FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

VOLUME 28

Editor G. Germishuizen

Part 1 : Convolvulaceae

by A.D.J. Meeuse and W.G. Welman

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.org/details/floraofsoutherna281unse

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

which deals with the territories of

SOUTH AFRICA, LESOTHO, SWAZILAND, NAMIBIA AND BOTSWANA

VOLUME 28

PARTI: CONVOLVULACEAE

by

A.D.J. Meeuse and W.G. Welman

Scientific editor: G. Germishuizen

Technical editor: E. du Plessis

NATIONAL

t^OTANICAL

INSTITUTE

Pretoria

2000

Editorial Board

B.J, Huntley

R.B. Nordenstam

W. Greater

National Botanical Institute, Cape Town, RSA

Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden

Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-

Dahlem, Berlin, Germany

Typesetting and page layout by S.S. Brink, NBI, Pretoria

Reproduction by 4 Images, P.O. Box 34059, Glenstantia, 0010 Pretoria

Printed by Kagiso BM Printing, P.O, Box 27056, 2011 Benrose

© published by and obtainable from the

National Botanical Institute, Private Bag XlOl, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa

Tel. (012) 804-3200 Fax (012) 804-3211

ISBN 1-919795-48-0

CONTENTS

New taxa and new combinations published in Volume 28, Part 1 iv

Introduction v

Preface vi

Convolvulaceae 1

Cuscuta 3

Dichondra 16

Falkia 19

Evolvulus 22

Seddera 25

Bonamia 29

Jacquemontia 32

Convolvulus 35

Calystegia 49

Hewittia 52

Merremia 55

Xenostegia 63

Astripomoea 66

Ipomoea 70

Paralepistemon 121

Stictocardia 124

References 127

Index 135

Appendix:

Plan of Flora of southern Africa A-1

FSA contributions in Bothalia A-3

Flora of southern Africa: alphabetical list of published taxa A-4

NEW TAXA AND NEW COMBINATIONS PUBLISHED IN VOLUME 28, PART 1

None.

Date of publication: February 2000.

INTRODUCTION

This part was compiled in accordance with the Guide for contributors to the Flora of southern

Africa (compiled by Leistner, Ross & De Winter and available from the Editor, National Botanical

Institute, Private Bag XlOl, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa).

The maps show the distribution of the various taxa in the FSA region only. Exotic species are

marked with an asterisk in the relevant keys.

The numbering of genera is according to De Dalla Torre & Harms in their Genera siphonoga-

marum (1900-1907), as adapted by Arnold & De Wet ( 1993, Plants of southern Africa: names and

distribution).

V

PREFACE

The family Convolvulaceae is retained in the circumscription according to Meeuse (1957a) and

Verdcourt’s (1963a) treatments, which are essentially that of Hallier f. (1893a) emended by Van

Ooststroom (1953). The subfamilies Cuscuteae and Dichondreae are included and not treated as

separate families — this is to avoid unnecessary splitting. Moreover, these two subfamilies are much

more closely related to the other subfamilies in the Convolvulaceae than they are to any of the other

families in the Solanineae of the Solanales from which the Convolvulaceae differ mainly in ovule

and seed characters.

The classification into genera is very much the same as in the most recent floras (Verdcourt

1963a; Gonsalves 1987), but there is one change. Turbina sensu Meeuse (1957a) is sunk into

Ipomoea sensu lato, at least as far as the southern African species are concerned. The only constant

difference with Ipomoea sensu stricto is the indehiscence of the capsules, which is almost certain-

ly attributable to an adaptation associated with seed dispersal. A dehiscent capsule such as that of

Ipomoea sensu stricto releases several diaspores (normally four), whereas in the African species of

Turbina the number of seeds is usually only one or two and dehiscence would not add anything or

not so much to the number of diaspores and if there is a tendency towards fleshiness of the fruit

wall and endozoochory, dehiscence would not serve a useful purpose. The southern African species

formerly placed in Turbina form a very heterogeneous assembly and some of them resemble cer-

tain species or species groups of Ipomoea much more than the other ones do.

The pollen morphology plays an important role in dividing the family into subfamilies and gen-

era (more or less smooth versus spinulose grains), and this feature is supported by other evidence

such as the basic chromosome numbers. The pollen grains are mostly relatively large in the sub-

families in which the pollen morphology is critical, so that as a rule the ectexine sculpturing can be

discerned under a binocular microscope enlarging up to 40x and sometimes even by means of a

hand lens. The pollen morphology was the principal reason why the species with pantoporate grains

were segregated as Xenostegia by Austin & Staples (1980). A dismemberment of the genus

Ipomoea on the basis of the pollen morphology was attempted by Ferguson, Verdcourt & Poole

(1977), but the scanning electron microscope studies of hundreds of species did not reveal a clear

pattern, related species coming out in different groups of pollen types. A subdivision of Ipomoea

can be performed only on a worldwide scale.

A survey of records of the chromosome numbers yields a fairly consistent number in several

genera {Ipomoea, Calystegia, Merremia), but several varying numbers in other genera. Ipomoea

has 2/7 = 30, occasionally 2/z = 28 is reported. As may be expected, the cultivated I. batatas is appar-

ently a hexaploid, with 2n = 90. Merremia has 2n = 28 or 30 and Calystegia has 2n = 22.

The archetypical representatives of the Convolvulaceae probably were woody climbers, pre-

sumably of the Erycibe type, which grew in forest edges and clearings. Today, the climbing or ram-

bling habit still prevails but herbaceous and shrubby to arborescent forms are not rare. Weak-

stemmed prostrate forms are found in several genera; annuals are rare (except in the Cuscuteae).

The family is cosmopolitan but mostly subtropical to tropical; many representatives occur in open

to semiruderal habitats or in scrub vegetation. For that reason some species have become weeds.

VI

e.g. Cuscuta campestris and Convolvulus an’ensis, and are now widespread (see Henderson &

Anderson 1966; Wells et al. 1986; Henderson et al. 1987).

The family is zoophilous and the most common diurnal visitors are Hymenoptera and

Lepidoptera capable of reaching the nectar in the base of the flower tube, especially in the

Convolvuleae and the Ipomoeeae. Some species (mainly South American) are adapted to bird pol-

lination and have red flowers in contrast to the usually white to mauve to purple or blue, less often

yellow flowers. The crepuscular flowers are strongly scented (the diurnal ones hardly so), white to

pink or pale yellow and are pollinated by hawk-moths. Diurnal flowers usually start wilting after

about ten o’clock in the morning, unless the sky is overcast. Reports of bat-pollinated species (e.g.

Ipomoea albivenia) need confirmation.

Apart from numerous ornamentals, the family has but few economic plants; the most important

is Ipomoea batatas (the sweet potato) with its edible roots. Many species are used in traditional

medicine, e.g. as purgatives or hallucinogens (see Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).

The ornamentals that are most commonly cultivated in the southern African region are listed in

the text under the various genera. Species of the following exotic genera are also cultivated:

Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer (from India, perennial climber with large leaves and pink flow-

ers), Mina lobata Cerv. (from central and South America, herbaceous twiner with crimson to yel-

low flowers) and Parana paniculata Roxb. (from Southeast Asia, perennial climber with masses of

small white flowers).

vii

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CONVOLVULACEAE

CONVOLVULACEAE

by A.D.J. Meeuse* and W.G. Welman**

Annual or perennial herbs or woody plants, without tendrils, unarmed or rarely spinescent, often

climbing or prostrate, more rarely erect and shrubby. Roots in herbaceous perennials often devel-

oped as thick taproots or as large fusiform to globose tubers. Leaves alternate, simple, often cordate,

hastate or sagittate at base, entire, lobed or deeply pinnately, palmately or pedately dissected,

exstipulate but occasionally pseudostipulate by leaves of developing or suppressed axillary shoots,

usually petiolate, rarely absent or reduced to minute scales (Cuscuta). Flowers hermaphrodite,

minute to large, regular, generally axillary, solitary or cymose, often aggregated into heads, rarely

paniculate or approximated in a terminal spike, pedicellate or sessile; cymes usually pedunculate;

solitary flowers or cymes usually with two deciduous, rarely accrescent bracteoles. Calyx inferior,

sepals 5(4 or 3), free or rarely united at base, imbricate, equal or subequal, persistent, often accres-

cent. Corolla gamopetalous, usually funnel-shaped (sometimes hypocrateriform, campanulate, near-

ly tubular, urceolate or rotate), limb subentire or 5-lobed, rarely 5(4 or 3)-partite, in bud generally

induplicate-valvate, often contorted, frequently ± distinctly marked on outside by ± hairy and veined

midpetaline zones, separated by glabrous episepaline areas; tube in several genera a little above base

provided with a partition around style with 5 equidistant holes. Stamens 5 (rarely 4 or 3), inserted

low in corolla tube opposite sepals, sometimes in throat (Cuscuta)-, filaments equal or subequal, fili-

form, rarely stipulate or attached to scales; anthers introrse, ovate or oblong to nearly linear, often ±

sagittate at base, dorsifixed, dehiscing longitudinally; pollen either spherical and spinulose all over

or ± spherical and smooth or ellipsoid and marked with folds. Hypogynous disc annular or cup-

shaped, often shallowly 5-lobed, sometimes obsolete. Ovary superior, of 2 (rarely 3) united carpels,

2(3)-loculed, sometimes only 1 -chambered or by development of spurious septa 4-celled, occasion-

ally 2- or 4-parti te; ovules 2 in each carpel, rarely solitary, erect, anatropous, sessile; style terminal

or rarely gynobasic, filiform, simple or ± deeply 2-fid, or styles 2, very rarely 3, equal or subequal,

rarely reduced; stigma entire or bilobed, rarely 3-lobed, or stigmas 2 (rarely 3 or 4), globose, ellip-

soid, filiform or flattened, elliptic to linear, rarely peltate. Fruit 1-3-celled or spuriously 4-celled,

mostly a capsule, usually dehiscent by valves or indehiscent; pericarp membranous, leathery or

woody. Seeds 4, fewer by abortion, becoming triquetrous on inner face by mutual pressure, convex

on back, glabrous or hairy (especially on angles), sometimes verrucose; embryo straight; radicle

directed towards hilum; cotyledons foliaceous, generally folded or spirally coiled, sometimes small

or 0 (in Cuscuta)-, endosperm scanty to fairly copious, situated between cotyledons.

The family comprises between 50 and 60 genera and between 1 500 and 1 800 species world-

wide. There are 16 genera and 1 14 indigenous and naturalised species in southern Africa.

la Leaves reduced to minute scales or absent; flowers small, usually in clusters, often

numerous; herbaceous twining parasites 1. Cuscuta (p. 3)

lb Leaves well developed, green:

2a Ovary 2- or 4-lobed and fruit split into 2 or 4 lobes; styles 2 (sometimes connate

below), inserted between lobes of ovary; small prostrate herbs with oblong or cordate

to reniform leaves:

* Voorstraat 41, Egmond-aan-Zee, The Netherlands. From 1952-1960 of the former Botanical Research Institute,

Pretoria, South Africa.

** National Botanical Institute, Private Bag XlOl, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa.

CONVOLVULACEAE

2

3a Ovary 2-cleft with 2 ovules in each chamber; fruit 2-lobed 2. Dichondra (p. 16)

3b Ovary 4-cleft with 1 ovule in each chamber; fruit 4-lobed 3. Falkia (p. 19)

2b Ovary not deeply lobed; fruit not split into 2 or 4 lobes; style simple or, if styles 2, then

terminal; plants of various habits:

4a Styles 2, free or ± united at base:

5a Styles forked; stigmas 4, linear or subclavate 4. Evolvulus (p. 22)

5b Styles not forked; stigmas 2, peltate or capitate:

6a Leaves glabrous to densely hirsute on both surfaces 5. Seddera (p. 25)

6b Leaves greyish velvety pubescent above, densely coated with golden brown hairs

beneath 6. Bonamia (p. 29)

4b Style 1 ; stigmas globose to linear:

7a Pollen smooth or with folds or thickened ridges, but not spinulose:

8a Stigmas filiform, terete or subclavate:

9a Bracteoles small or narrow, usually ± remote from calyx 8. Convolvulus (p. 35)

9b Bracteoles large, ± enclosing calyx as an involucre 9. Calystegia (p. 49)

8b Stigmas globose, ovate, oblong or elliptic:

10a Ovary 1 -celled; stigmas ovate; sepals unequal; corolla whitish with purple centre

10. Hewittia (p. 52)

10b Ovary 2^-celled:

11a Flowers in pedunculate, subglobose heads, usually blue; leaves cordate at base,

entire or slightly lobed 7. Jacquemontia (p. 32)

11b Flowers not in heads, but in cymes or dichasia, or solitary, white or yellow,

often with dark centre; leaves usually lobed or dissected, sometimes auricled

at base, rarely entire:

12a Anthers at anthesis helically twisted; pollen tricolpate; leaves usually pal-

mately or pinnately compound 11. Merremia (p. 55)

12b Anthers at anthesis straight; pollen pantoporate; leaves oblong to linear-

lanceolate, much longer than broad, with hastate, sagittate or truncate base

12. Xenostegia (p. 63)

7b Pollen spinulose;

13a Plants covered in all parts, except corolla, with stellate hairs; stigmas oblong . . .

13. Astripomoea (p. 66)

13b Plants glabrous to densely hairy, but never with stellate hairs; stigmas biglobose

or 3-lobed:

14a Fruit completely enclosed by the much enlarged calyx; pericarp thin, opening

irregularly; seeds 4; leaves with dense black glandular dots on lower surface . .

16. Stictocardia (p. 124)

1 4b Fruit dehiscent or indehiscent, not as above; leaves without black glandular dots

below:

1 5a Stamens inserted directly on corolla tube; style not completely caducous in fruit

14. Ipomoea (p. 70)

15b Stamens inserted on scales situated near base of corolla tube; style completely

caducous in fruit 15. Paralepistemon (p. 121)

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

3

6968000 1. CUSCUTA

Cuscuta L, Species plantarum, 1st edn: 124 (1753); L.: 60 (1754); Baker & C.H. Wright: 83

(1904); Baker & Rendle: 202 (1905-06); Yunck.: 113 (1932); E. Phillips: 620 (1951); A.Meeuse:

644 (1957a); Verde.: 3 (1963a); Roessler: 1 (1967a); R.A.Dyer: 501 (1975); Gon^.: 130 (1987);

Gong.: 3 (1990); Lejoly & Lisowski: 1 (1993a); Gong.: 5 (1995). Type species: C europaea L.

Parasitic, usually glabrous herbs, after seedling stage rootless and without chlorophyll, annual

or rarely perennial in tissues of host. Stems usually terete and slender to filiform, often whitish, yel-

lowish or reddish, twining or rambling, attached to host by means of numerous haustoria. Leaves

reduced to minute scales or absent. Flowers small, in cymose clusters, sometimes paniculate, gen-

erally 5-merous but sometimes 3- or 4-merous. Calyx 5-lobed, 5-parted or sepals free; lobes or

sepals broad or narrow, rounded or obtuse to very acute. Corolla with tubular, urceolate, campan-

ulate or semiglobose tube; lobes shorter or longer than tube, often patent to reflexed; tube inside

usually with crenulate or fimbriate episepalous membranous scales, rarely scales reduced to crenu-

late rims or absent. Stamens inserted on corolla above scales; filaments often short; anthers often

broadly elliptic; pollen smooth. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; styles 2, distinct, or connate and style 1;

stigmas capitate or elongate. Fruit an ovoid or subglobose capsule, opening irregularly, or circum-

scissile near base or indehiscent. Seeds 4 or fewer, almost invariably glabrous; embryo acotyledo-

nous, straight, filiform, enlarged at one end.

A genus of about 140 species distributed throughout the world, some of which spread through

commerce and became noxious weeds on crops like clover, lucerne and flax. Species of Cuscuta

may be restricted to a single host (monophagous ones), several to a few hosts or a group of hosts

and a small number are polyphagous (such as C. campestris). Fifteen species occur in southern

Africa, eight of which are endemic and three naturalised.

Some authors, e.g. Gongalves (1987: 130), consider Cuscuta to constitute a separate mono-

generic family, but apart from its parasitic way of life there is not a single character to exclude it

from the Convolvulaceae — some Convolvulaceae also have scales below the stamens and the fruits

and seeds in Cuscuta are quite typically convolvulaceous.

la Styles united almost to apex into a single column 8. C. cassytoides

lb Styles 2, free to base or nearly so:

2a Stigmas capitate-globose or ± peltate:

3a Stigmas (in dried specimens) ± peltate with convolute edges; styles shorter than ovary;

intrastylar aperture of capsule large; flowers 4—5 mm long and broad; calyx and

corolla lobes broad, obtuse or rounded 6. C. kilimanjari

3b Stigmas usually globose, more rarely somewhat flattened:

4a Fringed scales in corolla tube below stamens absent 7. C. hyalina

4b Fringed scales in corolla tube below stamens present (scales very rarely subentire):

5a Scales in corolla tube bifid at apex:

6a Flowers normally 5-merous, subsessile, in globose clusters; corolla lobes ovate to

suborbicular, usually shorter than tube; scales ± bilobed at apex, usually not

reaching base of free portion of filament 1 . C. australis

6b Flowers usually 4-merous, pedicellate, in ± umbellate cymes; corolla lobes narrow,

usually distinctly longer than tube; scales bifurcate, terminal lobes exserted

beyond sinuses of corolla tube, deeply fringed 2. C. bifurcata

5b Scales in corolla tube free, not bifid at apex:

4

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

7a Scales usually not reaching base of free part of filaments; lobes of calyx and

corolla (sub)acute; calyx narrowed at base, without warts or processes at base;

corolla tube campanulate, longer than wide 4. C. suaveolens*

7b Scales mostly reaching base of free part of filaments, or, if not reaching fila-

ments, then lobes of calyx and corolla very obtuse:

8a Flowers in loose paniculate cymose clusters, pedicellate, slightly longer than

wide; pedicels not infrequently longer than flowers, often papillose and rather

rough; calyx shorter than corolla tube (in older flowers at least), usually very

loose about base of corolla to almost spreading, with wart-like or saccate

processes at base; styles usually longer than ovary 5. C. appendiculata

8b Flowers in usually dense clusters, usually sessile or nearly so, wider than long

or ± as wide as long, ± rounded at base; calyx nearly enclosing corolla tube,

not very loosely about base and without wart-like or saccate basal processes;

styles shorter than or nearly equalling ovary:

9a Scales not reaching base of filaments, oblong, variously fimbriate to almost

entire; corolla lobes broad, obtuse or rounded, ovate to suborbicular, erect

1. C. australis

9b Scales usually reaching base of filaments, ovate, abundantly fringed with fair-

ly long processes; corolla lobes broadly triangular, acute with often inflexed

tips, rarely obtuse, usually spreading 3. C. campestris*

2b Stigmas conical to clavate or filiform, usually much longer than wide:

10a Calyx as long as corolla tube, protruding at sinuses between calyx lobes to form

prominent wings, 5-angled 13. C. angulata

10b Calyx not 5-angled by protruding wings:

11a Flowers 4-merous in small, dense, sessile globose clusters; corolla lobes erect,

acute; stigmas longer than very short styles; scales in corolla tube entire or bifid,

fringes distinctly thickened at apices 14a. C. planiflora van planiflora

11b Flowers 5-merous, or if 4-merous, then corolla lobes obtuse or style not very short:

12a Stigmas and often also styles shorter than ovary (if stigmas ± as long as ovary,

then styles longer than stigmas); stigma usually considerably shorter than style:

13a Corolla lobes with cucullate apices; flowers ± 2 mm long; stigmas conical,

sausage-shaped to subclavate, much shorter than styles 9. C. gerrardii

13b Corolla lobes often with inflexed or reflexed tips, but never cucullate; flowers

longer than 2 mm; stigmas various:

14a Flowers sessile, in few-flowered dense clusters; styles shorter than ovary;

lobes of calyx and corolla obtuse 14b. C. planiflora var. madagascarensis

14b Flowers pedicellate; styles as long as or longer than ovary; lobes of calyx and

corolla acute or obtuse:

15a Calyx ± as long as corolla tube; stigma ± as long as style 12. C. nitida

1 5b Calyx usually distinctly shorter than corolla tube; if calyx ± as long as corol-

la tube, then stigmas considerably shorter than styles:

1 6a Flowers usually 3^ mm long; corolla lobes acute or obtuse; scales ± reaching

base of filaments; styles distinctly longer than stigmas 10. C. africana

16b Flowers 4—7 mm long; corolla lobes very acute, often with reflexed tips;

scales not reaching base of filaments; styles ± as long as stigmas

11. C. natalensis

1 2b Stigmas and styles both longer than ovary; stigma filiform, as long as or longer

than style:

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

5

17a Calyx considerably shorter than corolla tube; flowers pale, whitish, pedicellate,

4-7 mm long 1 1 . C. natalensis

17b Calyx not considerably shorter than corolla tube (in some forms of C. epithy-

murn calyx distinctly shorter than corolla tube, but if so, then stems very slen-

der, capillary, and flowers ± 3 mm long, sessile in dense globose clusters, often

reddish):

18a Flowers somewhat fleshy, 3-5 mm long, in loose cymose clusters; scales usually

reaching base of filaments; stems medium 12. C. nitida

18b Flowers more herbaceous, ± 3 mm long, sessile, in dense, compact, globose

clusters; scales usually not reaching base of filaments; stems very slender,

capillary 15. C. epithymum*

1 . Cuscuta australis R.Br., Prodromus florae

novae hollandiae ...: 491 (1810); Yunck.: 124, fig.

1 (1932); Ooststr.: 66 (1938); Verde.: 85 (1953);

Ooststr.: 392 (1953); A.Meeuse: 647 (1957a);

Verde.: 4 (1963a); Gon^.: 130 (1987); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 2 (1993a); Relief & RP.J.Herman: 381

(1997). Type: Australia, Broadsound, R. Brown

2789 (BM, holo.; G, K, MO).

C. ohtusiflora Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth var. cordofana

Engelm.: 493 (1859). Type: Sudan, Kordofan, Figari s.n.

(FI, holo.; MO).

Stems medium, yellowish. Flowers often

somewhat glandular, 2-3 mm long, subsessile,

in loose to dense subglobose clusters. Calyx ±

as long as corolla tube; lobes broad, ovate to

suborbicular, apex rounded. Corolla campanu-

late; lobes shorter than or as long as tube, erect

to somewhat spreading, broad, apex rounded.

Stamens shorter than corolla lobes; filaments

usually stout, ± subulate and often shorter than

(sometimes ± as long as) broadly elliptic to sub-

orbicular anthers. Scales oblong, shorter than

tube, bifid or bilobed to entire, variously fim-

briate. Ovary globose; styles shorter than ovary,

intrastylar aperture 1.0-1. 5 mm long. Capsule

globose or somewhat obovoid, not dehiscent by

circumscission, drying reddish brown. Seeds

ellipsoid to ovoid, 1.25-2.0 mm long. Flower-

ing time August to April.

Found throughout the Old World, from

southern Europe to Japan and Australia, wide-

spread from West Africa to the Sudan and

southwards to southern Africa (Botswana, the

Northern Province and Gauteng). Also in

Madagascar. Recorded mostly on swamp vege-

Map 1 . — • Cuscuta australis

A C. bifurcata

tation such as species of Centella, Glinus, Hy-

drocotyle, Leersia, Nymphaea, Papyrus and Poly-

gonum. Map 1.

This species forms part of a cosmopolitan

aggregate. It also resembles C. campestris (no.

3), so that some Old World records of C.

campestris could actually refer to variants of the

C. australis complex. It can, however, be recog-

nised by its rather reduced scales and the shape

and proportion of its flower parts.

Vouchers: Galpin 11622 (BOL, PRE); Smith

1454 (K, PRE, SRGH).

2. Cuscuta bifurcata Yunck. in Memoirs of

the Torrey Botanical Club 18: 131, fig. 7 (1932);

A.Meeuse: 648 (1957a). Type: Eastern Cape,

6

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

Port Elizabeth, Paterson 578 (K, holo.; GRA!,

PRE!).

Stems medium, yellowish. Flowers 2. 0-2. 5

mm long, glandular, usually 4-merous, in few-

flowered umbellate cymes on short pedicels.

Calyx almost equalling corolla tube; lobes

oblong to lanceolate, obtuse or subobtuse with

rounded sinuses between them. Corolla divided

± halfway down; tube broadly campanulate;

lobes acute or subacute to obtuse, erect to

spreading, lanceolate-oblong. Stamens shorter

than corolla lobes or subequalling them; anthers

shorter than filaments. Scales bifurcate at apex,

adnate to sinus between apical lobes, latter

exserted between corolla lobes. Ovary globose;

styles slender, shorter than or nearly equalling

ovary. Capsule depressed-globose, not dehis-

cent by circumscission. Seeds ± 2 mm long,

subglobose, flattened on two sides, slightly

attenuate on one end; hilum short, oblong,

oblique. Flowering time January to April.

Endemic in the Western and Eastern Cape;

very rare and not collected recently. Parasitic on

species of Falkia and Ursinia. Map 1 .

This species is notable for its long pedicels,

loose inflorescence, narrow corolla lobes and

slender styles.

Voucher: Schlechter 10110 (BOL, GRA, PRE).

usually obtuse to rounded. Corolla with cam-

panulate tube; lobes broadly triangular to ovate,

spreading, with often inflexed tips, usually

acute. Stamens shorter than corolla lobes; fila-

ments longer than or equalling anthers. Scales

ovate, elliptic or obovate, often exserted

between corolla lobes, free at apex, usually

abundantly fringed. Ovary globose; styles often

subequal, slender, becoming thicker and con-

spicuous in fruit. Capsule depressed-globose,

with a depression around style bases, 2.0-2. 5

mm high, 3^ mm wide, not circumscissile.

Seeds ±1.5 mm long, usually flattened on one

side; hilum terminal, oblong, transverse. Flow-

ering time October to May.

3. *Cuscuta campestris Yunck. in Memoirs

of the Torrey Botanical Club 18: 138, fig. 14

(1932); A.Meeuse: 648 (1957a); Heine: 336

(1963); Verde.: 5 (1963a); Compton: 473

(1976); Gon?.: 131, t. 34 (1987); Gon?.: 4, t. 1

(1990); Lejoly & Lisowski: 3, fig. 1 (1993a);

Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 381 (1997). Type:

U.S.A., Texas, Lindheimer 126 (MO, holo.).

C. arvensis sensu auct.. non Beyr.

Stems medium, yellowish. Flowers 2-3 mm

long, occasionally longer, often glandular, sub-

sessile or on short pedicels in compact, globose

clusters, greenish yellow. Calyx enclosing

corolla tube or nearly so, broadly campanulate;

lobes ovate to orbicular or broadly triangular.

An American species widely naturalised in

the Old World. A ‘declared weed’ (Henderson et

al. 1987), very common and troublesome

throughout most of southern Africa, but absent

from Namibia and most of the Northern Cape,

and recorded on a wide range of hosts, such as

woody and herbaceous dicotyledons, grasses

and ferns; quite often as a pest on lucerne and

other cultivated plants. Collected in the FSA

area since 1907. Map 2.

Known by its prominently fringed scales and

usually spreading corolla lobes.

Vouchers: Louw 1353 (PRE); Mogg 6768

(PRE); Nel 4 (PRE); Smith 396 (K, PRE, SRGH).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

7

4. *Cuscuta suaveolens Sen in Annales

des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’ Agri-

culture et de rindustrie ... 3: 519 (1840); Yunck.:

148, fig. 22 (1932); Ooststr.: 167, fig. 2 (1942);

A.Meeuse: 648 (1957a): Verde.: 5 (1963a);

Gou9.: 131 (1987); Relief & P.P.J. Herman; 382

(1997). Type: France, cultivated at Lyons, seeds

probably from Chile, Via! s.n. (extant?).

C. medicaginis C.H. Wright: 86 (1904). Type: Eastern

Cape, Queenstown, Galpin 1760 (GRA, PRE!, iso.).

Stems slender to medium, yellowish. Flow-

ers 3^ mm long, in loose racemose clusters on

short pedicels, ± glandular, membranous when

dry. Calyx shorter than corolla tube, lobed to ±

halfway down; lobes ovate-triangular, ± acute,

often with revolute edges, separated by usually

rounded sinuses. Corolla long-campanulate to

funnel-shaped; lobes ovate-triangular, with

acute, inflexed tips, ± half to three-quarters as

long as tube. Stamens shorter than corolla tube;

filaments ± as long as anthers. Scales usually

not reaching stamens, oblong to ovate or trian-

gular-ovate, free at apex, fringed with rather

short processes. Ovary globose; styles slender,

often distinctly unequal, almost as long as

ovary. Capsule globose, not circumscissile.

Seeds 2-4, 1 .5-2.0 mm long, subglobose; hilum

oblong, longitudinal. Flowering time January

and February.

A South American species which, as a con-

taminant of Medicago sativa (lucerne), has now

Map 3. — • Cuscuta suaveolens

A C. appendiculata

become widespread and almost cosmopolitan.

A variety of plants can act as hosts, but in south-

ern Africa it is found almost exclusively on

lucerne. Recorded from Gauteng, Mpumalanga

and the Eastern Cape. Map 3.

Easily distinguished by its large yellow flow-

ers borne in clusters and its revolute calyx

lobes.

Vouchers: Galpin 7781 (GRA, PRE); Rattray

830 (PRE).

5. Cuscuta appendiculata Engelni. in

Transactions of the Academy of Science of St

Louis 1: 503 (1859); Baker & C.H.Wright: 86

(1904); Yunck.; 152, fig. 26 (1932); T.M.Salter:

687 (1950); A.Meeuse: 649 (1957a); Relief &

P.P.J. Herman: 38J (1997). Type: Western Cape,

Swellendam, Krauss 1816 (BM, holo.?).

C. appendiculata Engelm. var. macroflora Yunck.: 153

(1932). Type: Eastern Cape, Bedford, Bennie 250 (GRA,

holo.!).

Stems slender to medium, yellowish. Flow-

ers 1.5^.0 mm long, ± glandular, particularly

calyx, in loose, paniculate, cymose clusters.

Pedicels shorter to longer than flowers, papil-

lose or verrucose. Bracteoles often papillose-

verrucose and saccate at base by wart-like pro-

jections. Calyx shorter than corolla tube; tube

verrucose towards base and with wart-like basal

processes; lobes triangular, acute. Corolla cam-

panulate; lobes nearly as long as tube, erect to

spreading, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute to

acuminate, with inflexed tips. Stamens shorter

than corolla lobes; filaments ± as long as

anthers. Scales oblong-ovate or obovate, much

fimbriated, ± equalling corolla tube. Ovary glo-

bose; styles slender, equalling ovary or slightly

longer, often somewhat unequal. Capsule ovoid

or globose, somewhat contracted and rough-

ened around style bases, not circumscissile.

Seeds subglobose, somewhat flattened, ± 1.5

mm long; hilum oblong, longitudinal. Flower-

ing time October to March.

Fairly rare endemic species in Mpumalanga, the

Free State, Northern, Western and Eastern Cape,

CONVOLVULACEAE; Cuscuta

which grows on a large number of hosts such as

species of Combretum, Falkia, Hennannia, Ly-

cium, Pelargonium, Thesium, members of the

Asteraceae and Campanulaceae, Nicotiana glauca

and Sporobolus pimgens. Map 3.

Distinguished by the wart-like appendicula-

tions on the calyx and the papillose or verrucose

pedicels.

Vouchers: Muir 1281 (PRE); Schlechter 3811

(BOL, GRA, NH, PRE).

6. Cuscuta kilimanjari Oliv. in Johnston,

Narrative of the Kilimanjaro Expedition Appen-

dix: 343 (1886), nom. tant.; Oliv.: 343 (1887);

Baker & Rendle: 205 (1905-06); Yunck.: 187,

fig. 58 (1932); Verde.: 85, fig. 1 (1953);

A.Meeuse: 650 (1957a); Verde.: 6 (1963a);

Gon9.: 133 (1987); Gon9.: 5 (1990); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 4, fig. 2 (1993a); Relief & P.P.J. Her-

man: 382 (1997). Type: Tanzania, Kilimanjaro,

H.H. Johnston 86 (K, holo.).

Stems of medium thickness to rather stout,

yellowish to orange. Flowers 4—6 mm long,

wide, pale cream-coloured, in few-flowered

cymes on pedicels shorter than flowers, some-

what coriaceous when dried. Calyx cupulate;

lobes ovate-orbicular, obtuse, overlapping at

base, rather thick and often ± carinate. Corolla

campanulate-cylindric; tube longer than ovate-

orbicular, obtuse to rounded and often some-

what revolute lobes. Stamens shorter than corol-

la lobes; filaments ± as long as anthers. Scales

triangular or oblong, apex often truncate, edge

irregularly and unevenly fringed to almost

entire, usually reaching bases of stamens, but

sometimes smaller or reduced. Ovary globose;

stigmas shorter than ovary, often flattened with

convolute edges. Capsule globose, intrastylar

aperture large, inegularly circumscissile near

ba.se. Seeds 2^, ovoid, 1 .5-3.0 mm long, some-

what attenuate at base, pale yellow-brown or

blackish when dry; hilum oblong. Flowering

time January to September.

This taxon occurs throughout eastern Africa,

from Ethiopia southwards and southwestwards

Map 4. — • Cuscuta kilimanjari

A C. hyalina

to the eastern part of the Democratic Repulic of

the Congo, Zimbabwe, South Africa (the

Northern Province) and Mozambique, usually

above 1 000 m. Parasitic on various hosts, often

shrubby, but predominantly on herbaceous

Acanthaceae on the floor and edges of lowland

and upland rain forests, bamboo and riverine

forests. Map 4.

The plants described above belong to the var.

kilimanjari. This species is easily recognised by

its large flowers; in herbarium specimens the

anthers have a pale cream-colour contrasting

with the dark brown of the rest of the flower.

Vouchers: Scheepers 647 (PRE); Taylor 658

(PRE).

7. Cuscuta hyalina Roth, Novae plantarum

species praesertim Indiae orientalis: 100 (1821);

Baker & Rendle: 205 (1905-06); Yunck.: 235,

fig. 107 (1932); Verde.: 85 (1953); A.Meeuse:

650 (1957a); Verde.: 8 (1963a); Roessler: 1

(1967b); Gon9.: 133 (1987); Lejoly & Lisow-

ski: 6 (1993a); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 381

(1997). Type: India ‘orientale’, Heyne s.n. (B,

holo.t; K).

C. epitrihulum Schinz: 880 (1901); Baker & Rendle: 206

(1905-06). Type: Namibia, Okomita, Diiiter 506 (Z. holo.).

Stems usually very slender, yellowish.

Flowers 2. 5-3. 5 mm long, in umbellate cymes

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

9

on short pedicels, thin in texture, 5- or some-

times 4-merous, shining and yellowish when

dry. Calyx campanulate-turbinate; triangular or

ovate-lanceolate lobes very acute to acuminate,

longer than or ± as long as tube, erect to

reflexed. Corolla campanulate; lobes narrow

and very acute, erect or spreading, usually

longer than tube. Stamens shorter than corolla

lobes; anthers as long as or shorter than fila-

ments. Scales none. Ovary globose; styles slen-

der, as long as or longer than ovary, subequal.

Capsule globose, irregularly circumscissile near

base. Seeds ovoid, ± 1.5 mm long; hilum short.

Flowering time December to March.

This species occurs from India to Ethiopia

and the Sudan, extending towards the drier

areas of Namibia, the Northern Province and

Northern Cape in southern Africa. Map 4.

Apparently prefers open vegetation in rather

dry country where it usually grows on species of

Triantliema and Tribulus. Notable for the absence

of infrastaminal scales inside the flowers.

Vouchers: Bryant 357 (PRE); Merxmiiller

1220 (M, PRE, WIND).

8. Cuscuta cassytoides Engelm. in

Transactions of the Academy of Science of St

Louis 1:513 (1859); Baker & C.H. Wright: 86

(1904); Baker & Rendle: 206 (1905-06);

J.M.Wood: t. 534 (1912); Yunck.: 250, fig. 123

(1932); Verde.: 85 (1953); A.Meeuse: 651

(1957a); Verde.: 8 (1963a); Compton: 473

(1976); Gon?.: 134 (1987); Gon?.: 6 (1990);

Lejoly & Lisowski: 8 (1993a); Retief &

P.P.J. Herman: 381 (1997). Type: Eastern Cape,

Uitenhage, Drege 8037 (MO, holo.; K, L!).

C. timorensis Engelm.: 514 (1859). Type: Timor,

Leschenautt s.n. (P, holo.).

Stems coarse, 0.5-2. 5 mm in diameter, yel-

low-green and often with purple or brown spots.

Flowers subsessile, 2. 5^.0 mm long, yellow-

ish, drying dark brown, arranged in few-flow-

ered clusters in paniculate spikes, or inflores-

cence reduced to a single short raceme. Calyx

cupulate, almost as long as corolla tube; lobes

broadly ovate to orbicular, broadly rounded,

overlapping, with ± unequal edges. Corolla

campanulate; lobes as long as tube, ovate,

obtuse to rounded, erect to reflexed. Stamens

subsessile, shorter than corolla lobes; filaments

much shorter than anthers. Scales triangular,

adnate to tube over most of their surface, with

small free lateral fringed portions, sometimes

much reduced. Ovary globose-conical; styles

united into a single column ± 0.5-1. 5 mm long;

stigmas small, flat. Capsule globose-ovoid to

ovoid-oblong, circumscissile near base, 5-8

mm long; styles persistent. Seeds up to 4, sub-

globose, ± 3 mm long, hilum long, narrow, ter-

minal. Flowering time February to October.

Cuscuta cassytoides occurs in the East Indies

and also in Africa, from Ethiopia to southern

Africa where it is found in the eastern parts in

the Northern Province, Mpumalanga, Swazi-

land, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Western and

Eastern Cape. This species has been described

as a weed, e.g. on species of Coffea and is para-

sitic mostly on woody plants such as species of

Ficus, Grewia, Trema in forests and thickets,

often in coastal bush, up to 1 850 m. It is also

found on herbs such as species of Leucas and

Plumbago. Map 5.

Distinguished by the single column of the

two united styles.

Vouchers: Archibald 5516 (PRE); Dlamini s.n.

(PRE); Galpin 949 (PRE); Killick 336 (PRE).

10

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

9. Cuscuta gerrardii Baker, Flora capen-

sis 4,2: 84(1904);Yunck.; 264, fig. 133 (1932);

A.Meeuse: 652 (1957a). Type: KwaZulu-Natal,

Zululand, Gerrard 1337 (K, holo.); Gerrard &

McKen 7337 (NH, iso.!).

C. ciicullata Yunck.: 263, fig. 132 (1932). Type:

KwaZulu-Natal, Umzinto, Dumisa, Rudatis 827 (PRE,

iso.!).

Stems slender to medium, yellowish. Flow-

ers ± 2 mm long, in loose clusters, ± glandular,

on short pedicels. Calyx shorter than corolla

tube or ± as long, ± thickened at basal part;

lobes ovate, obtuse or almost acute, often loose

about corolla. Corolla campanulate; lobes erect

to slightly spreading, ovate to ± triangular,

acute, inflexed with cucullate tips, ± as long as,

or longer than tube. Stamens slightly shorter

than corolla lobes; filaments somewhat subu-

late, longer than or almost as long as oval

anthers. Scales oblong or ovate, usually truncate

or rounded at apex, not deeply fimbriate; adnate

below middle. Ovary globose, somewhat

depressed and slightly but distinctly attenuate

into a short, thickened base; styles shorter to

slightly longer than ovary, often divergent; stig-

mas conical or sausage-shaped to oblong, much

shorter than styles. Capsule globose or de-

pressed-globose, not circumscissile; styles

divergent, intrastylar opening large. Seeds I or

2, black, finely tuberculate or rugo.se; hilum

small, inconspicuous, nearly basal. Flowering

time January to April.

This rare species is endemic to KwaZulu-

Natal. Cuscuta gerrardii has been found on sev-

eral unidentified herbs and shrublets. Map 6.

Recognised by its 2 mm long flowers with

cucullate corolla lobe apices.

Vouchers: Hay garth sub NH 12988 (NH, PRE);

Lawn 1535 (NH); Wylie sub Wood 8761 (NH,

PRE).

10. Cuscuta africana Willd., Species plan-

tarum: 703 (1797); Thunb.: 568 (1823); Baker

& C.H.Wright: 85 (1904); Yunck.: 264, fig. 134

(1932); Marloth: 108 (1932); A.Meeuse: 652

(1957a). Type: Cape, Thunberg s.n. (UPS,

holo.); Willdenow 3161 (B, iso.t).

C. capettsis Choisy: 454 (1845). Type: Cape, George,

Kaymans Gat, Drege 7833 (L, PREI, iso.).

C. alpestris Fourc.: 89 (1934). Type: Cape, Wagenboom

River, Fourcade 2389 (BOL. holo.; PREI).

Stems medium to thick, yellowish. Flowers on

pedicels shorter to longer than flowers, in loose

to compact clusters. Calyx usually distinctly

shorter than corolla tube; lobes triangular-ovate,

obtuse to subacute. Corolla campanulate-funnel-

shaped; lobes triangular, spreading or reflexed,

sometimes suberect, acute or obtuse, usually ± as

long as tube. Stamens shorter than corolla lobes;

filaments longer than anthers. Scales ± reaching

stamens or longer, oblong, with rather small

fringes, free at apex. Ovary globose; styles slen-

der, longer than ovary and also longer than thick-

ened oblong-cylindrical stigmas. Capsule glo-

bose, irregularly circumscissile near base. Seeds

subglobose; hilum terminal, narrow. Flowering

time August to December.

This species is endemic to the Western and

Eastern Cape, from about Riviersonderend to

around Somerset East. The hosts of Cuscuta

africana are mainly woody fynbos plants such

as Laurophyllus capensis, species of Berzelia,

Clutia, Geissoloma, Myrica, Phylica, Protea,

Ursinia, Virgilia. According to Marloth (1932:

108), C. africana is a perennial that hibernates

inside the bark of the host, but this needs con-

firmation (see C. nitida, no. 12). Map 7.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

11

Map 7, — • Cuscuta africana

A C. natalensis

Distinguished by its 3^ mm long flowers

with styles distinctly longer than the stigmas.

Vouchers: Keet 1009 (BOL, GRA, PRE);

Long 396 (PRE); Marloth 8644 (PRE); Muir

156 (BOL, GRA, PRE); Zeyher 3447 (PRE,

SAM).

11. Cuscuta natalensis Baker, Flora

capensis 4,2: 85 (1904); Yunck.: 266, fig. 135

(1932); A.Meeuse: 653 (1957a). Type: Kwa-

Zulu-Natal, Inanda, Wood 596 (K, holo.; BOL!,

NH!, PRE!, SAM!).

Stems medium to thick, yellowish. Flowers

4-7 mm long, in cymose clusters on pedicels

shorter than flowers. Calyx much shorter than

corolla tube; calyx lobes triangular-ovate, acute

to subacute, tips often spreading. Corolla cylin-

drical-campanulate; lobes triangular-lanceolate,

acute or acuminate, erect to spreading or

reflexed, almost as long as tube. Stamens short-

er than corolla lobes; filaments ± as long as

anthers. Scales oblong, nearly reaching stamens

or shorter, fringed with rather short processes,

free at apex. Ovary globose; styles slender, ± as

long as thickened cylindrical stigmas, both

together considerably longer than ovary.

Capsule globose, circumscissile near base,

intrastylar opening large. Seeds 1.0-1.25 mm

long, subglobose; hilum a short oblique line.

Flowering time April to June. Figure 1.

This fairly rare endemic occurs in the eastern

part of South Africa in KwaZulu-Natal and the

Eastern Cape. It is parasitic on various shrubs,

herbs and grasses in coastal and riverine scrub

or forest. Map 7.

Distinguished by its 4-7 mm long flowers

with long corolla tubes and with styles as long

as the stigmas.

Vouchers: Acocks 13789 (PRE); Doidge sub

PRE11250 (PRE); Pegler 1508 (GRA, PRE,

SAM); Rudatis 1666 (L, PRE).

12. Cuscuta nitida Choisy in Memoires de

la Societe de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle

Figure 1. — Cuscuta natalensis: A, flowering stem (Doidge s.n., PRE); B, flower; C, inside of corolla tube with sta-

mens and scales; D, ovary, styles and stigmas (Pegler 1508, PRE). Artist; Marietjie Steyn.

12

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

de Geneve 9: 272, t. 2, fig. 1 (1842); Choisy:

454 (1845); Baker & C.H.Wright: 85 (1904);

Yunck.: 266, fig. 136 (1932); T.M. Salter; 687

(1950); A.Meeuse: 654 (1957a). Type: Western

Cape, Paarlberg, Drege s.n. (G, holo.; L!).

Stems medium, yellowish. Flowers white,

becoming reddish, fragrant, in loose cymose

clusters on short pedicels, often somewhat

fleshy and granulate, 3-5 mm long. Calyx cam-

panulate-turbinate, deep; lobes usually short, tri-

angular, acute, but sometimes longer, lanceolate

and if so, then longer than corolla tube. Corolla

lobes spreading or reflexed, lanceolate or trian-

gular-lanceolate, acute, as long as or longer than

corolla tube. Stamens shorter than corolla lobes;

filaments longer than anthers. Scales large,

oblong, reaching stamens, fringed, free at apex.

Ovary globose; styles ± as long as oblong-cylin-

drical thickened stigmas, both usually longer

than ovary. Capsule globose, depressed near

style bases, circumscissile near base. Seeds ± 1.5

mm long, ovoid-oblong or ovoid; hilum small,

circular to oblong. Flowering time throughout

the year, mostly November to January.

Cuscuta nitida is endemic to the Western

Cape. This species is a parasite on fynbos vege-

tation and is found mostly on woody plants such

as species of Aspalathus, Montinia, Oftia, Pas-

serina. Pelargonium, Phylica, Rhus, Selago,

suffruticose members of the Asteraceae,

Ericaceae and Proteaceae. Visser ( 1981 : 78, 79,

155) has discussed this species in great detail.

His Figure 120 clearly shows young shoots of

C. nitida emerging through the bark of the host,

proving beyond doubt that this species hiber-

nates inside woody hosts. Therefore Marloth’s

statement that C. africana hibernates in this

way, may be queried, as he could have confused

the plants or the names (see Meeuse 1957a:

655). Map 8.

Distinguished by its 3-5 mm long, white to

reddish flowers with short corolla tubes and

with styles as long as the stigmas.

Vouchers: Marloth 4252 (PRE); Rogers

17342 (BOL, J, PRE); Schlechter 7271 (BOL,

GRA, L, PRE, SAM, US); Smith 6036 (PRE);

Young 207 (PRE).

13. Cuscuta angulata Engelm. in Trans-

actions of the Academy of Science of St Louis

1: 474 (1859); Baker & C.H.Wright; 84 (1904);

Marloth: 27 (1932); Yunck.: 267, fig. 137

(1932); T.M. Salter: 687 (1950); A.Meeuse: 655

(1957a). Type: Western Cape, Worcester,

Dutoitskloof, Drege s.n. (MO, holo.; L!, PRE!).

C. falkiifonni.s Schltr.: 449 (1897). Type: We.stem Cape,

Houwhoek, Schlechter 7381 (G-BOIS. holo.).

Stems slender, yellowish. Flowers 3-4 mm

long, often glandular, on pedicels longer to

shorter than flowers, in loose fasciculate cymes;

bracts often numerous on longer pedicels. Calyx

as long as and enclosing corolla tube, protrud-

ing at sinuses between lobes to form prominent

wings and widest about middle; lobes triangu-

lar, acute. Corolla lobes narrowly triangular to

lanceolate, erect to spreading, longer than or

equalling campanulate, ± angular tube, which is

usually angled opposite protruding calyx wings.

Stamens shorter than lobes; filaments longer

than anthers. Scales oblong-spathulate, fringed

with processes of medium length, adnate near

base and free for greater part of their length.

Ovary globose or somewhat oblong; styles slen-

der, longer than ovary, usually longer than

oblong-cylindrical thickened styles. Capsule

globose to oblong or pear-shaped, circumscis-

sile near base. Seeds usually solitary, ovoid;

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

13

hilum terminal. Flowering time September to

February.

This species is endemic to the Western Cape.

Cuscuta angulata is a parasite of mostly ericoid

shrubs such as species of Berzelia, Cliffortia,

Passerina, Phylica, Staavia and members of the

Ericaceae, Penaeaceae, Proteaceae, etc. Since

most of these hosts are perennial shrubs, this

dodder may also be perennial, hibernating inside

the bark of the host (see C. nitida). Map 9.

This species is recognised by its markedly

angular calyx.

Vouchers: Bolus 8580 (BOL, PRE, NBG);

Marloth 4249 (PRE); Pillans 9470 (BOL, PRE,

NBG); Smith 502 (PRE); Stokoe 9214 (BOL,

PRE).

14. Cuscuta planiflora Ten. in Flora na-

politana ossia descrizione delle piante ... 3: 250,

t. 220, fig. 3 (1824-29); Baker & Rendle: 203

(1905-06); Yunck.: 292, fig. 157 (1932);

Verde.: 9 (1963a); Roessler: 1 (1967b); Gon5.;

134 (1987); Lejoly & Lisowski: 9 (1993a);

Relief & P.P.J. Herman: 382 (1997). Type: Italy,

Naples, Tenore s.n. (MO, iso.).

Stems slender to medium, up to 0.3 mm

wide, yellowish or crimson. Inflorescences ±

compact clusters. Flowers up to 3 mm long,

usually whitish, subsessile, somewhat fleshy.

Calyx almost enclosing corolla tube or shorter,

broadly campanulate; lobes fleshy or turgid,

obtuse or acute. Corolla campanulate-globose;

lobes almost acute or slightly obtuse, membra-

nous or turgid at apices, ± equalling tube or

shorter, spreading. Scales usually oblong,

almost reaching stamens or shorter, fringed,

usually bifid, bridged low down or at middle.

Stamens shorter than corolla lobes; filaments ±

equalling or longer than anthers. Ovary glo-

bose; styles longer or shorter than stigmas, slen-

der; stigmas slender. Capsule depressed-glo-

bose, markedly splitting around base. Seeds

ovoid, granulate, mostly shorter than 1 mm.

Two varieties of this species complex occur

in southern Africa:

Flowers small; calyx 1.5-3. 5 mm wide;

corolla 1.5-2. 5 mm long; lobes

abruptly acute; styles and stigmas

together 0.5- 1.0 mm long

14a. var. planiflora

Flowers larger; calyx 3-5 mm wide;

corolla 2.0-3. 5 mm long; lobes ±

obtuse; styles and stigmas together

1.0-2. 2 mm long

14b. var. madagascarensis

14a. var. planiflora.

C. planiflora Ten. var. mossamedensis Hiem: 743 (1898);

Baker & Rendle: 203 (1905-06); A.Meeuse: 655 (1957a).

Type: Angola, Mossamedes, Welwitsch 6141 (BM. holo.; K,

COl!).

C. balansae Boiss. & Rent. var. mossamedensis (Hiem)

Yunck.: 291. fig. 154F & G (1932). Type as above.

C. pretoriana Yunck.: 133, fig. 2 (1957). Type: Gauteng,

Pretoria, C.E. Moss 16852 (BM, holo.; Jl, PRE!).

Flowers small. Calyx up to 3.5 mm wide

when flattened out, almost enclosing corolla

tube. Corolla ± 1.5-2. 5 mm long; tube ± 1.5

mm long; lobes abruptly acute. St\>les and stig-

mas ± equal or styles shorter than stigmas.

Flowering time January to May.

Recorded from Namibia and Gauteng in

South Africa, also in tropical and northern

Africa, the Mediterranean and southwestern

14

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

Map 10. — • Cuscuta planiflora var. planiflora

A C. planiflora var. madagascarensis

Asia. Parasitic on a great variety of herbaceous

plants, including monocotyledons, species of

Barleria, Merremia and the Fabaceae (especial-

ly Indigofera). Probably introduced but has

been found in natural bushveld and grassland on

granitic and sandy soils. Map 10.

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5821 (M,

PRE, WIND); De Winter & Wiss 4459 (M, PRE,

WIND); Dinter 37 (PRE, SAM); Giess, Volk &

Bleissner 5837 (M, PRE, WIND).

14b. var. madagascarensis (Yunck.) Verde.:

337 (1957a), as madagascariensis\ A.Meeuse:

656 (1957a); Verde.: 10 (1963a); Retief &

P.P.J. Herman: 382 (1997). Type: Madagascar,

without locality, Baron 3466 (K, holo.).

C. madagascarensis Ymck.-. 276, fig. 144 (1932).

C. madagascarensis Yunck. var. schlechteri Yunck.: 277

(1 932) Type: KwaZulu-Natal, Hilton Road, ScMechter 6761

(BOL!, GRA!, iso.).

Stems medium. Flowers 4- or 5-merous.

Calyx rather loose about corolla; lobes ovate,

often somewhat fleshy at tips. Corolla membra-

nous, campanulate; lobes erect, ovate. Stamens:

filaments slightly longer than anthers. Scales

ovate, oblong or spathulate, entire or somewhat

bilobed, free at apex. Ovary subglobo.se; styles

and stigmas erect, subequal. Seeds oblong;

hilum short. Flowering time April.

Found in East Africa and Madagascar, also in

the Northern Province in South Africa. Map 10.

Voucher: Gerber PRE5678 (PRE).

15. *Cuscuta epithymum Murray in L.,

Systema vegetabilium .... 13th edn: 140 (1774);

Yunck.: 283, fig. 151 (1932); A.Meeuse: 656

(1957a); Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 381 (1997).

Type: if the Pinax (p. 219) of Bauhin (1671) is

taken as the iconotype (Yunck. 1932: 283),

there may be a specimen (prototype) in the

Bauhin Herbarium in Basle, probably from

Switzerland.

Stems very slender, often reddish or purplish.

Flowers ± 3 mm long, in dense many-flowered

clusters, often reddish. Calyx usually ± as long

as corolla tube; lobes triangular, acute. Corolla:

lobes triangular, acute, spreading, shorter than

tube. Stamens shorter than corolla lobes; fila-

ments longer than anthers. Scales ± spathulate;

shorter than corolla tube, fringed mainly in

upper part, free at apex. Ovary globose; stigmas

filiform, slightly longer than styles, together

almost twice as long as ovary. Capsule globose,

circumscissile near base. Seeds usually 4,

ovoid, ± 1 mm long, rather rugose, angular,

compressed, oblong, transverse, hilum short.

Flowering time January to May.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Cuscuta

15

A native of Europe, but spread with com-

merce throughout the world. Hosts: a great

variety of herbaceous and shrubby plants, but

outside its natural area of distribution chiefly on

leguminous crops, e.g. Medicago sativa. Its

establishment in a certain area seems to be the

result of contaminated imported seed rather than

the survival or dispersal of already established

populations. It seems to be absent from hot and

dry areas. In southern Africa this species has

been recorded occasionally in Gauteng,

Mpumalanga and the Eastern Cape, the first

records dating from about 1894. Map 11.

Said to have medicinal properties (Watt &

Breyer-Brandwijk 1962: 306). It does not

appear to be such a serious pest as Cuscuta

campestris (no. 3).

Cuscuta epithymum is recognised by its 3

mm long sessile flowers in dense compact, glo-

bose clusters and scales usually not reaching the

base of the filaments. There is a good deal of

infraspecific variation, but no subdivision will

be attempted here; southern African specimens

seem to agree with the typical variety epithy-

mum. Numerous synonyms are listed by

Yuncker (1932: 283).

Vouchers: Kretzmar PRE10188 (PRE);

Laughton PRE39610 (PRE); Smith 6215 (PRE);

Van Gass PRE947 (PRE).

16

CONVOLVULACEAE: Dichondra

6971000

2. DICHONDRA

Dichondra J.R. & G.Forst., Characteres generum plantamm 39, t. 20 (1776); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 83 (1904); E.Phillips: 621 (1951); A.Meeuse: 657 (1957a); Tharp & M.CJohnst.: 347

(1961); Verde.: 12 (1963a); R.A.Dyer; 501 (1975); Gon?.: 10 (1987); Gon§.: 5 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 353 (1993b). Type species: D. repens J.R. & G.Forst.

Small, prostrate, glabrous or silky pubescent, perennial, creeping herbs. Leaves simple, petio-

late, cordate-orbicular or reniform, entire. Flowers small to minute, solitary, axillary, pedicellate;

bracteoles 2, minute, subulate. Sepals 5, ± free, scarcely joined at base, subequal, ovate-spathulate,

somewhat accrescent. Corolla widely campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, not longer than calyx, hirsute

outside; lobes induplicate-valvate. Genitalia included. Stamens 5; filaments filiform, shorter than

corolla, inserted in corolla tube between lobes; anthers small, oblong to subglobose; pollen smooth.

Ovary deeply 2-lobed; each lobe 1 -celled, 2-ovuled, hairy; styles 2, free or connate below, gynoba-

sic and inserted between lobes, short, filiform; stigmas capitate. Capsule 2-lobed; lobes erect, sub-

globose, membranous, 1- or rarely 2-seeded, indehiscent or irregularly 2-valved. Seeds subglobose

or obovoid, 1(2) in each loculus, smooth with thin crustaceous testa; cotyledons linear-oblong or

elliptic, ± spirally coiled or plicate; radicle curved, terete; endosperm scanty.

A small genus of 9 species, principally American, with one species widespread in the tropical

and subtropical regions of both hemispheres; one species in southern Africa.

*Dichondra micrantha Urb. in Symbolae

Antillanae 9: 243 (1924). Type: Cuba, Oriente

Province, Taco Bay, E.L Ekman 3851a (S,

holo.; B?, iso.).

D. repens auett., non J.R. & G.Eorst.: 40, t. 20 (1116);

Peter: 14 (1891): Hallier f.: 82 (1893a); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 83 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 65 (1905-06);

A.Meeuse: 657 (1957a); Heine: 338 (1963); Verde.: 12, fig.

2 (1963a); Verde.: 159 (1978); Gon9.: 10, t. 1 (1987); Gon?.:

6. t. I ( 1992), Lejoly & Lisowski; 354, fig. 1 (1993b); Relief

& P.P.J.Herman: 382 (1997).

Pubescent, procumbent herb. Stems up to 0.5

m long, shortly hairy, rooting at nodes. Leaves

cordate-orbicular to reniform, 4-25 mm in

diameter, base of lamina broadly cordate, apex

broadly rounded or emarginate, ± 7-nerved at

base, upper surface glabrescent, lower surface

hairy; petiole hairy, 8-70 mm long. Pedicels

hairy, 2-19 mm long. Sepals 2-3 mm long,

hairy on back and margins. Corolla ± as long as

calyx, greenish yellowish. Capsule 1.5-2. 5 mm

in diameter, pilose. Seeds subglobose, minutely

granular, brown. Flowering time September to

May. Figure 2.

Widespread and introduced in the warmer

regions of both hemispheres. Also widespread

in the eastern parts of southern Africa, but prob-

ably often overlooked on account of its very

small, inconspicuous flowers and its resem-

blance, when sterile, to species of Centella and

Hydrocotyle (Apiaceae), which occur in similar

habitats (moist places). Map 12.

Welman (1999a: 253) pointed out that the

correct name for the Dichondra sp. in southern

Africa is D. micrantha Urb., following Austin

(1998: 88) who proved that the cosmopolitan

CONVOLVULACEAE: Dichondra

17

Figure 2. — Dichondra micrantha: A, flowering stem; B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube with stamens; D, ovary, styles

and stigmas (Behr 982, PRE). Artist; Marietjie Steyn.

18

CONVOLVULACEAE: Dichondra

weed and horticultural subject generally known

as D. repens J.R. & G.Forst. is not that species,

which is endemic to Australia, Tasmania and

New Zealand. D. micrantha, probably original-

ly from North America, has been cultivated and

distributed by man for the past 200 years and

now occurs almost worldwide. It is distin-

guished by its creeping habit and entire cordate-

orbicular to reniform leaves with long petioles.

Recorded as a weed in grassland and culti-

vated areas. Often cultivated as a ground cover

or soil binder: dewdrop lawn, kidney weed,

wonder lawn.

Vouchers: Archibald 1781 (PRE); Nicholson

1633 (NH, PRE); Prosser 1627 (J, PRE); Sutton

699 (PRE).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Falkia

19

6972000 3. FALKIA

Falkia Thunh., Nova genera plantarum 1; 17 (1781), nom. & orth. cons.; L.f.: 211 (1782); Peter:

14 (1891); Hallier f.: 569 (1893b); Hallier f.: 84 (1893a); Baker & C.H. Wright: 81 (1904); Baker

& Rendle: 65 (1905-06); E. Phillips: 621 (1951); A.Meeuse: 658 (1957a); Verde.: 14 (1963a);

Roessler: 6 (1967a); R. A. Dyer: 502 (1975); Gon?.: 12 (1987); Gong.: 8 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski:

355 (1993b). Type species: F. repens Thunb.

Slender, dwarf, prostrate, often matted, perennial herbs. Leaves simple, petiolate, ovate or cor-

date-orbicular to oblong-lanceolate, entire. Flowers small, solitary, axillary, pedicellate. Calyx

shorter than corolla tube, 5-lobed, divided nearly to base or forming a short tube; sepals broad,

ovate, subequal, accrescent. Corolla longer than calyx; tube funnel-shaped or campanulate, limb

plicate, 5-angled or shortly and broadly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla tube, included; fila-

ments linear; anthers roundish to oblong; pollen smooth. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, with single ovule

in each lobe, hairy; styles 2, gynobasic, almost equalling corolla tube, linear or filiform; stigmas

subglobose or capitate. Capsule 4-lobed; lobes subglobose, single-seeded. Seeds obovoid to sub-

globose; testa crustaceous; embryo curved; cotyledons flat, plicate; endosperm scanty.

An African genus of two or three species; two species in southern Africa. Wijnands & Meeuse

(1990) proposed that Falckia is the correct name for this genus, but Verdcourt’s (1996) proposal to

conserve both the name and spelling of Falkia was recommended (see Brummitt 1999).

Leaves oblong to lanceolate-oblong or lanceolate, usually ± twice as long as broad, but vary-

ing from less than twice as long to several times longer than broad, never distinctly

cordate at base 1. F oblonga

Leaves broadly ovate to reniform, ± as long as broad or slightly longer than broad, distinct-

ly cordate at base 2. F. repens

1. Falkia oblonga Bernh. ex Krauss in

Flora, Oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung, Jena,

Regensburg 27: 830 (1844); Hallier f.: 84

(1893a); Hallier f.: 41 (1899a); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 82 ( 1904); A.Meeuse: 660 (1957a);

Verde.: 14 (1963a); Roessler: 6 (1967a); Gong.:

12, t. 2 (1987); A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan: 52

(1988); Gong.: 8, t. 2 (1992); Lejoly & Lisow-

ski: 355 (1993b); Relief & P.P.J.Herman: 382

(1997). Type: KwaZulu-Natal, near Umlaas

River, Krauss 359 (G, holo.; K).

F. oblonga Bernh. ex Krauss var. minor C.H.Wright: 82

(1904); Baker & Rendle: 65 (1905-06). Type: Cape, Fort

Beaufort Div., Cooper 323 (K, PRE!, syn.); Queenstown

Div., Qamata, Baur 536 (NU, PRE!, syn.); Griqualand

West, by the Vaal River near Pniel, Roe in Herb. Bolus 2072

(BOL, K, PRE!, syn.). Mpumalanga, near Lydenburg,

Wilms 1077 (Bt. PRE!, syn.).

Hairy to glabrous perennial herb. Stems

creeping underground, rooting at nodes, up to 0.5

m or longer. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate.

base 5-nerved, truncate to almost cuneate, apex

rounded to emarginate, 10-70 x 3-14 mm, sil-

very silky, glabrescent above, adpressed pilose

beneath; petiole up to 80 mm long. Pedicel 3-60

mm long, recurved in fruit. Calyx 4—7 mm long;

tube 1-3 mm long; lobes oblong, acute,

adpressed-pilose outside, enlarged in fruit to

ovate and deltoid to subcordate, crisped along

edges. Corolla 5-15 mm long, shallowly to

deeply lobed; lobes emarginate, white to pale

pink, drying yellow. Stamens inserted low down

in corolla tube; anthers roundish. Ovary densely

pilose; styles subulate, 8 mm long; stigmas capi-

tate. Capsule ± 2 mm long, membranous, pilose,

enclosed by accrescent, marcescent calyx.

Flowering time August to January. Figure 3.

Widespread in the summer-rainfall areas of

southern Africa and also northwards and east-

wards in tropical Africa as far .as Ethiopia and

Eritrea. It is found scattered in moist grassland

20

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ealkia

5

B

mm

C

D

5 mm

Figure 3. — Falkia oblonga: A, flowering stem; B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube with stamens; D, ovary, styles and

stigmas {Turner 1125, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

and other damp places and also on drier soils.

Map 13.

Vouchers: Brueckner 967 (PRE); Louw 1031

(PRE); Schoenfelder S193 (PRE); Smith 305

(K, PRE, SRGH); Theroii 1523 (PRE); Ward

796 (PRE).

2. Falkia repens Tlwnb., Nova genera

plantarum: 17 (1781); L.f.: 21 1 (1782); Choisy:

451 (1845); Hallier f.: 84 (1893a); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 81 (1904); T.M.Salter: 686(1950);

A.Meeuse: 659 (1957a); A.Batten & G.W.Bo-

kelmann: 123, t. 98 (1966); Wijnands & A.Meeu-

se: 208 (1990). Type: Cape, Thimberg UPS-

THUNB. 4455 (UPS, lecto.!).

F. repens Thunb. van dijfusa Choisy: 451 (1845); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 82 (1904). F. dijfusa (Choisy) Hallier f.: 85

(1893a). Type: Cape, Zuurberg, Enon, Drege s.n. (G, holo.!).

F repens Thunb. var. sericea Hallier f.: 84 (1893a). Type:

Cape, Roodebloem, Bergius s.n. (B, holo.f); H. Link s.n. (B,

holo.t).

F. repens Thunb. var. villosa (Hallier f.) Baker: 81 (1904).

F. villosa Hallier f.: 85 (1893a). Type: Western Cape,

Constantia. Bergius s.n. (B, syn.f); Free State, Nieuwe-

jaarspnjit, Ecklon & Zeylier 114.10 (Bf, PRE!, syn.).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Falkia

21

F. dichondroides Baker; 82 (1904). Type: Eastern Cape,

Uitenhage, Enon, Drege s.n. (K, PRE!, syn.).

Leaves broadly ovate to reniform, ± as long

as broad or slightly longer than broad, distinct-

ly cordate at base. Description otherwise as for

F. ohlonga. Flowering time September to De-

cember.

Endemic to the winter-rainfall and all-year-

rainfall areas of southern Africa and extending

into the summer-rainfall areas of the Eastern

Cape. Normally found on damp or temporarily

inundated soil. Falkia repens buries its fruit

actively into the soil by a downward bending of

the peduncles after flowering, the persistent and

indurate calyx enclosing the ripe fruit and act-

ing as a protective structure. This incidence of

geocarpy seems to be the only one in the genus.

Map 14.

This taxon is very similar to the rather vari-

able F. oblonga (no. 1), but differs consistently

in leaf shape. Its distribution does not overlap

that of F. oblonga or hardly so. Still, it may be

only a geographical variant. The leaves of F.

repens can sometimes resemble those of

Dichondra micrantha, but flowering specimens

can be distinguished easily.

Falkia repens has been recorded both as a

weed and as a plant cultivated as a soil cover or

soil binder (see Wells et al. 1986: 254). Used in

the Eastern Cape as a remedy for bilharzia

(Dettman-s.n., PRE) and as a cure for sores on

the face (Van Eeden B342, PRE).

Vouchers: Acocks 9140 (PRE); Britten 804

(GRA, PRE); Marloth 1615 (PRE); Thode A687

(PRE).

22

CONVOLVULACEAE: Evolvulus

6973000

4. EVOLVULUS

Evolvulus L, Species plantarum, 2nd edn: 391 (1762); L.: 152 (1764); Baker & C.H.Wright: 79

(1904); Baker & Rendle: 66 (1905-06); Ooststr.; 19 (1934); E. Phillips; 621 (1951); A.Meeuse: 661

(1957a); Verde.: 16 (1963a); Roessler: 5 (1967a); R.A.Dyer: 502 (1975); Gon9.: 12 (1987); 6009.:

10 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 357 (1993b); Gon9.: 6 (1996). Type species: E. nummularius (L.) L.

Volvulopsis Roberty: 28 (1952). Type species: V. nummularius (L.) Roberty.

Spreading annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, not twining. Leaves usually small, simple,

entire, often sessile. Flowers small, in small axillary 1-3-nate cymes or in terminal spike-like inflo-

rescences; bracteoles small. Sepals 5, small, subequal, obtuse or acuminate, not accrescent. Corolla

funnel-shaped or campanulate to subrotate or salver-shaped, entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed; limb pli-

cate. Stamens 5, inserted above middle of corolla tube, rarely near base; filaments glabrous, linear;

anthers linear or oblong; pollen smooth. Ovary ovoid or globose, 2-locular, or 1 -locular by abor-

tion, 2 ovules in each locule; styles 2, filiform, united at base or free, each divided above or almost

to base; stigmas 4, linear-terete or subclavate. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-4-valved, 1- or 2-locu-

lar. Seeds \-A, subglobose, glabrous.

A genus of about 100 species, all but two confined to tropical America; two species in southern

Africa. E. glomeratus Nees & Mart, subsp. grandiflorus (Parodi) Ooststr., a low blue-flowered

shrublet from tropical America, is sometimes cultivated.

Corolla shallowly lobed; capsule 2-locular; plant with erect to decumbent branches not root-

ing at nodes; leaves elliptic to linear-oblong E. alsinoides

Corolla deeply lobed; capsule 1 -locular; plant prostrate, rooting at nodes; leaves almost

orbicular 2. E. nummularius

1. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L., Species

plantarum, 2nd edn: 392 (1762); Peter: 19

(1891); Hallier f.: 85 (1893a); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 79 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 67

(1905-06); Ooststr.: 26 (1934); A.Meeuse: 661

(1957a); Letty: 272, t. 136 (1962); Heine: 339

(1963); Verde.: 18 (1963a); Roessler: 6 (1967a);

Compton: 474 (1976); Gon9.: 14, t. 3 (1987);

A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan: 250 (1988); Gong.:

11, t. 3 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 358, fig. 3

(1993b); Gong.: 7, t. 1 (1996); A.Eabian &

Germish.: 334, t. 159k (1997); Retief &

PPJ. Herman: 382 (1997). Type: Sri Lanka, in

Herb. Hermann 3: 55 (BM, lecto.).

Convolvulus alsinoides L.: 157 (1753).

C. linifolius L.: 306 (1759a). E. linifolius (L.) L.: 392

(1762). Type: Senegal, specimen 393.5 (LINN, lecto.).

Variable annual or perennial herb, thinly to

rather densely covered with somewhat long

patent silky hairs. Stems few to several, erect or

decumbent, slender, up to 600 mm long. Leaves

subsessile, elliptic to linear-oblong, apex acute

to obtuse, distinctly mucronate, 10-20(-30) mm

long; petiole up to 3 mm long. Inflorescence

axillary, 1-few-flowered; peduncle filiform,

shorter to much longer than leaves; bracts lanceo-

late, up to 5 mm long; pedicels filiform, 2-10

mm long, spreading. Calyx densely silky or vil-

lous; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, up to 5 mm

long. Corolla rotate to broadly funnel-shaped,

6-8 mm long and wide, light blue, rarely white,

folds paler beneath. Ovary 2-celled, glabrous;

stigmas long, terete or subclavate. Capsule glo-

bose-depressed, 4-valved, glabrous, 3^ mm

long. Seeds 4, brown to black, smooth, ovoid,

1.7 mm long. Flowering time throughout the

year, mostly October to May. Eigure 4.

Widespread throughout the tropical and sub-

tropical regions of both hemispheres. Common

in the northern part of southern Africa where it is

CONVOLVULACEAE: Evolvulus

23

Figure 4. — Evolvulus alsinoides: A, plant; B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube with stamens; D, ovary, styles and stig

mas (Dyer & Verdoorn 4222, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

24

CONVOLVULACEAE: Evolvulus

found mostly in more or less open savanna and

thomveld. It can also occur as a weed in waste

places and arable or pastoral land. Map 15.

This species is extremely variable and Van

Ooststroom (1934), the monographer of the ge-

nus, recognised a large number of varieties,

upheld by many other workers, but their delimi-

tation is not always clear cut. The material from

eastern and southern Africa almost always agrees

with the var. linifolius (L.) Baker, but as Verdcourt

(1963a) pointed out, this variety merges with

other ones elsewhere. Distinguished by its small

light blue pedunculate flowers.

Vouchers: Barnard 465 (PRE); Compton

24644 (PRE); Leistner 1673 (PRE); Merx-

niiiller & Giess 30049 (M, PRE, WIND); Smith

380 (PRE, SRGH); Strey 11358 (NH, PRE).

2. Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L.,

Species plantarum, 2nd edn: 391 (1762); Peter:

19 (1891); Hallier f.: 85 (1893a); Baker &

Rendle: 68 (1905-06); Ooststr.: 114 (1934);

Heine: 339 (1963); Verde.: 16, fig. 4 (1963a);

Gon?.: 12 (1987); Gong.: 10 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 357 (1993b). Type: Jamaica, Sloane

s.n. (BM-SL, lecto.).

Convolvulus nummularius L.: 157 (1753). Volvulopsis

nummularius (L.) Roberty: 28 (1952).

Perennial herb. Stems prostrate, pubescent,

rooting at nodes. Leaves orbicular to orbicular-

obovate, 5-20 mm long and broad, apex obtuse or

retuse, base truncate to subcordate, glabrous or

sparsely pubescent beneath; petiole 1-8 mm long,

pubescent, canaliculate above. Flowers sohtary or

rarely paired, axillary; peduncles up to 5 mm

long, recurving. Sepals ovate to elliptic-ovate,

2.5-3.0 X 1.5 mm, subacute to acute, pubescent or

glabrescent with ciliate margins. Corolla white,

subrotate, 4.5 mm long, 6 mm wide, deeply

lobed; lobes obovate, 1. 5-2.5 mm long, 1.0- 1.5

mm broad. Capsule globose, 3-4 mm in diameter,

1 -locular, bivalved, (2-)4-seeded. Seeds subglo-

bose, 1. 5-2.0 mm long, brown to black, shiny.

Flowering time November to April.

This species is indigenous to tropical America

as well as tropical Africa and Madagascar and is

introduced in India. It reaches its southernmost

point of distribution in the most tropical part of

the FSA area, namely northern KwaZulu-Natal.

It seems to occur mostly in short grassland on

sandy soils. Also found in dry forest and dense

thicket or even on waste ground. Recorded as a

weed in sisal plantations. Map 16.

Distinguished by its prostrate stems rooting

at the nodes and its shortly petiolate, rounded

leaves. Sterile specimens can be confused with

Dichondra micrantha and Falkia repens, but

the petioles in E. nummularius are never longer

than 8 mm.

Voucher: Ward 3098 (PRE).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Seddera

25

6978000

5. SEDDERA

Seddera Hochst. & Steud. in Schimper, Unio itiner. no. 849 (1837), see Sebsebe: 398 (1998);

Hochst.: 7, t. 5 (1844); Choisy: 440 (1845); Hallier f.: 572 (1893b); Hallier f.: 88 (1893a); Baker

& Rendle: 73 (1905-06); E.Phillips: 622 (1951) p.p.; A.Meeuse: 662 (1957a); Verde.: 24 (1963a);

Roessler; 21 (1967a); R. A. Dyer: 502 (1975); Gong.: 16 (1987); Gong.: 13 ( 1992); Gong.: 9 (1996).

Type species: S. virgata Hochst. & Steud.

Breweria R.Br.: 487 (1810) p.p.; Benth. & Hook.f.: 876 (1876); Peter: 16 (1891); Baker & C.H. Wright: 79 (1904);

E.Phillips; 622 (1951) p.p.

Small prostrate to erect shrubs or suffrutices, never climbing, intricately branched, ± pubescent;

old branches sometimes becoming spinescent. Leaves variously shaped, entire, small, usually with

medifixed hairs, sessile or subsessile. Flowers 5-merous, axillary, sessile or pedunculate, solitary

or aggregated into few-flowered clusters or pedunculate dense few-flowered cymes which some-

times form leafy terminal spikes or panicles. Bracteoles usually small. Sepals 5, acute or obtuse,

subequal or outer ones slightly larger. Corolla small, usually white, funnel-shaped; limb usually

shallowly lobed; midpetaline areas hairy at least at tips. Stamens inserted low down in corolla tube;

filaments filiform, dilated at base and often appendaged; anthers oblong; pollen smooth. Disc

absent or small. Ovary 2-locular, 4-ovuled, hairy at apex; style bifid almost or quite to base; stig-

mas almost peltate and orbicular, sometimes bilobed. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds dark brown or black,

glabrous.

A genus of some 20 species mainly restricted to Africa, but extending to Madagascar, Arabia

and India; three species in southern Africa.

The genus is hardly separable from Bonamia, which is usually climbing. As Verdcourt has

repeatedly pointed out, e.g. in Kirkia 1: 27-28 (1961a), the final generic classification of the

Convolvulaceae can be accomplished only by worldwide surveys. For the time being, we prefer to

maintain the status quo here.

la Sepals ± 2 mm long, obtusely rotundate 2. 5. schizantha

lb Sepals 4-9 mm long, acute:

2a Flowers always solitary, sessile or very rarely pedicellate; calyx 7-10 mm long, sepals

ciliate; corolla ± 10 mm long; pubescence usually distinctly brown or feiTugineous

with bulbous-based hairs 1.5. capensis

2b Flowers usually in few-flowered axillary cymes, rarely all solitary, sessile or peduncu-

late; calyx usually only 4-7 mm long; corolla usually 6-7 mm long; pubescence

almost invariably white or grey without bulbous-based hairs 3.5. sujfruticosa

1. Seddera capensis (E.Mey. ex Choisy)

Hallier f. in Bulletin de I’Herbier Boissier 6:

529 (1898a); Baker & Rendle: 77 (1905-06);

A.Meeuse: 663 (1957a); A.F.van Wyk &

S.Malan: 52 (1988). Retief & P.RJ. Herman: 387

(1997). Type: Cape, Shiloh, Drege s.n. (G,

holo.; L!).

Evolvulus capensis E.Mey. ex Drege: 46 (1843) nomen

tantum, ex Choisy: 444 (1845); Hallier f.: 86 (1893a).

Breweria capensis (E.Mey. ex Choisy) Baker: 80 (1904).

Bonamia capensis (E.Mey. ex Choisy) Burtt Davy &

R.Pott-Leendertz: 121 (1912).

Suffruticose perennial. Stems several, tufted,

prostrate to suberect from a firm woody taproot,

up to 300 mm long, terete, covered with rusty

brown appressed to patent stiff hairs as are peti-

oles, leaves, pedicels, calyx and midpetaline

areas of corolla. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate

or oblong, sessile or shortly petiolate, 5-25 x

26

CONVOLVULACEAE: Seddera

Map 17. — • Seddera capensis

▲ S. schizantha

3-12 mm, apex obtuse or subacute, minutely

mucronate, rounded to somewhat narrowed or

truncate at base, strigose on both surfaces, more

laxly so when older, ciliate with bulbous-based

hairs along margin. Flowers axillary, solitary,

usually subsessile; pedicel rarely up to 10 mm

long. Bracteoles 2, lanceolate, shorter than

sepals. Sepals broadly lanceolate, acute, 4—9

mm long. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, pink-

ish white, 6-12 mm long. Style branched nearly

from base; stigmas subpeltate, bilobed. Capsule

subglobose, usually crowned with a tuft of

hairs, ± 5 mm in diameter. Seeds black, smooth.

Flowering time September to May.

Common in the northern part of South

Africa, uncommon in Botswana and the Eastern

Cape, also in Zimbabwe. Occurs in grassland

and thornveld and also in waste places. Map 17.

Distinguished by its solitary and usually ses-

sile flowers with long calyx lobes.

Vouchers: Acocks 12500 (PRE); Germislmi-

zen 3973 (PRE); Moll 4130 (PRE); Repton 3326

(PRE); Rogers 6850 (PRE).

2. Seddera schizantha Hallier f. in

Bulletin de I’Herbier Boissier 6: 532 (1898a);

Baker & Rendle: 78 (1905-06); Myint &

D.B.Ward: 234 (1968); A.Meeuse & W.G.Wel-

man: 47 (1996). Type: Angola, Mossamedes,

Newton 18 (Z, holo.).

Bonamia schizantha (Hallier f.) A.Meeuse: 665 (1957a);

Roessler: 3 ( 1967a).

Metaporana angolensis N.E.Br.; 169 (1914). Type;

Angola, Pearson 2391, 2873 (K, syn.).

Much-branched shrub up to at least 1 m high.

Branches erect to climbing at tips, terete,

adpressed-pubescent. Leaves ovate-elliptic to

oblong, obtuse and mucronate at apex, rounded

to subtruncate or subcordate at base, 10^0 x

4—15 mm, sparsely adpressed-hairy or glabres-

cent; petiole 1. 5-3.0 mm long. Peduncles axil-

lary, solitary or binate, slender, erectopatent,

3-18 mm long, bearing a dense dichasial inflo-

rescence or a single unilateral cyme; inflores-

cences often collected in terminal panicles.

Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, 1.0-1. 5 mm

long, adpressed-puberulous. Pedicels filiform,

2-3 mm long. Sepals broadly ovate-spathulate

to orbicular, obtusely rotundate, 2 x 1. 5-2.0

mm, their margins membranaceous and partly

ciliate. Corolla white with a 2 mm long cylin-

drical tube and a deeply 5-lobed limb; lobes 3.0

X 2. 0-2. 5 mm, elliptic, obtuse and patent, out-

side with brownish strigose hairs on mid-

petaline zones. Filaments glabrous, dilated at

base, 2-3 mm long; anthers nearly 1 mm long.

Ovary ovoid, with a few hairs at apex; styles 2,

free, equal, filiform, 4. 0^.5 mm long. Capsule

subglobose with conical apex, 3. 5^.0 mm long

and broad, exserted from calyx, glabrous. Seeds

small, minutely punctate, brown or black.

Flowering time December to March. Eigure 5.

Occurs in the southern part of Angola and

extends southwards to around Maltahohe in

Namibia. Map 17.

Known by its 2 mm long, obtusely rotundate

calyx lobes.

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5268 (PRE);

Muller 1365 (PRE, WIND).

3. Seddera suffruticosa (Schinz) Hallier f

in Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 88 (1893a);

Hallier f.: 531 (1898a); Baker & Rendle: 77

CONVOLVULACEAE: Seddera

27

A

Figure 5. — Seddera schizantha; A, flowering stem; B, calyx: C, inside of corolla tube with stamens; D, ovary, styles

and stigmas {Miiller 1365, PRE), Artist; Marietjie Steyn.

28

CONVOLVULACEAE: Seddera

(1905-06); A.Meeuse: 663 (1957a); Verde.: 27

(1963a); Roessler: 21 (1967a); Compton: 474

(1976); Gong.: 17, t. 4 (1987); Gong.: 15, t. 4

(1992); Gong.: 9, t. 2 (1996); A. Fabian & Ger-

mish.: 336, t. 160f (1997); Relief & RRJ. Her-

man: 387 (1997). Type: Namibia, Oshando,

Upingtonia, Schinz 750 (Z, holo.; BOL!, GRA!,

L!).

Breweria siiffniticosa Schinz: 275 (1888); Baker &

C.H. Wright: 80 (1904). Bonamia sujfmticosa (Schinz)

Burtt Davy & R.Pott-Leendertz: 121 (1912).

Convolvulus mucronatus Engl.: 246 (1888). S. mucronata

(Engl.) Hallier f.: 88 (1893a). Type: Northern Cape,

Kuruman. Marloth 1073 (B, holo.f; PRE!).

S. welwitschii Hallier f.: 88 (1893a); Hallier f.; 1009

(1897); Hiem: 724 (1898); Baker & Rendle: 77 (1905-06).

Type: Angola, Welwitsch 6152, 6154 (Bt, COI!, syn.).

Breweria conglomerata Baker: 68 (1894). S. conglomera-

ta (Baker) Hallier f.: 1008 (1897). S. sujfruticosa (Schinz)

Hallier f. var. hirsutlsslma Hallier f.: 531 (1898a); Hiem:

725 (1898); Baker & Rendle: 77 (1905-06); Gon?.: 18

(1987). Breweria sujfruticosa Schinz var. hirsutissima

(Hallier f.) C.H. Wright: 81 (1904). Type: Angola, Welwitsch

6160 m, COI!, syn.).

S. welwitschii Hallier f. var. bakeri Hiem: 725 (1898);

Baker & Rendle: 78 (1905-06). Type: Angola, Luanda,

Welwitsch 6157, 6158, 6159 (Bt, COI!, syn.).

S. welwitschii Hallier f. subsp. tenuisepala Verde.: 26, t. II

(1961a). Type: Botswana, Sigara Pan. Drummond &

Seagrief5223 (K. holo.; LISC, SRGH).

Suffruticose or herbaceous perennial,

extremely variable. Stems several to many from

a woody rootstock, up to 600 mm long, erect or

spreading, terete or subterete, at first ± densely

covered with stiff whitish hairs to villous,

glabrescent; branchlets appressed pubescent or

with dense patent hairs. Leaves subsessile,

lanceolate to broadly elliptic-oblong, 5^0 x

2-18 mm, acuminate, acute or rounded at apex

and mucronulate, rounded at base, pilose to

densely hirsute on both surfaces; petiole up to 4

mm long. Flowers in few-flowered, hairy,

dense, sessile or pedunculate, axillary cymes,

sometimes solitary; peduncles up to 30 mm

long, bearing one to several flowers. Bracteoles

shorter than calyx, lanceolate. Calyx 4-7 mm

long, thinly strigose to densely villous; three

outer sepals lanceolate, acuminate, inner ones

slightly shorter. Corolla almost campanulate,

white or yellowish, ± 6 mm long, limb spread-

ing; midpetaline areas rather densely silky

strigose. Ovary hairy at apex. Capsule ovoid-

subglobose, ±5x6 mm, with some white hairs

near apex. Seeds globose, black, 2 mm wide,

smooth. Flowering time September to April.

Common in the northern part of southern

Africa and also occurs in tropical Africa as far

as Kenya. It grows mostly in semi-arid

bushveld and open savanna on stony and sandy

soils. Map 18.

Plants that are densely hairy, especially the

inflorescences, with brownish hairs, somewhat

more robust and with larger leaves are some-

times classified as var. hirsutissima Hallier f.

and are reported to occur on Kalahari sand and

serpentine soil (see Gongalves 1987: 18). In our

area this form is occasionally found in

Botswana, northern Namibia and the Northern

Province, together with the typical form.

Seddera sujfruticosa is recognised by its few-

flowered axillary cymes and short calyx lobes.

Vouchers: Compton 29466 (PRE); Hut-

chinson 2478 (K, PRE); Lambrecht 171 (K,

PRE, SRGH); Leistner 1317 (PRE); Merx-

miiller & Giess 30411 (M, PRE, WIND).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Bonamia

29

6979000

6. BONAMIA

Bonamia Thouars, Histoire des vegetaux recueillis sur les trois isles australes d’Afrique 1:17, 32,

t. 8 ( 1 804); Thouars: 145 (1806) nom. conserv.; Peter: 17, 376 ( 1891 ); Hallier f.: 527, 573 (1893b);

Hallier f.: 804, 996 (1897); Baker & Rendle: 78 (1905-06); Ooststr.: 75 (1938); Ooststr.: 398

(1953); A.Meeuse: 664 (1957a); Verde.: 29 (1963a); Roessler: 3 (1967a); Myint & D.B.Ward: 123

(1968); R. A. Dyer: 503 (1975); Gong.: 19 (1987); Gong.: 16 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 361

(1993b). Type species: B. madagascariensis Poir.

Breweria R.Br.: 487 (1810) p.p.

Herbaceous or woody climbers, rarely erect subshrubs. Leaves herbaceous or occasionally sub-

coriaceous, entire, lanceolate, ovate or elliptic. Flowers axillary, solitary or cymose; cymes some-

times forming terminal leafy panicles. Bracteoles usually small. Sepals 5, equal or subequal, rarely

very unequal, circular to lanceolate, herbaceous or coriaceous, never membranous, not accrescent.

Corolla funnel-shaped, medium-sized or small, blue or white, 5-lobed, sometimes deeply, with

midpetaline bands hairy outside; lobes induplicate-valvate. Stamens 5, included or slightly exsert-

ed; filaments often dilated and hairy below, or glandular at base, or glabrous; anthers oblong, cor-

date or sagittate at base; pollen smooth. Ovary 2-locular, 4-ovuled, glabrous or hairy at apex; style

bifid with two unequal branches or two often unequal styles nearly or quite free; stigmas 2, glo-

bose or peltate; disc rarely 2-partite, small or absent. Capsule subglobose, bilocular, 4-valved, 2-4-

seeded. Seeds glabrous or pilose.

A genus of about 40 species widespread in the tropics of both hemispheres; one species in south-

ern Africa (also see notes under 5. Seddera).

Bonamia velutina Verde, in Kirkia 1: 27, t.

Ill (1961a); Gong.: 21 (1987); Gong.: 19

(1992); A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 46 (1996).

Type: Zimbabwe, border opposite Chicuala-

cuala. Wild 4688 (K, holo.; SRGH).

Perennial herb or suffrutex, erect, up to 1 m

high, tomentose. Stems woody, branched, vel-

vety with appressed sericeous hairs. Leaves

elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute, 10-65 x 4-27

mm, mucronate at apex, rounded or subtruncate

at base, greyish velvety pubescent above,

densely coated with golden brown hairs

beneath; petiole up to 7 mm long. Flowers in

1-3-flowered cymes; peduncles up to 5 mm

long; pedicel up to 2 mm long; bracts leafy or

minute. Sepals subequal, ovate-lanceolate, obo-

vate or spathulate, subcoriaceous at base, dense-

ly golden velvety outside and middle inside,

glabrous at base inside, pilose at apex. Corolla

white, funnel-shaped, slightly 5-lobed, up to 15

mm long, silky pilose on midpetaline areas.

Ovary ovoid, golden pilose; style bifid below

middle; stigmas large, lobulate-peltate. Capsule

ellipsoid, subacute, appressed pilose at apex

and base. Seeds 3^ mm long, ellipsoid, brown-

purple, glabrous, minutely punctate. Flowering

time April to November. Figure 6.

30

CONVOLVULACEAE: Bonamia

Figure 6. Bonamia velutina; A. flowering stem; B. calyx; C, inside of corolla tube with stamens; D, ovary, styles and

stigmas (Miller 473, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Bonamia

31

Grows in open and mixed woodland, sand

forests and shrubby thickets on Kalahari sand,

sandstone and grey soils. Very rare in the

Northern Province and in the Ingwavuma area

of KwaZulu-Natal. Also reported from south-

eastern Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozam-

bique. Map 19.

Bonamia velutina is sometimes confused

with Seddera capensis and S. sujfruticosa, but

can be recognised by the greyish velvety pubes-

cence on the upper side of the leaves and the

golden brown pubescence on the underside as

well as on the calyx lobes.

Vouchers: Fwneman 126 (Lowveld Botani-

cal Garden Herbarium); Miller 473 (FHD,

PRE); Moll 4352 (NH, PRE); Van Rooyen 617

(KNP).

32

CONVOLVULACEAE: Jacquemontia

6991000

7. JACQUEMONTIA

Jacquemontia Choisy in Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve 6:

476 (1834); Choisy: 396 (1845); Peter: 33 (1891); Hallier f.: 578 (1893b); Baker & C.H.Wright:

69 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 85 (1905-06); E.Phillips: 622 (1951); Ooststr.: 431 ( 1953); A.Meeuse:

699 (1957a); Verde.: 33 (1963a); Roessler: 18 (1967a); R.A.Dyer: 503 (1975); Gon?.: 22 (1987);

Gonf.: 21 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 368 (1993b). Type species: J. azurea (Desr.) Choisy.

ThyellaRnt-. 84(1838).

Herbaceous to woody, twining or prostrate, herbs or shrubs, rarely erect, usually hairy, with stel-

late or 2- or 3-armed hairs. Leaves variable, often cordate at base, entire, rarely lobed. Inflorescence

usually bracteate. Flowers in axillary, usually pedunculate, umbellate or capitate cymes, with or with-

out an involucre, or solitary. Bracteoles small, linear to lanceolate or outer ones larger, foliaceous.

Pedicels very short or flowers sessile. Sepals 5, equal or unequal with 2 outer ones often large.

Corolla small to medium-sized, funnel-shaped or campanulate, blue, mauve or pink, rarely white;

limb 5-toothed or nearly entire, rarely lobed; midpetaline areas distinct. Stamens included; filaments

linear, anthers oblong, pollen smooth. Disc small or none. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; style simple, fili-

form, included; stigmas 2, elliptic, ovate or oblong, ± flattened, rarely globose or filiform. Capsule

globose, 2-celled, 4- or 8-valved, 4-seeded or less by abortion. Seeds usually glabrous.

Species about 120, mainly American, a few in tropical Africa, Asia and Australia; one species

in southern Africa.

Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb.,

Flora of the British West Indian Islands 5: 474

( 1862); Peter: 33 (1891); E. A. Bruce: 63 (1940);

A.Meeuse: 700 (1957a); Heine: 340 (1963);

Verde.: 35, fig. 10 (1963a); Roessler: 18 (1967a);

Gon^.: 25 (1987); Gon9.: 24 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 368 (1993b); Relief & P.P.J. Herman:

387 (1997). Iconotype: Dill., Hortus elthamen-

sis ..., t. 318, fig. 410 (1732).

Ipomoea lamnifolia L.: 162 (1753). Thyella tamnifolia

(L.) Raf.: 84 (1838).

Convolvulus capitatus Desr.: 554 (1789). J. capitata

(Desr.) G.Don: 283 (1837); Peter: 33 (1891); J.M.Wood &

M.S.Evans: 13. t. 13 (1898); Baker & C.H.Wright: 69

(1904); Baker & Rendle: 85 (1905-06); Hutch. & Dalziel:

211 (1931). /. capitata (Desr.) Choisy: 365 (1845). Type:

Senegal, Geoffroy s.n. (P-J, holo.).

Annual herb. Stems several from base, twin-

ing or trailing, occasionally suberect, up to ±

850 mm long, finely adpressed pilose with silky

hairs, usually brownish, rarely whitish. Leaves

ovate, oblong to broadly cordate, 40-90 x

20-80 mm, entire, acute to acuminate at apex,

truncate to shallowly cordate at base, or even

abruptly cuneate, glabrescent or ± pilose with

brownish or white hairs, ciliate; petiole slender,

up to 45 mm long, usually much more densely

pilose than blade or stem. Flowers in dense

hairy capitate cymes 20-30 mm across, of a fer-

rugineous colour when dry, supported by

reduced bract-like leaves with narrowing base,

± 20 mm long, inner ones becoming smaller,

lanceolate or linear, and more hairy, ultimately

resembling sepals; peduncles up to 120 mm

long, terete, silky pilose above. Sepals sube-

qual, 5-7 mm long, lanceolate, acute, densely

and softly hairy with ferrugineous or rarely

white hairs. Corolla blue, very rarely mauve to

white, ± 10 mm long, funnel-shaped, 5-angled,

obscurely 5-lobed, glabrous; midpetaline areas

conspicuous, fugacious. Capsule globose, 4—5

mm wide, glabrous, straw-coloured. Seeds usu-

ally 4, brown, scabridulous, glabrous, 2. 0-2. 5

mm long. Flowering time December to May.

Figure 7.

Occurs in the warmer parts of southern

Africa, in tropical Africa south of the Sahara

and also in Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands

and tropical America. It usually grows at alti-

CONVOLVULACEAE: Jacquemontia

33

Figure 7. — Jacquemontia tamnifolia: A, flowering stem (Zambatis 1548. PRE); B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube

with stamens; D, ovary, style and stigmas {Barnard 301, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

34

CONVOLVULACEAE: Jacquemonti;

tudes below about 1 000 m, mostly in subruder-

al habitats; also found in woodland, edges of

thickets, grassland, dry scrub, riverine forests,

on damp sandy ground, or even rocky soils and

cultivated land. Map 20.

Distinguished by its hairy capitate inflores-

cences and small blue flowers.

Vouchers: Culverwell 1326 (PRE); Merxmiil-

ler 1892 (M, PRE, WIND); Smith 3378 (PRE,

SRGH); Vahrmeijer 586 (PRE); Van der Schijjf

2425 (PRE).

Species excluded

Jacquemontia ovalifolia (Vahl) Hallier f. The

records of this species for Namibia [Baker &

Rendle: 87 (1905-06); Dinter: 427 (1922)—

Dinter 824 and Hopfner 21, Damaraland] are

based on erroneous identifications (Roessler

1967a: 18).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

35

6993000

8. CONVOLVULUS

Convolvulus L., Species plantarum, 1st edn: 153 (1753); L.: 76 (1754); Choisy: 399 (1845); Benth.

& Hook.f.: 874 (1876); Peter: 33 (1891); Hallier f.: 579 (1893b); Baker & C.H.Wright: 70 (1904);

Baker & Rendle: 88 (1905-06); E. Phillips: 622 (1951); A.Meeuse: 666 (1957a); Verde.: 37

(1963a); Roessler: 3 (1967a); R. A. Dyer: 503 (1975); Gong.: 26 (1987); Gong.: 25 (1992); Lejoly

& Lisowski: 370 (1993b); Gong.: 13 (1996). Type species: C. arvensis L.

Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs with erect, prostrate or twining stems. Leaves petiolate

or nearly sessile, very variable, entire or lobed, often cordate, hastate or sagittate at base. Flowers

axillary, solitary or in few-flowered, sometimes subumbellate cymes, small to medium-sized.

Sepals 5, equal or subequal, persistent, obtuse to acute. Corolla funnel-shaped, white or pale mauve

to pink; limb shallowly 5-lobed; midpetaline areas often hairy towards apices. Stamens 5, usually

unequal, included; filaments filiform or somewhat linear, often dilated at base; pollen smooth,

ellipsoid. Disc annular or cup-shaped. Ovary 2-locular, 4-ovuled; style simple, filiform, included;

stigmas 2, usually linear or filiform. Capsule 2-locular, dehiscent, 4-valved. Seeds usually 4, black

or brown, usually glabrous.

Species about 250, found mainly in the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres,

rare in the tropics. Fourteen species occur in southern Africa, nine of which are endemic and one

which is introduced. The following exotic species of Convolvulus are cultivated: C. cneorum L.

(subshrub with pink or white flowers, from southern Europe), C. floridus L.f. (large shrub with

white flowers, from the Canary Islands), C. mauritanicus Boiss. (prostrate perennial herb with blue

flowers, from North Africa).

la Corolla 4-5 times as long as calyx, usually quite glabrous; sepals obtuse at apex; pedun-

cles mostly longer than leaves and 1 -flowered; leaves hastate-sagittate, entire (intro-

duced weed) 2. C. arvensis*

lb Corolla less than 4-5 times as long as calyx:

2a Flowers almost sessile, in few-flowered clusters or occasionally solitary; calyx 8-13

mm long, accrescent, outer sepals ultimately subcordate, crisped along edges; corolla

scarcely longer than calyx (Namibia) 1. C. argillicola

2b Flowers distinctly pedunculate or at least pedicellate; corolla 1.5-3 times as long as

calyx:

3a Plants glabrous on all parts; peduncles 1 -flowered; leaves varying in shape from lin-

ear, entire or with basal auricles to palmatisect, often on one specimen, but always

small, up to 20 mm long, rarely attaining length of 40 mm 7. C. dregeanus

3b Plants hairy on either stems, leaves or inflorescences, very rarely plants quite

glabrous, but, if so, then leaves different in shape or well over 20 mm long and/or

inflorescences 2-several-flowered:

4a Leaves (at least upper ones) linear, hastate at base with patent, often deeply bifid

basal lobes; sepals quite glabrous or rarely almost pubescent, coriaceous with

membranous edges, broad, obtuse, sometimes mucronate 4. C. bidentatus

4b Leaves various, but, if linear and hastate or auricled at base, then either whole plant

densely tomentose or basal lobes entire to faintly bilobed or calyx distinctly hairy;

sepals often acute or without membranous edges:

5a Peduncles absent or rarely up to ± 2 mm long (bracteoles in leaf axils or nearly so);

flowers solitary; corolla up to ± 14 mm long, its lobes usually distinctly acute:

36

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

6a Sepals densely tomentose, obtuse or subacute, often somewhat abruptly nar-

rowed above the middle, 6-8 mm long; corolla 12-14 mm long; leaves often

thick with revolute edges, densely tomentose, usually palmately 5-fid with

linear lobes 12. C. ocellatus

6b Sepals ± laxly covered with silky, shiny, golden-brown hairs, ± ovate; corolla ±

9 mm long; leaves flat and rather thin, pinnately lobed with central lobe the

largest, usually thinly hairy (also depauperate specimens of C. sagittatus) ....

5. C. boedeckerianus

5b Peduncles usually distinct although occasionally very short (if so, flowers 14-16

mm long or longer and/or lobes of corolla rounded or obtuse);

7a Leaves up to ± 25 mm long, with 5-9 narrow, linear or filiform, obtuse, palmate-

ly arranged lobes; plant usually finely, densely and very shortly white-tomen-

tose or silvery tomentose, more rarely fawnish tomentose; peduncles always 1-

flowered, up to 20 mm long 10. C. multifidus

7b Leaves different in shape or well over 25 mm long or plant not very shortly

tomentose; peduncles often longer than 20 mm:

8a Peduncles usually 2-6-flowered, rarely 1 -flowered:

9a Vegetative parts and peduncles densely and shortly, ± adpressed-hairy to

sericeo-tomentose, often canescent, sometimes fulvous 3. C. aschersonii

9b Vegetative parts not so densely hairy or plants farinose:

10a Corolla 8-14 mm long:

11a Corolla 8-10 mm long; sepals sometimes very unequal; leaves linear to

oblong with usually obtuse apex 13. C. sagittatus

lib Corolla 12-14 mm long; leaves usually cordate-deltoid; basal lobes ±

bilobed but not dissected, apex of blade usually acute to acuminate

8. C. farinosus

10b Corolla 15-20 mm long or longer:

12a Leaves usually not dissected, often cordate or cordate-oblong, crenate,

occasionally oblong to linear-sagittate; corolla white or cream-coloured

to greenish white (not SW Cape) 11. C. natalensis

12b Leaves either dissected or, if entire, found in SW Cape; corolla often pale

pink or rose-coloured (especially after drying):

13a Leaves pinnately nerved, linear to linear-oblong with hastate and

toothed to dissected base; margin of central lobe often sinuous, or irregu-

larly pinnatilobed to deeply pinnatisect (not SW Cape) 14. C. thunbergii

13b Leaves palmately nerved, palmatilobed or palmatifid, occasionally linear

with palmately arranged smaller basal lobes or auricled, if entire, then ±

oblong-cordate, ovate-cordate to subreniform (SW Cape) .... 6. C. capensis

8b Peduncles usually l(2)-flowered:

14a Corolla usually shorter than 15 mm, often smaller, rarely up to ± 20 mm

long, but if longer than 15 mm, then either leaves linear-sagittate or linear,

or plants from Namibia:

15a Erect or prostrate, suffruticose, rarely climbing; whole plant densely

tomentose or sericeous up to sepals; leaves often with crenate and/or

reflexed margins; peduncles up to ± 10 mm long, often shorter; pedicels up

to ± 15 mm long (much shorter if peduncles are rather long) ... 12. C. ocellatus

15b Prostrate to climbing, herbaceous, never so densely tomentose but usually

thinly hairy; leaves not with reflexed margins; peduncles often longer than

10 mm; pedicels usually short, rarely up to 30 mm long 13. C. sagittatus

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

37

14b Corolla usually longer than 15 mm, often longer than 20 mm; leaves usual-

ly not linear, often somewhat cordate or dissected (not Namibia):

16a Whole plant usually densely hairy to tomentose or shortly villous; leaves

ovate-cordate-deltoid or oblong-cordate to deltoid, entire or finely crenate;

calyx villous; sepals sharply and abruptly acuminate-apiculate, ± 20 mm

long (only E Cape) 9. C. galpinii

16b Plant either not densely villous-hairy, or, if so, then sepals usually not

abruptly acuminate-apiculate and/or leaves different in shape:

17a Leaves usually not dissected, often cordate or cordate-oblong, crenate,

occasionally oblong to linear-sagittate; corolla white or cream-coloured

to greenish white (not SW Cape) 1 1. C. natalensis

17b Leaves either dissected or, if entire, then found in SW Cape; corolla often

pale pink or rose-coloured, especially after drying:

18a Leaves pinnately nerved, linear to linear-oblong with hastate and

toothed to dissected basal lobes, margin of central lobe often sinuous, or

leaves irregularly pinnatilobed to pinnatisect (not SW Cape)

14. C. thiinbergii

1 8b Leaves palmately nerved, palmatilobed or palmatifid, occasionally lin-

ear with or without palmately arranged small basal lobes, or auricled, if

entire, then oblong-cordate, ovate-cordate to subreniform .... 6. C. capensis

1. Convolvulus argillicola Pilg. in Botan-

ische Jahrbiicher 48: 348 (1912); Dinter: 240

(1919); A.Meeuse: 670 (1957a); Roessler: 4

(1967a). Type: Namibia, Auas Mts, Dinter 1892

(B, syn.t; SAM, isosyn.!); Namibia, Quartel nr

Rehoboth, Dinter 2153 (B, syn.t; SAM,

isosyn.!).

glabrous except for hirsute tips. Corolla white,

almost as long as calyx, widely funnel-shaped to

rotate, with a few stiff hairs towards tips of lobes

on midpetaline areas. Ovary glabrous. Capsule

subglobose, ± 9 mm wide. Seeds glabrous, ver-

ruculose or rugose, black, 5-6 mm long.

Flowering time throughout the year.

Stems several from perennial taproot, suffru-

ticose at base, prostrate, like young parts, leaves,

petioles and calyx densely covered with stiff

rust-brown or whitish hairs, ultimately glabres-

cent, rather firm and stout, terete and longitudi-

nally striate, up to 700 mm long. Leaves ovate or

oblong in outline, obtuse or acute, 20-50 x

10-30 mm, usually with minute apical mucro,

truncate to broadly and shallowly cordate at base

with blade almost cuneately decurrent on peti-

ole, irregularly crenate or pinnatilobed to pinna-

tisect; lobes usually obtuse, often again crenate

to somewhat lobed; petiole slender, 5-30 mm

long. Flowers solitary or few together in leaf

axils, nearly sessile; bracts subulate or lanceo-

late-subulate, 7-10 mm long, hairy. Sepals

unequal, outer ones herbaceous, long-acuminate

from an ovate base, 12-13 mm long, acute, hir-

sute, two inner ones shorter and narrower,

indurate, caudate-acuminate, ± 10 mm long.

Endemic to Namibia where it grows on river

banks and grassy plains with scattered short

bushes, in red sand or calcareous soil. Map 21.

Map 21. — • Convolvulus argillicola

A C. arvensis

38

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

Distinguishing characters: almost sessile

flowers having outer sepals with crisped edges

and a short corolla.

Vouchers: Codd 5811 (PRE); Merxmiiller 836

(M, PRE, WIND); Merxmiiller 1032 (M, PRE,

WIND).

2. *Convolvulus arvensis L., Species

plantarum, 1st edn: 153 (1753); Choisy: 406

(1845); Peter: 35 (1891); Hallier f.: 108

(1893a); Baker & C.H. Wright: 75 (1904);

Baker & Rendle: 97 (1905-06); E.Phillips: 44

(1938); A.Meeuse: 695 (1957a); Verde.: 41

(1963a); M.D.Hend. & J.G. Anderson: 242

(1966); Gon?.: 30 (1987); Gon?.: 29 (1992);

Relief & P.P.J. Herman: 380 (1997). Type:

Sweden, specimen 218.1 (LINN, lecto.).

Perennial herb forming several to many annu-

al stems from a long taproot. Stems prostrate or

twining, 0.75-1.75 m long, angular, sparsely

pubescent to glabrous. Leaves often secund,

entire, ovate-oblong, oblong or lanceolate with

hastate or sagittate base, apex usually obtuse and

mucronate, 20-50 mm long, glabrous or thinly

hairy; petiole shorter than blade. Flowers axillary,

solitary or sometimes in 2- or 3-more-flowered

cymes; peduncles angular, shorter or longer than

leaves; bracteoles linear, ± 3 mm long; pedicel

always much longer than calyx. Sepals slightly

unequal, 3.5-5.0 mm long; outer ones a little

shorter, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, often shortly dil-

ate, glabrous or hairy; inner ones broader, to

almost orbicular, obtuse to slightly retuse, mu-

cronulate, usually glabrous. Corolla white or

pink, white ones sometimes with pink or red mid-

petaline areas, broadly funnel-shaped, glabrous,

except at very tips of midpetaline areas, 15-25

mm long and 20-30 mm wide, limb shallowly

lobed. Stamens slightly unequal; filaments with

broadened base which is papillose at the margins.

Ovary glabrous. Capsule ovoid-globose, gla-

brous, 5-8 mm long. Seeds 4, dark brown or

black, glabrous, minutely verrucose-rugose, 3^

mm long. Flowering time October to March.

Originally a native of Europe and parts of

Asia, but now a common weed on cultivated

soils in temperate and subtropical areas through-

out the world, rarely in the tropics. Eound

throughout South Africa except the Northern

Province, and also in Lesotho. Map 21.

Distinguishing characters: entire, hastate-

sagittate leaves and a 15-25 mm long corolla.

It frequently occurs in grain lands where it is

especially obnoxious because it mats the culms

together and induces layering, thus hampering

harvesting. Lven small parts of its taproot that

survive can make eradication difficult. Con-

volvulus arvensis has poisonous properties and

is used medicinally in various countries (Watt &

Breyer-Brandwijk 1962: 306).

Vouchers: Breyer TRV16975 (PRE); Gem-

mell BLFU6475 (BLEU, PRE); Schmitz 6585

(PRE, ROME); Troughton 385 (GRA, PRE);

Turner 1159 (PRE).

3. Convolvulus aschersonii Engl., liber

die Hochgebirgsflora des tropischen Afrika: 349

(1892); A.Meeuse: 677 (1957a); Heine: 340

(1963); A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 47 (1996).

Type: Ethiopia, Messhall, Schimper 660 (B,

holo.f).

C. sagittatus Thunb. var. aschersonii (Engl.) Verde.: 345

(1957a); Verde.: 43 (1963a); Gong.: 28 (1987); A.E.van

Wyk & S.Malan: 52 (1988). Type as above.

Perennial forming annual prostrate or some-

times twining stems from a woody taproot.

Stems terete, herbaceous but firm, densely cov-

ered (as are all vegetative parts and outer sep-

als) with a fulvous or silvery white pubescence,

up to ± 2 m long. Leaves variable in shape,

often on the same plant, but generally oblong to

lanceolate-oblong, varying to linear-hastate or

ovate, usually hastate at base with basal auricles

lobed or dissected and central lobe irregularly

crenate-repand-pinnatilobed, not infrequently

with 2 small oblong lateral lobes at base and

leaf subpalmately 5-7-lobed, sometimes pinna-

tisect, 30-60 mm x 5-35 mm; pubescence usu-

ally strigose on upper surface, less adpressed on

lower one; apex usually obtuse to rounded,

emarginate and minutely reflexed-mucronate.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

39

rarely acute; main nerves and midrib impressed

above, prominent below; petiole usually rather

stout, terete, 5-20 mm long. Peduncles usually

longer than petioles, slender, terete, subumbel-

lately to cymosely 1-6-flowered; bracteoles lin-

ear or oblanceolate, 3^ mm long; pedicels

short. Sepals unequal; outer ones herbaceous,

oblong, elliptic or ovate-oblong, hairy and cili-

ate, obtuse or acute, sometimes crisped along

margins, 6-7 mm long; inner ones almost

glabrous except at tips, membranous to thinly

coriaceous, marcescent, shorter (innermost ± 4

mm long), much broader, much imbricate.

Corolla funnel-shaped, white or very pale

mauve-pink, sometimes with mauvish markings

in throat, 7-10 mm long and wide; midpetaline

areas pale greenish outside, silky towards apex.

Stamens with a few short, rounded papillae near

base. Capsule globose, apiculate, glabrous, 6-7

mm wide. Seeds dark brown, finely verrucose-

rugose, 3-4 mm long. Flowering time Novem-

ber to April.

Widely distributed from Eritrea and Ethiopia

southwards and westwards to Angola, Botswa-

na (Gon9alves 1987: 28) and the northern part

of South Africa in the Northern Province,

North-West and Gauteng. Occurs in bushveld,

savanna and grassland, on dry and sandy soils;

also along roadsides and on cultivated ground.

Map 22.

Map 22. — • Convolvulus aschersonii

A C. bidentatus

Distinguishing characters: densely hairy

vegetative parts and markedly toothed or dis-

sected leaves.

Vouchers: Hutchinson 2895 (BOL, GRA, K,

PRE); Meeuse 9151 (PRE); Sharpe S-201 (K,

SRGH); Van Wyk 2110 (PRE).

4. Convolvulus bidentatus Bemh. ex Krauss

in Flora, oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung,

Jena, Regensburg 27: 829 (1844); Hallier f.: 105

(1893a) in syn.; A.Meeuse: 685 (1957a). Type:

Western Cape, George, Krauss s.n. (B, holo.f);

Cape, Thunberg (UPPS, neo.; PRE, photo.!).

C. hastatus Thunb.: 35 (1794); Thunb.: 17 (1818);

Choisy: 407 (1845) ex parte; Hallier f.: 105 (1893a); Baker

& C.H. Wright: 72 (1904) excl. var. natalensis Baker, non C.

hastatus Forssk. (1775), nec Desr. (1789). Type: Cape,

Thunberg (UPPS, holo.).

Perennial with a thick taproot. Stems several,

slender, prostrate or climbing, up to ± 3 m long,

usually somewhat 4-angled, glabrous or some-

times pubescent. Leaves narrowly hastate to lin-

ear with hastate base, glabrous or pubescent, up

to 45-70 mm long and middle lobe 1-8 mm

wide; basal lobes up to 25 mm long, usually

deeply bifid; apex usually obtuse, mucronate;

margin entire; lowermost leaves, if present,

sometimes broader, oblong or sagittate-oblong

or occasionally palmately 5-7-lobed with mid-

dle lobe the longest, up to 15 mm wide.

Peduncles mostly 2-flowered, rarely 1 -flowered

or cymosely 3-5-flowered, 30-140 mm long,

rarely shorter, pubescent or glabrous; bracts

lanceolate, 3-5 mm long; pedicels short, pubes-

cent, usually somewhat 4-angled and sub-

clavate, 5-15 mm long. Calyx 6-8 mm long,

glabrous or very rarely obscurely pubescent;

sepals broadly ovate or obovate, rather charta-

ceous with membranous edges, much imbricate,

obtuse to rounded, apex often almost mucro-

nate. Corolla 15-22 mm long, white or pale

pink; midpetaline areas slightly hairy outside

near apex. Capsule globose, glabrous, ± 6 mm

wide, almost completely enclosed in calyx.

Seeds black, minutely rugose and subpuberu-

lous with tufts of very minute brown hairs.

Flowering time October to March.

40

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

Endemic to the Western and Eastern Cape,

occurring in the coastal area from about

Bredasdorp to East London, mostly in fynbos

on sandy soils. Map 22.

Distinguishing characters: linear leaves with

bifid basal lobes and sepals with membranous

edges.

Said to be used medicinally (Watt & Breyer-

Brandwijk 1962: 306), but the records seem

doubtful.

Vouchers: Marais 155 (PRE); White 92 (GRA,

PRE).

5. Convolvulus boedeckerianus Peter in

Die natUrlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4,3a: 36

(1891), nomen subnudum, ex Hallier f: 102

(1893a); Baker & C.H.Wright: 76 (1904);

A.Meeuse: 674 (1957a); Retief & P.P.J. Herman:

380 (1997). Type: Free State, Boedecker s.n.

(GOETT, lecto.).

Perennial, forming several woody stems

from crown of a long woody taproot; vegetative

parts and calyx covered with adpressed, usually

golden-brown or fulvous, more rarely silvery

white, hairs. Stems slender, prostrate or occa-

sionally twining at the ends, rarely suberect,

terete, sometimes nearly glabrous, up to ± 600

mm long. Leaves usually pinnately to sub-

palmately 5-lobed, lower ones often ovate or

oblong, coarsely dentate to pinnatilobed, gradu-

ally changing upwards into divided, more typi-

cal leaves, 10-60 mm long; middle lobe of

blade usually distinctly the largest, often irregu-

larly toothed or pinnatilobed to pinnatisect,

rarely quite entire; basal lobes (auricles) usual-

ly bifid; lateral lobes usually linear, entire or

slightly toothed, sometimes pinnatilobed; pu-

bescence usually rather sparse to glabrescent;

petiole 1-8 mm long. Flowers solitary; pedun-

cles usually wanting, if present, then very short;

bracteoles subulate, minute; pedicel 2-10 mm

long, somewhat elongating and glabrescent in

fruit. Calyx 4-6 mm long, tomentose to laxly

hairy; .sepals subequal, ovate, acute, 2-3 mm

wide. Corolla white, pale pink or pale pinkish

Map 23. — • Convolvulus boedeckerianus

A C. capensis

mauve, 7-10 mm long, limb 9-12 mm wide, 5-

angled with acute triangular lobes; midpetaline

areas silky pubescent outside. Capsule gla-

brous, globose or ovoid-globose, apiculate,

straw-coloured, 5-7 mm wide. Seeds dark

brown, when ripe distinctly verrucose-rugose or

almost muriculate, ± 4 mm long. Flowering

time October to May.

Endemic to the central parts of South Africa

in North-West, the Free State and the Northern

and Eastern Cape, in grassland and False Upper

Karoo vegetation on stony and sandy soils.

Map 23.

Distinguishing characters: solitary flowers

with obsolete peduncles and hairy calyx.

Vouchers: Brueckner 600 (PRE); Louw 1976

(PRE); Smith 3926 (PRE).

6. Convolvulus capensis Burm.f, Prodro-

mus florae capensis: 5 (1768); Choisy: 410

(1845); Hallier f.: 105 (1893a); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 78 (1904) excl. var. (3 and var. y;

A.Meeuse: 692 (1957a); A.Meeuse & W.G.Wel-

man: 47 (1996). Type: Cape, in Herb. Burman

without collector or locality (G-Del., holo.,

PRE, photo.!).

C. plicatus Desr.: 558 (1789); Choi.sy: 410 (1845); Hallier

f.: 106 (1893a). C. capensis Burm.f. var, plicatus (Desr.)

Baker: 78 (1904) as to new combination only, excl. de.scr..

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

41

synonyms and specimens cited; A.Meeuse: 693 (1957a).

Type: Cape, Sonnerat s.n. in Herb. Lamarck (P, holo., PRE,

photo.!).

C. alceifolius Lam.: 461 (1791); Choisy: 410 (1845);

Hallier f.: 105 (1893a). Type: Cape, in Herb. Lamarck with-

out collector or locality (P, holo., PRE, photo.!).

C. filiformis Thunb.: 16 (1818); Thunb.: 168 (1824);

Baker & C.H. Wright: 71 (1904), non Desr. (1789). Type:

Cape, Thunberg s.n. in Herb. Thunberg (U, holo., PRE,

photo.!).

C. inconspicuus Hallier f.: 106 (1893a); Baker &

C.H. Wright: 71 (1904). Type: Northern Cape,

Namaqualand, Leliefontein, Drege s.n. (L, iso.).

Merremia bowieana Rendle: 63 (1901); Ipoinoea

bowieana (Rendle) Baker: 55 (1904). C. capensis Burm.f.

van bowieanus (Rendle) A.Meeuse: 693 (1957a). Type:

Western Cape, Swellendam and George, Bowie s.n. (BM,

holo., PRE, photo.!).

Perennial. Stems climbing or sometimes

prostrate, herbaceous, occasionally suffruticose,

ascending, slender, terete, up to at least 1.5 m

long, usually clothed (like leaves, petiole and

calyx) with brown pubescence, glabrescent,

more rarely glabrous or nearly so (if so, leaves

and petioles also less hairy). Leaves often vari-

able in shape on a single specimen; lower leaves

narrowly reniform to cordate-oblong or almost

hastate-oblong, rounded to subacute or emar-

ginate at the apex, up to 35 mm long, with

subentire to repand, crenate or dentate margin;

petiole 5 mm long; upper leaves pinnately

incised or palmately 5-fid, uppermost usually

consisting of 5 linear lobes of which the central

one is the longest; lobes usually variously lobed

or incised, linear lobes of uppermost leaves less

so to entire, length of blade 10-70 mm, width

5^5 mm; petiole 5^0 mm long. Peduncles 1-

to cymosely few-flowered, usually slender,

terete, less hairy than stem or sometimes

glabrous, often 40-100 mm long, sometimes

longer, rarely shorter; bracteoles lanceolate, lin-

ear or subulate, minute or up to 8 mm long,

hairy; pedicels slender, usually more densely

pubescent than stems, 5-25 mm long. Calyx

silky villous outside, rarely nearly glabrous,

6-10 mm long; sepals broadly ovate to oblong,

much imbricate, usually obtuse but often apicu-

late or mucronate, chartaceous (outer ones) to

somewhat membranous (inner ones). Corolla

funnel-shaped, white inside and pale pink out-

side with greenish midpetaline areas or pink to

pale rose, 15-35 mm long and as much in diam-

eter, brownish strigose on midpetaline areas.

Ovary glabrous. Capsule globose, glabrous, ± 8

mm in diameter. Seeds dark brown, glabrous,

verrucose, 4-5 mm long. Flowering time August

to December.

Very variable endemic, occurring from

Namaqualand in the Northern Cape to the West-

ern and Eastern Cape, in fynbos, grassland and

karroid vegetation, on sandy, stony, clay and

shale soils. Map 23.

Distinguishing characters: leaves palmately

nerved, corolla 15-35 mm long.

Vouchers: Fourcade 5741 (PRE); Galpin 4352

(GRA, PRE); Howes 175 (PRE); Hugo 1942

(PRE, STE).

7. Convolvulus dregeanus Choisy in

A. DC., Prodromus systematis naturalis ... 9:

411 (1845); Hallier f.: 105 (1893a); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 74 (1904); A.Meeuse: 671 (1957a);

Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 380 (1997). Type:

Northern Cape, Richmond (Winterveld), Drege

7828 (G, holo.; L!).

C. linifonnis Rendle: 61 (1901); Baker & C.H.Wright: 71

(1904). Type: North-West, Mooi River, Burke 283 (PRE!,

SAM, iso.).

Perennial, totally glabrous, with several

annual stems from a single thick taproot. Stems

trailing or ascending to suberect, sometimes

branched from base, very slender, up to ± 300

mm long. Leaves small, variable in shape,

sometimes lanceolate to linear, often with 2

minute basal auricles, acute, nearly sessile,

4-40 mm long; lower leaves usually oblong to

ovate-suborbicular, entire, subcordate or ±

lobed, gradually changing upwards; upper

leaves deeply palmately 3-5-fid with linear

lobes of which the middle one is the longest and

sometimes ± pinnatilobed, up to 25 mm long,

petiole of upper leaves up to 10 mm long.

Peduncles 5^5 mm long, 1 -flowered; bracteo-

les lanceolate-linear to almost spathulate, ± 2

42

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

Map 24. — # Convolvulus dregeanus

A C. farinosus

mm long, usually green and foliaceous; pedicels

1-5 mm long or occasionally peduncles

reduced and pedicels up to ± 10 mm long. Calyx

4—7 mm long; sepals much imbricate, obovate

or the outer oblong, obtuse. Corolla 12-20 mm

long, pinkish white or white. Capsule globose,

± 6 mm wide. Seeds scabrid to muriculate, ± 4

mm long. Flowering time November to March.

Endemic species found in the central parts of

South Africa (absent from the Northern

Province and KwaZulu-Natal) in short grass-

land on sandy clay or brackish soils and in dis-

turbed areas. Map 24.

Distinguishing characters: plant quite

glabrous, flowers solitary and pedunculate.

Vouchers: Acocks 16284 (PRE); Acocks 20833

(PRE); Verdoorn 899 (PRE).

C. cordifolius Thunb.: 35 (1794); Choisy: 413 (1845).

Type: Cape. Thunberg s.n. (U, holo.).

Herbaceous perennial. Stems many, long,

slender, weak, climbing or prostrate and usual-

ly branched, pubescent or farinose-puberulous,

younger shoots often silvery. Leaves usually

cordate-deltoid or sagittate, acute with terminal

mucro, rarely obtuse, subentire to irregularly

and shallowly crenate, herbaceous drying mem-

branous, glabrous above except when young,

glabrous or somewhat pubescent beneath, dis-

tinctly net-veined; basal sinus broad, basal auri-

cles rounded or pointed, sometimes with a few

teeth; very rarely leaves with additional triangu-

lar lobes above basal auricles; blade 40-120

mm X 30-90 mm; petiole up to 65 mm long,

finely and densely pubescent. Peduncles as long

as, or longer than subtending petiole, finely

pubescent, subumbellately 1-6-flowered; bracts

minute, linear or lanceolate, pubescent; pedicels

short. Sepals unequal, oblong or elliptic (outer

ones) to suborbicular (inner ones), much imbri-

cate, acute or obtuse with terminal mucro, 6-8

mm long; 2 outer ones somewhat pubescent; 3

inner ones less pubescent to almost glabrous

and wider. Corolla funnel-shaped, white, very

pale pink or very pale pinkish mauve, 12-15

mm long; lobes short, tube rather narrow; mid-

petaline areas hairy towards obtuse, mucronate

tips of lobes. Stamens bearing short thick later-

al papillae in their dilated basal portions;

anthers dirty purple. Ovary glabrous. Capsule

subglobose, shortly apiculate, glabrous, 5-8

mm wide, pale brown. Seeds usually 4, sub-

trigonous, 3.5-4.0 mm long, black, scabridulous-

rugose. Flowering time throughout the year.

8. Convolvulus farinosus L., Mantissa

plantarum 2: 203 (1771); Choisy: 412 (1845);

Hallier f.: 104 (1893a); Baker & C.H.Wright:

74 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 98 (1905-06);

T.M.Salter: 685 (1950); A.Meeuse: 684 (1957a);

Verde.: 41 (1963a); Compton: 474 (1976);

Gon?.: 28, t. 8 (1987); Gonq.: 27, t. 8 (1992);

l.ejoly & Lisowski: 371, fig. 5 (1993b); Retief

& P.P.J. Herman: 380 (1997). Type: Sweden

(cultivated in Uppsala), specimen 218.6 (LINN,

lecto.).

A common and occasionally weedy species in

bushveld, grassland, forest margins and under-

growth, on river banks, on sand, loam and clay.

Found in the northern, eastern and southern parts

of southern Africa, but absent from Namibia,

Botswana and the Northern Cape. Occurs further

north in tropical and subtropical eastern Africa,

Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, also in

the western Mediterranean area. Map 24.

Distinguishing characters: cordate-deltoid

leaves and 12-14 mm long corolla.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

43

Reported by Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk (1962:

306) to have medicinal uses.

Vouchers: Boucher 3477 (PRE, STE); Cul-

verwell 1034 (PRE); Meeuse 9232 (PRE); Moll

4600 (NH, PRE); Strey 8650 (NH, PRE).

9. Convolvulus galpinii C.H.Wright in T.-

Dyer, Flora capensis 4,2: 75 (1904); A. Meeuse:

687 (1957a). Type: Eastern Cape, Queenstown,

Galpin 2110 (K, holo.!; BOL, GRA, PRE!).

Probably a perennial, whole plant densely

villous or tomentose with fulvous or grey short

hairs. Stems prostrate or twining, slender, terete,

600 mm long. Leaves sagittate-deltoid to del-

toid-cordate or ovate-cordate, 20^0 mm long,

usually somewhat irregularly crenate-serrate,

usually acute, basal sinus wide; basal lobes

often somewhat toothed or with angular small

lobes; petiole up to ± 12 mm long. Peduncles 1-

or 2-flowered, slender, terete, up to 60 mm long;

bracteoles linear, 5-8 mm long; pedicels up to ±

10 mm long. Calyx 6-10 mm long; outer sepals

ovate, abruptly acuminate, villous; inner ones

shorter and relatively broader, ovate-orbicular,

less hairy. Corolla funnel-shaped, white, 16-20

mm long and ± as wide; midpetaline areas

densely silky. Capsule subglobose, glabrous,

apiculate, 6-8 mm wide. Seeds dark brown, 4-5

mm long, subpuberulous with fine, yell'owish

Map 25. — • Convolvulus galpinii

▲ C. multifldus

brown rugosities of the testa. Flowering time

December to March.

Rare endemic growing in grassland on sandy

soil on mountains in the Eastern Cape. Map 25.

Closely related to C. natalensis (no. 11) or

perhaps only a form of it. C. galpinii can be se-

parated by its abruptly acuminate and shorter

sepals, smaller corollas, more slender, often

twining stems and usually smaller, often sagittate

or deltoid-cordate leaves and puberulous seeds.

Vouchers: Leighton 2665 (BOL, PRE); Ro-

berts 2028 (PRE).

10. Convolvulus multifldus Thunb.,

Prodromus plantarum capensium ... 1: 35

(1794); Thunb.: 170 (1820); Choisy: 410 (1845)

excl. spec. Burchell 2412\ Baker & C.H.Wright:

76 (1904); A. Meeuse: 675 (1957a); Retief &

P.P.J. Herman: 380 (1997). Type: Eastern Cape,

Uitenhage, Loeri River, Thunberg s.n. (UPPS,

holo., PRE, photo.!).

C. thunbergii Hallier f.: 102 (1893a), non Roem. &

Schult.

Perennial forming annual stems from a

woody rootstock. Stems few to many, suberect

to prostrate, herbaceous but firm, suffruticose at

base, slender, terete, covered (like all young

vegetative parts, pedicels, bracteoles and calyx)

with a dense villous, tomentose to somewhat

silky pubescence, 150-750 mm long. Leaves

palmately 5 -fid with at least the central lobe

irregularly pinnatifid or pinnatisect and basal

lobes hastate and bifid, ovate or oblong in out-

line, 5-35 mm long; ultimate segments always

narrow, usually narrower than 2 mm, often with

revolute edges or ± concave; upper surface

glabrescent, lower surface persistently densely

hairy, tomentose or villous; petiole short, up to

± 10 mm long in largest leaves. Peduncles 1-

flowered, up to 20 mm long, sometimes absent;

bracteoles small, linear-subulate; pedicels

longer than peduncles, up to 15 mm. Sepals

broadly ovate; outer ones 5. 5-7.0 mm long,

often somewhat thinner and crisped along

edges, obtuse or acute; inner ones usually short-

44

CONVOLVULACEAE; Convolvulus

er, relatively broader, membranous-coriaceous,

glabrous or nearly so except at apex, innermost

mucronate to apiculate. Corolla funnel-shaped,

very pale pink or white, 10-12 mm long, 12-15

mm wide; lobes rounded to obtuse; midpetaline

areas densely silky. Capsule subglobose or

ovoid-globose, apiculate, glabrous, ± 5 mm

wide. Seeds very dark brown or black, glabrous,

somewhat longitudinally rugose on back, verru-

cose-muriculate on angles. Flowering time

October to April.

Endemic species concentrated in the central

parts of South Africa in North-West, the Free

State and Northern and Eastern Cape. It is

found in deep sandy or dry rocky soil or lime-

stone, along roadsides, in grassland and karroid

vegetation and also on the banks of dry

riverbeds. Map 25.

The usually manifest, up to 20 mm long

peduncles and larger corolla distinguish this

species from the closely related C. boedeckeri-

anus (no. 5) and C. ocellatiis (no. 12). The lat-

ter species may even prove to be conspecific.

Vouchers: Brueckner 150 (PRE); Germis-

huizen 3974 (PRE); Reid 350 (PRE).

11. Convolvulus natalensis Bernh. ex

Krauss in Flora, oder allgemeine botanische

Zeitung, Jena, Regensburg 27: 829 (1844);

Hallier f.: 105 (1893a); Baker & C.H. Wright:

77 (1904); A.Meeuse: 687 (1957a); A. Batten &

G.W.Bokelmann: 123, t. 98 (1966); Compton:

475 (1976); A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 47

(1996); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 380 (1997).

Type: KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Table

Mountain, Krauss 465 (B, holo.f?; BOL, iso.!).

C. calycinus E.Mey. ex Drege: 154 (1838) nomen tantum;

E.Mey. ex Choisy: 408 (1845), non Roxb., nec. Humb.,

Bonpl. & Kunth; Hallier f.: 105 (1893a); Baker &

C.H. Wright: 77 (1904). Type: KwaZulu-Natal, Umzimkulu,

Clydesdale, Drege s.n. (L, iso.).

C. iransvaalensis Schltr.: 502 (1896). C. natalensis Bemh.

ex Krauss var. iransvaalensis (Schltr.) A.Meeuse: 689

(1957a); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 380 (1997). Type:

Mpumalanga, Barberton, Galpin 430 (BOL, GRA, PRE!,

iso.).

C. bullerianus Rendle: 62 (1901); Baker & C.H. Wright:

77 (1904). Type: KwaZulu-Natal, Estcourt, Mooi River,

J.M. Wood 6206 (PRE, iso.!).

C. natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss var. integrifolia

C.H. Wright: 77 (1904). Type: Lesotho, Cooper 929 (BOL,

holo.!).

C. natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss var. angustifolia

C.H. Wright: 77 (1904). Type: KwaZulu-Natal, Kokstad,

Hay garth in Herb. JM. Wood 4179 (BOL, NH, iso.!).

Perennial forming prostrate or rarely almost

twining annual stems from a woody taproot.

Stems usually rather stout and firm, terete, up to

1 m long, covered (as are all vegetative parts,

peduncles, pedicels, bracteoles and calyx) with

rather short hairs which are sometimes stiff and

hirsutulous, sometimes silky or ± woolly, fawn,

rust-brown to silvery white, more densely so in

all younger parts, at length glabrescent. Leaves

linear to cordate-ovate, cordate-oblong or

sometimes cordate or narrowly reniform, 10-90

mm X 7.5-50.0 mm, usually undissected with

an undulate, crenate or nearly dentate or serrate

to subentire margin but sometimes faintly,

rarely distinctly and irregularly pinnatilobed;

apex usually broadly rounded and shortly cus-

pidate, sometimes obtuse or acute; basal sinus,

if present, broad and shallow, basal auricles

often almost angular; petiole 5-20 mm long.

Peduncles 1- to few-flowered, terete, short (up

to 70 mm long), occasionally absent; bracteoles

linear or lanceolate, 6-10 mm long, often more

than 2 when inflorescence few-flowered;

pedicels very short or up to 15 mm long. Calyx

10-18 mm long; sepals ovate-lanceolate,

oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, ± unequal; outer

ones herbaceous, sometimes subcordate at base,

broader and crisped along margins; inner ones a

little shorter and less pubescent to glabrous,

marcescent, sometimes broadly ovate; all sepals

obtuse to acute, inner usually more acute than

outer ones. Corolla white, cream-coloured or

white tinged with green, funnel-shaped, 20-35

mm long, 22^0 mm wide; midpetaline areas

greenish, densely silky with rust-brown, fawn

or silvery white hairs. Capsule subglobose, or

almost ovoid, apiculate, glabrous, 8-10 mm

long and wide. Seeds dark brown, glabrous, dis-

tinctly verrucose-rugose, 5-6 mm long. Flow-

ering time August to March.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

45

Map 26. — • Convolvulus natalensis

A C. occellatus

Endemic species found in the eastern parts of

southern Africa in the Northern Province,

Mpumalanga, Swaziland, KwaZulu-Natal and

the Eastern Cape, in grassland on stony, clay,

sandy or loamy soils. Map 26.

There are intermediates between the two

varieties distinguished in Meeuse (1957a) and

their distribution ranges overlap. The differ-

ences in leaves and sepals do not warrant the

retention of two varieties (which may conceiv-

ably belong to a single population). See also

under C. galpinii (no. 9). Distinguishing char-

acters: undissected, hairy, cordate or cordate-

oblong, crenate leaves and 20-35 mm long

corolla.

Vouchers: Codd 8056 (PRE); Coleman 527

(NH, PRE); Compton 26149 (PRE); Paton 342

(PRE); ThodeAim (NH, PRE).

12. Convolvulus ocellatus Hook, in

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 70: t. 4065

(1844a); Choisy: 404 (1845); Hallier f.: 102

(1893a); Baker & C.H.Wright: 71 (1904);

A. Meeuse: 672 (1957a); Roessler: 4 (1967a);

Gou9.: 26 (1987); A. Meeuse & W.G.Welman:

48 (1996); A.Eabian & Germish.: 334, t. 159a

(1997); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 381 (1997).

Iconotype: illustration in Curtis’s Botanical

Magazine 70: t. 4065 (1844); Transvaal,

Magaliesberg, Burke 119 (PRE, topo.!).

C. omatus Engl.: 247 (1888); Baker & C.H.Wright: 76

( 1904). C. ocellatus Hook.f. van omatus (Engl.) A. Meeuse:

673 (1957a); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 381 (1997). Type:

Northern Cape, Kimberley, Marloth 716 (B, holo.f; PRE!).

C. multificlus Hallier f.: 102 (1893a) non Thunb. (1794).

Type: Northern Cape, Kuruman, Burchell 2412 (K. holo.).

C. dinteri Pilg.: 219 (1910); Dinter: 240 (1919). Type:

Namibia, Aukas, Krejfontein, Dinter 812 (SAM, PRE!,

iso.).

Perennial, forming much-branched erect to

decumbent, annual stems from a woody root-

stock. Stems several from base, densely brown-

ish, greyish or sericeo-tomentose, more rarely

white-pubescent, up to ± 600 mm long, occa-

sionally climbing at ends. Leaves varying from

linear-oblong with hastate or sagittate base,

with or without basal auricles, to palmately 5-

fid, 9-30 X 2-8 mm; covered (as are all vegeta-

tive parts, calyx and midpetaline zones) with

the same brownish or greyish tomentum as the

stems; petiole up to 5 mm long. Peduncles 0-10

mm long, 1- or rarely 2-flowered; bracteoles

linear to subulate, 3-5 mm long, sometimes

minute. Calyx 6-10 mm long; sepals ovate to

oblong, acute to acuminate, occasionally

obtuse; outer ones completely covered with

tomentum on outside; inner ones with a median

hairy zone. Corolla white or pink to pale

mauve, with a dark purple centre, widely fun-

nel-shaped, 12-20 mm long, 12-25 mm wide.

Capsule globose to ovoid-conical, shortly apicu-

late, apex glabrous or hairy. Seeds dark brown,

glabrous. Flowering time October to April.

Widespread from Namibia and Botswana to

the central parts of South Africa, mainly North-

West, Gauteng, the Northern Cape and Free

State; also in Zimbabwe. In grassland and

bushveld, often on red sandy soil. Map 26.

This taxon is very variable and the extreme

forms have been described as varieties, but

there are many transitional specimens, those

from the drier areas tending to form more dis-

sected leaves and a denser tomentum. Dis-

tinguishing characters: densely tomentose or

sericeous plant, thick leaves with revolute mar-

gins, 12-20 mm long corolla.

46

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

Vouchers: Acocks 1461 (PRE); Coetzee 500

(PRE); Germishiiizen 4907 (PRE); Merxmiiller &

Giess 1160 (M, PRE, WIND); Skarpe 201 (PRE).

13. Convolvulus sagittatus Thimb., Pro-

dromus plantarum capensium ... 1: 35 (1794);

Choisy: 407 (1845); Hallier f.: 103 (1893a);

Hallier f.: 533 (1898a); Baker & C.H.Wright: 72

(1904); Baker & Rendle; 96 (1905-06) pro parte

excl. var. abyssiniciis (Hallier f.) Rendle; A.Meeu-

se: 679 (1957a); Verde.: 43 (1963a); Roessler: 5

(1967a); Gon?.: 27 (1987); Gon?.: 26: (1992);

Lejoly & Lisowski: 372 (1993b); A.Meeuse &

W.G.Welman: 48 (1996); Relief & PPJ. Herman:

381 (1997). Type: Cape, Thimberg (sheet 1 only)

(U, lecto., PRE, photo.!).

C. ulosepalus Hallier f.: 103 (1893a); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 73 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 95 (1905-06);

T.M. Salter: 685 (1950); A.Meeuse: 678 (1957a);

M.D.Hend. & J.G. Anderson: 244 (1966); Compton: 475

(1976). C. sagittatus Thunb. var. ulosepalus (Hallier f.)

Verde.: 346 (1957a); Verde.: 44 (1963a); J. Adams: t. 120

(1976). Type: Northern Cape, Riehmond, Drege 7829a (L.

leeto.!).

C. sagittatus Thunb. var. grandiflorus Hallier f.: 533

(1898a). C. sagittatus Thunb. subsp. grandiflorus (Hallier

f.) A.Meeuse var. grandiflorus: 683 (1957a). Type: not des-

ignated.

C. sagittatus Thunb. var. grandiflorus Hallier f. subvar.

graminifolius Hallier f.: 534 (1898a). C. sagittatus Thunb.

var. graminifolius (Hallier f.) Baker & C.H.Wright: 72

(1904). C. sagittatus Thunb. subsp. grandiflorus (Hallier f.)

A.Meeuse var. graminifolius (Hallier f.) Baker &

C.H.Wright ex A.Meeuse: 683 (1957a). Type: KwaZulu-

Natal, Camperdown, Rehmann 7823 (Z, holo.!).

C. sagittatus Thunb. var. grandiflorus Hallier f. subvar.

linearifolius Hallier f.: 534 (1898a). C. sagittatus Thunb.

var. linearifolius (Hallier f.) Baker & C.H.Wright: 72

(1904). C. sagittatus Thunb. subsp. grandiflorus (Hallier f.)

A.Meeuse var. linearifolius (Hallier f.) Baker & C.H.Wright

ex A.Meeuse: 683 (1957a). Type: Mpumalanga, Barberton,

Abbots Hill, Gatpin 1037 (Z, holo.!; PRE, BOL, GRA, NH,

SAM, iso.!).

C. phyllosepalus Hallier f.: 535 (1898a); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 75 ( 1904). C. sagittatus Thunb. subsp. sagitta-

tus var. phyllosepalus (Hallier f.) A.Meeuse: 681 (1957a);

A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan: 52 (1988). Type: Eree State.

Bloemfontein, Rehmann 3796 (Z, lecto.!).

C. hirtellus Hallier f.: 536 (1898a). C. sagittatus Thunb.

subsp. sagittatus var. hirtellus (Hallier f.) A.Meeuse: 682

(1957a); A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan: 52 (1988);. Type: Eree

State, Vaal River, Burke s.n. (K. lecto.!).

C. sagittatus Thunb. subsp. sagittatus var. namaquensis

A.Meeuse: 682 (1957a), Type: Northern Cape, Nama-

qualand, Brakdam, Schlechter 11124 (PRE, holo.!; BOL!,

GRA!; L, WAG, iso.).

Extremely variable perennial, forming sever-

al annual stems from a long thin perennial tap-

root. Stems usually branched only from base,

slender, prostrate or occasionally in some forms

climbing, usually hairy, usually shorter than 600

mm, but in some forms attaining 1-2 m. Leaves

varying from linear or linear-sagittate to has-

tate-sagittate or oblong with truncate base, usu-

ally entire except the often bifid basal lobes,

usually somewhat hairy, sometimes densely so

or nearly to quite glabrous; petiole usually very

short and often hairy. Peduncles 1 -flowered or

in some forms few-flowered, usually terete,

slender, up to 45 mm long, often hairy; bracte-

oles small; pedicels short or occasionally up to

30 mm long. Calyx usually hairy; sepals vary-

ing from lanceolate to orbicular, acute to

obtuse, sometimes mucronate or ciliate, 5-9

mm long. Corolla funnel-shaped, white, pale

pink or mauve-pink, sometimes with darker

pink to reddish purple centre; midpetaline areas

hairy near tips, 8-25 mm long. Capsule subglo-

bose, 6-7 mm long, glabrous. Seeds usually 4,

dark brown or black, glabrous when ripe, some-

what tuberculate-rugose, 3.5 x 2.5 mm.

Flowering time throughout the year, mostly

September to May.

Widespread in Africa south of the Sahara, also

in Arabia and probably also in Madagascar.

Common throughout southern Africa in bushveld

and grassland on various soils; often recorded as

a weed difficult to eradicate. Map 27.

Distinguished by its leaves which are at least

3 times as long as broad and the corolla which is

2-3 times as long as the calyx. It is noteworthy

that most of the varieties previously described

are not geographically restricted to small areas,

but have a wide range. Without extensive field

and experimental studies, it is impossible to

delimit varieties in this entangled assembly.

Reported by Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk (1962:

306) as having medicinal use.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

47

Vouchers: Galpin 13223 (BOL, PRE); Killick

& Marais 1998 (PRE); Meeuse 9030 (PRE);

Theron 60 (PRE); Volk 2364 (M, PRE, WIND).

14. Convolvulus thunbergii Roem. &

Schult., Systema vegetabilium ... 4: 268 (1819);

Drege: 46 (1843); A. Meeuse: 690 (1957a);

Letty: 273, t. 136 (1962); Relief & P.P.J.Her-

man: 381 (1997). Type: Cape, in Herb. Thim-

berg s.n. (UPPS, holo.).

Perennial forming several prostrate annual

stems from a thin woody rootstock. Stems slen-

der or occasionally ± stout, herbaceous but firm,

terete, covered with rust-brown or fawn, rarely

silvery white short stiff hairs, up to ± 700 mm

long. Leaves oblong in outline, varying to lanceo-

late or ovate, cordate to hastate or truncate at

base, undivided and crenate to almost pin-

natilobed or usually palmately 5-lobed with

middle lobe the longest and all lobes crenate to

pinnatifid or even bipinnatifid or whole leaf

somewhat palmately bipinnatifid, ultimate lobes

Figure 8. — Convolvulus thunbergii: A. flowering stem (Marais 1059, PRE); B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube with

stamens; D, ovary, style and stigmas (Coetzee 428, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

48

CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus

sometimes very fine; blade 20-50 x 5-30 mm,

apex acute or occasionally obtuse; both surfaces

thinly to densely covered with the same hairs as

stems, especially on nerves; petiole hairy like

stems, slender, up to 10 mm, rarely 18 mm long.

Peduncles 1- or 2-flowered, slender, terete, hairy

like stems as are bracteoles and pedicels, 10-40

mm long; bracteoles subulate or linear-subulate,

6-9 mm long or sometimes minute; pedicels up

to 15 mm long. Calyx with short, stiff hairs out-

side as on vegetative parts; sepals unequal; outer

ones herbaceous to chartaceous, ovate, ovate-

lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, usually very

acute, 8-15 mm long; inner ones less hairy, dis-

tinctly shorter, suborbicular, somewhat marces-

cent. Corolla white or pale pink, funnel-shaped,

18-25 mm long, 20-30 mm wide; midpetaline

areas greenish, usually very densely hairy

towards apex outside. Capsule subglobose, apicu-

late, glabrous, 7-9 mm wide. Seeds black,

glabrous, very minutely punctate, ± 5 mm long.

Flowering time September to April, mostly

October and November. Figure 8.

This species is endemic to the central parts

of southern Africa (not in Namibia, Botswana,

Swaziland, the Northern and Western Cape).

Usually found in grassland on sandy, loamy or

even clay as well as stony soils; also found as a

weed along roadsides and in other disturbed

places. Map 28.

Distinguished by its pinnately nerved, linear

to linear-oblong leaves and fairly large flowers

with corolla up to 25 mm long. C. thunbergii is

most closely related to or perhaps even conspe-

cific with C. natalensis (no. 11). The varieties

distinguished by Meeuse (1957a) in C. natalen-

sis sometimes approach C. thunbergii very

closely.

Vouchers: Dieterlen 387 (GRA, NH, PRE,

SAM); Flanagan 1507 (BOL, PRE, SAM); Gal-

pin 13955 (BOL, PRE); Liebenberg 8395

(PRE); Schlechter 3793 (BOL, GRA, NH,

PRE).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Calystegia

49

6994000

9. CALYSTEGIA

Calystegia R.Br., Prodromus florae novae hollandiae 483 (1810), nomen gener. conserve, Peter;

36 (1891); Hallier f.: 580 (1893b); Hallier f.: 110 (1893a); Baker & Rendle: 99 (1905-06);

E. Phillips: 511 (1926); Ooststr.: 284 (1939); Ooststr.: 437 (1953); A.Meeuse: 696 (1957a);

Brummitt: 78 (1972); R. A. Dyer: 504 (1975). Type species: C. septum (L.) R.Br.

Volvulus Medik.: 42 (1791a); Medik.: 202 (1791b).

Convolvulus L., auct. pro parte; T.M. Salter: 685 (1950).

Perennial rhizomatous herbs. Stems procumbent or climbing, white latex present. Leaves petio-

late, variously lobed at base. Flowers solitary, axillary, with a pair of large and sometimes inflat-

ed bracteoles partly or entirely concealing calyx. Corolla medium-sized to large, white to pink-

ish, infundibuliform or tubiform, glabrous or ciliate. Pollen globose, ± smooth, pantoporate.

Ovary glabrous, 1 -locular; ovules 4; stigma bilobed, lobes swollen and elongate. Seeds black,

smooth or verrucose.

About 25 species in the temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Two species in

South Africa, rare and local on the southern coast, one introduced.

Leaves hastate-sagittate, ± acute; climbing plant with subacute bracts 1. C. septum *

Leaves reniform, obtuse; prostrate plant with obtuse bracts 2. C. soldanella

1. *Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br., Prodro-

mus florae novae hollandiae ...: 483 (1810);

Choisy: 433 (1845); A.Meeuse: 697 (1957a);

Brummitt: 78 (1972); Ross-Craig: t. XXI/22

(1979). Type: The original description was

based on Bauhin, Ptna.x 294 (1671) but the

species is also represented in the Linnean

Herbarium and that specimen may be taken to

represent the lectotype.

Convolvulus sepium L.: 153 (1753); T.M. Salter: 685

(1950).

Usually glabrous perennial herb. Stems

terete, strongly twisting and climbing, 1-3 m

long. Leaves triangular in outline, sagittate or

hastate-sagittate, 40-120 mm long and 20-60

mm wide at base, apex acute or acuminate, basal

lobes slightly divergent, obliquely truncate or

acute, often almost angulate; petiole 10-50 mm

long. Peduncles 1 -flowered, longer than leaves;

bracteoles ovate or ovate-cordate, acute or sub-

obtuse, ± 18 mm long, longer than calyx and

almost concealing it. Sepals broadly lanceolate,

very pale green, up to 10 mm long. Corolla fun-

nel-shaped, white or pink, 50-55 mm long, with

short obtuse lobes. Stamens 15-30 mm long;

anthers 4.0-6. 5 mm long. Capsule subglobose.

Flowering time December and January.

A native of Europe and North and South

America, introduced as a weed elsewhere. Very

rare and local in the Cape Peninsula. Map 29.

Distinguished by its sagittate leaves and

50-55 mm long corolla. Brummitt (1972) de-

Map 29. — • Calystegia soldanella

▲ C. sepium

50

CONVOLVULACEAE: Calystegia

D

5 mm

c

B

Figure 9. Calystegia soldanella: A, flowering stein (Taylor 4441, PRE); B. calyx; C, stamens; D. ovary, style and

stigmas (after Stella Ross-Craig 1979). Artist; Marietjie Steyn.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Calystegia

51

scribed a number of subspecies. It appears that

the South African material belongs to the typi-

cal subspecies.

Vouchers: Moss 7497 (BOL, J); Salter 889

(BOL).

2. Calystegia soldanella (L) R Br. ex Roem.

& Schult., Systema vegetabilium ... 4: 184

(1819); Choisy: 433 (1845); A.Meeuse: 697

(1957a); Brummitt: 78 (1972); Ross-Craig: t.

XXI/23 (1979). Type: Linnaeus based this

species on Bauhin’s Pinax 295 (1671), but the

species is also represented in the Linnean

Herbarium and this specimen may be taken to

represent the lectotype.

Convolvulus soldanella L.: 159 (1753).

Glabrous, straggling perennial herb. Stems

procumbent, slender, up to 500 mm long, not or

weakly twisting, from a 100-600 mm long rhi-

zome. Leaves somewhat fleshy, reniform, with

deep basal sinus and rounded basal lobes,

10^0 mm long and wide, but usually ± 20 mm

wide, apex obtuse or emarginate, ± repand;

petiole usually longer than blade. Peduncles

mostly longer than leaves, sharply quadrangu-

lar; bracteoles ovate to suborbicular, flat or

sometimes tending to invest calyx, slightly

shorter than calyx, 10-15 mm long. Corolla

24-40 mm long, pink, mauve or pale purple.

Stamens 20-30 mm; anthers 4-6 mm. Capsule

ovoid, acute. Flowering time November and

December. Figure 9.

Occurs on the coast of western and southern

Europe, northern and southern Africa, Asia,

Australia and North and South America. Found

only in sandy places near the seashore, mostly

on calcareous soil, its seeds distributed by sea

currents (Muir 1934: 44). May cover large

patches on account of vegetative reproduction

(runners). Very rare and local on the southern

Cape coast. Map 29.

Distinguished by its reniform leaves and

24-40 mm long corolla.

Vouchers: Keet 861 (GRA, PRE); Muir 4857

(K); Taylor 4441 (PRE, STE).

52

CONVOLVULACEAE; Hewittia

6995000

10. HEWITTIA

Hewittia Wight & Am. in Madras Journal of Literature and Science 1,5: 22 (1837); Peter: 32

(1891); Baker & C.H.Wright: 68 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 100 (1905-06); E.Phillips: 623 (1951);

Ooststr.: 438 (1953); A.Meeuse: 698 (1957a); Verde.: 44 (1963a); R.A.Dyer: 504 (1975); Gon9.:

30 (1987); Gon9.: 30 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 373 (1993b). Type species: H. malabarica (L.)

Suresh.

Shutereia Choisy: 485 (1834); Choisy: 435 (1845); Ooststr.: 286 (1939), non Shuteria Wight & Am. (1834) nom. conserv.

Eremospenna Chiov.: 143 (1936); Verde.: 321 (1958a).

Twining or prostrate, ± pubescent, perennial herb. Stems slender, 1-3 m long, angular, occa-

sionally rooting at nodes. Leaves very variable, oblong or ovate to broadly ovate, 25-140 x 12-100

mm, apex obtuse to acuminate, mucronulate, base cordate, hastate, cuneate or sometimes truncate,

margin entire to grossly dentate, both surfaces adpressed-pubescent to nearly glabrous, auricles

entire or angular, occasionally spreading and blade ± hastate; petiole pubescent, 10-60 mm long.

Peduncles 5-100 mm long, pubescent, axillary, 1 -flowered or sometimes bearing 2 or 3 flowers in

a bracteate cyme; pedicels usually short, up to 3 mm long (in fruit 5 mm); bracteoles oblong or lin-

ear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-17 mm long. Sepals 5, lanceolate to ovate, acute, up to 17 mm long,

± hairy and ciliate, herbaceous; outer ones large, accrescent and nervose in fruit; inner ones small-

er. Corolla campanulate to funnel-shaped, 20-35 mm long, pale yellow or white, usually with

maroon or purple centre, limb with 5 very short, rounded, emarginate, mucronulate lobes; mid-

petaline areas pilose outside. Stamens 5, included; filaments linear with dilated base; pollen

smooth. Disc annular. Ovary densely hairy with long white hairs, also a few long hairs on basal

part of style, 1 -locular or imperfectly 2-locular at apex, 4-ovuled; style simple, filiform, included;

stigmas 2, ovate-oblong, flattened. Capsule 1 -locular, depressed-globose to ± quadrangular,

crowned by persistent style, pilose, 8-10 mm long, 4-valved, 4-seeded or, by abortion, with fewer

seeds. Seeds 2-4, black, opaque, glabrous except for pubescent hilum, 5-6 mm long. Flowering

time throughout the year, mostly August to January.

A small genus, possibly with a single species widespread in the tropics and subtropics of the Old

World.

Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh in Nicol-

son, Suresh & Manilal, An interpretation of Van

Rheede’s Hortus malabaricus: 88 (1988);

A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 48 (1996). Icono-

type: Rheede, Horti malabarici pars undecima

... 11: 105, t. 51 (1692).

Convolvulus malubctrkus L.: 155 (1753).

C. scandens Milne: 2 (1773). H. scandens (Milne)

Mabberley: 84 (1980); Gon?.: 31, t. 9 (1987); Gon?.: 30, t.

9 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 373, fig. 6 (1993b).

Iconotype: Rheede, Horti malabarici pars undecima ... 11: t.

64 (1692).

C. suhlobatus L.L: 135 (1782). H. suhlobata (L.f.)

Kuntze:44l (1891): Hallier f.: Ill (1 893a); J.M. Wood: 12,

t. 281 (1902); A.Meeuse: 698 (1957a); Verde.: 45, fig. 12

(1963a); B.Jeppe: 64, t. 38 (1975); Compton: 475 (1976);

Retief & RRJ. Herman: 382 (1997). Shutereia sublobata

(L.f.) House: 318 (1906). Type: ‘habitat in India’, no recog-

nised type specimen could be located.

C. hicolorV'dhV. 25 (1794) non Desr. (1789), nom. illegit.

Shutereia bicolor (Vahl) Choisy: 486 (1834). H. bicolor

(Vahl) Wight & Am.: 22 (1837); Baker & C.H.Wright: 68

(1904); Baker & Rendle: 100 (1905-06). Type: 'Ind.

Orient.’ Schumacher (not found at C).

Description as for the genus. Figure 10.

Hewittia malabarica is found throughout

tropical Africa and Asia, extending eastwards

into Polynesia. It is introduced in Jamaica and

probably other areas in the New World. In the

FSA area, it occurs in Swaziland, the Northern

Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and

CONVOLVULACEAE: Hewittia

53

Figure 10. — Hewittia malabarica: A, flowering stem {Netshiimgani 662, PRE); B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube with

stamens; D, ovary, styles and stigmas {Arnold 1426, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

54

CONVOLVULACEAE: Hewittia

the Eastern Cape, but does not seem to occur in

Namibia, as stated by Meeuse (1957a: 698) (see

Roessler 1967a; 6). In southern Africa it grows

in grassland, in coastal forest and scrub, in

bushveld and along stream banks. According to

Wells et al. (1986: 285) it can also be a ruderal

or agrestal weed. Map 30.

Distinguished by its pale yellow or white

corolla with a maroon or purple centre and also

the entire leaves (see Merremia).

Vouchers: Culverwell 1058 (PRE); Flanagan

s.n. (PRE); Meeuse 9222 (PRE); Mogg 12075

(PRE).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Merremia

55

6997000

11. MERREMIA

Merremia Demist., Schliissel zum Hortus indicus malabaricus: 12, 34 (1818) nomen nudum, ex

Hallierf: 581 (1893b); Peter: 377 (1895); Baker & Rendle: 101 (1905-06); Ooststr.: 292 (1939);

E.Phillips: 623 (1951); Ooststr.: 439 (1953); A.Meeuse: 700 (1957a); Verde.: 48 (1963a); Roessler:

18 (1967a); R. A. Dyer: 504 (1975); Gon^.: 34 (1987); Gon?.: 34 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 25

(1992). Type species: M. convolvulacea Dennst. ex Hallier f.

Herbs or small shrubs, usually twiners, often prostrate, rarely suberect. Stems terete, more rarely

winged. Leaves usually petiolate, variable in shape and size, entire, dentate, auricled, lobed or

palmately or pedately partite to compound. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few- to many-flowered

axillary inflorescences, small to rather large, usually cymose. Bracts usually small. Sepals 5, usu-

ally subequal, elliptic to lanceolate, orbicular to ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse, herbaceous to

coriaceous, sometimes accrescent. Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate, entire or slightly 5-

lobed, rarely deeply 5-lobed, mostly with distinct midpetaline areas, white or yellow to orange,

often with darker brownish or purplish centre. Stamens included; filaments filiform, often broad-

ened at base, often unequal; anthers often spirally contorted; pollen smooth, ellipsoid. Disc saucer-

shaped. Ovary 2^-locular, 4-ovuled; style simple, filiform, included; stigma biglobose. Capsule

1 ^-locular, 4-valved or dehiscing irregularly, sometimes also circumscissile at base. Seeds 4, or

fewer by abortion, glabrous or pubescent, especially on the angles.

A genus of about 80 species widespread in the tropics of both hemispheres; nine species occur-

ring in southern Africa, four of them endemic.

Apart from having smooth pollen, Merremia differs from Ipomoea (and the closely related

Astripomoea and Stictocardia) in the mostly cream to yellow colour of the corolla. These other

genera usually have pink or mauve to deep magenta, red or blue corollas, if not white; yellow is

very rare in Ipomoea.

la Calyx turbinate, pale green, with 6 or 7 conspicuous, longitudinal, purplish red raised

veins on concave outer sepals, purple-dotted between veins, enlarged in fruit

9. M. verecunda

lb Calyx without raised purplish veins and purple dots, usually not much enlarged in fruit:

2a Stems distinctly winged; lobes of palmatilobed leaves mostly ovate; sepals ± 10 mm

long; corolla ± 35 mm long 8. M. pterygocaidos

2b Stems not distinctly winged:

3a Leaves entire or 3-5-lobed, but not deeply pinnately or palmately dissected (if oblong

to lanceolate, then much longer than broad, with hastate-sagittate or truncate base,

see Xenostegia) 4. M. rnalvaefolia

3b Leaves deeply pinnately or palmately dissected ( lobes often lobed again or various-

ly dissected):

4a Leaves sessile, cristately pinnatifid with ± 1 mm broad rhachis parts and segments

1 . M. piimata

4b Leaves usually manifestly petiolate, palmatifid:

5a Leaf segments (sub)entire 6. M. palmata

5b Leaf segments dentate (usually coarsely so) to pinnate:

6a Plant with stiff, pilose-setose patent hairs on vegetative parts and calyx . .2. M. guerichii

6b Plant glabrous:

56

CONVOLVULACEAE: Merremia

10 mm

Figure 1 1 .^Merremia bipinnatipartita: A, llowering stem {Miiller 1321, PRE); B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube

with stamens; D, ovary, style and stigma (Barnard 73, PRE). Artist; Marietjie Steyn.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Merremia

57

7a Corolla 30^0 mm wide; plant subsucculent, with 30-40 mm broad leaves; leaf

segments pinnate towards tips 5. M. multisecta

7b Corolla 50-80 mm wide; leaves usually 40-120 mm wide; segments dentate to

pinnatilobed to base:

8a Stems procumbent; petiole up to 10 mm long; sepals not with distinct mem-

branous edges (Namibia) 1. M. bipinnatipartita

8b Stems climbing (plant is a rather tall liana); petiole 20-50 mm long; sepals

coriaceous with membranous edges (not in Namibia) 3. M. kentrocaulos

1. Merremia bipinnatipartita (Engl.)

Hallier f in Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 115

(1893a); Baker & Rendle: 104 (1905-06);

A.Meeuse: 705 (1957a); Roessler: 20 (1967a).

Type: Namibia, Usakos, Marloth 1289 (B,

holo.t; PRE!, SAM!).

Ipomoea bipinnatipartita Engl.: 246 (1888).

Glabrous perennial herb with a tuberous

rootstock. Stems procumbent, up to 2 m long,

with rather long internodes, sparsely and

minutely tuberculate as are petiole and rhachis

of leaves. Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate in

outline, 30-70 mm long and wide, bipinnatisect

with 2 pairs of lateral leaflets and a terminal

one; secondary lobes oblong or linear, usually

obtuse but terminal one very acute, almost

entire or with a few distant teeth to nearly pin-

natisect; petiole up to 10 mm long. Peduncles ±

as long as petioles, bearing slightly above mid-

dle ovate, 3^ mm long bracteoles. Sepals obo-

vate, subpuberulous, ± 12 x 16 mm, subcoria-

Map 3 1 . — # Merremia bipinnatipartita

▲ M. multisecta

ceous. Corolla funnel-shaped, with obtuse shal-

low lobes, ± 50 mm long, 60-80 mm wide,

glabrous, white or cream-coloured with purple,

deep red or black centre; midpetaline zones

with thicker nerves but not well defined.

Capsule ellipsoid or obovoid, ±9x6 mm,

glabrous, enclosed by calyx, 1 -seeded. Seed

ellipsoid, truncate at one end. 7x5 mm,

glabrous. Flowering time February to May.

Figure 11.

Merremia bipinntitipartita is more or less

confined to the central districts of Namibia

where it is locally abundant on red or yellow

sandy or gravelly soils. Map 3 1 .

Distinguished by its glabrous parts, single

large flowers and bipinnatisect leaves.

Vouchers: Dinter 2009 (PRE, SAM); Giess

13542 (M, PRE, WIND).

2. Merremia guerichii A.Meeuse in

Bothalia 7: 415 (1960); Roessler: 20 (1967a).

Type: Namibia, Kaokoveld, between Orupembe

Waterhole and Kunene River, De Winter &

Leistner 5741 (PRE, holo.l; EA!, Ki, Ml,

SRGHI).

M. guerichiana Engl, ex Hallier f.: 115 (1893a). nom. nud.

Perennial suffrutex. Stems several from a

woody rootstock, rather firm to wiry, young

stems often erect, older ones often prostrate, up

to 1.5 m long; young parts rather densely setose-

pilose with patent bulbous-based stiff hairs; older

parts glabrescent and becoming scabrid, usually

± woody; intemodes usually 20-50 mm long.

Leaves firmly herbaceous drying pergamenta-

ceous, ovate-orbicular in outline, deeply 3-5-

palmatifid, usually nearly glabrous with only a

58

CONVOLVULACEAE: Merremia

Map 32. — ▲ Merremia guerichii

• M. kentrocaulos

■ M. malvaefolia

few setose hairs on midrib and main veins

towards base, 10-50 mm long and broad; lobes

lyrate to pinnatifid or coarsely and acutely den-

tate; petiole setose, 5-30 mm long. Flowers soli-

tary or in 2-flowered cymes; peduncles rather

slender but firm, nearly terete, sparsely setose,

5^0 mm long; bracteoles minute; pedicel 5-60

mm long. Calyx green, basal portion rather

densely setose or even bristly with stiff bulbous-

based patent hairs; sepals subequal, erect,

oblong, narrowly elliptic or cuneate-oblong,

acute or subobtuse and usually minutely apicu-

late, 12-18 mm long; in fruit turning brown,

slightly enlarged and glabrescent, becoming

somewhat scabrid in lower portion. Corolla fun-

nel-shaped, white or pale yellow with purple to

maroon centre, glabrous, 25-35 mm long and

wide, with 5-lobed spreading limb; lobes obtuse,

occasionally minutely apiculate. Stamens sub-

equal, with papillose, short, stiff straight hairs at

laterally broadened base. Ovary subglobose,

glabrous. Capsule subglobose, apiculate, straw-

coloured, glabrous, 12 mm in diameter. Seeds

dark grey or brownish grey, puberulous, ± 8 mm

long. Flowering time November to July, mostly

in April.

Merremia guerichii seems to be endemic to a

small area of the Kaokoveld and Outjo and

Omaruru areas in Namibia, where it grows on

sandy, gravelly or stony flats, slopes and in

riverbeds. Map 32.

Distinguished by the stiff, pilose-setose,

patent hairs on the vegetative parts and calyx

and by the deeply 3-5-palmatifid leaves.

Vouchers: Giess 9716 (M, PRE, WIND); Oli-

ver, Muller & Steenkamp 6672 (PRE, WIND).

3. Merremia kentrocaulos (C.B. Clarke)

Rendle in Flora of tropical Africa 4,2: 103

(1905-06); Hallier f.: 21 (1910); Hutch. &

Dalziel: 212 (1931); A.Meeuse: t. 1194 (1955a);

A.Meeuse: 704 (1957a); Letty: 272, t. 135

(1962); Verde.: 59 (1963a); Heine: 342 (1963);

Gon5.: 40 (1987); Gong.: 42 (1992); A.Fabian

& Germish.: 336, t. 160c (1997); Retief &

P.P.J. Herman: 387 (1997). Type: Ethiopia,

Takkaze River, Schimper 800 (G, K, iso.).

Ipomoea kentrocaulos C.B. Clarice: 213 (1883); N.E.Br.:

124 (1909). Operculina kentrocaulos (C.B. Clarke) Hallier

f.: 119 (1893a); Hiem; 730 (1898).

Large, glabrous, twining perennial. Stems

becoming woody and up to 15 m long, younger

ones slender, herbaceous but firm, terete, usual-

ly distinctly muriculate with reddish papillae

(as are petioles, peduncles and pedicels). Leaves

pentagonal in outline, 40-150 mm long and

wide, palmately dissected nearly to base; base

cordate with a narrow sinus; lobes 5-7, oblong

to lanceolate in outline, obtuse to subacute,

entire to irregularly and jaggedly pinnatilobed

or pinnatifid; petiole 20-60 mm long. Inflores-

cence cymose, 1- to few-flowered. Peduncles

patent to suberect, 30-90 mm long; bracteoles

ovate, acute, concave, 3-5 mm long, early

deciduous, occasionally larger and dissected

like leaves; pedicels up to 30 mm long, at first

deflexed, patent to suberect when flowers open

and ultimately cernuous in fruit. Sepals ovate-

oblong or elliptic, coriaceous with thinner sub-

membranous edges, glabrous, concave, some-

what unequal, obtuse or rounded and minutely

mucronate, up to 30 mm long (inner ones longer

than outer ones) and + 12 mm wide. Corolla

funnel-shaped, white to dull pale yellow or buff

with dark puiple centre, glabrous, 40-60 mm

CONVOLVULACEAE: Merremia

59

long, 60-80 mm wide; limb faintly 5-angled,

plicate: midpetaline areas not sharply defined.

Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, 12-15 mm wide,

pale brown, dehiscing by 4 valves and circum-

scissile at base, at first enclosed in accrescent,

brown calyx, but ultimately exposed just before

dehiscence when sepals spread out. Seeds

brown to black, minutely hairy, 8-9 mm long, ±

6 mm broad. Flowering time July to April,

mostly in February and March.

Merremia kentrocaulos occurs in Africa

south of the Sahara southwards to Botswana

and the Northern Province and Mpumalanga. It

is also found in India. It grows in bushveld and

savanna on sandy or rocky soils from 200-

1 300 m altitude. Map 32.

Distinguished by being a liana with palmate-

ly dissected leaves with pinnatilobed or pinnati-

fid lobes. Some authors uphold two varieties in

this variable species: the typical variety with

entire or minutely crenulate leaf lobes and var.

pinnatifida N.E.Br. (1909: 124) with deeply

pinnatifid leaf lobes. The southern African spe-

cimens can be regarded as belonging to var. pin-

natifida.

Recorded by Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk (1962:

310) as a medicinal plant.

Vouchers: Hansen 3074 (K, PRE, SRGH);

Van Rooyen 3291 (PRE, PRU).

4. Merremia malvaefolia Rendle in Jour-

nal of Botany, British and Foreign, London 39:

63 (1901); A.Meeuse: 706 (1957a). Type:

Eastern Cape, Kowie, MacOwan 403 (K, holo.;

BOL!, GRA!).

Ipomoea malvaefolia (Rendle) Baker: 65 (1904). Type as

above.

Annual? Stems very slender, trailing, shortly

pubescent. Leaves almost triangular in outline,

up to 30 mm wide, palmately 5-lobed beyond

middle, brownish tomentose beneath; lobes ±

obovate, contiguous, obtuse, apiculate; petiole

much shorter than blade. Peduncles slender,

ascending, 40-100 mm long, 1 -flowered; brac-

teoles small, linear, remote from calyx. Calyx

8-13 mm long, shortly pubescent; sepals char-

taceous, oblong, obtuse, much imbricate, outer

hispid. Corolla widely funnel-shaped, pale yel-

low, 30-50 mm long, silky on midpetaline

areas. Pollen ellipsoid, granular, with 3 longitu-

dinal smooth areas. Capsule unknown. Seed

unknown. Flowering time unknown.

This very rare, perhaps even extinct species

is confined to the Bathurst and, according to the

literature, also the Albany and Somerset East

districts of the Eastern Cape. Map 32.

Distinguished by the brownish tomentose

underside of the palmately 5-lobed leaves.

Voucher: MacOwan 403 (BOL, GRA, K).

5. Merremia multisecta Hallier f. in

Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 115 (1893a); Hiem:

728 (1898); Baker & Rendle: 109 (1905-06);

Roessler: 20 (1967a). Type: Angola, Mossa-

medes, Welwitsch 6112 (B, holo.t; G-DC, syn.).

Perennial herb, somewhat succulent, rich in

latex, ± stiff and stocky, totally glabrous. Stems

several from base, prostrate, terete, purplish, up to

1 .5 m long. Leaves reniform in outline, up to 35

mm long, up to 60 mm broad, 5-fid nearly to base,

segments pinnately dissected throughout, partly

coarsely serrate, revolute, drying dark; petiole ±

20 mm long. Peduncles 30-60 mm long, 1-3-

flowered; bracteoles lanceolate, minute. Sepals

elliptic-lanceolate, acute, subequal, subcoria-

ceous, up to 15 X 6 mm, margins sometimes

sparsely ciliate. Corolla white or pale yellow,

occasionally with dark red centre, shortly funnel-

shaped, up to 25 mm long, 30-40 mm wide.

Capsule globose, 8 mm wide, 2-locular. Seeds

2-A, globose or planoconvex, grey. Flowering

time November to July, mostly in April.

This speeies occurs in the Kaokoveld and

Outjo areas of Namibia as well as in Angola. It

usually grows on sandy or gravelly soils along

or in dry watercourses, sometimes forming

hummocks. Map 3 1 .

60

CONVOLVULACEAE: Merremia

Distinguished by being subsucculent and leaf

segments being pinnately dissected throughout.

Vouchers: Giess 8003 (M, PRE, WIND); Merx-

mUller & Giess 30664 (M, PRE, WIND).

6. Merremia palmata Hallierf in Botan-

ische Jahrbiicher 18: 112 (1893a); Baker &

Rendle: 108 ( 1905-06); A.Meeuse: 704 (1957a);

A.Meeuse: t. 1245 (1957b); Verde.: 58 (1963a);

Roessler: 20 (1967a); Compton: 475 (1976);

Gon9.: 41 (1987); A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan:

126 (1988); Gon9.: 44 (1992); A. Fabian &

Germish.: 336, t. 160b (1997); Relief &

P.P.J. Herman: 387 (1997). Type: Namibia,

Ameib, Belck 52 (BRA, lecto.; JE).

Glabrous, prostrate or occasionally twining,

perennial herb. Stems herbaceous, up to 2.5 m

long, sulcate and/or ribbed to almost winged.

Leaves deeply palmately 5-9-lobed (lowest

lobes sometimes unequally forked); lobes nar-

rowly linear to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse,

mucronate, 1-16 mm x 5-60 mm; petiole 12-25

mm long, slender. Inflorescence solitary or occa-

sionally cymosely 2- or 3-flowered; peduncle

10-65 mm long, slender; bracteoles small, lin-

ear; pedicels 5-30 mm long, somewhat thicker

upwards. Sepals subequal, pale yellowish green,

elliptic with rounded apex, glabrous, coriaceous

with a membranous edge, 7-10 mm long.

Corolla pale or sulphur-yellow with deep red.

maroon or deep magenta centre, 20-30 mm

long, broadly funnel-shaped with spreading

30-40 mm wide, faintly lobed limb; midpetaline

areas sparsely pubescent towards apex. Style lin-

ear with membranous winged edges. Capsule

usually distinctly exserted from calyx, globose-

or ovoid-conical, 8-12 mm long and 8-10 mm

wide, glabrous, pale yellowish green turning

straw-coloured, valves papyraceous. Seeds dark

greyish brown to black, rather dull, glabrous,

nearly smooth to distinctly rugose, flattish, 6-7

mm long, ± 5 mm wide and ± 3 mm thick.

Flowering time November to April.

Merremia palmata is fairly common and

widespread from tropical East Africa to Angola

and southern Africa where it is found in

Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland and the north-

ern parts of South Africa. It is also found in

India. It prefers open, dry, deciduous bushveld

or woodland and also wooded grassland, up to

1 370 m. Map 33.

Distinguished by its deeply palmately 5-9-

lobed leaves and glabrous concolorous sepals.

Vouchers: Culverwell 1135 (PRE); Giess

10879 (M, PRE, WIND); Hansen 3125 (K,

PRE, SRGH); Onderstall 127 (PRE).

7. Merremia pinnata (Hochst. ex Choisy)

Hallier f. in Botanische Jahrbiicher 16: 552

(1893b); Hallier f.: 116 (1893a); Dammer: 330

(1895); Baker & Rendle: 113 (1905-06);

A.Meeuse: 707 (1957a); Verde.: 55 (1963a);

Heine: 341 (1963); Roessler: 20 (1967a);

Gon9.: 37 (1987); Gon9.: 39 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 28 (1992); Relief & P.P.J. Herman:

387 (1997). Type: Sudan, Kordofan, Kotschy

262 (G, holo.; WAG).

Ipomoea pinnata Hochst. ex Choisy: 353 (1845); N.E.Br.:

124 (1909).

Annual trailing or twining herb. Stems slen-

der, up to ± 750 mm long, pubescent with soft,

mostly distinctly bulbous-based spreading hairs

(at least when young), as are leaves, peduncles,

bracts, calyx and capsule. Leaves sessile, 10-45

mm X 5-20 mm, deeply pinnatifid; lobes in

Map 33. — Merremia palmata

CONVOLVULACEAE: Merremia

61

8-12 pairs, linear, entire, extending almost to

midrib, the lowest branched and stipule-like.

Inflorescence 1- to few-flowered; peduncle up

to 40 mm; bracteoles subulate to linear-subu-

late, 2-8 mm long; pedicels usually up to 5 mm

long. Sepals unequal, elliptic, 4-8 mm long,

markedly acuminate at apex, subcoriaceous,

pilose with long hairs; inner sepals much small-

er than outer. Corolla glabrous, white, greenish

white, cream-coloured or yellow, narrowly fun-

nel-shaped, 7-8 mm long, 5-lobed; lobes broad-

ly ovate, obtuse; midpetaline areas not differen-

tiated. Ovary with stiff hairs longer than itself.

Capsule globose or ovoid, straw-coloured, ± 6

mm long, 5-6 mm wide. Seeds dark brown to

black, glabrous, ± 2 mm long, 1.0-1. 5 mm

wide, with grey, minutely raised markings.

Flowering time September to May, mostly

March and April.

Widespread throughout tropical Africa

southwards to Namibia, Botswana and the

Northern Province and Mpumalanga. It is found

in woodland, savanna, grassland, riverine forest

and also along roadsides and on cultivated or

eroded ground. Map 34.

Distinguished by its sessile, pinnatifid leaves

and 7-8 mm long flowers.

Vouchers; Barnard 678 (PRE); Glen 2614

(PRE); Muller & Giess 553 (PRE, WIND).

Map 34. — 9 Merremia pinnata

▲ M. pterygocaulos

8. Merremia pterygocaulos (Clioisy)

Hallier f. in Botanische Jahrbiicher 16: 552

(1893b); Hallier f.: 113 (1893a); Dammer: 330

(1895); Hiem: 727 (1898); Baker & Rendle:

105 (1905-06); Hutch. & Dalziel: 212 (1931);

A.Meeuse: 702 (1957a); Verde.: 57 (1963a);

Heine: 342 (1963); Compton: 476 (1976);

Gon?.: 42 (1987); Gong.: 45 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski; 33 (1992). Type: Ethiopia, Tigre,

Schimper 630 (G, holo.; BM, K).

Ipomoea pterygocaulos Choisy: 381 (1845).

/. tetraptera Baker: 65 (1904). M. tetraptera (Baker)

Hallier f.: 21 (1910). Type: KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, J.M.

Wood 7542 (NH, syn.).

Perennial, ± shrubby climber, glabrous

except for corolla. Main stems with 4 narrow

membranous wings, ultimate branches slender,

4-angled. Leaves cordate-ovate to suborbicular

in outline, 30-150 mm long and wide, palmate-

ly 3-9-lobed to ± the middle; lobes usually

ovate, acute or cuspidate and mucronate, entire

or subrepand; petiole ± 4-angled, up to 85 mm

long. Inflorescence cymosely few-flowered,

rarely solitary; peduncle ± 4-angled, up to 150

mm long; bracteoles minute, linear; pedicels up

to 30 mm long, often scarred, thickened, angled,

subclavate, remaining erect in fruit. Calyx 9-1 1

mm long; sepals ovate-oblong or oblong,

obtuse, much imbricate, chartaceous, pale yel-

lowish green, accrescent and becoming broadly

ovate to orbicular, ultimately spreading in fruit.

Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, pale yellow,

cream-coloured or white with red or purple

throat, 25-35 mm long, 35-45 mm wide; mid-

petaline areas strigosely pilose outside. Capsule

ovoid-conical, almost truncate or flattened-

depressed at apex and crowned with persistent

style base, brown, glabrous, 12-15 mm long

and ± as wide at base. Seeds subglobose, 5-7

mm long, smooth, black, glabrous. Flowering

time November to April.

Widespread throughout Africa south of the

Sahara and also in Madagascar. In southern

Africa it is uncommon in northern Botswana,

Swaziland, KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern

Cape. It grows in forest, bushveld and grass-

land, often on sandy alluvial soil. Map 34.

62

CONVOLVULACEAE: Merremia

Distinguished by its winged stems and

shrubby, climbing habit.

Vouchers: Edwards 3037 (PRE); SmUh 3569a

(PRE, SRGH); Strey 10702 (NH, PRE).

9. Merremia verecunda Rendle in Flora of

tropical Africa 4,2: 110 (1905-06); Pilg.: 349

(1912); A.Meeuse: t. 1193 (1955b); A.Meeuse:

703 (1957a); Letty: 272, t. 136 (1962); Roess-

ler: 21 (1967a); J. Adams: t. 121 (1976); Gon^.:

40 (1987); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 387 (1997).

Type: Botswana, Ngamiland, Kgwebe Hills,

Lugard 134 (BM, lecto., K, GRA!).

Ipomoea verecunda (Rendle) N.E.Br.: 123 (1909). Type

as above.

I. quinquefoUa Hochst. ex Hallier f. var. pubescens Baker:

66 (1904). Type: Northern Cape, Hopetown, Muskett 2051,

9285 (BOL, syn.).

Herbaceous annual. Stems usually several

from base, procumbent, trailing, rather slender,

± 1.5 m long, ± angular, glabrous or thinly

hairy. Leaves deeply palmately to pedately

7-11 -sect, 20-80 mm wide, glabrous above,

thinly pubescent beneath; leaflets linear-oblong,

narrowly oblong-lanceolate or spathulate-obo-

vate, acute or obtuse, apiculate, contracted at

base, lateral ones gradually smaller; petiole

20-60 mm long. Inflorescence 1 -flowered or

rarely cymosely 2- or 3-flowered; peduncle up

to 50 mm long; bracteoles linear or linear-

lanceolate, acute, thinly pubescent, 5-8 mm

long; pedicels 5-30 mm, at first erect or patent,

ultimately reflexed. Calyx turbinate, 10-15 mm

long in flower, inflated in fruit; sepals unequal,

ovate, subobtuse to acuminate, ± 8 mm long,

concave, softly pubescent, pale green, with 6 or

7 longitudinal, purple-brown nerves, deeply

sulcate-plicate and with small purplish spots,

hairy on nerves, very accrescent in fruit; inner

ones shorter and nanower, less concave, with-

out or with only a few purplish stripes, not sul-

cate or plicate, hardly accrescent in fruit.

Corolla widely funnel-shaped, 15-20 mm long,

20-30 mm wide, yellow or whitish with pur-

plish centre; limb shallowly 5-lobed to penta-

gonal; midpetaline areas not distinct, glabrous

or thinly pubescent towards base. Capsule com-

pletely enclosed by inflated calyx, 4-lobed and

somewhat depressed, 8-12 mm wide, pericarp

very thin, membranous, scarious, white, sub-

hyaline, irregularly dehiscent to 4-valved. Seeds

1-4, black, shiny, smooth, glabrous except for

minute flattened hairs along ciliate angles and

shortly pubescent hilum; 5-6 mm long.

Flowering time December to April.

Fairly common in the central and northern

parts of Namibia, Botswana, South Africa and

in Lesotho; also in Zimbabwe. Map 35.

Distinguished by its deeply palmately 7-11-

lobed leaves and turbinate calyx with prominent

longitudinal nerves.

Vouchers: Acocks 14291 (PRE); Codd 8444

(PRE); De Winter & Marais 4964 (PRE); Die-

terlen 786 (PRE); Vahrmeijer & Steenkamp

3032A (PRE); Zietsman 703 (PRE).

Excluded species

Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f. Ross (1972: 295)

cites Schweickerdt 1361 (NH). This specimen, however,

was collected in the Durban Botanical Garden. M. dissecta

is a perennial twiner, native to the southern United States of

America and southwards to Argentina. In tropical regions it

occasionally escapes from cultivation. See Bailey & Bailey

(1977: 729) and Welman (1997: 141).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Xenostegia

63

6997010

12. XENOSTEGIA

Xenostegia D.F.Austin & Staples in Brittonia 32: 533 (1980); Lejoly & Lisowski: 379 (1993b).

Type species: X. tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples.

Merremia Dennst. auct. pro min. parte.

Prostrate or climbing herbs. Leaves shortly petiolate, mostly glabrous, linear to lanceolate-ellip-

tic or spathulate, truncate or hastate-sagittate at base; basal lobes of blade dentate or entire; apex

acute or obtuse to truncate or emarginate, mucronate or tridentate. Inflorescence cymose, 1-3-flow-

ered. Calyx subequal or two outer sepals larger, oblong to oblong-ovate, acute to subobtuse, occa-

sionally sagittate at base; inner sepals usually lanceolate or lanceolate-acuminate. Corolla broadly

funnel-shaped to campanulate; in accepted species 10-23 mm long, pale yellow to sometimes white,

often with dark purple to brown centre. Anthers straight at anthesis; pollen grains pantoporate,

smooth. Capsule ovoid, 4-valved, glabrous or pubescent towards apex. Seeds 1^, 2-3 mm long,

ovoid-trigonous, brown or black, obtuse at apex.

Two recognised species, one represented by a subspecies in southern Africa.

The segregation of Xenostegia from Merremia is based on two characters, namely the straight

anthers at anthesis (in contrast to the always at least somewhat twisted anthers typical of Merremia)

and the pantoporate pollen grains, rather unique in the family.

Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin &

Staples in Brittonia 32: 533 (1980); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 379 (1993b). Iconotype: Rheede,

Horti malabarici pars undecima ... 11: 133, t. 65

(1692).

Convolvulus tridentatus L.: 157 (1753).

Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f.: 552 (1893b); Hallier

f.: 116 (1893a); Baker & Rendle: 111 ( 1905-06); Brenan: 8

(1954); Heine; 341 (1963); Verde.: 51 (1963a); Roessler: 20

(1967a); Compton: 476 ( 1976); Gong.: 35 (1987); Gong.: 36

(1992). Type as above.

subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) Lejoly & Lisow-

ski in Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 38,2:

379 (1993b). Iconotype: Jacq., leones plan-

tarum rariorum 2: 10, t. 317 (1786-1793).

Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq.: 367 (1789); Baker &

C.H. Wright: 55 (1904); N.E.Br.; 122 (1909). M. angustifo-

lia (Jacq.) Hallier f.: 552 (1893b); Hallier f.: 117 (1893a);

Baker & Rendle: 111 (1905-06); Hutch. & Dalziel: 211

(1931). M. tridentata (L.) Hallier f. subsp. angustifolia

(Jacq.) Ooststr.: 323 (1939); Ooststr.: 446 (1953); Brenan: 8

(1954); A.Meeuse: 706 (1957a); Verde.: 51 (1963a); Heine:

341 (1963); Gong.: 35 (1987); A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan:

126 (1988). M. tridentata (L.) Hallier f. subsp. angustifolia

(Jacq.) Ooststr. van angustifolia, Verde.; 51 ( 1963a); Gong.:

35 (1987); Gong.: 36 (1992); A. Fabian & Germish.: 334, tt.

159h, 160a (1997); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 387 (1997).

7. convolvuloides Schinz: 213 (1888). Type: Namibia,

Oshiheke, Schinz s.n. (not found in BREM, Z or ZT).

C. longipedunculatus Dinter ex A.Meeuse: 706 (1957a),

nom. nud. in syn.

Perennial herb, glabrous or rarely pubescent,

prostrate and sometimes also twining. Stems slen-

der, subterete to angular, striate-ribbed, up to at

least 1 m long. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong,

± obtuse, mucronate, 20-80 mm long, usually

2-6 mm wide, with small toothed hastate basal

auricles; petiole up to 5 mm long or leaves almost

completely sessile. Peduncles very slender,

10-60 mm long, 1-, more rarely 2- or 3-flowered;

bracteoles minute, lanceolate or cuspidate, persis-

tent; pedicels thickened upwards, 5-20 mm long.

Sepals cuspidate or mucronate, glabrous, 5-10

mm long; two outer ones slightly shorter than

inner ones. Corolla pale to bright yellow, often

with dark reddish or brownish centre, funnel-

shaped, 12-20 mm long; limb shallowly 5-lobed

with ± broadly triangular, acute lobes; mid-

petaline areas well defined. Capsule globose to

ovoid, ± 6 mm in diameter, valves papery, straw-

coloured. Seeds 4 or fewer, yellowish brown to

dark greyish brown, 3^ mm long, glabrous.

Flowering time November to May. Figure 12.

64

CONVOLVULACEAE: Xenostegia

Figure 12. — Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifoiia: A, flowering stems; B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube with

stamens; D, ovary, style and stigma (Relief 1309, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

Common and widespread throughout the

northern part of South Africa and also in

Namibia, Botswana and Swaziland. It is also

common in tropical Africa and Asia, reaching

Australia. It grows in a variety of habitats and

can occur as a weed. Map 36.

Distinguished by its long, narrow leaves with

small basal auricles; vegetative parts dry reddish

brown. The combination by Meeuse in Meeuse &

Welman (1996: 49) was superfluous (Welman:

253 (1999a). Austin & Staples (1980) did not

maintain the infraspecific taxa distinguished by

CONVOLVULACEAE: Xenostegia

65

Map 36. — Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifolia

various authors. The African material seen, is

rather constant in its characters (see also

Verdcourt 1963a). Gonsalves (1987; 35) cited

specimens from Botswana and the Caprivi

belonging to var. angustifolia and var. pubescens

Rendle. These varieties are based on differences

in hairiness and are not maintained here.

Specimens that are very similar to subsp. angus-

tifolia but have broad sepals with conspicuously

crisped margins and five wing-ridges on the pedi-

cel have been distinguished as subsp. alatipes

(Dammer) Lejoly & Lisowski (1993b: 381). This

subspecies has been recorded from areas adjoin-

ing South African territory, namely Mozambique

and Zimbabwe and may occur in the Flora area.

It is suspected of being poisonous (Wells et

al. 1986: 353). Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk (1962:

310) record it as a medicinal plant.

Vouchers: Culverwell 1280 (PRE); De Win-

ter & Marais 3736 (M, PRE, WIND);

Esterhuysen 2233 (BOL, PRE); Meeuse 9214

(PRE); O’Connor 90 (PRE); Strey 9696 (NH,

PRE); Wild 5000 (PRE, SRGH).

66

CONVOLVULACEAE: Astripomoea

7000000

13. ASTRIPOMOEA

Astripomoea A.Meeuse in Bothalia 6: 709 (1957a); Verde.: 72 (1963a); Roessler: 2 (1967a);

R. A. Dyer: 505 (1975); Gon?.: 51 (1987); 6009. : 54 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 387 (1993b). Type

species: A. lacimosperma (Choisy) A.Meeuse.

Astrochlaena Hallier f.: 120 (1893a); Baker & C.H.Wright: 68 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 118 (1905-06); E. Phillips; 623

(1951); A.Meeuse; 198 (1955c); non AsterocMaena Corda (1845) nec Garcke (1850) nom. illegit. Type species;

Astrochlaena lacimospenna (Choisy) Hallier f.

Erect or trailing, annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs, covered with a conspicuous indu-

mentum of soft stellate hairs on all vegetative parts, peduncles, bracteoles, pedicels and sepals.

Stems usually simple or branched upwards, often firm to stout. Leaves petiolate, usually ovate,

oblong to subcordate, entire to coarsely dentate-sinuate. Inflorescence cymose, few- to many-flow-

ered or by reduction occasionally 1 -flowered; cymes axillary but often forming terminal leafy pani-

cles at apex of stems; bracteoles often small; pedicels usually short. Sepals 5, usually ± unequal,

often ovate or oblong to lanceolate; outer ones often subcarinate dorsally. Corolla funnel-shaped,

purple or violet or white with a purple centre, limb spreading, almost entire; midpetaline areas well

defined. Stamens included, unequal in length; filaments filiform or linear; anthers oblong, some-

what lobed or sagittate at base, sometimes covered with swollen hairs; pollen spherical, spinulose.

Disc annular. Ovary bilocular, 4-ovuled; style simple, included; stigmas thick, bicapitate or oblong.

Capsule dehiscent. 4-valved, usually glabrous. Seeds 4, usually covered with a velvety or cobweb-

by to villous tomentum.

A genus of about 12 ill-defined and variable species confined to Africa; closely related to

Ipomoea but with a distinctive stellate indumentum and facies. Three species occur in southern

Africa.

la Corolla up to 20 mm long, tube purple, limb white 1. A. lacimosperma

lb Corolla 25-50 mm long, concolorous (purple, mauve or magenta):

2a Corolla 25^0 mm long; leaves usually ovate, cuneate to rounded at base; seeds very

minutely velvety pulverent 2. A. malvacea

2b Corolla 45-50 mm long; leaves broadly ovate to rotundate, shallowly and broadly cor-

date to rounded at base; seeds distinctly villous 3. A. rotundata

1. Astripomoea lachnosperma (Choisy)

A.Meeuse in Bothalia 6: 710 (1957a); Verde.:

195 (1958b); Verde.: 77 (1963a); Heine: 344

(1963); Roessler: 2 (1967a); Gon9.: 54 (1987);

Gon9.: 57 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 390

(1993b). Type: Kordofan, Sudan, Kotschy 260

(G, holo.; JE, K, L, PRE!).

Ipomoea lacimosperma Choisy: 356 ( 1 845). Astrochlaena

lachnosperma (Choisy) Hallier f.: 121 (1893a); Baker &

Rendle: 119 (1905-06); N.E.Br.: 124 (1909); Hutch. &

Dalziel: 213 (1931).

Annual with woody base. Stems simple,

erect, up to 1 .25 m high, covered with pale fawn

to whitish stellate tomentum (as are petioles,

peduncles, pedicels and calyx), firm, glabres-

cent at base. Leaves ovate, varying to broadly

elliptic, ovate-lanceolate or subrhomboid, entire

to slightly or occasionally distinctly repand in

upper half, 30-150 mm x 20-120 mm, rounded

or truncate to broadly cuneate at base, usually

gradually narrowing into an acute or acuminate

to subaristate apex, thinly covered with white

stellate hairs above, more densely so and paler

beneath; petiole 10-50 mm long. Flowers in

crowded, ± 6-flowered cymes; peduncle up to

55 mm long; pedicel ± 5 mm long. Sepals

lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, 6-8 mm

long, tomentose outside. Corolla funnel-

shaped, ± 1 8 mm long, cream-coloured to white

CONVOLVULACEAE: Astripomoea

67

Map 37. — 9 Astripomoea lachnosperma

A A. malvacea

■ A. rotundata

with purple centre; limb ± 20 mm wide.

Capsule ovoid, glabrous, 6-10 mm long. Seeds

villous-silky. Flowering time February to May.

Widespread from Eritrea to Nigeria, and

from East Africa to Botswana and Namibia.

Grows in Colophospermum and Acacia-Com-

miphora woodland, in grassland and along

roadsides on red or sandy soils and in dry, rocky

places, from 350-2 600 m. Map 37.

Distinguished by its smallish flowers in crowd-

ed cymes.

Vouchers: Merxmiiller & Giess 30426 (M,

PRE, WIND); Ngoni 489 (PRE, SRGH).

2. Astripomoea malvacea (Klotzsch)

A.Meeuse in Bothalia 6: 710 (1957a); Verde.:

192 (1958b); Verde.: 74 (1963a); Heine: 344

(1963); Gon?.: 51, t. 16 (1987); Gon9.: 54, t. 15

(1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 387, fig. 10

(1993b). Type: Inhambane and Sena, Mozam-

bique, Peters s.n. (B, syn.f); t. 367 in Peters,

NaturH’issenschaftliche Reise nach Mossam-

bique: 245 (1861) (icono.).

Breweria malvacea Klotzsch: 245 (1861); Astrochlaena

malvacea (Klotzsch) Hallier f.: 121 (1893a); Baker &

C.H. Wright: 69 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 121 (1905-06);

Hutch. & Dalziel: 213 (1931); Brenan: 8 (1954).

Perennial subshrub. Stems up to 2 m long,

erect, ascending or decumbent, firm, ± densely

clothed with short whitish to fawn pubescence,

glabrescent and becoming woody at base.

Leaves usually ovate, sometimes varying to

broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate or subrhomboid,

30-120 mm x 20-80 mm, entire or repand.

rounded, truncate or sometimes somewhat

cuneate at base, acuminate to rounded at apex,

dull green drying brownish and sparsely stellate-

hairy to glabrescent above, matted with white

stellate tomentum beneath; petiole usually much

shorter than leaf blade, densely stellate-hairy as

are peduncles, pedicels and calyx. Inflorescence

axillary and terminal, often forming leafy pani-

cles at top of stems; peduncle rather slender,

lower ones up to 120 mm long, upper ones much

shorter, erect to patent, subumbellately 1- to

few-flowered; bracteoles minute, early decidu-

ous; pedicels 5-20 mm long, distinctly sub-

clavate. Sepals elliptic to ovate, acute to obtuse,

6-10 mm long. Corolla funnel-shaped, mauve

or purple, glabrous or nearly so, 25^0 mm long,

limb up to 50 mm wide. Capsule subglobose,

glabrous, 6-12 mm x 6-9 mm. Seed ovoid, com-

pressed, blackish brown, minutely velvety-pul-

verulent with a tuft of fawn hairs around hilum.

Flowering throughout the year, mostly from July

to December. Figure 13.

Widespread from western tropical Africa to

eastern Africa and southwards to KwaZulu-

Natal where it occurs in the coastal zone as far

south as Durban. It grows in open Brachystegia

woodland, savanna, bushland, grassland, along

riversides, on cultivated ground such as planta-

tions, also along roadsides and in clearings, on

sandy soil and in swamps, from 60-2 240 m.

Map 37.

Verdcourt (1958b) divided this species into a

number of ill-defined varieties, all of which are

connected by intermediates. The specimens

from KwaZulu-Natal can be regarded as part of

the typical variety. Distinguished by its 25-40

mm long flowers and ovate leaf shape.

Recorded by Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk (1962:

306) as a medicinal plant.

68

CONVOLVULACEAE: Astripomoea

Figure 13.— Astripomoea malvacca: A, flowering stem; B. calyx; C, inside of corolla tube with stamens; D, ovary,

style and stigmas; E, detail of lower leaf surface (Nicholas 1622, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Astripomoea

69

Vouchers: MacDevette 304 (NH, PRE); J.M.

Wood 5172 (NH, PRE).

3. Astripomoea rotundata (Pilg.) A.Meeu-

se in Bothalia 6: 711 (1957a); Roessler: 3

(1967a). Type; Namibia, Aukas Kreyfontein,

Dinter 817 (B, syn.f; SAM, iso.!); Namibia,

Otavipforte, Dinter 817 A (B, syn.f).

Astrochlaena rotundata Pilg.: 222 (1910); Dinter: 345

(1918).

Perennial. Stems prostrate, up to at least 1.2 m

long, firm and stout, densely covered with short

stellate brown tomentum, as are petioles, main

veins on lower leaf surface, peduncles, pedicels

and calyx. Leaves broadly ovate-subcordate to

almost orbicular-subcordate, 40-80 mm x 30-70

mm, entire or somewhat repand, rounded, trun-

cate, subcordate to subcuneate at base, acute to

subacute at apex and often with a short mucro,

rather thinly stellate-hairy above, more densely

so between prominent veins and distinctly paler

below; petiole 10-50 mm long. Peduncles main-

ly axillary, 40-70 mm long, 1-3-flowered;

bracteoles small, early deciduous; pedicels sub-

umbellate, 10-25 mm long. Sepals ovate-lanceo-

late or elliptic, obtuse, sometimes mucronate,

10-12 mm long; inner ones narrower and more

acute. Corolla funnel-shaped, purple, 45-50 mm

long; limb as much wide. Capsule subglobose to

ovoid, glabrous, 10-12 mm long, ± 10 mm wide.

Seeds densely and shortly villous. Flowering

time December to March.

This taxon is rare in northern Namibia and

Botswana. Recorded from grassland. Map 37.

Astripomoea rotundata differs from A. mal-

vacea var. volkensii (Dammer) Verde, (from

tropical Africa) in its leaf shape and size and

particularly in its villous seeds. It is advisable to

keep this species separate at this stage.

Distinguished by its 45-50 mm long flowers

and rounded leaves.

Vouchers: Barnard 625 (PRE); MerxmUller

2172 {M, PRE, WIND).

70

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

7003000

14. IPOMOEA

Ipomoea L., Species plantarum, 1st edn: 159 (1753); L.: 76 (1754); Choisy; 348 (1845); Benth. &

Hook.f.: 870 (1876); Peter: 28 (1891); Hallier f.: 583 (1893b); Hallier f.: 123 (1893a); Baker &

C.H.Wright; 46 (1904); Baker & Rendle; 128 (1905-06); Ooststr.: 481 (1940); E.Phillips: 624

(1951); Ooststr.: 461 (1953); A.Meeuse: 711 (1957a); Verde.: 81 (1963a); Roessler: 6 (1967a);

R. A. Dyer: 505 (1975); Gon^.: 55 (1987); Gonf.: 58 (1992). Type species: I. pes-tigridis L.

Pharbitis Choisy: 441 (1834); Choisy: 345 (1845); Peter: 31 (1891).

Calonyction Choisy: 441 (1834); Choisy: 345 (1845); Peter: 26 (1891); Hallier f.: 583 (1893b); Hallier f.: 153 (1893a).

Rivea Choisy; 325 (1845); Hallier f.: 155 (1893a).

Turbina sensu A.Meeuse: 773 ( 1957a); non Raf.; 81 (1838).

Annuals, biennials or perennials, herbaceous, suffruticose or sometimes woody. Stems usually

twining or prostrate, rarely floating or erect. Leaves varying in shape and size, entire, lobed or

deeply divided, simple or rarely compound, often cordate at base, petiolate or rarely sessile, pseudo-

stipules sometimes present. Inflorescence axillary, cymose, but sometimes dense and pseudocapi-

tate, few- to many-flowered but not infrequently 1 -flowered by reduction; cymes rarely forming a

terminal leafy panicle; peduncle short or long, rarely almost absent; bracteoles various, usually

small, linear or lanceolate, sometimes leafy, free or forming an involucre; pedicels usually distinct,

sometimes long, occasionally very short. Sepals 5, very variable in size and shape, often unequal,

herbaceous, membranaceous to coriaceous, glabrous or hairy, persistent, often ± enlarged in fruit.

Corolla small to large, variously coloured, usually regular, rarely faintly zygomorphic, usually fun-

nel-shaped or tube somewhat campanulate, sometimes hypocrateriform; limb shallowly, occasion-

ally deeply 5-lobed; midpetaline areas well defined by 2 distinct nerves, often hairy towards their

tips. Stamens 5, usually unequal, inserted near base of corolla tube, subincluded or sometimes

exserted; filaments filiform or somewhat linear, often dilated and hairy or papillate at base; anthers

ovate to linear; pollen globose, spinose or spinulose. Disc annular. Ovary 2^-locular, or rarely 5-

locular, usually 4-ovuled, rarely with 6-10 ovules; style filiform, included to exserted; stigma cap-

itate, entire or often 2- or 3-globular. Capsule globose to ovoid or ellipsoid, dehiscent by 3-10

valves, also indehiscertt (Turbina). Seeds usually 4 (rarely fewer by abortion or up to 10), glabrous

or hairy.

A very large cosmopolitan genus of about 500 species, most common in the tropics. The sub-

genera and sections represented in this account are listed below. See Meeuse (1957a), Verdcourt

(1957b, 1963a) and Austin & Huaman (1996).

Subgenus Orthipomoea Choisy (= subgenus Calycanthemum (Klotzsch) Hallier f.): species 1-15

Subgenus Ipomoea

Section Pharbitis (Choisy) Griseb. (= section Chorisanthae Hallier f.): species 16-21

Section Ipomoea (= section Cephalanthae (Choisy) Hallier f.): species 22-26

Section Involucratae Baker & Rendle: species 27, 28

Subgenus Quamoclit (Moench) Clarke (= subgenus Leiocalyx Hallier f., s.l.)

Section Calonyction (Choisy) Griseb.: species 47

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

71

Subgenus Eriospennum (Hallier f.) Verde, ex D.F.Austin

Section Erpipornoea Choisy (= section Leiocalyx Hallier f., s.str.}: species 29^6

Section Eriospermum Hallier f.: species 48-54

Section Acmostemon (Pilger) Verde.: species 55, 56

Subgenus Poliothamnus (Hallier f.) Verde.: species 57

Some exotic species have escaped from cultivation and are naturalised; these are included in the

main text. Several other species of Ipomoea are cultivated in especially the warmer parts of the

region and may occasionally occur as culture relicts or garden escapes, notably the following: /.

arborescens (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) G.Don (small tree with white flowers, from Mexico), /.

batatas (L.) Lam. (the sweet potato, probably of tropical American origin), I. coccinea L. (annual

twiner with scarlet flowers, from North America), I. horsfalliae Hook, (perennial twiner with pink

flowers, from the West Indies), 7. intrapilosa Rose (shrub or tree with white flowers, from Mexico),

/. quamoclit L. (annual twiner with pinnately cut leaves and scarlet flowers, from tropical America),

/. tricolor Cav. (perennial twiner with predominantly blue flowers, from tropical America).

Key to indigenous and naturalised species of Ipomoea (see Welman & Meeuse 1998) (Stictocardia

laxiflora has been incoporated in the key because it can easily be confused with Ipomoea.)

la (lb: p. 76) Leaves simple, entire, shallowly lobed, emarginate or toothed, but not pin-

nately, palmately or pedately lobed nearly to base, not compound:

2a Flowers in pedunculate heads, surrounded by a single large bicuspidate bract:

3a Sepals laneeolate, acute, glabrous or sparsely hairy, mainly at tip and along margins;

corolla distinctly funnel-shaped, 30-50 mm long, limb 30-50 mm wide . . 27. 7. involucrata

3b Sepals oblong to oblong-spathulate, obtuse, glabrous below tip inside; corolla tube

slender, subcylindric, + 20 mm long, limb spreading, 15-30 mm wide .... 28. 7. pileata

2b Flowers not in heads, or, if so, then heads not subtended by one large and bicuspidate,

boat-shaped bract:

4a (4b: p. 76) Corolla narrowly to widely funnel-shaped:

5a Leaves with minute black dots beneath; sepals ± 8 mm long, much imbricate, sub-

equal, glabrous, obovate, obtuse (KwaZulu-Natal) Stictocardia laxiflora

5b Leaves without black dots (sometimes minutely pitted or pellucidly glandular):

6a Corolla small, shorter than 18 mm and/or limb narrower than ± 15 mm; flowers in

fascicles, clusters or solitary, sometimes in pedunculate 1- to few-flowered

cymes or heads:

7a Leaves when dry pellucidly glandular when seen in transmitted light, crisped

along margin; sepals very unequal, outer ones ovate from cordate base, obtuse,

markedly accrescent, crisped along margin; corolla 12-14 mm long, mauvish

pink; capsule and seeds hairy 6. 7. hackeliana

7b Leaves not pellucidly glandular:

8a Flowers in distinctly pedunculate, bracteate, dense few-flowered heads; pedun-

cle longer than 20 mm; leaves entire, densely white-tomentose beneath; corolla

up to 15 mm long, pale yellow; erect to trailing annual 22. 7. chloroneura

8b Flowers not in pedunculate bracteate heads; if fascicled or clustered, then

peduncle never longer than 20 mm:

9a Leaves hastate at base with entire or toothed basal auricles, very rarely all

lanceolate; flowers solitary, rarely fascieulate; pedicel up to 12 mm; sepals

linear, acuminate, hairy, 7-11 mm long; corolla pinkish mauve with darker

centre, occasionally white; capsule hirsute 5.1. gracilisepala

72

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

9b Leaves cordate, cuneate or truncate at base, never hastate;

10a Leaves usually 3-lobed, albotomentose beneath; flowers pink to mauve-

purple, in pedunculate dichasial 3-11-flowered cymes 19. /. dichroa

10b Leaves entire, not albotomentose:

11a Leaves cuneate to truncate-rounded, rarely subcordate at base; flowers

very small, ± sessile; corolla white, hardly longer than the usually bristly

calyx 1. /. coscinosperma

1 lb Leaves distinctly cordate at base:

12a Outer sepals cordate or auricled at base, attenuate into an acute apical

portion; corolla ± twice as long as calyx; peduncles distinct, longer than

10 mm; inflorescences cymosely 1-3-flowered

8. /. sinensis subsp. blephawsepala

12b Outer sepals not as above; corolla slightly longer than calyx:

13a Leaf apex obtuse and minutely mucronate; petiole up to 20 mm long;

inflorescences axillary, 1-3-flowered, subsessile 3.7. leucanthemum

13b Leaf apex acute, subacute or acuminate; petiole up to 80 mm long:

14a Flowers usually in clusters; sepals very hairy, ovate-lanceolate with

linear-acuminate, spreading tip; capsule hairy; seeds glabrous

2.1. eriocarpa

14b Flowers solitary or in 2-5-flowered cymes; sepals obtuse or sub-

acute, ciliate or nearly glabrous; capsule glabrous or with a few bristly

hairs; seeds densely pubescent 4. 7. plebeia subsp. africana

6b Corolla larger to very large, longer than 18 mm; flowers usually pedunculate:

15a Leaves bilobed at apex, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, whole plant glabrous;

stems stout, trailing; growing only on sandy beaches

37. 7. pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis

15b Leaves not bilobed (sometimes emarginate) at apex, or not found on sandy

beaches:

1 6a Leaves cordate-ovate in outline, shallowly 3-lobed, or entire, cordate, cordate-

ovate or cordate-deltoid, covered with thin white cobwebby tomentum

beneath (occasionally reduced to a few scattered floccose patches); flowers

mauve or magenta; bracteoles and sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute

to acuminate-aristate:

17a Flowers in dense globose pedunculate heads; corolla 20^0 mm long

20. 7. wightii

1 7b Flowers in few- to many-flowered dichasia or cymes, sometimes solitary:

18a Corolla 18-25 mm long 19. 7. dichroa

1 8b Corolla 40-60 mm long 21.7. ficifolia

16b Leaves either not with white cobwebby tomentum or bracts and sepals differ-

ent (and, if so, then corolla white or pale mauve):

19a Leaves linear or lanceolate with narrow or sometimes somewhat rounded

base, entire, or sometimes toothed, repand, lobed or ± emarginate; plants

erect to prostrate, often suffruticose:

20a Vegetative parts pubescent; calyx tomentose or pubescent:

21a Vegetative parts (at least on younger shoots) and calyx usually covered

with adpressed, short, silvery pubescence:

22a Erect, much-branched shrub; leaves linear or oblanceolate, sessile or

subsessile, narrowed at base; flowers solitary on very short pedicels . .

13. 7. oenotheroides

CONVOLVULACEAE; Ipomoea

73

22b Prostrate or suberect perennial; leaves usually distinctly petiolate,

rounded or subcordate at base; flowers solitary or 2 together, peduncles

10-50 mm long 15. /. sujfruticosa

21b Vegetative parts usually not with adpressed, short, silvery tomentum:

23a Sepals unequal; plant hairy 9.1. crassipes

23b Sepals equal or subequal:

24a Sepals acuminate to aristate; leaves usually long-attenuate at base and

well over 50 mm long, usually also some toothed or pinnatisect, hairy

or glabrous above; pubescence soft, white 7.7. oenotherae

24b Sepals acute or acuminate; leaves not as above:

25a Leaves shorter than 50 mm, entire, often with crisped margins, on a

short petiole or subsessile, glabrous above; pubescence soft, white . .

14. /. robertsiana

25b Leaves usually longer than 50 mm, entire, hairy above and below;

pubescence usually stiff, adpressed on leaves, yellowish or brownish

24. 7. oblongata

20b Vegetative parts (at least the leaves) glabrous, stems occasionally minutely

scabrid-hirsutulous:

26a Corolla white, 20-35 mm long; plant stemless or with short stem; leaves

entire or with few teeth 38. 7. simplex

26b Corolla magenta or pale mauve with darker centre, longer than 25 mm:

27a Leaves usually wider than 5 mm; corolla pale mauve with darker centre;

stems usually stout, sometimes minutely scabrous or hirsutulous

39. 7. welwitschii

27b Leaves usually narrower than 5 mm; corolla magenta; stems often slender,

glabrous 40. 7. bolusiana

19b Leaves broader, not linear or lanceolate or, if narrow, then broadly truncate,

hastate, sagittate or cordate at base:

28a (28b: p. 75) Annual or perennial plants, herbaceous, prostrate or climbing,

sometimes suffruticose and suberect but, if so, then lower than 500 mm,

never tall and woody:

29a Stems thick, trailing, hollow or spongy, rooting at nodes; in moist,

marshy, inundated localities or even completely aquatic, floating

36. 7. aquatica

29b Stems not thick, hollow or spongy or rooting at nodes and plant not usu-

ally found in very moist localities:

30a (30b: p. 74) Leaves distinctly cordate or sagittate at base:

31a Corolla either yellow and concolorous, or white or yellow with a pur-

ple or brown centre; sepals subequal, 4-8 mm long:

32a Corolla up to 25 mm long 29. 7. obscura var. obscura

32b Corolla 27 mm long or longer 30. 7. ochracea var. ochracea

31b Corolla pink, mauve, magenta, purple to blue or pure white, if white or

yellowish, then with purple or magenta centre; sepals very unequal

and longer than 8 mm:

33a Sepals entirely glabrous:

34a Petiole short, shorter than 15 mm; leaves usually shorter than 50

mm; plant usually hairy in some part other than calyx; corolla with

small tufts of hairs protruding from midpetaline areas

3\. I. transvaalensis

74

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

34b Petiole 15-200 mm long:

35a Leaves cordate-elliptic or rounded to subreniform, obtuse with

minute cusps, basal sinus narrow and deep; sepals 12-20 mm

long; corolla 35-70 mm long 32. 7. bathycolpos

35b Leaves cordate-deltoid or cordate-ovate, usually suddenly acumi-

nate from broad, usually irregularly and coarsely few-toothed

base into an entire apex, basal sinus broad; sepals 5-9 mm long;

corolla 20-35 mm long 33. 7 papilio

33b Sepals thinly to densely hairy or tomentose:

36a Sepals long-attenuate or linear- acuminate at apex, 14—25 mm long;

twining herbaceous plants with retrorse hairs on stems and petioles;

leaves often 3-lobed:

37a Outer sepals lanceolate at base with long and linear acumen,

patently hirsute in basal portion, 17-25 mm long; cultivated and

naturalised 16. 7 nil*

37b Outer sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, gradually attenuate

towards apex, with adpressed pubescence, 14—22 mm long, culti-

vated and naturalised 18. 7 indica*

36b Sepals acute, obtuse or mucronate but not with long and narrow

acumen, if sepals long-acuminate, then plant not twining and with-

out retrorse hairs on stems and petioles;

38a Calyx with bristly patent hairs in basal portion, glabrous towards

apex; twining annual with retrorse hairs on stems and petioles;

cultivated and naturalised 17. 7 purpurea*

38b Calyx not with bristly patent hairs in basal portion and not

glabrous towards apex:

39a Twining plant, growing in moist places (river banks, marshes,

pools) often among reeds, sedges etc 48. 7 rubens

39b Prostrate to suberect plants, or erect shrubs:

40a Plant shrubby, erect; stems woody; sepals very broad, unequal;

corolla pale mauve with magenta centre 52. 7 holubii

40b Plants prostrate to suffruticose, if suberect, then never higher

than 500 mm; corolla usually magenta:

41a Bracts usually distant from calyx, often foliaceous; sepals

very unequal, outer ones ovate-acuminate, inner ones linear

9.1. crassipes

41b Bracts usually close to calyx, never foliaceous; sepals sub-

equal:

42a Bracts ovate, acuminate ... 12. 1.fulvicaulis y&Y.fulvicaulis

42b Bracts linear or lanceolate, rarely broader . . 24. 7 oblongata

30b (30a: p. 73) Leaves not distinctly cordate or sagittate at base:

43a Sepals entirely glabrous, sometimes rugose or muriculate:

44a Sepals 5-12 mm long:

45a Sepals 5-9 mm long; corolla magenta; leaves acuminate from broad

base, coarsely toothed in lower half 33.7 papilio

45b Sepals 8-12 mm long; corolla pale mauve with darker centre;

leaves linear-oblong to elliptic, entire, emarginate or 3-lobed, not

broad or toothed at base 39. 7 welwitschii

44b Sepals 12-25 mm long:

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

75

46a Leaves rhomboid-lanceolate in outline, margin entire to lobed;

sepals 15-18 mm long; corolla pale purple or mauve . . . 46. 1, fanshawei

46b Leaves oblong, elliptic, ovate to linear-oblong, entire; sepals 12-25

mm long; corolla magenta 24. /. oblongata

43b Sepals ± hairy to tomentose:

47a Plant shrubby, erect, higher than 500 mm; sepals very broad, subor-

bicular, rounded, unequal, inner ones larger 52.7. holuhii

47b Plant prostrate; sometimes suffruticose, suberect, but if so, then

lower than 500 mm and sepals not very broad and rounded:

48a Flowers in pedunculate, few- to many-flowered heads (heads occa-

sionally binate):

49a Bracteoles and sepals linear, narrow, bristly with long yellowish

hairs 10. /. pellita

49b Bracteoles and sepals lanceolate to ovate:

50a Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from broad base to long-

triangular, gradually narrowing towards apex; corolla bright

magenta, 30-50 mm long 23. 7. ommaneyi

50b Leaves usually oblong to ovate and not often gradually tapering

to apex from broad base:

51a Corolla magenta, 50 mm long or longer 24. 7. oblongata

51b Corolla mauve or purple, 25-50 mm long

12.7. fulvicaulis var. fulvicauUs

48b Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, or not in heads but in cymes:

52a Sepals very unequal; outer ones ovate or lanceolate from broad

base, inner ones linear; bracts usually distant from calyx and often

foliaceous 9.1. crassipes

52b Sepals equal or not so distinctly unequal:

53a Leaves up to 45 mm long, broad at base, often subcordate;

bracteoles very minute, calyx 7-8 mm long; corolla bright

magenta-rose, 20-40 mm long with small tufts of hairs protrud-

ing from midpetaline areas (especially conspicuous in older

buds) 31. 7. transvaalensis

53b Leaves, bracts, sepals or corolla longer or corolla, if hairy on

midpetaline areas, then without protruding hair tufts:

54a Bracteoles distant from, more rarely contiguous to calyx;

leaves quite glabrous above; corolla thinly hairy to glabrous on

midpetaline areas 14. 7. robertsiana

54b Bracteoles contiguous to calyx; leaves usually hairy on both

sides; corolla silky on midpetaline areas 34. 7. crispa

28b (28a: p. 73) Tall perennial woody climbers or shrubs higher than 500 mm:

55a Calyx glabrous:

56a Sepals orbicular to oblong, obtuse; leaves usually lobed, rarely entire . .

49. 7. mauritiana

56b Sepals ovate, cuspidate to acute; leaves entire, usually appearing after

flowers 50. 7. shirambemis

55b Calyx at least partly hairy or tomentose:

57a Sepals broadly elliptic or obovate to orbicular, obtuse, 5-16 mm long,

two inner ones larger than outer ones; shrubs; leaves not longer than 250

mm:

76

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

58a Leaves cordate-ovate, usually shorter than 50 mm; erect shrub with

ultimate twigs sometimes flexuous or twining; corolla 40-50 mm long

52. /. holubii

58b Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 100-250 mm long; erect to scrambling

shmbs up to 3 m high; sepals suborbicular, 5-6 mm long; corolla 50-90

mm long; cultivated and seminaturalised .... 54. /. carnea ^uhs'p.fistulosa*

57b Sepals not as above; plants climbing; leaves mostly much larger:

59a Two outer sepals cordate-triangular, 14 mm long; young parts and

peduncles not densely hairy 11.7. bisavium

59b Two outer sepals not as above; young parts densely hairy, as are

peduncles:

60a Young parts densely yellow-villous; sepals linear-lanceolate

57. 7 consimilis

60b Young parts densely white-tomentose:

61a Young leaves with very conspicuous reticulate, somewhat floccose

tomentum on main veins below, older ones glabrescent; calyx at

first tomentose at least near base; corolla white, 60-90 mm long . .

55. 7 albivenia

61b Young leaves with complete tomentum below, tomentum usually

persistent; calyx tomentose; corolla white, rose-purple or mauve

with darker throat, 60-100 mm long 56. 7 verbascoidea

4b (4a: p. 71 ) Corolla salver-shaped, white or white with inside of tube purple or magenta:

62a Plant herbaceous and twining:

63a Corolla tube up to ± 40 mm long; leaves ovate to lanceolate, entire, cuneate to

rounded at base; sepals not awned 35. 7 lapathifolia

63b Corolla tube at least 70 mm long; leaves cordate at base, entire or 3-lobed; sepals

awned; cultivated and naturalised 47. 7 alba*

62b Plant not herbaceous and twining:

64a Plant shrubby, erect; calyx densely silky outside 51.7 adenioides

64b Plant woody and climbing; calyx glabrous; sepals obtuse 53. 7 stenosiphon

lb (la: p. 71) Leaves deeply lobed (nearly to base), dissected or compound:

65a Leaves albotomentose below with prominent veins, palmately 3-5- or almost 7-lobed

25. 7 magnusiana

65b Leaves glabrous or sometimes hairy but not albotomentose:

66a Flowers in dense pedunculate and bracteate heads; leaves hairy

26. 7 pes-tigridis var. pes-tigridis

66b Flowers solitary, fascicled or in cymes:

67a Corolla small, white tinged with mauve, 10-15 mm long; leaves palmately 5-7-fid

with dentate or serrate to pinnatisect segments 41.7 coptica

67b Corolla usually larger, rarely white; leaf segments not dentate or serrate, entire or

basal ones with lateral lobe:

68a Large glabrous perennial climber; leaves palmately 3-9-lobed, 60-150 x 60-200

mm, not pseudostipulate 49. 7 mauritiana

68b Annuals or prostrate perennials; leaves much smaller, usually narrower than 80

mm and often pseudostipulate by small leaves of developing or suppressed axil-

lary shoots:

69a Leaves usually pseudostipulate, distinctly palmately or pedately 5-9-fid, quite

glabrous; climbing or occasionally prostrate annuals:

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

77

70a Calyx 8-10 mm long; outer sepals saccate at base; corolla yellow with mauve

tube, 30-60 mm long and wide; leaves usually bitemately pedate, often with

9 segments 42. /. tuberculata

70b Calyx up to ± 7 mm long; outer sepals not saccate; corolla mauve, purple or

white; leaves palmately partite, usually with 5 segments:

71a Corolla 30-60 x 40-60 mm, mauve, rarely white 43. /. cairica

71b Corolla up to ± 25 mm long:

72a Peduncles very slender, filiform; corolla often shorter than 16 mm, purplish

mauve 45. /. tenuipes

72b Peduncles rather stout, not filiform; corolla 15-25 mm long, purplish

mauve or white 44. /. hochstetteri

69b ' Leaves not pseudostipulate, pinnately dissected, tridentate or palmately com-

pound; stems prostrate or rarely suberect from perennial tuberous rootstock;

corolla usually longer than 30 mm:

73a Young parts and sepals with soft white hairs; sepals very acute; basal leaves,

if present, linear; cauline leaves tridentate to pinnatisect or all leaves pinnati-

sect; flowers solitary on short peduncle, deep pink to magenta ... 7. /. oenotherae

73b Sepals glabrous:

74a Leaves palmately 3-9-fid with linear segments narrower than 5 mm (often

very narrow); stems often rather slender, glabrous; corolla magenta

40. 1, bolusiana

74b Leaves trisect with linear, lanceolate or oblong segments usually wider than

5 mm; stems usually stout; corolla pale mauve with magenta centre, 30-80

mm long 39.1. welwitschii

I. Ipomoea coscinosperma Hochst. ex

Choisy in A. DC., Prodromus systematis natu-

ralis ... 9: 354 (1845); Hallier f.: 124 (1893a);

Baker & Rendle: 138 (1905-06); Hutch. &

Dalziel: 216 (1931); A.Meeuse: 721 (1957a);

Verde.: 92 (1963a); Heine: 350 (1963); Roess-

ler: 14 (1967a); Gon?.: 62 (1987); Gon§.: 71

(1992); Relief & P.P.J.Herman: 384 (1997).

Type: Sudan, Kordofan, Kotschy 17 (G, lecto.;

WAG, isosyn.).

Annual herb. Stems several, stout, glabres-

cent, suberect to prostrate, up to 3 m long.

Leaves often secund, mostly entire, glabrescent,

pilose or hairy, linear-lanceolate to oblong,

30-120 X 5-50 mm, base cuneate, apex sub-

acute to rounded and mucronate; petiole 5-60

mm long. Inflorescences pilose, axillary, 1- to

few-flowered clusters on short peduncle, on

young stems solitary, or short pedicels fascicu-

late; bracts hairy, ± 4 mm long. Sepals subequal,

ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6-8 mm long, up

to 12 mm in fruit, apex long-attenuate, covered

with long, white hairs. Corolla narrowly funnel-

shaped, slightly longer than calyx, white.

Capsule globose, glabrous, 6-8 mm in diame-

ter, style base persistent. Seeds brown, shortly

pubescent, ± 3 mm long. Flowering time

December to May.

Very variable species, occurring from the

Sudan throughout the more arid areas of tropical

78

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Africa to northern Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland

and the Northern Province, Mpumalanga, Gau-

teng, North-West and northern KwaZulu-Natal in

South Africa. Grows in grassland and in damp

sand of riverine areas, also a troublesome weed in

cultivated lands. Map 38.

Distinguished by its cuneate leaf bases, 6-8

mm long, narrow sepals covered with long

white hairs and inconspicuous corolla only

slightly longer than the calyx.

Vouchers: De Winter 2952 (M, PRE, WIND);

Meeuse 9019 (L, PRE); Smith 2196 (PRE,

SRGH); Strey 5644 (NH, PRE); Wiles s.n.

(PRE, Swaziland National Herbarium).

2. Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Bn, Prodromus

florae novae hollandiae ...: 484 (1810); Choisy:

369 (1845); Baker & Rendle: 136 (1905-06);

Ooststr.: 462 (1953); A.Meeuse: 722 (1957a);

Heine: 350 (1963); Verde.: 91, tt. 22 & 24

(1963a); Gonq.: 61 (1987); Gon9.: 69 (1992);

Lejoly & Lisowski: 67 (1992); Gon^.: 21

(1996); Relief & P.P.J. Herman: 384 (1997).

Type: Australia, ‘New Holland’, Banks &

Solander s.n. (BM, holo.).

Variable annual herb. Stems twining or pros-

trate, pilose, 1-2 m long. Leaves cordate-lanceo-

late to cordate-oblong, 20-90 x 5-55 mm, thin-

ly strigose to subglabrous, apex acuminate,

nerves densely pilose; margin entire, somewhat

ciliate; petiole pilose, 10-80 mm long.

Inflorescence axillary, subsessile or peduncle up

to 15 mm, 3-many-flowered. Flowers usually

subsessile; bracteoles pilose, 3-8 mm. Sepals

subequal, ovate-lanceolate with linear-acumi-

nate, spreading tips, 7-8 mm long, pilose.

Corolla tubular to funnel-shaped, white, pink or

mauve, or white with mauve centre, 7-9 mm

long; midpetaline areas pilose. Capsule subglo-

bose, apiculate, hairy, 5-8 mm in diameter.

Seeds glabrous, minutely punctate, 2. 5-3. 5 mm

long, black. Flowering time March and April.

Found in tropical Africa and Madagascar

southwards to Botswana and the northern part

of South Africa. Also in the Middle East,

Map 39. — • Ipomoea eriocarpa

▲ I. ieucanthemum

throughout tropical Asia to northern Australia.

Found in bushveld, savanna and grassland, also

on cultivated ground, often on alluvial and

sandy soils. Map 39.

Distinguished by its cordate-lanceolate or

cordate-oblong leaves, dense inflorescences,

very hairy sepals and corolla which is only

slightly longer than the calyx.

Vouchers: Ngoni 421 (PRE, SRGH); Scliee-

pers 234 (PRE).

3. Ipomoea Ieucanthemum (Klotzsch)

Hallier f. in Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 124

(1893a); Baker & Rendle: 137 (1905-06);

A.Meeuse: 722 (1957a); Roessler: 15 (1967a);

Gou9.: 61 (1987); Gon9.: 70 (1992). Type:

Mozambique, Tete, Rios de Sena, Peters

77.7545 (B, holo.t).

Calycanthemum Ieucanthemum Klotzsch: 244, t. 40

(186l’).

Much-branched annual or perennial herb.

Stems prostrate, ascending or erect, slender,

greyish pubescent, up to 800 mm long. Leaves

linear-oblong to ovate-cordate, 20-70 mm long,

base subcordate, apex obtuse and minutely

mucronate, both surfaces thinly hairy; petiole up

to 20 mm long, pubescent. Inflorescence axil-

lary, 1-3-flowered, subsessile; bracts ovate-

acuminate, pilose; pedicels up to 10 mm long.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

79

pubescent. Sepals subequal, ovate or oblong-

lanceolate, up to 9 mm long, pilose. Corolla fun-

nel-shaped, up to 12 mm long, white or cream-

coloured; midpetaline areas pilose. Capsule glo-

bose, pilose. Seeds black, appressed pubescent.

Flowering time February and March.

Found in Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mo-

zambique as well as northern Botswana and

northern Namibia. Grows in bushveld, savanna

and grassland, also along rivers and roadsides.

Map 39.

Distinguished by its obtuse and minutely

mucronate leaf apex and corolla which is only

slightly longer than the calyx.

Vouchers: Merxmiiller 205 ] (M, PRE, WIND);

Wild & Drummond 6964 (K, PRE, SRGH).

4. Ipomoea plebeia R.Br., Prodromus flo-

rae novae hollandiae ...: 484 (1810); Ooststr.:

492 (1940); Ooststr.: 463 (1953); A.Meeuse:

723 (1957a); Verde.: 199 (1958c); Verde.: 92, t.

21 (1963a); Roessler: 16 (1967a); Gon^.: 63

(1987); Gong.: 72 (1992). Type: Australia, Bay

of Inlets, Banks & Solander s.n. (BM, holo.).

subsp. africana A.Meeuse in Bothalia 6:

723 (1957a); Verde.: 199 (1958c); Verde.: 94

(1963a); Roessler: 16 (1967a); Gong.: 63

(1987); Gong.: 72 (1992); Relief & P.P.J. Her-

man: 386 (1997). Type: Mpumalanga, Barber-

ton, Codd 7785 (PRE, holo.!; EAI).

Annual herb. Stems prostrate or climbing, up

to at least 1 m long, hairy. Leaves oblong-cor-

date to triangular-cordate, 20-100 x 5-65 mm,

basal lobes rounded, sinus broad or narrow,

rounded, apex acute or subacute, mucronate,

subglabrous, margins entire, ciliate; petiole

5-70 mm long, hairy. Inflorescence axillary,

sessile or peduncle up to 10 mm long; flowers

solitary or in 2-5-flowered cymes; pedicels

hairy or glabrous, 5-8 mm long; bracteoles

minute. Sepals unequal, 5-8 mm long, obtuse or

subacute, sparsely pilose, margins ciliate; three

outer ones ovate-triangular, acuminate; two

Map 40. — Ipomoea plebeia subsp. africana

inner ones linear-oblong; all accrescent. Corolla

funnel-shaped, white with purple centre, ± 9

mm long, limb ± 9 mm wide; midpetaline areas

distinct, pilose outside. Capsule broadly ovate

to globose, style base persistent, glabrous, 6-8

mm in diameter. Sedds subtrigonous, brownish

or greyish pubescent, 3. 0-4. 5 mm long.

Flowering time February to May.

Occurs from Kenya and Tanzania south-

wards to northern Namibia, Botswana, the North-

ern Province, Mpumalanga, Swaziland and

KwaZulu-Natal. Found in savanna, bushveld,

grassland and alluvial zones, also as a weed

along roadsides and on cultivated land. Map 40.

The species is distinguished by its cordate,

subglabrous leaves, ovate-triangular outer sep-

als and corolla which is only slightly longer

than the calyx. The subsp. africana is charac-

terised by the sparsely pilose sepals and the

white corolla with a purple centre. The subsp.

plebeia occurs in Australia and Malaysia while

the subsp. indica Verde, occurs in India.

Vouchers: Compton 28730 (PRE); De Winter

& Marais 4960 (M, PRE, WIND); Smith 1290

(PRE, SRGH); Stalmans 1073 (PRE); Ward

6177 (PRE, University of Durban- Westville).

5. Ipomoea gracilisepala Rendle in

Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, London

39: 12 (1901); Baker & C.H.Wright: 58 (1904);

80

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

A.Meeuse; t. 1217B (1956a); A.Meeuse: 725

(1957a); Gon9.: 64 (1987); Relief & RRJ. Her-

man: 384 (1997). Type: Transvaal, Zeyher 1224

(BM, holo.!; LD).

/. xiphosepala Baker: 58 (1904) non Baker: 69 (1894).

Type: North-West, Magaliesberg, Burke s.n. (SAM, iso.!).

/. gracilisepala Rendle var. lyciifolia (Merxm.)

A.Meeuse: 726 (1957a). Type: Zimbabwe, Marondera,

Dehn 786 (K, holo.; SRGHI).

Annual. Stems several, usually prostrate, up

to ± 1 m long, subterete, pubescent. Leaves

often secund, oblong to lanceolate, 20-60 x

5-20 mm, usually hastate-truncate or auricled at

base, apex obtuse, lobes entire, bifid or with 2

or 3 teeth; margin entire to subrepand; upper

surface dark green, glabrescent, lower surface

paler and more densely hairy; petiole 5-10 mm

long. Inflorescence axillary, 1- or 2-flowered,

rarely fasciculate; peduncle up to 7 mm long in

fruit, thinly hairy with long hairs as are bracte-

oles, pedicels and sepals; bracteoles linear-

lanceolate, 4-7 mm long; pedicels up to 12 mm

long in fruit. Sepals subequal, lanceolate to lin-

ear, 7-1 1 mm long, larger in fruit and spreading

at apex, hairy. Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped,

pinkish mauve with darker centre or rarely

white, 12-16 mm long, limb spreading, almost

5-angled, 10-12 mm wide; midpetaline areas

distinct, hairy towards tips. Capsule globose,

hirsute, 6-8 mm in diameter. Seeds brown,

tomentose, 4-5 mm long. Flowering time

December to March.

Occurs in Zimbabwe and also in the northern

and central parts of South Africa in the Northern

Rrovince, North-West, Gauteng and Mpuma-

langa. Found in grassland and damp areas near

rivers, frequently in open and in semiruderal

sites. Rrobably often overlooked because of its

small flowers. Map 41.

Distinguished by its hastate leaves, linear to

lanceolate, 7-11 mm long sepals and narrowly

funnel-shaped, 12-16 mm long, mauve corolla.

Vouchers: Acocks 18751 (RRE); Mogg 8671

(RRE).

6. Ipomoea hackeliana (Schinz) HaUierf in

Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 126 (1893a); Baker &

Rendle: 146 (1905-06); A.Meeuse: 726 (1957a);

Roessler: 14 (1967a); Gon9.: 65 (1987); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 68 (1992); Relief & RRJ. Herman: 384

(1997). Type: Namibia, Ovamboland, Olukonda,

Schinz 749 (Z, holo.; BOL!, GRA!).

Aniseia hackeliana Schinz: 274 (1888).

Annual herb. Stems several, prostrate, up to

± 1 m long, glabrescent. Leaves secund, ovate-

cordate, 10—45 X 7-35 mm, apex acute to

rounded, margin crenate to crenate-dentate,

crisped, sparsely pilose on both surfaces, pellu-

cidly glandular when seen in transmitted light

when dry; basal sinus wide and shallow, blade

cuneately decurrent into 4-28 mm long, pilose

petiole. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered fas-

cicles; bracteoles ± 3 mm long; pedicel hairy, up

to 20 mm long. Sepals unequal, hairy, ± 10 mm

long, green suffused with purplish red; three

outer ones ovate from cordate base; two inner

ones lanceolate; all accrescent, becoming

papyraceous with distinct veins, up to 15 mm

long. Corolla funnel-shaped, pale mauvish pink

with darker centre or occasionally white, 12-14

mm long. Capsule subglobose, densely pilose

with long white hairs, 6-8 mm in diameter.

Seeds black, hairy, 3.5 mm long. Flowering

time January to April. Figure 14.

Found in southern Zimbabwe, northern

Namibia, Botswana and also in the Northern

Rrovince and Northern Cape in South Africa.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

81

Figure 14. — Ipomoea hackeliana: A, flowering stem and root (Skarpe S226, PRE); B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube

with stamens; D, ovary, style and stigma { Van Rooyen & Bredenkamp 561, PRE); E, fruit with calyx (Barnard 242, PRE),

Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

Grows in open woodland, savanna and along

roadsides, often on sandy soil. Map 42.

Distinguished by its ovate-cordate leaves

with crisped margins (when dry pellucidly glan-

dular when seen in transmitted light), ovate-cor-

date outer sepals with crisped margins and

12-14 mm long, mauve corolla.

Vouchers: Barnard 242 (PRE); Leistner 1822

(PRE); Meeuse 10600 (PRE); Van Vuuren &

Giess 1136 (M, PRE, WIND).

7. Ipomoea oenotherae (Vatke) Hallier f

in Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 125 (1893a);

Baker & C.H.Wright: 49 (1904); Baker &

Rendle: 145 (1905-06); A.Meeuse: 727 (1957a);

Verde.: 200 (1958c); Verde.: 95 (1963a);

Roessler: 16 (1967a); Gong.: 65 (1987); Lejoly

& Lisowski: 69 (1992); Relief & P.P.J. Herman:

385 (1997). Type: Kenya, Kitui, Hildebrandt

2767 (B, holo.t).

Convolvulus oenotherae Vatke: 520 (1882).

82

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Map 42. — # Ipomoea hackeliana

A I. oenotherae

I. petimioides Baker: 63 (1904). Type: Transvaal, Schoon

River. Burke s.n. (K, holo.).

Perennial with a fusiform rootstock up to ±

300 mm long, producing an annual rosette of

leaves. Stems unbranched, many, prostrate or

ascending, up to 400 mm long, thick, angular,

older parts glabrescent, younger parts silvery

white-pubescent. Radical leaves entire, linear to

lanceolate, 40-100 mm long, or with 1-7 lateral

teeth or lobes, terminal lobe distinctly longer

than the others; petiole up to 70 mm long.

Cauline leaves 20-60 mm, entire or 3-7-lobed,

base cuneate, lobes linear to lanceolate, entire to

somewhat repand, hairy, soon glabrescent, mid-

dle lobe the longest, main nerves prominent

below; petiole 5^0 mm long. Flowers axillary,

solitary, subsessile, or pedicel 5-15 mm long;

bracteoles linear, pubescent, 10-15 mm long.

Calyx often rose-red, 12-15 mm long; sepals

unequal, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, aristate, dil-

ate with median keel of hairs, broader and brown

in fruit. Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped with

spreading limb, 30-50 mm long, deep pink to

magenta, glabrous. Capsule globose, glabrous,

straw-coloured, 8-10 mm in diameter. Seeds

mm long, densely pubescent, often pinkish grey.

Flowering time November to March.

From Ethiopia and Somalia southwards to

Namibia, Botswana and the Northern Province,

North-West and Gauteng in South Africa,

nowhere common and not gregarious. Growing

in mixed bushveld, grassland and also along

roadsides and on cultivated ground, often on

sandy or rocky soils. Map 42.

Distinguished by the soft white hairs on the

sepals and young parts, linear to pinnatisect

leaves with the middle lobe the longest and the

30-50 mm long, pink corolla. The var. angusti-

folia Verde. (1958c; 200) from Uganda and

Kenya might be superfluous as the material

under that name is not clearly distinct from

other material of this variable species. The

above description refers to the typical variety.

Vouchers: Brueckner 578 (PRE); De Winter

2877 (M, PRE, WIND); Ngoni 239 (K, PRE,

SRGH); Welman 517 (PRE)

8. Ipomoea sinensis (Desr) Choisy in

Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d’His-

toire Naturelle de Geneve 6: 459 (1834). Type:

China, Yangnouw (?), Moreau s.n. (P-JU 6773,

holo., PRE, photo.!).

subsp. blepharosepala (Hochst. exA.Rich.)

Verde, ex A.Meeuse in Bothalia 6: 729 (1957a);

Verde.: 101 (1963a); Roessler: 16 (1967a);

Gon9.: 72 (1987); A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan:

250 (1988); Gonq.: 80 (1992); Lejoly & Li-

sowski: 77 (1992); Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 386

(1997). Type: Ethiopia, Simen, Meda, Scliimper

1780 (P, holo.).

7. blepharosepala Hochst. exA.Rich.: 72 (1851).

I. cardiosepala Hochst. ex Baker & C.H. Wright: 61

( 1904), non Meisn.: 265 ( 1869).

Annual herb. Stems several, suberect to pros-

trate or twining, pilose, up to ± 2 m long. Leaves

cordate-oblong to cordate-ovate, 30-80 x 20-50

mm, entire, apex obtuse or acute, mucronate,

basal lobes rounded, sinus usually deep and nar-

row, upper surface green, thinly pilose to almost

glabrous, lower surface more densely hairy and

paler, margin ciliate; petiole 10-90 mm long,

densely pilose. Inflorescence cymosely 1-3-

flowered; peduncle hairy, 10-60 mm long;

bracteoles minute; pedicels 5-20 mm long,

pilose, reflexed in fruit. Sepals very unequal.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

83

Map 43. — Ipomoea sinensis subsp. blepharosepaia

5-8 mm long, accrescent in fruit, ciliate with

long white hairs, apex very acute and lanceolate;

outer ones cordate or auricled at base; inner ones

much narrower. Corolla funnel-shaped, usually

mauve with darker mauve to magenta centre,

midpetaline areas well-defined, strigose outside,

8-12 mm long, limb 15-20 mm wide, spreading.

Capsule globose, apiculate, style base persistent,

glabrous, ± 10 mm in diameter, straw-coloured,

Seeds 4-5 mm long, densely hairy, grey or fawn.

Flowering time September to July, mostly

December to May.

Throughout tropical Africa and also in

Arabia and on Socotra. It extends into Namibia,

Botswana, Swaziland and the Northern Pro-

vince, North-West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga,

KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape in South

Africa. Common in bushveld, savanna, grass-

land and also along roadsides and on cultivated

land, becoming a weed on disturbed ground, on

sandy and calcareous soils. Map 43.

Distinguished by its cordate-oblong to cor-

date-ovate leaves, cordate or auricled outer

sepals and 8-12 mm long, mauve corolla. The

typical subspecies occurs in tropical Africa as

well as tropical Asia. It is distinguished by its

up to 22 mm long, white corolla and larger

sepals (in fruit up to 9 x 23 mm). Gonsalves

(1987; 72) cites Exell, Mendonga & Wild 1467

from northern Botswana at the Chobe-Zambezi

confluence, but it does not seem to have been

collected further south in southern Africa.

Vouchers: Codd 8618 (PRE); Compton 28615

(PRE); De Winter & Marais 4958 (M, PRE,

WIND); MacDonald 3A (PRE, SRGH); Zam-

batis 1322 (PRE).

9. Ipomoea crassipes Hook, in Curtis’s

Botanical Magazine 70; t. 4068 (1844b); Hallier

f.: 44 (1899a); Rendle: 14 (1901); Baker &

C.H. Wright: 56 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 147

(1905-06); A.Meeuse: 730 (1957a); Verde.: 98

(1963a); A. Batten & G.W.Bokelmann: 123, t. 98

(1966); Roessler: 14 (1967a); Gon9.: 69 (1987);

A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan; 200 (1988); Gon9.: 77

(1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 76 (1992); A.Fa-

bian & Germish.: 334, t. 159d (1997); Retief

& P.P.J. Herman: 384 (1997); W.G.Welman: 72

(1999b). Type: North-West, Magaliesberg, Burke

177 (K, neo.; BOL, iso-neo.!).

Aniseia calystegioides E.Mey. ex Choisy: 431 (1845).

Type: Eastern Cape, between Gekau and Bashee rivers,

Drege s.n. (K, iso.).

I. greenstockii Rendle: 38 (1896). Type: Mpumalanga,

Pilgrim’s Rest, Greenstock s.n. (BM, holo.).

/. bellecomans Rendle: 15 (1901). Type: Gauteng,

Pretoria, Zeyher 1213 (BM, holo.; LD!).

/. sarmentacea Rendle: 15 (1901). Type: Mpumalanga,

Pilgrim’s Rest, Greenstock s.n. (BM, holo.).

Nearly glabrous to hairy laticiferous perenni-

al with brownish black, tuberous, fusiform tap-

root up to ± 100 mm in diameter. Stems annual,

several from base, usually all ultimately pros-

trate, up to 750 mm long. Leaves very variable

in shape and size, usually lanceolate to ovate,

15-80 X 3-28 mm, apex acute to obtuse, base

usually truncate to rounded, entire; petiole up to

± 10 mm long. Peduncles usually 1 -flowered;

bracts leafy, variable in size and shape, ovate-

lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, 5-20 mm long;

pedicels usually shorter than 20 mm. Sepals

unequal, 10-28 mm long, outer ones ovate, ±

triangular or lanceolate, base often subcordate,

inner ones linear. Corolla funnel-shaped, mauve

to purple with lighter midpetaline areas, also

pink or white with dark purple centre, 30-45

mm long, 35-60 mm wide. Capsule ovoid-glo-

bose, glabrous, apiculate, 8-10 mm in diameter.

Seeds glabrous or pubescent, ± 6 mm long.

84

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Flowering time September to April, mostly

November to January.

Occurs from Kenya southwards through

Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Zimbabwe

and Mozambique to southern Africa (except the

Western and Northern Cape), where it is com-

mon. Grows in bushveld and savanna but most-

ly in grassland on sandy soil. Map 44.

Distinguished by its prominent, leafy bracts,

unequal sepals and 30-45 mm long, pinkish

corolla. This extremely variable species is con-

ceivably an aggregate taxon. It would seem that

all specimens from southern Africa could

belong to the typical variety.

Can also occur as a weed. According to Watt

& Breyer-Brandwijk (1962: 308), the root is

used medicinally.

Vouchers: Compton 29163 (PRE); Dieterlen

452 (PRE); Giess 12613 (M, PRE, WIND);

Hansen 3077 (GAB, PRE, SRGH); Scheepers

1366 (PRE).

10. Ipomoea pellita Hallier f in Bota-

nische Jahrbiicher 18: 130 (1893a); A.Meeuse:

732 (1957a); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 385

(1997). Type: Transkei, between Gekau and

Bashee rivers, Drege 4905 (G, W, iso., teste

Hallier f.).

I. ovata E.Mey. ex Rendle: 19 (1901). Type: KwaZulu-

Natal. between Umtentu and Umzimkulu rivers, Drege s.n.

(LD. holo.).

I. ovata E.Mey. ex Rendle var. pellita (Hallier f.) Baker in

Baker & C.H.Wright: 54 (1904). Type as for I. pellita.

Perennial with a thick fusiform rootstock.

Stems several from base, prostrate, herbaceous,

robust, densely bristly hairy, up to 2 m long.

Leaves ovate to oblong, 40-100 x 20-65 mm,

entire, apex subacute to rounded, often

mucronate, base shallowly cordate or rounded

to truncate, densely yellowish hairy when

young, glabrescent when old, margin with

dense hairs; petiole hairy, shorter than blade.

Peduncle 30-150 mm, bristly; flowers usually

in a terminal dense few-flowered head; bracte-

oles linear, bristly, 12-25 mm; pedicels mostly

absent. Sepals subequal, very bristly, 18-25 mm

long, almost similar to bracteoles, accrescent in

fruit. Corolla funnel-shaped, 40-70 mm long

and wide, magenta, slightly hairy on mid-

petaline areas. Capsule subglobose, apiculate,

glabrous, 12-15 mm in diameter. Seeds ±10

mm long, dark brown, glabrous. Flowering time

September to April, mostly November to

Eebruary.

Endemic to the eastern parts of southern

Africa in Mpumalanga, Swaziland, the eastern

Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho and the

Eastern Cape, often in grassland. Map 45.

Map 45. — # Ipomoea pellita

A I. bisavium

■ I. fulvicaulis var. fulvicaulis

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

85

Distinguished from related taxa, e.g. I.

oblongata (no. 24), by its bristly, strictly linear

bracteoles and sepals and dense inflorescences

on long peduncles.

According to Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk (1962:

309), the leaf is used medicinally.

Vouchers: Cornins 1902 (PRE); Jacobsz 1828

(PRE); Meeuse 9064 (PRE); Strey 9502 (NH,

PRE); Wells 2029 (PRE).

1 1 . Ipomoea bisavium A.Meeuse in Botha-

lia 7: 26 (1958a); A.Meeuse: t. 1360 (1961);

Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 383 (1997). Type:

Northern Province, Wyllie’s Poort, Meeuse

10181 (PRE, holo.!; BM, BR, EA, K, L, SRGH,

iso.!); Northern Province, Wyllie’s Poort,

Meeuse 10237 (PRE, iso.!).

Tall perennial climber. Stems woody, older

parts with dark, rough bark, young twigs ±

herbaceous, hairy. Leaves subcordate, subentire,

apex mucronate and ± acuminate, base cordate

to subtruncate, basal lobes rounded, both sur-

faces minutely adpressed-puberulous, ± gla-

brescent; main nerves slightly prominent

beneath; blade 30-70 x 15-50 mm; petiole

densely adpressed-puberulous, 10-30 mm long.

Inflorescence axillary, cymosely 1- to few-flow-

ered; peduncle densely adpressed-puberulous,

up to 70 mm long; pedicels somewhat pubes-

cent, faintly striate, 5-25 mm long; bracteoles 6

X 2-3 mm, early deciduous. Sepals unequal,

glabrescent; 2 outer sepals cordate-triangular,

14 mm long; third sepal ± asymmetrical 10-11

mm long, innermost two oblong-lanceolate,

9-10 mm long. Corolla funnel-shaped, pale

pink to white, lower portion of tube purple-

mauve inside; tube glabrous, ± 25 mm long,

limb spreading, 5-angled, 40-60 mm wide;

midpetaline areas strigose-pilose with white

hairs on outside. Capsule ovoid-conical,

glabrous, brown, 10-12 x 8 mm. Seeds 4, ± 4.5

mm long, shortly velutinous with 7 mm long

fulvous hairs on angles. Flowering time April.

Endemic to the Wyllie’s Poort area in the

Soutpansberg in the Northern Province. Known

only from the type collection; the flowering

specimens (Meeuse 10181) and the fruiting

specimens (Meeuse 10237) are from the same

plant. Map 45.

Distinguished by being a woody climber

with cordate-triangular outer sepals and pale

pink to white corolla.

Vouchers: Meeuse 10181 (PRE); Meeuse

10237 (PRE).

12. Ipomoea fulvicaulis (Hoclist. ex

Clwisy) Boiss. ex Hallier f in Botanische

Jahrbiicher 18: 128 (1893a); Baker & Rendle:

143 (1905-06). Type: Ethiopia, Mt Sholoda,

near Adowa, Schimper 270 (G, holo.; BM, K, P).

Aniseia fulvicaulis Hochst. ex Choisy: 431 (1845).

var. fulvicaulis.

Verde.: 338 (1960); Verde.: 97, t. 22 (1963a); Gon?.: 68

(1987); Gon?.; 75 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 74 (1992);

A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 46 (1996).

Perennial herb with woody rootstock. Stems

twining or erect, up to 2 m long, yellow-brown-

pubescent. Leaves oblong to elliptic-ovate,

30-115 X 10-45 mm, apex obtuse to emar-

ginate, base cordate to truncate, upper and lower

surfaces densely pubescent; petiole very hairy,

10-52 mm long. Flowers axillary, several in

small heads; peduncles 10-75 mm long, hairy;

bracts ovate, acuminate, up to 19 mm long.

Sepals ovate, acuminate, pilose, up to 16 mm

long. Corolla funnel-shaped, ± pilose, 25-50

mm long, mauve or purple. Capsule globose,

glabrous. Seeds brownish, pubescent. Flower-

ing time August to March.

From Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi,

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia and

Zimbabwe to Mozambique, also in northern

Botswana. Found in woodland, open forest,

grassland and along roadsides, often on dry

stony ground. Map 45.

Distinguished by its yellow-brown-pubes-

cent stems, flowers which are in small heads

and 25-50 mm long, purplish corollas. The var.

86

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

heterocalyx (Schulze-Menz) Verde, and var.

asperifolia (Hallier f.) Verde, do not reaeh

southern Afriea.

Voueher: Pope, Biegel & Russell 808 (K,

SRGH).

13. Ipomoea oenotheroides (L.f.) Raf. ex

Hallier f in Botanisehe Jahrbiieher 18: 156

(1893a) in syn; A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 47

(1996). Type: Cape Provinee, Sparrman s.n. (S,

syn.!).

Convolvulus oenotheroides L.f.: 137 (1782). Rivea

oenotheroides (L.f.) Hallier f.: 156 (1893a). Turbina

oenotheroides (L.f.) A.Meeuse: 775 (1957a); A. Batten &

G.W.Bokelmann: 122, t. 98 (1966); A.E.van Wyk &

S.Malan: 202 (1988); Relief & P.RJ. Herman: 388 (1997).

I. argyreoides Choisy: 357 (1845). Type: North-West.

Magaliesberg, Toverfontein. Zeyher 1207 (LD, holo.).

I. barrettii Rendle: 190 (1902). Type: Eree State, near

Vredefort, Barrett-Hamilton s.n. (K, holo.).

Mueh-branehed perennial shrub, up to 1 m

high, with slender fusiform tuberous roots up to

1.25 m long. Stems stout and woody at base,

with a very short silvery, adpressed pubeseenee

like young parts, petioles, lower surface of

leaves, peduncles, bracteoles, pedicels and

calyx, very old parts glabrescent, subterete to

almost angular. Leaves entire, linear to oblanceo-

late or lanceolate, 30-110 x 2-30 mm, base

decurrent into the 0-6 mm long petiole, apex

acute to obtuse, mucronate. Peduncles 1 -flow-

ered, up to 15 mm long; bracteoles small;

pedicels up to 10 mm long. Sepals subequal,

lanceolate, 8-25 mm long. Corolla funnel-

shaped, 35-70 mm long and wide, bright

magenta or magenta-pink; midpetaline areas

usually densely silvery hairy. Capsule ovoid or

ovoid-globose, apiculate, style base persistent,

dark-brown, glabrous, 15-20 mm long. Seeds

1-3, brown to black, glabrous, ± smooth, ± 9

mm long. Flowering time November to March.

Endemic to southern Africa. Found in Na-

mibia and central parts of South Africa in

North-West, Mpumalanga, the Free State,

KwaZulu-Natal, and the Northern and Eastern

Cape. Common in more arid parts of the sum-

Map 46. — • Ipomoea oenotheroides

A I. robertsiana

mer-rainfall area. Apparently mostly in open

sites with a rather severe winter climate. Map 46.

Distinguished by being an erect shrub with

linear to oblanceolate leaves and a 35-70 mm

long, magenta corolla.

Vouchers: Acocks 11095 (PRE); Merxmiiller

870 (M, PRE, WIND); Pentz 462 (PRE); Van

Wyk 733 (PRE, PUC); Zietsman 5 (NMB, PRE).

14. Ipomoea robertsiana Rendle in Jour-

nal of Botany, British and Foreign, London 39:

18 (1901); Baker & C.H.Wright: 50 (1904);

A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 47 (1996). Type:

Mpumalanga, Pilgrim’s Rest, Greenstock s.n. (BM,

holo.).

Turbina robertsiana (Rendle) A.Meeuse: 777 (1957a);

A. Fabian & Germish.: 334. t. 159j (1997); Relief &

P.P.J.Herman: 388 (1997).

I. uncinata Hutch.: 337 (1946). Type: Northern Province,

Pietersburg, Hutchinson 2285 (K, holo.; BOL!).

Perennial with a 10-50 mm thick rootstock.

Stems prostrate, suffruticose, simple or

branched, terete or angular, up to 1.2 m long,

sparsely covered with stiff, white, spreading

hairs (same pubescence found on petioles,

lower surface of leaves and leaf margins,

peduncles, bracts, pedicels and sepals). Leaves

linear-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, 10-35 x 3-18

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

87

mm, often with crisped margin and folded on

midrib, apex recurved, mucronate, base nar-

rowed to rounded, glabrous above; petiole 1-13

mm long. Peduncles 1 -flowered, 5-40 mm

long; bracts linear, 4—20 mm long; pedicels up

to 3 mm long. Sepals subequal, 13-21 mm long,

linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, apex acute

to aristate. Corolla funnel-shaped, 50-70 mm

long, magenta; midpetaline areas usually

sparsely hairy. Capsule subglobose, apiculate,

style base often persistent, glabrous, finely, stri-

ate, ± 10 mm in diameter, enclosed by calyx,

indehiscent. Seeds 1 or 2, ± 6 mm long, shortly

and densely greyish brown-hairy. Flowering

time November to April.

Endemic to the Northern Province and

Mpumalanga. Grows in bushveld and savanna,

often on sandy soil. Map 46.

Ipomoea robertsiana is very similar in appear-

ance to some forms of 7. oblongata (no. 24), but

can be distinguished by its white pubescence

(often yellowish in I. oblongata), glabrous upper

leaf surface and velutinous seeds. It is also very

similar to /. crispa (no. 34) which is hairy on the

upper surface of the leaves and, moreover, is

endemic to the Eastern Cape.

Vouchers: Mbedzi 1512 (PRE); Welman 527

(PRE).

15. Ipomoea suffruticosa Burch., Travels

in the interior of southern Africa, 2: 226 ( 1 824);

Choisy: 357 (1845) (excl. syn); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 51 (1904); A.Meeuse & W.G.Wel-

man: 47 (1996). Type: Northern Cape, Griqua-

land-West, Griqua Town, Burchell 1838 (K,

holo.).

Turbina suffruticosa (Burch.) A.Meeuse; 776 (1957a);

Relief & P.P.J. Herman: 388 (1997). Type as above.

Perennial with thick fusiform taproot. Stems

several, suffruticose, prostrate to suberect, up to

± 1 m long; silvery subtomentose as are all

young parts, petioles, peduncles, pedicels and

calyx. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to elliptic-

oblong, apex obtuse to acute, recurved

mucronate, base rounded to truncate or subcor-

date, 20-70 mm long, fairly densely hairy

Map 47. — ■ Ipomoea suffruticosa

▲ I. nil

# I. purpurea

beneath, less densely to glabrescent and some-

what verrucose above; petiole 4—15 mm long.

Peduncles 10-50 mm long, mostly 1 -flowered;

pedicel 2-10 mm long; bracetoles lanceolate to

oblanceolate, 8-15 mm long, outer surface

densely hairy. Sepals subequal, lanceolate or

oblong, apex acute or acuminate, 14—17 mm

long, inner ones sometimes shorter. Corolla

funnel-shaped, pink-purple with darker centre,

40-50 mm long, 40-50 mm wide; midpetaline

areas shortly hairy. Capsule subglobose, apicu-

late, style base persistent, glabrous, dark brown,

± 10 mm long. Seed 1, minutely puberulous.

Flowering time November to April. Eigure 15.

Occurs in Namibia, the dry central area of

South Africa in North-West and the Northern

Cape, and perhaps also southern Botswana. On

sandy soils, but not common. Map 47.

Distinguished from the closely related /.

oenotheroides (no. 13) by its distinctly petioled

leaves and prostrate and unbranched stems.

Vouchers: Acocks 1495 (PRE); De Winter 2561

(M, PRE, WIND).

16. *Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth, Catalecta bo-

tanica quibus plantae novae ... 1: 36 (1797);

Hallier f.: 136 (1893a); Ooststr.: 465 (1953);

A.Meeuse: 733 (1957a); Verde.: 231 (1957c);

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Figure 15. — Ipomoea .suffruticosa: A, flowering stem (Acocks 1495, PRE); B, fruit with calyx (Marloth 978, PRE);

C, inside of corolla tube with stamens; D, ovary, style and stigma {De Winter 2561, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

89

Verde.: 84 (1958d); Verde.: 1 13 (1963a); D.F. Aus-

tin: 356 (1986); Gon9.: 86 (1987); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 58 (1992); Retief & RRJ. Herman:

385 (1997). leonotype: illustration of Convol-

vulus caeruleus hederaceo folio magis angu-

loso in Dill.: t. 80, fig. 91 (1732), from Virginia

and Carolina, U.S.A.

Convolvulus nil L.: 219 (1762).

C. hederaceus L.: 154 (1753). Lectotype: Linnaeus herb.

218.8 (non /. hederacea Jacq.).

Herbaeeous annual. Stems usually twining,

with retrorse hairs on stems and petioles. Leaves

ovate to orbieular in outline, apex aeuminate,

base broadly eordate, entire or 3-lobed; margin

entire; both surfaees thinly to densely pubeseent;

40-140 X 30-130 mm; petiole 30-160 mm long.

Inflorescence a 1- to few-flowered umbellate

eyme; pedunele hirsute, 20-120 mm long;

braeteoles 5-10 mm long; pedieels 5-10 mm

long, hairy. Sepals subequal, up to 35 mm in

fruit, linear-laneeolate, apex long-attenuate,

basal portion densely and patently hirsute.

Corolla funnel-shaped, glabrous, 50-90 mm

long, 40-70 mm wide, pale to bright blue turn-

ing purple or reddish magenta, rarely white,

always paler outside. Capsule ovoid to globose,

apiculate, glabrous, 8-15 mm long. Seeds up to

6. 5-8.0 mm long, black, puberulous. Flowering

time February to April.

Originally tropical American, several culti-

vars often planted as ornamentals in warm and

temperate regions and then becoming natu-

ralised on waste ground, grassland and in sec-

ondary thickets. Only one naturalised record

from the Kaokoveld, Namibia, also from tropi-

cal Africa. Apparently cultivated only in the

KwaZulu-Natal coastal area. Map 47.

Distinguished from the closely related 7. pur-

purea (no. 17) and 7. indica (no. 18) by its sep-

als with narrow elongate green tips much longer

than the body and sepals which are hispid-

pilose on the back, the hairs mostly with

swollen bases.

Vouchers; Merxmiiller & Giess 30576 (M,

RRE, WIND).

17. *Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Bota-

nische Abhandlungen ... : 27 (1787); Hallier f.:

137 (1893a); Ooststr.: 465 (1953); A.Meeuse;

734 (1957a); Verde.: 231 (1957c); Verde.: 84

(1958d); Verde.: 114 (1963a); D.F. Austin: 357

(1986); Gon?.: 87, t. 22 (1987); A.E.van Wyk &

S.Malan: 200, 250 (1988); Gon?.: 93, t. 21

(1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 59, t. 5 (1992);

Gon^.: 24, t. 7 (1996); Retief & RRJ. Herman:

386 (1997). leonotype: illustration of Convol-

vulus folio cordato glahro flore violaceo in Dill.:

t. 84, fig. 97 (1732), from Carolina, U.S.A.

Convolvulus purpureus L.: 219 (1762).

/. gerrardiana Rendle: 21 (1901). Type: KwaZulu-Natal,

Ladysmith. Gerrard 620 (NH, iso.!).

Herbaceous annual. Stems trailing or twin-

ing, glabrous to retrorsely hairy. Leaves broadly

ovate to suborbicular, 40-150 x 25-120 mm,

entire or very rarely 3-lobed, apex acuminate,

base cordate with rounded auricles, hairy to

glabrous on both surfaces; petiole retrorsely

hairy, 20-150 mm long. Inflorescence axillary,

cymosely 1- to few-flowered; peduncle hairy,

30-180 mm long; braeteoles linear, up to 7 mm

long; pedicels hairy, up to 20 mm long in fruit.

Sepals unequal, 10-15 mm long, up to 20 mm

in fruit, acute, with bristly patent hairs in basal

portion, outer ones oblong, inner ones ± linear.

Corolla funnel-shaped, glabrous, 50-60 mm

long, ± 60 mm wide, white, pink, magenta, red-

dish purple or purplish blue with paler tube and

distinct midpetaline areas. Capsule globose, ±

10 mm wide, glabrous. Seeds subglabrous,

black. Flowering time November to May.

Native to the warmer parts of the Americas,

but now cultivated as an ornamental in many

parts of the world and probably widely natu-

ralised in the tropics, also tropical Africa and

South Africa. A fast-growing weed on waste or

cultivated ground, also in bushveld, savanna

and grassland. Map 47.

Distinguished from the closely related 7.

indica (no. 18) and 7. nil (no. 16) by its oblong

outer sepals with slightly narrowed green tips,

sepals which are hispid-pilose on the back, the

hairs mostly with swollen bases.

90

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Used medicinally (Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk

1962: 309). The cultivated forms sometimes

have variegated flowers.

Vouchers: Crosby 185 (PRE); Jacot Guil-

larmocl 9518 (GRA.' PRE); Marais 804 (PRE).

18. *Ipomoea indica (Burm.f) Merr, An

interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium amboi-

nense: 445 (1917); Eosberg: 151 (1967);

D.E.Austin: 357 (1986); Lejoly & Lisowski: 58

(1992); A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 48 (1996).

Iconotype: illustration of Convolvulus indicus

flore violaceo in Besler, Hort. Eyst. Aest. Ord.

13, Vol. 8, fig. 2 (1613).

Convolvulus indicus Burm.f.: 6 { 1755).

/. congesta R.Br.: 425 (1810); J.M.Wood & M.S. Evans:

75, t. 93 (1899); A.Meeuse: 735 (1957a); Relief &

RRJ. Herman: 384 (1997). Type: Australia, Queensland.

Cape York Reninsula, Endeavour River, Banks & Solander

s.n. (BM, hole.).

I. acuminata (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.: 228 (1819); Verde.:

113 (1963a). Type: West Indies, Santa Cruz, West s.n. (not

found at C).

/. indica (Burm.f.) Merr. van acuminata (Vahl) Eosberg:

38 (1976); Gon?.: 86 (1987).

Herbaceous climber, at least sometimes

perennial. Stems terete or subangular, pilose to

glabrescent, up to several metres long, can root

at nodes when prostrate. Leaves cordate to

orbicular in outline, 40-170 x 30-160 mm,

entire, apex acuminate and mucronate, base cor-

date, rarely broadly 3-lobed nearly to middle,

margin entire, lower surface often densely

hairy, upper surface less densely hairy; petiole

hairy, 20-180 mm long. Peduncles pilose,

5-200 mm long, 1 -several flowers in axillary

cymes; pedicels 2-15 mm long, bracteoles lin-

ear to rarely foliaceous. Sepals unequal,

glabrous to adpressed, hairy, particularly at

base, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 14—22 mm

long, apex attenuate or acuminate, inner ones

narrower. Corolla funnel-shaped, 50-80 mm

long and wide, glabrous, bluish or reddish pur-

ple, limb darker than tube, tube whitish at base.

Capsule globose, glabrous. Seeds black, gla-

brous. Flowering time throughout the year,

mostly in spring and summer.

Circumtropical plant of doubtful (perhaps

American) origin, often cultivated as an orna-

mental. Eound naturalised in Gauteng,

Mpumalanga, Swaziland, KwaZulu-Natal, the

Eastern and Western Cape. Often occurring as a

weed in waste places and roadsides. Introduced

to southern Africa about a century ago. Map 48.

Distinguished from the closely related /. nil

(no. 16) and 7. purpurea (no. 17) by its glabrous

or adpressed hairy lanceolate sepals and tri-

chomes which are slender and soft. Keeler &

Kaul (1979; 946) studied the petiolar nectaries

in this species.

Vouchers: Baijnatli 131 (PRE, UDW); Fla-

nagan 549 (PRE); Henderson 1147 (PRE);

Mee'use 9031 (PRE).

19. Ipomoea dichroa Choisy in A.DC.,

Prodromus systematis naturalis ... 9: 364 (1845);

Verde.: 165 (1978); Gon9.: 84 (1987); Gon?.: 91

(1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 50 (1992); Gon9.:

23 (1996); A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 48

(1996). Type: Senegal, Geoffroy s.n. (P, holo.).

/. arachnosperma Welw.: 588 (1859); A.Meeuse: t. 1203

(1956b); A.Meeuse: 736 (1957a); Verde.: 112 (1963a);

Roessler: 13 (1967a); Retief & R.R.J, Herman: 383 (1997).

Type: Angola, Luanda, Welwitsch 6243 (BM, COI, iso.).

Annual. Stems several from base, stout and

firm, usually twining, up to 2.5 m long, bristly

yellowish hairy like petioles, peduncles, pedi-

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

91

cels, bracteoles and sepals. Leaves broadly cor-

date-ovate in outline, up to 130 mm wide, usu-

ally digitately 3-lobed to ± the middle, green

and thinly hairy above, densely silvery white

cobwebby tomentose beneath except on veins;

central lobe ovate to suborbicular, narrowed to

base, lateral lobes oblique; basal sinus acumi-

nate, apex acute or acuminate, margin entire,

ciliate; petiole up to 70 mm long. Inflorescence

a 3-11-flowered cyme; peduncle 30-60 mm

long; bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 9-12 mm

long; pedicels up to 10 mm long. Sepals sub-

equal, lanceolate, 10-13 mm long, enlarged in

fruit. Corolla funnel-shaped, pink or mauve

with darker mauve centre, 14—20 mm long and

wide, pubescent on midpetaline areas near tips

of corolla lobes, otherwise glabrous. Capsule

ovoid, subglabrous, ± 8 mm wide. Seeds ovoid,

± 4 mm long, black, velvety white-pubescent.

Flowering time March to May.

Occurs throughout most of tropical Africa

and India. Extends into Namibia and Botswana,

southeastwards to Swaziland. Grows in riverine

forest, thickets, secondary savanna, grassland

and clearings, sometimes weedy along road-

sides and on cultivated land, often on sandy

soil. Map 49.

Ipomoea dicliroa can be distinguished by its

albotomentose lower leaf surface with promi-

nent, glabrous main veins and bristly, yellowish

hairs on the sepals. Some researchers regard it

as perhaps no more than a small-flowered form

of I. ficifolia (no. 21) from which it does not

seem to differ ecologically or geographically.

Vouchers: Culvervt’ell 721 (PRE); De Winter

& Marais 4612 (M, PRE, WIND); Smith 1291

(K, PRE, SRGH); Van der Schijjf2624 (PRE).

20. Ipomoea wightii {Wall.) Choisy in

Memoires de la Societe de Physique et

d’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve 6: 470 (1834);

Choisy: 364 (1845); Baker & Rendle: 157

(1905-06); A.Meeuse: 737 (1957a); Verde.:

110, fig. 22 (1963a); Gon§.: 81 (1987); Gon?.:

87 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 49 (1992);

Relief & P.P.J. Herman: 386 (1997). Type: India,

cultivated at Calcutta from seed from Nilghiri

Hills, Wight in Wallich 1406 (K, holo.; G).

Convolvulus wightii WdU.: 55, t 171 (1831).

Variable herbaceous perennial. Stems twin-

ing or prostrate, pilose with yellowish or

brownish hairs, up to 3 m long. Leaves ovate-

cordate in outline, 30-130 x 25-120 mm, entire

to 3-lobed to ± middle, apex acute to acuminate,

basal lobes broadly rounded, sinus deep and

narrow, green and strigose above, densely floc-

cose-cobwebby tomentose beneath, veins on

lower surface conspicuous with yellowish hairs,

margin entire to distinctly repand; petiole

pilose, up to 90 mm. Inflorescence a dense,

head-like pedunculate cyme; peduncle hairy,

30-130 mm long; bracteoles lanceolate, hirsute,

10-12 mm long; pedicels ± wanting. Sepals

equal, linear-lanceolate, 8-15 mm long, with 3

kinds of indumentum, white-cottony tomentum,

adpressed or spreading yellow bristles and ses-

sile or stalked marginal glands (one or more of

these kinds may be absent). Corolla funnel-

shaped, purple, mauve or magenta, 20^0 mm

long and limb as much wide; midpetaline areas

well defined, glabrous or sparsely hairy.

Capsule subglobose, 8-10 mm long, slightly to

densely bristly or with faint white tomentum.

Seeds ovoid, dark brown, ± 3 mm long, very

shortly pubescent or glabrous. Flowering time

throughout the year, mostly January to May.

92

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Occurs in tropical Asia and Madagascar, also

from Kenya southwards to the Northern

Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and

Eastern Cape. Grows in forest, bushland, grass-

land and on river banks, often on sandy soil.

Map 50.

The above description refers to the var.

wightii. The var. kilimandschari (Dammer) Verde,

and the var. obtusisepala Verde, occur in tropical

East Africa. /. wightii is closely related to I. fici-

folia (no. 21) and 7. dichroa (no. 19), but can be

recognised by its dark-edged, glandular bracts

and sepals, and also by the fine reticulate pattern

of veins on the whitish lower leaf surface.

Vouchers; Stalmans 305 (PRE); Venter 2452

(PRE).

21. Ipomoea flcifolia Lindl. in Botanical

Register 26: 90 (1840); Lindl.: t. 13 (1841);

Hallier f.; 135 (1893a); Hallier f: 35 (1899b);

Baker & C.H.Wright: 64 (1904); J.M.Wood: t.

525 (1912); A.Meeuse: 738 (1957a); Verde.:

Ill ( 1963a); A. Batten & G.W.Bokelmann: 123,

t. 98 (1966); A.Batten; 230 (1986); Gon?.: 83

(1987); Gon9.: 90 (1992). Type: a plant culti-

vated in the Victoria Nursery, Bath, England,

Nov. 1840 (CGE, holo.).

Convolvulus irilohus Thunb.: 35 (1794), non Desr.

(1792). Type: Cape Province, Humansciorp?, Thunherg s.n.

(U, holo,).

Perennial with tuberous root. Stems usually

climbing, herbaceous becoming woody, up to

2.5 m long, often striate, sparsely hairy becom-

ing scabridulous in older parts. Leaves ovate-

cordate to suborbicular-reniform in outline,

20-90 X 15-80 mm, base cordate, sinus broad

and shallow, apex acute or acuminate, margin ±

crenate, entire or frequently 3-lobed, divided up

to middle, terminal lobe ovate to ovate-triangu-

lar, constricted at base, basal lobes rounded,

obliquely ovate to semi-orbicular, upper surface

green, thinly hairy, lower surface mostly floc-

cosely or cobwebby tomentose with soft white

hairs when young except on yellow-bristly

veins, glabrescent when older; petiole striate,

hairy, 10-50 mm long. Inflorescence lax,

cymosely 1-many-flowered; peduncle pilose,

20-150 mm long; bracteoles hairy, linear-lan-

ceolate, 7-11 mm long; pedicels up to 15 mm

long. Sepals equal, hairy, lanceolate, 10-15 mm

long. Corolla funnel-shaped, 40-60 mm long,

limb as much wide, shallowly 5-lobed, pale

magenta, pink or purple, glabrous or with a few

pilose hairs on midpetaline areas. Capsule sub-

globose to ovoid, 7-9 mm in diameter, usually

glabrous. Seeds compressed-globose, 3^ mm

long, yellow-pubescent, often with long white

hairs on edges. Flowering time November to

June, mostly March to May.

Occurs from Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and

Mozambique to Swaziland, KwaZulu-Natal and

Map 5 1 . — • Ipomoea ficifolia

A I. chloroneura

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

93

the Eastern Cape. Found in bushland, littoral

scrub and grassland, mostly on rocky or sandy

soil, often along the coast. Sometimes a weed of

cultivated ground. Map 51.

Distinguished by its long, narrow, eglandular

sepals and 40-60 mm long corolla.

Used medicinally, according to Watt & Breyer-

Brandwijk (1962: 308).

Vouchers: Comins 1003 (PRE); Compton 28759

(PRE); Strey 6560 (NH, PRE).

22. Ipomoea chloroneura Hallier f. in

Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 132 (1893a); Baker

& C.H. Wright: 52 (1904); Baker & Rendle:

153 (1905-06); N.E.Br.: 122 (1909); A.Meeu-

se: 739 (1957a); Verde.: 107 (1963a); Roessler:

13 (1967a); Gon?.: 79 (1987); Relief &

P.P.J. Herman: 383 (1997). Type: Angola, Pungo

Andongo, Welwitsch 6181 (B, holo.f; BM,

COI!, G).

Annual herb, up to 300 mm high. Main stem

branched from base; branches erect to decum-

bent, up to 450 mm long, densely covered with

adpressed short white hairs and spreading gold-

en-yellow hairs when young (as are petioles and

peduncles). Leaves oblong to elliptic-obovate,

20-100 X 7-35 mm, entire, apex obtuse to

acuminate, base cuneate, upper surface with

adpressed white hairs, lower surface much more

densely so, but veins with stiff golden-yellow

hairs, yellowish hairs on margin; petiole 5-30

mm long. Inflorescence a small, dense, few-

flowered head; peduncle 20-70 mm long; outer

bracts foliaceous, resembling young leaves, up

to 30 mm long in fruit; inner bracts smaller.

Sepals subequal, lanceolate to elliptic, ± 6 mm

long, aristate, central portion densely hairy,

apex hairy, accrescent in fruit. Corolla funnel-

shaped, pale yellow-green to almost white, up

to ± 15 mm long; midpetaline areas tufted with

white hairs. Capsule globose or ellipsoid, gla-

brous, 6-8 mm long. Seeds 3-4 mm long,

densely silky pubescent. Flowering time Ja-

nuary to May.

Found in Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe,

Angola, southwards to Namibia, Botswana and

the Northern Province. Grows in bushveld, savan-

na and grassland, often on sandy soil. Map 51.

Distinguished by its entire leaves with sil-

very white pubescent undersides with promi-

nent main veins.

Vouchers: Galpin M235 (PRE); Killick &

Leistner 3293 (PRE); Wild & Drummond 6900

(PRE, SRGH).

23. Ipomoea ommaneyi Rendle in Journal

of Botany, British and Foreign, London 40: 190

(1902) (‘ommanei’); Baker & C.H. Wright: 53

(1904); A.Meeuse: 740 (1957a); Gong.: 79

(1987); A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan: 200 (1988);

Gong.: 86 (1992); Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 385

(1997); W.G.Welman: 72 (1999b). Type: Gau-

teng, Johannesburg, Ommaney s.n. (BM, holo.).

Perennial with a fusiform tuberous taproot, 1

m X 250 mm. Stems annual, several, herba-

ceous, trailing, up to 2 m long or more, younger

parts densely pubescent. Leaves secund, ovate-

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 300 x

120 mm, base rounded or subcordate, apex sub-

obtuse or acuminate, margin crisped, densely

yellow-ciliate, both surfaces densely silky sil-

very white-hairy, main and lateral nerves

prominent below; petiole stout, 5-50 mm long,

densely hairy. Peduncles densely hairy, up to ±

100 mm long. Flowers several in dense head;

outer bracts ovate or ovate-subspathulate,

acuminate-cuspidate, 25-30 mm long, densely

silky hairy; inner bracts smaller. Sepals

unequal, 30-35 mm long, lanceolate to linear-

lanceolate, densely silky hairy. Corolla funnel-

shaped, 30-50 mm long, bright rose-magenta;

midpetaline areas white and densely silky out-

side. Capsule globose, enclosed in calyx, ± 10

mm in diameter. Seeds 4, dull black, glabrous.

Flowering time October to February.

Grows in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozam-

bique and southwards to Botswana and the cen-

tral areas of South Africa in the Northern

Province, North-West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga

94

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

and the Free State. Common in grassland, also

along roadsides, often on rocky or sandy soil.

Map 52.

According to Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk

(1962: 308), the tuber is edible.

This taxon may well be a luxuriant form of /.

oblongata (no. 24) or even a subspecies or vari-

ety of that species. Typical /. ommaneyi can be

distinguished by its silvery pubescent, lanceo-

late leaves with yellowish hairs on the leaf

edges and by its dense inflorescences.

Vouchers: Burtt-Davv 13883 (PRE); Jojfe

604 (PRE); Sharpe S298 (PRE); Werger 279

(PRE).

24. Ipomoea oblongata E.Mey. ex Choisy

in A. DC., Prodromus systematis naturalis ... 9:

368 (1845); Hallier f.: 127 (1893a); Baker &

C.H. Wright: 57 (1904); A.Meeuse & W.G.Wel-

man: 47 (1996); W.G.Welman: 72 (1999b).

Type: Eastern Cape, between Chalumna &

Buffalo Rivers, Drege s.n. (G, holo.).

Turbina oblongata (E.Mey. ex Choisy) A.Meeuse: 778

(1957a); A.Meeuse: t. 1301 (1959); Letty: 276, t. 138

(1962); B.Jeppe: 64, t. 38 (1975); Gon^.: 124 (1987);

A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan: 202 (1988); Gon?.: 127 (1992);

A. Fabian & Germish.: 334. t. I59j (1997); Relief &

P.RJ. Herman: 388 (1997). Type as above.

/. oblongata E.Mey. ex Choisy var. hirsuta Rendle: 16

(1901). Type: North-West. Magaliesberg, Zeyher 1208

(BM, holo.; BOL!); North-West, Magaliesberg, Burke 179

(TCD, holo.; SAM!).

1. lambtoniana Rendle: 16 (1901). Type: KwaZulu-Natal,

near Ladysmith, Gerrard 622 (TCD, holo.; BM).

/. atherstonei Baker: 53 (1904); A.Meeuse: 741 (1957a);

Relief & RRJ. Herman: 383 (1997). Type: Mpumalanga,

Middelburg, Nazareth, Atherstone s.n., not found in BM or

K.

1. seineri Rilg.: 297 (1908). Type: Namibia. Eona,

Otjiherero, Rietfontein-Nord, Seiner 11.382 (B, holo.t).

Perennial with large fusiform tuberous root,

up to 1 m long. Stems several, annual, up to 2 m

long, prostrate, mostly angular, often stout, ±

zigzag, usually (like petioles, leaves, peduncles

and calyx), pubescent with yellowish or brown-

ish hairs, rarely glabrous. Leaves variable in

size and shape, usually oblong or elliptic, vary-

ing to ovate or linear, 20-150 x 4-80 mm,

entire, base usually subcordate to rounded, apex

acute to emarginate, margin ciliate, upper sur-

face usually yellowish strigose, lower surface as

thinly or more densely so; petiole usually short-

er than leaf. Peduncles 1 -several-flowered,

usually shorter than leaves; bracteoles mostly

lanceolate, hairy, a little shorter than sepals;

pedicels not longer than 6 mm. Sepals subequal,

lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi-

nate, outer ones densely hairy, inner ones less

hairy, 12-25 mm long. Corolla funnel-shaped,

35-70 mm long and ± as wide, magenta; mid-

petaline areas usually thinly silky hairy.

Capsule indehiscent, subglobose, apiculate,

style base persistent, glabrous, dark brown,

loosely enclosed by sepals, 12-15 mm in diam-

eter. Seeds 1^, glabrous, punctate to smooth,

grey, ± 7 mm long. Flowering time October to

April, mostly December and January.

Recorded from Zimbabwe and Mozambique

to Namibia, Botswana and the central and east-

ern parts of southern Africa. Grows in bushveld,

savanna, grassland, often on wet and sandy

soils, sometimes regarded as a weed. Ripe seeds

are very rare because of insect damage. Map 53.

A very common and very variable species.

There are no important morphological differ-

ences between typical I. oblongata and the

plants previously known as I. atherstonei', there

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

95

is no geographical or ecological separation

either. In the 2530 and 2531 grids, a form with

cordate leaves, leafy bracts and few-flowered

inflorescences is found, e.g. Kluge 372 (Low-

veld Botanic Garden, PRE). Typical I. oblonga-

ta can be recognised by the yellowish or brown-

ish pubescence on the leaves and other parts,

and by its prostrate stems with secund leaves.

The narrow-leaved form from Mpumalanga is

usually subglabrous, with single-flowered inflo-

rescences.

The tuber is reported to be edible and the

plant is also used as a charm and in snuff and

traditional medicine (Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk

1962: 308, 310).

Vouchers: Coclcl 8619 (PRE); Drummond

8840 (PRE, SRGH); Giess 8340 (M, PRE,

WIND); Meeuse 10100 (PRE); Schmitz 8289

(PRE).

I. eenii Rendle: 2 1 (1901 ). /. magnusiana Schinz var. eenii

(Rendle) A. Meeuse: t. 1201 (1956c); Letty: 276, t. 137

( 1962); Relief & RRJ. Herman: 385 (1997). Type: Namibia,

Damaraland, Een s.n. (BM, holo.).

/. lugardii N.E.Br.: 163 (1905). Type: Botswana,

Ngamiland, Kgwebe Hills, Liigard 211 (K, holo.).

/. otjikangensis Rilg. & Dinter in Rilg.: 296 ( 1908). Type:

Namibia, Okahandja, Barmen, Otjikange, Dinter 517

(GRA, RRE, SAM, WAG, iso.!).

Perennial with a thin, woody taproot. Stems

annual, several to many, suberect, twining or

prostrate, several metres long, slender, pilose.

Leaves palmately 3- or 5-lobed nearly to base,

20-140 mm wide, basal sinus rounded or

obtuse, thinly pilose above, densely white cob-

webby tomentose below, except on the con-

spicuous main nerves which have yellowish or

brownish hairs; lobes linear-lanceolate to obo-

vate or broader, lateral lobes in 3-lobed leaves

with an extra rounded lobe or auricle; margins

subentire, ciliate; petiole 20-80 mm long,

pilose. Inflorescence a dense, 1- to few-flow-

ered head; peduncle pilose, up to 100 mm long;

bracts hairy, linear to lanceolate, up to 15 mm

long; pedicels very short. Sepals subequal,

hairy outside, 6-15 mm long, lanceolate.

Corolla funnel-shaped, magenta-purple, mauve

or cream-coloured with darker magenta centre,

rarely completely white, 12-32 mm long, limb

spreading 20^0 mm wide; midpetaline areas

pilose. Capsule subglobose, glabrous, 6-8 mm

in diameter. Seeds pubescent, 4-5 mm long,

hairs often arranged in small tufts, sometimes

with long white hairs on angles in upper half.

Flowering time September to July, mostly

January to March.

25. Ipomoea magnusiana Schinz, Verhand-

lungen des Botanischen Vereins der Provinz

Brandenburg, Berlin 30: 272 (1888); Hallier f.:

135 (1893a); Baker & C.H. Wright: 65 (1904);

Baker & Rendle: 162 (1905-06); A. Meeuse:

742 (1957a); Roessler: 15 (1967a); Gonq.: 85

(1987); A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan: 200 (1988);

Gon^.: 92 (1992); A. Meeuse & W.G.Welman:

48 (1996); Relief & P.P.J.Herman; 385 (1997).

Type: Namibia, Olukonda, Schinz 752 (Z, holo.;

GRA).

Found in Zimbabwe and Mozambique and

also in Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland and

mainly central and northern South Africa.

Grows in forest, bushveld, savanna, grassland

and also along roadsides, often on sandy soil.

Map 54.

Distinguished by its palmately lobed leaves

with densely white-tomentose undersides. Two

varieties were distinguished in Meeuse (1957a:

742, 743), based mainly on the size of the corol-

la. It now appears that the var. eenii cannot be

96

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

upheld; the dimensions of the corolla overlap

one another and all other features just about

agree. The large-flowered specimens are pre-

sumably merely luxuriant individuals that grew

in favourable sites or after heavy rains.

Vouchers: Codd 9326 (PRE); Drummond 8000

(PRE, SRGH); Marais 67 (PRE); Merxmiiller

& Giess 30292 (M, PRE, WIND); Ward 4753

(PRE, UDW).

26. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L., Species plan-

tarum, Istedn: 162 (1753); Choisy: 363 (1845);

Hallier f.: 134 (1893a). Type: Sri Lanka,

Hennann 4: 82 (BM, lecto.).

var. pes-tigridis.

Baker & Rendle: 158 (1905-06); Hutch. & Dalziel: 218

(1931); Ooststr.: 504 (1940); Ooststr.: 467 (1953);

A.Meeuse; 744 (1957a); Verde.: 108 (1963a); Heine: 347

(1963); Roessler: 16 (1967a); Gon?.: 81, t. 21 (1987);

Gong.: 88, t. 20 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 46, t. 3 (1992);

Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 385 (1997).

/. pes-tigridis L. var. africana Hallier f,: 539 (1898a).

Type: Zanzibar, Hildebrandt 1347 (B, lecto. t: BM, isolec-

to.).

Annual or sometimes perennial herb. Stems

trailing, with long spreading yellow bristly hairs

(as have petioles and peduncles), 0.5-2.0 m long.

Leaves orbicular to almost reniform in outline,

ba.se broadly cordate, palmate-pedately 5-11-

lobed, 30-90 x 40-120 mm, segments oblong to

elliptic, apex acute, base narrow, thinly pilose on

both surfaces; petiole 15-100 mm long.

Inflorescence a bracteate few-flowered head;

peduncle 20-180 mm long, outer bracts folia-

ceous, linear-oblong to oblong, 15-30 mm long,

densely hirsute-pilose, inner bracts smaller. Sepals

lanceolate, pilose-hirsute, 7-12 mm long. Corolla

funnel-shaped, white to blue or purple with darker

throat, 30-55 mm long, limb as much wide,

sparsely pilose on midpetaline areas. Capsule

ovoid, brown, glabrous, ± 8 mm long. Seeds

brown with a white pubescence, ± 4 mm long.

Flowering time January to March. Eigure 16.

Found in tropical Asia, the Mascarene Is-

lands and tropical Africa, southwards to north-

ern Namibia, northern Botswana and Mpu-

malanga. Grows in forest, savanna, bushveld,

grassland, along rivers and on cultivated

ground, often on sandy soil and also as a semi-

ruderal. Map 55.

A number of varieties have been described,

but they hardly seem to deserve separate status.

The material from southern Africa would fit

into the typical variety. Distinguished by the

long, spreading, yellow, bristly hairs on the

slender stems, petioles and peduncles, the

deeply lobed leaves and also by the hairy, folia-

ceous bracts.

Vouchers: Barnard 305 (PRE); De Winter

4603 (PRE); Van der Schijff 1775 (PRE).

Map 55. — Ipomoea pes-tigridis var, pes-tigridis

CONVOLVULACEAE; Ipomoea

97

A

Figure 16. — Ipomoea pes-tigridis var. pes-tigridis: A, flowering stem {De Winter 4176. PRE); B, fruit with calyx; C,

bracts and calyces of inflorescence (De Winter & Marais 4603, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

98

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

27. Ipomoea involucrata P.Beauv., Flore

d’Oware et de Benin! en Afrique 2: 52, t. 89

(1817); Choisy: 365 (1845); Baker & Rendle:

150 (1905-06); Hutch. & Dalziel: 218 (1931);

A.Meeuse: 744 (1957a); Verde.: 206 (1958c);

Verde.: 104 (1963a); Heine: 347, t. 283 (1963);

Gon^.: 75 (1987); Gon?.: 83 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 53 (1992); Relief & RRJ. Herman:

384 (1997). Type: Nigeria, Oware, Beaiivois

s.n. (G, holo.).

Very variable annual or perennial herb.

Stems twining, hairy to glabrescent, up to 4 m

long. Leaves cordate-ovate, 20-80 x 15-70

mm, entire, apex mucronate and attenuate-

acuminate to obtuse, basal lobes and sinus

rounded, thinly hairy on both surfaces; petiole

pilose, 13-80 mm long. Inflorescence a dense

head; peduncle 20-120 mm long; outer bracts

connate into large pubescent foliaceous boat-

shaped involucre 30-60 mm long, 8-15 mm

wide, with 2 cusps; inner bracts small, linear-

oblong to obovate, flowers few- to many, short-

ly pedicellate. Sepals sparsely hairy or glabres-

cent; outer ones lanceolate, acute, ± 12 mm

long; inner ones shorter and ovate. Corolla fun-

nel-shaped, purple, rose-red, mauve, white or

white with pink throat, 30-50 mm long and

wide; midpetaline areas minutely pilose.

Capsule glabrous, globose, 6 mm wide. Seeds

pubescent or glabrous, blackish, 3. 5^.0 mm

long. Flowering time December to September.

Map 56. — # Ipomoea involucrata

A I. pileata

Throughout tropical Africa, extending into

the Northern Province where it is rare. Grows in

forest, bushveld and grassland as well as dis-

turbed places. Map 56.

According to Verdcourt (1958c: 206), there

are three varieties of I. involucrata; only var.

involucrata occurs in southern Africa. Dis-

tinguished by its foliaceous boat-shaped involu-

cre and 30-50 mm long flowers. Ugborogho &

Ogunwenmo (1995) studied the biology of this

species in Nigeria.

Vouchers: Galpin 9463 (PRE); Jacobs 43

(PRE).

28. Ipomoea pileata Roxb., Flora indica;

or descriptions of Indian plants ... 2: 94 (1824);

Choisy: 365 (1845); Baker & C.H. Wright: 53

(1904); Baker & Rendle: 151 (1905-06);

Ooststr.: 507 (1940); Ooststr.: 467 (1953);

A.Meeuse: 745 (1957a); Verde.: 105 (1963a);

Heine: 347 (1963); Gon?.: 76, t. 20 (1987);

Gon9.: 84, t. 19 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 55,

t. 4 (1992); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 385 (1997).

Type: plant cultivated at Calcutta from Chinese

seed, Wallich 1376 (K, holo.; G).

1. involucrata sensu Hallier f.: 135 (1893a) ex parte, excl.

type.

Annual or sometimes perennial herb with

thick fusiform taproot. Stems twining, hairy to

glabrescent, up to 3 m long. Leaves cordate-

ovate, 20-100 X 15-75 mm, entire, apex atten-

uate-acuminate to obtuse, rounded basal lobes

and sinus, thinly hairy on both surfaces; petiole

pilose, 15-100 mm long. Inflorescence a few-

to many-flowered involucrate head; peduncle

pilose, 20-50 mm long; outer bracts connate

into large, pubescent boat-shaped involucre

25^0 mm long with 2 cusps; inner bracts

oblong or elliptic, obtuse, + 15 mm long. Sepals

unequal, hairy; 3 outer ones oblong to oblong-

spathulate, apex obtuse, ± 10 mm long; inner

ones much narrower, apex acute, 9 mm long.

Corolla salver-shaped, pink or white with a

darker centre or purple, tube slender, ± 20 mm

long; limb spreading, 15-30 mm wide; mid-

petaline areas sparsely pilose. Capsule ovoid.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

99

glabrous, 6 mm long. Seeds glabrous or thinly

pubescent, ovoid, ± 4 mm long, black.

Flowering time March to June.

Occurs in tropical Africa, the Mascarene

Islands and also in tropical Asia. Rather rare in

northern Namibia, northern Botswana and

Mpumalanga. Found in open patches in rain

forest, bushland, grassland and on river banks,

on rocky and sandy soil. Can be a weed along

roadsides and on cultivated land. Map 56.

This species is very close to /. invohicrata

(no. 27), but differs consistently in the mor-

phology of the calyx and the involucre and in

the size of the corolla.

Vouchers: Barnard 310 (PRE); Galpin 882

(BOL, PRE); Giess, Volk & Bleissner 6584 (M,

PRE, WIND).

29. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. in

Botanical Register 3: t. 239 (1817); Choisy: 370

(1845); Hallier f.; 140 (1893a); Hallier f.; 38

(1899b); Baker & Rendle; 164 (1905-06);

Ooststr.: 519 (1940); Ooststr.: 471 (1953);

A.Meeuse: 746 (1957a). Iconotype: illustration

of Convolvulus flore minore lacteo in Dill.; t.

83, fig. 95 (1732), from Djakarta, Java.

Convolvulus obscurus L.: 220 (1762).

var. obscura.

Verde.; 116, t. 24 (1963a); Heine: 349 (1963); Roessler:

15 (1967a); Gonq.\ 91 (1987); Gon?.: 98 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 101 (1992); A. Meeu.se & W.G.Welman: 48

(1996); Relief & P.P.J.Herman: 385 (1997); W.G.Welman;

72 (1999b).

/. fragilis Choisy: 372 (1845). I. obscura (L.) Ker Gawl.

var. fragilis (Choisy) A.Meeuse: t. 1222 (1956d);

A.Meeuse: 747 (1957a); J. Adams: t. 123 (1976); A.E.van

Wyk & S.Malan: 126 (1988); A. Fabian & Germish.; 334, t.

159b (1997). Type: Cape Province, Maadji Ml, Burchell

2362 (G, lecto.; K).

Perennial herb with taproot 500 mm or

longer. Stems few- to many, mostly unbranched,

glabrous to hairy, up to ± 3 m long, usually pros-

trate, becoming woody below. Leaves usually

secund, oblong-cordate to broadly cordate,

30-90 X 20-75 mm, basal sinus deep, basal lobes

rounded, apex acuminate or apiculate, margin

entire to somewhat undulate, often ciliate, usual-

ly thinly strigose on both surfaces, green above

and paler beneath; petiole hairy, 15-80 mm long.

Inflorescence cymosely 1- to few-flowered;

peduncle 30-80 mm long; bracts minute;

pedicels 10-20 mm, minutely verrucose, shortly

hairy or glabrous, reflexed and thickened in fruit.

Sepals subequal, 4—8 mm long, pubescent or

glabrous, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ulti-

mately accrescent and often reflexed. Corolla

funnel-shaped, pale yellow or white, with or

without purple, red or brown centre, 15-25 mm

long, limb as much wide, glabrous; midpetaline

areas well defined, sometimes thinly hairy out-

side. Capsule ovoid to subglobose, glabrous,

7-12 mm in diameter, pale brown, style base per-

sistent. Seeds ovoid, greyish tomentose, 4.5-5. 5

mm long. Flowering time throughout the year,

mostly September to April.

Widespread through tropical Africa to

Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands, the Sey-

chelles, also tropical Asia, China and Taiwan to

Queensland and Fiji. In southern Africa it is very

common from Namibia and Botswana to

Swaziland and the summer-rainfall area of South

Africa. In forest, bushveld, savanna, grassland,

often on sandy soils and also a weed on cultivat-

ed ground and along roadsides. Map 57.

All the specimens from southern Africa

belong to the var. obscura with corolla concol-

100

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

orous or with a dark centre. The var. sagittifoUa

Verde, occurs from Zimbabwe to Tanzania. The

typical variety is distinguished by its cordate

leaves with a deep basal sinus, its broadly ovate

to ovate-lanceolate sepals and pale yellow or

white, 15-25 mm long corolla.

Vouchers: Codd 5295 (PRE); Culverwell 1395

(PRE); De Winter & Marais 4966 (M, PRE,

WIND); Ward 2197 (PRE); Wild 5047 (K, PRE,

SRGH).

30. Ipomoea ochracea (Lindl.) G.Don, A

general system of gardening and botany ... 4:

270 (1837); Hallier f.; 140 (1893a); Baker &

Rendle: 166 (1905-06) pro parte; Hutch. &

Dalziel: 216 (1931); A.Meeuse: t. 1221

(1956e); Verde.: 210 (1958c); Heine: 349

(1963); Lejoly & Lisowski: 99 (1992). Type:

Ghana, a cultivated plant grown from seed col-

lected by Murray (CGE, holo.).

Convolvulus ochraceus Lindl.: t. 1060 (1827a).

var. ochracea.

Verde.: 115 (1963a); Gon?.: 89 (1987); Gon?.: 97 (1992);

A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 46 ( 1996).

Perennial herb. Stems slender, prostrate or

twining, subglabrous to pubescent, up to 5 m

long. Leaves ovate-cordate, up to 100 mm long,

apex acuminate, basal sinus broad and shallow,

entire to subentire, glabrescent or pubescent

above, pubescent below; petiole up to 90 mm

long. Inflorescence lax, 1-several-flowered;

peduncle up to 55 mm long; pedicels up to 40 mm

long; bracteoles minute. Sepals subequal, ovate,

acute, glabrous or pubescent, up to 6 mm long.

Corolla funnel-shaped, glabrous, 27^0 mm

long, bright yellow inside and paler outside or

white, always with dark purple or brown centre;

midpetaline areas well defined. Capsule globose

to conical, tipped by persistent style, 12 mm long,

glabrous, straw-coloured. Seeds 4, dark brown,

shortly pubescent, 5 mm long. Flowering time

lliroughout the year, mostly June to September.

Found throughout tropical Africa southwards

to Ngamiland in Botswana, where it is very

Map 58. — • Ipomoea ochracea var. ochracea

▲ I. transvaalensis

rare. Grows in woodland, grassland and along

river banks, often on sandy soil and in wet

places. Map 58.

The above description is of the var.

ochracea. The var. curtissii (House) Steam, a

much stouter plant, comes from Uganda and is

apparently naturalised in central America and

the Caribbean (see Verdcourt 1963a: 116). The

typical variety is distinguished by being a

perennial herb with bright yellow flowers with

a dark throat, arranged in cymes.

Voucher: Lugard 114 (K).

31. Ipomoea transvaalensis A.Meeuse in

Bothalia 6: 748 (1957a); Letty: 273, t. 136

(1962); Verde.: 122 (1963a); Gon9.: 99 (1987);

A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan: 200 (1988); Relief &

RP.J. Herman: 386 (1997): Type: North-West,

Magaliesberg, Zeyher 1216 (G-DC, holo.;

BOL!, K).

I. convolvuloides Hallier f.: 140 (1893a), non Schinz.

Type as above.

I. tran.tvaalensis A.Meeuse subsp. orientalis Verde.; 324

( 1958a). Type; Kenya, Tsavo, Verdcourt 1199 (EA, holo.; K.

PRE!).

Perennial with long fusiform tuberous root-

stock. Stems annual, herbaceous, suberect or

prostrate, up to 1 m long, usually pilose with

long silvery hairs (as are petioles, leaves and

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

101

peduncles). Leaves narrowly deltoid-cordate to

broadly cordate-suborbicular, up to 45 mm

long, apex obtuse to subacute, mucronulate,

entire, base cordate; petiole up to 15 mm long.

Peduncles 1- or 2-flowered, up to 40 mm long;

bracts minute; pedicels up to 15 mm long, sub-

clavate in fruit. Sepals subequal, 7-8 mm long,

ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, apex acute,

glabrous to hairy outside, edges hyaline.

Corolla funnel-shaped, 20^0 mm long, spread-

ing limb as much wide, pink to magenta or

white with purple centre; tips of midpetaline

areas densely hairy. Capsule subglobose,

glabrous, ± 8 mm in diameter. Seeds ± 5 mm

long, densely hairy, purplish brown. Flowering

time November to March.

Found in Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and

Zimbabwe southwards to the northern part of

South Africa in the Northern Province, North-

West and Gauteng. Grows scattered in dry

bushveld, often on rocky slopes in exposed or

shaded places. Map 58.

A variable species, characterised by its

inconspicuous bracts and the tufts of hairs at the

tips of the midpetaline areas, which are espe-

cially conspicuous in the late bud stage. The

subsp. orientalis is not clearly separable from

the rest of the species.

Vouchers: Burke 166 (SAM); Meeuse 9018

(L, PRE); Reid 443 (PRE).

32. Ipomoea bathycolpos Hallier f. in

Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 144 (1893a); Baker

& C.H. Wright: 61 (1904); A. Meeuse: 749

(1957a); A.E.van Wyk & S.Malan: 200 (1988) ;

A. Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 48 (1996); Relief &

P.P.J. Herman: 383 (1997). Type: North-West,

Magaliesberg, Zeylier 1218 (G-DC, holo.;

BOL!, ED, SAM!); North-West, Magaliesberg,

Burke 175 (PRE, SAM, iso.!).

/. bathycolpos Hallier f. var. sinuatodentata Hallier f.: 53

(1899a). Type: Mpumalanga, Lydenburg, Wilms 988 (B,

holo.t; JE, L, PRE!).

Perennial herb with woody taproot, produc-

ing annual prostrate stems; scabrid in all parts

except corolla. Stems terete or angular, up to ±

2 m long. Leaves subcoriaceous, secund, some-

what peltate, cordate to triangular-cordate,

15-55 X 7. 5^0.0 mm, apex acute to rounded,

usually mucronate with deep basal sinus and

oblong basal lobes, upper surface subglabrous,

rough, finely net-veined, lower surface similar

but with somewhat raised veins; margin thick-

ened, subentire to rarely with large irregular

teeth; petiole shorter than or ± as long as leaves.

Peduncles 1-or 2-flowered, ± as long as leaves;

bracteoles minute; pedicels 5-20 mm long,

much thickened in fruit. Sepals unequal, charta-

ceous; outer acute to obtuse, ± 12 mm long;

inner acute, up to 20 mm long, dark green to

brown or purplish green. Corolla funnel-shaped

with spreading limb, pale mauve to almost

white with mauve-magenta centre, 35-70 mm

long and limb as wide; midpetaline areas

glabrous, conspicuous. Capsule globose or

depressed-globose, glabrous, ±15 mm in diam-

eter. Seeds ± 10 mm long, tomentose.

Flowering time October to March. Eigure 17.

Endemic mainly in the more or less central

regions of South Africa. Map 59.

Specimens with larger leaves with coarse

irregular teeth and a narrow basal sinus and usu-

ally with larger flowers, were described as the

var. sinuatodentata Hallier f., but this variety is

not worth maintaining because these specimens,

which seem to be restricted to the Lydenburg

102

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Figure 17. — Ipomoea bathycolpos: A, flowering stem (Henrici 1437, PRE); B, calyx, two views; C, lower leaf sur-

face, with enlargement (Hanekom 2011, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

103

area of Mpumalanga (with a milder winter cli-

mate), may simply represent a more luxuriant

form. The species is distinguished by being

scabrid in all parts except the corolla.

Vouchers: Marais 69 (L, PRE); Meeuse 9012

(PRE); Phalatse 45 (PRE); Stalmans 932 (PRE);

Story 867 (PRE).

33. Ipomoea papilio Hallier f in Bulletin

de I’Herbier Boissier 6: 543 (1898a); Rendle:

56 (1901); Baker & C.H.Wright: 63 (1904);

Baker & Rendle: 167 (1905-06); A. Meeuse:

750 (1957a); Gon?.: 93 (1987); Gon?.: 99

(1992); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 385 (1997).

Type: Mpumalanga, Barberton, Galpin 624 (K,

lecto.; PRE!, Z).

Perennial herb. Stems trailing or sometimes

also climbing, up to 3 m long, glabrous to

hispidulous, scabrid or pubescent like petioles,

peduncles and pedicels. Leaves glabrous or sub-

glabrous, broadly cordate or cordate-reniform

to cordate-ovate, 20-65 x 20-70 mm, usually

entire, upper portion acuminate-triangular,

lower portion coarsely few-toothed, basal sinus

broad, rounded and shallow; petiole shorter

than blade. Peduncles 1 -flowered or cymosely

2-7-flowered, 15-90 mm long; bracts minute;

pedicels thickening upwards, 5-12 mm long.

Sepals unequal, glabrous or somewhat pubes-

cent, accrescent; outer ones oblong to sub-

spathulate, obtuse, 5-6 mm long; inner ones

obtuse to subtruncate, 7-9 mm long. Corolla

funnel-shaped, limb spreading horizontally,

light magenta or purplish, 20-35 mm long,

30-35 mm wide, glabrous; midpetaline areas

well defined. Capsule globose or ovoid-conical,

glabrous, 6-9 mm in diameter. Seeds brown,

3^ mm long, shortly pubescent and with dense,

short, white or yellowish hairs around hilum.

Flowering time throughout the year, mostly

November to May.

Found in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi and

Mozambique, southwards to Botswana, the

northern parts of South Africa and to Swaziland.

Grows in bushveld, savanna, grassland, often on

rocky slopes, also along roadsides. Map 60.

Map 60. — • Ipomoea papilio

A I. crispa

Distinguished by its leaves of which the

upper portion is acuminate-triangular and entire

and the lower portion coarsely few-toothed.

Vouchers: Acocks 19173 (PRE); Clarke 1749

(PRE); Codd 8628 (PRE); Mithison 75 (K).

34. Ipomoea crispa (Tliunb.) Hallier f. in

Botanische Jahrbticher 18: 143 (1893a); A.Meeu-

se: 751 (1957a). Type: Cape of Good Hope,

Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo.).

Convolvulus crispus Thunb.: 15 (1818).

I. contorta Choisy: 350 (1845). Type: Cape of Good

Hope, Krebs s.n. (G-DC, holo.).

I. undulata Baker in Baker & C.H.Wright: 60 (1904).

Type: Eastern Cape, Albany Div., Grahamstown, Burke s.n.

(K, holo.).

Perennial with thick taproot. Stems annual,

prostrate, up to at least 750 mm long, bristly

hairy when young, pubescent or glabrescent

when older. Leaves entire, ovate or oblong,

15-40 mm long, nearly glabrous to thinly

bristly hairy, apex rounded to acute with

recurved mucro, base cuneate to subcordate,

margin distinctly crisped; petiole 5-10 mm

long. Peduncles 1 -flowered; bracteoles linear or

lanceolate, up to ± 10 mm long; pedicels very

short; peduncles and pedicels thickening,

pedicels lengthening to up to 10 mm in fruit.

Sepals subequal, oblong or lanceolate-oblong.

104

CONVOLVULACEAE; Ipomoea

hairy outside, 8-13 mm long, in fruit hardened

and glabrescent, enlarged to 14—17 mm long.

Corolla funnel-shaped, purple or magenta,

30-50 mm long, glabrous to silky outside on

midpetaline areas. Capsule globose, apiculate,

8-9 mm in diameter, light brown, glabrous.

Seeds ± 5 mm long, densely hairy. Flowering

time December to May.

Ipomoea crispa is endemic to the Eastern

Cape. Map 60.

This species can be distinguished from related

ones, such as I. pellita (no. 10) and /. oblongata

(no. 24), by the shorter sepals, smaller crisped

leaves with a recurved apical mucro, the slender

5-10 mm long petioles and the hairy seeds.

Vouchers: Brink 655 (GRA, PRE); Daly 665

(GRA, PRE); Dyer 2328 (GRA, PRE).

35. Ipomoea lapathifolia Hallierf in Botan-

ische Jahrbiicher 18: 142 (1893a); Baker &

Rendle: 168 (1905-06); A.Meeuse: t. 1209

(1956f); A.Meeuse: 752 (1957a); Verde.: 8

(1961b); Verde.: 118 (1963a); Roessler: 15

(1967a); Verde.: 166 (1978); Gonf.: 94 (1987);

Gou9.: 100 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski: 103

(1992); Relief & PPJ. Herman: 384 (1997).

Type: Mozambique, Quelimane, Stuhlmann 109

(not found at HBG).

1. dinteri Schulze-Menz: 457 (1941). Type: Namibia,

Tsumeb-Nossib, Dinter 7427 (B. holo.t).

Perennial herb with a thin taproot. Stems

several, twining or prostrate, up to 3 m long,

glabrous to hairy, ridged. Leaves slightly

fleshy, linear to broadly-ovate, 40-100 x 25-70

mm, apex mucronate, obtuse to subacute, base

rounded to truncate, green above, paler below,

glabrous to thinly hairy, margin entire or ± sin-

uous; petiole 10^0 mm long. Inflorescences

closely umbellate cymes, 3-12-flowered;

peduncle 10-150 mm long; bracteoles 1-3 mm

long, early deciduous; pedicels up to 20 mm

long. Sepals unequal, subcoriaceous; outer

ones triangular to oblong, 6-7 mm long, finely

muriculate or verrucose on back; inner ones

oblong to ovate, 7-8 mm long, smooth, with a

Map 61. — • Ipomoea lapathifolia

A I. aquatica

broad, hyaline membranous edge; all some-

what accrescent and glabrous. Corolla glabrous;

tube cylindrical, mauve with fine purple stria-

tions outside, magenta inside except for a white

zone below insertion of stamens, 20-40 mm

long; limb funnel-shaped, pure white with yel-

lowish green, well-defined midpetaline areas,

25-35 mm wide, shallowly 5-lobed. Capsule

globose, ± 8 mm in diameter, apiculate,

glabrous, brownish. Seeds 4, dark brown, sub-

glabrous to finely adpressed puberulous, 4—5

mm long. Flowering time November to April.

From Tanzania, Uganda, Democratic Repu-

blic of the Congo, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe

and Mozambique to northern Botswana, Swa-

ziland, the Northern Province and Mpuma-

langa. Grows in wet areas in woodland, savan-

na, grassland, also along roadsides and in dis-

turbed places. Flowers open at night. Map 61.

Distinguished by its slightly fleshy leaves,

closely umbellate cymes and corollas with long,

cylindrical, mauve/magenta tubes. The above

description is of the var. lapathifolia. The var.

bussei (Pilg.) Verde., with irregularly and

deeply sinuate-dentate leaves and 25 mm long

corolla, occurs in Tanzania.

Vouchers: Codd 7791 (PRE); Compton 29424

(PRE); Curson 410 (PRE).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

105

36. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., Flora aegyp-

tiaco-arabica: 44 (1775); Baker & Rendle: 170

(1905-06); Ooststr.: 528 (1940); Ooststr.: 473

(1953); A.Meeuse: 753 (1957a); Verde.: 120

(1963a); Heine: 349 (1963); Roessler: 13

(1967a); Gonq.: 97 (1987); Gon?.: 103 (1992);

Lejoly & Lisowski: 110 (1992). Type: Yemen,

Zebid, Forsskal s.n. (C, holo.; BM).

I. reptans sen.su Roem. & Schult.: 244 (1819) et auett.

mult., non Cfmvolvulus reptans L.

/. natans Dinter & Suess.: 112 (1952). Type: Namibia,

Niengana, Okavango, Dinter 7236 (BOL, PRE!).

Glabrous perennial or sometimes annual herb.

Stems many from a woody base, thick, semisuc-

culent, terete or striate, hollow or spongy, rooting

at nodes, trailing on mud or floating on water, up

to 3 m long, sometimes hairy at nodes. Leaves

very variable, ovate to triangular or linear,

30-150 X 10-90 mm, apex acute to obtuse, base

truncate, cordate to hastate and auriculate, margin

entire or dentate; petiole thick, 30-250 mm long.

Peduncles axillary, 10-140 mm long, cymosely

1- to few-flowered; pedicels 20-65 mm long;

bracts narrow, acute, 1.5-2 mm long. Sepals cori-

aceous with thin, pale margins, sometimes verru-

cose, subequal, ovate-oblong to ovate-elliptic,

obtuse or acute, 6-12 mm long. Corolla funnel-

shaped, purple, pink or white, often with a purple

eye, rarely entirely white, 25-75 mm long, limb

45-50 mm in diameter, narrow tube somewhat

constricted at place of insertion of filaments.

Capsule ovoid, 8-10 mm long. Seeds densely

pubescent. Flowering time October to June.

Circumtropical. Grows in swampy places, on

muddy river banks, at pond margins, in shallow

water, often in seasonal swamps in semidesert

country, also in rice-fields. Found in northern

Namibia, northern Botswana and northern

KwaZulu-Natal. Map 61.

Distinguished by its thick, hollow or spongy

stems which root at the nodes and leaves that

are never elliptic or suborbicular, with emar-

ginate or bilobed tips.

In Asia and some other tropical regions, it is

collected and even cultivated as a vegetable, the

leaves eaten raw or boiled. It is easily propagat-

ed by cuttings. Sinha & Sharma (1992) report a

chromosome count of 2n = 30. Ugborogho &

Ogunwenmo (1995) studied the biology of this

species in Nigeria.

Vouchers: Schoenfelder 40 (PRE); Smith 1152

(PRE, SRGH); Vahrmeijer & Toelken 986 (PRE).

37. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. in

J.K.Tuckey, Narrative of an expedition to ex-

plore the river Zaire: All (1818); Choisy: 349

( 1 845); Hallier f : 145 ( 1 893a); Hutch. & Dalziel:

215 (1931 ). Type: India, specimen 2/S.59 (LINN,

lecto.).

Convolvulus pes-caprae L.: 159 (1753),

subsp. brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr. in Blumea

3: 533 (1940); Ooststr.: 475 (1953); A.Meeuse:

754 (1957a); Verde.: 121 (1963a); Heine: 347

(1963); Gonq.: 98 (1987); Gon?.: 105 (1992);

Lejoly & Lisowski: 112 (1992); Gon9.: 32

(1996). Iconotype: illustration of Convolvulus

rnarinus cartharticus ... in Plum.: 89, t. 104

( 1693), from Brazil.

C. brasiliensis L.: 159 (1753).

Glabrous perennial herb with a thick, woody

base. Stems creeping, stout, hollow, laticiferous,

5-30 m long, rooting at nodes, often forming tan-

gled mats. Leaves secund, subcoriaceous, subor-

bicular to elliptic, 30-100 x 30-105 mm, entire,

apex usually deeply emarginate to bilobed, rarely

rounded, base rounded, cuneate or cordate,

midrib below with 2 glands at leaf base; petiole

purplish, up to 170 mm long. Peduncles secund,

1- or cymosely many-flowered, 30-160 mm long;

bracts or bracteoles 3.0-3. 5 mm long, pedicels up

to 45 mm long in fruit. Sepals subequal to

unequal, very concave, apex obtuse; outer ones

ovate to elliptic, 5-8 mm long; inner ones broad-

er to orbicular, 7-12 mm long. Corolla funnel-

shaped, 30-55 mm long, pink, magenta or purple

with darker centre, rarely entirely white. Capsule

subglobose or ovoid, 12-18 mm in diameter.

Seeds 6-10 mm long, blackish brown, tomentose-

villous. Flowering time December to May, most-

ly January and February.

106

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Map 62. — Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis

Pantropical species. In southern Africa it

occurs along the eastern coast from Knysna in

the Western Cape to KwaZulu-Natal and further

north. Characteristic plant of sandy seashores

and estuaries above the high-tide mark, more

rarely inland along lake shores and even road-

sides. Often forming almost pure stands of

appreciable size. Map 62.

Distinguished by its thick, hollow, laticifer-

ous stems which root at the nodes and elliptic to

suborbicular leaves with emarginate to bilobed

tips. The African (and American) material

belongs to the subsp. brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr.

The typical subspecies with deeply bilobed

leaves occurs in Arabia and tropical Asia.

Keeler & Kaul ( 1979: 946) studied the petiolar

nectaries in this species.

Vouchers: Johnson 1112 (PRE); Strey 8074

(NH, PRE); Watmough 500 (PRE, SRGH).

38. Ipomoea simplex Thunb., Prodromus

plantarum capensium ... 1: 36 (1794); J.M.Wood

& M.S.Evans: 15 (1898); Baker & C.H.Wright:

48 (1904); A.Meeuse: 755 (1957a); A.E.van

Wyk & S.Malan: 126 (1988); Relief &

P.P.J. Herman: 386 (1997). Type: Eastern Cape,

Uitenhage, Thunberg s.n. (U-Thunb., holo.).

Convolvulus planlagineus Choisy: 405 (1845). I. plan-

laglnea (Choisy) Hallier f.: 147 (1893a). Type: Eastern

Cape, Ziiurberg, Drege s.n. (K, iso.).

Map 63. — # Ipomoea simplex

A I. welwitschii

Glabrous perennial with obovoid to fusiform

tuberous rootstock, 40-100 mm long. Stems

erect, woody, gnarled and rough, usually partly

underground (up to 90 mm), above ground up to

± 100 mm long, angular and furrowed. Leaves

usually close together, linear to lanceolate,

30-100 mm long, apex acute or acuminate, base

long-tapering or rounded, mostly subsessile,

entire or with a few pinnate lobes up to 15 mm

long. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles and

pedicels short; bracteoles almost linear. Sepals

subequal, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,

9-15 mm long. Corolla funnel-shaped, white,

20-35 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, shallowly

lobed. Capsule subglobose, glabrous, 7-9 mm in

diameter. Seeds 4—5 mm long, dark brown,

tomentose. Flowering time September to April.

Endemic to the central and eastern parts of

southern Africa. Most often in grassland. Map 63.

Ipomoea simplex is close to both I. bolusiana

(no. 40) and 1. welwitschii (no. 39), but can be

recognised by its smaller, white flowers and

simple leaves.

Vouchers: Acocks 12057 (PRE); Moll 2369a

(NH, PRE); Retief86 (PRE); Story 882 (PRE).

39. Ipomoea welwitschii Vatke ex Hallier

f in Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 146 (1893a);

Hiern: 739 (1898); Baker & Rendle: 174

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

107

(1905-06); A.Meeuse: 756 (1957a); Verde.: 9

(1961b); Verde.: 119 (1963a); Roessler: 17

(1967a); Gon?.: 95 (1987); Gonq.: 101 (1992);

Lejoly & Lisowski: 104 ( 1992). Type: Namibia,

Damaraland, Okahandja, Hopfner 39 (JE,

leeto.!).

/. inamoena Pilg.: 221 (1910). Type: Namibia, Aitsas,

Omahehe, Dinter 836 (SAM, iso.!).

/. inamoena Pilg. var. trisecta Dinter: 36 (1914). Type:

Namibia, Gaub, Dinter 2429 (SAM; PRE, isosyn.l);

Namibia, Okatjimane, Dinter 3302 (SAM; PRE, isosyn.l).

Perennial with a large woody rootstoek or

globose tuber with a dark bark. Stems several,

annual, subereet to prostrate, stiff, rather stout,

glabrous or minutely hirsute, up to 500 mm

long. Leaves usually seeund, often faleate, lin-

ear to ovate-laneeolate, 40-120 x 20-40 mm,

apex aeute to apieulate, also bilobed, base

euneate to rounded, glabrous or with short bris-

tles on -nerves and margins, eonspieuously

nerved; petiole 5-10 mm long. (Leaves also

deeply incised or trisected, leaf segments nar-

rower than 10 mm.) Peduncles 1-3-flowered,

axillary, glabrous, 10-50 mm long; bracts

minute; pedicels subclavate, up to ± 12 mm

long. Calyx subglabrous, sepals subequal,

ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 mm

long. Corolla funnel-shaped, glabrous, 50-80

mm long, pale pink or pale mauve, tube darker

inside, limb 5-angled; midpetaline areas dis-

tinct, ending in mucronate-aristate points.

Capsule subglobose, apieulate, glabrous, 10-12

mm in diameter. Seeds ± 4 mm long, brown,

glabrous with a basal tuft of hairs near hilum.

Flowering time November to March.

From the Sudan southwards to Namibia and

Botswana. Grows in bushveld, savanna and

grassland, often on sandy soil. Sometimes flow-

ers profusely when almost leafless. Map 63.

A variable but rare species allied to /. sim-

plex (no. 38) and I. bolusiana (no. 40), but usu-

ally pubescent in some parts and with a differ-

ent leaf morphology.

Vouchers: Codd 8922 (K, PRE, SRGH);

Dinter 5258 (BOL, PRE, SAM).

40. Ipomoea bolusiana Scliinz, Verhand-

lungen des Botanischen Vereins der Provinz

Brandenburg, Berlin 30: 271 (1888); Hallier f.:

147 (1893a); Hallier f.: 53 (1899b); Baker &

Rendle: 175 (1905-06); A.Meeuse: 758 (1957a);

Roessler: 13 (1967a); J. Adams: t. 122 (1976);

Gonq.: 100, t. 24 (1987); A.E.van Wyk & S.Ma-

lan: 200 (1988); Gon?.: 106, t. 23 (1992); Lejo-

ly & Lisowski: 106, t. 15 (1992); A.Meeuse &

W.G.Welman: 48 (1996); A.Fabian & Germish.:

334, t. 159c (1997); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 383

(1997); V.Roodt: 63 (1998). Type: Namibia,

Schinz 101 (Z, holo.; GRA!).

I. angiistisecta Engl.; 245 (1888). Type: Northern Cape,

Kimberley, Wienand's Farm, Marloth 777 (PRE, iso.!).

I. mesenterioides Hallier f.: 544 (1898a). Type: Northern

Province, Potgietersrus, Klippan, Rehmann 5267 (Z, holo.!).

I. praetermissa Rendle: 56 (1901). Type: Transvaal (?),

Zeyher 1214 (BM, holo.).

1. bolusiana Schinz var. pinnatipartita Verde.: 1 1 8 ( 1967).

Type: Gauteng, Pretoria, Petronella, Mogg & Pedro 673

(LMJ, holo.).

Glabrous perennial. Root tuberous, mostly

subglobose, up to 130 mm in diameter. Stems

one or several, erect or prostrate, woody at base,

erect stems up to 300 mm long, prostrate ones up

to 3 m or more. Leaves either palmately 3-9-sect

(mainly on creeping stems) with segments

20-70 X 0. 5-3.0 mm, or simple, linear to

bilobed, 40-150 x 2-7 mm, sometimes pinnate,

if three, then terminal segments partly fused to

form a common rhachis; petiole of dissected

leaves up to ± 20 mm long, of simple leaves

sometimes inconspicuous. Peduncles 1 -flow-

ered, usually very short; bracteoles often decid-

uous; pedicels short, thickened. Sepals lanceo-

late to elliptic, acute or acuminate, equal or

unequal, 7-20 mm long. Corolla funnel-shaped,

40-70 mm long, 40-60 mm wide, usually bright

magenta-pink, lighter outside and darker in cen-

tre and on midpetaline areas. Capsule subglo-

bose-conical, 10-12 mm long and in diameter,

apex often depressed, apieulate by style base.

Seeds 4, 5-7 mm long, covered with long, shiny,

fawn hairs. Flowering time August to April.

Distributed from Tanzania, Zambia, Angola,

Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Namibia and Botswa-

108

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

na to Swaziland and the central and eastern

parts of South Africa. Its occurrence in Mada-

gascar (Meeuse 1957a: 758) could not be veri-

fied. Found in bushveld, savanna and grassland,

on rocky and sandy soils. Map 64.

This common and variable species belongs

to the group of /. simplex (no. 38) and /. wel-

witschii (no. 39). It differs from the former by

its large pink to purple corolla and from the lat-

ter by its leaf morphology and glabrous vegeta-

tive parts. It is possible that these three species

form one large, variable aggregate species.

Vouchers: De Winter 3791 (M, PRE, WIND);

Drummond 8841 (PRE, SRGH); Hitchins 619

(PRE); Leistner 577 (PRE); Reid 446 (PRE).

41. Ipomoea coptica (L.) Roth ex Roem. &

Schult., Systema vegetabilium ... 4: 208 (1819);

Roth: 110 (1821); Choisy: 384 (1845); Hallier

f.: 147 (1893a); Hallier f.: 45 (1899a); Ooststr.:

544 (1940); Ooststr.: 479 (1953); A.Meeuse: t.

1217A (1956g); A.Meeuse: 760 (1957a); Heine:

350 (1963); Verde.: 128 (1963a); Roessler: 14

(1967a); Gon?.: 108 (1987); Gon?.: 112(1992);

Lejoly & Lisowski: 118 (1992); Gong.: 36

(1996); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 384 (1997);

VRoodt: 65 (1998). Type: Orient, specimen

218.32 (LINN, lecto., PRE, photo of lecto.!).

Glabrous annual herb. Stems several from

base, prostrate or climbing, up to 1 .5 m long, 4-

angled, striate, often finely muriculate as are

peduncles and petioles. Leaves pseudostipulate,

orbicular to ovate in outline, 20-80 mm wide,

digitately compound with 5-7 linear to ovate,

coarsely serrate to pinnatisect segments; middle

lobe the longest, all lobes ± petioluled, slightly

fleshy, drying thin and papery; petiole 25-50

mm long; pseudostipules resembling leaves, up

to 20 mm wide. Inflorescence axillary; peduncle

cymosely 1-3-flowered, 10-40 mm long,

longer in fruit; bracteoles usually minute;

pedicels bent downwards in fruit, 4-10 mm

long. Sepals subequal, oblong or elliptic, muri-

culate, 4—5 mm long, larger in fruit. Corolla

funnel-shaped, 10-15 mm long, off-white

tinged with pale mauve on tube outside, limb 5-

angled, 10-12 mm wide. Capsule depressed-

globose, brown, 6-7 mm in diameter, minutely

apiculate, 3-locular. Seeds 6, 2-3 mm long, 3-

angled, dark brown, greyish silky tomentose

except on hilum. Flowering time December to

June.

Found in northern Namibia, Botswana and

the northern parts of South Africa in the

Northern Province, Gauteng, Mpumalanga and

northern KwaZulu-Natal; also in tropical

Africa, the Middle East, tropical Asia and north-

ern Australia. Grows in bushveld, savanna and

grassland, can become a weed of roadsides, cul-

tivated and waste areas. Map 65.

Convolvulus copticus L.: .“559 (1771).

Map 65. — Ipomoea coptica

CONVOLVULACEAE:L Ipomoea

109

Most specimens from southern Africa agree

with the var. coptica, but a few can be regarded

as var. acuta Choisy with ‘leaf segments linear,

finely toothed, teeth narrow and very acute;

bracts large, 15 mm long, pinnatifid’ (see

Gongalves 1987: 108). There are intermediates,

and I. coptica should perhaps not be divided

into varieties. I. ticcopa Verde. (1963a: 129),

recorded from Kenya, Tanzania and Mozam-

bique and possibly extending into KwaZulu-

Natal, probably is no more than a form of the

rather polymorphic I. coptica. The species is

recognised by its compound leaves with serrate

to pinnatisect segments, its pseudostipules re-

sembling leaves, its muriculate sepals and

whitish corolla.

Used medicinally in Egypt (Watt & Breyer-

Brandwijk 1962: 308).

Vouchers: Giess, Volk & Ble issuer 6636 (M,

PRE, WIND); Smith 3021 (PRE, SRGH); Strey

8178 (NH, PRE); Welrnan 514 (PRE).

42. Ipomoea tuberculata Ker Gawl. in

Botanical Register 1: t. 86 (Feb. 1816); Verde.:

123 (1963a); Roessler: 17 (1967a); Gon?.: 102

(1987); Gon9.: 108 (1992). Type: plant cultivat-

ed in England from seed from Calcutta, no

specimen traced; the plate in Botanical Register

can serve as iconotype.

I. dasysperma J.Jacq.: 132, t. 89 (Aug. 1816); A.Meeuse:

760 ( 1967a). Type: no specimen traced, Jacquin’s plate can

serve as iconotype.

I. calcarata N.E.Br. in Baker & Rendle: 180 (1905-06).

Type: Botswana, Ngamiland, Kwebe, Lugard 182 (K.

lecto.).

Glabrous annual herb. Stems climbing, up to

2 m long, smooth or tuberculate. Leaves broad-

ly cordate-ovate in outline, up to 120 mm wide,

biternately or digitately 5-9-lobed; lobes up to

80 mm long, linear to elliptic, apex acute to

acuminate; petiole 20-60 mm long, often pseu-

dostipulate. Peduncles 10-80 mm long, 1-3-

flowered; bracteoles minute; pedicels 5-30 mm

long, subclavate. Sepals oblong to elliptic, apex

obtuse, smooth or verruculose, 8-10 mm long;

outer ones sometimes shorter than inner ones.

Map 66. — • Ipomoea tuberculata

A I. cairica

gibbous and 1- or 2-tuberculate at base. Corolla

salver- to funnel-shaped, 30-60 mm long, tube

pale mauve outside, darker mauve or bright

magenta inside; limb up to 60 mm wide, bright

yellow, paler outside; midpetaline areas dis-

tinct, somewhat greenish. Capsule subglobose,

glabrous, ±10 mm in diameter. Seeds subglo-

bose-trigonous, ± 6 mm long, brown, with

adpressed pubescence, often also with long cot-

tony hairs on angles. Flowering time February

to May.

From Somalia and Ethiopia through the drier

parts of eastern Africa to northern Namibia and

northern Botswana, extending to Sri Lanka and

India; doubtfully reported from China. Grows

in mixed scrub, woodland and in riverine forest.

Map 66.

The above description refers to the var. tuber-

culata, with a mostly 40-50 mm long corolla.

The var. ondontosepala (Baker) Verde., with

the corolla up to 100 mm long, occurs in

Ethiopia, Tanzania and Zambia. The species is

recognised by its biternately pedate 5-9-lobed

leaves, its pseudostipules, its 8-10 mm long

saccate outer sepals and yellow corolla with

mauve tubes.

Vouchers: De Winter & Marais 4611 (M, PRE,

WIND); Lambrecht 505 (K, PRE, SRGH).

110

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

43. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet, Hortus

brittanicus, 1st edn: 287 (1827); Hallier f.: 148

(1893a); Hutch. & Dalziel: 216 (1931);

Ooststr.: 542 (1940); Ooststr.: 479 (1953);

A.Meeuse: 761 (1957a); Verde.: 125 (1963a);

Heine: 351 (1963); Gon?.: 105, t. 26 (1987);

Gon?.: 110, t. 24 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski:

115, t. 16 (1992); Gong.: 34, t. 9 (1996); Relief

& RRJ. Herman: 383 (1997). Iconotype: illus-

tration of Convolvulus aegyptius in J.Vesling:

75, fig. s.n. (1638).

Convolvulus cairicus L.: 922 (1759b).

Glabrous perennial with tuberous root. Stems

up to 1.8 m long, smooth or tuberculate, twining

or rarely prostrate. Leaves ovate to orbicular in

outline, 30-100 mm wide, deeply palmately dis-

sected into 5-7 lanceolate to ovate-elliptic,

mucronulate segments; basal lobes often bifid in

5-lobed leaves; petiole 20-60 mm long, usually

with pseudostipules resembling leaves but

smaller. Peduncles 1- to few-flowered, 5-70 mm

long; bracteoles minute; pedicels 12-20 mm

long. Sepals subequal, subovate, mucronulate,

green with pellucid dots and pale scarious mar-

gins; often minutely tuberculate outside, 4—7

mm long. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, 30-60

mm long, 40-60 mm wide, tube contracted near

base, mauve, paler outside and with darker

magenta centre (rarely entirely white). Capsule

subglobose, 8-12 mm in diameter. Seeds 5-6

mm long, blackish, subglobose, tomentose and

with white up to 9 mm long hairs along edges.

Flowering time throughout the year.

Indigenous throughout Africa, also from the

eastern Mediterranean region through Asia to

Taiwan; naturalised elsewhere as an escape

from cultivation. In southern Africa it is record-

ed from Botswana (Gon9alves 1987: 105),

Swaziland and the northern and eastern parts of

South Africa. Found in forest, bushveld, wet

grassland, at edges of rivers and lakes, also

along roadsides, waste places and cultivated

ground. Map 66.

Used medicinally (Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk

1962: 308). Often cultivated (as Messina creep-

er), but can also be a weed.

All specimens from southern Africa belong

to the var. cairica. It can be distinguished by its

pseudostipulate, palmately partite leaves usual-

ly with five segments and its 30-60 mm long

mauve corolla. The var. indica Hallier f. is inter-

mediate between the var. cairica and /. hoch-

stetteri (no. 44). It has a 23-30 mm long corol-

la and occurs in Kenya, Somalia and India.

Keeler & Kaul (1979: 946) studied the petiolar

nectaries in this species. For notes on the syn-

onymy, see Austin & Bianchini (1998).

Vouchers: Culverwell 1134 (PRE); Moll 4995

(NH, PRE); Netshiungani 649 (PRE); Ward

8705 (PRE, UDW).

44. Ipomoea hochstetteri House, Annals

of the New York Academy of Sciences 18: 223

(1908) (sphalm. ‘hochsteri’); A.Meeuse: t. 1189

(1955d); A.Meeuse: 762 (1957a); Verde.: 126

(1963a); Roessler: 14 (1967a); Gon^.: 105 (1987);

A.Eabian & Germish.: 334, t. 159f (1997); Relief

& PPJ. Herman: 384 (1997). Type: Ethiopia,

without locality, Scliimper 321 (G, K, isolecto.).

7. quinquefolia Hochst. ex Hallier f.: 147 (1893a), nom

illegit, non L. nec Griseb. Type as above.

/. quinquefolia Hochst. ex Hallier f. var. purpurea Hallier

f.: 546 (1898a). Type: Namibia, Ovamboland, between

Ondonga and Uukuambi, Rautanen 177, 179, 192, 193 (Z,

syn.).

/. kwebensis N.E.Br.: 123 (1909). Type: as for 7. quinque-

folia var. purpurea.

Glabrous, herbaceous annual. Stems many,

twining or prostrate, up to several metres long,

with long internodes, smooth or finely striate.

Leaves circular in outline, palmately 5-lobed,

40-120 mm wide; lobes oblong to elliptic, apex

obtuse to acuminate, mucronate, attenuate at

both ends, somewhat succulent, drying papery,

entire or one or both of basal lobes with a later-

al lobule, central lobe up to 70 x 30 mm, lateral

ones smaller; petiole pseudostipulate, up to 70

mm long. Inflorescence cymosely 1-several-

flowered; peduncle thick, 20-50 mm long;

bracteoles minute, deciduous; pedicels stoutish,

subclavate, 5-30 mm long. Calyx muriculate,

7-8 mm long; sepals subequal, ovate-oblong or

lanceolate, often reflexed in fruit. Corolla pur-

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

111

Map 67. — • Ipomoea hochstetteri

A I. tenuipes

■ I. fanshawei

plish mauve or white, funnel-shaped, 15-25

mm long, limb lobed and crinkly, 25 mm wide;

midpetaline areas well defined. Capsule en-

closed by persistent calyx, globose, shortly

apiculate, 8-9 mm in diameter. Seeds depressed-

ovoid, 4.5 mm long, brown, pubescent, often

with long hairs on edges. Flowering time De-

cember to May.

Occurs from Ethiopia through Kenya, Tan-

zania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe,

Namibia and Botswana to Swaziland and the

northern parts of South Africa. Its occurrence in

India could not be confirmed. Grows in grass-

land, often on swampy or sandy soil, also as a

weed along roadsides, on waste land and in cul-

tivated fields. Map 67.

Distinguished by its pseudostipulate pal-

mately partite leaves, 15-25 mm long corolla

and rather thick peduncles.

The leaves are used as a vegetable (Watt &

Breyer-Brandwijk 1962: 308).

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 7756 (PRE); De

Winter & Leistner 5514 (M, PRE, WIND);

Kemp 1158 (PRE); Ngoni 479 (PRE, SRGH).

ler: 17 (1967a); Gon§.: 107 (1987); Gong.: 112

(1992); Relief & P.P.J.Herman: 386 (1997).

Type: Tanzania, Masai District, near Kwa

Kuchinja, Milne-Redhead & Taylor 11194 (K,

holo.; EA).

Convolvulus lieptaphyllus Rottler & Willd.: 196 (1803),

pro parte (epithet not available in Ipomoea). Type: India,

Madras, Marmelon, Rottler in Herb. Willdenow 3721 (B,

holo.t; K. iso.).

/. heptapliylla sensu A.Meeuse: 764 (1957a), non (Roxb.)

Voigt.

Glabrous, herbaceous, annual or perennial

twiner. Stems up to at least 1 m long. Leaves

pseudostipulate (pseudostipules resembling

leaves but much smaller), orbicular in outline,

20-60 mm in diameter, deeply palmately 5-

lobed, outer lobes usually bilobed; lobes elliptic

to lanceolate, entire, apex obtuse, apiculate, base

narrowed; petiole 40-50 mm long. Flowers axil-

lary, solitary or cymosely 2- or 3-flowered;

peduncles 40-50 mm long, very slender; bracte-

oles minute; pedicel 17 mm long, ± clavate.

Sepals subequal, edges membranous, elliptic to

orbicular, apex obtuse or rounded, mucronulate,

2-5 mm long, often tuberculate. Corolla funnel-

shaped with subcylindric tube, purplish mauve,

10-18 mm long and spreading limb as wide.

Capsule subglobose, glabrous, 8-10 mm long.

Seeds subglobose, 5-6 mm long, brown, pubes-

cent and with 5-10 mm long white hairs on

edges. Flowering time March to July.

Occurs in tropical Africa, India and possibly

the West Indies. In southern Africa it is rare and

reaches northern Namibia, northern Botswana

(Gongalves 1987: 107), the Northern Province

and Mpumalanga. Grows in bushveld, savanna,

grassland, riverine forest and also cultivated

ground, usually on moist ground. Map 67.

Distinguished by its palmately partite leaves,

10-18 mm long purplish mauve flowers and

thin peduncle. Eor full synonymy, see Verdcourt

(1963a: 127).

45. Ipomoea tenuipes Vbr<7c. in Kew Bulle- Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5777 (M,

tin 15: 12 (1961b); Verde.; 127 (1963a); Roess- PRE, WIND); Strey & Schliehen 8650 (PRE).

112

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

46. Ipomoea fanshawei Verde, in Kirkia 6:

119 (1967); Gon?.: 102, t. 25 (1987); A.Meeuse

& W.G.Welman: 46 (1996). Type: Zambia,

Machili, Fanshawe 6001 (K, holo.; SRGH).

Glabrous perennial herb with woody, tuber-

ous rootstock. Stems prostrate, glutinous.

Leaves rhomboid-lanceolate in outline, 30-90 x

5- 40 mm, apex acute or acuminate, base

cuneate, margin entire to lobed; lobes linear to

triangular, up to 20 mm long, leathery, punctate,

6- 8-palmatinervous; nerves prominent on

lower surface; petiole 8-55 mm long. Flowers

solitary, axillary; peduncles 37-55 mm long;

pedicel 5-12 mm long; bracts 5 mm long.

Sepals lanceolate, 15-18 mm long, membra-

nous, accrescent in fruit. Corolla funnel-

shaped, 60 mm long, pale purple or mauve.

Capsule globose, coriaceous. Seeds ovoid, cov-

ered with long, shiny, fawn hairs. Flowering

time January.

Fairly rare, endemic to southern Zambia and

northeastern Botswana. Found in bushveld and

open sandveld. Map 67.

Distinguished by its rhomboid-lanceolate

leaves with entire to lobed margin and its 60

mm long, pale purple or mauve corolla.

Voucher: Leach & Noel 43 (SRGH).

47. *Ipomoea alba L., Species plantarum,

1st edn: 161 (1753); Hallier f.: 25 (1910);

Ooststr.: 547 (1940); Ooststr.: 480 (1953);

A.Meeuse: 765 (1957a); Heine: 346 (1963);

Verde.: 130, t. 22 (1963a); Gon?.: 110, t. 27

(1987); Gon?.: 115, t. 25 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 64, t. 7 (1992); Retief & RRJ. Her-

man: 383 (1997); W.G.Welman: 70, t. s.n.

(1999c). iconotype: illustration of Convolvulus

malabaricus /lore amplo.... in Rheede: 103, t.

50 (1692), from Malabar, India.

Herbaceous annual or perennial, usually

glabrous. Stems prostrate or twining, laticifer-

ous, smooth or sometimes muriculate, up to 5 m

long. Leaves oblong to orbicular in outline,

60-120 X 50-160 mm, entire or 3-lobed, apex

acuminate, mucronulate, base cordate, basal

auricles rounded to angular, margin entire; peti-

ole 50-200 mm long. Inflorescence axillary,

1-several-flowered; peduncle stout, 10-240

mm long; bracteoles small; pedicels up to 30

mm long and very thick in fruit. Sepals unequal,

elliptic; outer ones 5-10 mm long with a long

awn-like appendage; inner ones 8-15 mm long,

shortly mucronulate. Corolla salver-shaped,

opening at night, fragrant, white, greenish

cream-coloured below; tube 70-150 mm long,

cylindrical; limb 110-160 mm wide. Capsule

ovoid, mucronate, glabrous, 25-30 mm long.

Seeds 4, ovoid, 10-12 mm long, white, brown

or black, glabrous, smooth. Flowering time

throughout the year, mostly January and

February.

Probably originally tropical American, but

now circumtropical as an escape and also culti-

vated as an ornamental. Found in grassland, on

river banks, along roadsides and in waste

places. In southern Africa it has spread in

Mpumalanga and the coastal areas of KwaZulu-

Natal and the Eastern Cape. Map 68.

Distinguished by its entire or 3-lobed leaves

with a cordate base, the awned sepals and

whitish salver-shaped corolla with the tube at

least 70 mm long. For synonymy, see Verdcourt

(1963a: 130). Keeler & Kaul (1979: 946) stud-

ied the petiolar nectaries in this species.

Map 68. — • Ipomoea alba

A I. rubens

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

113

Vouchers: De Winter 7552 (PRE); KilUck2250

(PRE).

48. Ipomoea rubens Choisy in Memoires

de la Societe de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle

de Geneve 6: 463 (1834); Verde.: 324 (1958a);

Verde.: 134 (1963a); Roessler: 16 (1967a);

Gon9.: 116 (1987); Gon?.: 122 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 90 (1992). Types: India, Silhet and

Goalpara, Wallich 1421 (G, syn.!, K!).

I. riparia G.Don: 265 (1837); A.Meeuse: 766 (1957a).

Type: Sao Tome, G. Don s.n. (BM, hole.).

Perennial twiner. Stems rather woody, finely

striate, densely white-pubescent, up to 4 m

long. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, 50-150

X 40-120 mm, apex acuminate, mucronulate,

base broadly cordate, entire or rarely 3-lobed,

densely pilose beneath, glabrescent above,

nerves prominent below; petiole pilose, 30-120

mm. Peduncles pilose to glabrous, 20-150 mm,

cymosely 1- to few-flowered; flowers subum-

bellate; pedicels 7-15 mm long, pilose; bracts

minute. Sepals subequal, pilose, 6-8 mm long;

2 outer ones elliptic-oblong; inner ones ovate-

elliptic. Corolla funnel-shaped, 40-50 mm

long, purple or mauve with darker centre; mid-

petaline areas hairy outside. Capsule globose,

glabrous, ± 12 mm in diameter. Seeds ovoid, 6

mm long, densely white-villous. Flowering

time throughout the year.

Widespread in tropical Africa, Madagascar

and the Mascarene Islands, also in India,

Malaysia, the Philippines and Guyana. In south-

ern Africa it has been recorded from northern

Namibia and northern Botswana. Restricted to

swamps near rivers and lakes and on seasonally

inundated clays and silts. Flowering throughout

the year. Map 68.

Distinguished by its habitat and also its

entire or 3-lobed leaves with cordate bases, its

elliptic-oblong to ovate-elliptic pilose sepals

and 40-50 mm long purple or mauve corollas.

This species has been described several times

under various names. For the synonymy, see

Meeuse (1957a: 766), Verdcourt (1963a: 134)

and Gonsalves ( 1987: 1 16).

Vouchers: Gibbs Russel! 2366 (PRE,

SRGH); Giess 8867 (M, PRE, WIND).

49. Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq., Collec-

tanea austriaca ad botanicum ... 4: 216 (1791);

Heine: 351 (1963); Verde.: 135 (1963a); Gon?.:

117 (1987); Gon?.: 123 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 91 (1992); Gon9.: 38 (1996). Type: a

plant from Mauritius cultivated at Vienna, prob-

ably not preserved.

I. digitata sensu auett. non L.; A.Meeuse: 767 (1957a).

Large, glabrous, perennial liana. Roots tuber-

ous. Stems twining, rarely prostrate, hollow,

becoming woody. Leaves ovate-cordate to

orbicular in outline, 60-200 x 60-150 mm, base

cordate or truncate, entire to shallowly lobed or

palmately dissected beyond the middle; lobes

3-9, lanceolate to ovate, entire, apex acuminate

to obtuse; petiole smooth or muriculate, 30-110

mm long. Peduncles terete to angular, cymose-

ly branched near apex, few- to many-flowered,

25-200 mm long; pedicels 9-25 mm long.

Sepals equal or outer ones shorter, all subor-

bicular or outer ones narrower, obtuse, marked-

ly convex, coriaceous, 6-12 mm long. Corolla

funnel-shaped with spreading limb, 50-60 mm

long, 60-70 mm wide, tube narrow below and

then widening, reddish purple or mauve with

darker centre. Capsule globose or ovoid, 12-14

mm long. Seeds black, 5-7 mm long, with ± 7

mm long whitish silky hairs. Flowering time

January to May.

Circumtropical, mostly in lowland rain forest,

riverine bush, secondary woodland and swampy

areas, especially in coastal parts, often on sandy

soils, also along roadsides. Found along the

coastal strip of KwaZulu-Natal. Map 69.

Distinguished by being a glabrous perennial

liana with entire to palmate leaves, obtuse and

suborbicular sepals and a purple or mauve

corolla with the tube narrow below. Keeler &

Kaul (1979: 946) studied the petiolar nectaries

in /. mauritiana. The name Ipomoea digitata L.,

long used for this species, actually applies to a

rare endemic Haitian species.

114

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Map 69. — • Ipomoea mauritiana

A 1. shirambensis

petaline areas conspicuous. Capsule elongate-

ovoid, glabrous, up to 20 mm long, style base

persistent. 10 mm long. Seeds ±12 mm long,

elongate-oval, with brownish silky hairs up to

12 mm long. Flowering time July to October.

From Tanzania southwards to Zimbabwe and

Mozambique, extending into the Caprivi, north-

ern Botswana and the Northern Province.

Grows in savanna and bushveld, often on sandy

soils. Frequently flowering when completely

leafless. Map 69.

Distinguished by being a tall, woody, peren-

nial climber with entire leaves usually appear-

ing after the 35-55 mm long, white to purple

flowers.

Vouchers: Vahrmeijer 501 (PRE); Ward 4847

(PRE, UDW).

50. Ipomoea shirambensis Baker in Kew

Bulletin 1894: 72 (1894); Hallier f.: 49 (1899a);

Baker & Rendle: 186 (1905-06); A.Meeuse:

770 (1957a); Verde.; 134 (1963a); Gon9.: 114

(1987); Gon?.: 120 (1992); Lejoly & Lisowski:

88 (1992); A. Fabian & Germish.: 336, t. 160d

(1997); Retief & P.P.J.Herman: 386 (1997).

Type: Mozambique, Lower Zambezi, Shiramba,

Kirk 93 (K, holo.).

Tall perennial woody climber, up to 7.5 m

high. Stems mostly glabrous, older stems with

greyish or yellowish bark and raised longitudi-

nal ridges. Leaves borne on new shoots, ± fasci-

culate, deciduous, ovate to orbicular or nanow-

ly triangular, 30-75 mm x 10-45 mm, entire,

apex long-acuminate, base cordate to truncate,

densely pubescent to glabrous; petiole up to 30

mm long. Flowers often appearing before

leaves, solitary or in 2-20-flowered, congested,

fascicle-like cymes, borne on older shoots;

peduncles and cyme branches very short; bracts

minute; pedicel up to 20 mm long, thickening

upwards. Sepals 9-15 mm long, accrescent in

fruit, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, apex

acute, mucronate, unequal; inner ones larger.

Corolla funnel-shaped, white, mauve to purple,

35-55 mm long, limb as wide, glabrous; mid-

The cut stems are reported to provide drink-

able water (Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962:

310).

Vouchers: Codd 7581 (PRE); Van der Schijjf

3189 (PRE).

51. Ipomoea adenioides Schinz, Verhand-

lungen des Botanischen Vereins der Provinz

Brandenburg, Berlin 30: 270 (1888); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 51 (1904); Baker & Rendle: 195

(1905-06); N.E.Br.: 122 (1909); A.Meeuse: 770

(1957a); Verde.: 342 (1960); Roessler: 12

(1967a); Gong.: 120, t. 31 (1987); A. Fabian &

Germish.: 334, t. 159e (1997); Retief & P.P.J.Her-

man: 382 (1997); W.G.Welman, C.Craib &

G.Condy: 100, t. 2157 (1999). Type: Namibia,

Luderitz, Belck 21 (Z, syn.); Kaokoveld, Schinz

s.n. (Z, syn.).

I. marlothii Engl.: 244 (1888). Type: Namibia. Usakos,

Marloth 1250 (PRE, iso.!).

Rivea adenioides (Schinz) Hallier f.: 156 (1893a). Type:

as for /. adenioides.

Erect shrub up to ± 1.2 m high. Stems short-

ly silky hairy when young, glabrous or greyish

or yellowish canescent when older. Leaves at

tips of young branches, firm to subcoriaceous,

entire, lanceolate varying to obovate-orbicular,

30-80 X 10-15 mm, base usually cuneate, tip

obtuse to acute, often with a white-hairy mucro.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

115

green and glabrescent above, silky beneath, ulti-

mately glabrescent; margin ciliate; petiole much

shorter than leaf, silky pubescent. Peduncles 1-

flowered, short, silky pubescent as are bracte-

oles, pedicels and calyx; bracteoles 8-18 mm

long; pedicels very short. Sepals subequal,

lanceolate, 15-18 mm long, up to 28 mm long

in fruit. Corolla salver-shaped, tube 70-100

mm long, narrowly cylindric, greenish white

and silky outside, deep magenta and glabrous

inside; limb white, 45-60 mm wide, spreading,

silky on midpetaline areas outside. Capsule

ovoid, 19-23 mm long, hairy to glabrous. Seeds

± 10 mm long, densely covered with very long,

shiny, brownish hairs. Flowering time Novem-

ber to May.

Widely distributed from Angola, Zimbabwe,

Namibia and Botswana into South Africa, main-

ly in the Northern Province. Mostly in sandveld

and sparse bushveld, on limestone and sandy

loam soil, not in very arid areas. Sometimes

locally abundant and even regarded as a weed

(Wells et al. 1986; 302). Map 70.

Distinguished by its erect, shrubby habit,

densely silky-hairy sepals and salver-shaped

corolla with a narrow tube at least 70 mm long,

hairy on the outside. This species has nocturnal

flowers. According to Gongalves (1987: 122),

the var. ovato-lanceolata Hallier f. has ovate-

lanceolate leaves and occurs in Ethiopia and

Somalia.

Vouchers: Acocks 18113 (PRE); Carr 102

(PRE); Codd 6293 (PRE).

52. Ipomoea holubii Baker in Kew

Bulletin 1894: 72 (1894); Baker & Rendle: 188

(1905-06); A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 47

(1996). Type: Botswana, Leshumo Valley, Ho-

lub 512 (K, holo.).

Rivea holubii (Baker) Hallier f.: 25 ( 1910). Type as above.

Turbina holubii (Baker) A.Meeuse: 780 (1957a);

A.Meeuse: t. 1271 (1958b); A. Fabian & Germish.; 336, t.

160e (1997); Relief & RRJ. Herman: 387 (1997). Type as

above.

Much-branched shrub up to 2.5 m high.

Stems woody, many from base, covered with a

light grey bark, sinuous, tips decumbent or

climbing. Leaves deciduous, ovate-cordate to

orbicular-cordate, 10-80 x 7.5-50.0 mm, entire,

often folded along midrib, apex obtuse or sub-

acute, deflexed, base mostly widely cordate,

sericeous to tomentose on both surfaces, more

densely so beneath; petiole pubescent, 4—25

mm long. Inflorescence axillary, 1-5-flowered,

sometimes forming a kind of leafy panicle at

tips of branches; peduncle 25-90 mm long,

hairy; pedicels 8-30 mm long, hairy; bracteoles

hairy, 2.5-15.0 mm long, often numerous and

forming a kind of involucre at base of cyme and

then one bracteole foliaceous and up to 40 x 20

mm. Calyx 6-16 mm long, usually greyish

pubescent to tomentose, unequal, elliptic to

obovate-spathulate, outer sepals smaller than

inner ones, all accrescent in fruit, then glabres-

cent and brown. Corolla funnel-shaped, 40-50

mm long, pale mauve or pinkish with magenta

centre, limb spreading horizontally up to ± 60

mm wide; midpetaline areas strigose outside.

Capsule with thin leathery pericarp, ellipsoid,

apiculate, 8-10 mm long. Seed single, ellipsoid,

± 7 mm long, glabrous, light brown. Flowering

time November to May.

Occurs in Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe,

Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana and mainly

the Northern Province. Grows in bushveld and

grassland, also along roadsides and often on

rocky soil. Map 71.

Map 70. — Ipomoea adenioides

116

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Map 7 1 . — • Ipomoea holubii

A I. stenosiphon

■ I. carnea subsp. fistulosa

Distinguished by its shrubby habit, its often

folded deciduous leaves and greyish, elliptic to

obovate-spathulate sepals.

Vouchers: Barnard 614 (PRE); Giess & Mul-

ler 14815 (M, PRE, WIND); Meeuse 9654

(PRE).

nerves, reticulate venation conspicuous be-

neath, lower surface mostly dotted with numer-

ous black glands; petiole 20-95 mm long.

Peduncles very short or obsolete; pedicels soli-

tary or 2-5-fascicled, 20-60 mm long; bracts

very small, early deciduous. Calyx subcylindric,

subglabrous, 14-17 mm long; sepals oblong to

elliptic, apex obtuse to emarginate, outer ones

shorter, all much enlarged in fruit, up to 40 mm

long. Corolla white, cream-coloured to greenish

yellow, tube 80-150 mm long, very slender,

limb 30^0 mm wide, salver-shaped with wool-

ly hairs near apices of midpetaline areas out-

side; stamens and style conspicuously exserted.

Capsule ellipsoid, 20-30 mm long, dirty brown,

glabrous, cuspidate by thick, awn-shaped, per-

sistent, 12-15 mm long style base. Seeds 1-3,

oblong, 11-15 mm long, purple-brown, velvety

pubescent. Flowering time December to June.

Erom Kenya and the Sudan to the Demo-

cratic Republic of the Congo and southwards to

Zimbabwe and Mozambique; some records

from the Northern Province. Usually rare in

deciduous bushland, riverine thickets, on ter-

mite mounds or rocky soil. Map 71.

53. Ipomoea stenosiphon Hallier f in

Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissen-

schaften in Wien 107, 1: 50 (1898b); Baker &

Rendle: 192 (1905-06); A.Meeuse & W.G.Wel-

man; 47 (1996). Type: Kenya, Taveta, Kili-

manjaro, Pospischil s.n. (W, holo.).

Turbina stenosiphon (Hallier f.) A.Meeuse: 783 (1957a);

Gon?.: 125, t. 32 ( 1987); Gon?.: 129, t. 28 (1992); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 392, fig. II (1993b); Relief & P.RJ. Herman: 388

( 1997). Type as above.

T. stenosiphon (Hallier f.) A.Meeuse var. pubescens

Verde.: 217 (1958c). Type: Tanzania, Manyoni, B.D. Burn

3578 (K. holo.; EA).

Tall, climbing or rambling shrub. Stems up to

10 m long, glabrous, older parts with a yellow-

ish grey separable bark; flowering branches fre-

quently with rugose bark, densely leafy towards

apex. Leaves sometimes fascicled on very short

branchlets, cordate or cordate-ovate, 30-110 x

25-75 mm, mostly entire, apex emarginate to

acute, mucronate, basal sinus wide and distinct,

glabrous to den.sely pubescent mainly on lower

The flowers are said to be evil-smelling, they

open at night and are probably pollinated by

hawk-moths. Could easily be overlooked

because the corolla shrivels up during the day.

Distinguished by its woody habit, flowering

branches that are densely leafy towards the apex

and its salver-shaped, whitish corolla with

80-150 mm long, narrow tubes.

Vouchers: Raal 463 (PRE); Raal 511 (PRE).

54. Ipomoea carnea Jacq., Enumeratio

systematica plantarum: 13 (1760). Iconotype:

specimen illustrated in Jacq.: t. 18 (1763), from

Cartagena, Colombia.

*subsp. fistulosa {Mart, ex Clioisy) D.F.Aus-

tin in Taxon 26: 237 (1977); W.G.Welman: 141

(1997). Type: Brazil, Martins 2398 (M, lecto.).

/. fistulosa Mart, ex Choi.sy: 349 (1845); Lejoly &

Lisowski: 94 ( 1992).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

117

Erect to scrambling shrubs up to 3 m high.

Stems woody at base, herbaceous at tips, hol-

low, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Leaves

ovate to lanceolate, 100-250 mm long, entire,

truncate to shallowly cordate at base, long-

acuminate apically, pubescent on both sides but

sometimes glabrescent; petiole 20-100 mm

long. Flowers in cymose-paniculate clusters at

branch tips, 1-several-flowered. Sepals 5, sub-

orbicular, 5-6 mm long, somewhat unequal,

subcoriaceous, glabrous or pubescent, persis-

tent. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, deep pink

to rose-purple, throat darker than limb, 50-90

mm long, finely tomentose outside; midpetaline

areas well defined. Stamens 5. Capsule ovoid to

subglobose, 20 x 10-15 mm, glabrous. Seeds

usually 4, covered with long, comose brown tri-

chomes. Flowering time throughout the year

(Austin 1975).

Ipomoea carnea, with two subspecies, is of

tropical American origin. The subsp. carnea

seems to be confined to its natural distribution

area from Peru to Mexico. However, the subsp.

fistulosa, with a natural distribution area from

Argentina to Florida and Texas, has been intro-

duced to Hawaii and the tropics of the Old

World where it has often escaped from cultiva-

tion (Verdcourt 1963a; Gon9alves 1987). In

southern Africa it is found in the Northern

Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and

probably also in Swaziland. It is listed as /. fis-

tulosa by Welman in Arnold & De Wet (1993).

The subsp. carnea prefers dry habitats whereas

mhsp. fistulosa prefers wet habitats. In southern

Africa this subspecies is suberect and grows in

open, sunny sites, often climbing in shaded

areas. It is cultivated as an ornamental as well as

in hedges and windbreaks and often occurs as a

culture relic and escape from cultivation. It will

then occur in disturbed areas such as along

roadsides, but also in grassland, along river

banks and in other moist areas. CJ. Ward 12368

(PRE, UDW), collected below the Inanda Dam

wall in KwaZulu-Natal in August 1993, appears

to be naturalised. Map 71.

The subsp. fistulosa is distinguished by

lanceolate to ovate leaves whereas the subsp.

carnea has cordate to rounded leaves.

The suhsp. fistulosa, often regarded as a pan-

tropical weed, has been recorded as poisonous

to goats in India, the Sudan, Tanzania and also

in Mozambique (see Welman 1997; De Balogh,

Dimande, Van der Lugt, Molyneux, Naude &

Welman 1999: 266). Keeler & Kaul (1979)

studied the petiolar nectaries in 7. carnea. Sinha

& Sharma (1992) reported a chromosome count

of 2n = 30. Ugborogho & Ogunwenmo (1995)

investigated the biology of this species in Nige-

ria, while Mondal, Parui, Biswas & Mandal

(1997) identified the allergenic proteins of the

pollen.

Vouchers: Henderson 879 (PRE); Mudau s.n.

(VENDA); Strey 10595 (NH, PRE).

55. Ipomoea albivenia (Lindl.) Sweet,

Hortus brittanicus, 2nd edn: 372 (1830); Hallier

f.: 151 (1893a); J.M.Wood: 32, t. 38 (1899);

Baker & C.H. Wright: 59 (1904); A.Meeuse:

768 (1957a); Verde.: 140 (1963a); Gong.: 118

(1987); Gong.: 124 (1992); A.Fabian & Germish.:

334, t. 159g (1997); Relief & P.P.J.Herman: 383

(1997). Type: Mozambique, Delagoa Bay,

Forbes s.n., a cultivated plant grown from seed,

probably not preserved, but figured under Con-

volvulus albivenius by Lindl.: t. 1116 (1827b).

Convolvulus albivenius Lindl.: t. 1116 ( 1827b).

I. gerrardii Hook.f.: t. 5651 (1867). Type: KwaZulu-

Natal, Sutherland s.n., a cultivated plant grown from seed at

Kew, probably not preserved.

Perennial climbing shrub. Roots tuberous.

Stems slender, herbaceous and white-tomentose

when young, soon glabrous; woody when older,

up to more than 10 m long. Leaves broadly cor-

date to cordate-reniform, 30-100(-170) x

30-100(-160) mm, texture firm, base cordate to

truncate, apex rounded to cuspidate, margin

entire to sinuous, white-tomentose when young,

glabrescent, tomentum persisting the longest on

lower veins, ultimately sometimes quite gla-

brous; petiole slender, white-tomentose, 10-60

(-80) mm long. Peduncles very short, 1 -flowered

or bearing a lax, few-flowered cyme, tomentose;

bracteoles longer than calyx, linear or oblong-

spathulate, membranous, brown, early decidu-

ous; pedicels short, tomentose. Sepals subequal.

118

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

oblong to ovate-orbicular, obtuse, chartaceous,

11-15 mm long, tomentose to glabrescent,

spreading to reflexed in fruit. Corolla funnel-

shaped, white or cream-coloured, 60-90 mm

long, limb 60-80 mm wide, glabrous. Capsule ±

ellipsoid, 16-22 mm long, brown, glabrous, apicu-

late. Seeds brown, 7-9 mm long, densely cov-

ered with very long cottony white hairs.

Flowering time December to March.

Recorded from Kenya, Mozambique, Zim-

babwe and the Northern Province, Mpuma-

langa, KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland. Found in

woodland, savanna, riverine and coastal bush,

often on sandy soil. Rather common in southern

Africa, especially in areas with a relatively high

rainfall. Map 72.

Closely related to I. verbascoidea (no. 56),

but distinguished by its glabrescent leaves and

sepals and also a more easterly distribution.

Both 7. albivenia and 7. verbascoidea are showy

plants worth cultivating.

Roots reported to be used medicinally and

also as a baby food (Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk

1962: 307).

Vouchers: Compton 25994 (PRE); Strev 4631

(NH, PRE); Welman 681 (PRE).

56. Ipomoea verbascoidea Choisy in Me-

moires de la Societe de Physique et d’Histoire

Naturelle de Geneve 8: 56 (1837); Choisy: 356

(1845); Baker & Rendle: 183 (1905-06);

A.Meeuse: 769 (1957a); Verde.; 140, figs. 22 &

24 (1963a); Gon?.: 118 (1987); Gon?.; 125

(1992); Lejoly & Lisowski; 94 (1992). Type:

Angola, without locality. Da Silva s.n. (P, holo.).

I. dammarana Rendle: 36 (1896). Type: Namibia,

Damaraland. Een s.n. (BM, holo.).

Suberect to climbing shrub. Stems woody, up

to 2 m long or longer, densely covered with a

yellowish or whitish, somewhat floccose tomen-

tum (as are leaves, petioles, peduncles, bracts

and sepals). Leaves cordate-oblong to subor-

bicular, 40-150 x 30-170 mm, apex obtuse to

apiculate, base cordate or truncate, entire to

somewhat crenate, upper surface thinly tomen-

tose, glabrescent, lower surface more densely

tomentose, veins conspicuous; petiole 15-100

mm long, bearing a gland on each side of inser-

tion of lamina. Peduncles 1- to few-flowered, up

to 30 mm long; bracts linear-oblong to oblanceo-

late, 14-20 mm long; pedicels ± 12 mm long.

Sepals equal, elliptic, obtuse, 10-20 mm long.

Corolla funnel-shaped, glabrous, 60-100 mm

long, tube broadly cylindrical, limb 50-70 mm

wide, white, rose-purple or mauve with darker

throat. Capsule globose or oblong-ovoid, 20-25

mm long, glabrous. Seeds ovoid, brown, 6-8

mm long, densely covered with ± 20 mm long

white or tawny cottony hairs. Flowering time

November to March. Figure 18.

Map 73. — • Ipomoea verbascoidea

A I. consimilis

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

119

Figure 18. — Ipomoea verbascoidea: A, flowering stem (Germishuizen 7635, Le Roux 306. PRE); B, calyx; C, fruiting

calyx {De Winter & Leistner 5817, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

120

CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea

Extends from the Sudan southwards to

northern Namibia, the Caprivi and northern

Botswana. Grows in bushveld and grassland,

often on Kalahari sands. Map 73.

Closely related to I. albivenia (no. 55), but

distinguished by the persistent white tomentum

on the lower surface of the leaves, the young

ones having in addition a raised tomentum on

the main veins; the calyx is also densely tomen-

tose for the most part, at least initially.

Vouchers: Killick & Leistner 3008 (PRE,

SRGH); Smith 3508 (PRE, SRGH); Smook

7825 (PRE).

57. Ipomoea consimilis Schulze-Menz in

Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Mu-

seums zu Berlin-Dahlem 14: 112 (1938);

Verde.: 149 (1963a); Gon9.: 123 (1987); Gon^.:

126 (1992); A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 46

(1996). Type: Tanzania, Lindi, Bakari, Schlie-

ben 5550 (B, holo.t, ED, photo.).

Climbing subshrub; young parts densely yel-

low-villous, glabrescent. Leaves broadly ovate,

up to 250 X 200 mm, apex acuminate, base

rounded to somewhat cordate, with yellow

adpressed hairs below and on nerves above;

petiole 25-95 mm, yellow-villous. Inflorescence

a few-flowered cyme; peduncle up to 200 mm,

yellow-villous; pedicels 20-40 mm, yellow-vil-

lous; bracts linear-lanceolate, up to 6 mm long.

Sepals linear-lanceolate, subulate, 11-16 mm

long, hairy outside, inner ones smaller than outer

ones. Corolla funnel-shaped, up to 65 mm long,

mauve to purple; midpetaline areas hairy on out-

side. Capsule globose, brown, 12 mm wide.

Seeds 8 mm long, covered with long fulvous

hairs. Flowering time April and May.

Recorded from Tanzania (Lindi district),

Mozambique (Sofala) and Maputaland in north-

ern KwaZulu-Natal, on sandy soils in coastal or

swamp forest. Map 73.

Distinguished by its climbing, shrubby habit,

yellow-villous young parts, large ovate leaves

and mauve to purple flowers.

The South African specimens of this species

were previously listed under 7. urbaniana

(Dammer) Hallier f., which does not occur

south of the Lindi district in Tanzania (see Ross

1972: 296).

Vouchers: Strey 8190 (NH, PRE); Strey 10443

(NH, PRE).

Excluded species

Ipomoea shupangensis Baker. Welman in

Arnold & De Wet (1993: 594) lists this species

for KwaZulu-Natal. However, no fertile materi-

al is known from southern Africa. I. shupangen-

sis occurs in tropical Africa as far south as

Zimbabwe (Hwange) and Mozambique (Gaza).

See Verdcourt (1963a: 132), Gonsalves (1987:

114, t. 29), Gon9alves (1992: 118, t. 27),

Meeuse & Welman (1996: 49).

CONVOLVULACEAE: Paralepistemon

121

7003020

15. PARALEPISTEMON

Paralepistemon Lejoly & Lisowski in Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Brussels

56: 196 (1986); Gon9.: 127 (1987); Gong.: 132 (1992). Type species: P. shirensis (Oliv.) Lejoly &

Lisowski.

Ipomoea L. pro min. parte.

Turbina Raf. pro min. parte.

This genus differs from Ipomoea as follows: Stamens inserted on triangular, large (±2x2 mm)

glandular pilose scales situated near base of corolla tube. Ovary with a very short beak persistent

in fruit. Style articulated at base, caducous. Fruit indihescent, ± woody.

A genus with a single species confined to central and southern tropical and subtropical Africa.

Paralepistemon shirensis {Oliv.} Lejoly &

Lisowski in Bulletin du Jardin Botanique

National de Belgique, Brussels 56: 197 (1986);

Gon?.: 127, t. 33 (1987); Gong.: 132, t. 29

(1992); A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 47 (1996).

Type: Malawi, Shire Highlands, Buchanan 262

(K, lecto.).

Ipomoea shirensis Oliv.: 58, t. 1474 (1884); Baker &

Rendle: 189 (1905-06). Rivea shirensis (Oliv.) Hallier f.:

157 (1893a). Turbina shirensis (Oliv.) A.Meeuse: 782

(1957a); Relief & P.P.J.Herman: 388 (1997).

Robust shrubby climber up to 15 m tall.

Stems woody, terete, up to 200 mm in diameter,

whitish tomentose of very short appressed hairs,

more densely so when young. Leaves broadly

cordate to orbicular-ovate or cordate-ovate,

30-170 mm long and wide, entire, obtuse to

acuminate or shortly and abruptly cuspidate at

apex, often mucronulate, basal sinus wide and

shallow to leaf base almost truncate, upper sur-

face thinly and shortly pubescent, more densely

so when young, densely white or greyish

tomentose beneath; petiole rather slender,

15-120 mm long, densely tomentose. Inflores-

cence cymose in axils of upper leaves and form-

ing lax terminal panicles; peduncle patent or

erecto-patent, rather slender, densely tomentose

like young stems and petioles, few- to many-

flowered, 30-100 mm long; bracteoles thinly

papery or almost membranous, oblong-oblance-

olate, oblong-obovate or somewhat narrowly

oblong-spathulate, much narrowed and subpeti-

olate at base, 7-22 mm long, pale yellowish

brown when dry, hairy outside, glabrous inside,

very early deciduous and rarely preserved;

pedicels up to 20 mm long, densely tomentose.

Sepals thin, almost papery, subequal, oblong or

obovate-oblong, obtuse, densely sericeo-tomen-

tose outside, 8-15 mm long, at first erect, much

imbricate, later accrescent, glabrescent and

spreading, ultimately papery and brittle, brown

and often purplish outside, pale straw-coloured

inside, 10-17 mm long. Corolla white, widely

funnel-shaped, 15-20 mm long; midpetaline

areas sharply defined, densely silky. Fruit

broadly ellipsoid or somewhat obovoid, 5-8

mm long, 5. 0-6. 5 mm wide, rounded-truncate

to depressed at apex and shortly beaked, very

densely greyish sericeo-tomentose, 1 -seeded;

pericarp hard, woody. Seed light brown or

fawnish, subglobose-quadrangular, ± 4 mm

122

CONVOLVULACEA: Paralepistemon

A

Figurk 19. — Paralepistemon shiren.sis: A, llowering stem {Van cler Scbijjf & Marais 3723, PRE); B, fruit with calyx;

C, inside of corolla tube with stamens; D, ovary, style and stigmas {Codd 5978, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Paralepistemon

123

long, 3.5-4 mm wide, very shortly velutinous or

puberulous. Flowering time March to July.

Figure 19.

Recorded from the Northern Province,

Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique,

Malawi and the Democratic Republic of the

Congo. Grows in woodland, forest edges, riverine

scrub, grassland and also along roadsides, often

on sandy soils and mostly above 500 m. Map 74.

Distinguished by its woody, shrubby, climb-

ing habit, the cordate, entire leaves, lax panicles

and 15-20 mm long, white corolla.

Voucher: Zamhatis 1914 (PRE).

124

CONVOLVULACEAE: Stictocardia

7010000

16. STICTOCARDIA

Stictocardia Hallierf in Botanische Jahrbiicher 18: 159 (1893a); A.Meeuse: 772 (1957a); Verde.:

5 (1961b); Verde.: 68 (1963a); R.A.Dyer: 506 (1975); Gonq.: 48 (1987); Gon?.: 51 (1992). Type

species: S. tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f.

Perennial, herbaceous or woody twiners. Leaves entire, ovate to orbicular, usually large, mostly

cordate at base, densely covered with minute glands beneath (appearing as black dots in dried speci-

mens). Flowers in axillary, pedunculate 1 -many-flowered cymes; bracts small, deciduous. Sepals 5,

ovate to orbicular, obtuse or rounded to emarginate, subequal, subcoriaceous, often with thinner mar-

gins, often much imbricate, enlarging in fruit. Corolla large, funnel-shaped with shallowly lobed to

subentire limb, usually purple, magenta or reddish; midpetaline areas often somewhat hairy and with

minute glands like leaves. Stamens inserted near base of corolla tube; pollen globose, spinulose. Disc

annular, entire or somewhat 5-lobed. Ovary glabrous, 4-locular, 4-ovuled; style 1, filiform; stigma

biglobular. Fruit enclosed in accrescent calyx, globose, winged, woody; walls between wings thin,

breaking irregularly and fruit becoming lantern-shaped. Seeds 4, dark brown or black, pubescent.

A small genus of about 12 species found throughout the tropics, one species in southern Africa.

Austin & Sebsebe ( 1997) studied the fruits of Stictocardia and concluded that the genus should

be maintained as distinct mainly because of the following fruit characters: enlarged calyx, thin exo-

carp, 4-lobed septum, 4-lobed loculicidal endocarp. Deroin (1999) studied ovary morphology in the

Convolvulaceae- Ipomoeae and stated that Stictocardia appears to retain some archaic characters,

such as a woody habit and a nonglobular ovary with a protruding nectariferous disc. The tropical

African S. beraviensis (Vatke) Hallier f., a perennial climber with bright crimson flowers, is some-

times cultivated in warmer areas.

Stictocardia laxiflora (Baker) Hallier f. in

Bulletin de I’Herbier Boissier 6: 548 (1898a);

Verde.: 5 (1961b); Verde.: 71 (1963a); Gon9.:

49, t. 15 (1987); Gonq.: 53, t. 14 (1992);

A.Meeuse & W.G.Welman: 49 (1996). Type:

Malawi, Shire Highlands, Buchanan 388 (K,

holo.).

Argyreia ? laxiflora Baker: 67 (1894). S. beraviensis

(Vatke) Hallier f. subsp. laxiflora (Baker) Verde.: 189

(1958b).

Ipomoea wooclii N.E.Br.: 101 (1894); Baker &

C.H.Wright: 60 (1904); J.M.Wood: t. 557 ( 1912). S. woodii

(N.E.Br.) Hallier f.: 548 (1898a); A.Meeuse: 773 (1957a);

Verde.: 189 (1958b). S. laxiflora (Baker) Hallier f. var.

woodii (N.E.Br.) Verde.: 173 (1963b); Verde.: 71 (1963a);

Gon?.; 51 (1987); Gong.: 53 (1992). Type: KwaZulu-Natal,

Durban, Wood 4146: 4864 (K. syn., NH!).

Perennial with a large tuberous rootstock.

Stems stout, older portions decumbent and up to

7 m long or longer, younger portions creeping

or climbing, finely pubescent, glabrescent.

Leaves orbicular-cordate with broad, shallow

basal sinus, up to 250 mm long and wide, thin-

ly hairy to quite glabrous, apex obtuse to acumi-

nate, minutely emarginate and mucronate; peti-

ole 50-150 mm long, stout, channelled above.

Inflorescence cymosely 3-8-flowered or in

upper portions of stems 1-3-flowered; common

peduncle 20-60 mm long, stout; pedicels up to

± 30 mm long; bracteoles early deciduous,

minute. Calyx somewhat inflated, glabrous;

sepals subequal, strongly imbricate, concave,

coriaceous, ovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded at

apex, 8-10 mm long, outer ones slightly larger

than inner ones. Corolla funnel-shaped, with

rose-pink lobes with yellowish tube, 65-80 mm

long, limb as wide, spreading, shallowly 5-

lobed, lobes rounded to emarginate; mid-

petaline areas very distinct, quite glabrous or

bearded at apex. Stamens somewhat unequal,

20-25 mm long, included, shorter than style.

Style 30 mm long, stigma rough. Capsule

unknown. Seed unknown. Flowering time

December to July. Figure 20.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Stictocardia

Figure 20. — Stictocardia laxiflora: A, flowering stem {Strey 4680, PRE); B, calyx; C, inside of corolla tube with

mens; D. ovary, style and stigma {Ward 7070, PRE). Artist: Marietjie Steyn.

126

CONVOLVULACEAE: Stictocardia

Reported from the eastern part of tropical

and subtropical Africa, namely Tanzania,

Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, reaching

the Ngoye Forest in KwaZulu-Natal. Grows in

evergreen bush in rain and riverine forests,

mostly in lowlands. Van Wyk (1996) lists this

species as particularly prevalent in the

Maputaland Centre of Endemism, which com-

prises the northernmost part of the Tongaland-

Pondoland Regional Mosaic. Map 75.

Distinguished by its woody climbing or

creeping habit, leaves with minute black dots

beneath and pinkish yellow flowers with quite

prominent midpetaline areas. In the past, features

like the length of the peduncles and the pedicels

were used to distinguish S. laxiflora van woodii.

However, the description by Meeuse (1957a)

was based on a whole series of herbarium speci-

mens, all from a single plant grown in the

Durban Botanical Garden. The range of variation

is so broad that such distinctions cannot be made.

This species could make a very showy gar-

den plant.

Vouchers: Strey 4680 (NH, PRE); Ward 7070

(PRE, UDW).

CONVOLVULACEAE

127

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