mmn

Editor 0. A. Leistner

Billift

Part 3 SIMAROUBACEAE— MALPIGHIACEAE

by K. L. Immelman, J. J. A. van der Walt, F. White &

B. T. Styles and P. D. de Villiers & D. J. Botha

Botanical Research Institute

Department of Agriculture and Water Supply

Republic of South Africa

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

All contributions should be compiled in accordance with the latest edition of the Guide for Contributors to the Flora of

southern Africa (compiled by Leistner, Ross & De Winter) which is available from the Librarian, Botanical Research

Institute, Private Bag X 10 1 . Pretoria 0001.

Cryptogam volumes will in future not be numbered but will be known by the name of the group they cover. The

number assigned to the volume on Charophyta therefore becomes redundant.

Alien families are marked with an asterisk.

Published volumes, parts and fascicles, are shown in italics.

Please note that local prices as given below do not include GST. Prices given for other countries include postage.

INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES

The genera of Southern African flowering plants

Vol. 1: Dicotyledons (Published 1975). Price: R1 1,23. Other countries: R14.00

Vol. 2: Monocotyledons (Published 1976). Price: R8,21. Other countries: R10.00

Botanical exploration of Southern Africa (Published 1981). Price R40,00 (Obtainable from booksellers)

CRYPTOGAM VOLUMES

Charophyta (Published as Vol. 9 in 1978). Price: R4.25. Other countries: R5.30

Bryophyta:

FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUMES

Vol. 1: Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae*, Cupressaceae, Welwitschiaceae, Typhaceae, Zostera-

ceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ruppiaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae, Alis-

mataceae, Hydrocharitaceae (Published 1966). Price: R1.98. Other countries: R2,60

Vol. 2: Poaceae

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Vol. 4: Part 1: Restionaceae

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Vol. 8: Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae*, Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae

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ceae, Proteaceae

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Santalaceae, Grubbiaceae, Opiliaceae, Olacaceae, Balanophoraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Hydnora-

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Vol. 11: Phytolaccaceae, Aizoaceae, Mesembryanthemaceae

( Continued on inside of back cover)

PRICE OF THIS PART: Local: R9,65, plusG.S.T.

Other countries: R12.00

Printed by the Government Printer and obtainable from the Directorate of Agricultural Information, Department of Agricul-

ture and Water Supply. Private Bag X 144, Pretoria 0001 .

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER SUPPLY

DEPARTEMENT VAN LANDBOU EN WATER VOORSIENING

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

VOLUME 18

PART 3

ISBN 0 621 09698 9

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.org/details/floraofsoutherna183unse

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

which deals with the territories of

SOUTH AFRICA, CISKEI, TRANSKEI, LESOTHO, SWAZILAND, BOPHUTHA-

TSWANA, SOUTH WEST AFRICA/NAMIBIA, BOTSWANA AND VENDA

VOLUME 18

PART 3

S IM AROUB ACE AE-M ALPIGHI ACE AE

by

K. L. Immelman, J. J. A. van der Walt, F. White &

B. T. Styles and P. D. de Villiers & D. J. Botha

Edited by

O. A. Leistner

Editorial Committee: B. de Winter, D. J. B. Killick, G. E. Gibbs Russell and O. A. Leistner

Botanical Research Institute,

Department of Agriculture and Water Supply

1986

CONTENTS

New combination published in Part 3 vi

Introduction vii

Plan of Flora of southern Africa viii

SIMAROUBACEAE by K. L. Immelman 3:1

Kirkia 3: 1

BURSERACEAE by J. J. A. van der Walt 3: 5

Commiphora 3:5

PTAEROXYLACEAE by F. White and B . T . Styles 3:35

Ptaeroxylon 3: 35

MELIACEAE by F. White and B . T. Styles 3: 39

Nymania 3: 39

Turraea 3: 41

Melia 3: 49

Ekebergia 3:51

Trichilia 3: 53

Pseudobersama 3: 57

Entandrophragma 3: 59

MALPIGHIACEAE 3:63

Triaspis by K. L. Immelman 3: 63

Sphedamnocarpus by P. D. de Villiers and D. J. Botha 3: 66

Acridocarpus by K. L. Immelman 3: 69

Index 3:73

NEW COMBINATION PUBLISHED IN PART 3*

Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. galphimiifolius (Juss.) P. D. de Villiers

& D. J. Botha, comb, nov., p. 3: 67

* Date of publication: November, 1986

INTRODUCTION

The Flora of southern Africa is arranged on the lines of the Engler system. Sequence and

numbering of genera are as far as possible in agreement with De Dalla Torre & Harms (Genera

Siphonogamarum, 1900 - 1907). Keys to families are provided in R. A. Dyer’s Genera of South-

ern African Plants.

This part was compiled in accordance with a Guide to Contributors to the Flora of southern

Africa (Ross, Leistner & De Winter, 1977). The latest edition of the Guide is available from the

Librarian, Botanical Research Institute, Private Bag X101 , Pretoria, 0001 .

The following condensed abbreviations for literature references are used:

Burtt Davy, FI. Trans Manual of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the

Transvaal and Swaziland, Vol. 1 (1926) and Vol. 2

(1932)

C.F.A Conspectus Florae Angolensis

F.C Flora Capensis

F.C.B Flore du Congo et du Rwanda-Burundi

F.M Flora de Mozambique

F.S.W.A Prodromus einer Flora von Sudwestafrika

F.T.A Flora of Tropical Africa

F.T.E.A Flora of Tropical East Africa

F.W.T.A Flora of West Tropical Africa

F.Z Flora Zambesiaca

R.A. Dyer, Gen The Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants by

R. A. Dyer, Vol. 1 (1975) and Vol. 2 (1976).

Cited voucher specimens are all housed in PRE (National Herbarium, Pretoria).

Vol. 18 of the Flora, of which the present publication is a component, will appear in parts (see

p. ix). The number of the part, namely 3, precedes the page number on all pages marked with

Arabic numerals. This was done with a view to binding the entire volume, once completed, and to

compiling a combined index to all its component parts. When binding the entire volume the pages

marked with Roman numerals may be omitted.

The ‘3’ preceding the page number of pages marked with Arabic numerals was inadvertently

omitted from all text pages. Allowance will be made for this omission when a combined index to

Vol. 18 is compiled.

PLAN OF FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

Crytogam volumes will in future not be numbered but will be known by the name of the group they cover. The number

assigned to the volume on Charophyta therefore becomes redundant.

Alien families are marked with an asterisk.

Published volumes and parts are shown in italics.

Plase note that local prices as given below do not include GST. Prices given for other countries include postage.

INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES

The genera of Southern African flowering plants

Vol. 1: Dicotyledons (Published 1975). Price: R 1 1 ,23. Other countries: R14,00

Vol. 2: Monocotyledons (Published 1976). Price: R8.21. Other countries: RIO, 00

Botanical exploration of Southern Africa (Published 1981). Price R40,00 (Obtainable from booksellers)

CRYPTOGAM VOLUMES

Charophyta (Published as Vol. 9 in 1978). Price: R4,25. Other countries: R5,30

Bryophyta:

Part 1: Mosses: Fascicle 1: Sphagnaceae — Grimmiaceae (Published 1981). Price: R24,34. Other countries

R30,40

Fascicle 2: Gigaspermaceae — Bartramiaceae (in press)

Fascicle 3: Erpodiaceae — Hookeriaceae

Fascicle 4: Fabroniaceae — Polytrichaceae

Pteridophyta (in press)

FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUMES

Vol. 1: Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae*, Cupressaceae, Welwitschiaceae, Typhaceae, Zostera-

ceae, Potamogetonaceae , Ruppiaceae , Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae, Alis-

mataceae, Hydrocharitaceae (Published 1966). Price: R1.98. Other countries R2, 60

Vol. 2: Poaceae

Vol. 3: Cyperaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Lemnaceae, Flagellartaceae

Vol. 4: Part 1: Restionaceae

Part 2: Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae , Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae, Juncaceae (Published 1985). Price:

R7,50. Other countries: R9.40

Vol. 5: Liliaceae, Agavaceae

Vol. 6: Haemodoiaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Tecophilaeaceae, Velloziaceae, Dioscoreaceae

Vol. 7: Iridaceae: Parti: Nivenioideae, Iridoideae

Part 2: Ixioideae: Fascicle 1

Fascicle 2: Syringodea, Romulea (Published 1983).

Price: R3,90. Other countries: R5.00

Vol. 8: Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae*. Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae

Vol. 9: Casuarinaceae*, Piperaceae, Salicaceae, Myricaceae, Fagaceae*, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Cannabaceae*, Urtica-

ceae, Proteaceae

Vol. 10: Part \ : Loranthaceae. Viscaceae (Published 1979). Price: R4,34. Other countries: R5,40

Santalaceae, Grubbiaceae, Opiiiaceae, Olacaceae, Balanophoraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Hydnora-

ceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae

Vol. 11: Phytolaccaceae, Aizoaceae, Mesembryanthemaceae

Vol. 12: Portulacaceae, Basellaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Illecebraceae, Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Ceratophyllaceae,

Ranunculaceae, Menispermaceae, Annonaceae, Trimeniaceae, Lauraceae, Hemandiaceae, Papaveraceae, Fu-

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stachyaceae (Published 1970) Price: R10, 00. Other countries: R12,00

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Vol 15: Vahliaceae, Montiniaceae, Escalloniaceae, Pittosporaceae, Cunoniaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Brumaceae, Hama-

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Vol 16: Fabaceae: Parti: Mimosoideae (Published 1975). Price: R13, 59. Other countries: R16, 75

Part 2: Caesalpinioideae ( Published 1977). Price: R16.04. Other countries: R20,00

Papilionoideae

Vol. 17: Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae

viii

Vol. 18: Parti: Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Balanitaceae

Part 2: Rutaceae

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1986). Price: R9,65. Other countries: R12,00

Vol. 19: Polygalaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Callitrichaceae, Buxaceae, Anacardiaceae, Aquifoliaceae

Vol. 20: Celastraceae, Icacinaceae, Sapindaceae, Melianthaceae, Greyiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae

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Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae

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raceae, Araliaceae, Apiaceae, Cornaceae

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poraceae

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1986). Price: R 14,85. Other countries: R 17,80

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Vol. 33:

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Asteraceae:

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Part 2: Vernonieae, Cardueae

Part 3: Arctotideae

Part 4: Anthemideae

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Fascicle 2: Gnaphaliinae (First part) (Published 1983). Price: 12,93.

Other countries: R16,20

Part 8: Fleliantheae, Eupatorieae

Part 9: Senecioneae

IX

SlMAROUBACEAE

SIMAROUBACEAE

by K. L. IMMELMAN

1

4128 KIRK1A

Kirkia Oliv. inF.T.A. 1: 31 1 (1868); in Hooker’s Icon. PI. 11: t. 1036 (June, 1868); M. Friedrich

in F.S.W.A. 69: 1 (1968); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 295 (1975); Stannard in Kew Bull. 35,4: 829

(1981); Immelman in Bothalia 15, 1 & 2: 151 (1984). Type species: K. acuminata Oliv.

Trees; bark grey, with or without black spots, smooth, with salmon-pink lenticels. Leaves

spiral, clustered at ends of branches, exstipulate, imparipinnate, deciduous. Leaflets opposite or

subopposite, sessile or very shortly petiolulate, margins entire or crenate. Inflorescence an axillary

dichasium. Flowers male or female, monoecious but flowers of only one sex open on a tree at a

time. Sepals 4, free, ovate. Petals 4, free, oblong, adaxial surface glabrous or puberulous. Stamens

4, free, reduced in size and appear to be empty of pollen in female flowers. Disc 4-lobed, fleshy,

saucer-shaped. Stigma capitate, slightly 4-lobed, absent in male flowers. Styles 4, fused, absent in

male flowers, long in female flowers. Ovary 4-locular, each loculus with a single pendulous ovule,

reduced in male flowers. Fruit oblong, 4-sided, dry, glabrous, separating into 4 or 8 one-seeded

cocci each attached by a strip of tissue to top of central gynophore.

Kirkia is the only genus of the Simaroubaceae represented in the Flora area. It has 5 species, all African, 3 of which

occur within the Flora area: in S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana and Transvaal.

The generic name commemorates Dr J. Kirk who collected the type of K. acuminata.

la Leaves usually with fewer than 10 pairs of leaflets, leaflets 10 - 24 mm wide 1 . K . acuminata

lb Leaves always with 10 or more pairs of leaflets, leaflets up to 6 mm wide:

2a Bark with small grey-black spots; mericarps 8, fruit as long as wide; endemic to Sesfontein area in southern

Kaokoland, S.W. A. /Namibia 2. K. dewinteri

2b Bark not spotted; mericarps 4, fruit 1 A times longer than wide; endemic to Transvaal 3. K. wilmsii

1. Kirkia acuminata Oliv. in F.T.A. 1:

31 (1868); in Hooker’s Icon. PI. 11: t.1036

(June, 1868); Codd in Mem. bot. Surv. S. Afr.

26: 83, fig. 78, 79 (1951); Exell & Mendon$a

inC.F.A. 1: 276 (1956); Wild & Phipps in F.Z.

2: 214, t.39 (1963); De Winter et al., Sixty-six

Transv. Trees 86 (1966); M. Friedrich in

F.S.W.A. 69: 2 (1968); Wild, Phipps &'Paiva,

F. M. 38 (Simaroubaceae): 3 (1969); Coates

Palgrave, Trees of Southern Africa 345, t. 117

(1977). Type: Mozambique, from Batoka to the

delta at Lupata near Sena, Kirk s.n. (not seen).

K. pubescens Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 45 (1926); 2:

481 (1932). K. acuminata var. pubescens (Burtt Davy)

Bremekamp in Ann. Transv. Mus. 15,2: 244 (1932-35).

Type: Transvaal, Messina, O'Connor H 1934 (K, holo.;

PRE!).

Tree with spreading rounded crown, 3-17

(-23) m high; bark pale grey, smooth or

slightly rough. Leaflets in (3-) 6-9 (-10)

pairs, glabrous or pilose, hairs sometimes re-

stricted to midrib, elliptic, 29-88 x 10-24

mm, apex acuminate, slightly curving, base

slightly oblique, margin crenate, becoming

bright scarlet in autumn; petiolules absent to 2

mm long. Pedicels articulated near base.

whitish-puberulous. Sepals glabrous or pube-

scent, 1—2 x 1 — 1,5 mm. Petals 4 (—5), gla-

brous or outer surface pubescent, 3—6 x

1-1,5 mm, white to cream. Stamens with

anthers oval, 1-2 mm long; filaments linear,

glabrous, 3—4 mm long; staminodes about M

as large. Fruit glabrous, 11-20 x 6-9 mm,

length 1,5-3 times the breadth. Fig. 1: 1.

A conspicuous and often common tree in bushveld and

savanna, on rocky hillslopes; preferring basic soils (e.g.

dolomite) but also found on a variety of acidic soils (e.g.

granite, quartz, sandstone). It occurs in most of the

Transvaal north of 25° S., and in northern S.W. A. /Namibia,

with a few scattered localities in northern Botswana. It

flowers mainly in November and December. Map 1 .

Vouchers: De Winter 2888 (WIND); De Winter &

Leistner 5585; Giess 15005; Mogg 14481; Pole Evans

2590.

2. Kirkia dewinteri Merxm. & Heine in

Mitt. bot. StSamml., Miinch. 3: 617 (1960);

Merxmuller in F.S.W.A. 2, 69 (1966-72);

Coates Palgrave, Trees of Southern Africa 345

(1977). Types: S.W. A. /Namibia, Kaokoveld,

Von Koenen 104 (M, holo.; PRE!); Kaokoveld,

24,41 km from Warmbad on road to Ombom-

bo, De Winter & Leistner 5837 (M; PRE!).

2

SlMAROUBACEAE

3

Tree, 3-10 m high; bark smooth, yel-

lowish with numerous small blackish spots.

Leaves hysteranthous. Leaflets in 20-40 pairs,

glabrous, elliptic, 6-16 x 2-3 mm, apex

acute to acuminate, base slightly oblique, mar-

gin minutely crenate; petiolules absent or up to

1 mm long. Flowers coming out before the

leaves, with pedicels articulated near base,

whitish-puberulous. Sepals puberulous, 1,5-3

x 1 — 1,5 mm. Petals glabrous or puberulous on

outer surface, 3,5—5 x 1,5—2 mm, cream.

Stamens of male flowers with anthers oval,

1-1,5 mm long; filaments linear, glabrous, ±3

mm long; stamens of female flowers 'A— 'A as

large. Fruit with a few hairs near the apex, c. 6

X 6 mm.

A rare tree confined to the Sesfontein area in the

southern Kaokoland in S.W. A. /Namibia. It occurs on the

slopes of dolomitic hills and rock outcrops, and has been

recorded in flower in September and December. Map 2.

Vouchers: Craven 1062 (WIND); Giess 10545; Rusch

s.n. (WIND); Van der Walt 246 A.

3. Kirkia wilmsii Engl, in Notizbl. bot.

Gart. Mus. Berl. 2: 25 (1897); Codd in Mem.

bot. Surv. S. Afr. 26: 84, fig. 80 (1951); De

Winter et al., Sixty-six Transv. Trees 88

(1966); Ross in Flower. PI. Afr. pi. 1590

(1970); Coates Palgrave, Trees of Southern

Africa 345 (1977). Syntypes: Wilms 147, 148,

162 (Bt).

Tree, crown rounded and widely spread-

ing, trunk often branching near base, 3-20 m

high; bark pale grey, smooth or slightly rough.

Leaflets in 10-22 pairs, glabrous, elliptic,

6—30 x 2—6 mm, apex acute, base slightly

oblique, margin usually minutely crenate,

sometimes entire, becoming bright scarlet in

autumn; petiolules absent. Pedicels articulated

near base, usually glabrous. Sepals usually gla-

brous, 1—2 x 0,75-1 mm. Petals usually gla-

brous, 3-4 x 1-2 mm, cream to greenish

white. Stamens of male flowers with anthers

oval, 1 -2 mm long; filaments linear, glabrous,

2—3 mm long; stamens of female flowers

A- A as large. Fruit glabrous, 8-11 x 4-7

mm. Fig. 1: 2.

A common tree on rocky hillslopes and in kloofs, in

savanna and bushveld, occurring in both granitic and dolo-

mitic soils. It is endemic to the Transvaal Lowveld. It can

be found in flower from September to January, but usually

flowers from October to December. Map 2.

Vouchers: De Winter 8416; Mogg H. 11654; Nel 9

(NBG); Robbertse 1 147; Strey 8001 .

MAP 2. — ▲ Kirkia dewinteri

• Kirkia wilmsii

Burseraceae

BURSERACEAE

by J. J. A. van der Walt*

5

Dioecious or polygamous but rarely monoecious many-stemmed shrubs or trees; bark often

peeling or flaking in papery pieces or strips; resin ducts present, secreting an odoriferous resin;

branchlets often spine-tipped, glabrous, pilose or tomentose. Leaves petiojate or rarely sessile or

subsessile, alternate, usually grouped at the ends of the branches, simple, trifoliolate or imparipin-

nate, margins of leaflets usually crenate, serrate or lobed, seldom entire. Flowers unisexual, rarely

bisexual, perigynous or hypogynous; male flowers usually larger than female flowers; appearing

before or with the leaves and occasionally after the leaves in axillary simple or compound dichasial

cymes, paniculate cymes or singly in clusters. Calyx infundibuhform, campanulate or broadly

campanulate with 4 valvate persistent lobes, in perigynous flowers continuous with hypanthium, in

hypogynous flowers inserted on receptacle. Petals 4, usually yellow to green, apex incurved. Disc

in perigynous flowers adnate to hypanthium, cylindrical, rarely fleshy, sometimes lobed; in hypo-

gynous flowers not adnate to calyx or corolla, intrastaminal, cylindrical, usually with 4 large lobes

or with 4 large and 4 small lobes. Stamens 8 or sometimes 4, obdiplostemonous, 4 antisepalous

stamens longer than other 4; filaments inserted on the outside or on top of disc; anthers introrse and

adnate; staminodes present in female flowers. Gynoecium half inferior or superior; rudimentary in

male flowers; ovary 2-locular with 2 epitropous ovules per loculus; style usually relatively short;

stigma capitate, obscurely 2-4-lobed. Fruit an ovoid, ellipsoid or subglobose drupe, usually

asymmetrically flattened; exocarp relatively thin, mesocarp usually fleshy, exocarp and mesocarp

splitting in ripe fruit into 2 longitudinal valves (4 valves in a few species outside our area);

endocarp forming a crustaceous or bony putamen, usually clasped by a pseudo-aril; pseudo-aril

usually red or yellowish, usually fleshy, cupular with short lobes or arms or with 2-4 relatively

long arms or covering almost whole putamen without distinct arms; putamen usually enclosing one

fertile loculus and a much smaller abortive loculus; ceed with embryo straight, cotyledons much

folded. Fig. 2.

Some characters not applicable in our area: sepals 3 or 5; petals 3 or 5, rarely absent; ovary 3-5-loculed; fruit

sometimes a tardily dehiscing capsule.

A family of 16 genera with about 500 species distributed mainly in the tropics, but especially in Malaysia, Africa and

South America.

4151 COMMIPHORA

Commiphora Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 66, t. 249 (1797); Engl, in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 7

(1883); in Pflanzenfam. 3: 251 (1896); edn 2, 19a: 429 (1931); Guillaumin in Annls Sci. nat. 9:

279 (1909); Engl, in Bot. Jb. 48: 449 (1913); in Pflanzenw. Afr. 3: 786 (1915); Hutch. & Dalz.,

F.W.T.A. 1: 488 (1928); Chiov., FI. Somala 2: 53 (1932); Burtt in Kew Bull. 1935: 101 (1935);

Perr. Bathie in FI. Madag. 5: 5 (1946); Exell & Mendonga in C.F.A. 1:298 (1951); Wild in Bolm

Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 33: 67 (1959); Wild in F.Z. 2: 263 (1963); Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 1

(1968); J. J. A. v. d. Walt in Bothalia 11: 54 (1973). Type species: C. madagascariensis Jacq.,

Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 66, t. 249 (1797).

Amyris sensu Linn., Mant. 65 (1767).

Balsamea Gled. in Schriften Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3: 127 (1782); Engl, in Bot. Jb. 1: 41 (1881).

Balessan Bruce, Trav. 5: t. 25 (1790).

Balsamodendrum Kunth in Annls Sci. nat. 1: 348 ( 1824); DC., Prodr. 2: 76 (1825); Sond. inF.C. 1: 526 ( 1860); O. Berg

in Bot. Ztg 21: 161 ( 1862); Marchand in Adansonia 8: 34, 67 ( 1867); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1:324(1868).

Hemprichia Ehrenb. in Linnaea 4: 396 (1829); Marchand in Adansonia 8: 69 (1867).

Heudelotia A. Rich, in Guill. , Perr. & A. Rich., FI. Sen. 1: 150, t. 39(1832).

Prolium sensu Wight & Am. in Prod. FI. Ind. 176 ( 1834); Harv. inF.C. 2: 592(1862).

Department of Botany, University of Stellenbosch.

6

Burseraceae

ft Q ft u> (D

(i) •$ #

® Q U y

y Q "Q *0 "0

21 22 /X 23 24 /-v 25

qQQQq

I I

10mm

Fig. 2. — Putameni with pseudo-arils (in black) as seen from the less convex face of the putamens. 1, Commiphora

schimperi; 2, C. africana; 3, C. merkeri; 4, C. glandulosa; 5, C. pyracanthoides; 6, C. discolor; 7, C. virgata; 8, C.

giessii; 9, C. multijuga; 10, C. neglecta; II, C. mollis; 12, C. marlothii; 13, C. harveyi; 14, C. mossambicensis;

15, C. dinteri; 16, C. gracilifrondosa; 17, C. namaensis; 18, C. glaucescens; 19, C. wildii; 20, C. anacardiifolia;

21, C. saxicola; 22, C. edulis; 23, C. zanzibarica; 24, C. woodii; 25, C. crenalo-serrata; 26, C. tenuipetiolata;

27, C. angolensis; 28, C. kraeuseliana; 29, C. capensis; 30, C. cervifolia.

Burseraceae

7

Protionopsin Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 229(1850), nom. nud.

Hitzeria Klotzsch in Peters, Reise Mossamb., Bot. 1: 89 (1861).

Balsamophloeos O. Berg in Bot. Ztg 20: 163 (1862).

Description as for family.

Commiphora, with about 200 species, is the only genus of the family represented in southern Africa.

la Leaves simple, occasionally with 2 additional much smaller lateral leaflets on long shoots, leaves sessile or subses-

sile (except for C. namaensis (no. 18) with petiolate leaves):

2a Branchlets not spine-tipped; flowers perigynous; pseudo-aril cupular without arms or with 2 commissural arms:

3a Margin of leaves serrate-dentate, leaves petiolate, occasionally with 2 additional much smaller lateral leaflets,

lamina rotund or orbicular and relatively small (up to 15x12 mm); pseudo-aril with 2 long commissural

arms; bark light grey, not peeling 18. C. namaensis

3b Margin of leaves entire, leaves sessile or subsessile, always simple, lamina narrowly elliptic to broadly elliptic

and relatively large (usually much larger than 15x12 mm); pseudo-aril cupular with 3 or 4 short lobes but

without 2 long commissural arms; bark yellowish brown or reddish brown and usually peeling in papery

pieces:

4a Leaves relatively large (70 — )130( — 200) x (30 — )80( — 140) mm; inflorescence thyrsoid, without large leaf-

like bracts and up to 200 mm long; leaves and inflorescence pilose; fruit ovoid or obovoid

21. C. anacardiifolia

4b Leaves relatively small (15 — )40(— 100) x (8— )25(— 60) mm; inflorescence of simple or compound

dichasial cymes or thyrsoid, up to 80 mm long and often with large leaf-like bracts; leaves and

inflorescence glabrous or sparsely to densely pilose; fruit ellipsoid 19. C -glaucescens

2b Branchlets spine-tipped; flowers hypogynous; pseudo-aril usually with 4 distinct arms of equal length reaching

almost to apex of putamen:

5a Young branchlets smooth and purplish; leaves glaucous and margins crenate-serrate; calyx glabrous; fruit

ellipsoid and apiculate; bark grey 3. C. merkeri

5b Young branchlets greyish green; leaves green or dark green and margins finely crenate-serTate, crenate-ser-

rate, subentire or entire; calyx with large glandular hairs or glabrous; fruit subglobose or ellipsoid but not

apiculate; bark yellowish white, greyish green or yellowish green:

6a Lamina of simple leaves broadly elliptic to suborbicular, dark green and shiny, margins often entire or sub-

entire; calyx glabrous; flowers unisexual; bark yellowish white and peeling around the stem in papery

strips 6. C. discolor

6b Lamina of simple leaves elliptic, narrowly obovate or obovate, green and not shiny, margins usually finely

crenate-serrate or serrate; calyx with large glandular hairs or glabrous; flowers bisexual or unisexual; bark

greyish green or yellowish green and flaking in small papery pieces:

7a Calyx glabrous; lamina of simple leaves/terminal leaflet elliptic, narrowly obovate or obovate, margin

finely crenate-serrate or occasionally almost entire; many-stemmed shrubs, occasionally small trees

with single trunk 5. C. pyracanthoides

7b Calyx with large glandular hairs; lamina of simple leaves or terminal leaflet obovate or elliptic, margin

crenate-serrate or occasionally almost entire; trees with a single trunk, occasionally shrub-like

4. C. glandulosa

lb Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate, petiolate:

8a Branchlets spine-tipped; leaves trifoliolate:

9a Branchlets and leaves pilose to tomentose; leaflets broadly obovate or elliptic; flowers unisexual; fruit subglo-

bose; putamen rugose 2. C. africana

9b Branchlets and leaves glabrous or with a few scattered short hairs; leaflets elliptic or ovate; flowers bisexual or

unisexual; fruit subglobose or ellipsoid and apiculate; putamen rugose or smooth:

10a Branchlets and leaves glabrous; leaflet margins coarsely crenate-serrate; flowers bisexual only; fruit ellip-

soid and distinctly apiculate; pseudo-aril membranous and without distinct arms, putamen very rugose

1 . C. schimperi

10b Branchlets and leaves with a few scattered short hairs; leaflet margins entire or distal half finely crenate-

serrate; flowers bisexual or unisexual; fruit subglobose; pseudo-aril fleshy and with 4 arms, putamen

smooth 10. C. neglecta

8b Branchlets not spine-tipped; leaves trifoliolate or pinnate:

11a Leaves and young branchlets hairy:

12a Acroscopic margin of lateral leaflets incised to rachis but basiscopic margin decurrent along rachis 20. C. wildii

1 2b Both margins of lateral leaflets incised to rachis or petiolule:

13a Leaves pinnate, usually at least 6-jugate, leaflets abruptly acuminate at both ends, petiolules relatively

long and slender; pseudo-aril cupular with 4 arms of equal length reaching almost to apex of putamen

9. C. multi juga

8

Burseraceae

13b Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate but then usually less than 6-jugate, leaflets not abruptly acuminate at both

ends, petiolules of variable length; pseudo-aril cupular or with 2-4 arms or lobed:

14a Leaves pinnate, branchlets obtuse, petiole with medullary vascular bundles; fruit more than 15 mm in

diameter:

15a Tree with a single main stem; bark peeling in large yellowish papery pieces; leaves dark green,

leaflets obovate to broadly elliptic and not scabrous above; flowers hypogynous, disc pilose;

pseudo-aril yellow with 2 long commissural and 2 short facial arms 12. C. marlothii

15b Tree or many-stemmed shrub; bark flaking in small yellowish papery pieces; leaves greyish green,

leaflets narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate and scabrous above; flowers perigynous, disc glabrous;

pseudo-aril red, cupular with 4 short lobes 23. C. edulis

14b Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate; branchlets not obtuse, petiole without medullary vascular bundles; fruit

usually less than 15 mm in diameter:

16a Margin of leaflets entire; flowers with a fleshy disc; pseudo-aril with 2 long commissural arms and

2 shorter facial arms; bark not papery:

17a Leaflets elliptic, oblong-elliptic or obovate, apex not abruptly acuminate; young branchlets,

leaves and calyx without conspicuous golden glandular hairs; disc of flower 4-lobed

11. C. mollis

17b Leaflets ovate, broadly ovate, suborbicular or oblate, apex often abruptly acuminate; young

branchlets, leaves and calyx with conspicuous golden glandular hairs; disc of flower 8-lobed

14. C. mossambicensis

16b Margin of leaflets usually at least partly crenate-serrate; flowers without a fleshy disc; pseudo-aril

with 2 broad facial lobes; bark often papery:

18a Many-stemmed shrubs or bush; leaves always sparsely pilose to densely pubescent, petiole not

slender; pseudo-aril covering lower 'A-'A of putamen 23. C. angolensis

18b Tree with a single trunk: leaves glabrous, sparsely pilose to pubescent, petiole often slender;

pseudo-aril covering 'A-X of putamen 27. C. tenuipetiolata

1 1 b Leaves and young branchlets glabrous (irrespective of glandular hairs);

19a Leaves trifoliolate:

20a Leaflets linear, cultrate or narrowly oblanceolate and usually irregularly lobed, leaflets sessile or sub-

sessile:

21a Leaves up to 80 mm long, leaflets linear to cultrate, margin coarsely dentate-serrate; branchlets

slender; stamens 4 only; pseudo-aril present 16. C. gracilifrondosa

21b Leaves up to 20 mm long, leaflets cultrate or narrowly oblanceolate, margin entire (irrespective of

lobes); branchlets short and stout; stamens 8; pseudo-aril absent 31. C. cervifolia

20b Leaflets of variable shape but never linear or cultrate and never irregularly lobed, leaflets petiolate,

subsessile or sessile:

22a Margin of leaflets entire; flowers hypogynous with disc lobes not adnate to perianth; pseudo-aril with

4 arms of equal length reaching almost to apex of putamen; putamen with a prominent hump on the

less convex face:

23a Shrub with many stems of c. 25 mm in diameter sprouting from ground level; bark reddish brown,

usually not peeling 8. C. giessii

23b Shrub-like tree with a short trunk branching into relatively thick stems; bark yellowish white to sil-

very, peeling around the stem in papery strips 7. C. virgata

22b Margin of leaflets not entire; flowers perigynous with disc lobes adnate to hypanthium; pseudo-aril

absent or with arms or lobes of unequal length; putamen without a prominent hump on the less

convex face:

24a Leaflets narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate; stamens 4 only 17. C. oblanceolata

24b Leaflets cordate, obovate, orbicular or elliptic; stamens 8:

25a Petiole usually relatively long and slender; pedicel longer than 3 mm; pseudo-aril with 2 facial

lobes but without commissural arms; bark peeling 27. C. tenuipetiolata

25b Petiole relatively short and not slender; pedicel up to 1 mm long; pseudo-aril absent or with 2

commissural and 1-2 facial arms; bark usually not peeling:

26a Margin of leaflets undulate, crenate, or almost entire; pseudo-aril absent; fruit ellipsoid;

shrub-like tree with a short trunk branching near ground level into thick stems 30. C. capensis

26b Margin of leaflets finely crenate-serrate; pseudo-aril with 2 commissural and 1-2 facial arms;

fruit ovoid; shrubs with many relatively thin stems sprouting from ground level 15. C. dinteri

19b Leaves pinnate (occasionally trifoliolate in C. harveyi — no. 13):

27a Leaflets linear; pseudo-aril absent 29. C. kraeuseliana

27b Leaflets not linear (wider); pseudo-aril present:

28a Leaflets asymmetrical and abruptly acuminate at both ends 9. C. multijuga

Burseraceae

9

28b Leaflets symmetrical and not abruptly acuminate at both ends:

29a Leaflets suborbicular to oblate 22 C. saxicola

29b Leaflets oblanceolate, lanceolate or elliptic to ovate:

30a Leaflets with microscopic hairs; bark usually peeling in large brown papety pieces; flowers

hypogynous, disc not adnate to calyx or corolla; pseudo-aril with 4 arms 13. C. harveyi

30b Leaflets glabrous (irrespective of glandular hairs); bark not peeling; flowers perigynous, disc

adnate to hypanthium; pseudo-aril cupular without arms:

31a Margin of leaflets entire (sometimes finely serrate) 24. C. zanzibarica

31b Margin of leaflets crenate-serrate to coarsely crenate-serrate (sometimes entire in C. tenuipe-

tiolata — no. 27):

32a Leaflets lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate; petioles with medullary vascular bundles; fruit

ovoid and conspicuously beaked 26. C. crenato-serrata

32b Leaflets narrowly elliptic to elliptic; petioles without medullary vascular bundles; fruit sub-

globose and not beaked:

33a Young branches shallowly fluted and obtuse; bark not peeling; pedicel less than 1 mm

long; pseudo-aril cupular with 1 very short faciaLlobe 25. C. woodii

33b Young branches not fluted and not obtuse; bark peeling; pedicel more than 1 mm long;

pseudo-aril cupular with 2 facial lobes 27. C. tenuipetiolata

1. Commiphora schimperi (O. Berg)

Engl, in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 13 (1883);

Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boissier 7,2: 288

(1899); Engl, in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435,

t. 204 C-D (1931); Wild in F.Z. 2: 277 (1963);

J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Bothalia 1 1: 65, fig. 20-26

(1973). Syntypes: Ethiopia, Takazze, Schimper

624 (Bt; K, lecto.!); Schoata, Schimper 1139

(Bt; W!; G!); Schimper 1564 (Bt; W!; G!).

Balsamodendrum schimperi O. Berg in Bot. Ztg 20: 162

(1862). B. africanum sensu Oliv., F.T.A. 1: 325 (1868),

pro parte quoad specim. Schimper. Balsamea schimperi (O.

Berg) Engl, in Bot. Jb. 1: 41 (1881).

Commiphora betschuanica Engl, in Bot. Jb. 44: 149

(1910); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type:

Botswana, Mugnune, Seiner 64 (B, holo.t; K, fragment!;

BM, sketch!).

Shrub or small tree 2-6 m tall; bark peel-

ing in black discs or flaking in small yellowish

papery pieces; young branchlets glabrous,

spine-tipped. Leaves trifoliolate, glabrous,

green; petiole 5-30 mm long; leaflets elliptic to

broad elliptic; petiolules up to 2 mm long; mar-

gins coarsely crenate-serrate especially in the

upper half of leaflets, apex acute, base cuneate,

terminal leaflet up to 50x35 mm, lateral leaf-

lets up to 25x22 mm. Inflorescence', flowers

borne in clusters. Flowers bisexual only, hypo-

gynous. Pedicel 1-2 mm long and with a few

glandular hairs. Disc 4-lobed, not adnate to pe-

rianth. Stamens 8. Fruit ellipsoid and distinctly

apiculate, ± 17x10x10 mm, glabrous; puta-

men very rugose, pseudo-aril red, membra-

nous, covering almost the whole putamen.

Occurs in Botswana, northern Tvl. and Zululand. It

grows in savanna-woodland in well-drained, sandy soil.

Also recorded from Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Tanzania,

Kenya and Ethiopia. Map 3.

Vouchers: Acocks 12993; Codd 6563; De Winter &

Killick 8885; Van der Walt 1 1 .

C. schimperi and C. africana (below), two closely

related species, are often confused and this is mainly due to

the similarity of the leaves. Besides many other differences

such as in flower and fruit structure, the two species can

also be distinguished on the hairiness of the leaves. The

leaves of C. africana are pilose to tomentose, while those of

C. schimperi possess only a few glandular hairs. A pungent

resin odour is emitted when fresh leaves are picked.

Common name: Glossy-leaved Corkwood.

2. Commiphora africana (A. Rich.)

Engl, in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 14 (1883);

Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 289

(1899); Hutch. & Dalz., F.W.T.A. 1: 488

(1928); Engl, in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 438

(1931); Exell & Mendonga in C.F.A. 1: 300

(1951); Irvine, Woody Plants Ghana 510

(1961); Wild in F.Z. 2: 276 (1963); Merxm. in

10

Burseraceae

F.S.W.A. 70: 4 (1968); Lisowski, Malaisse &

Symoens in Bull. Jard. bot. nat. Belg. 40: 357

(1970); J. J. A. v. d. Walt in Bothalia 11: 68,

fig. 27-32 (1973); in Mitt. bot. StSamml.,

Munch. 12: 202, fig. 1 (1975). Type: Senegal,

Kayar, Leprieur s.n. (P, holo., only photo seen;

isotypes!).

Heudelotia africana A. Rich, in Guill., Perr. & A. Rich.,

FI. Sen. 1: 150, t.39 (1832). Balsamodendrum africanum

(A. Rich.) Am. in Ann. nat. Hist. 3: 87 (1839); Oliv. in

F.T.A. 1: 325 (1868), pro parte excl. syn. B. schimperi et

vars.

Balsamodendrum kotschyi O. Berg in Bot. Ztg 20: 162

(1862). Balsamea kotschyi (O. Berg) Engl, in Bot. Jb. 1: 41

(1881). Type: Sudan, Nubia, Kotschy 271 (B, holo.t; K,

lecto. !; S ! ; W ! ; MEL!; BM!).

Commiphora pilosa (Engl.) Engl, in A. DC., Monogr.

Phan. 4: 12 (1883); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 440 (1931);

Chiov., FI. Somala 2: 124, t.85 (1932); Palgrave, Trees

Cent. Afr. 58, t. & photo (1956).

Balsamea pilosa Engl, in Bot. Jb. 1: 41 (1881). Type:

Tanzania, Zanzibar, Hildebrandt 1 184 (W, holo. !).

C. loandensis Engl, in Bot. Jb. 26: 370 (1899). Syntypes:

Angola, Luanda, Welwitsch 4497 (LISU, lecto.!; BM!);

4498 (BM!; LISU!); 4498b (BM!; LISU!); 4500 (BM!;

LISU!); 4501 (BM!;LISU!).

C. rubriflora Engl, in Bot. Jb. 30: 336 (1902). Type:

Tanzania, near Rukwa Lake, Goetze 1406 (B, holo.t; K,

fragment! and iso.!).

C. nkolola Engl, in Bot. Jb. 34: 308 (1905); in Pflanzen-

fam. edn 2,19a: 440 (1931). Type: Tanzania, Zanzibar

coastal area, Busse 528 (B, holo.t; K, fragment!).

C. sambesiaca Engl, in Bot. Jb. 44: 146 (1910); in Pflan-

zenfam. edn 2,19a: 330 (1931); Bum Davy, FI. Transv. 2:

485 (1932). Type: Zambia, Kazungula, Seiner 90 (B, ho-

lo.t; K, fragment!).

C. calciicola Engl, in Bot. Jb. 44: 147 (1910); in Pflan-

zenfam. edn 2,19a: 440 (1931); Bum Davy, FI. Transv. 2:

485 (1932). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Grootfontein; Dinter

820 (B, holo.t; K, fragment!; BM, sketch!).

Dioecious many-stemmed shrub usually

less than 1 m tall or small tree with a single

trunk up to 4 m tall; bark grey or greyish green,

occasionally flaking locally in small yellowish

papery pieces; young branchlets pilose to to-

mentose, mostly spine-tipped. Leaves trifolio-

late, pilose to tomentose, green; petiole 2-35

mm long; leaflets broadly obovate or broadly

elliptic, sessile or subsessile, margin coarsely

crenate or crenate-serrate, apex obtuse to acute,

base cuneate or truncate, terminal leaflet

(8— )18(— 65)x(6 — )13(— 50) mm, lateral leaflets

(4-)8(-35)x(3-)7(-30) mm. Inflorescence :

flowers borne in clusters. Flowers unisexual,

hypogynous, glabrous. Pedicel 1-2,5 mm long.

Disc 4-lobed, not adnate to perianth. Stamens

8. Fruit subglobose, ± 15x12x12 mm, gla-

brous; putamen very rugose; pseudo-aril red,

with 4 arms of variable size and form, often

also isolated fragments, 2 commissural arms

reaching almost to apex of putamen, 2 facial

arms of variable length.

Widely distributed in the northern part of S.W. A. /Na-

mibia, Botswana, northern Tvl., Swaziland and northern

Zululand. Usually grows in sandy well-drained soil in

shrub-thomveld, savanna-woodlands and broken mopani-

veld.

Also recorded from Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Ma-

lawi, Zambia, Angola, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia,

Uganda, Sudan, Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria, Mauritania,

Mali, Ghana, Togo, Niger, Zaire and Rwanda. Map 4.

Vouchers: Compton 29094; De Winter 3755; Killick &

De Winter 891 1; Van der Schijff 5237 .

Wild (1963) distinguishes var. africana and var. ru-

briflora (Engl.) Wild. The calyx and pedicels of var. rubri-

flora are hairy, while those of var. africana are glabrous.

As far as could be determined, only var. africana occurs in

the F.S.A. area.

Wild (1963) mentions that the pseudo-aril of C. afri-

cana is apparently absent. However, all the fruits of the

species studied possess a fleshy pseudo-aril.

According to Irvine (1961) the resin is used by the

natives for perfuming and fumigating huts. He also men-

tions that it has several medicinal uses, and it is also used as

a varnish. The species is easily grown from pole cuttings

which are often planted as fencing poles.

Common name: Hairy Corkwood.

3. Commiphora merkeri Engl, in Bot.

Jb. 44: 144 (1910); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a:

437 (1931); Wild in F.Z. 2: 269 (1963); J. J. A.

v.d. Walt in Bothalia 11: 63, fig. 14-19

(1973); in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 12:

205, fig. 3, 26a & a, (1975). Type: Tanzania,

Nguruka, Merker 565 (B, holo.t; K, frag-

ment!).

C. viminea Burn Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 485 (1932);

Brenan in Kew Bull. 1953: 104 (1953). Type: Transvaal,

Messina, Moss & Rogers 184b (K, holo. !).

Burseraceae

11

Map 5. — Commiphora merkeri

Dioecious tree 2— 5 m tall with a single

trunk; bark grey with dark patches, peeling

around the stem in yellowish papery strips;

young branchlets glabrous, smooth, purplish,

often spine-tipped. Leaves simple but on long

shoots often trifoliolate with smaller lateral

leaflets, with long glandular hairs at base but

otherwise glabrous, glaucous, subsessile, mar-

gin crenate-serrate especially near apex, apex

acute to obtuse, base cuneate, lamina of simple

leaves/terminal leaflet narrowly obovate to

obovate or elliptic, 7-45x5-25 mm, lateral

leaflets elliptic, 5— 8x3— 5 mm. Inflorescence:

flowers borne in clusters. Flowers unisexual,

hypogynous, glabrous. Pedicel 2—10 mm long.

Disc 4-lobed, not adnate to perianth. Stamens

8. Fruit ellipsoid, 10x6x5 mm, glabrous,

apiculate; putamen rugose; pseudo-aril yellow,

covering the whole putamen except the apex.

Occurs in northern Tvl. from the border of Botswana in

the west to Mozambique in the east, but it is particularly

common north of the Soutpansberg. It is known from a few

localities in Kaokoland, S.W. A. /Namibia. Also recorded

from Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya. Map 5.

Vouchers: Codd 4111, 4835; Giess 7727; Van der

Walt 6.

C. merkeri could be conspecific with C. ellenbeckii

Engl, and probably also with a few other central African

species. The fragment of the type specimen of C. merkeri at

Kew is very poor, and little is known of the pseudo-arils of

these allied species.

The stems often exude large quantities of resin.

Common name: Zebra-bark Corkwood.

4. Commiphora glandulosa Schinz in

Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2,8: 633 (1908);

Exell & Mendonga in C.F.A. 1: 298 (1951);

J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Bothalia 11: 57, fig. 1—7

Map 6. — Commiphora glandulosa

(1973); in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 12:

206, fig. 4 (1975). Syntypes: S.W. A. /Namibia,

Ombandja, Schinz 161 (Z, lecto.!); Ondonga,

Schinz s.n. (not seen).

C. pyracanthoides Engl, subsp. glandulosa (Schinz)

Wild in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 33: 44 (1959); in F.Z.

2: 268 (1963); Von Breitenbach, Ind. Trees S. Afr 3: 433

(1965); Merxm. inF.S.W.A. 70: 8 (1968).

C. lugardae N.E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1909: 99 (1909);

Miller in J 1 S. Afr. Bot. 18: 38 (1952). Type: Botswana,

Kwebe Hills, Lugard 23 (K, holo. !).

C. seineri Engl, in Bot. Jb. 44: 145 (1910); in Bot. Jb.

48: 480 (1913); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 437 (1931).

'Type: Zambia, Sesheko, Seiner 57 (B, holo.!; K, photo!;

BM, sketch!).

C. berberidifolia Engl, in Bot. Jb. 48: 480 (1913); in

Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 437 (1931). Type: S.W. A. /Nami-

bia, Okahandja, Waldau, Dinter 385 (B, holo.!; K, frag-

ment!).

Polygamous or dioecious tree with a single

trunk, 2-10 m tall, occasionally shrub-like;

bark yellowish green or greyish green, flaking

in small yellowish papery pieces; young

branchlets glabrous, spine-tipped. Leaves

usually simple but on long shoots often trifolio-

late with smaller lateral leaflets, with long glan-

dular hairs at base but otherwise glabrous,

green, subsessile, margin crenate-serrate, occa-

sionally almost entire, apex acute or obtuse,

base cuneate, lamina of simple leaves/terminal

leaflet obovate or elliptic (20— )35(— 65) x

(12— )25(— 45) mm, lateral leaflets elliptic,

(8— )15(— 30)X(4— )7( — 15) mm. Inflores-

cence: reduced cymes or flowers borne in clus-

ters. Flowers bisexual, occasionally unisexual,

hypogynous. Pedicel 0,5—1 mm long, pedicel

and calyx with large glandular hairs. Disc 4-

lobed, not folded, inside of lobes not grooved.

12

Burseraceae

Fig. 3. — Commiphora glandulosa: A, branchlet with flowers and young fruits; B-E, leaves; F, branchlet with leaves

and mature fruits.

F10- 4- — Flowers of Commiphora glandulosa: A, bisexual flower; B, bisexual flower with calyx and corolla partly

removed; C, diagrammatic representation of two disc lobes illustrating the insertion of the filaments; D, female flower; E,

female flower with the calyx and corolla partly removed.

14

Burseraceae

Fig. 5. Fruit of Commiphora glandulosa: A, side view of the fruit; B, view of the less convex face of putamen with

pseudo-aril; C, view of the more convex face of putamen with pseudo-aril; D, putamen and pseudo-aril as seen from above.

Burseraceae

15

not adnate to perianth. Stamens 8. Fruit subglo-

bose, ± 14x13x12 mm, glabrous; putamen

rugose, with a hump on less convex face;

pseudo-aril red, with 4 arms of equal length

reaching almost to apex of putamen. Figs 3, 4

& 5.

Widely distributed in S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana,

northern Tvl. and northern Zululand. Particularly common

north of the Soutpansberg. Grows in sandy, well-drained

soil in savanna-woodland or in broken mopaniveld. Also

recorded from Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique and

Angola. Map 6.

Vouchers: Codd 4680; De Winter 404 1 ; Merxmiiller &

Giess 830; Van der Walt 14.

Wild in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 33: 43; 1959

considers this taxon to be a subspecies of C. pyracanthoides

Engl. (no. 5). This taxonomic change by Wild is based

mainly on observations made by Merxmiiller in

S.W. A. /Namibia where C. glandulosa occurs in tree and

shrub form. However, the flower, and fruit structure of

these two taxa differ to such a degree that they are con-

sidered to be different species.

It is easily grown from pole cuttings which are often

planted as fencing poles.

Common name: Tall Common Corkwood.

5. Commiphora pyracanthoides Engl, in

Bot. Jb. 26: 368 (1899); in Pflanzenfam. edn

2,19a: 437 (1931); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv.

2: 485 (1932); Wild in Bolm Soc. broteriana,

ser. 2, 33: 43, 82(1959); Wild in F.Z. 2: 268

(1963); Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 8 (1968);

J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Bothalia 11: 60, fig.

8-13 (1973); in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch.

12: 208, fig. 5, 29a & a, (1975). Type:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Otjimbingwe, Fischer 8

(holo.t; ?); Neotype: S.W. A. /Namibia, Little

Karas Mountains, Holoog, Pearson 9747 (K!).

Dioecious or polygamous many-stemmed

shrub, 0,5-3 m tall, occasionally a small tree

with single trunk up to 3 m tall; bark greyish

green or yellowish green, flaking in small yel-

lowish papery pieces; young branchlets gla-

brous, spine-tipped. Leaves usually simple but

on long shoots often trifoliolate with smaller

lateral leaflets, with long glandular hairs at base

but otherwise glabrous, green, subsessile, mar-

gin finely crenate- serrate, occasionally almost

entire, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate, lam-

ina of simple leaves/terminal leaflet elliptic,

narrowly obovate or obovate, (16— )25(-55)x

(8— )16( — 32) mm, lateral leaflets narrowly

elliptic or elliptic, (4— )8(— 12) x (2— )3(— 10)

mm. Inflorescence: reduced cymes of flowers

borne in clusters. Flowers unisexual or bisex-

ual, hypogynous. Pedicel 0,5—1 mm long, pe-

Map 7. — Commiphora pyracanthoides

dicel and calyx without glandular hairs (gla-

brous). Disc 4-lobed, folded to form 4 large

lobes towards the outside, inside of lobes

deeply grooved, not adnate to perianth. Sta-

mens 8. Fruit ellipsoid to subglobose, ±

11x8x7 mm, glabrous; putamen rugose, with

a hump on less convex face; pseudo-aril red,

with 4 arms of equal length reaching almost to

apex of putamen.

Widely distributed in S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana,

northern Tvl., Swaziland and northern Zululand. Known

from a few localities in northern Cape. It grows in sandy,

well-drained soil in savanna-woodland, shrub-thomveld

and broken mopaniveld. Also recorded from Zimbabwe and

Mozambique. Map 7.

Vouchers: Codd 4431; De Winter & Leistner 5115;

Van der Schijff 5217; Van der Walt 57, 76. ,

In certain areas of S.W. A. /Namibia it is impossible to

distinguish on habit alone between C. glandulosa (no. 4)

and C. pyracanthoides because both species can be either

shrub-like or small trees. When occurring together in the

same area, however, they can usually easily be distin-

guished as C. glandulosa is a small tree with a single bole

and C. pyracanthoides a small, often many-stemmed shrub.

The most reliable character for distinguishing flower-

ing material of the two species, are the glandular hairs

which occur on the calyx of only C. glandulosa. Flowers

should be examined carefully as the number of glandular

hairs varies considerably, and they are also usually present

on the bracteoles of both species.

Common name: Common Corkwood.

6. Commiphora discolor Mendes in Bolm

Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 41: 155; t. 1 & 2 (1967);

Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 6 (1968); J. J. A. v.d.

Walt in Madoqua ser. 1: 10, t. 11-13 (1974);

in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 12: 204, fig. 2

(1975). Type: Angola, Huila, Mendes 1693

(LISC, holo.!; BM!; COI!).

16

Burseraceae

Dioecious tree 3— 9 m tall with a single

trunk; bark yellowish white, peeling around the

stem in papery strips; young branchlets gla-

brous, often spine-tipped. Leaves usually

simple but on long shoots often trifoliolate with

smaller lateral leaflets, glabrous, dark green

and shiny, subsessile, margin entire, subentire

or crenate-serrate, lamina of simple leaves

broadly elliptic to suborbicular, 30-60x

25-40 mm, apex truncate or acute, base trun-

cate or cuneate, leaflets of trifoliolate leaves

elliptic to broadly elliptic, sessile or subsessile,

apex acute, base cuneate, terminal leaflet

28-70x12-50 mm, lateral leaflets 14-32x

7—15 mm. Inflorescence : flowers borne in re-

duced cymes, glabrous. Flowers unisexual, hy-

pogynous, subsessile, glabrous. Disc not seen.

Stamens 8. Fruit subglobose, ± 9x8x8 mm,

glabrous; putamen smooth; pseudo-aril with 4

(3) arms of equal length reaching almost to apex

of putamen.

Apparently confined to the north-western part of

Kaokoland in S.W. A. /Namibia and Angola. It grows on

rocky hills and mountain slopes. Map 8.

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5490; Van der Wall

& Giess 29 1 .

The papery bark peeling around the stem resembles

that of C. merkeri (no. 3). Mendes (1967) mentioned in-

stances of a climbing habit in his description of this species.

Common name: Kaoko Corkwood.

7. Commiphora virgata Engl, in Bot. Jb.

19; 139 (1894); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2, 19a: 433

(1931); Exell & Mendon$a in C.F.A. 1: 300

(1951); Merxm. inF.S.W.A. 70; 9 (1968); J. J.

A. v.d. Walt in Dinteria 9: 23, 24 (1973); in

Madoqua ser. 1: 20, t. 34-36 (1974); in Mitt.

bot. StSamml., Munch. 12: 209, fig. 6, 26b &

b, (1975). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Sorris-Sor-

ris, Giirich 68 (B, holo. t; BM, sketch!).

Dioecious shrub-like tree 0,5-3 m tall,

branching near ground level into relatively thick

stems; bark yellowish white to silvery, peeling

around the stems in papery strips of the same

colour; young branchlets glabrous, slender and

often drooping, not spine-tipped. Leaves trifo-

liolate, glabrous; petiole 2-15 mm long; leaf-

lets narrowly obovate, elliptic or broadly ellip-

tic; petiolules less than 1 mm long; margin en-

tire, apex obtuse, seldom retuse or acute, base

cuneate, terminal leaflet (4-)12(-25)x(2-)7

(-10) mm, lateral leaflets (4 — )10( — 15)x(2 — )

5(— 7) mm. Inflorescence : reduced cymes, gla-

brous, or flowers solitary. Flowers unisexual,

hypogynous, subsessile, glabrous. Disc 4-

lobed, not adnate to perianth. Stamens 8. Fruit

irregularly subglobose, ellipsoid or obovoid, ±

8x7x7 mm, glabrous; putamen rugose, with a

prominent hump on upper half of less convex

face; pseudo-anl white to reddish, with 4 arms

of equal length reaching almost to apex of puta-

men, in some cases also isolated fragments.

Occurs in S.W. A. /Namibia on the edge of the Namib

Desert, and it has been collected from Ombepera in the

north to Solitaire in the south It usually grows on rocky

hills or stony slopes. Map 9.

Vouchers: De Winter 3147; De Winter & Leistner

5663; MerxmiiUer & Giess 928.

C. virgata is closely related to C. giessii (no. 8) and

their leaves, flowers and fruits are very similar. The differ-

ences between the two species have been discussed in detail

by Van der Walt (1973)

Common name: Slender Corkwood.

Burseraceae

17

8. Commiphora giessii J. J. A. v.d. Walt

in Dinteria 9: 23—28, fig. 1-5 (1973); in

Madoqua ser. 1: 11, t. 14—16 (1974); in Mitt,

bot. StSamml., Miinch. 12: 210, fig. 7 (1975).

Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, near Sesfontein, Van

der Walt 242 (PRE, holo. ; WIND; STE; M).

Dioecious shrub, 1,5-3 m tall, many

stems of ± 25 mm in diameter sprouting from

ground level; bark reddish brown and usually

not peeling; young branchlets glabrous, very

slender, often drooping, not spine-tipped.

Leaves trifoliolate, glabrous; petiole 5-25 mm

long; leaflets elliptic to narrowly obovate; pe-

tiolules less than 1 mm long; margin entire,

apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate, terminal

leaflet (10— )12(— 45)x(5— )10(— 25) mm, late-

ral leaflets (10— )15(— 35)x(5— )7(— 15) mm.

Inflorescence : reduced cymes, glabrous, or

flowers solitary. Flowers unisexual, hypogy-

nous, subsessile, glabrous. Disc 4-lobea, not

adnate to perianth. Stamens 8. Fruit irregularly

obovoid or subglobose, ± 6x5x5 mm, gla-

brous; putamen slightly rugose, with a promi-

nent hump on upper half of less convex face;

pseudo- anl reddish, with 4 thin arms of equal

length reaching almost to apex of putamen.

Confined to Kaokoland in S.W. A. /Namibia where it

is known from Okonjombo to Sesfontein. It is very common

north-west of Sesfontein where it grows on the slopes of

mountains, on hills and also in valleys. This area is hot and

arid with an annual rainfall of ± 250 mm. Map 10.

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5713, 5869; Giess &

Leippert 7418.

C. giessii differs from C. virgata (no. 7) in habit and

bark characteristics. The short trunk of C. virgata branches

into relatively thick stems, and its bark peels off in yellow-

ish white to silvery papery strips (Van der Walt, 1973).

Common name: Brown-stem Corkwood.

9. Commiphora multijuga (Hiern) K.

Schum. in Just’s bot. Jber. 27: 480 (1901);

Exell & Mendonga in C.F.A. 1: 302 (1951);

Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 7 (1968); J. J. A. v.d.

Walt in Madoqua ser. 1: 15, t. 24—26 (1974);

in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Miinch. 12: 213, fig.

27a & a,, 29C & C, (1975). Type: Angola,

Mossamedes, between Cazimba and Pomang-

ala. Welwitsch 4503 (BM. holo.!; LISU!).

Dioecious tree 3-8 m tall, usually with a

single trunk; bark reddish grey to dark grey,

smooth, not peeling but in some cases cracked

on old trunks; young branchlets sparsely pubes-

cent or pubescent. Leaves pinnate, 4—10-

jugate, sparsely pubescent or almost glabrous;

petiole 15-40 mm long, slender; leaflets asym-

metrically elliptic, broadly elliptic or rotund but

abruptly acuminate at both ends, (12— )18

(-25) x (10 — )13(— 20) mm; petiolules 5-15

mm long, slender, margin entire, apex acute,

base cuneate. Inflorescence-, simple or com-

pound dichasial cymes or thyrsoid, up to 50 mm

long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Flowers

unisexual, perigynous. Pedicel 1—4 mm long,

pedicel and calyx glabrous or sparsely pube-

scent. Petals conspicuously recurved. Disc 4-

lobed, upper part of lobes free but lower part

adnate to hypanthium. Stamens 8. Fruit subglo-

bose, c. 15 x 15 x 14 mm, glabrous; putamen

smooth; pseudo- aril red, cupular with 4 arms of

equal length reaching almost to apex of puta-

men.

Occurs in S.W. A. /Namibia, mainly in Kaokoland

from the Kunene River southwards to Welwitschia. Also

recorded from Angola. Map 1 1 .

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5233; Merxmiiller &

Giess 1383; Van der Walt & Giess 291.

18

Burseraceae

C. multijuga is distinguished by its typical pale green-

ish leaves which contrast well against the dark bark. The

graceful leaves with drooping leaflets are very aromatic.

Large quantities of colourless, pungent and sticky resin

exude when twigs are cut.

Common name: Purple-stem Corkwood.

10. Commiphora neglecta Verdoorn in

Bothalia 6: 214 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 2: 271

(1963); J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Bothalia 11: 71,

fig. 33-38 (1973). Type: Transvaal, Skukuza,

Codd & Verdoorn 5498 (PRE, holo. !).

Polygamous or dioecious many-stemmed

shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall; bark grey to

green, smooth or flaking in small yellowish

papery pieces; young branchlets with a few

short hairs, spine-tipped. Leaves trifoliolate,

with a few short hairs, green; petiole 5—45 mm

long; leaflets elliptic or ovate to broadly ovate;

petiolules usually less than 1 mm long; margins

entire or upper half finely crenate-serrate, apex

acute, base cuneate, terminal leaflet up to 45 x

30 mm, lateral leaflets up to 30 x 22 mm.

Inflorescence : axillary dichasial cymes or flow-

ers borne in clusters. Flowers bisexual or uni-

sexual, hypogynous, Pedicel 2-5 mm long,

pedicel and calyx often with a few short hairs.

Disc 4-lobed, not adnate to perianth. Stamens

8. Fruit subglobose, ± 15 x 14 x 14 mm,

glabrous; putamen smooth; pseudo-aril red,

with 4 arms, 2 commissural arms reaching al-

most to apex of putamen, 2 facial arms shorter.

Occurs in central and northern Tvl., and is widely

distributed in Natal, being particularly common in northern

Zululand. It usually grows on the slopes of mountains or in

sandy, well-drained soil. Also recorded from Mozambique.

Map 12.

Vouchers: Codd 4821, 664 1 ; De Winter 8985; Van der

Walt 69.

C. neglecta differs from related species in its particular

combination of characteristics rather than in any single

outstanding feature. This is probably the reason why it was

described only in 195 1 .

Although plants in nature only develop trifoliolate

leaves, it has been observed that leaves of pole cuttings can

be pinnate with two pairs of lateral leaflets.

Common name: Sweet-root Corkwood.

11. Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl, in

A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 23 (1883); in Pflan-

zenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931); Burtt Davy, FI.

Transv. 2: 484 (1932); Brenan in Kew Bull.

1950: 367 (1950); Exell & Mendon$a inC.F.A.

1: 298 (1951); in F.Z. 2: 273 (1963); Merxm. in

F.S.W.A. 23: 7 (1968); J. J. A. v.d. Walt in

Bothalia 11: 73, fig. 39-44 (1973); in Mitt,

bot. StSamml., Munch. 12: 211, fig. 8 (1975).

Type: Mozambique, Chiramba, between Tete

ana coast, Kirk s.n (K, holo. !).

Balsamodendrum molle Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 326 (1868).

Balsamea mollis (Oliv.) Engl, in Bot. Jb. 1: 42 (1881).

Commiphora welwitschii Engl, in A. DC., Monogr.

Phan. 4: 22 (1883); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931);

Type: Angola, Huila, Welwitsch 4493 (G, holo. , only photo

seen;LISU!).

C. cinerea Engl, in Bot. Jb. 19: 139 (1895); in Pflanzen-

fam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Otji-

tambi, Giirich 21 (B, holo.f; K, fragment!).

C. stuhlmannii Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost.-Afr. C: 230

(1895); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931); Type: Tan-

zania, Bukombe, Stuhlmann 3450 (B, holo.t; K. fragment!;

BM, sketch!).

C. dekindtiana Engl, in Bot. Jb. 34: 312 (1905); in Pflan-

zenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: Angola, Huila, Ben-

guela, Dekindt 225 (B, holo.t; K, fragment!).

C. heterophylla Engl, in Bot. Jb. 34: 312 (1905); in

Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: Tanzania, Kili-

mandiaro area between Taveta and Bura, Engler 1906 (B,

holo.T; K, fragment!).

C. montana Engl, in Bot. Jb. 34: 312 (1905); in Pflan-

zenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: Angola, Huila, Ben-

guela, Dekindt 46 (B, holo.t; K, fragment!).

C. krausei Engl, in Bot. Jb. 44: 152 (1910); Pflanzen-

fam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: Tanzania, Tabora, Von

Trotha 8a (B, holo.t; K, fragment!).

C. iringensis Engl, in Bot. Jb. 44: 150 (1910); in Pflan-

zenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: Tanzania, Uhehe,

Spiegel sub Amani Herbarium 2507 (B, holo.t; EA!).

C. boehmii Engl, in Bot. Jb. 48: 472 (1913); in Pflanzen-

fam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Syntypes: Tanzania, Gonda,

Bohm 281 (B t; K, fragment, lecto. !); Salanda, Fischer 292

(Bt; K, fragment!).

C. ndemfi Engl, in Bot. Jb. 54: 293 (1917); in Pflanzen-

fam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: Tanzania, Urambo,

Stolz 1678 (B, holo.t; K!, lecto.!; Z!; P!).

Dioecious tree 3—8 m tall with a single

trunk; bark brown to greyish green, usually

peeling in thick discs; young branchlets spar-

Burseraceae

19

sely pilose to densely pubescent, not spine-

tipped. Leaves pinnate, 2-6-jugate, occasion-

ally trifoliolate, sparsely pilose to tomentose,

greyish green but usually distinctly paler and

more hairy below; petiole 10-30 mm long;

leaflets elliptic or oblong-elliptic but terminal

leaflet often obovate (7 — )24(— 52) x (4-) 11

(-35) mm, sessile or subsessile but petiolule of

terminal leaflet up to 15 mm long, margin en-

tire, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate to

broadly cuneate. Inflorescence : simple or com-

pound dichasial cymes up to 40 mm long,

pilose to pubescent. Flowers unisexual, hypo-

gynous. Pedicel 3—8 mm long, pedicel, calyx

and corolla pilose to pubescent. Disc 4-lobed,

not adnate to perianth. Stamens 8. Fruit subglo-

bose, 15x13x13 mm, pilose to pubescent;

putamen smooth; pseudo-aril with 4 winged

arms, 2 commissural arms reaching almost to

apex of putamen, 2 facial arms shorter.

Widely distributed in the northern part of S.W.A ./

Namibia, Botswana and northern Tvl. Grows on stony hills

or well-drained sandy soil in savanna- woodland. Also

recorded from Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania,

Angola and Zaire. Map 13.

Vouchers: De Winter 7544; Giess & Muller 11801;

Meeuse 10573; Van der Walt 77.

The variation in hairiness of the young stems and

leaves, as well as the variation in the form and size of the

leaflets, can account for the many synonyms.

This species is easily grown from pole cuttings which

are often planted as fencing poles. The young branches are

grazed by cattle and game .

Common name: Velvet Corkwood.

12. Commiphora marlothii Engl, in Bot.

Jb. 44: 155 (1910); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a:

438 (1931); Palgrave, Trees Cent. Afr. 55, t. &

photo (1956); Wild in F.Z. 2: 281 (1963);

Lisowski, Malaisse & Symoens in Bull. Jard.

bot. nat. Belg. 40: 360 (1970); J. J. A. v.d.

Walt in Bothalia 11: 78 (1973). Syntypes: Zim-

babwe, Matopos, Marloth 3397 (Bt; PRE, lec-

to.!;K, fragment!); Marloth 3402 (Bt).

Dioecious tree up to 9 m tall; bark peeling

in large yellowish papery pieces; young branch-

lets obtuse, densely pilose to pubescent. Leaves

pinnate, 3-5-jugate, pubescent to tomentose,

dark green; petiole 15—95 mm long, with me-

dullary vascular bundles; leaflets obovate to

broadly elliptic; petiolules 1-2 mm long; mar-

gins crenate-serrate to finely lobed, apex obtuse

to acute, base cuneate or rounded, terminal

leaflet up to 80x40 mm, lateral leaflets up to

60x35 mm. Inflorescence: axillary, paniculate

simple or compound dichasial cymes. Flowers

unisexual, hypogynous. Pedicel less than 1 mm

long, pedicel and calyx pubescent. Petals pilose

outside. Disc 4-lobed, pilose, not adnate to

perianth. Stamens 8. Fruit subglobose, ±

20x17x16 mm, pilose; putamen slightly ru-

gose; pseudo-aril yellow, with 4 arms, 2 com-

missural arms reaching almost to apex of puta-

men, 2 facial arms shorter and of different

lengths.

Widely distributed in northern Tvl. and also known

from Botswana. It usually grows on arid mountain slopes or

granite hills. Also recorded from Zimbabwe and Zambia.

Map 14.

Vouchers: Codd & De Winter 5534; De Winter 7083;

Gerstner 6043; Van der Walt 49;

The papery bark has been used as writing paper.

Common name: Paperbark Corkwood.

20

Burseraceae

13. Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl.

in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 25 (1883); in

Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931); Burtt

Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 484 (1932); Henkel,

Woody PI . Natal 213 (1934); J. J. A. v.d. Walt

in Bothalia 11: 76, fig. 45-50 (1973). Type:

Natal, Durban, Gerrard & McKen 689 (TCD,

holo.!; K!).

Balsamea harveyi Engl, in Bot. Jb. 1: 42 (1881).

Protium africanum Harv. in F.C. 2: 592 (1862); Swart,

Monog. Protium 393 (1942).

Dioecious tree 4-18 m tall; bark peeling

in large brown papery pieces or in thicker discs;

young branchlets fluted and with a few very

short hairs. Leaves pinnate, 2-3-jugate, occa-

sionally trifoliolate, with a few very short hairs,

green; petiole 10—60 mm long; leaflets lanceo-

late to elliptic to ovate; petiolules 5—15 mm

long; margins crenate-serrate to coarsely cre-

nate-serrate, apex acute, base cuneate, terminal

leaflet up to 80x30 mm, lateral leaflets up to

60x25 mm. Inflorescence : axillary paniculate

cymes. Flowers unisexual, hypogynous. Pedi-

cel 2-3 mm long, pedicel and calyx with a few

very short hairs. Disc 4-lobed, not adnate to

perianth. Stamens 8. Fruit subglobose, ±

14x12x12 mm, glabrous, putamen smooth;

pseudo-aril light red, with 4 arms, 2 commissu-

ral arms reaching almost to apex of putamen, 2

facial arms of variable length but shorter.

Occurs in north-eastern Tvl., eastern Tvl., Swaziland,

Transkei and eastern Cape as far south as East London, but

it is widely distributed in Natal and Zululand. It usually

grows on the slopes of mountains or in kloofs as part of

coastal forests. Also recorded from Mozambique. Map 15.

Vouchers: Acocks 12984; Codd & De Winter 3259;

Compton 29733; Van der Walt 95.

C. harveyi is easily grown from pole cuttings which

are often planted as fencing poles.

Common name: Red-stem Corkwood.

14. Commiphora mossambicensis (Oliv.)

Engl, in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 26 (1883);

Wild in F.Z. 2: 274, t. 51 fig. C (1963); in Mitt,

bot. StSamml., Munch. 12: 214, fig. 10

(1975). Type: Malawi, Shire River, Kirk s.n.

(K, holo.!).

Protium ? mossambicense Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 329 (1868).

Commiphora fischeri Engl, in Bot. Jb. 15: 97 (1893);

Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: Tanzania, sine

loco, Fischer 131 (B, holo.t; K, fragment!).

C. stolzii Engl, in Bot. Jb. 54: 292 (1917); Pflanzenfam.

edn 2,19a: 435, fig. 203 (1931); Miller in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 18:

39 (1952). Type: Tanzania, Kyimbila, Stolz 1725 (B,

holo.t; Z!;K!;BM!).

Dioecious tree 3-10 m tall; bark grey,

smooth, not peeling; young branchlets sparsely

pilose to densely pubescent with hairs and

golden glandular hairs, not spine-tipped.

Leaves trifoliolate or more rarely pinnate (2-

jugate), sparsely pilose to densely pubescent

with hairs and golden glandular hairs, bright

green; petiole 50-80 mm long; leaflets ovate,

broadly ovate, suborbicular or oblate, 15-70x

10-85 mm; petiolules 2-10 mm long; margin

entire, apex often abruptly acuminate, base

truncate. Inflorescence', tnyrsoid, up to 70 mm

long, sparsely pilose to densely pubescent with

hairs and golden glandular hairs. Flowers uni-

sexual, perigynous. Pedicel 1-2 mm, pedicel,

calyx and corolla sparsely pilose to densely

pubescent with hairs and golden glandular

hairs. Disc with 4 large and 4 small lobes, up-

per part of lobes free and lower part adnate to

Burseraceae

21

hypanthium. Stamens 8. Fruit subglobose,

± 12x11x8 mm, sparsely pilose; putamen

smooth; pseudo-aril with 2 commissural arms

reaching almost to apex of putamen and 2 facial

arms reaching three-quarters of the way up-

wards.

Within the F.S.A. area C. mossambicensis is known

from Mpilila Island in the Capri vi strip and Botswana. Also

recorded from Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania,

Zambia and Zimbabwe. Map 16.

Vouchers: Killick & Leistner 3365; Leach & Noel 6;

Pole Evans 3233.

Common name: Pepper-leaf Corkwood.

15. Commiphora dinteri Engl, in Bot.

Jb. 44: 151 (1910); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a:

438 (1931); Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 6 (1968);

J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Madoqua ser. 1: 9, t. 7-10

(1974); in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 12:

215, fig. 11, 28c & c„ 29d & d, (1975). Svn-

pes: S.W. A. /Namibia, Omatako, (sphalm.

malako) Dinter 1393 (B,t); sine loco, Dinter

1477 (B,t; Z!; K, fragment!).

Dioecious shrub 0,5-3 m tall, many rela-

tively thin stems sprouting from ground level;

bark yellowish green to greyish brown with

dark spots, smooth, not peeling; young branch-

lets glabrous, usually slender, not spine-tipped.

Leaves trifoliolate, glabrous, green; petiole

2—18 mm long; leaflets obovate or broadly

elliptic, subsessile, margin usually finely

crenate-serrate, apex obtuse, seldom truncate or

retuse, base cuneate, terminal leaflet (6-) 14

(-22)x(4-)10(-15) mm, lateral leaflets (4-)

9(-12)X(2-)6(-9) mm. Inflorescence : flow-

ers solitary. Flowers unisexual, perigynous,

subsessile. Calyx glandular, otherwise gla-

brous. Disc 4-lobed, adnate to hypanthium.

Stamens 8. Fruit ovoid, ± 11x8x8 mm, api-

culate, glabrous; putamen smooth; pseudo-aril

red, cupular with 4 (3) arms, 2 commissural

arms reaching almost to apex of putamen, facial

arms much shorter, arm on more convex face of

putamen often completely undeveloped.

Occurs in S.W. A. /Namibia, mainly in the Namib

Desert or on its fringes. It is known from Orupemba south-

wards to the Zaris mountains near Maltahohe, and

eastwards to Rehoboth. Map 17.

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5737; Merxmuller <&

Giess 935; Van der Walt 267 .

The leaves of specimens collected near Orupemba are

relatively large. Exceptionally large leaves of other species

of Commiphora are also known from this part of Kaoko-

land.

Herbarium specimens of C. dinteri and C. capensis

(no. 30) with leaves only, could be confused. The fruit of

C. dinteri, however, has a pseudo-aril which is completely

lacking in C. capensis.

Common name: Namib Corkwood.

16. Commiphora gracilifrondosa Dinter

ex J. J. A. v.d. Walt in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 37: 190

(1971); in Bothalia 11: 95, fig. 94-99 (1973);

in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 12: 216, fig.

12 (1975): Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Warmbad,

near Auros, Dinter 5124 (BOL, holo.; S!; K!;

Bt).

Dioecious shrub-like tree 1-3 m tall,

trunk branching above ground level into thick

stems with succulent appearance; bark reddish

brown with dark spots, not peeling; young

branchlets glabrous, slender, not spine-tipped.

Leaves trifoliolate with the terminal leaflet of-

ten irregularly lobed, glabrous, green; petiole

4—20 mm long; leaflets linear to cultrate but

very variable in size and form, sessile or sub-

sessile, margin irregularly and rather coarsely

dentate- serrate, apex obtuse to acute, base

cuneate, terminal leaflet (15-)25(-45)x

( 10— )15( — 20) mm, lateral leaflets (7— )20

( — 35) x 1 — 2 mm. Inflorescence : dichasial

cymes up to 50 mm long, sparsely glandular, or

flowers solitary. Flowers unisexual, perigy-

nous. Pedicel 1 -4 mm long, pedicel, calyx and

hypanthium sparsely glandular. Disc 4-lobed,

adnate to hypanthium. Stamens 4 only. Fruit

subglobose to ellipsoid, ± 10x8x7 mm, gla-

brous; putamen smooth; pseudo-aril cupular

with 2 long commissural arms, covering lower

quarter of more convex face of putamen and

lower half of other face .

22

Burseraceae

Map 18. — Commiphora gracilifrondosa

Map 19. — Commiphora oblanceolata

Occurs in north-western Cape and southern part of

S.W. A. /Namibia. It has been collected from Goodhouse in

the west to Kenhardt in the east where it grows on the arid

mountains along the Orange River. Map 18.

Vouchers: Acocks 21795; Giess & Muller 12147; Van

der Walt 124.

The relatively large leaves with characteristic leaflets,

distinguish this species from others with a similar habit.

Young branches are browsed by goats and game. The

local name of ‘Suikerkan’ is probably derived from the

sweet taste of the wood.

Common name: Kairee Corkwood.

17. Commiphora oblanceolata Schinz in

Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 8; 633 (1908);

Engl, in Pflanzenfam. edn 2, 19a: 435 (1931);

Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 7 (1968); J. J. A. v.d.

Walt in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 37: 196 (1971); in

Madoqua ser. 1: 16, t. 27-29 (1974); in Mitt,

bot. StSamml., Miinch. 12: 217, fig. 13

(1975). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Kaokoveld,

Kan-Tal, Dinter 1497 (Z, holo.!; K!; W!).

Dioecious shrub-like tree, 1-3 m tall,

trunk branching above ground level into thick

stems with succulent appearance; bark grey to

dark grey, smooth, not peeling; young branch-

lets glandular but otherwise glabrous, not spine-

tipped. Leaves trifoliolate, glandular, green; pe-

tiole 3-25 mm long; leaflets narrowly oblan-

ceolate to oblanceolate, (7-)13(-45)x (3-)4

(-9) mm, sessile or subsessile, margin finely

serrate-dentate or almost entire, apex obtuse,

base cuneate. Inflorescence : simple dichasial

cymes up to 10 mm long, glandular, or flowers

solitary. Flowers unisexual, perigynous. Pedi-

cel 0,4-1 mm long, pedicel and calyx sparsely

glandular. Disc 4-lobed, adnate to hypanthium.

Stamens 4 only. Fruit subglobose, ± 9x8x8

mm, glabrous; putamen and pseudo-aril not

seen.

Occurs in the north-western part of S.W.A./Namibia

from Swartbooisdrif in the north to the Namib Desert Park

in the south. It is common on the farm Palmenhorst where it

grows on the slopes of the arid mountains near the Swakop

River. Map 19.

Vouchers: Giess 9342; Kotze 92; Merxmiiller <& Giess

1751.

C. oblanceolata and C. gracilifrondosa (no. 16) are

the only two species with the reduced number of four sta-

mens per flower. They can, however, easily be distin-

guished on leaf characteristics (Van der Walt, 1971).

The leaves of specimens collected in northern Kaoko-

land, are decidedly larger than those of the specimens

occurring south.

Common name: Bastard Karree Corkwood.

18. Commiphora namaensis Schinz in

Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 8: 633 (1908);

Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 7 (1968); J. J. A. v.d.

Walt in Bothalia 11: 92, fig. 88—93 (1973); in

Mitt. bot. StSamml., Miinch. 12: 218, fig. 14

(1975). Type: S.W.A./Namibia, Inachab,

Dinter 958 (Z, holo.!; M, fragment!).

C. rotundifolia Dinter & Engl, in Bot. Jb. 46: 289

(1912); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2, 19a: 438 (1931). Type:

S.W.A./Namibia, Seeheim, Dinter 1203 (B, holo.!; K,

fragment!).

Dioecious shrub-like tree 0,5-3 m tall,

trunk branching above ground level into many

relatively thin stems; bark light grey, not peel-

ing; young branchlets glabrous, not spine-

tipped Leaves simple but on long shoots occa-

sionally trifoliolate with lateral leaflets a quarter

to a third the size of terminal leaflet, glabrous,

green; petiole 3-7 mm long; lamina rotund or

Burseraceae

23

orbicular, (5-)9(-15)x(4-)7(-12) mm,

margin serrate-dentate, apex obtuse, base cu-

neate. Inflorescence : flowers in clusters. Flow-

ers unisexual, perigynous, subsessile, glabrous.

Disc 4-lobed, adnate to hypanthium. Stamens

8. Fruit subglobose or ellipsoid, 10x8x7 mm,

glabrous; putamen slightly rugose; pseudo-aril

red, cupular with 2 commissural arms, covering

the lower third of the more convex face of puta-

men and the lower half of the other face.

C. namaensis shows a disjunct distribution pattern. It

has been collected in the Brandberg area, but its main centre

of distribution is in the southern part of S.W. A. /Namibia

and north-western Cape where it grows in the mountains

near the Orange River from Goodhouse westwards. This

area is extremely dry and hot with an annual rainfall of less

than 80 mm. Map 20.

Vouchers: Acocks 18168; Merxmiiller & Giess 1688;

Van der Walt 113, 120.

Trifoliolate leaves were seen on long shoots of plants

growing near Uis. Similar leaves and transitional forms of

simple to trifoliolate leaves also developed on plants culti-

vated at Stellenbosch.

Common name: Nama Corkwood.

19. Commiphora glaucescens Engl, in

Bot. Jb. 10: 283 (1888); in Pflanzenfam. edn

2,19a: 435 (1931): Exell & Mendonca in

C.F.A. 1,2: 302 (1951); Merxm. in F.S.W.A.

70: 6 (1968); J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Madoqua ser.

1: 12, t. 17— 20 (1974); in Mitt. bot. StSamml.,

Munch. 12: 219, fig. 15, 28a & a, , 29e & e,

(1975). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Usakos, Mar-

loth 1306 (Bt).

C. pruinosa Engl, in Bot. Jb. 26: 368 (1899); in Pflan-

zenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia,

Otyimbingue, llse Fischer 168 (B, holo.t; K, fragment!;

BM, sketch!).

C. hereroensis Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 8:

632 (1908). Syntypes: S.W. A. /Namibia, Potmine, Ubib,

Fleck 447 & 742 (Z!).

Dioecious tree 2— 8 m tall with a single

trunk or shrub-like tree 1 -2 m tall with a trunk

branching near ground level; bark yellowish

brown to reddish brown, peeling in papery

pieces or discoid flakes of the same colour;

young branchlets glabrous or sparsely pilose to

densely pilose, not spine-tipped. Leaves

simple, glabrous or sparsely pilose to densely

pilose, glaucous or pale green, subsessile, ellip-

tic or broadly elliptic seldom obovate, (15 — )40

(— 100) x (8— )25(-60) mm, margin entire,

apex usually truncate, seldom retuse or acute,

base truncate or cuneate. Inflorescence : simple

or compound dichasial cymes or thyrsoid, up to

80 mm long, glabrous or pilose to densely pi-

lose, often with leaf-like bracts up to 10x7

mm. Flowers unisexual, perigynous. Pedicel

2-10 mm long, pedicel, calyx and corolla gla-

brous or sparsely pilose to pilose. Disc 8-lobed,

upper part of lobes free but lower part adnate to

hypanthium. Stamens 8. Fruit ellipsoid, ±

11x6x4 mm, glabrous or pilose; putamen

smooth; pseudo-aril red, cupular with 4 or 3

short lobes, covering lower quarter to third of

putamen, 2 commissural lobes slightly longer

than 2 facial lobes, lobe on more convex face of

putamen in some cases undeveloped.

Widely distributed in the western part of S.W. A. /Na-

mibia. It occurs from the northern border of Kaokoland to

Maltahohe in the south, and it has been collected as far east

as Grootfontein. Also recorded from Angola. Map 21 .

Vouchers: De Winter & Giess 7103; Merxmiiller &

Giess 909; Van der Walt 236, 254.

Differences in habit, colour of the bark, size and de-

gree of hairiness of the leaves, occur among representatives

24

Burseraceae

from different geographical areas. In the southern and east-

ern parts of its distribution range, C. glaucescens is a shrub

with spreading, procumbent branches with small and gla-

brous leaves. In Kaokoland single-boled trees with large

and very hairy leaves are found.

Elephants and other game browse on the young shoots

and branches.

Common name: Blue-leaved Corkwood.

20. Commiphora wildii Merxm., in Mitt,

bot. StSamml., Munch. 3: 609 (1960); in

F.S.W.A. 70: 9 (1968); J. J. A. v.d. Walt in

Madoqua ser. 1: 21, t. 37-39 (1974); in Mitt,

bot. StSamml., Munch. 12: 222, fig. 17, 27b &

b, , 29g & g! (1975). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia,

Kaokoland, W. of Sanitatas, Merxmuller &

Giess 1453 (M, holo.!; PRE!).

Dioecious shrub-like tree 1-2,5 mm tall,

trunk branching above ground level into rela-

tively thick stems; bark grey-brown, shiny,

smooth, occasionally peeling in papery strips;

young branchlets pubescent to densely pubes-

cent, often very short and stout. Leaves pinna-

tely lobed or divided, (l-)2-4-jugate, pubes-

cent to densely pubescent, glaucous; petiole

3-15 mm long; leaflets usually asymmetrically

obovate or elliptic, (7 — )20( — 25) x (4 — ) 1 0

(-12) mm, sessile, acroscopic margin incised

to rachis but basiscopic margin decurrent along

rachis, margin entire, apex obtuse or emargi-

nate, seldom acute. Inflorescence : simple or

compound dichasial cymes or thyrsoid, up to 40

mm long, pilose to densely pilose, or flowers

solitary. Flowers unisexual, perigynous. Pedi-

cel 2-6 mm long, pedicel, calyx and corolla

sparsely pilose to densely pilose. Disc 8-lobed,

adnate to hypanthium. Stamens 8. Fruit ovoid

to subglobose, ± 11x10x9 mm, puberulous;

putamen smooth; pseudo-aril yellow to orange,

cupular with 2-4 short lobes, commissural

lobes slightly longer than facial lobes, covering

lower quarter of putamen.

Occurs in S.W. A. /Namibia mainly on the edge of the

Namib Desert, and it is found from the northern border of

Kaokoland to Uis in the south. Also recorded from Angola..

Map 22.

Vouchers: De Winter & Hardy 8170; De Winter &

Leistner 5712; Giess 9714.

C. wildii is an attractive shrub with the glaucous leaves

and shiny, grey-brown bark contrasting well against the

black dolomite rocks on which it is often found. The leaves

are characteristically lobed and resemble those of an oak.

Common name: Oak-leaved Corkwood.

21. Commiphora anacardiifolia Dinter

& Engl, in Bot. Jb. 48: 475, fig. 2B-Bb

(1912); Engl, in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435

(1931); Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 5 (1968);

J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Madoqua ser. 1: 7, t. 1—3

(1974); in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 221,

fig, 16, 29f & fl (1975). Type: S.W.A./Nami-

bia, Haobes, Dinter 1492 (B, holo.t; K, frag-

ment and photo of holo.!; BM, sketch of

holo.!).

Dioecious tree 5— 10 m tall with a single

trunk; bark yellowish brown, peeling in large

apery pieces of the same colour; young

ranchlets pilose, obtuse. Leaves simple, pi-

lose, dark green, sessile or subsessile, excep-

tionally large, (70— )130 (-200) x (30-) 80

(-140) mm, narrowly elliptic to broadly ellip-

tic, midrib prominent, margin entire, apex ob-

tuse, base cuneate. Inflorescence', thyrsoid, up

to 200 mm long, many-flowered, pilose. Flow-

ers unisexual, perigynous. Pedicel 2-4 mm

long, pedicel, calvx and corolla sparsely pilose

or pilose. Disc 8-lobed, upper part of lobes free

but lower part adnate to hypanthium. Stamens

8. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, ± 15x11x10 mm,

glabrous; putamen smooth; pseudo-aril yellow

to orange, cupular with 4 short lobes, covering

lower quarter to third of putamen.

S.W. A. /Namibia, apparently confined to a small area

in Kaokoland on the fringe of the Namib Desert, from the

Sanitatas area in the north to Twyfelfontein in the south.

Map 23.

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5671; Giess 12610;

Merxmuller 1434; Van der Walt 246.

The papery bark is typical of Commiphora, and the

relatively large leaves are an outstanding characteristic to

identify the species.

Common name: Large-leaved Corkwood.

Burseraceae

25

22. Commiphora saxicola Engl, in Bot.

Jb. 10: 283 (1888); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a:

437 (1931); Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 8 (1968);

J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Madoqua ser. 1: 18, t.

30-33 (1974); in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch.

12: 224, fig. 19, 28b & b„ 29h & h, (1975).

Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Walvis Bay, Marloth

1221 (B, holo. t; PRE!).

C. dulcis Engl, in Bot. Jb. 19: 141 (1894). Type:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Tsoachoub near Husab, Gtirich 6 (?).

Dioecious shrub-like tree or small tree

0,2-4 m tall with trunk 0,1 - 1,5 m long; bark

S, finely pitted, smooth, not peeling; young

chlets with glandular hairs but otherwise

glabrous, not spine-tipped. Leaves pinnate,

2-6-jugate, with glandular hairs but otherwise

glabrous, green; petiole 3-35 mm long; leaflets

suborbicular to oblate, (3— )12(— 17)x(3— )

12(— 17) mm; petiolules less than 1 mm long;

margin rather coarsely crenate-serrate, apex

emarginate or truncate, base cuneate or trun-

cate. Inflorescence: raceme or thyrsoid up to 60

mm long, with glandular hairs. Flowers unisex-

ual, perigynous, subsessile. Pedicel, calyx,

corolla and ovary with glandular hairs. Disc

obscurely 8-lobed, adnate to hypanthium. Sta-

mens 8. Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, ± 10x6x6

mm, glabrous; putamen smooth; pseudo-aril

orange, cupular without any lobes, covering

lower third of putamen.

Occurs mainly on the fringe of the Namib Desert from

Sesfontein in the north to Nauchas in the south. It grows on

rocky hills or stony slopes but is also found on sandy flats.

Map 24.

Vouchers: De Winter 3137; De Winter & Hardy 8167;

Merxmiiller & Giess 30668; Van der Walt 273.

The habit of C. saxicola is decidedly variable. Close to

the west coast, north-east of Henties Bay, it is a small low-

growing shrub with thick procumbent stems. More inland it

is a single-boled tree attaining a height of up to four metres.

Common name: Rock Corkwood.

23. Commiphora edulis (Klotzsch) Engl.

in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 22 (1883); in

Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931); Wild in

F.Z. 2: 279 (1963); J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Botha-

lia 11: 81, fig. 57-62 (1973); in Mitt. bot.

StSamml., Munch. 12: 223, fig. 18 (1975).

Type: Mozambique, Sena, Peters s.n. (B, holo.

t; K!).

Hitzeria edulis Klotzsch in Peters, Reise Mossamb., Bot.

1:89(1861).

Commiphora chlorocarpa Engl, in Bot. Jb. 28: 414, t. IN

(1901); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931). Type: Tan-

zania, Ruaha River, Goetze 452 (B, holo. t).

Dioecious many-stemmed shrub or small

tree 2— 6 m tall; bark light grey, smooth or flak-

ing in small yellowish papery pieces; young

branchlets densely pubescent, obtuse. Leaves

pinnate, 2-6-jugate, pubescent, but scabrous

above, greyish green; petiole 30—80 mm long,

with medullary vascular bundles; leaflets nar-

rowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, (30-)50

(— 65)x (20-)22(— 30) mm; petiolules 4-10

mm long; margin usually entire, seldom finely

crenate-serrate, apex acute or rounded, base ob-

tuse. Inflorescence: compound dichasial cymes

or thyrsoid up to 150 mm long, pubescent.

Flowers unisexual, perigynous. Pedicel 1 — 1,5

mm long, pedicel, calyx and hypanthium pu-

bescent. Disc much reduced without distinct

lobes, adnate to hypanthium. Stamens 8. Fruit

subglobose, ± 24x23x23 mm, pilose; puta-

26

Burseraceae

men smooth; pseudo-aril red, cupular with 4

short lobes, covering lower third of putamen.

Occurs on Mpilila Island in the Caprivi strip

(S.W. A. /Namibia), Botswana and northern Tvl. where it is

particularly common in the vicinity of the Limpopo River.

It grows in savanna-woodland or broken mopaniveld in

well-drained, sandy soil. Also recorded from Zimbabwe,

Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. Map 25.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 4653; Killick & Leistner

3337; Van der Schijff 5222; Van der Walt 24.

Gillett (pers. comm.) suggested that C. edulis is con-

specific with C. boiviniana Engl. Several Kew specimens

of the different subspecies of C. boiviniana were studied

and compared with specimens of C. edulis. Differences in

the size and shape of the leaflets exist between the subspe-

cies of C. boiviniana and C. edulis, but the flowers and

fruits have basically the same structure. Medullary vascular

bundles which occur in the petiole of C. edulis, are also

found in the petioles of all the subspecies of C. boiviniana.

It seems likely therefore that C. edulis and C. boiviniana are

conspecific.

C. edulis is one of the first Commiphora species of

northern Transvaal to shed its leaves, the plants being leaf-

less as early as March.

The fruits are eaten by birds, rodents and baboons.

Common name: Rough-leaved Corkwood.

branchlets shallowly fluted, glabrous. Leaves

pinnate, 3-5-jugate, glabrous, green; petiole

15-60 mm long; leaflets oblanceolate to nar-

rowly elliptic; petiolules 2-5 mm long; mar-

gins entire to finely serrate, apex obtuse to

acute, base cuneate to rounded, terminal leaflet

up to 70x35 mm, lateral leaflets up to 70x25

mm. Inflorescence: axillary, paniculate, simple

or compound dichasial cymes. Flowers uni-

sexual, perigynous. Pedicel 40-60 mm long,

pedicel and calyx glabrous. Disc 4-lobed, ad-

nate to hypanthium. Stamens 8. Fruit subglo-

bose, ± 18x15x15 mm, glabrous; putamen

smooth; pseudo-aril red, cupular, covering

lower third to half of putamen.

So far this species has only been collected in Transvaal,

near the Kumane Dam in the Kruger National Park and in

Natal on the Makatini Flats in northern Zululand where it

grows in deep sandy soil in savanna- woodland. Also re-

corded from Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar, Tanzania

and Kenya. Map 26.

Vouchers: Garland 314; Van Wyk 4874, 4917; White

10439.

Common name: Lebombo Corkwood.

24. Commiphora zanzibarica (Baill.)

Engl, in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 28 (1883);

in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 433 (1931); Wild in

F.Z. 2: 279 (1963); J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Botha-

lia 11: 85, fig. 69-74 (1973). Type: Tanzania,

Zanzibar, Jablonski s.n. (P, holo.f).

Balsamea zanzibarica Baill. in Adansonia 11: 180

(1874); Engl, in Bot. Jb. 1:42(1881).

Commiphora spondioides Engl, in Bot. Jb. 26: 371

(1899); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2, 19a: 433 (1931). Type: Mo-

zambique, Maputo, Schlechter 1 1559 (B, holo. ! ; K!).

Dictecious tree, often many-stemmed and

up to 7 m tall; bark grey, not peeling; young

25. Commiphora woodii Engl, in Bot.

Jb. 15: 97 (1893); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a:

435 (1913); J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Bothalia 11:

83, fig. 63—68 (1973). Syntypes: Natal, Dur-

ban, Wood sub NH 861 (BT:; BM, lecto. !);

Pinetown, Rehmann s.n. (Bt?); Inanda, Reh-

mann s.n. (Bt?).

C. caryaefolia Oliv. in Hooker’s Icon. PI. 23: t. 2287

(1894); Engl, in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 435 (1931); Hen-

kel, Woody PI. Natal 213 (1934). Syntypes: Natal, Durban,

Wood 4095 (NH, lecto.!; BOL!); Inanda, Wood 1046

(NH!); Wood 1409 (not seen); Flanagan 1 107 (Z!).

Burseraceae

27

Dioecious tree up to 12 m tall; bark grey

and not peeling; young branchlets shallowly

fluted, obtuse, glabrous. Leaves pinnate, 3—5-

jugate, glabrous, green; petiole 30-90 mm

long; leaflets narrowly elliptic to elliptic; petio-

lules 2-5 mm long; margins crenate-serrate to

coarsely crenate-serrate, apex acute, base

cuneate to rounded, terminal leaflet up to

120x50 mm, lateral leaflets up to 130x50 mm.

Inflorescence : axillary, paniculate, simple or

dichasial cymes. Flowers unisexual, perigy-

nous. Pedicel less than 1 mm long, pedicel and

calyx glabrous. Disc 4-lobed, adnate to hypan-

thium. Stamens 8. Fruit subglobose, ±

20x19x18 mm, glabrous; putamen smooth;

pseudo-aril red, cupular with 1 very short facial

lobe, covering lower third of putamen. Figs 6, 7

Occurs near the coast from Zululand southwards to

East London. It usually grows on the slopes of mountains or

in kloofs as part of coastal forests. Also recorded from

Mozambique. Map 27.

Vouchers: Codd 1906; De Winter & Vahrmeijer 8481;

Moll & Morris 663; Pegler 1137.

C. woodii and C. zanzibarica (no. 24), two closely

related species, can be distinguished on features of the in-

florescences, flowers and fruit. The inflorescences and

flowers of C. zanzibarica are relatively long. Medullary

vascular bundles occur in the petioles of C. zanzibarica but

are absent in those of C. woodii. The leaves of C. woodii

and C. harveyi (no. 13) are sometimes also confused. Very

short hairs occur on the leaves of C. harveyi while those of

C. woodii are glabrous.

C. woodii grows easily from pole cuttings which are

often planted as fencing poles. Gum is prepared from the

bark.

26. Commiphora crenato-serrata Engl.

in Bot. Jb. 19: 140 (1894); in Pflanzenfam. edn

2,19a: 438 (1931); Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 5

(1968); J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Madoqua ser. 1: 8,

t. 4-6 (1974); in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch.

12: 226, fig. 20, 29i & i, (1975). Type:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Fransfontein, Giirich 71 (B,

holo.t; BM, sketch ofholo.!).

Dioecious tree 3-10 m tall with a single

trunk; bark light grey to pale brown, pitted,

smooth, not peeling; young branchlets with

large glandular hairs but otherwise glabrous,

conspicuously scarred, obtuse. Leaves pinnate,

3— 7-jugate, with large glandular hairs on

petiole, rachis and veins of leaflets but other-

wise glabrous, green; petiole 40—80 mm long,

with medullary vascular bundles; leaflets

usually lanceolate, seldom narrowly lanceolate,

(30-)60(-100)x(10— )20(-40) mm; petio-

lules 5—20 mm long; margin crenate-serrate,

apex acuminate, base truncate. Inflorescence

and flowers not seen. Fruit ovoid, ±

20 x 10 x 10 mm, conspicuously beaked, with a

few glandular hairs; putamen smooth; pseudo-

aril red, cupular with 0-4 short lobes, covering

lower third to half of putamen.

Occurs mainly in Kaokoland from the Swartbooisdrif

area in the north to Fransfontein in the south. It is also

common on rocky outcrops of dolomite ridges near Otjova-

sandu in the Etosna National Park. Map 28.

Vouchers: Hardy 2082; Tinley 1249; Van der Walt

249.

C. crenato-serrata is often confused in the field with

Kirkia acuminata Oliv. which it resembles superficially.

The trees bear large quantites of fruit from December to

April. A whitish-coloured resin with an aromatic odour is

exuded when leaves or branchlets are picked.

Common name: Damara Corkwood.

Common name: Forest Corkwood.

Map 28. — Commiphora crenato-serrata

28

Burseraceae

Fig. 6 — Commiphora woodii: A, branchlet with a leal and (lowers; B, branchlet with a leaf and mature fruits.

Burseraceae

29

FIG. 7. — Flowers of Commiphora woodii. A, male flower; B, longitudinal section of male flower; C, female flower;

D. female flower with the calyx and corolla partly removed.

30

Burseraceae

RG. 8. — Fruit of Commiphora woodii: A, side view of the fruit; B, view of the less convex face of putamen with

pseudo-aril; C, view of the more convex face of putamen with pseudo-aril; D, putamen and pseudo-aril as seen from above.

Burseraceae

31

27. Commiphora tenuipetiolata Engl, in

Bot. Jb. 48: 483, fig. 3L (1913); in Pflanzen-

fam. edn 2,19a: 438 (1931); Wild in F.Z. 2:

280 (1963); Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 9 (1968);

J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Bothalia 11: 87, fig.

75-81 (1973); in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch.

12: 227, fig. 21, 29j & j, (1975). Syntypes:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Otjiwarongo, Sesfontein,

Dinter 1721 (Bt; K, fragment!; BM, sketch!);

S.W. A. /Namibia, Bulspoort, Dinter 2109 (Bt;

K, fragment!).

Dioecious tree with a single trunk 2- 12 m

tall, occasionally shrub-like tree with a short

trunk; bark peeling in yellowish white papery

pieces to expose a blue-green underlayer or

peeling in thick brownish discs; young branch-

lets glabrous, sparsely pilose but rarely pubes-

cent, not spine-tipped. Leaves trifoliolate (then

mostly glabrous) or pinnate, 2-4-jugate (then

usually sparsely pilose to pubescent, occasion-

ally also with glandular hairs), glaucous, yel-

lowish green or green; petiole 7-50 mm long,

usually relatively thin and slender especially in

trifoliolate leaves; upper three-quarters of leaf-

let margin crenate-serrate, lower quarter suben-

tire or entire, occasionally exclusively entire,

terminal leaflet elliptic, broadly elliptic or obo-

vate, 12-65x7-30 mm; petiolule 1 — 4( — 12)

mm long; apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate

rarely obtuse, lateral leaflets elliptic to broadly

elliptic rarely suborbicular, 6-45x4-25 mm,

subsessile or sessile, apex acute rarely obtuse,

base cuneate or obtuse. Inflorescence: simple or

compound dichasial cymes up to 55 mm long,

glabrous, sparsely pilose or pubescent. Flowers

unisexual, perigynous. Pedicel 4-10 mm long,

Eedicel, hypanthium and calyx usually gla-

rous, seldom pilose, occasionally also with

glandular hairs. Disc reduced, without distinct

lobes, adnate to hypanthium. Stamens 8. Fruit

subglobose, ± 15x13x10 mm, glabrous;

pseudo-aril cupular with 2 facial lobes of varia-

ble length and form covering lower third to

three-quarters of putamen; lobe on less convex

face or putamen usually longer and larger than

other lobe.

Occurs in the northern part of S.W. A. /Namibia,

Botswana and northern Tvl. where it is particularly com-

mon north of the Soutpansberg. Grows in sandy, well-

drained soil. Also recorded from Zimbabwe. Map 29.

Vouchers: Codd 4836; De Winter & Hardy 8065; Van

derWaltb 1,284.

It is usually almost impossible to distinguish between

C. angolensis (no. 28) and hairy forms of C. tenuipetiolata,

using leaf characters alone. The glabrous forms of C. tenui-

petiolata usually have trifoliolate leaves with a thin and

slender petiole, whereas the hairy forms have trifoliolate or

pinnate leaves with a ‘normal’ petiole.

Common name: White-stem Corkwood.

28. Commiphora angolensis Engl, in

A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 24 (1883); in Pflan-

zenfam. edn 2,19a: 438 (1931); Exell & Men-

doza in C.F.A. 1: 300 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 2:

281 (1963); Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 5 (1968);

J. J. A. v.d. Walt in Bothalia 11: 90, fig.

82-87 (1973); in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch.

12: 229, fig. 22, 29k & k, (1975). Syntypes:

Angola, Luanda, Welwitsch 4485 (LISU,

lecto.!); sine loco 4488 (G, only photo, seen;

LISU!).

Balsamea angolensis (Engl.) Hiem, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw.

1:24(1896).

Commiphora oliveri Engl, in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4:

24 (1883); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a: 438 (1931). Type:

Botswana, Baines s.n. (K, holo.!).

C. rehmannii Eng. in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 15

(1883). Type: Transvaal, Rehmann s.n. (B, holo.t; K, frag-

ment and photo, of holo.!; BM, sketch of holo.!); Klippan,

Rehmann 5324 (Z, lecto. !).

C. longebracteata Engl, in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 19

(1883); in Pflanzenfam. edn 2,19a; 438 (1931). Type: An-

gola, Welwitsch 4494 (G, holo., only photo, seen; LISU!).

C. kwebensis N.E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1909: 98 (1909).

Syntypes: Botswana, Kwebe Hills, Lugard 34 (K \)',Lugard

86 (K, lecto.!).

C. gossweileri Engl, in Bot. Jb. 44: 147 (1910). Type:

Angola, Luanda, Gossweiler 442 (B, holo.t; K, lecto.!;

BM!).

C. nigrescens Engl, in Bot. Jb. 44: 148 (1910); in Pflan-

zenfam. edn 2,19a: 438 (1931). Syntypes: S.W. A. /Nami-

bia, Grootfontein, Dinter 727 (B,f; K, fragment!); Dinter

727a (Bt; BM, sketch, lecto.!).

32

Burseraceae

Dioecious many-stemmed shrub or bush

0,5-2, 5 m tall; bark grey to dark grey with

brownish lenticels, often flaking locally in yel-

lowish papery pieces; young branchlets sparsely

pilose to densely pubescent, not spine-tipped.

Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate, 2— 4-jugate, spar-

sely pilose to densely pubescent, green; petiole

5-22 mm; upper three-quarters of leaflet mar-

gin crenate-serrate, lower quarter subentire to

entire, terminal leaflet elliptic to broadly elliptic

rarely obovate, (10— )16( — 32)x(7— )10(— 20)

mm; petiolule 1 — 3( — 9) mm; apex acute, rarely

obtuse, base cuneate, rarely obtuse, lateral leaf-

lets elliptic to broadly elliptic, rarely suborbicu-

lar, (5— )12(— 30)x(4— )8(— 18) mm, subses-

sile or sessile, apex acute, rarely obtuse, base

cuneate or obtuse. Inflorescence : simple or

compound dichasial cymes up to 50 mm long,

sparsely pilose to densely pubescent. Flowers

unisexual, perigynous. Pedicel 2-5 mm long,

pedicel, hypanthium, calyx and corolla sparsely

pilose to densely pubescent. Disc reduced

without distinct lobes, adnate to hypanthium.

Stamens 8. Fruit subglobose or ellipsoid, ±

13x11x9 mm, pilose; putamen smooth;

seudo-aril cupular with 2 facial lobes of varia-

le length ana form, covering lower quarter to

half of putamen, lobe on less convex face of

putamen usually longer than other lobe.

Widely distributed in the northern part of S.W.A./

Namibia and also known from Botswana and a few locali-

ties in northern Tvl. It grows in deep sandy soil presumably

derived from the Kalahari. Also recorded from Angola,

Malawi, Zimbabwe and Zambia. Map 30.

Vouchers: Codd 5857; De Winter 3668; Giess 9742;

Van der Wall 25.

In the Transvaal, C . angolensis and C. tenuipetiolata

(no. 27), are two clearly delimited species, easily distin-

guishable by the indumentum of the branchlets and leaves.

The branchlets and leaves of C. angolensis are sparsely

pilose to densely pubescent but those of C. tenuipetiolata

are glabrous. In this area the two species may occur to-

gether, C. angolensis as a many-stemmed shrub and C.

tenuipetiolata as a tree with a single trunk.

Near Ohopoho in S.W.A. /Namibia these two species

also occur together with the respective habits as in the

Transvaal. The leaves of C. tenuipetiolata in this area, how-

ever, are hairy as those of C. angolensis.

Common name: Sand Corkwood.

29. Commiphora kraeuseliana Heine in

Senckenberg. biol. 37: 493, fig. 1 & 2 (1956);

Merxm. in F. S.W.A. 70: 7 (1968); J. J. A. v.d.

Walt in Madoqua ser. 1: 14, t. 21-23 (1974);

in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 12: 231, fig.

23, 29 (1975). Type: S.W.A. /Namibia, Tafel-

berg near Petrified Forest, Krausel 634 (FR,

holo.!;M!).

Dioecious shrub 1— 2 m tall with many

relatively thin and slender stems sprouting from

ground level; bark greyish brown or yellowish,

peeling at the base of the stems in brownish

papery pieces; young branchlets glabrous,

scarred, relatively short and stout. Leaves pin-

nate, 6-8-jugate, glabrous, green; petiole

5-25 mm long; leaflets linear, (10— )15(— 25)

x0,5-l mm, sessile, margins entire. Inflores-

cence: thyrsoid, up to 60 mm long, villous,

with large bracts up to 7x 1 mm. Flowers uni-

sexual, perigynous. Pedicel 4-8 mm long,

pedicel, calyx and corolla villous or sparsely

villous. Disc 8-lobed, adnate to hypanthium.

Stamens 8. Fruit subglobose, ± 20x20x18

mm, glabrous; putamen smooth; pseudo-aril ab-

sent.

Occurs in the north-western part of S.W.A. /Namibia.

It has only been collected in the vicinity of the Brandberg

and further north in Kaokoland. Map 3 1 .

Map 31 . — Commiphora kraeuseliana

Burseraceae

33

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5719; Giess 3692;

Story 5729.

The feathery leaves with linear pinnae are atypical of

Commiphora. A very unpleasant odour is exuded when

branchlets or fruits are picked. It has been reported that the

seeds are eaten by local peoples.

Common name: Feather-leaved Corkwood.

30. Commiphora capensis (Sond.) Engl.

in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 18 (1883);

Merxm. in F.S.W.A. 70: 5 (1968); J. J. A. v.d.

Walt in Bothalia 11: 96, fig. 100-105 (1973);

in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 12: 232, fig.

24 (1975). Type: N.W. Cape, between Natvoet

and Orange River, Drege 6809 (ex parte) (S,

holo.!; G!; MEL, fragment!).

Balsamodendrum capense Sond. in F.C. 1: 526 (1860).

Balsamea capensis (Sond.) Engl, in Bot. Jb. 1: 42

(1881).

Commiphora rangeana Engl, in Bot. Jb. 44: 149 (1910);

in Pflanzenfam. edn 2, 19a: 438 (1913). Type: S.W. A. /Na-

mibia, Kovies Mountains, Range 172 (B, holo.t; BOL!).

C. ruquietiana Dinter & Engl, in Bot. Jb. 48: 482

(1913). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Rotkop, Dinter 1023 (B,

holo. t; SAM!).

Dioecious shrub-like tree 0,5-4 m tall,

trunk branching near ground level into thick

stems with succulent appearance; bark yellow-

ish brown with dark patches, usually not peel-

ing but occasionally flaking locally in small

papery pieces; young branchlets glabrous, not

spine-tipped. Leaves trifoliolate, glabrous,

green; petiole 1-10 mm long; leaflets cordate,

obovate or occasionally orbicular; petiolules

0,5-2 mm long; margin undulate or crenate,

occasionally almost entire, apex emarginate or

obtuse, base cuneate, seldom truncate, terminal

leaflet (4 — )9( — 18)x(3 — )8( — 14) mm, lateral

leaflets (3 — )6( — 1 3) x (2 — )5( — 10) mm. Inflo-

rescence: simple dichasial cymes up to 10 mm

long, glandular, or flowers solitary. Flowers

unisexual, perigynous. Pedicel 0,5-1 mm

long, calyx and hypanthium fleshy, calyx,

hypanthium and corolla glandular. Disc 4-

lobed, adnate to hypanthium. Stamens 8. Fruit

ellipsoid, ± 12x 10x6 mm, glabrous; putamen

smooth; pseudo-aril absent.

Confined to the semi-desert areas of north-western Cape

and southern S.W. A. /Namibia. It grows in the mountains in

the vicinity of the Orange River from Goodhouse westwards

to the Richtersveld. These areas are extremely dry and hot

with an annual rainfall of less than 80 mm. Map 32.

Vouchers: De Winter & Hardy 7918; Giess 2355;

Merxmiiller & Giess 3113.

C. capensis is closely related to C. cer\ifolia (no. 31)

and they can be distinguished on leaf characteristics. As in

the case of C. cervifolia, but to a lesser extent, the living

shoots on being touched, exude an aromatic secretion in

such quantities that the stems become wet.

The fruits are eaten by animals.

Common name: Namaqua Corkwood.

31. Commiphora cervifolia J. J. A. v.d.

Walt in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 37: 189 (1971); in Botha-

lia 11: 99, fig. 106-111 (1973); in Mitt. bot.

StSamml., Munch. 12: 233, fig. 25 (1975).

Type: N.W. Cape, 8 km S. of Vioolsdrif, Van

der Walt 128 (PRE, holo.!; PRU!).

Dioecious shrub-like tree 0,5-3 m tall,

trunk branching near ground level into thick

stems with a succulent appearance; bark greyish

green to yellowish brown with dark patches, not

peeling; young branchlets glabrous, short and

stout. Leaves trifoliolate, glabrous, green; pe-

tiole 2-5 mm long; leaflets cultrate or narrowly

oblanceolate and usually irregularly lobed,

(2 — )7( — 12)x(l — )2( — 3) mm, sessile, margin

entire irrespective of lobes, apex acute to ob-

tuse, base cuneate. Inflorescence : dichasial

cymes up to 10 mm long, glandular, or flowers

solitary. Flowers unisexual, perigynous. Pedi-

cel 1 — 1,5 mm long, calyx and hypanthium

fleshy and glandular. Disc 4-lobed, adnate to

hypanthium. Stamens 8. Fruit ellipsoid, ±

11x10x6 mm, glabrous; putamen smooth;

pseudo-aril absent.

Confined to the semi-desert areas of southern

S.W. A. /Namibia and north-western Cape. It has been col-

lected in the vicinity of Ai-Ais, at Goodhouse and near

Vioolsdrif. The annual rainfall in these areas is less than 80

mm. Map 33.

Vouchers: Van der Walt 264, 304, 306.

34

Burseraceae

C. cen'ifolia is closely related to C. capensis (no. 30)

and they have many characteristics in common, especially

as far as habit and external features of stems and fruits are

concerned. The leaflets of C. capensis, however, are rotund

or obovate to cordate and not irregularly lobed such as those

of C. cervifolia.

Living shoots, on being touched, exude an aromatic

secretion in such quantities that the stems become wet.

Common name: Antler-leaved Corkwood.

Possible new species of Commiphora from

S.W. A. /Namibia

Merxmiiller (1968) mentions four specimens (De

Winter & Leistner 5670, De Winter & Leistner 5876; Giess

8921 and Merxmiiller & Giess 1430) which resemble C.

saxicola (no. 22) in some characters but differ from it in

others. Duplicates of these specimens were examined, and

the following deductions made:

(1) Medullary vascular bundles are lacking in the pe-

tioles of C. saxicola but they are present in the petioles of

the specimens Merxmiiller & Giess 1430 and Giess 8921.

They are lacking in the petioles of De Winter & Leistner

5670 and 5876. It can therefore be concluded that the speci-

mens Merxmiiller & Giess 1430 and Giess 8921 represent a

taxon other than C. saxicola.

(2) Merxmiiller & Giess 1430 and Giess 8921 have

medullary vascular bundles in the petioles, a character typi-

cal of C. crenato-serrata (no. 26). As Merxmiiller (1968)

points out, there is also a similarity between the leaves of C.

crenato-serrata and those of Merxmiiller & Giess 1430.

The pseudo-aril of the latter specimen, however, has two

short facial lobes and no commissural lobes, and is there-

fore not typical of C. crenato-serrata. More material is

needed to solve this taxonomic problem.

(3) The specimens De Winter & Leistner 5670 and

5876 may belong to the same taxon. Both were collected

from small trees with a grey, non-flaking bark, with leaflets

of more or less equal size, and with glandular hairs. The

obvious difference between the specimens lies in the shape

of the leaflets.

Mendes (pers. comm.) expressed the opinion that the

specimens De Winter & Leistner 5876 and Menezes 413

(from Angola, LISC) represent the same taxon and possibly

a new species ( C . crassifoliolata Mendes, nom. prov.).

Flowers and fruits of this supposedly new species are

needed to determine whether it really differs from C. saxi-

cola.

Merxmiiller (1968) also mentions two specimens (De

Winter & Leistner 5121 and Giess, Volk & Bleissner 6093)

with typical and atypical characters of C. crenato-serrata.

Mendes (pers. comm.) proposed that the specimens De

Winter & Leistner 5121 and Keet 1622 (PRE) represent the

same taxon and possibly a new species (C. macrofoliolata

Mendes, nom. prov.). Also in this case, it is impossible to

make a final decision on the validity of this proposed new

species without flowering and fruiting material.

Ptaeroxylaceae

35

PTAEROXYLACEAE

by F. White* and B. T. Styles*

Dioecious, aromatic trees or shrubs with indistinct oil cavities in the younger parts. Leaves

opposite, paripinnate, without stipules. Flowers unisexual, in contracted thyrses, actinomorphic.

Sepals 4, free almost to the base, with open aestivation. Petals 4, free, imbricate. Stamens 4, free,

alternating with the petals; filaments glabrous. Disc well-developed, broadly annular, intrastami-

nal. Ovary superior, laterally compressed, 2-locular, with axile placentation; ovules 1 per loculus,

descending, with adaxial rhaphe; style about half as long as the ovary; stigmas 2, large, capitate,

spreading. Capsule splitting into 2 persistent, bilobed valves; central column breaking up into a

number of fibrous strands. Seeds with a long terminal wing.

A small family with two genera. The monotypic Ptaeroxylon is confined to the African mainland. Cedrelopsis Baill.,

with at least 7 species, occurs in Madagascar. It differs from Ptaeroxylon in having 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 stamens and

3-5 bi-ovulate carpels.

Ptaeroxylon had been placed by most earlier workers in Sapindaceae or Meliaceae, more rarely in Rutaceae. The

family Ptaeroxylaceae was tentatively suggested by Sonder (in F.C. 1: 242, 1860) and formally proposed by Leroy (in C.r.

hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 248: 106, 1959, and in J. Agric. trap. Bot. appl. 7: 456, 1960).

The secondary xylem and pollen grains of Ptaeroxylon differ from all known Meliaceae. Ptaeroxylon also lacks

limonoids, a group of tri-terpene derivatives which characterize Meliaceae and Rutaceae (D. A. H. Taylor, pers. comm.).

The Ptaeroxylaceae share a few features of wood anatomy with Rutaceae and Sapindaceae and a few pollen characters with

some Sapindaceae and Simaroubaceae. Their distinctive chromones of the ptaeroxylin group (Dean & Taylor in J. Chem.

Soc. (C): 1 14, 1966), have been found in Cneoraceae and one genus each of Rutaceae and Simaroubaceae. It is likely that

Ptaeroxylon and Cedrelopsis are distantly related to all these groups, but they differ in so many important respects that

family rank is justified.

4157 PTAEROXYLON

Ptaeroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. 1: 54 (1834); Sond. in F.C. 1: 242 (1860); Harms in Pflanzen-

fam. edn 2, 19bl: 48 (1940); Exell & Mendonga in C.F.A. 1: 306 (1951); White & Styles in F.Z.

2: 547 (1966); Friedrich in F.S.W.A. 71:3 (1968); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 297 (1975).

Description as for the family.

One species confined to the southern half of Africa.

Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radik, in

Sber. bayer. Akad. Wiss. 20: 165 (1890); Burtt

Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 487 (1932); Chalk et al. in

Chalk & Burtt Davy, Forest Trees Timb. Br.

Emp. 3: 56, fig. 8. 11 (1935); Exell & Men-

don?a in C.F.A. 1: 306 (1951); O. B. Miller in

J1 S. Afr. Bot. 18: 39 (1952); White & Styles in

F.Z. 2: 548, fig. 118 (1966); Ross, FI. Natal

215 (1972); Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 2:

1373 & photos (1972). Type: South Africa,

Thunberg s.n. (S-THUNB.!).

Rhus obliqua Thunb., F.C. 2: 224 (1818) & edn Schult.

268(1823).

Ptaeroxylon utile Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. 1: 54 (1834);

Harv., Thes. Cap. 1: 11, t. 17 (‘1859’, probably 1860);

Sond. in F.C. 1: 243 (1860); Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 166,

fig. 31 (1907). Type: South Africa, ‘In forests by the Bush-

man’s River and in the districts of Addo and Coega (Uiten-

hage)’, Ecklon s.n. (K, in Herb. Benth., iso.!).

Ptaeroxylon utile forma robustum Szyszyl., Polypet.

Disc. Retim. 48 (1888). Type: South Africa, Transvaal,

Houtbosch, Rehmann 6502 (Z, iso.!).

Kirkia ? lentiscoides Engl, in Bot. Jb. 32: 124 (1902).

Type: Angola, Huila, Antunes 196 (B, holo., presumably

destroyed; BM!;COI!).

Harrisonia lentiscoides (Engl.) Boas in Beih. bot. Zbl.

29:341 (1913).

Shrub or tree ususally less than 15 m tall,

occasionally up to 20 m or more, usually decid-

uous; bole up to 1 m or more in diameter. Bark

whitish grey, smooth at first, later darker and

with longitudinal fissures. Leaves up to 120 mm

long; rhachis slightly winged, usually ending in

a short appendage. Leaflets usually in 3-7

pairs, up to 50x24 mm, very asymmetric, apex

obtuse, rounded or emarginate, rarely acute or

mucronate; secondary nerves rather close to-

gether, prominent on both surfaces. In-

florescence up to 50 mm long, axillary or in

axils of fallen leaves. Flowers pale yellow,

usually appearing before or with the young

leaves. Calyx 1 mm long, sparsely puberulous;

lobes acute. Petals 5x 1,5 mm, glabrous except

for the ciliolate margin. Stamens 3,5 mm long;

* Department of Botany, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RA, United Kingdom.

36

Ptaeroxylaceae

37

staminodes 2 mm long; antherodes minute.

Ovary 1,75 mm long, style about 1,25 mm

long; pistillode minute, embedded in the disc,

sometimes with 2 vestigial styles and loculi.

Capsule chestnut-brown with conspicuous

veins, c. 18x12 mm. Seed c. 16x6 mm. Fig. 9.

Also in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Angola and Tanza-

nia. In southern Africa it occurs in S.W. A. /Namibia,

Botswana, Swaziland and in the Republic of South Africa

from the northern Transvaal to the Cape. In various types of

forest and bushland. From near sea-level to 1 370 m. Map 34.

Ptaeroxylon obliquum is appropriately known as

‘Sneezewood' or ‘Nieshout’ as its fine sawdust provokes

violent sneezing. The Zulu name is ‘Umatati’ and this name

may have been bestowed on Tati District in the former

Bechuanaland Prot. when invaded by the Matabele impis

when, surprisingly, they found the tree so far from their

native Zululand (0. B. Miller, loc. cit. ). The wood, which

was formerly of great economic importance, is strong and

durable. It is harder and smoother than mahogany and of a

finer grain, but it does not pick up as mahoganies tend to,

and it turns very well. Its durability is its highest quality as

it is practically imperishable. It has been greatly used for

under-structure piles in house-building, fencing poles and

telegraph poles. When used as machine bearings Sneeze-

wood wears longer than brass or iron.

Vouchers: Gibbs Russell 4002; Hall-Martin 6666;

Story 2786; Taylor & Edwards 8785; Van der Walt 343.

FIG. 9. — Ptaeroxylon obliquum: 1, branchlet with leaves and fruit, x 0,7 (Armitage 186/55); 2, branchlet with leaf

and fruits, x 0,7 ( Barbosa 721, from Maputo, Mozambique); 3, seed, X 1,3 (S. Afr. For. Dept. 5533); 4, female flower

with one sepal and one petal removed, x 7 (Galpin 8097); 5, male flower with one stamen removed, X 7 ( Gomes e Sousa

3869); 6, ovule in vertical section, X 10, after Mauritzon. By courtesy of the Editorial Board of Flora Zambesiaca.

Meliaceae

39

MELIACEAE

by F. White* and B. T. Styles*

Trees, shrubs or shrublets; monoecious or dioecious, occasionally polygamous. Indumentum

of simple, glandular and tufted-stellate hairs. Leaves usually spirally arranged, exstipulate, simply

pinnate, 2-3-pinnate, 1-3-foliolate or simple. Flowers actmomorphic, bisexual or unisexual. Se-

pals small, 4-6, variously connate or almost free, never completely covering corolla in bud. Petals

usually 4-5, free. Stamens usually 8 or 10 rarely 11-12, partly or completely fused to form a

staminal tube, usually with appendages. Ovary superior, (2-)3-10(-20)-locular, with axile placen-

tation and 1- many ovules per locule; style 1; style-head expanded, only partly stigmatic. Fruit a

loculicidal or septifragal capsule or a drupe. Seed often with a fleshy anl or a dry membranous

wing.

Characters not applicable in southern Africa: Indumentum rarely of peltate scales. Leaves very rarely decussate; leaf

rhachis rarely ending in a terminal bud. Inflorescence sometimes cauliflorous, rarely epiphyllous. Ovary rarely unilocular.

Fruit sometimes indehiscent and containing one or more arillate seeds, rarely a nut. Seeds sometimes buoyant and with a

corky aril.

Genera 50, with about 550 species, almost confined to the tropics and subtropics. Six genera and 14 species are

indigenous to southern Africa. Melia azedarach is extensively naturalized. Six other species which are planted for timber or

ornament are briefly mentioned at the end of this account.

Further information on the taxonomy, chorology, ecology, reproductive biology and chemistry of South African

Meliaceae can be found in a recent paper in Bothalia 16: 143 (1986).

la Leaves simple:

2a Stamens free almost to the base; fruit a large papery capsule, valves separating only

near the apex 1 . Nymania

2b Stamens completely united or united almost to the apex; fruit a leathery or woody

capsule, valves separating almost to the base 2. Turraea (p.p.)

lb Leaves compound:

3a Leaves bipinnate; staminal tube purplish; fruit a drupe 3. Melia

3b Leaves once-pinnate:

4a Leaves very variable and irregularly pinnate with deeply lobed or partite leaflets; fruit

a capsule with arillate seeds 2. Turraea streyi

4b Leaves regularly pinnate with entire leaflets:

5a Leaves imparipinnate; fruit a capsule with arillate seeds or a drupe:

6a Staminal tube cup-shaped, filaments united to apex; fruit a drupe 4. Ekebergia

6b Staminal tube elongate, filaments united only in upper half; fruit a capsule:

7a Filaments with paired deltate appendages at apex; capsule with 3 leathery

valves without appendages 5. Trichilia

7b Filaments without appendages; capsule with 5 woody valves covered with

conspicuous ridges and antler-like appendages 6. Pseudobersama

5b Leaves paripinnate; fruit a capsule with winged seeds 7. Entandrophragma

4168 1. NYMANIA

Nymania Lindb. in Not. Sallsk. Fauna FI. Fenn. Forh. 9: 290 (1868); Harms in Pflanzenfam. edn

2, 19bl: 94, fig. 24 (1940); Friedrich in F.S.W.A. 71:3 (1968); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 299 (1975);

Pennington & Styles in Blumea 22: 460, fig. 4c (1975). Type species: N. capensis (Thunb.) Lindb.

Aitonia Thunb. in Physio.gr. Salsk. Handl. 1: 166 (1781) & in F.C. edn Schult. 508 (1823); Sond. in F.C. 1: 243 (1860),

nom. illegit., non Aitonia ('Aytonia' ) Forst. & Forst. f., Char. Gen. 147 (1776) (Marchantiaceae).

Aytonia L.f., Suppl. 49,303 (emend. Aitonia 468) (1781), nom. illegit.

* Department of Botany, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RA, United Kingdom.

40

Meliaceae

Fig. 10. — Nymania capensis: 1, flowering twigs, X 0,7 (from Comins 1219); la, flowering twig, x 0,7 (from

Anderson 3); lb, flower in longitudinal section, x 3. (after Pennington & Styles, 1975); lc, calyx lobe, X 3; Id, lateral

petal, X 1; le, cross section of fruit, X 1 (all after Flower. PI. Afr., fig. 1454); If, fruiting twigs, x 0,7 (from Broom s.n.);

lg, seed, X 2,7; lh, seed in longitudinal section, X 2,7 (both after Harms, 1940).

Meliaceae

41

Shrub. Leaves simple. Indumentum of simple hairs. Flowers bisexual, solitary, axillary.

Calyx 4-lobed to near the base. Petals 4, free, imbricate. Stamens 8; filaments curved, fused only

near the base, without appendages; anthers medifixed. Disc thin, partly fused to base of staminal

tube. Ovary 4-lobed, witn 4 locules each with 2 collateral ovules; style exserted with a simple,

minute, scarcely expanded style-head. Fruit a papery capsule. Seeds reniform, minutely verrucose,

puberulent.

A monotypic genus only known from southern Africa.

The name Nymania commemorates the Swedish botanist, C. F. Nyman, 1820— 1893.

Nymania capensis (Thunb.) Lindb. in

Not. Sallsk. Fauna FI. Fenn. Forh. 9: 290

(1868); Verdoom in Flower. PI. Afr. 37, fig.

1454 (1965); Friedrich in F.S.W.A. 71: 3

(1968); Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 2: 1059

& photos (1973). Type: South Africa, near

Gouds River and Slang River, Thunberg s.n.

(UPS, holo.).

Aitonia capensis Thunb. in Physiogr. Salsk. Handl. 1:

166 with fig. (May 1781) & in F.C. edn Schult.: 508

(1823); Curtis’s bot. Mag. fig. 173 (1792); Sond. in F.C. 1:

243(1860).

Aitonia capensis var. microphylla Schinz in Verh. bot.

Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 30: 156(1888). Type: S.W.A./Nami-

bia, Karakoes, Schinz s.n. (Z).

Rigidly branched, evergreen shrub 1-5 m

high. Leaves up to 45x7 mm, 1 -nerved, coria-

ceous, mostly in fascicles on abbreviated short

shoots without intemodes. Flowers dull red.

Calyx lobes about 4x2,5 mm, puberulous.

Petals erect, oblong-elliptic, about 15 x 10 mm,

puberulous outside. Stamens up to 20 mm long,

far-exserted. Capsules up to 40 mm diam.,

long-persistent on the plant, at first suffused

with carmine, becoming straw-coloured and

later silvery grey, deeply 4-lobed, with narrow,

laterally compressed, wing-like locules. Chro-

mosome number: 2n=40 (Van Breda 4132,

South Africa). Fig. 10.

N. capensis has a disjunct distribution. In the north it

occurs from central S.W. A. /Namibia southwards to the

Orange River valley and from there inland almost as far as

Kimberley. In the south it extends from the Little Karoo to

the Great Fish River. In various types of karoid vegetation,

often with succulents, and in bushland peripheral to the

main area of the Karoo. Map 35.

Vouchers: Acocks 18176; De Winter 9111; Leistner

250; Olivier 3110; Van Wyk 754.

The Klapperbos or Chinese Lanterns is a striking and

attractive plant because of its conspicuous red, inflated cap-

sules. It is sometimes grown for ornament.

4171 2. TURRAEA

TurraeaL., Mant. 2: 150, 237 (1771); Sond. in F.C. 1: 244 (1860); Oliv. inF.T.A. 1: 330(1868);

C. DC. in Monogr. Phan. 1: 435 (1878); Harms in Pflanzenfam. edn 2, 19bl: 85, (1940); Staner &

Gilbert in F.C.B. 7: 149 (1958); White & Styles in F.Z. 2: 307 (1963); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 299

(1975); Pennington & Styles in Blumea 22: 455 (1975). Type species: T. virens L.

Trees, shrubs or suffrutices. Leaves simple, rarely compound. Flowers bisexual. Calyx cup-

shaped with short teeth or with 5, almost free, foliaceous lobes. Petals 5, linear-spathulate or

linear. Staminal tube cylindric, always with free or partly fused appendages; anthers 10, sessile or

with short filaments. Ovary usually with 5 or 10 locules, each with 2, collateral or superposed

ovules. Style expanded at the apex, usually exserted and then probably always functioning as a

receptaculum pollinis, rarely included. Fruit a capsule with 5, 10 or 12 valves. Seeds reniform

with a red or black, shining testa and a small conspicuous or inconspicuous aril.

Characters not applicable elsewhere: some species lack staminal appendages, or have ovaries with 20 locules, or a

cup-shaped staminal tube or fewer than 5 petals.

42

Meliaceae

43

About 50 species in Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarenes and Comores, and 1 widespread species in the tropical Far

East.

Linnaeus named Turraea in honour of Antonio Turra, an Italian doctor and botanist, 1730- 1796.

la Calyx divided, free almost to the base, at least one third as long as the petals, lobes foliaceous; style shorter than the

petals; subshrubs up to 0,4 m high:

2a Leaves simple, deeply toothed or shallowly lobed in upper half; staminal tube split at apex 5.T. pulchella

2b Leaves compound; staminal tube undivided 6. T. streyi

lb Calyx cup-shaped with 5 short teeth, much shorter than the petals; style longer than the petals; shrubs or small

trees:

3a Petals up to 22 mm long; staminal tube suddenly expanded distally; bearded at the throat; appendages shorter

than the anthers, connate to form an irregularly lobed frill beyond the insertion of the filaments:

4a Branchlets of flowering specimens stout, usually more than 4 mm in diam.; bark on older branchlets becoming

corky; flowers usually produced when the plant is leafless in subsessile fascicles on the older branchlets or at

the ends of stout, slow-growing spur shoots densely beset with leaf scars. Leaf lamina mostly more than

100 mm long, lower surface densely pubescent, apex broadly acute, rounded or emarginate 1 . T. nilotica

4b Branchlets of flowering specimens slender, usually less than 3 mm in diam.; bark not becoming corky;

flowers usually produced when some leaves are present, occurring in leaf axils or in fascicles at the ends of

slender shoots with widely spaced leaf scars. Leaf lamina up to 80 mm long, apex subacuminate, lower leaf

surface glabrous or almost so 2.T. zambesica

3b Petals more than 30 mm long; staminal tube not suddenly expanded distally, not bearded at the throat;

appendages longer than the anthers, free or connate only at the base:

5a Leaf lamina up to 50 mm long, glabrous beneath, apex acute to emarginate; style straight; style-head turbinate

orcylindric, widest at the (stigmatic) apex; capsule 5-valved, thinly woody 3. T. obtusifolia

5b Leaf lamina 70- 140 mm long, setulose beneath, especially on nerves and margin, apex acuminate; style bent

at apex; style-head depressed-globose; capsule 10- or 12-valved, thickly woody 4. T.floribunda

1. Turraea nilotica Kotschy & Peyr., PI.

Tinn. 12, fig. 6 (1867); C. DC. in Monogr.

Phan. 1; 445 (1878); White & Styles in F.Z. 2:

310, fig. 61d (1963). Syntypes: Sudan Repub-

lic, De Heuglin, 54, 55, 56 (W), Knoblecher

s.n. (W).

Turraea randii Bak. f. in J. Bot., Lond. 37: 427 (1899);

Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 486 (1932). Type: Zimbabwe,

Harare, Rand 562 (BM, holo. !).

Shrub or small tree up to 6 m tall, usually

smaller. Leaves mostly elliptic or obovate. In-

florescence a 5-12-flowered, bracteate fas-

cicle; bracts up to 5 mm long, subulate. Petals

greenish white turning yellow with age. Stami-

nal tube white, 10-15 mm long. Capsule 7 x

15 mm, 10-valved, depressed-globose, shal-

lowly sulcate, glabrous, leathery or thinly

woody. Seeds black, 5x3 mm, with a small

orange or red aril completely concealed except

for a horn-like extension which protrudes be-

yond the apex of the seed. Chromosome

number. 2n = 50 (Zimbabwe). Fig. 11: 1.

Map 36. — • Turraea nilotica

▲ Turraea zambesica

From the Sudan and Ethiopia southwards to the

Transvaal. In the Transvaal it is rather rare and occurs in

bushland and scrub woodland, mostly below 800 m, often

on sandy soils. Map 36.

Voucher: Codd 1660.

Fig. 11. — 1, Turraea nilotica: 1, leaves, x 0,5 (from Robson 665); la, flowering twig, x 0,5 (from Bainbridge

588); lb, part of staminal tube and anthers, X 5,3 (from Bainbridge 588); 2, T. zambesica: 2, flowering twig, X 0,5 (from

Keay FHI 21399); 2a, part of staminal tube and anthers (from Miller 377); 3, T. obtusifolia: 3, flowering twig, x 0,5 (from

Tyson 30); 3a, calyx, X 5,3 (from Meeuse 9660); 3b, part of staminal tube and anthers, x 5,3 (from Meeuse 9660);

3c, style-head and stigma, x 5,3 (from Meeuse 9660); 3d, capsule, x 1,6 (from Westfall 1562); 4, T. floribunda: 4,

flowering twig, X 0,5 (from Wild 4333); 4a, style-head and stigma, x 3,2 (from Tyson 10); 4b, fruit, X 0,8 (from Watt &

Breyer-Brandwijk 1095); 4c, seed, x 2,1 (after Flower. PI. Afr., fig. 1499).

44

Meliaceae

28

Meliaceae

45

2. Turraea zambesica Sprague & Hutch,

ex Styles & White in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser.

2, 36: 71 , fig. 1 (1962) & in F.Z. 2: 31 1 (1963);

Sprague & Hutch, ex Hutch., Botanist in S.

Afr. 481 (1946), English description only.

Type: Zambia, Victoria Falls, Hutchinson &

Gillen 3493 (K, holo.!; BM!; LISC!; SRGH!).

Turraea nilotica sensu Brem. & Oberm. in Ann. Transv.

Mus. 16: 420 (1935); O. B. Miller in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 18: 40

(1952).

Closely related to T. nilotica (no. 1). In

addition to the key characters, differing as fol-

lows: Leaves mostly rhombic -elliptic, rapidly

tapering from near the middle to each end. Sta-

minal frill usually densely ciliate. Fig. 11:2.

Only known from the Zambezi Valley and its tributa-

ries in the Caprivi Strip, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe and

Mozambique. In the Caprivi Strip and Botswana it is found

in woodland and wooded grassland on the banks of the

Zambezi and Chobe Rivers. Map 36.

Vouchers: Codd 7094; Erens 372; Pole Evans 4621;

P. A. Smith 3935.

3. Turraea obtusifolia Hochst. in Flora 27:

296 [962] (1844); Sond. in F.C. 1: 245 (1860);

Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 331 (1868); C. DC. in Mo-

nogr. Phan. 1: 440 (1878); White & Styles in

F.Z. 2: 313, fig. 61a (1963); Ross, FI. Natal

216 (1972); Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 2:

1063 & photo. (1973). Type: South Africa, Na-

tal, Krauss 308 (G, iso.!; K, iso.!).

Turraea obtusifolia var. microphylla C. DC. in Monogr.

Phan. 1: 440 (1878); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 486

(1932); O. B. Miller in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 18: 40 ( 1952). Type:

South Africa, Port Alfred, near Barville Park, between

Rietfontein and the seashore, Burchell 4106 (B, holo., pre-

sumably destroyed; K! ; L! ; M ! ; P!).

Turraea oblancifolia Brem. in Ann. Transv. Mus. 15:

245 (1933). Type: South Africa, between Warmbaths &

Nylstroom, Bremekamp & Schweickerdt 4 (PRE, holo.!;

K!).

Shrub 0,6-5 m high, sometimes scram-

bling. Leaves mostly in fascicles, lamina very

variable, from narrowly oblanceolate and

unlobed to cuneate-obovate and deeply lobed.

Inflorescence: a 1— 4-flowered axillary cyme.

Petals pure white, narrowly spathulate,

25x3-45x5 mm. Ovary 5-locular, glabrous.

Capsule 6 x 12 mm, depressed-globose, shal-

lowly sulcate. Seeds 5,5 X 3,5 mm, bright red;

aril small, white, fleshy, almost confined to the

adaxial depression and not visible from the out-

side. Chromosome number: 2n = 50 (Zim-

babwe). Fig. 1 1: 3 & 12.

Only known from southern Africa from Botswana

and Zimbabwe to southern Mozambique and the eastern

Cape. In woodland, bushland and wooded grassland, es-

pecially among rocks; also in coastal thicket and inside and

at the edges of various kinds of forest. In the Transvaal and

Botswana, T. obtusifolia occurs mostly between 365 m and

1 200 m; further south between near sea-level and 400 m.

Map (see fig. 12).

Vouchers: Acocks 8831; Hansen 3296; Obermeyer TM

35149; Van der Schijff 4000; Venter 4233.

4. Turraea floribunda Hochst. in Flora

27: 297 (1844); C. DC. in Monogr. Phan. 1:

445 (1878); Stapf in Curtis’s bot. Mag. fig.

8944 (1923); White & Styles in F.Z. 2: 314,

fig. 61e (1963); Killick in Flower. PI. Afr. 38,

fig. 1499 (1967); Palmer & Pitman, Trees S.

Afr. 2: 1061 & photo. (1973). Type: South Af-

rica, Umlaas River, Krauss 342 (G, iso.!; K,

iso.!; M, iso.!; W, iso.!).

Turraea heterophylla sensu Sond. in F.C. 1: 245 (1860);

sensu Medley Wood, Natal Plants 3, t. 246 (1902).

Deciduous shrub or small tree up to 9 m

tall, sometimes scrambling. Leaves ovate to

lanceolate. Inflorescence a 2— 10- flowered fas-

cicle terminating short bracteate shoots behind

the current year’s growth, rarely in the leaf

axils. Flowers appearing before or with the new

leaves, strongly scented at night. Petals 35-60

x 3 mm, pale green, turning pale yellow. Sta-

minal tube pure white. Ovary 10- locular, pube-

rulous. Capsule leathery, becoming woody,

obovoid, 15 mm in diameter, deeply sulcate

and transversely ribbed. Seeds 6 mm long; testa

bright orange, contrasting with the whitish,

fleshy aril which covers c. one third of the seed.

Chromosome number: 2n = 50 (Zimbabwe,

Uganda). Fig. 11:4.

Widely distributed on the eastern side of Africa from

Kenya and Uganda to the eastern Cape. It occurs inside and

at the edges of various types of forest, including dune

FlG. 12. — Turraea obtusifolia: Pictorialized distribution map showing variation in southern Africa of shape and size

(all x 0,5) of leaves. The specimens are numbered consecutively from north to south and the degree square from which

each specimen was collected is indicated on the map; A, Smith 3636 from East London showing variation in leaf shape on a

single twig; 1 . Van der Schijff 3802; 2, Ihlenfeldt 2253; 3, Van der Schijff & Marais 3671; 4, Fourie 2627; 5, Mogg 24436;

6, Hansen 3296; 7, Barnard 387; 8, Thode A 1368; 9, Codd 722; 10, De Winter 8635; 1 1 . Van Vuuren 451; 12. Du Toil

189; 13, Pooley 384; 14. Reid 496; 15, WW4387; 16, Wells & Edwards 77 ; M.Mthonti 1; 18, Ward 1844; 19, Moll 31 10;

20, Ross & Moll 2309; 21 , Wood 5746; 22, Krauss 308 from Port Natal (Type of T . obtusifolia ); 23, Strey 8065; 24, Wylie

s.n.; 25. Venter 1035; 26, De Winter 8861 ; 27, Comins 1046; 28, Pegler 337; 29, Tyson s.n. (Kowie); 30, Tyson s.n. (Port

Alfred); 31 , Jacot Guillarmod s.n.

46

Meliaceae

47

forest. In southern Africa it occupies a narrow coastal belt

from Swaziland and northern Zululand to East London,

extending up to 175 km inland and from near sea-level to

670 m. Map 37.

Vouchers: Abbott 402; Edwards 1645; Schweickerdt

1400; Strey 4324; Wells 3598.

The mature leaves of T. floribunda are usually entire;

two leaves of Vahrmeyer & Tolken 245, however, are

shallowly 3-lobed.

5. Turraea pulchella (Harms) Pennington

in Blumea 22: 454, fig. 3d (1975). Types:

South Africa [Transkei], near Kentani, March

1903, Pegler 730 (B, holo., presumably

destroyed); Kentani Distr., 305 m, fl. fr. 15

Oct. 1904, Pegler 730 (PRE, neotype of

F. White, 1986!; SAM!).

Nurmonia pulchella Harms in Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 80,

fig. 1(1917).

Turraea heterophylla sensu Pegler in Ann. Bolus Herb.

2:12(1918).

Suffrutex up to 0,2 m high with tufted her-

baceous stems arising from a short (50 mm)

branched, woody base, and with a strong,

woody, possibly rhizomatous rootstock;

branchlets, inflorescence axes and both leaf sur-

faces sparsely to densely setulose. Leaves up to

30x17 mm, obovate-deltate, deeply and

bluntly toothed or shallowly lobed in upper

half, base cuneate. Flowers axillary, solitary,

or in lax, 2— 3-flowered cymules; peduncle or

pedicel 8-12 mm long; bracteoles linear, 2 mm

long. Calyx 3-5 mm long, hispidulous, lobes

foliaceous, oblong-lanceolate, free almost to

the base. Petals white, minutely puberulous

outside, 7-9x2- 3 mm, oblanceolate-oblong,

apex rounded, base slightly clawed. Staminal

tube 5-7 mm long, split at apex for up to one

fifth of its length, densely hairy in upper half

inside; appendages paired, filiform, as long as

anthers; anthers apiculate. Disc annular,

shallowly lobed. Ovary densely hairy, 5-locu-

lar, with 2 collateral ovules per locule; style 5

mm long, densely hairy; style-head capitate,

less than 1 mm in diameter, with 5 stigmatic

lobes at apex. Capsule 5-valved and ± 6-

seeded, leathery or thinly woody, 4, 5x6-7

mm, depressed-globose, shallowly sulcate,

densely puberulous. Seeds 3x2 mm, very

strongly curved, dark brown; aril consisting of a

small, whitish, slightly fleshy lobe on each side

of the hilum, covering in toto about one tenth of

the seed. Fig. 13: 1.

Only known from Kentani District in Transkei, where

it grows in tall grass between 305 and 610 m. Map 38.

Voucher: Pegler 730.

6. Turraea streyi F. White &B.T. Styles

in Bothalia 16: 153 (1986). Type: South Africa,

Natal, St. Michael’ s-on-Sea, Deppe’s Farm,

fl., Strey 6876 (PRE, sheet 1, holo.!; NH!;

NU!).

FIG. 13. — 1, Turraea pulchella: 1, habit, x 0,5; la, flower in longitudinal section, x 6,5; lb, sepal, x 6,5;

lc, petal, X 6,5; Id, part of staminal tube and anthers, X 6,5; le, fruit and leaves, x 0,5; If, fruit, x 1,6 (all from Pegler

730); 2, T. streyi: 2, habit, x 0,5; 2a, flower, in longitudinal section, x 3,2; 2b, anthers and appendages, x 6,5;

2c, fruiting branchlet, X 0,5; 2d, fruit, X 1,6 (all from Srrev 6878).

48

Meliaceae

49

Suffrutex up to 0,75 m high; branchlets,

inflorescence axes and both leaf surfaces spar-

sely to densely setulose. Leaves up to 70 mm

long, very variable, trifoliolate, twice-trifolio-

late or imparipinnate with 3-5 deeply lobed or

trifoliolate divisions; lobes rounded to acute.

Flowers solitary or in lax 2— 3-flowered

cymules; pedicel or peduncle slender, up to 35

mm long; bracteoles minute, filiform, ± 1 mm

long. Calyx 3-5 mm long, hispidulous, lobes

foliaceous, oblong-elliptic, acute, free almost

to the base. Petals white, glabrous,

8-11x3-4 mm, broadly spathulate. Staminal

tube 7-9 mm long, hairy in upper half inside,

not split at apex; appendages paired, filiform,

alternating with and much longer than the anth-

ers; anthers long-apiculate, dehiscing by very

short slits in lower half. Ovary densely hairy, 5-

locular, with 2 collateral ovules in each cell;

style 7—10 mm long, included or very slightly

exserted, hairy in lower half; style-head capi-

tate, less than 1 mm in diameter, with a termi-

nal, 5-lobed coroniform stigma. Capsule 5x8

mm, up to 10-seeded, otherwise as in T. pul-

chella. Chromosome number: 2n=36 (Strey

9288, South Africa). Fig. 13: 2.

Only known from two widely separated localities in

the Port Shepstone (3030 CD) and Stanger (2931 AD)

degree squares. In grassland and inside and at the edges of

scrub forest. Map 38.

Vouchers: Moll 5502; Ross 1853; Strey 9288.

4175 3. MELIA

Melia L., Sp. PI. 1: 384 (1753) & Gen. Pi. edn 5: 182 (1754); Sond. in F.C. 1: 245 (1860); C. DC.

in Monogr. Phan. 1: 450 (1878); Harms in Pflanzenfam. edn 2, 19bl: 99 (1940); Exell &

Mendonga in C.F.A. 1:317 (1951); Staner & Gilbert in F.C.B. 7: 172 (1958); White & Styles in

F.Z. 2: 315 (1963); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 300 (1975); Pennington & Styles in Blumea 22: 463

(1975); Mabberley in Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 37: 49 (1984). Type species: M. azedarach L.

Trees or shrubs. Indumentum of simple, glandular and tufted-stellate hairs. Inflorescence

paniculate. Leaves 2- or 3-pinnate. Flowers bisexual and male on same individual (polygamous).

Petals 5, free, imbricate. Staminal tube narrowly cylindrical; anthers 10, shortly apiculate,

alternating with a pair of narrowly deltate appendages. Disc annular, crenulate, free from the ovary

and staminal tube. Ovary with 4-8 locules, each with 2 superposed ovules; style-head capitate

with 4-8 short, erect or incurved stigmatic lobes. Fruit a 3-8-locular drupe; locules usually 1-

seeded.

A small genus with 3 species, 2 of which are indigenous in tropical Africa. Melia azedarach, as a wild plant, extends

from India to Australia. It is widely planted in the tropics and subtropics.

Melia is the Greek name for the Ash tree of Europe (Fraxinus excelsior L. , Oleaceae).

Melia azedarach L., Sp. PI. 1: 384

(1753); Curtis’s bot. Mag. 27, fig. 1066 (1807);

Sond. in F.C. 1: 246 (1860); C. DC. in

Monogr. Phan. 1: 451 (1878); Burtt Davy, FI.

Transv. 2: 486 (1932); O. B. Miller in J1S. Afr.

Bot. 18: 39 (1952); White & Styles in F.Z. 2:

315 (1963); Ross, FI. Natal 216 (1972); Mab-

berley in Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 37: 55 (1984).

Type: Holland, De Hartecamp, cult. Hort.

Cliff. 161.1 (BM, lecto. of Mabberley, 1984).

Medium-sized rapidly growing short-lived

deciduous tree up to 15 m tall, sometimes

flowering as a shrub. Leaves up to 400 mm long;

leaflets up to 55x25 mm, more or less

lanceolate, apex acuminate or subacuminate,

margin rather deeply crenate or serrate; lower

surface sparsely puberulous, glabrescent. Calyx

2,5 mm long, densely stellate-puberulous.

Petals up to 8x3 mm, pale lilac, spathulate.

Staminal tube up to 7 mm long, dark purple,

glabrous outside, hairy inside; appendages c. 1

mm long. Drupe pale yellow, up to 20x10

mm. Chromosome number: 2n=28 (various

origins). Fig. 14.

Fig. 14.— Melia azedarach: 1, flowering twig, x 0,5; la, flower in longitudinal section, x 4,3 (both from Ta\lor

241), lb, fruits, x 0,5 (after Watt, J. M. & Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of

southern and eastern Africa, edn 2. Livingstone, Edinburgh & London); lc— g, stages in germination, x 0,5 (after Troup, R.

S. 1921. Meliaceae. The silviculture of Indian trees 1: 178—208).

50

Meliaceae

51

Widely planted for ornament in all the warmer parts of

southern Africa. In places it is naturalized and has become a

pest. As early as 1906 it was established near Barberton,

and now, in the Transvaal, it is the most widespread and

agressive of the invasive introduced trees. The cultivar

‘Umbraculifera’, the Texas Umbrella Tree, a mutant with a

flattened crown, is sometimes grown in gardens. Map 39.

Vouchers: Bayliss BRI B156; Edwards 877; Onder-

stall 746; Ross 2379; Van der Schijff3169.

The fruit of Melia has long been known to be poiso-

nous to some animals including the pig, and the deaths of

children have been reported. Four highly toxic meliatoxins

(a group of limonoids) have recently been discovered in the

fruit flesh. Fully ripe fruiC however, appears to be much

less toxic than fruit just beginning to ripen. The endocarp of

the fruits, which are easily pierced at the ends, are used for

beads.

4193 4. EKEBERGIA

Ekebergia Sparrm. in K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 40: 282, t. 9 (1779); Sond. in F.C. 1:

247 (1860); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 632 (1868); C. DC. in Monogr. Phan. 1: 641 (1878); Harms in

Pflanzenfam. edn 2, 19bl: 119, fig. 29 (1940); Exell & Mendonga in C.F.A. 1: 315 (1951); Keay

in F.W.T.A., edn 2, 1: 705 (1958); Staner & Gilbert in F.C.B. 7: 207 (1958); White & Styles in

F.Z. 2: 315 (1963); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 300 (1975); Pennington & Styles in Blumea 22: 476

(1975). Type species: E. capensis Sparrm.

Trees or shrubs. Indumentum of simple hairs. Leaves impari pinnate, leaflets entire. Flowers

pale greenish white, unisexual (plant dioecious), in lax or contracted cymose panicles. Calyx

saucer- shaped, lobed in upper half. Petals 5, imbricate, much longer than the calyx in bud.

Stamens 10; filaments united for whole or most of length, without appendages. Disc annular, fused

to base of staminal tube. Ovary with 2—5 locules, each with 2 superposed ovules; style-head

capitate, with 2-5 small incurved stigmatic lobes. Fruit a drupe witn (1)2 — 4(5) pyrenes. Seeds

mostly 1 per locule, exarillate.

Character not applicable in southern Africa: one species is a geoxylic suffrutex.

A small genus with 4 species confined to the African mainland.

The name Ekebergia is in honour of Charles Gustavus Ekeberg, captain of the Swedish East Indiaman in which

Sparrman sailed to China.

Leaf rhachis unwinged or very narrowly winged 1 . £. capensis

Leaf rhachis broadly winged 2.E. pterophylla

1. Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. in K.

Svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 40: 282, fig. 9

(1779); Thunb., F.C. edn Schult. 542 (1823);

Sond. in F.C. 1: 247 (1860) excluding Ecklon

& Zeyher 425; Pappe, Silv. Cap. 6 (1862);

C. DC. in Monogr. Phan. 1: 641 (1878); Burtt

Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 487 (1932); White &

Styles in F.Z. 2: 316, fig. 62 (1963); Ross, FI.

Natal 216 (1972); Van Wyk, Trees Kruger Nat.

Park, 1: 274 & photos (1972); Palmer & Pit-

man, Trees S. Afr. 2: 1065 & photos (1973).

Type: South Africa, Sparrman s.n. (S, holo.!).

Trichilia ekebergia E. Mey. ex Sond. in F.C. 1: 246

(1860); E. Mey. ex Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 227 (1843),

nom. nud.; Pappe, Silv. Cap. 5 (1862). Syntypes: South

Africa, Tsitsikamma ('Sitzekamma'), Drege s.n (TCD; S);

Port Natal, Krauss (TCD; S).

Ekebergia meyeri Presl ex C. DC. in Monogr. Phan. 1:

642 (1878); Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 25 (1844), nom. nud. (as

Eckebergia), Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 487 (1932). Type:

FIG. 15.— 1, Ekebergia capensis: 1, flowering twig, x 0.5 (from Bos 9720); la, female flower in longitudinal

section, x 10,6 (from White 8146); lb, infructescence, x 0.5; lc, fruit in transverse section, x 1,1 (both from De Wilde

5992); 2, E. pterophylla: 2, fruiting twig, x 0,5 (from White 10308); 2a, inflorescences, x 0,5 ( from Compton s.n.).

Fig. 16. — Ekebergia capensis: Pictorialized distribution map showing variation in southern Africa of: leaflet shape

and size, leaf rhachis, and leaf scars on branchlets. Specimens are numbered consecutively from north to south. For leaflets

3-14 its number is also shown on the map inside the degree square from which the specimen it came from was collected.

I , Bos 9720; 2, Smith 1471 from Dikgathong, SE 1922; 3, Van Greuning 502; 4, De Souza 81; 5, Moll 4927; 6, Moll 1724;

7, Ward 5848; 8, White 10527; 9, Strey 10123; 10, Flanagan 818; 1 1, Pegler 849; 12 and 12a, Transvaal Museum ; 13 and

13a, Olivier 1 101; 14, Marloth 7433. Leaflets and branchlets, X 0,5; leaf rhachis, X 2. A, Devenish 1039 from northern

Natal showing remarkable similarity to the Cape variants.

Meliaceae

53

South Africa, ‘Cape Peninsula’, Drege s.n. (B, holo.,

presumably destroyed).

Evergreen or semi-evergreen tree up to 20

m tall, often with a wide, umbrageous crown.

Leaflets (7)9-13, lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-

late, up to 145x60 mm, tapering to an acumi-

nate, subacuminate or, rarely, acute apex, base

asymmetric; lower surface glabrous to tomen-

tose. Inflorescence 70—250 mm long. Flowers

white or pinkish white. Calyx 2 mm long, spar-

sely to densely puberulous. Petals 4-5 mm

long, elliptic-oblong, densely puberulous on

both surfaces. Staminal tube 2 mm long, pube-

rulous outside, densely bearded at the throat

inside. Ovary 15x2—2,5 mm, densely setu-

lose; style 0,5 mm long. Drupe deep red,

18x15 mm, with (1)2 — 4(5) pyrenes. Chromo-

some number: 2n=46 (Vosa & Burras 452,

South Africa). Figs 15: 1 & 16.

Widespread in tropical Africa from Senegal to Ethio-

pia and southwards to Zambia, Botswana and South Africa.

In various types of forest and scrub forest from near sea-

level to 1 675 m. Map (see fig. 16).

Vouchers: Codd 6690; Codd & Dyer 447 1 ; Kluge 580;

Mauve 5254; Olivier 1101.

The Dog plum or Essenhout, like most widespread

species, is very variable. Most individuals from the eastern

Cape have very prominent leaf scars, a narrowly winged

rhachis and small, narrow, crowded leaflets. In tropical

Africa and Natal the predominant form has a wingless rha-

chis and larger, broader, more widely spaced leaflets. These

two variants, however, have been confused since before

1860. There are also too many intermediates and the overall

pattern is too diffuse to justify the formal recognition of

named taxa. The Cape variant is often cultivated as a street

tree and in gardens. E. capensis is sometimes confused with

Harpephyllum caffrum Bemh. (Anacardiaceae), the leaves

of which are superficially similar.

2. Ekebergia pterophylla (C. DC.) Hof-

meyr in J. Bot., Lond. 63: 57 (1925); Ross, FI.

Natal 216 (1972); Palmer & Pitman, Trees,

S. Afr. 2: 1068 & photos (1973). Type: South

Africa, near ‘Gwenberg’, Medley (Tmley’)

Wood 1022 (G, holo.; K!).

Trichilia pterophylla C. DC. in Bull. Herb. Boissier 2:

581 (1894); Bum Davy, FI. Transv. 2; 487 (1932).

Trichilia alata N.E.Br. in Kew Bull. 1896: 160 (1896);

Wood & Evans, Natal Plants 2, fig. 209 (1902). Syntypes:

Transvaal, Barberton, Upper Moodies, Galpin 1083 (K! ;

PRE!); Natal, near Pinetown, Medley Wood 1043 (K!;

PRE!;etc.).

Very similar to Ekebergia capensis (no. 1)

in its basic morphology though very dissimilar

in appearance, differing as follows: Shrub or

small tree, usually less than 6 m tall. Leaflets

3-5(7), coriaceous, elliptic, obovate-elliptic or

oblanceolate-elliptic, apex mostly rounded or

retuse, margin recurved, up to 50x20 mm. In-

florescence up to 60 mm long. Drupe up to

10x 10 mm. Chromosome number : 2n=50

(White 10523, South Africa). Fig. 15: 2.

Only known from South Africa where it extends from

the northern Transvaal to Pondoland. Usually in semi-ever-

green bushland and scrub forest and at forest edges,

especially in rocky places. Mostly between 500 and

1 700 m. Map 40.

Vouchers: Acocks 12860; Compton 25926; Gerstner

6027a; Strey 10627; Van Wyk & Venter 1294.

The Rock Essenhout is an unmistakable species though

it has been confused with Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw.

(Oleaceae).

4195 5. TRICHILIA

Trichilia P. Browne, Hist. Jam. 278 (1756) nom. conserv.; Sond. in F.C. 1: 246 (1860); Oliv. in

F.T.A. 1: 333 (1868); Harms in Pflanzenfam. edn 2, 19bl: 104 (1940); Exell & Mendonga in

C.F.A. 1: 312 (1951); Keay in F.W.T.A. edn 2, 1: 703 (1958); Staner & Gilbert in F.C.B. 7: 157

(1958); White & Styles in F.Z. 2: 297 (1963); De Wilde, Rev. spec. Trichilia Afr. (1968); R. A.

Dyer, Gen. 1: 300 (1975); Pennington & Styles in Blumea 22: 467 (1975). Type species: T. hirta

L.

Trees. Indumentum of simple hairs. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets entire. Flowers unisexual

(plants apparently dioecious), in cymes or cymose panicles. Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricate, much

54

Meliaceae

55

longer than the calyx in bud. Stamens 10; filaments united in lower half and with a pair of deltate

appendages at apex. Disc fused to base of staminal tube. Ovary small; locules with 2 collateral

ovules. Fruit a loculicidal capsule with 3 leathery valves and up to 6 seeds. Seeds large, almost

completely covered by a bright red aril.

Characters not applicable in southern Africa: suffruticose habit, stellate hairs, unifoliolate or trifoliolate leaves,

completely united filaments without appendages, free cup-shaped disc, bilocular ovary.

A mainly tropical genus of 85 species, most numerous in the New World, with only 15 species in Africa and 2 in Asia.

Trichilia natalensis Sond. is not meliaceous and T. umbellata C. DC. ex Medley Wood and ex Bews is a nomen nudum

(see De Wilde, 1968).

Derived from a Greek word meaning ‘in three parts’ referring to the fruits which are 3-lobed in some species.

Until recently the two southern African species have been repeatedly confused. They are ecologically and, to a large

extent, geographically distinct and the trained eye has no difficulty in distinguishing them. They differ in several features of

the leaflets, fruits and infructescence, but some characters show slight overlap. The most reliable character concerns the

stipe of the fruit and this is the only one used in the key below. There should, however, be no difficulty in identifying

flowering and sterile material by referring to the descriptions and illustrations.

Capsule without a stipe or with an indistinct stipe up to 3 mm long 1 . T. dregeana

Capsule sharply differentiated from a 5 - 10 mm long stipe . . .

1. Trichilia dregeana Sond. in F.C. 1:

246 (1860); White & Styles in F.Z. 2: 298

(1963); De Wilde, Rev. spec. Trichilia Afr. 28,

fig. 3, map 3 (1968); Ross, FI. Natal 216

(1972); Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 2: 1069

& photos (1973). Type: South Africa, Port

Natal (Durban), Gueinzius s.n. (TCD, lecto. of

De Wilde, 1968; G!; K!; PRE!; S; SAM!).

Trichilia dregeana var. oblonga Harv. ex Sond. in F.C.

1: 246 (1860); Harv., Thes. Cap. 1: 49 fig. 76 (‘1859’,

probably 1860, see below). Type: South Africa, Port Natal

[Durban], Sanderson s.n. (TCD, holo.; K!).

Trichilia dregei E. Mey. ex C. DC. in Monogr. Phan. 1:

657 (1878); E. Mey. ex Drdge, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 227 (1843),

nom. nud. Type: Drege 39 (P, holo. !).

Trichilia dregei var. oblonga (Harv. ex Sond.) C. DC. in

Monogr. Phan. 658 (1878), nom. illegit.

Trichilia emetica sensu Burn Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 487

(1932), as to syn. T. dregeana only.

Evergreen tree up to 20 m tall; bole up to

1,8 m diam., tall and straight when growing

inside forest, but branched at 2 m in open;

crown dense, very wide-spreading in open.

Leaves up to 260 mm long. Leaflets 7-11, up

to 210 x 85 mm; apex of lateral leaflets shortly

and acutely acuminate or bluntly subacuminate

(with the tip itself often shallowly notched),

nearly always showing a hollow curve; lower

surface glabrous or with a few short strigulose

hairs, usually drying dark brown; lateral nerves

in 7-12, usually widely spaced pairs. Inflores-

cence sometimes many-flowered in male, al-

2. T. emetica

ways few-flowered and usually lax in female.

Petals usually 13—22 mm long. Staminal tube

usually 10—16 mm long. Fruit (ripe but un-

opened) 30-50 mm in diam., occurring 1-3

together in the leaf axils. Chromosome number.

2n = c.360 (Ethiopia). Fig. 17: 1.

Widespread in tropical Africa, but with some major

disjunctions; mainly in upland areas from Guinea to Camer-

oun and from Ethiopia to South Africa; also in Angola. In

South Africa in evergreen forest as far south as Komga

District in the eastern Cape; mostly in regions of higher

rainfall than T. emetica; from near sea-level to 1 250 m.>

Map41.

Vouchers: De Winter 8850; Moll 3226; Ross 1270;

Scheepers 1251; Strey 7122.

Fig. 17. — 1, Trichilia dregeana: 1, leaflet, x 0,5 (from Thorns 5348); la, leaflet, x 0,5 and part of lower leaf

surface, x 2,1 (both from Strey 5340); lb, flower in longitudinal section and ovary in transverse section (both x 3,2 and

from Styles 333); lc, calyx and androecium, x 3,2 (from Styles 333); 2, T. emetica: 2, leaflet, x 0,5 (from Liengme 577);

2a, leaflet, x 0,5 and part of lower leaf surface, x 2,1 (both from Compton 31147); 2b, unopened capsule, x 0,5; 2c,

capsule just beginning to dehisce, x 1,6; 2d, dehisced capsule viewed from above, X 1,1; 2e, seed, x 1,6 (all from Bond

s.n.).

56

Meliaceae

Pig 18 — Pseudobersama mossambicensis: 1, fruiting twig, x 0,5 (from Boococh 16; la, male flower in longitudi-

nal section, x 7,5 (after Pennington & Styles); lb, capsule, x 0,5; lc.seed, x 2,1 (both from Moggrtdge 430).

Meliaceae

57

2. Trichilia emetica Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1:

31 (1790); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 487

(1932), excl. syn. T. dregeana', O. B. Miller in

J1 S. Afr. Bot. 18: 40 (1952); White & Styles in

F.Z. 2: 299, fig. 58b (1963); De Wilde, Rev.

spec. Trichilia Afr. 50, fig. 4, map 4 (1968);

Ross, FI. Natal 216 (1972); Van Wyk, Trees

Kruger Nat. Park 1: 277 & photos (1972);

Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 2: 1071 & pho-

tos (1973). Type: Yemen, Forsskal 478 (C,

holo.; BM!).

Trichilia roka Chiov. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1923: 115

(1923); F. White, For. FI. N. Rhod. 181 (1952), nom.

illegit. Type: as above.

Evergreen or semi-evergreen tree up to 18

m tall, but in southern Africa usually smaller;

crown very dense, widespreading in open.

Leaves up to 280 mm long. Leaflets 9-11, up

to 150 x 50 mm; apex of lateral leaflets

rounded, emarginate or broadly acute, without

a hollow curve; lower surface sparsely to

densely puberulous or tomentellous with short

weak curly or flexuose hairs, usually drying

olive-green or pale yellow-brown; lateral nerves

usually in 11-18 closely set pairs. Inflores-

cence usually condensed and many-flowered.

Petals usually 9—14 mm long. Staminal tube

usually 8—11 mm long. Fruit (ripe but un-

opened) 18—25 mm in diameter, usually

crowded at the ends of the branchlets. Chromo-

Map42.— Trichilia emetica

some number : 2n = 50 ( Vosa & Burras 453;

White 10415, South Africa). Fig. 17: 2.

Widespread in tropical Africa from Senegal to the Red

Sea and the Yemen, and through East and Central Africa to

the Caprivi Strip, Botswana and Natal. In the Caprivi Strip

and Botswana it is a characteristic member of riparian forest

fringing the Zambezi and Chobe Rivers. In southern Africa

it mostly occurs in drier areas than T. dregeana (no. 1);

usually in riparian forest but also locally in woodland and

wooded grassland on and in scrub forest in rocky places. In

Natal it occurs in coastal forest from Mtunzini northwards,

whereas T. dregeana occupies that habitat further south.

Map 42.

Vouchers: Acocks 12974; Edwards 3326; Pole Evans

4201; Strey 3243; Von Breitenbach 1217.

4195a 6. PSEUDOBERSAMA

Pseudobersama Verde, in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 55: 504 (1956); White & Styles in F.Z. 2: 304

(1963); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 301 (1975); Pennington & Styles in Blumea 22: 469 (1975). Type

species: P. mossambicensis (Sim) Verde.

Trees with pinnate leaves. Indumentum of simple hairs. Flowers unisexual (plant dioecious).

Petals 5, free, imbricate. Filaments united for about half of length, without appendages; anthers

11-12, hairy. Disc partly fused to base of ovary. Ovary with 5 locules each with 2 collateral

ovules; style-head scarcely broader than style, obscurely 5-lobed. Capsule with 2 seeds per locule.

Seeds very small in relation to size of capsule, partly surrounded by a small red, fleshy aril.

One species on the eastern side of Africa.

The generic name means ‘false Bersama’ .

Pseudobersama mossambicensis (Sim)

Verde, in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 55: 504, fig. 1

(1956); White & Styles in F.Z. 2: 305, fig. 60

(1963); Ross, FI. Natal 216 (1972). Type: Mo-

zambique, without locality, Sim 5204 [not

located; fig. 23 in Sim, For. FI. P.E. Afr.

(1909), lectotype of White (1986)].

Bersama mossambicensis Sim, tom. cit. 34, fig. 23

(1909).

Evergreen tree up to 10 m tall, usually

smaller. Leaves up to 300 mm long. Leaflets

9—17, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, apex shortly

and bluntly acuminate; lower surface with tufts

of hairs in the nerve axils and with lax, promi-

58

Meliaceae

KobfrM a'Lj

■Wxi

2

Meliaceae

59

nent, reticulate venation. Flowers white, 3-12

in a sparsely branched to subcapitate, cymose

inflorescence. Petals 4,5-6 mm long, gla-

brous. Filaments 3,5 mm long. Capsule 30—50

mm in diameter, red; appendages up to 7 mm

long. Seeds 7x5 mm, puiple-black, aril

orange, extending from the adaxial part of seed,

to form a cushion at the apex and base. Chro-

mosome number. 2n = 46 (Kenya). Fig 18.

P. mossambicensis has a scattered distribution in east

African coastal forests from Kenya to Natal. Map 43.

Vouchers: Tinley 321; 456; Ward 3231 .

4163

7. ENTANDROPHRAGMA

Entandrophragma C. DC. in Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 582, fig. 12 (1894); Harms in Pflanzenfam.

edn 2, 19bl: 55 (1940); Exell & Mendonga in C.F.A. 1: 308 (1951); White & Styles in F.Z. 2: 289

(1963); M. Friedrich in F.S.W.A. 71: 2 (1968); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 298 (1975); Pennington &

Styles in Blumea 22: 518, t. 17, i, j (1975). Type species: E. angolense (Welw.) C. DC.

Wulfhorstia C. DC. in Mem. Herb. Boissier 10: 77 (1900).

Trees, usually large. Leaves paripinnate, leaflets entire. Flowers unisexual (tree monoecious),

in contracted panicles. Petals 5, free, contorted. Staminal tube cup-shaped, margin entire or almost

so; anthers 10; appendages absent. Disc in the form of 10 distinct or indistinct short ridges which

connect the ovaiy to the base of the staminal tube. Ovary 5-locular, each locule with 4—12

pendulous anatropous ovules in 2 rows; style short; style-head discoid with 5 radiating stigmatic

lines. Capsule pendulous, woody, septifragal, cigar-shaped; valves separating from apex, persis-

tent at base; columella massive, softly woody, 5-angled, indented with imprints of the seeds. Seeds

with a terminal wing, 3— 5 per locule.

Characters not applicable in southern Africa: the precise shape of the staminal tube and disc and the way the fruit opens

are different in some other species.

A genus with 1 1 species, confined to the African mainland.

The Greek name Entandrophragma refers to the 10 partitions between the ovary and the staminal tube.

Leaflets filiform-acuminate at apex 1 . E. caudatum

Leaflets shortly cuspidate to emarginate at apex 2. E. spicatum

1. Entandrophragma caudatum (Spra-

gue) Sprague in Kew Bull. 1910: 180 (1910) &

in Hooker’s Icon. PI. 31: fig. 3032 (1915);

Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 487 (1932); Brem.

& Oberm. in Ann. Transv. Mus. 16: 420

(1935); O. B. Miller in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 18: 39

(1952); White & Styles in F.Z. 2: 290, fig. 55b

(1963); Ross, FI. Natal 216 (1972); Van Wyk,

Trees Kruger Nat. Park 1: 271 & photos (1972);

Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 2: 1055 & pho-

tos (1973). Type: Transvaal, Blouwberg, 1 190

m, Bailey in Transv. Dept. Agric. Herb. 2926

(K, holo.!).

Pseudoc'edrela caudata Sprague in Kew Bull. 1908:

163 (1908).

Large deciduous tree 10-20 m tall; bole up

to 1,5 m diam., long and straight or branched at

2 m. Bark thick and rough, flaking in large

FIG. 19. — 1, Entandrophragma caudatum: 1, leaf, x 0,5 (from Smith 2053); la, capsule and seed, x 0,5 (from

Burtt Davy 20573); 2, E. spicatum: 2, leaf x 0,5 (from Teixeira 2414); 2a, inflorescence, X 0,5; 2b, flower in longitudinal

section, X 8 (both from Gossweiler 13375).

60

Meliaceae

Map 44. — • Entandrophragma caudatum

▲ Entandrophragma spicatum

irregular scales to expose buff undersurface.

Leaves up to 250 mm long. Leaflets in 5— 8

pairs, up to 1 10 x 35 mm, ovate to lanceolate,

gradually tapering from near the base to a

narrowly acuminate apex with a filiform tip,

base of distal leaflets very asymmetric, base of

proximal ones less asymmetric; lower surface

glabrous or almost so, venation indistinct. In-

florescence up to 200 x 20 mm, in leaf axils

and towards base of current year’s growth.

Flowers pale green. Petals 5-6 mm long,

densely puberulous outside. Staminal tube 3—4

mm long, glabrous outside, densely puberulous

inside. Capsule 150-200 x 50 mm, cigar-

shaped; valves brownish black, closely lenticel-

late, apex thickened and recurved; columella

with shallow seed impressions. Seeds including

the wing 90-100 x 20 mm. Chromosome

number. 2n = 72 (Zimbabwe). Fig. 19: 1.

From Zambia and Malawi southwards to Swaziland

and northern Zululand. A conspicuous, though rather rare,

emergent tree in various types of bushland, thicket and

forest on sandy soils or in rocky places, including Baikiaea

plurijuga forest on Kalahari Sand in Botswana and the

Caprivi Strip, and ‘mahemane’ thicket at the southern end

of its range in Zululand. Map 44.

Vouchers: De Winter 9241 A; Hancock 30; Smith 2053;

Vahrmeijer 1542; Von Breitenbach 1225.

The wood of Mountain mahogany can be used for

furniture and cabinet making but supplies are too limited for

it to be of much economic importance.

2. Entandrophragma spicatum (C. DC.)

Sprague in Hooker’s Icon. PI. 31: in nota sub

fig. 3023 (1915); Friedr. in F.S.W.A. 71: 2

(1968). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Amboland,

Uukuanjama, Omupanda, Wulfhorst s.n. (Z,

holo.).

Wulfhorstia spicata C. DC. in Mem. Herb. Boissier 10:

78(1900).

Wulfhorstia spicata var. viridiflora Schinz in Bull. Herb.

Boissier, ser. 2,2: 1000 (1902). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia,

Omupanda, Rautanen 323 (Z, holo.).

Wulfhorstia ekebergioides Harms in Warb., Kunene-

Samb. Exped. 271 (1903). Entandrophragma ekeber-

gioides (Harms) Sprague in Hooker’s Icon. PI. 31: in nota

sub. fig. 3023 (1915); Exell & Mendonga, C.F.A. 1: 309

(1951). Type: Angola, Huila, Vila Pereira d’Eca, Baum 88

(B, holo., presumably destroyed; BM!;COI!; K!).

Large deciduous tree 9-18 m tall. Bark

rough, flaking. Leaflets in 3-7 pairs, up to 1 10

x 70 mm, broadly oblong or obovate-oblong;

lower surface densely puberulous, venation

forming a conspicuous network. Inflorescence

densely hairy, precocious or with the leaves.

Capsule with greyish, buff or pale brown

valves; columella with deep seed impressions.

Chromosome number. 2n = 72 (Angola). Fig.

19:2.

The Woodland mahogany is only known from the

south of Angola and the north of S.W. A. /Namibia, where it

is an emergent tree from bushland and woodland, mostly on

deep sandy soil. Map 44.

Vouchers: De Winter 3634; De Winter & Leistner

5814 .Rodin 8914.

Introduced species

In addition to Melia azedarach (p. 49), voucher

specimens have been seen for the following species which

are planted. Six other species are included in the National

list of introduced trees (Von Breitenbach, 1984).

Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. N. Parker (syn.

A. rohituka Pierre). Native of tropical Asia. Tree 12 m tall.

Leaves pinnate. Leaflets very asymmetric, entire; venation

prominently reticulate. Inflorescence spicate or paniculate.

Female and hermaphrodite flowers sessile. Male flowers

sometimes stalked. Fruit a 2-3(4)-valved loculicidal cap-

sule. Seeds with a bright red aril. In parks in Durban; said to

be 'wild' in forest at Hluhluwe (Palmer & Pitman, 1972),

but almost certainly planted; more information needed).

Vouchers: Mills 23; White 14127.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (syn. Melia azadirachta

L.). Neem or Nim Tree. Native of India and Burma. Tree.

Leaves pinnate. Leaflets very asymmetric, coarsely serrate.

Inflorescence paniculate. Fruit a drupe. Planted at Mtun-

zini. Voucher: Haigh CPF 2448.

Cedrela odorata L. Central American Cedar, Midde-

Amerikaanse Seder. Native of tropical America. Tree up to

30 m high. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets entire, foetid when

crushed, oblong-lanceolate; proximal lateral nerves with

axillary pockets on lower surface. Inflorescence paniculate.

Fruit a robust, woody capsule usually 30-40 mm long.

Seeds winged. Planted for timber and ornament. Vouchers:

Wells & Edwards 18; NH 30505.

Khaya nyasica Stapf ex Bak. f. East African Maho-

gany; Oos-Afrikaanse Mahonie. Native of tropical Africa.

Tree up to 25 m or more high. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets

Meliaceae

61

entire. Inflorescence paniculate. Fruit an almost spherical

woody capsule 40-60 mm in diameter. Seeds transversely

ellipsoid, narrowly winged all round margin. Successfully

planted for shade and ornament, and for timber. Voucher:

Van Rensburg 411.

Swietenia mahagoni ( L .) Jacq. Spanish Mahogany;

Spaanse Mahonie. Native of Florida and the West Indies.

Tree up to 20 m tall. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets distinctly

petiolulate, entire, not foetid, lanceolate, very asymmetric,

apex subacuminate. Inflorescence paniculate. Fruit a robust

woody capsule 60- 100 mm long. Seeds winged. Planted in

Durban. Voucher: Moll 3621 .

Toona ciliata M. J. Roem. (syn. Cedrela toona Roxb.

ex Rottl. & Willd.). Toon Tree; Toonboom. Native of tropi-

cal Asia. Tree up to 25 m or more high. Leaves pinnate.

Leaflets entire, not foetid, lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic,

without axillary pockets beneath. Inflorescence paniculate.

Fruit a delicate woody capsule ± 20 mm long. Seeds

winged. Planted for timber and ornament. Vouchers:

Rogers 14829; Wyman 17.

Malpighiaceae

MALPIGHIACEAE nom. cons.

by Various Authors

63

Scandent or erect shrubs or lianes, rarely small trees; with medifixed unicellular hairs. Leaves

opposite or alternate, rarely temate, simple, entire, with sessije or stipitate glands on petiole or

base of lamina; stipules present or absent. Inflorescence of axillary umbels, axillary corymbs or

terminal racemes. Flowers bisexual, with 2 bracts on pedicel, slightly zygomorphic. Sepals 5,

free, may have 1 or 2 sessile glands on outer surface. Petals 5, free, spreading, unguiculate, with

fimbriate or lacerate margins. Stamens 10, free or filaments shortly connate at base; filaments

shorter than anthers, may be unequal; anthers opening longitudinally or by an apical pore-like slit.

Ovary superior, 3 (4)-locular, one locule may abort; styles 2-3 (4), free to the base; placentation

axile, each locule with a single pendulous ovule. Fruit breaking up into 2—3 (4) winged samaras;

each with a dorsal or lateral wing.

Characters not applicable to species in our area: May have stinging hairs, hairs may be branched. Leaves with jointed

petioles. Flowers may be cleistogamous. Stamens — some reduced to staminodes; anthers with an enlarged connective.

Ovary may be 5-locular; styles rarely connate. Fruit may be a schizocarp, capsule, berry or drupe.

Genera about 60; species about 850; cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical areas with most species in the American

tropics and subtropics. Three genera and 4 species occur in southern Africa.

la Leaves alternate; styles 2 3. Acridocarpus

lb Leaves opposite or temate; styles 3:

2a Flowers yellow or orange; fruit with obliquely oblong dorsal wing . 2. Sphedamnocarpus

2b Flowers pink, fading whitish; fruit with a saucer-like lateral wing 1 . Triaspis

4206 1. TRIASPIS

by K. L. IMMELMAN

Triaspis Burch., Trav. 2: 280, 290 (Jan. -June 1824); Sond. in F.C. 1; 232 (1859); Benth. &

Hook, f., Gen. PI. 1: 259 (1862); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 302 (1975). Type species: T. hypericoides

(DC.) Burch.

Scandent shrubs with twining stems, sometimes erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely temate,

simple, entire, with or without glands on lamina; stipules absent. Flowers in axillary corymbose

racemes; bracteate on pedicels, bisexual, slightly zygomorphic. Sepals 5, free, glabrous or pilose

on abaxial surface. Petals 5, free, spreading, concave, shortly unguiculate, margins fimbriated;

one petal long-fimbriate along whole margin, one petal long-fimbriate at base only, three petals

long-fimbriate along one side and at base of the other, short-fimbriate near top. Stamens 10, free;

filaments often slightly unequal. Ovary superior, 3-locular, with single pendulous ovule in each

loculus; styles 3, free to base, curving. Fruit breaking up into (2-)3 one-seeded carpels, each with

a shield- or saucer-shaped wing on margin.

Species about 12, all African, with two in southern Africa. These occur in S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana, northern Cape

and Transvaal.

Wing on carpel 1, 2-2,0 times as long as wide, 10-25 mm wide; leaf 0,7- 1,6 times longer than wide;

petiole (2— )4— 16( — 20) mm long 1. T. glaucophylla

Wing on carpel 0,8- 1,3 times as long as wide, 25-40 mm wide; leaf ( 1 — ) 1 ,2— 3,0( — 6,5) times longer than wide;

petiole 1 — 5(— 7) mm long 2. T. hypericoides

1. Triaspis glaucophylla Engl, in Bot. Jb. T leendertziae Bum Davy, FI. Transv. 1. 51 (1926); 2:

36: 249 (May, 1905); Niedenzu in Pflanzen- ('^^ Type: Transvaal, Potgietersms, Leendertz 1962

reich 4, 141 (Hef! 91): 48 (1928). Type: ,K'holo!;BOL!)

Transvaal, N.W. of Lydenburg, by big water- Scandent shrub, up to 2(-5) m high,

fall, Wilms 144 (B?t). Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, 13-50X

64

Malpighiaceae

5

6

3

4

Malpighiaceae

65

coming glabrescent with maturity. Sepals

ovate, acute, l,5-4x 1 -2 mm. Petals 6-11x4

-8 mm, lilac fading to white with age. Stamens

with filaments 4—6 mm long; anthers ovate,

1,5— 2,5 mm long. Fruit with wings orbiculate,

margins entire or ± deeply emarginate at top

and bottom, 25—40 mm long, glabrous or with

a few dark hairs, green ripening to pale brown,

often with maroon tinge.

This species occurs in S.W. A. /Namibia and in central

and eastern Transvaal, with a few scattered localities in

Botswana and the northern Cape. It flowers from late Octo-

ber to May.

Three subspecies are recognized:

1 a Leaf lamina canescent at all stages

2c. subsp. canescens

lb Leaf lamina soon becoming glabrescent (hairs

sometimes remaining on midrib beneath and on

margins):

2a Leaves 3,0-6,5 times longer than wide; occur-

ring in Botswana and northern Cape

2a. subsp. hypericoides

2b Leaves 1, 0-3,0 times longer than wide, occur-

ring in S.W. A. /Namibia and Transvaal

2b. subsp. nelsonii

2a. subsp. hypericoides.

Subsp. hypericoides is distinguishable

from subsp. nelsonii by its relatively narrower

leaves and its distribution. Fig. 20: 4.

It should be noted that the regions in which it occurs

are not yet thoroughly collected. It is possible that plants

with broad leaves will also be found in Botswana or the

northern Cape. Map 46.

Vouchers: Allen 206; Lightfoot 8; Mar loth 1072 (BOL;

NBG); Ngoni 285; Wild & Drummond 7248.

2. Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch.,

Trav. 2: 280, 290 (Jan. -June, 1824). Syn-

types: Cape, Kosi Fountain, Burchell 2531 (K,

lecto. !); Cape, in a walk to, and on a black

rocky hill under, the Kamhanni Mnts (Kuruman

Hills), Burchell 2486 (K).

Hiraea hypericoides DC., Prodr. 1: 585 (Jan., 1824).

Scandent shrub with twining stems, some-

times small erect shrub, up to 1 ,5( — 3) m high.

Leaves triangular-ovate to narrowly linear-lan-

ceolate, 13—57x4—30 mm, apex narrowly

acute to obtuse, base obtuse to truncate or

slightly cordate, main vein prominent below, Map46. — A Triaspis hypericoides subsp. hypericoides

lamina glabrous to densely white-pilose, be- • Triaspis hypericoides subsp. nelsonii

13-52 mm, apex obtuse to emarginate, base

obtuse to cordate, main vein prominent below,

sometimes forming a minute apiculus, lamina

glabrous to densely white-pilose, becoming gla-

brescent with maturity, often glaucous or

slightly discolorous. Sepals ovate, acute,

1,5 — 2,5 x 1,0 — 1,5 mm. Petals 4,5-9(-ll)x

3— 5(— 8) mm, lilac or bluish fading to white

with age. Stamens with filaments 4—6 mm

long; anthers ovate, 1, 5-2,0 mm long. Fruit

with wings ovate, margins entire or ± deeply

emarginate at top and bottom, 19-35 mm long,

usually with a few dark hairs, green becoming

pale brown, sometimes tinged maroon. Fig. 20:

5 & 6.

T. glaucophylla is endemic in the Transvaal and flow-

ers from October to April. Map 45.

Vouchers: Monnig 63; Van der Schijff 7306; Venter

1962; Young A51 1.

Fig. 20. — Triaspis hypericoides subsp. nelsonii: 1 , branch with flowers and fruits, x 0,5 (Giess 10575 and Le Roux

298); 2, flower, x 2,5 (Van Rooyen 2169); 3, leaf, x 1 (Giess & Smook 10575); 4, leaf of subsp. hypericoides, x 1 (Wild

& Drummond 7248). Triaspis glaucophylla: 5, leaf, x 1 (Van Wyk 5182); 6, fruit x 1 (Germishuizen 304).

66

Malpighiaceae

2b. subsp. nelsonii (Oliv.) Immelman in

Bothalia 14, 1:79(1982).

T. nelsonii Oliv., in Hooker’s Icon. PI. 15: 14, t. 1418

(1833); Pole Evans in Flower. PI. S. Afr. 3: t. 109 (1923);

Niedenzu in Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 91): 47 (1928);

Launert in F.Z. 2: 118 (1963); F.S.W.A. 72: 2 (1968).

Type: Transvaal, Pretoria, Nelson 511 (K, holo.; PRE!).

T. rehmannii Szyszyl., Polypet. Disc. Rehm. 2: 3

(1888). Syntypes: Transvaal, Pretoria, Aapies Poort, Reh-

mann 4195; Transvaal, Elandsrivier & drift, Rehmann

4944.

T. nelsonii var. austro-occidentalis Schinz in Vjschr.

naturf. Ges. Zurich 2: 194 (1906). Syntypes: S.W. A. /Na-

mibia, Hereroland, Schinz 7 (Zl); Otavibei, Dove s.n. , anno

1892 (Z!); Hereroland, Otjiraka, Dinter 598 (Z!).

T. nelsonii var. glauca Schinz, l.c. Syntypes: Transvaal,

Barberton, Queen's River Valley, Galpin 643 (K; BOL!;

NBG!; NHI; PRE!); Barberton, Moodies, Galpin 593. —

var. glabra Burtt Davy, nom. superfl., FI. Transv. 1: 51

( 1926); 2: 286 ( 1932). Type: Galpin 643 (K; BOL!; NBG!;

NH!; PRE!).

T. hypericoides var. subsessilis Burtt Davy, FI. Transv.

1:51 (1926); 2: 286 (1932); Niedenzu in Pflanzenreich 4,

141 (Heft 91): 48, fig. 11, H, J, (1928). Type: Transvaal,

Todd 26 (K, holo.!).

T. thorncroftii Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 51 (1926); 2:

286 (1932). Type: Transvaal, Tzaneen, Rogers 12572 (K,

holo.!; BOL!; photo, at PRE!).

T. rogersii Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 51 (1926); 2: 286

(1932). Type: Transvaal, Tzaneen, Rogers 12572 (K).

T. ternara Greenway & Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 51

(1926); 2: 286 (1932). Type: Transvaal, Komatipoort, Rog-

ers 22172 (K, holo.; BOL!).

T. ovata Brem. in Ann. Transv. Mus. 15: 245 (1933).

Type: Transvaal, Pietersburg, Olifantsrivier, Molsgat,

Bremekamp & Sclnveickerdt 450 (PRE!; PRU).

In this subspecies the leaves are variable in

shape, but are no more than three times longer

than wide. Fig. 20: 1, 2 & 3.

In southern Africa it is found in S.W. A. /Namibia and

in the Transvaal. Map 46.

In the type of T. ternata some of the upper leaves and

inflorescences are temate, while the lower ones are in pairs.

It is probably only a rare form or mutant rather than a

separate species.

Vouchers: Craven 561 (WIND); Giess & Smook

10627; Hutchinson 2360; Le Roux 631 ; Smith 1397.

2c. subsp. canescens (Engl.) Immelman in

Bothalia 14, 1:79(1982).

T. canescens Engl, in Bot. Jb. 36: 249 (1905); Niedenzu

in Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 91): 47 (1928). T. nelsonii

subsp. canescens (Engl.) Launert in Bolm Soc. broteriana,

ser. 2, 35: 32 (1961). Type: Mozambique, Ressano Garcia,

Schlechter 1 1827 (Bt; K, lecto.; GRA!).

Subsp. canescens differs from subsp. nelso-

nii only in the long hairs which persist even

when the leaves are mature.

Only three specimens were seen by the author, the type

and two duplicates of Van der Schijff 3970. The subspecies

was formerly thought to occur only in Mozambique, but has

since been found in the Kruger National Park.

Vouchers: Van der Schijff 3970 (KNP).

4219 2. SPHEDAMNOCARPUS

by P. D. DE Villiers* and D. J. Botha**

Sphedamnocarpus Planch, ex Benth. & Hook. f. in Gen. PI. 1: 256 (1862); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1:

279 (1868); Engl, in Bot. Jb. 36: 249 (1905); Niedenzu in Pflanzenreich 4,141 (Heft 93): 252

(1928); Aitnes in Notul. syst., Paris 11: 97-123 (1943); Launert in F.Z. 2: 119 (1963); in

F.S.W.A. 72: 1 (1968); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 302 (1975). Type species: S. pruriens (Juss.)

Szyszyl.

Scandent shrubs or climbers, deciduous; young branches often covered by an indumentum of

silvery grey or golden grey trichomes; older branches often glabrous. Leaves opposite, temate or

rarely subopposite, simple, sericeous; petiole with 2 stalked glands; stipulate. Inflorescence axil-

lary, umbellate; pedicel and peduncle sericeous; bracts narrowly ovate. Flowers bisexual, subacti-

nomorphic. Sepals 5, free, persistent, green to greyish green. Petals 5, free, caducous, yellow to

orange, unguiculate. Stamens 10; anthers pinkish, basifixed; filaments slightly flattened, connate

at base. Ovary 3(— 4)-loculed; styles 3(— 4), persistent; stigmas slightly swollen. Fruit consisting

of 3( — 4) single-seeded, dorsally winged samaras.

A genus of 12 species of which one species, 5. barbosae Launert, is restricted to Angola, one species with two

subspecies occurs in southern and tropical Africa and 10 species are from Madagascar and Mauritius.

The generic name is derived from the Greek, in allusion to the sling-like fruit. In southern Africa the plants usually

grow on soils derived from quartzite. The irritating hairs on the plants often cause itching.

Department of Botany, Potchefstroom University for C.H.E.

Formerly of Department of Botany, Potchefstroom University for C.H.E. ; now National Botanic Gardens, Kirsten-

bosch.

Malpighiaceae

67

Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (Juss.)

Szyszyl., Polypet. Disc. Rehm. 2 (1888); Nie-

denzu in Arb. bot. Inst. Braunsb. 6: 49 (1915);

in Verz. Vorl. Akad. Braunsb. S.-Sem. 1924:

18 (1924); in Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 93):

257 (1928); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 284

(1932); Arbnes in Notul. syst., Paris 11: 119

(1943); Launert in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2,

35: 37 (1961); in F.Z. 2: 122 (1963). Type:

Natal, Port Natal, Gueinzius s.n. (K!).

Two subspecies are recognized:

Leaves sericeous on both surfaces a. subsp. pruriens

Leaves glabrous or nearly so, but never sericeous

b. subsp. galphimiifolius

a. subsp. pruriens.

Acridocarpus pruriens Juss. in Annls Sci. nat., bot. 13:

272 (1840); in Archs Mus. natn. Hist, nat., Paris 3: 492

(1843); Sond. in F.C. 1: 232 (1860); Sphedamnocarpus

pruriens var. pruriens (= var. typicus Arenes) in Notul.

syst., Paris 11: 119 (1943); Launert in Bolm Soc. brote-

riana, ser. 2, 35: 39(1961).

A. angolensis Juss. in Ann. Sci. nat., bot. 13: 272

(1840); in Archs Mus. natn. Hist, nat., Paris 3: 490 (1843).

S. angolensis (Juss.) Planch, ex Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 279

(1968); Hiem, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1: 104 ( 1896); Niedenzu

in Arb. bot. Inst. Braunsb. 6: 48 (1916); in Verz. Vorl.

Akad. Braunsb. S.-Sem. 1924: 17 (1924); in Pflanzenreich

4, 141 (Heft 93): 255 ( 1928); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 284

(1932); Gossweiler & Mendonija, Carta Fitogeogr. Angola

160, 161 (1939); Arenes in Notul. syst., Paris 11: 121

( 1943); Exell & Mendoza, C.F.A. 1 ,2: 252 ( 1951); White,

For. FI. N. Rhod. 183 (1962). Type: Angola, Cuanza

Norte, Lopolo, Welwitsch 1043 (K, iso.!).

S. pulcherrimus Engl. & Gilg in Warb., Kunene-Samb.-

Exped. 272 (1903). S. angolensis var. pulcherrimus (Engl.

& Gilg) Niedenzu in Verz. Vorl. Akad. Braunsb. S.-Sem.

1924: 17 (1924); in Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 93) 255

( 1928). Type: Angola, Bie, Baum 588 (Bt; K, iso. !).

S. wilmsii Engl, in Bot. Jb. 36: 249 (1905); Burtt Davy,

FI. Transv. 2: 284 (1932); Arenes, Notul. syst., Paris 11:

120 (1943). S. pruriens forma (II) wilmsii (Engl.) Niedenzu

in Verz. Vorl. Akad. Braunsb. S.-Sem. 1924: 18 (1924); in

Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 93): 257 (1928). Type:

Transvaal, cascade near Lydenburg, Wilms 142 (Bt; K,

iso., only photo, seen).

5. pruriens var. lanceolatus Launert in Bolm Soc. brote-

riana, ser. 2, 35: 42 (1961); in F.Z. 2: 122 (1963). Type:

Zimbabwe, Matopos, Rogers 5651 (BM, holo.-PRE,

photo.!).

S. pruriens var. latifolius Engl, in Bot. Jb. 36: 249

(1905); Launert in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 35: 41

(1961); in F.Z. 2: 122 (1963). 5. latifolius (Engl.) Niedenzu

in Arb. bot. Inst. Braunsb. 6: 48 (1915); in Verz. Vorl.

Akad. Braunsb. S.-Sem. 1924: 17 ( 1924); in Pflanzenreich

4, 141 (Heft 93): 256 (1928); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 2:

284 (1932); Arenes in Notul. syst., Paris 11: 120 (1943).

Type: Transvaal, cascade near Lydenburg, Wilms 145 [Bt;

BM, lecto.!, vide Launert (1961)].

S. pruriens forma (I) longipedunculatus Niedenzu in

Verz. Vorl. Akad. Braunsb. S.-Sem. 1924: 18 (1924); in

Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 93): 257 (1928). Type: not indi-

cated.

Map 47. — Sphedamnocarpus pruriens subsp pruriens

S. pruriens forma (III) brevipedunculatus Niedenzu in

Verz. Vorl. Akad. Braunsb. S.-Sem. 1924: 18 (1924); in

Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 93): 257 ( 1928). Type: not indi-

cated.

5. pruriens var. platypterus Arenes in Notul. syst., Paris

11: 120(1943). Syntypes: Mozambique, Delagoa Bay [Ma-

puto], Junod 497 (P?, not traced); Lourenco Marques [Ma-

puto], Borle 350 (SRGH).

Leaves opposite or whorled often with 3

leaves per whorl, lamina elliptic, ovate, obo-

vate or lanceolate, 135x100 mm, apex acute,

obtuse, mucronate or mucronulate, base cordate

or obtuse, yellowish sericeous on both surfaces;

petiole 2-36 mm long, with 2 stalked glands in

upper half. Stipules reniform, ovate or obovate,

sericeous, 2—10 mm long, apex obtuse or api-

culate. Inflorescence : 2— 6-flowered bracts ±3

mm long; flowers 8—15 mm in diameter. Se-

pals oblong, up to 3—5 mm. Petals with claw

up to 1 mm long, lamina 8-12 mm long, yel-

low to orange. Stamens 2—4 mm long. Ovary'

densely sericeous; styles up to 6 mm long.

Fruit : wing of samara 15 — 20 x 1 1 — 15 mm, se-

riceous to glabrescent. Fig. 21 .

Found is S.W. A. /Namibia and the rest of southern

Africa, excluding the Orange Free State, Lesotho and

Transkei. Occurs in open bush and shrubland. Map 47.

Vouchers: Bolus 1 1022; Codd 5195; De Villiers 213;

Mer.xmiiller & Giess 1814.

b. subsp. galphimiifolius (Juss.) P. D. de

Villiers & D. J. Botha, comb. nov.

Acridocarpus galphimiifolius Juss. in Archs Mus. natn

Hist, nat.. Pans 3: 491 (1843); Sond. in F. C. 1: 232

(1860). Sphedamnocarpus galphimiifolius (Juss.) Szyszyl.,

Polypet. Disc. Rehm. 2 (1888); Niedenzu in Arb. bot. Inst.

Braunsb. 6: 49 (1915); in Verz. Vorl. Akad. Braunsb. S.-

Sem. 1924: 18 (1924); in Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 93):

256 ( 1928); Burtt Davy, FI . Transv. 2: 284 ( 1932); Arenes

in Notul. syst., Paris 11: 118 (1943). 5. galphimiifolius

Malpighiaceae

69

subsp. galphimiifolius; Launert in Bolm Soc. broteriana,

ser. 2,35: 45 (1961); in F.Z. 2: 124 (1963). Type: Mozam-

bique, Delagoa Bay [Maputo], Forbes s.n. (K, iso.!).

A. pruriens var. laevigatus Sond. in Linnaea 23: 22

(1850). Type: Natal, (Port Natal) Gueinzius 396 (K,

lecto.!).

5. rehmannii Szyszyl., Polypet. Disc. Rehm. 3 (1888);

Niedenzu in Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 93): 257 (1928);

Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 2: 284 (1932); Ariines in Notul.

syst., Paris 11: 117 (1943). S. galphimiifolius subsp. reh-

mannii (Szyszyl.) Launert in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2,

35: 45 (1961); in F.Z. 2: 124 (1963). Type: Transvaal,

Houtboschberg, Rehmann 6390 (K, holo. !).

Triaspis transvalica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 29 (1893);

Niedenzu in Pflanzenreich 4, 141 (Heft 93): 256 (1928). S.

transvalicus (Kuntze) Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 50 (1926);

FI. Transv. 2: 284 (1932); Arenes in Notul. syst., Paris 11:

1 18 (1943); Launert in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 35: 46

(1961); in F.Z. 2: 124 (1963). Type: Transvaal, Pretoria, O.

Kuntze s.n. (K.holo.!).

S. rogersii Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 50 (1926); in FI.

Transv. 2: 284 (1932); Ar&nes in Notul. syst., Paris 11: 118

(1943). Type: Transvaal, Pietersburg Distr., Modjadjes,

Rogers 18041 (K, holo.!).

S. woodianus Arenes in Notul. syst., Paris 11: 118

(1943). Syntypes: Natal, Zululand, Gerrard & M'Ken

1788; Natal, Nanoti, J. Medley Wood 8921 (NH-PRE,

photo.!).

This subspecies is closely related to the

typical subspecies from which it differs as fol-

lows: Lamina 75x50 mm, trichomes restricted

Map 48. — Sphedamnocarpus pruriens subsp galphi-

miifolius

to leaf margins, mid- and lateral veins. Inflores-

cence: bracts ±2 mm long. Flowers up to 25

mm in diameter. Sepals narrowly ovate or obo-

vate.

Found in Botswana, Transvaal, Venda, Bophutha-

tswana, Swaziland, Orange Free State and Natal. Map 48.

Vouchers: Acocks 18739; Botha 2695; Compton

26629; Moll 3198; Van Dam 16929.

4220 3. ACRIDOCARPUS

by K. L. IMMELMAN

Acridocarpus Guill. & Perr. in Guill. , Perr. & A. Rich., FI. Sen. 123, t. 29 (Sept., 1831);

Sonder in F.C. 1: 231 (1860), partim excl. A. galphimiaefolius, A. pruriens (= Sphedamnocar-

pus): J. D. Hooker in Curtis’s bot. Mag. t. 5738 (1835); Launert in F.Z. 2: 109, t. 13 (1963);

Launert & Gonsalves in F.M. 32 (Malpighiaceae): 2 (1969); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 302 (1975);

Doom-Kockman in Acta bot. need. 24 (1): 69 (1975). Type species: A. plagiopterus Guill. & Perr.

Anomalopteris (DC.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 634, 637 (Aug., 1831). Heteropteris H.B.K. sect. Anomalopteris DC.,

Prodr. 1:592(1824).

Perennial scandent shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or subaltemate, often with glands

beneath; stipules absent. Flowers in dense terminal racemes, 2-bracteate, bisexual, regular. Sepals

5, occasionally with 1-2 glands on outer surface. Petals 5, free, unguiculate, margins shallowly

lacerate. Stamens 10; filaments short, free; anthers longer than filaments, opening by a short, pore-

like slit at apex. Ovary superior, 3-locular, one loculus aborted, single pendulous ovule in each

loculus; styles 2, free to the base, stigma partially lateral. Fruit breaking into 2 dorsally winged

samaras.

The genus comprises about 30 species, all occurring in tropical and subtropical Africa, except for one each in

Madagascar and New Caledonia. One species with two varieties is known from the F.S. A. area.

The generic name Acridocarpus means ‘locust fruit’ and refers to the wings on the fruits which resemble the outspread

wings of a locust.

Fig. 21 . — Sphedamnocarpus pruriens subsp. pruriens: 1 , branch with flowers, x 0,7; 2, branch with fruits, x 0,7;

3, flower, x 3; 4, anther, x 14; 5, longitudinal section of ovary, x 4; 6, cross-section of ovary, x 4; 7, hair taken from a

leaf, X 30 (all from Rand 431). By courtesy of the Editorial Board of Flora Zambesiaca.

70

Malpighiaceae

Fig. 22. — Acridocarpus natalitius var. natalitius: I, habit , x 0,5; 2, flower, x 2; 3, petal, x 2 {Wells 2142); 4,

fruit . x I (Leach & Bavliss 13621).

Malpighiaceae

71

Acridocarpus natalitius Juss. in Archs

Mus. natn. Hist, nat., Paris 3: 486 (1843).

Type: Natal, Port Natal [Durban], Krauss 261 .

Scandent, evergreen shrub or small tree;

stems rufous-pubescent when young, glabres-

cent. Leaves glabrous or rufous-pubescent,

usually glabrescent with hairs often remaining

on or along main veins, oblong to ovate, 30

— 135( — 215)x4 — 50( — 75) mm, apex and base

rounded to cuneate, midrib prominent below,

dark glands sometimes present at insertion of

petiole or scattered on undersurface of lamina;

petiole short and stout. Pedicels rufous-pubes-

cent, 12-34 mm long. Sepals broadly ovate,

glabrous or pubescent, 2— 7x1,5— 5 mm. Pe-

tals unguiculate, spreading, concave, margins

lacerated, 10-20x9-17 mm, golden yellow.

Stamens with filaments broadly linear, 1-2

mm long; anthers 4-7 mm long. Styles stout,

curving inward, 8-13 mm long. Fruit with ob-

long-triangular wings, 13-42x10-25 mm.

Fig. 22.

Two varieties are here recognized, but with consider-

able reservations as they differ only in leaf width and in the

fact that var. linearifolius does not occur in the southern

part of the species range.

Leaves ( 13-) 15-75 mm wide; occurring throughout

species range a. var. natalitius

Leaves up to 13 (- 15) mm wide; occurring only in

northern Natal b. var. linearifolius

a. var. natalitius.

Launert in F.Z. 2: 110 (1963); Batten &

Bokelmann, Wild Flow. E. Cape Prov. 94, pi.

78: 5 (1966); Coates Palgrave, Trees of South-

ern Africa 386 (1977).

A. natalitius var. acuminatus Niedenzu in Arb. bot. Inst.

Braunsb. 7: 8 ( 1921); in Pflanzenreich 4. 141 (Heft 93): 267

(1928), p.p. excl. spec. Tanzania. Syntypes: Natal, Pondo-

land, Beyrich 93; Natal, Dumisa, near Fairfield. Rudatis

126; Natal, near Itafa (Ifafa?), Friedenau, Rudatis 352; Na-

tal, Labendschana, Fairfield, Schlechter s.n.

A. natalitius var. obtusus Niedenzu in Arb. bot. Inst.

Braunsb. 7: 8(1921); in Pflanzenreich 4, 141 ( Heft 93 ): 267

(1928). Syntypes: Natal, near Port Natal [Durban], Guein-

:ius 27 1 . 392, Plant 26, Schultz 4^; Natal, near Liddesdale,

Wood 5517; Inanda, Wood 5517; near Durban, Wood 9681 ;

near Mariannhill Trappist colony, Landauer 1 19.

A. reticulatus Bum Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 36 (1926).

Type: Transvaal, Barberton, Crocodile Gorge, Rogers

23948 (BOL!).

Banisteria kraussiana Hochst. in Flora 27: 296 (1844).

Type. Natal, near Natal Bay [Durban], forest margins,

Krauss 261 (TUB?).

Occurs from the eastern Transvaal through Swaziland

and Natal to Transkei; also in Mozambique. Map 49.

Vouchers: Adams 204 (NU); Galpin 12088; Leach &

Bayliss 621 ; Lillicrone 15 (NU); Prosser 1390; Wells 3446.

b. var. linearifolius Launert in Bolm Soc.

broteriana, ser. 2, 35: 32 (1961); in F.Z. 2: 1 1 1

(1963); Coates Palgrave, Trees of Southern Af-

rica 386 (1977). Type: Mozambique, Magude,

Mapulanguene, Torre 6564 (LISC, holo. ! ;

LAU).

A. pottdoensis Engl, ex Niedenzu in Arb. bot. Inst.

Braunsb. 7: 7 (1921); in Pflanzenwelt Afr. 3, 1: 830 ( 1950)

in obs. Type; Natal, Pondoland, at edge of Egosa forest,

200-500 m, Beyrich 94 (Bt).

In southern Africa found in Pondoland; also in Mo-

zambique. Map 50.

Vouchers: Pooley 730 (NU); Prosser s.n.; Strey &

Moll 3660; Tinley 311; Tinley 95 1 (NH , NU).

Map 50. — Acridocarpus natalitius var. linearifolius

73

INDEX

ACRIDOCARPUS Guill. & Perr 3: 69

angolensis Juss 3:67

galphimiifolius Juss 3:67

natalitius Juss 3:71

var. acuminatus Niedenzu 3:71

var. linearifolius Launert 3:71

var. natalitius 3:71

var. obtusus Niedenzu 3: 71

plagiopterus Guill. & Perr* 3:69

pondoensis Engl, ex Niedenzu 3: 71

pruriens Juss 3:67

var. laevigatus Sond 3: 69

reticulatus Burtt Davy 3:71

Aitonia Thunb 3: 39

capensis Thunb 3:41

var. microphylla Schinz 3:41

Amyris sensu L 3: 5

Anomalopteris (DC.) G. Don 3:69

Antler-leaved Corkwood 3: 34

Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.)R. N. Parker* ... 3: 60

rohituka Pierre 3: 60

Aytonia L. f 3: 39

Azadirachta indica A. Juss* 3:60

Balessan Bruce 3: 5

Balsamea Gled 3: 5

a/igo/ens/s (Engl.) Hiem 3:31

capensis (Sond.) Engl 3: 33

harveyi Engl 3:20

kotschyi (O. Berg) Engl 3:10

/no/Zis (Oliv.) Engl 3:18

pilosa Engl 3: 10

schimperi (O. Berg) Engl 3: 9

zanzibarica Baill 3: 26

Balsamodendrum Kunth 3: 5

africanum (A. Rich.) Am 3: 10

africanum sensu Oliv 3: 9

capense Sond 3: 33

kotschyi O. Berg 3: 10

molle Oliv 3: 18

schimperi O. Berg 3: 9, 10

Balsamophloeos O. Berg 3: 7

Banisteria kraussiana Hochst 3: 71

Bastard Karree Corkwood 3: 22

Bersama mossambicensis Sim 3: 57

Blue-leaved Corkwood 3: 24

Brown-stem Corkwood 3: 17

BURSERACEAE 3: 5

Cedrela odorata L* 3:60

toona Roxb. ex Rottl. & Willd 3:61

Cedrelopsis Baillon* 3: 35

Central American Cedar 3: 60

Chinese Lanterns 3: 41

Commiphora Jacq 3: 5

africana (A. Rich.) Engl 3: 9

var. africana 3: 10

var. rubriflora (Engl.) Wild* 3:10

anacardiifolia Dinter & Engl 3: 24

angolensis Engl 3:31

berberidifolia Engl 3:11

betschuanica Engl 3: 9

boehmii Eng\ 3: 18

boiviniana Engl* 3:26

calciicola Engl 3: 10

capensis (Sond.) Engl 3: 21,33, 34

caryaefolia Oliv 3:26

cervifolia ./. J. A. v.d. Walt 3: 33

chlorocarpa Engl 3: 25

cinerea Engl 3: 18

crassifoliolata Mendes, nom. prov 3: 34

crenato-serrata Engl 3: 27, 34

dekindtiana Engl 3: 18

dinteri Engl 3:21

discolor Mendes 3: 15

dulcis Engl 3:25

edulis (Klotzsch) Engl 3:25

ellenbeckiiEng/.* 3: 11

fisc heri Engl 3:20

giessiiy. J. A. v.d. Walt 3: 16, 17

glandulosa Schinz 3: 11, 15

glaucescens Engl 3: 23

gossweileri Engl 3:31

gracilifrondosa Dinter ex J. J. A. v.d. Walt 3: 21, 22

harveyi {Engl.} Engl 3: 20, 27

hereroensis Schinz 3: 23

heterophylla Engl 3: 18

iringensis Engl 3: 18

kraeuseliana Heine 3: 32

krausei Engl 3: 18

kwebensisN.E. Br 3:31

loandensis Engl 3:10

* An asterisk signifies exotic genera and species which are not naturalized; synonyms are in italics.

74

longebracteata Engl 3:31

lugardae N.E. Br 3:11

macrofoliolata Mendes, nom. prov 3: 34

madagascariensisEacg.* 3: 5

marlothii Engl 3:19

merkeri Engl 3: 10, 16

mollis (Oliv.)Engl 3:18

montana Engl 3: 18

mossambicensis (Oliv.)Engl 3:20

multijuga (Hiern) K. Schum 3:17

namaensis Schinz 3:22

ndemfi Engl 3: 18

neglecta Verdoorn 3: 18

nigrescens Engl 3:31

nkolola Engl 3: 10

oblanceolata Schinz 3:22

oliveri Engl 3:31

pilosa (Engl.) Engl 3:10

pruinosa Engl 3: 23

pyracanthoides Engl 3: 15

subsp. glandulosa (Schinz) Wild 3:11

rangeana Engl 3: 33

rehmannii Engl 3:31

rotundifolia Dinter & Engl 3: 22

rubriflora Engl 3: 10

ruquietiana Dinter & Engl 3: 33

sambesiaca Engl 3: 10

saxicola Engl 3: 25, 34

schimperi (O. Berg) Engl 3: 9

seiner/ Engl 3: 11

spondioides Engl 3:26

stolzii Engl 3:20

stuhlmannii Engl 3:18

tenuipetiolata Engl 3: 31, 32

viminea Burtt Davy 3: 10

virgata Engl 3: 16, 17

welwitschii Engl 3: 18

wildii Merxm 3:24

woodii Engl 3: 26

zanzibarica(flai//.)Eng/ 3: 26, 27

Common Corkwood 3: 15

Damara Corkwood 3: 27

Dog Plum 3:53

East African Mahogany 3: 60

EKEBERG1A Sparrm. ( Eckebergia ) 3: 51

capensis Sparrm 3: 51, 53

meyeri Presl ex C. DC 3:51

pterophylla (C. DC.) Hofmeyr 3:53

ENTANDROPHRAGMA C. DC 3: 59

angolense (Welw.) C. DC* 3:59

caudatum ( Sprague) Sprague

ekebergioides (Harms) Sprague

spicatum ( C . DC . ) Sprague

Essenhout

Feather-leaved Corkwood

Forest Corkwood

Glossy-leaved Corkwood

Hairy Corkwood

Harrisonia lentiscoides (Engl. ) Boas

Hemprichia Ehrenb

Heteropteris H.B.K

sect. Anomalopteris DC

Heudelotia A. Rich

africana A. Rich

Hiraea hypericoides DC

Hitzeria Klotzsch

edulis Klotzsch

Kaoko Corkwood

Kanee Corkwood

Khaya nyasica Stapfex Bak. f*

KIRKIaOZ/V

acuminata Oliv

var. pubescens (Burtt Davy) Brem.

dewinteri Merxm. & Heine

lentiscoides Engl

pubescens Burtt Davy

wilmsii Engl

Klapperbos

Large-leaved Corkwood

Lebombo Corkwood

MALPIGHI ACEAE

MeliaE

azedarachE

cultivar ’Umbraculifera'

azadirachta L

MELIACEAE

Midde-Amerikaanse Seder

Nama Corkwood

Namaqua Corkwood

Namib Corkwood

Neem

Nieshout

Nim Tree

Nurmonia pulchella Harms

NYMANIA E/'nz/E

capensis (Thunb.) Lirulb

Oak-leaved Corkwood

Oos-Afrikaanse Mahonie

Paperbark Corkwood

Pepper-leaf Corkwood

... 3:59

... 3:60

... 3:53

... 3:33

... 3:27

... 3: 9

... 3: 10

... 3:35

... 3: 5

... 3:69

... 3: 5

... 3: 10

... 3:65

... 3: 7

... 3:25

... 3: 16

... 3:22

... 3:60

... 3: 1

.3: 1,27

... 3: 1

... 3:35

.... 3: 1

.... 3: 3

.... 3:41

.... 3:24

.... 3:26

.... 3:63

.... 3:49

3: 39, 49

.... 3:51

.... 3:60

.... 3:39

.... 3:60

.... 3:23

.... 3:33

.... 3:21

.... 3:60

.... 3:37

.... 3:60

.... 3:47

.... 3:39

3: 39,41

.... 3:24

.... 3:60

.... 3: 19

.... 3:21

75

Protionopsin Blume 3:

Protium sensu Wight & Am 3:

africanum Harv 3:

mossambicense Oliv 3:

PSEUDOBERSAMA Verde 3:

mossambicensis (Sim) Verde 3:

Pseudocedrela caudata Sprague 3:

PTAEROXYLACEAE 3:

PTAEROXYLON Eckl.&Zeyh 3:

obliquum (Thunb.) Radik 3:

utile Eckl.&Zeyh 3:

forma robustum Szyszyl 3:

Purple-stem Corkwood 3:

Red-stem Corkwood 3:

Rhus obliqua Thunb 3:

Rock Corkwood 3:

Rock Essenhout 3:

Rough-leaved Corkwood 3:

Sand Corkwood 3:

Schrebera alata (Hochst. ) Wehv 3:

SIMAROUBACEAE 3:

Slender Corkwood 3:

Sneezewood 3:

Spanish Mahogany 3:

SPHEDAMNOCARPUS Planch, ex Benth. & Hook.f. 3:

angolensis (Juss.) Planch, ex Oliv 3:

var. pulcherrimus (Engl. & Gilg) Niedenzu ... 3:

barbosae Launert* 3:

galphimiifolius (Juss.) Szyszyl 3:

subsp . galphimiifolius 3:

subsp. rehmannii (Szyszyl.) Launert 3:

latifolius (Engl.) Niedenzu 3:

pruriens (Juss.) Szyszyl 3: 66,

forma brevipedunculatus Niedenzu 3:

forma longipedunculatus Niedenzu 3:

forma wilmsii (Engl.) Niedenzu 3:

subsp. galphimiifolius (Juss.) P. D. de Villiers

& D. J . Botha 3:

subsp. pruriens 3:

var. lanceolatus Launert 3:

var. latifolius Engl 3:

var. platypterus Arenes 3:

var. pruriens 3:

var. typicus Arenes 3:

pulcherrimus Engl. & Gilg 3:

rehmannii Szyszyl 3:

rogersii Built Davy 3:

transvalicus (Kuntze) Burtt Davy 3:

wilmsii Eng\ 3:

woodianus Arenes 3:

Sweet-root Corkwood 3:18

Swietenia mahagoni (L.)Jacq* 3:61

Tall Common Corkwood 3: 15

Texas Umbrella Tree 3:51

Toonaciliata M.J.Roem* 3:61

Toonboom 3:61

Toon Tree 3:61

TRIASPIS Burch 3:63

canescens Engl 3: 66

glaucophylla Engl 3: 63

hypericoides (DC.) Burch 3: 63, 65

subsp. canescens (Engl.) Immelman 3: 66

subsp. hypericoides 3: 65

subsp. nelsonii (Oliv.) Immelman 3: 66

var. subsessilis Burtt Davy 3: 66

leendertziae Burtt Davy 3: 63

nelsonii Oliv 3:66

subsp. canescens (Engl.) Launert 3: 66

var. austro-occidentalis Schinz 3: 66

var. glabra Burtt Davy 3: 66

var. glauca Schinz 3: 66

ovata Brem 3: 66

rehmannii Szyszyl 3: 66

rogersii Burtt Davy 3: 66

ternata Greenway & Burtt Davy 3: 66

thorncroftii Burtt Davy 3:66

transvalica Kuntze 3: 69

TRICHILIA P. Browne 3:53

alata N.E. Br 3:53

dregeana Sond 3: 55, 57

var. oblonga Harv. ex Sond 3: 55

dregei E. Mey. ex C. DC 3: 55

var. oblonga (Harv. ex Sond.) C. DC 3: 55

ekebergia E. Mey. ex Sond 3: 51

emetica Vahl 3:57

emetica sensu Burtt Davy 3: 55

hirta L* 3: 53

natalensis Sond 3:55

pterophylla C. DC 3: 53

roka Chiov 3:57

umbellata C. DC. ex Medley Wood, ex Bews 3: 55

TURRAEAL 3:41

floribunda Hochst 3: 45

heterophylla sensu Pegler 3: 47

heterophylla sensu Sond 3: 45

nilotica Kotschy & Peyr 3: 43, 45

nilotica sensu Brem. & Oberm 3: 45

oblancifolia Brem 3: 45

obtusifolia Hochst 3: 45

var. microphylla C. DC 3: 45

7

5

20

57

59

35

18

20

35

25

53

26

32

53

1

16

37

61

66

67

66

67

69

67

69

67

69

76

pulchella (Harms) Pennington 3: 47, 49

randii Bak. f 3: 43

streyi F. White & B.T. Styles 3: 47

virens L* 3: 41

zambesica Sprague & Hutch, ex B. T. Styles &

F. White 3:45

Velvet Corkwood 3:19

White-stem Corkwood 3: 31

Wulfhorstia C. DC 3: 59

ekebergioides Harms 3: 60

spicata C. DC 3:60

var. viridiflora Schinz 3: 60

Zebra-bark Corkwood 3: 11

Vol. 28:

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stachyaceae (Published 1970). Price: RIO, 00. Other countries: R12.00

Crassulaceae (Published 1985). Price: RI6.40. Other countries: R20,50

Vahliaceae, Montiniaceae, Escalloniaceae, Pittosporaceae, Cunoniaceae, Myrothamnaceae. Bruniaceae, Hama-

melidaceae, Rosaceae, Connaraceae

Fabaceae: Part 1: Mimosoideae (Published 1975). Price: R13.59. Other countries: R16,75

Part 2: Caesalpinioideae (Published 1977). Price: R16,04. Other countries: R20,00

Papilionoideae

Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae

Part 1: Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Balanitaceae

Part 2: Rutaceae

Part 3: Simaroubaceae, Burseraceae, Ptaeroxylaceae, Meliaceae (Aitoniaceae), Malpighiaceae (Published

1986). Price: R9,65. Other countries: R12.00

Polygalaceae. Dichapetalaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Callitrichaceae, Buxaceae, Anacardiaceae, Aquifoliaceae

Celastraceae, Icacinaceae, Sapindaceae, Melianthaceae, Greyiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae

Part 1: Tiliaceae, (Published 1984). Price: R4,30. Other countries R5.00

Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae

Ochnaceae, dusiaceae, Eiatinaceae , Frankeniaceae, Tumaricaceae, Canellaceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae,

Turneraceae , Passifloraceae, Achariaceue, Loasaceae, Begoniaceae, Cactaceae (Published 1976). Price:

R8.68. Other countries: R 10,75

Geissolomaceae, Penaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Lythraceae, Lecythidaceae

Rhizophoraceae, Combretaceae, Myrtaceae. Melastomataceae, Onagraceae, Trapaceae, Haloragaceae, Gunne-

raceae, Araliaceae, Apiaceae. Cornaceae

Ericaceae

Myrsinaceae, Primulaceae, Plumbaginaceae , Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Oleaceae, Salvadoraceae, Logania-

ceae, Gentianaceae. Apocynaceue (Published 1963). Price: R4.53. Other countries: R5.75

Part 1: Periplocaceae, Asclepiadaceae (Microloma-Xysmalobium)

Part 2: Asclepiadaceae (Schizoglossum-Woodia)

Part 3: Asclepiadaceae (Asclepias-Anisotoma)

Part 4: Asclepiadaceae (Bruchystelmu — Riocreuxia) (Published 1980). Price: R4,43. Other countries: R6.00

Asclepiadaceae (remaining genera)

Parti: Cuscutaceae, Convolvulaceae

Part 2: Hydrophyllaceae, Boraginaceae

Part 3: Stilbaceae, Verbenaceae

Part 4: Lamiaceae. (Published 1985). Price: R22.00, plusG.S.T. Other countries: R28.00.

Part 5: Solanaceae, Retziaceae

Scrophulariaceae

Bignoniaceae, Pedaliaceae, Martyniaceae, Orobanchaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Myo-

poraceae

Parti: Fascicle 1: Plantaginaceae, Rubiaceae (Rubioideae — first part)

Fascicle 2: Rubiaceae (Rubioideae — second part): Paederieae, Anthospermeae. Rubieae (Published

1986). Price: R14.85. Other countries: R17.80

Fascicle 3: Ixoroideae, Chinchonoideae

Part 2: Valerianaceae, Dipsacaceae, Cucurbitaceae

Campanulaceae, Sphenocleaceae, Lobeliaceae, Goodeniaceae

Asteraceae: Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Part 4

Part 5

Part 6

Part 7

Part 8:

Part 9:

Lactuceae, Mutisieae, 'Tarchonantheae'

Vernonieae, Cardueae

Arctotideae

Anthemideae

Astereae

Calenduleae

Inuleae: Fascicle 1: Inulinae

Fascicle 2: Gnaphaliinae (First part) (Published 1983). Price R 1 2,93. Other

countries: R 16,20

Heliantheae, Eupatorieae

Senecioneae