FLORA

OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

Price R8,60

VOLUME 22

EDITED BY

J. H. ROSS

Other Countries R 10,75

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REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNICAL SERVICES

DEPARTEMENT VAN LANDBOU-TEGNIESE DIENSTE

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

VOL. 22

ISBN 0 621 02870 3

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

which deals with the territories of

THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, LESOTHO,

SWAZILAND AND SOUTH WEST AFRICA

VOLUME 22

Edited by

J. H. Ross

Editorial Committee: B. de Winter, D. J. B. Killick,

O. A. Leistner and J. H. Ross

Botanical Research Institute,

Department of Agricultural Technical Services

1976

THE TERRITORIES DEALT WITH IN THIS FLORA

IV

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction vii

Plan of Flora viii

Ochnaceae by P. C. V. du Toit and A. A. Obermeyer 1

Clusiaceae by D. J. B. Killick and N. K. B. Robson 14

Elatinaceae by A. A. Obermeyer 23

Frankeniaceae by A. A. Obermeyer 32

Tamaricaceae by A. A. Obermeyer 36

Canellaceae by L. E. Codd 39

Violaceae by A. A. Obermeyer 42

Flacourtiaceae by D. J. B. Killick and J. E. Langenegger (Dovyalis) 53

Tumeraceae by A. A. Obermeyer 93

Passifloraceae by W. J. J. O. de Wilde 104

Achariaceae by D. J. B. Killick 128

Loasaceae by L. E. Codd 134

Begoniaceae by O. M. Hilliard 136

Cactaceae by A. A. Obermeyer 144

Index 157

v

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

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INTRODUCTION

For a key to the families, the Flora should be used in conjunction with Phillips’s Genera of

South African Flowering Plants, ed. 2 (1951) and Dyer’s Genera of Southern African Flowering

Plants, Vol. 1 (1975) and Vol. 2 (in press), which are arranged on the lines of the Engler system.

The genera are numbered according to the list published by De Dalla Torre and Harms in their

Genera Siphonogamarum (1900-1907) in order to facilitate reference, though genera in the Flora

are not necessarily arranged in this sequence.

As in previous volumes, generally accepted abbreviations are used for literature references,

except in the following cases which appear frequently and are, therefore, considerably condensed:

C.F.A Conspectus Florae Angolensis

F.C Flora Capensis

F.C.B Flore du Congo et du Rwanda-Burundi

F.S.W.A Prodromus einer Flora von Sudwestafrika

F.T.A Flora of Tropical Africa

F.T.E.A Flora of Tropical East Africa

F.W.T.A Flora of West Tropical Africa

F.Z Flora Zambesiaca

Phill., Gen. ed. 2 The Genera of South African Flowering Plants by E. P.

Phillips, ed. 2 (1951)

Burtt Davy, FI. Transv Manual of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Transvaal

and Swaziland, Vol. 1 (1926) and Vol. 2 (1932).

As before, the abbreviation “l.c.” is used for previously cited references even though “op.

cit.” or “tom. cit.” would in certain cases be more correct.

In citing specimens the grid reference system has been used. The spelling of the names of

some localities has been brought into line with the findings of the Committee on Standardisation of

Place Names.

In the text, species which show evidence of becoming naturalized are treated in the same way

as indigenous species. In the Index, synonyms are in italics while exotic species are signified by an

asterisk.

A change in the existing Flora format is being introduced shortly and in future families or

sections of large families will be published separately as they are completed.

vii

PLAN OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES

Stangeriaceae

Zamiaceae

P odocarpaceae

Pinaceae

Cupressacea

Welwitschiaceae

Typhaceae

Zosteraceae

Potamogetonaceae

Ruppiaceae

Zanichelliaceae

N ajadaceae

Aponogetonaceae

Juncaginaceae

Alismataceae

Hydrocharitaceae

Poaceae

Cyperaceae

Arecaceae

Araceae

Lemnaceae

Flagellariaceae

Restionaceae

Mayacaceae

Xyridaceae

Eriocaulaceae

Commelinaceae

Pontederiaceae

Juncaceae

Liliaceae

Haemodoraceae

Amaryllidaceae

Velloziaceae

Dioscoreaceae

Iridaceae

Musaceae

Zingiberaceae

Burmanniaceae

Orchidaceae

Piperaceae

Salicaceae

Myricaceae

Ulmaceae

Moraceae

Urticaceae

Proteaceae

VOL. 1

VOL. 2

VOL. 3

VOL. 4

VOL. 5

VOL. 6

VOL. 7

VOL. 8

VOL. 9

VOL. 10

Loranthaceae

Santalaceae

Grubbiaceae

Olacaceae

Balanophoraceae

Aristolochiaceae

Rafflesiaceae

Hydnoraceae

Polygonaceae

Chenopodiaceae

Amaranthaceae

Nyctaginaceae

VOL. 11

Phytolaccaceae

Aizoaceae

VOL. 12

Portulacaceae

Basellaceae

Caryophyllaceae

Nymphaeaceae

Ceratophyllaceae

Ranunculaceae

Menispermaceae

Annonaceae

Monimiaceae

Lauraceae

Hemandiaceae

Papaveraceae

Fumariaceae

VOL. 13

Brassicaceae

Capparaceae

Resedaceae

Moringaceae

Droseraceae

Podostemaceae

Hydrostachyaceae

VOL. 14

Crassulaceae

VOL. 15

Saxifragaceae

Pittosporaceae

Cunoniaceae

Myrothamnaceae

Bruniaceae

Hamamelidaceae

Rosaceae

Connaraceae

VOL. 16

Fabaceae: (1) Mimosoideae

VOL. 17

Geraniaceae

Oxalidaceae

PLAN OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES

IX

OCHNACEAE

by P. C. V. du Toit and A. A. Obermeyer

Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs; bark rough or smooth, sometimes flaking; with cortical vascular

bundles in stem; in Brackenridgea with a yellow pigment beneath bark. Leaves alternate, simple

(rarely compound in genera outside Africa), discolorous, midrib prominent, nerves penmnerved

and with reticulate veining, margin entire or serrate; stipules free or united and intrapetiolar, entire

or laciniate, early caducous or persistent. Flowers bisexual, regular (rarely zygomorphic in genera

outside Africa), often fragrant, in terminal or axillary panicles, racemes or fascicled cymes, or

solitary; pedicels articulated at or near base. Sepals usually 5 (3-10), free or nearly so, quincuncial,

usually persistent and accrescent and often red coloured in fruit. Petals usually 5 (10), contorted in

bud, fugaceous. Stamens few to many, free; (staminodes sometimes present in genera outside

Africa); filaments free, persistent; anthers bilocular, basifixed, linear, opening by longitudinal slits

or apical pores, usually caducous. Carpels (2) 5-15, superior, free, uni-ovulate, or fused, with

2-many biseriate ovules in each locule; styles as many as placentas, gynobasic or epigynous,

completely united or free apically, stigmas terminal, usually somewhat enlarged. Fruit: drupes on

an enlarged torus, berries or septicidal capsules; seeds 1-many, with or without endosperm.

Genera about 30, species about 250, pantropical, extending furthest south in subtropical and temperate southern Africa.

Two genera and 13 species occur in our area.

Leaf margin serrulate with mucronate teeth or more or less entire; lateral veins not continuing

upwards alongside margin; petals yellow or orange 1. Ochna

Leaf margin closely beset with small oblong-ovoid, white glands on the shallow teeth; lateral

veins continuing upwards alongside margin; petals white or pink 2. Brackenridgea

5112 1 OCHNA

OchnaL., Sp. PI. 1: 513 (1753); Gen.Pl. ed. 5: 229(1754); DC., Ann. Mus. Paris 17: 410(1811);

Prodr. 1: 735 (1824); Harv. in F.C. 1: 448 (1860); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 316 (1868); Phill. in Bothalia

1: 87 (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,21: 53 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 237 (1926);

Robson in F.Z. 2: 225 (1963); Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 42: 2 (1968). Type species: O. jabotapita L.

from Sri Lanka.

Diporidium Bartl. & Wendl., Beitr. Bot. 2: 24 (1825).

Trees or shrubs or occasionally virgate, soboliferous shrublets; bark rough or smooth,

sometimes flaking. Leaves semi-persistent, shed in spring or in times of drought, usually shortly

petiolate, simple, ovate, obovate, oblong to linear, margin entire to serrate, midrib prominent on

both sides, veins spreading, distinctly reticulate; stipules in S. Afr. spp. intrapetiolar, fused, bifid or

bidentate. Flowers bisexual, regular, often fragrant, in terminal or axillary panicles or racemes or

reduced to subumbellate, many- to few-flowered cymes or solitary, on short lateral spurs; bud

scales or bracts distichous, caducous, leaving transverse scars on twigs; pedicels articulated near

the base or in lower half, accrescent in S. Afr. spp. Sepals 5 in S. Afr. spp., quincuncial in bud,

green or yellow, persistent, enlarging and usually turning red or pink in fruit, firm, enveloping bud

2

OCHNACEAE

and usually young fruit, but spreading at anthesis and when fruit is ripe. Petals 5 (in S. Afr. spp.),

yellow, orange or rarely white, usually obovate, attenuate or clawed at the base, fugaceous.

Stamens many (30-50), free, irregularly placed in a dense whorl on torus; filaments filiform,

persistent, apex slightly capitate; anthers bilocular, opening by longitudinal slits or apical pores,

basifixed, caducous. Carpels 5-15, free, attached basally or laterally to the receptacle; styles

gynobasic, completely united or the upper ends free, recurved; stigmas apical, as many as carpels

or fused and capitate. Drupelets 1-several, some usually aborting, kidney-shaped and attached

centrally at the indented inner side or oblong-globose, attached basally to the swollen, often red

receptacle, usually hard, black and shiny.

Species about 86, found in Africa south of the Sahara, Yemen, Madagascar, Mascarenes to Asia; tropics. Twelve

species in Southern Africa, widespread but absent from the Winter-rainfall Region.

The fruit is distributed by birds who eat the oil-rich drupelets. This could explain the often erratic distribution of

species. Of interest is the occurrence of 7 taxa in a small area in the N.E. Transvaal on the farm Cyprus, where, because of

congenial conditions, Ochna arborea vars. arborea and oconnorii, O. confusa, O. holstii, O. natalitia, O. pretoriensis and

O. serrulata were all well established.

Galls are found on Ochna natalitia, O. serrulata, O. gamostigmata and O. barbosae. Their shapes are typical for the

respective species. The following species are soboliferous: O. pulchra, O. confusa, O. natalitia, O. gamostigmata and O.

cinnabarina.

Flowers arranged in many-flowered inflorescences or in reduced few-flowered, subumbellate fascicles:

Carpels and drupelets kidney-shaped, attached centrally to the receptacle on the indented side; bark flaking to

expose patches of a different colour:

Carpels 7 or 8; leaves elliptic c. 10 x 4 cm, firm; racemes in simple, many-flowered, pendulous

bunches 1. O. pulchra

Carpels 5; leaves narrowly oblong, c. 6 X 1,5 cm (larger in forest trees), thin; racemes compound, many-flowered,

to short, subumbellate, few-flowered clusters 2. O. arborea

Carpels and drupelets oblong-globose, attached basally to receptacle; bark not flaking, evenly coloured:

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; carpels 5—6:

Usually arborescent with the leaves placed in a horizontal plane, appearing almost digitate on the ends of the

branchlets; leaves acute basally, attenuate-acuminate distally; pedicels articulated above the

base 3. O. holstii

Usually soboliferous virgate dwarf shrubs with the bark of the woody stem-base not properly developed on

one side; leaves long-attenuated basally, acute distally; pedicels articulated at the

base 4. O. confusa

Anthers opening by apical pores; carpels 6-12 5. O. natalitia

Flowers solitary (rarely 2 placed close together) on short lateral spurs; carpels 5(6), oblong-globose, attached basally to

torus:

Sepals 1—1,5 cm long in fruit:

Leaves green, flat and spreading; petioles 1-2 mm long, stout:

Pedicels erect or spreading, 1-1,5 cm long, articulated at or near base:

Young twigs with some scattered lenticels; leaves narrowly obovate; margin indistinctly to distinctly

serrulate; Transvaal 6. O. pretoriensis

Young twigs conspicuously and densely pale-mottled with lenticels; leaves narrowly elliptic or linear-

acuminate; margin sharply and closely serrulate:

Leaves narrowly elliptic; style with 5 free, recurved apical ends bearing small discoid stigmas; pedicels

articulated 1-2 mm above the base; E. Cape, Natal, E. Transvaal 7. O. serrulata

Leaves linear-acuminate; style ending in a capitate stigma; pedicels articulated at the base; Natal, E.

Transvaal 8. O. gamostigmata

Pedicels recurved, 2-3 cm long, articulated below centre with upper part often forming an angle with lower

part 9. O. inermis

Leaves glaucous, drooping and folded; petioles 4 mm long, thin; sprawling shrubs in granite rock fissures; N.

Transvaal 10. O. glauca

Sepals 1,5-2 cm long in fruit:

Virgate, soboliferous shrubs up to 1 m high; young twigs densely lenticellate; sepals loosely arranged around

maturing fruit; northern S.W. Africa 11. O. cinnabarina

Trees or large shrubs; young twigs with few lenticels; sepals forming a closed, ovoid covering around maturing

fruit, spreading later; coastal dunes of Natal 12. O. barbosae

OCHNACEAE

3

1. Ochna pulchra Hook., Ic. PI. 6, t.588

(1843), as pulchrunr, Harv. in F.C. 1: 449

(1860); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 317 (1868); Gilg in

Bot. Jahrb. 33: 234 (1903); Phill. in Bothalia 1:

91 (1922); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 238

(1926); Verdoorn in Flow. PI. Afr. 29: 1. 1139

(1952); Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 217, 1. 109,

f.l (1962); Story in Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 30:

35, photo. 33 (1958); Robson in F.Z. 2: 228

(1963); Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 42: 2 (1968);

Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 3: 1503 ( 1973).

Type: Transvaal, Magaliesberg, Burke &

Zeyher 191 (K, holo.; PRE, photo.; SAM!).

O.rehmannii Szyszyl., Polypet. Disc. Rehm. 2: 28

(1888). Type: Transvaal, Pretoria, hills above Apies River,

Rehmann 4341 (Z, holo.; K; PRE, photo.). O. ascher-

soniana Schinz in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 29: 61

(1888). Type: S.W. Africa, Ovamboland, Otjiheveta,

Schinz 1139 (Z, holo.; K; PRE, photo.). O. fuscescens

Heine in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Miinchen 1: 340 (1953).

Syntypes: S.W. Africa, Waterberg Plateau, Volk 1 1 35(M);

farm Rotenfels, Rehm s.n.(M).

Trees up to 10 m tall or shrubs, sobolifer-

ous, occasionally dwarfed; trunk with rough

broken bark below, smooth above, grey, flaking

to expose cream patches. Branches spreading,

brittle, rough, grey, new growth pale fawn.

Leaves semi-persistent, turning yellow in wint-

er, shed in spring, young leaves appearing with

flowers, oblong to elliptic, c. 10 cm long and c.

2 cm wide but variable in size, apex obtuse,

apiculate, base rounded or somewhat attenuate,

margin pale, entire in lower half, shallowly

serrulate above, midrib and veins prominent,

firm and glossy; stipules intrapetiolar, paired,

subulate, up to 15 mm long, rarely narrowly

spatulate at the apex, early deciduous. Flowers

fragrant, in simple, pendulous, clustered,

many-flowered racemes terminating short an-

nual branchlets; pedicels c. 1 cm at anthesis, up

to 1,8 cm in fruit, articulated above the base.

Sepals broadly ovate, 8 mm long, green to

yellow, enlarged, reflexed, pink or red and

white-edged in fruit. Petals soft yellow,

obovate-attenuate, 12 mm long, fugaceous.

Stamens numerous (c. 50) with filaments 2 mm

long; anthers 1 mm long, biporose. Carpels

6-8, attached centrally on inside of torus; styles

fused below, free and recurved above; stigmas

apical, tumid. Drupelets kidney-shaped,

rounded, 12 mm long, black or mottled with

cream. Fig. 1: 1; 2: 1.

Recorded from the Transvaal, South West Africa,

Angola, Rhodesia, Zambia and western Mozambique; form-

ing colonies on rocky sandstone slopes or in sandy areas.

Flowering in September-October.

New growth from stolons in narrow rock fissures may

remain hemicryptophytic and has on occasion been mis-

taken for the poisonous Dichapetalum cymosum.

S.W. A. — 1715 (Ondangua): Oshikango near Angola

border, Rodin 2615; 2662. 1718 (Kuring-Kuru): 12 km E.

of Kuring-Kuru, Giess 9504. 1722 (Chirundi): Western

Caprivi Strip, Bwabwata Rest Camp, Watt 18. 1918 (Groot-

fontein): N.E. of Grootfontein, Schoenfelder 220. 1919

(Kanovlei): Okavango Territory, Kanovlei, Barnard 4.

1920 (Tsumkwe): Garu, 88 km S. of Runtu, Maguire 1576.

2012 (Waterberg): Waterberg Plateau, Boss sub TRV

35033.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Makonde, 24 km E. of

Sibasa, Pienaar 47. 2231 (Pafuri): Punda Milia, Van der

Schijff 947; 996. 2427 (Thabazimbi): Rankin’s Pass, Van

Wyk 42 ; near Rooiberg, Codd 6154. 2428 (Nylstroom): 13

km. N. of Nylstroom on road to Naboomspruit, Vahrmeijer

134; Maguire 1354; Mosdene, Galpin M52. 2429

(Zebediela): Potgietersrus, Leendertz 1258. 2526 (Marico):

Zeerust, Thode A 1367. 2527 (Rustenburg): Rustenburg,

Galpin 11633; 11635 ; Magaliesberg, Pegler 1032; Har-

tebeestpoortdam, Gerstner 6416. 2528 (Pretoria):

Meintjieskop, Mogg 15310; Burtt Davy 5035. 2529 (Wit-

bank): Loskop Dam area, Prosser 1885; Mogg 30579. 2627

(Potchefstroom): Jack Scott Reserve, near Krugersdorp,

Wells 2338.

Common names: Lekkerbreek; Monyelenyele (Tsw);

Monamane, Mopha (NS); Musuma (V).

2. Ochna arborea Burch, ex DC., Prodr.

1: 736 (1824). Type: E. Cape, Port Alfred,

Kowie River, Burchell, Cat. 4012 (G, holo.; K;

PRE, photo.).

Understorey forest trees up to 12 m tall, or

smaller shrubs; trunk with light red wood,

covered with smooth grey bark, flaking irregu-

larly exposing brown patches; crown small,

with ascending grey and brown mottled

branches which are irregularly ridged with grey

raised lenticels. Leaves semi-persistent or de-

ciduous, shed in spring or during a period of

drought; lamina deep green, variable, broadly to

narrowly elliptic, 5-10 cm long, 2-3 cm broad,

apex rounded to acute, base truncate, margin

nearly smooth or with some shallow teeth to

sharply serrate, venation distinctly reticulate,

leathery; stipules intrapetiolar, fused. Flowers

scented, arranged in compound, complex,

many-flowered usually erect panicles on well

developed, mostly leafless branchlets to a re-

duced subcorymbose fascicle with 4—8 flowers

on a very short spur. Sepals 5, ovate-convex, c.

7 mm long, green; enlarged, dark red and

reflexed at anthesis and in fruit. Petals 5,

obovate-cuneate, 12 mm long, yellow. Stamens

c. 30, with filaments about as long as biporose

anthers. Carpels 5, reniform; styles completely

4

OCHNACEAE

Fig. 1. — 1, Ochna pulchra, flowering branch, x l/yt la, old flower showing persistent calyx, torus and 1 drupelet attached

ventrally, X 1 (ex garden, Bol. Res. Inst.). 2, O. pretoriensis, flowering branch, x 1; 2a, old flower showing

persistent calyx, torus and 3 drupelets attached basally, x 1 (ex garden, Bot. Res. Inst.)\ 2b, anther with locules

opening through apical pores, X 10. 3, O. confusa, anther with longitudinal dehiscence, x 10. 4, O. natalitia, gall

(Moll 3612) x 1. 5, O. serrulata, gall (McClean & Ogilvie sub PRE 39308), x 1.

OCHNACEAE

5

united or free apically; stigmas capitate.

Drupelets reniform, 10-15 mm long, black.

Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal to eastern and south-

eastern Cape as far as George; also in Mozambique and

Rhodesia. Flowering in spring.

Two varieties are recognized.

Leaves broadly elliptic, c. 4 X 1,5 cm; marginal teeth

often obscure; inflorescence few-flowered on

short spurs; trees to shrublets found outside or

inside forests (a) var. arborea

Leaves narrowly elliptic — acuminate, c. 8 x 2,5 cm;

margin distinctly serrate; inflorescence many-

flowered, paniculate; forest

tree . . .(b) var. oconnorii

(a) var. arborea.

Ochna arborea Burch, ex DC., Prodr. 1: 736 (1824); J.

Smith in Bot. Mag. t.45 19 (1850); Harv. in F.C. 1: 449

(1860); Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 163, t.29, f.l (1907); Phill.

in Bothalia 1: 92 (1922); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 238

(1926); Robson in F.Z. 2: 230 (1963); Palmer & Pitman,

Trees S. Afr. 3: 1504 (1973). Type: E. Cape, Port Alfred

Kowie River, Burchell, Cat. 4012 (G; holo.; K; PRE,

photo.).

Diporidium arborewn (Burch, ex DC.) Wendl. in Bartl.

& Wendl., Beitr. Bot. 2: 26 (1825). Type as above.

The variety arborea is distinguished by its

shorter and relatively broader elliptic leaves,

which usually have subentire margins. The

inflorescence is few-flowered.

It appears to be the form adopted in less favourable

conditions. The distribution is mainly southern, in forest

scrub, dune forest and bushveld. Fig. 2: 2a.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): Wylliespoort,

Hafstrom & Acocks 1895 . 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Cyprus,

Renny 137\ The Downs, Du Toit 178.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): 25 km S. of Stegi,

Compton 29282.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Ndumu Game Reserve,

Pooley 870. 2731 (Louwsburg): Sokosoko forest, Nongo-

ma, Gerstner 4910. 2732 (Ubombo): 21 km from In-

gwavuma to Ndumu, Moll & Strey 3710\ Mkuzi Game

Reserve, Ward 3604. 2830 (Dundee): Qudeni Forest, Ed-

wards 2655. 2831 (Nkandla): Eshowe, Meebold 12952;

Thode A 1228. 2832 (Mtubatuba): False Bay, Ward 1634.

2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Karkloof, Lions River, Ehlatini

Forest, Moll 2862 ; Kloof near Pinetown, Galpin 12080.

2931 (Stanger): Durban, Franks sub TRV 34099. 3030

(Port Shepstone): Gibraltar, Strey 10041 .

Cape. — 3129 (Port St. Johns): Mpingo Forest, Mtamba-

la, Fegen sub PRF 3089. 3227 (Stutterheim): Kabaku Hills,

Acocks 8967; Nahoon River, East London, Galpin 3291 .

3228 (Butterworth): Kentani, Pegler 1216; near Komga,

Flanagan 359. 3322 (Oudtshoom): Ebb & Flow Nature

Reserve, Taylor 7984. 3325 (Port Elizabeth): Van Stadens

Pass, De Winter 7618. 3326 (Grahamstown): Bushmans

River mouth, Galpin 10667; Port Alfred, Salisbury 68.

3423 (Knysna): Harkerville Forest, Keet 52 7; Storms River,

Keet 525. 3424 (Humansdorp): Witelsbos, Fourcade 845.

Common names: Cape plane, redwood; rooihout; um-

Tensema (X); umBomvane, umTelele (Z).

(b) var. oconnorii (Phill.) Du Toit in

Bothalia 11: 518 (1975).

O. oconnorii Phill. in Bothalia 1: 92 (1922); Robson in

F.Z. 2: 230 (1963). Lectotype: Transvaal, Woodbush forest,

O’Connor sub PRE 1257 (PRE, lecto.; PRF 2198).

This variety is a more luxuriant forest form

with longer, larger leaves and erect, compound,

elongate inflorescences. There are inter-

mediates. Fig. 2: 2b.

Recorded from the mist belt forests of Transvaal, Natal

and eastern Cape; also in Rhodesia and Mozambique.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Entabeni Forest Reserve,

Obermeyer sub TRV 30346. 2330 (Tzaneen): Westfalia

Estate, Scheepers 728; Woodbush, Botha 1; Grenfell 3.

2430 (Pilgrims Rest): The Downs, Du Toit 178; Pilgrims

Rest, Burtt Davy 1409. 2531 (Komatipoort): Barberton,

Oranje sub PRE 1264; Thorncroft 2029.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Ndumu Game Reserve,

Pooley 135c. 2831 (Nkandla): Eshowe, Moberly 9. 2930

(Pietermaritzburg): York, Benvie, Fisher 1038.

Cape. — 2326 (Grahamstown): The Haven, Gordon-Gray

592.

Common names: Cape Plane, Rooihout, Rooi yster-

hout, Morelle; Murambo, murambothavha (V).

3. Ochna holstii Engl, in Abh. Preuss.

Akad. Wiss.: 69 (1894); Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. C:

273 (1895); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 33: 234, 241

(1903); Phill. in Bothalia 1: 93 (1922); Burtt

Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 238 ( 1926); Robson in F.Z.

2: 240 (1963); Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr.

3: 1507 (1973). Type: Tanzania, Usambara,

Holst 2601 (Bf; K; PRE, photo.).

Understorey trees up to about 8 m tall or

shrubs with red wood and rough ridged, grey or

brown bark which does not flake; branches

spreading; young branchlets with scattered

raised lenticels, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves

tardily deciduous, immature at time of flower-

ing, radiating in a horizontal plane from the tips

of young shoots in a somewhat digitate pattern;

blade narrowly elliptic, 5-10 cm long, 1, 5-2,5

cm broad, apex attenuate-acuminate, base

cuneate, regularly and closely serrulate, stiffly

membranous, lateral veins curving upwards

from midrib; stipules intrapetiolar, fused. Flow-

ers usually in (2) 6-10-flowered racemes, on

short lateral spurs below new leafy shoots

(tropical forms with many-flowered elongate

racemes); pedicels thin, up to 3 cm in fruit,

articulated above base, glabrous or puberulous.

OCHNACEAE

6

Kig. 2. — I, Leaves of South African species of Ochna x 1: I, O. pulchra ( Wells 2031). 2a, O. arborea var. arborea

(Archibald 6125); 2b, var. oconnorii (Wager sub TRV 22971). 3, O. holstii (Gersrner 5998). 4, O. confusa (Remix

138). 5, O. natalitia (Galpin 13569). 6, O. pretoriensis (Smith 1239). 7, O. serrulata (Moll 2510). 8. 6.

gamostigmata (Moll 2861). 9, O. inermis (Codd 4824). 10, O. glauca ( Verdoorn 2292). 11, O. cinnabarina

(Killick <£ Leistner 3202). 12, O. barbosae (Balsinhas 1372).

OCHNACEAE

7

Sepals narrowly elliptic, c. 9 mm long, obtuse,

ivory at anthesis, up to 1,5 cm long, red, pink,

purple or green and spreading in fruit, some-

what crinkled when dried. Petals obovate,

about 1 cm long, clawed, pale to bright yellow,

caducous. Stamens c. 40, with filaments 3 mm

long; anthers 1,5 mm long, dehiscing by lon-

gitudinal slits. Carpels 5(-6), erect; style with a

swollen, lobed stigma. Drupelets oblong-

globose, c. 8 mm long, attached basally to

swollen torus. Fig. 2: 3.

An understorey forest tree recorded from the Trans-

vaal, Natal and eastern Cape; widespread and variable in its

range to Rhodesia and tropical eastern Africa; inhabiting

shady ravines in mistbelt forests, gallery forests along rivers

or as a forest relic in open areas; flowering October -

November.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): Soutpansberg above

Louis Trichardt, Hutchinson 2025; Story 5935. 2230 (Mes-

sina): Soutpansberg, Phiphidi Waterfall near Sibasa, Ober-

meyer sub TRV 30037; Lake Funduzi, Story 4850. 2329

(Pietersburg): Lejuma Plateau, Strey 7945; Nicholson 669.

2330 (Tzaneen): Woodbush, Botha sub PKF 2935. 2428

(Nylstroom): near Palala, Smuts & Gillett 3357. 2430

(Pilgrims Rest): Cyprus, Renny 186; Mariepskop, Van der

Schijff 4754; 5918; 6237. 2527 (Rustenburg): kloof in

western Magaliesberg range. Rose Innes 203; near Beacon

6078, Taylor sub PRE 28763. 2530 (Lydenburg): Kaapse

Hoop, Berlin Forest Reserve, Hofmeyr sub PRE 28762.

2531 (Komatipoort): Barberton, 5 km S.W. of Agnes Mine,

Story 5993; 5455.

Natal. — 2731 (Louwsburg): Ngome Forest Reserve,

Gerstner 4496; 5152; Tustin sub PRF 3115. 2830 (Dun-

dee): Qudeni Forest Reserve, Edwards 2667. 2930 (Pieter-

maritzburg): Noodsberg, Ward 938. 3029 (Kokstad): Ingeli

Forest Reserve, Tustin sub PRE 2907.

Cape. — 3127 (Lady Frere): Engcobo Mt., Flanagan

2696.

Common names: Rooi Ysterhout; Real Red Pear;

isiBanku, Pambane (Z); Tshipfure (V); ngqelene (X).

4. Ochna confusa Burtt Davy & Green-

way in Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 238 (in

clavis), 239 (1926); in Kew Bull. 1926: 239

(1926); Robson in F.Z. 2: 250 (1963). Syn-

types: Transvaal, Barberton, Rogers 18264

(PRE); Pilgrims Rest, Rogers 23068 (PRE).

O. leptoclada sensu Phill. in Bothalia 1: 94 (1922) pro

parte quoad specim. Transvaal.

Saxicolous, soboliferous shrubs or dwarf

shrubs 0,5— 1(— 2) m tall, the virgate branches

arising from a woody base; this basal sprawling

stem lacking bark on one side (in Transvaal

specimens seen). Branches and branchlets pale

dirty grey, lenticellate, rough. Leaves decidu-

ous, sessile, narrowly elliptic, 6-9 cm long,

1,5-2, 5 cm broad, apex attenuate, acute or

obtuse, base long-attenuate, margin serrulate,

firm, with close lateral veins curving upwards;

stipules intrapetiolar, elongate-deltoid. Flowers

in sessile (1-) 2-6-flowered pseudumbels on

short lateral spurs below new leaf growth;

pedicels about 12 mm long in fruit, articulated

at the base. Sepals c. 5 mm long, ovate at

anthesis; 1 cm long, deep red, flat and spreading

in fruit. Petals obovoid, clawed, c. 1 cm long, 7

mm broad, bright yellow. Stamens c. 25-30,

with filaments 5 mm long; anthers 2 mm long,

opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 5, at-

tached basally to receptacle; styles fused, terete;

stigma capitate. Drupelets oblong-globose, c. 1

cm long, black. Fig. 1: 3; 2: 4.

Recorded from eastern Transvaal; also in Mozam-

bique, Malawi, Rhodesia, southern Tanzania, Zambia. In-

habits rock crevices on hillsides in more open vegetation;

flowering in spring.

Transvaal. — 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): farm Cyprus, Renny

138; Sikorora near Macoutsie River, Van Darn sub TRV

22935; Ohrigstad Nature Reserve, Jacobsen 1242; Graskop

Falls, Galpin s.n. 2530 (Lydenburg): Waterval Boven,

Britten 4741; 4770. 2531 (Komatipoort): Barberton, Nel

52; Thode A 1570.

O. confusa shows a relationship with Brackenridgea in

that its anthers open by longitudinal slits, and in its leaves,

which have lateral veins curving upwards and marginal

teeth tipped with glands.

5. Ochna natalitia (Meisn.) Walp., Re-

pert. 2: 826 (1843); Phill. in Bothalia 1: 93

(1922); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 239 (1926);

Robson in F.Z. 2: 233 (1963); Palmer & Pit-

man, Trees S. Afr. 3: 1508 (1973). Type: Natal,

Port Natal (Durban), Krauss 454 (K, holo.;

PRE, photo.).

Diporidium natalitium Meisn. in Hook., J. Bot. Lond. 2:

58 (1843). Type as above.

O. atropurpurea var. natalitia (Meisn.) Harv. in F.C. 1:

448 (1860). O. chilversii Phill. in Bothalia 1: 90 (1922).

Syntypes: E. Cape, Ingeli Forest Reserve, Chilvers sub PRF

1945 (PRE; PRF; K); at mouth of Umkwani River, Tyson

2619 (PRE).

Understorey forest trees up to 6 m tall with

red wood and a dark rough bark not peeling off;

shrubby in open vegetation or reduced to

soboliferous shrublets when exposed to fire and

frost, 0,5-2 m tall. Branches and branchlets

dark brown or grey, lenticellate; young twigs

pale fawn coloured, the epidermis peeling off in

small thin membranous white flakes. Galls

often present, globose with rosulate, ovate,

obtuse bracts. Leaves tardily deciduous, nar-

rowly oblong, variable in size, 5-12 (-14) cm

8

OCHNACEAE

long, 1,5-2, 5 cm broad, apex and base gener-

ally obtuse, margin serrulate, rarely subentire,

midrib distinct, lateral veins at right angles to

midrib, leathery, shortly petiolate; stipules in-

trapetiolar, elongate-deltoid. Flowers fragrant,

in compound, many- to few-flowered racemes

or subumbellate, terminating short lateral spurs;

pedicels up to 2,5 cm long, articulated in lower

quarter. Sepals elliptic-convex, about 9 mm

long, green, slightly larger in fruit, turning wine

red. Petals broadly obovate, c. 15 mm long,

clawed, yellow. Stamens c. 30, with filaments 3

mm long; anthers biporose, 2 mm long. Carpels

6-12, usually about 8, erect; styles fused, terete,

the apical ends free, recurved, forming swollen

irregular glandular stigmas. Drupelets oblong-

globose, 10-15 mm long, attached basally,

black, shiny. Fig. 1: 4; 2: 5.

Fairly common along the eastern Cape coastal belt

from Knysna to Natal and northern Mozambique; further

inland in Natal and Swaziland to eastern and northern

Transvaal, in forests or coastal scrub, in sandy soil or

amongst rocks; flowering in spring.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Makonde Mission Sta-

tion, Westphal sub TRV 29126. 2231 (Pafuri): Kruger

National Park, Punda Milia, Rowland Jones 27. 2327

(Ellisras): Soutpan, Galpin 15150. 2329 (Pietersburg):

Louis Trichardt, Breyer sub TRV 23390; 24385. 2430

(Pilgrims Rest): Mariepskop, Killick & Strey 2440. 2431

(Acomhoek): near Skukuza, Cholmondely s.n. 2528 (Pre-

toria): Kameeldrift, 64 km N.E. of Pretoria, Repton 3875.

2529 (Witbank): Loskopdam, Tweefontein, Theron 1512.

2530 (Lydenburg): Nelspruit, Breyer sub TRV 17701;

Buitendag 323; 226. 2531 (Komatipoort): Pretoriuskop,

Van der Schijff 6.

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): Komassan River,

Havelock Concession, Saltmarshe sub Galpin 983. 2631

(Mbabane): Hill N.E. of Mbabane, Compton 26184; Nton-

dozi, Compton 29211.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Ndumu Game Reserve,

Pooley 135b. 2731 (Louwsburg): Nongoma, Gerstner

3642; 5105. 2732 (Ubombo): Sihangwane Store, Moll

4400; Mkuzi Game Reserve, Ward 3611. 2831 (Nkandla):

Eshowe, Gerstner 2818; Nkandla Forest, Edwards 2663.

2832 (Mtubatuba): 25 km N. of Mtubatuba, Codd 2018.

2930 (Pietermaritzburg): “The Start”, near Howick, Moll

3370. 2931 (Stanger): Durban, Marloth 4318; Medley

Wood 66; 12702. 3030 (Port Shepstone): near Southbroom,

Codd 9706.

Cape. — 3129 (Port St. Johns): Ntsubane, Strey 9006;

Notinsila Forest, Fegen sub PRF 1816; Manteku, Dakane

Location, Strey 10197. 3325 (Uitenhage): Groendalkloof,

below dam. Mauve 4934.

Common names: Coast Boxwood, Coast Redwood;

umBomvu, umBomvane, umMilamatsheni (Z).

Ochna natalitia and O. arborea are often difficult to

distinguish in the herbarium when the specimens consist of

sterile branchlets only and offer no information on bark, etc.

Galls are found only in O. natalitia. Young twigs of this

species are fawn coloured. Mature leaves from forest trees

of both species are usually indistinguishable for both

become narrowly oblong with coarse marginal teeth, pos-

sess spreading lateral veins and a dense reticulation. More

often the lamina of O. natalitia is narrowly oblong whereas

that of O. arborea is ovate and lighter coloured below.

In the sandy area of Tongaland, in northern Natal,

north of Manzengwenya in a strip a few km inland from the

sea, a form of Ochna natalitia occurs, which is from 7,5 to

15 cm tall. These plants can cover an extensive area and it

was found that the individual plants were interconnected by

underground stems. At first thought to be a new species,

investigation showed that morphologically they differ from

the shrub or tree-like form only in the much smaller growth

form and in having underground stems, a feature in com-

mon with a few other Ochna species, e.g. O. pulchra, O.

cinnabarina and O. confusa. The anatomy has proved these

underground interconnecting parts to be stems, in no way

differing from the aerial stems.

6. Ochna pretoriensis Phill. in Flow. PI.

S. Afr. 2: t.70 (1922); in Bothalia 1: 95 (1922);

Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 239 (1926). Syn-

types: Transvaal, Pretoria, Fouche sub PRE

1491 (PRE); Phillips sub PRE 1422 (PRE).

Shrubs or very rarely trees, much

branched. Stems and branches with a rough

brown bark, flaking in thin, small, longitudinal

strips. Leaves tardily deciduous, obovate to

narrowly obovate or oblong, usually about 3,5

cm long and 1-1,5 cm broad, apex acute to

obtuse, base cuneate, margin shallowly serru-

late with mucronate teeth, midrib occasionally

arched with the convex half of lamina some-

what larger than other side, dark green, shiny;

petiole 1-2 mm; intrapetiolar stipules

elongate-deltoid, fused at the base. Flowers

fragrant, solitary or rarely some 2-3-nate, on

short spurs, appearing before the leaves;

pedicels c. 8 mm at anthesis, up to 15 mm and

erect or spreading in fruit; articulated at or near

the base. Sepals elliptic, c. 5 mm long, obtuse,

about 14 mm long and wine red in fruit, loosely

enveloping drupelets. Petals broadly obovate,

clawed, c. 14 mm long, rounded at the apex,

yellow. Stamens c. 40, with the filaments 3 mm

long; anthers biporose, 2 mm. Carpels 5, at-

tached basally to torus; styles fused with free

apical recurved tips; stigmas apical, discoid.

Drupelets oblong-globose, c. 9 mm long, black.

Fig. 1: 2; 2: 6.

Endemic, gregarious and widespread in the Transvaal

with one record from near Mafeking; saxicolous; common

on northern hill-slopes around Pretoria; flowering in spring.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): farm Soutpan 193,

lower northern slopes of Soutpansberg, Obermeyer,

Schweickerdt & Verdoorn 312. 2429 (Zebediela): granite

ridge near Utrecht hills, Acocks 8804. 2527 (Rustenburg):

Buffelspoort, Turner 46. 2528 (Pretoria): Hammanskraal,

OCHNACEAE

9

Hutchinson & Mogg 2875; Magaliesberg above Wonder-

boom Nature Reserve, Dyer 3131; Meintjies Kop, Pole

Evans 353. 2529 (Witbank): Olifants River Gorge, Mogg

22422; Doomkloof, Du Plessis 168. 2730 (Vryheid): Piet

Relief, Leipoldt sub PRE 30203.

Cape. — 2525 (Mafeking): Blikplaas, Mafeking district,

Brueckner 472.

Related to O. inermis but can be distinguished by the

shorter usually erect pedicels articulated just above the base,

and the somewhat smaller leaf.

7. Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp., Re-

pert. 5: 400 (1846); Du Toit in Bothalia 11: 517

(1975). Type: Natal, Natal Bay (Durban),

Krauss 473 (Bf; K; PRE, photo.).

Diporidium serrulatum Hochst. in Flora 27, 1: 304

(1844). Type as above.

O. atropurpurea sensu Harv. in F.C. 1 : 448 ( 1860); sensu

Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 163, t. 29, f.2 (1907); sensu Phill. in

Bothalia 1: 94 (1922); sensu Stapf in Bot. Mag. t.9042

(1925); sensu Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 239 (1926); sensu

Van der Watt in Flow. PI. Afr. 35: 1. 1392 (1962); sensu

Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 3: 1509 (1973), non DC. O.

multiflora Williams in J.R. Hort. Soc. 5: 160 (1897), nom.;

Gard. 22: 574, t.369 (1882); Gard. Chron. 40: 212, icon,

suppl. (1906); non DC.

Decorative evergreen shrubs, 60-200 cm

tall, or rarely a small tree. Stems with red wood;

branches brown, densely verrucose with pale

grey, raised rounded lenticels. Galls often pre-

sent, forming a globose body consisting of

numerous subulate bracts. Leaves partly shed at

time of flowering, narrowly elliptic, 2,5-5 cm

long, 1-1,5 cm broad, apex and base obtuse to

acute, margin sharply serrulate with the teeth

and apex mucronate, thinly coriaceous, shiny,

dark green, midrib distinct, reticulate-veined;

petiole 1 mm; intrapetiolar stipules linear,

bidentate, margin toothed. Flowers usually sol-

itary or rarely binate, on short lateral spurs;

pedicels 1 cm long at anthesis, 1,5 cm in fruit,

articulated 1-2 mm above base. Sepals ovate, 8

mm long at anthesis, green, up to 15 mm long

and deep wine red in fruit, spreading or

reflexed. Petals broadly obovate, cuneate, 1 cm

long. Stamens c. 20, with filaments c. 3 mm

long; biporose anthers about equal in length.

Carpels 5, attached basally; style terete with

short, recurved tips; stigmas apical, discoid.

Drupelets oblong-ovoid, c. 1 cm long, black.

Fig. 2: 7.

Recorded from the eastern Transvaal to Natal and

eastern Cape as far west as George; common along forest

edges or beside paths, in scrub forest or fynbos. Flowering

in spring, but with some flowers throughout the year.

Schlechter collected specimens at Genadendal in 1896

but there are no further records from this area; it is possible

that the plants were introduced at the Mission Station.

Transvaal. — 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): road from the

Downs to Madeira, Crundall sub PRE 32796. 2730 (Vry-

heid): Mooihoek, near Piet Retief, Devenish 1264.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): Hlatikulu, Galpin 9622.

Natal. — 2731 (Louwsburg): Ingwavuma, Ward 2374.

2829 (Harrismith): Cathedral Peak Area, Inhlwasine River

Valley, Killick 1816; Pieters, Strey 9545. 2831 (Nkandla):

Melmoth, Mogg 6142; Eshowe, Gerstner 2031. 2929

(Underberg): Tabamhlope Research Station near Estcourt,

West 817; 531. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Albert Falls,

Meebold 12948; Thomville, Moll 3418. 2931 (Stanger):

Groutville, Moll 2510; Durban, Natal Bay, Gueinzius s.n.

3029 (Kokstad): 10 km S. of Umzimkulu on Harding Road,

Story 655. 3030 (Port Shepstone): Dumisa, Rudatis 667;

Horseshoe farm, Strey 5872.

Cape. — 3128 (Umtata): Umtata commonage, Miller

B/952. 3129 (Port St. Johns): Second Beach, Bruce 448;

Prospect Siding, Flanagan 322. 3226 (Fort Beaufort):

Katberg forest. Staples sub PRF 2937. 3227 (Stutterheim):

Thomas River, Compton 19288; Keiskamma Hoek, Story

2795; Stutterheim, Rogers 12726. 3228 (Butterworth):

Qora Mouth, Meeuse 9695; Komga, Flanagan 322; Ken-

tani, Pegler 194. 3322 (Oudtshoom): Wilderness, Compton

15565. 3323 (Willowmore): The Crags, Compton 23593.

3324 (Steytlerville): Melkhoutboom road. Story 2608; hills

N. of Patensie, Taylor 1283. 3325 (Port Elizabeth): Enon,

Thode A1099; Suurberg, Swartehoogte, Zeyher sub SAM

38391. 3326 (Grahamstown): Howiesonspoort, MacOwan

1766; Grahamstown, Galpin 48. 3419 (Caledon): Gena-

dendal, Schlechter 7749. 3423 (Knysna): Knysna, Keet

522; 590.

The species is occasionally planted as an ornamental

shrub in gardens in South Africa and in England. At

Kirstenbosch it is used as a hedge.

Common names: Rooihout; iLitye (X); umBomvane

(Z).

According to the Gardener’s Chronicle (September

1906), it was first introduced to England in 1820 under the

name of Ochna multiflora, a catalogue name (not of DC). It

was lost to cultivation but re-introduced later. In Flowering

Plants of Africa, 1. 1392 (1962), Ochna serrulata is illus-

trated (as O. atropurpurea) from shrubs flowering and

fruiting freely in the garden of the Royal Horticultural

Society at Wisley, England, in the early 1960s.

Suspected hybrids: Some specimens collected in Natal

and the S.E. Transvaal appear to be intermediate between

Ochna natalitia and O. serrulata. Like O. natalitia they

bear (few-flowered) umbels, have larger leaves and are

sometimes arborescent. On the other hand they possess the

dense mottled covering of lenticels so typical of O. ser-

rulata and, in fact, anatomically they agree with the latter

and not with O. natalitia.

8. Ochna gamostigmata Du Toit in

Bothalia 11: 517 (1975). Type: Transvaal, Bar-

berton, Upper Moodies, Galpin 963 (PRE,

lecto; NH; SAM).

O. atropurpurea DC. var. angustifolia Phill. in Bothalia

1: 95 (1921). Syntypes: Transvaal, Barberton, Galpin 963

(PRE; NH; SAM); Ermelo, Nooitgedacht, Pott 5096 (PRE);

between Pilgrims Rest and Sabie, Rogers 23410; Swazi-

land: Havelock Concession, Saltmarshe in Herb. Galpin

sub PRE 1270 (PRE).

10

OCHNACEAE

Small shrubs or rarely trees up to 8 m tall,

forming suckers. Stems and branches brown,

densely covered with grey, raised, rounded

lenticels. Galls sometimes present, forming

globose bodies consisting of numerous linear-

subulate bracts spirally arranged. Leaves shed

at time of flowering, narrowly ovate- to linear-

acuminate, 2-3 cm long and c. 8 mm broad,

apex acuminate, rarely acute to obtuse, base

rounded or acute, margin sharply serrulate with

the teeth and apex nrucronate, thinly coriace-

ous, shiny, midrib and lateral veins distinct;

stipules intrapetiolar, fused, linear, bidentate.

Flowers sweetly scented, solitary, on short

spurs; pedicels 1 cm at anthesis, 2 cm long and

recurved in fruit, articulated at the base. Sepals

ovate, 7 mm, green, somewhat enlarged in fruit

and turning brownish red. Petals obovate, 7

mm, yellow. Stamens 15-25, with filaments 1

mm long; anthers biporose, 3 mm long. Carpels

5, attached basally to receptacle; style terete;

stigma entire, capitate, with short swollen

lobes. Drupelets oblong-globose, 8 mm Jong,

black. Fig. 2: 8.

Recorded from eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and

Natal, usually at fairly high altitudes, in forested areas.

Flowering in spring but with some flowers throughout the

year.

Transvaal. — 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): 17 km E. of Gras-

kop, Codd & De Winter 3119. 2531 (Komatipoort): Shiya-

lo-ngubu valley, Pole Evans 4680.

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): Mtutusi River,

Havelock, Compton 29126.

Natal. — 2730 (Vryheid): Inkamana Farm, Gerstner

3516. 2830 (Dundee): Impati Hill, Shirley 13. 2831

(Nkandla): Eshowe, Thode A1227. 2929 (Estcourt):

Griffin’s Hill, Acocks 10471. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg):

Karkloof forest. Farm Ehlatini, Moll 2861; 3375; 3476; 24

km N.W. of New Hanover, Codd 1465.

O. gamostigmata differs from O. serrulata in its

smaller, usually shrubby habit, smaller and narrower, usu-

ally acuminate leaves, smaller flowers and capitate stigma.

It grows at fairly high altitudes from Karkloof to Swaziland

and the eastern Transvaal (Letaba district).

9. Ochna inermis (Forsk.) Schweinf.

apud Penzig in Atti Congr. Bot. Intern. Genova

1892: 335 (1893); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 33: 247

(1904); Schweinf., Arab. Pfl. Aegypt. Alger. &

Yemen 148 (1912); Robson in F.Z. 2: 237

(1963); Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 3: 1510

(1973). Type: Yemen, Forskal 760 (C, holo.;

PRE, photo.).

Euonymus inermis Forsk., FI. Aegypt. -Arab. 204

(1775). Type as above.

O. rogersii Hutch., Botanist in S. Afr. 309, 317 (1946),

nom. nud.

Spreading shrubs 1-2 m tall, rarely ar-

borescent. Stems smooth, dark grey, with pale

reddish wood; side branches lenticellate,

numerous, short, bearing spurs which produce

leaves and flowers. Leaves deciduous, being

shed just before flowers appear (soon wilting

after being picked), elliptic, 2-4 cm long and

1-1,5 cm broad, apex obtuse to acute, base

acute or rounded, margin shallowly serrulate,

the teeth mucronulate, shiny, distinctly reticu-

late; petiole 2 mm; stipules intrapetiolar, fused,

bifid with apices filiform. Flowers sweet

scented, solitary or rarely 2 close together, on

short spurs; pedicels filiform, 1-1,5 cm long at

anthesis, firm, wiry and up to 2 cm, red and

recurved in fruit, articulated in lower quarter.

Sepals ovate, convex, c. 5 mm long, green at

anthesis, becoming c. 16 mm long and red in

fruit, at first enclosing young drupelets, spread-

ing when ripe. Petals yellow, orbicular,

clawed, about 8 mm. Stamens c. 50, with

filaments 3 mm long; anthers biporose, 1,5 mm

long. Carpels 5, attached basally to receptacle;

styles fused, slender, apices free, recurved,

filiform with small discoid stigmas. Drupelets

oblong-globose, 1 cm long, black. Fig. 2: 9.

The most widespread of all African Ochna species,

extending from Yemen, Eritrea and Ethiopia along the

eastern escarpment to Rhodesia, Botswana, Mozambique

and Transvaal as far south as Komatipoort; inhabiting arid

regions, saxicolous or in sandy soil. Flowering in spring.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): farm Hackthome 608,

Dongola Reserve, Pole Evans 4436; Wylliespoort, Wer-

dermann & Oberdieck 1944; Codd 4824; Story 5947 . 2230

(Messina): Messina, Rogers 19398; Wild 7626. 2231

(Pafuri): 27 km S.E. of Pafiiri, Mockford 1. 2328 (Balti-

more): Magoba’s Kloof, Maguire 1468. 2331 (Phalabor-

wa): Kruger National Park, near Letaba River, Galpin

15078. 2427 (Thabazimbi): De Hoop trig, beacon. Burn

Davy sub BOL 18207. 2428 (Nylstroom): Near Nylstroom,

on lower slopes of Krantzberg, Prosser 1710; Moorddrif,

Leendertz 2131; Olifantspoort near Nylstroom, Galpin

13796. 2431 (Acomhoek): 10 km N. of Olifants River,

Codd 6195. 2529 (Witbank): Loskopdam, Theron 1558;

1885. 2531 (Komatipoort): Kruger National Park, near

Kemp’s cottage, Codd 5715; Komati Poort, Pole Evans sub

PRE 16856.

10. Ochna glauca Verdoorn in Bothalia

6: 232 (1951); Robson in F.Z. 2: 239 (1963).

Type: Transvaal, Soutpansberg District, farm

De Klundert, Pole Evans 4494 (PRE, holo.).

Spreading shrubs or small trees. Branches

greyish-brown, smooth; side branchlets numer-

ous, short, bearing knob-like spurs which pro-

duce leaves and flowers; lenticels sparse; young

parts often covered with wax. Leaves decidu-

OCHNACEAE

11

ous, crowded on the apices of the branchlets,

drooping, often folded, broadly elliptic, c. 3 cm

long, 1,8 cm broad (in S. African material),

obtuse at apex and base, midrib prominent,

margin obscurely serrulate, thin, glaucous,

metallic green; petiole thin, 4 mm long, usually

recurved; stipules intrapetiolar, fused. Flowers

appearing before leaves, solitary, apical, fairly

small; pedicels 1 cm long, not accrescent in

fruit but firmer, articulated at the base. Sepals

elliptic, 5 mm long, green at anthesis, up to 1

cm long, reddish brown and reflexed in fruit.

Petals ovate, clawed, 1 1 mm long, yellow.

Stamens about 40, the filaments c. 4 mm long;

anthers biporose, c. 2 mm long. Carpels 5,

attached basally to torus; styles fused, apices

recurved with slightly swollen stigmas.

Drupelets oblong-globose, c. 8 mm long,

brown. Fig. 2: 10.

Apparently restricted to the northern Transvaal and the

Matopos in Rhodesia, on granite hills.

Transvaal. — 2228 (Maasstroom): Kremetartberg area.

Van Graan & Hardy 483. 2229 (Waterpoort): farm De

Klundert, Pole Evans 4588; Verdoorn 2292; 2332. 2328

(Baltimore): Steilloopbrug, Van der Schijff 5330.

11. Ochna cinnabarina Engl. & Gilg in

Warb., Kunene-Samb. Exped. 305 (1903); Gilg

in Bot. Jahrb. 33: 236 (1903); Exell & Men-

donpa in C.F.A. 1,2: 292 (1951); Robson in

F.Z. 2: 236 (1963); Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 42: 2

(1968). Type: Angola, on the Kuito, below

Longa, on sand hills, Baum 550 (Bf; E, lecto.;

PRE, photo.).

Small shrubs up to 1,5 m tall with virgate

stems bearing short side branches, from a per-

sistent woody base; lenticels pale, numerous on

young brown twigs which become greyish and

rough with age. Leaves deciduous, narrowly

elliptic, 3-4 cm long and 1-1,5 cm broad, acute

to obtuse at the apex and base, margin

spinulose-serrate, leathery, discolorous, midrib

distinct; stipules intrapetiolar, fused, linear.

Flowers appearing before the leaves, solitary,

apical on short lateral spurs; pedicels 1 cm long,

erect at anthesis, up to 1,5 cm long and spread-

ing in fruit, articulated below centre. Sepals

ovate, 1 cm long, obtuse, flat, spreading,

greenish-yellow, up to 2 cm long and scarlet in

fruit, forming a loose cup around young fruit,

spreading when drupelets are ripe. Petals obo-

vate, clawed, c. 1,5 cm long, bright yellow.

Stamens c. 50; filaments c. 6 mm long; anthers

biporose, c. 3 mm long. Carpels 5, attached

basally; styles fused, terete, apices free, re-

curved with capitate stigmas. Drupelets

oblong-globose, c. 1 cm long, black. Fig. 2: 1 1.

Recorded from Botswana, northern South West Africa,

southern Angola, Rhodesia and Zambia, in rock fissures, or

on antheaps, in Kalahari sand. Flowering in November.

S.W.A. — 1718 (Kuring-kuru): Omuramba Mpungu on

road from Kuring-kuru to Tsintsabis on dunes of banks, De

Winter 3873. 1723 (Singalamwe): Singalamwe area, Killick

& Leistner 3202. 1724 (Katima Mulilo): near Katima

Mulilo, Pienaar & Vahrmeijer 191. 1819 (Karakuwise):

Cigarette, N.E. of Karakuwise, Maguire 2271. 1820

(Tarikora): Masari, Giess 95 1 9. 1821 (Andara): 23 km W.

of Andara Mission Station on road to Nyangana, De Winter

& Wiss 4225.

12. Ochna barbosa t Robson in Bol. Soc.

Brot., Ser. 2, 36: 18 (1962); in F.Z. 2: 238

(1963). Type: Mozambique, Vila Luis, Bar-

bosa & Lemos sub Barbosa 7895 (LISC, holo.;

COI; K; LMJ).

A slender tree up to 8 m tall or a shrub with

light brown, slightly rough bark, not flaking;

branchlets with the epidermis peeling off in

narrow membranous strips; lenticels many,

scattered; woody ovoid galls often present.

Leaves shed before flowering or shortly after,

narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 3-5 cm long and

1,2- 1,5 cm broad (in S. African material seen),

apex rounded, base acute, margin indistinctly

serrulate (appearing smooth), coriaceous, with

distinct reticulate venation; petiole 1 mm;

stipules intrapetiolar, fused, entire. Flowers

scented, terminating short spurs, solitary;

pedicels c. 4 mm long at anthesis, up to 1 (-2)

cm in fruit, erect, articulated at the base. Sepals

about 9 mm long at anthesis, about 2 cm long

and pink or red in fruit, enclosing young

drupelets, spreading when fruit is ripe. Petals

yellow, obovate-cuneate, c. 12 mm long and 8

mm broad. Stamens c. 50, filaments c. 2,5 mm;

anthers 1,5 mm, biporose. Carpels 5, attached

basally to receptacle; styles fused, terete, with

free apical, recurved stigmatic tips or com-

pletely fused with stigma apically, discoid,

5-lobed. Drupelets oblong-globose, 1 cm long,

black. Fig. 2: 12.

Occurs in Natal, southern Mozambique, and south-

eastern Rhodesia. A sand-loving tree or shrub inhabiting

coastal dune forest, locally common where found; extend-

ing inland along low lying areas to south-eastern Rhodesia.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): 7 km W. of Muzi, Moll &

Nel 5590. 2732 (Ubombo): Sihangwane Store, Moll 4410;

Lake Sibayi, Venter 5818; Mbazwane-Mseleni Road,

Pooley 1512. 3030 (Port Shepstone): Isipingo Beach, Ward

1239; 3759; 5887.

12

OCHNACEAE

Hybrids: Moll & Strey 3928 (2632 Bela Vista), near

Banga Nek, and Ward 3611 (2732 Ubombo), Mkuze Game

Reserve, both collected in dune forest, northern Natal, ap-

pear to be hybrids between O. barbosae and O. natalitia.

5114 2. BRACKENRIDGEA

Brackenridgea A. Gray, Bot. U.S. Expl. Exp.

Bot. 1: 361, t. 42 (1854); Walp., Ann. 4: 421

(1857); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,21: 74

(1925); Robson in F.Z. 2: 252 (1963); Schreiber

in F.S.W.A. 42: 1 (1968). Type species: B.

nitida A. Gray from Fiji.

Trees, shrubs or soboliferous dwarf

shrubs, glabrous, forming a yellow pigment

under the bark. Leaves simple, shortly petio-

late, with the primary lateral nerves curving

upwards, almost parallel to the margin, the

margin closely serrulate with the teeth gland-

tipped; petioles short; stipules deeply divided

into subulate segments, striate, persistent at

least on first year shoots in African species.

Flowers variously arranged, usually in axillary

fascicles or reduced to 1 flower; bracts resemb-

ling stipules. Sepals (4) 5, imbricate, white or

pink, turning red and accrescent in fruit. Petals

(4) 5, white or pale pink, fugaceous. Stamens

10-20, free; filaments persistent; anthers bilocu-

lar, basifixed, opening longitudinally, caducous.

Carpels 5-10, attached basally to torus; style

entire; stigma capitate. Drupelets globose,

black attached basally to the red swollen torus;

seeds without endosperm, embryo curved.

Fig. 3.

Species about 12, widely distributed in S.E. Asia and

Australia; 4 in tropical and subtropical Africa and Madagas-

car. One tropical to subtropical species recorded from South

West Africa, usually in sandy soil.

Brackenridgea arenaria (De Wild. &

Dur.) Robson in Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 36: 37

(1962); in F.Z. 2: 254, t. 46, f.b (1963);

Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 42: 2 (1968). Type:

Zaire, Kisantu, Gillett 68 (BR, holo.).

Ochna arenaria De Wild. & Dur. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2,

1: 7 (1900). Type as above.

Small rhizomatous shrublets with virgate,

grooved branches, up to 1 m tall (rarely some-

what taller); wood yellow below grey-brown

peeling bark. Leaves deciduous, erect, close

together, alternate, narrowly obovate, c. 8 cm

long, 2 cm broad, usually obtuse above, apicu-

late, attenuate towards the base, forming a short

petiole, margin closely and shallowly serrulate

with the teeth bearing ovoid glands, firm, shiny,

the lateral veins curved upwards along margin;

stipules deeply dissected into subulate seg-

ments, striate, intrapetiolar, persisting on first

year shoots. Flowers in short, axillary, sessile

(1) 3-6-flowered fascicles; the bracts resemb-

ling the stipules; pedicels c. 8 mm long at

anthesis, somewhat longer in fruit, articulated at

the base. Sepals narrowly oblong, c. 5 mm at

anthesis, up to 1 cm in fruit, pink or red,

spreading or reflexed. Petals narrowly obovate,

somewhat longer than sepals, white or pinkish,

reflexed at anthesis. Stamens about 20; anthers

opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 5,

rounded, inserted basally on the torus; style

terete, stigma apical, small. Fig. 3.

Widespread in tropical and southern subtropical reg-

ions, as far south as northern South West Africa; in sandy

soils.

S.W.A. — 1723 (Singalamwe): E. of base E.C.Z.,

Pienaar & Vahrmeijer 207. 1821 (Andara): Caprivi Strip,

between Bagani Camp and Mahango, De Winter & Wiss

4395; 16 km from Bagani towards Angola border, Watt 2.

OCHNACEAE

13

Fig. 3. — 1, Brackenridgea arenaria, leafy branch, x 1 (Pienaar & Vahrmeijer 207); a, leaf-margin showing glands, X 4;

b, base of leaf showing stipules, X 4; c, portion of flowering twig, x 1, ( Pocock 1925); d, anther-locules with

longitudinal dehiscence, x 10.

14

Clusiaceae

CLUSIACEAE

(nom. alt. Guttiferae)

by D. J. B. Killick and N. K. B. Robson*

Trees, shrubs or herbs, with resinous juice. Leaves opposite, sub-opposite or whorled, simple,

exstipulate, glandular. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, dioecious or polygamous. Sepals 2-6,

quincuncial or decussate. Petals same number as sepals, free, usually convolute, sometimes

imbricate or decussate, alternating with sepals. Androecium basically of two whorls of stamen

fascicles, the outer often sterile (fasciclodes) or absent, filaments variously united or free, inner

fascicles variously united or free, very rarely each one reduced to a single stamen. Ovary superior,

1-many-locular, placentation usually axile, sometimes ± parietal, ovules 1-many; styles free, ±

united or absent; stigmas equal in number to loculi. Fruit a septicidal (rarely loculicidal) capsule or

berry or drupe. Seeds sometimes winged, carinate or arillate, without endosperm.

Almost exclusively tropical in distribution and composed of about 40 genera and 1000 species (Willis, 1966). 2 genera

and 8 species occur in our area.

Flowers bisexual; sepals 5; styles (2) 3-5, elongate; ovules several-many per

loculus 1. Hypericum

Flowers polygamous or dioecious, rarely bisexual; sepals 4; styles absent and stigmas sessile;

ovules 1 per loculus 2. Garcinia

5168 1. HYPERICUM

Hypericum L., Sp. PI. 1: 443 (1753); Gen. PI. ed. 5: 341 (1754); DC., Prodr. 1: 550 (1823); Sond.

in F.C. 1: 117 (1860); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1,1: 165 (1862); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 154 (1868);

Keller in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 175 (1929); Bredell in Bothalia 3: 574 (1939); Phill. , Gen. ed. 2:

506 (1951); Milne-Redh. in F.T.E.A. Hypericaceae: 1 (1953); Robson in F.Z. 1: 379 (1961). Type

species: H. perforatum L.

Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite, sessile, amplexicaul or shortly petiolate, entire, with

translucent glandular dots or linear striae and frequently with dark submarginal glandular dots.

Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose, sometimes forming a corymb or panicle, bisexual. Sepals

usually 5, equal, subequal or unequal, with translucent gland dots or striae, with or without dark

often submarginal dots and sometimes with stalked marginal glands. Petals usually 5, usually

yellow, often red-tinged, asymmetrical, with translucent or dark glandular dots or striae. Stamens

usually very numerous, free or connate at the base into 3-5 distinct or indistinct groups; filaments

thread-like; anthers with or without yellow or black gland. Ovary superior, sessile, ovoid or

subround, 3-5-locular, with few to many ovules on parietal placentas in each loculus; styles 3-5,

free or variously united; stigmas small, capitate. Fruit a septicidal capsule with few to many seeds,

rarely indehiscent. Seeds minute, cylindric to ovoid, straight or slightly curved; testa thin ribbed,

punctate or smooth; embryo straight or curved.

♦Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD.

Clusiaceae

15

A large genus of about 400 species, widely dispersed, especially in the northern hemisphere. Six species in Southern

Africa.

The generic name is derived from the Greek name for St. John’s Wort, viz. hypereikon, i.e. hyper + eikon = above +

image. The Greeks used plants of this genus to decorate religious images in order to ward off evil spirits, especially around

midsummer’s eve (St. John’s eve).

Several species of Hypericum are cultivated as ornamentals in Southern Africa, namely H. calycinum L., H.

monogyrum L. and H kalmianum L. H. perforatum L. is a troublesome weed in the Stellenbosch area of the south-western

Cape. Species of Hypericum contain the active principle hypericin, which renders the plants poisonous to stock through

photosensitization.

Styles 5, wholly or partially united; shrubs:

Flowers solitary at ends of branches; leaves 0,8-2,3 cm long 1. H. revolutum

Flowers in few-to many-flowered terminal corymbose cymes; leaves 4—8,5 cm long 2. H. roeperanum

Styles 3-5, free; herbs:

Stems quadrangular; sepals and petals without dark dots 3. H. lalandii

Stems terete; sepals usually with dark dots:

Sepals acute, subequal 4. H. aethiopicum

Sepals obtuse to rounded, unequal:

Stems erect, 20-45 cm high; leaves sessile, rarely shortly petiolate 5. H. natalense

Stems procumbent, 6-10 cm high; leaves shortly petiolate 6. H. wilmsii

1. Hypericum revolutum Vahl, Symb.

Bot. 1: 66 (1790); Christensen in Dansk Bot.

Ark. 4,3: 39 (1922); Robson in Kew Bull. 14:

251 (1960); in F.Z. 1: 381 (1961); Moggi &

Pisacchi in Webbia 22: 236, 1. 1 (1967). Lec-

totype: “Arabia felix, in montibus”, Forskal

796 (C!).

H. kalmii Forsk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. CXV1II (1775),

nomen nudum. H. lanceolatum Lam., Encycl. 4: 145

(1797); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 156 (1868); Bak.f. in J. Linn.

Soc. (Bot.) 40: 26 (191 1); Eyles in Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 5:

420 (1916); Good in J. Bot., Lond. 65: 330, t.582, fig. 1

(1927); Staner in Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 13: 74 (1934);

Robyns, FI. Parc Nat. Alb. 1: 620, t.62 (1948); Perrier in FI.

Madag. Hypericaceae: 3 (1951); Milne-Redh. in F.T.E.A.

Hypericaceae: 4 (1953); in Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 221

(1953); Keay & Milne-Redh. in F.W.T.A. ed. 2,1: 287,

1. 109 (1954); Robson in Kew Bull. 12: 444 (1957). Type:

Reunion (“Bourbon”), Commerson (LINN-SM, iso.!). H.

leucoptychodes Steud. ex A. Rich., Tent. FI. Abyss. 1: 96

(1847); Good, l.c. t.582, fig. 3-5 (1927); Norlindh in Bot.

Notiser 1934: 100 (1934); Bredell in Bothalia 3: 580 (1939);

Phill. in Flow. PI. S. Afr. 20: t.787 (1940); Brenan,

Checklist Tang. Terr. 249 (1949). Syntypes: Ethiopia, near

Dschenausa, Schimper 834 (K!); Mt. Bachit, Schimper

1177 (K!). H. lanuriense De Wild., PI. Bequaert. 5: 403

(1932); Robyns, l.c. 622 (1948). Type: Zaire, Ruwenzori,

Ruaroli (Lanuri) Valley, Bequaert 4460 (BR, holo.; K,

photo.!).

Shrub up to 3 m high (12 m in tropical

Africa). Stems 4-angled when young, but be-

coming ± terete, often with scaly bark. Leaves

sessile, narrowly elliptic, 0,8-2, 5 cm long, 3-6

mm wide, apex acute, base cuneate, narrowing

to a clasping base, venation sparsely pinnate,

tertiary venation variously conspicuous, with

translucent longitudinal glands or striae and few

dark submarginal glands. Flowers solitary,

terminal. Sepals unequal, ovate, 6-10 mm long,

3- 5 mm wide, concave, with few dark submar-

ginal glands and often numerous stalked mar-

ginal glands. Petals obovate-spathulate, 2-3 cm

long, 0,8- 1,8 cm wide, yellow, without dark

submarginal gland dots. Stamens in 5 bundles

of 20-30 each; filaments 8-15 mm long; anthers

c. 1-1,3 mm long, with apical gland. Ovary

ovoid, 4—6 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; styles 5,

4— 8 mm long, united except for upper 1,5-4

mm. Capsule ovoid, 1-1,2 cm long, 0,7-1, 1 cm

wide, 5-valved.

Found on streambanks and the edge of forest in the

Transvaal, Natal, Swaziland and the eastern Cape. Also

occurring in tropical Africa, Fernando Po, Malagasy, the

Comoro Islands and Reunion.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Entabeni Forest Station,

Codd 4206. 2329 (Pietersburg): Houtboschdorp, Van Vuu-

ren 1203. 2330 (Tzaneen): Westfalia Estates, Duiwelskloof,

Scheepers 412. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Reitz’s Grave,

Mariepskop, Van der Schijff 6803. 2530 (Lydenburg):

Duiwelskantoor, Thode A 1565. 2627 (Potchefstroom):

Witpoortjie, near Krugersdorp, Grant 2687.

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): near Havelock,

Compton 30123. 2631 (Mbabane): Mbabane, Rogers

11483; Miller SI 122.

Natal. — 2831 (Nkandla): Nkandla Forest, Pentz 351;

Nhlazatshe, Ward 3410. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Illovo

River, near Richmond, Wood 1995 (NH); Pateni Estates,

Strey 7636.

Cape. — 3029 (Kokstad): Malowe, Tyson 3044.

An attractive plant with large, yellow flowers, known

as the Forest Primrose or Curry Bush, because of the

curry-like odour given off by the leaves, particularly when

crushed. According to Watt & Brandwijk (1962) the plant

has been used as a source of balsam. In the Haenertsburg

area of the Transvaal it is called “Nature’s Fire Break”

because, situated as it often is at the edge of forests, it is said

16

Clusiaceae

to prevent fire from penetrating forest ( Hodgson s.n. in

PRE). However, it is doubtful whether the plant is particu-

larly fire-resistant. Experimentally it has induced non-icteric

photosensitization in sheep, due apparently to the presence

of hypericin (Watt & Brandwijk, 1962).

2. Hypericum roeperanum Schimp. ex

A. Rich., Tent. FI. Abyss. 1: 96 (1847); Keller

in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 176 (1925); Good in

J. Bot., Lond. 65: 331, t.582, fig. 6 (1927);

Staner in Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 13: 76 (1934);

Exell & Mendonpa in C.F.A. 1,1: 119 (1937);

Bredell in Bothalia 3: 582 (1939); Brenan,

Checklist Tang. Terr. 250 (1949); Suesseng. &

Merxm. in Proc. & Trans. Rhod. Sci. Ass. 43:

88 (1951); Milne-Redh. in F.T.E.A.

Hypericaceae:3 (1953); Robson in Kew Bull.

12: 444 (1957); in F.Z. 1: 380 (1961); Moggi &

Pisacchi in Webbia 22: 244, t.2 (1967). Type:

Ethiopia, “crescit ad montem Kubbi, prope

Adoua et ad montem Aber prope Dschenausa in

provincia Semiene”, Schimper 866 (P, lecto.;

BM!; FI; G; K!; LE; MO).

var. roeperanum.

Moggi & Pisacchi in Webbia 22: 247

(1967).

H. quartinianum A. Rich. var. roeperanum (Schimp. ex

A. Rich.) Engl., Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 307 (1892).

Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m high. Stems

± terete, smooth, glabrous. Leaves sessile,

elliptic, 4—8,5 cm long, 1,2-3, 4 cm wide, apex

acute or obtuse (sometimes apiculate when

obtuse), base cuneate, clasping, with several

pairs of secondary veins and conspicuous re-

ticulation of tertiary veins each reticulation

containing a translucent glandular dot, dark

glands on margin. Flowers in few- to many-

flowered terminal corymbose cymes. Sepals

unequal, ovate, 4—6 mm long, 3,5-4 mm wide,

acute-obtuse, with submarginal dark gland dots

and marginal stalked glands. Petals obovate-

spathulate, 2-3 cm long, 1-1,2 cm wide, bright

yellow, with few or no submarginal gland dots.

Stamens in 5 bundles of about 45 each; fila-

ments 1,2- 1,4 cm long; anthers c. 0,75 mm

long, with apical gland. Ovary ovoid, 5-7 mm

long; styles 5, united to apex, 8-10 mm long.

Capsule ovoid, 1-1,8 cm long, 0,6-1 cm wide,

5-valved.

Widely distributed in Africa from Sudan and Ethiopia

southwards to the north-eastern Transvaal and Mozam-

bique. Apparently restricted in South Africa to the

Mariepskop area. Usually occurring on streambanks, in

woodland or at the edge of forest.

Transvaal. — 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Mariepskop area,

Killick <£ Strey 2424; Van der Schijff 4975; Blyde River

Road, Van der Schijff 5529.

Differing from H. revolutum Vahl in that the flowers

are in few- to many-flowered terminal corymbose cymes

instead of solitary and in the larger leaves with densely

reticulate venation. Var. schimperi (Hochst. ex A. Rich.)

Moggi & Pisacchi is restricted to Ethiopia.

3. Hypericum lalandii Choisy in DC.,

Prodr. 1: 550 (1824); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 155

(1868); Gibbs in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 37: 430

(1906); Bak.f. in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 40: 26

(1911); Eyles in Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 5: 420

(1916); Keller in Bot. Jahrb. 58: 197 (1923); in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 181 (1925); Burtt Davy,

FI. Transv. 1: 251 (1926); Staner in Bull. Jard.

Bot. Brux. 13: 70 (1934); Norlindh in Bot.

Notiser 1934: 102 (1934); Gomes e Sousa in

Bol. Soc. Estud. Col. Mocamb. 26: 42 (1935);

Exell & Mendonpa in C.F.A. 1,1: 120 (1937);

Bredell in Bothalia 3: 575 (1939); Adamson in

FI. Cape Penins. 588 (1950); Suesseng. &

Merxm. in Proc. & Trans. Rhod. Sci. Ass. 43:

88 (1951); Perrier in FI. Madag. Hypericaceae:

14, 1. 1, figs. 7 & 8 (1951); Milne-Redh. in

F.T.E.A. Hypericaceae: 7 (1953); Robson in

F.Z. 1: 385 (1961); in Garcia de Orta 1: 85

(1973). Type: Cape, Laland s.n. (P, holo.; PRE,

photo.).

H. lalandii Choisy var. lanceolata Sond. in F.C. 1: 118

(1860). Type: Port Natal, Drege d (S !). — var. latifolia

Sond., l.c. Type: Uitenhage, Zeyher s.n. (S !). — var.

macropetala Sond., l.c. Type: Drege c (S, holo.!; BM!;

K!). — var. lanceolatum Keller in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser.

2,8: 187 (1908). Syntypes: Natal, Gueinzius s.n. (Bf);

Gerrard 190 (K!; PRE, photo.; W!). — var. transvaalense

Bredell in Bothalia 3: 577 (1939). Type: Transvaal,

Rehmann 6608 (PRE, lecto.!; BM!).

Herb, 4—40 cm high. Stems from a woody

underground rootstock, erect or decumbent,

rarely procumbent, branched or unbranched,

4-ribbed, glabrous, glandular or eglandular.

Leaves sessile, ascending; blade very variable

in shape and size, upper and middle leaves

usually narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic or

linear, basal leaves broader and shorter, 3-36

mm long, 0,5-6 mm wide, apex acute or

obtuse* base clasping, venation not con-

spicuous, pellucid-glandular punctate. Flowers

up to c. 50 in a loose dichasial cyme or solitary.

Sepals ± equal, narrowly ovate, 5,5-7 mm

long, 1,2- 1,5 mm wide, long-acute, with trans-

lucent longitudinal veins and gland dots. Petals

1-2 times as long as sepals, yellow or orange,

sometimes marked with red, distinctly veined.

Clusiaceae

17

Stamens 40-60, irregularly arranged; filaments

4—6 mm long; anthers c. 0,3 mm long. Ovary

ovoid, 1,5-3, 5 mm long, 1-1,5 mm wide,

1 -locular; styles 3, free, 1,5-2 mm long; stig-

mas capitate. Fruit capsular, (2) 3-4-valved.

Widely distributed in Africa from Nigeria and the

Sudan southwards to the Cape Province. Also in Madagas-

car.

S.W.A. — 2017 (Waterberg): Waterberg Plateau, Boss

sub TRV 34997; Okosongomingo, Dinter 1758 (SAM).

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Entabeni, Obermeyer

sub TRV 30071. 2327 (Ellisras): Ellisras, Bayliss 2393

(NBG). 2328 (Baltimore): on Mohlakeng Plateau, Blauw-

berg, Codd & Dyer 8992. 2329 (Pietersburg): Eloutbosch,

Rehmann 6340. 2330 (Tzaneen): Westfalia, Scheepers

1093; 1116. 2429 (Nylstroom): Mosdene Farm,

Naboomspruit, Germishuysen 49. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest):

Mariepskop, Van der Schijff 6021 . 2526 (Zeerust): Zwart-

ruggens, Fouche 12. 2527 (Rustenburg): Rustenburg Na-

ture Reserve, Jacobsen 804. 2528 (Pretoria): Wonderboom,

Smith 2291. 2529 (Witbank): Loskop Dam — Donkerhoek,

Theron 1603. 2530 (Lydenburg): Rosehaugh, Mogg 13962.

2531 (Komatipoort): Numbi, Van der Schijff 4158. 2627

(Potchefstroom): Buffelshoek, Potchefstroom, Louw 1527.

2628 (Johannesburg): Heidelberg, Leendertz 1030. 2629

(Bethal): Nooitgedacht, Ermelo, Henrici 1348. 2630

(Carolina): Bereton Park Outspan, near Sheepmoor, De

Winter 7520. 2729 (Volksrust): Amersfoort, Sidey 3504.

2730 (Vryheid): Oshoek, Wakkerstroom, Devenish 1094.

O.F.S.— 2727 (Kroonstad): Bothaville, Goossens 1216.

2827 (Senekal): Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Leistner

2969. 2828 (Bethlehem): Bethlehem, Phillips 3215. 2829

(Harrismith): Harrismith, Sankey 21 (K).

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): 5 km N.E. of Forbes’s

Reef, Schlieben 9531; Poliniane River, Compton 26491;

Nduma, Compton 27269.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Maputa Store, Moll & Strey

3875. 2729 (Volksrust): “Glen Atholl”, near Charlestown

& Volksrust, Smith 5697. 2730 (Vryheid): Tweekloof

(Altemooi), Thode A 1145. 2731 (Louwsburg): Nongoma

Townlands, Gerstner 4612. 2732 (Ubombo): Sibayi, Vahr-

meijer 554. 2828 (Bethlehem): Royal Natal National Park,

Galpin 10177. 2829 (Harrismith): Cathedral Peak Forest

Station, Killick 1173. 2830 (Dundee): Qudeni, Gerstner

1950. 2831 (Nkandla): Melmoth, Mogg 6052. 2832

(Mtubatuba): St. Lucia Park, Dutton 35. 2929 (Underberg):

between Loteni and Giants Castle, Killick 3915. 2930

(Pietermaritzburg): “Ehlatini Farm”, Karkloof, Moll 3460.

2931 (Stanger): Wentworth, Durban, Ward 6463. 3029

(Kokstad): Weza, Ingeli, Strey 6316. 3030 (Port

Shepstone): Uvongo, Strey 4889.

Lesotho. — 2828 (Bethlehem): Leribe, Dieterlen 678.

2927 (Maseru): Mazenod, Jacot Guillarmod 805. 2929

(Underberg): Sehlabathebe, Jacot Guillarmod, Getliffe &

Mzamane 86.

Cape. — 2822 (Glen Lyon): Witsand, Hay Division,

Acocks 2173. 3029 (Kokstad): Clydesdale, Tyson 2097.

3128 (Umtata): Baziya Forest Station, Mauve 4862. 3129

(Port St. Johns): Ndindini, Strey 10109. 3227 (Stutterheim):

Evelyn Valley, Leighton 26 72. 3228 (Butterworth): Ken-

tani, Pegler 117, pro parte. 3322 (Oudtshoom): George,

Marloth 2545. 3225 (Port Elizabeth): 1 1 km from Ann’s

Villa on Zuurberg Pass, Acocks 20298. 3326

(Grahamstown): near Dassie Krantz, Britten 627. 3327

(East London): near East London, Acocks 21848. 3418

(Simonstown): Sir Lowry’s Pass, Marloth 4866. 3420

(Bredasdorp): Swellendam, Compton 584 (NBG). 3422

(Mossel Bay): Vrijers Berg, Muir 2043. 3423 (Knysna):

Harkerville, Breyer sub TRV 23914.

An extremely variable species in habit, leaf shape and

size, flower size and colour and density of punctate glands.

4. Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb.,

Prodr. 2: 138 (1800). Types: Cape Province,

Thunberg a (UPS, lecto. !); Thunberg (3 (UPS!).

Perennial herb, 10-30 cm high. Stems

erect or decumbent, unbranched, arising from

an underground crown, terete or sometimes ±

flattened or 2-lined above, eglandular or spotted

with dark glands. Leaves sessile, ovate to

broadly ovate, 0, 8-2,3 cm long, 0,4— 1,5 cm

wide, apex obtuse to rounded, base cordate-

amplexicaul, margins often revolute, with

numerous translucent punctate glands and dark

marginal glands. Flowers in lax or compact

terminal few- to many-flowered cymes, rarely

solitary; pedicels 2-4 mm long, except in fruit.

Sepals subequal, ovate, 5-8 mm long, 1,5-2

mm wide, apex sharply acute or acuminate,

with translucent gland dots and striae and with

or without dark gland dots both marginal and on

lamina, with or without stalked marginal

glands. Petals 10-13 mm long, 2-4 times as

long as sepals, primrose yellow, usually red-

tinged, with dark gland dots and translucent

gland dots or striae, distinctly veined. Stamens

c. 50-70, irregularly arranged or in 3 or 4

indistinct groups, with filaments united at ex-

treme base; anthers 0,4— 0,5 mm long, often

with black or orange glands at apex of connec-

tive. Ovary ovoid, 2,5-4 mm long, 1,5-2 mm

wide, 3 (4)-locular; styles 3, free, 4,5-6,5 mm

long; stigmas ± capitate. Fruit capsular, ovoid,

6 mm long, 3 mm wide, 3-4-valved, erect.

A grassland herb occurring in Rhodesia, Mozambique,

Angola, Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.

Two subspecies are recognized and may be keyed out

as follows:

Stems eglandular, sepals and bracts with marginal

stalked glands (a) subsp. aethiopicum

Stems glandular, sepals and bracts without marginal

stalked glands (b) subsp. sonderi

(a) subsp. aethiopicum.

Robson in Kew Bull. 12: 439 (1957); in F.Z. 1:

382 (1961).

H. aethiopicum Thunb., Prodr. 2: 138 (1800); Sond. in

F.C. 1: 117 (1860), pro parte.

Clusiaceae

Fig. 4. — 1, Hypericum aethiopicum subsp. aethiopicum, portion of plant, X 1; la, sepal, x 7; lb, petal, x 7 (Flanagan

2142). 2, H. aethiopicum subsp. sonderi, portion of plant, x 1; 2a, sepal, X 7; 2b, petal, X 7 (Hafstrom Acocks

2195).

Clusiaceae

19

This subspecies is confined to the Cape Province

between the Korinte River near Riversdale and the moun-

tains of Griqualand East. Fig. 4: I.

Cape. — 3029 (Kokstad): mountain side, Griqualand East,

Tyson 1376, pro parte. 3321 (Ladismith): Korinte River,

Riversdale, Muir 855. 3226 (Fort Beaufort): Hogsback

Forest Reserve, Dahlstrand 1810. 3227 (Stutterheim): Stut-

terheim Commonage, Acocks 9544. 3322 (Oudtshoom):

Kamanassie Hills near George, Prior s.n. (K). 3325 (Port

Elizabeth): Zuurberg Sanatorium, Long 225 (K). 3326

(Grahamstown): Kolsrand, Johnson 1085; Howiesons

Poort, MacOwan 397 (BM; K). 3423 (Knysna): Knysna,

Schonland 3498.

(b) subsp. sonderi (Bredell) Robson in

Kew Bull. 12: 440 (1957); in F.Z. 1: 382

(1961). Type: Natal, near Camperdown,

Schlechter 3270 (K, lecto. !; G!; PRE!).

H. aethiopicum Thunb. var. glaucescens Sond. in F.C. 1:

118 (1860); Burtt Davy in FI. Transv. 1: 251 (1926).

Syntypes: Transvaal, Apies River and Magaliesberg,

Zeyher s.n. (Burke s.n. from Magaliesberg in BM! and K!

may be type material — also Zeyher 149 in BM!). H.

aethiopicum sensu Sond., l.c., pro parte; sensu Bak.f. in J.

Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 40: 26 (1911); Eyles in Trans. R. Soc. S.

Afr. 5: 420 (1916); Norlindh in Bot. Notiser 1934: 101

(1934); Exell & Mendonpa in C.F.A. 1,1: 120 (1937). H.

sonderi Bredell in Bothalia 3: 578 (1939); Verdoom in

Flow. PI. S. Afr. 23: t. 897 (1943). — var. transvaalense

Bredell, l.c. 579. Syntypes: Transvaal, Woodbush, Mogg

13996 (PRE!); Shiluvane, Junod 4290 (PRE!); without

precise locality. Wager sub TRV 7223 (PRE!), pro parte.

Found in the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Swaziland,

Natal, Lesotho, the eastern Cape and south tropical Africa.

Fig. 4: 2.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): near Entabeni, Hutchin-

son & Gillett 4238 (BM; K). 2330 (Tzaneen): Pigeon Hole,

McCullum 17; Woodbush, Mogg 14711. 2427

(Thabazimbi): below Waterberg, Hutchinson 2291. 2430

(Pilgrims Rest): The Downs, Junod 4290. 2527 (Rusten-

burg): 2,8 km N.E. of Derby Station, Acocks 21971 . 2528

(Pretoria): Apies River, Smith 207. 2530 (Lydenburg):

Rosehaugh, Mogg 13960. 2531 (Komatipoort): Saddleback

Mountain, Barberton, Galpin 1028. 2626 (Klerksdorp):

Goedgedacht, Ventersdorp District, Sutton 502. 2627

(Potchefstroom): “Uitkomst”, near Skeerpoort, Codd

10097. 2628 (Johannesburg): Johannesburg, Bredenkamp

742. 2629 (Bethal): near Amsterdam, Van derMerwe 1260.

2730 (Vryheid): Piet Retief, Galpin 9638.

O.F.S. — 2828 (Bethlehem): “Wyndford”, Fouriesburg,

Gemmell sub BLFU 5812. 2829 (Harrismith): “Grootvlei”,

near Swinburne, Jacobsz 33. 2927 (Maseru): Ladybrand,

Werdermann & Oberdieck 1566.

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): Havelock Mine,

Miller 3074. 2631 (Mbabane): Verdun, Hlatikulu, Compton

26322.

Natal. — 2730 (Vryheid): Tweekloof (Altemooi), Thode

A1146. 2731 (Louwsburg): Nongoma Townlands, Gerstner

4611 . 2828 (Bethlehem): Royal Natal National Park, Codd

2784. 2829 (Harrismith): Cathedral Peak, Goodier 350.

2830 (Dundee): hill above Dundee Reservoir, Edwards

1088. 2831 (Nkandla): Empangeni Village, Venter 3251.

2832 (Mtubatuba): Ezinkakeni, Hluhluwe Game Reserve,

Hitchens 745. 2929 (Underberg): Cathkin Park, Howlett 94.

2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Balgowan, Mogg 3516. 3030

(Port Shepstone): Ifafa, Rudatis 246 (BM; K); Marina

Beach, Port Shepstone, Slrey 5950.

Lesotho. — 2828 (Bethlehem): 5 km S. of Buthe-Buthe,

Galpin s.n. 2927 (Maseru): bank of the Catai River,

Mafeteng Distr., Dieterlen 1293.

Cape. — 3029 (Kokstad): 1 km from Bizana on Kokstad

road. Story 597.

There is a certain amount of overlap between subsp.

aethiopicum and subsp. sonderi: occasionally the odd

specimen of subsp. aethiopicum has glandular stems, while

specimens of subsp. sonderi sometimes have eglandular or

nearly eglandular stems. According to Robson (l.c. 439),

some specimens of subsp. sonderi from the Melsetter region

of Rhodesia have sepals bearing stalked glands. This

incomplete correlation between stem and sepal characters

led Robson to treat these two taxa as subspecies rather than

species.

According to a note on Wood 225 in Herb. Kew, the

leaves of the plant are used to make a lotion for inflamed or

diseased eyes; and the Zulu name is Insukubile, which

means “two days”.

5. Hypericum natalense Wood & Evans

in J. Bot. 35: 487 (1897); Burtt Davy, FI.

Transv. 1: 25 (1926); Keller in Pflanzenfam. 21:

177 (1929); Bredell in Bothalia 3: 579 (1939);

Robson in Kew Bull. 12: 440 (1957). Type:

Natal, near bank of Mooi River, 1 200-1 500

m. Wood 4034 (NH, holo.!; BM!; BOL!; G!;

K!; PRE, photo.).

H. woodii Keller in Bot. Jahrb. 58: 193 (1923), nom.

superfl. Type: as for H. natalense Wood & Evans. H.

natalense Wood & Evans var. petiolatum Bredell in

Bothalia 3: 580 (1939). Type: Natal, Camperdown District,

Franks sub NH 12968 (NH, holo.!; PRE, photo.).

Herb up to 45 cm high. Stems 1-many,

from a persistent underground rootstock, erect,

much-branched, round and smooth, glabrous.

Leaves sessile or rarely shortly petiolate, ellip-

tic, broadly elliptic or obovate, 0,9- 1,9 cm

long, 0,5- 1,2 cm wide, apex obtuse to rounded,

3-7-nerved, tertiary venation fairly conspicu-

ous, punctate with submarginal dark dots.

Flowers terminal with flowering branches from

uppermost pair of nodes. Sepals unequal, ellip-

tic, obovate or spathulate, 4,5-8 mm long,

1,5-4 mm wide, apex rounded, slightly apicu-

late, distinctly veined, densely yellow-punctate

with few dark submarginal gland dots. Petals

elliptic, oblong or spathulate, 6,5-7 mm long,

1,7-2, 5 mm wide, yellow, with 0-few yellow

gland dots and occasional dark dots near apex.

Stamens indefinite, 3-5 mm long; anthers 0,3

mm long, each with a dark gland at end of

connective. Ovary ovoid, 2,5-3 mm long, 2

mm wide; styles usually 5, free, 2-2,5 mm

long; stigmas capitate. Capsule ovoid, 5-6 mm

long, 3 mm wide.

20

Clusiaceae

A plant of damp places occurring in the eastern

Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal Midlands and the eastern Cape.

Transvaal. — 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Mac Mac, Mudd

s.n.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): Poliniane River,

Compton 26489 (NBG).

Natal. — 2831 (Nkandla): Nkandla Bush, Van der

Merwe 2453. 2929 (Underberg): Ntabamhlope Research

Station, West 634. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Balgowan,

Mogg 3809; Howick Falls, Rogers 5212; Mooi River,

Wood 4034; 6251 (K).

Cape. — 3029 (Kokstad): 6 km W. of Bizana, Acocks

12228. 3128 (Umtata): Baziya, Baur 582 p.p. (K). 3225

(Somerset East): Bolus 319 (K). 3228 (Butterworth): Ken-

tani, Pegler 117.

Apparently Keller overlooked H. natalense Wood &

Evans (1897) and described H. woodii (1923) basing it on

the same Wood gathering. The latter is therefore a super-

fluous name.

6. Hypericum wilmsii Keller in Bull.

Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2,8: 179 (1908) in clav.;

Bredell in Bothalia 3: 579 (1939); Robson in

Kew Bull. 12: 440 (1957); in F.Z. 1: 383

(1961). Type: Transvaal, near Lydenburg,

Wilms 136 (W, holo.; PRE, fragment!).

Perennial herb, 6-20 cm high. Stems sev-

eral to many, arising from a persistent taproot,

procumbent, branched, terete, or somewhat flat-

tened or 2-lined above, dark gland-dotted or

eglandular. Leaves shortly petiolate, rarely al-

most sessile; blade elliptic, ovate or obovate,

6-10 mm long, 2-6 mm wide, apex rounded,

base cuneate or rounded, nerves 3- or 4-paired,

tertiary venation inconspicuous, with translu-

cent^yellow gland dots and submarginal dark

dots' petioles 1-2 mm long. Pedicels 3-10 mm

long. Sepals unequal, oblong, 4,5-6 mm long,

1-2 mm wide, apex obtuse to rounded, some-

times apiculate, distinctly veined, yellow

gland-dotted, and with 0-few dark dots along

margin. Petals oblong, 5-8 mm long, 2-3 mm

wide, dark gland-dotted along margin, yellow

or orange. Stamens 18-30, in 3 or 4 groups,

cohering at base; filaments c. 5 mm long;

anthers 0,2-0, 3 mm long, each with dark gland

at end of connective. Ovary ovoid, 3-4 mm

long, 3- or 4-locular; styles 3 or 4, c. 2 mm

long. Fruit capsular, 3- or 4-valved, erect.

Occurring in moist areas and on mountain slopes in the

Transvaal, Orange Free State, Lesotho and the Cape. Also

in Rhodesia and Malagasy.

Transvaal.— 2530 (Lydenburg): Lydenburg, Wilms

136.

O.F.S. — 2926 (Bloemfontein): Thaba ’Nchu, Roberts

2350; 2913.

Lesotho. — 2927 (Maseru): Ha-mvya-pela Mt.,

Likhoele, Mafeteng District, Dieterlen 1222; Catai River,

Mafeteng District, Dieterlen 1293.

Cape. — 3026 (Aliwal North): Doctor’s Drift, Gerstner

137; Elandshoek, Bolus 153. 3126 (Queenstown):

Queenstown, Galpin 1629. 3223 (Rietbron): Palmietfon-

tein, Acocks 21770. 3225 (Somerset East): Cradock,

Brynard 291.

Differing from H. natalense in its shorter, procumbent

stems and shortly petiolate leaves. H. nigropunctatum

Norlindh, described from Rhodesia, is a synonym.

5199 2. GARCINIA

GarciniaL., Sp. PI. 1: 443 (1753); Gen. PI. ed. 5: 202 (1754); DC., Prodr. 1: 560 (1824); Benth. &

Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1,1: 174 (1862); Harv., Gen. PI. ed. 2: 26 (1868); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 164(1868);

Keller in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 21 1 (1929); Phill. , Gen. ed. 2: 506 (1951); Robson in F.Z. 1: 396

(1961). Type species: G. mangostana L.

Trees or shrubs, usually with yellow juice, sometimes with leafy branches modified into

thorns. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, sometimes large, usually entire, coriaceous, venation

usually prominent, often with translucent glandular canals and brownish resin canals. Flowers

terminal or axillary, solitary or in few- to many-flowered cymes, dioecious or polygamous, rarely

bisexual. Sepals 4 (5), decussate. Petals 4 (5), longer than the sepals. Male flowers: Stamens

indefinite, free or all connate in (3) 4 or 5 (-9) fascicles (bundles) with each fascicle forming a solid

staminal column bearing free or partially fused filaments above, sometimes with a whorl of sterile

stamen-fascicles (fasciclodes) alternating with the stamen-fascicles or forming a cushion in which

the stamens are inserted; anthers opening by a circular rim or longitudinal slits. Female or bisexual

flowers: usually with 4 (5) stamen- or staminode-fascicles, similar to those of the male flowers, but

smaller and with fewer members, sometimes with fasciclodes, free or fused together in a ring at the

Clusiaceae

21

base of the ovary. Ovary 2-many-locular with 1 ovule per loculus; styles absent; stigma sessile,

peltate, lobed, smooth or tuberculate. Fruit baccate. Seeds 1-4, large, arillate; embryo with minute

cotyledons.

A large genus of about 400 species chiefly tropical, especially Asia, and South Africa. The genus was named in honour

of Lawrence Garcin, an Englishman, who travelled and collected in India in the 18th century.

Some species of the genus yield commercial products, e.g. G. mangostana L. — mangosteen fruits and G. morella

Desr. — gamboge, but none of these is apparently cultivated in Southern Africa.

Flowers terminal at ends of branches; staminal or staminodial fascicles present; leaves opposite; petioles 8-18 mm

long 1 . G. gerrardii

Flowers in fascicles in axils of older leaves on old wood; staminal or staminodial fascicles absent; leaves 3-whorled;

petioles 4-8 mm long 2. G. livingstonei

1. Garcinia gerrardii Harv. ex Sim, For.

FI. Cape Col. 141, 1. 13 (14 May 1907); Henkel,

Woody PI. Natal 126 (1934); Robson in F.Z. 1;

398 (1961); Codd in Bothalia 8: 174 (1964);

Bamps in Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 40: 282

(1970). Type: Natal, Umvoti District, Gerrard

1181 (BM!; K!).

G. gerrardii Harv., Gen. S. Afr. PI. ed. 2: 26 (1868),

nom. illegit. G. natalensis Schltr. in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 93 (21

May 1907). Type: Natal, "in bewaldeten Schluchten am

Umtwalumi bei Fairfield", Rudatis 150 (not traced). G.

transvaalensis Burtt Davy in Kew Bull. 1924: 229 (1924);

FI. Transv. 1; 252 (1926). Type: Transvaal, Rimers Creek,

Barberton, Galpin 1202 (BOL!; K!; NH!; PRE!).

Shrub or tree up to 13 m high; stems

acutely angled or winged by decurrent petioles,

with yellow or reddish brown latex; bark light

grey. Leaves opposite; blade elliptic to broadly

elliptic, 7-13 cm long, 3-8 cm wide, apex

acute, mucronate with a recurved point, base

broadly cuneate to rounded, midrib projecting

below, lateral veins 9-13, Vi-angled, irregular,

curved, looping near margin, margin subrevo-

lute and callose, coriaceous, glossy on both

surfaces, dark green above, paler below; petiole

0,8- 1,8 cm long, furrowed, clasping. Flowers

3- 9, terminal at ends of branchlets, subtended

at base by small ovate-triangular bracts. Male

flowers : Sepals 4, unequal, opposite and decus-

sate, ovate-triangular, 1,5-2 mm long, 2 mm

wide, keeled, mucronate (with brown tip), pale

green with brown mottling (teste Scheepers

1238). Petals broadly ovate to subrotund, 6-8

mm long, 6-7 mm wide, concave, white. Stam-

inal fascicles 4, 5,5 mm long, 1,5 mm wide,

alternating with united rugose globose fasci-

clodes; stamens 10-16; filaments free or partially

united, 0,5-1 mm long; anthers 0,25 mm long,

0,5 mm wide. Female flowers : Staminodial

fascicles c. 1,5 mm long, 0,3 mm wide, alternat-

ing with rugose globose fasciclodes; filaments

united almost to apex. Ovary globose, 3- or

4- locular, 2,6 mm long, 2,4 mm wide, sur-

mounted by fleshy 3- or 4-lobed stigma. Berry

subglobose, 1,8-3,25 cm diam., turning orange

when ripe; seeds 1 or 2, subglobose, 1,4— 1,5 cm

diam.

A constituent of forest, sometimes on streambanks, in

the eastern Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal and the eastern

Cape. Said to be particularly common in the Egossa Forest

in Pondoland and in the Ngoye Forest in Zululand (Palmer

& Pitman, Trees S. Afr., 1973).

Transvaal. — 2531 (Komatipoort): 26 km from Barber-

ton, Scheepers 1238; Rimers Creek, Galpin 1202.

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): Devils Bridge,

Dlamini s.n.; Compton 31496.

Natal. — 2830 (Dundee): Qudeni Forest, Edwards 2660.

2831 (Nkandla): Eshowe, Gerstner 2541; Mtunzini Dis-

trict, Wells & Edwards 29. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Kloof

Nature Reserve, Moll 3256; Inanda, Wood 1082 (BM; K).

2931 (Stanger): Hawaan Forest, Moll 3199. 3029

(Kokstad): Bizana, Miller 4420. 3030 (Port Shepstone):

Tributary of Uvongo River, Cooper 25. 3129 (Port St.

Johns): Umsikaba, Strey 1012. 3130 (Port Edward): edge of

Umtamvuna River Gorge forest. Cooper 103.

Known as the Forest Mangosteen, um Bindi (X) and isi

Binda (Z). Sim (l.c., 141) states that the saplings are used as

whipsticks. The fruits are edible.

2. Garcinia livingstonei T. Anders, in J.

Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 9: 263 (1866); Oliv. in F.T.A.

1: 165 (1868); Gibbs in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 37:

430 (1906); Sim, For. FI. P. E. Afr. 15, t.4

(1909); Bak.f. in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 40: 26

(1911); Eyles in Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 5: 421

(1916); Henkel, Woody PI. Natal 165 (1934);

Brenan, Checklist Tang. Terr. 241 (1949); Keay

in F.W.T.A. ed. 2,1: 294 (1954); Robson in

F.Z. 1: 400 (1961). Type: specim. cult. hort.

bot. Calcutta ex Mozambique, “In rupibus

schistosis prope flumen Zambesi”, Kirk (CAL,

holo.).

G. angolensis Vesque in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 335

(1893); R.E. Fr., Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo-Exped. 1: 151

(1914); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 252 (1926); Staner in

Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 13: 120 (1934); Exell & Mendonpa in

C.F.A. 1,1; 127 (1937). Type: Angola, Welwitsch 1047/48

(K, iso!). G. baikieana Vesque, l.c. 336 (1893). Type:

Nigeria, Barter 848 (K! ; P). G. ferrandii Chiov. in Stefa-

nini & Paoli, Result. Sci. Miss. Stefanini-Paoli Somal. Ital.

1: 26 (1916). Syntypes: Somalia, Paoli 847; 1012 (FI?).

22

Clusiaceae

Fig. 5. — 1, Garcinia livingstonei, branch with bisexual flowers, x 2h (Harrison 144); a, branch with male flowers, x 2h

(Stephen, Van Graan & Schwabe 1020); b, bisexual flower, x 10 (Harrison 144); c, male flower, x 10 (Stephen,

Van Graan & Schwabe 1020); d, fruit, x 2h (Stephen 27).

Elatinaceae

23

Shrub or tree up to 12 m high, narrowly

triangular when young, becoming bushy and

virgate; branchlets 3-whorled, thick, flattened

or angled towards apex; bark moderately

smooth, grey with shallow furrows producing a

chequered effect (teste De Winter & Vah-

rmeijer 8572); sap yellow, thick. Leaves

3-whorled, rarely 4- or opposite; blade elliptic,

ovate or obovate to broadly so, 6-11 cm long,

3-5,5 cm wide, apex acute to rounded, mucro-

nate, base broadly cuneate, rounded or cordate,

midrib projecting more on lower side, lateral

veins 10-12 (-20), terminating in margin, ter-

tiary venation variously conspicuous, margin

entire or crenate, thickened, coriaceous, young

leaves bright red; petiole 4—8 mm long, chan-

nelled above, transversely rugose. Flowers

polygamous, in fascicles of 5-15 or more, in

axils of older leaves on old wood; pedicels

0,8- 1,3 cm long, varying in thickness. Sepals

4, unequal, in 2 opposite and decussate pairs,

broadly elliptic to orbicular or triangular to

transversely ovate, 1-3,5 mm long, 2-3 mm

wide, concave. Petals 3-7 (9), ovate, obovate

or orbicular, 4,5-5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide,

concave, greenish white to cream or pale yellow

with orange or reddish longitudinal glandular

lines. Male flowers with numerous free stamens

inserted on a fleshy cushion formed by the

united fasciclodes. Bisexual (and female?)

flowers with fewer stamens inserted in a fleshy

fasciclodal ring below the ovary; ovary ovoid to

globose, 2(3)-locular, 1,5 mm long, 2 mm wide.

surmounted by fleshy bilobed stigma. Berry

subglobose, 1-4 cm diam., yellowish red or

orange, l-2(3)-seeded. Seeds piano-ovoid, 1-2

cm long. Fig. 5.

Found in scrub, open woodland and forest, often

riverine, in the Transvaal, Natal, Swaziland, Botswana,

Okavango, Caprivi Strip and tropical Africa.

S.W.A. — 1723 (Singalamwe): E. of Kwando River, Cur-

son 936. 1724 (Katima Mulilo): Ngoma, Killick & Leistner

3322. 1821 (Andara): Andara Mission, De Winter 4238.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): “Trekpad”, Vivo,

Vahrmeijer 1786. 2231 (Pafuri): Pafuri Camp, Code! &

Dyer 4625. 2329 (Pietersburg): Louis Trichardt, Stayt 4.

2531 (Komatipoort): Malelane, Codd 4362; Van der Schijff

3923.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): Usutu Pont, Hlatikulu,

Dlamini s.n. 2731 (Louwsburg): Hluti, Pole Evans 3392(1).

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Maputa Region, Vahrmeijer

1204; Maputa to Kosi Nature Reserve, Edwards 2591 . 2731

(Louwsburg): banks of Black Umfolozi River, Nongoma,

Codd 1936. 2732 (Ubombo): 13 km N.E. of Mseleni

Mission Station, De Winter & Vahrmeijer 8572. 2832

(Mtubatuba): Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Ward 2948; Palm

Ridge Farm, Harrison 144.

An extremely variable species, but readily distinguish-

able from G. gerrardii (see key). According to a note on De

Winter 4238, G. livingstonei is easily distinguished from

other trees in the Okavango by its narrowly triangular shape

and blue-green appearance. Palmer & Pitman (1973) state

that “the general effect when the tree is bare of leaves is of

a light-creamy grey or dark grey shape, all angles and

points”. The flowers are said to be sweetly scented and the

fruits, which have a pleasant acid taste, are relished by

humans and animals. The wood is light-coloured and

semi-hard and is used for fencing posts and boxes and

sometimes furniture. The common names are Livingstone

Garcinia, African Mangosteen and uPhimbi (Z).

ELATINACEAE

by A. A. Obermeyer

Annual herbs or low shrublets with the branches either deciduous from a persistent woody

crown, or perennial, often aromatic. Leaves decussate (rarely verticillate), simple, sessile or

subsessile, serrate or rarely entire; stipules paired, interpetiolar, small, deciduous or persistent.

Flowers axillary, solitary or in dichasia, pedicellate or subsessile, bisexual, actinomorphic,

persistent; bracts resembling reduced stipules or 0. Sepals 2-5, free or fused at the base, imbricate

with the outermost somewhat longer than the others. Petals 3-5, free, imbricate, shorter or longer

than the sepals. Stamens diplostemonous or the inner whorl absent; filaments of outer whorl often

expanded below, those of inner whorl shorter, not, or somewhat expanded, anthers bilocular,

opening by longitudinal slits, introrse, versatile, dorsifixed. Gynoecium syncarpous, superior,

3-5-locular, placenta axile, styles 3-5, free with apical, usually swollen stigmas, ovules numerous,

attached to a convex placenta with the axis protruding and subulate above. Capsule septifragal;

24

Elatinaceae

seeds subcylindrical, obtuse, straight or somewhat reniform to horseshoe-shaped, smooth or

reticulate, exendospermous.

Genera 2 with about 30 species. Cosmopolitan, inhabiting damp areas such as marshes, riverbanks or temporary pools;

a few Bergia species are found in grassland communities.

Flowers 5-merous; sepals with a prominent, firm midrib and membranous margin; ovary

ovoid or globose, attenuate into short or long styles; herbs or shrublets 1. Bergia

Flowers 3 (rarely 2)-merous; sepals without a prominent midrib, texture homogeneous;

ovary depressed-globose with minute styles; small, creeping, soft herbs, usually

hygrophytic 2. Elatine

5230 1. BERGIA

Bergia L., Mant. PI. Alt. 152, No. 1309 (1771); Harv. inF.C. 1: 1 15 (1860); Benth. & Hook., Gen.

PI. 1; 162 (1862); Niedenzu in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6: 281 (1895); ed. 2, 21: 273 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed.

2: 507 (1951); Hutch., Fam. Flow. PI. ed. 2, 1: 428 (1959). Type species: B. capensis L.

Erect shrublets or with annual repent, decumbent or ascending branches from a woody crown,

or annuals, glabrous, pilose or glandular-pubescent, often aromatic. Roots of the hygrophilous

plants usually with a spongy outer covering. Stems and branches woody or herbaceous. Leaves

decussate or rarely verticillate; lamina linear to ovate or obovate, margin entire or serrate, the teeth

usually gland-tipped, pointing upwards. Flowers actinomorphous, small. Sepals 3-5 (5 in South

African species), midrib prominent, margin membranous. Petals 3-5 (5 in South African species),

delicate, white, pink or mauve. Stamens 10 (in South African species, except for B. ammannioides

which has 5). Gynoecium 5-locular (in South African species) bearing 5 short or long, patent styles

with apical, usually capitate, stigmas (in older flowers these curve outwards and touch the stamens;

probably self-pollinated), ovules many. Capsule with the 5 valves breaking away from the hard

thin dissepiments, the placentas bulging or recurved to horn-shaped, covered with the short

hardened funicles; above the axis is prolonged into a subulate tip. Seed very small, subcylindric to

somewhat reniform, usually obtuse above and below, tesselated or smooth, yellow to brown or

black.

A cosmopolitan genus with about 25 species; 10 of these occur in Southern Africa. Those species which are

hygrophilous may well be distributed by birds or floodwaters for the seeds are very small.

The genus was named in honour of Petrus Jonas Bergius a professor in Stockholm and author of Descriptiones

plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei, 1767, an early flora on Cape plants.

An anatomical study of this genus might prove interesting.

Annuals:

Flowers 1-2 in the leaf axils, on long pedicels (up to 15 mm):

Petals longer than the sepals; flowers distributed all over the branches 1. B. anagalloides

Petals shorter than the sepals; flowers aggregated towards the apices of the branches 2. B. polyantha

Flowers several to many in the leaf axils; pedicels short (up to 7 mm):

Stems erect, rarely branched, from a creeping rhizome, succulent, glabrous; valves of capsule flat and recurved at

dehiscence; usually an aquatic 3. B. capensis

Stems prostrate or ascending, numerous, radiating from a central base; valves of the capsule usually hollow at

dehiscence; wet, sandy places:

Stamens 10; plants glandular-pubescent; petals longer than the sepals:

Sepals spathulate, midrib and margins with some long filiform processes; styles as long as the

ovary 4. B. spathulata

Sepals linear, unequal in length, resembling the stipules and bracts, fimbriate; style sessile or nearly

so 5. B. glutinosa

Stamens 5; plants pilose with whitish hairs rarely mixed with some glandular pubescence; petals shorter than

the sepals 6. B. ammannioides

Elatinaceae

25

Perennials:

Leaves small, obovate (c. 5 X 3 mm), soft; plants forming dense, woody mats; intemodes short, often almost

invisible; flowers solitary; a Cape endemic 7. B. glomerata

Leaves larger, linear to ovate, firm; plants with spreading or erect, usually annual branches from a persistent woody

crown or branches perennial; intemodes well developed; flowers several to many in each axil; summer rainfall

region:

Stems repent, pilose; leaves about 1 cm long, narrowly ovate, coriaceous; flowers c. 2,5 mm long, sepals short,

spine-tipped; styles short 8. B. pentherana

Stems erect or ascending, sparsely strigose or scabrid; leaves coriaceous or soft, 1,5-3 cm long; flowers c.

3-6 mm long, sepals acuminate; styles long:

Leaves linear, usually glabrous, hard and shiny when dry with a swollen margin and prominent veins, the 6-9

teeth widely spaced 9. B. decumbens

Leaves narrowly ovate, glandular-pubescent, soft, margin and nerves not prominent, the many teeth close

together, usually double-serrate; stems annual or if perennial, forming untidy bushes 10. B. salaria

1. Bergia anagalloides E. Mey. ex Fenzl

in Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien 1: 344 (1836);

Walp., Repert. 2: 786 (1843); Harv. in F.C. 1:

116 (1860); Thes. Cap. 2: 22 t. 133 (1863);

Niedenzu in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6: 281 (1895), ed.

2, 21: 274 (1925); Roessler in F.S.W.A. 92: 3

(1968). Type: Cape, on the bank of the Gariep

(Orange River) below 200 feet, Drege 2957

(W, holo.!; PRE, photo.).

B. alsinoides Holzhammer in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml.

Miinchen 1: 335 (1953). Type: S.W. Africa, 5 km E. of

Weissenfels, Dinter 8054 (M, holo.; PRE).

Small, prostrate annual with many radiat-

ing branches, somewhat woody at the base.

Roots spongy, with a long taproot (fide Bryant).

Stems slender, smooth or with indistinct scabrid

ridges. Leaves narrowly obovate, subpetiolate,

up to 3 cm long and 6 mm broad, often smaller,

serrulate, nerves distinct below, soft in texture;

stipules minute. Flowers solitary, axillary,

evenly distributed along the stems, on firm

pedicels up to 15 mm long; bracts minute or O.

Sepals narrowly ovate, acute, 2,5 mm long,

hollow, green with the membranous margins

often pink. Petals longer than sepals, 4 mm,

oblong, obtuse, bright pink. Ovary ovoid with

short arcuate styles. Capsule ovoid, 3 mm long;

seed oblong, 0,4 mm, tesselate, yellow to gol-

den brown. Fig. 6: 2.

Recorded from South West Africa, the north-western

Cape and south-western Orange Free State, in damp places,

usually calciphilous.

S.W. A. — 2316 (Nauchas): 5 km E. of Weissenfels,

Dinter 8054.

Cape. — 2624 (Vryburg): Armoedsvlakte, Mogg 7946.

2723 (Kuruman): Bathlaros near Kuruman, Silk 64. 2818

(Warmbad): Ramans Drift, Orange River, Schlechter

11453. 2824 (Kimberley): Holpan, Acocks 2463. 2920

(Boom Rivier): Seweperd, S.E. of Pofadder, A cocks 15076.

2922 (Prieska): on sandy banks of Orange River, Bryant

783. 2923 (Douglas): farm Mazelsfontein, junction of

Orange and Vaal Rivers, Anderson 610. 3024 (De Aar):

near Potfontein, Acocks 2413.

O.F.S. — 2925 (Jagersfontein): Fauresmith, Waagkop,

Henrici 3910.

2. Bergia polyantha Sond. in Linnaea 23:

16 (1850); Harv. in F.C. 1: 116 (1860); Oliv. in

F.T.A. 1: 153 ( 1868); Niedenzu in Pflanzenfam.

3, 6: 281 (1895); ed. 2, 21: 273 (1925); Burtt

Davy in FI. Transv. 1: 147 (1926); Exell &

Mendonca in C.F.A. 1, 1: 118 (1937); Wild in

F.Z. 1: 375 (1961); Roessler in F.S.W.A. 92: 4

(1968). Type: Orange Free State, Rhinosterkopf

by the Vaal and Sand Rivers, Burke & Zeyher

540 (K, holo.).

B. integrifolia Dinter ex Holzhammer in Mitt. Bot.

Staatssamml. Miinchen 1: 335 (1953); Roessler in F.S.W.A.

92: 4 (1968). Type: S.W. Africa, Grootfontein, Grosshuis, in

a swamp, Dinter 7381 (M, holo.; K; PRE).

Glabrous annuals with many radiating de-

cumbent branches up to 20 cm long. Roots

numerous, swollen. Stems terete, smooth.

Leaves narrowly obovate, up to 3 cm long and 1

cm broad, margin entire or faintly serrulate,

soft; stipules small. Flowers 1-2 in the leaf

axils, on thin pedicels up to 2 cm long, aggre-

gated apically where the intemodes and

pedicels are shorter. Sepals narrowly ovate-

acuminate, 2 mm long, green with white to pink

margins. Petals shorter than sepals, obovate,

1,5 mm long, pink or mauve. Stamens with thin

filaments. Ovary ovoid, styles very short,

arched over the ovary. Capsule globose,

placenta often sickle-shaped, echinate; seeds

oblong-cylindrical, 0,5 mm, tesselate, brown,

shiny. Fig. 6: 3.

Recorded from South West Africa, the western Orange

Free State, northern Cape, Botswana, Rhodesia, Mozam-

bique, Zambia and Angola; in moist places.

J.KIMPTON.

Fig. 6. — 1, Bergia glomerata, x 1; la, leaf with apical gland on lower surface, X 4; lb, flower with carpels, X 8; lc, sepal,

X 10; Id, petal, x 10; le, stamen, x 10; If, gynoecium, x 10; lg, seed, x 22. 2, B. anagalloides, leaf, x 1; 2a,

stipule, X 14. 3, B. polyantha, leaf, X 1; 3a, stipule, x 8. 4, B. capensis, leaf, x 1; 4a, stipule, x 11. 5, B.

spathulata, leaf, x 1; 5a, stipule, X 5. 6, B. glutinosa, leaf, x 1; 6a, stipule, x 5. 7, B. ammannioides, leaf, x 1; 7a,

stipule, x 5. 8, B. glomerata, leaf, x 1; 8a, stipule, x 5. 9, B. pentherana, leaf, x 1; 9a, stipule, x 3. 10, B.

decumbens, leaf, x 1; 10a, stipule, x 4. 11, B. salaria, leaf, x 1; 11a, stipule, x 5 (Semi-diagrammatic).

Elatinaceae

27

S.W.A. — 1712 (Posto Velho): on the Kunene Riverbank

at Otjinungua, Giess 8871. 1713 (Swartbooisdrift): Kunene,

riverbank at Epupa Falls, Giess & 1 Viss 3233; Otjitambi, in

the Hondoto River on the road to Swartbooisdrift, Giess

3126. 1813 (Ohopoho): Kaoko Otavi, De Winter & Leistner

5557. 1821 (Andara): Gam, Story 5115. 1918 (Grootfon-

tein): Grosshuis, Dinter 7381 . 2016 (Otjiwarongo): Omat-

jenne Experimental Farm, Pfeiffer s.n. 2115 (Karibib):

Klein Ameib, Dinter 7055; 7056. 2117 (Otjosondu): Ot-

josondu Farm, KAR 36, Rote Berge, Giess 3436.

3. Bergia capensisL., Mant. 241 (1771);

Milne-Redh. in Kew Bull. 1948: 450 (1948);

Subramanyam, Aquatic Angiosperms, India,

Bot. Mon. No. 3: 10, f.6 (1962); Cook in FI.

Europ. 2: 295 (1968); Roessler in F.S.W.A. 92:

2 (1968); Verdcourt in F.T.E.A. Elatinaceae: 3,

f. 1, 1-7 (1968). Type: presumably from Asia,

not from the Cape (LINN 597. 1 holo. ; PRE,

photo.).

B. aquatica Roxb., PI. Corom. 2: 22 ( 1798), nom. illegit.

B. verticillata Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 770 (1799); F.T.A. 1: 152

(1868), nom. illegit.

B. sessiliflora Griseb., Cat. PI. Cub. 40 (1866);

Monachino in Phytologia 5: 184 (1955). Type from Cuba.

Elatine luxurians Del., Descr. Egypt. Hist. Nat. 2: 216

(1813), nom. illegit.

Succulent, glabrous aquatic annuals with

erect stems from a creeping rhizome. Roots

numerous at each rhizome node, stout, with

many long thin side roots. Stems up to 25 cm

long, and up to 7 mm in diam., unbranched or

with a few short side branches, succulent.

Leaves reduced below, upper fairly close to-

gether, narrowly ovate, up to 4 cm long and 1

cm broad, attenuate below, shallowly serrate,

thin; stipules small. Flowers small, in many-

flowered, tight clusters, sessile or very shortly

pedicellate. Sepals narrowly ovate, 1,5 mm

long, membranous with entire margins. Petals

narrowly ovate, slightly longer, pale lilac. Sta-

mens 10. Ovary globose, styles short. Capsule

globose, the valves flattened and recurved at

dehiscence; seeds subcylindrical, straight or

slightly bent, 0,8 mm long, tesselate, shiny

yellow brown. Fig. 6: 4.

Recorded from South West Africa and the eastern

Transvaal; also in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia.

An aquatic often found in semi-permanent rock pools.

S.W.A. — 2115 (Karibib): Umduasbank, Dinter 7025.

2417 (Mariental): farm Haribes, Leippert 4721 .

Transvaal. — 2531 (Komatipoort), Kruger National

Park, Shabin Kop near Pretorius Kop, Codd 6054;

Malelane byroad, 9 km from Kemps cottage, Ihlenfeldt

2386; Mbiamide, Van der Schijff 1967.

4. Bergia spathulata Schinz in Bull.

Herb. Boiss. 6: 526 (1898); Niedenzu in Pflan-

zenfam. ed. 2, 21: 274 (1925); Exell & Men-

donpa in C.F.A. 1: 119 (1937); Roessler in

F.S.W.A. 92: 4 (1968). Type: S.W. Africa,

Olukonda, Rautanen 221 (Z, holo.).

B. erythroleuca Gilg in Warb., Kunene-Samb. Exped.

308 (1903). Type: Angola, on the left bank of the Kunene

River near Soba Gongo, Baum 1 10 (HBGt).

Small prostrate or ascending, glandular-

pubescent, aromatic annuals with numerous

radiating branches, up to 40 cm tall. Stems thin,

wiry, dark red. Leaves narrowly obovate, at-

tenuate below, up to 2 cm long and 4 mm wide,

minutely serrate, thin; stipules small, fimbriate.

Flowers in dense rounded compound cymes

present in every axil, the brown sepals and

white petals giving the clusters a mottled ap-

pearance; bracts resembling stipules, up to 4

mm long; pedicels up to 2 mm. Sepals narrowly

spathulate, 3 mm long, margin and midrib

fimbriate, green, apex red or brown, apiculate.

Petals narrowly obovate-acuminate, about 4

mm long, white or violet. Stamens 10. Ovary

ovoid, 5-furrowed, papillate, red, the styles

about as long as the ovary, erect. Capsule

ovoid, red, papillate; seed 0,75 mm long, tesse-

late. Fig. 6: 5.

Known only from Angola and northern South West

Africa, in moist places after rains.

S.W.A. — 1713 (Swartbooisdrif): 48 km N. of Ohopoho

on the road to Ruacana, Giess & Leippert 7547. 1817

(Tsintsabis): farm Tsintsabis, Dinter 7668.

Rautanen informed Schinz that the local natives sowed

the seeds of this plant mixed with those of their water-

melons hoping that the sweet honey-like fragrance would

enter their melons.

5. Bergia glutinosa Dinter & Schulze-

Menz in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berk 15: 453

(1941); Roessler in F.S.W.A. 92: 3 (1968).

Type: S. W. Africa, Grootfontein, Wackies,

Schoenfelder sub herb. Dinter 7223a (B, holo.;

M; PRE).

Small annuals with numerous radiating

branches, scabrid, glandular-pubescent. Stems

thin, wiry. Leaves narrowly ovate, up to 4 cm

long and 12 mm broad, shortly petiolate, ser-

rate, thin; stipules linear, 1,5 mm long, mem-

branous, fimbriate. Flowers in several-flowered

cymes, shortly pedicellate. Sepals linear, nearly

twice as long as the petals, resembling the

bracts, unequal in length, the outer longest,' up

to 4 mm long, green, fimbriate, margin mem-

branous below. Petals linear, about 2 mm long,

28

Elatinaceae

pink. Stamens 10. Ovary globose with the

styles sessile or nearly so. Capsule globose;

seeds 0,8 mm long, smooth or with indistinct

markings. Fig. 6: 6.

Known only from two gatherings in northern South

West Africa; in moist places.

S.W.A. — 1918 (Grootfontein): Wackies, Schoenfelder

sub herb. Dinter 7223a; Naruchas (Nurugas, GR 923/924),

Dinter 7223.

Wild, in Flora Zambesiaca 1: 376 (1961), places a

collection by Drummond & Seagrief 5186 from Botswana,

Nata River, under this apparently annual species but I prefer

to regard this plant as belonging to the perennial B. salaria

Brem. The sessile flowers with the long, linear, fimbriate

sepals and the globose capsule with short styles distinguish

B. glutinosa from B. salaria, which has pedicellate flowers

with ovate-acuminate subulate sepals only slightly longer

than the petals and an ovoid capsule topped with long styles.

A collection ( Mitchell 922) from Lake Kariba appears

to be nearest B. glutinosa but is apparently a perennial and

somewhat larger in all respects. This will need further

investigation.

6. Bergia ammannioides Hevne ex Roth,

Nov. PI. Sp. 219 (1821); DC., Prodr. 1: 390

(1824); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 152 (1868), as

ammanoides', Niedenzu in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6:

281 (1895); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 524,

t. 237, fig. K-R (1921); Niedenzu in Pflanzen-

fam. ed. 2, 21: 274 (1925); Keay in F.W.T.A.

ed. 2, 1: 128 (1954); Wild in F.Z. 1: 375, t.72, e

(1961), pro parte; Roessler in F.S.W.A. 92: 3

(1968); Verdcourt in F.T.E.A. Elatinaceae: 3,

fig. 1, 8 (1968). Type: India, Heyne (K, holo.).

Small prostrate annual with numerous thin

radiating branches, minutely and sparsely

pilose, especially in the axils, giving it a whitish

appearance. Stems thin with long intemodes.

Leaves narrowly ovate to obovate, attenuate

into a short petiole, variable in size, 15-25 mm

long and 3-5 mm wide, margin serrate,

coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely pilose; stipules

linear, acuminate, about 2 mm long, ciliate,

membranous. Flowers small, c. 2 mm, in dense

globose, reddish cymes; pedicels up to 3 mm,

pilose. Sepals linear-acuminate, 2 mm long,

membranous with a broad green or red, pilose

midrib, margin smooth. Petals narrowly ovate,

1,5 mm long, white or pink. Stamens 5 (in

South African specimens seen), short, repre-

senting the outer circle. Ovary globose, styles

short. Capsule with the valves often blackish

red at the apex; seeds 0,5-0,75 mm long,

tesselate, yellow. Fig. 6: 7.

Recorded from the warmer drier regions of Africa, Asia

and Australia, where it is found in damp places. In Southern

Africa recorded from South West Africa; also in Rhodesia.

S.W.A. — 1918 (Grootfontein): Abenab-Gunib, Dinter

7380; Grootfontein, Dinter 7627; Ameib near Grootfon-

tein, Schoenfelder S635. 2016 (Otjiwarongo): Okateitei,

OTJ 157, Dinter 7844.

Note: The glabrous specimens cited by Wild in Flora

Zambesiaca 1: 375 (1961) belong to B. capensis L.

7. Bergia glomerata L.f, Suppl. 243

(1782); Thunb., Prodr. 82 (1794); FI. Cap. ed.

Schult. 395 (1823); DC., Prodr. 1: 390 (1824);

Harv. in F.C. 1: 116 (1860); Niedenzu in

Pflanzenfam. 3, 6: 282 (1895); ed. 2, 21: 274

(1925); Adamson in FI. Cape Penins. 588

(1950). Type: Cape, near Swartkops River,

Uitenhage, Thunberg (S, holo.; PRE, part of

type-collection).

Perennial, woody prostrate glabrous plants

forming mats often up to 1 m in diam., usually

turning brown when dry. Stems thick, woody,

with numerous short and long side branches, the

intemodes often telescoped together, densely

leafy. Leaves small, obovate, 5 mm long, 3 mm

broad with a few teeth towards the rounded

apex or edentate, glabrous, smooth; on the

lower side with a small elongate cushion-

shaped gland apically; stipules large, ovate,

pectinate. Flowers sessile, small, c. 3 mm, few

to several in axillary glomerules. Sepals oblong

to lanceolate-acute, about 2,5 mm, firm. Petals

oblanceolate, 3 mm long, white, folded below

with the upper half turned inwards. Stamens

with the outer filaments somewhat wider and

longer. Ovary globose, red, papillate, styles

erect, terete. Capsule 5-partite, ovoid; seeds

allantoid, 0,75 mm long, tesselate, black or

brown. Fig. 6: 1.

A Cape endemic found around the coast or somewhat

further inland, from Vanrhynsdorp in the west to the Albany

district in the east, in temporary pools or damp places.

Cape. — 3118 (Vanrhynsdorp): farm Liebendal, 1 1 km N.

of Vredendal, Hall 3918. 3119 (Calvinia): Lokenburg,

Acoc/cs 17577; 17467. 3318 (Cape Town): 27 km from

Malmesbury to Hopefield, Marsh 646; N. of Tygerberg,

Compton 20061. 3319 (Worcester): Worcester, Van Breda

1056. 3322 (Oudtshoom): Kruispad, Compton 21772. 3325

(Port Elizabeth): at the mouths of the Koega and Swartkops

Rivers, Zeyher 1956; near the Swartkops and Gamtoos

Rivers, Uitenhage, Zeyher 1768; Swartkops River and

Koegaskop, Zeyher 513; Korsten commonage. Long 1141.

3326 (Grahamstown): “Strowan” farm near Grahamstown,

Britten 6575. 3420 (Bredasdorp): De Hoop Nature Reserve,

Van der Merwe 1980; Bontebok Park, Maguire 820. 3421

(Riversdale): Riversdale coast, Marloth 50; 8064.

Of interest are the vestiges of the pectinate stipules

found adnate to the bases of the bracts and outer sepals.

From this it can be deduced that the thin transparent or

white, often ciliate margins of the sepals are of stipular

origin and now fused to the sepal. The elongate swollen

dorsal apical gland has been observed in this species only;

its function is unknown.

Elatinaceae

29

8. Bergia pentherana Keissl. in Ann.

Naturh. Hofm. Wien 15: 58 (1900)*; Niedenzu

in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 274 (1925). Type:

Rhodesia, Wankie Game Reserve, Bulungweti

pans (“Land der 1000 Vleys, Bolongeti or

Bellumbeti”), Penther 2317 (W, holo. !; PRE,

photo.).

Bergia prostrata Schinz in Mem. Herb. Boiss. 20: 22 ( 15

Oct. 1900); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 524(1921); Wild in

F.Z. 1: 376 (1961); Roessler in F.S.W.A. 92: 4 (1968).

Type: S.W. Africa, Orumbo on the Nossob River, Dinter

1335 (Z, holo.). B. palliderosea Gilg in Warb., Kunene-

Samb. Exped. 308 (1903); Exell & Mendonpa, C.F.A. 1:

1 18 (1937). Type: Angola, on the left bank of the Kunene

River above Humbe, Baum 98 (HBG t).

Prostrate perennial with long radiating an-

nual branches, often rooting at the nodes, from

a perennial crown; side branches many, short,

prostrate or erect. Stems terete, pubescent.

Leaves small, uniform in shape, but varying

somewhat in size, narrowly ovate, 5-10 mm

long and up to 3 mm broad, coriaceous, margin

raised, laxly serrulate, nerves prominent below;

stipules linear, serrulate. Flowers small, about

2,5 mm long, in 4— 7-flowered axillary

glomerules, pedicels about 2 mm, hairy. Sepals

narrowly oblong, 2 mm long, acute, mucronate,

firm. Petals ovate, 2,5 mm long, white or pink.

Stamens 10, purple, with the outer filaments

somewhat expanded and slightly longer than

inner. Ovary ovoid, purple, styles fairly short

with bulbous stigmas. Capsule 5-partite,

globose with the valves hollow; seeds oblong-

cylindrical, 0,75 mm tesselate, brown, usually

1-few developed in each carpel. Fig. 6: 9.

Recorded from Angola, northern South West Africa,

Rhodesia, northern Cape, south western Transvaal and

western Orange Free State, i.e. around the borders of the

Kalahari; in sand, often in limestone areas; common around

Kimberley and surrounding districts.

S.W. A. — 1715 (Ondangua): 17 km E. of Oshikango, De

Winter & Giess 7047. 1718 (Kuring-kuru): Omuramba

Mpungu, Tsintsabis-Kuring-kuru road, De Winter 3875.

1719 (Runtu); Tamsoe, S.E. of Runtu, Maguire 1633. 1917

(Tsumeb): Otavi, Dinter 5235. 1918 (Grootfontein):

Okavango, 16 km W. of Xeidang, Giess 10051. 2117

(Otjasondu): Quickborn, Bradfield 449. 2218 (Gobabis):

farm Hester, Merxmuller & Giess 1216; Okasewa, Dinter

2750.

Transvaal. — 2526 (Zeerust): Panfontein Game Re-

serve, Louw 2044. 2725 (Bloemhof): 20 km S. of

Bloemhof, Acocks 12583.

O.F.S. — 2726 (Odendaalsrus): Odendaalsrus, Goossens

1239.

Cape. — 2624 (Vryburg): Armoedsvlakte, Mogg 8111.

2625 (Delareyville): Setlagodi, Burst Davy sub PRE 11032.

2723 (Kuruman): Esperanza, near Kuruman, Esterhuysen

2244. 2824 (Kimberley): Barkley West, Pienaarsfontein,

Acocks 154.

9. Bergia decumbens Planch, ex Harv.,

Thes. Cap. 1: 15, t.24 (1859); F.C. 1: 116

(1860); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 153 (1868); Niedenzu

in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6: 281 (1896); ed. 2, 21: 274

(1925); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 524(1921);

Marloth, FI. S. Afr. 2; 184, f. 123 (1925); Burn

Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 147 (1926); Wild in F.Z. 1:

377 (I960). Type: Transvaal, Magaliesberg,

Burke & Zeyher s.n. (K, holo.; PRE; SAM).

Small undershrubs 20-50 cm tall with

many annual (or rarely perennial) erect and

procumbent branches arising from a perennial

woody crown, red when young, soon becoming

lignified, glabrous or hispidulous; side branches

short or repressed to form leafy fascicles.

Leaves linear to broadly linear, 1,5-2, 5 cm

long, 2-4 mm broad, uniform in shape, margin

appearing swollen in the dried state with about

4-9 (-12) widely spaced teeth, the veins fairly

broad, consisting of elongated cells contrasting

sharply with the rest of the lamina where the

cells appear small and squared to rounded,

leathery in texture, shiny; stipules small, linear,

serrulate. Flowers small, c. 4 mm long, in

2-8-flowered dichasia, pedicels pilose, c. 2 mm

long. Sepals ovate-acuminate, 4—5 mm long,

mucronate, margins laxly fimbriate. Petals

slightly longer than sepals, narrowly obovate,

white or pink. Stamens 10, filaments narrowly

ovate-acuminate. Ovary ovoid-attenuate with 5

long, clavate, arcuate styles. Capsule narrowly

ovoid, the valves usually flattened and spread-

ing at dehiscence; seeds 0,5 mm, black, tesse-

late. Fig. 6: 10.

Widespread and fairly common in grassland in drier

parts of the Transvaal, eastern Botswana, Rhodesia and

Mozambique.

Transvaal. — 2329 (Pietersburg): near Pietersburg,

Bolus 10900. 2330 (Tzaneen): Tzaneen, Rogers 12545.

2428 (Nylstroom): Schaaphok, c. 13 km N. of P.O. Riet-

bokspruit. Story 1637; Codd 2341; above Warmbaths,

Smuts & Gillett 3321; Bolus s.n. 2429 (Zebediela):

Pyramid Estate near Potgietersrus, Galpin 8990; Lunsklip,

Maguire 1396. 2526 (Zeerust): Zeerust, Leendertz sub TRV

11295. 2527 (Rustenburg): Rustenburg, Leendertz sub TRV

9743. 2528 (Pretoria): Rietvlei Veld Reserve, Acocks

11281. 2530 (Lydenburg): Crocodile River, Schlechter

3912. 2626 (Klerksdorp): Lichtenburg, White’s quarry.

* The exact date of publication could not be established. Since however the species appeared in the first of four parts of

Ann. Naturh. Hofm. Wien 15 (1900), it may be assumed that it was published before October, the month in which Schinz’s

Bergia prostrata appeared.

30

Elatinaceae

Morris & Engelbrecht 1030. 2627 (Potchefstroom): Bos-

kop, near Potchefstroom, Louw 1626. 2628 (Johannesburg):

32 km S. of Heidelberg, Acocks 21024.

The species possibly hybridises with B. salaria, which

would account for the glandular pubescence found on plants

collected in the northern Transvaal, northern Natal and

southern Mozambique, e.g. Galpin M68, M289 from Mos-

dene near Naboomspruit in the Transvaal, Strey & Moll

3789 from near Maputa in northern Natal and Drummond

7724 from Mozambique, etc. These specimens appear to be

intermediate between these two taxa. This will need further

investigation.

10. Bergia salaria Brem. in Ann. Transv.

Mus. 15: 248 (1933). Type: Transvaal, Sout-

pansberg, Soutpan, Bremekamp & Schweick-

erdt 227 (PRE, holo.).

B. mossambicensis Wild in Bol. Soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 31: 93

( 1957); in F.Z. 1: 375, t.72 f.C ( 1961). Type: Mozambique,

Sul do Save, Guija district, Limpopo River, Gazaland

Expedition sub TRV 15816 (SRGH, holo.; PRE).

Small glandular-scabrid undershrubs with

erect or decumbent annual stems from a woody

crown; if perennial, the stems elongate, produce

abbreviated side branches and adopt a more

straggling habit. Leaves on the primary

branches ovate, 2-4 cm long, 1-2 cm broad,

acute, teeth many, close together, often

double-serrulate, fairly soft in texture, veins

narrow, with elongated cells, deciduous; on

perennial stems the later leaves produced on the

abbreviated secondary branchlets are smaller;

stipules linear-acuminate, about 5 mm long.

Flowers in 2-7-flowered cymes; pedicels 1-7

mm long. Sepals ovate, subulate, 5-6 mm long,

the broad midrib green, glandular-pubescent,

the membranous margins red and white, den-

ticulate. Petals shorter than sepals, broadly

ovate-acute, 4-5 mm long, white, pink or pale

mauve. Stamens 10 with the outer filaments

somewhat longer and expanded below. Ovary

5-lobed, ovoid, attenuate into the styles which

are about as long as the ovary. Capsule ovoid,

the valves hollow at dehiscence, thin; seeds

oblong-cylindrical, 0,5 mm, tesselate, dark

brown, shiny. Fig. 6: 11.

Found in warmer parts of the Transvaal, Rhodesia and

Mozambique, on sandy riverbanks or beside pans, possibly

distributed by floods.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): Dongola, farm Nekel

620, Codd 4095. 2230 (Messina): Messina, Rogers 19303.

2231 (Pafuri): Machai pan, Nwambiya, Brynard & Pienaar

4264; Van der Schijff 5688. 2328 (Baltimore): Magalakwin,

Smuts sub PRE 1980.

As these plants, which inhabit the warmer parts of the

Transvaal and neighbouring countries, often perennate,

their appearance in time becomes more lax and straggly; the

primary leaves are dropped and on the short side branches

smaller leaves take their place.

The type material of B. mossambicensis Wild, from

the banks of the Limpopo River, appears to consist of young

plants. It matches Codd 4095 from Dongola near Messina

and links up with older specimens which match B. salaria

from the Soutpan, not far from Dongola. B. salaria is also

recorded from Rhodesia, e.g. Drummond 5762 from near

Chiturupadzi store 40 km N.N.W. of the Bubye-Limpopo

confluence, Phipps 2906 from the Nuanetsi district, 48 km

S. of Chipanda pools, etc. Typical plants of B. decumbens

and B. salaria can be distinguished easily but there are

intermediates in areas where both species occur which seem

to suggest that they hybridise (cf also note under B.

decumbens).

5231 2. ELATINE

Elatine L., Sp. PI. 1: 367 (1753); Gen. PI. ed. 5: 172 (1754); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1: 162

(1862); Niedenzu in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6: 282 (1895); ed. 2, 21: 276 (1925); Hutch., Fam. Flow. PI.

ed. 2, 1: 428, f. 27 1 (1959); Wild in F.Z. 1: 377 (1961). Type species: E. hydropiper L.

Small herbaceous, glabrous, aquatic or semi-aquatic annuals. Leaves decussate or verticillate,

margin entire or serrulate; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils, sessile or

nearly so, ebracteate, very small, often cleistogamous. Sepals 2-4, connate below, midrib

indistinct, margin not membranous. Petals 2-4, free, larger than sepals, white or pink. Stamens as

many as the petals or diplostemonous. Ovary globose, 3-4-locular, styles 3-4, minute, situated on

the depressed apex of the ovary. Capsule globose, membranous, the dissepiments remaining

attached to central axis as wings; seeds numerous, straight or bent to horseshoe-shaped, tesselate.

Cosmopolitan with about 12 species occurring in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions as aquatics or in moist

situations. One or possibly 2 species recorded from Southern Africa.

Elatinaceae

Fig. 7. — 1, Elatine triandra, x 1; a, flower, x 50; b, seed, x 80 (Ward 2574).

32

Frankeniaceae

1. Elatine triandra Schkuhr, Bot. Handb.

ed. 2, 1: 345, 1. 1096 (1808); Niedenzu in

Pflanzenfam. 3, 6: 383 f. 131 K-L (1895); ed.

2, 21: 276, 120 K-L (1925); Wild in F.Z. 1: 378

(1961); Subramanyam, Aquatic Angiosperms

India, Bot. Mon. No. 3: 10 (1962). Type from

Germany.

A small, soft creeping annual herb, rooting

at the nodes. Leaves decussate, shortly petiol-

ate, linear-oblong to narrowly ovate, up to 15

mm long and 3 mm broad, apex emarginate,

narrowed at the base into a short petiole;

stipules membranous, deciduous. Flowers ses-

sile or with pedicels up to 1 mm long. Sepals 3

(rarely 2), narrowly ovate, 0,5 mm long. Petals

3, broadly ovate, 1-1,5 mm long, white or pink.

Stamens 3, shorter than petals. Ovary 3-locular,

globose, styles very short. Capsule membran-

ous; seed slightly curved, oblong-terete, 0,5

mm, tesselate, light brown, shiny. Fig. 7.

Recorded from northern South West Africa and Zulu-

land. Widespread but usually rather rare in Europe, Africa

and America.

S.W.A. — 1918 (Grootfontein): Grootfontein, Volk 1977.

Natal. — 2832 (Mtubatuba): Hluhluwe Game Reserve,

Ward 2574; 2575.

Wild, in F.Z. 1: 378 (1961), records a possible second

species ( Elatine ? ambigua Wight) from the Caprivi Strip,

viz. Stephens 56 (BM), from pools close to the Linyanti

River, Kazungula and Kasane. It differs from E. triandra in

that it develops longer petioles (up to 2 mm long) and longer

pedicels (up to 5 mm long), otherwise the two taxa are very

similar.

FRANKENIACEAE*

by A. A. Obermeyer

Perennial woody shrubs or shrublets, often prostrate, rarely annuals, richly endowed with salt

secreting glands. Leaves decussate or in verticils of 4, often in axillary fascicles through

suppression of the branchlets. Flowers persistent, solitary or in some species aggregated apically in

terminal dichasia with the subtending leaves sometimes reduced to bracts, sessile, regular, bisexual

(polygamous and sometimes dioecious in Niederleinia). Calyx tubular, induplicate, 4— 6-lobed.

Petals 4-6, free, imbricate, with a ligule attached to the claw on the inside (rarely absent), pink,

mauve, red, white or yellow. Stamens 3-24 (mostly 6), free or filaments connivent and expanded

below, filiform above, anthers bilocular, versatile, extrorse; staminodes present in Niederleinia.

Ovary superior, 1-chambered, with 1-4 (usually 3) parietal or basal placentas bearing 1-numerous

ovules attached to long funicles; style filiform, with as many branches as placentas, rarely capitate.

Capsule enclosed in the calyx, dehiscing longitudinally; seeds small, ovoid-fusiform, smooth or

rough, albuminous.

A cosmopolitan family consisting of 5 genera (Hutchinson, Gen. FI. PI., 1967); Frankenia, the only genus represented

in Southern Africa, being the largest and most widespread; the genera Hypericopsis, Beatsonia and Niederleinia

monotypic, and Anthobryum with 5 species, all recorded from restricted, widely separated regions; all 4 genera closely

related to Frankenia. Halophytes, usually gregarious, found along the coast and further inland, rarely in non-saline

surroundings.

Literature of general interest:

Marloth, R. Zur Bedeutung der salzabscheidenden Driisen der Tamariscinen. Ber. Dt. Bot. Ges. 5: 319-324 (1887). (Cf.

p. 323 for reference to Frankenia ).

Bray, W. L. The geographical distribution of Frankeniaceae in connection with their systematic relationships. Bot. Jahrb.

24: 395-417 (1898).

Gundersen. The Frankeniaceae as a link in the classification of Dicotyledons. Torreya 27: 65-71 (1927).

Summerhayes, V. S. A revision of the Australian species of Frankenia. J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 48: 337-387 (1930).

*The name was preserved for the family.

Frankeniaceae

33

5233 FRANKENIA

Frankenia L., Sp. PL: 331 (1753); Gen. PI. ed. 5: 154(1754); DC., Prodr. 1: 349 ( 1824); Harv. in

F.C. 1: 1 14 (1860); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 136 (1868); Niedenzu in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6: 286 (1895); ed.

2, 21: 279 (1925); Adamson in FI. Cape Penins. 588 (1950); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 508 ( 1951); Hutch.,

Gen. Flow. PI. 2: 321 (1967); Roessler & Schreiberin F.S.W.A. 91 (1968). Type species: F. laevis

L.

Nothria Berg., Descr. PI. Cap. 171 (1767).

Low spreading woody shrublets, rarely annuals, often hairy and salt encrusted. Leaves

decussate below, in verticils of 4 above, with leaf clusters (from suppressed branchlets) and flowers

in their axils, sessile, subsessile or shortly petiolate, connected by an amplexicaul, usually ciliate,

stipular ridge or sheath; lamina small, linear to ovate, flat or with the margins rolled back, often

tightly so and thus terete or allantoid in shape, glabrous or pubescent, punctate. Flowers in forks of

branches (determinate) sessile, small, persistent, scattered all over or aggregated in terminal

dichasia (leaves subtending flowers in dichasia not differing from ordinary leaves in South African

species). Calyx tubular, induplicate, 4— 5-fid with prominent ribs, glabrous, puberulous and

occasionally with long scattered setae. Petals 4—5 (5 in South African species), pink, mauvy pink

or white, with an adnate scale or ligule attached to the inside of the claw. Stamens 6 (rarely 4-5),

filaments connivent and expanded below, filiform above, anthers bilocular, bipartite or nearly so,

versatile. Ovary with 2-4 (3 in South African species) parietal placentas bearing one to many

ovules; style terete, with 3 stigmatic lobes. Capsule ovoid to narrowly ovoid, seeds small,

ellipsoid-fusiform, papillate or smooth, maturing very early.

About 75 species (Hutchinson, 1967) recorded from the Mediterranean, along the Atlantic seaboard, western and

southern Africa to western and southern Australia (the latter with about 45 species) to Asia and the Americas. Three species

are found in Southern Africa, two endemic, the third almost cosmopolitan and weed-like in behaviour. Halophytes, found

along the coast and further inland.

The genus was named in honour of Prof. Franken or Frankenius, a professor at Uppsala, who died in 1661.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, flat or revolute, petiolate with the petiole 1 mm long; intemodes usually long; flowers very

numerous, solitary or bunched at the nodes, about 5 mm long; seeds small, 0,5 mm long, smooth, yellow; annual

or perennial; widespread 1 . F. pulverulenta

Leaves allantoid or flat and linear, subsessile; intemodes usually short; flowers in apical dichasia or few, solitary and

scattered, 9-11 mm long; seeds 1 mm long, rough, brown; woody perennials:

Plants prostrate with short erect branchlets ending in many-flowered dichasia; stamens as long as petals, style longer,

exserted; south-western Cape to eastern Cape (as far as East London) 2. F. repens

Plants forming bushes up to 1 m tall; flowers few, scattered towards the tips of the branches; stamens shorter

than petals; style just overtopping stamens; Namib 3. F. pomonensis

1. Frankenia pulverulenta L., Sp. PI. 1:

332 (1753); Harv. in F.C. 1: 115 (1860); Oliv.

in F.T.A. 1: 136 (1868); Niedenzu in Pflanzen-

fam. 3, 6: 287 (1895); ed. 2, 21: 279 (1925);

Summerhayes in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 48: 386

(1930); Adamson in FI. Cape Penins. 589

(1950). Type from Crete (LINN 457.6, holo.).

F. nodiflora Lam., Encycl. 2: 396 (1786); 111. t.262, f.4

(1792); DC., Prodr. 1: 349 (1824); Harv. in F.C. 1: 115

(1860). Type; Cape of Good Hope (P, holo.). F. densa

Pohnert in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Miinchen 1: 447 (1954).

Type: S.W. Africa, Grootfontein Slid, Dinter 8059 (M,

holo.; PRE).

Copiously flowering annuals or rarely pe-

rennials with spreading, often reddish branches;

intemodes usually long and bare, glabrous or

puberulous with short curly hairs, branchlets

often contracted, forming leafy fascicles at the

nodes. Leaves with a short petiole (up to 1,5

mm in the lower leaves), which is fused below

to a stipular amplexicaul, ciliate (occasionally

entire) sheath; lamina ovate, obovate, lanceo-

late or oblanceolate, 3-5 (-7) mm long, flat or

with the margin recurved to tightly revolute and

then compressed-terete; upper surface glabrous,

punctate, lower glabrous or puberulous. Flow-

34

Frankeniaceae

ers small, c. 5 mm long, very numerous, scat-

tered and solitary in the forks of the branches

(probably determinate) and flanked by side-

branches, which are either well developed or

repressed. Calyx tubular, 3,5-4, 5 mm long, ribs

prominent, lobes very short and acute. Petals

cuneate, 5 mm long, apex obtuse, erase, ligule

longitudinally adnate to the claw, acute at the

apex with free margins, pink, mauve or white.

Stamens just exserted from the corolla-throat,

didymous, the longest 2,5 mm long, filaments

connivent, linear-lanceolate below, filiform in

upper half; anthers small, somewhat bipartite,

medifixed, semicircular. Ovary with many

ovules (c. 45 ovules in South African plants),

style with 3 terete, short stigmatic branches, just

exserted above the stamens. Capsule with

ovoid-fusiform, papillate, reticulate seeds about

0,5 mm long, maturing early (possibly in a

matter of days).

A widespread species, probably dispersed by man and

beast, occurring in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia. Re-

corded from S.W. Africa and along the Cape coast as far

east as Port Elizabeth; further inland in the drier areas, in

saline surroundings such as salt pans and banks of brackish

streams. It flowers all the year round. Collections indicate

that the plants may behave as annuals or occasionally persist

as perennials when they become more woody and larger.

S.W. A.— 2416 (Maltahohe): Grootfontein-Siid, possibly

farm Lisbon, Dinter 8059. 2615 (Liideritz): Farm Sinclair

Mine, Giess 2298; 2303. 2617 (Bethanie): Bethanien,

Dinter 8270. 2618 (Keetmanshoop): River N. of Station

Water, Merxmiiller & Giess 3606. 2619 (Aroab): 38 km

W.N.W. of Aroab, Acocks 18072. 2717 (Chamaites): Great

Fish River, Aiais, Oertendahl 635; Thorne sub SAM 52643.

2818 (Warmbad): Bank of Ham River, Warmbad, Galpin

s.n. 2819 (Ariamsvlei): Ariamsvlei, Walsersbrunn, Oerten-

dahl 652.

O.F.S. — 2726 (Odendaalsrus): 30 km W. of Odendaals-

rus, Acocks 14010. 2926 (Bloemfontein): Haagenstad,

Potts sub BLFU 6615.

Cape. — 2818 (Warmbad): Henkries, Orange River, M.

Schlechter 22. 2824 (Kimberley): Rooipan, c. 48 km

W.S.W. of Kimberley, Leistner 1974. 2917 (Springbok):

Nababeep, Hardy 1682. 2918 (Gamoep): Brakrivier, Pear-

son 4868. 3118 (Vanrhynsdorp): 19 km S. of Bitterfontein,

Taylor 5505. 3119 (Calvinia): Zwart Doom River W. of

Brandkop, Compton 18894; 33 km E.N.E. of Loeriesfon-

tein, Acocks 13202. 3124 (Victoria West): Hutchinson,

Acocks 9589. 3218 (Clanwilliam): Piketberg, Compton

15042. 3219 (Wuppertal): Beukesfontein, Pearson 5005.

3224 (Graaff Reinet): near Kendrew P.O., Acocks 20616.

3318 (Cape Town): About Salt River, Burchell 513; Green

Point, Ecklon & Zeyher (Enum. 238); Robben Island,

Walgate 613. 3320 (Montagu): Witteberge near Matjiesfon-

tein, Marloth 11442. 3322 (Oudtshoom): Oudtshoom, The-

ron 1038. 3325 (Port Elizabeth): Swartkops, Theron 1141.

3421 (Riversdale): The Fisheries, Acocks 21566.

2. Frankenia repens (Berg.) Fourc. in

Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 20: 43 (1941). Type:

Cape, Auge (SBT, holo.; PRE, photo.).

Nothria repens Berg., Descr. PI. Cap. 171 (1767). Type

as above.

F. nothria Thunb., Prodr. 58 (1794); FI. Cap. ed. SchulL

295 (1823). Type as for F. repens. F. krebsii Cham. &

Schlechtd. in Linnaea 1: 36 (1826). Type: Cape of Good

Hope, Krebs (Bf). F. capitata and varieties, sensu Harv. in

F.C. 1: 114 (1860). F. hirsuta sensu L., quoad coll.

Tulbagh No. 195; cf. Jackson, Suppl. Proc. Linn. Soc.

Session 130: 11 (1917-18); sensu Marloth, FI. S. Afr. 2:

185, f. 124 (1925); sensu Adamson in FI. Cape Penins. 589

(1950); non L. (1753).

Prostrate woody shrublets, the spreading

branches with numerous short upright branch-

lets usually ending in flowering dichasia,

glabrous or roughly curly puberulous. Leaves

subsessile, allantoid, 4—7 mm long, rarely flat

and linear, dorsally smooth, punctate, ventrally

with white papillae or minutely puberulent and

punctate. Flowers in dense to few-flowered

dichasia, congested near the apices of the branch-

lets. Calyx 7 mm long, often with long white

coarse hairs on the ribs and minutely puberulent

in the grooves. Petals obovate, c. 1 1 mm long,

erase, pink to mauvy pink. Stamens with fila-

ments 1 1 mm long, somewhat expanded in

lower half, filiform above. Ovary cylindrical,

with the style and 3 stigmatic branches exserted

for 2-3 mm beyond stamens; ovules 21-35.

Capsule with papillate, brown, broadly

fusiform seeds c. 1,3 mm long. Fig. 8.

Endemic and fairly frequent along the coasts of the

Cape from Namaqualand to Port Elizabeth, on sea-facing

rock ledges, salt pans, saline flats and lagoons. Further

inland it is recorded from brackish streambanks, edges of

saltpans and calcareous sandveld. “Lightly browsed by

cattle and sheep” fide P.A.B. van Breda.

A glabrous form is met with from Riversdale to Port

Elizabeth, accompanied however by the more common

pubescent form. It flowers during the summer months, from

December onwards.

Cape. — 2818 (Warmbad): near Henkries, Phillips 1636.

2916 (Port Nolloth): between Port Nolloth and Holgat

River, Pillans 5193. 2917 (Springbok): Steinkopf, M.

Schlechter 40. 3017 (Hondeklip Bay): Hondeklip Bay,

Spitfire Rock, Pillans 17941. 3118 (Vanrhynsdorp): Olif-

ants River mouth, Acocks 24164. 3218 (Clanwilliam):

Clanwilliam, Leipoldt 4403; Elands Bay, Leach & Carp

11358. 3317 (Saldanha): Danger Bay, Tolken 426; 9 km W.

of Moorreesburg, Acocks 20663. 3318 (Cape Town):

Langebaan, Saldanha Bay, Taylor 3774; Van Putten’s vlei,

Compton 21878: 3319 (Worcester): Goudini, Van Breda

21. 3325 (Port Elizabeth): at the mouths of the Coega and

Swartkops Rivers, Zeyher 1955; near the Swartkops River,

Zeyher 1060. 3418 (Simonstown): Noordhoek, Wasserfall

679; Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, Batsata Cave,

Taylor 6727. 3419 (Caledon): Bot River, Marloth 2786:

Frankeniaceae

35

Fig. 8. — 1, Frankenia repens, x 2'A; a, leaf (dorsal view) x 7; b, calyx, x 7; c, seed, x 7; d, petal, x 3 Vi; e, claw of petal

with ligule, X 7; f, stamen, X 7 (Taylor 6727).

36

Tamaricaceae

Danger Point, Bond 768. 3421 (Riversdale): Still Bay, Muir

20. 3422 (Mosselbay): Mosselbay, The Point, Britten 645;

Great Brak River, Schlechter 5753.

Common names: Soutrankie; Seaheath.

This Cape species is closely related to F. hirsuta L.

and Linnaeus placed a Cape specimen (No. 195) from a

collection forwarded by the Governor Rijk Tulbagh under

this Mediterranean species and reduced Nothria repens

Berg, to synonymy. The flowers of the Cape species are,

however, bigger and the stamens and style, with its 3

stigmatic lobes, well exserted. It is closely related to F.

pomonensis, endemic in the Namib, but the latter forms

small bushes and bears fewer and smaller flowers.

In Flora Capensis the species is named F. capitata

Webb & Berth., a species described from the Canary Islands

in Phyt. Canar. 1: 131 (1837). No mention is made in the

original description of a ligule on the petals (which is

common to most species), neither is it shown on the

drawing (t. 16). The style moreover is depicted as shorter

than the stamens.

3. Frankenia pomonensis Pohnert in

Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Miinchen 1: 446

(1954); Roessler& Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 91: 1

(1968). Type: S.W. Africa, Namib, Pomona,

Dinter 6424 (M, holo.; PRE).

Small perennial, woody, greyish brown

shrublets, much branched and bushy, up to 1 m

high, glabrous, densely leafy. Leaves subses-

sile, allantoid, c. 3(-6) mm long, upper surface

glabrous, lower minutely and densely puberul-

ous or papillate. Flowers sparse, towards the

ends of the branches. Calyx tubular, 5-6 mm

long, glabrous. Petals obovate, c. 9 mm long,

crinkly, margin obtuse, erose, white to deep

lilac or dark pink. Stamens just exserted from

the corolla throat, anthers small, bipartite,

semicircular. Ovary narrowly ovoid, with about

39 ovules, style with 3 short fairly thick stigmas

a little longer than the stamens. Capsule with

ovoid-fusiform, greyish brown, rough seeds 1

mm long.

Recorded only from the Namib in S.W. Africa, on

brackish flats, dolomite outcrops facing the sea and border-

ing lagoons. Flowering during summer.

S.W.A. — 2615 (Liideritz): Liideritzbay, Marloth 4810b;

Giess & van Vuuren 676; Elizabeth Bay, Merxmiiller &

Giess 2353. 2715 (Bogenfels): Pomona, Dinter 6424;

Bogenfels, Merxmiiller & Giess 2351; 6219; Dinter 4037.

TAMARICACEAE

by A. A. Obermeyer

Shrubs, trees or subherbaceous, often halophytic. Leaves exstipulate, sessile, alternate,

usually scale-like, punctate with deep-seated salt secreting glands. Flowers usually very small,

terminal, solitary, spicate, racemose or panicled, regular, hypogynous, bisexual, rarely unisexual

and dioecious. Sepals usually 5-4, free or rarely connate below, imbricate. Petals 5-4, free or

connate below, imbricate. Stamens numerous or 5, free or rarely connate, inserted on a glandular

disk; anthers versatile, bilocular with longitudinal slits. Gynoecium one-chambered or imperfectly

septate with 3-5 basal placentas; styles 3-5, free, or stigmas 3, sessile; ovules numerous — 2, erect,

anatropous. Capsule splitting into 3-5 valves, coriaceous; seeds erect with an apical hairy tuft

and/or central plumose awn; embryo straight, elongate, endosperm present or 0.

A small family consisting of 4 genera and about 75 species, the genus Tamarix alone accounting for about 50 of these.

Distributed mostly in the northern hemisphere and usually halophytic.

5239 TAMARIX

Tamarix L., Sp. PI. 1: 270 (1753); Gen. PI. ed. 5: 131, No. 337 (1754); DC., Prodr. 3: 95 (1828);

Harv. in F.C. 1: 119 (1860); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 151 (1868); Niedenzu in Pflanzenfam. 3,6: 293

(1895), ed. 2, 21: 285 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 508 (1951); Hutch., Gen. Flow. PI. 2: 323 (1967);

Baum, Monogr. Tamarix, thesis, Hebrew University (1967). Podlech in F.S.W.A. 90: 1 (1968).

Type species: lectotype, T. gallica L. Chromosome number: 2n = 24.

Tamaricaceae

37

Shrubs or trees with the leaves reduced to scales, sessile, alternate, occasionally decurrent

and/or auriculate, amplexicaul or vaginate, glabrous, papillose or hairy, punctate with sunken, salt

secreting glands. Inflorescence a simple or compound raceme on old and/or on young wood; bracts

more or less resembling the leaf, 1 per flower. Flowers in soft, erect or drooping catkin-like

racemes, shortly pedicelled, very small and very numerous, bisexual or rarely unisexual and

dioecious. Sepals 4—5, free or connate at the base, glabrous or hairy. Petals 4-5, free, persistent or

deciduous, longer than the sepals, white, pink or red. Disk saucer- to cup-shaped, often fleshy, dark

coloured with the margin variously lobed. Stamens 4—10, fused basally with the disk; filaments

free, thin; anthers apiculate or obtuse; in female flowers changed to staminodes. Ovary

flask-shaped, one-chambered with 3(4-5) basal placentas bearing several to many ovules, styles 3,

short, incurved. Capsule usually 3-valved, pyramidal, narrowed to the apex; seeds several to many,

narrowly ovoid with an apical tuft of hairs and a plumose awn, endosperm 0.

Species about 50, mainly distributed around the Mediterranean basin, westwards to England and the Canary Isles,

eastwards as far as China; with one isolated species in south-western and southern Africa. Two species commonly cultivated

in Southern Africa, T. gallica L., the French Tamarisk, and

Tamarix usneoides E. Mey. ex Bunge,

Tent. Gen. Tamaric. 74 (1852); Baum, Monogr.

Tamarix, (thesis, Hebrew University,

Jerusalem) 82, fig. 32 (1967), ined.; Podlech in

F.S.W.A. 90: 1 (1968). Syntypes: Cape, Koup

area between Blauwekrans and Bitterwater on

the Gamka River, Dr'ege; Zwartruggens area,

Zondags River, on the bank and in the stream,

Dr'ege b (PRE!; K); Little Namaqualand, in the

river near Natvoet and at the mouth of the

Orange River, Dr 'ege; T’Kousie River and near

Rietfontein in Namaqualand, Ecklon & Zeyher.

Syntypes at LE; iso-syntypes in many herbaria.

T. usneoides E. Mey. ex Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 61, 63,

92, 94, 225 (1838), nom. nud.; E. Mey. ex Niedenzu in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 288 (1925), in clavis. T. articulata

sensu Harv., F.C. 1: 119 (1860); sensu Oliv. in F T. A. 1:

151 (1868), pro parte quoad specim. Welwitsch s.n. from

Angola, non Vahl. T. austro-africana Schinz in Bull. Herb.

Boiss. 2: 183 (1894). Syntypes: Cape, Drege, Ecklon 2130,

Zeyher 725, Rehmann ; S.W. Africa, Wandres 19, Schenk

253, 383, Schinz 406, Pohle, Luderitz 150, 32, Stapff.

Hopfner 15, Fleck 743 (all at Z, presumably). T. angolensis

Niedenzu in Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 531 (1921), in

obs.; Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 288 (1925), in clavis.; Baum,

l.c. 75, fig. 28 (1967). Type: Angola, Welwitsch 1086

(sphalm. 86) (BM, lecto.; K). T. engleri Arendt, Beitr.

Tamarix (thesis, Berlin University) 51 (1926), ined.; Baum,

l.c. in synonymy.

A gregarious, copiously branched shrub or

tree up to 5 m high, with a deep taproot and

spreading superficial roots from which adven-

tive buds may give rise to new plants; bark

brownish grey with rough transverse scars;

upper branchlets congested, soft, pendulous,

giving the tree a plumose appearance. Leaves

reduced to sharp pointed, amplexicaul, vaginate

scales, completely covering the young stems,

T. ramosissima Ledeb.

pale glaucous-green. Inflorescences massed

apically, the upper parts of the branchlets turn-

ing into simple many-flowered racemes; leaves

changing into semi-amplexicaul, auriculate

bracts with long patent apices, the flowers

solitary in their axils. Flowers very small,

shortly pedicellate, greyish or creamy white,

unisexual and dioecious or rarely bisexual.

Sepals 5, free, ovate, 1 mm, spreading. Petals

5, free, oblong, 2 mm, obtuse, erectopatent.

Stamens in male or bisexual flowers on long,

thin filaments exceeding the petals, basally

attached to a 5-lobed dark red, fleshy disc;

anthers obtuse, pink; in the female flowers the

flattened staminodes vary in shape, from nearly

as long as the ovary to minute, the apex

spathulate (if vestigial anthers are present) or

apiculate. Ovary flask-shaped, 1,5 mm long,

with 3 thick, short incurved stigmas; ovules

several; in the male flowers the ovary reduced

in size. Capsule pyramidal-attenuate, about 6

mm long; seeds c. 3 mm, grain-like with a

plumose apical awn and a tuft of hairs as long as

the seed. Fig. 9.

Recorded from the S.E. and N.W. Cape, South West

Africa and Angola, frequenting dry sandy areas with subter-

ranean, often saline water, such as salt pans and riverbanks;

often the dominant tree of the community.

S.W.A.— 1712 (Posto Velho): Kunene River at Otjinun-

gua, Giess 8908; Story 5817. 1713 (Swartbooisdrift):

Ososouu River at Otjiwero, De Winter & Leistner 5358.

1914 (Kamanjab): Huab River, farm Alettasrust about 40

km S. of Kamanjab on road to Fransfontein, De Winter

3114. 2016 (Otjiwarongo): farm Onguati, Schwerdtfeger

1/168. 2114 (Uis): Brandberg, Liebenberg 5009;

Hochbrandberg, Numas-Binsenwiesen, BOss 1459. 2115

(Karibib): Erongo Mts. near Usakos, Schlieben 10321.

38

Tamaricaceae

Fig. 9.— 1, Tamarix usneoides, branches, x 2VS>; a, branchlet with leaves and flower (one sepal removed), x 8; b, sepal, x

25; c, petal, x 12; d, stamen, x 24; e, staminode, x 36; f, disc with bases of filaments, x 12; g, ovary, x 12; h, seed,

x 9 (Hardy & Ihlenfeldt 1429).

Canellaceae

39

2214 (Swakopmund): Kuiseb River at Gobabeb, Hardy &

Ihlenfeldt 1429 ($). 2216 (Otjimbingwe): Okapuka camp on

farm Otjisewa, Klein Windhoek River, Wiss & Kinges

718. 2314 (Sandwich Harbour): 10 km S. of Walvis Bay in

Kuiseb River, De Winter 3179. 2417 (Mariental): near

Mariental, Basson 221. 2517 (Gibeon): 40 km S.S.E. of

Stampriet, Leistner 1815 V. 2617 (Bethanie): Leeu River

near Seeheim, D'Ewes subNBG 84305; along tributary of

Fish River, Bethanie, Gerstner 6287. 2816 (Oranjemund):

Oranjemund, Merxmuller & Giess 2286; Arrisdrift, Schenk

253. 2818 (Warmbad): Ramansdrift, Kruger 6. 2819

(Ariamsvlei): Klein Karas, Groendoom, Oertendahl 363;

Ariamsvlei, Walsersbrunn, Oertendahl 323.

Cape. — 2816 (Oranjemund): Richtersveld,

Sendlingsdrift, Orange River banks, Werdermann & Ober-

dieck 592. 2817 (Vioolsdrif): Kuboos Mission, Marloth

12331. 2819 (Ariamsvlei): Velloorsdrift, Van Son sub TRV

31820. 2820 (Kakamas): near Augrabies Falls, Van Zinde-

ren Bakker 1368; 1,5 km N. of Kakamas near Orange River,

Leistner & Joynt 2820; Botha 2979. 2821 (Upington):

between Upington and Keimoes, Theron 828 (¥). 3018

(Kamiesberg): near Garies, Rodin 1374. 3019 (Loeriesfon-

tein): farm Brackfontein near Loeriesfontein, Schlieben &

Van Breda 9851. 3119 (Calvinia): Zwartdoom River W. of

Brandkop, Compton 18895. 3222 (Oudtshoorn): Dwyka

River, 16 km S.W. of Prince Albert Road, Theron 1316;

Beaufort West, Marloth 2149. 3324 (Steytlerville): Groot-

rivierpoort, Scharf 1364; 1365; 1366; 1369.

Common names: Tamarix; Abikwa tree.

Tamarix usneoides is a gregarious, sand-loving

halophytic tree or shrub dependent on an ample supply of

ground-water. In South Africa it is common along the banks

of the Orange River from near Upington to its mouth and

also occurs along its tributaries and around saline depres-

sions in Namaqualand and further south-east. When pushed

over by floods, the prostrate trunks send up straight young

stems, while broken off branches may also take root where

they are deposited further down stream. Zeyher collected it

in the south-eastern Cape in 1826 in the Grootrivierpoort

(3324 Steytlerville). The tree from which Zeyher collected

his material could very likely be the solitary tree next to the

old road at the drift, now a farm road (c/. notes by Scharf at

PRE). It is still common along the rivers of that region.

In South West Africa the species is quite common in

the low-lying western desert areas, bordering sandy river-

beds and brackish shallow pans. It stretches further north to

southern Angola. Although it is usually unisexual and

dioecious, an occasional plant in a colony will revert to the

(ancestral?) bisexual form, when fertile stamens are pro-

duced. Niedenzu separated these as T. angolensis.

In and around Swakopmund the species hybridises

with the introduced garden species T. ramosissima Ledeb.,

which elsewhere has also been found growing wild. It can

be distinguished from the endemic species by its green

colour and pink flowers; the leaves moreover are not

amplexicaul.

T. usneoides is closely related to T. aphylla (L.) Karst,

from north Africa and Arabia, which is also occasionally

cultivated in South West Africa, but this species has smaller

flowers which are always bisexual, the anthers apiculate,

and the branches appear to be thinner and longer, resembl-

ing Casuarina.

The Cape specimens are frequently festooned with red

galls and the flowers are often attacked by insects which

damage the ovaries causing them to become sterile and

globose in shape.

CANELLACEAE

by L. E. CODD

Glabrous, often aromatic trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, exstipulate,

penninerved. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, cymose or flowers solitary. Flowers hermaphro-

dite, regular. Sepals 3, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5-12, free or united into a tube at the base,

rather thick, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous; filaments united in a tube; anthers adnate

to the outer surface of the tube with longitudinal extrorse dehiscence. Ovary superior, 1 -locular;

ovules 2-many on 2-6 parietal placentas. Style short, thick; stigmas 2-5. Fruit a berry. Seeds

2-many, shining; endosperm oily and fleshy.

A family of 5 genera and about 1 1 species, natives of tropical north and south America, east tropical Africa and

Madagascar. The African genus Warburgia extends to Southern Africa. Several species are known to have aromatic or

pungent bark which is used medicinally.

The relationships of- the Canellaceae are probably with the woody Ranales (Magnoliales of Hutchinson), near to the

Myristicaceae or Winteraceae. The structures described as 3 sepals above are, by some authors (Verdcourt, Hutchinson),

regarded as 3 bracts, and the 2 rows of petals as calyx and corolla, respectively. On the other hand Wilson supports the

interpretation given here.

40

Canellaceae

5256 WARBURGIA

Warburgia Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. C: 276 (1895); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 218 (1926);

Phill., Gen. e<± 2: 509 (1951); Verdcourt in F.T.E.A. Canellaceae: 1 (1956); Melchior &

Schultze-Motel in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 17a II: 223 (1959); Hutchinson, Gen. Flow. PI. 1: 64 (1964);

Wilson in Am. J. Bot. 53: 336 (1966); nom. conserv. (Taxon 17: 328, 1968). Type species: W.

stuhlmannii Engl.

Chibaca Bertol.f. in Mem. Accad. Sci. Istit. Bologna 4: 545 (1853). Type species: C. salutaris Bertol.f.

Evergreen trees. Leaves dark green, shiny above. Inflorescence axillary, flowers solitary or in

reduced 3 or 4-flowered cymes. Sepals 3, suborbicular. Petals 10, in 2 rows, the outer larger and

thicker than the inner, pellucid gland-dotted. Stamens 10; staminal tube equalling or subequalling

the petals; anthers sessile on the upper part of the tube, about as long as the staminal tube, linear,

with a fleshy apical appendage. Ovary ellipsoid; ovules 10-30 in 1 or 2 rows on 5 placentas. Style

enclosed in the staminal tube or just protruding, truncate at the apex, bearing 5 oval stigmatic

patches round the sides. Fruit a globose or ovoid berry; pericarp coriaceous.

An African genus of 3 species, 1 of which extends into

Warburgia salutaris {Bertol.f. J Chiov. in

Nuov. Giom. Bot. Ital. n.ser. 44: 680 (1937);

Mendes in Bol. Soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 43: 338

(1969); Ross, FI. Natal 247 (1972); Palmer &

Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 3: 1523 (1972). Type:

Mozambique, Fornasini s.n. (BOLOf).

Chibaca salutaris Bertol.f. in Mem. Accad. Sci. Istit.

Bologna 4: 545, t.23 (1853).

Warburgia breyeri Pott in Ann. Transv. Mus. 6: 60

(1918); Gerstner in Bantu Studies 12: 220 (1938); Doke &

Vilakazi, Zulu-English Dictionary 20 (1948). Type: Trans-

vaal, Letaba District, Makhutswi (“Macoutsie”) River,

Breyer sub TRV 17573 (PRE, holo.!).

Tree up to 10 m tall; bark rough and

mottled, red on inner side; branches terete,

striate, lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous, shiny

above, paler below, densely pellucid-dotted,

shortly petiolate; petiole 2-5 mm long, channel-

led above; blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate or

elliptic, 4,5-11 cm long, 1,5-2, 5 cm broad,

veins obscure above, inconspicuous below;

apex acute; base cuneate; margin slightly invo-

lute. Flowers axillary, solitary or in abbreviated

3-flowered cymes; peduncle 2-3 mm long;

bracts 0,5 mm long, deciduous, leaving con-

spicuous scars; pedicel up to 1,5 mm long.

Sepals 3, suborbicular, 2 mm long, 3 mm broad,

minutely ciliate. Petals in 2 whorls; outer 5

subcoriaceous, obovate, concave, 4-5 mm long,

3 mm broad; inner petals 5, yellow, thinner-

textured, spathulate, 4 mm long, 1,5 mm broad.

Staminal-tube 3—4 mm long, apex protruding

slightly beyond the stamens; stamens 10, 1,5

mm long. Ovary oblong-ovoid, 3 mm long, 1

mm diam.; stigma subsessile, truncate,

Southern Africa.

obscurely 5-lobed; ovules about 15-20. Fruits

ovoid to subglobose, 2-3 cm long, 1, 5-2,5 cm

in diam.; pericarp coriaceous, wrinkled; seeds

several, flattened. Fig. 10.

A rare constituent of coastal forest in northern Zulu-

land and of submontane forest in eastern and northern

Transvaal.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): Soutpansberg, Van

Warmelo s.n. 2328 (Baltimore): Blouberg, Codd 8733;

Strey & Schlieben 8611. 2330 (Tzaneen): near Tzaneen,

McCallum sub PRE 15483. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Macout-

sie River, Breyer sub TRV 17573; Mariepskop, Van der

Schijff 5196; 5503; 5950; Govt. Forester s.n.; Blyde River

Poort, Van der Schijff 4307.

Natal. — 2731 (Louwsburg): Magut, Gerstner 3416.

2732 (Ubombo): Lake Sibayi area, Tinley 197; False Bay,

Gerstner 6974; Ward 3004. 2832 (Mtubatuba): Corridor,

Umfolozi Game Reserve, Ward 3067.

Known as isiBaha (Zulu), Shibaha (Tsonga) and

Molaka (Sotho), the bark, especially the root bark, is

pungent and bitter and is widely used as a medicine against

colds and fever. Gerstner reports that this has led to regular

cutting down of trees which may have an adverse effect on

their regeneration. The leaves are also bitter and this helps

in identifying the species in the field.

As yet no flowering or fruiting material has been seen

from Zululand but the specimens from this area agree well

in vegetative characters with those occurring in the Trans-

vaal. However, fertile material is important for a correct

assessment to be made.

Verdcourt, l.c., united the Transvaal W. breyeri Pott

with the tropical African species, W. ugandensis Sprague,

but the slight differences in texture, size and shape of the

leaves suggest that this view may not be correct. The fruits

of Transvaal specimens (possibly immature) also appear to

be smaller and more wrinkled than those from Tropical

Africa.

The type of W. salutaris is from Mozambique and,

according to Verdcourt in Regnum Vegetabile 40: 27

(1965), is no longer extant. Good material from Mozam-

bique is thus also required in order to establish its affinity.

At present it seems to be related rather to the southern than

the tropical populations.

Fig. 10. — 1, Warburgia salutaris, flowering twig, x 1 (Strey & Schlieben 8611); a, fruit, X 1 (Van Warmelo s.n.); b,

flower, x 4; c, staminal column, x 7; d, ovary, x 7; e, sepal, X 4; f, outer petal, X 4; g, inner petal, X 4 (Strey &

Schlieben 8611).

42

VlOLACEAE

VIOLACEAE

by A. A. Obermeyer

Herbaceous perennials, rarely annuals, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite,

simple, margin entire, dentate or incised; stipules 2, foliaceous, small or minute, persistent or

caducous. Flowers solitary, axillary, or in compound, often reduced, inflorescences, bisexual or

rarely polygamous, occasionally also with cleistogamous flowers, actinomorphic or usually

zygomorphic. Sepals 5, usually free, persistent, quincuncial, sometimes produced beyond point of

insertion. Petals 5, free, deciduous or persistent, imbricate or contorted, hypogynous; in

zygomorphic flowers the anterior petal sometimes spurred. Stamens 5 (-15), usually hypogynous;

anthers connivent in a ring around the ovary, bilocular, introrse, opening by longitudinal slits,

thecae and connective often produced into dorsal and apical appendages; filaments 0 or short,

simple or variously appendaged; the 2 anterior often forming caudate glandular spurs. Ovary

superior, sessile, 1 -locular with 3 (-5) parietal placentas bearing l-°° ovules; styles completely

united, straight, oblique or sigmoid, often somewhat swollen in upper half, stigmas usually entire,

apical. Capsule loculicidal often with contractile valves; rarely a berry or a nut. Seed with a short

funicle, sometimes winged, tomentose or smooth, sometimes hygroscopic becoming glutinous

when wetted, occasionally with a gibbous aril, with abundant endosperm.

Genera 20; species about 800. Mostly pantropical with the large cosmopolitan genus Viola predominantly temperate.

Flowers actinomorphic; trees or shrubs 1. Rinorea

Flowers zygomorphic, the anterior petal longer or shorter, often spurred; herbs or under-

shrubs:

Pedicels articulate; stipules entire, small, linear- acuminate; anterior petal much longer than

the other 4; with or without a spur 2. Hybanthus

Pedicels inarticulate; stipules small, with 2 basal teeth or foliaceous, laciniate;

anterior petal shorter than the other 4, spurred 3. Viola

5262 1. RINOREA

Rinorea A ubl., Hist. PI. Guian. Franc. 1: 235, t. 93 (1775); Melchior in Planzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 349

(1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 510 (1951); Robson in F.Z. 1: 246 (1960); Hutch., Gen. Flow. PI. 2: 330

(1967). Type species: R. guianensis Aubl.

Alsodeia Thouars, Hist. Veg. Rec. 55 (1806); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 106 (1868).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, petiolate, simple, serrate, rarely

entire, with reticulate, arched, closed veins; stipules small, covering very young, pointed leaf-buds,

caducous. Inflorescence simple or compound, axillary and/or terminal; pedicels articulated; bracts

small, caducous. Flowers actinomorphic, small. Sepals 5, quincuncial, persistent, short and hard.

Petals equal or subequal, soft, erect or reflexed, white, greenish white, yellow or red. Stamens 5,

the filaments free or connate below, with or without appendages; anthers with the connective

variously appendaged and occasionally also bearing thecal appendages. Ovary with 3 parietal

placentas, style straight, stigma terminal, small, ovules 1-several on each placenta. Capsule

3-valved, the inner tissues woody, tearing apart from the outer skin, rarely semi-succulent or a

berry. Seed 1-3 per valve, compressed, hard, shiny.

VlOLACEAE

43

Fig. 11. — 1, Rinorea angustifolia, flowering twig, X 1; a, longitudinal section of flower, x 4; b, stamen, x 7; c, capsule

and seed, x 2; d, bud, X 4 (Guy 129).

44

VlOLACEAE

Species about 250, tropics and subtropics; 2 species in Southern Africa.

Leaves 4-8 cm long, soft, dark green, closely dentate, on slender, shortly hairy dark branchlets; leaf scars not

conspicuous; petals spreading to recurved 1. R. angustifolius

Leaves 8-14 (-22) cm long, leathery, glaucous, coarsely spinoso-dentate, on stout pale green glabrous branches;

transverse leaf scars prominent; petals erect to spreading 2. R. ilicifolius

1. Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill.

in Bull. Soc. Linn., Paris 1: 582(1886); Kuntze,

Rev. Gen. PI. 1; 42 (1891); Melchior in Pflan-

zenfam. 2, 21: 352 (1925); Perr. in Mem. Inst.

Sci. Madag., ser B, 2, 1949: 328 (1950); in

Humbert, FI. Madag. Fam. 139, Violacees: 36

(1955); Tennant in Kew Bull. 16: 412 (1963).

Type: Madagascar, without precise locality, Du

Petit Thouars s.n. (P, holo.).

Alsodeia angustifolia Thouars, Hist. Veg. Rec. ed. 2: 57,

1. 18, fig. 1 (1806); DC., Prodr. 1: 313 (1824). Type as

above. A. ardisiiflora Welw. ex Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 108

(1868). Type: Angola, Cuanza Norte, Pungo Andongo,

Mata de Pungo, Welwitsch 885 (LISU, lecto; BM; K). A.

natalensis (Engl.) Bak.f. in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 40: 22

(1911). Syntypes: Natal, Inanda, Wood 1001 (Bf; BM;

GRA; K; NH; SAM); Pondoland, Intsubana, Bachmann

1005 (Bf).

Rinorea natalensis Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 33: 135 (1902);

Brandt in Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl.: 411 (1914); Bews, FI.

Natal & Zululand 140 (1921); Melchior in Pflanzenfam. ed.

2, 21: 350 (1925); Henkel, Woody PI. Natal 84 (1934).

Type as above. R. ardisiiflora (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze,

Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 42 (1891); Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 125,

1. 15, 1 (1907); For. FI. P.E. Afr. 1 1 (1909); Bews, FI. Natal

& Zululand 140 (1921). Type as above.

Evergreen trees or shrubs up to 10 m high

with a smooth, mottled grey bark, the juvenile

parts and inflorescences puberulous. Branches

slender, terete, brown. Leaves alternate, widely

spaced, elliptic, 5-9 cm long, 2-4 cm broad,

base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin serrate,

the teeth gland-tipped, soft, dark glossy green,

paler below; petiole short, stipules small,

caducous. Inflorescences axillary, short, sub-

corymbose, several- 1 -flowered; peduncle and

pedicels slender, bracts minute. Flowers

sweetly scented, small; buds conical, reddish.

Sepals ovate, 2 mm, persistent. Petals oblong-

elliptic, c. 7 mm long, upper half reflexed,

glabrous or velvety towards the base, white.

Stamens with the filaments fused below and

with a dorsal appendage forming a short fringed

or irregularly lobed cup, or appendage absent

(in specimens seen from Zululand and Trans-

vaal); anthers with an apical, erect, exserted,

ovate-acuminate, petaloid, reddish-purple

connective-appendage, thecae with an apical,

small Ungulate appendage or this reduced to a

mucro or 0. Ovary globose, glabrous (in S. Afr.

specimens examined), style erect, terete, ex-

serted, c. 4 mm long; stigma minute, apical.

Capsule ellipsoid, c. 1,3 cm long, obtusely

3-lobed, hard, muricate, glandular-punctate;

seed 1 (-2) per valve, compressed-ovoid, 5 mm,

smooth, pale yellow. Fig. 12.

Common as an understorey tree (rarely up to 10 m tall)

or shrub in evergreen coastal forests of Pondoland, Natal,

Zululand and north eastern Transvaal; tropical Africa and

Madagascar. Flowering August to October; occasionally

earlier or later.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Soutpansberg, Entabeni

Forest Reserve, Obermeyer sub TRV 30275. 2330 (Tza-

neen): Westfalia Estate, Scheepers 766; Woodbush Forest

Reserve, De Hoek, Botha sub PRF 7411; Magoebaskloof,

Gerstner 5862. 2531 (Komatipoort): road from Barberton to

Piggs Peak, West 3013.

Natal. — 2731 (Louwsburg): Ngome Forest Reserve,

Gerstner 5113; Sim 2918; Sokosoko Forest, Gerstner 4911.

2732 (Ubombo): Gwalaweni Forest, Moll 4451. 2830

(Dundee): Qudeni Forest Reserve, Strey 9317; Wood 7717.

2831 (Nkandla): Nkandla Forest, Acocks 11799; Gerstner

3583; Ngoye Forest, Nicholson 434. 2832 (Mtubatuba):

Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Ward 1426. 2930 (Pieter-

maritzburg): Karkloof, Wylie sub Wood 10046; Hilton

Road, Wood 10081. 2931 (Stanger): Durban, Oliver 6.

3030 (Port Shepstone): Umtamvuna River, Strey 5834;

Paddock, Strey 5997.

Cape. — 3129 (Port St Johns): Egossa, Sim 2419; 2439;

Mkambati Leper Institute, Marais 1192; Port St Johns,

Hafstrom & Acocks 1932. 3328 (Butterworth): The Haven,

Gordon-Gray 1340.

In collections from the Gwalaweni Forest and the

Transvaal the stamens have short free filaments; the dorsal

appendage which fuses the filaments into a cup with a

free ciliate margin which is found in typical material, is

apparently suppressed.

2. Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.)

Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 42 (1891); Brandt in

Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl.: 412 (1914); Keay in

F.W.T.A. ed 2, 1: 101 (1954); Robson in F.Z.

1: 250 (1960); Tennant in Kew Bull. 16: 409

(1963). Type: Angola, Cuanza Norte, Pungo

Andongo, Barrancos de Catete. Welwitsch 889

(LISU, lecto; BM; PRE).

Alsodeia ilicifolia Welw. ex Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 108

(1868). Type as above.

Small understorey evergreen tree or shrub

up to 5 m high. Branches terete, stout, pale

green with dark transverse scars of the caducous

stipules. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, glauc-

ous, paler below, elliptic, usually about 8-16

VlOLACEAE

45

Fig. 12. — 1, Rinorea ilicifolia, flowering twig, X 1; a, petal, X 7; b, stamen, x 7; c, sepal, x 9; d, capsule and seeds, x %;

e, flower, x 5 (Tinley 474).

46

VlOLACEAE

cm long and 4—8 cm broad, margin serrate to

spinoso-dentate; petiole 1-2 cm, stout. Flowers

very small, arranged in compound, terminal or

axillary, elongated panicles which are shorter

than the leaves, bearing small clusters of brown

velvet buds, bracts deciduous, small; pedicels

short. Sepals broadly ovate, 2-3 mm long,

obtuse, finely ribbed fan-wise with a membran-

ous margin, persistent. Petals erect, narrowly

elliptic, about 5 mm long, yellow, deciduous.

Stamens on very short filaments, fused at the

base; apical connective-appendage ovate-

acuminate, petaloid; thecal appendage small to

minute. Ovary globose, glabrous, style erect,

terete, exserted, stigma apical, minute. Capsule

globose, obtusely 3-lobed, about 1-2 cm in

diam., hard, brown, verrucose; seeds angled,

about 6 mm long, yellowish. Fig. 12.

Recorded from tropical and subtropical Africa as far

south as Zululand, in damp evergreen coastal forests, where

it may be the dominant understorey shrub. Flowering

August to October.

Natal. — 2732 (Ubombo): Gwalaweni Forest, Moll &

Nel 5536; Tinley 474; Dutton & Tinley 21. 2832

(Mtubatuba): Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Ward 2313.

5271 2. HYBANTHUS

Hybanthus Jacq., Enum. Syst. PI. Ins. Carib. 2 (1760), nom. conserv.; Melchior in Pflanzenfam.

ed. 2, 21: 357 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 510 (1951); Robson in F.Z. 1: 254 (1960); Roessler in

F.S.W.A. 87: 2 (1969). Type species: H. havanensis Jacq.

Ionidium Vent., Jard. Malm. 1: sub t.27 (1803); Sond. in F.C. 1: 74 (1860).

Annuals, perennials, shrublets or shrubs. Leaves alternate and/or opposite, elliptic, ovate or

linear, sessile or petiolate; stipules small, subulate or ovate, usually persistent, margin serrate to

subentire, the teeth gland-tipped. Flowers solitary, axillary, rarely massed in terminal inflores-

cences, pendulous, persistent; pedicels articulated, the 2 bracteoles opposite or subopposite at or

below articulation. Sepals free, more or less equal, not produced below. Petals unequal, the

anterior (in S. Afr. species) much larger than other 4, with or without a basal pouch, clawed in the

middle, expanded above into a spathulate or broad lamina; the other 4 somewhat longer than the

sepals. Stamens 5, free or connate at the base, similar or the 2 (4) anterior each with a recurved

caudate nectariferous spur projected into the pouch of the anterior petal; anthers connivent with the

connective produced above, petaloid. Ovary with 3 parietal placentas, 3-many ovules; style terete,

short or long, straight or curved. Capsule loculicidal with 3 elastic valves; seed broadly fusiform or

ovoid-globose, apex discoid, raphe distinct or indistinct, aril usually prominent; testa striate,

punctate or smooth, hygroscopic, swelling to form a glutinous covering, when wetted.

Species about 100, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, predominantly in South and Central America. Four

species in southern Africa, 2 of these endemic.

Common Names: Lady’s Slipper, Pink Lady’s Slipper.

Anterior petal more than 3 mm long; flowers often showy, blue, pink or violet, rarely white; seed white or pale yellow,

fusiform with a truncate, discoid apex, or globose:

Anterior petal with a basal pouch protruding from between the anterior sepals; filaments of 2 anterior stamens

villous, bearing a short recurved caudate appendage which is inserted in the pouch; capsule glabrous or

scabridulous; seed fusiform:

Perennial herbs or suffrutices (flowering in their first year), glabrous to pubescent, very variable in growth-form

and leaf-shape; leaves and flowers not congested; capsule smooth, glabrous; widespread . .1. H. ermeaspermus

Annual, small, erect, scabridulous herbs with long linear leaves and shortly pedicelled flowers

congested on the short stems; capsule scabridulous; Kalahari region 2. H. densifolius

Anterior petal without a basal pouch; filaments glabrous, entire, without an appendage; capsule glabrous or

pubescent; seed globose, pitted 3. H. capensis

Anterior petal 3 mm long; flowers very small, white; ripe seed black, smooth, shiny, globose to ovoid, 2 mm in diam.,

with a white protruding aril 4. H. parviflorus

VlOLACEAE

47

1. Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.

Muell., Fragm. 10: 81 (1876); Eyles in Trans.

R. Soc. S. Afr. 5: 422 (1916), as H. ennea-

spermum (Vent.) Torre & Harms; Engl, in Bot.

Jahrb. 55: 398 (1919): Robson in Bol. Soc.

Brot. Ser. 2, 32: 164 (1958); in F.Z. 1: 254

(1960); Roessler in F.S.W.A. 87: 2 (1969).

Tennant in Kew Bull. 16: 430 (1963). Type:

Ceylon, Hermann 317 (BM).

Viola enneasperrna L., Sp. PI. 2: 937 (1753). Type as

above.

Ionidium enneaspermum (L.) Vent., Jard. Malm. 1, sub

t. 27 (1803); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 105 (1868). Type as above. /.

thymifolium Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 11 (1844), nom. illegit.,

non Presl (1835); Sond. in F.C. 1: 74 (1860). Type: eastern

Cape — Natal, “Omsamwubo, Omsamcaba, Omtendo, to-

wards Port Natal, in grassy places”, Dr'ege (S; TCD). /.

caffrum Sond. in Linnaea 23: 13 (1850); in F.C. 1: 74

(1860). Type: Port Natal, Gueinzius 94 (S, holo; K; PRE,

photo.). I. hirtum Klotzsch in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot.

1: 148 (1861). Type: Mozambique, Rios de Sena, Peters

(Bf). /. enneaspermum var. hirtum (Klotzsch) Oliv. in

F.T.A. 1: 106 (1868), (sphalm. hirta).

Hybanthus enneaspermus var. serratus Engl, in Bot.

Jahrb. 55: 398 (1919); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 130

(1926). Syntypes: Transvaal, Pienaars River, Schlechter

4218 (Bf; GRA; K; PRE); Mozambique, Ungulubi,

Schlechter 12140 (Bt; BM; K; PRE). — var. caffer (Sond.)

Robson in Bol. Soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 32: 169 (1958); in F.Z. 1:

257 (1960). H. caffer (Sond.) Engl., l.c. 400 (1919). — var.

angustifolius Engl., l.c. 400 (1919); Hulme, Wild Flow.

Natal 1. 1, fig. 12 ( 1954). Type: No specimens cited. H.

hirtus (Klotzsch) Engl., l.c. 399 (1919). — var. glabrescens

Engl., l.c. 399 (1919); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 131

(1926). Syntypes: numerous collections from tropical Af-

rica and inch Schlechter 11729 (Bf; GRA) from

Komatipoort. H. thymifolius (Presl) Engl., l.c. 400 (1919).

Perennial (flowering in first year) with the

stems often deciduous, trailing or erect, clus-

tered from a woody crown, 20-50 cm high,

with few side branches. Stems terete or ridged,

glabrous, scabrid or pubescent. Leaves alter-

nate, very variable, linear to ovate, 1-9 cm

long, 1-2,5 cm wide, apex acute to obtuse, base

attenuate into a petiole or petiole 0, soft, glab-

rous, puberulous to sericeous, margin serrate to

more or less entire, the teeth gland-tipped (if

teeth repressed, glands still persist); stipules

small, subulate, 0,5-2 mm, gland-tipped.

Flowers on long to short, thin pedicels; size of

flower variable. Sepals free, subequal, linear-

acuminate, to ovate-acuminate, 3-6 mm long,

membranous, keeled, somewhat pubescent.

Petals pink to bluish or violet; anterior much

exceeding other 2 pairs in length, 5-20 mm

long with a narrow claw about as long as the

quadrate, emarginate lamina, at the base with a

broad saccate bulge protruding from between

the lower sepals; lateral petals asymmetrical.

triangular, curved upwards, about half as long

as anterior petal; posterior petals smaller and

narrower. Stamens short, the filaments (and

sometimes connective) of the 2 anterior tomen-

tose, producing short caudate hairy appendages

which descend into the pouch of the anterior

petal; anthers connivent, connective produced

into an ovate petaloid apical appendage. Ovary

ovoid, style terete, stigma capitate. Capsule

globose to ovoid, about 6-10 mm long, smooth

with c. 3-4 seeds ripening on each placenta;

seed fusiform to ovoid, apex and base discoid,

c. 1,5 mm long, longitudinally ribbed, glabrous

shiny, yellow to white, testa hygroscopic. Fig.

13: 1.

Widely distributed in Africa, Asia, Australia; wide-

spread in South West Africa, Transvaal and Natal, often

invading disturbed areas such as road verges, ploughed

lands, riverbanks, forest margins, etc.

S.W.A. — 1918 (Grootfontein): Aukas-Kreyfontein,

Dinter 81 1 ; near Grootfontein, Schoenfelder S 385.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): Waterpoort, Bre-

mekamp & Schweickerdt 249. 2231 (Pafuri): Mazanji, 35

km N.E. of Punda Milia, Codd & Dyer 4618. 2329

(Pietersburg): near Mara, about 29 km from Louis Trichardt

on Mara-Vivo road, Meeuse 10194. 2428 (Nylstroom):

Mosdene, Galpin M576. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Shiluvane,

Junod sub TRV 10205. 2431 (Acomhoek): Skukuza Camp,

Acocks 16743. 2528 (Pretoria): Codrington, Thode A392.

2529 (Witbank): 3 km N.E. of Middelburg, Meeuse 10263.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Ndumu, edge of Pongola

flood plain, Pooley 111. 2832 (Mtubatuba): Hluhluwe

Game Reserve, Ward 2403. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg):

Pinetown district, Everton, Ward 5242; Isipingo, Wood

12474. 2931 (Stanger): near Durban, Wood 1105. 3029

(Kokstad): Port Shepstone, Umtamvuna Bridge, Strey

7106.

Cape. — 3029 (Kokstad): 9 km from Umtamvuna Pont on

Bizana Road, Acocks 10930. 3129 (Port St. Johns): Lom-

bazi River Flats, Mogg 13563; Ntsubane, Strey 8562. 3130

(Port Edward): 8 km inland from Umtamvuna River, Codd

10700.

Common name: Pink Lady’s Slipper.

Apparently the species is extremely variable and

adaptable. The varieties caffer and serratus described for

southern Africa and found elsewhere are here regarded as

ecotypes. The flower, fruit and seed characters are stable

throughout the range of the species but the leaf shows great

variation, being narrow or broad, small or large, glabrous or

pubescent, entire or serrate.

2. Hybanthus densifolius Engl, in Bot.

Jahrb. 55: 398 (1919); Melchior in Pflanzen-

fam. ed. 2, 21: 359 (1925); Robson in F.Z. 1:

258 (1960): Roessler in F.S.W.A. 87: 1 (1969).

Type: S.W. Africa, Otjihua, Dinter 430 (Bf; K;

SAM!; GRA!).

Small, compact scabridulous annuals up to

15 cm tall, the side branches mostly ab-

48

VlOLACEAE

Fig. 13. — 1, Hybanthus enneaspermus, x V2; la, longitudinal section of flower, x 3 (Van der Schijff 1852). 2, H.

capensis, leaf, x 1; 2a, flower, x 4; 2b, stamen, x 3 (Killick & Marais 2013). 2c, capsule, x 1; 2d, seed, x 2

(Flanagan 2692). 3, H. densifolius, x 1; 3a, capsule, X 3 ( Dinter 6870). 4, H. parviflorus, X 1 (Hilliard 3147).

VlOLACEAE

49

breviated. Stems with short ridged intemodes.

Leaves crowded, alternate, narrowly linear, 3-8

cm long, 1-1,5 mm wide, apex acuminate, base

attenuate into a thin petiole, margins inrolled

with glands evenly spaced at intervals, forming

shallow teeth. Flowers numerous, massed

along the main stem in the leaf axils of the stem

and abbreviated branches, on short pedicels,

declinate, small. Sepals linear-lanceolate, 3

mm, ciliate. Petals whitish, pink or purplish;

anterior petal forming a basal pouch, clawed

and with a spathulate lamina c. 7 mm long.

Stamens with the 2 anterior tomentose, bearing

a recurved spur. Ovary globose, scabridulous,

style short, stigma obtriangular, pointing

downwards. Capsule globose, c. 7 mm in

diam., scabridulous; seeds stoutly fusiform,

apex discoid, striate, yellowish. Fig. 13: 3.

A small annual confined to the Kalahari region; South

West Africa, Botswana, north-western Transvaal and north-

ern Cape in sandy areas. A stable species, possibly self-

fertile.

S.W.A. — 1918 (Grootfontein): W. of Grootfontein,

Schoenfelder S3 16. 2115 (Karibib): Karibib, Omaheke In-

sel. Dimer 6973 . 2116 (Okahandja): Okahandja, Bradfield

324. 2217 (Windhoek): Lichtenstein, Dimer 4354. 2316

(Nauchas): Namib border towards Kuiseb, Strey 2598. 23 17

(Rehoboth): Kalkrand on road to Rehoboth, De Winter

3535. 2417 (Mariental): 10 km N. of Mariental, Acocks

18126.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort); Langjan Nature Re-

serve, Zwanziger 742.

Cape — 2624 (Vryburg): Armoedsvlakte, Henrici 36.

2822 (Glen Lyon); 6 km W. of Padkloof Pass, Acocks 2062.

3. Hybanthus capensis (Thunb.) Engl, in

Bot. Jahrb. 55: 400 (1919); Robson in Bol. Soc.

Brot. Ser. 2, 32: 165 (1958), in clavis; Batten &

Bokelmann, Wild Flow. E. Cape Prov. 106,

t. 86: 6 (1966), as H. capensis (Roem. &

Schult.) Engl. Type: Cape, Uitenhage district,

Galgebosch, Thunberg (LINN 1052.20).

Viola capensis Thunb., Prodr. 40 (1794); FI. Cap. ed.

Schult. 186 (1923). Type as above.

Ionidium capense (Thunb.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg.

5; 393 (1819); Sond. in F.C. 1: 74 (1868). Type as above. I.

natalense Harv. in F.C. 2: 585 (1862). Type: Port Natal,

Sanderson 415 (K, holo.; PRE!, fragment of holotype). /.

thorncroftii N.E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1921: 289 (1921). Type:

Transvaal, Barberton, Reimers Creek, Thorncroft 1086 (K,

holo.!; PRE, photo.).

Hybanthus natalensis (Harv.) Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1:

131' (1926); Robson in Bol. Soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 32: 165

(1958), in clavis. H. thorncroftii (N.E. Br.) Burtt Davy in

Kew Bull. 1924: 225 (1924); FI. Transv. 1: 131 (1926);

Robson in Bol. Soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 32: 165 (1958), in clavis.

H. sp. Hulme, Wild Flow. Natal t.41, f. 1 (1954).

Small hispid suffrutices from a perennial

rootstock. Stems terete, ribbed when young.

Leaves alternate, ovate to obovate (1,5) 3(-7)

cm long, (0,5) l(-3) cm wide, apex obtuse, base

attenuate into a petiole, lower surface lighter

coloured, margin shallowly crenate; stipules

ovate-acuminate, membranous. Flowers decli-

nate, on long thin pedicels, the sub-opposite

bracts usually arising some distance below ar-

ticulation. Sepals narrowly ovate-acuminate,

fimbriate, the 2 lower slightly convex at the

base. Petals white with lilac stripes, violet or

mauve and a cream throat, the anterior 1,5 cm

long, glabrous or tomentose near the base,

without a pouch, claw short, lamina broadly

spathulate; the other 4 somewhat longer than

the sepals. Stamens short, with glabrous fila-

ments, the connective-appendage oblong, ob-

tuse to emarginate, orange. Ovary glabrous or

pubescent, globose, style as long as ovary.

Capsule pubescent or glabrous; seed obovoid

with a small discoid apex and a distinct raphe

and basal aril, smooth or faintly punctate. Fig.

13: 2.

Recorded from the Uitenhage district in the eastern

Cape, northwards along the coast to Natal and the north-

eastern Transvaal; in grassland (often ravaged by fires) or

damp sheltered places, in valleys or margins of subtropical

forests; rare.

The collections from the Uitenhage district possess

pubescent capsules. These plants appear to be depauperate,

never exceeding 10 cm in height. The leaves are small and

pubescent. It would seem to be an adaptation to more harsh

surroundings. Several collections found in the more lush

vegetation of the Transkei and further north are up to 40 cm

tall and much bigger in all respects.

Transvaal. — 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): The Downs, Rogers

21878. 2531 (Komatipoort): Barberton, Williams sub TRV

10389.

Natal. — 2731 (Louwsburg): Hlomohlomo Road near

Ngotshe, Acocks 13051; Vryheid district, Ngwibi Mt.,

Hilliard & Burn 5907. 2831 (Nkandla): Eshowe, Gerstner

2387. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Worlds View, Pieter-

maritzburg, Fischer 909; Inanda, Wood 421. 2931

(Stanger): Avoca, Schlechter 3006. 3030 (Port Shepstone):

Campbellton, Dumisa, Rudatis 1744.

Cape. — 3029 (Kokstad): Clydesdale, Tyson 1062. 3127

(Lady Frere): Engcobo Mt., Flanagan 2692. 3128 (Umta-

ta): Hill slopes at Baziya, Baur 290. 3228 (Butterworth):

near Bashee River mouth, Acocks 12271 ; Kentani, Pegler

157; The Haven, Gordon Gray 1135. 3325 (Port Elizabeth):

Uitenhage, Prior s.n.; hill slopes at Algoa Bay, Zeyher

1919. 3326 (Grahamstown): Howiesons Poort, Dyer 1725.

3327 (Peddie): East London, Bokelmann 3; Cambridge,

Wormald 41.

4. Hybanthus parviflorus (L.f.) Baill.,

Bot. Med. 2: 481 (1884); Hilliard in Notes R.

Bot. Gard. Edinb. 30: 128 (1970). Type: Cent-

ral America, Mutis (LINN 1052.25).

Viola parviflora L.f., Suppl. 396 (1782). Type as above.

50

VlOLACEAE

Perennial with prostrate woody branches.

Stems with vertical lines of pubescence alternat-

ing at the nodes. Leaves opposite or alternate,

narrowly elliptic, 1-3 cm long, 5-9 mm broad,

apex acute, base attenuate into a short to long

petiole, margin serrate; stipules subulate. Flow-

ers axillary, declinate, very small, c. 2-3 mm

long, on thin pedicels up to 1 cm long in fruit.

Sepals 2 mm long, curved upwards, pubescent.

Petals white, short, the anterior 3 mm, with a

broadly obovate, emarginate lamina. Stamens

sessile, with an ovate, dark apical appendage.

Ovary globose, with about 9 ovules; style short,

oblique, stigma obtriangular. Capsule ovoid, 3

mm in diam.; seed globose-ovoid, c. 2 mm in

diam., black when mature, smooth, shiny, with

a white spongy aril, hygroscopic. Fig. 13: 4.

A native of South and Central America, apparently

recently introduced. Recorded from several localities in

Natal, usually in disturbed places.

Natal. — 2829 (Harrismith): Oliviershoek Pass, High-

land Sourveld, Acocks 23823. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg):

Pietermaritzburg, Hilliard 3147; Barker 5128; Isipingo

Flats, Ward 6634.

5274 3. VIOLA

Viola L., Sp. PI. 2: 933 (1753); Gen. PI. ed. 5: 402 (1754): Sond. in F.C. 1: 73 (1860); Becker in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 363 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 130 (1926); Phill. , Gen. ed. 2: 510

(1951); Robson in F.Z. 1: 258 (1960); Hutch., Gen. FI. PI. 2: 334 (1967). Type species: Viola

odorata L.

Herbs, rarely shrublets, erect or trailing and rooting at the nodes. Leaves alternate, simple,

petiolate, entire or usually serrate; stipules persistent, minute to foliaceous. Flowers usually single,

axillary, declinate (cleistogamous flowers absent in African species); pedicels long, thin,

inarticulate, bibracteate. Sepals 5, subequal, produced at the base below the point of insertion.

Petals 5, unequal, obovate, the anterior spurred or saccate. Stamens with very short free filaments,

anthers usually coherent in a ring around ovary, the 2 lower each bearing a recurved caudate

nectariferous appendage protruded into the spur of the anterior petal; the anther connectives

produced apically into a petaloid appendage. Ovary unilocular with 3 parietal placentas,

multi-ovulate; style variously shaped, stigma terminal. Capsule 3-valved; seeds globose, pointed

above and below, with a spongy aril.

A very large cosmopolitan genus with probably about 300 species ( Hutchinson , 1967), mainly north temperate; V.

odorata L. (Violet) and V. tricolor L. (Pansy or Heartsease) are popular garden plants and forms of the latter have been

recorded as adventives in Southern Africa. Two closely related species occur in tropical Africa, one of these extending south

to the Transvaal (Woodbush); one species with two varieties is endemic in the Cape Winter-rainfall Region.

Herbaceous with creeping stems rooting at the nodes; leaves cordiform, soft, crenate; northern

Transvaal 1. V. abyssinica

Suffruticose with woody erect stems; leaves narrowly linear, somewhat succulent, hard;

southern Cape 2. V. decumbens

1. Viola abyssinica Steud. ex Oliv. in

F.T.A. 1: 105 (1868); Becker in Pflanzenfam.

ed. 2, 21: 364, 1. 159, fig. 34 (1925); Burtt Davy

in FI. Transv. 1: 130 (1926); Keay in F.W.T.A.

ed. 2, 1: 107, fig. 30 (1954); Robson in F.Z. 1:

258, t.41 (1960). Type: Ethiopia, Schimper (K;

PRE, photo.).

Creeping or sometimes scrambling herbs

from a perennial base, the long stems mostly

unbranched, rooting at the nodes. Stems thin,

narrowly winged. Leaves alternate, cordate,

1-2 cm long and broad, crenate, hispid, lower

side usually with scattered resinous bodies;

petiole slender, up to 2 cm long, stipules

foliaceous, laciniate, setulose. Flowers axillary,

solitary, declinate, persistent; pedicels thin, up

to 5 cm long, bibracteate, inarticulate. Sepals

more or less equal, narrowly ovate-acuminate,

c. 5 mm long, with rudimentary basal bulges

produced below the point of insertion. Petals

with the 2 upper pairs whitish, obovate, 5-10

mm long; the anterior shorter, pale to dark blue

or violet, veined, with a cylindrical large blunt

spur adjoining the curved pedicel-apex. Sta-

mens connivent, the apical connective appen-

dage ovate, orange. Ovary globose, glabrous;

VlOLACEAE

51

JILL KIMPTON

Fig 14 —1 Viola abvssinica, x 1 (Bos 1 147); la, longitudinal section of flower, x 3; lb, capsule, x 1; lc, seed, x 1.2,

l dei'umtn, .^decumtens, x 1 (Acock, 21M3 2a. MMM section of flower x 2, 2b capsule, x I 3. V.

decumbens var. scrotiformis, x 1 (Thompson 192); 3a, longitudinal section of flower, x 2, 3b, capsule, 1.

52

VlOLACEAE

style narrowly funnel-shaped, oblique. Capsule

ovoid, c. 5 mm long, glabrous, pale; seed ovoid,

1-2 mm, several to many, with a distinct

spongy aril. Fig. 14: 1.

Widespread in tropical Africa. Recorded from Sout-

pansberg and Woodbush forests, locally common in clear-

ings and along paths.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Soutpansberg, Entabeni

Forest Reserve, Obermeyer sub TRV 30317. 2329

(Pietersburg): Woodbush Forest Reserve, Hilliard 4753;

Houtbosberg, Schlechler 4395. 2330 (Tzaneen):

Duiwelskloof, Westfalia Estate, Bos 1147 ; Scheepers 843.

2430 (Pilgrims Rest): The Downs, Junod 4260.

2. Viola decumbens L.f., Suppl. 397

(1782). Type: Locality and collector unknown

(LINN 1052.19).

Small perennial shrublet up to about 25 cm

high with erect or spreading-erect, woody, mi-

nutely papillate branched stems. Leaves alter-

nate, linear, 15-25 mm long, 0,5-2 mm broad,

apex acute, somewhat succulent, minutely

papillate; stipules adnate to the sessile base of

lamina, large and resembling the leaf or re-

duced, with a small tooth on either side near the

base. Flowers axillary, solitary, faintly scented,

overtopping the leaves, on thin, usually long

pedicels: bracts 2, subopposite in upper half or

towards the apex, swollen below with 2 minute

lateral teeth. Sepals narrowly ovate-acuminate,

3-5 mm long, produced below point of inser-

tion. Petals purple to violet, veined, the upper 2

pairs subsimilar, narrowly oblong, 5—10 mm

long; anterior shorter with a basal tubular blunt

spur 2-5 mm long. Stamens with connivent

sessile anthers, the apical connective appendage

ovate, firm, orange; the 2 anterior stamens each

with a long caudate nectariferous appendage

projecting into the spur. Ovary globose with

numerous ovules, style somewhat sigmoid.

Capsule ovoid, 5-9 mm long; seed ovoid, 3

mm, yellow, minutely punctate.

Restricted to the southern Cape, from Worcester to the

Cape Peninsula and eastwards as far as Riviersonderend

Mountains; a montane species in fynbos, flowering July-

December.

The type of V. decumbens L.f. in the Linnaean

Herbarium gives no information on locality or collector but

it may be a duplicate of a Thunberg specimen which was

collected in the Hottentots Holland Mountains.

Two closely related varieties with a similar distribution

are recognized.

Leaves up to 50 mm long and 1 mm broad; flowers

usually congested above; sepals 5-9 mm long;

spur tubular, 3-5,5 mm long . . . .(a) var. decumbens

Leaves about 20 mm long, 2-3 mm broad; flowers

few, scattered along the branches; sepals 3,5-5

mm long; spur saccate, 3 mm long and

broad (b) var. scrotiformis

(a) var. decumbens.

V. decumbens L.f., Suppl. 397 (1782); Thunb., Prodr. 40

(1794); DC., Prodr. 1: 299 (1824); Harv., Thes. Cap. 1: 30,

t.46 (1859); Sond. in F.C. 1: 73 (1860); Marloth, FI. S. Afr.

2: 189, t.64 d, fig. 126, B5— 6 (1925); Becker in Pflanzen-

fam. ed. 2, 21: 373 (1925); Adamson in FI. Cape Penins.

590 (1950); Jessop in Flow. PI. Afr. 38, 1. 1500 (1967).

Type: Without locality or collector (LINN 1052. 19). — var.

tenuis Bartl. in Linnaea 7: 540 (1832). Syntypes: Cape,

Klein River Mountain, Ecklon & Zeyher (SAM); Zeyher

1923 (PRE; S; TCD).

Leaves linear, 3-5 cm long, 0,5-1 mm

broad. Flowers aggregated at the top of the

branchlets, exserted beyond the leaves. Sepals

5-9 mm long. Spur tubular, blunt, up to 5,5 mm

long. Capsule 9 mm long. Fig. 14: 2.

Cape. — 3318 (Cape Town): Table Mountain, Schlechter

12. 3418 ( Simonstown): Steenbras, Rogers 11025, Steen-

bras Siding, Esterhuysen 2692; Hottentots Holland Moun-

tains, Zeyher 1923; Betty’s Bay, White 5171 ; Pringle Bay,

Compton 22721. 3419 (Caledon): Palmiet River Mouth,

Acocks 21093; Hermanus, Fern Kloof, Anderson 8; Paar-

deberg, Paviesvlei, Taylor 3603; Hangklip, Compton

13502; Awila, E. of Witbaken, Thompson 1198.

(b) var. scrotiformis (DC.) Jessop in

Flow. PI. Afr. 38, 1. 1500 (1967).

V. scrotiformis DC., Prodr. 1: 299 (1824); Sond. in F.C.

1: 73 (1860); Becker in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 373 (1925);

Marloth, FI. S. Afr. 2: 189, t.64 c, fig. 126 A 1-4 (1925).

Type: Cape Peninsula, Masson (BM, holo.; PRE, photo.).

V. decumbens var. stipulacea Bartl. in Linnaea 7: 540

(1832). Syntypes: Caledon, Swarteberg, kloof near the

warm baths, Ecklon & Zeyher (SAM); Zeyher 1922 (PRE;

S; TCD).

Leaves shorter and broader than in the

typical form, 2 cm long, 2 mm broad; flowers

fewer, produced along the branches. Sepals 3-5

mm long. Spur saccate, 3 mm long and broad.

Capsule 5 mm long. Fig. 14: 3.

Cape. — 3318 (Cape Town): Sneeukop near Wellington,

Marloth 660; Stellenbosch, Dwarsberg, Jonkershoek,

Thompson 191. 3319 (Worcester): Bainskloof, Schlechter

1589; 9192; Compton 17492; Great Drakenstein Moun-

tains, E. slopes of Bullers Kop, Esterhuysen 11873;

Robertson district, Boesmans Kloof Pass at McGregor,

Esterhuysen 5241. 3418 (Simonstown): Worcester district,

Baviaans Kloof, Leighton 1355; Sir Lowry's Pass, Comp-

ton 9004; Kogelberg Forest Reserve, near Rooiels River,

Kruger 788. 3419 (Caledon): Elgin, Stokoe sub SAM

63573; Zwarteberg among stones, Ecklon & Zeyher 1922;

Galpin 3748; Schlechter 5537; Dasberg near Stormsvlei,

Riviersonderend Mountains, Stokoe sub SAM 63577.

Flacourtiaceae

53

FLACOURTIACEAE

(including Samydaceae)

by D. J. B. Killick*

Trees or shrubs, armed and unarmed. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, simple,

entire or toothed, teeth often glandular. Stipules present or 0. Inflorescence axillary or terminal,

racemose, corymbose or paniculate, or flowers fasciculate or solitary. Flowers actinomorphic,

bisexual or unisexual, monoecious or dioecious, occasionally polygamous. Sepals 3-6 or more,

free or connate below into a calyx-tube, contorted or imbricate, rarely valvate, often persistent or

accrescent. Petals as many as sepals or more or 0, usually small and inconspicuous, free, contorted

or imbricate, with or without a scale on inner face. Disc extrastaminal or with free glands between

stamens or of staminode-like scales inserted at base of petals, often adnate to the receptacle.

Stamens 5-<», free or rarely connate, sometimes alternating with staminodes; anthers 2-thecous,

dehiscing by longitudinal slits, rarely by apical pores. Ovary superior or more rarely semi-inferior,

1-locular with 1 to many ovules on 2-8 parietal placentas, rarely ovules axile; styles 1-10, free or

connate. Fruit a capsule or berry, 1 to many-seeded. Seeds usually small, sometimes arillate; testa

woody, leathery or chartaceous; embryo straight; cotyledons usually broad; endosperm fleshy,

copious, rarely thin or 0.

Genera 89 with about 1250 species, mainly tropical and subtropical.

Leaves opposite 6. Pseudoscolopia

Leaves alternate:

Petals with a fleshy gland on the inner face or staminodes petaloid with fleshy glands:

Stamens numerous; petals spirally arranged 1. Rawsonia

Stamens 10-12; petals whorled 4. Kiggelaria

Petals or petaloid staminodes without fleshy glands; petals sometimes absent:

Petals present:

Petals more than sepals:

Branches spiny; fruit globose, indehiscent 2. Oncoba

Branches without spines; fruit ovoid, beaked, dehiscing into 4—8

valves 3. Xylotheca

Petals as many as sepals:

Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles opposite petals; fruit a

berry 5. Scolopia

Stamens equal in number to petals or in bundles opposite petals; fruit usually a

capsule:

Leaves with 5-9 nerves from base; flowers dioecious; seeds with a red

aril 9. Trimeria

Leaves penninerved; flowers bisexual; seeds without an aril:

Style simple with a capitate or minutely bilobed stigma; flowers in pedunculate

cymes; stipules deltoid 7. Gerrardina

Styles 2-6 or 2-6-cleft; flowers in racemes or panicles; stipules absent or large

and orbicular or reniform 8. Homalium

*Except for Dovyalis by J. E. Langenegger.

54

Flacourtiaceae

Petals absent:

Leaves with linear or circular pellucid glands 13. Casearia

Leaves without pellucid glands:

Stamens in bundles of 3-10 alternating with disc glands 9. Trimeria

Stamens not in bundles:

Flowers bisexual; style very short; stigma peltate; leaves narrowly elliptic to

oblanceolate 10. Aphloia

Flowers unisexual or more rarely bisexual; styles 2-8; leaves elliptic to obovate

or orbicular:

Stamens surrounded by a ring of disc glands; ovary incompletely 4-8-locular

with 2 ovules per loculus one above the other 11. Flacourtia

Stamens intermingled with disc glands and alternating with them; ovules 1-6

per placenta 12. Dovyalis

5275 1 RAWSONIA

Rawsonia Harv. & Sond. in F.C. 1: 67 (1860); Harv., Thes. Cap. 1: 20, t. 3 1 (1860); Sim, For. FI.

P. E. Afr. 12 (1909); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2: 559 (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 394

(1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 512 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 1: 262 (I960); Bamps in F.C.B. Flacourt. 4

(1968). Type species: R. lucida Harv. & Sond.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple, shortly petioled, apparently

stipulate (scar present); blade usually elliptic, coriaceous, margins spinulose-serrate. Flowers in

axillary spike-like racemes, bisexual or male. Sepals 4—5, free, unequal, imbricate, concave.

Petals similar to sepals but larger, with a petaloid scale opposite each petal with a gland on the

inner face at the base. Stamens numerous, in several rows, the inner hypogynous, the outer

attached to the base of the scales. Ovary superior, 1-locular, with a thick fleshy wall; ovules many

on 4-5 parietal placentas; style almost none; stigmas 4—5. Fruit a globose berry. Seeds few,

subglobose; testa leathery; embryo straight; cotyledons thin, elliptic; endosperm fleshy, copious.

A genus of probably not more than 2 species occurring in southern and tropical Africa. The genus commemorates the

Hon. Rawson W. Rawson, Secretary to the Cape Government and “ardent promoter and efficient patron of botany in South

Africa”.

Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. in F.C.

1: 67 (1860); Harv., Thes. Cap. 1: 20, t.31

(1860); Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 128 (1907);

Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 449 ( 1908); Sim, For. FI.

P.E. Afr. 12 (1909); Bak.f. in J. Linn. Soc.

(Bot.) 40: 23 (1911); Eyles in Trans. R. Soc. S.

Afr. 5: 422 (1916); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2:

559 (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,21: 394

(1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 215 (1926);

Henkel, Woody PL Natal 83 (1934); Wild in

F.Z. 1: 262 (1960); Bamps in F.C.B. Flacourt. 4

(1968). Type: Port Natal, Sanderson 118 (TCD,

holo!; K!; PRE, photos).

Tree up to 15 m high. Branches glabrous.

Leaf-blade elliptic, occasionally obovate,

10-15 cm long, 3-5,5 cm wide, apex acumi-

nate, rarely acute, base narrowly cuneate to

rounded, margins spinulose-serrate with in-

curved teeth, midrib prominent on both sides,

lateral veins 6-9, more prominent below,

curved, looping near margin, rigidly coriace-

ous, shiny, dark green above, paler below,

glabrous; petiole 6-9 mm long, channelled,

incurved. Flowers few; peduncles 1,2-2 cm

long; pedicels 1-2 mm long. Sepals broadly

ovate-triangular, 2-5 mm diam., concave,

leathery, ciliolate along margin. Petals 3-5,

unequal, broadly ovate-rotund, 3,5-8 mm long,

4—7 mm wide, concave, ciliolate along margin,

“deciduous”; petaloid scales elliptic-

subrotund, 7 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, with

somewhat fleshy tumid pubescent gland on

inner face at base. Stamens: filaments 3-5 mm

long; anthers narrowly ovate, slightly divaricate

at base, 3,5 mm long. Ovary ellipsoid, 4-8 mm

Flacourtiaceae

55

Fig. 15. — 1, Rawsonia lucida, twig with flower buds, x 1 (Kitlick & Strey 2466); a, bud, x 6 (PRF 3727); b, flower, x 6

(PRF 3121); c, d, outer and inner sepals, x 6 (PRF 3727); e, petal, X 6 (PRF 3727); f, petaloid scale, X 6 (PRF

3727); g, transverse section through ovary, X 6 (PRF 3727); h, fruit, X 1 (Story 5389).

56

Flacourtiaceae

long, 4—5 mm wide, ridged; style almost none;

stigmas 4-5, 1-1,5 mm long, spreading. Fruit

yellow or green, 2,5-4 cm diam., with persis-

tent style, “tardily dehiscent into 4-5 longitu-

dinal sections when dry” (Wild, l.c.). Seeds

few, subglobose, c. 1 cm diam. Fig. 15.

A scrub-forest and forest tree occurring in the coastal

areas of the eastern Cape and Natal, on the slopes of the

Transvaal Drakensberg and in the northern Transvaal,

Swaziland and tropical Africa.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Makonde Mission, 9 km

N.E. of Sibasa, Codd 6819. 2330 (Tzaneen): Woodbush,

Hutchinson 2237. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Blyde River,

Mariepskop Forest Station, Killick & Strey 2466 ; The

Downs, Marais 131.

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): Kings Forest, Piggs

Peak, Dlamini s.n. 2631 (Mbabane): Ubombo Mountains,

2,4 km S. of Stegi, Keith s.n.

Natal. — 2732 (Ubombo): Gwalaweni Forest, Moll

4452. 2831 (Nkandla): Eshowe Forest, Codd 1857. 2832

(Mtubatuba): Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Young 128. 2930

(Pietermaritzburg): Krantzkloof Nature Reserve, Moll

4033; Table Mountin, Killick 170; 687. 2931 (Stanger): 6

km from Tongaat/Wartburg, Moll 919. 3030 (Port

Shepstone): Elliott’s Farm, Paddock, Strey 7164.

Cape. — 3129 (Port St. Johns): on way to Eagle’s Nest,

Port St. Johns, Marais 1221 ; 1,8 km N of Umtata Mouth,

Acocks 13573. 3228 (Butterworth): Kentani, Pegler 805

(SAM).

With its rigidly coriaceous leaves with spinulose-

serrate margins and incurved petioles, R. lucida is a

clear-cut and easily recognizable species with several

synonyms in tropical Africa.

5284 2. ONCOBA

Oncoba Forsk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. CXIII, 103 (1775); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 455 (1908);

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 402, 1. 172 (1925); Phill. , Gen. ed. 2: 512 (1951), pro parte; Wild in F.Z. 1,

1: 275 (1960); Bamps in F.C.B. Flacourt. 16 (1968); Wild & Vidigal in FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 15

(1973). Type species: O. spinosa Forsk.

Lundia Schumach. & Thonn., Beskr. Guin. PI. 231 (1827).

Trees or shrubs, unarmed or with axillary spines; branches glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple,

petiolate, stipulate; blade elliptic or ovate, margin serrate. Flowers bisexual, terminal or axillary,

often on short sideshoots, usually large and showy. Sepals 3 or 4, free or united at base, imbricate.

Petals 5-10 or more, exceeding the sepals, whorled. Stamens numerous, free; anthers linear.

Ovary superior, 1-locular with 2-10 multiovulate parietal placentas; style simple. Fruit large,

globose, with woody pericarp, smooth, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds with a leathery testa;

embryo with leafy cotyledons.

Forty species according to Flutchinson (1967), but possibly not more than 4 distributed in tropical Africa, southern

Africa and Arabia. The generic name is derived from Onkob, the Arabic name for O. spinosa.

Oncoba spinosa Forsk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab.

CXIII, 103 (1775); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 115

(1868); Gibbs in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 37: 429

(1906); Sim, For. FI. P.E. Afr. 12, t.2, fig. B

(1909); Bak.f. in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 40: 23

(1911); R.E. Fr., Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo-

Exped. 1; 155 (1914); Eyles in Trans. R. Soc.

S. Afr. 5: 422 (1916); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed.

2,21: 402, t. 172 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI.

Transv. 1: 214, t.30 (1926); Hutch, in F.W.T.A.

1: 161 (1927); Henkel, Woody PI. Natal 79, 91

(1934); Exell & Mendonpa in C.F.A. 1, 1: 81

(1937); Verdoom in Flow. PI. Afr. 28: 1. 1111

(1950-51); Keay in F.W.T.A. ed. 2, 1: 188, t.71

(1954); Wild in F.Z. 1, 1: 275 (1960); Bamps in

F.C.B. Flacourt. 16 (1968); Wild & Vidigal in

FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 16 (1973). Type:

Yemen, Hadie and Wadi Surdus, Forskal Herb.

626 & 627 (C, syn.).

Lundia monacantha Schumach. & Thonn., Beskr. Guin.

PI. 231 (1827). Type: Ghana, Thonning 296 (missing).

Oncoba monacantha (Schumach. & Thonn.) Steud.,

Nom. BoL ed. 2, part 2: 212 (1841).

Shrub or small tree up to 5 m high. Bran-

ches glabrous, conspicuously lenticillate with

slender, sharp spines up to 5 cm long. Leaf-

blade elliptic or ovate, 7-11 cm long, 3,5-5 cm

wide, apex acuminate, base cuneate to rounded,

margin serrulate or crenate-serrate, midrib and

lateral veins sub-prominent above, prominent

below, lateral veins 4—8 pairs, curved, glabrous,

membranous to sub-coriaceous, dark green and

shiny above, duller below; petiole 5-10 mm

Flacoijrtiaceae

57

Pig. 16. — 1, Oncoba spinosa, flowering twig, x 1; a, fruit, x 1 (after Plate 1111 in Flowering Plants of Africa).

58

Flacourtiaceae

long, channelled above. Flowers solitary and

terminal or lateral on short axillary shoots,

scented; pedicels 1,5-2, 7 cm long. Calyx

globose in bud; sepals 4, joined at base, imbri-

cate, elliptic, 1,5 — 1,8 mm long, c. 8 mm wide,

strongly concave, green dorsally and white ven-

trally. Petals white, 7-13, spreading, whorled,

elliptic to obovate, the outer 3-4 mm long,

1,3—1, 7 cm wide, slightly narrowed to a claw,

the inner narrower. Stamens: filaments 4-8 mm

long; anthers yellow, linear, c. 2 mm long with

the connective produced into a triangular or

minutely lobed tip or appendage. Ovary broadly

obovoid to subglobose, 4,5 mm long, 3,5 mm

wide, longitudinally sulcate; style c. 1 cm long;

stigma patelliform, lobed at margin. Fruit yel-

low, globose, c. 5 cm diam., smooth, marked

with longitudinal lines, calyx and androecium

persistent at base and gynoecium at apex, rind

woody, hard, pulp yellow. Seeds numerous,

ovoid-flattened, 6 mm long, 3 mm wide, testa

shiny, brown. Fig. 16.

A decorative shrub or small tree found on riverbanks,

in woodland and scrub forest in South West Africa, the

eastern Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal, tropical Africa and

Arabia

S.W.A. — 1725 (Livingstone): Mpilila Island, eastern Cap-

rivi, Killick & Leistner 3397.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Palmaryville, Codd &

Dyer 4486; Sibasa, Van der Schijff 5255. 2330 (Tzaneen):

Duiwelskloof, Scheepers 1113. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Calais,

Renny 107. 2531 (Komatipoort): Barberton, Thorncroft

HI 1255; Sabi River, E. of Skukuza, Wolhuter 4606.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): Lwandle, near Manzini,

Miller S/176; Mbuluzi Poort, Stegi, Compton 31579.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Ndumu Game Reserve, Moll

4235 A. 2831 (Nkandla): Eshowe, Lawn 2009 (NH). 2930

(Pietermaritzburg): near Durban, Goldie sub Herb. Austro-

Africanum 1702 (K, Z).

Known as the Snuffbox Tree, Kafferklapper and um

Thongwane (Z). The fruits are edible, but not palatable. The

seeds yield a drying oil, but the mechanical separation of the

seeds from the pulp makes this an uneconomical proposi-

tion. The fruits are used to make snuff boxes, rattles for

children and arm or ankle bands for dancers. The roots and

leaves are said to be used medicinally by some tribes. The

tree flowers between October and November.

5284a 3. XYLOTHECA

Xylotheca Hochst. in Flora 26: 69 (1843); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 455 (1908); Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,

21: 402 (1925); Wild in F.Z. 1,1: 272 (1960); Wild & Vidigal in FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 1 1 (1973).

Type species: X. kraussiana Hochst.

Shrubs or trees, unarmed. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate, stipulate; blade elliptic-obovate

to broadly elliptic-obovate. Flowers solitary, male or bisexual, cymose or sub-umbellate in the

upper leaf axils or terminal on the branchlets, large, sweet-scented. Calyx of usually 3 sepals,

concave, free or almost free, imbricate, glabrous or pubescent. Petals 7-14, free or narrowed to

base, imbricate. Stamens numerous; filaments free; anthers linear, dehiscing longitudinally from

above. Ovary rudimentary in male flowers, 1-locular, multiovulate; ovules pendulous from c. 7

parietal placentas; style terminal; stigmas equalling number of placentas, short, spreading. Fruit a

woody capsule, splitting into c. 8 longitudinal valves; style persists as hard woody point. Seeds

numerous, sometimes with a resinous aril.

A tropical and southern African genus of about 10 species some of which are doubtfully distinct. The generic name

refers to the woody pericarp of the fruit.

Xylotheca kraussiana Hochst. in Flora

26: 69 (1843); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 455

(1908); Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 402 (1925);

Wild in F.Z. 1, 1: 274 (1960); Wild & Vidigal

in FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 12 (1973). Type:

Natal, near Umlaas River, Krauss s.n. (352 in

Herb. Kew, iso.!; PRE, photo.).

Oncoba kraussiana (Hochst.) Planch, in Hook., Lond. J.

BoL 6: 296 (1847); Harv. in F.C. 1: 66 (1860); Sim, For. FI.

P.E. Afr. 12 (1909). O. tettensis sensu Hook.f. ex Harv. in

F.C. 2: 584 (1862) quoad specim. Forbes (K!), excl.

specim. Kirk (K!); Schinz in Mem. Herb. Boiss. 10:. 52

(1900). O. macrofihylla sensu Schinz l.c.

Flacourtiaceae

59

Fig. 17. — 1, Xylotheca kraussiana, flowering twig, X 1; a, pistil, X 3; b, transverse section of ovary, x 5; c, dehiscing

fruit, x 1; d, arillate seed, x 1; e, fully dehisced fruit, x 'h (after Plate 1535 in Flowering Plants of Africa).

60

Flacourtiaceae

Xylotheca lasiopetala Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 457 (1908);

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 402 (1925). Syntypes: Mozam-

bique, Delagoa Bay, Monteiro 12 (K!); Junod (BR!; Z);

Schlechter 11578 (COI; K!; L!); Quintas 68 (COI). X.

kotzei Phill. in Kew Bull. 1922: 193 (1922). Type: Natal,

Port Dumford Plantation, Kotze sub PRE 1479 (PRE,

holo. !; K; sub PRF 3632). X. kraussiana Hochst. var.

glabrifolia Wild in Bol. Soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 32: 53 (1958); in

F.Z. 1, 1: 274 (1960); Killick in Flow. PI. Afr. 39, 1. 1535

(1968); Wild & Vidigal in FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 13 (1973).

Type: Mozambique, Quissico, Exell, Mendonqa & Wild

698 (BM, holo.!).

Tree or shrub up to 10 m tall; branchlets

glabrous or pubescent. Leaf-blade elliptic to

broadly elliptic or obovate, 4—12 cm long,

1,7 — 4 cm wide, apex acuminate, acute to

rounded, base narrowly cuneate to rounded,

margin entire, midrib prominent, veins 6-8

pairs, dividing near margin to form conspicuous

submarginal vein, membranous to chartaceous,

glabrous or pubescent; petiole 0,5-1 cm long,

glabrous or pubescent. Flowers in 1-3-flowered

cymes in axils of leaves or on the branches;

peduncles 2-3 cm long; pedicels up to 4,5 cm

long, glabrous or pubescent. Sepals 3, ovate to

obovate, 1,5- 1,8 cm long, 1 cm wide, deeply

concave, apex rounded, green but margins

white, pubescent outside. Petals white, 7-12,

obovate, 2-3,5 cm long, 0,5-1, 5 cm wide,

narrowed at base, glabrous or sparsely woolly.

Stamens numerous; filaments 6 mm long, with

scattered hairs; anthers linear, 5 mm long.

Ovary ellipsoid, sulcate, densely hairy; style

0,8- 1,0 cm long, columnar; stigmas 4, spread-

ing, 1 mm long. Fruit woody, ovoid or ellipsoid

with 8 longitudinal ridges, beaked, splitting into

4—8 segments. Seeds numerous, reddish black,

obovoid, 7 mm long, 5 mm wide, with fleshy

red aril along one side. Fig. 17.

Usually a forest margin shrub or tree found along the

coast of Natal from the Port Shepstone area northwards into

Mozambique. Also occurring in the north-eastern Trans-

vaal.

Transvaal. — 2231 (Pafuri): Nwambiya-sandveld,

Brynard & Pienaar 4254; Van der Schijff & Marais 3684;

Nyanda Bos, Van Wyk 4577.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Kwamuzimba, near Ndumu

Game Reserve, Stephen 807. 2732 (Ubombo): 16 km

Pongola Bridge/Maputa, Moll 4378. 2831 (Nkandla):

Eshowe, Thode A 1223. 2832 (Mtubatuba): Enseleni River,

Bayer 1456. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Shongweni Dam,

Morris 805. 2931 (Stanger): Oqaqeni, Mapumulo, Edwards

1791; 1708. 3030 (Port Shepstone): The Valleys, Mogg

13841 ; Gibraltar, Strey 10565.

A small tree or shrub with elliptic to broadly elliptic or

obovate leaves, 4-12 cm long, with entire margins and a

submarginal vein and large, showy flowers. Wild (l.c.)

described var. glabrifolia and distinguished it from var.

kraussiana by its glabrous vegetative parts. Examination of

a wide range of material shows that this difference does not

hold and the distribution is practically the same, therefore

var. glabrifolia is not upheld in this treatment. It is

interesting to note that A", kotzei, which Wild sinks under A.

kraussiana var. kraussiana, has a holotype with sparsely

pubescent vegetative parts, while the paratypes, apparently

from the same tree, are completely glabrous.

5296 4. KIGGELARIA

Kiggelaria L., Sp. PI. 2: 1037 (1753); Gen. PI. ed 5: 459 (1754); Harv. in F.C. 1: 7 (1860); Phill.,

Gen. ed. 2: 513 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 1; 265 (1960). Type species: K. africana L.

Unarmed shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate, usually elliptic or ovoid,

variously toothed, sometimes discolorous; stipules 0. Plants dioecious. Male flowers in axillary

cymes, on longish pedicels. Female flowers solitary on long pedicels. Sepals 5-parted, segments

narrowly elliptic, valvate, deciduous, puberulous. Petals 5, often very similar to sepals, elliptic,

imbricate, each with a fleshy gland adnate at the base to the petals and free above, puberulous.

Stamens 8-10, free; filaments short; anthers 2-thecous, opening by terminal pores. Ovary sessile,

ellipsoid, 1-2-5 parietal placentas, densely pubescent; style short and thick, divided into 5

branches. Fruit a globose, woody, several-seeded capsule; valves 2-5, pubescent, sometimes

tuberculate. Seeds subglobose; testa somewhat woody; embryo straight; cotyledons flat, suborbicu-

lar; endosperm fleshy.

1 species (doubtfully more) occurring in Southern Africa and tropical Africa. The genus was named in honour of

Francis Kiggelaer, a Dutch botanist.

Flacourtiaceae

61

Fig. 18. — 1, Kiggelaria africana, twig with male flowers, X 1, (Thode A2603); a, male flower, X 3 (Thode A2603); b,

female flower, X 3 (Fourcade 1591); c, fruit, X 1 (Mogg 2319); d, dehiscing fruit, x 1 (Mogg 2319).

62

F L ACOURTI ACE AE

Kiggelaria africana L., Sp. PI. 2: 1037

(1753); Pappe, Silv. Cap. 4 (1854); Harv. in

F.C. 1: 71 (1860); Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 128,

t. iv (1907); Bak.f. in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 40: 24

(1911); Eyles in Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 5: 422

(1916); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2: 571 (1921);

Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 413, 1. 179 (fig.

f-h) (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 217

(1926); Henkel, Woody PI. Natal 32, 73 (1934);

Brenan, Checklist Tang. Terr. 233 (1949);

Milne-Redh. in Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gdn. 8,3: 219

(1953); Wild in F.Z. 1: 265 (1960). Type:

“Aethiopia” (LINN 1191.3, holo. !)

K. ferruginea Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. 15 (1834—1835);

Burtt Davy in Kew Bull. 1921: 337 (1921). Type:

Namaqualand, Kamiesberg and near mouth of Orange

River, Ecklon &Zeyher 118 (K, iso.!; PRE, photo.; B!; L!;

P!; SAM!). K. integrifolia sensu Eckl. & Zeyh. l.c., non

Jacq. (1788). K. dregeana Turcz., Animadv. 33 (1855).

Type: Cape, “Zuurberg en by Bontjiesrivier”, Drege

6722a (K, iso!; BM!; L!; P!; PRE!; S!; TCD!). — var. acuta

Harv. in F.C. 1: 71 (1860). Type: without locality, Drege

6722a (TCD, holo!; PRE, photo.). — var. obtusa Harv., l.c.

Type: Cape, “sylvis in Sitzikamma (George), Olifantshoek

(Uitenhage) et Kafferland”, Ecklon & Zeyher 117 (TCD,

holo.!; PRE, photo.; K!). K. grandifolia Warb. in Engl.,

Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. C: 278 (1895); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr.

3: 571 (1921). Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 468 (1902); Pflanzen-

fam. ed. 2,4: 413 (1925); Type: Malawi, Buchanan 1469

(B, holo.f; BM!; K!; PRE, photo.). K. africana L. var.

obtusa (Harv.) Burtt Davy in Kew Bull. 1921: 336 (1921);

FI. Transv. 1: 217 (1926).

Shrub or tree up to 17 m high, semi-

deciduous; bark pale grey, smooth; young

branches stellately tomentulose, often rusty.

Leaf -blade elliptic or ovoid, 4—11 cm long,

1,5—4 cm wide, apex acuminate, acute or ob-

tuse, apiculate, base cuneate to round, margin

entire, serrulate, serrate or duplicate-serrate,

midrib prominent below, lateral veins 5-9,

prominent below, looping near margin, char-

taceous to coriaceous, glabrous or white or

rusty stellate, with tomentulose hairy pockets

(acarodomatia) in axils of veins below, some-

times discolorous; petiole 0,7-2, 5 cm long,

channelled, glabrous or tomentulose. Male

flowers yellowish-green, in 3-many-flowered

axillary cymes; peduncle 0,3-2 cm long, tomen-

tulose; pedicels slender, 0,5- 1,5 cm long, to-

mentulose, minutely bracteate at base. Sepals

narrowly elliptic, 3-4 mm long, 1,5 mm wide,

apex acute, slightly keeled, stellate-pubescent.

Petals elliptic, 4,25 mm long, 2,25 mm wide,

apex obtuse to rounded, slightly keeled dorsal-

ly, stellate, puberulous; basal scale oblong, 2

mm long, 1,5 mm wide, toothed, fleshy. Sta-

mens 10; filaments up to 1,7 mm long; anthers

elliptic, 1,5 mm long, stellately puberulous.

Female flowers yellowish-green, solitary in

upper axils; pedicels slender, 1,7-2, 5 cm long,

tomentulose. Sepals narrowly elliptic, 5,5 mm

long, 1,5 mm wide, stellately puberulous. Pet-

als elliptic 5,5-6 mm long, 2mm wide, stel-

lately puberulous; scales ovoid 2-2,5 mm long,

1-1,25 mm wide. Ovary ellipsoid, 2,5-3 mm

long, 1,5-2 mm diam., densely pubescent; style

short, divided into (4) 5 branches, c. 1,5 mm

long, divergent, canaliculate, glabrous in upper

part, minutely lobed. Fruit up to 1,5 cm diam.,

splitting from apex into 5 valves, yellowish-

green, densely tomentulose, tuberculate. Seeds

bright orange-red, 4—6 mm diam. Fig. 18.

Occurring in all four provinces of the Republic in

forest, usually fairly open forest, kloofs, along streams, in

scrub and even in inhospitable places like the mountains of

the Karoo. Also found in South West Africa, Rhodesia,

Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi, Mozambique and tropical east

Africa.

S.W.A. — 2317 (Rehoboth): Rehoboth, Strey 540.

Transvaal. — 2328 (Baltimore): Blauwberg, Pole Evans

893. 2329 (Petersburg): near Haenertsburg, Legat 133.

2330 (Tzaneen): Modjadji’s Reserve, Krige 142. 2429

(Zebediela): Schoonoord, Van Warmelo 25. 2430 (Pilgrims

Rest): The Downs, Rogers 21936. 2527 (Rustenburg):

Jacksonstuin, Van Vuuren 262. 2528 (Pretoria):

Groenkloof, Mogg 14190. 2530 (Lydenburg): 6 km S.E. of

Sewefontein, Codd 8101. 2531 (Komatipoort): Almeida,

Nel 252. 2626 (Klerksdorp): Goedgedacht, Ventersdorp,

Sutton 698. 2627 (Potchefstroom): Jack Scott Nature Re-

serve, Wells 2444. 2628 (Johannesburg): Suikerbosrand,

Prosser 1312. 2629 (Bethal): Ermelo, Leendertz sub TRV

7784. 2630 (Carolina): 2 km E. of Forthill, Schlieben & De

Winter 7980. 2730 (Vryheid): Oshoek, Devenish 176.

O.F.S. — 2826 (Brandfort): Willem Pretorius Game Re-

serve, Leistner 3017 . 2827 (Senekal): Doomkop, Goossens

768; Braamhoek, Galpin 13938. 2828 (Bethlehem): 2,4 km

S.E. of Bethlehem, Scheepers 1432. 2829 (Harrismith):

Platberg, Puttrill s.n. 2926 (Bloemfontein): ThabaNchu,

Roberts 1823A. 3027 (Lady Grey): Zastron, Heydorn 18.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): Hlatikulu Forest, Com-

pton 28162; Forbes Reef Bush, Burtt Davy 2799 (BM).

Natal. — 2730 (Vryheid): Tweekloof and Altemooi,

Thode A180. 2731 (Louwsburg): Ngome Forest, Gerstner

4491. 2829 (Harrismith): Cathedral Peak, Killick 986. 2830

(Dundee): Mfongosi, Edwards 1290. 2831 (Nkandla):

Nkandla Forest, Gerstner 3596 (NH). 2832 (Mtubatuba):

Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Ward 2064. 2929 (Underberg):

Bushmen’s Nek, Killick & Vahrmeijer 3977. 2930 (Pieter-

maritzburg): Table Mountain, Killick 426. 3030 (Port

Shepstone): Ifafa, Rudatis 390.

Lesotho. — 2828 (Bethlehem): Leribe, Dieterlen 180.

2927 (Maseru): near Cannibals Cave, Lekhatsi, Jacot Guil-

larmod 843 ; Mamathes, Jacot Guillarmod 522. 3027 (Lady

Grey): Thaba Tsueu, Page sub BOL 16790.

Cape. — 3018 (Kamiesberg): Kamiesberg, Taylor 5538;

“Kamiesberge and near mouth of Orange River”, Ecklon

118 (B, K, L, P). 3026 (Aliwal North): near Burghersdorp,

Flacourtiaceae

63

Flanagan 1550. 3125 (Steynsburg): Bo-Rietpoort, Van der

Walt s.n. 3126 (Queenstown): mountain tops, Queenstown,

Galpin 1564. 3127 (Lady Frere): Cala, Ferreira 2. 3128

(Umtata): Pot River Berg, Maclear, Galpin 6577. 3129

(Port St. Johns): Egossa Forest, Strey 8864; between

Morley and Umtata River, Dr'ege 6722 b (K). 3218 (Clan-

william): on banks of Olifants River, Galpin 11114. 3219

(Wupperthal): Klein Koupoort Nek, Taylor 7481. 3222

(Beaufort West): Nieuwveld Mountains, Marloth 8304.

3225 (Somerset East): near Somerset East, Bolus 326 (K).

3227 (Stutterheim): Komga, Flanagan 303; Happy Valley,

Comins 1766. 3228 (Butterworth): Kentani, Pegler 738.

3318 (Cape Town): Table Mountain, Flanagan 2464. 3319

(Worcester): Klein Drakenstein Mountains near Salem,

Galpin 10594. 3321 (Ladismith): between Calitzdorp and

Cango Caves, Hutchinson 1145. 3322 (Oudtshoom): 5 km

E. of George, Hutchinson 1261. 3323 (Knysna): Groot

River, Fourcade 1459 (K). 3324 (Steytlerville): Klein

River, Hankey, Long 1350. 3325 (Port Elizabeth): Enon,

Uitenhage, Thode A 1091 ; “Zuurbergen by Bontjiesrivier”,

Drege 6722a. 3326 (Grahamstown): Olifantshoek, Alexan-

dria, Johnson 1119. 3418 (Simonstown): Somerset West,

Parker 3734.

An extremely variable species as regards leaf shape,

size, texture and degree of pubescence. In forest the species

may have large, chartaceous leaves with little pubescence,

while a few hundred metres away in a boulder group in the

open, the species may have small, coriaceous leaves which

are densely pubescent. Kiggelaria flavo-velutina Sleumer,

described from East Africa, probably represents the extreme

in pubescence of this species: it is doubtfully distinct from

K. africana.

5304 5. SCOLOPIA

Scolopia Schreb. in L., Gen. PI. ed. 8, 1: 335 (1789), nom. conserv.; Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 125

(1907); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 418 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 513 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 1:

276 (1960); Bamps in F.C.B. Flacourt. 39 (1968); Sleumer in Blumea 20: 26 (1972); Wild &

Vidigal, FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 17 (1973). Type species: 5. pusilla (Gaertn.) Willd.

Phoberos Lour., FI. Cochinch. 317 (1790).

Eriudaphus Nees in Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. 271 (1835).

Adenogyrus Klotzsch in App. Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1 (1854).

Rhamnicastrum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 45 (1891).

Armed or unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate or subsessile; blade

elliptic, ovate or subrotund, entire or toothed; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers bi-sexual, in

axillary racemes, spikes, fascicles or flowers solitary in axils. Receptacles usually funnel-shaped.

Sepals 4—6. Petals 4—6, but not always present, alternating with sepals. Disc fleshy, with marginal

glands. Stamens many, borne on surface of disc, exceeding petals in length at anthesis; anthers

2-thecous, often apiculate. Ovary superior, 1-locular, with few ovules on 2-5 parietal placentas;

style simple, longish; stigma subcapitate or 2-5-lobed. Fruit a fleshy berry with several seeds and

remains of sepals, petals and stamens at base and style at apex. Seeds suborbicular; testa leathery;

embryo straight; cotyledons flat, elliptic-oblong; endosperm fleshy or somewhat homy.

About 37 species, natives of Africa, Madagascar, Comores, Mascarenes, Malaysia and Australia; 5 species in Southern

Africa. The generic name is derived from the Greek for “thorn”.

Flowers racemose:

Leaves usually narrowly to broadly obovate, sometimes elliptic or ovate with narrowly cuneate base, apex

acute, margins entire, repand or distantly crenate-serrate with teeth in upper half, upper surface frequently with

flaky, waxy covering 1. S. zeyheri

Leaves elliptic or ovate with cuneate base, apex acuminate, margins closely and regularly callose-serrate or serrulate

throughout whole length of blade, upper surface without flaky, waxy covering 2. S. mundii

Flowers solitary or fasciculate:

Leaves 6-11 mm long; stamens 50 or more 3. S. stolzii

Leaves 2-4 cm long; stamens 10-25:

Leaves with 7-13 pairs of veins, apex acute to blunt; flowers pedicellate, 2 or 3 per

axil

Leaves with 5 or 6 pairs of veins, apex acuminate; flowers sessile, solitary

.4. S. flanaganii

.5. 5. oreophila

64

Flacourtiaceae

1. Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv. in F.C.

2: 584 (1862), in text; Szyszyl., Polypet.

Thalam. Rehm. Ill (1887); Warb. in Pflanzen-

fam. 3,6a: 29 (1893); Dur. & Schinz, Consp. FI.

Afr. 1: 220 (1898); Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 126,

t.2 (1907); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40 : 481 (1908);

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,21: 418 (1925); Henkel,

Woody PI. Natal 73, 90 (1934); Phill. in

Bothalia 1: 84 (1922); Wild in F.Z. 1: 276

(1960); l.c. 565 (1961); Bamps in F.C.B.

Flacourt. 40 (1968); Exell in F.Z. 3: 141 (1970);

Sleumer in Blumea 20: 60 (1972); Wild &

Vidigal in FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 17 (1973).

Type: Cape, Olifantshoek and Addo, Ecklon &

Zeyher 1756 (B, holo.t; P!; L; SAM!).

Eriudaphus zeyheri Nees in Eckl. and Zeyh., Enum. 2:

272 (1836). E. ecklonii Nees, l.c. 271 (1836). Type: Cape,

Kat River, Ecklon & Zeyher 1754 (B, holo.t; G! ; K!; P!;

SAM!).

Phoberos zeyheri (Nees) Am. in Hook., J. Bot. 3: 150

(1841); Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 70 (1844); Pappe, Silv. Cap. 4

(1854); Harv. in F.C. 1: 68 (1860). P. ecklonii (Nees) Am.

ex Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 70 (1844); Pappe, Silv. Cap. 3

(1854); Harv. in F.C. 1: 68 (1860).

Scolopia gerrardii Harv. in F.C. 2: 584 (1862); Dur.

and Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. 1: 220 (1898): Gilg in Bot.

Jahrb. 40: 481 (1908); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 576

(1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 418 (1925). Type:

Natal, Nototi River, Gerrard & McKen 26 (TCD, holo. !;

PRE, photo.). S. ecklonii (Nees) Harv. in F.C. 2: 584

(1862), in text; Szyszyl., Polypet. Thalam. Rehm. Ill

(1887); Warb. in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6a: 29 (1893), as S.

ecklonii (Am.) Warb.; Dur. and Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. 1:

220 (1898); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 481 (1908); Phill. in

Bothalia 1: 86 (1922); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 22: 420

(1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 215 (1926); Henkel,

Woody PI. Natal 58, 73, 80 (1934). S. engleri Gilg in Bot.

Jahrb. 40: 481 (1908); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 577

(1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,21: 420 (1925). Type:

Transvaal, Wonderfontein, Engler 2882a (Bt). S. ecklonii

(Nees) Harv. var. gerrardii (Harv.) Phill. in Bothalia 1: 86

(1921). — var. engleri (Gilg) Phill., l.c. 86 (1921); Burtt

Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 215 (1926). S. thorncroftii Phill., l.c.

84 (1921); Burtt Davy, l.c. 215 (1926.) Type: Transvaal,

Barberton, Thorncroft 811 (NH, holo.!; BM!).

Rhamnicastrum zeyheri (Nees) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1:

45 (1891). R. ecklonii (Nees) Kuntze, l.c. 45.

Shrub or tree up to 13 m high, unarmed or

with straight branched or unbranched rather

stout spines up to 15 cm long. Bark dark grey,

fissured. Leaf-blade narrowly to broadly ob-

ovate, sometimes elliptic or broadly elliptic to

ovate, 3,5-10 cm long, 1,2-6 cm wide, apex

acute, obtuse or emarginate, base narrowly

cuneate to cuneate, margin entire, repand or

distantly crenate-serrate, teeth usually in upper

half only, coriaceous, dull green above, paler

below, often bright pink when young, upper

surface frequently covered with a thin flaky,

waxy covering, veins 3-5 pairs, sometimes

appearing 3-nerved at base, somewhat project-

ing, glabrous; petioles up to 1,5 cm long.

Flowers in axillary racemes, 2,5-5 cm long;

pedicels 3-5 mm long with small triangular

bracts at base. Receptacle broadly funnel-

shaped. Sepals 5-6, elliptic, 1,3-1, 5 mm long,

0,75-1 mm wide, acute to round, margin

sparsely ciliate. Petals (when present) narrowly

elliptic, 1,2 mm long, 0,5-0,75 mm wide,

acute. Disc annular, with small fleshy lobes at

margin, densely villous. Stamens numerous;

filaments 2-2,5 mm long; anthers oblong, 0,75

mm long, arcuate, apiculate. Ovary ovoid to

subglobose, 1,3 mm diam., sulcate, glabrous;

ovules 4; style 2 mm long; stigma bifid,

subsessile. Fruit globose, up to 9 mm in diam.,

glabrous, with persistent style; seeds 4, sub-

ovoid, 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, angular,

minutely reticulate.

A tree found in bush clumps, scrub and forest from the

coast to the upland regions of the Transvaal, Orange Free

State, Swaziland, Natal and the Cape. Also widespread in

tropical Africa occurring as far north as Cameroon, Uganda

and Kenya.

Transvaal. — 2329 (Petersburg): Houtbosch, Rehmann

6464 (K; BM). 2330 (Tzaneen): Westfalia Estates,

Duiwelskloof, Scheepers 1069. 2428 (Nylstroom): Mos-

dene, Naboomspruit, Galpin M691 . 2430 (Pilgrims Rest):

The Downs, Renny DB23. 2526 (Zeerust): Wonderfontein,

Burn l)a\\' 7564 (K). 2527 (Rustenburg): ‘‘Rainhill” near

Rustenburg, Codd 1083. 2529 (Witbank): Maleeuw Kop,

Acocks 23351. 2531 (Komatipoort): Klokwene, Kruger

National Park, Van der Schijff & Marais 3784. 2628

(Johannesburg): Prosser 1551 (K). 2630 (Carolina): Mooihoek,

Devenish 881 .

O.F.S. — 2627 (Potchefstroom): 8 km W. of Parys,

Stapleton s.n. 2827 (Senekal): Willem Pretorius Game

Reserve, Muller 895. 2828 (Bethlehem): Farm Suzanna,

Scheepers 1788.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): near Hlatikulu, Comp-

ton 31337; Mafuteni Hill, Manzini, Compton 31664;

Tungulu Mountain, Mankaiana, Miller S/266.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Manguzi Forest W. of

Maputa, Tinley 338. 2729 (Volksrust): Farm Glendale,

Normandien, Biggs 51. 2731 (Louwsburg): Ngome Forest,

Gerstner 4881. 2732 (Ubombo): False Bay Park, Ward

7059. 2830 (Dundee): 19 km from Muden, Moll 3242. 2831

(Nkandla): Ngoye Forest, Wells & Edwards 66. 2832

(Mtubatuba): Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Ward 2635. 2929

(Underberg): Estcourt, above New Formosa, A cocks 10676.

2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Westville, Wood 8597 (K). 2931

(Stanger): Groutville, Moll 2531. 3030 (Port Shepstone):

Ifafa River Lagoon, Moll 3587.

Cape. — 3028 (Matatiele): Pot River Berg, Galpin 6830.

3029 (Kokstad): Mt. Ingeli, Nicholson 759. 3126

(Queenstown): Fincham’s Nek, Galpin 1822. 3129 (Port St.

Johns): lntafufu, Cooper 3129. 3130 (Port Edward):

Nyameni Mouth, Strey 8617. 3225 (Somerset East):

Bruintjies Hoogte, Burchell 3069 (K). 3226 (Fort

Beaufort): Kat River, Ecklon & Zeyher 1754 (K). 3227

Flacourtiaceae

65

(Stutterheim): Keiskammahoek, Killick 894. 3228 (Butter-

worth): Kentani, Pegler 2109. 3322 (Oudtshoom): Wilder-

ness, Compton 10710 (NBG). 3323 (Willowmore): hills S.

of De Vlugt, Fourcade 3774 (K). 3325 (Port Elizabeth): 1,6

km N. of Zuurberg Inn, Johnson 738 (K). 3326

(Grahamstown): near Port Alfred, Schlechter 2733 (K; BM;

P; G). 3327 (Peddie): Green Point, East London, Smith

3779. 3422 (Mossel Bay): Mossel Bay, Prior s.n. 3423

(Knysna): Buffalo Bay, Knysna, Taylor 442 (NBG).

A variable species as regards growth form and

leaf-shape. This variability accounts for the extensive

synonymy of the species, especially for tropical Africa. See

Sleumer’s monograph for full synonymy. There has been

considerable inconsistency in the citation of authors for S.

zeyheri. The correct citation is (Nees) Harv., but the

following have been frequently used: (Am.) Warb., (Am.)

Harv., (Nees) Szyszyl. S. zeyheri is known by several

common names, the best-known probably being Thom

Pear. The wood is very hard and was once used in

wagon-making chiefly for axles, felloes and spokes. The

extreme hardness of the wood also rendered it useful for the

manufacture of teeth for mill wheels.

2. Scolopia mundii (Eckl. &Zeyh.) Warb.

in Pflanzenfam. 3,6a: 29 (1893), as (Am.)

Warb.; Dur. & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. 1: 220

(1898); Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 26, t.l. (1907);

Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 481 (1908); Engl.,

Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2: 576 (1921); Phill. in

Bothalia 1: 85 (1922); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed.

2,21: 418 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1:

215 (1926); Henkel, Woody PI. Natal 73, 77

(1934); Sleumer in Blumea 20: 59 (1972);

Killick in Bothalia 11: 280 (1974), Type: Cape,

“Sitsikamma”, Mund s.n. (B, holo.f; K!; S!).

Eriudaphus mundii Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. 2: 272

(1836); Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2: 589 (1840); Walp., Repert.

1: 548 (1842). E. serratus Harv., Gen. PI. 1: 417 (1838);

Dur. & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. 1: 220 (1898). Types: Cape,

Van Stadensberg, apparently syntypes ar e Zeyher 788 (K!;

BM!; TCD); Zeyher 3785 (LD!; P!; S!; SAM!; TCD; Z!).

Phoberos mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh. ) Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 70

(1844); Pappe, Silv. Cap. 3 (1854); Harv. in F.C. 1: 68

(1860).

Adenogyrus krebsii Klotzsch, App. Ind. Sem. Hort.

Berol. 1 (1854); Walp., Ann. 4: 227 (1857). Type: “In

promontorio bonae spei”, Krebs s.n. (Bf).

Rhamnicastrum mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze, Rev.

Gen. 1: 45 (1891).

Shrub or tree up to 16 m high (27 m fide

Sim, l.c. ), unarmed or with simple, slender

spines up to 4 cm long. Bark thin, grey or light

brown, smooth when young, thick, grey, brown

or yellowish, rough, fissured when old.

Branches sometimes with axillary galls re-

sembling fruits. Leaf-blade elliptic, ovate or

rarely subrotund, acuminate at apex, cuneate to

rounded at base, (2,5) 4-7 cm long, 2-4 cm

wide, margin closely and regularly callose ser-

rate or serrulate, sometimes with spinose teeth.

midrib channelled above, prominent below,

veins 4-6, Vi -angled, looping some distance

from margin, subprominent, dark green and

shiny above, paler below, coriaceous, glabrous;

petiole 3-10 mm long, reddish. Flowers

greenish white, in racemes up to 3 cm long,

pedicels up to 6 mm long. Sepals 4 or 5, ovate

to broadly ovate, apex acute or obtuse, 2-2,2

mm long, 1,5-2 mm wide. Petals when present,

deltoid, 1,2 mm long, 1 mm wide. Disc annu-

lar, with small, orange, fleshy lobes, 0,75 mm

long, densely villous. Stamens numerous, fila-

ments 4—5,5 mm long, glabrous; anthers ob-

long, 0,7 mm long, arcuate, apiculate. Ovary

ovoid, 1,5 mm long, 1,5 mm wide at base,

sulcate, glabrous; ovules several; style 3,5 mm

long, sulcate; stigma bilobed with each lobe

again faintly bilobed. Fruit globose, 7-10 mm

diam., glabrous, with persistent style, red; seeds

3 or 4, angular, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide. Fig. 19.

A forest tree occurring in the Transvaal, Orange Free

State, Swaziland, Natal, Lesotho and the Cape as far south

as the Cape Peninsula.

Transvaal. — 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Mt. Sheba Forest,

Jones 67. 2527 (Rustenburg): Tonguane Kloof, De Winter

s.n. 2730 (Vryheid): Mooihoek, Devenish 1024.

O.F.S. — 2828 (Bethlehem): farm of Mr Naude, Theron

2183. 2829 (Harrismith): Maweni Heights, Van Zinderen

Bakker Jnr. 12.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): 5 km E. of Mbabane,

Miller S/215.

Natal. — 2730 (Vryheid): Donkerhoek, Devenish 1311.

2828 (Bethlehem): Royal Natal National Park, Hutchinson

4497 (K); Galpin 9514. 2829 (Harrismith): Cathedral Peak

Forest Station, Killick 1739. 2830 (Dundee): Qudeni, Davis

89 (NH). 2832 (Mtubatuba): Enseler.i Nature Reserve,

Venter 594. 2929 (Underberg): Ntabamhlope, Pentz 312.

2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Howick, Moll 1070; Dargle, Moll

864. 2931 (Stanger): Hawaan Forest, Ross & Moll 2296.

3030 (Port Shepstone): Valleys Nature Reserve, Nicholson

922.

Lesotho. — 2927 (Maseru): Mamathes, Marais 1084;

Jacot Guillarmod 469; bank of Mohale River, Jacottet sub

Dieterlen 1062; Matukeng, Dieterlen 852.

Cape. — 3028 (Matatiele): 5,3 km S. of Mt. Frere, Story

942. 3029 (Kokstad): 6,9 km N. of Emagusheni Store,

Marais 1164. 3126 (Queenstown): Hangklip Mountain,

Roberts 2121. 3128 (Umtata): Baziya Forest, Marais 497.

3226 (Fort Beaufort): E. of Abies Grove, Hogsback, Wells

3779. 3227 (Stutterheim): Mt. Kemp, Killick 908. 3228

(Butterworth): near Willowvale, A cocks 12278. 3318 (Cape

Town): Kirstenbosch, Esterhuysen 18637. 3323 (Willow-

more): Mund s.n. (K). 3325 (Port Elizabeth): Van Stadens

Mountain, Zeyher 788 (BM; K); Zuurberg Sanatorium,

Long 1251. 3326 (Grahamstown): Grahamstown, Mac-

Owan 957 (BM; K). 3327 (East London): Fort Grey, Forest

Reserve, Wells 3917. 3423 (Knysna): Knysna, Keet 512.

Known as the Red Pear (Rooipeer) or Mountain

Safraan (Berg Safraan) The wood is hard, heavy and close

grained and was formerly used in wagon making, chiefly for

felloes. It is recommended by Galpin (fide Burtt Davy l.c.)

as a hedge plant.

66

Flacourtiaceae

r- — 'ifeSSSTT

Fig. 19. — 1, Scolopia mundii, flowering twig, (Ranger s.n.); a, fruiting twig, x 1 (Johnson 979); b, flower, x 4 (Ranger

s.n.); c, portion of flower with sepals excised to show annular disc, x 5 (Ranger s.n.); d, anther, x 20 (Ranger s.n.).

Flacourtiaceae

67

3. Scolopia stolzii Gilg in Engl., Pflan-

zenw. Afr. 3,2: 577 (1921) Pflanzemfam. ed. 2,21:

420 (1951); Sleumer in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berl.

12: 142 (1936); Brenan, Checklist Tang. Terr.

236 (1949); Wild in F.Z. 1: 278, t.47A (1960);

F. White, For. FI. N. Rhod. 267 (1962); Bamps

in F.C.B. Flacourt. 39 (1968); Sleumer in

Blumea 20: 51 (1972); Wild & Vidigal in FI.

Mocamb. Flacourt. 18 (1973); Killick in

Bothalia 11: 280 (1974). Type: Tanzania,

Kyimbila, Kiwira River, Stolz 1742 (B, holo.f;

BM; K; PRE!).

S. riparia Mildbr. & Sleumer in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berl.

1 1: 1077 (1934); Brenan, Checklist Tang. Terr. 235 (1949).

Type: Tanzania, Tandala Kinga Mts., Iletile River, Stolz

2200 (B, holo.-j-; L; M!). S. stolzii Gilg var. riparia (Mildbr.

& Sleumer) Sleumer in Blumea 20: 52 (1972).

Tree up to 14 m high, 25 cm d.b.h.,

unarmed, trunk brownish with irregularly

shaped exfoliation sloughing to leave dark

brown shallow basins; twigs white to pale grey,

lenticellate. Leaves exstipulate, elliptic or

ovate, 6-11 cm long, 3,4— 5,7 cm wide, apex

obliquely acuminate to obtuse, base broadly

cuneate, margin remotely callose subserrate to

crenulate, 5-9 pairs of nerves, basal 2 pairs

acutely angled (curved ascending), remainder

obtusely angled, looping before margin, im-

mersed above, projecting below, coriaceous,

glabrous, darkish green above, paler below, 5-8

mm long, recurved. Flowers solitary or in pairs,

sessile, in upper leaf axils. Bracts 5, deltoid,

0,5 mm long, somewhat cartilaginous. Sepals

5, approximately triangular, 1,4—2 mm long,

ciliate. Petals 5, resembling sepals, but some-

times rounded, early caducous. Disc annular,

regularly lobed, 0,5 mm long, “salmon pink”.

Stamens numerous, sometimes over 100; fila-

ments 7,5 mm long; anthers 0,75 mm long,

slightly apiculate. Ovary ovoid, 3,5 mm long

with longish white hairs; placentae 5-6 with

numerous ovules; style short, 5 or 6 branched,

branches 1,8 mm long, channelled above,

glabrous. Fruit subglobose, 2,5 cm diam.,

fleshy, often crowned with persistent style;

seeds 8-17, oblong, c. 5 mm long, brown. Fig.

20.

Fairly widespread in tropical Africa occurring as far

north as Cameroon. In Southern Africa known only from

the Sihadla River Crossing and Mtunzini in Natal, where it

grows in swamp and dune forest respectively.

Natal. — 2732 (Ubombo): Sihadla River Crossing, Kil-

lick & Vahrmeijer 4061 ; Moll <6 Nel 5608; Moll 5724;

Strey8187; Strey & Moll 3890. 2831 (Nkandla): Mtunzini,

Umlalazi Lagoon, Venter 6013.

Only recently discovered in Southern Africa. Accord-

ing to a note on Moll & Nel 5608 the foliage is pendent

with the young leaves dark pink and highly conspicuous and

the slash is pale pink. A variable species as regards leaf size,

texture, margin and pubescence of ovary.

S. stolzii Gilg is treated as a nomen nudum by Wild &

Vidigal (1973), but the present author has followed Sleumer

(1972) in accepting the 3-line description as adequate for

valid publication.

4. Scolopia flanaganii (H. Bol.) Sim,

For. FI. Cape Col. 127 t.3 (1907); Gilg in Bot.

Jahrb. 40: 484; Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2: 576

(1921); Phill. in Bothalia 1: 84 (1921); Gilg in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 418 (1925); Henkel,

Woody PI. Natal 80 (1934); Sleumer in Blumea

20: 50 (1972). Type: Cape, near Komga,

Flanagan 682 (BOL, holo.!; K!; NH!; PRE!;

SAM!).

Xylosma flanaganii H. Bol. in J. Bot. Lond. 34: 17

(1896).

Tree or shrub up to 5 m high with trunk up

to 17 cm d.b.h., armed with slender spines up to

3 cm long chiefly on coppice shoots and young

growth. Branchlets glabrous or puberulous.

Leaf -blade: adult leaves narrowly elliptic to

elliptic or narrowly obovate to obovate, 2-3,5

cm long, 0, 6-2,2 cm wide, apex acute to

obtuse, base narrowly to broadly cuneate, mar-

gins serrulate or remotely serrulate, often entire

in lower lh, teeth callose, coriaceous, glabrous,

midrib prominent on lower surface, lateral

nerves 7—13, subimmersed; petiole 2-4 cm

long; juvenile leaves ovate, 1, 8-3,4 cm long,

1, 1-2,2 cm wide, apex acute, base broadly

cuneate or cordate, margins serrate, sometimes

shortly spine-tipped, coppice shoot leaves

broadly elliptic or circular, 2, 6-3, 3 cm long,

2-2,4 cm wide, apex acute or rounded, base

broadly cuneate or rounded, margins serrate.

Flowers solitary or fasciculate in leaf axils,

5-merous; pedicels 1,25-1,75 mm long,

stoutish, bracteate. Sepals broadly ovate, 0,5-

0,75 mm long, 0,75-1 mm wide, concave,

somewhat keeled dorsally, scariose, ciliate on

margin. Petals early caducuous, elliptic, ovate

or circular, 0,75-1 mm long, 0,5-1 mm wide.

Disc annular of quadrate fleshy lobes, glabrous.

Stamens 10-20; filaments 2-2,5 mm long; an-

thers oblong, 0,5 mm long. Ovary ovoid, 1-2,5

mm long, 1-1,25 mm wide at base, pubescent

or glabrous; stigma obscurely 2-4-lobed. Fruit

subglobose, up to 7 mm long, 5 mm wide,

pubescent, red. Seeds 1 or 2. Fig. 21.

68

Flacourtiaceae

Fig. 20. — 1, Scolopia stolzii, fruiting twig; a, flower in late bud; b, mature flower; c, young fruit with persistent styles; all x

4/s (Killick & Vahrmeijer 4061).

Flacourtiaceae

69

Fig. 21. — 1, Scolopia flanaganii, series showing variation in leaf shape, all X 1. 1 and 2, coppice shoot leaves (Killick

4076 and 4068); 3-5, juvenile leaves (Killick 4056, Edwards 4313 and Killick 1957); 6-13, adult leaves (Acocks

10519, Killick 4056, 4075, 4075, 4070 and 4070, Flanagan 682 and Killick 4069).

70

Flacourtiaceae

Occurring inside and along the margin of forest and

scrub from the eastern Cape to the midlands and uplands of

Natal.

Natal. — 2929 (Underberg): Giants Castle Game Re-

serve, Killick 4056; Hlatikulu Forest, Killick 1957; 11 km

from Bulwer on road to Impendhle, Killick & Marais 2103.

2830 (Dundee): Qudeni, Gerstner 667: Umhlumba Moun-

tain, West 1470. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Keerom Farm,

Greytown, Cooper 60 (NH).

Cape. — 3128 (Umtata): All Saints Nek, Marais 502; 40

km S. of Ugie, Edwards 4313. 3227 (Stutterheim): near

Komga, Flanagan 682; Fort Cunynghame, Killick 4075;

Kei Road, Killick 4069; Mount Kemp, Killick 902.

S. flanaganii is an extremely variable species espe-

cially in the shape of the adult, juvenile and coppice shoot

leaves. Also, the ovaries vary from completely glabrous to

pubescent. A feature of the leaves is the frequent presence

of small shot-holes apparently caused by a blue-green alga.

5. Scolopia oreophila (Sleumer) Killick

in Bothalia 11: 515 (1975). Type: Natal, Ut-

recht District, Farm Retirement, Devenish 1319

(K, holo. !; PRE!; S!).

S. flanaganii (H. Bol.) Sim var. oreophila Sleumer in

Blumea 20: 51 (1972).

Tree up to 13 m high, 23 cm d.b.h., spines

on young plants and coppice shoots. Branchlets

glabrous, puberulous at apex. Leaf-blade

rhombic-elliptic (coppice shoot leaves ovate),

2-3 cm long, 1-1,7 cm wide, apex acuminate,

base cuneate (wedge-shaped), margin distantly

serrate-crenate, teeth callose, midrib prominent

below, lateral veins 5-6 pairs, subimmersed,

coriaceous, glabrous; petiole 2—4 mm long, red,

thickish. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, sessile,

bracteolate at base, (4) 5-merous. Sepals nar-

rowly elliptic to broadly ovate, slightly con-

cave, 2-2,5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide. Petals not

seen. Disc annular, of orange-coloured, fleshy

lobes, 0,5 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 15-25;

filaments 2,5-3 mm long, glabrous; anthers

oblong, 0,5 mm long, sometimes with short

black bristles. Ovary ellipsoid to ovoid, 2-3

mm long, 2 mm wide, glabrous; ovules 3; style

2,5-3 mm long, glabrous; stigma bilobed with

each lobe faintly bilobed. Fruit not seen.

Known only from the Utrecht District of Natal, where

it occurs along the margin of streambank scrub and forest.

Natal. — 2730 (Vryheid): Farm Donkerhoek, Devenish

528; Farm Retirement, Devenish 1319; Killick 4057; Farm

Naauwhoek, Devenish 1141.

Can be distinguished from S. flanaganii by the leaves

which are somewhat rhombic in shape with an acuminate

apex, 5 or 6 pairs of veins and reddish petioles and the

sessile, solitary flowers.

5304a 6. PSEUDOSCOLOPIA

Pseudoscolopia Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 54: 343 (1917); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 513 (1951). Type species:

P. polyantha Gilg.

Pseudoscolopia Phill., Gen. 416 (1926), nom. illegit. Type species: P. fraseri Phill.

Shrub or small tree. Leaves opposite, petiolate, exstipulate; blade elliptic, serrate. Inflores-

cence a lax, axillary cyme. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 4, valvate in bud, persistent. Petals 4,

subsimilar to sepals, imbricate in bud, persistent. Stamens many; filaments free; anthers arcuate.

Ovary superior, ovoid-globose, 1 -locular with 2 or 3 parietal placentas and 1 ovule on each

placenta, pubescent; style terete, 2 or 3-fid at apex. Fruit a 2 or 3-valved capsule, ovoid, with

persistent style. Seed ellipsoid, covered with stellate hairs; embryo straight; cotyledons flat,

somewhat obovate; endosperm sparse.

A monotypic genus recorded from Natal and the Cape. The genus resembles and is closely related to Scolopia, hence

the name Pseudoscolopia.

Pseudoscolopia polyantha Gilg in Bot.

Jahrb. 54: 343 (1917); Phill. & Hutch, in Hook.

Icon. PI. t. 3 1 19 (1933). Syntypes: Cape, En-

kweni and Egossa Forest, Bachmann 1712 and

1713 (Bf); Beyrich 116 and 125 (B|); Mkam-

bati River, Marais 969 (PRE, neo. !).

P. fraseri Phill., Gen. 416 (1926). Type: not indicated,

probably Cape, Transkei, Ntsubane Forest, Fraser sub PRE

1417 (PRE, holo.!).

Shrub or tree up to 5 m high. Branchlets

angled, glabrous. Leaf-blade narrowly elliptic

to elliptic, 4-6,5 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, apex

acuminate or acute, base cuneate, margin ser-

rate with cartilaginous teeth or nearly entire,

midrib prominent below, lateral veins 5 or 6,

not very conspicuous, coriaceous, glabrous;

petiole 3-8 mm long. Inflorescence 4—6-

flowered, 2-3 cm long. Flowers bisexual;

Flacourtiaceae

71

Fig. 22.— 1, Pseudoscolopia polyantha, flowering twig, x 1 ( Marais 696); a, flower, x 3 ( Cooper 107); b, gynoecium, x

8 (Cooper 107); c, longitudinal section through ovary, X 10 ( Cooper 107); d, fruit, x 3 (Esterhuysen 17946); e, seed,

X 8 (Esterhuysen 17946).

72

Flacourtiaceae

pedicels 6-11 mm long, puberulous. Sepals

elliptic, 6-7 mm long, 2,5-3 mm wide, apex

acuminate, pubescent, margins ciliate. Petals

subsimilar to sepals. Stamens many; filaments

3-4 mm long, glabrous; anthers oblong, c. 1

mm long, prominently arcuate. Ovary ovoid-

subglobose, 1,5-2 mm long, villous; style ter-

ete, 3 mm long, glabrous; stigma 2 or 3-fid,

arms c. 1,5 mm long. Fruit ovoid, 5 mm diam.,

with persistent style. Seeds ellipsoid, 3 mm

long, stellately pubescent. Fig. 22.

A forest tree showing wide discontinuity in its distribu-

tion: one specimen, Esterhuysen 17946, has been collected

at Rivers Kloof in the Piketberg District of the south-

western Cape and the rest in Pondoland and southern Natal.

Natal. — 2831 (Nkandla): Ngoye Forest, Ross 1863.

2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Laager Farm, Noodsberg, Nichol-

son 544 (NH). 3030 (Port Shepstone): Beacon Hill, Strey

6530 ; 7226; Nicholson 817. 3130 (Port Edward): Umtam-

vuna River George, Cooper 107.

Cape. — 3129 (Port St. Johns): Mkambati River, Marais

969; Ntsubane Forest, Fraser sub PRF 3058; 3105; 3133.

3218 (Clanwilliam): Rivers Kloof, Esterhuysen 17946.

With the appearance of a Scolopia, but differing in its

opposite leaves, 2 or 3-ovuled ovary and capsular fruits.

Pseudoscolopia polyantha bears some resemblance to Cas-

sipourea flanaganii (Schinz) Alston of the family

Rhizophoraceae with which it has sometimes been con-

fused.

5312

7. GERRARDINA

Gerrardina Oliv. in Hook. Icon. PI. 11: 60, 1. 1075 (1870); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 488 (1908);

Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2: 578, t.256a-c (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 425, t. 191a-c

(1925); Phill. , Gen. ed. 2: 514 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 1: 287 (1960). Type species: G.foliosa Oliv.

Scrambling or erect shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate, stipulate; blades

elliptic or ovate, sometimes acuminate, serrulate to serrate or crenato-serrate. Inflorescence a

few-flowered axillary cyme on a long peduncle. Flowers bisexual. Calyx-tube campanulate; lobes

5, imbricate, unequal, 2 outer shorter. Petals 5, shorter than calyx and alternating with the

calyx-lobes, inserted on the margin of the disc, deciduous. Disc cup-shaped, lining calyx-tube.

Stamens 5, opposite the petals, inserted on margin of disc. Ovary superior, 1 -locular, with 4

pendulous ovules. Fruit a dry capsule; seeds 1-4, ellipsoid or obovoid, testa smooth or reticulate.

A genus of 2 species, 1 occurring in Southern Africa and the other in Rhodesia, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.

The genus was named in honour of W. T. Gerrard, who collected in Natal about the middle of the last century.

Gerrardina foliosa Oliv. in Hook. Icon.

PI. 11: 60, 1. 1075 (1870). Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40:

488 (1908); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2: 578,

t.256a-c (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21:

425, t. 191a-c (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1:

217 (1926); Henkel, Woody PI. Natal 94

(1934). Type: Natal, without precise locality,

Gerrard 1513 (K, holo.!; BM!; PRE, photo.).

Shrub or tree up to 10 m high. Branches

greyish-brown to brown, pubescent at ends.

Leaf-blade elliptic, 2,6-6, 5 cm long, 1-2,5 cm

wide, apex acute to obtuse, base narrowly to

broadly cuneate, margin callose-serrulate to

serrate, sometimes only in upper 2 Is, thickened,

revolute, midrib prominent below, lateral

nerves 9-13, subprominent below, tertiary

nerves reticulate, immersed, glabrescent,

coriaceous, pale green below; petiole 2-7 mm

long. Inflorescence an axillary cyme; peduncles

erect, 1-4 cm long, slender. Flowers 2-6 per

cyme; pedicels 1-3 mm long. Calyx-lobes yel-

lowish, unequal, margins entire or glandular-

denticulate, faintly keeled; 2 outer rounded, c.

1,5 mm diam.; 3 inner elliptic to obovate-

spathulate, 2-3 mm long, 2 mm wide. Petals

elliptic, 2 mm long, 1,5 mm wide, deciduous.

Stamens 1 mm long with filaments reddish

distally; anthers c. 0,7 mm long. Disc shallowly

5-lobed, reddish-brown. Ovary depressed

ovoid, 8-ridged radially above, 1 -locular;

ovules 4, pendulous; style 1 mm long, reddish

distally; stigma capitate, faintly bilobed, free.

Fruit bright red, a dry capsule with persistent

style, globose, 5-6 mm diam.; seed 1, brown,

ellipsoid-obovoid, 4 mm long, 2,2 mm wide,

testa smooth, brown. Fig. 23.

Occurs on rocky hillsides, krantzes and in forest in the

eastern Cape, Natal, Swaziland and the eastern Transvaal.

Transvaal. — 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Mamotswiri, Junod

187; Smuts & Gillett 3573; God’s Window, Mogg 3329.

253 1 (Komatipoort): Saddleback Range, Barberton, Galpin

473 (K); Roses Creek, Thorncroft 2066.

Flacourtiaceae

73

Fig. 23. — 1, Gerrardina foliosa, flowering twig, x 1 (Galpin 3481); a, longitudinal section through fi°wer< '

3853); b, longitudinal section through ovary, x 8 (Strey 3853); c, fruit, X 2 A (ex colour slide, Strey).

6 (Strey

74

Flacourtiaceae

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): King’s Forest,

Compton 27817; Havelock Mine, Miller 5785. 2631

(Mbabane): Mahlangatsche Mt., Mankaiana, Miller S/268.

Natal. — 2831 (Nkandla): Ngoye Forest, Mtunzini,

Huntley 730. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): 59 km from

Wartburg on Tongaat Road, Edwards 3006; Table Moun-

tain, Killick 146. 3029 (Kokstad): Murchison, Coleman 452

(NH). 3030 (Port Shepstone): Umtwalumi, Rudatis 584;

Oribi Gorge, Strey 3853. 3130 (Port Edward): Mtamvuna

Forest Reserve, Ward 7174.

Cape. — 3129 (Port St. Johns): Umsikaba River near

mouth, Marais 1183; top of Eagles Nest, Port St. Johns,

Schonland 4079. 3130 (Port Edward): Umtentu River Falls,

Marais 985.

A distinct species readily distinguishable from its

tropical African congener, G. eylesiana Milne-Redh., by its

leaves which are elliptic-acute instead of ovate-acuminate,

coriaceous instead of chartaceous and the peduncles which

are considerably stouter. There are two specimens of

Gerrard 1513 in Herb. Kew. The one with annotations and

drawings and marked “Type specimen” is clearly the

holotype.

5313 8. HOMALIUM

Homalium Jacq., Enum. Syst. PL Ins. Carib. 5, 24 (1760); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1,3: 800

(1867); Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 220 (1907); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 578 (1921); Gilg in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,21: 425 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 514 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 1: 287 (1960); Wild

& Vidigal, FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 31 (1973); Sleumer in Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 43: 239 (1973).

Type species: H. racemosum Jacq.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate (in African species), simple, petiolate; blade ovate, elliptic,

suborbicular or oblong, sometimes large; stipules absent, minute or large. Inflorescence an axillary

or terminal raceme or panicle. Flowers bisexual. Calyx-tube turbinate; sepals 7-9, usually narrow,

persistent. Petals 7-9, inserted in the mouth of the calyx tube, alternating with and similar to the

sepals but broader, persistent. Stamens solitary or in fascicles of 2-3 or more, alternating with

glands which are adnate to the base of the sepals, terete; anthers small, didymous. Ovary

semi-superior, 1-locular with 2-5 parietal placentas; styles 2-5; stigmas simple or capitate. Fruit a

semi-superior, leathery capsule, 1- or few-seeded, opening at the apex by 2-5 valves. Seeds

solitary or few.

A tropical and subtropical genus of about 180 species; 3 species in Southern Africa, two of which, H. dentatum (Harv.)

Warb. and H. rufescens Benth., belong to subgenus Blackwellia Warb., section Blackwellia Benth., while the third, H.

abdessammadii Aschers. & Schweinf. belongs to subgenus Homalium , section Homalium.

According to Wittstein (1856) the name Homalium is derived from the Greek for “similar or equal” in reference to the

21 stamens, which are arranged in 7 similar or equal bundles. In actual fact, the stamens can be more or less than 21, but

when arranged in bundles the bundles are usually equal.

Stamens solitary at base of each petal:

Leaves broadly elliptic, 5,5-9 cm long, 3, 5-5, 5 cm wide 1. H. dentatum

Leaves elliptic to broadly elliptic, 1,5-5 cm long, 0,8-3 cm wide 2. H. rufescens

Stamens in 3’s opposite each petal 3. H. abdessammadii

1. Homalium dentatum ( Harv .) Warb. in

Pflanzenfam. 3,6a: 36 (1893); Engl., Pfanzenw.

Afr. 3,2: 581 (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,

21: 427 (1925); Wild in F.Z. 1: 289 (1960);

Sleumer in Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 43: 239 (1973);

Wild & Vidigal, FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 31 (1973).

Type: Natal, “near Port Natal”, Gerrard &

McKen 50 (TCD, holo.!; PRE, photo.).

Blackwellia dentata Harv. inF.C. 2: 585(1862). Type as for

H. dentatum.

Homalium subsuperum Sprague in Kew Bull. 1923: 184

(1923); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 427 (1925). Henkel,

Woody PI. Natal 86 (1934). Type: Cape, Ndindini Forest,

Transkei, Kaufmann sub PRF 3225 (sub PRE 2571) (K, holo!;

PRE!).

Tree 6-30 m high; branchlets glabrous or

tomentulose. Leaf-blade broadly elliptic, 5,5-10

cm long, 3,5-7 cm wide, apex abruptly acuminate

often with oblique point, obtuse or rounded, base

broadly cuneate to rounded, margin crenate-

serrate, midrib and lateral veins fairly prominent

below, lateral veins 5-8, Vi-angled, looping near

margin, coriaceous, glabrous or tomentulose,

often with tufts of hair in lower axils; petioles up to

Flacourtiaceae

75

2.2 cm long, glabrous or tomentulose. Inflores-

cence of axillary and terminal panicles, divari-

cately branched; peduncles 2,5-4 cm long,

glabrous or puberulous; pedicels 0,2-2 mm long,

puberulous. Calyx-tube puberulous; sepals 6-8,

narrowly elliptic, 1,2-1,75 cm long, 0, 3-0,7 mm

wide, puberulous to tomentulose; glands adnate to

base of sepals, round, sessile, brown, tomentulose.

Petals 6-8, elliptic, 1 ,5-1,8 mm long, 0,8- 1 ,2 mm

wide, puberulous to tomentulose. Stamens 6-8,

terete, 0,2-0, 4 mm long. Ovary narrowly conical,

1.2 mm long, tomentulose; styles 3 or 4, joined at

base, with free portion 5 mm long and tomentulose

in lower half; stigmas simple. Fruit a leathery

capsule, obovoid, 4 mm long, 2,5 mm wide, tardily

dehiscent, pilose inside; seeds usually one, c. 2 mm

diam.

Found in scrub and forest in the Transvaal, Natal, eastern

Cape, Rhodesia, Malawi and Swaziland.

Transvaal. — 2330 (Tzaneen): Piesangskop,

Duiwelskloof, Scheepers 903. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Erasmus

Pass, Van der Schijff 7305 ; between Weltevreden Asbestos

Mine and Olifants River, Codd 10566. 2531 (Komatipoort):

Eureka City, Sheba Hills, Scheepers SKF 4072; near Malelane,

Codd 8257; Van der Schijff 2507; Ship Mt„ 14 km S.E. of

Pretorius Kop, Codd & De Winter 5161. Without precise

locality: Soutpansberg, Worsdell s.n. (K).

Swaziland. — ? 2632 (Bela Vista): Chilobe, Lebombo

Mtns .,MHlerS/19; forest bordering Tibilati stream on E. side of

Lebombo Mtns., Hornby 2835.

Natal. — 2731 (Louwsburg): Ngome, Gerstner 5185. 2732

(Ubombo): Ngwalaweni Forest, Gerstner 4017; Dutton &

Tinley23. 2830(Dundee): Qudeni Forest, Edwards 2648. 2831

(Nkandla): Nkandla Forest, Edwards 1366. 2832 (Mtubatuba):

Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Ward 1712 (NH). 2930 (Pieter-

maritzburg): Greytown, Cooper 61. 2931 (Stanger): Umgeni,

Hutchinson 1848; Kildare Estates, Damall, Moll 2901 . 3030

(Port Shepstone): Umbogintwini, Wood 11977 (K).

Cape.— 3129 (Port St. Johns): Mpande Forest, Miller sub

PRF 3756; 2,4km N. ofValley View Store, Lusikisiki, /I cocfcv

13416; near Fort Donald, Sim 2412.

The leaves of young coppice shoots are much thinner than

the adult leaves, the petioles are shorter and the hairy pockets in

the leaf axils are more conspicuous. In the southern part of the

Kruger National Park there is a form with densely tomentulose

leaves and branchlets represented by Codd 5257, Codd & De

Winter 5161, Van der Schijff 2507 , etc. This form resembles H.

chasei Wild from Rhodesia in its pubescence, but has the

paniculate inflorescence of H. dentatum. According to a note on

Hutchinson 1848 the flowers oiH. dentatum “smell like sweet

chestnut.”

2. Homalium rufescens Benth. in J. Linn.

Soc. 4: 34 (1 July 1859); Sim, For. FI. Cape Col.

220 t.68, fig. 1 (1907); Wood, Natal Plants t.529

(1912); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2: 580 (1921);

Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,21: 427 ( 1 925); Flenkel,

Woody PI. Natal 84 (1934); Sleumer in Bull. Jard.

Bot. Belg. 43: 259 (1973). Syntypes: Cape, Enon,

Drege s.n. (K, lecto. !; BM!; L!; S!; PRE, photo.);

Natal, Port Natal, Gueinzius s.n. (BM!; K!; S!;

PRE, photo.).

Pythagorea rufescens E. Mey. ex Am. in Hook., J. Bot. 3: 149

( 1 840), nomen nudum; Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 42 ( 1 845), nomen

nudum. P. africana E. Mey. in Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 134, 214

(1843), nomen nudum.

Blackwellia rufescens Am. in Hook., J. Bot. 3: 149

( 1 840), nomen nudum; Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 42 ( 1 845), nomen

nudum; Harv. in F.C. 1: 72 (May 1860).

Tree, 2-7 m high. Leaf -blade elliptic to

broadly elliptic, sometimes ovate or obovate,

1,5-5 cm long, 0,8-3 cm wide, apex acute to

rounded, base cuneate to rounded, margin entire

or irregularly crenate-serrate, wavy, midrib fairly

prominent above, lateral veins 6, half-angled,

dark-green and shiny above, paler below, thinly

coriaceous, glabrous; petiole 3-7 mm long,

channelled. Inflorescence of axillary, terminal

panicles, divaricately branched; peduncles 2-3

mm long, puberulous; pedicels 2-5 mm long,

puberulous. Calyx-tube pubescent; sepals 8 or 9,

subulate, slightly shorter than petals, 1 ,4-2,4 mm

long, 0,25 mm wide, pubescent, margins ciliate;

glands opposite sepals, club-shaped, 0,4 mm

long. Petals 8 or 9, elliptic-spathulate, 2-3 mm

long, 0,75 mm wide, pubescent, margins white-

ciliate. Stamens 8 or 9, terete, 2,7-3 mm long,

sparsely hairy in lower half; anthers transversely

elliptic, 0,4 mm long. Ovary cone-shaped, c. 1,5

mm long, tomentulose, with few to many ovules;

styles 4 or 5, free and glabrous in upper half;

stigmas simple. Fruits pilose inside, few-seeded.

Fig. 24.

Occurring in forest and on riverbanks in the eastern Cape

and Natal.

Natal. — 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Inanda, McKen &

Buchanan 31 (K); Umzinyati Falls, Wood 11463; 1333 (K);

McLean & Ogilvie sub PRE 28864. 3030 (Port Shepstone):

Warner Beach, Ward 980; Uvongo, Mogg 13334;

Josephine Bridge, Umkomaas River, Bayer 771 .

Cape. — 3227 (Stutterheim): banks of Nahoon River, East

London, Galpin 5717. 3228 (Butterworth): Qora Bridge,

Kentani, A cocks 12291 ; Kei Mouth, Schlechter 22167;

confluence of Ngqageni and Qora Rivers, Willowvale,

Ward 5771. 3325 (Port Elizabeth): Zuurberg Pass, Ar-

chibald 5254. 3326 (Grahamstown): Bathurst Research

Station, Brink 163.

A clear-cut species with smaller leaves than H. den-

tatum. Sleumer (l.c.) has selected the Kew specimen of

Gueinzius s.n. as the lectotype of H. rufescens. He cites the

specimen as Gueinzius 92, but on none of the Gueinzius

specimens seen by the author and certainly not the Kew

specimen did the number 92 appear.

76

Flacourtiaceae

Fig. 24. — 1, Homalium rufescens, flowering twig, X 1 (Bayer 771); a, flower, X 5 (Ward 980); b, stamen, X 7 (Ward

980); c, longitudinal section through ovary, x 20 (Ward 980).

Flacourtiaceae

77

3. Homalium abdessammadii Aschers.

& Schweinf. in Sber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde

Berl. 1880: 130 (1880); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40:

494 (1908); Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 428 (1925);

Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 581 (1921); Fer-

nandes & Diniz in Garcia de Orta 5, 2: 252

(1957); Wild in F.Z. 1: 291 (1960); F. White,

For. FI. N. Rhod. 265 (1962); Sleumer in Bull.

Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 43: 311 (1973). Type:

Sudan, “bei Nganye”, Schweinfurth 3954 (B,

holo.f; K!; L!; P!; PRE, photo.).

H. macranthum Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 496 (1908);

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 428 (1925). Type: Mozambique,

Rovumu River opposite Lissenga Mtn., Busse 1049 (B,

holo.f; EA). H. wildemanianum Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 497

(1908); Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 428 (1925). Types: Zaire,

Katanga, Lukafu, Verdick 123 (Bf; BR; lecto. !; PRE,

photo.); Lofoi, Verdick 130 (Bf; BR!). H. rhodesicum

Dunkley in Kew Bull. 1934: 182, fig. (1934). Type:

Zambia, Kafue, Martin 66 (K, holo. !; PRE, photo ). H.

abdessammadi Aschers. & Schweinf. subsp. wil-

demanianum (Gilg) Wild in Bol. Soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 32: 57

(1958); Wild in F.Z. 1: 291 (1960).

Tree, 4— 10 m high; branchlets glabrous to

grey-pubescent. Leaf-blade broadly elliptic,

6-8 cm long, 4—5 cm wide, apex abruptly

acuminate, acute, obtuse or rounded, base

broadly cuneate to rounded, margin coarsely

crenate-serrate; midrib and lateral nerves more

prominent below, lateral nerves 6-8, ^-angled,

looping near margin, glabrous except for few

hairs on midrib, sometimes with hairy tufts or

pockets in axils of nerves, coriaceous; petiole

0,8-1, 5 cm long, glabrous or pubescent. Flow-

ers in lax, terminal panicles up to 17 cm long,

flowers solitary or 2 together, sessile or subses-

sile on puberulous branches of panicle. Sepals

5-7, subulate-triangular, 2,5-3 mm long,

1,75-2 mm wide, pubescent dorsally, glabrous

ventrally, margins ciliate. Petals 5-7, elliptic-

ovate, 3,3 mm long, 2-2,25 mm wide, pubes-

cent dorsally, glabrous ventrally, margins

ciliate. Stamens in 3’s opposite petals, 4 mm

long, glabrous or with long hairs in lower half;

anthers 0,5 mm long. Disc glands discoid, 1

mm diam., sessile, tomentulose. Ovary conical,

pilose outside and inside; style 2-3 mm long

with diverging branches 0,3 mm long. Fruit

capsular, woody, surrounded by persistent

calyx and petals. Seeds usually solitary, nar-

rowly ovoid, 1 mm long; testa thin, brown.

Found on riverbanks in tropical Africa, where it is

fairly widespread, and in the Eastern Caprivi Strip of South

West Africa.

S.W.A. — 1724 (Katima Mulilo): Katima Mulilo, West

3245.

Readily distinguished from H. dentatum and H. rufes-

cens by the stamens, which are in 3’s instead of solitary. A

gradation in degree of pubescence can be traced from a

completely glabrous to a densely pubescent condition. For

this reason, subsp. wildemanianum is here not accepted as a

distinct taxon.

5315 9 TRIMERIA

Trimeria Harv., Gen. PI. 417 (1838); in F.C. 1: 68 (1860); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1,1: 129

(1862); Harv., Gen. PI. ed. 2: 15 (1868); Sim, For. FI. Cape Co. 132(1907); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr.

3,2: 581 (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 429 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 514 (1951); Wild in

F.Z. 1: 296 (1960); Wild & Vidigal in FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 38 (1973). Type species: T. trinervis

Harv.

Monospora Hochst. in Flora 24: 660 (1841).

Renardia Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 31, 1: 466 (1858).

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate; blade ovate or orbicular, 3-9-nerved from

base; stipules sometimes foliose, caducous. Flowers dioecious, small, in axillary racemes, spikes

or panicles. Male flowers: Sepals 3-5, with marginal disc glands opposite each sepal. Stamens

9-16, inserted in 3’s or 4’s alternating with disc glands; anthers small, subglobose. Female

flowers: Sepals and petals more or less as in male. Ovary superior, 1 -locular, with 1 or 2 ovules on

3 parietal placentas; styles 3, short, persistent. Fruit a dry, 3-valved capsule, 1-3-seeded. Seed

ellipsoid, testa leathery.

78

Flacourtiaceae

A genus of five species occurring in southern Africa, Rhodesia and tropical east Africa. The generic name is derived

from the Greek meaning 3 parts in reference to the trimerous sepals and petals of the type species, T. trinervis.

Sepals and petals trimerous; leaves elliptic or obovate, 2,5-5 cm long, 1,5-2, 5 cm wide 1. T. trinervis

Sepals and petals 4 or 5-merous; leaves circular or broadly obovate, 4—11 cm long, 4—10 cm

wide 2. T. grandifolia

1. Trimeria trinervis Harv., Gen. PI.

417 (1838); in F.C. 1: 69 (1860); Sim, For. FI.

Cape Col. 133, t.8, II (1907); Engl., Pflanzenw.

Afr. 3, 2; 582 (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed.

2, 21: 430 (1925); Henkel, Woody PI. Natal 107

(1934). Type: Cape, Van Stadens Mountains,

Zeyher 724 (TCD, holo. !; PRE, photo.; BM!;

K!; LD!; SAM!).

Tree up to 7 m high. Branchlets glabrous

or pubescent. Leaf-blade elliptic or obovate,

2,5-5 cm long, 1, 5-2,5 cm wide, apex acumi-

nate, acute or rounded, base broadly cuneate to

rounded, margin serrate-callose, 3-(5)-nerved

at base, nerves conspicuous on lower surface,

glabrous, subcoriaceous; petiole 0,4—1 cm long,

glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence of simple

spikes, up to 2 cm long; bracts 3, broadly

deltoid, 0,4 mm long, 6 mm wide, red; rhachis

glabrous or puberulous. Male flowers sessile.

Sepals 3, concave, oblong, 0,6 mm long, 0,7

mm wide, margin sparsely ciliate. Petals 3,

concave, obovate-spathulate, 1,2 mm long, 1

mm wide, margin ciliate. Stamens 9, in 3’s at

base of petals, 1-2 mm long, glabrous; anthers

small, subglobose. Style aborted, terete, 0,8-10

mm long. Disc glands opposite sepals, tooth-

like, fleshy. Female flowers sessile. Sepals

subrotund, 0,5 mm long, 0,6 mm wide, margin

sparsely ciliate. Petals 3, subrotund, 0,5 mm

diam., margin ciliate. Disc glands as in male

flowers. Ovary ellipsoid, glabrous; styles 3, 0,3

mm long, slightly diverging, glabrous. Fruits

obovoid, 4 mm long, 3,8 mm wide; seeds 1,

ellipsoid-ovoid, 2,5 mm long, 1,3 mm wide;

testa minutely tesselated.

A small tree occurring in forest and scrub-forest in the

Transvaal, Natal and the Cape. There is a 400 km gap in the

distribution of this species between Cape Town and Knys-

na. The fact that apparently only one specimen, De Castel-

nau 395, has ever been collected in the region of Cape

Town, a well-collected area, makes this record somewhat

suspect, especially when it is known that De Castelnau

travelled as far east as “British Kaffraria”.

Transvaal. — 2630 (Carolina): Mavieristad, Pott 5115.

Natal. — 2829 (Harrismith): Farm Glendale, Norman-

dien, Biggs 25. 2929 (Underberg): above Dalton Bridge,

Wright, West & Acocks 11 (NH). 2930 (Pietermaritzburg):

8 km along Merrievale/Boston Road, Moll 935.

Cape. — 3028 (Matatiele): Pot River Berg, Galpin 6575.

3125 (Queenstown): Gwategu, Galpin 8254. 3225 (Somer-

set East): Waterkloof Valley, Van der Walt 116. 3227

(Stutterheim): Mount Kemp, Killick 907. 3318 (Cape

Town): “circa Cape Town”, De Castelnau 395 (P). 3323

(Knysna): Knysna, Bowie s.n. (K). 3323 (Port Elizabeth):

Van Stadens Mt., Zeyher 724 (K); 3989. 3326

(Grahamstown): Gameston, c. 20 km from Grahamstown,

Story 2626.

Easily distinguished from T. grandifolia by the trimer-

ous flowers and smaller, 3-(5) digitately nerved, elliptic

leaves.

2. Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6a: 37, f. 13 H-J (1893); Dur.

& Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. 1: 225 (1898); Burtt

Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 219 (1926); Henkel,

Woody PI. Natal 115 (1934); Killick in Bothalia

10: 568 (1972); Wild & Vidigal in FI. Mocamb.

Flacourt. 38 (1973). Type: Natal, “Port Natal”,

Krauss s.n. (B, holo.f; M, iso.!).

Monospora grandifolia Hochst. in Flora 24: 661 (1841).

Type as above. M. rotundifolia Hochst., l.c. Type: Cape,

Outeniqua and Goukamma River, Krauss s.n.

Antidesma alnifolium Hook., Icon. PI. t.48 1 (1842).

Syntypes: Eastern Cape, Bowie s.n. (K!; PRE, photo.);

Natal, “Port Natal”, Krauss 160 (G!; K!; PRE, photo.).

Renardia lejocarpa Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 31, 1:

466 (1858). Type: without precise locality, Ecklon s.n.

Trimeria alnifolia (Hook.) Harv. in F.C. 1: 69 (1860);

Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 132 (1907). T. rotundifolia

(Hochst.) Gilg in Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 582 (1921); Milne-

Redh. in Kew Bull. 1939: 34 (1939); Wild in F.Z. 1: 296

(1960).

Tree, 3-10 m high. Bark light brown,

smooth or longitudinally fissured. Branchlets

glabrous or pubescent. Leaf -blade circular or

broadly obovate, 4— 11 cm wide, apex rounded,

emarginate, bilobed or apiculate, base truncate

or shallowly cordate, margin serrate, digitately

5-7-nerved, nerves prominent below, glabres-

cent with hairs often persisting on nerves,

subcoriaceous; petiole 1-3 cm long, glabrous or

pubescent; stipules foliaceous, reniform, 1,2-2

cm long, 1-2,5 cm wide, caducous, pubescent.

Inflorescence axillary, branches densely pubes-

cent; pedicels up to 2,5 mm long, pubescent,

jointed; bracts deltoid, 1 mm long. Male

inflorescences in panicles, up to 9 cm long;

female inflorescences spicate, but sometimes

branched, up to 8 cm long. Male flowers:

Sepals 4 or 5, concave, subulate, 1-1,2 mm

long, 0,5 mm wide, pubescent. Petals 4 or 5,

concave, obovate-deltoid, 1, 1-1,3 mm long,

Flacourtiaceae

79

:al T

Fig. 25. — 1, Trimeria grandifolia, twig with 9 flowers, x 1 (Guy 73); a, longitudinal section through 9 flower, X 5 (Wells

2136); b, fruit, x 8 (Guy 73); c, seed, X 8 (Guy 73); d, portion of male inflorescence, X 1 (Harrison 258); e, male

flower, x 10 (Harrison 258).

80

Flacourtiaceae

0,6-0, 8 mm wide, pubescent. Disc of marginal,

fleshy, undulate glands opposite sepals. Sta-

mens 9-16, perigynous, inserted in 3’s or 4’s

alternating with glands; filaments 2,5 mm long,

glabrous or pubescent; anthers small, sub-

globose; style aborted, terete, glabrous. Female

flowers: Sepals 4, concave-deltoid, 1 mm long,

0,8 mm wide, pubescent. Petals as sepals. Disc

of marginal scale-like glands. Ovary ellipsoid-

obovoid, glabrous; styles 3, 0,5 mm long,

slightly divergent. Fruits obovoid, 5 mm long,

3 mm wide, 3-valved; seeds 1 or 2, ellipsoid,

1,5-2 mm long, 1-1,4 mm wide, testa minutely

tesselated, with axil on one side. Fig. 25.

A small tree found in forest from Knysna in the Cape

eastwards to Natal and northwards to the Transvaal, Swazi-

land and Rhodesia.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Entabeni, Obermeyer

862. 2329 (Pietersburg): Lejuma near Louis Trichardt, De

Winter 6016. 2330 (Tzaneen): Duiwelskloof, Scheepers

552. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Mariepskop, Van der Schijff

4968. 2530 (Lydenburg): Mount Anderson, Galpin 13625.

2531 (Komatipoort): camp between Louw’s Creek and

Maid of Mist Mountain, Hutchinson 2444.

O.F.S. — Without precise locality. Cooper 1008.

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): Piggs Peak Forest,

Compton 28220. 2631 (Mbabane): Hlatikulu, Compton

29499.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Sihadla River, Strey &

Moll 3903. 2731 (Louwsburg): Ngotshe District, Gerstner

5181. 2829 (Harrismith): Mazonjwana River, Cathedral

Peak, Killick 1863. 2830 (Dundee): Umhlumba Mt., West

1479 (NH). 2831 (Nkandla): Ngoye Forest road, Mtunzini,

Wells & Edwards 16. 2832 (Mtubatuba): Dukuduku East,

Moll 2708. 2929 (Underberg): Tabamhlope, West 1140.

2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Byrne, Galpin 11937. 2931

(Stanger): 3 km from Mandini on Tugela Mouth road,

Edwards 1612. 3030 (Port Shepstone): Ifafa, Rudatis 498.

Cape. — 3028 (Matatiele): Pot River Berg, Galpin 6576

(K). 3029 (Kokstad): Insizwa Forest, Strey 10728. 3127

(Lady Frere): Bloemvlei, Elliot, Van Zinderen Bakker 62.

3129 (Port St. Johns): Lusikisiki District, Galpin 9354 (K).

3226 (Fort Beaufort): Menziesberg, Scully 599 (K). 3227

(Stutterheim): Kei Road, Comins 1409. 3228 (Butterworth):

Kentani, Pegler 746. 3322 (Oudtshoom): Wilderness

woods, Whellan 1511. 3323 (Willowmore): Storms River

Forest Reserve, Dahlstrand 479; Deepwalls Forest Re-

serve, Bos 854. 3327 (Peddie): Amalinda, Ndnni 95.

Characterized by the large, usually circular, digitately

5-7-nerved leaves and 4-merous petals and sepals. Accord-

ing to a note on West 1 140 the plant can behave as a liane.

T. grandifolia is known to the Europeans as the Wild

Mulberry or Wilde Moerbei and to the Zulus as iNde-

blehlovu (ears of an elephant). According to Sim (l.c. 132),

the tree is usually evergreen, but occasionally deciduous.

He also states that the tree can attain a height of 16 metres in

eastern Pondoland and Natal — rather higher than the heights

recorded by collectors of the species. Wild & Vidigal, l.c.,

incorrectly attribute the combination T. grandifolia to

Durand & Schinz.

5326

10 APHLOIA

Aphloia (DC.) Benn. in Benn. & R. Br., PL Jav. Rar. 2: 192 (1840); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1,

1: 126 (1862); Perrier in FI. Madag. Flacourt. 12 (1946); Wild in F.Z. 1: 279 (1960); Wild &

Vidigal in FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 19 (1973). Type species: A. theiformis (Vahl) Benn.

Prockia sect. Aphloia DC., Prodr. 1: 261 (1824).

Neumannia A. Rich, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba 10: 96 (1843).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers

bisexual, axillary, solitary, in few-flowered fascicles or racemes. Sepals 4—6, free, except at base,

orbicular, concave, imbricate, somewhat leathery. Petals 0. Stamens numerous, free, inserted

outside or on a flat disc. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, superior, 1 -locular, with few to several

ovules on a single parietal placenta; style very short; stigma broadly peltate with a median furrow.

Fruit a fleshy berry with c. 6 seeds. Seeds obovoid or globose, somewhat flattened, incurved testa

crustaceous with thin endosperm; embryo incurved; cotyledons ovate.

About 6 species occurring from Tanzania, southwards to Natal and in Madagascar, the Mascarene and Comoro Islands

and Seychelles. The generic name is derived from the Greek for “without a corolla (petals) or bark” (Wittstein).

Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. in Benn.

& R. Br., PI. Jav. Rar. 2: 192 (1840); Bak.f. in

J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 40: 23 (191 1); Perrier in FI.

Madag. Flacourt. 13 (1946); Wild in F.Z. 1: 279

(1960); Wild & Vidigal in FI. Mocamb.

Flacourt. 20 (1973). Type: Reunion Island,

Commerson s.n. (C, holo.; PRE, photo.).

Lightfootia theiformis Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 69 (1794).

Type as above.

Prockia theiformis (Vahl) Willd., Sp. PI. 2, 2: 1214

(1799). Type as above.

N eumannia theiformis (Vahl) A. Rich, in La Sagra, Hist.

Fis. Cuba 10: 97 (1845); Dur. & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. 1,

2: 218 (1898); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 503 (1908); Pflanzen-

fam. ed. 2, 21: 437, t.200 (1925); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,

Flacourtiaceae

81

Fig 26—1, Aphloia theiformis, flowering twig, X 1 (Scheepers 679); a, flower, x 5 (Compton s.n.); b. longitudinal

' section through ovary, x 10 ( Strey 7750); c, fruit, x IVi ( Obermeyer 1107).

82

Flacourtiaceae

2: 584, t.260 (1921). N. myrtiflora (Galpin) Th. Dur. in

Dur. & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. 1, 2: 218 (1898). Type as for

Aphloia myrtiflora Galpin.

Aphloia myrtiflora Galpin in Kew Bull. 1895: 142

(1895); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 215 (1926); Brenan,

Checklist Tang. Terr. 2: 229 (1949). Type: Transvaal,

United Ivy Reef, Moodies near Barberton, Galpin 1082

(PRE, holo. !; BOL!; K!; NH!; SAM!).

Tree or shrub up to 10 m high. Branchlets

brown, longitudinally striate, with narrowly

decurrent wings arising from outer extremities

of stipular cushions, glabrous. Leaf-blade ellip-

tic, 3-8 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, apex acuminate,

acute or rounded, base cuneate to broadly

cuneate, margin serrulate, often upper 2/ 3’s

only, lateral nerves about 10 pairs, inconspicu-

ous, glabrous, chartaceous; petiole 2-4 mm

long. Flowers axillary, solitary or in fascicles

of 1-3; pedicels greenish, up to 2 cm long, with

trifid bracteoles up to 1,8 mm long. Sepals

white, somewhat leathery, broadly elliptic to

circular, concave, 2, 5-3,5 mm diam., connate

at base. Stamens: filaments 3 mm long, glab-

rous; anthers orbicular, 0,7 mm diam. Ovary

ellipsoid, sometimes shortly stipitate, 3-4 mm

long; stigma subsessile, peltate, with a median

groove. Fruit a white, fleshy berry, c. 8 mm

diam., with persistent stigma on top. Seeds

several, subglobose-obovoid, somewhat com-

pressed, 2,5-3 mm diam. Fig. 26.

A widely distributed species occurring in Tanzania,

Rhodesia, Mozambique, Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal,

Madagascar, the Comoro and Mascarene Islands and

Seychelles.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Entabeni Forest, Galpin

9558; Hutchinson & Gillett 4226 (K). 2329 (Pietersburg):

De Hoek, Keet 1185. 2330 (Tzaneen): Westfalia Estate,

Duiwelskloof, Scheepers 679; Debengeni Falls, Vahr-

meijer 468. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Mariepskop, Van der

Schijff 6366. 2531 (Komatipoort): Ida Doyer Nature Re-

serve, Edwards 4124; United Ivy Leaf, Moodies, near

Barberton, Galpin 1082.

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): Piggs Peak, Comp-

ton 28228; Kings Bush, Miller 7475.

Natal. — 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Zwati, Ndwedwe,

Strey 7526; 7750a; 7750b.

A smallish tree or shrub with longitudinally striate

branchlets, elliptic, serrulate leaves and smallish apetalous

flowers on longish pedicels. A variable species with numer-

ous infraspecific taxa described from Madagascar. Perrier

(l.c. 18) considers the South African plant to be A.

theiformis (Vahl) Benn. subsp. madagascariensis (Clos.)

Perrier var. closii Tul. In the present treatment, A. theifor-

mis is accepted in a broad sense without recognition of

infraspecific taxa.

5327

11. FLACOURTIA

Flacourtia L’Herit., Stirp. Nov. 3: 59, t.30, 30 (3 (1786); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1, 1: 128

(1862); Sim, For. FI. P.E. Afr. 13 (1909); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2: 585 (1921); Gilg in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,21: 438 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 515 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 1: 285 (1960);

Bamps in F.C.B. Flacourt. 48 (1968); Wild & Vidigal in FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 27 (1973). Type

species: F. ramontchi L’Herit.

Trees or shrubs, often spiny. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate, mostly crenate. Flowers

dioecious, rarely bisexual, in short axillary racemes or solitary. Calyx 4— 7-partite or sepals free and

imbricate. Petals 0. Male flowers: Stamens numerous; filaments terete; anthers small, elliptic or

somewhat quadrate, sometimes subdidymous. Female flowers: Stamens 0 or few. Ovary

surrounded by annular or interrupted disc, usually 4— 8-locular with 2 superposed ovules in each

loculus; styles 4—8, short, thick, more or less radiating, persistent; stigma retuse or marginate. Fruit

a berry, 5-16-locular. Seed obovoid or subcompressed; testa bony, rough; embryo straight;

cotyledons flat, ovate; endosperm present.

About 15 species found in south-east Asia, Malaysia, Polynesia, Madagascar, tropical and southern Africa. The genus

was named in honour of Etienne de Flacourt (1607-1660), General Director of the French East India Company, Governor of

Madagascar and author of a history of that island.

Flacourtica indica (Burm.f.) Merr., In-

terpr. Rumph. Amboin. 377 (1917); Gilg in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,21: 440, t. 20 1 (1925); Bre-

nan, Checklist Tang. Terr. 2: 231 (1949);

Sleumer in FI. Males. Flacourt. 76 (1954); Wild

in F.Z.: 286 (1960); Bamps in F.C.B. Flacourt.

48 (1968); Wild & Vidigal in FI. Mocamb.

Flacourt. 28 (1973). Type: Java, Doery Roekan,

Burmann collection (G, holo.!; PRE, photo.).

Gmelina indica Burm.f., FI. Ind. 132, t.39, fig. 5 (1768).

Flacourtia ramontchi L’Herit., Stirp. Nov. 3: 59, t.30, 30

(3 (1786); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 120 (1868); Sim, For. FI. P.E.

Flacourtiaceae

83

Fig. 27. — 1, Flacourtia indica, flowering twig, x 1 ( Smuts & Gillett 3415); a, fruit, x 1 (A cocks 12875); b, male flower, X

6 (Codd & De Winter 5057); c, bisexual flower, X 6 (Codd & De Winter 5057); d, female flower, X 6 (Edwards s.n.);

e, longitudinal section through $ flower, X 6 (Edwards s.n.).

84

Flacourtiaceae

Afr. 13 (1909); Bak.f. in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 40: 23 (1911);

R.E. Fr., Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo-Exped. 1: 157 (1914);

Perrier, FI. Madag. Flacourt. 9 (1946). Syntypes: Madagas-

car, Poivre s.n.; Commerson s.n. (P!). F. hirtiuscula Oliv.,

l.c. 121 (1868); Sim, l.c. 13 (1909); Bak. f„ l.c. 23 (1911);

Gilg, l.c. 440 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 215 (1926).

Type: Mozambique, near Sena, Kirk s.n. (K, holo. !; PRE,

photo.).

Tree or shrub, 1,5-16 m high. Bark

smooth, stippled white (teste De Winter 7748)

or rough and yellowish or orange-brown, occa-

sionally silvery on young branches (Wild l.c.).

Branches with or without axillary straight

spines, sometimes with branching spines up to

12 cm long on the trunk near the base or with

very spiny coppice shoots, glabrous or pubes-

cent. Leaf-blade elliptic, ovate or obovate,

5-9,5 cm long, 3,5-6 cm wide, apex acuminate,

acute or rounded, base cuneate to rounded,

margins crenate, crenate-serrate or entire, veins

4—6 pairs, more prominent on lower surface,

chartaceous, glabrous to densely pubescent;

petiole 4-10 mm long, channelled above,

glabrous or pubescent. Flowers dioecious or

bisexual, greenish. Calyx segments or sepals

often unequal, narrowly to broadly ovate, 2-3

mm long, 1,5-3 mm wide, ciliate. Male flow-

ers: Stamens very numerous, surrounded by

disc of fleshy free glands; filaments terete, 2,2

mm long. Female flowers: Ovary globose c. 3

mm diam., surrounded by an annular disc;

styles 4—8, channelled above; stigmas retuse.

Bisexual flowers as female flowers, but with up

to 10 stamens. Fruit red, globose, up to 3 cm

diam., fleshy with persistent styles. Seeds c. 10,

obovoid, subcompressed, c. 7 mm diam.; testa

beige, hard, rough. Fig. 27.

Occurring in scrub, woodland and forest, sometimes

riverine, in the Transvaal. Also found in south and eastern

tropical Africa, Madagascar, south-east Asia, Polynesia and

Malaysia.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): northern end of Wyl-

lies Poort, De Winter 7748. 2230 (Messina): Makonde

Mission Station, Codd6851. 2328 (Baltimore): 37 km E. of

Potgietersrust on road to Swartwater, Van der Schijff 5323.

2329 (Pietersburg): Louis Trichardt, Gerstner 5680. 2330

(Tzaneen): Elim, Obermeyer 541. 2427 (Thabazimbi):

upper slopes of Krantzberg, Prosser 1717 (K). 2428

(Nylstroom): between Nylstroom and Warmbaths, Pole

Evans 188. 2429 (Zebediela): Potgietersrust to Zebediela,

Pole Evans 3104 (23). 2431 (Acomhoek): 5 km N.E. of

Skukuza on Tshokwane Road, Codd & De Winter 5057.

2526 (Zeerust): Enselberg camp, Pole Evans 2225. 2527

(Rustenburg): Jacksontuin, Brits, Mogg 14979. 2529 (Wit-

bank): Loskop Dam, Theron 923. 2530 (Lydenburg): Low-

veld Botanic Garden, Buitendag 815. 2531 (Komatipoort):

Pretoriuskop, Van der Schijff 3924.

A small tree with or without spines, elliptic, ovate or

obovate leaves with usually crenate margins and red,

globose fruits up to 3 cm in diam. An extremely variable

species as regards leaf shape and degree of pubescence. The

plant is variously known as the Madagascar, Mauritius,

Governor’s or Batoko Plum and is cultivated in the tropics

of both the Old and New Worlds, because of its edible fruit.

The rather acid fruits may be eaten raw or cooked to make

jam and preserves. The wood is used for making agricul-

tural implements and the plant is used medicinally in

tropical Africa.

5328 12. DOVYALIS*

Dovyalis E. Mey. ex Am. in Hook., J. Bot. 3: 251 (1841); Drege, Cat. PI. Afr. Austr. 3 (1840);

Zwei Pfi. Doc. 125 (1843), p. 180, as Doryalis, nom. nud.; Endl., Gen. PI. Suppl. 2: 91 (1842);

Sond. in Linnaea 23; 12 (1850); Harv. in F.C. 1: 69 (1860); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1: 128

(1862); Harv., Gen. PI. ed. 2; 16 (1868); Warb. in Pflanzenfam. 3,6a: 44 (1893), as Doryalis-, Sim,

For. FI. Cape Col. 129 (1907); For. FI. P.E. Afr. 13 (1909); Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 504 (1908), as

Doryalis', Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 440 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 216 (1926); Phill.,

Gen. ed. 2: 515 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 1: 281 (1960); Sleumer in Bot. Jahrb. 92: 64 (1972). Type

species: D. zizyphoides E. Mey. ex Arn.

Aberia Hochst. in Flora 27: 2 (1844); Sond. in Linnaea 23: 9 (1850); Harv. in F.C. 1: 70 (1860); in F.C. 2: Addenda 584

(1862); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1: 128 (1862); Oliv. in F.T.A. 1: 121 (1868); Harv., Gen. PI. ed. 2: 16 (1868). Type

species: A. verrucosa Hochst.

Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, dioecious or rarely polygamous, often armed with

spines; branches lenticellate. Leaves exstipulate, alternate or sometimes fascicled, petiolate; blade

3-5-veined at or near the base, margins entire, crenate or serrate. Male flowers pedicellate, in

fascicles of 2-10, or 5-10 flowers in groups of 3; pedicels surrounded at the base by small hairy

By J. E. Langenegger.

Fi.acourtiaceae

85

scales; calyx (tepals of Sleumer l.c.) 2-6-lobed; corolla 0; stamens 10-many; filaments surrounded

at the base by sparsely to densely hairy nectaries which form a honeycomb structure; anthers

bilocular, dehiscing by means of longitudinal slits. Female flowers pedicellate, axillary, solitary or

in fascicles of 2 or 3; pedicels surrounded at the base by small hairy scale-like bracts; calyx (tepals)

deeply 3-7-lobed; lobes sometimes revolute and sometimes fringed with stipitate glands; corolla 0;

disc annular, lobed, glutinous, hairy, sparsely hairy or glabrous; ovary unilocular or sometimes

incompletely 2 or 3-locular; placentas 2-7, parietal, each placenta with 1 or 2 ovules; styles

channelled, as many as placentas. Fruit a subglobose to oblong berry, minutely papillose, glabrous

or hairy. Seeds embedded in fleshy pulp, elliptic to broadly elliptic, glabrous to densely woolly;

testa leathery; embryo straight; cotyledons flat, elliptic, sometimes thin and pinnately veined;

endosperm present.

A genus of about 20 species, widespread in Africa and extending to Sri Lanka and New Guinea; 6 species recognized in

Southern Africa.

The spelling of the generic name has been the subject of some confusion. It first appeared as a nomen nudum in Drege,

Cat. PI. Afr. Austr. (1840), spelt Dovyalis E. Mey. A year later, in 1841, Arnott provided a description of Dovyalis. In

Drege's Zwei Pfi. Doc. (1843) the generic name was spelt Dovyalis in the text and Doryalis in the index. It seems very

probable that the latter spelling was intended, because (a) it is placed in the correct alphabetical sequence in the index, and

(b) it is no doubt derived from the Greek “dory”, a spear, in allusion to the conspicuous spines found on most plants.

However, although Warburg in 1895, restored Doryalis, the original spelling Dovyalis used by Amott must be adopted

according to Article 73 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1972).

Ovary with 5-7 placentas, each placenta with 2 ovules; styles 5-7; fruit with many seeds; fruit 3-4 cm in

diam.; ultimate branchlets often abbreviated, up to about 2 cm long or forming cushion-like structures; leaves

fascicled or, on young shoots, alternate 1. D. caffra

Ovary with 2 or 3 placentas, each placenta with 1 ovule; styles 2 or 3; fruit with 1-3 seeds; fruit 0,6-2 cm in

diam.; ultimate branchlets often abbreviated, but not forming cushion-like structures; leaves not

fascicled:

Exocarp of fruit glabrous:

Testa of seed glabrous 2. D. rotundifolia

Testa of seed hairy:

Leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate; leaf base cordate to truncate; the secondary nerves tending to

spread towards the leaf margin 3. D. rhamnoides

Leaves obovate; leaf base cuneate; the secondary nerves tending to ascend to the leaf

tip 4. D. longispina

Exocarp of fruit hairy or papillose:

Calyx (tepal) lobes of ? flowers 4-6 mm long in anthesis, accrescent 5. D. zeyheri

Calyx (tepal) lobes of ? flowers 1,5-2 mm long in anthesis, not accrescent 6. D. lucida

1. Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.)

Hook.f in Harv., Gen. PI. ed. 2; 16 (1868);

Warb. in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6a: 44 (1893), as

Doryalis ; Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 129 (1907);

For.' FI. P. E. Afr. 13 (1909); Engl, in Bot.

Jahrb. 40: 604 (1908), as Doryalis ; Marloth, FI.

S. Afr. 2: 195 (1925); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed.

2, 21: 440 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1:

216 (1926); Wild in F.Z. 1: 285 (1960);

Sleumer in Bot. Jahrb. 92: 68 (1972). Syntypes:

Cape, eastern districts, R. Hallack s.n. (TCD!;

PRE, photo.); Kaffirland, Holland s.n.

Aberia caffra Hook.f. & Harv. in F.C. 2: 584 (1862); T.

Anders, in J. Linn. Soc. 7: 68 (1862); Fourcade, Rep. Natal

Forests 94 (1889). A. edulis T. Anders, l.c. 68, nom. nud.

Tree or shrub up to 6 m tall, evergreen,

dioecious or rarely polygamous, armed with

spines up to 6 cm long; bark ashen-white to

brown with longitudinal ridges and fissures;

ultimate branchlets often much abbreviated, up

to about 2 cm long or forming cushion-like

structures. Leaves fascicled or, on young

shoots, alternate; blade soft to coriaceous, obo-

vate or sometimes elliptic-rhomboid, 2-5,5 cm

long, 1-3 cm broad, glabrous or rarely puberul-

ous, with prominent venation on both sides,

3-5-veined from the base, apex acute to obtuse

or emarginate, base usually cuneate, margin

entire, slightly revolute; petiole 2-4 mm long,

glabrous. Male flowers light green, fascicled.

86

Flacourtiaceae

with 5-10 flowers in groups of 3; calyx 2-5-

lobed; lobes 3 mm long, elliptic, pubescent;

stamens numerous; filaments 5 mm long; nec-

taries hairy. F emale flowers light green, solitary

or in fascicles of 2-3 on abbreviated shoots;

pedicels 4—10 mm long; calyx deeply 5-7-

lobed, lobes 3 mm long, elliptic-lanceolate,

puberulous, acuminate, somewhat recurved;

disc sparsely hairy; ovary 5-7-lobed, unilocu-

lar; placentas 5-7, each placenta with 2 ovules;

styles 5-7. Fruit subglobose, 3-6 cm in diam.,

minutely velvety, bright yellow. Seeds many,

woolly, 1 cm long. Fig. 28: 2; 29: 1.

A common constituent of mixed scrub, riverine bush,

open woodland and forest; distributed on a variety of soils

from the Bathurst district in the eastern Cape northwards

along the coast and in river valleys to Natal, eastern, central

and northern Transvaal, and extending to Rhodesia. It has

been introduced into California and Australia.

Transvaal. — 2231 (Pafuri): Shipudza area, Punda

Milia, Van Wyk 4741. 2329 (Pietersburg): on tropic of

Capricorn, Story 4840. 2330 (Tzaneen): Elim, Obermeyer

752 . 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Ohrigstad, Burn Davy 7314;

Nooitgedacht Mountain, Young A 657. 2531

(Komatipoort): Pretoriuskop, Van der Schijff 3902.

Natal. — 2732 (Ubombo): Mkuze Game Reserve, Ward

3831. 2830 (Dundee): Keats Drift road from Muden,

Edwards 913. 2831 (Nkandla): Eshowe, Lawn 1270 (NH);

Hlabisa, Ward 4783.

Cape. — 3129 (Port St. Johns): Tabankulu, 6 km from

Welsh Bridge on Ceveraland road, Story 4218. 3228

(Butterworth): Kei River Valley, Flanagan 467.

Dovyalis caffra, the Kei-apple, is an attractive, usually

evergreen tree which, from December to about February, is

covered with masses of yellow apricot-like fruits. The fruits

are edible and are used to make jelly and other preserves. To

counter the rather acidic taste of the fruits due to a high

malic acid content, the fruits are often mixed with a sweet

fruit, e.g. grapes. The plant is spinous and makes an

excellent impenetrable hedge. It has the added virtue that it

is fairly drought resistant.

2. Dovyalis rotundifolia (Thunb.)

Thunb. & Harv. in F.C. 1: 70 (1860); Warb. in

Pflanzenfam. 3, 6a: 44 (1893), as Doryalis\

Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 132 (1907); Gilg in Bot.

Jahrb. 40: 504 (1908); Pflanzenfam. 2, 21: 440

(1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 216 (1926);

Sleumer in Bot. Jahrb. 92: 82 (1972). Type:

Cape, Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo.).

Celastrus rotundifolius Thunb., Prodr. 42 (1794); Willd.,

Sp. PI. 1: 1129 (1798); Thunb., FI. Cap. ed. Schult. 221

(1823).

Prockia rotundifolia (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. 16

(1834).

Dovyalis celastroides Sond. in Linnaea 23: 9 (1850),

nom. illegit.; Sim, For. FI. P.E. Afr. 13 (1909); Marloth, FI.

S. Afr. 2: 194 ( 1925); Henkel, Woody PI. Natal 102(1934).

Tree or shrub up to 6 m tall, dioecious,

armed with spines up to 8 cm long; bark

ashen-white with longitudinal ridges and

fissures, strongly lenticellate. Leaves alternate;

blade coriaceous, sub-orbicular to obovate,

2,2-3 cm long, 1,5-2 cm broad, glabrous, with

prominent venation on both sides, 3-5-veined

from the base, apex obtuse to emarginate, base

obtuse to cuneate, margin entire; petiole 2-3

mm long, glabrous. Male flowers light green, in

fascicles of 2-10; calyx 4— 6-lobed; lobes 1,5—

2,5 mm long, lanceolate to obovate-rhomboid,

pubescent; stamens 9-20, filaments 3 mm long;

nectaries hairy. Female flowers yellow-green,

solitary or in fascicles of 2 or 3; pedicels

0,5-1, 5 mm long; calyx 4— 6-lobed; lobes 1-2

mm long, obovate, pubescent, acuminate,

somewhat recurved; disc sparsely hairy; ovary

2-lobed, unilocular; placentas 2, each placenta

with 1 ovule; style 2. Fruit oblong, 0,6-1 cm in

diam., glabrous, red when ripe. Seeds 2, glabr-

ous, 0,2-0, 6 mm long. Fig. 29: 4.

Found in coastal bush on sand dunes in the eastern

Cape Province from Port Elizabeth to East London.

Cape. — 3227 (Stutterheim): Bonza Bay, Comins 1068.

3325 (Port Elizabeth): Amanzi, Wells 3178. 3326

(Grahamstown): Port Alfred, Tyson sub TRV 17246. 3327

(Peddie): Great Fish River, MacOwan 825 (NBG).

3. Dovyalis rhamnoides (Burch, ex DC.)

Burch. & Harv. in F.C. 1: 69 (1860); Fourcade,

Rep. Natal Forests 94 (1889); Warb. in Pflan-

zenfam. 3, 6a: 44 (1895), as Doryalis\ Sim,

For. FI. Cape Col. 131 (1907); Engl, in Bot.

Jahrb. 40: 504 (1908), as Doryalis; Gilg in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 440 (1925); Burtt Davy,

FI. Transv. 1: 216 (1926); Verdoorn, Edible

Wild Fr. Transv. 33 (1938); Sleumer in Bot.

Jahrb. 92: 80 (1972). Type: Cape, George,

Uitenhage and Albany, Burchell 6012 (PRE!).

Flacourtia rhamnoides Burch, ex DC., Prodr. 1: 256

(1824); Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. 16 (1834).

Dovyalis zizyphoides E. Mey. ex Sond. in Linnaea 23: 12

(1850); E. Mey. in Drege, Cat. PI. Afr. Austr. 3 (1840),

nom. nud.; E. Mey. ex Am. in Hook., J. Bot. 3: 251 (1841),

comb, superfl.; Pappe, FI. Cap. Med. Prodr. 4 (1859);

Marloth, FI. S. Afr. 2: 194 (1925). Syntypes: Cape, Ruig-

tevalei, Drege s.n. (PRE!; S!); Krakakamma and

Olifantshoek, Ecklon 115 (S ! ; PRE, photo.); Van Stadens

Mts, Zeyher s.n. (S!; PRE, photo.); Port Natal, Gueinzius

58 (S!; PRE, photo.).

Tree or shrub up to 5 m tall, dioecious,

armed with spines up to 6,2 cm long; bark white

to brown with shallow longitudinal ridges and

fissures, young twigs and spines pubescent.

Flacourtiaceae

87

Fig. 28. — 1, Dovyalis rhamnoides, branch with male flowers, x % (Wells 3912). 2, D. caffra, branch with female

flowers, X 2h; 2a, female flowers, x 573; 2b, cross-section of ovary, x 573; 2c, male flower, X 6; 2d, stamen, X 5 V3

( Thom 1 and 2). 3, D. longispina, longitudinal section of female flower, x 573; 3a, cross-section of ovary, x 573

( Bourquin 557).

88

Flacourtiaceae

Leaves alternate; blade thin and somewhat

membranous, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 2-4,5 cm

long, 1-2,5 cm broad, glabrous or sometimes

puberulous especially on the veins, veins prom-

inent on both surfaces, 3-5-veined from the

base, apex acute to obtuse, base truncate to

cordate or sometimes cuneate, margin entire to

crenate; petiole 2-3 mm long, glabrous or

puberulous. Male flowers light green, in fasci-

cles of 3-6; calyx 4— 5-lobed, lobes 2-3 mm

long, ovate, pubescent; stamens 15, filaments

1,5 mm long; nectaries hairy. Female flowers

light green, solitary or in fascicles of 2 or 3;

pedicels 2-3 mm long; calyx deeply 5-lobed,

lobes 1-5 mm long, linear, acuminate, erect,

puberulous and usually fringed with stipitate

glands; disc hairy; ovary 2-lobed, unilocular,

with 2 much-reduced placentas, each placenta

with 1 ovule; styles 2. Fruit ellipsoid to ovoid,

1 cm in diam., glabrous, orange to scarlet red

when ripe. Seeds 2-3, 9 mm long, slightly

woolly. Fig. 28: 1; 29: 5.

Found in dune forests, on riverbanks, in temperate

ravine forest, scrub forest and thomveld. Recorded from the

eastern Cape, Natal, Zululand, Swaziland and the Trans-

vaal.

Transvaal. — 2431 (Acomhoek): Lothian, Strey 3555.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): Hlatikulu, Compton

29496.

Natal. — 2731 (Louwsburg): Wendelane Kloof,

Gerstner 4674. 2831 (Nkandla): Mtunzini, Edwards 1582.

2832 (Mtubatuba): Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Ward 1690.

2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Mt. Ashley, Lions River, Moll

1308. 2931 (Stanger): Groutville, A cocks 11820. 3030 (Port

Shepstone): Umpanyoni River, Rudatis 1989 (STE).

Cape. — 3227 (Stutterheim): Stutterheim Commonage,

Acocks 9720. 3228 (Butterworth): Komga, Flanagan 374

(NBG). 3322 (Beaufort West): Homtini River gorge, Taylor

s. n. (Saasveld Herb.). 3325 (Port Elizabeth): Van Staadens

Kloof, Taylor 834. 3326 (Fort Beaufort): Kowie, Britten

768. 3422 (Mossel Bay): Gouwkamma River, Keet 611

(STE). 3423 (Knysna): Knysna River, Schonland 3431

(GRA). 3424 (Humansdorp): Humansdorp, Galpin 4577.

According to Smith (1966), D. rhamnoides was known

as Wynbessie, because of the pleasantly vinous taste of the

ripe fruits from which brandy and vinegar were made in the

early settler days of the eastern Cape. The wood of this

species was formerly used for making yokes, wagons and

agricultural implements.

4. Dovyalis longispina (Harv.) Warb. in

Pflanzenfam. 3, 6a: 44 (1893), as Doryalis-,

Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 506 (1908), as Doryalis-,

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 441 (1925). Syntypes:

Natal, near Durban, Gerrard & McKen 542;

541 (TCD, holo. !; PRE, photo.).

Aberia? longispina Harv. in F.C. 2, App. : 585 (1862).

Dovyalis celastroides sensu Sim, For. FI. P.E. Afr. 13,

t. 17fB (1909).

Tree or shrub up to 1 1,5 m high, dioecious,

armed with spines up to 8 cm long; bark

ashen-white with longitudinal ridges and

fissures, strongly lenticellate. Leaves alternate;

blade soft to coriaceous, obovate to rhomboid-

elliptic, seldom orbicular, 2, 2-9, 5 cm long,

1,5-5, 5 cm broad, glabrous, sometimes

puberulous on veins, venation very prominent

on both sides, 3-5-veined from the base, apex

acute to emarginate, base cuneate to obtuse,

margin entire to sub-undulate; petiole 2-6 mm

long, glabrous. Male flowers light green, in

fascicles of 2-10; calyx 4— 6-lobed; lobes 1,5—

2,5 mm long, obovate-rhomboid, pubescent;

stamens 9-20; filaments 3 mm long; nectaries

hairy. F emale flowers yellow-green, solitary or

in fascicles of 2 or 3; pedicel 3-5 mm long;

calyx 4— 6-lobed; lobes 3-5 mm long, elliptic-

lanceolate to obovate, pubescent, sometimes

fringed with gland-tipped segments, acute, erect

or somewhat recurved; disc hairy; ovary

2-lobed, unilocular, placentas 2, each with 1

ovule; styles 2. Fruit oblong, 1,5 cm in diam.,

glabrous, orange or red with white spots when

ripe. Seeds 2, woolly, 0,9 cm long. Fig. 28: 3;

29: 2.

Found in coastal bush on sand dunes and in low-lying

areas near mangroves. Further inland, it occurs in mixed

scrub and scrub forest, on sandy soil. Recorded from the

northern coastal areas of Natal, northwards to Mozambique.

Natal. — 2732 (Ubombo): between Sordwana Bay and

Jozini, Van der Schijff 6577. 2831 (Nkandla): Umlalazi

Nature Reserve, Fakude 18. 2832 (Mtubatuba): Hluhluwe

Game Reserve, Ward 4782. 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): near

Isipingo River, Ward 493. 2931 (Stanger): Hlogweni

Forest, Moll 3621.

5. Dovyalis zeyheri (Sond.) Warb. in

Pflanzenfam. 3, 6a: 44 (1893), as Doryalis-,

Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 506 (1908), as Doryalis-,

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 440 (1925); Burtt Davy,

FI. Transv. 1: 216 (1926); Wild in F.Z. 1: 284

(1960); Killick in Flow. PI. Afr. 39: 1. 1546

(1969); Sleumer in Bot. Jahrb. 92: 84 (1972).

Type: Transvaal, Crocodile River, Zeyher 52

(S, holo.!; TCD!; PRE, photo.).

Aberia zeyheri Sond. in Linnaea 23: 10 (1850); Harv. in

F.C. 1: 70 (1860); Szyszyl., Polypet. Thalam. Rehm. 112

(1888). — var. velutina Szyszyl., l.c. (1888). Syntypes:

Transvaal, Wonderboompoort, Rehmann 4557 (Bf, Z);

Aapiespoort, Rehmann 4097 (Bf; BM; K, lecto.); Rehmann

4098 (Bf; Z). A. tristis Sond. in Linnaea 23: 9 (1850);

Harv. in F.C. 1: 70 (1860). Type: Cape, Phillipstown, Kat

River, Ecklon <6 Zeyher s.n. (S, holo.!; SAM!; PRE,

photo.).

Dovyalis tristis (Sond.) Warb. in Pflanzenfam. 3, 6a: 44

(1893), as Doryalis ; Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 129 (1907);

Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 506 (1908), as Doryalis ; Pflanzen-

Flacourtiaceae

89

Fig. 29. — 1, Dovyalis caffra, leaf, X 2A; la, fruit, X 2h; lb, seed, x ll/3 (Edwards 5328). 2, D. longispina, fruiting twig,

x 2/3; 2a, seed, X IV3 (De Winter & Vahrmeijer 8426). 3, D. zeyheri, fruiting twig, x 2/y, 3a, seed, x IV3 (Letty

477). 4, D. rotundifolia, leaf, X 2h \ 4a, fruit, X 2h\ 4b, seed, x IV3 (Tyson 186).. 5, D. rhamnoides, leaf, X 2ly, 5a,

fruit, X 5b, seed, X IV3 (De Winter 7650). 6, D. lucida, leaf, X 2h; 6a, fruit, X 2/y, 6b, seed, x IV3 (Forester,

Entabeni, December 1969).

90

Flacourtiaceae

fam. ed. 2, 21: 441 (1925); Marloth, FI. S. Afr. 2: 194

(1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 216 (1926). — var.

depauperata Sim, For. FI. Cape Col. 131 (1907). Type:

Cape, Keiskama, about Line Drift, Sim 2570 (NU, holo. !).

D. revoluta Thom in Bothalia 10: 434 (1971). Type: Natal,

False Bay, Moll 5112 (PRE!).

Tree or shrub up to 11 m tall, dioecious,

often armed with pubescent or glabrous spines

up to 3,5 cm long; bark ashen-white with

longitudinal ridges and shallow fissures; ulti-

mate branchlets often abbreviated; young twigs

pubescent. Leaves alternate; blade thin and soft,

sometimes coriaceous when mature, obovate to

rhomboid-elliptic, 1,5-6 cm long, 1-4 cm

broad, pubescent to glabrescent, 3-veined from

the base, apex acute to obtuse, or emarginate,

base cuneate, margin entire to crenate; petiole

2- 5 mm long, pubescent or sometimes glabr-

ous. Male flowers yellow-green, in fascicles of

3- 6; calyx 4— 6-lobed, lobes 4 mm long, nar-

rowly ovate, pubescent; stamens 24—48, fila-

ments 2,5-3 mm long; nectaries densely hairy.

Female flowers yellow-green, solitary or rarely

in pairs; pedicels 4—7 mm long; calyx deeply

4- 7-lobed; lobes 4—6 mm long, lanceolate-

obovate, acute, tomentose, somewhat recurved;

disc densely hairy; ovary 2 or 3-lobed, almost

completely 2 or 3-locular, placentas 2 or 3, each

placenta with 1 ovule; style 2-3. Fruit oblong,

1, 1-1,5 cm in diam., densely and shortly hairy,

orange to red when ripe. Seeds 2-3, hairy, 7

mm long, with a coffee smell. Fig. 29; 3.

Occurs in several veld types including forest margins,

open woodland and streambanks, often among rocks on a

variety of soil types. Recorded from the coastal regions of

the eastern Cape, inland to as far as Queenstown, extending

to Natal, Zululand, Swaziland, and the southern, eastern and

northern Transvaal. Also recorded from southern Rhodesia.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Makonde Mission Sta-

tion, Codd6817. 2328 (Baltimore): Leipzig, Brcmekamp &

Schweickerdt 56. 2329 (Pietersburg): Dorps River, Louis

Trichardt, Gerstner 5697. 2330 (Tzaneen): Letaba, Scheep-

ers 999. 2429 (Zebediela): Farm Magnet Fleights, Barnard

& Mogg 864. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): Sekukuniland, Barnard

423. 2527 (Rustenburg): Hartebeespoortdam, Vahrmeijer

413. 2528 (Pretoria): Liebenberg 3. 2529 (Witbank): Los-

kopdam Nature Reserve, Mogg 30385. 2531

(Komatipoort): Barberton, Pott 17749. 2627 (Potch-

efstroom): Witpoortjie, Rogers 18538.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): Tulwane, Compton

32173.

Natal.— 2731 (Louwsburg): 21 km N. of Nongoma,

Acocks 13020. 2829 (Harrismith): Collings Pass, Acocks

13859. 2830 (Dundee): Roodedraai, Acocks 10482. 2832

(Mtubatuba): False Bay, Edwards 3199; Moll 5109; 5112.

2929 (Underberg): Cathedral Peak, Killick 1901. 2930

(Pietermaritzburg): Albert Falls, Comins 466.

Cape. — 3128 (Umtata): Mqanduli, Pegler 592. 3225

(Somerset East): Bosberg, Van der Walt 354. 3226 (Fort

Beaufort): Kei River Valley, Galpin 8074. 3227 (Stut-

terheim): Cata Forest, Wells 3229. 3327 (Peddie): Sim

20440.

The species varies a great deal in its pubescence. The

unarmed form with relatively glabrous leaves has in the past

been separated as D. tristis, while D. zeyheri is described as

being spiny and having pubescent leaves. Intermediates are,

however, so common that the step taken by Wild (l.c.) to

merge the two species is supported. Following Sleumer

(l.c.), D. revoluta is treated here as a local form of D.

zeyheri with glabrous leaves and papillose-puberulous

ovaries and fruit.

6. Dovyalis lucida Sim, For. FI. Cape

Col. 131, t.6 (1907); Wild in F.Z. 1: 282

(1960); Sleumer in Bot. Jahrb. 92: 87 (1972).

Type: Eastern Cape, Plate 6, For. FI. Cape Col.

(1907), no specimen found.

Tree or shrub up to 10 m tall, dioecious,

rarely armed with spines up to 3,5 cm long,

bark yellow- white to brown, strongly lenticel-

late. Leaves alternate; blade soft to coriaceous,

obovate to rhomboid, rarely ovate, 2-7,5 cm

long, 1,2-4 cm broad, glabrous, shining and

dark green above, paler and dull below, veins

prominent on both sides, 3-5-veined from the

base; apex acuminate, rarely emarginate, base

cuneate, rarely obtuse, margin entire or serrate;

petiole 3-5 mm long, glabrous. Male flowers

light green, in fascicles of 3-10, rarely in a

small raceme; pedicels 1-3 mm long; calyx

3-5-lobed, lobes 3 mm long, ovate-elliptic,

pubescent; stamens 1 1-27, filaments 3 mm

long; nectaries densely hairy. Female flowers

yellow-green, solitary or in fascicles of 2 or 3;

pedicels 3-4 mm long; calyx 3-5-lobed, lobes

1,5-2 mm long, obovate, obtuse, pubescent,

somewhat recurved; disc densely hairy; ovary 2

or 3-lobed, unilocular, with 2 or 3 placentas,

each placenta with 1 ovule; styles 2 or 3. Fruit

ellipsoid, 1,5 cm in diam., minutely papillose,

orange to red when ripe. Seeds 2 or 3, hairy, 1,1

cm long. Fig. 29: 6.

Found in scrub forest and forest from Port Elizabeth in

the Eastern Cape, northwards through Natal to the Sout-

pansberg in the Northern Transvaal, extending to the eastern

districts of Rhodesia.

Transvaal. — 2230 (Messina): Entabeni Forest Reserve,

Leistner, Thom & Gillham 3310. 2329 (Pietersburg): Farm

Seodin, Leistner, Thom & Gillham 3279. 2330 (Tzaneen):

Magoebaskloof, Codd 1687. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): 1,6 km

S. of Graskop, Leistner, Thom & Gillham 3322.

Natal. — 2830 (Dundee): Qudeni Forest, Edwards 2633.

2831 (Nkandla): Inhlazatje Mt., Acocks 11686. 2929 (Un-

derberg): Ntambamhlope, Edwards 695. 2930 (Pieter-

maritzburg): Umgeni Poort Forest, Moll 861.

Cape. — 3128 (Umtata): Engcobo, Acocks 13815. 3226

(Fort Beaufort): Hogsback, Story 369. 3227 (Stutterheim):

King William’s Town, Comins 1024. 3325 (Port Elizabeth):

Van Stadens Kloof, Taylor 837. 3326 (Grahamstown):

Albany, Wells 3016.

Flacourtiaceae

91

5343

13. CASEARIA

Casearia Jacq., Enum. Syst. PI. Ins. Carib. 4, 21 (1760); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1,3: 796

(1867); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 510 (1908); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,2: 589 (1921); Gilg in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 451 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 516 (1951); Wild in F.Z. 1: 293 (1960);

Sleumer in Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 41: 397 (1971); Wild & Vidigal in FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 35

(1973). Type species: C. nitida (L.) Jacq.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate, entire, serrate or with subspinose teeth;

stipules small. Inflorescence an umbel or flowers fascicled or rarely solitary. Flowers bisexual.

Calyx-tube short or subelongated or 0; sepals 4—6, suborbicular, concave, imbricate. Petals 0.

Stamens 6-15, rarely 20-40, free or connate, hypogynous or inserted on the calyx-tube or at the

base of calyx; filaments linear, connective of anthers sometimes penicillate at the apex; staminodes

alternating with the stamens, sometimes oblong and hairy at the apex. Ovary superior, 1 -locular

with few to many ovules on 3 or 4 parietal placentas; style short; stigma capitate or peltate or

stigmas 3. Fruit a subfleshy or dry capsule, opening by 3 or 4 valves, few to many-seeded. Seeds

sometimes angled, with a fleshy aril; testa chartaceous; embryo straight; cotyledons flat, elliptic or

suborbicular; endosperm present.

Species about 160 in tropical countries of the world. Casearia was named in honour of Johann Casearius, a Dutch

missionary in Indo-China in the 1700’s, who was responsible for the first part of the Hortus Malabaricus (Wittstein).

Casearia gladiiformis Mast, in F.T.A. 2:

493 (1871); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 510 (1908);

Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 589 (1921); Gilg in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 454 (1925); Wild in

F.Z. 1: 293 (1960); Sleumer in Bull. Jard. Bot.

Nat. Belg. 41: 423 (1971); Wild & Vidigal in

FI. Mocamb. Flacourt. 35 (1973). Type:

Mozambique, Shupanga, Zambesi River, Kirk

s.n. (K, holo. !; PRE, photo.).

C. junodii Schinz in Mem. Herb. Boiss. 10: 52 (1900);

Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40: 513 (1908); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3,

2: 590 (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 454 (1925);

Henkel, Woody PI. Natal 87 (1934). Type: Mozambique,

Delagoa Bay, Junod 351 (Z, holo.!; K!; PRE, photo.).

Tree up to 25 m high; young branches

puberulous, becoming glabrous; bark grey,

smooth. Leaf -blade elliptic or ovate, 7-18 cm

long, 3-7 cm wide, apex acuminate, acute or

obtuse, cuneate and oblique at base, margins

usually entire but sometimes serrate-crenate

especially young and coppice shoot leaves,

coriaceous, glabrous or puberulous on midrib

when young, with circular and linear pellucid

dots, lateral nerves 7-9, V2-angled, curved,

more prominent on lower than upper side;

petiole 0, 1-2 cm long, channelled above,

puberulous or glabrous, dark green and shiny.

Flowers greenish, in dense, axillary fascicles on

a cushion of minute, brown, membranous,

ovate bracteoles with ciliate margins; pedicels

1-3 mm long, puberulous. Sepals 5, broadly

elliptic, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, puberulous

dorsally. Staminal tube united for about 0,3-0, 5

mm and then dividing into 10 fertile stamens

and 10 alternating staminodes; filaments 1 mm

long, glabrous; anthers ovate, 0,8 mm long,

apiculate; staminodes 1 mm long, villous at

apex. Ovary ovoid, 1,75 mm long, 1 mm wide,

glabrous or with long hairs in upper V3; style

0,5 mm long; stigma capitate. Fruit yellowish-

orange, angular, ellipsoid capsule, splitting

from apex into 3-4 longitudinal valves. Seeds

c. 10, ellipsoid or ovoid, 4,5 mm long, 2 mm

wide, with pale beige testa clasped by fleshy

aril. Fig. 30.

Occurring in forest, chiefly along the coast, in Natal

and the eastern Cape. Also found in Kenya, Tanzania,

Malawi and Mozambique.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Mangusi Forest, Venter

6220; Lake Nhlange, Kosi System, Vahrmeijer & Tolken

953. 2732 (Ubombo): Lake Sibayi, Stephen 461. 2831

(Nkandla): Lower Nkandla Forest, Edwards 1446. 2832

(Mtubatuba): Charter’s Creek, Ward 3029. 2930 (Pieter-

maritzburg): Howick, Cooper 3; Farm “The Start”, Lions

River, Moll 3366. 3029 (Kokstad): Mt. Ingeli, Nicholson

760. 3030 (Port Shepstone): Paddock, Strey 5995.

Cape. — 3128 (Umtata): Mpane Forest, Elliotdale, Miller

sub PRF 5824. 3129 (Port St. Johns): Qokama, Ngqeleni

District, Acocks 12820; Egossa Forest, Strey 8870. 3228

(Butterworth): Manubi Forest, Kentani, Marais 481.

A tree with elliptic or ovate leaves varying considera-

bly in size with margins usually entire, but sometimes

serrate-crenate and with circular and linear pellucid dots

scattered over the blade. The flowers are small and arranged

in dense, axillary fascicles. The terminology relating to the

structure of the flowers is not consistent, thus Phillips (l.c.)

and Hutchinson (1967) refer to “calyx lobes”, Wild (l.c.)

to “sepals” and Sleumer (l.c.) to “tepals”. Similarly

Phillips, Hutchinson and Wild refer to “staminodes”, while

Sleumer refers to “disc lacinia”.

According to Palmer and Pitman (1973) the ashes of

the bark of C. gladiiformis are used by the Bantu as snuff.

92

Flacourtiaceae

Fig. 30. — 1, Casearia gladiiformis, flowering twig, x 2/i (Moll 3290); a, flower, x 10 (Moll 3290); b, fruit, x 1 (Dutton

22).

Turneraceae

93

TURNERACEAE

by A. A. Obermeyer

Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate, simple, variously incised or

entire; stipules small or 0. Flowers regular, bisexual, in racemose or cymose, axillary or terminal

inflorescences or solitary, opening in the morning, fading at night; pedicels free or rarely adnate to

petiole; bracts small. Calyx tubular, 5-dentate or sepals 5, fused near the base, quincuncial. Petals

5, free, erect or rotate, contorted in bud, usually unguiculate with the claw inserted on the

calyx-tube or near its base, sometimes with a ligule or small thin corona on upper part of claw.

Stamens 5, hypogynous or inserted on the calyx-tube, filaments free, of equal or unequal length,

anthers bilocular, introrse, opening lengthwise, basifixed. Ovary superior, 1-locular, with 3 parietal

or, very rarely, basal placentas; styles 3, usually free, slender, often heterostylous; stigmas

multipartite; ovules many to few (-1). Capsule ovoid or silique-like (resembling Brassicaceae

fruits), 3-valved, with 1- to multi-seriate placentas, dehiscent; seeds cylindrical, straight or curved,

reticulate or striate, often pitted, on long funicles and enveloped by a white, leaf-like aril.

Genera 9, species about 90, predominantly South American; also in Africa, the Mascarenes and south-east Asia. Four

genera with 10 species recorded from the northern parts of South Africa and South West Africa.

Literature: Urban in Jahrb. K. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 2 (1883).

Annuals or chamaephytes, 10-60 cm tall; flowers in axillary inflorescences or solitary; petals

orange-red to pale yellow, claw not dark-coloured; pedicels free;

Flowers on long racemes; capsule resembling a siliqua of the Brassicaceae, long, thin,

terete, rostrate; seeds straight, cylindrical 1. Wormskioldia

Flowers solitary or on short, few-flowered racemes; capsule ovoid; seeds curved:

Calyx tubular; petals not clawed; capsule erect, narrowly ovoid, beaked, thin-walled;

leaves without 1-2 pairs of sessile glands below 2. Streptopetalum

Calyx of 5 sepals fused in lower third; petals clawed, alternating with sepals;

capsule recurved, ovoid, woody; leaves with 1-several pairs of round sessile glands

below on lower half of leaf 3. Piriqueta

Shrubs up to 2 m tall with axillary, solitary flowers; petals orange or yellow with a dark brown

or purplish black claw; pedicels fused to petiole 4. Turnera

5355 1. WORMSKIOLDIA

Wormskioldia Thonn. in Schum. & Thonn., Beskr. Guin. PI. 165 (1827); Urb. in Jahrb. K. Bot.

Gart. Mus. Berl. 2: 48 (1883); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 464 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv.

1: 118 (1926); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 517 (1951); Lewis in F.T.E.A. Turneraceae: 9 (1954); Hutch.,

Gen. Flow. PI. 2: 352 (1967). Type species: W. pilosa (Willd.) Schweinf. ex Urb.

Annuals or perennials (often chamaephytes), variously hispid and often glandular-pubescent.

Leaves alternate, linear to narrowly ovate, usually serrate or lobate to deeply incised; stipules small

or 0. Racemes simple, secund, few- to many-flowered with the apical part recurved in bud,

accrescent and erect with age, the flowers developing one after another, opening in the morning,

fading at night; scape long and thin; pedicels short, somewhat accrescent and often recurved in

fruit; bracts small; a few sterile bracts often present on the rhachis. Calyx tubular, 5-dentate,

usually setiferous on the outside, pubescent in lower half inside. Corolla rotate, yellow, orange-red

or white; petals obovate, unguiculate, the claw appressed to the calyx-tube in upper half, fused to it

94

Turneraceae

below; with a ligule or small pustule on upper part of claw. Stamens 5, hypogynous, reaching to the

throat, filaments filiform, sometimes narrowly winged, occasionally 3 shorter; anthers oblong.

Ovary ellipsoid, styles 3, erect, heterostylous, stigmas apical, small, multipartite. Capsule

resembling a silique of Brassicaceae, terete, usually long and thin, often constricted between the

uniseriate seeds, rostrate; seeds straight, terete, obtuse, reticulate, usually with 2 pores in each

cavity, aril unilateral, short.

An African genus with about 1 1 species in tropical and subtropical regions; recorded from the northern parts of South

Africa and South West Africa.

Annuals:

With bulbous-based setae on stems; exstipulate:

Capsule erect, hairy; leaves coarsely serrate 1. W. glandulifera

Capsule patent or reflexed, glabrous; leaves pinnatisect, discolorous, soft and thin 2. W. tanacetifolia

Without bulbous-based setae on stems, hairs simple, short, sparse; leaves lobate in lower half, rarely

entire; stipules auriculate, fused to base of leaf 3. W. lobata

Perennials (chamaephytes) forming a woody basal complex and a long thick taproot; the parts above

ground dying back annually; without bulbous-based setae:

Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, entire, glabrous 4. W. mossambicensis

Leaves broader, petiolate or sessile, margin variously incised, pubescent:

Capsule c. 3 cm long, few-seeded, not constricted between the seeds; plants glandular-pubescent but

without long setae; leaves coarsely and irregularly double-serrate 5. W. schinzii

Capsule c. 5-8 cm long, many-seeded, constricted between the seeds; plants without glandular

pubescence but with long dark red or white setae on the stems; leaves subentire to laciniate:

Stems with long patent red to dark brown bristles, other parts glabrescent; leaves greyish-green,

subentire to dentate, rarely laciniate; racemes 6-12-flowered 6. W. longipedunculata

Stems, leaves, peduncles and capsules echinulate; bristles on stems not reddish; leaves

yellow-green, laciniate; racemes 4— 7-flowered 7. W. lacerata

1. Wormskioldia glandulifera Klotzsch

in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 1: 146, t.26

(1864); Mast, in F.T.A. 2: 503 (1871); Urb. in

Jahrb. K. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 2: 49 (1883);

Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 463 (1925);

Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 1 19 (1926); A. & R.

Fernandes in Mem. Junta Invest. Ultram. ser. 2,

34: 16 (1962). Type: Mozambique, Tete, Peters

(B, holo.f; K; EA; PRE, photo.).

Small glandular-pubescent annuals up to

30 cm tall, usually few-branched. Stems,

petioles, veins, scapes and pedicels bearing

erect multicelled setae which are swollen and

dark basally, the capitate glands usually lost

early on, interspersed with simple, soft hairs.

Leaves petiolate, broadly linear-acuminate, 4—8

cm long, 8-20 mm broad, coarsely and irregu-

larly double-serrate, drying a dark brown col-

our, lamina sparsely and softly puberulent.

Flowers c. 3 on each axillary raceme; peduncle

5-10 cm long, wiry, arcuate-erect; pedicels up

to 5 mm in fruit; with minute bracts. Calyx

tubular, c. 1 cm long, puberulent; lobes short,

acute. Petals c. 1,5 cm long, yellow or orange.

Stamens unequal. Ovary cylindrical, hairs

erect; styles heterostylous. Capsule erect, over-

topping the leaves, up to 6 cm long, puberulous;

seeds narrowly clavate, cream, brown or black,

the ridges minutely knobbed, aril tongue-

shaped. Fig. 31: 1.

Recorded from Mozambique, Rhodesia, South West

Africa, Transvaal and Natal; behaving as a weed.

S.W.A. — 1819 (Karakuwisa): Cigarette, N.E. of

Karakuwisa, Maguire 2462. 1820 (Tarikora): Omuramba

Khaudum at Tamso Camp, De Winter & Marais 4672.

1918 (Grootfontein): near Tsebeb, Schoenfelder S536.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): Dongola Hill, Codd

& Dyer 3907; Liliput, Strey3486; Waterpoort , Bremekamp

& Schweickerdt 297. 2230 (Messina): Messina, Rogers

19405. 2231 (Pafuri): Pafuri, Van der Schijff3568; 5 km N.

of Kloppersfontein, Acocks 16782. 2327 (Ellisras): 4 km

N.E. of P.O. Tom Burke, Codd 6615. 2330 (Tzaneen):

Hans Merensky Nature Reserve, Gilliland 780. 2331

(Phalaborwa): Kruger National Park, near Letaba Camp,

Munro s.n. 2530 (Lydenburg): 16 km N. of Abel Erasmus

Pass on road to Tzaneen, Mauve 4328. 253 1 (Komatipoort):

16 km from Gorge, Van der Schijff 2283.

Natal.— 2731 (Louwsburg): Pongola Dam at Magut,

Gerstner 3174.

2. Wormskioldia tanacetifolia Klotzsch

in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 1: 147 (1864);

Urb. in Jahrb. K. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 2: 51

(1883); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 119 (1926);

A. & R. Fernandes in Mefn. Junta Invest.

Ultram. 2, 21: 16 (1962). Type: Mozambique,

between Boror and Querimba, Peters 23 (B,

holo.f; K).

Turneraceae

95

Fig. 31. — Leaves and capsules of Wormskioldia spp., all x 1: 1, W. glandulifera, leaf; la, capsule (Fan der Schijff

1885); 2, W. tanacetifolia, leaf; 2a, capsule (Rogers 20830); 3, W. lobata, leaf; 3a, capsule (Welwitsch 2493); 4, W.

mossambicensis, leaf; 4a, capsule (Vahrmeijer 1057); 5, W. schinzii, leaf; 5a, capsule ( Mostert 1239); 6, W.

longipedunculata, leaf; 6a, capsule (Codd & Over 4698, Rogers 25503); 7, W. lacerata, leaf; 7a, capsule (Rogers

22578).

96

Turneraceae

Annuals up to 60 cm tall, malodorous.

Stems, petioles, veins, scapes and pedicels bear-

ing erect multicelled setae which are swollen

and dark basally, the apical capitate glands

usually early deciduous; with some soft, white

woolly hairs on the stems. Leaves with petioles

1-3 mm long; lamina somewhat ovate-

acuminate in outline, c. 6 cm long and 4 cm

broad, deeply bipinnatipartite, thin, soft, dis-

colourous, nearly glabrous. Flowers in c.

3-flowered patent racemes, longer than leaves,

bracts small, circular. Calyx c. 16 mm long,

glabrous. Petals yellow, c. 27 mm long. Sta-

mens unequal with 2 longer than the others.

Ovary glabrous. Capsule recurved, c. 3 cm

long; seed oblong, brown or yellow. Fig. 31:2.

Recorded from the eastern Transvaal, Mozambique

and Rhodesia. Like W. glandulifera it behaves as a weed;

often in sandy disturbed ground, emitting an unpleasant

scent.

Transvaal. — 2530 (Lydenburg): Nelspruit, Liebenberg

2465 ; Buitendag 402; Kaapse Hoop, Rogers 20830. 2531

(Komatipoort): Storiwane, S.E. of Pretoriuskop, Van der

Schijff 1927; 12 km W. of Malelane, Codd 5246; Louws

Creek, Thorncroft 2044.

3. Wormskioldia lobata Urb. in Jahrb.

K. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 2: 52 (1883); Thonner,

Flow. PI. Afr. 1. 106 (1908); Lewis in F.T.E.A.

Turneraceae: 10 (1954); A. & R. Fernandes in

Mem. Junta Invest. Ultram. ser. 2, 28: 14

(1961); ibid. 34: 15 (1962); Schreiber in

F.S.W.A. 88: 4 (1968). Syntypes: several from

tropical Africa including Angola, Pungo An-

dongo, Welwitsch 2493, 2494 (Bf; BM; K;

LISC; PRE!).

Annual up to 60 cm tall, minutely tawny

pubescent with short and long hairs and with

scattered small pyramidal, attenuate, multicellu-

lar glands. Stems woody, few-branched. Leaves

with the primary small, attenuate below, petiol-

ate, exstipulate; following sessile, broadly

linear, up to 12 cm long and 2 cm broad, apex

acute, lower half usually expanded into 2 large

unequal lobes, occasionally with a few shallow

indentations above, margin shallowly serrate,

soft, discolourous; stipules small, circular,

fused to lamina below. Flowers 2-6 on long

thin scapes overtopping the leaves. Calyx tubu-

lar, c. 15 mm long, lobes short, acute, setose.

Petals orange (or pale yellow in specimens

from S.W.A.) up to 2 cm long. Stamens nar-

rowly winged. Ovary glabrous. Capsule patent

to reflexed, up to 8 cm long, glabrous. Fig. 31:

3.

Recorded from South West Africa. Widespread in

tropical Africa, in sandy habitats.

S.W.A. — 1718 (Kuring-kuru): near Mupini Mission, De

Winter & Marais 5433; Musese Camp W. of Lupala

Mission, De Winter & Marais 4975. 1721 (Mbambi); 64

km W. of Andara, Merxmiiller & Giess 2074. 1724

(Katima Mulilo): Ngoma area, Killick & Leistner 3005.

Grid uncertain: Kaokoveld, Kunene River bank, Barnard

592.

4. Wormskioldia mossambicensis A. &

R. Fernandes in Bol. Soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 35: 158,

t.5 (1961); in Mem. Junta Invest. Ultramar, ser.

2, 34: 18 (1962). Type: Mozambique, Inham-

bane, between Quissico and Chiducuane, Men-

donca 3308 (LISC, holo.).

Chainaephyte, slender, fastigiate, glauc-

ous, glabrous to slightly woolly pubescent.

Stems c. 40 cm tall, thin, hard, striate. Leaves

narrowly to broadly linear, variable, 8-15 cm

long, 2-8 mm broad, margin entire or shallowly

denticulate (the teeth consisting of glands),

sessile; stipules minute, pectinate, sparsely la-

nate inside axil. Flowers on long erect scapes,

2-7-flowered. Calyx c. 1 cm long with a few

short ovoid-attenuate glands, lobes with hyaline

minutely fimbriate margins. Petals orange, c.

12 mm long. Stamens equal or unequal. Ovary

glabrous. Capsule c. 7 cm long, reflexed. Fig.

31:4.

Recorded from Mozambique and Natal in Palm veld;

grassy sandy localities.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Tongaland, north of Lake

Sibayi, Vahrmeijer & Tolken 274; 5 km W. of Maputa,

Strey & Moll 3788. 2732 (Ubombo): S. of Maputa on road

to Lake Sibayi, Gerstner 4114; Manzengwenya, Moll

4717; Bazwana, Gerstner 3557; 707; Strey 5115. 2831

(Nkandla): Hlabisa Bird Sanctuary, Gerstner 5027. 2832

(Mtubatuba): W. of Charters Creek, Ward 2832; 26 km

N.E. of Mtubatuba, A cocks 13085; 21 km N. of bridge over

St. Lucia estuary on road to Cape Vidal, Codd 10168.

5. Wormskioldia schinzii Urb. in Bot.

Jahrb. 15: 159 (1892); in Warb., Kunene-Samb.

Exped. 310 (1903); A. & R. Fernandes in Mem.

Junta Invest. Ultramar, ser. 2, 28: 15 (1961).

Type: Angola, Gambos, Calculovar River,

Newton 26 (Z, holo.!; COI; PRE, photo.);

incorrectly stated by Urban as collected in

Mozambique.

W. juttae Din ter & Urb. in Feddes Repert. 13: 153

(1914); Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 88: 4 (1968). Syntypes: S.W.

Africa, between Neitsas and Otjituo, Dinter 652 (Bf;

SAM!), 652a (Bf). W. rehmii Suesseng. in Mitt. Bot.

Staatssamml. Miinchen 1: 55 (1950). Type: S.W. Africa,

farm Rotenfels, Rehm s.n. (M, holo.).

Turneraceae

97

Small scabrid and glandular-pubescent,

spreading chamaephytes c. 30 cm tall. Stems

densely leafy, woody and brittle. Leaves linear,

9-18 cm long (rarely shorter), 12-25 mm

broad, apex acuminate, base acute, margin

coarsely double-serrate, the teeth diminishing in

size towards the apex, scabrid, midrib raised,

often winged below; petiole short or 0; stipules

0. Flowers in few-flowered racemes. Calyx 16

mm long. Petals c. 35 mm long, bright orange

red. Ovary densely covered with erect bristles.

Capsule c. 3-4 cm long, few-seeded, not con-

stricted between seeds, glandular-pubescent.

Fig. 31:5.

Recorded from South West Africa, Botswana, northern

Cape, Transvaal and Angola. In sandy soil.

S.W.A. — 1718 (Kuring-kuru) or 1818 (Tsitsib): on road

from Tsintsabis to Kuring-kuru, Schoenf elder S528. 1917

(Tsumeb): Farm Kameeldoom, GR 158 , Seydel 2146. 1918

(Grootfontein): Neitsas, Dinter 652. 2017 (Waterberg):

near Okakarara, Liebenberg 4730. 2119 (Epukiro): Farm

Hekel, G0415, Giess 10667. 2218 (Gobabis): Gobabis

district, farm Gemsbokfontein, Merxmuller & Giess 1180.

Transvaal. — 2326 (Mahalapye): Buffelsdrift, Vahr-

meijer 1297.

Cape. — 2523 (Pomfret): Bray, Mostert 1239.

6. Wormskioldia longipedunculata

Mast, in F.T.A. 2: 502 (1871), as longepedun-

culata; Urb. in Jahrb. K. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl.

2: 53 (1883); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 119

(1926) excl. f. 11a; Lewis in F.T.E.A. Tur-

neraceae: 14 (1954); A. & R. Fernandes in

Mem. Junta Invest. Ultram. ser. 2, 34: 18

(1962); Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 224, t.lll

(1962). Type: Malawi, Manganja Hills, Meller

(K, holo.; PRE, photo.).

Small chamaephytes up to 40 cm tall,

covered with a short white woolly pubescence

and scattered short to long hairs; upper part of

stem armed with c. 3 mm long dark red to

purple, coarse patent hairs. Leaves close to-

gether, sessile, variable, linear to oblong, 8-15

cm long, 2-20 mm broad, apex usually obtuse,

margin subentire to serrate to coarsely pinnat-

ifid in lower half, glaucous, minutely white

woolly pubescent and with some short scattered

hairs, becoming glabrescent with age. Raceme

7-15-flowered. Calyx-tube 15 mm long,

setulose, Petals up to 24 mm long, bright

orange-red. Stamens unequal in length. Ovary

with a few scattered setae, probably heterostyl-

ous. Capsule 5-8 cm long, indistinctly

moniliform, many-seeded. Fig. 31: 6.

Recorded from South West Africa, the Transvaal,

Rhodesia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Botswana, in

dry bushveld, road verges and lands.

S.W.A. — 1723 (Singalamwe): On the road from Sibinda

to Katima Mulilo, Pienaar & Vahrmeijer 224. 1724

(Katima Mulilo): about 8 km from Katimo Mulilo to

Liny anti, Killick & Leistner 3 101 .

Transvaal. — 2228 (Maasstroom): road from Steilloop

Bridge to Tolwe, Ihlenfeldt 2118a. 2230 (Messina): Sibasa,

Junod 4547; Makonde, Codd 6871. 2231 (Pafuri): Punda

Milia, Lang sub TRV 32178; Schlieben 9283. 2328 (Balti-

more): Blouberg, Schlechter 4645. 2329 (Pietersburg):

Lejuma Mt., Strey 7991 ; Sand River near Mara, Schlieben

& Strey 8290; Soutpansberg, 8 km N. of Louis Trichardt,

Van Vuuren 1664; Spelonken (Cave Mts.), Nelson 122;

near Pietersburg, Bolus 10895. 2330 (Tzaneen): Elim,

Obermeyer sub TRV 29324; Tshakhuma, Van Warmelo

5337/11; Mbayinbayi, Lang sub TRV 32254; Mokeetsi,

Van Dam sub TRV 25021; Westfalia Estate near

Duiwelskloof, Scheepers 24; 13 km S.W. of Leydsdorp,

Codd & Dyer 4698. 2428 (Nylstroom): Moorddrif, Leen-

dertz sub PRE 7316. 2429 (Zebediela): Naboomfontein,

Galpin 133156; 13 km N.E. of Zebediela, Story 5355. 2430

(Pilgrims Rest): Shilouvane, Junod 4220; Marouvuni,

Junod 85.

Because of its soboliferous habit and deep hard woody

roots it is able to persist in ploughed lands and on road

verges, being considered a pest by farmers and attractive to

passersby who admire the bright red flowers. It is said to be

poisonous to cattle but the unpleasant odour acts as a

repellant.

7. Wormskioldia lacerata Oberm. in

Bothalia 11: 288 (1974). Type: Transvaal,

Newington, Rogers 22578 (PRE, holo.; NH).

W. schinzii sensu Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1:

1 19 (1926) inch f. 1 la.

Chamaephytes with a dense short echinu-

late pubescence, c. 30 cm tall. Stems usually

short, firm, erect or ascending. Leaves close

together, sessile, linear-lacerate, 8-12 cm long,

2-3,5 cm broad, the lobes patent, irregular,

dentate, decreasing in size upwards, apex

acuminate, echinulate along the broad midrib,

veins and margin, with a white woolly pubes-

cence on the midrib and lateral veins above.

Flowers 4—7 on long straight or slightly arcuate

scapes, ultimately exceeding the leaves; bracts

small. Calyx c. 15 mm long, with erect setae

and some sparse white woolly pubescence.

Petals deep orange, the blade broadly obovate,

c. 2 cm long. Stamens 8 mm long in short-

styled flowers, 4 mm long in long-styled flow-

ers. Ovary densely pubescent with erect hairs,

heterostylous, the styles 9 mm long and ex-

serted above the stamens or 4 mm long, reach-

ing only about half way. Capsule reflexed, c. 7

cm long, echinulate. Fig. 31:7.

Recorded from the eastern Transvaal and Swaziland, in

open spaces in subtropical woodland or in disturbed places.

98

Turneraceae

Transvaal. — 2330 (Tzaneen): Hans Merensky Nature

Reserve, Oates 77; 5 km S. of Gravelotte, Leach 11559;

Werdermann & Oberdieck 1922. 2430 (Pilgrims Rest): 10

km from Mica on road to Hoedspruit, Ihlenfeldt 2303; 16

km from Mariepskop on road to Klaserie, Coetzer 151.

2431 (Acomhoek): Klaserie, Killick & Strey 2511;

Newington, Rogers 22578; Buitendag 909; Skukuza,

Cholmondeley s.n. 2531 (Komatipoort): Pretoriuskop, Van

der Schijff 1075; 1217; Codd <6 De Winter 4918 ; Malelane,

Lang sub TRV 31644; Kaapmuiden, Rogers 25034; De

Kaap Valley, Thorncroft 54; Barberton, Galpin 747;

Thorncroft sub Rogers 19171 .

Swaziland. — 2531 (Komatipoort): Tshaneni, near Sand

River reservoir, Edwards 213. 2631 (Mbabane): Ranches

Ltd., Compton 24704.

5356 2. STREPTOPETALUM

Streptopetalum Hochst. in Flora 24: 665 (1841); Urb. in Jahrb. K. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 2: 55

(1883); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 463 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 517 (1951); Lewis in

F.T.E.A. Turneraceae: 15 (1954); Hutch., Gen. Flow. PI. 2: 352 (1967). Type species: S. serratum

Hochst.

Small glandular-pubescent annuals or perennials. Stems woody. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.

Flowers in few- to many-flowered axillary racemes. Calyx narrowly tubular, hairy on the outside

and within in lower half. Corolla rotate, petals 5, convolute in bud, inserted in the throat of the

calyx, spathulate, yellow or orange. Stamens 5, free, perigynous, equal, or unequal in length,

reaching to the mouth of the tube. Ovary oblong-ovoid, pubescent, with 3 parietal placentas;

ovules pluriseriate; styles filiform just over-topping the stamens. Capsule ellipsoid, 3-valved,

splitting to the base, glandular-hispid; seeds allantoid, testa reticulate, pits with 2 pores, aril

unilateral, as long as, or shorter than the seed, with a wavy margin.

Species 3, African; 1 species recorded from Ethiopia to the Transvaal and South West Africa.

Urban and others observed 5 large tubercles on the calyx-tube above the insertion of the stamens but in the

(unfortunately) few flowers dissected, these appeared to be absent.

Streptopetalum serratum Hochst. in

Flora 24: 666 (1841); Urb. in Jahrb. K. Bot.

Gart. Mus. Berl. 2: 56 (1883); Lewis in

F.T.E.A. Turneraceae: 17 (1954); Schreiber in

F.S.W.A. 88: 2 (1968). Type: Ethiopia, Tsel-

lenti, Takkaze River, Schimper 1260 (B,

holo.f; K; BM).

Small bushes up to 40 cm tall, annual or

possibly sometimes perennial, sparsely to den-

sely hispid with short simple hairs and glan-

duliferous setae with swollen bases, many-

celled. Leaves sessile, narrowly ovate, up to 10

cm long and 2,5 cm broad, attenuate below and

above, serrate, thin, yellow-green. Inflores-

cences with the primary racemes axillary, sim-

ple, several-flowered, secund; the inner serial

axillary bud later develops into a strong side

branch which in its turn produces much ab-

breviated side branches bearing reduced leaves

and a few flowers towards the top. Calyx

narrowly tubular, c. 1 cm long, lobes 2,5 mm

long, hairy outside and inside below. Petals

spathulate, c. 7 mm long, yellow or orange,

alternating with sepals. Stamens 5, attached just

below the middle of the tube, free above,

reaching to the throat. Ovary ovoid, densely

covered with glandular setae which are swollen

at the base; styles 3, terete, reaching to the

throat; stigmas apical, obtuse, slightly swollen.

Capsule ovoid, c. 12 mm long, rostrate, scabrid;

seeds allantoid, 2,5 mm. Fig. 32.

Recorded from northern and central Transvaal, Bot-

swana, South West Africa and further north to Ethiopia; rare

but often locally abundant, in warm dry bushveld, usually in

sandy soil, often along road sides.

S.W.A. — 1917 (Tsumeb): on sandy road from Tsumeb to

Heidelberg, Dinter 7530; Tsumeb, Dinter 3034, 1714.

Transvaal. — 2228 (Maasstroom): Kremetartberg,

Mara Research Station 475. 2230 (Messina): Messina,

Rogers 20820. 2231 (Pafuri): 16 km E. by N. of Punda

Milia, Acocks 16775. 2329 (Pietersburg): Blouberg, Mogg

24548. 2428 (Nylstroom): Magabene, Schlechter 4671 .

2529 (Witbank): Rooikop, Smuts & Gillett 2536.

5357 3. PIRIQUETA

PiriquetazlM^/., Hist. PI. Guiane Fr. 1: 298, 1. 117 (1775); Urb. in Jahrb. K. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl.

2: 57 (1883); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 463 (1925); Phill., Gen. ed. 2: 517 (1951); A. & R.

Fernandes in Mem. Junta Invest. Ultram. ser. 2, 34: 22 (1962). Type species: P. villosa Aubl.

Turneraceae

99

Fig. 32.— 1, Streptopetalum serratum, habit, X 1; a, longitudinal section showing attachment of filaments, x 6; b. ovary

and styles, x 4; c, capsule, x 3; d, seed with aril, X 14 (Mara Research Station 475).

100

Turneraceae

Erblichia Seem., Bot. Voy. Herald 130 t.27 (1853) pro minore parte quoad species austro-africanae; Hutch., Gen. Flow.

PI. 2: 353 (1967).

Annuals, shrubs or trees, variously pubescent with simple and/or compound hairs. Leaves

alternate, sessile or petiolate, stipules minute or 0, lamina simple, serrate, with or without large

sessile circular glands on lower surface. Flowers axillary, solitary or rarely cymose. Calyx forming

a short to long tube. Petals inserted in the throat, obovate, clawed, alternating with the calyx-lobes

and together forming a fimbriate annulus in the throat. Stamens hypogynous with long or short

filaments. Ovary with 3 parietal placentas, ovules many, uni- to multi-seriate; styles 3,

heterostylous. Capsule globose, 3-valved, hairy; seed straight or slightly curved, reticulate, aril

unilateral, as long as or shorter than seed.

Species about 20, mostly South American. One species in Transvaal, Natal, Swaziland and

Mozambique.

Hutchinson places Piriqueta capensis in the genus Erblichia in his Gen. Flow. PL 2: 353 (1967), but without

validating the new combination. Urban and Gilg regard Erblichia as a section of Piriqueta. Four species are involved; the

type species, E. odorata from Central America and 2 indigenous in Madagascar, all 3 of which fall outside the scope of this

work. Our species, the fourth, forms a short but distinct calyx-tube and a fimbriate annulus in the throat, characters which

Urban considers of importance for Piriqueta. Harvey overlooked this annulus for it is small and unobtrusive. The

differences enumerated by Hutchinson in some cases do not agree with those observed by Urban. There appears to be no

reason why it should not be placed under Piriqueta.

Piriqueta capensis (Harv.) Urb. in Jahrb.

K. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 2: 78 (1883); Gilg in

Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 464 (1925); Fer-

nandes in Bol. Soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 35: 160, t.7

(1961); in Mem. Junta Invest. Ultram. ser. 2,

34: 22 (1962). Type: Transvaal, Apies River,

Burke & Zeyher (TCD, holo.! K, SAM!, PRE,

photo.).

Tumera capensis Harv. in F.C. 2: 599 (1862); Thes. Cap.

2: 25, 1. 140 (1862).

Small woody, sericeous, aromatic shrub-

lets (chamaephytes) 15-30 cm high, with a long

thick woody taproot and gnarled basal stems

covered with thick corky bark, producing an-

nual shoots. Leaves subsessile, stipules reduced

to 1-2 pairs of minute, subulate glands, lamina

narrowly ovate, 2-5 cm long, 7-14 mm broad,

apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate, margin

serrate, with 1-2 pairs of sessile circular glands

irregularly placed on lower surface near margin,

densely pubescent with coarse simple hairs.

Flowers axillary, solitary, opening in the morn-

ing, fading at night, on short to long pedicels

which become pendulous in fruit, with a pair of

minute bracts. Sepals fused in lower third

forming a cup, free above, narrowly ovate-

acuminate, apiculate, c. 12 mm long, 3 mm

broad, thin, dorsally somewhat hairy, 3-nerved,

deciduous. Petals about as long as sepals,

yellow, narrowly obovate, clawed, fused to the

sepaloid cup below, alternating with the sepals

and together producing a small erect, annular

fringe at the mouth of the cup, deciduous.

Stamens 5, free, hypogynous, filaments sub-

ulate, glabrous, long or short, anthers versatile,

introrse. Ovary ovoid, densely covered with

erect hairs; ovules 4-8, more or less uniseriate

on each parietal placenta; styles 3, long or short

(heterostylous), terete; stigmas spreading-

fimbriate. Capsule ovoid, 8 mm, the valves

splitting to the base; seeds oblong often some-

what curved, 3 mm, yellow or black, reticulate,

with a short areole.

Recorded from the Transvaal, Swaziland, northern

Natal, Mozambique and Rhodesia, usually on stony hill-

sides in dry bushveld. Fig. 33.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): between Waterpoort

and Wylliespoort, Obermeyer , Schweickerdt & Verdoorn

339. 2327 (Ellisras): farm Alfred, 4 km W. of Monte

Christo P.O., Codd 6609; near Elmeston, about 64 km from

Vaalwater, Meeuse & Strery 10432. 2330 (Tzaneen): Sand-

rivier, Schlechter 4597. 2428 (Nylstroom): between

Warrribad and Nylstroom, Bremekamp & Schweickerdt 3;

Side y 1312; Bolus 11890. 2429 (Zebediela): 9 km N.W. of

Marble Hall, Codd & Verdoorn 10371. 2528 (Pretoria): 7

km N.E. of Hammanskraal on road to Rust de Winter, Codd

3619. 2529 (Witbank): Loskop Dam on road to “The

Hell”, Codd & Verdoorn 10361.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): Palata near Stegi, Comp-

ton 31209.

Natal. — 2732 (Ubombo): Ingwavuma hills, Strey

10263.

Turneraceae

101

Fig. 33. — 1, Piriqueta capensis, habit, x %; a, leaf-base,

seed with aril, x 13 ( Strey 10263).

lower surface showing glands, X 2; b, flower laid out, x 3; c.

102

Turneraceae

5360 4. TURNERA

Turnera L., Sp. PI. 1: 271 (1753); Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1: 806 (1862); Urb. in Jahrb. K.

Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 2: 81 (1883); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 464 (1925); Hutch., Gen. Flow.

PI. 2: 352 (1967). Type species: T. ulmifolia L.

Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or trees, pubescent. Leaves alternate, sessile or petiolate,

entire, toothed or subpinnatifid, often with 2 basal glands on the lower side at the base, pubescence

simple or stellate; stipules small or 0. Flowers axillary, solitary, rarely forming inflorescences, the

peduncle sometimes fused to the petiole, bracteate. Calyx forming a short tube, 5-partite. Petals 5,

inserted in the calyx-throat, shortly clawed. Stamens inserted below the petals, sometimes

hypogynous. Ovary ovoid to cylindrical, ovules pluriseriate; styles 3, spreading; stigmas fimbriate.

Capsule globose to ovoid, seeds globose to obovoid or cylindrical and curved, reticulate, arillate.

Species about 100, mostly South American; one species endemic in South West Africa and Angola, another in tropical

Africa. One South American species naturalized in the Seychelles, Bourbon and Indo-Malaysia.

Turnera oculata Story in Bothalia 7: 493

(1961). Type: S.W. Africa, Kaokoveld, Kunene

River at Otjinungua, De Winter & Leistner

5770 (PRE, holo.; WIND).

Shrub up to 2 m tall, with slender long

erect branches and short side branches, covered

by a silvery (turning tawny when dry) velvet

pubescence of stellate and simple sericeous

hairs or hair-covering more sparse; intemodes

often shortened above. Leaves obovate, up to 3

cm long and c. 12 mm broad, apex obtuse to

acute, base narrowed into a petiole, margin

shallowly to deeply dentate, velvety pubescent

to sparsely pubescent with short stellate hairs

and long simple sericeous hairs, pale green,

nerves distinct below, with 2 (rarely 1 or 0)

conspicuous sessile circular, rimmed glands, 1

mm in diam. at junction of petiole and blade;

stipules minute. Flowers solitary, axillary on

the upper abbreviated side branchlets; pedicels

fused to petioles; bracts 2, filiform, c. 10-18

mm long. Calyx tubular, c. 12 mm long, 9 mm

in diam., 10-nerved, lobes linear-acuminate,

somewhat longer than tube, pubescent with a

membranous glabrous margin. Petals convo-

lute, inserted on the calyx throat, spreading

above, broadly obovate, c. 2,5 cm long and 1,8

cm broad, apex obtuse, apiculate, base cuneate,

bright yellow above, dark red-brown below

forming the dark heart of the flower. Stamens 5,

exserted, filaments 3 cm long, arcuate, inserted

3 mm below throat with the shortly winged

margins adhering to the calyx-tube below, an-

thers basifixed, the filaments inserted in a dorsal

pit, introrse. Ovary cylindric, obtuse, pubes-

cent, ovules pluriseriate, numerous; styles 3,

longer than stamens, spreading; stigmas

fimbriate. Capsule 3-valved, ovoid, c. 9 mm

long, pubescent and pustulate; seed cylindrical,

somewhat curved, 4 mm long, cream, reticu-

late, aril unilateral, membranous, lobed, longer

than seed.

Recorded from the Kaokoveld in northern South West

Africa and from southern Angola. Two varieties are recog-

nized.

Pubescence velvety, dense; leaf margin with shallow

teeth; bracts c. 10 mm long (a) var. oculata

Pubescence more sparse; leaf margin with distinct

sharp teeth; bracts 10-19 mm

long (b) var. paucipilosa

(a) var. oculata.

Turnera oculata Story in Bothalia 7: 493 (1961); Fer-

nandes in Mem. Junta Invest. Ultram. ser. 2, 34: 22 (1962).

Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 88: 3 (1968). Type: S.W. Africa,

Kaokoveld, Kunene River at Otjinungua, De Winter &

Leistner 5770 (PRE, holo.; WIND).

Plants with a densely velvety pubescence

hiding the epidermis; teeth on leaf-margin small

and shallow; bracts up to 10 mm long. Fig. 34:

1.

Recorded from the Kaokoveld in northern South West

Africa and southern Angola.

S.W. A. — 1712 (Posto Velho): 1 km S. of Kunene River

on the mountain E. of Otjinungua, Giess & Wiss 3290; De

Winter .& Leistner 5770 ; Otjihipa Mountain, Davies,

Thompson & Miller 77. 1812 (Sanitatas): 20 km S. of

Kunene River on way to Anabib (Orupembe), Story 5778.

(b) var. paucipilosa Oberm. in Bothalia

11: 290 (1974). Type: S.W. Africa, near Ot-

jitanda, Giess 9377 (PRE, holo.; WIND).

Plants sparsely and minutely pubescent

with stellate and simple hairs not hiding the

epidermis; teeth on leaf margin usually deeply

incised; bracts 12-18 mm long. Fig. 34: 2.

Recorded from one area in the Kaokoveld, around

Etengua and Otjitanda.

S.W. A. — 1712 (Posta Velho): Otjinungua, 12 km S. of

Kunene River, De Winter <5 Leistner 5751. 1713

(Swartbooisdrift): 32 km W. of Etengua near Otjitanda,

Giess 9377; 8 km W. of Otjitanda, Kotze 118.

Turneraceae

103

SEHTT

Fig. 34. — 1, Turnera oculata var. oculata, branch with flower, x V4; la, base of leaf, lower surface showing glands, X 4;

lb, anther, X 10; lc, capsule and bracteoles, x lVi; Id, capsule and leaf showing fusion of petiole and pedicel, x 2; le,

seed with aril, X 10 ( Story 5778). 2, T. oculata var. paucipilosa, leaf, x 1; 2a, capsule and bracteoles, x 1 (Giess

9377).

104

Passifloraceae

PASSIFLORACEAE

by W. J. J. O. De Wilde*

Climbers or sometimes (erect) herbs, mostly provided with axillary tendrils (tribe Pas-

sifloreae), or erect shrubs or trees (tribe Paropsieae); glabrous or hairy, rarely thorny. Leaves

(mostly) alternate, simple or compound, entire or lobed, often with glands on petiole and blade;

stipules small, sometimes caducous. Inflorescences axillary, either cymose (Passifloreae), ending

in (a) tendril(s) or not, or racemose (Paropsieae); bracts and bracteoles usually small. Flowers

hermaphrodite or (functionally) unisexual (and then plants often dioecious or polygamous); stipe

articulate to pedicel; hypanthium saucer-shaped to tubiform. Sepals 4 or 5 (or 6), imbricate, free or

partially connate ( Adenia p.p.), often persistent. Petals (3-4 or 5 (-6), imbricate, rarely absent.

Corona extra-staminal, inserted on the hypanthium, various, composed of hairs, or of one or more

whorls of thread-like processes or scales, or tubiform or cup-shaped, or absent {Adenia p.p.). Disc

mostly extra-staminal, annular or composed of 5 mostly strap-shaped parts {Adenia), or absent.

Stamens 4— many, in S. Africa 4 or 5 (-8), inserted on the hypanthium or on an androgynophore, if

few altemipetalous, free or partially connate; anthers 2-celled, basifixed to dorsifixed, versatile or

not, sometimes apiculate, opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, sessile or on a gynophore or

androgynophore, 1 -celled, 3-5 (-6)-carpellate, with 3-5 (-6) parietal placentas; ovules mostly

numerous, anatropous, with 2 integuments; styles 1 or 3-5, very short to distinct, free or partially

united; stigma(s) capitate to subglobose, sometimes much divided {Adenia). Fruit a loculicidally

3-5-valved capsule, or berry-like. Seeds mostly compressed, enveloped by a membranous or

mostly pulpy aril; funicles often distinct, testa crustaceous, mostly pitted; endosperm homy;

embryo large, straight, with foliaceous cotyledons.

A pantropical family of about 18 genera and about 500 species; Passiflora, the largest, mainly in America.

The family can be divided into two tribes, viz. tribe Paropsieae, and tribe Passifloreae. Tribe Paropsieae (all African, 1

species of Paropsia in the Caprivi-area) comprises the erect, arborescent species, destitute of tendrils. Tribe Passifloreae

consists of the mainly climbing species, provided with tendrils; of this tribe 3 genera are indigenous, whereas Passiflora is

cultivated as an ornamental or for the flavoured edible fruit (P. edulis Sims), but sometimes escaped and running wild. Two

species (P. foetida L. and P. suberosa L.) are locally naturalized, and may behave as weeds.

Shrubs or trees, without tendrils; vegetative ramification through the axillary bud; corona

tomentose, composed of threads arranged in 5 bundles (Tribe Paropsieae) ... .1. Paropsia

Mostly tendril climbers, rarely low herbs without tendrils, or shrub-like, sometimes provided

with thorns; vegetative ramification through the accessory bud (Tribe Passifloreae):

Flowers (mostly) unisexual; corona ill-developed, or absent; disc consisting of 5 strap-

shaped parts, or absent; stigmas divided or distinctly papillate 2. Adenia

Flowers hermaphrodite; corona well-developed; disc annular or absent; stigmas capitate or

subglobose:

Styles single, stigma 3 or 4-lobed 3. Schlechterina

Styles 3 or 4 (or 5), free or partially connate:

Flowers small, up to 1,5 cm diam.; androgynophore absent, stamens inserted inside in

the inner corona 4. Basananthe

Flowers usually much larger; androgynophore distinct 5. Passiflora

*Rijksherbarium, Schelpenkade 6, Leiden, Netherlands.

Passifloraceae

105

5369a 1. PAROPSIA

Paropsia Noronha exThouars, Hist. Veg. Isles Austr. Afr., ed. 1, 59, tab. 19 (1805); ed. 2, 59,

tab. 19 (1806); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 414 (1925); A. & R. Fernandes in Garcia de Orta 6:

244, 667 (1958); Sleumer in Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 40: 50 (1970). Type: P. edulis Thouars.

Trichodia Griff, in Not. 4: 570 (1854).

Hounea Baill. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 301 (1881).

Shrubs or trees, mostly hairy, without tendrils. Leaves alternate, ± distichous, not lobed, ±

oblong, petiolate, margin subentire to mostly distinctly serrate-dentate or repand-dentate; glands at

the tops of the teeth, and on the blade margin (rarely on the surface) towards the base; stipules

small, mostly caducous. Inflorescences 1-many-flowered, subfasciculate, axillary, peduncled or

not, yellow to reddish-brown hairy, sometimes forming terminal panicles by reduction or

abscission of sustaining leaves; bracts linear, caducous. Flowers hermaphrodite, pedicellate, often

fragrant; hypanthium shallowly cup-shaped; sepals (4 or) 5, imbricate, persistent; petals (4 or) 5,

imbricate. Corona composed of hairy threads in one series, ± free or connate at base, or these

collected into 5 bundles opposite the petals. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; filaments glabrous or

pilose at base, faintly connate at base, inserted at base of ovary or on short gynophore; anthers

oblong to linear, ± sagittate, subdorsifixed. Gynophore short or absent; ovary ovoid, placentas

3-5, many-ovuled; styles (2 or) 3(-5), free, sometimes pilose; stigmas subreniform or capitate.

Fruit a 3(-5)-valved capsule, subglobose, sometimes shortly stipitate. Seeds ovoid, compressed,

5-7 mm, arillate; testa crustaceous, scrobiculate.

A genus of 1 1 species, 1 in S.E. Asia (Malesia), 6 species in Madagascar, and 4 in tropical Africa, 1 of which enters our

Flora area.*

Paropsia brazzeana Baill. in Bull. Soc.

Linn, Paris 1: 611 (1886); Warb. in Pflanzen-

fam. 3, 6a: 27 (1893); Gilg in Bot. Jahrb. 40:

472 (1908); in Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 572,

fig. 253 D-F (1921); Gilg in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,

21: 415 (1925); Exell in J. Bot. Lond. 67

(Suppl.): 191 (1929); Gossw. & Mendonca,

Carta Fitogeogr. Angola 111, 161 (1939);

Gossw., Agron. Angol. 7: 274 (1953); A. & R.

Fernandes in Garcia de Orta 6: 653 (1958) as

brazzaeana\ F. White, For. FI. N. Rhod. 268

(1962); Sleumer in Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg.

40: 70 (1970). Type: Congo Republic, De

Brazza 48 (P, holo. !).

P. reticulata Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 4: 391 (1892); ibid. 15:

586 (1893); Warb. Pflanzenfam. 3, 6a: 27, fig. 9D-F

(1893); Gilg. in Warb., Kunene-Samb. Exped. 309(1903);

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 414, fig. 183D-F (1925). Type:

Angola, Mechow 541 (B+; K, photo.). — var. ovatifolia

Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 14: 14 (1891). Type: Zaire, Pogge 951

(Bf). — var. proschii Briq. in Annu. Cons. Jard. Bot.

Geneve 6: 1 (1902). Type: Zambia, Prosch 35 (G). P.

*After going to press specimen Wiens & Van Wyk

5334 from Pafuri (Grid 2231 AD) was received. The

specimen is immature and has been provisionally identified

as P. brazzeana Baill. by the author. In the editor’s opinion the

specimen probably belongs to P. braunii Gilg, a species

known from Mozambique and areas further north.

argutidens Sleumer in Fedde Repert. 45: 13 (1938). Type:

Zambia, Milne-Redhead 726 (K, holo. ! ; BR).

Shrub or shrublet 1-2,5 (-3) m; stem up to

5 cm across, mostly branched from the base;

young twigs yellowish-tomentose. Leaves

oblong-elliptic or ovate-oblong, rarely broadly

elliptic or ovate, apex shortly acuminate, rarely

obtuse, base broadly attenuate to rotundate,

hard-chartaceous, when young woolly

yellowish-tomentose all over, later on glabres-

cent and shiny above, margin regularly glandu-

lar sinuate-dentate or subserrate (teeth 1-4 mm,

2-5 (-7) mm spaced), (3-) 6-10 (-13) x (1,5-)

2,5-4 (-6,5) cm (in sterile shoots somewhat

larger), lateral nerves 5-8 pairs, upward curved,

conjunct, distinctly prominent beneath; petioles

(3-) 5-7 mm long, c. 2 mm thick. Inflores-

cences 1-2 (-3) (rarely-5)-fiowered fascicles,

axillary to normal leaves; bracts ovate, c. 2 mm.

Flowers subsessile or stipe (pedicel) up to 5

mm, c. 1 mm thick; sepals oblong, greenish-

whitish, outside (as the pedicel) yellowish-

tomentose, inside finely tomentose, 10-12 x

(3-) 4-5 mm, slightly enlarging with age; petals

oblong, white, especially outside puberulous,

resembling the sepals but slightly narrower;

corona c. 3 mm high, split up into 5 rather

106

Passifloraceae

distinct bundles; threads connate at base, out-

side tomentose, connate part inside glabrous;

filaments c. 5 mm; anthers oblong-cordate, c. 2

mm; ovary sessile, reddish-brown tomentose;

styles hardly 1 mm. Fruit ovoid-subglobose,

red-brown tomentose, 1,5-2 x 1,2-1, 8 cm.

Fig. 35.

Distributed mainly in Equatorial Africa, viz. Came-

roon, Central African Republic, Congo Brazzaville, Zaire,

Angola, Zambia, Rhodesia, Botswana; 1 collection from

Caprivi; found in forest and thickets, gallery- and secondary

forest; rather common on clay and Kalahari sand; 0-1000

(in Angola up to 1600) m.

S.W.A. — 1723 (Singalamwe): Caprivi area, Singalamwe

to Katima Mulilo, Killick & Leistner 3281.

5370 2. ADENIA

Adenia Forsk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. 77 (1775); Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 14: 374 (1891); Harms in

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 488 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 220 (1926); Liebenberg in Bothalia

3: 513 (1939); A. & R. Fernandes in Garcia de Orta 6: 255, 656 (1958); C.F.A. 4: 217 (1970);

Phill. , Gen. ed. 2: 518 (1951); De Wilde in Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71-18:

1—28 1 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal 251 (1972). Type: A. venenata Forsk.

Modecca Lam., Encycl. 4: 208 (1797); Harv. in F.C. 2: 499 (1862); Thes. Cap. 2: 43 (1863); Gen. PI. ed. 2: 121 (1868);

Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1: 813 (1867); Mast, in F.T.A. 2: 512 (1871).

Kolbia P. Beauv., FI. d’Oware 2: 91, 1. 120 (1807).

Blepharanthes J. E. Smith, Gram. Bot. 188 (1821), nom. illegit.

Paschanthus Burch., Trav. 1: 543 (1822).

Microblepharis (Wight & Am.) Roem., Syn. Mon., 2 Pepon. 200 (1846).

Erythrocarpus Roem., Syn. Mon., 2 Pepon. 204 (1846).

Clemanthus Klotzsch in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 143 (1862).

Ophiocaulon Hook.f. in Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1: 813 (1867); Harv., Gen. PI. ed. 2: 121 (1868); Mast, in F.T.A. 2:

517 (1871); Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 14: 385 (1891).

Machadoa Welw. ex Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 1: 814 (1867).

Keramanthus Hook.f. in Bot. Mag. t.627 1 (1876).

Jaggia Schinz in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 30: 253 (1888).

Echinothamnus Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 14: 383 (1891).

(Sub)ligneous to herbaceous perennial climbers with tendrils, sometimes erect herbs or

shrublets mostly without tendrils, often with a rootstock or tuber, or a pachypodous main stem;

sometimes thorny or spiny; glabrous or sometimes pubescent. Leaves either simple, entire or

lobed, or palmately parted or pseudo-compound; glands (0 or 1) or 2 at the blade-base, at or near

the apex of the petiole, and with or without glands elsewhere on the lower surface or margin of the

blade; stipules minute, narrowly triangular or reniform; tendrils axillary. Inflorescences axillary,

cymose, the middle (or the first three) flower(s) often replaced by (a) tendril(s); bracts and

bracteoles minute, triangular to subulate. Flowers dioecious or rarely monoecious, bisexual or

polygamous, campanulate or urceolate to tubular or infundibuliform, mostly greenish or yellowish,

always glabrous, stipe articulate at base. Hypanthium saucer- or cup-shaped, or tubular. Sepals

(4—) 5 (-6), free or partially connate into a calyx-tube, imbricate, persistent. Petals (4—) 5 (-6),

free, included in the calyx, sometimes adnate with the calyx-tube, mostly fimbriate or laciniate.

Corona annular, or consisting of 5 cup-shaped parts, or of a laciniate rim or membrane, or

composed of hair-like processes, or absent. Disc-glands 5, ligulate or strap-shaped, inserted at or

near the base of the hypanthium, alternating with the petals, or absent. Male flowers: Stamens (4-)

5 (-6), hypogynous or perigynous (variably inserted in the hypanthium), free or partially connate

into a tube; anthers basifixed, oblong to linear, often apiculate, 2-locular, opening introrsely to

latrorsely; vestigial ovary minute. Female flowers mostly smaller than the male flowers, with

smaller petals; staminodes ± subulate. Ovary superior, shortly stipitate or subsessile, globose to

oblong; placentas 3 (-5), ovules usually numerous; styles 3(-5) free or partially united, sometimes

styles very short; stigmas mostly subglobose, laciniate or plumose or densely woolly-papillate.

Passifloraceae

107

Fig. 35. — 1, Paropsia brazzeana, flowering twig, x 1; a, flower, x 2% (Flanagan 3205); b, fruit, x 1; c, seed, x 3

(Jacobsen 1726).

108

Passifloraceae

Fruit a stipitate 3 (-5)-valved capsule; pericarp (woody-)coriaceous to rather fleshy (and hence

fruit ± berry-like), greenish to yellow or bright red. Seeds ± compressed, with crustaceous pitted

testa, enclosed in a membranous to pulpy (juicy) aril.

A genus of 93 species, divided into 6 sections, in tropical Africa (with a few species in temperate Southern Africa),

Madagascar, and S.E. Asia, Malesia, and N. Australia. 10 species occur in our area.

Gland at blade-base single, on a single median hemispherical to spathulate appendage; corona absent; disc-glands

absent; sepals free; stigmas (sub)sessile. Sect. Ophiocaulon 10. A. gummifera

Gland(s) at blade-base (0 or) 1 or 2, (sub)sessile, never on a single distinct median appendage with narrow insertion;

corona absent or membranous or laciniate, or composed of (fine) hairs; disc-glands present or not; sepals free or

partially connate into a calyx-tube; styles distinct:

Sepals free or nearly so; sepals and petals inserted at or at about the same level; anthers wholly or largely extending

beyond the hypanthium; corona present; disc-glands present. Sect. Microblepharis:

Male flowers including stipe usually more than 10 mm long; plants mostly provided with tendrils, or with thorns:

Plant unarmed:

Gland at blade-base 1; leaves entire or 3-5-foliolate; hypanthium wider than long, 2,5-4 mm

wide 1. A. fruncosa

Glands at blade-base 2, though approximate; leaves deeply 5-lobed; hypanthium longer than or about as long

as wide, 2-3 mm wide 2. A. glauca

Plant thorny 3. A. spinosa

Male flowers small, including stipe 8-10 (-14) mm long; stems without tendrils, erect, short, hard-shrubby,

arising from a swollen lumpy base; glands at blade-base 2, sessile 4. A. pechuelii

Sepals partially connate into a calyx-tube which extends wholly or partially above the insertion of the petals, hence

calyx-lobes and petals not inserted at the same level, but if approximate because of adnation of the petals to the

calyx-tube, then stamens (anthers) largely or entirely enclosed in the calyx-tube:

Midrib not ending in a gland; stamens inserted at the base of the hypanthium; corona present; disc-glands present.

Sect. Blepharanthes:

Leaves (deeply) lobed or entire, not digitately compound:

Hypanthium wider than long, 5-12 mm wide, base flattish, about as wide as the calyx-tube; leaves

3-5-lobed 5. A. natalensis

Hypanthium about as long as, or longer than wide, 3-6 mm wide, base tapering; leaves entire . .6. A. hastata

Leaf-blade digitately dissected to the base, the lobes or leaflets sometimes more or less stalked:

Climbing herbs 1-5 m tall, provided with tendrils; leaves palmately (3-) 5-parted or -foliolate . .7. A. digitata

Erect herbs, up to 50 cm tall, without tendrils; leaves palmately (5-) 7-parted 8. A. wilmsii

Midrib ending in a (sub)apical gland; stamens inserted well above the base in the flower tube; corona absent;

disc-glands absent. Sect. Paschanthus 9. A. repanda

1. Adenia fruticosa Burn Davy, FI.

Transv. 1: 36; 221 (1926); Bremekamp, Vege-

tationsbilder 23, 3: 6, pi. 18 (1932); Lieben-

berg in Bothalia 3: 538, 528, 532, pi. 1, 2

(1939); Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 225 (1962);

De Wilde in Meded. Landbouwhogeschool

Wageningen 71-18: 69 (1971). Type: Trans-

vaal, Pole Evans H15723 (K, holo.!; PRE!).

Shrub or shrubby tree to 6 m, glabrous;

main stem mostly thick, soft-woody, branched

or not, up to 2 x 0,6 m; branches shrubby or

lianoid, provided with tendrils. Leaves some

grey-green or glaucous, punctate or not be-

neath, simple or 3-5-foliolate, in outline ovate

to suborbicular, base (sub)cordate, 1-8 x 1-8

cm, (1-) 3-5-plinerved; petiole (0,3-) 1-5 cm;

leaflets (or lobes) orbicular, ovate or obovate,

base rounded to attenuate, apex subacute to

broadly rounded, rarely retuse, 1-6 x 1-4 (-6)

cm, ± penninerved; margin entire; petiolule

0-5 (-7) mm. Gland at blade-base 1, on a

fleshy ± upward curved median lobelet at the

top of the petiole; no other glands present.

Stipules narrowly triangular, c. 0,5 mm.

Inflorescences either solitary in the leaf-axils, or

grouped in short-shoots, peduncled up to c. 1

cm, 2-5-flowered in 6, 1-3-flowered in ?;

tendrils 0; sterile tendrils 3-12 cm, sometimes

breaking off and leaving a thorn-like structure.

Male flowers campanulate, including the 0,5-5

mm long stipe 9-17 mm; hypanthium cup-

shaped, 1—2,5 x 2, 5-4, 5 mm; calyx-tube 0;

sepals lanceolate, obtusish, 7-9 (-10) mm,

(sub)entire; petals oblong to lanceolate, acute,

4—8 mm, 3-nerved, serrulate; filaments 1,5-4

mm, connate for 0,5-2 mm, inserted at the base

of the hypanthium; anthers 3-6,5 mm, obtuse;

septa 1-2 mm high; corona consisting of fine

hairs 0,2-0, 5 (-1) mm, sometimes partly mem-

Passifloraceae

109

branous; disc-glands c. 0,5 mm, or absent.

Female flowers campanulate, including the

0,5-1 mm long stipe 7-9 mm; hypanthium

1-1,5 x 2, 5-3, 5 mm; calyx-tube 0; sepals

lanceolate, obtuse, 5-7 mm, entire; petals lan-

ceolate, acute, 3-4 mm, 1 -nerved, ± serrulate;

staminodes 2-4 mm; septa 1 (-2) mm high;

corona consisting of fine hairs 0,2-0, 5 mm, or

nearly absent; disc-glands 0-0,5 mm;

gynophore 1,5-3 mm; ovary subglobose 2,5-4

mm; styles connate for 0,5-0, 7 mm, style arms

0,5-1 mm; stigmas subglobose, papillate, each

1-1,5 mm diam. Fruit 1-2 per inflorescence,

subglobose (to ellipsoid), excluding the 2-5

mm long gynophore 1-2 x 0,8-1, 8 cm;

pericarp coriaceous; seeds 3-6 per capsule,

broad ovate to orbicular, 6-6,5 mm.

A species of dry savanna and bushveld, on sandy or

granitic soils; 100-1400 m. Distributed in Transvaal and

Natal, also in Rhodesia.

Three more or less allopatric subspecies are recog-

nized.

Leaves 3-5-foliolate; petiolule of leaflets 2-5 (-7) mm;

anthers c. 3 mm (a) subsp. fruticosa

Leaves simple or 3 (or 4)-foliolate; leaflets ses-

sile; anthers 4-5,5 mm:

Hypanthium of 3 flowers broadly cup-shaped, ±

5-saccate; corona hairs 0,5-1 mm; disc-glands

present; leaves simple or 3-

foliolate (b) subsp. simplicifolia

Hypanthium of 3 flowers cup-shaped, taper-

ing, not saccate: corona hairs up to 0,5 mm, or

partly absent; disc-glands absent; leaves 3 (or

4)-foliolate (c) subsp. trifoliolata

(a) subsp. fruticosa.

De Wilde in Meded. Landbouwhogeschool

Wageningen 71-18: 70 (1971).

Leaves 3-5-foliolate, 2-8 x (2-) 2,5-8

cm; petiole 1-5 cm; leaflets suborbicular to

obovate, base attenuate to rounded, apex

broadly rounded, rarely retuse, 1-6 x 1-4 (-6)

cm; petiolules 2-5 (-7) mm. Male flowers

including the c. 0,5 mm long stipe c. 9 mm;

hypanthium cup-shaped, not distinctly saccate,

c. 1 x 2,5-3 mm; sepals 7-8 mm; petals c. 4

mm; filaments c. 1,5 mm; anthers c. 3 mm;

corona partly consisting of fine hairs up to 0,5

mm, partly membranous; disc-glands c. 0,2

mm. Female flowers including the 0,5-1 mm

long stipe 7-9 mm, hypanthium c. 1,5 x

2. 5- 3, 5 mm; sepals 5-7 mm; petals 3-4 mm;

staminodes 3—4 mm; corona consisting of fine

hairs up to 0,2 mm; disc-glands absent; pistil

6.5- 8 mm; gynophore 2-3 mm; ovary 3-4 x

3-3,5 mm; styles connate for 0,7 mm, style-

arms 0,5-0, 7 mm.

Found in bushveld, on dry stony slopes, dry sandy

loam soil and granite in the eastern Transvaal, not

elsewhere; 800-1400 m. Flowers in Aug. and Sept., fruits in

Oct. and Nov.

Transvaal. — 2429 (Zebediela): Chuniespoort, Ober-

meyer & Verdoorn 10; Sekukuniland, Barnard 454. 2430

(Pilgrims Rest): 8 km N. of Burgersfort, Codd & Dyer

7732; Kasparsnek, Strey 3693.

(b) subsp. simplicifolia De Wilde in

Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen

71-18: 71 (1971). Type: Rhodesia, Chase 1321

(SRGH, holo. !; BM; K; LISC).

Leaves simple, ovate, or (2-) 3-foliolate,

1-6 x 0,7-5 cm; petiole (0,3-) 0,5-2, 5 cm;

leaflets suborbicular to elliptic, or ovate, or

rhomboid, base attenuate to rounded, apex

(sub)obtuse, 1-5 x 1-3 (-4) cm; petiolules ±

0. Male flowers including the 3-4 mm long

stipe 13-15 mm; hypanthium broadly cup-

shaped, 5-saccate, c. 2 x 4-4,5 mm; sepals

8-10 mm; petals 7-8 mm; filaments 3-4 mm;

anthers 5-5,5 mm; corona of densely set fine

hairs 0,5-1 mm; disc-glands 0,5-0, 7 mm.

Female flowers including the 0,5-1 mm long

stipe 7-8 mm; hypanthium 1-1,5 x 2, 5-3,5

mm; sepals 5-6 mm; petals 3-4 mm;

staminodes 2-2,5 mm; corona hairs c. 0,5 mm;

disc-glands 0, 2-0,5 mm; pistil 5-6,5 mm;

gynophore 1,5-2 mm; ovary 1,5-3 x 1,5-2, 5

mm; styles connate for 0,5-0, 7 mm; style-arms

0,5-1 mm.

Confined to a restricted area in Transvaal and southern

Rhodesia, in thorny bushveld, found in rocky (basalt) places

and on sandy soils, also near hot springs; 400-1000 m.

Flowers and fruits Sept.-Nov.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): Dongola Reserve,

Pole Evans 3747.

The fruits are reported as being green berries whitish

striped.

(c) subsp. trifoliolata De Wilde in

Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen

71-18: 72 (1971). Type: Natal, Acocks 12937

(PRE, holo.!; P).

Leaves 3- (or 4)-foliolate, 1,5-3 X 1,5-2, 5

cm; petiole 0,5- 1,5 cm; leaflets suborbicular,

base and apex rounded to subacute, 0,5-2 x

0,5-2, 5 cm; petiolules ± 0. Male flowers in-

cluding the c. 5 mm long stipe c. 14—17 mm;

hypanthium cup-shaped, tapering, not saccate,

c. 2,5 x 4—5 mm; sepals 6,5-8 mm; petals c. 5

mm, filaments 3-3,5 mm; anthers 4-4,5 mm;

corona hairs up to 0,5 mm, or corona partly

membranous or partly absent; disc-glands 0.

Female flowers not known. Fruit subsessile,

ovoid, c. 1,2 cm long, 2-3-seeded.

110

Passifloraceae

An endemic of Natal and Zululand, in sandy bushveld

on sandstone; locally frequent; 100-900 m. Flowers and

fruits Sept.-Dee.

Natal. — 2732 (Ubombo): Ubombo Mt., Venter 1751.

2831 (Nkandla): Umfolozi Game Reserve, Ward 4378; near

Ntonjaneni, A cocks 12937. 2832 (Mtubatuba): Hluhluwe

Game Reserve, Ward 4475.

Fresh fruits are recorded as: “almost globose, mottled

green when immature, darker towards base, becoming

orange-green when ripe”, or: “very dark green with light

green veins”.

Gerstner 5241 is annotated as having an underground

tuber, and not an overground stem.

2. Adenia glauca Schinz in Bot. Jahrb.

15, Beibl. 33, 1; 1 (1892); Engl., Pflanzenw.

Afr. 3, 2: 605 (1921); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1:

222 (1926); Steyn, Tox. PI. S. Afr. 314, fig.

43B, 46, 47B (1934); Liebenberg in Bothalial:

539, 523, 532, fig. ^8, pi. 4 & 5 (1939); Letty,

Wild Flow. Transv. 225, tab. 112 (1962); Watt

& Breyer-Brandwijk, Med. Pois. PI. ed. 2: 828

(1962); De Wilde in Meded. Landbouwhoge-

school Wageningen 71-18: 73 (1971). Type:

Transvaal, Rehmann 4799 (Z, lecto. !).

Modecca glauca Schinz in Bot. Jahrb. 15, Beibl. 33, 1: 1

(1892); ex Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 14: 393 (1891), nom. nud.

Climber, sometimes shrub-like, up to 3,5

m, the basal part thickened, tapering, “bottle-

shaped”, up to c. lx 0,4 m, ± fleshy, smooth,

greenish, glabrous. Leaves greyish or glaucous

or purplish-grey, sometimes punctate beneath,

5-parted to the base, suborbicular in outline,

2- 12 x 2,5-12 cm, base cordate, 5-plinerved;

petiole (0,5-) 1-5 cm; leaf-parts (ob)ovate to

oblong, ± attenuate at base, apex (sub)obtuse,

sometimes retuse, 1-7 x 0,5-3, 5 (-4,5) cm;

margin entire. Glands at blade-base 2, contigu-

ous, situated on two ± connate thickish auricles

making the blade slightly peltate; blade-glands

1-3 (-5), (sub)apical on the lobes. Stipules

narrowly triangular, acute, 1-1,5 mm. Inflores-

cences peduncled up to 1 (-2) cm, 2-5-flowered

in S, 1-3-flowered in ?; tendril (0 or) 1, 2-6 cm;

sterile tendrils up to 10 cm. Male flowers

(tubiform to) infundibuliform, including the

3- 7 mm long stipe (13-) 15-30 mm; hypan-

thium cup-shaped, (1-) 2-4 x 2-4 mm; calyx-

tube 0; sepals lanceolate, obtuse, (8-) 10-18

(-20) mm, entire; petals lanceolate, apex acute

to obtuse, 6-11 mm, 1-3-nerved, serrulate;

filaments (3-) 4,5-7 mm, connate for (1,5-)

2,5-4 mm, inserted at the base of the hypan-

thium; anthers 3 — 5,5 mm subacute; septa (1-)

2,5-4 mm high; corona consisting of either

sparse thick hairs c. 0,5 mm or of thinner hairs

0,5-1 mm; disc-glands absent. Female flowers

tubiform to infundibuliform, including the

1.5- 4 mm long stipe (9-) 10-15 mm; hypan-

thium cup-shaped, 1,5-2 x 2-3 mm; calyx-tube

0; sepals lanceolate, obtuse, 7-9 mm, (sub)en-

tire; petals lanceolate, acute, 4—5 mm, 1-nerved,

(sub)serrulate; staminodes 2-3,5 mm; septa 1-2

mm high; corona hairs sparse, thick, 0,5-1 mm;

disc-glands 0; gynophore 1-2 mm; ovary sub-

globose, 2, 5-4, 5 mm; styles connate up to 0,5

mm, style-arms 1-1,5 mm; stigmas subglobose,

papillate, each c. 1,5 mm diam. Fruit 1-2 per

inflorescence, (subglobose to) ellipsoid, exclud-

ing the 3-5 mm long gynophore 1,8—2, 5 X

1.5- 2 cm; pericarp coriaceous; seeds 3-5 per

capsule, orbicular to heart-shaped, 5, 5-7, 5 mm.

Found in a restricted area in Transvaal and S.E.

Botswana, in dry bushveld, in rocky places or on sandy soil;

locally common; 1 000-1 600 m. Flowers mainly Aug.-

Jan., fruits Oct. and Nov.

Transvaal. — 2427 (Thabazimbi): 17 km S. of Mat-

labas, Codd 4433. 2428 (Nylstroom): near Naboomspruit,

Galpin 11605; near Warmbaths, Burtt Davy 2622; Acocks

13923. 2528 (Pretoria): Premier Mine, Rogers 25027;

Magaliesberg, C. A. Smith 6271.

Said to be poisonous to catde.

Liebenberg (l.c.) mentions occasional 4-merous

ovaries and fruits, and once a male flower with 6 petals and

stamens.

3. Adenia spinosa Burtt Davy, FI.

Transv. 1, 36: 222 (1926); Liebenberg in

Bothalia 3: 533, 523, fig. 9, pi. 3 (1939); Letty,

Wild Flow. Transv. 225 (1962); De Wilde in

Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen

71-18: 76 (1971). Type: Transvaal, Rogers

19299 (K, holo. !; PRE; Z).

Thorny shrub up to 1,5 (-6?) m high,

arising from an irregularly shaped ± fleshy

trunk up to 0,5 m tall, up to 2,5 m wide. Leaves

± coriaceous, grey-glaucous, sometimes

punctate beneath, entire, broadly ovate to ellip-

tic, base cordate to rounded, apex obtuse, some-

times retuse, 1-3,5 x 0,7-3 cm, 3-plinerved to

± penninerved; margin entire; petiole 0, 2-0,7

cm. Gland(s) at blade-base 1 or 2, sessile at the

top of the petiole; blade-gland 1, (sub)apical.

Stipules triangular, acute, c. 0,5 mm. Thorns

0,5-4 cm, patent, acute, when young ending in

a tendril. Inflorescences solitary or in short-

shoots, peduncled up to 0,5 cm, 2-6-flowered in

6, 1-3-flowered in ?; tendril (0 or) 1, strong,

4-6 cm, mostly replaced by a thorn; sterile

tendrils simple, 4—8 cm. Male flowers

tubiform-campanulate, including the 1,5-3 mm

Passifloraceae

long stipe (10-) 12-24 mm; hypanthium (nar-

rowly) cup-shaped, 1-3 X 2,5-4 mm; calyx-

tube 0; sepals lanceolate, obtuse, (8-) 9-18

mm, (sub)entire; petals lanceolate, acute, (6-)

8-10 mm, 1-3-nerved, serrulate; filaments

2, 5-5, 5 mm, connate for 1-3 mm, inserted at or

near the base of the hypanthium; anthers 4—5

mm, obtuse; septa 1-3 mm high; corona con-

sisting of a few stiff hairs 0,2-1 mm, mainly

near the insertion of the petals; disc-glands

absent or inconspicuous. Female flowers

tubiform-campanulate, including the 1-1,5 mm

long stipe 7-10 mm, hypanthium 1-1,5 mm,

calyx-tube 0; sepals lanceolate, obtuse, 5-8

mm, entire; petals lanceolate, acute, 2, 5-3, 5

mm, 1-nerved, (sub)entire; staminodes c. 1,5

mm; septa 0,5-0, 7 mm; corona absent or con-

sisting of a few stiff hairs c. 0,2 mm; disc-

glands 0; gynophore 1-2 mm; ovary sub-

globose, 2-4 (-5) mm; styles connate for c. 1

mm, style-arms c. 0,5 mm; stigmas subglobose,

papillate, each c. 1 mm diam. Fruit 1-2 per

inflorescence, subglobose (to ellipsoid), exclud-

ing the 3-4 mm long gynophore 1,4— 2,2 x

1,2—1, 8 cm; pericarp coriaceous; seeds 3-6 per

capsule, suborbicular, c. 6,5-7 mm.

Occurs in a restricted area in the Transvaal, also in

southern Rhodesia. It is locally common in open bushland

and scrub, in dry rocky (basalt) places; 200-1000 m.

Flowers in Jan., May, July, Sept, and Nov., fruits in Sept,

and Nov.

The thorns and tendrils are homologous with the

inflorescences as found in other Adenias.

The flowers resemble those of A. glauca. The mostly

early deciduous leaves often much resemble the simple

leaves of A. fruticosa subsp. simplicifolia.

Transvaal. — 2220 (Waterpoort): Soutpan, Obermeyer,

Schweickerdt & Verdoorn 137; Galpin 15140; 6 km N.W.

of Wylliespoort, Codd 2997. 2230 (Messina): near Messi-

na, Rogers 19299; 21664. 2329 (Pietersburg): Naauwpoort,

Bremekamp & Schweickerdt 469; Vivo, Mogg 24453 . 2331

(Phalaborwa): Kruger National Park, near The Gorge Rest

Camp, Codd 6187. 2429 (Zebediela): Molsgat, near

Chuniespoort, Obermeyer sub TRV 34667.

4. Adenia pechuelii (Engl.) Harms in

Pflanzenfam. 3, 6a, Nachtr. 1; 255 (1897); ibid.,

ed. 2, 21; 490, fig. 216 (1925); Engl., Pflan-

zenw. Afr. 3, 2: 595, 600, 601, 608, fig. 267

(1921); Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 89: 2 (1968); De

Wilde in Meded. Landbouwhogeschool

Wageningen 71-18: 78 (1971). Syntypes: S.W.

Africa, Pechuel-Loesche s.n.; Giirich 18 (Bf).

Echinotharnnus pechuelii Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 14: 383,

fig. 9 (1891).

1 1 1

Bushy shrub up to 1,5 m, mostly leafless,

without tendrils; pruinose, glabrous; the

branches up to 60 cm, thorny, growing from

lumpy subglobose to cylindrical main stem up

to 1 m diam. Leaves coriaceous, grey-green,

minutely papillate beneath, entire or shallowly

3-lobed, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, base at-

tenuate to rounded, apex (sub)acute to obtuse,

1-6 x 0,2-2 (-2,5) cm, penninerved; margin

entire; petiole up to 0,2 cm. Glands at blade-

base 2, lateral at the very base of the midrib;

blade-glands 0-4, one pair at about V 3-V2, and

one pair 2/ 3 from the base. Stipules narrowly

triangular, acute, 0,5-1 mm. Inflorescences

peduncled up to 0,2 cm, 1-2 (-3)-flowered in 6

and $; tendrils 0. Male flowers campanulate,

including the c. 3 mm long stipe 8-10 (-14)

mm; hypanthium cup-shaped, 0,7-2 x 2,5-4

(-6) mm; calyx-tube 0; sepals elliptic to oblong,

obtuse, 3-5,5 (-7) mm, entire; petals lanceol-

ate, acute, 3-5 mm, 1-nerved, subserrulate;

filaments 1-2 mm, connate for 0,5-1 mm,

inserted at the base of the hypanthium; anthers

2. 5- 4, 5 mm, obtuse; septa 0,5-1 mm high;

corona hairs fine, 0,5-1 mm; disc-glands c. 0,2

mm. Female flowers campanulate, including

the 2-3 mm long stipe 7-8 mm; hypanthium

(broadly) cup-shaped, 1-1,5 x 2,5-3 mm;

calyx-tube 0-0,5 mm, sepals oblong, obtuse, c.

4 mm, entire; petals lanceolate, (sub)acute, c.

2,5 mm, 1-nerved, ± serrulate; staminodes

1.5- 2 mm; septa 0,5-0, 7 mm high; corona hairs

c. 0,5 mm; disc-glands 0; gynophore c. 1 mm,

ovary subglobose to ellipsoid, c. 2 mm; styles

connate for c. 0,5 mm, style-arms c. 0,5 mm;

stigmas subglobose, papillate, c. 1 mm diam.

Fruit 1 per inflorescence, subglobose to ellip-

soid, excluding the 1-2 mm long gynophore

1-1,7 x 1-1,5 cm; pericarp thinly coriaceous;

seeds 3-10 per capsule, ovate-subcircular, 5-7

mm.

A local endemic species in South West Africa, in

semi-desert on sand, marble, and quartz and granite rock;

200-1000 m. Flowers in Dec., fruits in Febr.

S.W. A. — 2115 (Karibib): Omaruru, Giess 9190; Pforte,

Merxmiiller 1758. 2214 (Swakopmund): near Walvis Bay,

Jensen s.n. 2215 (Trekkopje): near Husab, Pechuel-

Loesche s.n. 2416 (Maltahohe): Blasskranz, Volk 931.

5. Adenia natalensis De Wilde in

Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen

71-18: 161, fig. 25 (1971). Type: Natal, Ger-

rard 1820 (K, holo. !; BM).

Subherbaceous climber, c. 4 m; glabrous.

Leaves grey-green, not punctate beneath.

112

Passifloraceae

deeply 3-5-palmately lobed or -partite, orbicu-

lar to 5-angular in outline, base subcordate, 5-9

x 6-10 cm, 5-subplinerved; lobes or blade-

parts ovate to (ob)lanceolate, entire or 2-4

(-6)-lobed, apex rounded to subacute, 2-6 cm;

margin entire; petiole 1,5-6 cm. Glands at

blade-base 2, separate or ± contiguous, on the

1- 2 mm wide peltate blade-base; blade-glands

2- 6, submarginal or ± scattered. Stipules sub-

triangular, c. 0,5 (-1) mm, withering. Inflores-

cences peduncled for 1-4,5 cm, (1-) 2-6-

flowered in <3; tendril 0 or 1, 2-5 cm, sterile

tendrils 8-12 cm. Male flowers campanulate,

including the 4-4,5 mm long stipe 20-22 mm;

hypanthium saucer-shaped, ± 5-saccate, 2-3 x

10 (-13) mm; calyx-tube (1,5-) 2-3 mm;

calyx-lobes elongate-triangular, (sub)acute,

10-12 mm, subentire; petals obovate-oblong or

± spathulate-unguiculate, apex rounded, 7,5-9

mm, 3-5-nerved, denticulate, inserted at the

same level as the corona; filaments 4—5 mm,

connate for 1,5-2 mm, inserted at the base of

the hypanthium; anthers c. 9 mm, (sub)obtuse;

septa 1,5-2 mm high; corona consisting of hairs

simple or branched, or of a laciniate membrane,

(0,5-) 1 mm; disc-glands 1,7-2 mm. Female

flowers and fruit not known.

This species is known from only two collections made

in Natal, in the previous century; apparently it is a local

endemic and rare species, not unlikely extinct by now.

Presumably it is a species of low coastal forest.

Natal. — Zululand: without precise locality, Gerrard

1200; 1820.

6. Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz in Bot.

Jahrb. 15, Beibl. 33, 1: 3 (1892); Burtt Davy in

Ann. Transv. Mus. 3: 121 (1912); Engl., Pflan-

zenw. Afr. 3, 2: 603 (1921); Harms in Notizbl.

Bot. Gart. Berl. 8: 295 (1923); in Pflanzenfam.

ed. 2, 21: 491 (1925); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1:

221 (1926); Liebenberg in Bothalia 3: 536, fig.

4—5 (1939); A. & R. Fernandes in Garcia de

Orta 6: 256 (1958); Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk,

Med. Pois. PI. ed. 2: 828 (1962); De Wilde in

Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen

71-18: 168 (1971). Type: Natal, Gerrard 1199

(TCD, holo.; BM; K; W).

Modecca hastata Harv., Thes. Cap. 2: 43, tab. 167

(1863).

Adenia schlechteri Harms in Bot. Jahrb. 33, 1: 150

(1902). Type: Transvaal, Schlechter 11747 (BM; BR;

HBG; K; P; Z).

Herbaceous climber to 4 m, growing from

a tuberous rootstock; glabrous. Leaves pale- or

greyish-green, often punctate beneath, simple,

broadly ovate to ± hastate, base cordate to

truncate, apex obtuse to acute, up to 2 mm

subapical mucronate, 1,5-10 (-14) x 1,5-10

(-13) cm, 3-7-(sub)plinerved; margin entire;

petiole (0,5-5 (-10) cm. Gland(s) at blade-base

1 or 2, contiguous, situated on the not- or

shortly-peltate, sometimes 2-lobed blade-base;

blade-glands 0-2 (-4), often conspicuous,

(sub)marginal or near the top; leaves of juvenile

specimens with peltate base, without glands.

Stipules narrowly triangular, acute, 1,5-2 mm.

Inflorescences peduncled for 0,5-4 (-11) cm,

up to 12-flowered in S, 1-3-flowered in ?;

tendril (0 or) 1, 1-5 cm; sterile tendrils up to 12

cm. Male flowers tubiform to infundibuliform,

including the 2-6 mm long stipe (13-) 15-30

cm; hypanthium cup-shaped, tapering, 2-3 mm;

calyx-tube (5-) 7-15 x (3-) 4-5 mm, lobes

ovate to elliptic, obtuse, 4-7 mm, densely

fimbriate; petals linear-lanceolate, 5-7 (-9)

mm, 1-3-nerved, entire to densely fimbriate,

inserted (1-) 2-8 mm above the corona; fila-

ments 3-7 mm, connate up to 2,5 mm, inserted

at the base of the hypanthium or on a short

androgynophore; anthers 4—7 mm, obtuse; septa

1-2,5 mm high; corona of fine hairs c. 1-2 mm;

disc-glands 1-1,5 mm. Female flowers

campanulate-infundibuliform, including the

0, 5-2,5 mm long stipe (8-) 10-18 mm; hypan-

thium tapering, 1-2 mm; calyx-tube 3-6 mm,

lobes ovate, 4--7 mm, crenulate-laciniate; petals

linear, acute, 3-5 (-6) mm, 1-nerved, entire or

± fimbriate, inserted 1,5-3 mm above the

corona; staminodes 2-2,5 mm; septa up to 0,2

mm high; corona hairs 1-1,5 mm; disc-glands

c. 0,5 mm; gynophore 1-1,5 mm; ovary ellip-

soid to subglobose, (2-) 2, 5-4,5 mm; styles

connate for 0,3-1, 5 mm, free style-arms 1,5—

2,5 mm; stigmas palmately branched, papillate,

each 2^2,5 mm diam. Fruit 1-2 per inflores-

cence, subglobose, excluding the 1-3 mm long

gynophore 2-3,5 (-6) x 2-3,5 (-5) cm;

pericarp coriaceous, sometimes spongy inside;

seeds 2-25 per capsule, ellipsoid, 6-7 (-8) mm.

A species of savanna, stony slopes, rocky hillsides,

stream banks, and forest along water-courses, found in

Natal, Transvaal and Swaziland; also in southern Mozam-

bique; 0-1200 m. Flowers in Aug.-Jan., fruits Nov.-Jan.

Leaves without glands at the apex; glands at blade-base

on a ± semi-orbicular appendage; petals in S

flowers entire to remotely serrate-fimbriate, or

fimbriate only at the base (a) var. hastata

Leaves with glands at the apex; glands at blade-base

on 2 separate auricles or on a bi-lobed append-

age; petals in 6 flowers (mostly densely)

fimbriate (b) var. glandulifera

Passifloraceae

1 13

Fig. 36. — 1, Adenia digitata, flowering stem, x % (Fries , N orlindh & Weimark 3415); a, female flower, longitudinal

section, x 2Vi ( Chase 7887); b, male flower, longitudinal section, X 2'h (Liebenberg 3366); c, fruits, X ( Marques

3443); d, seed, X 2Vi ( Munro s.n.); e-g, variation in leaf shape, all x V2 : e (Young 33291), f ( Galpin 677), g (Munro

s.n.) (after De Wilde, 1971).

Passifloraceae

1 14

(a) var. hastata.

De Wilde in Meded. Landbouwhogeschool

Wageningen 71-18: 170 (1971).

Leaves without glands at the apex.

Gland(s) at blade-base single, or 2 glands con-

tiguous on a single, semi-orbicular, not lobed

appendage. Male flowers 13-25 mm; petals

entire or margin irregularly serrate-fimbriate, or

fimbriate only at base; anthers in anthesis reach-

ing to or nearly to the throat of the calyx-tube.

The typical variety occurs in Natal, the eastern Trans-

vaal lowveld, and in southern Mozambique, at 0-700 m

altitude.

Transvaal. — 2331 (Phalaborwa): Shingwedzi area.

Van der Schijff 3850. 2431 (Acomhoek): Skukuza Camp,

Codd 5732. 2531 (Komatipoort): Sigaas River, Van der

Schijff 1305; Komatipoort, Schlechter 11747.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Ndumu Game Reserve,

Ward 4520. 2732 (Ubombo): Pongola Poort, Strey 4643.

2830 (Dundee): near Tugela Ferry, Dyer 4389. 2831

(Nkandla): Mahlabatini, Gerstner 4234.

Strey 4643, and probably also Codd 10281, both from

northern Natal, possibly represent a separate form with

large fruits up to 6 cm in diameter. These specimens have

relatively large leaves, and were collected in forest along

water-courses.

(b) var. glandulifera De Wilde in Meded.

Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71-18: 170

(1971). Type: Transvaal, Thorncroft 2034

(PRE!).

Leaves with 2 (-4)-paired, sometimes

bulging glands at, or just below the apex.

Glands at blade-base 2, on 2 separate auricles,

or glands contiguous on the bi-lobed ± peltate

blade-base. Male flowers 15-30 mm; petals

moderately to densely fimbriate; anthers in

anthesis remaining well below the throat of the

calyx-tube.

Found in Natal, Swaziland and Transvaal, at 500-1200

m altitude; it has a more western distribution than var.

hastata.

Transvaal. — 2530 (Lydenburg): near Nelspruit, Hunt

Davy 1489; Leach 11540. 2531 (Komatipoort): Barberton,

Galpin 563.

Swaziland. — 2631 (Mbabane): Bulunga Poort, Comp-

ton 31759.

Natal. — 2731 (Louwsburg): near Nongoma, Acocks

13019; Gerstner 2345; Pongola, Edwards 3188; Nel 215.

2732 (Ubombo): Mkuzi, Venter 5204.

The specimens Gerstner 2895, Edwards 3188, Nel

215, and Compton 31759 from Natal and Swaziland are

more or less intermediate between the 2 varieties, but in all

4 the glands at the apex of the leaves are present.

7. Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl, in Bot.

Jahrb. 14: 375 (1891); Burtt Davy in Ann.

Transv. Mus. 3: 121 (1912); Engl., Pflanzenw.

Afr. 3, 2: 605 (1921); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1:

221 (1926); Steyn, Tox. PI. S. Afr. 310, fig.

43A, 44, 45, 47A (1934); Henkel, Woody PI.

Natal 118 (1934); Liebenberg in Bothalia 3:

541, 527, 530-532, fig. 1-3, 14-17, pi. 6-36

(1939); A. & R. Fernandes in Garcia de Orta 6:

259 (1958); Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 225

(1962); Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk, Med. Pois.

PI. ed. 2: 826, fig. 218 (1962); De Wilde in

Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen

71-18: 188, fig. 30, 31 a-h (1971). Type:

Zululand*, Owen s.n. (T.C.D., holo.; K,

photo. !).

Modecca digitata Harv., Thes. Cap. 1: 8, tab. 12 (1859);

in F.C. 2: 500 (1862). M. senensis (Klotzsch) Mast, in

F.T.A. 2: 513 (1871); Hook.f. in Bot. Mag. t.7763 (1901).

Clemanthus senensis Klotzsch in Peters, Reise Mossamb.

Bot. 143 (1862). Type: Mozambique, Peters s.n. (Bf, holo.;

PRE, photo.!)..

Adenia senensis (Klotzsch) Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 14: 375

(1891); Harms in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 491 (1925); Bak.

f. in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 40: 73 (1910); Engl., Pflanzenw.

Afr. 3, 2: 605 (1921); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 221 (1926);

A. & R. Fernandes in Garcia de Orta 6: 258 (1958). A.

stenophylla Harms in Bot. Jahrb. 26: 238 (1899); Engl.,

Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 605 (1921); Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1:

222 (1926). Type: Transvaal, Wilms 941 (Bt, holo.; PRE,

photo.!). A. multiflora Pott in Ann. Transv. Mus. 5: 235

(1917); Harms in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berl. 8: 298 (1923);

Burtt Davy, FI. Transv. 1: 221 (1926). Type: Transvaal,

Fehrson sub TRV 13786 (PRE, holo.!). A. angustisecta

Burtt Davy in Kew Bull. 1921: 280 (1921); FI. Transv. 1:

222 (1926). Type: Transvaal. Mundy 4700 (BOL, holo.;

PRE, photo.!). A. buchananii Harms in Engl., Pflanzenw.

Afr. 3, 2: 605 (1921). Lectotype: Malawi, Buchanan 244

(K, lecto.) (see De Wilde, l.c.).

(Sub)herbaceous climber 0,2-3 m growing

from a variable tuber. Leaves beneath greyish

to glaucous, densely punctate or not, deeply

(3-) 5-parted or (pseudo-) foliolate, in outline

suborbicular with cordate base, 4—18 x 3-17

cm; leaflets variable, entire to deeply (2-) 3-5

(-lO)-lobed, ovate or obovate to linear, base

long-attenuate or acute, apex rounded to acute,

1,5-15 X 0,7-4 (-7) cm, margin entire,

petiolule up to 2 cm; petiole 1-9 cm. Glands at

blade-base 2, on two separate ± upward di-

rected auricles 1-2 mm diam. at the transition

of petiole to blade; blade-glands 2-4, situated

between the insertions of the leaflets, and each

leaflet with 0-8 glands, scattered or submargi-

nal. Stipules narrowly triangular to lanceolate,

acute, 1-3 mm, withering. Inflorescences

*It must be remembered that Miss Owen also collected

near Rustenburg in the Transvaal and these gatherings were

also placed as “Zululand” by Harvey.

Passifloraceae

115

peduncled for up to 7 cm, (1-) 5-20 (-60)-

flowered in 6, 1-10-flowered in 9; tendril 1,

2- 10 cm, sterile tendrils up to 15 cm. Male

flowers tubular-infundibuliform, including the

3- 12 (-15) mm long stipe ( 14—) 20-38 mm;

hypanthium cup-shaped, (1-) 2-3,5 x 2-4 (-5)

mm; calyx-tube (5-) 8-12 mm; calyx-lobes

ovate or oblong to lanceolate, (sub)obtuse, (4-)

7-11 mm, dentate-fimbriate; petals lanceolate,

acute, dentate or fimbriate, 6-12 mm, (1-)

3-nerved, inserted at the same level as, or up to

5 mm above the corona; filaments 3,5-9 (-12)

mm, connate for at least half-way, inserted on

an androgynophore 1-3,5 mm; anthers 3-6 mm,

± inward curved and at the top clinging by the

c. 0,2 mm long papillate apiculae; septa 0,5-3

mm high; corona hairs c. 0,5-2 mm, rarely

absent; disc-glands 0,5- 1,5 mm. Hermaphro-

dite flowers 20-25 mm. Female flowers

tubular-infundibuliform, including the 2-7 mm

long stipe 15-26 mm; hypanthium c. 2-4 x 2-4

mm; calyx-tube 4—8 mm, calyx-lobes ovate to

oblong, obtusish, 5-7 mm, entire; petals lan-

ceolate to linear, acute, (sub)entire, 2-7 mm, 1

(-3)-nerved, inserted at the same level as, or up

to 4 mm above the corona; staminodes 3-5 mm,

up to 1 mm connate; septa up to 0,5 mm high;

corona hairs 0,3-1 mm; disc-glands c. 1 mm;

gynophore 2-4 mm; ovary ovoid to oblong,

(4-) 5-6 mm; styles connate for 1-1,5 mm,

style-arms 1—1,5 mm; stigmas subreniform,

woolly-papillate, each 2-3 mm diam. Fruit 1-3

per inflorescence, ovoid to ellipsoid (to oblong),

excluding the (2-) 5-12 mm long gynophore

(2,5-) 3-5,5 (-7,5) x (1,5-) 2-3,5 (-4) cm;

pericarp coriaceous, brilliant yellow to red

when fresh, sometimes spongy inside, smooth;

seeds ( 10—) 20-60 per capsule, (ob)ovate to

ellipsoid, 6-8 mm. Fig. 36.

Found in Natal, Swaziland and Transvaal, outside the

Flora area widely distributed in Angola, Tanzania, Zambia,

Rhodesia, Malawi, Mozambique and Botswana. Grows in

savanna, rocky and grassy places, on termite mounds, forest

fringes, etc., in various soil types; 0-1850 m. Never

gregarious. Flowers and fruits mainly Oct.-March.

Transvaal. — 2229 (Waterpoort): near Ingwe Motel,

Jacobsen 1905. 2230 (Messina): near Lake Funduzi, Story

4856. 2231 (Pafuri): Baiandbai, Lang sub TRV 32154. 2327

(Ellisras): Junction of Limpopo and Palala Rivers, Mogg

24566. 2329 (Pietersburg): Breyer sub TRV 24215. 2330

(Tzaneen): Westfalia Estate, Scheepers 515. 2428

(Nylstroom): Mosdene, Galpin 13196. 2429 (Zebediela):

Potgietersrus, Leendertz sub TRV 6007. 2430 (Pilgrims

Rest): The Downs, Rogers sub TRV 18889. 2526 (Zeerust):

Groot Marico, Liebenberg S.2. 2527 (Rustenburg): Brits,

Mogg 14609. 2528 (Pretoria): near Rust de Winter, Codd

2236. 2529 (Witbank): Loskop Dam, Theron 1943. 2530

(Lydenburg): near Nelspruit, Schlieben 8449. 2531

(Komatipoort): Barberton, Galpin 677. 2627 (Potchef-

stroom): Experimental Farm, Theron 5. 2630 (Carolina):

Lothair, Forester 28.

Swaziland.— 263 1 (Mbabane): Hlatikulu, Ben Dlamini

s.n.

Natal. — 2632 (Bela Vista): Ndumu Game Reserve,

Moll 4249.2130 (Vryheid): near Vryheid, Gerstner 2330.