,

up to 12-flowered; peduncle up to 8 cm. long, divided above, puberu-

lent; pedicels slender, about 1.5 cm. long, articulate below the middle,

subglabrous; flowers white; calyx about 5 mm. long, essentially

FIG. 25. Solatium mochiquense Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X K;

2, calyx, spread out, X 11A; 3, corolla, spread out, X 11A; 4, stamen, dorsal view,

X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

330

FLORA OF PERU 331

glabrous to lightly pilose, shallowly divided into broadly quadrate

long-apiculate lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal, 2.5-3 cm. in diam-

eter; anthers narrowly oblong in outline, 6.5-7 mm. long; filaments

1-1.5 mm. long, glabrous; style slender, about 1 cm. long, cellular-

papillose about the middle, the small stigma capitate; fruit unknown.

Because of the occurrence of this species in the loma vegetation

formation on the coast of Peru, Ochoa logically considered it to be a

part of, and related to, the tuberous Solanums already known to oc-

cur there; namely, S. Wittmackii, S. medians and S. Weberbaueri.

In my opinion, however, S. mochiquense seems most nearly allied to

such species as S. piurae and S. hypacrarthrum.

La Libertad: Cerro Campana, near Trujillo, Prov. Trujillo, 400 m.

alt., Ochoa 1822.

Solanum moniliforme Corr., Wrightia 2: 182. 1961. Figure 26.

Plant large, robust, much-branched at base with the branches

widely spreading, up to 1 m. or more tall (or long), glabrous through-

out; tubers white, irregularly shaped, up to about 2 cm. in diameter,

arranged in the form of a necklace on the stolons (moniliform) ; stem

stout, very narrowly winged, up to 1.5 cm. or more thick; leaves odd-

pinnate, up to 25 cm. long, without or usually with interstitial leaf-

lets; leaflets 7 or 9, with the lowermost pair of lateral leaflets mostly

greatly reduced, sessile or with a short winged petiolule, sometimes

slightly decurrent on the leaf-rachis, broadly elliptic to occasionally

obovate-elliptic, obtuse at apex, rounded to broadly cuneate at the

oblique base, up to 10 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide, the terminal leaflet

only slightly larger than the lateral ones, prominently veiny; pseudo-

stipular leaves semi-elliptic, lunate, up to about 2 cm. long; inflores-

cence pseudoterminal on the branches, showy, a many-flowered cymose

panicle; peduncle stout, up to 14 cm. long, several branched above;

pedicels stout, 2-4 cm. long, prominently articulate 2-3 mm. below

the calyx; flowers large and showy, lavender, with a darker stripe

on the back of each petal; calyx fleshy- thickened, pigmented with

dark purple, 7-10 mm. long, divided to about or slightly above the

middle into triangular-ovate to ovate somewhat apiculate lobes; co-

rolla broadly rotate-stellate, up to 5 cm. in diameter; anthers broadly

lanceolate in outline, about 8 mm. long; filaments broad, concave-

cymbiform on the inner face, glabrous, 1-2 mm. long above their

attachment to the corolla; style 1-1.2 cm. long, glabrous, with the

stigma dilated; fruit unknown but the ovary is globose.

FIG. 26. SoJanum moniliforme Corr. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X M;

2, leaf from lower part of plant, X 1A', 3» calyx, spread out, X 1; 4, corolla, spread

out, with stamens attached, X 1; 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 2; 6, pistil, X 2.

332

FLORA OF PERU 333

This species is somewhat allied to S. chomatophilum. It differs

primarily from the essentially tuberless S. chomatophilum in produc-

ing tubers that are uniquely arranged along the stolon to form a neck-

lace. Also, it consistently has its pedicels articulate 2-3 mm. below

the calyx, the style is glabrous and the plants are extremely robust.

Solanum moniliforme is similar to S. jakac, of series Ingaefolia, in

its manner of producing tubers and in its high articulation of the ped-

icel, but it differs from that species in lacking a broadly winged leaf-

rachis, in its glabrous style, more numerous interstitial leaflets and

in its more robust nature.

Ancash: among boulders at Km. 311, a few km. below Conococha

on road to the coast, 3,900 m. alt., Correll & Smith P974.

Solatium pampasense Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur. PI. Breed. &

Genet., Cambridge 50, 125, Fig. 40. 1944; Scott. PI. Breed. Sta., Ann.

Kept. 91. 1956. Figure 27.

On damp ledges and about old stone walls, 2,100-2,200 m. alt.

Southern Peru.

Plant usually with a semirosette or bushy habit, up to 5 dm. tall,

stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers small, pale brown; stem sim-

ple to somewhat branched, slender, glabrous or sparsely provided with

long white spreading hairs; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 20 cm. long,

provided with few to many several-sized interstitial leaflets; leaflets

9 or 11, with the margins crisped-undulate, densely pubescent with

gray crinkly hairs of varying length that may or may not be gland-

tipped (fide Hawkes), sometimes with the dark green upper surf ace

essentially glabrous (except for the primary veins) and vernicose

(f . glabrescens) ; lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate to essentially ses-

sile, narrowly ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic, obtuse

to acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, rounded at the very oblique

base and with some more or less basiscopically auriculate, up to 5 cm.

long and 2.5 cm. wide; terminal leaflet provided with a long mostly

naked petiolule, usually similar to and about as large as the lateral

leaflets; pseudostipular leaves broadly elliptic, lunate, up to about

1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, many-flowered; peduncle

up to 13 cm. long, divided above, sparsely pilose; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm.

long, prominently articulate above the middle, sparsely or densely

pilose and sometimes minutely glandular-stipitate; flowers purple to

pale blue; calyx about 10 mm. long, divided to about the middle into

ovate-lanceolate acuminate lobes, fleshy-thickened and with the api-

cal part commonly recurved, pale green with the nerves colored, sub-

FIG. 27. Solanum pampasense Hawkes. 1, flowering plant, X 1A; 2, calyx,

spread out, X \Yi\ 3, corolla, spread out, X 1^; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3;

5, pistil, X 3.

334

FLORA OF PERU 335

glabrous to densely pilose, sometimes conspicuously bilabiate (in f.

glabrescens) ; corolla rotate-pentagonal, 3-4 cm. in diameter, some-

what reflexed; anthers 5-6 mm. long, lanceolate in outline; filaments

2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous; style 9-10 mm. long, minutely cellular-

papillose below the middle, with the stigma subglobose and emargi-

nate; fruit globose, light greenish yellow, up to 1.7 cm. in diameter.

The crisped-undulate margins of the leaves as well as the peculiar

glandular-pubescence are characteristics that distinguish this species.

The crisped-undulate reflexed margins of the leaflets and the sub-

glabrous, vernicose upper surface of the leaflets, as represented by

f. glabrescens, place this species in series Piurana. It differs from

other species in this series by its characteristic crinkly hairs, found

especially on the lower surface of the leaflets, sometimes forming a

thin tomentum.

Apurimac: Rio Pampas valley, four leagues above Pajonal, east

side of river, about 2,140 m. alt., Balls & Hawkes 7007.

Solanum pampasence f. glabrescens Corr., Wrightia 2: 183.

1961.

The plant here segregated as f. glabrescens more or less confirms

the inclusion of this species in series Piurana. The upper surfaces of

the leaflets are essentially glabrous and vernicose, and in their re-

flexed crisped-undulate margins they somewhat resemble the leaflets

of S. piurae. The soft crinkly hairs of the lower surfaces of the leaf-

lets, however, contrast markedly with the sharp pustulate hairs of

S. piurae.

Forma glabrescens differs from typical S. pampasense not only in

its essentially glabrous upper leaf-surfaces but also in its less pubes-

cent stem, peduncle, pedicel and calyx. Also, the calyx is strongly

bilabiate with the thickened lobes usually noticeably reflexed.

Apurimac: Prov. Abancay, Casinchihua, in crevices of old stone

wall, 2,200 m. alt., Stork, Norton & Vargas C. 10577.

Solanum piurae Bitt, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 5. 1916.

S. yamobambense Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 27: 367, Fig. 1960 (type:

Peru, Dept. La Libertad, Prov. Otuzco, near Yamobambense, 3,160 m.

alt., May 12, 1952, Ochoa 1431). Figure 28.

On rocky slopes among shrubs and grasses, 2,500-3,300 m. alt.

Northern and central Peru.

Plant slender, rigidly erect to erect-ascending, up to 7.5 dm. tall,

stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers brittle, whitish, globose to

FIG. 28. Solanum piurae Bitt. 1, upper half of flowering plant, X 1A; 2, base

of plant showing tuber, X 1A; 3, calyx, spread out, X 1H; 4, corolla, spread out,

X 1H; 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 6, pistil, X 3; 7, fruits, X H-

336

FLORA OF PERU 337

ellipsoid, 1.5-3.5 cm. long; stem glabrous, usually sinuous, mostly

somewhat branched, terete and wingless, pigmented or stramineous;

leaves odd-pinnate, 6-12 cm. long, with or without small interstitial

leaflets, dark green- vernicose and sparsely pilose to glabrous (except

on and near margins) on upper surface, the hairs frequently pustulate

or the leaf appearing to be blistered, sparsely pilose (especially on the

veins) on the pale green lower surface the usually somewhat undu-

late margins frequently revolute and commonly marginate as well

as densely short-pubescent to somewhat spinescent; rachis usually

sparsely spinescent; leaflets 5 or 7, rarely 3 or 9, plane to undulate,

elliptic to broadly or narrowly lanceolate, broadly acute to acumi-

nate-attenuate at the apex, obliquely rounded and sessile to subsessile

and occasionally decurrent on the rachis at the base; lateral leaflets

with the uppermost pair usually much exceeding those below, up to

6.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide; terminal leaflet somewhat larger than

the lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves often prominent, lunate, fal-

cate, short-spinescent (especially on the margins), up to 2 cm. long;

inflorescence pseudoterminal on the branches, laxly few- to 16-flow-

ered; peduncle up to 12 cm. long, branched above, glabrous; pedicels

1.5-3 cm. long, glabrous, prominently articulate 3.8 mm. below the

calyx or rarely at about the middle, somewhat dilated into the calyx,

much-elongated in fruit; flowers white or greenish white (said to be

violet-color in the original description) ; calyx 4.5-7 mm. long, divided

to below the middle into ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate acute to acu-

minate lobes, the lobes subglabrous to shortly pilose; corolla rotate-

pentagonal to somewhat broadly rotate-substellate, spreading, 2.2-

3.5 cm. in diameter; anthers 4-7 mm. long, elliptic-lanceolate in

outline; filaments 1-2 mm. long, glabrous; style 8-10 mm. long, papil-

lose up to about the middle, the stigma short and slightly thickened;

fruit globose to ovoid, whitish with greenish lines, about 1 cm. long.

Solanum piurae is distinctive in having the leaflets noticeably mar-

ginate and spinescent. The sharp conspicuous hairs, especially on

and near the margins of the leaflets, are most characteristic.

Lima: along road above Canta, Correll, Smith & Ferreyra P290.

Matucana, Macbride & Feather stone 1+12. Matucana, Macbride 2954-

Cuesta of Purruchuca, Mathews 771 p.p. — Piura: Prov. Ayabaca,

above Ayabaca, Weberbauer 6370.

Series 8. CONICIBACCATA

Conicibaccata Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 381. 1912. Oxycarpa

Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 145, 172. 1924.

338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Plants essentially glabrous to densely pilose, with fibrous roots

and stolons, tuber-bearing or non-tuber-bearing; leaves odd-pinnate,

with or without interstitial leaflets; pedicels variously articulate above

the base; corolla rotate-pentagonal to rotate-stellate or rarely stellate,

sometimes appearing to be 10-lobulate; fruits prominently ovoid to

ellipsoid or conical, often acute at apex.

Other than the shape of their fruits, there appear to be no tan-

gible characteristics to distinguish the species in this series from

those in several allied series. If the long-ovoid to ellipsoid or conical

fruits are not present there is no certain method for placing the plants

in this series.

From southern Mexico to Bolivia.

Corolla rotate-stellate or rarely stellate, the acumens prominent.

Calyx and pedicels densely pilose-setaceous.

Calyx-lobes oblong-quadrate and apiculate; no evident inter-

stitial leaflets; terminal leaflet slightly larger than the lateral

leaflets; pedicels noticeably glandular above the articulation.

S. pillahuatense.

Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate and acuminate; interstitial leaf-

lets present; terminal and lateral leaflets similar; pedicel

not glandular S. Buesii.

Calyx and pedicels at most puberulent or sparsely pubescent,

sometimes warty.

Pedicels more than 2.5 cm. long, articulate well above the

middle.

Leaflets typically lanceolate and acute or acuminate.

S. laxissimum f . Rockefelleri.

Leaflets typically elliptic and obtuse . . . S. huancabambense.

Pedicels (at least some) less than 2.5 cm. long, variously artic-

ulate but mostly at about or below the middle, rarely

above the middle.

Lateral leaflets ovate to elliptic, obtuse to acute, rarely up

to 5 cm. long.

Lateral leaflets long-petiolulate, broadly rounded to sub-

cordate at base; corolla with sharp prominent acu-

mens S. limense.

Leaflets and corolla not as above S. huancabambense.

Lateral leaflets elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, rarely ovate,

prominently acute to long-acuminate, rarely less than

5 cm. long.

FLORA OF PERU 339

Leaflets glabrous to glabrescent on upper surface, lance-

olate.

Pedicels with wartlike excrescences. . . .S. claviformum.

Pedicels without excrescences.

Corolla usually 2.5 cm. or less in diameter; anthers

granular-papillose S. santolallae.

Corolla usually more than 2.5 cm. in diameter, the

acumens prominent; anthers not as above.

S. laxissimum.

Leaflets rather densely and coarsely pubescent or veluti-

nous on upper surface, mostly ovate-lanceolate to

elliptic-lanceolate.

Plant velutinous throughout . S. santolallae f . velutinum.

Plant not velutinous S. violaceimarmoratum.

Corolla rotate-pentagonal or occasionally with a 10-lobed aspect.

Calyx provided with scattered or numerous long coarse hairs.

Calyx usually with shallow rounded apiculate lobes; leaflets typ-

ically long-acuminate S. santolallae.

Calyx usually triangular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate; leaflets typ-

ically obtuse to acute S. huancabambense.

Calyx glabrous to subglabrous or at most puberulent or finely

pubescent.

Leaflets typically long-acuminate and/or with the terminal leaf-

let typically somewhat larger than the lateral leaflets.

Leaves densely long-pilose on the upper surface.

S. violaceimarmoratum.

Leaves subglabrous to sparsely pubescent or puberulent on the

upper surface.

Pedicels articulate at about or below the middle; calyx-

lobes shortly apiculate S. santolallae.

Pedicels articulate within about 5 mm. of calyx; calyx-lobes

linear-acuminate S. acroscopicum.

Leaflets typically acute or shortly acuminate; terminal leaflet

about the same as or larger than the lateral leaflets.

S. ayacuchense.

Solanum acroscopicum Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 18, No. 74:

130, Figs. 3-4. 1953 (reprint pp. 16, 17, and 20, Figs. 3-4). Figure 29.

FIG. 29. Solatium acroscopicum Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X ]4',

2, calyx, spread out, X \1A\ 3, corolla, spread out, X 11A; 4, stamen, dorsal view,

X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

340

FLORA OF PERU 341

In the mountains of southern Peru at 3,450 m. alt.

Plant up to 6.5 dm. tall, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing, essen-

tially glabrous throughout or lightly puberulent; tubers elongate,

subcylindrical, white, up to 7 cm. long and 4 cm. in diameter; stem

simple to moderately branched, somewhat sinuous, pale green to pig-

men ted near base; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 22 cm. long, shortly

petiolate, usually with few to numerous several-sized interstitial leaf-

lets; leaflets 9 or 11, shortly petiolulate and occasionally with a

minute secondary leaflet on the acroscopic side of the petiolule, lan-

ceolate, acuminate or narrowly acute, up to 7 cm. long and 2.5 cm.

wide; lateral leaflets somewhat oblique; pseudostipular leaves broadly

lunate, up to 2 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, cymosely

paniculate, with up to 20 or more showy flowers; peduncle stout, up

to 7 cm. long, shortly branched above; pedicels slender, 2-4 cm. long,

articulate within 5 mm. of the calyx; flowers pale violet-color to vio-

let-purple; calyx 6-8 mm. long, divided to below the middle into

lobes that are broadly ovate below then abruptly constricted above

to form a narrowly linear acuminate apical portion; corolla large,

broadly rotate-pentagonal, 3-4 cm. in diameter; anthers narrowly

lanceolate in outline, 5.5-6.5 mm. long; filaments 1.5-2 mm. long;

style 10-12 mm. long, the stigma only slightly thickened; fruit oval,

bright green and white spotted.

This species appears to form a rather close alliance with S. san-

tolallae and S. laxissimum and its f. Rockefetteri. The long calyx-

lobes, in part, separate it from S. santolattae, and its interstitial leaf-

lets and differently shaped corolla separate it from S. laxissimum.

Moquegua: Carumas, Weberbauer 7804- — Tacna: Dept. Tarata,

Chivateria, above Tacna, 3,450 m. alt., Ochoa 201*3.

Solanum ayacuchense Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 26:312, Figs.

1959. Figure 30.

Plant spreading-decumbent to erect, up to 7 dm. tall, stolonif-

erous and tuber-bearing, lightly short-pilose to puberulent through-

out; tubers whitish, oval to ellipsoid, up to 10 cm. long, with numerous

lenticels; stem branched, lightly winged and somewhat sinuous, pig-

mented, up to 1 cm. thick; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 20 cm. long,

shiny on the upper surface, without or usually with one or more inter-

stitial leaflets; petiole 2^1 cm. long; leaflets 7 to 11, usually 9, prom-

inently petiolulate (the petiolule 0.5-2 cm. long), ovate-elliptic to

elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, rounded to somewhat truncate at the

oblique base, acute to shortly acuminate at apex, up to 5.5 cm. long

FIG. 30. Solanum ayacuchense Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X 1A;

2, calyx, spread out, X IJi; 3, corolla, spread out, X 11A; 4, stamen, dorsal view,

X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, fruit, X *A-

342

FIG. 31. Solarium Buesii Vargas. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X H;

2, calyx, spread out, X \1A; 3, corolla, spread out, X \1A\ 4, stamen, dorsal view,

X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, fruiting inflorescence, X Mj.

343

344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

and 2.8 cm. wide; terminal leaflet sometimes slightly larger than the

lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves minute, sublunate, less than 5 mm.

long, sometimes lacking or obsolescent; inflorescence pseudoterminal

and/or lateral, up to 10-flowered; peduncle somewhat pigmented, 5-

7.5 cm. long, branched above; pedicels 1.2-1.5 cm. long, pigmented,

articulate below the middle, with development of fruit noticeably

thickened above the articulation; flowers pale violet-color, usually

with a white star in center; calyx 5 mm. long, divided to about the

middle into ovate to ovate-subquadrate apiculate lobes, pigmented;

corolla rotate-pentagonal, about 2 cm. in diameter; anthers lanceo-

late in outline, 5 mm. long; filaments 0.5-1 mm. long, pubescent;

style 6.5-7 mm. long, lightly cellular-papillose below; fruit pale green,

ovoid-conical, cuspidate, up to 2.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. thick.

The long-petioluled leaflets that are often broadly and shortly

elliptic give this plant a distinctive appearance in the series Conici-

baccata. As the fruit develops the pedicel above the articulation be-

comes noticeably thicker than the part below the articulation. The

pseudostipular leaves are greatly abbreviated and sometimes entirely

lacking.

Ayacucho: Prov. de La Mar, Yanta Yanta, 3,000 m. alt., Ochoa

2150.

Solanum Buesii Vargas, Rev. Argentina Agron. 10: 396. 1943;

"Rev. Universitaria," Cuzco, No. 84: 16, Fig. 1. 1943; Las Papas

Sudperuanas, Part I (Pub. 1, Univ. Nac. Cuzco): 85, Fig. 31. 1949.

Figure 31 .

In granitic soils of mountain areas, 2,400-3,600 m. alt. Southern

Peru.

Plant up to 7 dm. tall, more or less coarsely pilose throughout,

stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers numerous, globose, white and

rose-tinted; stem robust, purple-mottled; leaves odd-pinnate, up to

25 cm. long, coarsely and densely pubescent on both surfaces, with

several small, oval, interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5 or mostly 7, some-

times with another minute pair at base, with petiolules up to 5 mm.

long or with the upper pair sessile, lanceolate, acute to long-acumi-

nate, obliquely rounded to cuneate at base, up to 8.5 cm. long and

3 cm. wide, the terminal leaflet sometimes slightly larger than the

lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves semiovate, falcate, up to 1.5 cm.

long; inflorescence pseudoterminal or lateral, multiflowered, broadly

cymose; peduncle up to 10 cm. long, pubescent; pedicels up to about

2 cm. long, densely whitish pubescent, articulate about the middle;

FLORA OF PERU 345

flowers bluish purple; calyx up to 9 mm. long, usually bilabiate (that

is, the calyx is divided to near the base into two parts, with one pair

of lobes forming one lip and the other three lobes forming the oppo-

site lip), otherwise divided into ovate-lanceolate abruptly acuminate

to apiculate lobes, provided with long white setaceous hairs; corolla

rotate-stellate, up to about 4 cm. in diameter, the petal-acumens up

to 1 cm. long and coarsely pubescent at their tips; anthers up to 8 mm.

long, oblong-lanceolate in outline; filaments broad, about 2 mm. long,

sparingly pubescent; style about 1 cm. long, minutely papillose below

the middle, the stigma subglobose; fruit conical, purple-spotted, up

to 3.5 cm. long.

The conspicuously pilose-setaceous calyx, which is usually strongly

bilabiate, and showy rotate-stellate corolla are characteristics that

distinguish this species. It is apparently closely related to S. laxis-

simum and, to some extent, to S. violaceimarmoratum.

Cuzco: Torontoy, Urumbamba Valley, 3,000 m. alt., Bingham 556.

Torontoy, Urubamba Valley, 2,400 m. alt., Bingham 722. Prov.

Urubamba, Puyupata, granitic soil, ancient ruins, 3,600 m. alt.,

Vargas C. 2877.

Solatium claviformum Corr., Wrightia 2: 174. 1961. Figure 32.

Plant slender, lax, up to 1 m. tall, completely glabrous through-

out; tubers (if present) unknown; stem slender, stramineous, terete;

leaves odd-pinnate, lax, up to 17 cm. long, without or sometimes with

one or several interstitial leaflets; leaflets 9 or 11 ; lateral leaflets essen-

tially sessile to slender-petiolulate, lanceolate, rounded at the oblique

base, acuminate at apex, up to 5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide; terminal

leaflet similar to the lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves semielliptic,

falcate, less than 1 cm. long; inflorescences pseudoterminal and /or

lateral, cymosely paniculate, about 12-flowered; peduncle slender,

stramineous, up to 11 cm. long; pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long, conspicu-

ously articulate well below the middle to near the base or very rarely

to just below the middle, gradually dilated above the articulation

to form a slender club that is sometimes minutely warty; flowers

purple; calyx about 4 mm. long, divided to about the middle into

ovate-subquadrate apiculate lobes; corolla rotate-stellate, 2-2.5 cm.

in diameter; anthers about 5 mm. long, linear-oblong in outline, with

a basal dorsal central lobule; filaments 1 mm. long, glabrous, united

at base; style 6-7 mm. long, cellular-papillose below the middle, fruit

unknown but the ovary is ovoid.

346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

FIG. 32. Solatium claviformum Corr. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X l/i;

2, calyx and claviform pedicel, X 3; 3, calyx, spread out, X 1 1A\ 4, corolla, spread

out, X l^2'> 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 6, pistil, X 3.

This is a lax plant with conspicuously wide-spreading, mostly lat-

eral, inflorescences and low pedicel-articulations. The portion of the

pedicel above the articulation is noticeably dilated into the calyx to

form a slender, often warty, club.

Huanuco: Carpish, Km. 60 between Huanuco and Tingo Maria.

Swingle 66.

FIG. 33. Solanum huancabambense Ochoa. 1, flowering plant, X 1A; 2, calyx,

spread out, X 1; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil,

X 3.

347

348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Sola nu in huancabambense Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 26: 109,

Figs. 1959. Figure 33.

Plant erect-ascending, up to 4 dm. tall, stoloniferous and tuber-

bearing; tubers globose to oval, yellowish white, 3-5 cm. long, the

eyes superficial, with numerous lenticels; stem narrowly winged,

3-4 mm. thick; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 15 cm. long, without or

with several small interstitial leaflets, glabrous to subglabrous and

vernicose on the dark green upper surface, grayish green and sparsely

pilose on the lower surface; leaflets 7 or 9; lateral leaflets sessile to

shortly petiolulate, ovate to ovate-elliptic or elliptic, noticeably

oblique at the rounded base and sometimes sub-auriculate on the

basiscopic side, obtuse at apex, up to 5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide;

terminal leaflet slightly larger than the lateral ones; pseudostipular

leaves semi-orbicular, lunate, about 1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudo-

terminal, up to 15-flowered; peduncle up to 12 cm. long, glabrous,

pigmented, rather stout, branched above; pedicels up to 3.5 cm. long,

articulate well above the middle or just below the calyx, glabrous;

flowers yellowish white; calyx greenish, 5.5-7 mm. long, usually

sparsely pilose with long lax hairs, divided to about or below the

middle into triangular-ovate acuminate lobes; corolla broadly rotate-

stellate to subrotate, 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter, the lobes triangular-

ovate; anthers lanceolate in outline, 5-6 mm. long; filaments about

1.5 mm. long, broad, glabrous; style about 9 mm. long, minutely

cellular-papillose below the middle, the stigma capitate; fruit (im-

mature) conical.

Piura: Prov. Huancabamba, Juzgarda in vicinity of Huanca-

bamba, 2,000 m. alt., Ochoa 2023.

Solarium laxissimum Bitt., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119:

7. 1916. Figure 34.

On the edge of forests, 2,100-3,100 m. alt. Central Peru to Bolivia.

Plant up to 5 m. or more tall, laxly ascending, probably tuber-

bearing; tubers unknown; stem rather stout, 5-6 mm. in diameter

on lower part; internodes elongate, up to 12 cm. long; leaves odd-

pinnate, up to 40 cm. long (including the petiole), sparsely pubescent

to glabrescent above, grayish-glaucous and finely pubescent along

the veins beneath, with or without very few interstitial leaflets; leaf-

lets 9 or 11, with petiolules up to 2.5 cm. in length, narrowly lanceo-

late to elliptic-lanceolate, long-acuminate to attenuate at apex,

obliquely rounded to cuneate at base, up to 11 cm. long and 4.5 cm.

wide, the terminal leaflet rarely somewhat broader than the lateral

FIG. 34. Solanum laxissimum Bitt. 1, average size leaf, X H; 2, inflorescence,

X H; 3, calyx, spread out, X 2; 4, corolla, spread out, X 1; 5, stamen, dorsal view,

X 3; 6, pistil, X 3.

349

350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

ones; pseudostipular leaves obliquely ovate, acute to acuminate, up

to 2 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal and/or lateral, several-

branched, with as many as 30 flowers; peduncle slender, up to 11 cm.

long, glabrous to puberulent, branched above; pedicels slender, 1.5-

1.7 cm. long or up to 3.5 cm. long (in f. Rockefelleri) , glabrous to

puberulent, articulate below the middle or near the base, rarely

above the middle (in f. Rockefelleri); flowers usually large, violet-

color; calyx 4.5-8 mm. long, glabrous, usually divided to about the

middle into broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic somewhat apiculate or

shortly acuminate scarious-margined lobes, sometimes bilabiate; co-

rolla rotate-stellate, 2-4 cm. in diameter, the triangular-lanceolate

acumens 6-10 mm. long; anthers 6-8 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate

in outline; filaments broad, about 1 mm. long, usually slightly pubes-

cent (especially on the edges) ; style 7-9.5 mm. long, slender, usually

scarcely exceeding the stamens, minutely cellular-papillose near base,

the stigma globose; fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.5 cm. or more long.

This is a plant that is large in all its parts. It is essentially gla-

brous or glabrescent throughout, and the leaves have few, if any,

scattered interstitial leaflets. The slender pedicel is distinctive in

that it is articulate near the base. The large rotate-stellate corolla

is quite similar to that of S. Buesii.

Solanum laxissimum is closely allied to several species that center

about S. violaceimarmoratum. The long narrowly lanceolate acumi-

nate leaflets, with rounded to narrowly cuneate bases, however,

superficially distinguish it from these allied species.

Junin: Rio Masamerich, 3,100 m. alt., Weberbauer 6640.

Solanum laxissimum f. Rockefelleri (Vargas) Corr., Wrightia

2: 175. 1961. S. Rockefelleri Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part II

(Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco) : 54, Fig. 7. 1956 (as S. Rockefelleriae) .

The longer pedicel, with its high articulation, and the smaller

corolla distinguish this plant from typical S. laxissimum. From S.

santolallae it is distinguished by the differently shaped corolla and

the high articulation of the pedicels.

Huanuco: Carpiste Divide, sub-shrub growing in the rain-forest,

2,750 m. alt., Sandeman 511+8. — Cuzco: Urubamba, Machu Picchu,

2,100 m. alt., edge of woods, Vargas C. 5548.

Solanum limense Corr., Wrightia 2: 188. 1961. Figure 35.

Plant lax, 3 dm. or more tall, probably tuber-bearing, glabrous

throughout except for sparse pubescence on both surfaces of the leaf-

FIG. 35. Soianum limense Corr. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X %'*

2, calyx, spread out, X 1^; 3, corolla, spread out, X \Yz\ 4, stamen, dorsal view,

X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

351

352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

lets; tubers unknown; stem slender, glabrous, branched; leaves odd-

pinnate, slender, lax, usually with several small stalked orbicular

interstitial leaflets, up to 17 cm. long; leaflets 9 or 11, with prominent

slender naked petiolules up to 5 mm. long; lateral leaflets elliptic,

obtuse to abruptly long-acute at apex, broadly rounded to somewhat

cordate at the oblique base, up to 3.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide;

terminal leaflet usually a little broader and larger than the lateral

ones; pseudostipular leaves semi-ovate, falcate, about 8 mm. long;

inflorescence pseudoterminal or lateral, cymosely paniculate, glabrous,

about 15-flowered; peduncle slender, about 7 cm. long, branched

above; pedicels slender, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous, articulate at about

the middle; flowers apparently whitish (not noted); calyx 2.5-4 mm.

long, divided to about the middle into subquadrate short-apiculate

lobes; corolla stellate, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, the acumens prominent;

anthers linear-oblong in outline, 4-6 mm. long; filaments glabrous,

about 1 mm. long; style slender, glabrous, about 1 cm. long, the

stigma elongate-cylindric; fruit unknown but the ovary ovoid.

Except for the fewer interstitial leaflets, the leaves of this species

resemble somewhat those of S. Abbottianum. It is, however, a more

lax, weak plant, being slender throughout. This species has several

distinctive features. It is glabrous except for a thin pubescence on

both surfaces of the leaflets, the corolla is stellate, and the calyx is

minute.

This species is closely allied to S. huancabambense. It differs from

that species, however, in its glabrous, smaller calyx, smaller and more-

deeply and narrowly lobed corolla, elongate-cylindric instead of capi-

tate stigma, and lower pedicel-articulation.

Lima: Jan. 1948, Soukup 3555.

Solanum pi 1 lahua tense Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part 1

(Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco): 90, Fig. 35. 1949 (without Latin diagno-

sis); Part II: 53. 1956. Figure 36.

Plant weakly erect-ascending, up to 6 dm. tall, more or less pilose

throughout, probably tuber-bearing; tubers unknown; stem slender,

purple-spotted; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 17 cm. long, with a petiole

3.5-7 cm. long, the petiole and rachis usually narrowly winged, ap-

parently without interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5, rarely 3 or 7, sessile

or shortly petiolulate with the petiolule mostly narrowly winged and

decurrent on the leaf -rachis, ovate to broadly elliptic or elliptic-lance-

olate, rounded to broadly cuneate at the oblique base, obtuse to

shortly acuminate at the apex, up to 6.5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide,

FIG. 36. Solatium pillahuatense Vargas. 1, upper part of flowering plant,

X Yi\ 2, calyx, spread out, X l*A\ 3, corolla, spread out, X I1 j; 4, stamen, dorsal

view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

353

354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

the terminal leaflet slightly larger than the uppermost pair of lateral

leaflets; pseudostipular leaves narrowly lunate, less than 1 cm. long;

inflorescence pseudoterminal and/or lateral, cymosely paniculate, up

to 15-flowered; peduncle slender, up to 7 cm. long, densely pilose,

branched above; pedicels up to 2.5 cm. long, densely pilose, articulate

at about the middle, conspicuously glandular above the articulation;

flowers violet-blue; calyx 6-7 mm. long, divided to about or below

the middle into oblong-quadrate apiculate lobes, densely pilose with

coarse hairs; corolla rotate-stellate, 2-2.8 cm. in diameter, the acu-

mens prominent; anthers 7 mm. long, narrowly oblong in outline;

filaments about 1 mm. long, glabrous; style 9-10 mm. long, papillose

below the middle; fruit oval and conical, acute, up to 1.5 cm. long.

This species is superficially similar to the related S. Flahaultii of

Colombia. Besides some floral differences, however, the pedicel is

articulate at about the middle and is noticeably glandular above the

articulation.

Cuzco: Prov. Paucartambo, between Paso de Aguila and Pilla-

huata, edge of moist rocky mountain forest, 2,800 m. alt., Vargas C.

4924.

Sola nu m santolallae Vargas, Rev. Argentina Agron. 10: 397.

1943; Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part I (Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco) : 87,

Fig. 32. 1949. S. santolallae var. acutifolium Vargas, Rev. Argentina

Agron. 10: 397. 1943; Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part I (Publ. Univ.

Nac. Cuzco) : 87, Fig. 33. 1949. Figure 37.

In loose gravelly soil on open slopes, in thickets, rain-forests, cut-

over woodlands and along streams, 2,500-3,600 m. alt. Central and

southern Peru.

Plant up to 9 dm. tall, essentially glabrous throughout or only

sparsely pilose or (in f . velutinum) velvety, stoloniferous and tuber-

bearing; tubers numerous, oval, whitish and superficially tinged with

violet-color; stem slender, sometimes mottled with purple; leaves

odd-pinnate, up to 35 cm. long, usually long-petioled, subglabrous

to sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, often suffused with purple,

with or without only several small elliptic interstitial leaflets; leaflets

7 to 11, commonly with petiolules up to 7 mm. long, elliptic-lanceo-

late to lanceolate, narrowly acute to acuminate-attenuate, obliquely

rounded at base, up to 11.5 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide, the terminal

leaflet occasionally larger than the lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves

obliquely ovate, obtuse, up to 1.5 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoter-

minal or lateral, cymose, about 8-flowered; peduncle stout, glabrous,

FIG. 37. Solarium santolallae Vargas. 1, upper part of flowering and fruiting

plant, X 1A', 2, inflorescence, X H; 3, leaf from lower part of branch, X H;

4, calyx, spread out, X 1>6; 5, corolla, spread out, X l^i'.Q, stamen, dorsal view

(note papillose anther), X 3; 7, pistil, X 3.

355

356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

up to 15 cm. long; pedicels up to 2 cm. long, glabrous, articulate

about or below the middle, swelling into the calyx; flowers white,

violet-tinged; calyx 4.5-6 mm. long, glabrous or with a few promi-

nent hairs, usually very shallowly lobed or divided to about or below

the middle into ovate-triangular to ovate-elliptic rounded-apiculate

lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal to shallowly rotate-stellate, 1.8-2.5

(rarely up to 3) cm. in diameter; anthers 4-7 mm. long, oblong-

lanceolate in outline, granular-papillose; filaments broad, glabrous or

sparsely pubescent, about 2 mm. long; style 5-8 mm. long; the stigma

slender; fruit ovoid-conic, to about 2.5 cm. long, somewhat tinged

with violet-color.

Except for the smaller, basically rotate-pentagonal, instead of

deeply rotate-stellate, corolla and the more shallowly lobed calyx,

this species might be referred to S. laxissimum. Vegetatively, it

(especially the plant described as var. acutifolium) closely resembles

that species. In the shape of its calyx-lobes it resembles S. violacei-

marmoratum but the narrower leaflets and essentially glabrous con-

dition throughout distinguish it from that variable species.

Cuzco: Prov. Urubamba, grassy soil, Machu Picchu, 2,600 m.

alt., Carillo & Ross 862. Prov. Urubamba, Machu Picchu, Que-

brada de Banos Jesus, in rain-forest, 2,650 m. alt., Carillo & Ross 863.

Cerro de Cusilluyoc, thicket in valley of paramo above "Pillahuata,"

3,000-3,300 m. alt., Pennell 14117. Prov. Paucartambo, Pillahuata,

in woods, 3,100 m. alt., Vargas C. 54. Prov. Convenci6n, "El Do-

rado," 2,900 m. alt., Vargas 3504. Prov. Convention, "El Dorado,"

Alturas de Pintobamba, in cut-over woodlands, 2,900 m. alt., Vargas

3505. Prov. Paucartambo, Acjanacu-Pillahuata, in loose soil and

rocks on slope, Vargas 3652. Prov. Urubamba, "Huinuhaina," in

mountains above, Vargas 4146. Prov. Paucartambo, Pillahuata,

open rocky slope, 2,700 m. alt., Vargas 5109a.— Huanuco: Prov.

Huanuco, Carpish, thicket, 2,700 m. alt., Asplund 12818. Between

Huanuco and Pampayuca, east Andes, Kanehira 293. Piedras

Grandes, along moist clearings and path in sunny situations, 3,000 m.

alt., Woytkowski 148. — Junin: Prov. Tarma, Chauchamayo Valley,

above La Merced on Cumbre Yacunay near summit, about 2,500 m.

alt., Hutchison 1181.

So la nu ni santolallae f. velutinum Corr., Wrightia 2: 176.

1961.

In habit and general characteristics this plant is similar to typical

S. santolallae. However, instead of being essentially glabrous or at

FLORA OF PERU 357

most sparsely pubescent, f. velutinum, as the name implies, has a

dense covering of velvety hairs.

Cuzco: along stream near Machu Picchu railway station, Cor-

rell& Smith P261.

Solatium violaceimarmoratum Bitt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11:

389. 1912. S. urubambae Juz., Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., ser. Biol. 2:

312. 1937. 5. violaceimarmoratum var. papillosum Hawkes, Bull.

Imp. Bur. PL Breed. & Genet., Cambridge 12, 14, 113. 1944. S. neo-

vargasii Ochoa, Los Solanum Tuberiferos Silvestres del Peru 53,

fig. 16. 1963 (dated 1962) (type: Peru, Dept. Junin, Prov. Tarma,

Culumachay, Quebrada del Rio Vitoc, 2,800 m. alt., subtropical

mountain forest, Jan. 28, 1961, C. Ochoa 2343). Figure 38.

In shrubby areas or in forests, occasionally in open country,

1,800-3,600 m. alt. Southern Peru and Bolivia.

Plant up to 3 m. tall, usually much smaller, stoloniferous and

tuber-bearing; tubers oval or broadly ellipsoid, yellowish or whitish,

up to 4 cm. or more long; stem slender, ascending, flexuous, up to

about 8 mm. thick below the middle, often marbled with purple,

wingless, more or less puberulent to essentially glabrous; leaves odd-

pinnate, 10-32 cm. long, with or without several interstitial leaflets,

pubescent on the upper surface with coarse or slender usually shiny

hairs, more densely but finely pubescent on the lower surface, often

long-petiolate; leaflets 3 to 9, mostly 5 or 7, usually with slender peti-

olules up to 1.5 cm. long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo-

late to broadly lanceolate, more or less abruptly acute to acuminate

and often attenuate at the apex, rounded to truncate or lightly cor-

date at the oblique base, up to 12 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, usually

much smaller; terminal leaflet commonly wider than the lateral leaf-

lets; pseudostipular leaves semi-ovate, falcate, up to 2.5 cm. long;

inflorescence pseudoterminal and/or lateral, sometimes diffusely

branched with the branches wide-spreading, usually many-flowered;

peduncle stout, up to 11 cm. long, subglabrous to puberulent or pu-

bescent with spreading hairs, often conspicuously branched above;

pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long, subglabrous to glandular-puberulent, articu-

late about or somewhat below the middle, typically gradually and

noticeably dilated into the calyx; flowers bright blue-purple to rich

violet-color; calyx 5-9 mm. long, divided to about the middle into

broadly rounded to ovate abruptly apiculate to acuminate lobes,

often tinged or mottled with purple, essentially glabrous to densely

short-pilose or glandular-puberulent, commonly bilabiate; corolla

FIG. 38. Solatium triolaceimarmoratum Bitt. 1, upper part of flowering plant

and tuber, X Y^\ 2, calyx, spread out, X 11A; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1J^; 4, sta-

men, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, part of fruiting branch, X 1A', 7, leaf, X K-

358

FLORA OF PERU 359

rotate-pentagonal to somewhat rotate-substellate, 2-3.5 cm. in diam-

eter, with the acumens up to about 6 mm. long and sometimes prom-

inent; anthers linear to narrowly lanceolate in outline, 4-7 mm. long;

filaments 1-2 mm. long, rather broad, glabrous to conspicuously

pubescent; style 7-12 mm. long, glabrous to puberulent on the lower

half, with the stigma short and thickened; fruit ellipsoid-conical,

elongated, up to 2.5 cm. long.

In the type material of S. violaceimarmoratum that I have exam-

ined, which does have fully developed flowers, the style and filaments

are glabrous. The lack or occurrence of pubescence on the style and

filaments does not appear to be too reliable or constant a character-

istic in this species. In the material cited here some of the plants

have flowers with both their styles and filaments entirely glabrous

or they may have those organs papillose and pubescent, respectively,

while others may have a papillose style and glabrous filaments.

Cuzco: Prov. Urubamba, Cedrobamba, Km. 101, very damp soil

of valley, associated with Solatium ochranthum, etc., about 2,000 m.

alt., Carillo, Perez, Rimpau & Ross 886. Prov. Urubamba, between

Santa Rita and Ckellomayo, stony places, Juzepczuk 10973. Prov.

Urubamba, Salapuncu, rocky places, 2,500 m. alt., Vargas C. 8107.

Series 9. MINUTIFOLIOLA

Minutifoliola Corr., The Potato and its Wild Relatives 216.1962.

Plants large and coarse, densely pilose throughout, sometimes

glandular, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing or giving rise directly to

new plants; leaves odd-pinnate, trifoliate in aspect; leaf-rachis and

petiole typically provided with numerous often somewhat subimbri-

cate interstitial leaflets; pedicels articulate at about or above the

middle; corolla rotate to stellate; fruits globose.

The dense pilosity, 3-leaflet aspect of the leaves, and the usually

numerous interstitial leaflets are characteristics that distinguish

this series.

From central Ecuador to northern Peru.

Solarium cajamarquense Ochoa, Agonomia (Lima) 26, no 4:

314, Figs. 1959. Figure 39.

On talus slopes, around 2,600 m. alt. Northern Peru.

Plant erect or erect-ascending, up to 9 dm. tall, usually 5 dm. or

less tall, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing, more or less long-pilose

360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY- BOTANY, VOL. XIII

throughout (sometimes densely so) ; tubers globose to ellipsoid, white,

1-1.5 cm. long; stem simple or branched, usually somewhat zigzag,

6-9 mm. thick; leaves odd-pinnate, bright yellowish green, up to

19 cm. long, provided with few to many interstitial leaflets; leaflets

5 or usually 7, the margins undulate-crenate; lateral leaflets sessile,

broadly elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acute to

short-acuminate at apex, broadly rounded to basiscopically auricu-

late at base or sometimes decurrent on the leaf-rachis, up to 7.5 cm.

long and 4.5 cm. wide; terminal leaflet usually much larger than the

adjacent pair of lateral leaflets, broadly elliptic-ovate to suborbicular,

subobtuse to abruptly acuminate at apex, broadly rounded at base;

pseudostipular leaves semi-orbicular, lunate, up to 2 cm. long; in-

florescence pseudoterminal on the branches and /or lateral, many-

flowered; peduncle up to 10 cm. long, branched above, usually densely

pilose with long whitish paleaceous hairs; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long,

articulate just above the middle or to within about 5 mm. of the

calyx, densely pilose; flowers white or creamy- white; calyx fleshy-

thickened, 7-8 mm. long, divided to about or below the middle into

ovate abruptly long-acuminate fleshy lobes that are somewhat chan-

neled on the inner surface, mostly densely pilose; corolla rotate-

pentagonal to rotate-substellate, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter; anthers lan-

ceolate in outline, 6-6.5 mm. long; filaments slender, glabrous, about

1 mm. long; style about 1 cm. long, cellular-papillose on the lower

half, the small stigma globose; fruit globose, bright green and mot-

tled, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter.

This is a coarse plant that is heavily invested, especially the stem

and inflorescence, with long coarse whitish paleaceous hairs. The

large terminal leaflet and somewhat smaller adjacent pair of lateral

leaflets give to the plant a 3-leaflet appearance, although this is not

the case. Their margins are also strongly undulate-crenate and often

give the appearance of being pleated.

Cajamarca: on talus slope 29 km. from Cajamarca on road to

Chilete, 2,650 m. alt., Correll & Smith P81+8. Lanchi, near Chiquide"n,

by way of San Juan to Paso del Gavilan, 2,600 m. alt., Ochoa 1490.

Series 10. VAVILOVIANA

Vaviloviana Buk. ex Buk. & Kameraz, Bases of Potato Breeding

18. 1959.

Plants bushy and herbaceous, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing,

densely glandular-pilose and heavy with the odor suggesting Lyco-

vrm

MS.M \ *%L^*

MS If \ CTfc

FIG. 39. Solanum cajamarquense Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant,

X 1A\ 2, calyx, spread out, X 1J4; 3, corolla, spread out, X \1A', 4, stamen, dorsal

view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, fruits, X 1.

361

362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

persicon (tomato); leaves odd-pinnate or sometimes odd-bipinnate;

pedicels articulate above the middle; corolla rotate, purplish to pale

violet-color; fruits globose.

Apparently endemic to the loma vegetation zone of coastal Peru.

Solanum Wittmackii Bitt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 54. 1913.

S. Wittmackii var. glauciviride Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 56. 1913.

S. Vavilovii Juz. & Buk., Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., ser. Biol. 2: 302.

1937. Figures 1, W.

Among rocks in the loma region of coastal Peru, from near sea

level up to 500 m. alt.

Plant erect or ascending, up to 7.5 dm. or more tall, tuber-bearing,

white-pilose and more or less glandular-stipitate throughout, odorif-

erous of Lycopersicon; tubers globose to ellipsoid or cylindric, up to

3 cm. or more long; stem rather stout, flexuous, leafy; leaves odd-

pinnate to odd-bipinnate, 1-3.5 dm. long, the petiole up to 3 cm. long,

with numerous several-sized often somewhat recurved interstitial

leaflets; leaflets 11 to 15, sessile or shortly petiolulate, narrowly lan-

ceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a nar-

rowly obtuse to acute or acuminate apex, rounded to cuneate at the

oblique base, up to 8.5 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide, mostly much

smaller; lateral leaflets only slightly smaller (if at all) than the ter-

minal leaflet, rarely with several well-developed secondary leaflets;

pseudostipular leaves broadly lunate, falcate, 1-2 cm. long; inflores-

cence pseudoterminal, cymosely paniculate, several- to many (24)-

flowered; peduncle rather stout, up to 9 cm. long, widely branched

above; pedicels 2-3 (rarely more) cm. long, prominently articulate

well above the middle; flowers purple to pale lilac-color, showy; calyx

6-11 mm. long, lightly pilose, divided to near the base into ovate

lobes that are usually abruptly constricted above into linear to linear-

lanceolate or narrowly spatulate elongate lobules; corolla rotate, 2.5-

3.5 (rarely more) cm. in diameter; anthers oblong-lanceolate in out-

line, 5.5-7 mm. long; filaments broad, 1-1.6 mm. long, glabrous,

commonly united about midway to apex; style 9-13 mm. long,

mostly recurved near the apex, minutely cellular-papillose below the

middle, the stigma slender-clavellate or cylindric and commonly cleft;

fruit globose, about 2 cm. in diameter.

The stipitate glands that give to the plant the odor of species of

Lycopersicon, the peculiarly elongate calyx-lobes, rotate corolla, and

much-dissected leaves are a combination of characteristics that dis-

tinguish this species.

FIG. 40. Solatium Wittmackii Bitt. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X 1A'>

2, calyx, spread out, X 1M; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1^; 4, stamen, dorsal view,

snowing united filaments, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, section of peduncle and pedicel

to show glands, much enlarged.

363

364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Lima: western base of mountains, Amancaes near Lima, about

30 m. alt., Andre 4114- Lima, Barranca 208 p.p. Cerro de Chancay,

Esposta 57. Lomas de Amancaes, near Lima, argillaceous, brow of

mountains, 200-250 m. alt., Ferreyra 6264- Lomas de Amancaes,

near Lima, rocky ground, 300-350 m. alt., Ferreyra & Hjerting 14.148.

San Geronimo, rock slide, 155 m. alt., Macbride 5800. In Amancaes,

Martinet 332 (984)- Lomas of Amancaes, amongst rocks, Mathews

847 p.p. Escuela Nac'l de Agricultura (cultivated), 210 m. alt.,

Mexia 4073 p.p. Lomas de Amancaes, among rocks, 250 m. alt.,

Ochoa 590. Lomas de Amancaes, near Lima, 250 m. alt., Ochoa 1805.

Growing in full exposure among other Lomas plants, 460 m. alt.,

Sandeman 156. Amancaes Valley, loma, 215 m. alt., Sandeman 4338.

Amancaes, rocky places, 200-500 m. alt., Vargas C. 9645. Tubers

collected in loma region near Chorillos (specimen obtained from

plants grown near Leningrad), Vavilov & Weberbauer s.n.— Lima,

Wawra 2533. Mountains of Amancaes near Lima, 250-300 m. alt.,

Weberbauer 5705. — Indefinite: received Dec. 27, 1878, Martinet 514-

1944, Soukup 1614.

Series 11. MEGISTACROLOBA

Megistacroloba Card. & Hawkes, Jour. Linn. Soc., Bot. 53: 93. 1945.

Usually small bushy or spreading plants with an abbreviated or

rarely elongate stem, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; leaves odd-

pinnate to odd-pinnatifid or sometimes simple, rarely with interstitial

leaflets; terminal leaflet mostly conspicuously larger than the lateral

leaflets (when these are present) ; lateral leaflets mostly broadly de-

current on the leaf-rachis on the basiscopic side; peduncle often

much-abbreviated; pedicels articulate well above the middle and

often near the calyx; corolla rotate to broadly stellate; fruits globu-

lar to broadly ovoid.

From northern Peru, southward through Bolivia to northwest

Argentina.

Leaves simple or with only a solitary pair of minute lateral leaflets.

Terminal leaflet acute; leaves halberd-shaped S. hastiformum.

Terminal leaflet rounded to obtuse, not acute; leaves not halberd-

shaped.

Midrib of leaf or leaflets on upper surface usually densely fine-

pilose S. toralapanum var. subintegrifolium.

Midrib of leaf or leaflets on upper surface glabrous or subgla-

brous S. megistacrolobum.

FLORA OF PERU 365

Leaves (at least some) with one or more pairs of well-developed lat-

eral leaflets.

Terminal leaflet rhombic-ovate S. dolichocremastrum.

Terminal leaflet not rhombic-ovate.

Distribution north -central Peru.

Corolla broadly stellate; only the upper pair of lateral leaflets

well-developed S. chavinense.

Corolla rotate; usually with two or more pairs of lateral leaf-

lets well-developed S. sogarandinum.

Distribution southern Peru.

All of the lateral leaflets broadly sessile and usually conspicu-

ously decurrent on the leaf-rachis.

Uppermost pair of lateral leaflets (on some leaves) usually

nearly one-half as large as the terminal leaflet.

S. Hawkesii.

Uppermost pair of lateral leaflets usually less than one-third

as large as the terminal leaflet.

Midrib of leaflets on upper surface usually densely fine-

pilose; corolla rotate S. toralapanum.

Midrib of leaflets on upper surface glabrous or subgla-

brous; corolla mostly rotate-stellate.

S. megistacrolobum.

Usually only the uppermost of the lateral leaflets decurrent on

the leaf-rachis or with none decurrent.

Lateral leaflets only broadly sessile, not noticeably decur-

rent on the leaf-rachis.

Terminal leaflet only slightly larger than the lateral leaf-

lets, typically obovate; peduncle usually well-devel-

oped, 3 cm. or more long S. raphanifolium.

Terminal leaflet usually much larger than the lateral leaf-

lets, typically broadly elliptic; peduncle much-abbre-

viated, rarely more than 3 cm. long.

S. megistacrolobum.

Some of the uppermost leaflets decurrent on the leaf-rachis.

Uppermost pair of lateral leaflets (of some leaves) con-

spicuously larger than the next pair below and broadly

decurrent on the leaf-rachis S. Hawkesii.

Uppermost pair of lateral leaflets not conspicuously larger

than the next pair below, only slightly decurrent on

the leaf-rachis.

366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Terminal leaflet only slightly larger than the lateral

leaflets, typically obovate; peduncle usually well-

developed, 3 cm. or more long. .S. raphanifolium.

Terminal leaflet usually much larger than the lateral

leaflets, typically broadly elliptic; peduncle much-

abbreviated, rarely more than 3 cm. long.

S. megistacrolobum.

Solatium chavinense Corr., Wrightia 2: 185. 1961. S. huanu-

cense Ochoa, Los Solanum Tuberiferos Silvestres del Peru 190, fig. 98.

1963 (dated 1962) (type: Peru, Dept. Huanuco, Prov. Dos de Mayo,

hills of Huanca, 3,760 m. alt., 5 km. from Chasqui, May 7, 1961,

C. Ochoa & J. Christiansen 2378} . Figure 1*1 .

Among large boulders and trees, and among shrubs on slopes in

high mountains, 3,500-4,200 m. alt. North-central Peru.

Plant erect or occasionally bushy, up to 6 dm. tall, usually much

shorter, more or less pubescent throughout with coarse hairs, stolo-

niferous and tuber-bearing; tubers globose to ellipsoid, white, brittle,

up to 4 cm. long; stem slender, adorned with long spreading hairs,

simple or sometimes branched; leaves odd-pinnate or rarely with

some simple, without interstitial leaflets, pubescent on both surfaces

with long shaggy hairs, up to 18 cm. long, with the rachis promi-

nently winged; leaflets 3 or 5 or rarely 7 (when not simple) ; terminal

leaflet greatly exceeding in size the adjacent lateral pair, broadly

elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse to abruptly acute at apex, cuneate at

base, up to 12 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; lateral leaflets elliptic, obtuse

to subacute at apex, sessile and basiscopically long-decurrent on the

leaf-rachis, up to 6 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, the lower pair of leaf-

lets (when present) greatly reduced; pseudostipular leaves semi-ellip-

tic, falcate, up to 2.5 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, a few-

to many-flowered cymose panicle; peduncle short, mostly less than

4 cm. long, branched above; pedicels up to 3 cm. long, slender,

coarsely pubescent, prominently articulate well above the middle;

flowers usually large and showy, lavender to purplish; calyx 7-10 mm.

long, divided to about or below the middle into ovate-lanceolate

acute to acuminate lobes, coarsely pubescent, usually with purple

pigment; corolla broadly stellate to rotate-stellate, 3-4.5 cm. in diam-

eter; anthers broadly lanceolate in outline, 6-7.5 mm. long; filaments

slender, glabrous, 2-3 mm. long; style about 1 cm. long, cellular-

papillose below the middle, the stigma usually noticeably capitate;

fruit ovoid-ellipsoid to subglobose, somewhat compressed, up to about

2 cm. long.

FIG. 41. Solatium chavinense Corr. 1, flowering and fruiting plant (note tuber),

X 1A', 2, calyx, spread out, X 1 ; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1 ; 4, stamen, dorsal view,

X 2; 5, pistil, X 2.

367

368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

The conspicuously basiscopically decurrent lateral leaflets, winged

leaf-rachis, long straggly hairs on stem and leaf-rachis, and basic dif-

ference in the shape of the corolla set this species apart from the allied

and poorly defined S. dolichocremastrum.

Solanum chavinense has some resemblance to the Colombian S.

Flahaultii as well as to S. medians, S. Weberbaueri, and S. tacnaense.

Its differently shaped corolla sets it apart from those species and its

non-conical fruit further separates it from the Colombian S. Flahaultii.

Ancash : growing among large boulders near pass between Recuay

and Chavin, 4,100 m. alt., Correll & Smith P967 and P970. Among

brush about boulders, 15 km. above Chavin on road to Recuay,

3,900 m. alt., Correll & Smith P972. Among boulders and trees near

pass between Recuay and Chavin, 4,200 m. alt., Corrett & Smith P973.

—La Libertad: among shrubs on seepage slope a few km. below Qui-

ruvilca, 3,500 m. alt., Correll & Smith P942.

Solanum dolichochremastrum Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 3.

1913. Figure 1$.

Plant weakly erect, about 4 dm. tall, stoloniferous and doubtless

tuber-bearing; tubers unknown; stem slender, terete, essentially gla-

brous or with very few scattered hairs; leaves odd-pinnate, up to

13 cm. long, with a petiole up to about 3 cm. long, without interstitial

leaflets; leaflets 3 or 5 or rarely 7, coarsely pubescent on upper sur-

face, more finely pubescent on lower surface; lateral leaflets sessile

at the obliquely cuneate base, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to

acute at apex, up to 4.7 cm. long and 1.6 cm. wide, the lowermost

pair greatly reduced; terminal leaflet much larger than the lateral

leaflets, rhombic-ovate, obtuse to abruptly short-acuminate at apex,

broadly cuneate at base, up to 6.5 cm. long and 4 cm. wide; pseudo-

stipular leaves falcate, much less than 1 cm. long; inflorescence

pseudoterminal, few-flowered; peduncle obsolescent; pedicels slender,

2.5-3 cm. long, articulate above the middle, coarsely pubescent and

slightly glandular; flower-color unknown; calyx 8-9 mm. long, di-

vided to below the middle into lanceolate long-acuminate lobes,

coarsely pubescent; corolla rotate-pentagonal, 2-3 cm. in diameter;

anthers oblong-lanceolate in outline, about 5 mm. long; filaments

1-1.5 mm. long, glabrous; style 6 mm. or more long, glabrous, the

stigma short; fruit unknown.

The type specimen is so poor that I have hesitated to maintain

S. dolichocremastrum as a valid species. However, the rhombic-ovate

terminal leaflet and sessile or somewhat decurrent lateral leaflets set

FIG. 42. Solanum dolichocremastrum Bitt. 1, flowering plant, X \fa 2, calyx,

spread out, X \Yi\ 3, corolla, spread out, X 11A; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3;

5, pistil, X 3.

369

370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

i t apart. On the basis that it will not readily fit into any other known

entity it is maintained here along with the hope that eventually am-

ple material will be collected so that its identity can be more clearly

understood. It doubtless is related to S. chavinense, under which

species it is further discussed.

Peru. — Indefinite: Bombey s.n.

Solanum hastiformum Corr., Wrightia 2: 187. 1961. Figure 43.

Plant erect to erect-ascending, up to about 2.5 dm. tall, rather

densely and coarsely pubescent throughout, conspicuously stolonif-

erous and tuber-bearing, with the stolons giving rise to daughter-

plants; tubers minute, ellipsoid, less than 5 mm. long; stem rather

stout, simple or branched at base, straight or flexuous; leaves simple

or with one or two minute auriculate lobules developed on or just

below the cuneate base to make the leaves appear halberd-shaped,

up to 8 cm. long (including the petiole) and 3.5 cm. wide, the primary

blade ovate to elliptic and subobtuse to acute at apex, the lateral

lobules elliptic and up to 1 cm. long; pseudostipular leaves semi-

elliptic, broadly falcate, up to about 1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudo-

terminal, about 4-flowered; peduncle short, less than 1 cm. long;

pedicels 2-5 cm. long, articulate usually about 5 mm. below the

calyx, densely pubescent with sharp white hairs; flowers purple-

lavender; calyx 6-8 mm. long, divided to below the middle into tri-

angular-lanceolate acuminate lobes, usually somewhat bilabiate;

corolla rotate-pentagonal, about 3 cm. in diameter; anthers broadly

lanceolate in outline, 5-6 mm. long; filaments broad, glabrous, 1-2

mm. long; style 7-10 mm. long, rather stout, minutely cellular-

papillose; fruit (immature) broadly ovoid.

The presence of one or two lateral auriculate lobules on most of

the leaves distinguishes this species. The plant is also heavily pubes-

cent with long coarse hairs.

La Libertad: along brushy rocky stream about 3 km. west of

Huamachuco, 3,200 m. alt., Condi & Smith P930.

Solanum Hawkesii Card, ex Card. & Hawkes, Jour. Linn. Soc.,

Bot. 53: 95, Fig. 2. 1946. Figure 44-

About boulders and on rocky banks of streams, occasionally in

openings of dense forests and as a weed in cultivated areas, 2,000-

3,750 m. alt., usually above 3,000 m. Southern Peru.

Plant erect or erect-ascending, up to 6 dm. tall, somewhat stolo-

niferous and tuber-bearing, more or less coarsely pilose throughout;

FIG. 43. Solarium hastiformum Con. 1, flowering plants, X 1A', 2, calyx, spread

out, X 11A;3, corolla, spread out, X 11A', 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil,

X8.

371

372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

tubers small, globose, 2 cm. or more in diameter; stem rather stout;

leaves odd-pinnate or rarely with some simple, broadly oblanceolate

in outline, up to 25 cm. long, dark green on the upper surface, grayish

green on the lower surface, with or without several minute interstitial

leaflets; leaflets 3 to 7 or rarely 9; terminal leaflet usually conspicu-

ously larger than the lateral ones, obovate to broadly elliptic or sub-

orbicular, broadly rounded and apiculate to rarely shortly acute at

the apex, more or less obliquely cuneate at the base, 5-13 cm. long,

3-9 cm. wide; lateral leaflets similar to the terminal one but much

smaller, usually with the uppermost pair conspicuously larger than

the pair below and broadly decurrent on the rachis, the lowermost

pairs sessile or somewhat decurrent on the rachis; pseudostipular

leaves semi-orbicular, falcate, up to 2 cm. long; inflorescence pseudo-

terminal, 4- to 12-flowered; peduncle 3.5-11 cm. long, bifurcate above,

sometimes with one or several scattered minute leaflets; pedicels 1.5-

2.5 cm. long, articulate 5-8 mm. below the calyx; flowers dark purple

to bluish purple; calyx 6-7 mm. long, divided to about or above the

middle into ovate abruptly acute to acuminate lobes; corolla broadly

rotate-stellate to occasionally subrotate-pentagonal, 2.5-3 cm. in di-

ameter, the lobes broadly triangular-ovate; anthers 5-6 mm. long,

lanceolate in outline; filaments about 1 mm. long, glabrous; style

8-10 mm. long, the stigma swollen; fruit globose, about 2 cm. in

diameter.

A distinguishing characteristic of this species is the uppermost

pair of lateral leaflets (on some of the leaves) which are much larger

than the next pair below, being nearly one-half as large as the ter-

minal leaflet, and which are broadly decurrent on the rachis. It is

closely allied to S. raphanifolium, and some plants show introgression

from S. megistacrolobum.

Cuzco: Machu Picchu, about 2,000 m. alt., edge of moist woods,

Cardenas 3506. Kcaira, in meadows and about maize fields, 3,150 m.

alt., Carillo & Ross 783. About 4 km. from Cuzco on road to Pisac,

3,650 m. alt., Correll & Smith P222. Calca Prov., in corn fields,

Coya, Correll, Smith & Vargas C. P228. Near Calca, on stone walls

and along roadsides, 3,000 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Vargas P230 p.p.

Rocky fields and slopes, Piquillacta, Quispicanchis, 3,200 m. alt.,

Correll, Smith & Vargas P235. On open rocky slope, Piquillacta,

Quispicanchis, 3,200 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Vargas P237 p.p. Above

Huancaro on way to Paruro, along rocky bank of mountain stream,

3,300 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Vargas P2J^O. Sacsahuaman, among

boulders in shade, 3,600 m. alt., Vargas 2605. Prov. Canchis, rocky

FIG. 44. Solarium Hawkesii Card, ex Card. & Hawkes. 1, flowering plant,

X V?,\ 2, calyx, spread out, X 2; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamen, dorsal view,

X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, fruits, X ^.

373

374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

places, Huantura, Combapata, Vargas 5002. Prov. Cuzco, Cerro

Cachana, south of Cuzco, rocky slopes, 3,520 m. alt., Vargas 704.0.

Prov. Acomayo, Acomayo, 3,050 m. alt., Vargas 7084. Prov. Uru-

bamba, Pumahuanca, rocky places, 2,900-3,000 m. alt., Vargas 7652.

Solanum megistacrolobum Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 536.

1912. Figure 45.

In grassy-rocky soil on hills, about rock walls, edge of fields,

among bushes, and along streams, usually on the altiplano, 2,700-

4,100 m. alt. Southern Peru, through Bolivia to northwest Argentina.

Plant low and bushy to sprawling and much-branched, rarely

suberect-ascending, commonly forming a rosette, stoloniferous and

tuber-bearing, up to 4 dm. tall, plant mostly light grayish green;

tubers globose to ellipsoid, often compressed, up to about 2.5 cm.

long and 1 cm. in diameter, yellowish brown, the flesh white; stem

essentially lacking to elongate and weak and straggling; leaves simple

or odd-pinnate with one to several greatly reduced lateral leaflets,

up to 22 cm. long, with scattered short coarse hairs on the upper sur-

face (the midrib on the upper surface glabrous or subglabrous), more

finely and densely pubescent on the grayish green lower surface, the

rachis and larger veins beneath sometimes provided with a few scat-

tered conspicuously long hairs; petiole more or less winged, up to

4 cm. long; leaflets rarely as many as 7, usually 3 or 5; terminal (or

simple) leaflet broadly elliptic or oblanceolate to oval-elliptic or sub-

orbicular, broadly rounded to obtuse-apiculate or very rarely subacute

at the apex, broadly rounded to cuneate at the oblique base, 2.5-

15 cm. long, up to 7.5 cm. wide; lateral leaflets similar to the terminal

one but greatly reduced, sessile or more or less decurrent on the ra-

chis; pseudostipular leaves lacking or minute; inflorescence laxly few

(up to 8)-flowered; peduncle rarely up to 5.5 cm. long, usually much

shorter, sparsely pilose; pedicels 1.5-5 (rarely 7) cm. long, articulate

4-10 mm. below the calyx, sparsely pilose and often glandular (espe-

cially above the articulation) ; flowers purplish or violet-color, rather

showy; calyx 4-10 mm. long, irregularly divided to below the middle

into ovate to ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate acute to acumi-

nate lobes, sometimes bilabiate (caused by partial fusion of two lobes),

rather densely pubescent with coarse whitish hairs; corolla broadly

rotate-stellate to subrotate, 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter, the acumens

broadly triangular-ovate, often densely pubescent on outer surface;

anthers about 5 mm. long, elliptic-lanceolate in outline, frequently

irregular and sometimes slightly lobulate at base; filaments about

FIG. 45. Solarium megistacrolobum Bitt. 1, plant, X 1A'> 2, calyx, spread out,

X 2; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

375

376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

1.5 mm. long, broadly triangular, glabrous, connivent below; style

7-10 mm. long, usually thick, exceeding the stamens, tapering to the

capitate and somewhat bilobed stigma; fruit globose to broadly ovoid,

sometimes compressed, up to about 2.5 cm. in diameter.

Although the more than 40 plants which comprise the type col-

lection of S. megistacrolobum reveal a high degree of variation, they

all have the broadly rotate-stellate corolla and leaves or leaflets

blunted or only apiculate or rarely subacute at the apex. The plants

vary from a rosette to those that have elongated straggly stems, and

the peduncles and pedicels are also variable in length. The leaves

are simple with the blade elliptic to oblanceolate or much-dissected

with one or more strongly decurrent lateral leaflets or as many as six

merely sessile lateral leaflets. Interstitial leaflets may or may not

be present.

Cuzco: between Araranca and Aguas Calientes, Cook & Gilbert

185. Fort Pucara, 7 km. from Cuzco on road to Pisac, 3,750 m. alt.,

Correll & Smith P220. About 4 km. from Cuzco on road to Pisac,

Correll & Smith P222. On open rocky slope, Piquillacta, Quispican-

chis, 3,200 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Vargas C. P237 p.p. Prov.

Canchis, near Sicuani, 3,550 m. alt., Vargas 5920. — Puno: rocky hills

just above Puno, 3,700 m. alt., Correll & Smith Pi 93 -Pi 94. Prov.

Puno, among rocks, 5 km. from Puno on way to Juliaca, 4,000 m.

alt., Perez, Rimpau, Ross & Vargas C. 687. Prov. Puno, Escola

Salcedo, on rocky slope with Colletia and Buddleya, 3,900 m. alt.,

Perez, Ross & Vargas 661-662.

Solatium raphanifolium Card. & Hawkes, Jour. Linn. Soc.,

Bot. 53: 94, Fig. 1. 1946. Figures 46, 47.

On rocky, open, grassy slopes, in loose volcanic soils and on grav-

elly mounds, and about cultivated fields, 2,800-3,800 m. alt. South-

ern Peru.

Plant semirosette to shortly much-branched and decumbent-

spreading or rarely erect-ascending, up to 3 dm. tall, more or less

pilose throughout, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers globose,

whitish to purplish, up to 4.5 cm. in diameter, the flesh often suffused

with purple; leaves odd-pinnate, 5-15 cm. long, coarse-textured and

heavily veined, dark green and with scattered coarse hairs on the

upper surface, grayish green and more densely and finely pubescent

on the lower surface, with or without interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5

to 9; lateral leaflets ovate to obovate, sessile or somewhat decurrent

on the rachis, broadly rounded to subacute or apiculate at the apex,

FLORA OF PERU 377

the larger ones up to 4 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, the uppermost pair

usually not conspicuously larger than the pair below; terminal leaflet

mostly only slightly larger than the adjacent lateral pair, broadly

elliptic to obovate, broadly rounded and apiculate at the apex, cune-

ate at the somewhat oblique base, up to 6 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide;

pseudostipular leaves obliquely elliptic, falcate, less than 1 cm. long;

inflorescence pseudoterminal, 3- to 10-flowered, subumbellate to cy-

mosely paniculate; peduncle 3-9 cm. long; pedicels 1.5-3 cm. long,

articulate 4-9 mm. below the calyx, sparsely pilose and occasionally

somewhat glandular, often tinged with purple; flowers deep violet-

color or dark purple; calyx 6-8 mm. long, divided to about the middle

into ovate to ovate-lanceolate acute to acuminate lobes, usually pur-

plish, the margins of the lobes often scarious; corolla broadly rotate-

stellate, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter, the lobes broadly triangular-ovate;

anthers 5-6 mm. long, lanceolate in outline; filaments 1-2 mm. long,

glabrous; style 7.5-9 mm. long, papillose below, the stigma globose;

fruit ovoid to globose, green, marked with dark green or purple,

about 2 cm. long.

This species and S. Haivkesii are closely allied.

Cuzco: Sacsahuaman, near Cuzco, Cardenas & G&ndarillas 3500.

Sacsahuaman, Cdrdenas & G&ndarillas 3501 . Temple of Viracocha,

near Tinta, in loose volcanic rock, about 3,500 m. alt., Cook & Gilbert

199. Fort Sacsahuaman, above Cuzco, rocky slopes and fields, Cor-

rell & Smith P218. On gravelly mound near Fort Pucara, 7 km. from

Cuzco on road to Pisac, 3,750 m. alt., Correll & Smith P219. Fort

Pucara, 7 km. from Cuzco on road to Pisac, 3,750 m. alt., Correll &

Smith P221 . Korau, 15 km. from Cuzco on road to Pisac, rocky open

slope, 3,500 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Vargas C. P224. Rocky hills

between San Geronimo and Sailla, Correll & Smith P233. Rocky

fields, Piquillacta, Quispicanchis, 3,200 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Var-

gas P234. Recolecte, Cuzco, on edge of fields, Correll, Smith & Vargas

P241. Kcaira, among maize, 3,200 m. alt., Carillo & Ross 780.

Kcaira, in meadows and on edge of maize fields, 3,150 m. alt., Carillo

& Ross 782 p.p. On hills of Sacsahuaman, 3,500 m. alt., Herrera

2343. Prov. Calca, Pisac, abundant in damp meadows on way from

Intihuatana, 3,200 m. alt., Rimpau, Ross & Vargas C. 802. Prov.

Anta, Pampa de Anta, 3,400 m. alt., Vargas 4856. Prov. Urubamba,

between Urubamba and Tanahuana, 2,800 m. alt., Vargas 7070.

Prov. Canchis, slopes of Sicuani, among herbs and mosses, 3,700-

3,800 m. alt., Vargas 9839 p.p.

FIG. 46. Solanum \raphanifolium Card. & Hawkes. 1, upper part of flowering

plant, X 1A; 2, calyx, spread out, X 2; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamen,

dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

378

FIG. 47. Solamim raphanifolium Card. & Hawkes. Flowering plant, X }A-

379

380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Solatium sogarandinum Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 19: 168,

Figs. 3-5. 1954. S. sogarandae ex Firbas and Ross, Zeit. Pflanzen-

ziicht. 45:261. 1961. Figure tf.

Plant low and bushy, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing, up to about

20 cm. tall, more or less pubescent throughout with long hairs; tubers

white, globose, 2-3 cm. in diameter, with numerous lenticels; stem

stout, abbreviated, up to about 10 cm. long; leaves odd-pinnate, rosu-

late to subrosulate, oblanceolate in outline, up to 20 cm. long and

7 cm. wide, essentially without interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5 to 9;

terminal leaflet elliptic to ovate-elliptic, subacute to obtuse at apex,

cuneate at base, up to 9.5 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, greatly exceeding

in size the adjacent pair of lateral leaflets; lateral leaflets ovate to

ovate-elliptic, obtuse at apex, the upper pairs noticeably basiscopi-

cally decurrent on the leaf-rachis, up to 5.5 cm. long and 2.7 cm.

wide; pseudostipular leaves minute (if present) ; inflorescence 7- to 9-

flowered, pseudoterminal; peduncle abbreviated, up to 1.5 cm. long,

light green; pedicels 2.5-3.5 cm. long, articulate within 6 mm. of

calyx; flowers blue or purplish lavender, the center with yellowish

green star; calyx 6-7 mm. long, greenish and pigmented, pubescent,

divided to below the middle into ovate-lanceolate acuminate lobes;

corolla rotate, about 3 cm. in diameter; anthers broadly triangular-

lanceolate in outline, about 5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide at base;

filaments stout, glabrous, slightly united above their attachment to

the corolla, about 1 mm. long; style short and stout, glabrous, about

8 mm. long, the stigma conical; fruit subglobose.

Except for its consistently more dissected leaves, this plant is

essentially identical in habit to S. megistacrolobum. The pubescence

and long pedicels that are articulate just below the calyx are charac-

teristics of S. megistacrolobum. It differs from that species, however,

in its apparent geographic isolation, less constricted calyx-lobes and

in its rotate corolla. Some plants from southern Peru and Bolivia,

however, which I consider to be referable to S. megistacrolobum occa-

sionally may have subrotate corollas.

La Libertad: Sogaranda, near Santiago de Chuco, Ochoa

Solatium toralapanum Card. & Hawkes, Jour. Linn. Soc., Bot.

53: 98, Fig. 4. 1946. Figures 49, 50.

On rocky-grassy slopes, among boulders and shrubs, and occa-

sionally about cultivated fields, 3,000-4,500 m. alt. Southern Peru,

Bolivia and northwest Argentina.

FIG. 48. Solarium sogarandinum Ochoa. 1, flowering plant, X 1A\ 2, calyx

spread out, X 1^; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1^; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3;

5, pistil, X 3; 6, fruits, about X 1.

381

FIG. 49. Solanum toralapanum Card. & Hawkes. 1, flowering plant, X 1A;

2, calyx, spread out, X 3; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3;

5, pistil, X 3.

382

FIG. 50. Solanum loralapanum Card. & Hawkes. 1, leaf, X 1A', 2, leaf, X 1A-

Solanum loralapanum var. subintegrifolium Card. & Hawkes. 3, flowering plant

X Yz\ 4, flowering plant, X 1A>

383

384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Plant rosulate or with short ascending branches, spreading, up to

3 dm. tall, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing, rather coarsely and densely

pilose throughout; stem essentially lacking to well-developed; leaves

rather coarse and thick, irregularly odd-pinnate or odd-pinnatifid,

rarely with some simple, up to about 2.5 dm. long, usually much

shorter, rarely with one or several interstitial leaflets; midrib on the

upper surface usually densely fine-pilose, the rachis and larger veins

on lower surface often provided with scattered conspicuously long

hairs; leaflets rarely as many as 9; terminal leaflet elliptic to narrowly

oblanceolate or suborbicular-ovate, broadly rounded or occasionally

apiculate at the apex, tapering into the rachis below, up to 12 cm. long

and 5.5 cm. wide; lateral leaflets much smaller than the terminal one,

obliquely triangular-ovate, obtuse, broadly sessile and usually mani-

festly decurrent on the rachis, up to 4 cm. long; inflorescence one- to

several-flowered; peduncle up to 8 cm. long, usually densely pilose;

pedicels 1-3 cm. long, articulate 4-6 mm. below the calyx, densely

pilose; flowers dark violet-color; calyx 5-9 mm. long, densely pilose

with long hairs, divided to about the middle into ovate to ovate-

lanceolate acute to acuminate lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal to

somewhat rotate-stellate, 2-3 cm. in diameter, the acumens rather

prominent, often conspicuously pilose on the outer surface; anthers

oblong-lanceolate in outline, 4.5-5.5 mm. long; filaments 1-1.5 mm.

long, glabrous; style 6-8 mm. long, stout, tapering to the globose

stigma; fruit globose to somewhat ovoid, about 1 cm. in diameter.

This species and S. megistacrolobum are closely allied. The plants,

however, are not only more densely pubescent throughout than in

that species but the lateral leaflets, when present, are more strongly

and broadly decurrent on the rachis. The peduncle, too, is usually

more well-developed, and the corolla is typically more rotate. Al-

though these two segregates appear to merge one into the other, it

seems advisable to recognize this as such and to maintain the extreme

conditions as separate entities.

Puno: among rocks on mountain slope, Camacani, 27 km. south-

east of Puno, 4,100 m. alt., Correll & Smith P213. Near Puno,

4,000 m. alt., Soukup 263.

Solatium toralapanum var. subintegrifolium Card. &

Hawkes, Jour. Linn. Soc., Bot. 53: 99, Fig. 5. 1946. Figure 50.

Variety subintegrifolium is similar to typical S. toralapanum ex-

cept, as its name implies, for the entire or essentially entire leaves.

These are usually shortly petioled or nearly sessile. The plants are

FLORA OF PERU 385

typically rosulate, but sometimes stems may develop up to 2 dm.

in length.

Puno: Prov. Lam pa, Munani, among rocks, 4,150 m. alt., Vargas

C. 8271 p.p.

Series 12. ACAULIA

Acaulia Juz., Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., ser. Biol. 2: 316. 1937, now.

nud.; ex Buk. & Kameraz, Bases of Potato Breeding 21. 1959.

Acaulescent (or essentially so) rosette-forming herbs, often pros-

trate, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; leaves odd-pinnate; lateral

leaflets obtuse, typically auricled at the base on the acroscopic side;

peduncle absent or much-abbreviated; pedicel-articulation absent or

evidenced only by a ring of pigment or very rarely fairly well-marked

a little below the calyx; corolla rotate, purple to white; fruit sub-

globose to ovoid.

Flowers white; plant conspicuously long-pubescent with spreading

white hairs S. acaule var. albicans.

Flowers violet-blue to purplish ; pubescence not as above ... 5. acaule.

Solanum acaule Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 391. 1921; 12: 453.

1913. S. acaule var. subexinterruptum Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 11:

393. 1912. S. acaule var. caulescens Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 453.

1913. S. punae Juz., Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., ser. Biol. 2: 316. 1937

(type: Peru, Cerro de Pasco, in puna, Juzepczuk 10414, 10435, grown

near Leningrad, Russia). S. acaule var. checcae Hawkes, Bull. Imp.

Bur. PI. Breed. & Genet., Cambridge 2 : 22, 115, Fig. 5. 1944. S. acaule

var. punae (Juz.) Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur. PI. Breed. & Genet.,

Cambridge 2: 23. 1944. S. depexum var. chorruense Hawkes, Bull.

Imp. Bur. PI. Breed. & Genet., Cambridge 2: 23, 115. 1944. Fig-

ures 51 , 52.

In rocky or grassy areas or on disturbed or denuded soils in alpine

meadows and on the puna, sometimes on sandbars and about ledges

along streams or in cultivated areas, 3,500-4,600 m. alt., usually at

about or above 4,000 m., rarely below 3,500 m. Northern Peru,

southward through Bolivia to northwest Argentina. According to

Bukasov (1939), this species withstands temperatures as low as

—8° C (15° F), and grows up to near 5,000 meters altitude, the line

of eternal snow.

Plant small, low and bushy or forming rosettes that are some-

times up to 4 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller, commonly

386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

spread flat on the ground, coarsely pubescent throughout to rarely

subglabrous, stoloniferous, with the stolons bearing tubers or giving

rise to daughter-plants; tubers irregularly globose to ellipsoid, mostly

pale brown, up to about 2.5 cm. long; stem essentially lacking to

greatly abbreviated, rarely more than 5 cm. long above ground, some-

times extending deeply below the surface of the ground; leaves odd-

pinnate, usually manifestly rosulate, spreading on the ground or

widely ascending, mostly oblanceolate in outline, 6-19 cm. long, with

or without small interstitial leaflets; rachis rather broad; leaflets 7 to

15, sessile and more or less auriculate at the base (especially on the

acroscopic side), broadly ovate-elliptic to suborbicular, rounded to

obtuse at the apex, broadly rounded to somewhat cordate (because

of the auricles) at the oblique base, up to 6 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide,

usually much smaller; terminal leaflet usually somewhat larger than

the lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves minute, inconspicuous or some-

times apparently lacking; inflorescence usually 3- to 6-flowered and

rising directly from crown of plant or several flowers together on a

poorly developed peduncle on the abbreviated stem; peduncle want-

ing or greatly abbreviated, usually less than 1 cm. long; pedicels stout,

1-2 (rarely to 3.5) cm. long, articulate within 5 mm. of the calyx, the

articulation evident (in var. aemulans) or lacking, sometimes marked

by a ring of pigment, commonly recurved (especially above the mid-

dle); flowers dark purple to violet-blue or rarely whitish; calyx 3-6

mm. long, divided to about or above the middle into triangular-ovate

to lanceolate subobtuse to acute or subacuminate lobes, sometimes

bilabiate; corolla rotate, 1-2 cm. in diameter, the acumens minute;

anthers ellipsoid or oblong in outline, 2-4 mm. long; filaments 1-1.5

(rarely to 3) mm. long, glabrous; style 5-7 mm. long, thick, cellular-

papillose below the middle, the stigma globose; fruit subglobose to

ovoid, green and often tinged or mottled with dark green or purple,

up to 2 cm. long.

This species, in nature, is typically an essentially acaulescent

plant that bears a rosette of wide-spreading leaves. Under cultiva-

tion and out of its native environs, however, it becomes robust and

often develops a rather prominent leafy stem. Some such plants that

were produced under cultivation at Grenoble, France, were given the

name var. caulescens by Bitter. Caulescent plants are also found in

nature, usually in sheltered situations or at lower elevations in the

area of distribution of the species.

Plants included here vary considerably, especially in the absence

or presence of interstitial leaflets, the amount of pubescence present,

FIG. 51. Solarium acaule Bitt. 1 and 2, flowering plants, X J^; 3, calyx,

spread out, X 2; 4, corolla, spread out, X 2; 5, stamens, dorsal view (note united

filaments), X 3; 6, pistil, X 3.

387

388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

and in the color of the flowers. In spite of these variations this spe-

cies is rather readily recognized by its usually rosette-type of habit

with greatly abbreviated stem and peduncle, and the acroscopically

auriculate lateral leaflets.

It is of interest that the articulation of the pedicel in this species

is usually not apparent. When it is evident, however, it occurs usually

as a ring of pigment a short distance below the calyx. Because of

this inarticulation of the pedicels, the flowers and fruits remain on

the plant instead of dropping off.

In Arequipa Department, Peru, and other areas of the xerophytic

western side of the Andes, this species is found in alpine meadows and

along water course. It is often especially common on and about the

"chosas," the places where llamas congregate at night. The urine

and droppings make these spots fertile oases in an otherwise extremely

dry and sterile soil.

Ancash: about rock walls on mountain slope, Recuay, 3,750 m.

alt., Correll & Smith P966. Prov. Bolognesi, Laguna de Huaman-

hueque, near Auia, puna, 4,400 m. alt., Ferreyra 12157. — Arequipa:

Canaguas, alpine meadow, 4,078 m. alt., Correll & Smith P178 —

Ayacucho: 90 km. from Nazca on road to Puquio, on sandbar along

stream, 3,900 m. alt., Correll & Smith P151+. On cumbre, altiplano,

about 117 km. from Nazca on road to Puquio, 4,500 m. alt. (tempera-

ture near or about freezing at night), Correll & Smith Pi 55. Prov.

Huanta, Mt. Razubuillca, 4,050 m. alt., Weberbauer 7501.— Caja-

marca: open grassy slope, 6 km. from entrance in Hacienda Porcon,

north of Cajamarca, 3,500 m. alt., Correll & Smith P863.—Cuzco:

Araranca, south side of La Raya Pass, about 4,100 m. alt., Cook &

Gilbert 180, 181, 182a. Prov. Canas, Checca, Vargas C. 2005. Prov.

Canchis, Aguas Calientes, 4,150 m. alt., Vargas 3315. Callachaca,

small open slope, 3,400 m. alt., Vargas 5506. Prov. Espina, Puente

"St. Domingo," rocky slope, 3,890^4,100 m. alt., Vargas 561+7. Prov.

Canas, "El Descanso" en "pajonal," 4,250 m. alt., Vargas 10037.

Sicuani, before 1914, no collector given. — Huancavelica: between

Laria and Tambopata, 3,900^4,000 m. alt., Tovar 836.— Junin: 20

km. south of La Oroya, in pampa, Blood & Tremelling 34- In high

grassland, Phachaccaca, 4,000 m. alt., Correll & Smith P725. High

grassland, Km. 34 on road between Jauja and Tarma, 4,100 m. alt.,

Correll & Smith P751.— Lima: on open mountain slope above Cull-

uay, 4,050 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Ferreyra P298. Rio Blanco, dis-

integrated granite slope, 4,570 m. alt., Macbride 301 7. Prov. Yauyos,

between Pallca and Huacracocha, puna, 4,200-4,300 m. alt., Tovar

FIG. 52. Solanum acaule Bitt. 1, flowering and fruiting plant, to show robust

form, X M- Solanum acaule var. aemulam (Bitt. & Wittm.) Corr. 2, flowering

plant, X 1A (endemic to Argentina).

389

390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

255. — Puno: alpine meadow, Lagunillos, 4,300 m. alt., Correll &

Smith P179. Along river meadow edge, Maravillas, 3,900 m. alt.,

Correll & Smith P180. Among boulders in disturbed soil, 6 km. from

Puno on road to Arequipa, 4,000 m. alt., Correll & Smith P181. In

shelter of rock wall, 4 km. from Puno on road to Arequipa, 3,900 m.

alt., Correll & Smith Pi 91, Pi 92. Near Camacani, 27km. southeast

of Puno, crevices of cliffs, 4,100 m. alt., Correll & Smith P124.. Cabra-

sillo, near Puno, 3,820 m. alt., Ochoa 2031. Chuquibambilla, rocky

place in puna, 3,850-3,900 m. alt., Pennell 13389. Minas de San

Antonio, Puno, 4,200 m. alt., Sandeman 3933. Santa Lucia, the

pampa, 4,260 m. alt., Sharpe 120. Juliaca, meadows, 3,800 m. alt.,

Stafford 431. Prov. Carabaya, Macusani, Hacienda Lacka, among

rocks, 4,450 m. alt., Vargas 7023. Prov. Lampa, Munani, among

rocks, 4,150 m. alt., Vargas 8271 p.p.— Tacna: Tarata, 2,100 m. alt.,

Vargas 9262.— Indefinite: 1839-1840, Gay s.n. In dry cultivated

places, 4,000 m. alt., Weddell ^376.

Solatium acaule var. albicans Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 17 (4) :

363, Fig. 1960.

Variety albicans differs from typical S. acaule and the several

other variants proposed for this species in its robustness, doubtlessly

the result of its increased chromosome complement (2n=72), and in

its dense investment of long, white, spreading hairs. The flowers are

also white, though it is not distinctive in this characteristic.

Cajamarca: Jalcas de Atocsaicu, near Porcon, 3450 m. alt.,

Ochoa 2065.

Series 13. TRANSAEQUATORIALIA

Transaequatorialia Buk. ex. Buk. & Kameraz, Bases of Potato

Breeding 21. 1959.

Andreana Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur. PL Breed. & Genetics, Cam-

bridge 2: 50. 1944. Without Latin diagnosis.

Plants herbaceous to slightly woody, glabrous to densely pubes-

cent, very rarely somewhat glandular, stoloniferous and tuber-bear-

ing, the tubers usually small ; stems winged or unwinged ; leaves simple

or odd-pinnate, with or without interstitial leaflets; leaf-rachis some-

times slightly winged; leaflets sessile to long-petiolulate, rarely with

the uppermost pair of lateral leaflets somewhat decurrent on the

leaf-rachis; pedicels variously articulate above the base; corolla rotate

to stellate; fruits globose to ovoid, rarely broadly and shortly ellip-

soid or somewhat conic.

FLORA OF PERU 391

With the exception of S. chancayense, of coastal Peru, the species

are confined to the mountains from western Venezuela southward to

northwest Argentina.

Leaves without or with only several (1-4) interstitial leaflets.

Plant less than 1.5 dm. tall; stem greatly abbreviated; leaves sub-

rosulate S. pumilum.

Plant bushy-spreading or erect, usually much more than 2 dm. tall;

stem well-developed.

Distribution in the loma vegetation zone along the coast, below

400 m. alt S. chancayense.

Distribution in mountains above 1,500 m. alt.

Corolla distinctly rotate.

Plant more or less glandular throughout S. orophilum.

Plant often pubescent but not noticeably glandular.

Corolla 3 cm. or less in diameter; calyx mostly 6 mm. or

less long; pedicels usually 2 cm. or less long.

Pedicels articulate at or well below the middle; leaflets

up to 6 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide . . . S. catarthrum.

Pedicels noticeably articulate above the middle; leaf-

lets usually much larger than the above.

S. sparsipilum.

Corolla 3 cm. or more in diameter; calyx mostly more

than 6 mm. long; pedicels usually 2 cm. or more long.

Leaves usually about 1 dm. long; calyx 6 mm. or less

long; corolla ample and typically much pleated

when flattened S. pascoense.

Leaves larger than above; calyx 6 mm. or more long;

corolla not as above.

Filaments somewhat united above their attachment

to the corolla; calyx 6-8 mm. long.

S. espinarense.

Filaments free; calyx 8-10 mm. long.

Leaves usually 10 cm. or less long; leaflets usually

about 1.5 cm. wide.

S. rhomboideilanceolatum var. ancophilum.

Leaves and leaflets usually larger than above.

S. rhomboideilanceolatum.

Corolla stellate or rotate-stellate.

392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY -BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Leaflets of uppermost pair up to 13 cm. long and 10 cm.

wide, abruptly acute to short-acuminate; acumens of

corolla conspicuous.

Plant densely pilose with silky yellowish hairs; inflores-

cence rather compact S. villuspetalum.

Plant subglabrous to sparsely pubescent; inflorescence

open and wide-spreading S. multiflorum.

Leaflets of uppermost pair smaller than above, obtuse to

acute or rarely acuminate at apex.

Plant rather densely glandular throughout.

Corolla up to 2.5 cm. in diameter; plant strictly erect.

S. lignicaule.

Corolla 2.5 cm. or more in diameter; plant erect-ascend-

ing S. orophilum.

Plant more or less pubescent but not glandular.

Leaves without interstitial leaflets; distribution north-

ern Peru S. jaenense.

At least some leaves with several minute interstitial

leaflets; distribution southern Peru.

Pedicels articulate at or well below the middle; leaf-

lets up to 6 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide.

S. catarthrum.

Pedicels noticeably articulate about the middle; leaf-

lets usually much larger than the above.

S. sparsipilum.

Leaves usually with numerous interstitial leaflets, at least more

than 4.

Leaflets 13 or more per leaf, narrowly lanceolate, less than 1 cm.

wide S. gracilifrons.

Leaflets fewer and broader than those above.

Plant low and bushy, the leaves sometimes subrosulate; stem

usually much-abbreviated.

Corolla 2.8 cm. or more in diameter S. Bukasovii.

Corolla rarely up to 3 cm. in diameter.

Plant (especially stem and leaf-rachises) densely pubescent

with long shaggy hairs. .S. Lobbianum f. multidissectum.

Plant only sparsely pubescent S. aracc-papa.

FLORA OF PERU 393

Plant usually erect or ascending, the leaves not rosulate; stem

usually well-developed.

Leaflets typically large, broadly elliptic to obovate-elliptic,

sometimes up to 14 cm. long and 6 cm. wide.

Corolla rotate-stellate to rotate-substellate; calyx very ir-

regularly lobed . . . S. sparsipilum var. llallaguanianum.

Corolla rotate-pentagonal; calyx usually regularly lobed.

Leaflets broadly rounded to cuneate at base; distribution

northern and central Peru.

Plant sparsely pubescent.

Leaflets rather long-petiolulate.

S. multiinterruptum var. machaytambinum.

Leaflets usually sessile to somewhat decurrent on the

leaf-rachis S. multiinterruptum.

Plant with long whitish lax hairs as well as scattered

capitate glands.

S. multiinterruptum f. longipilosum.

Leaflets with some usually truncate or cordate at base;

distribution southern and central Peru.

Inflorescence compact; corolla 3.5 cm. or more in diam-

eter; pubescence coarse S. amabile.

Inflorescence rather lax and spreading; corolla 3.5 cm.

or less in diameter; pubescence fine. .S. ambosinum.

Leaflets typically small, suborbicular to ovate-elliptic or ellip-

tic, rarely up to 7 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide.

Leaflets more or less cordate at base, mostly long-petiolulate.

S. Abbottianum.

Leaflets rounded to cuneate at base, sessile to shortly peti-

olulate.

Petal-lobes broad and truncate at apex; calyx-lobes some-

times bilabiate; stem often with multiple pustulate

hairs S. Soukupii.

Petal-lobes not truncate; calyx-lobes rather regular; stem

without multiple pustulate hairs.

Plant coarsely pilose; corolla usually about 2.5 cm. in

diameter S. leptophyes.

Plant finely silky-pubescent (especially on lower sur-

face of leaflets); corolla usually much more than

2.5 cm. in diameter.

394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Leaflets coriaceous, their upper surface vernicose and

sparsely pilose S. canasense var. xerophyllum.

Leaflets not as above.

Plant exceptionally branched and floriferous;

leaves usually profusely dissected; leaflets

long-petiolulate, their margins commonly un-

dulate and pleated.

S. canasense var. neohawkesii.

Plant and leaves not as above.

Leaflets about 6 cm. long and 3 cm. wide; inter-

stitial leaflets few.

S. canasense var. calcense.

Leaflets smaller than those above; interstitial

leaflets usually numerous .... 5. canasense.

Solarium Abbottianum Juz., Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., ser.

Biol. 2: 305. 1937. Figure 53.

On hills and mountain slopes, along streams usually among rocks

and trees or shrubs, 2,900-3,900 m. alt. Central and southern Peru.

Plant bushy or weakly ascending, more or less coarsely pubescent

throughout or rarely subglabrous, up to about 5 dm. tall, usually

much shorter, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers unknown; stem

slender, branched to subsimple, narrowly winged, mostly with some

long white spreading hairs; leaves rosulate or caulescent, 5-20 cm.

long, with or rarely without interstitial leaflets, densely or sparsely

pilose; leaflets 9 to 13, rarely 7, usually prominently petiolulate; lat-

eral leaflets broadly ovate to broadly elliptic or occasionally obovate,

obtusish to acute at apex, broadly rounded to truncate or cordate at

the somewhat oblique base, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide; ter-

minal leaflet usually slightly larger than the lateral ones; pseudo-

stipular leaves semi-elliptic, falcate, about 1 cm. long; inflorescence

pseudoterminal, 3- to 15-flowered; peduncle slender, up to 16 cm.

long, usually shorter, branched above, pale green and often purple-

maculate, subglabrous to densely pubescent or glandular-pubescent;

pedicels slender, 1.5-3 cm. long, articulate well above the middle and

commonly within 6 mm. of the calyx, sometimes articulate below the

middle; flowers pale violet-blue to purplish blue, commonly with a

central green star; calyx 6-10 mm. long, divided to about or below

the middle into ovate to ovate-lanceolate acuminate or sometimes

mucronate lobes, sparsely or densely pubescent; corolla rotate-pen-

FIG. 53. Solanum Abbottianum Juz. 1, flowering plant, X H; 2, calyx, spread

out, X 1M; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1H; 4» stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil,

X 3; 6, leaf, X 1A-

395

396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

tagonal, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter, spreading, the lobes prominent; an-

thers lanceolate in outline, about 6 mm. long; filaments often thick,

glabrous, 2-3 mm. long; style 10-12 mm. long, glabrous, the stigma

usually prominently thickened; fruit ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long.

Solanum Abbottianum is a link in what appears to be a complicated

taxonomic chain involving a half dozen or more entities that are here

recognized as species. Some of the others in this involvement are

S. canasense and its varieties, S. Lobbianum and its /. multidissectum,

S. brevicaule, S. leptophyes, and S. Bukasovii.

This species apparently forms the closest alliance with S. Buka-

sovii and it quite probably should be considered as only a form of

that species. It is, however, here maintained separately from S.

Bukasovii, based primarily on its typically strongly petiolulate broad

leaflets that are often truncated or somewhat cordate at the base.

Although in describing this species Juzepczuk stated that it differed

from S. Bukasovii by its more numerous leaflets, somewhat lower

pedicel-articulations, narrower and not quadrate anthers, and shortly

acuminate calyx-lobes, these stated differences do not appear to

hold fast.

Ayacucho: 20 km. from Ayacucho on way to Chiara, growing with

Cassia, Calceolaria, Bidens, Baccharis, Lupinus, etc., 2,900 m. alt.,

Perez, Rimpau, Ross & Vargas C. 978. — Cuzco: Prov. Espinar, on

rocks, bridge of "Sto. Domingo," 3,895 m. alt., Vargas 5648. — Huan-

cavelica: 20 km. beyond La Mejorada, on way to Huancayo, among

Kageneckia lanceolata, Tecoma stans, Dodonacea, etc., 3,000 m. alt.,

Perez, Rimpau, Ross & Vargas 983. Larmes, hills near Conaica,

among trees, 3,400 m. alt., Tovar 171. — Junin: near Jauja, Abbott s.n.

In grasses along stream on road to Central Cattle Farm, Huancayo,

3,550 m. alt., Correll & Smith P731. Prov. Jauja, Hacienda Runa-

tullo, district of Comas, Ochoa 60. Near Concepci6n, Quichuay,

3,300 m. alt., Ochoa 75. "Carnencerro Km. 22-24," on road from

Concepci6n to Satipo, 3,700 m. alt., Ochoa 83. On hills by way of

Hualhuas, near Huancayo, 3,280 m. alt., Ochoa 683. Prov. Huan-

cayo, near Huancayo, beyond Huayucachi, 3,100 m. alt., Ochoa 719

p.p. Prov. Huancayo, near Hacienda Acopalca, 3,600 m. alt., Ochoa

998. Edge of Road, Huancayo-Acopalca, Ochoa 999. Huaychulo

near Huancayo, along stream, 3,300 m. alt., Ochoa & Ross 1020 p.p.

10 km. from Acostambo to Huancayo, 3,400 m. alt., Perez, Rimpau,

Ross & Vargas 989. Huancayo, Soukup 3986. Prov. Huancayo,

Acopalca, Soukup 3689. — Lima: in brush among boulders at Km. 120

below Casapalca, 3,750 m. alt., Correll & Smith P72^. Prov. Huaro-

FIG. 54. Solanum amabile Vargas. 1, upper part of flowering plant and basal

leaf in background, X ^; 2, calyx, spread out, X 1%; 3, corolla, spread out,

X ll/2\ 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

397

398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

chiri, Chicla, between San Mateo and Casapalca, road from Lima to

Huancayo, rocky slopes, 3,700 m. alt., Ferreyra 6521. Prov. Huaro-

chiri, Rio Blanco, between San Mateo and Casapalca, among rocks

on mountain slope, 3,500-3,550 m. alt., Ferreyra 6985. Prov. Huaro-

chiri, Rio Blanco, grassy area along road between Lima and Oroya,

3,300-3,400 m. alt., Ferreyra 89^0.

Solanum amabile Vargas, Diez Afios Servic. Bot. Univ. Cuzco

46. 1946, nom. nud.; Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part II (Publ. Univ.

Nac. Cuzco) : 58, Fig. 13, 1956. Figure 5|.

On shrubby mountain slopes, 2,500-3,700 m. alt. In central and

southern Peru.

Plant 9 dm. tall, usually prominently pilose throughout, probably

tuber-bearing; tubers unknown; stem erect, slender, maculate; leaves

odd-pinnate, up to 40 cm. long, shortly petiolate, provided with sev-

eral various-sized orbicular or ovate interstitial leaflets, bright green

and sparsely pilose with long silvery hairs on the upper surface, dull

green and more finely and densely pilose on the lower surface; leaflets

7 or 9, sessile to rather prominently petiolulate, elliptic to elliptic-

lanceolate, rounded to subcordate at the oblique base, acute to

shortly acuminate at apex, up to 14 cm. long and 5 cm. wide; ter-

minal leaflet only slightly larger than the lateral ones, sometimes

elliptic-oblanceolate; pseudostipular leaves prominent, broadly lunate

to semi-elliptic, up to 2.5 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal,

rather compactly or laxly 10- to 20-flowered, sometimes with minute

bracts subtending the branches and scattered; peduncle slender, up

to 9 cm. long, furcate; pedicels slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, articulate

at about the middle; flowers bright lilac to purplish; calyx 6-10 mm.

long, divided to below the middle into broadly ovate to subquadrate

lobes that are abruptly constricted above the middle to form a linear

apical portion, commonly with two lobes more or less united; corolla

rotate-pentagonal, 3.5-5 cm. in diameter, the broadly triangular acu-

mens prominent; anthers narrowly lanceolate in outline, 5-8 mm.

long; filaments broad, 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrous; style slender, 1.2-

1.4 cm. long, glabrous, the stigma slightly thickened; fruit ovoid,

about 1.5 cm. long.

This species is closely allied to S. ambosinum, and it is quite pos-

sible that it should be included in that species. For the present,

however, it is kept apart from S. ambosinum on the basis of its coarser

pubescence, especially in the more compact inflorescence, larger co-

rolla with more pronounced acumens, glabrous style, and pedicels

articulate consistently at about the middle.

FLORA OF PERU 399

Cuzco: Prov. Urubamba, between Penas and Kosniriti, on slope

of thicket, 3,700 m. alt., Vargas C. 5958. — Huanuco: roadside near

San Rafael, between Cerro de Pasco and Huanuco, Hodge 6217.—

Indefinite: Muna, trail to Tambo de Vaca, 2,500 m. alt., MacBride

4298.

Solanum ambosinum Ochoa, Biota (Lima) 1(1): 7, Fig. 3-4.

1954. S. coelestispetalum Vargas, Diez Afios Servic. Bot. Univ. Cuzco

46. 1946, nom. nud.', Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part II (Publ. Univ.

Nac. Cuzco) : 59, Fig. 15. 1956. S. Ochoae Vargas, Las Papas Sud-

peruanas, Part II (Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco) : 62, Fig. 21. 1956. Fig-

ure 55.

Among shrubs in mountains, 2,220-3,600 m. alt. In central and

southern Peru.

Plant up to 8 dm. tall, more or less silvery pilose throughout,

stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers white, globose to ellipsoid,

3-4 cm. in diameter; stem erect to erect-ascending, branched, com-

monly pigmented, shortly pilose; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 30 cm.

long, shortly petiolate, dark green and shiny pubescent on upper sur-

face, pale grayish green and more densely and finely pubescent on

lower surface, provided with few to many several-sized interstitial

leaflets; leaflets 7 or 9, rarely 11, prominently petiolulate to subses-

sile, ovate-elliptic to elliptic or broadly elliptic-lanceolate, subtrun-

cate to cordate or sometimes broadly rounded at the oblique base,

obtuse to acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, up to 7 cm. long

and 3.5 cm. wide; pseudostipular leaves broadly lunate, up to 1.5 cm.

long; inflorescence pseudoterminal and/or lateral, cymosely panicu-

late, 10- to 24-flowered, finely pilose; peduncle rather stout, up to

7 cm. long, branched above with the branches spreading; pedicels

slender, 1.5-3 cm. long, prominently articulate about or well above

the middle, often articulate just below the calyx; flowers bright vio-

let-blue to purplish; calyx 7-10 mm. long, divided to below the middle

into ovate-lanceolate lobes that are constricted above into a narrowly

lanceolate apical portion, pilose; corolla rotate-pentagonal, 3-3.5 cm.

in diameter, the acumens short; anthers lanceolate in outline, 4-6 mm.

long; filaments 1-2 mm. long, glabrous; style 6-8 mm. long, cellular-

papillose below the middle, the notched stigma globose; fruit broadly

ovoid to globose, about 1 cm. in diameter.

Cuzco: Chacan, north of Cuzco, 3,600 m. alt., Vargas C. 4067.

Prov. Urubamba, Salapunco, km. 84 F. C. Cuzco-Santa Ana, among

shrubs, 2,400 m. alt., Vargas 5990. —Huanuco : Prov. Ambo, between

FIG. 55. Solatium ambosinum Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plants, note

abnormal flowers, X Y^\ 2, branch with normal flowers, X \i\ 3, calyx, spread out,

X 1^6; 4, corolla, spread out, X 11A\ 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 6, pistil, X 3.

400

FIG. 56. Solatium aracc-papa Juz. ex Rybin. 1, flowering plant, X H; 2, calyx,

spread out, X 1^; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1H; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3;

5, pistil, X 3.

401

402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Ambo and San Rafael, km. 38 along road from Huanuco to Cerro de

Pasco, 2,200 m. alt., Ochoa

Solarium aracc-papa Juz. ex Rybin, Bull. Appl. Bot., Genet.,

& Pl.-Breed., Leningrad, 2nd. ser. 20: 674. 1929. Without Latin

diagnosis; Buk., Bull. Appl. Bot., Genet., & PL-Breed., Leningrad,

Suppl. 58: 113. 114, Figs. 45-66. 1933; Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S.,

ser. Biol. 2: 306. 1937. Figure 56.

Plant low and bushy, 1.5-3 dm. tall, stoloniferous and tuber-bear-

ing, sparingly coarsely pubescent throughout; tubers unknown; stem

mostly much-abbreviated, flexuous, purplish brown to greenish, often

several-branched; leaves more or less rosulate, odd-pinnate, up to

21 cm. long, usually smaller, with numerous several-sized interstitial

leaflets; leaflets 7 to 11, rarely 5, sessile to very shortly petiolulate,

occasionally clasping the rachis, obovate to broadly elliptic or sub-

orbicular, obtuse to acute at apex, broadly cuneate to rounded or

occasionally subcordate at the oblique base, up to 4.5 cm. long and

3 cm. wide; terminal leaflet slightly wider than the lateral ones;

pseudostipular leaves semi-orbicular, falcate, about 7 mm. long; in-

florescence pseudoterminal on the short stem, 10- to 15-flowered,

cymosely paniculate; peduncle slender, 4-6 cm. long, branched above;

pedicels slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, articulate at about or a little

above the middle; flowers violet-color, bluish on back of corolla;

calyx 7-9 mm. long, divided to about the middle into triangular-

ovate to ovate-lanceolate acute to acuminate or long-apiculate lobes,

noticeably coarsely pilose; corolla rotate-pentagonal to rotate-sub-

stellate or rarely broadly stellate, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, the

lobes often prominent; anthers oblong-lanceolate in outline, 5-6 mm.

long; filaments 1.5 mm. long, glabrous; style about 1 cm. long, mi-

nutely cellular-papillose below the middle, the stigma globose- thick-

ened; fruit (immature) subglobose to broadly ovoid.

This species shows close relationship with several other species.

In habit, it closely resembles S. Lobbianum and its /. multidissectum,

but it lacks the long shaggy hairs on the stem, leaf-rachis and pe-

duncle, as well as the low pedicel-articulation of that species. It also

resembles some forms of S. acaule, and the leaves sometimes closely

approach those of that species. The conspicuous pedicel-articulation

and differently shaped corolla, however, easily separate it from that

species.

Cuzco: Cerro Huilcacalle near San Sebastian, a ruderal plant,

Juzepczuk 14.55.

FLORA OF PERU 403

Solanum Bukasovii Juz. ex Rybin, Bull. Appl. Bot., Genet., &

Pl.-Breed., Leningrad, 2nd ser., 20: 674. 1929. Without Latin diag-

nosis; Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., ser. Biol. 2: 303. 1937. Figure 57.

Among rocks on open grassy slopes, banks of rivers and about

cultivated fields, 3,300-4,000 m. alt. Central Peru.

Plant low and bushy, up to 3.5 dm. tall, usually much smaller,

sometimes essentially acaulescent, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing,

more or less finely and densely pubescent throughout with whitish

or yellowish sharp curved hairs, often with additional longer hairs on

the stem, veins, peduncle and pedicels; tubers unknown; stem usually

much-abbreviated, erect or flexuous, branched, conspicuously pubes-

cent; leaves often rosulate, odd-pinnate, up to 25 cm. (usually about

12 cm.) long, without or usually with few to many (often of two

types) interstitial leaflets; leaflets 7 to 11, rarely 13, elliptic to broadly

elliptic-lanceolate; lateral leaflets sessile to shortly petiolulate, rarely

long-petiolulate and with one or several secondary leaflets on the

petiolules, obtuse to acute at apex, broadly rounded to rarely cordate

at the oblique base, up to 7 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide (usually about

half as large) ; terminal leaflet larger than the lateral ones, sometimes

broadly ovate-elliptic to suborbicular; pseudostipular leaves semi-

orbicular, falcate, up to 1.5 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal,

5- to 15-flowered, cymosely paniculate, usually noticeably exceeding

the leaves and showy; peduncle erect, stout, elongate, up to 15 cm.

long, branched above, heavily pubescent with long hairs; pedicels

slender, 1.5-4 cm. long, articulate well above the middle and often

within 6 mm. of the calyx, heavily pubescent with long hairs; flowers

conspicuously large for the plant, pale violet-color to purplish; calyx

8-10 mm. long, fleshy- thickened, densely pubescent, divided to below

the middle into elliptic-lanceolate abruptly acuminate lobes, com-

monly bilabiate; corolla broadly rotate-pentagonal to rarely rotate-

substellate, 2.8-4.5 cm. in diameter, with prominent lobes; anthers

6-8 mm. long, lanceolate in outline; filaments about 2.5 mm. long,

glabrous; style about 1 cm. long, cellular-papillose about the middle,

the stigma globose and emarginate; fruit (immature) broadly ovoid,

up to 1.5 cm. or more long, green, marked with purple.

In habit, this species closely resembles S. brevicaule. The con-

stantly high pedicel articulation (commonly within 6 mm. of the

calyx) and dissimilar pubescence are two of the characteristics that

separate this species from S. brevicaule. Its finer and denser pubes-

cence consists of yellowish or whitish thin hairs, while the coarser

whitish hairs of S. brevicaule are broad and paleaceous.

FIG. 57. Solanum Bukasovii Juz. ex Rybin. 1, flowering plant, X '^; 2, calyx,

spread out, X 1; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil,

X 3; 6, leaf, X M-

404

FLORA OF PERU 405

The species is based upon material that was collected in the Cerro

de Pasco, Junin Dept., Peru. Plants were later grown from seeds

near Leningrad, Russia. A series of collections by Ochoa from the

region of Cerro de Pasco, Pasco Dept., compares very well with the

type material of S. Bukasovii. This species is further discussed under

S. canasense.

Junin : near Yana Macctachay, in Cerro de Pasco, bank of river,

among rocks on edge of cultivated area, Juzepczuk 10605 (563).

Along road, Concepci6n-Santa Rosa de Ocopa, 3,300 m. alt., Ochoa

56. — Pasco: Serranias de Condorhuachanan, Hacienda Andachaca,

65 km. from Cerro de Pasco, Ochoa 23. Milpo, between Cerro de

Pasco and La Quinua, 3,700 m. alt., Ochoa 31. La Quinua, near

Cerro de Pasco, 3,500 m. alt., Ochoa 322. 6 km. along the road

from Cerro de Pasco to La Quinua, 3,900 m. alt., Ochoa 480.

Solatium canasense Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur. PI. Breed. &

Genet., Cambridge 47, 123, Figs. 35-36. S. Kaufmanii Buk., Sov.

PI. Ind. Rec. 4: 13. 1940, now. nud. S. Lechnovichii Hawkes, Bull.

Imp. Bur. PI. Breed. & Genet., Cambridge 49, 124, Fig. 39. 1944.

S. fragariaefructum Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur. PL Breed. & Genet.,

Cambridge 53, 129, Fig. 47. 1944. S. canasense var. alba Vargas,

Las Papas Sudperuanas (Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco) 2: 57, Fig. 10

[erroneously labeled Solanum calcense var. alba]. 1956. S. canasense

var. Lechnoviczii (Hawkes) Ochoa, Los Solanum Tuberiferos Silves-

tres del Peru 168, fig. 85. 1963 (dated 1962). Figure 58.

Among boulders and rocks, about and on stone walls, grassy

places, among shrubs along streams, and in heaps of stones about

cultivated fields, 2,000-4,100 m. alt., usually above 2,500 m. Cen-

tral and southern Peru.

Plant somewhat bushy to erect-ascending, stoloniferous and tuber-

bearing, 1.5-5 dm. tall, rather finely and densely adpressed silky

pubescent throughout with curved hairs, the stem and leaf-rachises

sometimes with long scattered hairs; tubers ellipsoid to globose, up

to about 6 cm. long, white or pale brown; stem essentially simple or

branched, flexuous to laxly ascending; leaves odd-pinnate, 8-20 cm.

long, typically elliptic in outline, usually provided with numerous

(occasionally with few) small 2-sized interstitial leaflets, grayish green

and more finely and densely pubescent on lower surface than on upper

surface; leaflets 7 to 13; lateral leaflets ovate-elliptic to elliptic-lanceo-

late, strongly oblique at the sessile to shortly or prominently petiolu-

late base (sometimes with a secondary leaflet on the petiolule), rarely

406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

with the uppermost pair decurrent on the leaf-rachis, subobtuse to

shortly acuminate at the apex, 2-6 cm. long, 1.3-3 cm. wide; terminal

leaflet similar to the lateral ones but sometimes slightly larger; pseu-

dostipular leaves semi-ovate, falcate, up to about 1.5 cm. long; in-

florescence pseudoterminal, 2- to many-flowered, cymosely paniculate;

peduncle up to 15 cm. long, rather stout, divided above; pedicels 1.5-

3.5 cm. long, articulate at about or mostly well above the middle,

pubescent; flowers bluish purple, dusty or deep lavender to whitish

with bluish markings, showy; calyx 7-11 cm. long, divided to about

or below the middle into ovate-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate

acute to subacuminate lobes, mostly rather coarsely pubescent; co-

rolla rotate-pentagonal, up to 4.5 cm. in diameter, reflexed; anthers

lanceolate in outline, 4.5-6.5 mm. long; filaments 1-2 mm. long, gla-

brous; style 7-12 mm. long, usually minutely cellular-papillose about

the middle, the stigma globose and commonly emarginate; fruit yel-

lowish or dark green, often purplish or white-speckled, globose to

broadly ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter.

Some of the plants referred to this species closely resemble in

habit some plants of S. leptophyes. However, besides having a usu-

ally larger and more rotate corolla, this species is more finely and

densely silky pubescent throughout, especially on the lower surface

of the leaves, whereas S. leptophyes is coarsely pilose. The calyx-

lobes, also, are usually much longer than in that species. The leaves

of S. canasense are typically more dissected and the pedicels have a

consistently higher articulation than in S. leptophyes.

Plants included in this species also vary considerably in the size

of their leaflets and in the number of interstitial leaflets that are pres-

ent. Also, those plants grown under cultivation usually have a much

more finely divided leaf with smaller segments than those found in

nature. The flowers, however, appear to be similar under both en-

vironmental conditions.

The plant described as S. Lechnovichii has generally narrower leaf-

lets than typical material. These are also more sparsely pubescent

on the upper surface than in typical S. canasense. There does not

appear to be, however, any distinctive characteristic which could

maintain the plant as a separate entity.

This species is closely linked to S. brevicaule, S. Lobbianum, and

S. Bukasovii, and, through its var. neohawkesii, to S. Abbotianum.

If all of these were placed together as one highly variable species it

would probably be to the best interest of science. Notwithstanding,

they are here maintained separately because of possible genetical, if

FIG. 58. Solatium canasense Hawkes. 1, flowering plant, X 1A; 2, calyx, spread

out, X 1; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamens, dorsal view, X 2; 5, pistil, X 2;

6, fruits, X 1A- Solanum canasense var. neohawkesti (Ochoa) Corr. 7, mature leaf,

X Y2\ 8, fruit, X Y*.

407

408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

not taxonomic, value. Perhaps further experimental work will re-

solve and clarify their true status.

Arequipa: near Arequipa, 2,000-2,500 m. alt., Guenther & Buch-

tien 1402, 1405, 1414- — Ayacucho: Prov. Cangallo, Pallcca, between

Rio Pampas and Ayacucho, 3,200 m. alt., Balls & Hawkes 6931. In

shelter of boulders along stream, 126 km. from Nazca on road to

Puquio, 4,100 m. alt., Correll & Smith P157. 35 km. from Puquio

on road to Nazca, 3,500 m. alt., among boulders and shrubs in grass-

land, Correll & Smith P162. — Cuzco: Prov. Quispicanchi, near Oro-

pesa, Racchchi, 4,000 m. alt., Balls & Hawkes 6770. Ecaira, in

meadows and on edge of maize fields, 3,150 m. alt., Carillo & Ross

782 p.p. 4 km. from Cuzco on road to Pisac, on gravelly-rocky slopes,

3,600 m. alt., Correll & Smith P223. Prov. Cuzco, 7 km. from Cuzco

on road to Pisac, 3,900 m. alt., Rimpau, Ross & Vargas C. 794-795.

Prov. Canas, Rio Apurimac, 3,800 m. alt., among rocks, Vargas 2001.

Prov. Calca, Quebrada de Ccochocc, Vargas 4087. Prov. Urubamba,

Pumahuanca, in rocky area, 4,300 m. alt., Vargas 7836. Prov. Canas,

Asuncion Bridge, Apurimac River, on rocky talus slopes, 3,700-

3,800 m. alt., Vargas 11032. — Junin: among low shrubs and grasses

about long low ledges midway between La Oroya and Paccha, 3,750 m.

alt., Correll & Smith P726. Among boulders, Huari, 3,650 m. alt.,

Correll & Smith P728. Km. 18 on road between Jauja and Tarma,

3,550 m. alt., Correll & Smith P749. Among piles of rocks in culti-

vated fields, Km. 25 on road between Jauja and Tarma, 3,850 m. alt.,

Correll & Smith P750. About ledges and in low shrubs of altiplano,

Km. 36 on road between Jauja and Tarma, 4,100 m. alt., Correll &

Smith P752. At base of ledges along mountain stream near Km. 206

on road from La Oroya to Cerro de Pasco, 3,900 m. alt., Correll &

Smith P788. Pasos, near Huancayo, 3,100 m. alt., Prov. Huancayo,

beyond Huayucachi, Ochoa 719 p.p. Huaychulo near Huancayo,

along stream, 3,300 m. alt., Ochoa & Ross 1020 p.p. Tarma, near

Oroya, Peter sen & Hjerting 1337. — Lima: on open rocky slopes near

Culluay, 3,900 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Ferreyra P297. On and about

ledges above Rio Blanco at Km. 110, 3,550 m. alt., Correll & Smith

P722. — Moquegua: Carumas, rainy-green formation, 3,100 m. alt.,

Weberbauer 7257. — Puno: among boulders on road to Juliaca, 10 km.

from Puno, 3,800 m. alt., Correll & Smith Pi 96 & Pi 97. Among

loose rubble 11 km. from Puno on road to Juliaca, 3,700 m. alt.,

Correll & Smith P201. Prov. Lampa, Mufiani, Vargas 8270. Be-

tween Cerro Llahuini and Cerro Cuaquisa, on puna, 3,800-4,100 m.

alt., Zuniga 044-

FLORA OF PERU 409

solan urn canasense var. calcense Vargas, Las Papas Sudperu-

anas (Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco) 2: 58, Fig. 11. 1956 (type: Peru, Dept.

Cuzco, Prov. Calca, in rocky thicket, quebrada Kochoc, 2,900 m. alt.,

Feb. 1944, Vargas -407-4). S. punoense Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur. PI.

Breed. & Genet., Cambridge 47, 123, Fig. 34. 1944. S. canasense var.

intihuatanense Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas (Publ. Univ. Nac.

Cuzco) 2: 58, Fig. 12. 1956. S. Lechnovichii var. latifolium Vargas,

Las Papas Sudperuanas (Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco) 2: 61, Fig. 18.

1956 (as var. latifolia). S. canasense var. latifolia (Vargas) Ochoa,

Los Solanum Tuberiferos Silvestres del Peru 170, fig. 88. 1963 (dated

1962).

The superficial var. calcense has larger lateral leaflets and fewer

interstitial leaflets than in typical S. canasense. It approaches S.

Bukasovii very closely. The shorter and finer pubescence, especially

on the peduncle and pedicels, superficially separate it from that spe-

cies. The flowers and soft pubescence on the lower surface of the

leaves of S. punoense place it in S. canasense, rather than in S. sparsi-

pilum where it has been referred by some authors.

Plants which Smith and I collected (No. P215) at Camacani,

Puno Dept., Peru, were large and bushy with enormous showy

flowers, among which were a number of double flowers. This plant

formed one of the common elements in the vegetation on the moun-

tain slopes above the tree nursery at Camacani.

Cuzco: Quebrada de Pomatalen, 2,900 m. alt., Barkley 21P027.

Wet brushy slope 9 km. from Pisac on road to Cuzco, 3,400 m. alt.,

Correll, Smith & Vargas C. P225 p.p. Recolecte, Cuzco, on edge of

fields, Correll, Smith & Vargas P241 . Below the ruins of Intihuatana

near Pisac, Ochoa 2059. Chacan, north of Cuzco, 3,700 m. alt., Var-

gas 609. Rocky area, Intihuatana, Pisac, Prov. Calca, 3,400 m. alt.,

Vargas 5065. Prov. Anta, Totora, within walls, 3,700 m. alt., Vargas

5875. — Junin: on brushy stream bank above Concepci6n, 3,500 m.

alt., Correll & Smith P733. — Lima: Prov. Huarochiri, vicinity of

Estaci6n del Chicla, 3,600 m. alt., Ochoa 2055.— Puno: Ilpa Prov.,

Puno, amongst heaps of stones at edge of potato fields, 3,800 m. alt.,

Balls & Hawkes 6620. In shade of ledge along road 10 km. from

Puno on road to Juliaca, 3,800 m. alt., also among boulders along

stream, Correll & Smith Pi 98, Pi 99 and P200. Among boulders on

mountain slopes above Camacani, 27 km. southeast of Puno, 4,100 m.

alt., Correll & Smith P215.

Solanum canasense var. neohawkesii (Ochoa) Corr., Wrightia

2: 184. 1961. S. neohaivkesii Ochoa, Rev. Argentina Agron. 19: 231,

410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Figs. 1-2. 1952 (not Vargas, Diez Anos Servic. Bot. Univ. Cuzco 46.

1946, worn. nud.). Figure 58.

Variety neohawkesii is quite similar in habit to typical S. cana-

sense although it has a tendency to become more branched and florif-

erous. Because of its attractive habit — combining its delicately and

profusely dissected leaves with their marginally undulate leaflets

and the showy flowers — it has possibilities as an ornamental plant,

especially for border- and mass-plantings.

The plant differs more or less by degrees from typical S. cana-

sense. Its leaflets are usually more petiolulate and, as noted above,

their margins are undulate and even somewhat pleated, and they

are more elliptic or oval with a more or less cordate base and ob-

tusish apex.

Ayacucho: in field of cultivated potatoes, 13 km. from Puquio on

road to Nazca, 3,800 m. alt., Correll & Smith P168. Prov. Lucanas,

among rocks on hill in mountains between Puquio and Nazca, 3,600-

3,700 m. alt., Ferreyra 5502. — Cuzco: Prov. Urubamba, Pumahu-

anca, rocky places, 2,900-3,000 m. alt., Vargas C. 7653. Sacsahua-

man-Tamborachai, rocky area, Vargas 10054- — Huancavelica: grassy

places, in mountains of Laria, 8 km. from Conaica, 3,850-3,900 m.

alt., Tovar 896. — Junin: vicinity of Oroya, in cultivated ground,

3,050-4,260 m. alt., Kalenborn & Kalenborn 7. Prov. Yauli, Casa-

racra, near Oroya, 3,800 m. alt., Ochoa 37. Near Oroya, Casaracra,

Ochoa (comm. M. Cardenas) s.n. Oroya, Stevens 9.

Solatium canasense var. xerophyllum (Vargas) Corr., Wrightia

2: 185. 1961; Ochoa, Los Solanum Tuberiferos Silvestres del Peru 170,

figs. 86-87. 1963 (dated 1962) (as var. xerophytta). S. Lechnovichii

var. xerophyllum Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas (Publ. Univ. Nac.

Cuzco) 2: 61, Fig. 19. 1956 (as var. xerophylla).

Variety xerophyllum differs from typical S. canasense in having

the usually dark green, coriaceous and more or less vernicose upper

leaf-surface glabrous or with only a few coarse, scattered hairs, and

these mostly submarginal. Most of the material also has fewer inter-

stitial leaflets than in typical S. canasense.

This plant shows a definite relationship with S. marinasense and,

with further collecting and study, it might prove to be either a nar-

row-leaflet variety of that species or a hybrid of that species with

S. canasense. One of the three plants of an isotype in the Lundell

Herbarium has the uppermost pair of lateral leaflets strongly decur-

rent on the leaf-rachis.

FIG. 59. Solarium calarthrumJuz. 1, branch of flowering plant, X }A; 2, calyx,

spread out, X \1A; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1^; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3;

5, pistil, X 3; 6, two leaves, X Y*.

411

412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Cuzco: rocky slope near Calca on road to Pisac, 3,000 m. alt.,

Correll, Smith & Vargas C. P229. On rocky slope of mountain above

Urubamba, 3,000 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Vargas P232. Along top

of old stone wall, Piquillacta, Quispicanchis, 3,200 m. alt., Correll,

Smith & Vargas P238. Prov. Calca, among rocks and cactus, slope

of Tunasmocco, Vargas 4088. Prov. Urubamba, slope of Yahuar-

maqui, Vargas 7867.

Solatium catarthrum Juz., Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., ser. Biol.

2: 307. 1937. Figure 59.

Plant rather bushy, up to 4.5 dm. tall, usually much shorter, sto-

lonif erous and tuber-bearing, sparsely pilose throughout or sometimes

glabrescent; stem rather stout, flexuous to erect, simple or branched

near base or below the middle; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 20 cm. long,

without or usually with several small interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5 to

9; lateral leaflets elliptic to ovate-elliptic or sometimes obovate-ellip-

tic, broadly rounded to cuneate at the symmetrical or slightly oblique

base, broadly obtuse to acute at the apex, shortly petiolulate or some-

times with the uppermost pair slightly decurrent on the rachis, up to

6 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide; terminal leaflet somewhat larger than

the lateral ones; pseudpstipular leaves semi-orbicular, falcate, up to

about 8 mm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, cymosely panicu-

late, few- to many (14) -flowered; peduncle up to 7.5 cm. long, divided

above; pedicels 1-2.2 cm. long, prominently articulate at about to

well below the middle or sometimes near the base, pubescent; flowers

pale violet-color to bluish purple; calyx 4-6 mm. long, divided to

about the middle into broadly ovate to ovate-quadrate apiculate to

abruptly short-acuminate lobes; corolla broadly rotate-pentagonal

to rarely rotate-substellate, 2.3-3 cm. in diameter, with the acumens

usually prominent; anthers lanceolate in outline, 5-6 mm. long, with

age often twisted; filaments 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrous; style 8-10 mm.

long, minutely cellular-papillose about the middle, the stigma not

noticeably thickened; fruit unknown but the ovary is globose-ovoid.

The small calyx, which is similar to that of S. sparsipilum, and

the low articulation of the pedicels distinguish this plant. The orig-

inal description was made from plants grown near Leningrad, Russia,

from tubers collected at Lucre near Cuzco, Peru.

Cuzco: Lucre near Cuzco, Kaufman s.n.

Solanum chancayense Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 26: 316, Figs.

1959. Figure 60.

FIG. 60. Solatium chancayense Ochoa. 1, flowering plant, X ^; 2, calyx,

spread out, X 11A; 3, corolla, spread out (note pleats), X 11A\ 4, interpetalar tissue,

stretched out to show shape, X 1^; 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 6, pistil, X 3.

413

414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

On rocky hills in the loma region of coastal Peru, 150-400 m. alt.,

flowering from August to October.

Plant low, bushy, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing, up to 2.5 dm.

tall; tubers globose to ovoid, whitish, up to 1.5 cm. long; stem angu-

lar, simple or rarely branched, 3-4 mm. thick; leaves odd-pinnate,

pale green, essentially glabrous to sparsely pilose, typically without

interstitial leaflets, up to 15 cm. long including the short (1.5 cm.)

petiole; leaflets 5 or 7, rarely 9; lateral leaflets ovate-lanceolate to

elliptic-lanceolate, shortly petiolulate and usually decurrent on the

rachis on the basiscopic side at the oblique base, subobtuse to acumi-

nate at apex, up to 6 cm. long and 3 cm. wide; terminal leaflet similar

to the lateral ones but larger; pseudostipular leaves lunate, falcate,

up to 2 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, up to 6-flowered;

peduncle pale green, up to 3 cm. long, simple or branched above;

pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long, glabrous to sparsely pilose, articulate at

about or above or below the middle; flowers white, usually with a

central yellowish star; calyx pale green, 3-5 mm. long, divided to

above or about the middle into ovate to broadly rounded apiculate

lobes, glabrous to sparsely and laxly pilose; corolla rotate-pentagonal,

ample, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter; anthers oblong-lanceolate in outline,

about 6 mm. long; filaments about 1 mm. long, glabrous; style stout,

8-11 mm. long, cellular-papillose about the middle, the stigma glo-

bose; fruit unknown.

This is one of the unusual species of the loma vegetation area of

coastal Peru. In its low, bushy habit it is similar to the Bolivian

S. Gandarillasii. The relatively large leaves and large pleated co-

rolla for such a small plant are distinctive. In describing S. chan-

cayense, Ochoa warned against the possibility of confusing it with

S. immite. The two species, however, are quite different.

La Libertad : Prov. Trujillo, Dept. Cerro Cabras, tuberous, 350 m.

alt., Lopez M. 1210. — Lima: Prov. Canete, loma of Quilmana, be-

tween Lima and Canete, rocky area, 200-250 m. alt. [doubtless

belongs here, but flowers said to be violet-color], Ferreyra 8022.

Prov. Chancay, Lomas de Chancay, stony hills, 200-250 m. alt., Fer-

reyra 8718a. Prov. Chancay, Lomas de Chancay, between Lima and

Huacho, rocky ground, 180-200 m. alt., Ferreyra & Hjerting 14130.

Prov. Chancay, Lomas Chancay, between Lima and Huacho, rocky

quebrada, with Loasa nitida, 180-200 m. alt., Ferreyra & Hjerting

14144. Prov. Chancay, near Latillo, Lomas de Chancay, 150 m. alt.,

Ochoa 1804. Prov. Lima, on way to los Banos de Churin, vicinity of

Lomas de Lachay, 400 m. alt., Ochoa 1806.

FLORA OF PERU 415

solatium espinarense Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part II

(Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco) : 60, Fig. 16. 1956. S. Soukupii var. espin-

arense (Vargas) Ochoa, Los Solanum Tuberiferos Silvestres del Peru

278, fig. 151. 1963 (dated 1962). Figure 61.

Plant large, up to 4 dm. tall, conspicuously pilose throughout;

tubers unknown; stem slender, slightly pigmented; leaves odd-pin-

nate, up to 16 cm. long, shortly petiolate, rarely with one or two

minute interstitial leaflets, dark green on the upper surface, pale

grayish green on the lower surface; leaflets 9 or rarely 11, shortly

petiolulate, the two lowermost lateral pairs usually much reduced in

size, elliptic, rounded to broadly cuneate at the oblique base, obtuse

to acute at the apex, up to 4.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide; pseudostipu-

lar leaves lunate, mostly less than 1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudo-

terminal, rather compact, with as many as 15 flowers; peduncle erect,

slender, furcate, up to 11 cm. long; pedicels about 2 cm. long, articu-

late at or somewhat above the middle; flowers purplish blue; calyx

6-8 mm. long, divided to below the middle into ovate to subquadrate

lobes that are abruptly constricted above to form a linear-lanceolate

apical portion; corolla broadly rotate-pentagonal, 3.5-4 cm. in diam-

eter, the lobes broadly subquadrate; anthers lanceolate in outline,

about 6 mm. long; filaments with the free parts somewhat united,

about 1.5 mm. long; style slender, 8-12 mm. long, the stigma glo-

bose; fruit (immature) broadly ovoid.

This is an attractive species that might be used ornamentally as

a border plant. The large purplish blue flowers with broadly sub-

quadrate lobes, similar to those of S. rhomboideilanceolatum and S.

Soukupii, are quite showy.

Cuzco: Prov. Espinar, Hacienda Pokera, 4,500 m. alt., under

ledges and cliffs, Vargas C. 10573.

Solanum gracilifrons Bitt. ex Engl. Bot. Jahrb., No. 119, 54:

6. 1916. Figure 62.

Among opuntias and lantanas on slopes, and along streams, 1900-

2,000 m. alt. Known only from Huancavelica Dept., Peru.

Plant erect to erect-spreading, 3-5 dm. tall, stoloniferous and

tuber-bearing, glabrous throughout or only slightly glandular-puber-

ulent; tubers whitish, subglobose to pyriform, up to about 3 cm. long;

stem slender, leafy, with short internodes, flexuous above; leaves odd-

pinnate, conspicuously much-dissected, up to 14 cm. long, broadest

above the middle, with numerous several-sized interstitial leaflets;

leaflets 13 to 19 or occasionally fewer, shortly petiolulate to sessile,

FIG. 61. Solatium espinarense Vargas. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X 1A\

2, calyx, spread out, X 11A; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1 1A; 4, stamens, dorsal view,

X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

416

FIG. 62. Solarium gracilifrons Bitt. ex Engl. 1, upper part of flowering plant,

X 1A'> 2, calyx, spread out, X 2; 3, corolla, spread out, X 2; 4, stamens, ventral

view, showing united filaments, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, part of fruiting inflorescence,

X K.

417

418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

narrowly lanceolate, tapering to an acute to subobtuse apex, cuneate

to rounded at the oblique base, often somewhat falcate, lightly undu-

late-pleated on the margins, up to 4 cm. long and 8 mm. wide below

the middle; lateral leaflets irregular in length, the lowermost several

pairs gradually reduced in size, the central pairs longest and those

above the middle only slightly smaller; pseudostipular leaves semi-

orbicular-reniform, 1-1.5 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, few-

to several (S)-flowered; peduncle slender, up to 5 cm. or more long;

pedicels slender, 1.2-1.5 cm. long, articulate at about the middle;

flowers white, sometimes with greenish yellow radiating lines; calyx

4-7 mm. long, divided to below the middle into subquadrate to

broadly ovate abruptly acuminate to long-apiculate lobes; corolla

rotate-pentagonal to rotate-substellate, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter; an-

thers elliptic-lanceolate in outline, 4.5-5 mm. long; filaments 1-1.5

mm. long, glabrous; style about 7 mm. long, cellular-papillose below

the middle, the stigma clavellate- thickened; fruit globose, yellowish

green, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter.

Huancavelica: Prov. Tayacaja, 2 km. north of Hacienda Villa

Azul, among opuntias and lantanas, 1,900 m. alt., Ochoa 990. Prov.

Tayacaja, along stream, Mantaca to Colcabamba, 1,900-2,000 m.

alt., Weberbauer 6472.

Solatium jaenense Ochoa, Agronomia 27(4): 371. 1960; Los

Tuberiferos Silvestres del Peru 207, fig. 108. 1963 (dated 1962) (type:

Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, Prov. Ja&i, hills of Huascarai, 2,700 m. alt.,

between Tabaconas and Huancabamba, May 5, 1960, C. Ochoa 2328) .

S. regularifolium Corr., Wrightia 2: 194. 1961. Figure 63.

On brushy slopes in mountains, 2,150-2,700 m. alt. Central

Ecuador to northern Peru.

Plant low and bushy, more or less pubescent throughout, stolo-

niferous and tuber-bearing; tubers globose, up to 3 cm. in diameter;

stem slender, flexuous, mostly undulately winged and with scattered

long silvery hairs; leaves odd-pinnate, oblanceolate in outline, with-

out interstitial leaflets, the rachis with scattered long hairs; leaflets

7 to 11, usually 9, very regularly and simply arranged on the rachis,

with long coarse hairs on the upper surface, more finely and densely

pubescent on the lower surface; lateral leaflets sessile to very shortly

petiolulate, the uppermost pairs slightly basiscopically decurrent on

the leaf -rachis, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute at the

apex, broadly cuneate to rounded at the oblique base; terminal leaflet

only slightly larger than the lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves semi-

FIG. 63. Solarium jaenense Ochoa. 1, flowering plant, X Yi\ 2, calyx, spread

out, X 1 ^; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1 Vi\ 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

419

420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

ovate, falcate, less than 1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal,

several-flowered and racemose; peduncle slender, short, about 2 cm.

long, sparingly pubescent; pedicels slender, about 2 cm. long, with

scattered long hairs, articulate well above the middle; flowers pinkish

lavender; calyx 5-6 mm. long, divided to about the middle into ovate

abruptly long-apiculate lobes, rather densely pubescent with long

white hairs; corolla rotate-stellate, about 2.5 cm. in diameter; anthers

5-6 mm. long, lanceolate in outline; filaments 1.5-2 mm. long, gla-

brous; style slender, about 1 cm. long, cellular-papillose on lower half,

the stigma only slightly globose; fruit unknown.

The simplicity of this plant is perhaps its most distinctive charac-

teristic. It is a low, compact plant with closely placed leaves that

have regularly shaped and arranged leaflets and no interstitial leaf-

lets. The undulately winged flexuous stem and rotate-stellate corolla

are also distinctive.

Lambayeque: on brushy bank, 46 km. from Olmos on road to

Jaen, 2,150 m. alt., Correll & Smith P827.

Solatium leptophyes Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 448. 1913.

Figure 64-.

On stony or gravelly slopes, often associated with acacia-cactus-

bromeliad scrub, occasionally about cultivated areas, 2,500-4,000 m.

alt. Southern Peru, through Bolivia to northwest Argentina.

Plant small and bushy, erect or spreading-ascending, up to 3 dm.

tall, usually much smaller, coarsely pilose throughout, stoloniferous

and tuber-bearing; tubers ellipsoid to oval, 2-2.5 cm. long, the skin

brownish; stem slender, flexuous, commonly much-branched (espe-

cially near the base), sometimes slightly winged; leaves odd-pinnate,

5-15 cm. long, with or without few to rarely many small interstitial

leaflets, the petiole up to 3 cm. long; leaflets 7 to 11 or sometimes as

many as 16, narrowly or broadly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate or ellip-

tic-lanceolate, obtuse to acute at apex, cuneate to rounded at the

oblique base, sessile to shortly petiolulate (2-3 mm.) or somewhat

decurrent on the rachis, up to 6 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, usually

much smaller; terminal leaflet only slightly (if at all) larger than the

lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves lunate, falcate, up to 1 cm. long;

inflorescence pseudoterminal on the branches, racemose to cymosely

paniculate, usually few-flowered; peduncle 2-5 cm. long; pedicels

1-2.3 cm. long, articulate at about or a little above the middle,

usually noticeably dilated into the calyx; flowers showy, bright vio-

let-color or purplish; calyx 6-9 mm. long, green or tinged with purple,

FIG. 64. Solanum leptophyes Bitt. 1, plant, X 1A'< 2, branch from bushy plant,

X %', 3, calyx, spread out, X 1^; 4, corolla, spread out, X 11A\ 5, pistil, with two

stamens attached at base of ovary (left stamen dorsal view, right stamen ventral

view), X 1H.

421

422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

divided to below the middle into ovate-lanceolate to triangular-

lanceolate more or less abruptly acute to acuminate lobes; corolla

rotate-substellate to rotate-pentagonal, 1.8-2.8 mm. in diameter, the

narrowly triangular acumens up to 5 mm. long; anthers elliptic-lan-

ceolate in outline, 4-7 mm. long; filaments 0.5-1.5 mm. long, gla-

brous; style 7-10 mm. long, glabrous or cellular-papillose below the

middle, the stigma clavellate; fruit globose to ovoid, green, sometimes

white-spotted, 1.5-2 cm. long.

Solanum leptophyes is typically a low, bushy plant with usually

narrow leaflets and a coarse pubescence. It is allied, especially as to

habit, to S. canasense, under which species it is discussed in some

detail.

Puno: San Pedro de Tiquina, 1953, Petersen & Hjerting

Solanum lignicaule Vargas, Rev. Argentina Agron. 10: 398.

1943; Las Papas Sudperuanas (Univ. Nac. Cuzco) 1: 89. Fig. 34.

1949. S. Vargasii Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur. PI. Breed. & Genet.,

Cambridge 12, 13, 113, Fig. 1. 1944. S. lignicaule var. longistylum

Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas (Univ. Nac. Cuzco) 2: 56, Fig. 8.

1956 (type: Peru, Dept. Cuzco, Prov. Urubamba, above Tarapata,

in argillaceous calcareous soil, 3,150 m. alt., Feb. 1951, C. Vargas C.

10051). Figure 65.

On rocky-brushy slopes and about old ruins, 3,000-3,500 m. alt.

Southern Peru.

Plant strictly erect or somewhat flexuous above, densely gland-

ular-puberulent or glandular-pilose throughout, up to 6 dm. tall,

stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers globose to oval, whitish,

up to 3 cm. in diameter; stem simple or several-branched, rather

woody (especially below the middle); leaves odd-pinnate, up to 10

cm. long, without or usually with several small interstitial leaflets,

yellowish green on the upper surface, much paler on the lower sur-

face; leaflets 5 to 9, shortly petiolulate to sessile, narrowly elliptic to

lanceolate, subobtuse to acute or acuminate-attenuate at the apex,

cuneate or rounded at the oblique base, the margins frequently

slightly revolute, up to 5.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide; lowermost pair

of lateral leaflets much reduced; terminal leaflet slightly larger than

the uppermost lateral leaflets; pseudostipular leaves lunate, falcate,

up to 1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, cymosely paniculate,

few- to several (lO)-flowered; peduncle up to 5 cm. long, branched

above; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, articulate somewhat above the middle;

flowers yellowish white, sometimes faintly tinged with purple; calyx

FIG. 65. Solanum lignicaule Vargas. 1, flowering plant, X 1A '< 2, calyx, spread

out, X 1 M; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1 Yi\ 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

423

424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

6-9 mm. long, divided to about or below the middle into lobes that

are broadened at the base and abruptly become linear-lanceolate to

linear-subspatulate, the lobes acute or subacuminate at the apex;

corolla broadly stellate to rotate-stellate, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, the

acumens prominent; anthers 4-4.5 mm. long, oblong in outline; fila-

ments about 1.5 mm. long, glabrous to sparsely puberulent; style

7-9 mm. long, cellular-papillose below the middle, the stigma clavel-

late and somewhat retuse; fruit globose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter.

The usually strictly erect habit coupled with its dense vestiture

of glandular hairs is distinctive of this species.

Cuzco: ruins of Pisac, 3,800 m. alt., Blood & Tremelling 175, On

rocky slopes of mountains above Pisac, 3,050 m. alt., Correll, Smith &

Vargas C. P227. Paruro, Colcha, 2,850 m. alt., calcareous rocks,

Vargas 1539 (Goodspeed Exp. No. 9730). Prov. Calca, Intihuatana,

Pisac, rocky shelves and slopes, 3,400 m. alt., Vargas 5070. Prov.

Paruro, Dist. Colcha, Quetepampa, along Rio Apurimac, in rocky

places and rocky slopes surrounding cultivated fields, 2,800-3,100 m.

alt., Vargas 9730.

Solanum Lobbianum Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 446. 1913.

Figure 66.

Among rocks and on old walls, rocky-sandy slopes, and edge of

fields, in high mountains, 3,000-4,200 m. alt. Colombia and (espe-

cially as /. multidissectum) in southern Peru.

Plant small, bushy, less than 2 dm. tall (in nature), stoloniferous

and tuber-bearing, rather densely and coarsely pubescent through-

out; tubers small, whitish; stem abbreviated, ascending, simple or

sparingly branched, provided with long whitish spreading hairs;

leaves odd-pinnate, 8-17 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, provided with

several or usually with numerous two- to several-sized interstitial

leaflets, the rachis with long white hairs; leaflets 7 or 9, rarely 11;

lateral leaflets ovate to broadly ovate-elliptic, obliquely rounded at

the sessile to very shortly petiolulate base, obtuse to abruptly short-

acute at the apex, up to 3.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, progressively

smaller from apex to base of leaf; terminal leaflet usually a little

broader (sometimes suborbicular) than the lateral ones; pseudostipu-

lar leaves broadly lunate, about 8 mm. long; inflorescence pseudo-

terminal, several-flowered, paniculate; peduncle up to 12 cm. long,

divided above, with long whitish hairs; pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long, artic-

ulate well above the middle or just below the calyx; flowers pale blue

to purplish; calyx 5-10 mm. long, unequally divided to below the

FIG. 66. Solatium Lobbianum Bitt. 1, plant with immature flowers, X J^.

Solatium Lobbianum var. multidissectum (Hawkes) Corr. 2, flowering plant, X 1A',

3, calyx, spread out, X 1M; 4, corolla, spread out, X 1}A'> 5, stamens, showing fila-

ments united, dorsal view, X 3; 6, pistil, X 3; 7, fruits, X ^.

425

426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

middle into ovate to ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate acute

to shortly acuminate lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal, reflexed, 2-

3 cm. in diameter; anthers 5-7 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate in out-

line; filaments 1-1.5 mm. long, slender, glabrous; style 7-9 mm. long,

the stigma globose; fruit globose to ovoid, somewhat compressed, up

to about 2 cm. long.

This species is closely allied to both S. brevicaule and S. Bukasovii.

Under cultivation the usually short stems and leaves become much

elongated.

Apurimac: Prov. Andahuaylas, sandy slope, 4,000 m. alt., Vargas

8678.

Solatium Lobbianum f. multidissectum (Hawkes) Corr.,

Wrightia 2: 189. 1961. S. multidissectum Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur.

PI. Breed. & Genet., Cambridge 49, 124, Fig. 38. 1944. Figure 66.

Forma multidissectum is superficially different from typical S. Lob-

bianum in usually having more numerous two- to several-sized inter-

stitial leaflets.

Apurimac: Prov. Andahuaylas, edge of fields, Vargas 8690.—

Cuzco: Prov. Espinar, Puento Sto. Domingo, rocky slopes, 3,895 m.

alt., Vargas 564.6. Prov. Espinar, Cuento del Apurimac (Mamam-

huaut), 4,200 m. alt., Vargas 10526. Prov. Canas, environs of San

Andres de Checca, 3,820 m. alt., on old walls, Vargas 11006. — Puno:

in the vicinity of the railroad station of Aguas Calientes between

Cuzco and Puno, 4,100 m. alt., Ochoa 2028. Prov. Carabaya, be-

tween Macusani and Nunoa, Vargas 7138.

Solanum multiflorum Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part I

(Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco) : 93, Fig. 37. 1949 (as multiflorae). Without

Latin diagnosis; Part II: 55. 1956. Figure 67.

In forests, usually along streams, 2,200-2,700 m. alt. Southern

Peru.

Plant somewhat bushy and spreading-ascending, up to 3 m. tall,

more or less pubescent throughout, sometimes subglabrous, stolonif-

erous and tuber-bearing; tubers small, oval, depressed, whitish; stem

stout, usually much -branched, about 2 cm. thick near base, sulcate,

darkly mottled, sparsely pilose; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 32 cm.

long, without or rarely with several interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5 or

sometimes 7, with petiolules up to 1.5 cm. long; lateral leaflets broadly

elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, rather abruptly acuminate at the apex,

rounded to somewhat cordate at the oblique base, up to 12 cm. long

FIG. 67. Solarium multiflorum Vargas. 1, upper part of flowering plant, with

basal leaf in background, X j^; 2, calyx, spread out, X 11A; 3, corolla, spread out,

X \Yi\ 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

427

428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

and 5.5 cm. wide; terminal leaflet usually somewhat larger than the

lateral ones; pseudostipular leaves semi-elliptic, falcate, about 1.5 cm.

long; inflorescences pseudoterminal on the branches, cymosely panic-

ulate, up to 100 flowers present; peduncle stout, up to 10 cm. long,

pilose, branched above; pedicels up to 2 cm. long, puberulent to very

shortly and densely pilose, articulate at about or above the middle;

flowers bluish purple or violet-color; calyx 7-9 mm. long, divided to

below the middle into lanceolate to ovate-subquadrate acuminate

to apiculate lobes; corolla rotate-stellate, the acumens prominent,

up to 2.5 cm. in diameter; anthers 6-7 mm. long, linear-oblong in out-

line; filaments 0.5-1 mm. long, broad, somewhat pilose; style 1 cm.

long, cellular-papillose; fruit (immature) conical.

This plant is somewhat intermediate between S. violaceimarmo-

ratum and S. villuspetalum. The plants are subglabrous to rather

densely short-pilose but are never so coarsely long-pilose as in S. vil-

luspetalum. They also possess more leaflets than in typical plants of

that species. Although included here in series Transaequatorialia,

this species might eventually prove to be referable to series Conici-

baccata.

Except for being vegetatively larger and for having a rotate-stel-

late corolla, it is not too unlike the plant described as S. urubambae.

Cuzco: in forest below "Pillahuata," Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 2,300-

2,500 m. alt., Pennell 13955. Machu Picchu, Rio Urubamba, burnt-

over area in forest, 2,200 m. alt., Sandeman 36^2. Prov. Calca, Vilca-

bamba, left bank of Rio Yavero, among trees, 2,700 m. alt., Vargas

C. 4062. Prov. Urubamba, km. 104, F. C. Sta. Ana, along the rail-

road track, 2,200 m. alt., Vargas C. 4158.

Solanum multiinterruptum Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 56.

1913. Figure 68.

In grasslands, on steep rocky slopes among grasses and bushes,

rainforests, hillsides, along streams, and about stone walls, 3,000-

3,800 m. alt. Northern and central Peru.

Plant robust and bushy, up to 18 dm. tall, usually much shorter,

densely or sparingly soft-pilose throughout, often more or less

glandular, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers ellipsoid, somewhat

compressed, up to 5 cm. long; stem stout, brittle, sometimes with long

hairs, somewhat flexuous; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 32 cm. long, very

shortly petiolate, provided with numerous several-sized interstitial

leaflets, the rachis sometimes with long hairs; leaflets 7 to 13, sessile

FIG. 68. Solanum multiinterruptum Bitt. 1, upper part of flowering plant,

X 1A; 2, calyx, spread out, X 1^; 3, corolla, spread out, X 11A; 4, stamen, dorsal

view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

429

430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

to very shortly petiolulate or somewhat decurrent on the leaf-rachis,

broadly elliptic to obovate, rarely elliptic-lanceolate, subobtuse to

acute-apiculate at the apex, cuneate to broadly rounded at the base,

dark green on the upper surface, much paler on the lower surface,

the terminal leaflet sometimes slightly larger than the lateral ones,

up to 10 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, usually smaller; interstitial leaflets

sessile or decurrent on the rachis, suborbicular-elliptic, up to 2.5 cm.

long; pseudostipular leaves lunate, falcate, about 1 cm. long; inflores-

cence pseudoterminal, laxly cymosely paniculate, many-flowered;

peduncle mostly elongate, up to 20 cm. long, branched above, puber-

ulent to long-pilose and sometimes glandular; pedicels slender, 2.5-

3.5 cm. long, articulate well above the middle or just below the calyx,

puberulent to long-pilose and sometimes glandular; flowers bluish or

white to violet-color; calyx 6-8 mm. long, divided to below the middle

into ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate acuminate lobes, the lobes mostly

abruptly constricted at about the middle, usually provided with a

few or many long white conspicuous hairs, sometimes glabrous; co-

rolla rotate-pentagonal the acumens often prominent, 3.5-5 cm. in

diameter; anthers elliptic-lanceolate in outline, 5.5-7 mm. long; fila-

ments 1.5-3 mm. long, glabrous; style 9-11 mm. long, cellular-papil-

lose above the base, the stigma slender-clavellate; fruit (immature)

globose, 1.5 cm. or more in diameter.

The peduncle and pedicels of typical S. multiinterruptum are

puberulent to shortly pilose, and the pedicels are articulate well

above the middle or just below the calyx. The broad, typically obo-

vate-elliptic leaflets, with the uppermost pair of lateral leaflets usu-

ally somewhat decurrent on the leaf-rachis, are distinctive.

This is a variable species in regard to its vestiture. The type is

essentially a glabrous plant with a few long hairs on the calyx. A

series of plants, however, which we collected in the Canta Valley of

Lima Dept., Peru, has a glabrous calyx, while still another series

we obtained in Ancash Dept., Peru, has their calyces covered with

long, silvery hairs. These collections also differ somewhat in the

pubescence of their herbage.

Huancavelica: Prov. Castrovirreina, near C6rdova, open loma,

grassland and moist rock walls, 3,050-3,300 m. alt., Metcalf 30257.

—Lima: among boulders on open slope above Canta, 3,200-3,400 m.

alt., Correll, Smith & Ferreyra P288-P289 and P291-P292. Rock

slides and open rocky slopes below Culluay on road to Canta, 3,500-

3,600 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Ferreyra P293-P295. Among rock

fences near Culluay, plants enormous, 3,800 m. alt., Correll, Smith &

FLORA OF PERU 431

Ferreyra P296. Prov. Canta, near Canta, rocky ridge, 3,000-3,200 m.

alt., Ferreyra 12953. Rio Blanco, open hillside, 3,000-3,500 m. alt.,

Kittip & Smith 21757. Huamantanga, 3,345 m. alt., McLean s.n.

Capra Cancha, road between Tulhuay and Canta, 3,200 m. alt.,

Ochoa 114.1, 1142. Prov. Yauyos, Huancracha, above Tupe, moun-

tain rainforest, 3,300 m. alt., Tovar 167.

Solatium multiinterruptum f. longipilosum Corr., Wrightia

2: 192. 1961.

Those plants that have long, whitish, lax hairs throughout the

plant but primarily on their stems, leaf-rachises, peduncles and ped-

icels, as well as scattered but noticeable capitate glands, make up

this form.

This plant is extremely abundant on steep brushy slopes near

Jupash, Ancash Dept., Peru. The natives here, who call the plant

"coro," told us that they ate the rather large tubers.

Ancash: on steep brushy slope near Jupash, 3,350 m. alt., Cor-

rell & Smith P950. On grassy slope of stream bank about Km. 306

on road from Conococha to coast, 3,700 m. alt., Correll & Smith P976.

Prov. Bolognesi, above Chiquian, on hill on edge of farm, 3,500-

3,600 m. alt., Ferreyra & Cerrate 12131.

Solatium multiinterruptum var. machay tambinum Ochoa,

Agronomia (Lima) 27(3) : 244, Fig. 1960 (type: Peru, Dept. La Liber-

tad, Prov. Otuzco, between Julcan and Machaytambo, 3,000 m. alt.,

April 15, 1959, C. Ochoa 2164).

This plant differs from typical S. multiinterruptum in being less

pilose, the first and second pairs of lateral leaflets are equal and the

two lower pairs progressively smaller, the leaflets are longer and more

lanceolate with longer petiolules, the first pair of leaflets is non-

decurrent on the leaf-rachis, the fewer and non-membranaceous inter-

stitial leaflets are oval to elliptic and obtuse at the apex, and the

calyx is less pilose with linear-spa tulate acumens.

Solanum orophilum Corr., Wrightia 2: 192. 1961. Figure 69.

Plant erect-ascending, robust, up to 7.5 dm. or more tall, pubes-

cent throughout and somewhat glandular (especially the inflorescence

and lower leaf -surf aces), stoloniferous and probably tuber-bearing;

tubers unknown; stem stout, simple or branched, wingless, commonly

mottled with purple; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 22 cm. long, with sev-

eral interstitial leaflets; leaflets 9 or 11; lateral leaflets sessile to very

FIG. 69. Solatium orophilum Corr. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X M;

2, more mature flowering and fruiting inflorescence, X 1A; 3, calyx, spread out,

X \Yz\ 4, corolla, spread out (note 6 acumens), X 1}^; 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 3;

6, pistil, X 3.

432

, FLORA OF PERU 433

shortly petiolulate, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to abruptly

short-acuminate at apex, broadly rounded to subcordate at the

oblique base, up to 6 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, the lowermost pair

or pairs much reduced; terminal leaflet only slightly larger than the

lateral ones, often rhombic-lanceolate; pseudostipular leaves semi-

ovate, falcate, up to 1.5 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, a

many-flowered cymose panicle; peduncle usually short, up to 9 cm.

long, branched above, glandular-pubescent; pedicels about 1.5 cm.

long, glandular-pubescent, articulate well above the middle; flowers

lavender-purple; calyx 7-10 mm. long, glandular-pubescent, divided

to below the middle into ovate-subquadrate abruptly long-acuminate

lobes, occasionally 6-lobed; corolla rotate-pentagonal or sometimes

rotate-sextagonal, rarely rotate-substellate, the acumens rather

abruptly narrowed, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter; anthers lanceolate in out-

line, 6-7 mm. long; filaments about 1 mm. long, glabrous; style about

1 cm. long, glabrous, the stigma capitate; fruit globular, about 1.5 cm.

in diameter.

This species superficially resembles S. violaceimarmoratum, but its

orbicular, not ovoid-conic, fruit readily separates it from that species.

It is of interest that some corollas occur which have six instead of

the usual five acumens and an extra calyx-lobe which is fused with

another.

Ancash: on rocky brushy slope, several km. above Chavin, 3,500

m. alt., Correll & Smith P971.

Solatium pascoense Ochoa, Agronomfa (Lima) 26: 112, Figs.

1959. S. huarochiriense Ochao, Los Solanum Tuberiferos Silvestres

del Peru 215, fig. 113. 1963 (dated 1962) (type: Peru, Dept. Lima,

Prov. Huarochiri, Pachacosa, 3,750 m. alt., near Aguacha, Lima-

Huarochiri, April 1960, C. Ochoa 2308). Figure 70.

Plant erect to erect-ascending, essentially glabrous throughout,

up to 6 dm. tall, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers oval, yellow-

ish white, the eyes superficial, up to 6 cm. long and 3 cm. in diam-

eter; stem simple or branched, pigmented, narrowly winged, 3-4 mm.

thick; leaves odd-pinnate, 8-12 cm. long, with or without several

small interstitial leaflets, deep green and vernicose on the upper sur-

face, dull green on the lower surface; leaflets 5 to 9; lateral leaflets

with only the two uppermost pairs fully developed, shortly petiolu-

late, ovate to elliptic, rounded to cuneate at base, obtuse to subacute

at apex, up to 4.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide; terminal leaflet slightly

larger than the lateral leaflets; pseudostipular leaves subauriculate,

FIG. 70. Solanum pascoense Ochoa. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X H;

2, calyx, spread out, X 1; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3;

5, pistil, X 3; 6, leaf from lower part of plant, X M-

434

v

FIG. 71. Solanum pumilum Hawkes. 1, flowering plant, X 1; 2, calyx, spread

out, X 1%; 3, corolla, spread out, X 11A; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

435

436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

about 1 cm. long; inflorescence a 10- to 15-flowered panicle, showy;

peduncle up to 6 cm. long, pigmented, branched above; pedicels 2-

3 cm. long, articulate well above the middle or just below the calyx;

flowers bluish with the acumens purplish; calyx 5-6 mm. long, fleshy-

thickened, purplish, divided to about the middle into ovate to trian-

gular-ovate abruptly obtuse to acute or apiculate lobes, the lobes

usually with scarious margins; corolla rotate-pentagonal, 3-4.5 cm.

in diameter; anthers 6-6.5 mm. long, elliptic-lanceolate in outline,

dorsally lobulate in the center at the base; filaments 1-2 mm. long,

glabrous, violet-color; style 9-11 mm. long, green, pigmented and

slightly cellular-papillose on the lower half; fruit (immature) ovoid-

conic.

This species is closely related to S. multiinterr upturn. It has the

general aspect of that species as well as the high pedicel-articulation

and large rotate-pentagonal corolla. In spite of these similarities

there are dissimilarities equally as strong which set it apart from

S. multiinterruptum. The leaves lack the numerous several-sized

interstitial leaflets and the leaflets, themselves, are shorter and more

rounded than in that species. The plants are also essentially gla-

brous throughout, instead of being lightly pilose, and the anthers

have a dorsal lobule in the center at the base. It is quite possible

that S. pascoense should be considered as being only varietally distinct

from typical S. multiinterruptum, but for the present it is maintained

as a separate entity. With availability of more collections in the

future a different interpretation of the plant may become necessary.

I have not seen the type of S. huarochiriense, but a study of a

photograph of the type and the original description has convinced me

that this plant is referable to S. pascoense.

Pasco: near La Victoria, on the road from Carhuamayo to Pau-

cartambo, district of Paucartambo, 3,500-3,600 m. alt., Ochoa 1027.

Solanum pumilum Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur. PI. Breed. &

Genet., Cambridge 47, 124, Fig. 37. 1944. Figure 71.

On rocky-grassy slopes, brushy areas, in meadows along streams,

and about boulders and ledges in puna country, 3,500-4,000 m. alt.,

rarely lower. Central and southern Peru at high elevations.

Plant small, subrosulate, less than 1.5 dm. tall, stoloniferous and

tuber-bearing, rather coarsely pubescent throughout and commonly

provided with long lax hairs; tuber solitary; stem greatly abbreviated

to almost lacking, with long lax hairs; leaves odd-pinnate, more or

less rosulate, 3-10 cm. long, without or sometimes with several small

FLORA OF PERU 437

interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5 or 7; terminal leaflet broadly rhombic-

ovate to suborbicular, broadly cuneate at base, subobtuse to acute

at the apex, up to 4.5 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide; lateral leaflets con-

spicuously smaller than the terminal one, sessile, elliptic, obtuse to

acute at the apex; pseudostipular leaves very small or lacking, up to

about 5 mm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal, racemose or briefly

paniculate, 1- to 6-flowered; peduncle up to 7 cm. long, divided above;

pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long, articulate near or mostly well above the

middle; flowers purplish, large for the plant; calyx 5-7 mm. long,

divided to about the middle into ovate-lanceolate acute to acuminate

lobes; corolla rotate-pentagonal to rotate-substellate, reflexed, 2-3.2

cm. in diameter; anthers 5-5.5 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate in out-

line; filaments about 1 mm. long, glabrous; style about 8 mm. long,

usually papillose about the middle, the short stigma capitate; fruit

unknown.

This plant is characterized by its greatly abbreviated stem, essen-

tially rosulate leaves, and large terminal leaflet. The high pedicel-

articulation sets it apart from the somewhat allied S. oplocense. It

has some of the characteristics of S. canasense, and some specimens

might be considered to be miniature plants of that species.

Apurimac: Prov. Grau, summit of Cotabambas, brushy slope,

3,750 m. alt., Vargas C. 5780. — Arequipa: near Arequipa, 2,200

2,500 m. alt., Guenther & Buchtien U09. — Ayacucho: in grassy sandy

meadow along stream, 90 km. from Nazca on road to Puquio, 3,900 m.

alt., Correll & Smith P153. Prov. Lucanas, between Puquio and

Nazca, among rocks, 3,400-3,500 m. alt., Ferreyra 5515. — Cuzco: in

turf, open hillside, Cuzco, 3,700 m. alt., Stafford 12^3. Prov. Espinar,

"Rio Salado" encampment, rocky slides near arroyo, 3,940 m. alt.,

Vargas 5645. Prov. Canchis, slopes of Sicuani, among herbs and

mosses, 3,700-3,800 m. alt., Vargas 9839 p.p. — Huancavelica: que-

bradas westward from Huancavelica, crevices among boulders and

cliffs in high puna country, 3,900 m. alt., Stork & Morton 10841.

Among grasses, Ccaullapa (Jaullapa), about 5 km. from Conaica,

3,900-4,000 m. alt., Tovar 221.— Junin: Prov. Yauli, Caripa, at

km. 213 on road from Lima to Cerro de Pasco, via Oroya, 3,800 m.

alt., Ochoa 1008.— Lima: open hillside, Rio Blanco, 3,000-3,500 m. alt.,

Killip & Smith 21723.

Solanum rhomboideilanceolatum Ochoa, Rev. Argentina

Agron. 19: 234, Figs. 3-4. 1952. Figure 72.

438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

In grassy areas among shrubs on slopes and among boulders and

rocks in valleys and gorges of high mountains, 2,900-3,500 m. alt.

North -central Peru.

Plant up to at least 7 dm. tall, commonly bushy and straggly,

stoloniferous and tuber-bearing, pubescent throughout; tubers small,

white, globose, up to 1.5 cm. in diameter; stem mostly branched near

base, purplish; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 15 cm. long, with or without

very few small interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5 to 9, mostly shortly peti-

olulate but usually with the petiolule winged and often decurrent on

the leaf-rachis, rhombic-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic,

cuneate at the base, subobtuse to acute at apex; upper pair of lateral

leaflets up to 4.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, the succeeding pairs notice-

ably reduced in size; terminal leaflet usually much larger than the

adjacent lateral pair; pseudostipular leaves lunate to obliquely ellip-

tic, up to 1 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal or lateral, 5- to

10-flowered, compactly paniculate; peduncle up to 14 cm. long, stout,

branched above; pedicels 2-3 cm. long, articulate well above the

middle or just below the calyx, densely pubescent with coarse hairs;

flowers violet purple; calyx 8-10 mm. long, divided to about or below

the middle into ovate-lanceolate lobes that are abruptly constricted

above to form a narrowly acuminate apical portion, purplish, coarsely

pubescent; corolla broadly rotate-pentagonal, 3-5 cm. in diameter;

anthers narrowly lanceolate in outline, 6-7 mm. long; filaments 1.5-

2 mm. long; style 10-12 mm. long, minutely cellular-papillose on the

lower third, the stigma globose and notched; fruit globose-ovoid to

subglobose, about 2 cm. long, green.

This species is distinguished by its large corolla with the free part

of the lobes quadrate, the frequently rhombic-lanceolate leaflets, and

the coarse somewhat setaceous pubescence.

Junin: Prov. Huancayo, Pahual, near Chirifruta, on road toward

Pariahuanca, 2,900 m. alt., Ochoa 1394- Prov. Huancayo, vicinity of

Pahual, near Chirifruta, Ochoa 1395.

Solatium rhomboideilanceolatum var. ancophilum Corr.,

Wrightia2:195. 1961.

The var. ancophilum differs from typical S. rhomboideilanceolatum

in being more densely pubescent and in frequently having shorter

leaves with narrower leaflets. Otherwise, the flowers and general

characteristics of the plant are quite similar in the two entities.

Ancash: in grassy areas among shrubs on road from Yungay to

Llanganuco, 3,300 m. alt., Corr ell & Smith P954. Among large

FIG. 72. Solatium rhomboideilanceolalum Ochoa. 1, two sections of upper part

of flowering plant, X 1A; 2, calyx, spread out, X 1; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1;

4, stamen, dorsal view, X 2; 5, pistil, X 2; 6, leaf, X }A', 7, fruiting branch, X 1A.

439

440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

boulders in gorge of glacial valley on northwest slope of Nevada de

Huascaran, below Llanganuco, 3,500 m. alt., Correll & Smith P957.

On bank along road between Huaraz and Recuay near Km. 383,

3,250 m. alt., Correll & Smith P965.

Solanum Soukupii Hawkes, Bull. Imp. Bur. PI. Breed. & Genet.,

Cambridge 46, 122, Fig. 33. 1944. Figure 73.

Among rocks in shade on hills in mountains, about 3,800 m. alt.

Southern Peru.

Plant erect-ascending, up to at least 5 dm. tall; tubers small,

pale yellowish brown, ellipsoid, up to about 3 cm. long; stem slender,

mostly provided with long whitish hairs, commonly irregularly winged

and with hairs arising singly or in tufts from the wings; leaves odd-

pinnate, elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, densely pu-

bescent on both surfaces, usually with numerous interstitial leaflets,

the rachis commonly writh long whitish hairs; leaflets 9 to 13, sessile

or very shortly petiolulate; lateral leaflets elliptic to elliptic-lanceo-

late, subobtuse to acute at the apex, rounded to broadly cuneate at

the oblique base, up to 2.5 cm. long and 1.3 cm. wide; terminal leaflet

similar to or only slightly larger than the lateral ones; pseudostipular

leaves obliquely elliptic, falcate, about 7 mm. long; inflorescence

pseudoterminal on the branches, 3- to 9-flowered; peduncle 2-5 cm.

long, furcate above; pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long, articulate above the

middle; flowers purple to violet-purple or deep lavender; calyx 7-

9 mm. long, divided to about or below the middle into ovate-lanceo-

late abruptly constricted lobes, commonly bilabiate; corolla broadly

rotate-pentagonal, 3-4 cm. in diameter, the individual petals trun-

cated to rounded or broadly subcordate and apiculate at the apex;

anthers 5-6 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate in outline; filaments 1-2 mm.

long, glabrous; style 8-11 mm. long, cellular-papillose on the lower

half, the stigma globose; fruit ovoid to broadly ovoid-cordate, pale

green marked with purple, about 2 cm. long.

In its habit and rather finely and densely pubescent leaves, S.

Soukupii resembles S. canasense. The larger corolla with lobes that

are truncate to rounded or broadly subcordate and apiculate at the

apex, however, separate it from that species. The leaflets are also

usually more sessile in this species. The two are, unquestionably,

closely related. The scattered long, lax, whitish, often multiple, hairs

on the stem, leaf-rachis and, to some extent, on the peduncle shows

its relationship to S. Lobbianum. The corolla, however, is quite dif-

ferent in the two species.

FIG. 73. Solatium Soukupii Hawkes. 1, upper part of flowering plant, X %',

2, calyx, spread out, X 2; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1; 4, individual petal, spread

out, X 1; 5, stamen, dorsal view, X 2; 6, pistil, X 2; 7, fruits, X MJ.

441

442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Puno: amongst rocks in damp shade situation, Granja Taller,

Escolar de Puno, Balls & Hawkes 6666. Near Puno, hills behind

Granja Taller, Escolar de Puno, 3,850 m. alt., Balls & Hawkes 6667.

Hills behind the Granja Taller, Escolar de Puno, Puno, 3,825 m. alt.,

Balls & Hawkes 6668.

Solatium sparsipilum (Bitt.) Juz. & Buk. ap. Buk. in Vavilov,

Theor. Bases PI. Breed. 3: 11. 1937. S. calcense Hawkes, Bull. Imp.

Bur. PI. Breed. & Genet., Cambridge 53, 128, Fig. 46. 1944. S. mem-

branaceum Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part II (Publ. Univ.

Nac. Cuzco) : 62, Fig. 20. 1956. Figures 74, 75.

On stony hillsides, grassy banks, along streams, about cultivated

fields, and on stone walls, 2,400-4,500 m. alt. Southern Peru and

Bolivia.

Plant rather large, up to 15 dm. tall, usually much smaller, stolo-

niferous and tuber-bearing, subglabrous to sparsely or sometimes

rather densely pilose throughout with coarse hairs; tubers ovoid,

compressed, brownish, 2-4 cm. long; stem stout, erect to erect-ascend-

ing, subsimple to much-branched, lightly winged, more or less flexu-

ous; leaves odd-pinnate, commonly large and flaccid, dark green on

the upper surface, light green on the lower surface, up to 3.5 dm. long,

with or without several small interstitial leaflets or (in var. llattaguani-

anum) numerous interstitials; leaflets 5 to 11, essentially sessile to

prominently petiolulate (up to 1.8 cm. long), the petiolule often

winged on the basiscopic side with the wing long and narrowly de-

current on the leaf-rachis, ovate-elliptic to broadly elliptic, obtuse to

rather abruptly acute to short-acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate

or rounded to subcordate at the base, 3-10 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide;

terminal leaflet sometimes slightly larger than the lateral ones; pseu-

dostipular leaves semi-orbicular, falcate, up to 1.5 cm. long; inflores-

cence pseudoterminal, cymosely paniculate, few- to 15-flowered;

peduncle 3-10 cm. long, divided above; pedicels slender, 1-2.5 cm.

long, noticeably articulate above the middle, pubescent; flowers whit-

ish to pale or dark violet-color or bluish; calyx 3-9 mm. long, densely

pubescent, regularly to irregularly (bilabiate) divided to about or

below the middle into broadly rounded apiculate lobes, with the

rounded margins pellucid and the apicule short or long-attenuate;

corolla rotate-pentagonal or rotate-substellate to occasionally rotate-

stellate, reflexed, 2-3 cm. in diameter, the acumens often prominent;

anthers 4-6 mm. long, lanceolate-elliptic in outline; filaments 1-2

mm. long, glabrous; style 8-11 mm. long, essentially glabrous to

FLORA OF PERU 443

papillose about the middle, with the stigma globose; fruit deep green,

compressed, globose to ovoid, up to 2 cm. in diameter.

To some extent, this entity serves as a catch-all for what appears

to be a common and rather variable "weedy" species.

Cuzco: Prov. Calca, near Calca, Urco farm, 3,350 m. alt., Balls &

Hawkes 6744- Near Calca, on stone walls and along roadsides,

3,000 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Vargas C. P230 p.p. Grassy shaded

bank between San Geronimo and Sailla, Correll, Smith & Vargas P239.

Along railroad embankment near Ollantaitambo, Correll & Smith

P260. Prov. Calca, Hda. "Urco," Vargas 4854. Prov. Urubamba,

maize fields, 2,800 m. alt., Vargas 7071. Prov. Acomayo, Acos, cul-

tivated country, 3,150 m. alt., Vargas 7082. Prov. Urubamba,

Pumahuanca, stony slope, scarce, 2,900 m. alt., Vargas 7595.

Solatium sparsipilum var.llallaguanianum (Card. & Hawkes)

Corr., The Potato and its Wild Relatives 465. 1962. S. cakense var.

urubambae Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part II (Publ. Univ.

Nac. Cuzco) : 57, Fig. 9 (as var. urubambense) . 1956.

Variety llallaguanianum appears to grade into typical S. sparsip-

ilum, and some of the collections studied are distinctly intermediate

between the two. Characteristic specimens of var. llallaguanianum

usually have a rotate-substellate to rotate-stellate corolla and an

irregularly lobed, often bilabiate, calyx whose abruptly constricted

lobes are mostly noticeably attenuate above. Vegetatively, var.

llallaguanianum differs little from typical S. sparsipilum except for

its usually more numerous interstitial leaflets, and occasionally sec-

ondary leaflets.

The plant described as S. cakense var. urubambae has more dis-

sected leaves with more interstitial leaflets and longer petiolulate

lateral leaflets than in most of the material seen. I can find no other

difference to maintain it separately.

Cuzco: on rocky bank 4 km. west of Urubamba, 2,900 m. alt.,

Correll, Smith & Vargas C. P2S1. Phiri, 2,800 m. alt., Vargas C. 9824-

Sola nu m vil luspe t u lu m Vargas, Las Papas Sudperuanas, Part I

(Publ. Univ. Nac. Cuzco): 92, Fig. 36. 1949 (as S. villuspetala) ;

Part II: 54. 1956. Figure 76.

In mountain valleys at about 2,500 m. alt. Southern Peru.

Plant erect, up to 1 m. tall, much-branched, densely pilose

throughout with silky yellowish hairs; tubers (if present) unknown;

FIG. 74. Solatium sparsipilum (Bitt.) Juz. & Buk. 1, upper part of flowering

plant, X 1A; 2, calyx, spread out, X 11A; 3, corolla, spread out, X 11A; 4, stamen,

dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3; 6, calyx, spread out, X 11A-

444

FIG. 75. Solatium sparsipilum (Bitt.) Juz. & Buk. 1, upper part of flowering

plant, X Yi; 2, calyx, spread out, X 1H; 3, corolla, spread out, X 11A; 4, stamen,

dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

445

446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—BOTANY, VOL. XIII

stem stout; leaves odd-pinnate or rarely simple, without interstitial

leaflets, up to 28 cm. long; leaflets 3 or 5, rarely 7 (when not simple),

subsessile to shortly petiolulate, broadly ovate to elliptic, abruptly

acute to short-acuminate at the apex, rounded to lightly cordate at

the usually oblique base, up to 13 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, the ter-

minal leaflet larger than the lateral ones, the lower pair of lateral

leaflets usually much reduced; pseudostipular leaves semi-ovate,

slightly falcate, up to 2 cm. long; inflorescence pseudoterminal on

the branches, with 15 or more flowers; peduncle stout, up to 8.5 cm.

long, bifurcate above, densely pilose; pedicels rather stout, up to

2 cm. long, articulate at about the middle, densely pilose; flowers

dark blue; calyx strongly irregularly lobed, up to 1 cm. or more long,

the lobes elliptic and then abruptly attenuate; corolla rotate-stellate,

about 2.5 cm. in diameter, the prominent lobes triangular-lanceolate;

anthers elliptic-lanceolate in outline, 6.5-7 mm. long, the pores con-

spicuous; filaments 0.5-1 mm. long, hirsute, firmly united in a crown

that is adnate to the corolla; style 8 mm. long, cellular-papillose on

the lower half; fruit unknown; ovary prominently oval.

This is a densely pilose plant of coarse texture. Its usually prom-

inent 3-leaflet aspect and rotate-stellate corolla are its distinguish-

ing characteristics.

Cuzco: March 1943, Cardenas 3512. Prov. Urubamba, Huifiai-

huaina, "Andenes de la Cuidadela," 2,500 m. alt., Vargas C. ^131.

Series 14. TUBEROSA

Tuberosa Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 146, 147. 1924, as to

name only; Buk.&Kameraz, Bases of Potato Breeding 18. 1959, s. str.

Plants usually bushy and much-branched, coarsely'Jpubescent, sto-

loniferous and tuber-bearing; stem stout, the internodes commonly

short; leaves ample, odd-pinnate; leaflets mostly large and broad,

with the terminal leaflet typically somewhat larger than the lateral

leaflets; pedicels usually articulate at about or well above the middle,

rarely articulate near or at the very base; calyx-lobes mostly long-

acuminate; corolla rotate to rotate-substellate; anthers often abortive

to sterile (fide Bukasov) and frequently dorsally lobulate at base;

filaments broad; stigma often noticeably enlarged; fruits (when pres-

ent) globose to subglobose.

Although the plants that comprise this series are essentially lit-

toral or coastal, it does, in my opinion, include the solely montane

species, S. tacnaense and S. medians var. autumnale. They are bushy,

FIG. 76. Solarium villuspeialum Vargas. 1, upper part of flowering plant, with

basal leaf in background, X 1A', 2, calyx, spread out, X 1H; 3, corolla, spread out,

X 1%', 4, stamen, ventral view to show large pores, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

447

448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

commonly branched plants that are invested, at least in part, by

coarse hairs. The leaflets are characteristically broad with the

terminal one mostly noticeably larger than the lateral leaflets.

Mostly in the loma vegetation zone of coastal Peru and in coastal

Chile, extending into the mountains from north-central Peru to Bo-

livia, rare in the province of Mendoza and in Patagonia, Argentina.

Distribution in the loma vegetation zone of coastal Peru, below

900 m. alt.

Terminal leaflet only slightly larger than the adjacent lateral pair

(these decurrent on the leaf-rachis) ; anther dorsally trilobulate

at base; known only from Arequipa Department.

S. Weberbaueri.

Terminal leaflet noticeably larger than the adjacent lateral pair

(which may be only slightly decurrent on the leaf-rachis) ; an-

ther dorsally minutely quadrilobulate at base; known only

from Lima Department.

Leaves without interstitial leaflets; typically with a 3-leaflet

aspect S. medians.

At least some leaves with interstitial leaflets; leaflets usually 5 or

more S. medians L neoweberbaueri.

Distribution in the mountains of Peru and Bolivia, above 1,800 m. alt.

Lateral leaflets not noticeably decurrent on the leaf-rachis; known

only from Ancash and Lima departments, Peru.

S. medians var. autumnale.

Lateral leaflets (at least the uppermost pair) strongly decurrent on

the leaf-rachis; distribution southern Peru and Bolivia.

Leaflets typically elliptic-lanceolate; uppermost pair of lateral

leaflets long-decurrent on the leaf-rachis.

S. tacnaense var. Sandemanii.

Leaflets typically rhombic-ovate; uppermost pair of lateral leaf-

lets sessile or broadly and shortly decurrent on the leaf-

rachis.

Lateral leaflets scarcely more than sessile S. tacnaense.

Lateral leaflets broadly decurrent on leaf-rachis.

S. tacnaense f. decurrentialatum.

Solatium medians Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 366. 1912. Fig-

ure 77.

Typical S. medians and its f. neoweberbaueri are apparently con-

fined to the loma vegetation zone of coastal Peru from near sea level

FIG. 77. Solatium medians Bitt. 1, flowering plant, X J^; 2, calyx, spread out,

X 11A; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1^; 4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

449

450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

up to 600 m. alt., and they flower in July and August; the var. au-

tumnale occurs in the mountains of central Peru, probably endemic

to Lima Dept, at from 1,800 to nearly 4,000 m. alt., and it flowers

during March and April.

Plant bushy and robust, often much-branched, up to 6 dm. or

more tall, spreading-ascending, more or less coarsely pilose through-

out, stoloniferous and tuber-bearing; tubers irregular, globose to ellip-

soid, up to 4 cm. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter, the skin yellowish

white; stem weak or rather stout, somewhat brittle, flexuous, sparsely

long-pilose to essentially glabrous, sometimes reddish; leaves odd-

pinnate, dark green, up to 22 cm. long, with or without several inter-

stitial leaflets; leaflets 3 to 7, rarely more, rather sparsely coarse-

pilose on the upper surface, more finely and densely pilose on the

lower surface, sometimes soon glabrescent, the margins sinuately

pilose-denticulate; lateral leaflets broadly elliptic to elliptic-lanceo-

late, subobtuse to rather abruptly acute, rounded or cuneate at the

very oblique base and sessile to shortly petiolulate, sometimes slightly

decurrent on the leaf-rachis (especially the uppermost pair), up to

8.5 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide; terminal leaflet slightly to conspicu-

ously larger than the uppermost pair of lateral leaflets, elliptic to

suborbicular or somewhat broadly obovate-elliptic, acute to abruptly

acute-attenuate at apex, rounded to cuneate at the often oblique

base, up to 10 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; pseudostipular leaves broadly

and obliquely lunate, falcate, up to 2 cm. long; inflorescence pseudo-

terminal or lateral, cymosely paniculate, up to 12-flowered; peduncle

3-12 cm. long, widely branched above, pilose to puberulent or some-

times subglabrous, occasionally glandular; pedicels 3-4 (rarely 5) cm.

long, densely pilose (with white paleaceous hairs) to subglabrous or

puberulent, sometimes glandular, prominently articulate within about

5 mm. of the calyx, dilated into the calyx; flowers purple or violet-

color to dark blue; calyx 5.5-13 mm. long, purple- tinged, divided to

well below the middle into lanceolate or short ovate lobes that are

soon abruptly constricted to form elongated linear-Ungulate lobules,

the lobules up to 2 mm. wide, usually heavily invested with long

coarse whitish hairs; corolla rotate-pentagonal to rarely broadly ro-

tate-stellate, 2-3.5 cm. in diameter, the acumens prominent or short

and narrow; anthers elliptic-lanceolate in outline, 4-6 mm. long, usu-

ally dorsally minutely quadrilobulate at the base; filaments 1-1.5 mm.

long, glabrous; style 8-10 mm. long, slender, cellular-papillose below

the middle or sometimes glabrous (in var. autumncde), the stigma

slender-clavellate; fruit globose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter.

FLORA OF PERU 451

Plants comprising the type collection have suborbicular terminal

leaflets that are much broader than the adjacent pair of lateral leaf-

lets. The lateral leaflets, of which there are typically only the upper

large pair and a minute basal pair, are supported by short naked or

narrowly winged petiolules. The leaf mostly has a 3-leaflet aspect

and does not possess interstitial leaflets. The pair of minute, dorsally

placed lobules at the base of the anther is of interest, (cf. discussion

under S. Weberbaueri.)

Lima: 1868-1871, Dr. Barranca 208 p. p. (cf. S. Wittmackii). From

hills at Chorillos, Maclean s.n. Hills of Mongomarca, Loma forma-

tion (Cerro de Amancaes), 500-600 m. alt., Weberbaueri (Seler 260)

5683.

Solatium medians var. autumnale Corr., Wrightia 2: 190.

1961. S. medians var. angustifoliolum Ochoa, Los Solanum Tuberif-

eros Silvestres del Peru 242, figs. 132-134. 1963 (dated 1962).

Although the leaves of var. autumnale usually have the 3-leaflet

aspect of typical S. medians, they may have as many as four pairs of

lateral leaflets. The leaflets are, on the whole, narrower than in typ-

ical material and the styles are usually glabrous.

It is quite possible that var. autumnale represents the northern

extension of a montane linkage between the southern S. tacnaense

complex and the S. medians complex centered in Lima Department,

Peru. There is no question, whatsoever, concerning the close inter-

relationship of these two groups of plants. It resolves itself into the

necessity of recognizing some rather poorly defined entities or group-

ing them into a single, highly variable, widespread megaspecies.

The autumn (Southern Hemisphere), instead of spring, flowering

period of var. autumnale during March and April, and its occurrence

at from 1,800 to nearly 4,000 meters altitude, instead of in the loma

vegetation zone are noteworthy differences.

Ancash: on gravel slide several km. below Jupash, 3,050 m. alt.,

Correll & Smith P9^9. — Lima: on rocky ledges and among boulders

near Km. 80 below Canta on road to Lima, 2,200 m. alt., Correll,

Smith & Ferreyra P282. On ledges along river below Canta, 2,475 m.

alt., Correll, Smith & Ferreyra P283. On rocky brushy slopes above

Canta, 2,850 m. alt., Correll, Smith & Ferreyra P285. Prov. Huaro-

chiri, near San Mateo, along road between Lima and Huancayo,

rocky slopes, 2,800-2,900 m. alt., Ferreyra 6961 . Prov. Canta, Canta,

2,600 m. alt., Ferreyra 9000. Prov. Canta, near Canta, rocky hills,

2,700-2,800 m. alt., Ferreyra 129^8. Prov. Huarochiri, Viso, in

452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

humus with much sand, base of cliff, 2,800 m. alt., Goodspeed, Stork &

Horton 11525. Prov. Huarochiri, valley of Rio Rimac, at Km. 81 east

of Lima on highway to La Oroya, dry open hillside, loose gravel,

shallow soil, 2,250 m. alt., Goodspeed & MetcalJ 30231. Prov. Huaro-

chiri, valley of Rio Rimac, in moist crevices of rock walls, at Km. 70

east of Lima on highway to La Oroya, 1,850 m. alt., Goodspeed 33116.

In thicket among large rocks, 2,500 m. alt., MacBride & Featherstone

193. San Mateo, 1832-1854, Maclean s.n. Prov. Huarochiri, on

ridge of a hill near Matucana, Km. 76 from Lima to La Oroya,

2,200 m. alt., Ochoa 691. Cabra Marca, near Canta, Prov. Canta,

2,700-2,800 m. alt., Ochoa 1155. Surco, 2,034 m. alt., Soukup 3712.

—Indefinite: among rocks in the Andes near Chicla country, Ball s.n.

Solarium medians f. neoweberbaueri (Wittm.) Corr., Wrightia

2:191.1961. S. neoweberbaueri Wittm., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 50 (Suppl.):

540, Figs. 1-2. 1914. Figure 78.

S. medians f. neoweberbaueri is quite similar to the typical form.

The upper pair of lateral leaflets, however, have broadly winged peti-

olules that are somewhat decurrent on the leaf-rachis and the peduncle

and the pedicels are less pubescent. The leaves also often have one

or more small interstitial leaflets.

Lima: sandy hills of Lima, common, 1862, Nation s.n. Among

loose scree that had collected on hillside, San Bartolo, about 7 km.

inland, 300 m. alt., Saunders 161. Cerro Agustinos, Soukup 2551.

Morro Solar near Chorillos, loma formation, 250 m. alt., Weber-

bauer 5689.

Solatium tacnaense Ochoa, Agronomia (Lima) 18: 133, Figs.

5-6. 1953 (reprint: pp. 19, 21 and 22, Figs. 5-6). Figure 79.

In open mixed formations of various shrubs, including Legumino-

sae and Cactaceae, ravines, and among boulders and rubble of talus

slopes, 2,200-3,200 m. alt. Southern Peru and Bolivia.

Plant short and bushy to weakly erect or spreading-ascending, up

to 6 dm. or more tall, coarsely and densely pilose throughout, stolo-

niferous and tuber-bearing; tubers globose, whitish, up to about 1 cm.

in diameter; stem slender or stout, sinuous, more or less branched;

leaves odd-pinnate, up to 22 cm. long, shortly petioled, with or with-

out interstitial leaflets; leaflets 5 or 7, rarely 3 or 9, light green and

sparsely pilose on the upper surface, paler and more densely pilose on

the lower surface, the margins crenulate and pilose-denticulate, usu-

ally with at least the upper pair of lateral leaflets strongly decurrent

FIG. 78. SofanwTO medians f. neoweberbaueri (Wittm.) Corr. 1, flowering

branch, about X 1; 2, tip of petal, much enlarged; 3, greatly enlarged hairs from

tip of petal; 4, calyx, natural position, X 4; 5, pistil, X 4 (re-drawn from Wittmack) .

453

454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

on the leaf-rachis, up to 8 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide, rhombic-ovate

to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate or rarely elliptic-oblanceolate; lateral

leaflets broadly rounded to narrowly or broadly cuneate at the base,

obtuse to acute or abruptly short-acuminate at apex; terminal leaflet

usually only slightly larger than the lateral ones; pseudostipular

leaves narrowly to broadly lunate, up to 1.5 cm. long; inflorescence

pseudoterminal, erect, cymosely paniculate, up to 25-flowered; pe-

duncle stout or weakly flexuous, up to 15 cm. long, branched above,

sometimes with several small leaves on the branches, white-pilose;

pedicels slender, elongate, 2-3 (rarely to 4) cm. long, articulate well

above the middle or to within 6 mm. of the calyx, rarely basally

articulate, white-pilose and somewhat glandular; flowers bright vio-

let-color or rich purple, showy; calyx 7-15 mm. long, divided to

below the middle into short ovate to triangular-ovate lobes that are

soon extended as linear-lanceolate to subspatulate lobules, usually

invested with a dense covering of long white paleaceous hairs, some-

times bilabiate or irregular; corolla rotate-pentagonal to rotate-stel-

late, 3-4 cm. in diameter, spreading-reflexed; anthers oblong-lanceo-

late in outline, 5-7 mm. long, usually dorsally minutely trilobulate

at the base; filaments broad, glabrous, about 1 mm. long; style 7-

11 mm. long, glabrous or sometimes minutely cellular-papillose below

the middle, the stigma slender-clavellate to globose; fruit (immature)

oval to subglobose, 1 cm. or more in diameter.

Solatium tacnaense is a high mountain species that occurs between

2,200 and 3,200 meters altitude and flowers from February to April.

It is closely allied to S. Weberbaueri of the southern coastal region of

Peru and to S. medians to the north, (cf . discussion under S. Weber-

baueri.)

Moquegua: Carumas, open mixed formation, 2,600 m. alt., Weber-

bauer 7276. — Tacna: Prov. Tacna, near Minas de Toquepala, a few

kilometers before reaching the Radio Station of the mine, 3,140 m.

alt., Ochoa 20^6. Open formation, herbs, shrubs and Cereus, Can-

darave, 2,900-3,000 m., Weberbauer 7379.

Solatium tacnaense f. decurrentialatum (Ochoa) Corr.,

Wrightia 2: 197. 1961. S. Weberbaueri var. decurrentialatum Ochoa,

Agronomia (Lima) 26: 219, Figs. 1959. Type: Peru, Dept. Tacna,

Prov. Tarata, rocky hills near Tarata, Cerro Ticalaco, 3,200 m. alt.,

March 22, 1953, C. Ochoa 2040. Figure 79.

In originally describing this plant, Ochoa placed it as a variety of

S. Weberbaueri, a plant that occurs in the coastal loma vegetation

\

FIG. 79. Solanum tacnaense Ochoa. 1, flowering plant, X } -fa 2, calyx, spread

out, X l^i; 3, calyx (abnormal), spread out, X 11A; 4, corolla, spread out, X l\4;

5, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 6, pistil, X 3; 7, leaf, to show maximum size, X \i.

Solanum tacnaense f. decurrentialatum (Ochoa) Corr. 8, two leaves, about X 2/5.

455

456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

of Peru and flowers from July to November. The present plant oc-

curs at 3,200 m. alt., and flowers in March. In addition to these alti-

tudinal and seasonal differences, the broadly decurrent, uppermost

pair of lateral leaflets are quite distinctive. Some plants, however,

of S. Weberbaueri do show a weak tendency toward this latter char-

acteristic, especially in the plant described as S. Weberbaueri var.

poscoanum.

Forma decurrentialatum approaches var. Sandemanii, but the dif-

ferently shaped, subsessile terminal leaflet and more closely placed,

somewhat broader and more strongly decurrent lateral leaflets set

it apart.

Solanum tacnaense var. Sandemanii (Hawkes) Corr., Wrightia

2: 196. 1961. S. Sandemanii Hawkes, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,

ser. 12, 7: 709, Figs. 12-13. 1954.

Variety Sandemanii differs from typical S. tacnaense in having

narrower tapering leaflets with the upper lateral pair conspicuously

narrowly long-decurrent on the leaf-rachis. Also the calyx-lobes tend

to be more constricted with the apical portion much narrower.

Arequipa: southern slopes of Chachani Mountain north of Are-

quipa, ravines, 2,500 m. alt., Hinkley 1*6. Chihuata, 3,000-3,100 m.

alt., Ochoa 2034- Rock ledges along draw above Arequipa, 2,600-

2,700 m. alt., Pennell 13196. Arequipa, Petersen & Hjerting 1108.

Banos de Jesus, 2,900 m. alt., Sandeman 3812. Prov. Arequipa,

rocky area, Jesus to Chiguata, 2,900-3,100 m. alt., Vargas C. 8086.

— Ayacucho: among boulders and rubble on west slope of Andes

about 45 km. from Nazca on road to Puquio, 2,200 m. alt., Correll &

Smith PH8.

Solanum Weberbaueri Bitt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 365. 1912.

S. medians Bitt. var. majorifrons Bitt., Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 149.

1913. S. medians var. majorifrons subvar. protohypoleucum Bitt.,

Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 150. 1913. S. Weberbaueri var. poscoanum

Card. & Hawkes, Jour. Linn. Soc., Bot. 53: 101, Fig. 7. 1946. Fig-

ure 80.

Among rocks in sandy-stony soil of the loma region of coastal

southern Peru, 500-900 m. alt.

Plant up to 7.5 dm. or more tall, more or less pilose throughout,

probably tuber-bearing; tubers unknown but doubtlessly produced;

stem angular, rather stout; leaves odd-pinnate, up to 17 cm. long,

with or without a few interstitial leaflets, coarsely and sparsely pilose

FIG. 80. Solatium Weberbaueri Bitt. 1, upper and lower (in background) parts

of flowering plant, X }A; 2, calyx, spread out, X 1 1A; 3, corolla, spread out, X 1 *A;

4, stamen, dorsal view, X 3; 5, pistil, X 3.

457

458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY —BOTANY, VOL. XIII

on the upper surface, more finely and densely pilose on the lower sur-

face; leaflets 5 or 7, rarely 9, elliptic to broadly lanceolate or elliptic-

lanceolate, broadly obtuse to somewhat abruptly acute or acuminate

at apex, the margins lightly denticulate; terminal leaflet tapering at

base, up to 10 cm. long and 6.5 cm. wide, sometimes only slightly

larger than the adjacent lateral pair; lateral leaflets sessile and oblique

at base, more or less decurrent on the rachis (especially the upper-

most pair), up to 8.5 cm. long and 4 cm. wide; pseudostipular leaves

broadly lunate to semi-orbicular, falcate, up to 2 cm. long; inflores-

cence pseudoterminal, cymosely paniculate, up to 20-flowered, often

with scattered small bracts; peduncle 3.5-8 cm. long, rather long-

pilose; pedicels slender, 1.5-3 cm. long, prominently articulate at

about or above the middle or sometimes within 3 mm. of the calyx,

gradually dilated into the calyx, long-pilose; flowers violet-color,

showy; calyx 5-11 mm. long, divided well below the middle into

ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate acuminate-tapering lobes, often bilabi-

ate, invested with long whitish hairs, corolla 2.5-3.5 (rarely up to 4

or more) cm. in diameter, broadly rotate-substellate to rotate-pen-

tagonal, the acumens often prominent; anthers 5-7 mm. long, oblong-

lanceolate in outline, commonly dorsally trilobulate at the base;

filaments 1-2.5 mm. long, glabrous; style 8-12 mm. long, typically

glabrous, the stigma clavate to clavellate; fruit unknown.

The plants described as S. Weberbaueri, S. medians, S. neoweber-

baueri, S. tacnaense and S. Sandemanii unquestionably represent

"specific" separations of degrees rather than by lines of demarcation.

The first three, with the exception of S. medians var. autumnale, are

found at elevations below 1,000 meters in the loma vegetation for-

mation along the coast of Peru from July to November. Variety

autumnale occurs in the mountains between 1,800 and 4,000 meters

altitude in Lima Dept., Peru, and flowers in March and April. The

last two, S. tacnaense and S. Sandemanii (S. tacnaense var. Sande-

manii) are found in Peru mainly in the departments of Tacna and

Arequipa, where they occur from 2,200 to 3,200 meters altitude and

flower from February to April.

Arequipa: Prov. Camana, Lomas de Camana, Km. 3-4, sandy

hills 500-600 m. alt., Ferreyra 8835. Posco, 650 m. alt., Guenther &

Buchtien 98. Cachendo, 900 m. alt., Guenther & Buchtien 98a. Prov.

Islai, "lomas de Posco," 600-900 m. alt., stony sandy soil, Vargas C.

2019. Tambo de Visa, Martinet 232. Prov. Mollendo, Tambo, 500-

600 m. alt., among rocks in loma formation, Weberbauer 1575. — In-

definite: "Hab. in Collibus Chancay," 1778-1788, Ruiz & Pavon

8/90 p.p. (cf. S. immite).