Part 7 Inuleae

Fascicle 2 Gnaphaliinae (First part)

by O. M. Hilliard

Botanical Research Institute

Department of Agriculture

Republic of South Africa

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

All contributions should be compiled in accordance with the Guide to Contributors to the Flora of Southern

Africa (Compiled by Ross, Leistner & De Winter) which is available from the Librarian, Botanical Research

Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001.

Cryptogam volumes will in future not be numbered but will be known by the name of the group they cover.

The number assigned to the volume on Characeae therefore becomes redundant.

Alien families are marked with an asterisk.

Published volumes and parts are shown in italics.

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INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES

The genera of Southern African flowering plants

Vol. 1: Dicotyledons (Published 1975). Price: R11,00. Overseas: R14.00. Post free

Vol. 2: Monocotyledons (Published 1976). Price: R8,00. Overseas: R10,00. Post free

Botanical exploration in Southern Africa (Published 1981): Price: R40,00 (Obtainable from booksellers)

CRYPTOGAM VOLUMES

Charophyta (Published as Vol. 9 in 1978). Price: R4,25. Overseas: R5,30. Post free

Bryophyta:

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Fascicle 2: Gigaspermaceae — Bartramiaceae

Fascicle 3: Erpodiaceae — Hookeriaceae

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Pteridophyta

FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUMES

Vol. 1: Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae *, Cupressaceae, Welwitschiaceae, Typhaceae,

Zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ruppiaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncagi-

naceae, Alismataceae, Hydrocharitaceae (Published 1966). Price: Rl,75. Overseas: R2,20. Post free

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Vol. 4: Restionaceae, Mayacaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae, Juncaceae

Vol. 5: Liliaceae, Agavaceae

Vol. 6: Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Tecophilaeaceae, Velloziaceae, Dioscoreaceae

Vol. 7: Iridaceae: Part 1: Nivenioideae, Iridoideae

Part 2: Ixioideae: Fascicle 1

Fascicle 2: Syringodea, Romulea (Published 1983).

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(Continued on inside of back cover)

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Printed by Perskor for the Government Printer and obtainable from the Division of Agricultural Information,

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REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTEMENT VAN LANDBOU

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

VOLUME 33

PART 7, FASCICLE 2 (FIRST PART)

ISBN 0 621 07943 X

G.P.-S

I

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

which deals with the territories of

SOUTH AFRICA, CISKEI, TRANSKEI, LESOTHO, SWAZILAND, BOPHUTHA-

TSWANA, SOUTH WEST AFRICA/NAMIBIA, BOTSWANA AND VENDA

VOLUME 33 ASTERACEAE (Compositae)

PART 7 INULEAE

Fascicle 2 GNAPHALIINAE (First part)

by

O. M. Hilliard

University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg

Edited by

O. A. Leistner

Editorial Committee: B. de Winter, D. J. B. Killick and O. A. Leistner

Botanical Research Institute,

Department of Agriculture

1983

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.org/details/floraofsoutherna337unse

CONTENTS

Page

New taxa and new combinations published in part 7, fascicle 2 (first part) vi

Introduction vii

Plan of Flora of Southern Africa viii

Key to genera xi

Facelis 7,2: 4

Lasiopogon r 7,2: 5

Galeomma 7,2: 13

Gnaphalium 7,2: 17

Vellereophyton 7,2: 31

Troglophyton 7,2: 39

Helichrysopsis 7,2: 47

Plecostachys 7,2: 49

Pseudognaphalium 7,2: 53

Tenrhynea 7,2: 57

Achyrocline 7,2: 59

Helichrysum 7,2: 61

Genus nov. ? 7,2: 312

Edmondia 7,2: 314

Index 7,2: 318

NEW TAXA AND NEW COMBINATIONS PUBLISHED IN PART 7, FASCICLE 2

(First part)

Helichrysum albertense Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 177

Helichrysum asperum ( Thunb .) Hilliard & Burtt var. glabrum Hilliard, var. nov.,

p. 7,2: 128

Helichrysum aureofolium Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 158

Helichrysum deserticola Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 168

Helichrysum dunense Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 143

Helichrysum erubescens Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 174

Helichrysum fourcadei Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 131

Helichrysum jubilatum Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 179

Helichrysum mutabile Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 302

Helichrysum refractum Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 133

Helichrysum rosum (Berg.) Less. var. arcuatum Hilliard, var. nov., p. 7,2: 107

Helichrysum saxicola Hilliard , sp. nov., p. 7,2: 190

Helichrysum solitarium Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 149

Troglophyton acocksianum Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 42

Troglophyton elsiae Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 40

Troglophyton leptomerum Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 45

Troglophyton tenellum Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 44

Vellereophyton felinum Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 35

Vellereophyton gracillimum Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 33

Vellereophyton niveum Hilliard, sp. nov., p. 7,2: 34

Vellereophyton pulvinatum Hilliard, sp. nov. p. 7,2: 35

Edmondia fasciculata (Andr.) Hilliard, comb, nov., p. 7,2: 316

Galeomma stenolepis (S. Moore ) Hilliard, comb, nov., p. 7,2: 13

Helichrysum asperum (Thunb.) Hilliard & Burtt var. appressifolium (Moeser) Hilliard,

comb, nov., p. 7,2: 128

Helichrysum pumilio (O. Hoffm.) Hilliard & Burtt subsp. fleckii (S. Moore ) Hilliard, comb,

et stat. nov., p. 7,2: 166

Troglophyton capillaceum (Thunb.) Hilliard & Burtt subsp. diffusum (DC.) Hilliard,

comb, et stat. nov., p. 7,2: 40

Date of publication: December 1983

vi

INTRODUCTION

For a key to the families and the genera not keyed out in this part, the Flora should be

used in conjunction with R. A. Dyer’s Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants, Vol. 1

(1975) and Vol. 2 (1976), which are arranged on the lines of the Engler system. The genera

are numbered, as far as possible, according to the list published by De Dalla Torre and

Harms in their Genera Siphonogamarum (1900 — 1907) in order to facilitate reference,

though genera in the Flora are not necessarily arranged in this sequence.

The following condensed abbreviations for literature references are used:

C. F. A Conspectus Florae Angolensis

R. A. Dyer, Gen The Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants by R. A.

Dyer. Vol. 1 (1975) and Vol. 2 (1976)

F.C Flora Capensis

F.C.B Flore du Congo et du Rwanda-Burundi

F.S.W.A Prodromus einer Flora von Siidwestafrika

F.T.A Flora of Tropical Africa

F.T.E.A Flora of Tropical East Africa

F.W.T.A Flora of West Tropical Africa

F.Z Flora Zambesiaca

Burtt Davy, FI.

Transv. Manual of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Transvaal

and Swaziland, Vol. 1 (1926) and Vol. 2 (1932).

Localities are sometimes referred to in terms of the degree reference system (Leistner

& Morris in Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. 12: 1 — 565; 1976).

This fascicle was compiled in accordance with a Guide to Contributors to the Flora of

Southern Africa (Ross, Leistner & De Winter, 1977), which is available from the Librarian,

Botanical Research Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001.

Volume 33 of the Flora, of which the present publication is a component, will appear in

nine parts of which the seventh is divided into fascicles (see p. ix). The number of the part,

which in the present publication is ‘7’, and the number of the fascicle, namely ‘2’, precede

the page number on all pages marked with Arabic numerals. This was done with a view to

compiling a combined index to the entire volume.

vii

PLAN OF FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

Cryptogam volumes will in future not be numbered but will be known by the name of the group theycover.

The number assigned to the volume on Characeae therefore becomes redundant.

Alien families are marked with an asterisk.

Published volumes and parts are shown in italics.

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INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES

The genera of Southern African flowering plants

Vol. 1: Dicotyledons (Published 1975). Price: R11,00. Overseas: R14,00. Post free

Vol. 2: Monocotyledons (Published 1976). Price: R8,00. Overseas: R10,00. Post free

Botanical exploration in Southern Africa (Published 1981). Price R40,00 (Obtainable from booksellers).

CRYPTOGAM VOLUMES

Charophyta (Published as Vol. 9 in 1978). Price: R4,25. Overseas: R5,30. Post free

Bryophyta:

Part 1: Mosses: Fascicle 1: Sphagnaceae — Grimmiaceae (Published 1981). Price: R24,33, GST

R0,97,

Total R25,30. Overseas: R30,40. Post free

Fascicle 2: Gigaspermaceae — Bartramiaceae

Fascicle 3: Erpodiaceae — Hookeriaceae

Fascicle 4: Fabroniaceae — Polytrichaceae

Pteridophyta

FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUMES

Vol. 1: Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae* , Cupressaceae, Welwitschiaceae, Typhaceae,

Zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ruppiaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncagin-

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Vol. 4: Restionaceae, Mayacaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae, Juncaceae

Vol. 5: Liliaceae, Agavaceae

Vol. 6: Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Tecophilaeaceae, Velloziaceae, Dioscoreaceae

Vol. 7: Iridaceae: Part 1: Nivenioideae, Iridoideae

Part 2: Ixioideae: Fascicle 1

Fascicle 2: Syringodea, Romulea (Published 1983).

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viii

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✓

IX

INULEAE

7,2: 1

ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)

Tribe Inuleae subtribe Gnaphaliinae (first part)

by O. M. HILLIARD*

The tribe Inuleae was recently re-investigated by Merxmuller, Leins & Roessler (in

Heywood et al. eds, The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae, London, 1977) who

recognized three subtribes, Inulinae sensu amplo, Gnaphaliinae sensu amplo and

Athrixiinae, and postulated a more natural arrangement of generic groups within each

subtribe. The genera dealt with here fall into the Gnaphalium and Helichrysum groups of

Gnaphaliinae. ‘Helipterum’ (a name thrice illegitimate) also belongs, but is under revision

by Professor B. Nordenstam, Stockholm; provision is made for these species in the key

below because they may well be sought here.

The sequence of genera given in Dalla Torre & Harms, Genera Siphonogamarum,

Leipzig, 1900 — 1907 (and followed by R.A. Dyer, Gen.) is no longer appropriate, and

some re-numbering is unavoidable if related genera are to be grouped together.

The structure of the stereome (the thickened region in the lower part of an involucral

bract) has been found of considerable value in the classification of the genera (see Hilliard

& Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 181-232, 1981). Ideally, an inner bract is cleared and

examined under a compound microscope, but where the character is used in the following

key, the necessary observation can be made with a hand lens, especially if any hairs are

scraped away. When ‘fenestrated’, there is a thin patch in the thick-walled tissue of the

stereome and at least the midvein can be seen running through it; when ‘undivided’, no such

thin patch is visible.

Key to genera

la Leaf margins either flat or revolute: (lb on p. 7,2: 3)

2a Leaves spathulate and more or less truncate; pappus bristles plumose from the

base upwards Facelis (p. 7,2: 4)

2b Either leaves not spathulate and truncate or pappus bristles not plumose from

the base upwards:

3a Small annual or weakly perennial herbs with elliptic to ovate leaves on slender

petioles and small (up to 6 mm long) white or whitish (rarely purplish) heads

on filiform peduncles, shaft of pappus bristles barbellate, tips barbellate to

shortly plumose Troglophyton (p. 7,2: 39)

3b Plants either perennial or, if annual, leaves and heads not on slender stalks, or

shaft of pappus bristles not barbellate:

4a Loosely branched, tangled subshrubs, leaves small (up to 25 x 7 mm),

elliptic to suborbicular on short petioles, heads small (up to 5 mm long), in

small terminal clusters, involucral bracts white or whitish, stereome

undivided Plecostachys (p. 7,2: 49)

* Department of Botany, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.

Financial assistance from CSIR for field work and overseas study is acknowledged.

7,2: 2

INULEAE

4b Characters not as combined above:

5a Heads homogamous:

6a Leaves rigid, tips remarkably mucronate, often hooked or recurved,

blade often conduplicate or U-shaped in section Helipterum

6b Leaves soft or otherwise differing from above:

7a Ovaries with relatively large and conspicuous white hairs, pappus

bristles fused at the base in a smooth ring, shaft usually plumose or

barbellate, rarely smooth ‘Helipterum’

7b Ovaries either without large white hairs or pappus bristles not fused

at base (though they may cohere strongly by patent cilia):

8a Prostrate woolly annual herb, pappus bristles c. 5, tipped with a

tuft of remarkably inflated cells Galeomma (p. 7,2: 13)

8b Plants either shrubby or herbaceous perennials, or if annual, then

pappus bristles many:

9a Prostrate white-woolly herb with tiny (2,5 mm long) heads

hidden in woolly glomerules, involucral bracts biseriate, tips

white, crisped Vellereophyton (p. 7,2: 31)

9b Plants either perennial or, if annual, then involucral bracts

neither biseriate nor with crisped white tips . Helichrysum (p. 7,2: 61)

5b Heads heterogamous:

10a Erect herbs, main stem leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or

oblong-lanceolate, broad-based and clasping, briefly or strongly

decurrent in stem wings, green and glandular above, white tomentose

below, heads more than 12-flowered, involucral bracts white, creamy

or straw-coloured, receptacle epaleate Pseudognaphalium (p. 7,2: 53)

10b Plants not as described above:

11a Involucral bracts with undivided stereome:

12a Leaf margins flat:

13a Receptacle epaleate Gnaphalium (p. 7,2: 17)

13b Receptacle with paleae resembling the inner involucral

bracts Tenrhynea (p. 7,2: 57)

12b Leaf margins strongly revolute Helichrysopsis (p. 7,2: 47)

lib At least the inner involucral bracts fenestrated (a median vascular

strand embedded in thin tissue within the stereome generally visible

with a hand lens, particularly if any woolly hairs are scraped off):

14a Female flowers at least five times as many as hermaphrodite:

15a Pappus bristles either plumose from the base upwards or more

or less evenly barbellate throughout:

16a Involucral bracts very obtuse or truncate .... Lasiopogon (p. 7,2: 5)

16b Involucral bracts long acuminate Galeomma (p. 7,2: 13)

15b Pappus bristles either scabrid, or subplumose in upper part

only:

17a Perennial herbs or shrubs:

18a Flowers 4—6

18b Flowers at least 9

. Achyrocline (p. 7,2: 59)

Helichrysum (p. 7,2: 61)

INULEAE

7,2: 3

17b Annual herbs:

19a Involucral bracts with opaque white tips; pappus bristles

subplumose in upper half Vellereophyton (p. 7,2: 31)

19b Involucral bracts translucent; pappus bristles scabrid

Pseudognaphalium (p. 7,2: 53)

14b Female flowers up to 4 times as many as hermaphrodite, or

numbers subequal, or hermaphrodite flowers outnumbering

female:

20a Involucral bracts usually biseriate, rarely in 3 series and then

pappus bristles abruptly expanded towards base and fused

below in a smooth ring Lasiopogon (p. 7,2: 5)

20b Involucral bracts usually in at least 3 series, pappus bristles

never abruptly expanded and then fused in a ring (though they

may be undilated at the base and fused):

21a Annual or weakly perennial grey-woolly herbs, heads up to

4x3 mm, involucral bracts with opaque white tips, pappus

bristles subplumose in upper half Vellereophyton (p. 7,2: 31)

21b Usually either perennial herbs, suffrutices or shrubs, or

coarse biennials; if annual, either bracts without opaque

white tips or pappus not subplumose in upper part:

22a Stereome of the involucral bracts clearly distinguished

from the scarious and often coloured lamina:

23a Flowers 4— 6, $ outnumbering Achryrocline (p. 7,2: 59)

23b Flowers usually at least 9, if fewer, then $ flowers not

outnumbering £ Helichrysum (p. 7,2: 61)

22b Involucral bracts more or less uniform in texture and

colour, the limits of the stereome not clearly discernible

Genus nov.? (p. 7,2: 312)

lb Leaf margins involute at least in upper half: (from p. 7,2: 1)

24a Heads very large, 25—30 mm long Edmondia (p. 7,2: 314)

24b Heads less than 15 mm long ‘Helipterum’

7,2: 4

INULEAE

8986 FACELIS

Facelis Cass, in Bull. Soc. philom. 94 (1819); Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f. , Gen. PI. 2,1: 304

(1873); Cabrera, FI. Prov. Buenos Aires, Comp. 151 (1963). Type species: F. apiculata

Cass. i.e. F. retusa (Lam.) Sch. Bip.

Tufted annual herbs. Leaves alternate, spathulate, ± truncate, mucronate, sessile,

lower surface white-woolly. Heads heterogamous, cylindric, crowded at the ends of the

branches. Involucral bracts in several series, stereome undivided but vascular strands

clearly visible, lamina very thin, pellucid. Receptacle smooth. Flowers several, $

outnumbering £ , corolla of $ flowers filiform, of $ narrowly tubular, all with hairs on back

of lobes. Anthers with an acute apical appendage and tails about equalling the filament

collar. Style branches narrowly linear, pointed, with sweeping hairs extending to the point

of division. Achenes turbinate, villous, the hairs unicellular with thickened walls and a basal

swelling cushion. Pappus bristles plumose, bases connate in a ring.

A South American genus of 4 species, one now naturalized in parts of South Africa.

Facelis retusa (Lam.) Sch. Bip. in

Linnaea 34: 532 (1866); Cabrera, FI. Prov.

Buenos Aires, Comp. 151 (1963); Hender-

son & Anderson, Common Weeds in S. Afr.

368, fig. 183 (1966); Hilliard, Compositae in

Natal 121 (1977). Type: Argentina and

Uruguay, Commerson s.n. (P-LAM,

holo.!).

Gnaphalium retusum Lam., Encyl. 2: 758 (1788);

Helichrysum retusum (Lam.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 484

(1826).

Facelis apiculata Cass, in Bull. Soc. philom. 94

(1819), Diet. Sci. nat. 16: 104 (1820); DC., Prodr. 7: 47

(1838), nom. illegit. Type as above.

Tufted annual herb; stems up to 250

mm, erect or decumbent, closely leafy

throughout. Leaves sessile, up to 20 x 3 mm,

oblong or spathulate-oblong, apex truncate

and mucronate, margins entire, somewhat

revolute, green above, grey- or white-

woolly below. Heads oblong, c. 14 x 4 mm,

solitary and terminal on very short leafy

shoots, many crowded at the ends of the

branches in a racemose inflorescence.

Involucral bracts graded, innermost blot-

ched purple towards the tips. Flowers hidden

by the copious pappus, nondescript, her-

maphrodite ones purple-tipped. Achenes 1,5

mm long. Pappus bristles fine, white,

silky-plumose.

A native of South America, established in Natal,

the Transkei and the eastern and southern Cape as a

garden weed. Flowering recorded between October

and December.

Voucher: Hilliard & Burn 6888 (E; K; NU; PRE;

S).

INULEAE

7,2: 5

8987 LASIOPOGON

Lasiopogon Cass, in Bull. Soc. philom. 75 (1818), in Diet. Sci. nat. 23: 302 (1822); DC.,

Prodr. 6: 236 (1838) excl. L. molluginoides DC.; Harv. in F.C. 3: 264 (1865); Benth. in

Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2, 1: 304 (1873); B. Nord. in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 30: 60 (1964);

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 212 (1981). Type species: L. ianatum Cass., i.e. L.

muscoides (Desf.) DC.

Comptonanthus B. Nord. in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 30: 54 (1964), p.p., excluding C. molluginoides (DC.) B. Nord., type

of the genus.

Small, generally woolly, annual herbs, stems simple or branched, filiform, usually

prostrate or decumbent, sometimes erect, laxly leafy but closely so under the heads. Leaves

very small, oblong to spathulate, obtuse, base narrowed, margins flat, usually loosely

enveloped in wool. Heads heterogamous, campanulate, very small, closely surrounded by

leaves, usually massed in glomerules at the branchlet tips. Involucral bracts 2— 3-seriate, a

few shorter outer bracts occasionally present, otherwise subequal, equalling or slightly

exceeding flowers, stereome conspicuously fenestrate, lamina very thin, pellucid, extreme

tip sometimes opaque, apex obtuse to truncate, often emarginate, whitish to

straw-coloured. Receptacle shortly honeycombed or shallowly tuberculate. Flowers 10—85,

whitish, often tipped reddish, 9 flowers 5—75, either fewer than, more than, or about

equalling the $ flowers, sometimes within a single species, narrowly tubular or filiform; 9

flowers 2—25, tubular below, campanulate above, with 5 deltoid lobes, all lobes glandular

hairy on backs. Anthers with small obtuse apical appendage and tails more or less equalling

or slightly exceeding the filament collar. Style branches truncate and penicillate, the

sweeping hairs scarcely extending down the backs of the branches. Achenes rarely glabrous,

usually with minute globular duplex hairs without a swelling cushion, or ellipsoidal

unicellular, all myxogenic. Pappus bristles either wholly plumose, or with clavate cells at

the tip and the shaft wholly or partly plumose, subplumose, barbellate or nude, when not

plumose the base with patent cilia, or the bristles expanded in lowest quarter and fused at

the base.

A genus of 8 species, 7 of which are confined to the arid areas of Southern Africa, whereas L. muscoides

shows a remarkable disjunction between its northern range (from central and SE. Spain to North Africa and

eastwards through the Saharo-Sindian region to Pakistan and NW. India) and its southern (from South West

Africa/Namibia, Botswana and the southern O.F.S. to the Cape as far south as the Great Karoo in the west and

Peddie in Ciskei and Komgha in the east).

la Pappus bristles either free at the base or cohering by patent cilia; achenes either glabrous or with minute

globose hairs (sect. Lasiopogon)-.

2a Leaves thin, loosely woolly:

3a Pappus bristles delicately plumose from the base and barbs longest there:

4a Pappus bristles monomorphic, tipped with a pair of pointed cells; J flowers at least six times as

many as $ 1 .L. muscoides

4b Pappus bristles dimorphic, those of J flowers tipped with a pair of cells, those of 9 flowers with a

tuft of somewhat thickened cells; $ flowers either fewer than or up to three times as many as

9 2.L. micropoides

3b Pappus bristles either plumose or barbellate only in the upper part, or barbellate throughout:

5a Pappus plumose in upper part with long delicate barbs degenerating to small thickened cells at

the tips 3. L. ponticulus

5b Pappus either shortly plumose and without thickened apical cells, or barbellate:

6a Pappus either plumose or barbellate in upper part only:

7a Pappus barbellate above; heads c. 4 mm long; flowers c. 40 — 60 4. L. volkii

7b Pappus shortly plumose above; heads up to 2 mm long; flowers c. 10—25 5. L. brachypterus

6b Pappus uniformly barbellate throughout 6. L. glomerulatus

2b Leaves somewhat fleshy, more or less glabrous 7. L. debilis

lb Pappus bristles fused at the base in a ring; achenes with relatively large elongate hairs (sect. BertiUa)

8. L. minutus

7,2: 6

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 7

Section Lasiopogon

1. Lasiopogon muscoides (Desf.) DC.,

Prodr. 6:246 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 265

(1865); B. Nord. in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 30: 60

(1964); Merxm., F.S.W.A. 139: 108 (1967);

Holub in Tutin et al., FI. Europ. 4: 131

(1976). Type: Tunisia, herb. FI. Atlant. (P,

holo.!).

Gnaphalium muscoides Desf., FI. Atlant. 2: 267 t.

231 (1799). /

Lasiopogon lanatum Cass, in Bull. Soc. philom. 1818:

75 (1818), nom. illegit.

Annual herb forming small woolly mats

up to 10—150 mm across, frequently much

smaller, stems few to many from the crown,

filiform, simple or branched, prostrate or

decumbent, very loosely greyish-white

woolly, distantly leafy then closely so under

the heads. Leaves mostly 3—7 x 1 — 1,5 mm,

smallest under the heads, up to 10 x 1,5 at

the root, spathulate or oblong-spathulate,

obtuse, base much narrowed, both surfaces

loosely greyish-white woolly. Heads hetero-

gamous, campanulate, c. 3 x 2 mm, each

closely surrounded by leaves then massed in

woolly glomerules c. 3—15 mm across at the

branchlet tips. Involucral bracts biseriate,

subequal, slightly exceeding flowers, pellu-

cid, tips very obtuse, pale straw-coloured,

sometimes subopaque, whole involucre

rotate when achenes shed. Receptacle

shortly honeycombed. Flowers 36—59,

31—53 $, 2—6 $, whitish, tips sometimes

reddish, $ 6—25 times as many as $.

Achenes 0,75 mm long, with myxogenic

hairs. Pappus bristles delicately plumose

from the base, terminating in a pair of

pointed cilia, a few small patent cilia at

base. Fig. 2:4.

Widely distributed from about 23°S in South West

Africa/Namibia and Botswana through the semi-desert

areas of the Cape as far south as the Ceres-Calvinia

Karoo and the Great Karoo and east to the southern

O.F.S.. and Komgha. Also in SE. and Central Spain, N.

Africa and the Saharo-Sindian region to Pakistan and

NW. India. Favours bare sandy or gravelly places such

as watercourses, the edges of pans, even railway tracks

and old fields, probably where there is seasonal water.

Flowering recorded between April and December,

most records in September. Map 1.

Vouchers: Acocks 17202 (PRE); Flanagan s.n.

(PRE); Giess 12816 (WIND).

2. Lasiopogon micropoides DC.,

Prodr. 6: 246 (1838); Harv., Thes. Cap. 2:31

t. 150 (1863), in F.C. 3: 264 (1865), excl.

var. (3; B. Nord. in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 30: 62

(1964); Merxm., F.S.W.A. 139: 108 (1967).

Type : Cape, Namaqualand, between Kouse

(Kaus Mts) and Gariep (Orange River),

Drege 2845 (G-DC, holo.!; E; TCD, iso.!).

Annual herb forming small woolly mats

up to 150 mm across, but often much

smaller, stems few to many from the crown,

filiform, simple or branched, prostrate or

decumbent, loosely greyish-white woolly,

leafy and densely so under the heads.

Leaves mostly 2,5—7 x 1 — 2 mm, smaller

under the heads, spathulate, obtuse, base

much narrowed, both surfaces loosely

greyish-white woolly. Heads heterogamous,

campanulate, c. 3 x 2 mm, each closely

surrounded by leaves, massed in woolly

glomerules c. 5 — 15 mm across at the

FIG. 1. — 1, Lasiopogon volkii, whole plant, x 1; la, leaf, x 6,6; lb, hermaphrodite flower, x 13; lc, female

flower, x 13; Id, head, x 6,6 ( Merxmuller & Giess 3166a). 2, L. brachypterus, whole plant, x 1,3; 2a, head, x 16

(Hutchinson 880). 3, L. debilis, whole plant, x 1,3; 3a, head, x 10 ( Acocks 20610). 4, L. glomerulatus, whole

plant, x 1; 4a, head, x 6,6; 4b, involucral bract, x 10; 4c, leaf, x 10 ( Acocks 17128).

7,2: 8

INULEAE

7

INULEAE

7,2: 9

branchlet tips. Involucral bracts biseriate,

subequal, slightly exceeding flowers, pellu-

cid, tips very obtuse, pale straw-coloured,

sometimes subopaque. Receptacle shortly

honeycombed. Flowers 21—35, 9—23 9’

7—25 9 either fewer than or up to three

times as many as 9 > whitish, sometimes

tipped reddish. Achenes 0,75 mm, with

myxogenic hairs. Pappus bristles delicately

plumose from the base, the barbs shortening

towards the tips, in the 9 flowers termina-

ting in a pair of cells, in the 9 > in a small tuft

of clavate cells, no patent cilia at base. Fig.

2:8.

Recorded mainly from Namaqualand, from the

Kareebergen near Vanrhynsdorp north to the Orange

River, with one record from central South West

Africa/Namibia (2316 Nauchas), but plants are small

and easily overlooked. Favours open sandy places such

as water courses. Flowering recorded between June

and September. Map 2.

MAP 2. — • Lasiopogon micropoides

A Lasiopogon ponticulus

S.W. A. /Namibia, Luderitz, 1 mile S. of

lagoon, 5 viii 1959, Giess & Van Vuuren 654

(PRE; holo.!; W; WIND, iso.!).

Annual herb forming small woolly

mats, stems few to many from the crown,

10 — 80 mm long, filiform, simple or

branched, prostrate or decumbent,

cobwebby-woolly, nude below or distantly

leafy but closely leafy under the heads.

Leaves mostly 3—8 x 1 — 1,5 mm, smallest

under the heads, spathulate, obtuse, base

narrowed, both surfaces loosely greyish-

white woolly. Heads heterogamous, cam-

panulate, c. 3 x 2 mm, each closely

surrounded by leaves, then massed in

woolly glomerules 5 — 10 mm across at the

branchlet tips. Involucral bracts biseriate,

subequal, slightly exceeding flowers, tips

pellucid, very obtuse, often emarginate,

colourless, whitish or palest straw-colour,

rotate when achenes shed. Receptacle

shortly honeycombed. Flowers 17—28,

5 — 15 9’ 10—16 9’ ? and 9 equal or

subequal, or up to three times as many as 9

as 9, or rarely slightly more 9 than 9 >

whitish, sometimes tipped reddish. Achenes

0,5 mm long, glabrous. Pappus bristles

weakly plumose in upper third or half,

terminating in a small tuft of clavate cilia,

delicate patent cilia at base, cohering

lightly.

Known only from southern South West Africa/Na-

mibia, in the environs of Luderitz, Aus and the

Buchuberge (which lie about halfway between Luderitz

and the Orange River), and the Richtersveld, south of

the Orange, in Namaqualand, N. Cape. Grows in sand;

flowering recorded between July and November. Map

2.

Vouchers: Dinter 6433 (BOL; PRE; BM, S and

STE mixed with L. glomerulatus ); Kinges 2635 (M;

PRE); Nordenstam 1689 (S).

Vouchers: Acocks 19382 (M; PRE), 19551 (PRE);

Bolus 6561 (E; PRE); Giess 13474 (PRE; S; WIND);

Schlechter 8169 (BOL; E; K; PRE; S), 11321 (E; PRE).

3. Lasiopogon ponticulus Hilliard in

Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 213 (1981). Type:

4. Lasiopogon volkii ( B . Nord.) Hill-

iard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 214 (1981).

Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, 2 miles W of

Schakalskuppe, low black kopje N. of the

road, 15 iv 1963, Nordenstam 2228 (LD

holo.; S, iso.!).

FIG. 2. — Lasiopogon, pappus bristles, all x 33. 1, L. glomerulatus ( Acocks 17128). 2, L. minutus ( Nordenstam

1031). 3, L. debilis ( Acocks 20610). 4, L. muscoides (Acocks 17202). 5, L. brachypterus (Hutchinson 880). 6, L.

ponticulus (Giess & Van Vuuren 654). 7, L. volkii (Merxmuller & Giess 3166a). 8, L. micropoides, from

hermaphrodite flower; 8a, from female flower (Acocks 19382).

7,2: 10

INULEAE

Gnaphalium volkii B. Nord. in Mitt. bot. StSamml.,

Munch. 6: 1 (1966); Merxm. , F.S. W. A. 139: 84 (1967).

Annual herb forming small woolly mats

30—100 mm across, stems few to many from

the crown, prostrate, filiform, well

branched, very loosely greyish-white wool-

ly, distantly leafy then closely so near the

tips. Leaves 3—8 x 1 — 2 mm, diminishing

upwards, spathulate, obtuse, base much

narrowed, both surfaces loosely greyish-

white woolly. Heads heterogamous, campan-

ulate, c. 4 x 3 mm, solitary on short leafy

branchlets massed at the branch tips in

woolly, leafy glome rules in which the heads

are buried. Involucral bracts biseriate,

subequal, loosely woolly, pellucid, tips

exceeding flowers, opaque, white, very

obtuse, minutely radiating. Receptacle

shortly honeycombed. Flowers 39—60,

19—41 9> 16—21 9 and $ subequal, or

9 up to twice as many as ^ . Achenes less

than 0,5 mm long, with myxogenic hairs, or

hairs sometimes wanting on $ flowers.

Pappus bristles barbellate near tips, shaft

smooth, bases cohering strongly by long

patent cilia. Fig. 1: 1, 2: 7.

Recorded only from southern South West Afri-

ca/Namibia, in 2516, 2616, 2716, 2717 and 2718 degree

squares, on flats or hills; flowering between February

and September. Map 3.

Map 3. — Lasiopogon volkii

Vouchers: Dinter 4997 (BOL; G; PRE; SAM);

Giess 13347 (M; WIND); Merxmuller & Giess 3166a

(M; PRE; WIND).

5. Lasiopogon brachypterus [O. Hof-

fm. ex] Zahlbr. in Annin naturh. Mus.

Wien 20: 57 (1905); Levyns in Adamson &

Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 777 (1950). Type:

Cape, Sir Lowry’s Pass, Palmiet River,

Penther 1145 (W, holo.!).

Comptonanthus brachypterus (Zahlbr.) B. Nord. in

J1 S. Afr. Bot. 30: 57 (1964).

Diminutive annual herb 10—50 mm

tall, stems filiform, erect or suberect, simple

or branched from the base, then simple or

sparingly branched above, loosely woolly,

leafy. Leaves 2— 9 x 0,25 — 1 mm, longest at

the root, oblong or oblong-spathulate, apex

obtuse or subacute, base slightly narrowed,

both surfaces loosely greyish white ap-

pressed woolly. Heads heterogamous,

cylindric-campanulate, c. 1,5 x 1 mm, few

to several in loose leafy clusters terminating

the branchlets. Involucral bracts biseriate,

subequal, equalling flowers, tips pellucid,

colourless or purplish around the stereome,

light golden brown to straw-coloured above,

very obtuse, almost truncate, rotate when

the achenes are shed. Receptacle shortly

honeycombed. Flowers 9—26, 6 — 20 9 >

3 — 10 whitish, tipped purplish red.

Achenes 0,5 mm long, glabrous. Pappus

bristles shortly plumose in upper half, base

with delicate patent cilia cohering lightly,

soon caducous. Fig. 1: 2, 2: 5.

On the mountains in the SW. and W. Cape, from

the Peninsula N. and NE. to Paarl, Worcester, Ceres,

Clanwilliam, Piquetberg and Vanrhynsdorp divisions,

with a disjunction (probably real) to the Khamiesberg

in Namaqualand, and an isolated record, probably due

to lack of collecting in the intervening mountains, from

the Klein Swartberg. Grows in damp sandy places,

along streams, on the ledges of cliffs or on rock

platforms, sometimes in moss cushions on rocks and

cliffs; flowering mainly between September and

December. Map 4.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 20576 (BOL; K; PRE);

Hutchinson 880 (BOL; K; PRE); Schlechter 5394

(BOL; BM; K; P; W).

6. Lasiopogon glomerulatus ( Harv .)

Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 213 (1981).

Type: Cape, Cradock, auf Bergen und

Hiigeln zu beiden Seiten des Tarkarivier,

3 000—4 000 Fuss, August, Ecklon &

Zeyher (S, holo.!).

Gnaphalium glomerulatum [Sond. ex] Harv. in F.C.

3: 262 (1865); Humbert, FI. Madag. 189: 384, fig. 72:

7-14 (1962); Merxm., F.S.W.A., 139: 83 (1967).

INULEAE

7,2: 11

Gnaphalium araneosum S. Moore in J. Bot., Lond.

51: 209 (1913), non Sch. Bip. (1845). Type: Zambia,

Lake Chirengwa, Rogers 8406 p.p. (BM, holo.!).

Small annual herb, branches filiform,

10—80 mm long, many from the crown,

prostrate, simple or loosely branched,

greyish-white woolly, leafy. Leaves 3—10

x 0,5—2 mm, oblanceolate to spathulate,

subacute to obtuse, loosely greyish-white

woolly. Heads heterogamous, campanulate,

c. 4 x 3 mm, each head surrounded by

leaves webbed together with wool, many, or

occasionally few, in small woolly glomerules

terminating the branchlets. Involucral bracts

in 2 series, glabrous, outer short, ovate,

acute, pellucid, inner lanceolate, exceeding

flowers, pellucid sometimes tinged purple,

tip obtuse, often minutely notched, opaque,

straw-coloured, not radiating. , Receptacle

domed, tuberculate. Flowers 54—84, 49—74

3—10 $, $ flowers purple-tipped, 7—25

times as many as Achenes 0,5 mm long,

with myxogenic hairs. Pappus bristles

equalling corolla, tip scab rid, shaft barbel-

late, bases cohering strongly by patent cilia.

Fig. 1: 4, 2: 1.

Relatively poorly represented in herbaria, but

seemingly widely distributed from southern South West

Africa/Namibia (south of 27°S) throughout the dry

parts of the Cape and the Orange Free State, from the

environs of Prieska, Taung, Kimberley and Fauresmith

south to Worcester, Montagu and Swellendam divisi-

ons in the west, Grahamstown and Redhouse in the

east. There is one record from Lake Chirengwa in

N.W. Zambia, so the species is probably in Botswana

too. Also in Madagascar, on sand banks and coastal

dunes fide Humbert (l.c). Favours stony or gravelly

situations, or hard-packed sand; flowering between

May and October. Map 5.

MAP 5. — • Lasiopogon glomerulatus

A Lasiopogon minutus

Vouchers: Acocks 17128 (PRE); Compton 5631

(NBG; SAM); Dinter 6433 (K; M; PRE; BM and E

р. p.); Merxmiiller & Giess 3166b (M; PRE; WIND).

7. Lasiopogon debilis ( Thunb .) Hilliard

in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 213 (1981). Type:

Cape, in Karoo below Bockland, Thunberg

(sheet 19201, UPS, holo.!; B, iso.!).

Gnaphalium debile Thunb., Prodr. 149 (1800), FI.

Cap. 651 (1823).

Comptonanthus subcamosus B. Nord. in Jl. S. Afr.

Bot. 30: 59 (1964). Type: Cape, Vanrhynsdorp, Hoi

River, Nordenstam 894 (S!).

Annual herb forming small mats up to

с. 150 mm across, stems few to many from

the crown, simple or branched, prostrate to

suberect, thinly appressed cobwebby, dis-

tantly leafy but closely so under the heads.

Leaves mostly 3—7 x 1—2 mm, smallest

under the heads, spathulate or oblong-

spathulate, apex rounded, base narrowed,

somewhat fleshy, thinly woolly particularly

when young. Heads heterogamous, cam-

panulate, c. 2 x 2 mm, each surrounded by

a few leaves, massed in glomerules c. 5 — 15

mm across at the branchlet tips. Involucral

bracts biseriate, subequal, about equalling

flowers, tips pellucid, very obtuse, some-

times emarginate, pale straw-coloured,

sometimes subopaque at extreme tip.

7,2: 12

INULEAE

Receptacle shallowly tuberculate. Flowers

19-37, 12-22 $, 7-15 $, $ slightly

outnumbering 9- ^4c/zenes0,5 mm long with

myxogenic hairs. Pappus bristles shortly

plumose in upper half, the upper barbs

clavate and white, weakly developed patent

cilia at base. Fig. 1: 3, 2: 3.

Known from only a few localities between

Vanrhynsdorp and Ceres, growing in silty or sandy

places that are possibly seasonally damp. Flowering

recorded between July and October. Easily recognized

by its subfleshy nearly glabrous leaves. Map 6.

Vouchers: Acocks 20610 (BOL; K; PRE); Salter

3841 (BOL; K); Schlechter 8158 (BOL; G; K; P; PRE;

S; Z).

Section Bertilia

Sect. Bertilia Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J.

Linn. Soc. 82: 214 (1981). Type species: L.

minutus (B. Nord.) Hilliard & Burtt.

8. Lasiopogon minutus (B. Nord.)

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 215

(1981). Type: Cape, Vanrhynsdorp, quart-

zite area 4 miles NNE of Koekenaap, 25 viii

1962, Nordenstam 1031 (LD, holo.; E; S,

iso.!).

Gnaphalium minutum B. Nord. in Mitt. bot. St

Samml. Munch. 6: 3 (1966).

Small annual herb 15—40 mm tall,

stems ± erect, simple or subsimple, tufted,

white woolly-cobwebby, leafy. Leaves 6—20

x 1—3 mm, oblanceolate, apex subacute,

mucronate, base much narrowed, margins

flat, both surfaces thinly white woolly-

cobwebby. Heads heterogamous, campanu-

MAP 6.— Lasiopogon debilis

late, c. 3 x 2 mm, on short, loosely woolly

peduncles clustered at the branchlet tips.

Involucral bracts in c. 3 series, outer

shorter, inner subequal, slightly exceeding

flowers, pale straw yellow, tips opaque, pale

straw-coloured, obtuse. Receptacle shallow-

ly tubercled. Flowers c. 25—35, 15—21 $,

9—14 9 in the proportion 1,5 — 2: 1, yellow,

tipped reddish. Achenes not seen, ovaries

0,75 mm long, thickly clad in relatively large

elliptical unicellular hairs, highly myxoge-

nic. Pappus bristles with barbellate tips and

shafts, bases abruptly expanded and scale-

like, shortly fused into a smooth ring, tardily

deciduous. Fig. 2: 2.

Known only from the type collection. Map 5.

INULEAE

7,2: 13

8987a

GALEOMMA

Galeomma /tausc/iemn Taxon 31:557 (1982). Type species: G. oculus-cati (L.f.) Rauschert.

Eriosphaera Less., Syn. Comp. 270 (1832); Harv. , Thes. Cap. 2: t. 149 (1863), in F.C. 3: 264 (1865); Benth. in

Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,1: 321 (1873); Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82; 211 (1981); non F. G.

Dietrich (1817).

Prostrate woolly annual herbs. Leaves spathulate or oblong-spathulate, margins flat.

Heads homogamous or heterogamous, in terminal glomerules embedded in wool. Involucral

bracts in few series, stereome fenestrated, tip of lamina very acute to acuminate, whitish or

pale straw-coloured. Receptacle honeycombed. Flowers 11 — 125, female if present

outnumbering hermaphrodite, corolla with hairs on backs of lobes. Style branches truncate

and penicillate. Achenes with common duplex hairs, myxogenic or not. Pappus bristles

• either very few, nude below with an apical tuft of much inflated cells, or many, evenly

barbed with more or less patent cilia tending to intermingle.

Species 2, in S.W. A/Namibia, Botswana, and the dry parts of the northern and western Cape.

la Pappus bristles few (c. 5), tipped with a tuft of inflated cells, shaft nude below 1. G. oculus-cati

lb Pappus bristles many, evenly barbed with long more or less patent cilia tending to

intermingle 2. G. stenolepis

1. Galeomma oculus-cati (L.f.)

Rauschert in Taxon 31:557 (1982). Type:

Cape of Good Hope (LINN 989.70 holo.!).

Gnaphalium oculus-cati L.f., Suppl. 364 (1781). G.

oculus Thunb., Prodr. 151 (1800). FI. Cap. 657 (1823),

nom. illegit. ; Eriosphaera oculus-cati (L.f.) Less., Syn.

Comp. 270 (1832); Harv., Thes. Cap. 2: t. 149 (1863),

in F.C. 3:264 (1865).

Prostrate annual herb, stems 10 — 20

mm long, many radiating from the crown,

simple or branched, thinly appressed

woolly-cobwebby, glabrescent, sparsely

leafy. Leaves 7—12 x 3—5 mm, broadly

spathulate, very obtuse, mucronate, enve-

loped in loosely woven white wool. Heads

homogamous, globose-campanulate c. 4 x 2

mm, several in terminal glomerules sur-

rounded by leaves webbed together with

wool, the heads buried in masses of white

wool. Involucral bracts in 3 series, outer-

most short, inner subequal, equalling

flowers, linear-lanceolate, backs woolly,

webbed to subtending leaves, tips glabrous,

very acute, sometimes lacerate, straw-

coloured, radiating. Receptacle honeycomb-

ed. Flowers c. 11 — 20. Achenes 1 mm long,

with minute globose duplex hairs. Pappus

bristles c. 5, equalling corolla, tips with

several much inflated cells, nude below. Fig.

3:1.

Recorded only from Calvinia and Sutherland

degree squares (3119, 3220), on rocky slopes.

sometimes forming dense patches. Flowers between

September and December. Easily recognized by its

peculiar pappus. Map 7.

MAP 7. — Galeomma oculus-cati

Vouchers: Acocks 17756 (PRE); Galpin 11149 (K;

PRE); Hutchinson & Pillans 724 (BOL; K; PRE);

Pearson 3790 (BOL; K).

2. Galeomma stenolepis (S. Moore)

Hilliard, comb. nov. Type: South West

Africa/Namibia, Osire, Sept. 1899, Dinter

795 (BM, holo.!; Z, iso.!).

7,2: 14

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 15

Gnaphalium stenolepis S. Moore in Bull. Herb.

Boissier, s6r. 2,4: 1015 (1904); Merxm., F.S.W.A.

139: 84 (1967). Eriosphaera stenolepis (S Moore)

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 212 (1981).

Small woolly annual herb forming

dense mats 30-150 mm across, stems many

from the crown, filiform, prostrate, simple

below, branching above, very loosely white-

woolly, leafy at the crown, then nude or

nearly so, densely leafy at the branch tips.

Leaves 4—20 (—30) x 1-5 mm, diminishing

upwards, those surrounding the heads

always small (c. 4—7 x 1 — 2 mm),

spathulate or oblong-spathulate, apex ob-

tuse in small leaves, obtuse or subacute in

larger, mucronate, loosely white woolly,

partly glabrescent later. Heads heterogam-

ous, campanulate, c. 3 x 3 mm, several in

small glomerules terminating the branch-

lets, each head buried in white wool and

closely surrounded by leaves, the tips of

which, green or tinged purplish and glab-

rous or nearly so, emerge from the wool, the

glomerules in turn sometimes subtended by

long narrow leaves. Involucral bracts in 3

series, subequal, backs loosely woolly, tips

long-acuminate, glabrous, squarrose, opa-

que, straw-coloured or whitish. Receptacle

shortly honeycombed. Flowers c. 75 — 125,

70—120 $, 4 — 11 yellow, sometimes

tipped pink. Achenes 0,5 mm long, with

myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus bristles

evenly barbed with long more or less patent

cilia, tending to intermingle. Fig. 3:2.

Widespread in S.W. A. /Namibia from about the

20th parallel S and SW to Botswana and the dry

northern Cape, reaching Hay and Kimberley districts,

but small and easily overlooked. Grows socially in

seasonally damp places such as streambanks, valley

bottoms, depressions, and around pans, but possibly

thrives when these places are dry, not wet. Flowering

recorded in most months; the plants probably appear

after rain. Easily recognized by its acuminate involucral

bracts and peculiar pappus. Map 8.

Vouchers: Acocks 737 (BOL; K; PRE); Dinter 610

(K; SAM); Giess 13344 (M; PRE; S; WIND).

FIG. 3. — 1, Galeomma oculus-cati, whole plant, x 0,7; la, head, x 6,6; lb, involucral bract, x 20; lc,

hermaphrodite flower, x 10; Id, pappus bristle, x 20; le, leaf.x 3,3 ( Acocks 17756). 2, G. stenolepis, whole plant,

x 1; 2a, leaf, x 6,6; 2b, leaf, x 3,3; 2c, head, x 6,6; 2d, involucral bract, x 17; 2e, hermaphrodite flower, x 20;

2f, female flower, x 20; 2g, pappus bristle, x 27 (Acocks 737).

INULEAE

7,2: 17

8992 GNAPHALIUM*

Gnaphalium L., Sp. PI. 850 (1753), Gen. PI. ed. 5: 368 (1754); Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J.

Linn. Soc. 82: 190 (1981); Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 267 (1981). Lectotype species:

G. uliginosum L.

Amphidoxa DC., Prodr. 6: 246 (1838). Type species: A. gnaphalodes DC.

Demidium DC., Prodr. 6: 246 (1838). Type species: D. filagineum DC.

Gamochaeta Wedd., Chlor. Andina 1: 151 (1856). Type species: G. americana (Mill.) Wedd. ( = Gnaphalium

americanum Mill.)

Small annual or perennial herbs, loosely or closely woolly, stems weak. Leaves mostly

linear, spathulate or oblanceolate, bases narrowed or broad, margins flat. Heads

heterogamous, usually in clusters, rarely solitary, terminal or racemosely arranged.

Involucral bracts in few series, stereome undivided or with a few minute thin streaks, flat

(not embracing a flower), tip of lamina in inner series opaque or subopaque, or sometimes

pellucid, light brown, buff, creamy or white. Receptacle nearly smooth or honeycombed.

Flowers many, $ flowers usually outnumbering J, corolla of 9 flowers filiform, of 9

narrowly tubular, all with hairs on back of lobes. Style branches truncate and penicillate.

Achenes glabrous or with common duplex hairs or with short subglobose duplex hairs.

Pappus bristles monomorphic or dimorphic, tips scabrid, barbellate, or shortly plumose,

bases nude or with small patent cilia not cohering, or lightly fused in groups, or fused into a

ring, or pappus wanting in female flowers.

Worldwide; number of species uncertain; 13 species native to our area, 1 pantropical weed possibly native, 5

or 6 American species naturalized.

la Pappus bristles, if present, either free at the base or cohering lightly by patent cilia:

2a Heads either solitary or in lax or congested corymbose panicles, bracts in c. 4 series:

3a Heads at least 5 mm long, base of whole involucre white-felted, only tips of bracts free 12. G. simii

3b Heads up to 4 mm long, backs of outer bracts often loosely woolly, but never whole involucre felted

with only tips free:

4a Pappus bristles on 5? flowers dilated at base; tips of involucral bracts acute to acuminate, or rarely

truncate, usually lacerate 14. G. pauciflorum

4b Pappus bristles either wanting on J flowers or not dilated at the base; tips of involucral bracts

acute or obtuse, entire:

5a Outer involucral bracts of mature heads woolly or cobwebby on backs at least in lower part:

6a Compound inflorescences carried above leaves on conspicuous cottony peduncles (character

not visible in very young material):

7a Leaves mostly broadest near tip, obtuse or subacute:

8a Leaves mostly 10—40 mm long, J flowers at least 7 times as many as $

I.G. austroafricanum

8b Leaves mostly 5 — 15 mm long, $ flowers up to 5 times as many as $. High

Drakensberg 3. G. limicola

7b Leaves mostly linear or linear-lanceolate 2. G. griquense

6b Compound inflorescence generally closely surrounded by leaves, peduncles, if visible, more

or less overlaid by leaves:

9a Female flowers up to 8 times as many as :

10a Involucral bracts with snow-white ± obtuse tips 2—4 times as long as broad and often

recurved, much exceeding flowers 8. G. capense

10b Involucral bracts either buff-coloured or dirty white; if pure white then scarcely

exceeding flowers:

11a Leaves mostly 2—6 ( — 10) mm long, linear to linear-spathulate, obtuse to subacute,

mucro often hidden by wool, tips of inner involucral bracts acute or subacute, often

± recurved, much exceeding flowers. S. and E. Cape 9. G. vestitum

Adapted from Gnaphalium (Compositae) in Africa and Madagascar (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

82(3): 267, 1981) by permission of the Council of the Linnean Society of London.

7,2: 18

INULEAE

lib Leaves mostly 6—16 mm long, linear-lanceolate, acute, mucro conspicuous; tips of

inner involucral bracts obtuse to subacute, scarcely exceeding the flowers. Transvaal

10. G. nelsonii

9b Proportion of 9 flowers to 9 17 — 60: 1 11. G. confine

5b Outer involucral bracts of mature heads glabrous on the backs:

12a Leaves clad in silvery ‘tissue-paper’ indumentum 6. G. englerianum

12b Leaves woolly or silky-woolly, but not with ‘tissue-paper’ indumentum:

13a Leaves mostly oblong-spathulate. Ungulate or elliptic. S. and E. Cape:

14a Leaves generally oblong-spathulate or oblong-elliptic, tips often folded lengthwise and

slightly recurved, indumentum thin and often glabrescent 4. G. gnaphalodes

14b Leaves generally Ungulate or linear-lingulate, sometimes narrowly elliptic, tips not

folded lengthwise, both surfaces silky-silvery 7. G. declinatum

13b Leaves mostly linear or oblong-linear, acute or subacute; interior plateau of Southern

Africa 5. G. filagopsis

2b Heads racemosely arranged, bracts in c. 3 series:

15a Flowers c. 150 — 200; bases of pappus bristles not dilated 13. G. polycaulon

15b Flowers c. 20—95; bases of pappus bristles on 9 flowers slightly dilated 14. G. pauciflorum

lb Pappus bristles on at least the 9 flowers fused at the base in a smooth ring:

16a Tips of involucral bracts opaque or subopaque; pappus dimorphic 14. G. pauciflorum

16b Tips of involucral bracts pellucid; pappus monomorphic:

17a Leaves not markedly discolorous although indumentum on upper surface may be thinner than on lower:

18a Upper leaves folded, tips somewhat recurved; involucral bracts tinged red-purple when young,

buff-coloured or palest bro.wn later 15. G. subfalcatum

18b Upper leaves flat, not recurved; involucral bracts buff-coloured or palest brown:

19a Leaves oblanceolate or narrowly spathulate, less than 10 mm at their broadest:

20a Heads crowded and racemosely arranged 16. G. calviceps

20b Heads in small glomerules, which may run up into a racemose structure, but the glomerules

remain discrete 19. G. sp.

19b Leaves spathulate, mostly 10 — 20 mm at their broadest 17. G. pensylvanicum

17b Leaves markedly discolorous, upper surface glabrescent, lower white-tomentose 18. G. coarctatum

Section Gnaphalium

1. Gnaphalium austroafricanum Hilli-

ard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 277 (1981).

Type: Cape, Grahamstown, Douglas Dam,

1820 Settlers Nature Reserve, bare damp

ground by stream, 8 xii 1977, Hilliard &

Burtt 10900 (E, holo.!; NU, iso.!).

Stoloniferous perennial herb, stems

many from the crown, loosely branched,

particularly above, prostrate or decumbent,

branches mostly 150—450 mm long, lower

part often nude and rooting, upper thinly

greyish-white cottony, leafy. Leaves more

or less spreading, c. 10—25 (— 35) X 2—4

(—6) mm, narrowly spathulate, apex usually

obtuse, sometimes subacute, mucronate,

base broad, half-clasping, both surfaces

thinly greyish-white appressed tomentose.

Heads campanulate, c. 3,5 — 4x3 mm, in

small corymbose clusters generally borne

well above the foliage on cottony peduncles,

FIG. 4.-1, Gnaphalium griquense, whole plant, x 1; la, head, x 6,6; lb, hermaphrodite flower, x 13; lc,

female flower, x 13; Id, pappus bristle from hermaphrodite flower, x 13 (Beverly 141). 2, G. declinatum, part of

plant, x 1; 2a, head, x 6,6; 2b, pappus bristle from hermaphrodite flower, x 13; 2c, pappus bristle from female

flower, x 13 (Compton 22176). 3, G. simii, part of plant, x 1 (Sim 2863). 4, G. confine, part of plant, x 1; 4a,

head, x 6,6; 4b, hermaphrodite flower, x 13; 4c, female flower, x 13; 4d, pappus bristle from hermaphrodite

flower, x 13; 4e. pappus bristle from female flower, x 13 (Hilliard & Burtt 11972). 5, G. gnaphalodes, part of

plant, x I ; 5a, head, x 6,6 (Holland 3518). 6, G. austroafricanum, part of plant, x 1; 6a, head, x 6,6 (Hilliard &

Burtt 10145).

INULEAE

7,2: 19

7,2: 20

INULEAE

terminal or subterminal. Involucral bracts in

c. 4 series, outer short, golden-brown,

loosely and lightly woolly, inner bracts

exceeding flowers by the length of their

snow-white opaque tips, tips obtuse or

subacute, 2—3 times as long as broad.

Receptacle shallowly tuberculate or shortly

honeycombed. Flowers 83—145, 66—133 §,

6—19 in the proportion 7 — 20: 1 . Achenes

0,5 mm long with duplex myxogenic hairs.

Pappus bristles wanting in $ flowers, with

shortly plumose tips in 9 flowers. Fig. 4: 6.

Widely distributed from the Transvaal Lowveld at

Barberton and southern Mozambique (Sul do Save)

through central and coastal Natal to the E. Cape as far

west as the Amatola Mountains and Grahamstown,

generally in muddy places. Flowering recorded mainly

between October and December. Map 10.

Much confused with G. declinatum (no. 7) and G.

capense (no. 8). G. austroafricanum is characterized by

its lax habit, spreading and generally obtuse leaves,

clusters of heads on conspicuous peduncles that carry

the heads well above the foliage, erect involucral

bracts, and pappus wanting in the $ flowers. In both G.

declinatum and G. capense the compound head is

closely surrounded by leaves and the $ flowers are

pappose. There are differences too in the shapes and

set of the leaves and in the involucral bracts.

MAP 9. — Gnaphalium austroafricanum

Vouchers: Hilliard & Bunt 9082 (E; K; MO; NU;

PRE; S); Rudatis 762 (BM; E; K; P; S); Story 5173

(PRE); Tyson 1303 (BOL; SAM).

2. Gnaphalium griquense Hilliard &

Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 193, 278

(1981). Type: Natal, East Griqualand, near

Franklin, Newmarket, Krook PI. Penther.

1026 (W, lecto.!).

Amphidoxa adscendens [O. Hoffm. ex] Zahlbr. in

Annin naturh. Mus. Wien 20: 56 (1905), non

Gnaphalium adscendens Thunb. ; Hilliard, Compositae

in Natal 129 (1977). Type as for G. griquense.

Stoloniferous perennial herb, stems

many from each crown, loosely branched,

prostrate, decumbent or suberect, mostly c.

150—450 mm long, white-tomentose, leafy.

Leaves ascending, mostly 15—30 x 1—2

mm, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute to

acuminate, base broad, half-clasping, both

surfaces appressed pale greyish-white to-

mentose. Heads campanulate, c. 4—5 x

3—4 mm, in small corymbose clusters borne

well above the leaves on cottony peduncles,

terminal or subterminal. Involucral bracts in

c. 4 series, outer short, pale brown,

copiously white-woolly, inner bracts exceed-

ing flowers by the length of their snow-

white opaque tips, tips subacute, 2—3 times

as long as broad. Receptacle shallowly

tuberculate or shortly honeycombed. Flow-

ers 70-144, 50-112 9, 20-32 $ , in the

proportion 2,5— 4:1. Achenes 0,5 mm long

with duplex myxogenic hairs. Pappus brist-

les generally wanting in the 9 flowers, or

sometimes a few present, with shortly

plumose tips in 9 flowers. Fig. 4:1.

Recorded only from southern Natal and nearby

Sehlabathebe in Lesotho, in damp places; flowering

between November and February. Map 10.

G. griquense is characterized by its linear or

linear-lanceolate acute to acuminate leaves, heads

borne well above the foliage leaves, outer involucral

bracts white-woolly on the backs and inner bracts with

long snow-white tips overtopping the flowers. The $

flowers are generally epappose. G. griquense is

sometimes sympatric with G. austroafricanum , which is

easily distinguished by its spreading, narrowly spathu-

late and generally obtuse leaves.

Vouchers: Bayliss 5438 (NBG; PRE); Beverly 141

(NU); Hilliard 2076 (NU); Hoener 1821 (E; NU).

3. Gnaphalium limicola Hilliard in

Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 32: 336 (1973),

Compositae in Natal 131 (1977), Bot. J.

Linn. Soc. 82: 279 (1981). Type: Cape,

Barkly East distr., Naude’s Nek, c. 2 500 m,

19 ii 1971, Hilliard & Burtt 6639 (E, holo.!;

K; M; MO; NBG; NU; PRE; S, iso.!).

Creeping, mat-forming perennial herb,

stems thinly grey-woolly, rooting, leafy.

Leaves 5 — 15 x 1—3 mm, oblong-spathulate

INULEAE

7,2: 21

Map 10. — • Gnaphalium griquense

o Gnaphalium limicola

■ Gnaphalium gnaphalodes

or Ungulate, apex obtuse, mucronate, base

half-clasping, both surfaces silky grey-

tomentose. Heads c. 4 x 3—4 mm, up to 4

on conspicuous peduncles borne well above

the leaves. Involucral bracts in c. 4 series,

outer short, brown, woolly at base, tips of

inner bracts oblong, c. 2—3 times as long as

broad, ± obtuse, opaque, snow-white,

exceeding the flowers. Receptacle shallowly

tuberculate or honeycombed. Flowers

57—87, 38—66 Q , 13—22 in the

proportion 2—4,5: 1. Achenes c. 0,75 mm

long with duplex hairs. Pappus present on

both $ and 9 flowers.

Recorded chiefly from the mountains of Lesotho,

and the high Drakensberg and the Witteberg immedi-

ately south of Lesotho. Forms mats in muddy

streambeds; flowering between October and March.

Map 10.

G. limicola is characterized by its creeping rooting

stem, lingulate or narrowly spathulate leaves, heads on

conspicuous peduncles, and involucre woolly near the

base.

Vouchers: Compton 21513 (NBG); Galpin 6667

(BOL; K; NH; PRE).

4. Gnaphalium gnaphalodes (DC.)

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 193

(1981); Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 280

(1981). Type: Cape, Uitenhage, Zwartkops

River, ‘Thai und angrenzende Hiigel von

Villa Paul Mare bis Uitenhaag, 50—500',

Dec.’, Ecklon 1192 (G — DC, holo.!; S mixed

with G. micranthum var. spretum\ W, iso.!).

7,2: 22

INULEAE

Amphidoxa gnaphalodes DC., Prodr. 6:246 (1838);

Harv. in F.C. 3: 263 (1865).

?Gnaphalium micranthum Thunb. var. spretum DC.,

Prodr. 6: 229 (1838). Type: Cape, between the

Bushman’s and Gouritz Rivers, Burchell 4222 (G-DC,

holo.!; K, iso.!).

Stoloniferous perennial herb, stems

mostly 100—300 mm long, simple or

branching, prostrate or decumbent, thinly

greyish cottony-tomentose, leafy. Leaves

ascending, appressed, mostly c. 8—20 x

2,5—4 (—5) mm, oblong-spathulate or

rarely narrowly oblong-elliptic, apex usually

obtuse, conspicuously mucronate, often

folded lengthwise and somewhat recurved,

margins more or less undulate, both

surfaces loosely greyish-white appressed

tomentose, often somewhat glabrescent.

Heads c. 3—3,5 x 3 mm, in small corymbose

clusters at or near the branch tips,

eventually carried clear of the leaves on

cottony peduncles. Involucral bracts in c. 4

series, outer short, golden-brown, glabrous

or nearly so, inner with opaque, snow-

white, oblong, obtuse tips exceeding the

flowers. Receptacle shallowly tuberculate.

Flowers 112-188, 90-159 <j>, 20-50 $, in

the proportion 2,5— 7:1. Achenes c. 0,5 mm

long with duplex myxogenic hairs. Pappus

bristles either wanting in $ flowers or

scabrid, bristles on $ flowers shortly

plumose at tips. Fig. 4:5.

Grows in marshy places in the E. Cape and

Transkei, from about Libode (near Umtata, Transkei)

south and west to Grahamstown, Port Elizabeth and

Uitenhage. Flowering recorded between September

and May. Map 10.

G. gnaphalodes is characterized by its oblong-

spathulate leaves often folded lengthwise in the upper

part and there slightly recurved, margins often

somewhat undulate, and heads with glabrous or nearly

glabrous involucres and snow-white bract tips scarcely

exceeding the flowers. Pappus may be present or

absent on the 9 flowers.

Vouchers: Comins 1849 (K; PRE); Dahlstrand

3144 (PRE); Hutchinson 1730 (BOL; K); Rogers 28044

(PRE); Schlechter 2745 (B; BM; K; PRE; S; Z).

The status of G. micranthum var. spretum , which is

included in the synonymy with reservation, will remain

uncertain until the plant is better known; see Hilliard

(l.c.) for details.

5. Gnaphalium filagopsis Hilliard &

Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 193 (1981);

Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 281 (1981).

Type: Angola, Upper Zambezi, Ninda

River (14°46'S 20°56'E), Serpa Pinto 14

(LISU, holo.!).

Amphidoxa filaginea Fical. & Hiern in Trans. Linn.

Soc. Lond., Bot. ser. 2, 2: 21, t. 4 (1881) non

Gnaphalium filagineum DC.; Merxm., F.S.W.A. 139:

22 (1967). Type as for G. filagopsis.

A. filaginea var. transiens Merxm. in Mitt. bot. St

Samml., Munch. 2: 32 (1954). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia,

Okavango Valley, Runtu, Volk 1925a (M, holo.!; PRE,

iso.!).

Silvery grey perennial herb, stems

many from the crown, simple to well-

branched, erect or decumbent, leafy.

Leaves usually appressed-ascending, mostly

4—10 ( — 15) x 1—2 mm, linear or oblong-

linear, very rarely lingulate, apex acute or

subacute, mucronate, both surfaces silvery

grey tomentose or silky-tomentose. Heads

2,5 — 3,5 x 2—2,5 mm, few to several

subcorymbosely arranged, terminal, usually

± surrounded by leaves. Involucral bracts in

c. 4 series, outer short, golden-brown,

glabrous or nearly so, tips of inner bracts

oblong, obtuse, or rarely subacute, opaque,

snow-white, exceeding the flowers. Recep-

tacle shallowly tuberculate. Flowers

67-140, 54-107 £, 12-35 $ in the

proportions 3—5 (— 7):1. Achenes 0,5 mm

long, with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus

usually wanting in the $ flowers, or

occasionally a few bristles present.

Map 11. — • Gnaphalium filagopsis

o Gnaphalium englerianum

Widely distributed on the high interior plateau of

Southern Africa from southern Angola and

INULEAE

7,2: 23

S.W. A. /Namibia in the west through Botswana to

Zimbabwe in the east and south to the Transvaal,

Orange Free State, the Tugela basin in Natal, western

Lesotho and nothern Cape, always in wet or seasonally

wet places; flowering between September and May.

Map 11.

G. filagopsis is characterized by its narrow, acute,

appressed-ascending leaves, heads with glabrous

involucres and generally obtuse snow-white bract tips

exceeding the flowers, and 9 flowers usually epappose;

it is mostly in Zimbabwe and S.W. A. /Namibia that

some heads may have a few bristles on the 9 flowers.

Vouchers: Dieterlen 703 (PRE; SAM); Flanagan

1460 (BOL); Giess 9493 (M; WIND); Hafstrom &

Acocks 1622 (PRE; S); Wilms 699 (BM; E; K; NU;

PRE).

6. Gnaphalium englerianum (O. Hof-

fm.) Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc.

82: 193 (1981); Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc.

82: 282 (1981). Type: Cape, Kachun, near

Kuruman, 1 200 m, Feb. 1886, Marloth 1004

(E; PRE; SAM, iso.!.).

Amphidoxa engleriana O. Hoffm. in Bot. Jb. 10; 274

(1889).

G. englerianum is distinguished from

G. filagopsis (no. 5) by its markedly

spathulate leaves with silvery ‘tissue-paper’

indumentum, and by having fewer flowers

in the heads, 45-50, 29-32 $, 16-19 in

the proportion 2: 1. However, it is known

from only the type collection and another

from nearby (Hoi River at Blesmanspost

near Kuruman, Acocks 2485, PRE), and

may prove to be no more than an extreme

variant of G. filagopsis. Map 11.

7. Gnaphalium declinatum L. f, Suppl.

365 (1781); Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn.

Soc. 82: 191 (1981); Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn.

Soc. 82: 283 (1981). Type: Cape of Good

Hope, Thunberg (LINN 989.80 holo.!).

Spiralepsis declinata (L. f.) D. Don in Loudon, Hort.

Brit. 340 (1830). Helichrysum declinatum (L. f.) Less.,

Syn. Comp. 278 (1832); Harv. in F.C. 3: 218 (1865),

p.p.

G. achilleoides Lam., Encycl. 2: 753 (1788). Type:

Cape of Good Hope (P — LAM, holo.!).

G. pygmaeum Thunb., Prodr. 150 (1800), FI. Cap.

652 (1823), non (L.) Lam. (1788). Type: Cape of Good

Hope, Thunberg (sheet 19239, UPS holo.!).

Gnaphalium pentheri Gand. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.

55: 42 (1918); Type: Cape, Stromvlei [Stormsvlei, W of

Swellendam?], 20 x 1894, Penther 1137 (W: M: iso.!).

Stoloniferous mat-forming perennial

herb, stems prostrate or decumbent, flow-

ering branchlets mostly 30—100 mm long.

simple or subsimple, leafy. Leaves imbricate

ascending, mostly 4 — 10 x 1—3 mm, linear,

linear-lingulate or narrowly elliptic, tips

more or less acute, both surfaces silky-

silvery. Head/c. 3—4 x 2,5 mm, sometimes

solitary, usually several corymbosely arrang-

ed at the branch tips, individual peduncles

often conspicuous but compound inflores-

cence generally closely surrounded by

leaves. Involucral bracts in c. 4 series, outer

short, golden-brown, glabrous, tips of inner

lanceolate or sometimes oblong, acute or

subacute, snow-white, exceeding the flow-

ers by their length. Receptacle shallowly

tuberculate. Flowers 57 — 100 ( — 190), 45— 75

( — 160) $, 12—34 $, in the proportion 2—3

(—5): 1. Achenes 0,5 mm long, with

myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus present on

all flowers, scabrid on 9’ tips shortly

plumose on 9- Fig- 4:2.

Recorded from the southern Cape, between the

coast and a line drawn from Grabouw (19°E) through

Swellendam to Riversdale. Forms mats in damp places;

flowering between October and February. Map 12.

G. declinatum is characterized by its flat silky-

silvery imbricate ascending leaves, individual heads

usually on conspicuous peduncles, outer involucral

bracts golden-brown and glabrous, tips of inner bracts

snow-white, more or less acute and at least twice as

long as broad, and all the flowers with pappus. The

name is frequently misapplied, especially to G.

austroafricanum, G. capense, G. gnaphalodes and G.

filagopsis.

MAP 12. — Gnaphalium declinatum

Vouchers: Bolus 4152 (BM; BOL; K); Compton

22176 (BOL; NBG); Rogers 28943 (SAM); Salter 4091

(BM; BOL; K).

7,2: 24

INULEAE

8. Gnaphalium capense Hilliard in Bot.

J. Linn. Soc. 82: 284 (1981). Type: Cape,

Klein Drakensteen und Dal Josaphat, unter

1000 Fuss, Nov. Dec. Jan., Drege (E,

holo. !; BM; BOL; G-DC; P; PRE; S;

TCD; iso.!). Distributed as Helichrysum

declination Less. a.

Perennial herb, stems many from the

crown, often c. 100 — 150 mm long, but up to

450 mm, simple or branched, suberect,

decumbent or prostrate, greyish-white

appressed woolly, densely leafy. Leaves

ascending, mostly 6 — 20 x 1,5 — 3 mm, linear

to narrowly oblanceolate, apex acute to

obtuse, mucronate, base broad, half-

clasping, both surfaces greyish-white

appressed-woolly . Heads turbinate-

campanulate, c. 3,5— 4,5 x 2,5—3 mm, in

small corymbose clusters at the branch tips,

usually closely surrounded by leaves. Invo-

lucral bracts in c. 4 series, outer short, pale

golden-brown or straw-coloured, lightly and

loosely woolly on backs, inner bracts

exceeding flowers by the length of their

snow-white opaque tips, tips oblong, obtuse

or rarely subacute, 2—3 (—4) times as long

as broad, often recurved. Receptacle shal-

lowly tuberculate. Flowers 68 — 143, 57—124

9, 9—20 9’ in proportion 3— 7,5:1,

yellow. Achenes 0,5 mm long with duplex

myxogenic hairs. Pappus on 9 flowers

scabrid, on 9 flowers shortly plumose at

tips.

Recorded only from the Cape, where it ranges

from about the Berg River (Piquetberg distr.) south

through Ceres, Worcester, Caledon and Swellendam

districts then east to Albany district, Somerset East

district, the Amatola Mountains and the mountains

near Queenstown, the coastal districts as far as King

William’s Town and inland on the mountains about

Graaff-Reinet and Nelspoort. Grows in damp or

seasonally damp places; flowering mainly between

September and January. Map 13.

Characterized by having the corymbs closely

surrounded by leaves, heads with pale outer bracts

loosely woolly on the backs, inner bracts with

snow-white, oblong obtuse tips 2—4 times as long as

broad and often recurved, and pappus present on all

flowers. Can be confused with G. vestitum , but that

species has the inner bracts buff or dirty white and

generally acute or subacute. The leaves in G. vestitum

are usually more closely imbricate than in G. capense,

with the mucro generally hidden in wool.

Vouchers: Dyer 2214 (K; PRE); Flanagan 2170

(NBG; PRE; SAM); Galpin 2614 (PRE); Oliver 5665

(PRE); Rogers 17847 (BM).

MAP 13. — Gnaphalium capense

9. Gnaphalium vestitum Thunb.,

Prodr. 148 (1800), FI. Cap. 647 (1823);

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82:

261 (1981); Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82:

285 (1981). Type: Cape of Good Hope,

Thunberg (sheet 19286, UPS, holo.!).

G. repens L. var. vestitum (Thunb.) DC., Prodr.

6: 230 (1838).

G. acilepis DC., Prodr. 6: 229 (1838). Lectotype:

Albany, around Grahamstown, Ecklon 1191 (G-DC!).

G. repens sensu Thunb., FI. Cap. 647 (1823); Less.,

Syn. Comp. 330 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 229 (1838);

Harv. in F.C. 3: 261 (1965); non L.

Greyish-white woolly herb with tufts of

erect or suberect stems c. 50 — 150 mm long

and trailing stems up to 400 mm, all simple

or branched, leafy. Leaves ascending, more

or less appressed, 2-6 ( — 10) x 0,5-2 (-3)

mm, linear or linear-spathulate, obtuse to

subacute, mucronate but mucro generally

hidden in wool, both surfaces greyish-white

tomentose. Heads 2,5 — 3,5 x 2 mm, few to

several crowded at the branch tips closely

surrounded by leaves. Involucral bracts in c.

4 series, outermost short, woolly, tips of

inner bracts lanceolate, about twice as long

as broad, acute to subacute, sometimes

somewhat squarrose, exceeding the flowers

by their whole length, opaque dirty white or

pale buff. Receptacle shallowly tuberculate.

Flowers 35 - 81, 25 —67 9 > 5 — 14 9 in the

proportion 2—6 (—7) :1. Achenes 0,5 mm

long with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus

present on all the flowers.

INULEAE

7,2: 25

Confined to the S. and E. Cape, from Komgha,

south of the Kei River, to the Tsitsikama Mountains

near the coast, and inland to Grahamstown and

Bruintjeshoogte near Somerset East. Favours damp

places in grass or grass and shrub communities, and will

behave as a weed; flowering recorded in most months.

Map 14.

The small grey appressed leaves with the mucro

often hidden by wool and small heads with dirty white

or buff-coloured, mostly acute or subacute, almost

squarrose involucral bracts, are diagnostic.

MAP 14. — • Gnaphalium vestitum

o Gnaphalium nelsonii

Vouchers: Acocks 20112 (M; PRE); Esterhuysen

10677 (BOL; NBG; PRE); Hilliard & Burn 10903 (E;

K; M; NU; PRE; S); MacOwan 1817 (P); Story 2270

(BM).

10. Gnaphalium nelsonii Burtt Davy in

J1 S. Afr. Bot. 1: 107 (1935); Hilliard in

Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 286 (1981). Type:

Transvaal, Pretoria distr.. Van der Walt, in

native mealie gardens, August, Nelson 289

(K, holo.!; PRE, iso.!).

White-woolly perennial herb, branches

40—200 mm long, erect or decumbent,

simple or subsimple, many tufted from the

crown, leafy. Leaves 6—16 x 1,5 — 2,5 mm,

ascending, more or less appressed, linear-

lanceolate, apex acute, mucronate, both

surfaces white-tomentose. Heads c. 3 x 3

mm, several in congested corymbose clus-

ters at the leafy branch tips. Involucral

bracts in c. 4 series, outer straw-coloured,

lightly cobwebby, tips of inner obtuse or

subacute, opaque dirty white or white,

scarcely exceeding the flowers. Receptacle

shallowly tuberculate. Flowers 56 — 118,

39 — 89 $, 17—29 $ in the proportion 2—

3,5:1. Achenes not seen, ovaries with

myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus present on

all flowers.

Seldom collected and known only from the SW.

Transvaal, from Pretoria and Heidelberg west to

Klerksdorp and Wolmaransstad. Favours seasonally

wet places; flowering between October and December.

The linear-lanceolate white-woolly leaves, the rather

inconspicuous (less than 1 mm long) white or dirty

white tips to the involucral bracts, and all the flowers

with pappus are characteristic. The size and shape of

the leaves and short, more or less obtuse, tips to the

involucral bracts, which scarcely overtop the flowers,

easily distinguish it from G. vestitum, the species it

most closely resembles. Map 14.

Vouchers: Botha 711 (PRE); Hanekom 1628

(PRE; K); Jacobsen 1040 (PRE).

11. Gnaphalium confine Harv. in F.C.

3: 263 (1865); Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc.

82: 288 (1981). Type: Cape of Good Hope,

Linde, Zeyher (S, holo.!).

G. drakensbergense Markotter in Ann. Univ.

Stellenbosch 8A, 1: 45 (1930); Hilliard, Compositae in

Natal 130 (1977). Lectotype: Orange Free State,

Koolhoek, c. 6 000ft, Oct. ? 1907, Thode in STE 3009 !

G. declinatum sensu Merxm., F.S.W.A. 139: 83

(1967) quoad spec. Merxmiiller & Giess 2275b, non

L. f.

Tufted grey-woolly annual herb, stems

decumbent or erect, up to c. 200 mm long,

simple or sparingly branched, leafy. Leaves

erect or spreading, mostly 8 — 30 x 2—4 mm,

generally oblanceolate, the smaller ones

linear-oblong, apex obtuse to subacute,

mucronate. Heads c. 3 X 3—4 mm, few to

several clustered at the branch tips sur-

rounded by leaves, sometimes several

clusters on short leafy branches corymbose-

ly arranged. Involucral bracts in 4 series,

outer pale brown, woolly outside, tips of

inner acute or subacute, exceeding the

flowers, opaque, dirty white or palest buff,

sometimes tinged purple above the stere-

ome. Receptacle shallowly tuberculate.

Flowers 143-244, 139-240 ?, 4-11 $, in

the proportion 17—40 (—60) : 1. Achenes

0,5 mm long with myxogenic duplex hairs.

Pappus on J flowers scabrid, on £ flowers

with subplumose tips. Fig. 4:4.

Widely distributed from S.W. A. /Namibia through

the N.Cape to the S. and SE. Transvaal, Orange Free

State, Lesotho, Natal, Transkei, E. and central Cape.

Grows in damp places such as river- or streambanks,

7,2: 26

INULEAE

ditches, seepage lines, even the drip line of Cave

Sandstone overhangs. Can behave as a weed.

Flowering recorded in every month, but mainly

September to November. Map 15.

Readily confused with G. polycaulon (no. 13) but

distinguished by the involucral bracts with opaque, not

translucent, tips, and dimorphic pappus. The name G.

micranthum Thunb. has frequently been misapplied to

this species, but it belongs to Vellereophyton dealbatum

(Thunb.) Hilliard & Burtt.

MAP 15. — • Gnaphalium confine

o Gnaphalium simii

Vouchers: Acocks 9050 (K; PRE); Flanagan 311

(NBG; PRE; SAM); Hilliard & Burtt 10743 (E; K; M;

NU; PRE; S); Merxmuller & Giess 28872 (M; PRE;

WIND); Schmitz 6211 (PRE).

12. Gnaphalium simii (H. Bol.) Hill-

iard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 193

(1981); Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc.

82: 289 (1981). Type: Cape, near Hanover,

Sim 2863 (BOL, holo.!; E; K; NU; PRE;

iso.!).

Helichrysum simii H. Bol. in Trans. S. Afr. phil. Soc.

18,3: 380 (1907).

Profusely branched mat-forming per-

ennial herb, main branches prostrate,

rooting, ultimate branchlets very short, up

to 30 mm long, white-felted, leafy. Leaves

mostly 10 — 25 x 3—4 mm, spathulate,

subacute, much narrowed below to a

petiole-like base, then expanded, half-

clasping, both surfaces enveloped in thick,

silky-woolly white tomentum. Heads c. 5 x

3 mm, solitary on nude white-woolly

peduncles up to 20 mm long. Involucral

bracts in 4 series, subequal, base of whole

involucre white-felted, only tips free, ob-

long, obtuse, opaque white. Receptacle

shortly honeycombed. Flowers c. 25—31,

9 — 12 9, 16—19 $, in the proportion 1 :

1,5 — 2. Achenes 0,75 mm long with duplex

hairs. Pappus bristles with scabrid tips,

monomorphic. Fig. 4:3.

Known from only two collections made near

Hanover in the E. central Cape. It was last collected in

March 1952, when it was mostly in fruit, in a

‘calcareous vlei, locally abundant, silvery mats up to 3'

diam. ’ (Acocks 16349, PRE). It is a most distinctive plant.

Map 15.

13. Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers., Syn.

2: 421 (1807); Grierson in Notes R. bot.

Gdn Edinb. 31: 137 (1971); Hilliard, Com-

positae in Natal 126 (1977), Bot. J. Linn.

Soc. 82: 289 (1981); Merxm. & Roessl. in

Mitt. bot. St Samml., Munch. 15: 363

(1979). Type: India, Roxburgh in Herb.

Willdenow (sheet 15500, B!).

G. multicaule Willd., Sp. PI. 3,3: 1888 (1803), non

Lam. (1789). Type as for G. polycaulon.

G. indicum sensu Humbert, FI. Madag. 189: 382

(1962); Merxm., F.S.W.A. 139: 83 (1976), non L.

Annual herb, stems branched from the

base, decumbent or erect, up to c. 250 mm

long, thinly white-tomentose, leafy. Leaves

up to 70 x 8 mm, but often much less than

half that size, spathulate or oblanceolate,

apex acute to obtuse, mucronate, both

surfaces thinly grey-tomentose sometimes

glabrescent. Heads c. 3 x 2,5 mm, in small

stalked or sessile clusters racemosely ar-

ranged. Involucral bracts in 3 series,

pellucid, pale buff, ageing palest brown,

sometimes purplish around the stereome.

Receptacle tuberculate. Flowers c. 150 — 225,

140 — 220 9^ 4—6 $, in the proportion of at

least 25 : 1. Achenes 0,5 mm long with

duplex hairs. Pappus bristles of $ flowers

scabridulous, of <£> flowers with more or less

barbellate tips.

A palaeotropical weed, ranging south through

Africa to S.W. A. /Namibia and the environs of the

Orange River, the Bushveld of the northern and

eastern Transvaal, and the Mozambique coastal plain,

thence reaching Tongaland in NE. Natal. Also in

Madagascar. Favours muddy or sandy streamsides and

similar damp places; flowering recorded in most

months. Map 16.

Can be confused with G. confine (no. 11).

Vouchers: Codd 7331 (P; PRE); Giess & Wiss 3255

(M); Vahrmeijer 823 (PRE); Wilms 724 (BM; K).

INULEAE

7,2: 27

14. Gnaphalium pauciflorum DC.,

Prodr. 6: 229 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 262

(1965); Levyns in Adamson & Salter, FI.

Cape Penins. 777 (1950); Hilliard in Bot. J.

Linn. Soc. 82: 290 (1981). Type: Cape,

Bergplatze bei der Kapstadt, bis 2000',

Sept., Ecklon 1036 (G — DC, holo.!; S;

SAM, iso.!).

Small annual herb, stems 10—130 mm

long, several from the crown, erect or

decumbent, simple or branched, white-

woolly, leafy. Leaves 5 — 15 (—20) x 1 — 1,5

(-3) mm, linear-spathulate, or rarely

oblong-spathulate, acute, mucronate, both

surfaces white-tomentose. Heads c. 3 x

1,5 — 2,5 mm, solitary or few opposite the

upper leaves, generally much congested,

forming small clusters overtopped by leaves,

or, in well-grown specimens, racemosely

arranged. Involucral bracts in 3 series,

outermost elliptic, inner lanceolate, suba-

cute to acuminate or occasionally truncate,

lamina pellucid, straw-coloured or golden-

brown tinged purple, tips exceeding flowers,

buff-coloured, opaque or subopaque, often

somewhat recurved when acuminate, usual-

ly ± lacerate. Receptacle tuberculate.

Flowers 20-94, 16—84 $,4—10 $, in the

proportion 3-10 : 1, all, or $ only,

purple-tipped. Achenes 0,75 mm long, with

duplex hairs. Pappus bristles on $ flowers

scabridulous, bases either dilated and fused

and then persistent, or dilations ill-

developed and then bristles free and

caducous; of $ flowers with subplumose

tips, bases scarcely dilated, not cohering,

soon caducous.

Endemic to the SW. Cape, from the Peninsula to

Piquetberg, Ceres, Worcester, Caledon, Bredasdorp

and Riversdale districts, on both mountains and flats;

flowering in September and October. Map 17.

Without close allies and easily recognized by its

generally narrow leaves and peculiar pappus.

MAP 17. — Gnaphalium pauciflorum

Vouchers; Esterhuysen 17473 (BOL); Hafstrom &

Acocks 1815 (PRE, S); Hutchinson 1059 (BOL; K);

Schlechter 5207 (BOL; G; Z); Wolley-Dod 2825 (BM;

BOL; K; M).

Section Gamochaeta (Wedd.) O. Hoffm.

Gamochaeta Wedd. Type species: G.

americanum (Wedd.) Mill.

15. Gnaphalium subfalcatum Cabrera

in Revta Mus. La Plata, Bot. 4: 174 (1941);

Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 125 (1977).

Type: Argentina, Maciel, Cabrera 944

(LP).

Gamochaeta subfalcata (Cabrera) Cabrera in Boln

Soc. argent. Bot. 9: 383 (1961), in FI. Prov. Buenos

Aires, Comp. 177 (1963); Holub in FI. Europ. 4; 127

(1976).

Annual herb, branched from the base,

stems decumbent, then erect to 350 mm,

thinly grey-green silky-woolly, leafy. Lower

leaves 15—50 x 3 — 12 mm, spathulate,

upper smaller, linear-lanceolate, often

7,2: 28

Inuleae

folded, tips recurved, apiculate, both surfa-

ces grey-green silky-woolly. Heads c. 3x3

mm, in small woolly glomerules racemosely

arranged at the branch tips. Involucral

bracts in c. 3 series, pellucid, tips tinged

red-purple at first, palest brown later.

Flowers c. 100 $, 4 Q, white, tipped

red-purple. Achenes 0,5 mm long, minutely

hairy, myxogenic. Pappus bristles many,

scabrid, bases fused in a smooth ring.

A native of Argentina, naturalized in various parts

of the world. In South Africa, recorded from the Cape,

including the Peninsula, Natal and Transvaal, in

cultivated places and other disturbed ground. First

recorded in 1896 (Claremont, Cape).

Vouchers: Acocks 23486 (NBG; PRE); Dyer 4149

(NU); Esterhuysen 10687 (BOL; NBG; PRE); Hilliard

5156 (E; K; NU; PRE; S).

16. Gnaphalium calviceps (errore cal-

vescens) Fernald in Rhodora 37: 449 t. 405

(1935); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 126

(1977). Type described from Virginia.

Gamochaeta calviceps (Fernald) Cabrera in Boln

Soc. argent. Bot. 9: 368 (1961), FI. Prov. Buenos

Aires, Comp. 178 (1963).

Annual herb, stems simple or sub-

simple, erect, up to c. 300 mm tall, thinly

grey silky-woolly, leafy throughout. Leaves

up to 47 x 7 mm, becoming smaller

upwards, oblanceolate, uppermost oblong-

lanceolate, passing into long, narrow in-

florescence bracts, both surfaces closely

grey silky-woolly. Heads c. 3 X 2 mm, in

small glomerules or short spikes racemosely

arranged. Involucral bracts in c. 3 series,

pellucid, tips tinged light brown, woolly at

the base. Flowers c. 120 §, 3 whitish.

Achenes 0,5 mm long, minutely hairy,

myxogenic. Pappus bristles many, scabridu-

lous, bases fused in a smooth ring.

A native of the United States; in South Africa,

recorded only from Ndumu on the Natal-Mozambique

border, growing on the side of a track through

woodland (1973).

Voucher: Pooley 6865 (E; NU; PRE).

17. Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd .,

Enum. Hort. Berol. 867 (1809); Grierson in

Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 31: 137 (1971);

Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 124 (1977).

Type: Cult. Jard. Bot. Paris (P-LAM,

holo.!).

G. spathulatum Lam., Encycl. 2: 758 (1788), nom.

illegit. , non G. spathulatum Burm. f. (1768). Gamo-

chaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera in Boln Soc.

argent., Bot. 9: 375 (1961), FI. Prov. Buenos Aires,

Comp. 175, fig. 48 (1963).

Gnaphalium peregrinum Fernald in Rhodora

45: 479, t. 795 (1943). Type: Louisiana, D.S. & H. B.

Correll 9937 (GH).

G. purpureum sensu Hook. f. , FI. Br. Ind. 3: 289

(1881); non L.

Soft herb, branched from the base,

probably annual, all parts loosely white-

woolly, stems to about 400 mm, often the

central one erect, the laterals decumbent

then erect, rooting where they touch the

ground. Leaves up to c. 80 x 20 mm,

narrowly spathulate, decreasing in size

upwards and passing into inflorescence

bracts. Heads c. 3 x 2 mm, in small axillary

glomerules racemosely arranged. Involucral

bracts in c. 3 series, innermost about

equalling the flowers, pellucid, palest brown

or buff. Flowers c. 80—100 Q , 2—3 ,

whitish, tipped red-purple. Achenes 0,5 mm

long, minutely hairy, myxogenic. Pappus

bristles many, scabrid, bases fused in a

smooth ring.

A widespread weed in the warmer parts of the

world; in Southern Africa, recorded from the

Transvaal, Natal, Transkei and E. Cape, a weed in

gardens and other damp places. Recorded before 1865

by Gerrard in Zululand.

Vouchers: Dyer 4152 (NU); Hilliard & Bunt 6947

(E; K; NU; S); Pegler 2070 p.p. (PRE); Wood 95

(SAM).

18. Gnaphalium coarctatum Willd.,

Sp. PI. 3: 1886 (1804). Type: Uruguay,

Montevideo, Commerson (P— LAM, holo. !).

G. spicatum Lam., Encycl. 2: 757 (1788), non Mill.

(1768); Grierson in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 31: 138

(1971); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 124 (1977).

Gamochaeta spicata Cabrera in Boln. Soc. argent. Bot.

9: 380 (1961), FI. Prov. Buenos Aires Comp. 174

(1963). Type as for G. coarctatum.

Annual or biennial herb with a basal

leaf rosette and several radiating usually

strongly decumbent lateral leafy flowering

branches up to 500 mm tall. Leaves up to

120 x 20 mm, narrowly spathulate, becom-

ing progressively smaller upwards and

passing into inflorescence bracts, markedly

discolorous, green and glabrescent above

(often drying brown), white-felted below.

Heads c. 4 X 2 mm, oblong, in small

glomerules or spikes arranged in a long

INULEAE

7,2: 29

racemose inflorescence. Involucral bracts in

c. 3 series, innermost about equalling the

flowers, pellucid, tips reddish purple at first,

later golden-brown. Flowers c. 80—100 $,

2—3 ^>, whitish, tipped reddish purple.

Achenes c. 0,5 mm long, minutely hairy,

myxogenic. Pappus bristles many, scabrid,

bases fused in a smooth ring.

A native of South America, now naturalized in

several parts of the world; in Southern Africa recorded

from the Cape, Transvaal, Natal and Swaziland.

Favours damp places and sometimes a troublesome

weed in lawns. Easily recognized by its strongly

discolorous leaves. Originally recorded in the Cape

Peninsula in 1897.

Vouchers: Bolus 10751 (BOL); Codd 1366 (NU;

PRE); Compton 25694 (NBG); Hilliard & Burn 10858

(E; K; MO; NU; S).

19. Gnaphalium sp.

Small annual herb, stems 50—120 mm

long, erect or decumbent, simple or shortly

branched above, solitary or tufted from the

base and then sparingly branched below,

loosely greyish-white woolly, distantly or

more closely leafy. Leaves mostly 10 — 25 x

1—5 mm, smallest under the heads, oblan-

ceolate or narrowly spathulate, apex obtuse

to acute, mucronate, much narrowed below

to a flat petiolar part, both surfaces thinly

greyish-white woolly. Heads 2,5—3 x 1,5 — 2

mm, c. 2 — 6 in small glomerules terminating

the branchlets. Involucral bracts in c. 3

series, pellucid, palest buff. Flowers c.

69—86, 66—84 $, 2—3 whitish. Achenes

0,5 mm long, minutely hairy, myxogenic.

Pappus bristles many, scabridulous, bases

fused in a smooth ring.

Known from 3 collections: Compton 25348 (NBG;

PRE) from a hill NE. of Mbabane, Swaziland; Gibbs

Russell 3126 A (PRE), Fort Hare, Ciskei; Hilliard &

Burn 10524 A (NU), Pillar Cave, Garden Castle Forest

Reserve, Underberg district. Natal.

The plants are introductions from America, and I

failed to match them at Kew. Two different species may

be involved: the Compton and Gibbs Russell specimens

have erect, distantly leafy, solitary stems, unbranched

except near the tip in the Gibbs Russell specimen,

which was collected on a ‘dry hillside facing east’. The

Hilliard & Burtt specimen has decumbent, sparingly

branched and closely leafy stems tufted from the base,

and came from bare wet earth along the dripline of a

Cave Sandstone overhang.

Dr Cabrera, Instituto de botanica Darwinion,

Argentina, kindly examined the specimens and wrote

‘number 10524A resembles the dwarf forms of G.

[amochaeta] spiciformis (Sch. Bip.) Cabrera from

southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, but it is

impossible for me to establish its identity without

doubt’.

Excluded species

Amphidoxa glandulosa Klatt = Denekia capensis

Thunb.

A. lasiocephala O. Hoffm. = Artemisiopsis villosa ( O .

Hoffm.) Schweick.

A villosa O. Hoffm. = Artemisiopsis villosa (O.

Hoffm.) Schweick.

Gnaphalium acuminatum Link, sp. dubia, no specimen

traced.

G. cicatrisatum Vahl, sp. dubia, no specimen traced.

G. denudatum L. f. , sp. dubia, no specimen traced.

G. lasiocaulon Link, sp. dubia, no specimen traced.

G. tephrodes Link, sp. dubia, no specimen traced.

INULEAE

7,2: 31

8992a VELLEREOPHYTON

Vellereophyton Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 210 (1981). Type species: V.

dealbatum (Thunb.) Hilliard & Burtt.

Grey- or white-woolly annual or perennial herbs, stems few to many from the crown,

prostrate, ascending or erect, simple or branched, leafy. Leaves small to medium sized,

oblanceolate or spathulate, apex subacute or obtuse, base much narrowed, petiole-like,

margins flat, both surfaces thinly or thickly grey- or white-woolly. Heads heterogamous, or

homogamous in one species, very small, few or many in woolly glomerules subcorymbosely

arranged at the branchlet tips, Involucral bracts in (2—) 3—5 series, backs woolly, inner

bracts subequal, about equalling or exceeding the flowers, stereome fenestrate in upper

half, lower part concave, embracing adjacent flower, lamina thin, pellucid, sometimes

purplish above stereome, tip opaque white, obtuse or rounded, radiating. Receptacle nearly

smooth. Flowers 10—40, yellow, often tipped red, 9 flowers (0 — ) 1 — 30, either fewer than,

about equalling, or up to 10 times as many as Q , narrowly tubular; $ flowers tubular,

scarcely widened above with 5 deltoid lobes markedly mamillate on outer surface except in

one species, glandular hairs with biseriate stalk and small 2-celled globular head on backs of

all lobes. Anthers with small obtuse apical appendage and tails about equalling or exceeding

the filament collar. Style branches truncate and penicillate. Achene wall smooth or nearly so

or the cells imbricate, oblong duplex hairs with swelling cushion frequently present, often

myxogenic. Pappus bristles subplumose in upper part with clavate hairs, delicate patent

cilia at base, cohering or not.

A genus of 7 species endemic to the Cape; one species naturalized in Australia and

New Zealand.

la Heads heterogamous:

2a Heads up to 3 x 2,5 mm:

3a Female flowers outnumbering the hermaphrodite 1. V. dealbatum

3b Female flowers fewer than hermaphrodite:

4a Female flowers at least 4, all the ovaries hairy:

5a Flowers less than 20 in a head; cilia at tips of pappus bristles white 2. V. gracillimum

5b Flowers at least 20 in a head; cilia at tips of pappus bristles colourless:

6a Plants more or less erect, loosely branched; hermaphrodite flowers 2 — 3 times as many as

female 3. V. niveum

6b Plants prostrate, much-branched and cushion-forming; up to half as many more

hermaphrodite flowers than female 5. V. pulvinatum

4b Female flowers 1 or 2, ovaries glabrous; ovaries of hermaphrodite flowers hairy 4. V. felinum

2b Heads c. 4 x 3 mm 6. V. vellereum

lb Heads homogamous 7 . V. lasianthum

1. Vellereophyton dealbatum (Thunb.)

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 210

(1981). Type: Cape, in damp depressions

around Cape Town, April, Thunberg (sheet

19125, UPS, holo.!).

Cnaphalium dealbatum Thunb., Prodr. 149 (1800),

FI. Cap. 652 (1823).

G. candidissimum Lam., Encycl. 2: 754 (1788);

Less., Syn. Comp. 328 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 229

(1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 261 (1865); Levyns in

Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 776 (1950), nom.

illegit.

G. maculatum Thunb., Prodr. 149 (1800), FI. Cap.

651 (1823). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg

(sheet 19191, UPS, holo.!).

G. micranthum Thunb., Prodr. 149 (1800). FI. Cap.

651 (1823); Harv. in F.C. 3: 261 (1865). Lectotype:

Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg (sheet 19197, UPS!).

G. carroense Schrank in Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss.

Munch. 8: 159 (1824). Type: Cape of Good Hope.

Brehm s.n. (M, holo.! mixed with Pseudo gnaphalium

luteo-album; S, iso.!).

White-woolly herb, root possibly

perennial, stems tufted from the crown,

very variable in length, mostly 30—450 mm.

7,2: 32

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 33

prostrate to weakly erect, subsimple to

well-branched, dense or lax, woolly, leafy.

Leaves mostly 10—45 x 2—6 mm decreasing

in size upwards, oblanceolate or narrowly

spathulate, subacute to obtuse, base much

attenuated, petiole-like in lower leaves,

both surfaces white silky-woolly, wool

sometimes thin. Heads heterogamous, nar-

rowly campanulate, 2,5 — 2,75 ( — 3) x

1,75 — 2 mm, many in dense very woolly

glomerules 5 — 10 mm across, subcorym-

bosely arranged at the branch tips.

Involucral bracts in 3 series, backs woolly,

inner bracts subequal, equalling flowers,

stereome purplish red in upper part, tips

oblong, obtuse, opaque white, radiating,

eventually whole bract spreading

horizontally. Receptacle nearly smooth.

Flowers 16—41, 10—34 $, 2—10 <£, yellow,

tipped red-purple. Achenes 0,5 mm long,

with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus

bristles many, equalling corolla, tips

subplumose, bases with patent cilia,

cohering lightly. Fig. 5: 4.

MAP 18. — Vellereophyton dealbatum

From about Kamieskroon in Namaqualand and

Lokenburg, Calvinia, S. through the SW. districts and

E. through the coastal districts to Alexandria, on the

flats and in the mountains from sea level to c. 750 m.

Grows in damp, often sandy, places such as

streambeds, slacks in sand dunes, marshes, seepages,

even margins of salt pans. Flowers between July and

March. Adventive in New Zealand, Tasmania, S.

Australia and Victoria. Map 18.

Very variable in stature but easily recognized.

Vouchers: Acocks 17559 (PRE); Compton 15038

(NBG); Esterhuysen 441 (NBG; PRE); MacOwan 963

(BOL; SAM); Tyson 818 (PRE; SAM).

2. Vellereophyton gracillimum Hill-

iard, sp. nov. V. dealbato ( Thunb .) Hilliard

& Burtt affinis sed involucri bracteis supra

stereomate baud rubro-notatis, floribus

femineis paucioribus (5—6, nec 10—34) in

proportione 1 $ : 2 £ (nec 2— 10 9 •' 1

Herba annua albo-lanata; caules 40—50

mm longi, filiformes, verosimiliter primum

decumbentes demum erecti, solitarii vel

plures, simplices vel subsimplices ,

albo-lanati, remote foliati. Folia plerumque

5—10 X 2—4 mm, spatulata, apice obtusa vel

subacuta apiculata, basi multo angustata,

utrinque albo-pannoso-lanata. Capitula

heterogama, campanulata, 2,5 X 1,5 mm,

sessilia vel breviter pedunculata, pluria

subcorymbose aggregata ad apices

ramulorum superiorum. Involucri bracteae

3-seriatae, exteriores breves, interiores

subaequales dorso lanatae, apicibus ovatis

obtusissimis opacis albis flores superantibus

radiantibus. Receptaculum fere laeve. Flores

15—17, 4—6 feminei, 10—12hermaphroditi,

flavi rubro-purpureo-apiculati. Achaenia 0,5

mm longa, pubescentia, pilis verosimiliter

non myxogenis. Pappi setae plures, corollam

aequantes, superne subplumosae, basi pilis

patentibus non cohaerentibus .

Type: Cape, Calvinia distr.,

Lokenburg, c. 2 100 ft., 26 ix 1953, arid

fynbos of sandy slopes, abundant in small

patches, under bushes in wet places, Acocks

17255 (PRE, holo.!).

White-woolly annual herb, stems

10—50 mm long, filiform, probably decum-

bent then erect, solitary, or several from the

root, simple or subsimple, white-woolly.

FIG. 5. — 1, Vellereophyton vellereum, part of plant, x 1,3; la, hermaphrodite flower, x 13; lb, female flower,

x 13; lc, pappus bristle, x 20; Id, head, x 6,6 ( Hilliard & Burtt 11109). 2, V. gracillimum, whole plant, x 1,3; 2a,

head, x 10 ( Acocks 17255). 3, V. felinum, part of plant, x 1; 3a, pappus bristle, x 20; 3b, hermaphrodite flower,

x 16; 3c, female flower, x 16; 3d, head, x 13 {Taylor 6 113). 4, V. dealbatum, part of plant, x 1,3; 4a, head, x 13;

4b, hermaphrodite flower, x 17; 4c, female flower, x 17; 4d, pappus bristle, x 20 (Hilliard & Burtt 13077).

7,2: 34

INULEAE

distantly leafy. Leaves mostly 5-10 x 2—4

mm, spathulate, apex obtuse to subacute,

apiculate, base much narrowed, both sur-

faces white woolly-felted. Heads

heterogamous, campanulate, 2,5—3 x 1,5

mm, sessile or shortly pedunculate, several

together subcorymbosely arranged at the

tips of the apical branchlets. Involucral

bracts in 3 series, outer short, inner

subequal, backs woolly, tips ovate, very

obtuse, opaque white, exceeding flowers,

radiating. Receptacle nearly smooth.

Flowers 15 — 17, 4—6 10—12 ^ , yellow,

tipped red-purple. Achenes 0,5 mm long,

hairy, probably not myxogenic. Pappus

bristles several, equalling corolla,

subplumose above, the cilia white, bases

with patent cilia, not cohering. Fig. 5: 2.

Known only from the type collection and one

other, from Suurvlakte in the Cold Bokkeveld, in damp

and partly shaded places; flowering in September. Map

19.

Can be confused with V.niveum (below), which is

a coarser plant with longer, narrower leaves and

translucent, not opaque white, cilia at the tips of the

pappus bristles.

Voucher: Esterhuysen 33950 (BOL).

MAP 19. — A Vellereophyton gracillimum

• Vellereophyton niveum

o Vellereophyton felinum

■ Vellereophyton pulvinatum

3. Vellereophyton niveum Hilliard , sp.

nov. a V. dealbato (Thunb.) Hilliard &

Burtt capitulis late campanulatis 2,5 mm lads

(nec anguste campanulatis 2 mm lads),

bracteis involucri apicibus late ovads vel

suborbicularibus ( nec oblongis), floribus

femineis hermaphroditos multo superandbus

(nec vice versa).

Herba albo-lanata, radice fortasse per-

enni; caules e caudice caespitosi, longitudine

variabiles plerumque 30 — 450 mm, prostrati

vel infirme erecd, subsimplices vel laxe

ramosi, lanad, foliati. Folia plerumque 6—35

(—50) X 2—5 mm, sursum decrescenda,

oblanceolata vel anguste spatulata, apice

obtuso vel subacuto, ad basin multo attenua-

ta praecipue in folds inferioribus pedolaria,

utrinque tenuiter albo-lanata. Capitula hete-

rogama, campanulata, 2,5—3 X 2—2,5 mm,

in glomerulos parvos 5—10 mm diametro ad

ramulorum apices subcorymbose disposita.

Involucri bracteae c. 5-seriatae, dorso

lanatae, exteriores breviores, interiores sub-

aequales f lores paulo superantes, interdum

supra stereomate rubro-purpureae, demum

horizontaliter patenda. Receptaculum fere

laeve. Flores 20—37, 5—13 feminei, 15—24

hermaphrodid, flavi, roseo-apiculati. Ach-

aenia 0,5 mm longa, pilis duplicibus

myxogenis. Pappi setae numerosae, corol-

lam aequantes, apicibus subplumosis, basi

pilis patendbus vix inter se cohaerentes.

Type: Cape, Prince Albert distr., 2

miles S. of Kruidfontein station, c. 1 800 ft.

bed of Gamka River, occasional, white not

silvery, 11 xi 1963, Acocks 23437 (PRE,

holo.!; K, iso.!).

Fraserburg district, Layton (Vergenoegd) c. 3 200

ft, 8 xii 1964, Karroid Broken Veld, Koekemoer River,

rare not silvery, Acocks 23536 (PRE); ibid., sand dam

in Rietvlei, 3 000 ft, 25 ix 1967, Shearing 140 (PRE).

Riversdale district, near Albertinia, 150 ft., growing in

sand, Jan. 1915, Muir 1931 (PRE); ibid., 30 i 1951,

Compton 22592 (NBG). Bredasdorp district, Potberg,

SE. of main peak, 91 m, 2 i 1971, sandy areas around

pan, Thompson 1141 (PRE).

White-woolly herb, root possibly per-

ennial, stems tufted from the crown, very

variable in length, mostly 30—450 mm,

prostrate to weakly erect, subsimple to laxly

branched, woolly, leafy. Leaves mostly

6 — 35 (—50) x 2—5 mm, smaller upwards,

oblanceolate or narrowly spathulate, apex

obtuse to subacute, base much attenuated,

petiole-like especially in lower leaves, both

surfaces thinly white woolly. Heads hetero-

gamous, campanulate, 2,5—3 X 2—2,5 mm.

INULEAE

7,2: 35

in small glomerules 5 — 10 mm across,

subcorymbosely arranged at the branch tips.

Involucral bracts in c. 5 series, backs woolly,

outer shorter, inner subequal, slightly

exceeding flowers, sometimes purplish red

above stereome, tips broadly ovate to

suborbicular, very obtuse, opaque white,

radiating, eventually whole bract rotate.

Receptacle nearly smooth. Flowers 20—37,

5 — 13 15 — 24 yellow, tipped pink.

Achenes 0,5 mm long, with duplex hairs.

Pappus bristles many, equalling corolla, tips

subplumose, bases with patent cilia, scarcely

cohering.

Known from the environs of Vergenoegd and

Kruidfontein (3221 Merweville), Potteberg near Bre-

dasdorp and Albertinia near Riversdale, from near sea

level to c. 975 m, growing in damp sand in river beds or

around pans. Flowering recorded between September

and January. Map 19.

Can be confused with V. dealbatum (no. 1) and

Helichrysum indicum (p. 7, 2: 180); distinguished from

V. dealbatum by its broader heads in which $ flowers

outnumber $, and by the involucral bracts, not or

scarcely coloured red about the stereome and with

white tips distinctly broader than the shaft; distin-

guished from H. indicum by its heterogamous heads (in

H. indicum the heads are generally homogamous; only

very rarely are 1 or 2 9 flowers present) and smooth,

not crisped, involucral bracts.

4. Vellereophyton felinum Hilliard, sp.

nov. a V. dealbato (Thunb.) Hilliard &

Burtt floribus femineis paucioribus 1 —2 (nec

10—34), hermaphroditis femineis numerosi-

oribus ( nec paucioribus), apicibus bractea-

rum inv olucr alium late ovatis vel subrotundis

(nec oblongis), achaeniis dimorphis distin-

guenda.

Herba griseo-lanata, verosimiliter per-

ennis; rami 50 —150 mm longi, decumbentes,

inferne radicantes, superne lanati, crebre

foliati. Folia plerumque 10—30 X 3 —10 mm,

sursum decrescentia, spatulata, apice obtuso

vel subacuto apiculato, basi multo angustata,

utrinque griseo-lanato-pannosa. Capitula

heterogama, campanulata, c. 3 x 2 mm,

pluria in glomerulos parvos 5 —10 mm diam.

solitarios vel subcorymbose ad ramulorum

apices disposita, foliis circumcincta. Invo-

lucri bracteae 3-seriatae, dorso lanatae,

exteriores breves, interiores subaequales,

inferne rubro-purpureae , apicibus late ovatis

vel subrotundis obtusissimis opacis albis

flores superantibus radiantibus. Receptacu-

lum fere laeve. Flores 11—13, 1—2 feminei.

9—11 hermaphroditi, flavi rubro-apiculati.

Achaenia dimorpha, florum femineorum

0,75 mm longa glabra, hermaphroditorum

0,5 mm longa pilis duplicibus verosimiliter

haud myxogenis induta. Pappi setae nume -

rosae, corollam aequantes, apicibus subplu-

mosis, basi pilis patentibus leviter inter se

cohaerentibus.

Type: Cape, Ceres distr., Swartrug-

gens, 4 000 ft., 2 xii 1964, arid fynbos on the

highest parts of the level sandy plateau and

broken, bouldery slope 5,4 miles along the

farm road going N. from the summit of

Katbakkies Pass, on deep orange sand,

Taylor 6113 (PRE, holo.!; STE, iso.!).

Grey-woolly herb, probably perennial,

branches 5 — 150 mm long, decumbent,

rooting in lowermost part, woolly above,

closely leafy. Leaves mostly 10—30 x 3 — 10

mm, diminishing upwards, spathulate, apex

obtuse to subacute, apiculate, base much

narrowed, both surfaces grey woolly-felted.

Heads heterogamous, campanulate, c. 3x2

mm, several in small glomerules 5 — 10 mm

across, solitary or subcorymbosely arranged

at the branch tips, surrounded by reduced

leaves. Involucral bracts in 3 series, backs

woolly, outermost short, inner subequal,

shaft purple-red, tips broadly ovate to

subrotund, very obtuse, opaque white,

exceeding flowers, radiating. Receptacle

nearly smooth. Flowers c. 11 — 13, 1 — 2 $,

9—11 $, yellow, tipped red. Achenes

dimorphic, of $ flowers 0,75 mm long,

glabrous, of £ flowers 0,5 mm long, with

duplex hairs, probably not myxogenic.

Pappus bristles many, equalling corolla, tips

subplumose, bases with patent cilia, coher-

ing lightly. Fig. 5: 3.

Known only from the type collection. Closely

allied to V. niveum (no. 3), but distinguished by its

grey, not white, indumentum, heads containing c.

11 — 13 flowers, not 20 — 27, with only 1 — 2 $ flowers,

not 5—13, and the achenes of V. felinum are dimorphic.

Further collecting is needed to test the validity of these

apparent distinctions. Map 19.

5. Vellereophyton pulvinatum Hilliard,

sp. nov. a V. dealbato (Thunb.) Hilliard &

Burtt floribus hermaphroditis femineos

paulo excedentibiis (nec femineis herma-

phroditos in proportione 2:1 excedentibiis).

Herba griseo-albo-lanata, verosimiliter

perennis; caules e caudice multi, multiramo-

7,2: 36

INULEAE

si, prostrati, tegetes densos c. 100 mm diam.

formantes, lanati, foliati. Folia plerumque

5—10 X 1,5— 2,5 mm, circum dimidio

longitudinis petiolari, oblanceolata vel spa-

tulata, ad apicem et ad basin attenuata,

utrinque griseo-albo-lanata, Capitula hete-

rogama, campanulata, 2,5 X 2 mm, pluria in

glomerulos subcorymbosos ad ramulorum

apices disposita. Involucri bracteae 3-

seriatae, dorso lanatae, exteriores breviores,

interiores subaequales flores superantes,

interdum supra stereomate pallide purpureo-

tincta, apicibus oblongis obtusissimis opacis

albis radiantibus, demum bracteae totae

horizontaliter patentes. Receptaculum fere

laeve. Flores 26 — 30, 11 — 15 feminei, 17 —

21 hermaphroditi. Achaenia 0,5, pilis dupli-

cibus myxogenis induta. Pappi setae multae,

corollam circum aequantes, apicibus subplu-

mosis, basi pilis patentibus sed vix inter se

cohaerentes.

Type: Cape, Clanwilliam distr., along

railway line near station at Klaver, c. 150 ft,

not too frequent, stems prostrate from a

perennial rootstock, forming cushion

growths, 13 iii 1926, Smith 2602 A (PRE,

holo. !).

Greyish-white woolly herb, probably

perennial, stems many from the crown,

much branched, prostrate, forming dense

mats c. 100 mm in diam., woolly, leafy.

Leaves mostly 5 — 10 x 1,5 — 2,5 mm,

roughly half the length petiolar, oblanceo-

late or spathulate, tapering at both ends,

both surfaces greyish-white woolly. Heads

heterogamous, campanulate, 2,5 x 2 mm,

several in small subcorymbose clusters at

the branch tips. Involucral bracts in 3 series,

backs woolly, outer shorter, inner subequal,

exceeding flowers, sometimes with faint

purplish red tinge above stereome, tips

oblong, very obtuse, opaque white, radia-

ting, eventually entire bract spreading

horizontally. Receptacle nearly smooth.

Flowers c. 26 — 30, 11 — 15 $, 17—21 ^ .

Achenes 0,5 mm long with myxogemc

duplex hairs. Pappus bristles many, about

equalling corolla, tips subplumose, bases

with patent cilia, scarcely cohering.

Known only from the type collection. Easily

recognized by its cushion growth form and heads in

which the £ flowers only slightly outnumber the 9-

Map 19.

6. Vellereophyton vellereum (R.A. Dy-

er) Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 211

(1981). Type: Cape, Bathurst div., sand

dunes near mouth of Great Fish River,

MacOwan 1441 (K, holo.!; BM; BOL;

PRE; SAM; iso.!).

Helichrysum vellereum R.A. Dyer in Kew Bull.

1934: 266 (1934).

Soft-wooded perennial herb, stems up

to 600 mm long, decumbent or ascending,

often rooting near the base, branched,

branches silky white-felted, leafy. Leaves

mostly 25—40 x 5 — 10 mm, diminishing

upwards, oblong-spathulate or oblanceo-

late, apex obtuse, base much narrowed,

sessile, both surfaces white silky-woolly-

felted. Heads heterogamous, campanulate,

4x3 mm, many in small woolly-felted

cymose clusters at the branch tips, sur-

rounded by a few small leaves. Involucral

bracts in 4 series, slightly graded, outer

webbed together with white wool, inner

slightly exceeding the flowers, tips rounded,

smooth, opaque milk-white, minutely radi-

ating. Receptacle nearly smooth. Flowers

25—40, 8 — 14 9’ 16—26 $. Achenes 0,75

mm long, glabrous. Pappus bristles many,

equalling corolla, subplumose in upper half,

bases cohering lightly by patent cilia. Fig. 5:

1.

Found along the southern Cape coast from

Humansdorp district, west of Port Elizabeth, to the

environs of East London, on the beach, in dune slacks;

flowering between November and January. Map 20.

MAP 20. — • Vellereophyton vellereum

o Vellereophyton lasianthum

INULEAE

7,2: 37

V. vellereum has larger heads than any of the other

species, and this character, together with the distinctive

pappus and glabrous ovaries, make recognition easy.

Vouchers: Acocks 21818 (PRE); Dyer 3351

(PRE); Galpin 2931 (PRE); Hilliard & Bunt 11109 (E;

K; M; MO; NU; PRE; S).

7. Vellereophyton lasianthum (Schltr.

& Moeser) Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82:

211 (1981). Type: Cape, Klein-Namaland,

Koude Bokkeveld, Klyn Vley [Klein Vlei,

the last farm before the turning to the

central Cedarberg], 4 000 ft, 20 i 1897,

Schlechter 10061 (BM; BOL; E; G; K; M; P;

PRE; S; Z, iso.!).

Helichrysum lasianthum Schltr. & Moeser in Bot. Jb.

44: 296 (1910).

Annual (?) herb, whole plant densely

white-woolly, stems several from the crown,

up to 150 mm long, simple or subsimple,

prostrate, leafy. Radical leaves up to 20 X 5

mm, subspathulate, obtuse; stem leaves

mostly 5 — 15 x 3—5 mm, spathulate,

obtuse. Heads homogamous, campanulate,

c. 2,5 x 2 mm, shortly pedunculate, in

few-headed, very woolly glomerules at the

branch tips and opposite the upper leaves,

the axillary branchlets sometimes elongating

and over-topping the primary glomerule.

Involucral bracts in 2 series, outer shorter

than inner, inner about equalling flowers,

minutely radiating, oblong, backs woolly,

only extreme tips glabrous, spreading,

crisped, sub-opaque, white, reddish above

the stereome. Receptacle smooth. Flowers c.

11 — 12. Achenes elliptic in outline, 0,75 mm

long, glabrous or hairy. Pappus bristles

many, about equalling corolla, tips subplu-

mose, bases with patent cilia, not cohering.

V. lasianthum is known only from the type

collection. It is very distinctive by virtue of its

homogamous heads, and biseriate, very woolly,

involucral bracts of which only the extreme tips are

glabrous. Map 20.

7,2: 38

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 39

8992b TROGLOPHYTON

Troglophyton Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Liiin. Soc. 82: 208 (1981). Type species: T.

capillaceum (Thunb.) Hilliard & Burtt.

Delicate annual or short-lived perennial herbs well-branched from the base, stems

filiform, prostrate, diffuse or weakly erect, thinly white-woolly, distantly leafy. Leaves

small, on filiform petioles, blade elliptic or ovate, margins flat, both surfaces cobwebby or

thinly woolly, upper sometimes glabrescent. Heads homogamous or heterogamous, small,

on filiform peduncles racemosely or subcorymbosely arranged, or rarely nearly sessile and

crowded. Involucral bracts in 3(— 5) series, subequal, slightly exceeding flowers, stereome

undivided or with 2 or 3 thin linear patches in upper part, lower part canaliculate,

embracing adjacent flower, lamina delicate, pellucid, sometimes purplish above stereome,

tip subopaque or opaque white, obtuse to subacute, either radiating or whole involucre

rotate at maturity. Receptacle shallowly tubercled. Flowers 8—30, yellow, sometimes tipped

pink, 9 flowers (0— )2 — 23, fewer than, or about equalling, or 2 — 3(— 7) times as many as 9 ,

narrowly tubular; 9 flowers narrowly infundibuliform or tubular below, narrowly

campanulate above with 5 deltoid lobes, glandular hairs with biseriate stalk and small

globular 2-celled head on backs of all lobes. Anthers with small obtuse apical appendage

and tails shorter than, about equalling or slightly exceeding filament collar. Style branches

truncate and penicillate. Achene wall with slightly raised cells, moderately imbricate or not,

oblong duplex hairs with swelling cushion frequently present, apparently not always

emitting mucilage (neither imbricate cells nor duplex hairs a specific character). Pappus

bristles barbellate or subplumose above, these cilia ± clavate and with delicate wall

thickenings, shaft markedly barbellate, bases cohering by patent cilia.

A genus of 6 species endemic to Southern Africa.

la Heads homogamous:

2a Heads up to 3 mm long 1. T. capillaceum

2b Heads c. 6 mm long 3. T. acocksianum

lb Heads heterogamous:

3a Heads c. 3— 4(— 5) mm long 2. T. elsiae

3b Heads up to 3 mm long:

4a Female flowers either fewer than hermaphrodite or slightly outnumbering them, cilia at tips of

pappus bristles often noticeably thickened or elongated:

5a Tips of involucral bracts very obtuse 4. T. tenellum

5b Tips of involucral bracts subacute 5. T. leptomerum

4b Female flowers mostly at least twice as many as the hermaphrodite, cilia at tips of pappus bristles

scarcely thickened 6 . T. parvu/um

1. Troglophyton capillaceum (Thunb.)

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 209

(1981). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Thun-

berg (sheet 19108, UPS, holo.!).

Gnaphalium capillaceum Thunb., Prodr. 152 (1800),

FI. Cap. 660 (1823). Helichrysum capillaceum (Thunb.)

Less., Syn. Comp. 275 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 170

(1838) excl. var. erectum; Harv. in F.C. 3: 215 (1865);

Levyns in Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 780

(1950); Merxm. , F.S.W.A. 139: 93 (1967); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 208 (1977).

H. oreophilum Dinter in Fedde, Repert. (Beih.) 53:

13, 69 (1928), nom. nud., non Klatt (1896). Type:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Klein Karas, Dinter 4749 (BOL; G;

K; SAM; PRE; iso.!).

H. capillaceum var. majus DC., Prodr. 6: 170 (1838).

Lectotype: Cape, Graaff-Reinet distr., along Sundays

River near Monkey Ford, Burchell 2873 (G-DC!; K,

isolecto. !).

Two subspecies are recognized:

(a) subsp. capillaceum.

Delicate annual herb 50 — 300 mm tall,

stems loosely branched, diffuse or weakly

erect. Leaves mostly 4 — 30( — 50) x

2— 15( — 20) mm, 3-5 the length petiolar,

blade elliptic to elliptic-ovate, more or less

tapering at both ends, mucronate. Heads

homogamous, campanulate, 2,5—3 x 1,5 — 2

7,2: 40

INULEAE

mm, solitary on long (up to 10—15 mm)

peduncles subracemosely arranged. Invo-

lucral bracts in 3 series, tips obtuse,

generally emarginate or erose, pellucid,

only extreme tip sometimes opaque white,

occasionally purplish above the stereome,

rarely whole bract purplish. Flowers 14—30.

Achenes 0,75 mm long, hairy. Pappus

bristles with barbellate shaft and tip. Fig.

7:3.

Widely distributed from southernmost

S.W. A. /Namibia E. to Bloemfontein in the O.F.S. and

S. to the Cape Peninsula in the W. and Komgha, near

the Great Kei River, in the E. Grows in damp shade,

either under rocks or shrubs; flowering between April

and, November, but at its peak in August and

September. Map 21.

Map 21. — o Troglophyton capillaceum

subsp. capillaceum

• Troglophyton capillaceum

subsp. diffusum

e sympatric

Introduced into Britain with wool shoddy (record-

ed from N. Hants., Blackmoor).

Easily recognized by its small homogamous heads

subracemosely arranged, which characters at once

distinguish it from T. parvulum (no. 6) with which it is

frequently confused.

Vouchers: Flanagan 1340 (BOL; SAM); Fourcade

3075 (BOL; NBG; PRE); Giess 13058 (M; PRE; S;

WIND); Hutchinson 533 (BM; BOL; K); Rehmann

3829 (BM; K).

(b) subsp. diffusum (DC.) Hilliard,

comb, et stat. nov. Lectotype: Cape,

Bruintjeshoogte, Burchell 3047 (G-DC!;

K).

Helichrysum capillaceum (Thunb.) Less. var. dif-

fusum DC., Prodr. 6: 170 (1838).

Distinguished from the typical plant by

the involucral bracts being markedly opaque

white at the tips and smoothly rounded, and

by the pappus bristles tipped with several

clavate cilia. There is also a strong tendency

for the leaves to be ovate with base truncate

to broadly rounded; however, in the

lectotype the base tapers to the petiole. Fig.

6: 1, 7: 5.

Subsp. diffusum is more easterly in its distribution

than subsp. capillaceum, and occurs mainly on the

Drakensberg and neighbouring mountains from

Bergville district in Natal, northern Lesotho and Thaba

Nchu Mountain in the eastern Orange Free State S. and

W. to the high mountains of Transkei and the Cape

Drakensberg, Sneeuwberg, Koudeveldberg and

Oudeberg near Graaff-Reinet, and the Amatola

Mountains, between 900 and 2 100 m. In the central

Cape mountains in particular there seems to be a

gradual transition to subsp. capillaceum, and plants

with nearly pellucid involucral bracts and barbellate

pappus tips may grow with others having opaque white

bracts and pappus with clavate cilia at the tips, or

specimens may be intermediate in these characters.

Similarly , there is some gradation in leaf form. Map 21 .

Subsp. diffusum grows in damp partially shaded

places under overhanging rocks and is particularly

common in the Cave Sandstone overhangs of the

Drakensberg. Flowers mainly between November and

April, but possibly flowers can be found in any month.

Vouchers: Acocks 13820 (PRE); Esterhuysen

10201 (BOL; NBG; NU; PRE); Hilliard 5511 (E; K;

MO; NU; S); Hilliard & Burtt 6537 (E; K; M; NBG;

NU).

2. Troglophyton elsiae Hilliard, sp.

nov. T. capillaceo (Thunb.) Hilliard & Burtt

affinis sed capitulis c. 3 —4 mm longis

heterogamis (non 2,5 mm, homogamis), et

apicibus lacteis bractearum involucri magis

conspicuis.

FIG. 6.-1, Troglophyton capillaceum subsp. diffusum, whole plant, x 1; la, head, x 6,6; lb. hermaphrodite

flower, x 16 (Davis & Davis 171). 2, T. acocksianum, part of a plant, x 1; 2a, head, x 5,3 ( Goldblatt 5832). 3, T.

parvulum, whole plant, x 1,5; 3a, head, x 6,6; 3b, hermaphrodite flower, x 16; 3c, female flower, x 16

(Goldblatt 5881).

INULEAE

7,2: 41

7,2: 42

INULEAE

Herba delicatula tegetes intricatas

formans; rami majores ad 120 mm longi,

filiformes, repentes, radicantes, tenuiter

griseo-albo-lanati, distanter foliati. Folia

plerumque 5—25 x 1,5— 8 mm, dimidio

longitudinis petiolare, apice obtuso vel

subacuto mucronato, basi in petiolo

attenuata, utrinque tenuiter griseo-Ianata,

supra glabrescentia vel fere glabrescentia.

Capitula heterogama, campanulata, c.

3 —4( —5) x 1,5—2 mm, solitaria vel pauca in

pedunculis filiformibus laxe lanatis

subcorymbose disposita. Involucri bracteae

3-seriatae, dorso laxe lanatae, seriebus

duabus interioribus subaequalibus flores

superantibus, apicibus ellipticis obtusis

opacis lacteis radiantibus. Receptaculum

breviter tuberculatum. Flores 13 —28, 2 —7

feminei, 10—22 hermaphroditi. Achaenia c.

0,75 mm longa, fere dimorpha, ea florum

femineorum pubescentia, ea florum

hermaphroditorum glabra, raro omnia

pubescentia. Pappi setae numerosae,

corollam circum aequantes , apicibus

subplumosis pilis clavatis, scapo barbellato,

basi inter se pilis patentibus cohaerentes.

Type: Cape, Clanwilliam div.,

overhanging rock shelter on summit of

Krakadouw Peak, Cedarbergen, 1 700 m,

27 xii 1947, Esterhuysen 14314 (NBG,

holo.!; BOL; K; PRE, iso.!).

Cedarberg, plateau S. of Tafelberg, 5 000 ft, 28 xii

1962, Esterhuysen 29994 (BOL; K; PRE; S); S.

Cedarberg, Apollo Peak, 5 500 ft, 13 xii 1950,

Esterhuysen 18085 (BOL); ibid., 13 xii 1975,

Esterhuysen 34155 (BOL). Ceres div., Bokkeveld

Tafelberg, 5 500 ft, 8 xii 1940, Esterhuysen 3943

(BOL). Worcester div.. Hex River Mountains, Mt

Brodie, 8 iii 1943, Esterhuysen 8752 (BOL); ibid.,

Milner Peak, 6 600 ft, 2 i 1959, Esterhuysen 28082a

(BOL; K; PRE; S).

A delicate herb forming tangled mats,

main branches up to 120 mm long, filiform,

creeping, rooting, thinly greyish-white

woolly, distantly leafy. Leaves mostly 5 — 25

x 1,5 — 8 mm, up to half the length petiolar.

blade elliptic, apex obtuse to subacute,

mucronate, base tapering into petiole, both

surfaces thinly grey-woolly, upper glab-

rescent or nearly so. Heads heterogamous,

campanulate, c. 3—4 ( — 5) x 1,5—2 mm,

solitary or few on filiform, loosely woolly

peduncles subcorymbosely arranged.

Involucral bracts in 3 series, backs loosely

woolly, inner two series subequal,

exceeding flowers, tips elliptic, obtuse,

opaque milk-white, radiating. Receptacle

shallowly tubercled. Flowers 13 — 28, 2—7 $,

10—22 Achenes c. 0,75 mm long, usually

dimorphic, those of $ flowers hairy, of

flowers glabrous, or rarely all hairy. Pappus

bristles many, about equalling corolla, tips

subplumose with clavate hairs, shaft

barbellate, bases cohering by patent cilia.

Fig. 7: 1.

Recorded from the Cedarberg, Bokkeveld Tafel-

berg in Ceres division, and the Hex River Mountains,

between 1 500 and 2 000 m above sea level, growing in

damp shade under rock overhangs. Flowers in

December and January. Map 22.

The specific epithet honours Miss Elsie

Esterhuysen who has gathered many a good

plant off the Cape Mountains.

3. Troglophyton aeocksianum Hilliard,

sp. nov. T. elsiae Hilliard affinis, sed

capitulis majoribus 6 x 3,5 mm (non

(3 —4) —5 x 1,5—2 mm) homogamis.

Herba tegetes formans, verosimiliter

perennis; caules filiformes, prostrati, radi-

cantes, distanter foliati, partibus juvenilibus

laxe albo-lanati. Folia plerumque 8—16 x

3—6 mm, dimidio longitudinis petiolari,

ovata vel ovato-elliptica, apice acuto mucro-

nato, basi abrupte in partem petiolarem

angustata, utrinque tenuiter albo-lanata.

Capitula homogama, campanulata, c. 6 x

3,5 mm, solitaria, vel ad 6 in pedunculis

brevibus ad ramulorum apices corymbose

disposita. Involucri bracteae c. 5-seriatae

FIG. 7. —Troglophyton, involucral bracts and pappus bristles of all the species. 1, T. elsiae, involucral bract, x

13; la, pappus bristle, x 27 ( Esterhuysen 14314). 2, T. parvulum, involucral bract, x 13 ( Acocks 17774); 2a,

involucral bract, x 13 ( Esterhuysen 13028); 2b, pappus bristle, x 27 ( Acocks 17774); 2c, involucral bract, x 17

( Hardy 762 : see text); 2d. pappus bristle, x 27 ( Hardy 762). 3, T. capillaceum subsp. capillaceum, involucral

bracts, x 13; 3a, pappus bristle, x 27 ( Fourcade 3075). 4, T. tenellum, involucral bract, x 17; 4a, pappus bristle, x

27 (Maguire 1893). 5, T. capillaceum subsp. difTusum, involucral bract, x 13; 5a. pappus bristle, x 27 ( Esterhuysen

10201). 6, T. leptomerum, involucral bract, x 13; 6a, pappus bristle from hermaphrodite flower, x 27; 6b, pappus

bristle from female flower, x 27 (Barker 6631). 7, T. aeocksianum, involucral bract, x 13; 7a, pappus bristle, x 27

(Acocks 18625).

INULEAE

7,2: 43

7,2: 44

INULEAE

extremae breves, interiores subaequales flo-

res superantes, dorso lanatae, apicibus

lanatis opacis lacteis radiantibus. Recepta-

culum breviter tuberculatum. Flores 18—21.

Ovarium pubescens (achaeniis non visis).

Pappi setae numerosae, corollam circum

aequantes, apicibus subplumosis pilis clava-

tis, scapo barbellato, basi inter se pilis

patentibus cohaerentes.

Type: Cape, Calvinia distr., Akkeren-

dam, c. 4 700 ft., 14 xi 1955, foot of shale

krantzes on S. aspect, rare, dense mats,

Acocks 18625 (PRE, holo.!).

Mat-forming herb, probably perennial,

stems filiform, prostrate, rooting, young

parts loosely white woolly, distantly leafy.

Leaves mostly 8—16 x 3—6 mm, about half

the length petiolar, ovate or ovate-elliptic,

apex acute, mucronate, base abruptly

narrowed to the petiolar portion, both

surfaces thinly white-woolly. Heads homo-

gamous, campanulate, c. 6 x 3,5 mm,

solitary or up to 6 on short peduncles

corymbosely arranged at the branch tips.

Involucral bracts in c. 5 series, outermost

short, inner subequal, exceeding flowers,

backs woolly, tips elliptic, obtuse, opaque

milk-white, radiating. Receptacle shallowly

tubercled. Flowers 18—21. Achenes not

seen, ovaries hairy. Pappus bristles many,

about equalling corolla, tips subplumose

with clavate hairs, shaft barbellate, bases

cohering by patent cilia. Fig. 6: 2, 7: 7.

MAP 22. — A Troglophyton elsiae

o Troglophyton acocksianum

• Troglophyton tenellum

Known only from the type collection and one from

the Hantamsberg, also near Calvinia. Closely allied to

T. elsiae (no. 2), but a coarser plant with larger,

homogamous, heads. Map 22.

Voucher: Goldblatt 5832 (MO; NU).

The specific name commemorates the

late Mr John Acocks, a notable student of

the South African flora.

4. Troglophyton tenellum Hilliard, sp.

nov. T. capillaceo (Thunb.) Hilliard & Burtt

affinis sed capitulis heterogamis, nec homo-

gamis, bracteis involucri distincte albo-

apiculatis nec pellucidis nec fere pellucidis.

Herba annua, delicatula, erecta (?),

30—100 mm alta, e basi ramosa, ramis

filiformibus arachnoideis distanter foliatis.

Folia radicalia, si praesentia, 7—25 x

2,5—13 mm, dimidio longitudinis petiolari;

caulina 6—17 X 1,5—7 mm, sessilia vel

subsessilia; lamina elliptica, utrinque attenu-

ata, apice acuto vel subacuto mucronato,

supra et subtus arachnoidea. Capitula hete-

rogama, campanulata, 2,5 x 2 mm, soli-

taria; pedunculi ad 15 mm filiformes foliis

oppositi, ad ramulorum apices decrescescen-

tes capitulis corymbosis. Involucri bracteae

3-seriatae, dorso laxe lanatae, apicibus flores

paulo superantibus obtusissimis leviter cris-

patis opace lacteis minute radiantibus. Flores

10—26, 6 —14 feminei, 6 —16 hermaphroditi.

Achaenia 0,75 mm longa, pubescentia.

Pappi setae numerosae, corollam plus

minusve aequantes, apicibus subplumosae

pilis clavatis, scapo barbellato, basi pilis

patentibus inter se cohaerentes.

Type: Cape, Calvinia distr., top of

Botterkloof Pass, 24 ix 1952, Maguire 1893

(NBG, holo.!; BOL, iso.!).

Namaqualand, Klipfontein Station, 1 000 m, 8 ix

1925, Marloth 12528 (PRE); Khamiesberg div.,

Namaroup, 12 ix 1911, Pearson 6627 (BOL). Van-

rhynsdorp distr., Bitterfontein, 1 ix 1897, Schlechter

11021 (BM; BOL; K; PRE). Clanwilliam distr.,

Cedarberg, Wolfberg Plateau between The Arch and

The Cracks, 10 x 1976, Esterhuysen 34398 (BOL).

Piquetberg div., east slopes of Avontuur Hill, 3 500 ft.

ix 1934, Pillans 7389 (BOL).

A delicate erect (?) annual herb

30—100 mm tall, branching from the base,

branches filiform, cobwebby, distantly

leafy. Radical leaves, if present, 7—25 x

2,5 — 13 mm, half the length petiolar, cauline

leaves subtending each dichotomy, 6—17 x

INULEAE

7,2: 45

1,5—7 mm, sessile or nearly so, blade

elliptic, tapering at both ends, apex acute or

subacute, mucronate, both surfaces cob-

webby. Heads heterogamous, campanulate,

2,5 x 2 mm, solitary on filiform leaf-

opposed peduncles up to 15 mm long,

peduncles becoming much shorter and

corymbosely arranged towards the branch-

let tips. Involucral bracts in 3 series, backs

loosely woolly, tips slightly exceeding

flowers, obtuse, slightly crisped, opaque

milk-white, minutely radiating. Receptacle

shallowly tubercled. Flowers 10—26, 6 — 14

$, 6-16 $ . Achenes 0,75 mm long, with

duplex hairs. Pappus bristles many, about

equalling corolla, tips subplumose with

clavate cilia, shaft barbellate, bases coher-

ing by patent cilia. Fig. 7: 4.

Recorded from Khamiesberg, Calvinia, Van-

rhynsdorp, Clanwilliam and Piquetberg districts, in

shady damp places on the hills and mountains,

probably always under rocks, flowering in September

and October. Map 22.

Can be confused with T. capillaceum (no. 1) but

easily distinguished by its heterogamous heads sub-

corymbosely rather than racemosely arranged.

5. Troglophyton leptomerum Hilliard ,

sp. nov. ab peraffini T. tenello Hilliard

bracteis involucri apicibus laevibus lanceola-

tis subacutis (haud obtusissimis) et ab T.

capillaceo (Thunb.) Hilliard & Burtt capitu-

lis heterogamis et apicibus bractearum

differt.

Herba annua delicatula e basi multira-

mosa; rami ad 120 mm longi, verosimiliter

infirme erecti vel prostrati, filiformes, te-

nuiter arachnoidei, distanter foliati. Folia

radicalia ad 25 x 6 mm, dimidio longitudinis

petiolari; caulina radicalibus similia sed

sursum decrescentia (ad 5 X 2 mm redacta)

et petiolo quartum vel trientem folii tantum

aequante; lamina elliptica, utrinque attenu-

ata, apice obtuso vel subacuto mucronato,

supra et subtus tenuissime arachnoidea.

Capitula heterogama, campanulata, c. 3 x 2

mm, ad ramulorum apices corymbose

disposita in pedunculis filiformibus (ad 15

mm longis sed sursum brevioribus) tenuis-

sime arachnoideis. Involucri bracteae- 3-

seriatae, dorso laxe arachnoideae, apicibus

flores superantibus lanceolatis subacutis albis

opacis vel subopacis. Receptaculum breviter

tuberculatum. Flores 8—15, 3—8 feminei,

4—11 hermaphroditi. Ovarium pubescens

(achaenio haud viso). Pappi setae numero-

sae, corollam aequantes, apice subplumoso,

scapo barbellato, basi inter se pilis patentibus

cohaerentes.

Type: Cape, Namaqualand, 20 miles

NE. of Springbok, 8 ix 1950, Barker 6631

(NBG, holo. !).

Granitkuppe 17 Meilen von Springbok nach

Pofadder, 13 ix 1963, Merxmuller & Giess 3782 (M;

WIND); Ookiep, September, Dtimmer s.n. (K);

Khamiesberg near Garies, 16 x 1954, Esterhuysen

23701 (BOL). Clanwilliam distr., S. Cedarberg, Apollo

Peak, 4 500 ft, 13 xii 1950, Esterhuysen 18080 (BOL).

Top of Piquetberg Mountain, 9 xi 1934, Pillans 7389

(K).

A delicate annual herb much-branched

from the base, branches up to 120 mm long,

probably weakly erect or prostrate, filiform,

thinly cobwebby, distantly leafy. Radical

leaves up to 25 x 6 mm, half the length

petiolar, cauline leaves subtending each

dichotomy, similar to radical but

diminishing in size upwards (as small as 5 x

2 mm), and petiole reduced to g to \ total

length, blade elliptic, tapering at both ends,

apex obtuse to subacute, mucronate, both

surfaces very thinly cobwebby. Heads

heterogamous, campanulate, 3x2 mm,

solitary at the branchlet tips on long (up to

15 mm), filiform, very thinly cobwebby

peduncles, much shorter upwards and

corymbosely arranged. Involucral bracts in 3

series, backs loosely cobwebby, tips

exceeding flowers, lanceolate, subacute,

more or less opaque white. Receptacle

shallowly tubercled. Flowers 8 — 17, 3—8 $,

4—11 ^ . Achenes 0,75 mm long with duplex

hairs. Pappus bristles many, equalling

corolla, tips subplumose, shaft barbellate,

bases cohering by patent cilia. Fig. 7: 6.

Recorded from the environs of Springbok, the

Khamiesberg, S. Cedarberg and Piquetberg Mountain.

Grows in moist shady places under rocks; flowering

between September and December. Closely allied to T.

tenellum (no. 4) but distinguished by its subacute, not

very obtuse, involucral bracts. Map 23.

6. Troglophyton parvulum (Harv.)

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 209

(1981). Lectotype: Cape, Tulbagh,

Steendahl, Pappe s.n. (TCD!; K; S,

isolecto.!).

7,2: 46

INULEAE

MAP 23. — Troglophyton leptomerum

Gnaphalium parvulum Harv. in F.C. 3: 262 (1865);

Levyns in Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. Ill

(1950); Merxm., F.S.W.A. 39: 84 (1967).

Helichrysum capillaceum (Thunb.) Less. var.

erectum DC., Prodr. 6: 170 (1838). Lectotype: Cape,

Paarlberg, Dr&ge 5813 (G — DC!; BM, isolecto.!).

Small annual herb c. 10—150 mm tall,

stems simple or branched, more or less

erect. Leaves mostly 3— 15( — 30) x

1— 6( — 12) mm, £ the length petiolar,

uppermost subsessile, blade oblanceolate to

elliptic tapering at both ends, subacute to

obtuse, mucronate. Heads heterogamous,

campanulate, 2,5 — 3 x 1 — 2 mm,

pedunculate to nearly sessile, few to many

in corymbose clusters terminating the

branchlets or occasionally subsolitary on

diminutive plants. Involucral bracts in 3

series, pellucid, occasionally reddish above

the stereome, tips very obtuse to subacute,

opaque or subopaque, white, minutely

radiating. Flowers 13—27, 9 — 23 $, 3—8 9 •

Achenes 0,5 mm long, hairy. Pappus bristles

with tip and shaft barbellate. Fig. 6: 3, 7: 2.

T. parvulum ranges from the district of Liideritz

Slid in southernmost S.W. A. /Namibia to the W. Cape

as far south as the Cape Peninsula, on mountains and

hills in damp shady places, often under rocks and cliffs,

or sometimes under shrubs and trees, but occasionally

in the open where the ground is suitably moist;

flowering between August and November, mainly in

October. Map 24.

MAP 24.— Troglophyton parvulum

Vouchers: Acocks 17774 (PRE); Esterhuysen

13028 (BOL; NBG; PRE), 14618 (BOL; E); Schlechter

1589 (BOL); Wilms 3261 (BM; G; Z).

The type of T. parvulum, and nearly all other

specimens, have heads crowded in glomerules, the very

short peduncles hidden by wool and the surrounding

leaves, the involucral bracts very obtuse with opaque or

subopaque white tips. Specimens with heads mostly on

distinct peduncles and involucral bracts with subacute

semipellucid tips may represent another species (e.g.

Hardy 762, K; PRE; Merxmuller & Giess 32269 (M)

mixed with T. capillaceum ; Taylor 2815, M; NBG).

However, field studies to assess the variability of T.

parvulum are needed.

T. parvulum is frequently confused with' T.

capillaceum (no. 1), but it is readily distinguished by its

heterogamous heads corymbosely, not racemosely,

arranged. The species it most resembles are T. tenellum

(no. 4) and T. leptomerum (no. 5), which can be

distinguished by different proportions of female and

hermaphrodite flowers in the heads and by details of

bract tips and pappus form.

INULEAE

7,2:47

8992c HELICHR Y SOPSIS

Helichrysopsis Kirp. in Trudy bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR ser. 1, 9: 32 (1950); Hilliard &

Burttin Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 207 (1981). Type species: H. septentrionalis (Vatke) Hilliard.

Perennial herb, stems much-branched, spreading, ashy-grey, closely leafy. Leaves

linear, up to 15 x 1 mm, margins strongly revolute, white-cottony, contrasting strongly with

the silky-grey upper leaf surface and the midrib below, giving a striped effect to the leaves.

Heads heterogamous, narrowly campanulate, c. 5x3 mm, few clustered at the branchlet

tips. Involucral bracts in c. 4 series, outer short, pellucid, palest brown, inner with stereome

undivided, tips opaque milk-white, exceeding the flowers. Receptacle honeycombed.

Flowers c. 45—65, 30—50 $, corolla filiform, 12—13 $, corolla cylindric, all lobes

glandular-hairy on backs. Anthers with small obtuse apical appendage and tails exceeding

the filament collar. Style branches truncate and penicillate. Achenes less than 0,5 mm long,

with minute 2-celled globular hairs without a swelling cushion, myxogenic. Pappus bristles

many, tips plumose, shaft nude, 2 or 3 bristles fused together near the base and then, a little

lower, these compound bristles fused into a smooth ring.

Monotypic. Endemic to the coastal plain of southern Mozambique and its southward extension into Zululand,

as far south as the shores of Lake St Lucia. An isolated genus, without obvious allies.

FIG. 8.-1, Helichrysopsis septentrionale, part of a plant, x 1; la, leaf, margins strongly revolute, x 2,6; lb,

head, x 6,6; lc, hermaphrodite flower, x 8; Id, female flower, x 8; le, part of ring of pappus bristles, x 12

( Taylor 66).

7,2: 48

INULEAE

Helichrysopsis septentrionale (Vatke)

Hilliard in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 207 (1981).

Type: Mozambique, Inhambane, in dry

sandy fields, Peters s.n. (Bt).

Anaxeton septentrionalis Vatke in Ost. Bot.

Zeitschrift 27: 194 (1877). Gnaphalium septentrionale

(Vatke) Hilliard in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 31: 8

(1971), Compositae in Natal 127 (1977). Gnaphalium

stenophyllum Oliv. & Hiern in F.T.A. 3: 344 (1877),

nom. lllegit. Helichrysopsis stenophylla Kirp. in Trudy

bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR. ser. 1, 9: 32 (1950), nom.

illegit.

The only species, and a most distinctive plant in

both general aspect and peculiar pappus. Found in

sandy places; flowering between December and April.

Fig. 8: 1. Map 25.

Vouchers: Pooley 269 (E; K; NH; NU; S; COI);

Schlechter 11589 (BM; BOL; E; LEN).

INULEAE

7,2: 49

8992d PLECOSTACHYS

Plecostachys Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 206 (1981). Type species: P.

serpyllifolia (Berg.) Hilliard & Burtt.

Subshrubs, stems long, slender, tangled, thinly white-tomentose, leafy. Leaves small,

elliptic to suborbicular, apex obtuse or rounded, sessile or shortly petioled, margins flat or

.undulate, upper surface generally cobwebby, glabrescent, lower white-tomentose. Heads

heterogamous, small, many in small compact corymbose clusters terminating the

branchlets. Involucral bracts in 3 — 4 series, inner about equalling or slightly exceeding

flowers, stereome undivided, tips opaque white, obtuse, radiating. Receptacle shortly

honeycombed. Flowers c. 10—40, 9 flowers 3 — 30, fewer than, about equalling, or more

than flowers, narrowly tubular; £ flowers tubular below, slightly expanded above with 5

deltoid lobes; glandular hairs on backs of all lobes. Anthers with small obtuse or subacute

deltoid apical appendage, and tails either shorter or slightly longer than filament collar.

Style branches truncate and penicillate, the short sweeping hairs extending briefly down the

backs of the branches. Achene wall flat, apparently without crystals, oblong duplex hairs

with swelling cushion always present, myxogenic. Pappus bristles scabrid above, the cells

with delicate wall thickenings, bases cohering by patent cilia, lightly fused as well in one

species.

Endemic, species 2, ranging from Swaziland and Natal to the Cape Peninsula.

la Leaves suborbicular or broadly elliptic, margins crisped-undulate; inner involucral bracts with

conspicuous milk-white tips exceeding the flowers; $ flowers 3 — 8 1. P. serpyllifolia

lb Leaves elliptic, margins flat; inner involucral bracts with small dirty white tips about equalling the

flowers; 9 flowers 10—28 2. P. polifolia

1. Plecostachys serpyllifolia (Berg.)

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 207

(1981). Type: ex hort. per Kallstrom (STB

holo.!).

Gnaphalium serpyllifolium Berg., Descr. PI. Cap.

250 (1767); Lam., Encycl. 2: 743 (1788), excl. syn.

Volck.; Schrank in Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Miinch.

8: 158 (1824). Helichrysum serpyllifolium (Berg.) Pers.,

Syn. 2: 416(1807); Less., Syn. Comp. 277(1832); DC.,

Prodr. 6: 172 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 218 (1865);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 307 (1910); Hilliard & Burtt in

Notes R. Bot. Gdn Edinb. 32: 359 (1973); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 215 (1977).

G. orbiculare Thunb., Prodr. 152 (1800), FI. Cap.

659 (1823). H. orbiculare (Thunb.) Druce in Rep. bot.

Soc. Exch. Club Br. Isl. 1916: 626 (1917). H.

serpyllifolium var. orbiculare (Thunb.) DC., Prodr. 6:

173 (1838). Type: Cape, hills below Table Mtn,

Thunberg (sheet 19222, UPS, holo.!).

Much-branched straggling subshrub,

branches slender, young parts thinly white-

tomentose, leafy. Leaves up to 10 x 7 mm,

broadly elliptic to suborbicular, apex mu-

cronate, slightly recurved, petiole minute,

margins crisped-undulate, upper surface

thinly white-tomentose or glabrous, lower

white-tomentose. Heads heterogamous,

turbinate, c. 5 mm long, base woolly, many

in small congested rounded clusters ter-

minating the branchlets. Involucral bracts in

c. 3 series, loosely imbricate, inner shortly

exceeding flowers, tips obtuse, milk-white,

radiating. Receptacle shortly honeycombed.

Flowers 8 — 16, 3—8 9^ 4—9 usually fewer

9 flowers than yellow, sometimes tipped

pink. Achenes c. 0.75 mm long, with

myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus bristles

many, equalling or slightly exceeding corol-

la, scabrid, bases cohering by patent cilia,

lightly fused as well. Fig. 9: 2.

Ranges from the Cape Peninsula through the

coastal districts to Grahamstown and East London,

then surely along the Transkei coast (but no records) to

its northernmost stations on the Natal coast between

Port Edward and Umdoni Park, Umzinto district.

Grows in damp sandy places often near the sea, but in

the southern and western Cape also on the lower slopes

of the mountains. Flowering recorded between

November and August, but at its peak in April. Map

26.

Vouchers: Acocks 10985 (PRE); Compton 14560

(NBG; PRE); Esterhuysen 14388 (BOL; PRE);

Hilliard 1682 (E, NU); MacOwan 737 (BOL; PRE;

SAM).

2. Plecostachys polifolia (Thunb.) Hill-

iard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 207

(1981). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Thun-

berg (sheet 19231, UPS, holo.!).

7,2: 50

INULEAE

Gnaphalium polifolium Thunb., Prodr. 151 (1800),

FI. Cap. 656 (1823); Hilliard & Burtt in Notes R. Bot.

Gdn Edinb. 32,3: 337 (1973); Hilliard, Compositae in

Natal 128 (1977). Helichrysum serpyllifolium var.

polifolium (Thunb.) DC., Prodr. 6: 173 (1838); Moeser

in Bot. Jb. 44: 307 (1910).

Gnaphalium dodii Levyns in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 7: 84

(1941), in Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 776

(1950). Type: Cape, Orange Kloof, Levyns 6369 (BOL,

holo. !).

Much-branched, straggling subshrub,

branches slender, young parts thinly white-

tomentose, leafy, often with axillary leaf

tufts. Leaves up to 25 x 7 mm, elliptic

tapering to a short petiole-like base, apex

obtuse, apiculate, somewhat recurved, mar-

gins flat or nearly so, upper surface

cobwebby and soon glabrous, or persistently

white-tomentose, lower white-tomentose.

Heads heterogamous, campanulate, c.

2,5—3 x 2 mm, base woolly, many in

congested rounded clusters terminating the

branchlets. Involucral bracts in c. 4 series,

closely imbricate, inner about equalling

flowers, tips obtuse, commonly dirty-white.

minutely radiating. Receptacle shortly

honeycombed. Flowers 17—41, 10—28 $,

4—20 $ , 9 flowers usually outnumbering

yellow, sometimes tinged purple. Ache-

nes 0,5 mm long with myxogenic duplex

hairs. Pappus bristles many, a little shorter

than corolla, scabrid, bases cohering lightly

by patent cilia. Fig. 9: 1.

Ranges from the mountainous parts of the Cape

Peninsula NE. to the Matroosberg and Hex River

Mountains and E. over the Cape fold mountains to the

mountains of the E. Cape and Transkei and the

Noodsberg, Ndwedwe and Table Mountain near

Durban, in Natal, with one record from Havelock Mine

in Swaziland. Grows in damp and often partially

shaded places such as streamsides, forest margins and

damp cliff faces, usually near forest, often forming very

large tangles. Flowers between September and Decem-

ber, mainly November and December. Map 27.

MAP 27.— Plecostachys polifolia

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 10891 (BOL; K; PRE)

Flanagan 2147 (PRE); Hilliard & Burtt 7287 (E; K

MO; NU; PRE; S); Hutchinson 1200 (BM; BOL; K

PRE).

FIG. 9. — 1, Plecostachys polifolia, flowering branch, x 1; la, leaf, x 6,6; lb, head, x 10; lc, involucral bract,

x 6,6; Id, hermaphrodite flower, x 13; le, female flower, x 13; If, pappus bristle, x 20 ( Hilliard <£ Burtt 10989).

2, P. serpyllifolia, flowering branch, x l;2a, leaf, x 6,6; 2b, head, x 6,6; 2c, involucral bract, x 6,6 (Breen 183).

INULEAE

7,2: 51

INULEAE

7,2: 53

8992e PSEUDOGNAPHALIUM

Pseudognaphalium Kirp. in Trudy bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR ser. 1, 9: 33 (1950); Hilliard

& Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 204 (1981). Type species: P. oxyphyllum (DC.) Kirp.,

from Mexico.

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or

oblanceolate, sometimes decurrent, margins flat or undulate, both surfaces woolly, or

glandular above, woolly below. Heads heterogamous, in small clusters corymbosely or

cymosely arranged. Involucral bracts in 3—4 series, inner about equalling or slightly

exceeding the flowers, white to yellow, often buff or cream, stereome usually fenestrated,

rarely undivided (P. oligandrum). Receptacle smooth or honeycombed. Flowers few to

many, $ flowers more than the corolla filiform or narrowly tubular, tubular, scarcely

broadened above, 5-lobed; all flowers glandular hairy on backs of lobes. Anthers with a

small obtuse or subacute apical appendage, and tails slightly longer or shorter than the

filament collar. Style branches truncate and penicillate. Achenes either glabrous or with

duplex myxogenic hairs, epidermal cells tabular, often imbricate. Pappus bristles scabrid,

apical cells sometimes inflated, bases cohering by patent cilia.

Species 50—60, in Africa, SE. Asia, Europe and the Americas.

la Leaves with acute to acuminate tips, discolorous, heads in clusters arranged in corymbose panicles,

achenes glabrous, but often papillate by protruding tips of imbricate epidermal cells (subgen.

Pseudognaphalium )

2a At least the main stem leaves decurrent, wings often reaching to the node below, heads containing up

to 100 flowers 1 . P. undulatum

2b Leaves not decurrent, at most cordate-clasping, heads containing at least 145 flowers 2. P. oligandrum

lb Lower leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, concolorous, heads in clusters cymosely arranged (best seen when

plant fully developed), achenes hairy (subgen. Laphangium) 3. P. luteo-album

Subgenus Pseudognaphalium

1. Pseudognaphalium undulatum (L.)

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 205

(1981). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Gnaph-

alium No. 14 in herb. Cliff. (BM, holo.!).

Gnaphalium undulatum L., Sp. PI. 852 (1753); DC.,

Prodr. 6: 226 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 261 (1865);

Holub in Tutin et al., FI. Europ. 4: 128 (1976); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 131 (1977).

Helichrysum decurrens Moench, Meth. 576 (1794),

nom. illegit.

H. montosicolum Gand. in Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 65: 44

(1918). Type: Natal, Camperdown, Schlechter 3282

(BM; E; G; P; PRE; S; WU; Z, iso.!).

A bushy spreading annual herb up to c.

600 mm tall, stems thinly greyish-white

woolly, glabrescent, leafy. Leaves up to 80

x 12 mm, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate,

the upper ones linear-lanceolate, apex very

acute to acuminate, base cordate or

subcordate in the upper leaves, broad in the

main stem leaves and decurrent, the wings

often reaching to the node below or

sometimes lower, margins entire, somewhat

undulate, upper surface glandular, green

drying brown, lower white-felted. Heads c.

3 mm long, campanulate, several together in

tight clusters, these arranged in a large,

wide-spreading corymbose panicle. Invo-

lucral bracts in c. 4’series, loosely imbricate,

innermost about equalling the flowers,

whitish, woolly at the base. Receptacle

shortly honeycombed. Flowers c. 36 — 100,

c. 33 — 90 9, 3 — 15 9’ yellowish. Achenes c.

0,5 mm long, glabrous. Pappus bristles

many, scabrid, bases cohering lightly by

patent cilia. Fig. 10: 2.

Ranges from the SW. Cape, including the

Peninsula, across the mountains (including the Kha-

miesberg) and along the coast to the mountainous parts

of Lesotho, the Transkei, the Natal Drakensberg and

Midlands as far north as Laing’s Nek, and the

mountainous NE. corner of the O.F.S.; there is an

isolated record from Bloemfontein, and another from

the Magaliesberg (Mogg 15150, PRE); and a few from

S.W. A. /Namibia in Windhoek and Grootfontein

districts. Also recorded from southernmost Mada-

gascar, and naturalized in parts of Europe (Channel

Islands, Finisterre peninsula, Cherbourg and S. Italy)

and N. Africa (Tunis). Occurs as a wool alien in

Britain. Map 28.

Favours damp places, particularly around rock

outcrops or on scree, stream- and river-banks, or near

7,2: 54

INULEAE

forest margins; flowering mainly between December

and April.

Vouchers: Bolus 613 (BOL); Compton 22647

(NBG); Galpin 6688 (BOL; PRE); Giess 11764 (M);

Hilliard & Bum 8742 (E; K; NU; PRE; S).

MAP 28. — Pseudognaphalium undulatum

2. Pseudognaphalium oligandrum

(DC.) Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc.

82: 204 (1981). Type: Madagascar, Emirne

Province, in cultivated places, Bojer 13

(G-DC, holo. !).

Anaphalis oligandra DC., Prodr. 6: 275 (1838).

Gnaphalium oligandrum (DC.) Hilliard & Burtt in

Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 34: 256 (1976); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 132 (1977); Merxm. & Roessl. in

Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 15: 364 (1979), p.p.

Helichrysum steudelii [Sch. Bip. ex] A. Rich., Tent.

FI. Abyss. 1: 421 (1848). Gnaphalium steudelii (A.

Rich.) Oliv. & Hiern in F.T.A. 3: 343 (1877). Type:

Ethiopia, Adoua, Schimper 1: 231 (BM; G; K; S,iso. !).

Gnaphalium undulatum sensu Humbert, FI. Madag.

189: 385, fig. 72, 25-35 (1962); Henderson &

Anderson, Common Weeds in S. Afr. 376, fig. 187

(1966); Merxm., F.S.W. A. 139: 84 (1967), p.p. , non L.

Annual herb, stems simple or branch-

ing from the base, stiffly erect to c. 1 m,

branching above into the compound inflores-

cence, loosely white-woolly, closely leafy.

Leaves up to 80 x 4 (—8) mm, oblong,

oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, apex sub-

acute to acute, base broad, more or less

cordate-clasping, scarcely decurrent, mar-

gins entire, often somewhat undulate, upper

surface glandular, green drying brown,

lower white-felted. Heads c. 4 mm long,

broadly campanulate, several together in

tight clusters, these arranged in a large

corymbose panicle. Involucral bracts in c. 4

series, imbricate, innermost slightly exceed-

ing the flowers, stereome undivided,

lamina whitish, the outer 2 series white-

woolly on the backs. Receptacle shortly

honeycombed. Flowers c. 150—440 in our

area, 135—415 $, 10 — 30 $. Achenes c. 0,5

mm long, glabrous. Pappus bristles many,

scabrid, bases cohering lightly by patent

cilia. Fig. 10: 1.

Widespread in Africa, including Madagascar, from

Ethiopia and Eritrea south through Kenya, Uganda,

Rwanda, Katanga, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi and

Zimbabwe to Botswana, the Transvaal, Swaziland, W.

Lesotho, NE. Orange Free State, Natal, Transkei, E.

Cape at Cathcart, Komgha and Coombs Valley near

Grahamstown, N. Cape in Vryburg, Barkly West and

Hay divisions. Also recorded from S.W. A. /Namibia

(Waterberg, Auros and Okahandja) and Huambo

district in Angola. Map 29.

Favours dry sandy or stony places and is often

found on roadsides; flowering mainly between Decem-

ber and May, but as early as September.

MAP 29. — Pseudognaphalium oligandrum

FIG. 10 — 1, Pseudognaphalium oligandrum, part of plant showing clusters of heads arranged in a corymbose

panicle, x 1; la, head, x 6,6; lb, female flower, x 16; lc, hermaphrodite flower, x 16; pappus bristle, x 16

( Hilliard & Burtt 1111). 2, P. undulatum, part of stem to show decurrent leaf, x 1,3 ( Strey 9513). 3, P.

luteo-alhum, part of plant showing clusters of heads cymosely arranged; 3a, head, x 6,6 (Hilliard & Burtt 7495).

INULEAE

7,2: 55

"RHOMA-

COLLETT

7,2: 56

INULEAE

Much confused with P. undulatum, but distin-

guished by the leaves, not or only shortly decurrent on

the stems, the heads with generally more flowers, and

the stereomes of the inner bracts undivided (not

fenestrated as in P. undulatum).

Where the two species are sympatric, they usually

occupy different habitats, P. oligandrum in the drier

situations, P. undulatum in the wetter.

Vouchers: Acocks 2180 (BOL; PRE); Hilliard &

Bum 7946 (E; K; MO; NU; PRE; S); Merxmiiller &

Giess 30086 (M; WIND).

Subgenus Laphangium

Subgen. Laphangium Hilliard & Burtt in

Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 205 (1981). Type

species: P. luteo-album (L.) Hilliard &

Burtt.

Gnaphalium section Calolepis Kirp. in Bot. Mater.

Gerb. bot. Inst. V.A. Komarova 20: 309 (1960).

3. Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.)

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 206

(1981). Type: Herb. Van Royen (L, sheet

900. 286-294!).

Gnaphalium luteo-album L., Sp. PI. 851 (1753); DC.,

Prodr. 6: 230 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 262 (1865); Oliv.

& Hiern in F.T.A. 3: 343 (1877); Humbert, FI. Madag.

189: 385 fig. 72, 21-24 (1962); Adams in F.W.T.A.

edn 2, 2: 266 (1963); Henderson & Anderson,

Common Weeds in S. Afr. 374, fig. 186 (1966);

Merxm., F.S.W.A. 139: 84 (1967); Holub in Tutin et

al., FI. Europ. 4: 128 (1976); Hilliard, Compositae in

Natal 127 (1977). Type as above.

G. trifidum Thunb. FI. Cap. 652 (1823). Type: Cape

of Good Hope, Thunberg (sheet 19278, UPS, holo.l).

Annual herb, all parts thinly greyish-

white woolly, stems to 500 mm, several from

the base, usually decumbent and occasion-

ally rooting at the base, then erect, simple

below, often cymosely branched above,

leafy. Leaves up to 80 x 10 mm,

oblanceolate, becoming progressively small-

er and lanceolate to linear upwards, obtuse

or subacute, uppermost acute to acuminate,

base clasping. Heads ovoid, c. 4 mm long, in

dense glomerules, one or several at the

branch tips. Involucral bracts in c. 3 series,

about equalling the flowers, stereome

divided, lamina translucent, palest golden-

brown, buff or whitish in our area.

Receptacle tuberculate. Flowers c. 70 — 175

$, 5 — 15 $, whitish, tipped reddish.

Achenes c. 0,5 mm long, with myxogenic

hairs. Pappus bristles many, scabrid, bases

cohering lightly by patent cilia. Fig. 10: 3.

Described from southern Europe, but a wide-

spread weed, found throughout southern Africa, nearly

always on sandy or clayey soils near streams and

marshes, or in gardens. Flowers more or less

throughout the year.

Vouchers: Dyer 4153 (NU; PRE); Esterhuysen

11760 (NBG); Giess & Wiss 3260 (WIND); Hilliard &

Burtt 7177 (E; K; MO; NU; PRE; S); Wright 247 (E; K;

NU; NH).

INULEAE

7,2: 57

8994

TENRHYNEA

Tenrhynea Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 232 (1981). Type species: T.

phylicifolia (DC.) Hilliard & Burtt.

Rhynea DC., Prodr. 6: 154 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 204 (1865); Hilliard & Burtt in

Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 32, 3: 374 (1973), in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 196 (1981); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 134 (1977), non Scop. (1777).

A shrubby perennial up to 1 m tall, branches closely leafy. Leaves alternate, up to 30 x

10 mm, often much smaller, lanceolate, margins entire, bases decurrent in long narrow

wings, green above drying grey, with thin skin-like indumentum, white-tomentose below.

Heads heterogamous, cylindric, c. 5 x 2 mm, in small terminal clusters, often further

aggregated into a spreading corymbose panicle, lnvolucral bracts in several series,

imbricate, graded, inner ones with stereome undivided, tips shortly exceeding the flowers,

radiating, opaque milk-white or occasionally pink. Receptacle with paleae resembling the

inner involucral bracts. Flowers 17 — 26, 3 — 11 $, corolla narrowly tubular, 10—17

outnumbering the corolla tubular below, campanulate above, 5-lobed, all lobes with

glandular hairs on backs. Anthers with a lanceolate apical appendage and tails shorter or

longer than the filament collar. Style branches with slightly rounded tips, sweeping hairs

short, extending briefly down the backs. Achenes with elongate duplex hairs with a basal

swelling cushion, myxogenic. Pappus bristles scabrid above, the cilia more or less fused,

shaft scabridulous, base nude, not cohering, caducous.

A monotypic genus endemic to eastern South Africa. Allied to Cassinia R. Br., endemic to Australia and New

Zealand.

Tenrhynea phylicifolia (DC.) Hilliard

& Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 232 (1981).

Type: Transkei, between the Umsikaba and

Umzimvubu Rivers, Drege 5013 (G-DC,

holo.!; E; K; iso.!).

Rhynea phylicifolia DC., Prodr. 6: 154 (1838), in

Del., Ic. Sel. 4, t. 52 (1840); Harv. in F.C. 3: 205

(1865); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 134 (1977).

Cassinia phylicifolia (DC.) Wood, Natal Plants 4,3: t.

355 (1906).

The only species, ranging from the Zoutpansberg

to the highlands of the E. Transvaal and Swaziland,

through Natal from near sea level to c. 1 220 m, to

about Port St Johns in the Transkei. Grows in

grassland, often in coarse herbage near forest margins;

flowering between February and May. Fig. 11:1. Map

30.

Sometimes mistaken for Helichrysum but easily

recognized by its narrow decurrent leaves and heads

with paleae resembling the involucral bracts.

Vouchers: Acocks 12712 (NU; PRE); Codd 4196

(NU; PRE); Hilliard & Burtt 9958 (E; K; MO; NU;

S).

MAP 30. — Tenrhynea phylicifolia

7,2: 58

INULEAE

~ RHONA-

2 COLLETT

INULEAE

7,2: 59

8994a ACHYROCLINE

Achyrocline (Less.) DC., Prodr. 6: 219 (1838); Benth. in Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,1:

305 (1873); Oliv. & Hiern in F.T.A. 3: 339 (1877); Hutch. & Dalz., F.W.T.A. 2,1: 158

(1931); Phill. , Gen. 2: 792 (1951); Humbert, FI. Madag. 189: 386, fig. 73, 1-7 (1962);

Cabrera, FI. Prov. Buenos Aires 4,6: 153, fig. 39 (1963); Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn.

Soc. 82: 201 (1981). Type species: A. satureioides (Lam.) DC.

Gnaphalium subgenus Achyrocline Less., Syn. Comp. 332 (1832).

Half-shrubs or perennial herbs, erect or straggling. Leaves alternate, linear, lanceolate

or elliptic, more rarely ovate, acute to acuminate, petiolate or sessile, bases sometimes

decurrent in long stem wings, woolly or glandular. Heads heterogamous, small, in crowded

clusters, usually further arranged in corymbose panicles, or rarely solitary. Involucral bracts

in several series, graded, loosely imbricate, stereomes of inner fenestrated, lamina white,

yellow or rufous, about equalling the flowers. Receptacle smooth, honeycombed or shortly

fimbrilliferous. Flowers few (c. 4—10), $ outnumbering the $, $ corolla narrowly tubular,

$ flowers tubular scarcely widened above, 5-lobed, all flowers glandular-hairy on backs of

lobes. Anthers with a small lanceolate apical appendage, tails about equalling the filament

collar. Style branches truncate and penicillate. Achenes usually glabrous or rarely hairy.

Pappus bristles scabridulous, apical cells slightly inflated, bases cohering by patent cilia.

About 25 species, mostly in tropical and subtropical America, a few in tropical Africa, one reaching South

Africa, one endemic to Madagascar and the Comoros.

Achyrocline stenoptera (DC.) Hilliard

& Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 202 (1981).

Type: Natal, between the Umkomaas and

Umzimkulu Rivers, Drege 5011 (G-DC,

holo.!; BM; K, iso.!).

Helichrysum stenopterum DC., Prodr. 6: 201 (1838);

Harv. in F.C. 3: 244 (1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb 44: 241

(1910); Compton, FI. Swaziland 635 (1976); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 149 (1977). Gnaphalium stenopte-

rum (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg 3: 172 (1845).

Achyrocline hochstetteri [Sch. Bip. ex] A. Rich.,

Tent. FI. Abyss. 1: 429(1848);OHv. & Hiern inF.T. A. 3:

339 (1877); Hutch. & Dalz., F.W.T.A. 2,1: 159 (1931).

Helichrysum hochstetteri (A. Rich.) Hook. f. in J. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 6: 13 (1861). Syntypes: Ethiopia, Mt Kubbi,

Schimper I: 237 (K!): ibid. Schimper II: 1058 (K! ; S!).

H. gerrardii Harv. in F.C. 3 : 244 (1865); Moeser in

Bot. Jb. 44: 242 (1910). Type: Natal, Nototi (sic: Non-

oti?), Gerrard 1001 (TCD, holo.! BM; K, iso.!).

A straggling, strongly aromatic peren-

nial herb, stems up to 2m long when

supported by other vegetation, simple

below, branching above, branches long,

terminating in corymbose panicles, gland-

dotted, commonly greyish-white woolly,

sometimes glabrous, leafy. Leaves up to 120

x 15 mm, decreasing in size upwards and

passing into distant inflorescence bracts,

lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, apex very

acute to acuminate, base narrowed, decur-

rent on stem in long narrow wings, margins

revolute, gland-dotted below, both surfaces

glabrous or, more commonly, scabrous

above and lightly cobwebby at least initially,

white-felted below. Heads heterogamous, c.

FIG. 11. — 1, Tenrhynea phylicifolia, part of plant, x 1; la, leaf showing decurrent base, x 2; lb, head, x 6,6;

lc, palea, x 10; Id, hermaphrodite flower, x 10; le, female flower, x 10; If, pappus bristle, x 16 ( Hilliard 2812).

2, Achyrocline stenoptera, part of plant, x 1; 2a, leaf showing decurrent base, x 1,3; 2b, head, x 13; 2c, pappus

bristle, x 16; 2d, hermaphrodite flower, x 10; 2e, female flower, x 10 ( Hilliard 5020).

7,2: 60

INULEAE

3x1 mm, very many in congested cymose

clusters corymbose-paniculately arranged.

Involucral bracts in 2—3 series, loosely

imbricate, about equalling flowers, not

radiating, translucent, inner tipped bright

canary-yellow. Receptacle with fimbrils at

least equalling ovaries. Flowers 4—6, 3—5

9, 1—2 yellow. Achenes 0,75 mm,

glabrous. Pappus bristles many, delicate,

bases cohering by patent cilia. Fig. 11:2.

Widespread in the E. half of S. Africa from East

London and Komgha in the eastern Cape, through the

more coastal parts of Natal to the Transvaal,

Swaziland, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, East

Africa, Ethiopia, Yemen and West Africa. Grows in

streamside or marshside scrub, straggling up through

rank vegetation. Flowers in April and May. Much

confused with Helichrysum odoratissimum (p. 7,2: 74)

and H. gymnocomum (p. 7,2: 75) but easily distinguished

by its very acute to acuminate leaves and heterogamous

heads in which the female flowers outnumber the

hermaphrodite. Map 31.

Vouchers: Compton 27767 (PRE); Gerstner 8309

(PRE); Hilliard 5020 (E; K; S; NBG; NH; NU; PRE;

SRGH); Hilliard & Bum 10305 (E; K; NU; MO; S;

PRE); Wilms 740 (E; NU).

INULEAE

7,2: 61

9006 HELIC HR Y SUM

Helichrysum Mill., Gard. Diet. abr. edn 4 (1754) (‘ Elichrysum ’), corr. Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 414

(1807) nom. cons.; Harv. in F.C. 3: 207 (1865), p.p.; Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2, 1: 309

(1873), p.p. ; Hoffmann in Natiirl. Pfl Fam. 4,5: 190 (1897), p.p. ; Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 239

(1910), p.p.; Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 193 (1981). Lectotype species: H.

orientate (L.) Gaertn.

Lepiscline Cass, in Bull. Soc. philom. 1818: 31 (1818). Type species: L. cymosum (L.) Cass.

Leontonyx Cass., Diet. sci. Nat. 25 : 466 (1822). Lectotype species: L. tomentosus Cass., nom illegit. = L.

squarrosus DC., nom. illegit. = Helichrysum spiralepis Hilliard & Burtt.

Euchloris D. Don in Mem. Wern. nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 548 (1826). Type species: E. nudifolia (L.) D. Don.

Pentataxis D. Don in Mem. Wern. nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 550 (1826). Type species: P. micrantha D. Don.

Spiralepis D. Don in Mem. Wern. nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 551 (1826). Lectotype species: S. squarrosa D. Don.

Manopappus Sch. Bip. in Flora, Regensburg 27: 677 (1844). Type species: M. anomalus (Less.) Sch. Bip.

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, suffrutices or shrubs, generally erect, sometimes

prostrate, occasionally more or less scandent, usually woolly or cobwebby, often glandular

as well, rarely glabrous. Leaves variously shaped, sessile or petiolate, margins entire, flat or

revolute, or rarely weakly involute. Heads cylindric, turbinate, campanulate, subglobose or

depressed-globose, homogamous or heterogamous with $ flowers generally fewer than,

sometimes more than, or about equalling 9 , often in lax or congested corymbose panicles,

or sometimes in glomerules or sometimes solitary. Involucral bracts in few to many series,

stereome usually fenestrated, rarely undivided, lamina equalling or exceeding flowers,

often radiant, white, yellow, straw-coloured, brown, pink or red, sometimes a combination

of colours, pellucid to opaque, glabrous or hairy. Receptacle smooth, honeycombed or

fimbrilliferous, rarely paleate. Flowers 2—2 500, corolla of 9 flowers often narrowly

tubular, sometimes with a well-developed limb, or rarely filiform; of 9 flowers

funnel-shaped or tubular and then often more or less campanulate above, lobes 5; hairs

always present on backs of corolla lobes. Anthers generally with apical appendages

lanceolate, rarely with mucronate tip; thickenings in endothecial tissue polarized. Style

branches truncate and penicillate. Achenes usually glabrous or with common duplex hairs,

these often myxogenic, or rarely duplex hairs without a swelling cushion; unique

multicellular hairs known only in H. sphaeroideum; outer walls of epidermal cells smooth or

imbricate. Pappus generally present, rarely wanting, generally uniseriate, rarely in more

than one series, setae few to many, shaft smooth, scabridulous, scabrid or barbellate below,

tips or upper part of shaft scabrid, barbellate, sub-plumose or plumose, the uppermost cells

often clavate, bases often free or cohering by patent cilia, more rarely partly or completely

fused in a ring; soon caducous.

About 500 species, mainly African, including Madagascar, also southern Europe, SW. Asia, S. India, Ceylon,

Australia; c. 245 species in S. Africa, widely distributed.

The retention of the species outside Africa and the Mediterranean in the genus as defined here needs

confirmation.

The Southern African species display great morphological diversity and it has been found convenient to divide

them into groups. A key to the groups is given below; keys to the species follow the description of each group.

These groups cannot be given formal recognition until the genus has been examined over its whole range.

la Heads cylindric, turbinate, campanulate or subglobose, never depressed-globose: (lb on p. 7,2: 65)

2a Heads 4—5 mm long containing 5 flowers, involucral bracts opaque white or sometimes rosy, ovaries

glabrous. Small shrubs, leaf margins flat or undulate Group 1 (p. 7,2: 65)

2b Combination of characters not as above:

3a Heads either homogamous containing less than 30 flowers or heterogamous with less than 20

flowers, involucral bracts about as long as the flowers, not radiating (though occasionally

squarrose), bright yellow, receptacle smooth or honeycombed (not fimbrilliferous):

7,2: 62

INULEAE

4a Ovaries glabrous:

5a Heads generally heterogamous ((0 — ) 1 — 3 female flowers) Group 2 (p. 7,2: 68)

5b Heads homogamous:

6a Pappus either wanting or bristles few, nude below, shortly plumose above:

7a Pappus wanting or if present leaf bases decurrent in long stem wings Group 3 (p. 7,2: 71)

7b Pappus present, leaf bases not decurrent Group 6 (p. 7,2: 82)

6b Pappus bristles barbellate or shortly subplumose in upper part, bases cohering by patent

cilia Group 7 (p. 7,2: 90)

4b Ovaries hairy:

8a Heads very many, felted together to form one or a few flat umbrella-like discs ... Group 5 (p. 7,2: 79)

8b Heads either free from one another or, if felted together, not forming a flat umbrella-like disc:

9a Pappus either wanting or if present leaf bases decurrent in long narrow stem wings

Group 4 (p. 7,2: 74)

9b Pappus present, leaf bases not decurrent in long wings:

10a Pappus bristles nude below, not cohering Group 6 (p. 7,2: 82)

10b Pappus bristles with patent cilia at base, cohering or not:

11a Heads containing 5 flowers; summit of the Drakensberg Group 7 (p. 7,2: 90)

lib Heads containing 6 — 30 flowers:

12a Stems more or less uniformly leafy throughout, leaves mostly 4—20 x 1—8

mm Group 12 (p. 7,2: 122)

12b Plants with tufts of radical leaves up to c. 80 — 250 x 15—50 mm

Group 21 (p. 7,2: 212)

3b Involucral bracts either not bright yellow, or heads with more than 30 flowers, or bracts radiating,

or receptacle fimbrilliferous, or characters otherwise not as combined in 3a:

13a Heads homogamous, receptacle fimbrilliferous, ovaries glabrous:

14a Shrubs or subshrubs, hard- or soft-wooded:

15a Leaves (ignore reduced upper ones) linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic:

16a Leaves sessile, sometimes subdecurrent; heads 3 ( — 4, 5) X 1 — 2 ( — 3) mm. Group 8 (p. 7,2: 92)

16b Leaves minutely petiolate; heads c. 4 x 3 mm Group 11 (p. 7,2: 119)

15b Leaves (ignore upper reduced ones) broadly elliptic, ovate or rhomboid-elliptic to

orbicular, or panduriform:

17a Soft-wooded shrubs or subshrubs, branches often tangled or more or less scandent; in

shrub communities and on forest margins Group 18 (p. 7,2: 198)

17b Erect twiggy shrubs; among rock outcrops Group 19 (p. 7,2: 203)

14b Perennial herbs, frequently with tufts of radical leaves:

18a Stems tufted, wiry, decumbent Group 22 (p. 7,2: 215)

18b Stems solitary or subsolitary, stout, erect:

19a Involucral bracts about equalling the flowers, not radiating, though squarrose in one

species Group 23 (p. 7,2: 226)

19b Involucral bracts exceeding the flowers, radiating, sometimes squarrose as well in one

species Group 24 (p. 7,2: 244)

13b Heads heterogamous or if homogamous, either receptacle smooth or honeycombed but not

fimbrilliferous, or ovaries hairy:

20a Receptacle paleate:

21a Heads c. 5 mm long, many, either clustered or in a large corymbose panicle, involucral

bracts white or brownish yellow Group20(p. 7,2: 209)

21b Heads c. 10 mm long, solitary or few in lax corymbs, involucral bracts lemon-yellow

Group 29 (p. 7,2: 279)

20b Receptacle smooth, honeycombed or fimbrilliferous, but not paleate:

INULEAE

7,2: 63

22a Leaves on petioles up to 70 mm long, blade ovate to subrotund, up to c. 130 x 110 mm,

base cordate; heads 2—3 mm long, many in small clusters arranged in spreading corymbose

panicles Group 16 (p. 7,2: 181)

22b Either leaves or heads not as above:

23a Heads 7 — 20 mm long, involucral bracts exceeding flowers, radiating, usually white, pink,

rose or combinations of these colours, often with brown as well, sometimes yellow or

light brown:

24a Annuals; arid areas Group 15 (p. 7,2: 153)

24b Herbaceous perennials, subshrubs or shrubs:

25a Ovaries glabrous, pappus bristles without patent cilia at base, not cohering:

26a Involucral bracts mostly white with some brown or crimson, if yellow, then plants

either mat-forming or herbaceous perennials Group 29 (p. 7,2: 279)

26b Involucral bracts yellow or light brown; shrubs or coarse woody perennials

Group 30 (p. 7,2: 287)

25b Ovaries hairy or rarely glabrous and then pappus bristles either with minute patent

cilia at base, cohering or not, or bristles fused together at base:

27a Pappus bristles either lightly fused at base in a smooth ring, or bases cohering by

patent cilia with some light fusion as well; involucral bracts combinations of white

and golden-brown, rose and golden-brown, or white and rose, receptacle smooth

or shortly honeycombed Group 26 (p. 7,2: 259)

27b Pappus bristles either free at the base or cohering by patent cilia, if fused or with

some fusion in bundles as well, involucral bracts either white or rose but not

combinations of colours, or receptacle fimbrilliferous:

28a Herbaceous perennials with one or more tufts of radical leaves, flowering stems

simple, erect, usually 1-headed, rarely (in 2 — 3 species) bearing several heads in

a lax corymbose panicle, involucral bracts usually self-coloured, sometimes

parti-coloured in H. adenocarpum (no. 209) and H. petraeum (no. 210)

Group 28 (p. 7,2: 270)

28b Habit, arrangement of heads or bracts not as described above:

29a Plants mat-forming or tufted, leaves linear to lanceolate-elliptic, sessile;

involucral bracts white or sometimes palest yellowish buff outside, bases of

pappus bristles cohering strongly by patent cilia Group 25 (p. 7,2: 256)

29b Plants differing from above in habit, or leaf shape (ignore uppermost reduced

leaves), or bracts variously coloured, or bases of pappus bristles not cohering

strongly by patent cilia:

30a Heads 10 — 15 mm long, involucral bracts white, rose and brown, or if only

c. 7 mm long, then a hard cushion-forming shrub with pale (sometimes very

pale) lemon-yellow involucral bracts Group 27 (p. 7,2: 265)

30b Heads 7—11 mm long, involucral bracts white or white tipped brown

Group 17 (p. 7,2: 184)

23b Heads up to 6 mm long, involucral bracts either equalling or longer than the flowers,

erect or radiating, variously coloured, or if heads 7 mm long, then bracts either equalling

the flowers and not radiating, or bright canary-yellow:

31a Involucral bracts in 4 series, 2 outer short, webbed together with wool, often more or

less persistent, 2 inner soon caducous, tip of lamina with an opaque median patch often

drawn out into an acute or acuminate and then recurved tip, or tip truncate and often

more or less emarginate; woolly herbs, often prostrate or mat-forming, leaves

elliptic-oblong to spathulate, obovate or subrotund Group 14 (p. 7,2: 142)

31b Involucral bracts not as described above:

32a Involucral bracts silvery, white, white and rose, or wholly rose, or white with brown

tips or pale brown outside; receptacle smooth or honeycombed, or rarely

fimbrilliferous and then heads homogamous:

33a Twiggy shrublet with stiff branches and hard spathulate leaves; heads c. 4 x 1 mm,

tightly clustered Group 2 (p. 7,2: 68)

33b Habit, foliage or heads not as above:

7,2: 64

INULEAE

34a Outer involucral bracts white, spathulate, larger than inner; prostrate perennial

herb with slightly falcate silvery leaves and heads in congested terminal clusters.

Natal Drakensberg Group 27 (p. 7,2: 265)

34b Involucral bracts neither spathulate nor outer larger than inner:

35a Tips of inner involucral bracts either about equalling the flowers and not

radiating or minutely radiating; leaves generally linear with revolute margins,

if broader, receptacle either fimbrilliferous or with flattened tubercles

Group 12 (p. 7,2: 122)

35b Tips of involucral bracts mostly exceeding the flowers, radiating or squarrose;

leaves mostly broad with flat margins, or if linear with revolute margins,

receptacle honeycombed; if bracts about equalling flowers and either not

radiating or minutely radiating, leaves not linear with revolute margins:

36a Annual herbs or if perennial or shrubby, involucral bracts ei'her acute to

acuminate or squarrose, or both; or leaves linear with revolute margins.

Most species confined to S.W. A. /Namibia and the arid parts of the Cape; a

few ranging eastwards but always in dry sandy places Group 15 (p. 7,2: 153)

36b Either shrubs or perennial herbs with obtuse involucral bracts. Cape, Natal

and Lesotho, most species on the mountains, one (H. crispum, no. 122) a

strand plant Group 17 (p. 7,2: 184)

32b Involucral bracts straw-coloured, tawny or various shades of yellow or brown, red

tints sometimes associated with these colours; if white or whitish, or with some rose

or wholly rosy, then heads heterogamous and receptacle fimbrilliferous:

37a Shrubs or bushy perennials, leaf blade woolly, elliptic to ovate or obovate

contracted to a petiole-like base, heads homogamous Group 19 (p. 7,2: 203)

37b Either habit or foliage not as described above, or heads heterogamous:

38a Involucral bracts white or sometimes partly or wholly rosy, receptacle

fimbrilliferous:

39a Ovaries glabrous Group 8 (p. 7,2: 92)

39b Ovaries hairy, or sometimes hairy or glabrous in the same species (H.

teretifolium no. 35) and then leaves linear with revolute margins Group 9 (p. 7,2: 101)

38b Involucral bracts straw-coloured, tawny, or various shades of yellow or brown,

red tints sometimes associated with these colours:

40a Heads heterogamous, few-flowered (up to 8 flowers), involucral bracts not

radiating, receptacle smooth, ovaries glabrous Group 2 (p. 7,2: 68)

40b Characters not combined as above:

41a Receptacle fimbrilliferous, ovaries glabrous, corolla of 9 flowers

funnel-shaped Group 8 (p. 7,2: 92)

41b Receptacle smooth or honeycombed, or if fimbrilliferous, either ovaries

hairy or corolla of 9 flowers campanulate above:

42a Heads homogamous, containing less than 30 flowers, corolla funnel-

shaped, ovaries usually hairy, occasionally hairs few or wanting on the

same plant Group 12 (p. 7,2: 122)

(and occasional specimens from Group 15 will run down here)

42b Heads either heterogamous (9 flowers may be very few or only one) or

if homogamous, either corollas campanulate above or ovaries glabrous,

or both

43a At least the inner involucral bracts clear yellow, minutely radiating but

not squarrose, receptacle honeycombed Group 22 (p. 7,2: 215)

43b Involucral bracts straw-coloured, tawny, or shades of golden brown,

sometimes with red or purple admixtures, rarely clear yellow and then

either involucral bracts more or less squarrose or receptacle

fimbrilliferous:

44a Corollasof 9 flowers funnel-shaped Group 15 (p. 7,2: 153)

44b Corollas of 9 flowers campanulate above:

45a Ovaries glabrous, receptacle smooth or honeycombed, involucral

bracts with conspicuous glabrous tips Group 13 (p. 7,2: 136)

INULEAE

7,2: 65

45b Ovaries hairy, or if glabrous, then receptacle fimbrilliferous or

involucral bracts hairy all over the backs with only the extreme

tips occasionally glabrous:

46a Heads either heterogamous with involucral bracts shortly

radiating or not, leaf margins flat or revolute; or rarely

homogamous and then tips of bracts minutely radiating or leaf

margins strongly revolute:

47a Leaves mostly linear to lanceolate or narrowly oblong with

revolute or subrevolute margins; corollas of $ flowers

narrowly campanulate above Group 9 (p. 7,2: 101)

47b Leaves mostly oblong, elliptic, ovate or obovate (ignore

reduced uppermost leaves) with flat margins; or linear to

oblong or linear-lanceolate with revolute or subrevolute

margins in 2 species, but corollas of $ flowers (as in all

species in this group) broadly campanulate, almost hemi-

spherical, above Group 10 (p. 7,2: 111)

46b Heads homogamous, involucral bracts not radiating but leaf

margins flat Group 11 (p. 7,2: 119)

lb Heads depressed-globose, large (containing at least 300 flowers), achenes glabrous though epidermis

often rough-looking from imbricate cells. Coarse annuals, biennials or perennials or shrubs; involucral

bracts frequently bright yellow, sometimes brown outside or wholly brown, very rarely white, whitish,

or pink Group 30 (p. 7,2: 287)

Group 1

Small shrubs, leaves small, oblong or obovate, often minutely petiolate; heads

homogamous, c. 4—5 x 2 mm, in small congested or lax corymbose panicles; involucral

bracts not radiating, white or sometimes rosy; receptacle fimbrilliferous; flowers usually 5,

corolla cylindric; achenes glabrous; pappus bristles scabrid, bases cohering strongly by

patent cilia.

Species 1 — 2, in Angola, S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana, and the arid parts of the SW. Transvaal, Cape, O.F.S.

and Lesotho.

la Leaves mostly 6 — 23 x 2 — 9 mm, linear-oblong, oblong or obovate, bases usually broad and often

subcordate-clasping, petiole-like only in the larger obovate leaves, margins often undulate or crisped

1. H. zeyheri

lb Leaves mostly 20 — 80 x 6—15 mm, lanceolate or oblanceolate with a small petiole distinct in all but the

uppermost reduced leaves, margins flat or slightly undulate near the base 2. H. tomentosulum

1. Helichrysum zeyheri Less., Syn.

Comp. 309 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 196

(1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 253 (1865); Moeser

in Bot. Jb. 44: 254 (1910); Merxm.,

F.S.W.A. 139: 99 (1967). Lectotype: S.

Africa, Vaal River, Rhenosterkop, Zeyher

885 (K!; BM; PRE; S; SAM, isolecto.!).

Gnaphalium zeyheri (Less.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg 3:

171 (1845).

Pentataxis micrantha D. Don in Mem. Wern. nat.

Hist. Soc. 5: 550 (1826), non Helichrysum micranthum

DC. Type: Cape of Good Hope, Labillardi&re s.n.

Helichrysum burchellii DC., Prodr. 6: 196 (1838) var.

a complicatum DC. (i.e. var. burchellii). Gnaphalium

burchellii (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg 3: 171 (1845).

Helichrysum zeyheri var. burchellii (DC.) Harv. in F.C.

3: 254 (1865). Lectotype: Trans Gariep, near source of

Kuruman River at Little Klibbolikhonni, Burchell 2506

(G-DC!).

H. burchellii var. fi intermedium DC., l.c. Helichry-

sum zeyheri var. intermedium (DC.) Harv. in F.C. 3:

254 (1865). Lectotype: Zwartberge, Drege, 773 (G-DC!;

K, isolecto.!).

Dense or open shrublet c. 150—1 000

mm tall, branches virgate, greyish-white

woolly, leafy. Leaves mostly 6—23 x 2—9

mm, diminishing upwards, linear-oblong,

oblong or obovate, apex obtuse to acute,

mucronate, base sometimes petiole-like in

the larger obovate leaves, usually broad and

often subcordate-clasping, margins often

undulate or crisped, both surfaces closely

greyish-white woolly, wool sometimes thin,

only the midvein visible. Heads homogam-

ous, cylindric, c. 4 x 2 mm, many in

terminal compact corymbose panicles. In-

volucral bracts in 4—5 series, graded, inner

7,2: 66

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 67

about equalling the flowers, not radiating,

imbricate, oblong-lanceolate, more or less

distinctly keeled, blunt or subacute, often

more or less truncate and emarginate, tips

opaque white or inner sometimes rosy.

Receptacle with fimbrils nearly equalling

ovaries. Flowers nearly always 5. Achenes

0,75 mm, glabrous. Pappus bristles many,

about equalling corolla, scabrid, bases

cohering strongly by patent cilia. Fig. 12: 1.

Widespread, and common in the drier parts of the

Cape from Tulbagh, Paarl and Stellenbosch east

through Worcester, Laingsburg, Ladismith,

Oudtshoorn and Prince Albert districts to Humansdorp

and Uitenhage, in the west northwards through

Clanwilliam, Springbok and Kenhardt districts to the

21st parallel in South West Africa/Namibia, in the east,

northwards through Graaff-Reinet, Cradock, Victoria

West, Middelburg, Colesburg, Postmasburg, Kuruman

and Vryburg to Messina, Zeerust and Potgietersrus

districts in the Transvaal, Bethulie, Fauresmith,

Bloemfontein and Ficksburg in the O.F.S. Also in

Botswana and Lesotho. On sandy and stony soils;

flowering mainly between November and May.

Recorded as palatable to stock. Map 32.

Very variable particularly in stature and leaf shape

and Harvey (1. c.) recognized three varieties based

primarily on leaf shape and the degree of undulation of

the leaf margins, but these are scarcely tenable now a

wide range of material is available. Not easily confused

with any species in our area other than its close ally H.

tomentosulum (no. 2), but that species has generally

much larger leaves (mostly 20—80 x 6—15 mm),

differently shaped and with generally flat, not undulate

nor crisped, margins, and all but the uppermost

reduced leaves distinctly though often minutely

petiolate, not sessile. Also, the involucral bracts in H.

zeyheri are generally blunter than in H. tomentosulum.

Vouchers: Acocks 12420 (PRE); Codd 3537

(PRE); Esterhuysen 15419 (BOL; NBG); Giess 12453A

(PRE; WIND).

2. Helichrysum tomentosulum (Klatt)

Merxm. in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Miinch. 1:

410 (1954), F.S.W.A. 139: 98 (1967);

Merxm. & Roessl. in Mitt. bot. StSamml.,

Munch. 15: 367 (1979). Type: [S.W.A./Na-

mibia] Hereroland, Nosob, Fleck 261 (Z,

holo.!).

Stenocline tomentosula Klatt in Bull. Herb. Boissier

3: 434 (1895).

Helichrysum benguellense Hiern var. latifolium [S.

Moore ex] Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 254 (1910).

Lectotype: S.W. A. /Namibia, Okahandja, Dinter 565

(Z!; E; K; SAM, isolecto.!;).

Two subspecies are recognized:

(a) subsp. tomentosulum.

Shrublet c. 450—1 000 mm tall, bran-

ches virgate, greyish-white woolly, often

yellowish in dry state, leafy. Leaves mostly

20—80 x 6—15 mm, diminishing upwards,

lanceolate or oblanceolate, apex acute to

subobtuse, mucronate, petiole often small,

but distinct in all but the uppermost reduced

leaves, margins flat or somewhat undulate

near the base, both surfaces closely greyish-

white woolly, wool sometimes thin, 3 main

veins of the larger leaves often visible on

one or both surfaces, sometimes secondary

nerves as well. Heads homogamous, cylin-

dric, c. 4—5 x 2 mm, many in terminal

congested or spreading corymbose panicles.

Involucral bracts in 4 series, graded, inner

about equalling flowers, not radiating,

imbricate, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes

keeled, subacute to acuminate, opaque

white or inner sometimes rosy. Receptacle

with short fimbrils. Flowers nearly always 5.

Achenes 0,75 mm, glabrous. Pappus brist-

FIG. 12. — 1, Helichrysum zeyheri, part of plant, x 1; la, part of twig to show sessile leaves with undulate

margins, x 1,3; lb, head, x 10; lc, flower, x 13; Id, pappus bristle, x 13 ( Brueckner 1085). 2, H. tomentosulum

subsp. tomentosulum, flowering branch, x 1; 2a, part of twig to show petiolate leaves with flat margins, x 1,3; 2b,

head, x 10 ( Oliver s.n.).

7,2: 68

Inuleae

les many, about equalling corolla, scabrid,

bases cohering by patent cilia. Fig. 12: 2.

MAP 33. — • Helichrysum tomentosulum

subsp. tomentosulum

o Helichrysum tomentosulum

subsp. aromaticum

Recorded from about the 23rd parallel in South

West Africa/Namibia northwards to the Kaokoveld in

the north-west and nearby parts of Angola, and

north-east to the Waterberg, Grootfontein, Nama Pan

and the Aha Hills in Botswana (19° 45’S’ 21° 8’E).

Grows on sandy and stony soils, flowering between

March and August. Map 33.

Closely allied to H. zeyheri (no. 1): see under that

species.

Vouchers: Giess 12378 (M; PRE; WIND); Seydel

1153 (M; PRE; WIND); De Winter & Leistner 5448 (K;

M; PRE; WIND).

(b) subsp. aromaticum (Dinter)

Merxm. in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 2:

330 (1957), in F.S.W.A. 139: 98 (1967).

Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Aus, Dinter 1070.

H. aromaticum Dinter in Fedde, Repert. 18: 248

(1922).

Differs from the typical plant in its

twiggy habit, with short, stiff branches, each

terminating in a small cluster of heads. The

heads can be as tightly clustered in subsp.

tomentosulum as in subsp. aromaticum, but

the open, loosely branched habit of the

former is diagnostic.

The two subspecies appear to be completely

allopatric, subsp. aromaticum having been recorded

only south of the 23rd parallel in South West

Africa/Namibia and extending into Namaqualand. Map

33.

Vouchers: Dinter 5014 (BOL; G; K; PRE); Kinges

2469 (M; PRE; WIND); Merxmuller & Giess 28189 (M;

PRE; WIND).

Group 2

Small shrubs or bushy perennial herbs; leaves small, oblong to spathulate; heads

heterogamous (or rarely homogamous in the same species), 3—4 x 1—2 mm, in congested

corymbose panicles; involucral bracts not radiating, silvery or lemon-yellow; receptacle

smooth; flowers 3 — 8, (0—) 1—2 $, corolla of ^ flowers narrowly campanulate above,

achenes glabrous; pappus bristles scabrid, bases with small patent cilia, not cohering.

Species 3—5, mainly S. Africa, in the Cape, O.F.S., Lesotho, Transvaal Highveld and E. Highlands and Natal

near the Drakensberg, H. callicomum reaching E. highlands of Zimbabwe. On poor stony or sandy soils.

la Leaves closely woolly 3. H. callicomum

lb Leaves enveloped in ‘tissue-paper’ indumentum, becoming woolly only with age:

2a Involucral bracts pale lemon-yellow, not webbed together 4. H. rutilans

2b Involucral bracts silvery, webbed together at the base with delicate ‘tissue-paper’ indumentum

5. H. dasycephalum

3. Helichrysum callicomum Harv. in

F.C. 3: 247 (1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb.

44: 251 (1910); Hilliard, Compositae in

Natal 165 (1977). Lectotype: [Lesotho],

Basutoland, Cooper 730 (TCD!; BM; E; G;

K; PRE; W; Z, isolecto.!).

Tufted perennial herb up to 400 mm

high, stems woody at base, mostly branch-

ing there, then above into the compound

inflorescence, closely greyish-white felted,

densely leafy. Leaves up to 25 x 6 mm,

smaller and more distant upwards, passing

INULEAE

7,2: 69

into inflorescence bracts, spathulate,

oblong-spathulate or oblong upwards, apex

obtuse, upper leaves sometimes acute, base

half-clasping, both surfaces closely greyish-

felted. Heads heterogamous, cylindric, c.

4,5 x 1 mm, very many closely ag£ ^.ated

in corymbose panicles up to 60— 6U mm

across. Involucral bracts in c. 4 series,

graded, closely imbricate, inner about

equalling flowers, not radiating, tips acumin-

ate, glossy, pellucid, pale straw-coloured.

Receptacle smooth. Flowers 4—6, 1—3 $,

2—3 ^ , yellow. Achenes 0,75 mm, glabrous.

Pappus bristles several, delicate, scabrid,

bases with patent cilia, not cohering. Fig.

13:1.

Ranges from the E. highlands of Zimbabwe to the

Transvaal Highveld and eastern highlands, E. Orange

Free State and neighbouring Lesotho, Midlands and

Uplands of Natal, Transkei in the foothills of the

Drakensberg, the Cape Drakensberg, and from

Queenstown and Dohne south to Grahamstown. Often

forms large stands in overgrazed grassland. Flowers

from March to May. Map 34.

Map 34. — Helichrysum callicomum

Vouchers: Acocks 24188 (PRE); Hilliard 4973 (E;

K; NH; NU); Wilms 741 (E; NU); Wright 476 (E; K;

M; NH; NU).

4. Helichrysum rutilans (L.) D. Don in

Sweet, Hort. Brit. 223 (1826); Hilliard &

Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 262 (1981).

Type: Gnaphalium sheet no. 6 in herb.

Cliff. (BM!).

Gnaphalium rutilans L., Sp. PI. 854 (1753).

G. parviflorum Lam., Encycl. 2: 748 (1788).

Helichrysum parviflorum (Lam.) DC., Prodr. 6: 203

(1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 247 (1865). Type: Cape of

Good Hope (P-LAM1).

G. citrinum Schrank in Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss.

Munch. 8: 152 (1824), non Lam. (1778). Type: Cape of

Good Hope, Brehm s.n. (M, holo.l).

Helichrysum parviflorum var. longifolium DC., l.c.

Type: Cape, Drdge 5755 (G-DC, holo.l).

H. parviflorum var. latifolium DC., l.c. Type: Cape,

Sneeuwberg, 3 000 — 4 000 ft, Drege 5786 (G-DC,

holo.l).

H. manopappum O. Hoffm., PI. Penther. in Annin

naturh. Mus. Wien 24: 299 (1910). Type: Cape,

Zonder Einde Rivier, Loskraal, Penther 1179 (BM;

BOL; M; S, iso.!).

H. niveum sensu Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 252 (1910);

Levyns in Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 783

(1950), non (L.) Less.

Dense twiggy shrublet up to 600 mm

tall and as much across, or sometimes lax,

branches very leafy, both they and the

leaves enveloped in closely woven silvery

grey indumentum with ‘tissue-paper’ sur-

face, becoming woolly when old, somewhat

viscid. Leaves very variable in size and

shape, mostly 6 — 30 x 1 — 3 (—6) mm,

spathulate, narrowly obovate, oblong or

linear, often folded lengthwise, apex sub-

acute, mucronate, often recurved, base very

shortly decurrent. Heads heterogamous, or

rarely homogamous on the same plant,

cylindric, c. 3—4 x 1,5 (—2,5) mm, many in

clusters crowded in terminal corymbose

panicles. Involucral bracts in 4 series,

graded, inner equalling flowers, imbricate,

ovate-lanceolate, acute, pellucid, glossy,

pale lemon-yellow, not radiating. Receptacle

smooth. Flowers 3—5 ( — 8), (0—) 1 ( — 2) $,

2—4 ( — 7) <£, bright yellow. Achenes less

than 1 mm long, glabrous. Pappus bristles

2—4, scabrid, nearly equalling corolla, or

occasionally wanting. Fig. 13:3.

Ranges from the Cape Peninsula through Piquet-

berg, Malmesbury, Ceres, Worcester, Caledon,

Robertson, Bredasdorp, Swellendam and Riversdale

districts to Humansdorp and Uitenhage, thence north

to Cathcart, Cradock, Tarka, Middelburg, Queens-

town, Aliwal North, and Hay districts and the southern

O.F.S. near Fauresmith, Philippolis and Bethulie. A

constituent of shrub communities on sandy, shaly or

stony soils, flowering in any month. Map 35.

Readily confused with H. dasycephalum (no. 5)

which, however, has mainly silvery, not lemon-yellow,

involucral bracts, and these are webbed together with

delicate ‘tissue-paffer-like’ indumentum composed of

woolly hairs. The area of H. dasycephalum lies east of

that of H. rutilans, overlapping only in the Queenstown

area (c. 27°E).

7,2: 70

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 71

Vouchers: Acocks 17639 (PRE); Compton 18508

(NBG); Esterhuysen 23806 (BOL; PRE); Leistner 1110

(PRE); Nordenstam 3228 (NU; S).

5. Helichrysum dasycephalum O.Hoffm.

in Annin naturh. Mus. Wien 24: 299 (1910);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 251 (1910); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 165 (1977). Type:

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, Krook, no. 1437

in herb. Penther (W, holo.!; BM; BOL; M;

NH; S, iso.!).

Twiggy dwarf shrub up to 300 mm tall,

old stems woody, up to 8 mm diam., main

branches prostrate or decumbent, ultimate

branches stiffly erect, densely leafy, they

and the leaves enveloped in peculiar silvery

grey felt with a ‘tissue-paper’ surface.

Leaves rigid, up to 20 x 5 mm, narrowly to

broadly spathulate, becoming smaller and

oblong-spathulate or oblong upwards, apex

obtuse to subacute, mucronate, hooked,

base half-clasping. Heads heterogamous,

cylindric, c. 4 x 1 mm, many in tight clusters

usually webbed together with woolly hairs,

arranged in compact corymbose panicles up

to 20 mm across at the branch tips.

Involucral bracts in c. 3 series, closely

imbricate, about equalling flowers, not

radiating, pellucid, silvery, the tips some-

times washed palest brown or palest yellow,

woolly hairs webbing the bracts in a thin

skin. Receptacle smooth. Flowers 4—5 (—6),

1 — 3 3—4 bright yellow. Achenes not

seen, ovaries glabrous. Pappus bristles few

(up to 8), scabridulous, shorter than corolla,

bases with patent cilia, not cohering. Fig.

13:2.

Recorded from the mountainous E. part of the

Orange Free State, the Witteberg near Lady Grey,

Lesotho, Transkei and E. Cape and south to the

mountains around Queenstown, Cathcart and

Keiskammahoek. Never re-collected on Van Reenen’s

Pass, Natal (the type locality), but occurs on the edge

of the escarpment below The Sentinel, SW. of Van

Reenen. Forms stiff twiggy mats and cushions on rock

sheets and hard bare earth, flowering between

February and April. Map 35.

Closely allied to H. rutilans (above); see comments

under that species. Can also be confused with H.

callicomum (no. 3), but distinguished by its different

indumentum and different involucre.

MAP 35. — o Helichrysum rutilans

• Helichrysum dasycephalum

Vouchers: Hilliard & Burtt 6667 (E; K; MO; NU;

PRE; S); Pegler 1619 (BM; BOL; PRE); Story 3339

(PRE).

Group 3

Stoloniferous perennial herbs; leaves small, lanceolate, bases decurrent or not; heads

homogamous, c. 3 x 1 — 1,5 mm, many crowded and felted together in dense glomerules,

which may be further arranged in corymbose panicles; involucral bracts not radiating,

creamy or pale to bright yellow; receptacle honeycombed; flowers 3 — 11, corolla

campanulate above; achenes glabrous; pappus bristles either wanting, or few, tips

subplumose, bases nude.

Species 6—7, confined to eastern Southern Africa from the E. Transvaal through Natal and the Transkei to

the E. Cape, in seepage lines or along streamlets, often associated with rank grass and other herbage.

FIG. 13. — 1, Helichrysum callicomum, part of plant, x 1; la, head, x 13; lb, hermaphrodite flower, x 20; lc,

female flower, x 20; Id, pappus bristle, x 20 ( Wright 527). 2, H. dasycephalum, flowering branch, x 1; 2a, head,

x 13 ( Hilliard & Burtt 6667). 3, H. rutilans, head, x 13 ( Hilliard <& Burtt 13058).

7,2: 72

INULEAE

2

INULEAE

7,2: 73

la Leaf bases decurrent on the stems in long narrow wings, involucral bracts creamy or very pale

straw-coloured, pappus bristles 2— several 6. H. natalitium

lb Leaf bases not decurrent, inner involucral bracts bright canary-yellow, pappus wanting

7. H. epapposum

6. Helichrysum natalitium DC., Prodr.

6: 201 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 243 (1865);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 240 (1910); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 148 (1977). Type:

Natal, Port Natal [Durban], Drege 5009

(G-DC, holo.!; P, iso.!).

Gnaphalium natalitium (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg

3: 172 (1845).

A stoloniferous perennial herb, stem

erect to c. 1 m, simple below, branching

above into a corymbose panicle, thinly

greyish-white woolly or cobwebby, very

leafy. Leaves up to 200 x 20 mm, decreasing

rapidly in size upwards and passing into

distant inflorescence bracts, lanceolate or

linear-lanceolate, tapering at both ends,

decurrent on stem in long, narrow wings,

glandular above, sometimes thinly greyish-

white woolly as well, thinly greyish-white

woolly below. Heads homogamous, c. 3 x 1

mm, very many matted together at base

with whitish wool to form dense cymose-

corymbose clusters up to 20 m across

terminating the inflorescence branches.

Involucral bracts in 2—3 series, subequal,

about equalling flowers, loosely imbricate,

not radiating, creamy white or very pale

straw-colour, pellucid becoming opaque.

Receptacle deeply honeycombed. Flowers c.

8—11, dull yellow. Achenes 0,75 mm,

glabrous. Pappus bristles 2 to several, tips

subplumose, bases nude, not cohering. Fig.

14:1.

Nearly confined to Natal, and recorded from

Babanango in the north to Alfred and Port Shepstone

districts in the south and Umzimkulu district in the

Transkei, on Natal’s southern border, from near sea

level to 2 300 m. Favours damp and partly shaded

situations particularly along streams and at forest

margins, flowering between January and April. Map

36.

Vouchers: Acocks 10177 (PRE); Hilliard 4818 (E;

K; M; NH; NU; PRE); McClean 700 (PRE); Tyson

1164 (BOL; SAM); Wright 434 (E; K; M; NH; NU).

7. Helichrysum epapposum H. Bol. in

Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 1: 155 (1909), excl.

var. robustum H. Bol.; Compton, FI.

Swaziland 630 (1976); Hilliard, Compositae

in Natal 160 (1977). Lectotype: Natal, Great

Noodsberg, Wood 4131 (BOL!; E; K,

isolecto.!).

Humea epapposa (H. Bol.) S. Moore in J. Linn. Soc.

Bot. 40: 112 (1911). Calomeria epapposa (H. Bol.)

Heine in Adansonia 7: 138 (1967).

H. inerme Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44 : 246 (1910) excl.

var. brachycladum Moeser. Lectotype: Natal, Great

Noodsberg, Wood 4131 (Z!-, E; K, isolecto.!).

Helichrysum flavum Burtt Davy in Jl. S. Afr. Bot.

1: 108 (1935). Type: Transvaal, Barberton distr..

White River, Rogers 20144 (K, holo.!; BOL, iso.!).

Perennial herb, stems very slender (c.

1—2 mm diam.), elongate, branching mostly

near the base, decumbent and rooting there,

then erect to c. 600 mm, thinly greyish-white

woolly, the indumentum ‘stringy’ and

stripping from the older parts, closely leafy

becoming pedunculoid upwards. Leaves

rather rigid, more or less appressed, up to

FIG. 14. — 1, Helichrysum natalitium, part of whole plant, x 1; la, detail to show decurrent leaf bases, x 1; lb,

head, x 10; lc, flower, x 13; Id, pappus bristle, x 13 (Hilliard 4818). 2, H. epapposum, part of whole plant, x 1;

2a, detail to show leaves, not decurrent, x 1; 2b, head, x 13 (Hilliard & Burtt 14513).

7,2: 74

INULEAE

22 x 4 (—5) mm, becoming smaller

upwards, lanceolate, apex acuminate, base

broad, half-clasping, margins revolute, up-

per surface cobwebby, glabrescent, lower

greyish-white woolly, ‘stringy’. Heads ho-

mogamous, very narrowly campanulate, c. 3

x 1,5 mm, very many in dense cymose

clusters felted together at the base in

compact, flattish corymbs up to 20 mm

across terminating the branches. Involucral

bracts in 2-3 series, loosely imbricate,

translucent, outer tipped pale brown, inner

bright canary-yellow, about equalling flow-

ers, not radiating. Receptacle honeycomb-

ed. Flowers (3 — ) 4—5, yellow. Achenes

0,75 mm, glabrous. Pappus wanting. Fig.

14:2.

Ranges from the Waterberg, Magaliesberg (Rus-

tenburg) and eastern highlands of the Transvaal

through Natal and the Transkei to the Amatola

Mountains in the E. Cape. Absent from coastal Natal.

Grows along muddy streamsides and in marshes, often

on tussocks, forming tangled clumps or the slender

MAP 37. — Helichrysum epapposum

stems may be supported by other vegetation. Flowers

between February and April. Map 37.

Vouchers: Hilliard 5478 (E; K; NU; S); Moll 655

(NU; PRE).

Group 4

Shrublets or bushy or straggling perennial herbs; leaves small, linear to spathulate;

heads homogamous or heterogamous (not always a species character), 2,5— 3,5 x 1 — 2 mm,

in dense clusters further aggregated into compact or lax corymbose panicles; involucral

bracts not radiating, bright yellow; receptacle smooth or shortly fimbrilliferous; flowers

3 — 15, corollas campanulate above; achenes hairy; pappus bristles either wanting or, if

present, scabrid, bases with patent cilia, cohering or not.

Species 8 — 11, mainly in the eastern and southern parts of Southern Africa; H. odoratissimum (no. 8) is also

further north, in tropical Africa. All favour rocky grassy mountain slopes, well watered.

la Leaves generally broadest above the middle, bases decurrent in narrow or broad stem wings (ignort

uppermost reduced leaves):

2a Heads 2,5—3 mm long, heterogamous, flowers usually c. 7—15 8. H. odoratissimum

2b Heads c. 3—4 mm long, usually homogamous, flowers 4—7, occasionally 1 or 2 of them §

9. H. gymnocomum

lb Leaves either linear or broadest in lower half, bases not decurrent:

3a Leaves linear 10. H. infaustum

3b Leaves oblong, elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic 1 1. H. griseolanatum

8. Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.)

Sweet, Hort. Brit. 223 (1826); Less., Syn.

Comp. 301 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 202

(1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 245 (1865) inch

vars; Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 242 (1910);

Hilliard & Burtt in Notes R. Bot. Gdn

Edinb. 32: 353 (1973); Hilliard, Compositae

in Natal 150 (1977). Lectotype: Cape of

Good Hope (LINN 989.48!).

Gnaphalium odoratissimum L., Sp. PI. 855 (1753),

edn 2: 1196 (1763). G. odorum Salisb., Prodr. 192

(1796), nom. illegit. G. odoratum Thunb., Prodr. 150

(1800). FI. Cap. 654 (1823), nom. illegit.

G. aureofulvum Berg., Descr. PI. Cap. 257 (1767).

Type: Cape of Good Hope, Grubb (STB, holo.!).

G. pedunculare L., Mant. alt. 284 (1771). Helichry-

sum pedunculare (L.) DC., Prodr. 6: 198 (1838) quoad

syn . excl. descript. Type: Cape of Good Hope (LINN

989.47!).

INULEAE

7,2: 75

G. strigosum Thunb., Prodr. 150 (1800), FI. Cap. 654

(1823). Type: hills near Cape Town, Thunberg (sheet

19266, UPS, holo. !).

Helichrysum odoratissimum var. acuminatum DC.,

Prodr. 6: 202 (1838). Type: specimen received from

Berlin (G-DC, holo.!).

H. odoratissimum var. undulaefolium DC., l.c.

Lectotype: Cape, Table Mountain, Dr&ge 5759

(G-DC!; BM, isolecto.!).

H. odoratissimum var. lanatum Sond. in F.C. 3: 245

(1865). Type: Cape, Uitenhage, Van Stadensberg,

Oct., Zeyher 2874 (S, holo.!; PRE; SAM, iso.!).

A much branched bushy or straggling

aromatic perennial herb, stems often de-

cumbent and rooting at the base and

becoming woody there, erect or sprawling,

glandular, generally thinly greyish-white

woolly, wool sometimes wanting, very leafy,

the branchlets becoming pedunculoid up-

wards with distant reduced leaves or bracts.

Leaves very variable, 5—60 x 1,5 — 15 mm,

linear-oblong, lanceolate, lingulate or spa-

thulate, apex generally obtuse, sometimes

acute, mucronate, base narrowed or broad,

clasping, generally decurrent in long narrow

or broad stem wings, wings sometimes

wanting, glandular and setose-scabrid

above, generally thinly or thickly greyish-

white woolly on both surfaces, sometimes

without wool or glabrescent above. Heads

heterogamous, c. 2,5—3 mm long, very

many matted together with wool at the base

in dense or loose, flattened or rounded,

terminal cymose clusters. Involucral bracts

closely imbricate, innermost about equalling

the flowers, not radiating, pellucid, outer

pale brown, inner bright or pale canary-

yellow. Receptacle with fimbrils about

equalling the ovaries. Flowers (3 — ) 7—15,

•(1 — ) 2— 4$, (2— ) 5 — 11 ^ , yellow. Achenes

0,75 mm, barrel-shaped, with duplex hairs.

Pappus bristles many, scabrid, bases

cohering by patent cilia. Fig. 15: 1.

Ranges from the Soutpansberg through the

highlands of the E. Transvaal and W. Swaziland to the

Midlands and Uplands of Natal, the NE. Orange Free

State, Lesotho, the Cape Drakensberg, the mountains

and coastal areas of the Transkei and E. Cape thence

across the Cape fold mountains as far as the Peninsula,

the Cedarberg and the Giftberg in Vanrhynsdorp

district. Also on the mountains in Mozambique,

Zimbabwe, Malawi and further north. Map 38.

Forms large clumps on grassy or rocky slopes and

will also colonize bare areas such as roadside and

pathside banks. Flowering recorded in all months,

mainly from August to December in the SW. Cape,

January to June elsewhere.

H. odoratissimum shows great variation in leaf size

and indumentum; particularly robust plants with large

leaves are found in the Transvaal and Swaziland, but

these can be matched elsewhere in the geographical

range of the species. The distinguishing features of H.

odoratissimum are its leaves, generally broadest in the

upper part, and decurrent on the stems in long wings,

and the heterogamous heads with hairy achenes and

pappus bristles cohering strongly by patent cilia. H.

gymnocomum (below) is very closely allied.

MAP 38. — Helichrysum odoratissimum

Vouchers: Compton 19154 (NBG); Esterhuysen

22538 (BOL; PRE); Flanagan 366 (SAM); Galpin 594

(BOL; PRE); Hilliard & Bunt 10917 (E; K; M; MO;

NU; PRE; S).

9. Helichrysum gymnocomum DC.,

Prodr. 6: 202 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 244

(1865); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 151

(1977). Lectotype: Cape, between Bush-

man’s and Gouritz Rivers, Burchell 4334

(G-DC!; K, isolecto.!).

Gnaphalium gymnocomum (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot.

Ztg 3: 172 (1845).

H. gymnocomum var. acuminatum DC., Prodr. 6:

202 (1838). Type: Cape, between Van Staadensberg

and Bethelsdorp, Dr&ge 59496 (G-DC, holo.!; BM; E;

PRE, iso.!).

Very closely allied to H. odoratissimum

(above), but distinguished by its heads,

often homogamous, c. 3—4 mm long,

involucral bracts loosely imbricate; flowers

4—7, 1 or 2 of these occasionally $, pappus

often wanting or consisting of a few bristles

7,2: 76

INULEAE

2

INULEAE

7,2: 77

free at the base, but may be copious and

cohering at the base in Cape material.

Found in Natal between c. 1 500 and 3 000 m

above sea level and ranging southwards to the Cape

Coast as far west as the mouth of the Gouritz River. In

Natal, partly sympatric with H. odoratissimum but

reaching higher altitudes than that species, although

this is not so in Lesotho. Occupies the same sort of

habitats as H. odoratissimum and flowers between

February and July. Map 39.

Vouchers: Codd 2785 (NU; PRE); Esterhuysen

21695 (BOL; PRE); Hilliard 4802 (E; K; MO; NH;

NU; S); West 812 (BM; PRE); Wright 550(E;NH;NU;

S).

10. Helichrysum infaustum Wood &

Evans in J. Bot., Lond. 35: 351 (1897);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 245 (1910), excl. var.

discolor; Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 152

(1977). Type: Natal, near Van Reenen’s

Pass, Drakensberg, 5 000—6 000 ft.. Wood

6973 (NH, holo.!; BOL; E, iso.!).

Humea infausta (Wood & Evans) S. Moore in J.

Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 112 (1911). Calomeria infausta

(Wood & Evans) Heine in Adansonia 7: 138 (1967).

A dwarf shrublet forming mats or

cushions up to c. 200 mm high, old branches

woody, decumbent, nude, rooting, branch-

lets closely grey-woolly, densely leafy,

becoming nude and remotely leafy upwards.

Leaves up to 12 x 1,5 mm, smaller and

more distant upwards, linear, apex obtuse,

apiculate, base broad, half-clasping, mar-

gins strongly revolute, upper surface thinly

grey-woolly, lower densely white-woolly.

Heads homogamous, c. 3 x 1 mm, cylindric,

many in compact cymose clusters 10—15

mm across at the branch tips. Involucral

bracts in 2—4 series, graded, closely

imbricate, outer tipped pale brown, inner

bright canary-yellow, about equalling flow-

ers, not radiating. Receptacle with pit

margins slightly produced. Flowers 2—5,

yellow. Achenes 0,75 mm, with duplex

hairs. Pappus wanting. Fig. 15: 3.

Recorded along the low Drakensberg on the

Transvaal-Natal border and the nearby Skurweberg in

Vryheid district, thence southwards along the escarp-

ment and nearby mountains in both Natal and the

Orange Free State to Lesotho as far south as Roma in

the west and Sehlabathebe in the east, and Underberg

district in Natal. A specimen from the sandstone

outcrops above the Umtamvuma in southernmost Natal

has spent heads and flowering specimens should be

sought to confirm the determination. Forms low,

spreading cushions or mats over bare rock sheets and

bare, eroded or sparsely-grassed areas, flowering from

January to April. Map 40.

Distinguished from H. griseolanatum (below) by

its differently shaped leaves, and from H. cymosum

subsp. calvum (no. 26), by its woolly obtuse leaves with

strongly revolute margins and homogamous heads.

Vouchers: Devenish 1697 (E; K; MO; NU; PRE;

S); Hilliard & Burtt 8916 (E; K; MO; NU; S);

Scheepers 1846 (PRE).

11. Helichrysum griseolanatum Hilli-

ard in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 32: 349

(1973), Compositae in Natal 153 (1977).

Type: Cape, summit Drakensberg near

Luhana Pass, alt. 8 500 ft., 25 May 1897,

Galpin 2325 (BOL, holo.!; PRE, iso.!).

H. epapposum var robustum H. Bol. in Trans. R.

Soc. S. Afr. 1: 155 (1909). Type: lecto as above.

H. inerme var. brachycladum Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44:

246 (1910). Lectotype: Natal, East Griqualand, Mt

Currie, Tyson 1255 (Z!; Kl).

Well-branched subshrub forming mats

up to 250 mm tall and 1 m across, old stems

FIG. 15. — 1, Helichrysum odoratissimum, flowering branch, x 1; la, head, x 13; lb, hermaphrodite flower, x

13; lc, female flower, x ;3; Id, pappus bristle, x 13 (Hilliard & Burtt 10917). 2, H. griseolanatum, flowering

branch, x 1; 2a, leaf, x 3,3; 2b, head,' x 10 (Hilliard & Burtt 9751). 3, H. infaustum, flowering branch, x 1; 3a,

leaf, x 3,3; 3b, head, x 10 (Hilliard 2859).

7,2: 78

INULEAE

MAP 40. — • Helichrysum infaustum

o Helichrysum griseolanatum

® sympatric

up to 8 mm diam., main branches becoming

woody, bare, decumbent and rooting,

ultimate branchlets greyish-white woolly,

closely leafy at first, more distantly so at

flowering. Leaves more or less imbricate, up

to 15 x 6 mm, oblong, elliptic, or

lanceolate-elliptic, apex obtuse or acute,

base broad, half-clasping, margins revolute,

both surfaces greyish-white woolly. Heads

homogamous, cylindric, c. 3,5 x 1 mm, very

many felted together at the base in dense

cymose clusters disposed in compact, flat-

tish corymbs terminating the branches.

Involucral bracts in c. 4 series, graded,

closely imbricate, about equalling flowers,

pellucid, not radiating, canary-yellow. Re-

ceptacle smooth. Flowers 3—5, yellow.

Achenes 0,75 mm, with duplex hairs.

Pappus wanting. Fig. 15: 2.

On the mountains, from southern Natal (Drakens-

berg, Zuurberg, Ngeli and Mt Currie), through the

western Transkei to the Cape Drakensberg about

Maclear and Barkly East and the mountains of the E.

Cape (King William’s Town, Keiskammahoek, Kat-

berg, Hogsback and Great Winterberg). Favours rock

sheets and other bare stony areas on mountain tops and

slopes: flowering between December and April. Map

40.

Sometimes confused with H. odoratissimum , but

that species has leaves generally broadest in the upper

half and decurrent on the stem in broad or narrow

wings.

Vouchers: Baur s.n. (SAM); Hilliard 3901 (BOL;

E; K; NU); Hilliard & Burn 6622 (E; K; NBG; NU;

MO; PRE; S).

INULEAE

7,2: 79

Group 5

Tufted perennial herbs; leaves linear to elliptic or rhomboid, medium-sized; heads

homogamous, c. 3—4 x 1 — 3 mm, felted together in umbrella-like clusters; involucral bracts

not radiating, bright yellow; receptacle smooth, nude or with some paleae; flowers 3 — 18,

corollas narrowly campanulate above; achenes hairy; pappus bristles either wanting or few,

scabrid, bases nude.

Species 12—13; H. umbraculigerum ranges from Zimbabwe to the E. Cape, H. krookii is endemic to the

Drakensberg Centre; both favour well-watered grass slopes.

la Stems leafy throughout, becoming bracteate then nude only near the heads 12. H. umbraculigerum

lb Stems leafy only in the lower half, leaves frequently rosetted 13. H. krookii

12. Helichrysum umbraculigerum

Less., Syn. Comp. 284 (1832); DC., Prodr.

6: 186 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 236 (1865);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 248 (1910); Batten &

Bokelmann, Wild FI. E. Cape Prov. 160,

plate 127, 6 (1966); Hilliard, Compositae in

Natal 153 (1977). Type: Cape, Krebs 147.

Gnaphalium umbraculigerum (Less.) Sch. Bip. in

Bot. Ztg 3: 171 (1845). G. umbraculigerum var. a

heterophyllum O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3,2: 155

(1898).

G. umbraculigerum var. /3 aequilatum [O. Hoffm.

ex] O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3,2: 155 (1898).

Helichrysum umbraculigerum var. aequilatum (O.

Kuntze) Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 248 (1910). Type:

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, O. Kuntze s.n. (K, iso.!).

H. coactum M. D. Henderson in Bothalia 6: 421

(1954). Type: Natal, Bergville distr.. Cathedral Peak

Forest Research Station, Killick 1354 (PRE, holo.!

BM; K; NH; NU; S, iso.!).

Tufted perennial herb, stems often

decumbent and rooting, then erect to c. 1 m,

young parts thinly grey-woolly, leafy.

Leaves mostly 20 — 80 x 3 — 25 mm, becom-

ing smaller upwards and passing into

bracts, very variable in shape, ranging from

linear-lanceolate to elliptic and tapering at

both ends; or lanceolate- or oblong-

spathulate to spathulate, acute or subacute,

base slightly to much narrowed and ear-

clasping; or ovate, elliptic-ovate to

rhomboid-ovate and rather abruptly nar-

rowed to a petiole-like ear-clasping base;

upper surface with stout or delicate glandu-

lar hairs, erect or appressed, mostly

cobwebby or thinly to thickly greyish

white-woolly as well, lower surface often

thickly greyish-white woolly, or wool some-

times thin or wanting. Heads homogamous,

cylindric, c. 3 x 1 mm, very many crowded

and webbed together with wool forming a

flattened, umbrella-like disc, the flattened

branches of the cymose inflorescence visible

through the wool. Involucral bracts biseri-

ate, subequal, loosely imbricate, about

equalling the flowers, not radiating, pellu-

cid, canary-yellow, outer often golden-

brown. Receptacle nearly smooth. Flowers

3—4 (—6), yellow. Achenes 0,5—0,75 mm

long, barrel-shaped, with duplex hairs.

Pappus bristles 0—7, shorter than corolla,

scabrid, bases not cohering. Fig. 16: 1.

Ranges from the E. highlands of Zimbabwe to the

Soutpansberg and the E. highlands of the Transvaal to

Natal, the Transkei and the Cape as far west as the

Zuurberg near Port Elizabeth and the mountains about

Graaff-Reinet. Grows in rough grassland or scrub,

often on forest margins or in damp gullies and along

streambanks, flowering between January and April.

Map 41.

H. umbraculigerum displays remarkable variation

in leaf shape, and there is some geographical

partitioning of this variation. For instance, plants with

ovate or rhomboid-ovate leaves much narrowed to a

distinctly petiolar part are very nearly confined to

7,2: 80

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 81

Natal, where they have a wide altitudinal range from

near sea level to c. 2 000 m. But in the Natal

Drakensberg between c. 1 500 and 2 300 m, leaves may

range from linear-lanceolate through all intermediates

to ovate or rhomboid-ovate; narrow-leaved plants may

occur in the same area as broad-leaved ones, but the

former are generally found in wetter situations than the

latter.

In the Transvaal and Zimbabwe, leaves are mostly

more or less elliptic, tapering at the base, but I have

seen one very narrow-leaved specimen from near Lake

Chrissie (Rogers 11536, BOL).

In the Cape, within an area roughly circumscribed by

a line encircling Grahamstown, Cathcart, Barkly Pass,

Qumbu, Port St Johns (Transkei) and East London,

leaves tend to be oblong-spathulate, slightly narrowed

towards the base then expanded and ear-clasping, and

the flowers frequently lack a pappus. Elsewhere in the

Cape, as well as in the area just mentioned, leaves may

taper to a more markedly petiolar base but are never

ovate nor rhomboid as in Natal; the flowers generally

have a pappus. We have not been able to trace the type

specimen, but Lessing described the leaves as

spathulate-oblong-obovate, slightly acute, much nar-

rowed below, and the flowers as having a pappus.

Krebs lived in Grahamstown for a while, and his

specimen was possibly collected thereabouts.

The recognition of infraspecific categories is

scarcely practicable, but the varietal name aequilatum

(= H. coactum ) applies to specimens with linear to

narrowly elliptic leaves.

Vouchers: Codd 2772 (NU; PRE); Hilliard 4970

(E; K; MO; NU; PRE; S); Hilliard & Burn 1992 (E; K;

M; NU; PRE; S); Pegler 675 (BM; K; NU; PRE);

Schlechter 4733 (BM).

13. Helichrysum krookii Moeser in

Bot. Jb. 44: 248 (1910) and in Annin naturh.

Mus. Wien 24: 317 (1910); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 156 (1977). Lectotype:

Natal, Mt Currie distr., Newmarket, Krook

1029 (W!).

A tuberous-rooted rhizomatous peren-

nial herb, flowering stem solitary, simple,

erect, glandular, thinly cobwebby. Leaves

mostly radical, more or less rosetted, up to

100 x 50 mm, elliptic, apex subacute,

abruptly narrowed to a broad, clasping,

petiole-like base up to 30 x 6 mm, both

surfaces glandular-pubescent, stem leaves

smaller, narrower, sessile, passing rapidly

upwards into distant bracts. Heads homo-

gamous, c. 3—4 x 2—3 mm, very many

felted together to form very compact

corymbose clusters, these further felted

together into a flattish disc 20—70 mm

across. Involucral bracts in 2—3 series,

loosely imbricate, about equalling flowers,

not radiating, bright canary-yellow. Re-

ceptacle with paleae, equalling the corolla,

subtending up to half the flowers. Flowers

7 — 18, yellow, sometimes tinged red. Ache-

nes 1,25 mm, with myxogenic duplex hairs.

Pappus bristles few, slightly shorter than

corolla, tips barbellate, bases free. Fig. 16:

2.

Along the low Drakensberg on the Natal-

Transvaal border, thence south along the Drakensberg

and its outliers (Bamboo and Mawahqua Mountains) to

Ngeli Mountain (Natal-Transkei border), the

mountains near Kokstad and neighbouring Transkei,

and the Drakensberg on the Lesotho-Transkei-Cape

border, thence south-west as far as the Barkly Pass

area. Forms small colonies in grassland, particularly

near streams or on steep moist slopes; flowering in

January and February. Map 42.

MAP 42. — Helichrysum krookii

Vouchers; Galpin 6687 (PRE); Hilliard 4974 (E;

K; NH; NU); Hilliard & Bunt 6552 (E; K; MO, NBG;

NU; PRE); Wright 403 (E; K; NH; NU).

FIG. 16. — 1, Helichrysum umbraculigerum, part of whole plant, x 1 ( Rennie 352); la, leaf, form common in

Natal from sea level to c. 2000 m, x 1 ( Hilliard 4937); lb, leaf, form common in the Natal Drakensberg, x 1

(Hilliard 4983); lc, leaf, form occasional in the Drakensberg, x 1 (Hilliard & Burn 7992); Id, leaf, form prevailing

in E. Cape, x 1 (Hilliard & Burn 3750); le, head, x 17 (Rennie 352). 2, H. krookii, whole plant, x 1; 2a, flower, x

13; 2b, pappus bristle, x 13 (Wright 403).

7,2: 82

INULEAE

Group 6

Subshrubs or perennial herbs, frequently mat-forming; leaves linear to elliptic or

spathulate, small or medium-sized; heads usually homogamous, one species heterogamous,

c. 2,5—5 x 1 — 3 mm, many felted together in dense corymbose clusters; involucral bracts

either erect or minutely radiating, bright yellow; receptacle shortly honeycombed; flowers

4 — 26, corolla narrowly funnel-shaped; achenes often glabrous, or hairy in a few species;

pappus bristles few, tips shortly plumose, bases nude.

Species 14 — 22; numbers 15 — 20 are closely allied. H. subglomeratum ranges from Angola to the Okavango

and Zimbabwe thence south to the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Lesotho, Natal and the Cape; the others are

confined to S. Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, several being endemic to the Drakensberg Centre. Mostly in short

grassland or on rock sheets.

la Ovaries glabrous:

2a Cauline leaves more or less spreading, or if appressed then reduced in size:

3a Either leaf margins flat or outer involucral bracts obtuse, or both:

4a Leaves concolorous, heads 2,5 — 5 mm long:

5a Tufted perennial herbs, heads 2,5 — 3,5 mm long:

6a Radical leaves lingulate, oblong or elliptic 14. H. subglomeratum

6b Radical leaves linear (2—3 mm broad) 15. H. oligopappum

5b Mat-forming perennial herb or subshrub; heads 4 — 5 mm long 16. H. spodiophyllum

4b Leaves discolorous (thin papery indumentum above, drying dark, silky white below); heads 5

mm long 20. H. ephelos

3b Leaf margins strongly revolute and outer (brown) involucral bracts very acute 19. H. nanum

2b Cauline leaves erect, closely imbricate, all more or less the same size:

7a Leaves elliptic, apex obtuse or subacute, thin skin-like indumentum above, silky-tomentose below;

flowers 8 — 12 in each head 17. H. albanense

7b Leaves lanceolate, apex acute to very acute, both surfaces enveloped in silky often ‘stringy’

indumentum, rarely woolly-felted; flowers 5 — 6 in each head 18. H. glomeratum

lb Ovaries hairy:

8a Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, broader leaves often conduplicate and slightly falcate,

discolorous 21. H. subfalcatum

8b Leaves spathulate, concolorous 22. H. albirosulatum

14. Helichrysum subglomeratum Less.,

Syn. Comp. 283 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 186

(1838), excl. var. imbricatum DC.; Harv. in

F.C. 3: 235 (1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44:

249 (1910); Merxm., F.S.W.A. 139: 249

(1967); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 156

(1977). Lectotype: Cape, Krebs 146 (G-

DC!; S, isolecto.!).

Gnaphalium subglomeratum (Less.) Sch. Bip. in

Bot. Ztg 3: 171 (1845); Helichrysum subglomeratum

var. lingulatum Harv. in F.C. 3: 236 (1865).

Perennial herb, stock stout, crowned

with one or several leaf rosettes, flowering

stems several, lateral to each rosette,

80—600 mm long, often decumbent at the

base or ascending, commonly simple,

sometimes forking once or twice near the

base, more rarely near the apex, densely

leafy. Radical leaves up to 120 x 15 mm, but

often less than half that, lingulate, oblong or

elliptic, apex obtuse or subacute, base

broad, clasping, both surfaces clothed in

FIG. 17. — 1, Helichrysum spodiophyllum, part of whole plant, x 1; la, leaf, margins flat, but blade often

U-shaped in section, x 1 ,3; 1 b, head, x 10; lc, pappus bristle, x 10; Id, flower, x 10 {Hilliard & Burtt 8390). 2, H.

nanum, leaf, margins strongly revolute, x 1,3; 2a, head, x 10 ( Solomon 35).

INULEAE

7,2: 83

7,2: 84

INULEAE

very close, silvery silky-felted indumentum,

occasionally more woolly than silky; cauline

leaves similar but smaller and decreasing

rapidly in size upwards, spreading or more

or less imbricate, enveloped in the same

silvery, skin-like indumentum as the radical

leaves and the stem. Heads homogamous,

narrowly cylindric, 2,5 — 3,5 x 1,5—2 mm,

very many in small corymbose clusters

congested in a flattened spreading cymose

corymb c. 20—40 mm across, the whole

matted together below with closely inter-

woven wool. Involucral bracts in 3—4 series,

subequal, loosely imbricate, outer brown or

straw-coloured, inner tipped bright canary

yellow, about equalling the flowers, not

radiating, translucent. Receptacle shortly

honeycombed. Flowers 4—13, yellow. Ac-

henes 0,75 mm long, narrow, glabrous.

Pappus bristles c. 5—7, delicate, tips shortly

plumose, bases nude, not cohering.

Ranges from Zimbabwe to the Transvaal, where it

is recorded from the E. highlands, the Waterberg, and

the Highveld, to Natal, where it is commoner along the

Drakensberg than in the coastal districts, the

mountainous NE. corner of the Orange Free State,

Lesotho, and the E. Cape, both in the mountains and

along the coast, as far west as Uitenhage and

Graaff-Reinet. Also recorded from Huila in Angola

and the Okavango Valley in NE. S.W. A. /Namibia.

Grows scattered in stony grassland or, in the Cape, in

fynbos, or may form small mats over rock sheets.

Flowers from March to June. Map 43.

Vouchers: Codd 2903 (NU; PRE); De Winter 4368

(PRE; WIND); Hilliard & Bum 10031 (E; K; M; MO;

NU; S): Wright 486 A (E; K; M; NH; NU; SRGH).

15. Helichrysum oligopappum H. Bol.

in Trans. S. Afr. phil. Soc. 18: 388 (1907);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 249 (1910); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 157 (1977). Lectotype:

Natal, Great Noodsberg, Wood 4142

(BOL!; E; K; NH; PRE, isolecto.!).

Distinguished from H. subglomeratum (above) by

its linear radical leaves up to c. 100 x 2 ( — 3) mm. In

Natal, there are consistently fewer flowers in the heads

of H. subglomeratum than in those of H. oligopappum

(4—8, not 10 — 13), but this distinction does not hold

over the whole geographical range of H. subglomera-

tum. It may well be that H. oligopappum is no more

than a minor variant of H. subglomeratum with narrow

radical leaves. At present, H. oligopappum is known

from a few collections in New Hanover, Lion’s River,

Mpendhle and Camperdown districts in Natal, where it

grows in poor stony grassland; flowering between

February and April. Map 43.

Vouchers: Hilliard 4856 (E; K; NH; NU; PRE;

SRGH); Wood 5280 (E; Z).

MAP 43. — • Helichrysum subglomeratum

o Helichrysum oligopappum

16. Helichrysum spodiophyllum Hill-

iard & Burtt in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb.

34: 83 (1975); Compton, FI. Swaziland 635

(1976); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 158

(1977). Type: Natal, Ngotshe distr., Ngome

Forest Reserve, c. 1 200 m, Hilliard & Burtt

5933 (NU, holo.!; E; K; NH; S, iso.!).

Mat-forming closely tufted perennial

herb or subshrub, main stem woody, up to

10 mm diam., with numerous prostrate,

ultimately bare and rooting, branches

becoming thickened at the nodes and there

producing tufts of leaves, flowering stems

mostly decumbent at the base, then erect to

c. 100 — 250 mm, simple, silky-silvery, leafy

becoming bracteate upwards. Radical leaves

10—100 x 1—2 mm, linear, flat or

channelled, apex subacute, base expanded,

clasping, both surfaces closely grey silky-

woolly, cauline leaves up to 20 mm long,

smaller upwards, linear-lanceolate to lanc-

eolate, broad-based, clasping, spreading or

appressed, grey silky-woolly. Heads homo-

gamous, cylindric, 4—5 X 2 mm, many in a

tightly congested corymbose cluster 10—20

mm across, heads webbed together at the

base with tissue-paper-like indumentum.

Involucral bracts in 3—4 series, closely

imbricate, about equalling the flowers,

translucent, outer tipped brown, inner

bright yellow becoming opaque, minutely

radiating. Receptacle honeycombed. Flow-

ers 8 — 12. Achenes 0,75 mm, obscurely

INULEAE

7,2: 85

ribbed, glabrous. Pappus bristles c. 5,

equalling corolla, tips shortly plumose,

bases nude, not cohering. Fig. 17: 1.

Recorded from Lydenburg in the E. Transvaal, the

mountains in Mbabane district, Swaziland, the low

Drakensberg on the Natal-Transvaal border, Itala,

Ngome and Ceza on the Natal-Zululand border, Mt

Gilboa, Lion’s River district, Natal, then a disjunction

to Dohne and Mt Kemp east of the Amatola Mts in the

E. Cape. Forms large woody mats on rock outcrops and

rock sheets in grassland, rooting in the crevices and

sprawling over the adjacent rock surfaces. Flowers

between December and February in the northern part

of its range, but as late as May in the Cape. Can be

confused with H. nanum (no. 19), which is readily

distinguished by its leaves with strongly revolute

margins and very acute outer involucral bracts. Map 44.

MAP 44.— Helichrysum spodiophyllum

Vouchers: Devenish 538 (M; PRE); Hilliard &

Bum 10007 (E; K; MO; NU; S); Hilliard & Bum 8390

(E; K; NU; PRE; S); Sim 19746 (NU).

17. Helichrysum albanense Hilliard in

Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 40: 249 (1982).

Type: Cape, Albany distr., between Rie-

beek East and Grahamstown, Bure hell 3534

(G-DC, holo.!; K; PRE, iso.!).

Helichrysum subglomeratum Less. var. imbricatum

DC., Prodr. 6: 186 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 236 (1865);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 249 (1910); Hilliard & Burtt in

Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 32: 362 (1973). Type as

above.

Perennial herb spreading by means of

woody underground runners, flowering

stems up to 400 mm long, erect or

decumbent, simple or virgately branched.

silky, closely leafy. Leaves erect, imbricate,

mostly 8—20 x 2—6 mm, elliptic, apex

obtuse or subacute, mucronate, somewhat

hooked, base half-clasping, upper surface

with thin skin-like indumentum, green

drying grey, lower surface white silky-

tomentose. Heads homogamous, turbinate,

3x2 mm, very many in dense, roundish,

terminal corymbose clusters matted

together with wool at the base, these

clusters congested in a flattish corymbose

cyme mostly 15 — 20 mm across. Involucral

bracts in c. 4 series, graded, outer brown,

inner bright canary-yellow, subopaque,

about equalling flowers, not radiating.

Receptacle very shortly honeycombed.

Flowers 8—12. Achenes not seen, ovaries

glabrous. Pappus bristles few, tips shortly

plumose, bases nude, not cohering. Fig. 18:

3.

Confined to the E. Cape, ranging from Queens-

town south and west to Albany, Uitenhage and

Humansdorp districts, in grassland or shrub communi-

ties, flowering between July and October. Can be

confused with H. glomeratum (below) but easily

distinguished by its differently shaped leaves with

different indumentum and heads containing more

flowers; it also flowers earlier. Map 45.

Vouchers: Acocks 21253 (K; PRE); Hilliard &

Bum 10824 (E; K; MO; NU; S); Long 708 (K; PRE);

Taylor 9540 (PRE); Thode A878 (K; PRE).

18. Helichrysum glomeratum Klatt in

Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 460 (1896); Moeser

7,2: 86

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 87

in Bot. Jb. 44: 249 (1910); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 159 (1977). Lectotype:

Natal, East Griqualand, grassy, stony places

on Malowe Mt, 4 500 ft, Tyson 740 (Z!;

BM; BOL; K; SAM; UPS, isolecto.!).

A rhizomatous perennial herb, stems

solitary or 2 to 3 together, erect to c. 450

mm, commonly simple, rarely forking,

loosely grey-cottony, densely leafy. Radical

leaves (seldom represented in herbaria)

rosetted, spreading, up to 30 x 10 mm,

lanceolate, apex acute to very acute, base

broad, half-clasping, both surfaces en-

veloped in silvery silky, rather ‘stringy’

indumentum, rarely woolly-felted; cauline

leaves similar but smaller (up to 20 x 8

mm), not decreasing in size upwards, erect,

closely imbricate. Heads homogamous,

cylindric, 3—4 x 1 — 1,5 mm, very many in

congested, roundish, corymbose clusters

matted together with wool at the base, these

in turn congested (but not matted) in a

flattish corymbose cyme 20—50 mm across.

Involucral bracts in c. 4 series, graded,

imbricate, outer brownish, inner tipped

bright canary-yellow, about equalling flow-

ers, not radiating, translucent or sub-

opaque. Receptacle with pit margins slightly

produced. Flowers 5—6, yellow. Achenes

MAP 46. — Helichrysum' glomeratum

not seen, ovaries glabrous. Pappus bristles

c. 6, tips shortly plumose, bases nude, not

cohering. Fig. 18:2.

From Lydenburg in the E. highlands of the

Transvaal south to the Orange Free State around

Harrismith and Witsieshoek, the Midlands and

Uplands of Natal. East Griqualand and the Transkei to

the Amatola Mountains in the E. Cape. Often in large

colonies in open grassland; flowering between Feb-

ruary and May, but mainly in March and April. Map

46.

Vouchers: Hilliard & Burn 6549 (E; K; MO; NU;

PRE); Wright 137 (E; M; NU).

19. Helichrysum nanum Klatt in Bull.

Herb. Boissier4: 461 (1896); Moeser in Bot.

Jb. 44: 249 (1910); Hilliard, Compositae in

Natal 159 (1977). Type: Natal [Bulwer],

Amawahqua [Mtn], Wood 4593 (Z, holo.!;

BM; K; NH, iso.!).

A mat-forming perennial herb, main

branches stoloniferous, slender (c. 1,5 mm

diam.), nude, rooting, producing numerous

erect dwarf shoots with closely rosetted

leaves, flowering stems terminal to each

rosette, solitary, erect, 50—120 mm high,

simple or very rarely forked, closely leafy.

Leaves stiff, erect, up to 35 mm long, c. 1

mm broad, linear, apex obtuse, base

broadened, clasping, margins strongly

revolute, both surfaces enveloped in silvery,

sericeous, closely felted indumentum.

Heads homogamous, cylindric, 4—5 x 1,5

mm, many felted together in small

corymbose clusters, these congested, but

not felted, in a terminal cymose-corymbose

cluster 15 — 20 mm across. Involucral bracts

in c. 2 — 3 series, subequal, loosely

imbricate, outer brownish, inner tipped

bright canary-yellow, about equalling

flowers, not radiating, translucent.

Receptacle smooth. Flowers 4—6, yellow.

Achenes c. 1 mm long, obscurely 5-ribbed,

glabrous. Pappus bristles c. 5, slender, tips

shortly plumose, bases nude, not cohering.

Fig. 17: 2.

Ranges from Harrismith district in the Orange

Free State through the foothills of the Natal and

FIG. 18. — 1, Helichrysum albirosulatum, part of whole plant, x 1; la, head, x 8 (Hoener 2186). 2, H.

glomeratum, whole plant, x 0,5; 2a, leaf, x 1; 2b, head, x 13; 2c, flower, x 13; 2d, pappus bristle, x 13 ( Hilliard

& Burn 6549). 3, H. albanense, leaf, x 1 {Hilliard & Burn 10824). 4, H. subfalcatum, part of whole plant, x 1, 4a,

head, x 8; 4b, hermaphrodite flower, x 10; 4c, female flower, x 10; 4d, pappus bristle, x 10 (Hilliard 4809).

7,2: 88

INULEAE

Transkei Drakensberg to the Cape Drakensberg at

Naudes Nek, Maclear and Ugie. Forms extensive mats

in poor stony grassland or over rock sheets, and will

colonize bare eroded areas. Flowers in March and

April, sometimes as late as July. Map 47.

MAP 47. — Helichrysum nanum

Vouchers: Edwards 3091 (NU; PRE); Hilliard

5520 (E; K; NU; S); Wright 146 (E; NH; NU).

20. Helichrysum ephelos Hilliard in

Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 40: 254 (1982).

Type: Natal, Lion’s River distr., Fort

Nottingham Commonage, c. 1675 m, 4 v

1977, Hilliard & Burn 10329 (NU, holo.!; E;

K; MO; PRE; S, iso.!).

Mat-forming perennial herb, main

stems stoloniferous, rooting and branching

freely, producing numerous leaf rosettes,

flowering stems decumbent then erect,

300 — 400 mm long, simple, sil-

very sericeous, appressed-leafy. Radical

leaves rosetted, mostly 40 — 100 x 3 — 10 mm,

linear-lanceolate, apex obtuse or subacute,

base broad, clasping, upper surface with

thin ‘tissue-paper’ indumentum, lower white

silky-felted; cauline leaves much reduced, c.

10 — 30 x 1,5 — 3 mm, degenerating upwards

into bracts, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute

to acuminate, enveloped in silky

indumentum webbed to the stem, only leaf

tips free. Heads homogamous, c. 5 X 2 mm,

many lightly webbed together in a very

congested, terminal, cymose cluster c.

15 — 25 mm across. Involucral bracts in c. 3

series, loosely imbricate, outer shorter,

pellucid, tips light brown, inner subequal,

equalling flowers, tips very obtuse,

canary-yellow, not radiating. Receptacle

shortly honeycombed. Flowers 7—10.

Achenes 1 mm long, glabrous. Pappus

bristles many, shortly plumose in upper

half, bases nude, not cohering.

Recorded only from Fort Nottingham

Commonage in Natal and the top of Mt Insizwa, Mt

Ayliff district, Transkei. Forms large mats on damp

earth banks and tussocks at the marshy sources of

streams; flowering in May. Map 48.

MAP 48. — Helichrysum ephelos

Voucher: Hilliard & Burtt 7307 (E; NU).

21. Helichrysum subfalcatum Hilliard

in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 32: 361 (1973),

Compositae in Natal 163 (1977). Type:

Natal, Estcourt distr., Highmoor Forest

Reserve, spur running E. from Giant’s

Castle, c. 8 000 ft., Hilliard 4809 (NU,

holo.!; E, iso.!).

Mat-forming perennial herb, main

stems branching, prostrate, rooting, pro-

ducing numerous congested leaf rosettes,

flowering stems terminal, 10 — 200 mm long,

simple, distantly leafy upwards. Leaves

30—60 x 2—7 mm, generally narrowly

lanceolate, rarely linear, often conduplicate

and slightly falcate, apex acute, base broad,

clasping, indumentum smooth, sericeous,

stripping like tissue-paper, upper surface

green drying grey, lower silvery white.

Heads heterogamous, cylindric, c. 4 x 3

INULEAE

7,2: 89

mm, many webbed together in a congested

terminal cluster 15 — 20 mm across, Involuc-

ral bracts in c. 3 series, subequal, loosely

imbricate, equalling the flowers, transluc-

ent, outer brownish, all tipped bright

canary-yellow, obtuse, not radiating. Re-

ceptacle shortly honeycombed. Flowers c.

10—17, 2—4 , 7—14 yellow. Achenes

0,75mm long, with myxogenic duplex hairs.

Pappus bristles 3—5, tips shortly plumose,

bright yellow, shaft nude, bases not coher-

ing. Fig. 18:4.

Recorded along the Natal Drakensberg from the

headwaters of the Umzimkulu (Mashai Pass and

Wilson’s Cave area) and Sani Pass, all in Underberg

district, to Mont aux Sources, Bergville district, c.

2 100 to 3 200 m. Grows on steep stony mountain

slopes and tops, often in large colonies; flowering

between January and March. Map 49.

MAP 49. — Helichrysum subfalcatum

Vouchers: Hilliard 4815 (E; K; NU; PRE);

Schelpe 1387 (NU); Wright 383 (E; K; M; NU; S).

22. Helichrysum albirosulatum Killick

in Bothalia 7: 23 (1958); Hilliard, Composit-

ae in Natal 162 (1977). Type: Natal,

Bergville distr., Cathedral Peak Forest

Research Station, Killick 1919 (PRE,

holo.!; K, iso.!).

Prostrate well-branched shrublet, main

branches bare, up to 10 mm diam., with

numerous erect leafy dwarf lateral bran-

ches, flowering branches up to 120 mm long,

often decumbent then erect, silvery-white

felted, closely leafy throughout. Leaves at

first rosetted at the branch tips, up to 25 x 6

mm, spathulate, apex rounded or subacute,

slightly recurved, base half-clasping, both

surfaces enveloped in silvery white, slightly

glossy, very closely felted indumentum,

stem leaves similar but often smaller and

narrower. Heads homogamous, subcylin-

dric, c. 4 x 2—3 mm, many felted together

at the base in a congested, rounded,

corymbose cluster 10—20 mm across. Invo-

lucral bracts in c. 3 series, loosely imbricate,

about equalling flowers, obtuse, not radia-

ting, translucent, pale yellow washed

golden-brown outside. Receptacle shortly

honeycombed. Flowers c. 8—26, yellow.

Achenes 1 mm, with myxogenic duplex

hairs. Pappus bristles c. 6 — 10, tips plumose,

shaft nude, bases not cohering. Fig. 18: 1.

Recorded along the Natal Drakensberg from

Cathedral Peak (Bergville district) to Underberg

district, with one collection from Bazeia Mountain near

Engcobo, Transkei. Appears to be confined to Cave

Sandstone, sprawling over platforms of this rock.

Flowers between January and March. Map 50.

MAP 50. — Helichrysum albirosulatum

Vouchers: Hilliard & Burtt 9719 (E; NU); Hoener

2186 (E; NU); Wright 455 (E; K; M; NH; NU).

7,2: 90

INULEAE

Group 7

Similar to Group 6, differing in pappus of many bristles, with subplumose tips and

bases cohering by patent cilia.

Species 23 — 24, on the mountains from Natal and Lesotho to the E. Cape on rocks or in short stony turf.

la Leaves broadly spathulate, ovaries glabrous 23. H. alticolum

lb Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, often conduplicate and falcate, ovaries hairy 24. H. nimbicola

23. Helichrysum alticolum H. Bol. in

Trans. S. Afr. phil. Soc. 18: 386 (1907);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 250 (1910). Type:

Cape, Stockenstrom div., old Katberg Pass,

c. 1650 m, Galpin 2397 (BOL, holo.!; K;

PRE, iso.!).

H. alticolum var. montanum H. Bol. in Trans. S.

Afr. phil. Soc. 18: 386 (1907); Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44:

250 (1910); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 161 (1977).

Lectotype: Natal, Drakensberg, summit Mont aux

Sources, 11 000 ft, March 1898, Evans 742 (BOL!; K;

NH; PRE, isolecto.!).

A mat-forming perennial herb, main

stems up to 4 mm diam., older parts nude,

younger densely clothed in greyish-white

silky-woolly indumentum, stoloniferous,

giving rise to numerous dwarf branches

with closely rosetted leaves, flowering stems

lateral, c. 20—50 ( — 100) mm long, leafy.

Leaves spathulate, up to 45 x 15 mm, apex

rounded, base broad, half-clasping, both

surfaces closely greyish-white woolly-felted,

the upper surface sometimes merely cob-

webby (but glandular) with age. Heads

homogamous, c. 5—6 mm long, 3 mm

across, subcylindric, many in a subglobose

terminal cluster 10—20 mm across, their

bases felted together with grey wool.

Involucral bracts in c. 4 series, subequal,

very loosely imbricate, about equalling the

flowers, spreading at the top but not

radiating, glossy, bright canary-yellow, the

outermost sometimes brownish. Receptacle

with pit margins slightly produced. Flowers

4—6, yellow. Achenes c. 1,5 mm, ellipsoid,

obscurely ribbed, glabrous. Pappus bristles

many, slightly flattened, tips subplumose,

bases cohering lightly by patent cilia. Fig.

19: 2.

Recorded from Khotjoane Pass in northern

Lesotho and the nearby Mont aux Sources area, thence

along the Natal Drakensberg as far south as Loteni,

then a disjunction to old Katberg Pass between

Seymour and Cathcart. The plants generally form big

mats on cliff faces, rock platforms or stony ground

between c. 1 900 and 3 200 m above sea level; the type

specimen, from old Katberg Pass, is laxer, with longer

flowering stems than usual, but it is surely no more than

a particularly well-grown plant from a lower altitude (c.

1650 m). May flower in September and October, but

more usually between February and April. Map 51.

MAP 51. — Helichrysum alticolum

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 18680 (BOL); Hilliard

5001 (E; K; NH; NU); Schelpe 1341 (E; NU); Trauseld

773 (NU); Wright 506 (E; NU).

24. Helichrysum nimbicola Hilliard in

Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 40: 262 (1982).

Type: Natal-Lesotho border, Sani Pass,

2850 m, on steep stony grass slopes, 18 ii

1973, Hilliard 5334 (NU, holo.!; E; K; MO;

PRE; S, iso.!).

Tufted perennial herb forming small

mats, main stems decumbent, rooting.

FIG. 19.-1, Helichrysum nimbicola, part of whole plant, x 0,7; la, head, x 10; lb, flower, x 8; lc, pappus

bristle, x 8 ( Hilliard 5334). 2, H. alticolum, part of whole plant, x 1; 2a, head, x 6,6; 2b, flower, x 6,6; 2c, pappus

bristle, x 6,6 ( Trauseld 773).

INULEAE

7,2: 91

7,2: 92

INULEAE

flowering stems erect, 100—150 mm long,

simple, densely leafy near base, becoming

distantly so then bracteate near tips. Leaves

mostly 25—40 x 4—7 mm, half the length

petiolar, blade elliptic-lanceolate, often

conduplicate and falcate, tip acute, base

narrowed to a broad flat clasping petiole,

both surfaces grey woolly-felted. Heads

homogamous, cylindric, 3—4 x 1,5 — 2 mm,

many closely congested and felted together

into a flat-topped glomerule 15—20 mm

across at the stem tip. Involucral bracts in

3—4 series, graded, loosely imbricate, about

equalling flowers, pellucid, pale golden

brown, tips very obtuse, concave, not

radiating. Receptacle shortly honeycombed.

Flowers 4—6, yellow. Achenes 0,75 mm

long, with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus

bristles many, equalling corolla, upper part

subplumose, yellow, bases cohering strongly

by patent cilia. Fig. 19: 1.

Known from only four collections on the high

Lesotho plateau: the summit of Mount aux Sources, at

the top of Mashai Pass and the top of Sani Pass at c.

2 800 m, and from Tselanyane, Butha Buthe district, c.

2 750 m, in stony turf, flowering in February. Similar in

aspect to H. subfalcatum (no. 21), with which it may be

found growing, but easily distinguished by its different

indumentum, homogamous heads, and different pap-

pus. Map 52.

MAP 52. — Helichrysum nimbicola

Vouchers: Hilliard & Burtt 10479 (NU); Jacot

Guillarmod 4223 (RUH).

Group 8

Bushy shrubs, subshrubs, or rarely perennial herbs; leaves linear to lanceolate, small;

heads homogamous or heterogamous (sometimes in the same species), 2,5—4 x 1—3 mm,

in cymose clusters arranged in corymbose panicles; involucral bracts either not radiating or

minutely radiating, white, yellow, or tawny; receptacle fimbrilliferous; flowers 6—45, 0—18

9, 9 sometimes outnumbering 9> corolla of 9 flowers funnel-shaped, of $ flowers

narrowly tubular with a conspicuous limb; achenes glabrous; pappus bristles scabrid, bases

cohering by patent cilia, or rarely wanting.

Species 25-33, mainly in Southern Africa, but H. kraussii is mainly tropical (Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and

Mozambique) reaching the Transvaal and coastal Natal, H. polycladum occurs in Zimbabwe as well as the

Transvaal, Natal and Swaziland, H. aureonitens reaches Angola; while H. melanacme is closely allied to species in

tropical Africa. Found mostly in rough grassland and shrub communities.

la Involucral bracts brownish, tawny, straw-coloured or yellow:

2a Leaves linear, margins strongly revolute; stiffly branched shrublet 25. H. kraussii

2b Leaves (ignore uppermost reduced ones) linear-lanceolate, linear, oblong or more or less elliptic,

margins flat or weakly revolute; soft-wooded tufted perennial herbs or subshrubs, branches often

tangled:

3a Leaves oblong or oblong-spathulate, obtuse or subacute, both surfaces appressed-woolly ; heads

campanulate 27. H. aureonitens

3b Leaves either linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, very acute to acuminate, heads cylindric or

campanulate; or linear-oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate and then upper surface with

thin papery indumentum and heads cylindric:

4a Tips of at least the inner involucral bracts yellow:

INULEAE

7,2: 93

5a Leaves (ignore uppermost reduced ones) linear-oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute or rarely

acuminate, upper surface clad in paper-like indumentum 26. H. cymosum

5b Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, very acute to acuminate, upper

surface glabrous, cobwebby or woolly:

6a Leaves glabrous or cobwebby above, tips of involucral bracts smooth or nearly so

28. H. tenuiculum

6b Leaves woolly-felted on both surfaces, tips of involucral bracts well crisped, more or less

squarrose 32. H. simillimum

4b Tips of at least the inner involucral bracts straw-coloured or tawny:

7a Female flowers either wanting or fewer than the hermaphrodite:

8a Leaves glabrous or thinly cobwebby above, tips of involucral bracts smooth or nearly so.

flowers 8— 14 28. H. tenuiculum

8b Leaves woolly or at least cobwebby above, tips of involucral bracts crisped, flowers (15 — )

20—45 29. H. melanacme

7b Female flowers 2— 4 times as many as hermaphrodite 30. H. interjacens

lb Involucral bracts white or dirty white:

9a Leaves up to 2 mm broad; female flowers outnumbering hermaphrodite 31. H. polycladum

9b Leaves mostly 3 — 5 mm broad (ignore uppermost reduced leaves); female flowers fewer than

hermaphrodite:

10a Leaves acuminate; heads c. 3—4 mm long, involucral bracts more or less squarrose

32. H. simillimum

10b Leaves acute; heads c. 2,5 mm long, involucral bracts not squarrose 33. H. helianthemifolium

25. Helichrysum kraussii Sch. Bip. in

Flora, Regensburg 27, 2: 679 (1844); Harv.

in F.C. 3: 249 (1865); Wood, Natal Plants 3,

3: 21, t. 269 (1902); Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44:

252 (1910); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal

166 (1977). Type: Natal Bay [Durban],

Krauss 459 (P, holo.!; G; K; M; TCD;

fragment PRE, iso.!).

Gnaphalium kraussii (Sch. Bip.) Sch. Bip. in Bot.

Ztg 3: 173 (1845).

Achyrocline steetzii Vatke in Ost. bot. Zeitschr.

27: 194 (1877). Helichrysum steetzii (Vatke) O. Floffm.

in Bolm Soc. Broteriana 13: 25 (1896). Type:

Mozambique, Inhambane, Peters s.n. (B+).

A. batocana Oliv. & Hiern in F.T.A. 3: 339 (1877).

Type: Zambia, Batoka country, Kirk (K, holo.!).

Bushy aromatic shrublet up to 1 m tall,

branches stiff, thinly greyish-white felted,

glabrescent, closely leafy. Leaves spreading

or re flexed, up to 20 x 2 mm, sessile, linear,

apex acute, mucronate, margins strongly

revolute, sometimes nearly obscuring the

lower surface, upper surface cobwebby,

glabrescent, lower white-felted. Heads

heterogamous or homogamous, sometimes

on one plant, cylindric, c. 3,5 x 1 mm, very

many in dense cymose clusters corymbose-

paniculately arranged at the branch tips.

Involucral bracts in c. 5 series, graded,

closely imbricate, about equalling flowers.

not radiating, glossy, pale lemon-yellow or

straw-coloured. Receptacle with fimbrils

equalling ovary. Flowers 5—6, 0—2 $, 3—5

pale yellow. Achenes not seen, ovaries

glabrous. Pappus bristles many, scabrid, a

little shorter than corolla, bases cohering

strongly by patent cilia. Fig. 20:1.

MAP 53. — Helichrysum kraussii

Widespread in south tropical Africa, from

southern Angola through Zambia and Zimbabwe to

7,2: 94

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 95

Mozambique and the Transvaal, reaching the southern

limit of its range in coastal Natal just south of Durban.

Usually in dense stands, in sandy grassland or open

woodland; flowering from June to September. Often

has fluffy white galls at the branch tips. Map 53.

Sometimes confused with H. cymosum (below),

but easily distinguished by its very different leaves.

Vouchers: Acocks 10878 (PRE); Hilliard 4761 (E;

K; NU; PRE); Strey 6790 (NU).

26. Helichrysum cymosum (L.) D.

Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. 223 (1826), in

Loudon, Hort. Brit. 342 (1830); Less., Syn.

Comp. 302 (1832); Harv. in F.C. 3: 245

(1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 256 (1910);

Batten & Bokelmann, Wild Flow. E. Cape

Prov. 152, plate 122, 2 (1966); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 168 (1977). Type:

Cape of Good Hope, Gnaphalium sheet no.

7 in herb. Hort. Cliff. (BM!).

Gnaphalium cymosum L., Sp. PI. 855 (1753).

Lepiscline cymosum (L.) Cass., Diet. Sci. nat. 26: 49

(1823).

G. spadiceum Lam., Encycl. 2: 753 (1788). Type:

Cape of Good Hope (P-LAM!).

G. cernuum Thunb., Prodr. 150 (1800), FI. Cap. 654

(1823). Type: Table Mountain, Thunberg (sheet 19113,

UPS!).

Helichrysum subdecurrens DC., Prodr. 6: 202

(1838). Gnaphalium subdecurrens (DC.) Sch. Bip. in

Bot. Ztg 3: 172 (1845), non DC. (1834). Type: Cape,

near George, on Cradock Berg, 12 ix 1814, Burchell

5970 (G-DC, holo.!; K, iso.!).

H. parviflorum var. aureum DC., Prodr. 6: 203

(1838). H. cymosum var. pauciflorum Harv. in F.C.

3: 246 (1865). Lectotype: Cape, Uitenhage, Burchell

4226 (G-DC! misquoted by DC. as 4216).

H. cymosum var. minus [Sond. ex] Harv. in F.C. 3:

246 (1865). Type: Cape, Zeyher 883 (S, holo.!; E; K,

iso.!).

Two subspecies are recognized:

la Heads with 6—20 flowers, fimbrils more than

twice as long as ovary, pappus copious

(a) subsp. cymosum

lb Heads with 4 — 7 flowers, fimbrils about as

long as ovary, pappus wanting. . . (b) subsp. calvum

(a) subsp. cymosum.

A well-branched spreading subshrub up

to 1 m tall, branches long, often decumbent

at the base then erect, thinly greyish-white

woolly, densely leafy, becoming peduncu-

loid upwards. Leaves very variable, mostly

8—15 (—45) x 2—4 ( — 15) mm, becoming

smaller and more distant upwards, elliptic-

oblong or linear-oblong, apex acute, some-

times acuminate, mucronate, slightly nar-

rowed to a half-clasping, subdecurrent base,

margins flat or subrevolute, upper surface

clothed in thin silvery grey sericeous

indumentum that will strip like a skin (and

sometimes does), rarely woolly-felted,

lower surface closely white-woolly. Heads

heterogamous or sometimes homogamous,

cylindric, mostly c. 3 x 1 mm, sometimes up

to 4,5 x 3 mm, many in compact cymes

corymbose-paniculately arranged at, the

branch tips. Involucral bracts in c. 4 series,

graded, closely imbricate, inner about

equalling flowers, not radiating, translu-

cent, glossy, bright canary-yellow, tips

generally smooth. Receptacle with fimbrils

exceeding the ovaries. Flowers 6—12 ( — 20),

0—4 $, 3—12 ( — 20) <£, yellow. Achenes

0,75 mm, broadly cylindric, glabrous.

Pappus bristles many, scabrid, bases cohe-

ring strongly by patent cilia. Fig. 20:2.

MAP 54. — • Helichrysum cymosum subsp. cymosum

o Helichrysum cymosum subsp. calvum

FIG. 20. — 1, Helichrysum kraussii, flowering branch, x 1; la, leaf, margins revolute, x 3,3; lb, head, x 13

( Tosh NU 30706). 2, H. cymosum subsp. cymosum, flowering branch, x 1; 2a, leaf, x 3,3; 2b, head, x 13 (Hilliard

& Burtt 12449). 3, H. melanacme, flowering branch, x 1; 3a, leaf, x 2; 3b, head, x 13; 3c, hermaphrodite flower,

x 17; 3d, female flower, x 17; 3e, pappus bristle, x 17 (Hilliard & Burtt 11240). 4, H. simillimum, part of plant, x

1; 4a, leaf, x 2; 4b, head, x 10 (Rennie 358).

7,2: 96

INULEAE

//. cymosum subsp. cymosum ranges from the SW.

Cape, including the Peninsula, eastwards along the

coast and the coastal mountain ranges, then north-east

both along the coast and inland to Albany district,

Katberg and the Amatola Mountains, and as far as

Lake St Lucia in Natal. Occurs up to c. 1 500 m above

sea level in the Cape mountains, but not above 600 m in

Natal. Also recorded from Rustenburg Kloof in the

south-western Transvaal, but this needs confirmation; a

pencil note on the sheet suggests the label is wrong.

Grows in big straggling clumps, often in moist places,

such as hollows between the coastal dunes, in shrub

communities, both in the Cape scrub and on forest

margins. Flowers between September and April. Map

54.

Vouchers: Acocks 11109 and 22975 (PRE);

Esterhuysen 20764 (BOL; PRE); Flanagan 417 (PRE);

Hilliard & Bunt 6061 (E; K; MO; NU; S); Wright 976

(E; K; NH; NU; M).

H. cymosum subsp. cymosum shows considerable

variation in head size. Heads are commonly c. 3 x 1

mm but larger-headed plants occur erratically from the

Cape Peninsula to the Umzimkulu River on Natal’s

southern border, and, from the herbarium records,

appear often to grow with the typical small-headed

plant. This increase in head size is due, not to an

increase in flower number, but to an increase in flower

size: corolla length ranges from 2—3,5 mm, and there is

a corresponding increase in corolla width.

H. cymosum can be recognized by its cylindric

heads with canary-yellow bracts, and leaf shape and

indumentum; the leaves are generally elliptic-oblong to

linear-oblong with acute tips, the upper surface covered

with paper-like indumentum. Only rarely are the leaves

(apart from the uppermost ones) acuminate or the

upper leaf surface cobwebby or thinly woolly. Salter

9036 (BOL; PRE; SAM), 9065 (SAM) and 9789 (BM),

collected at Kirstenbosch, are anomalous in that the

heads are like those of H. cymosum but the leaves

resemble those of H. tenuiculum (no. 28); H.

tenuiculum has not been recorded from the Peninsula,

so it is unlikely that crossing has taken place. The

specimens possibly represent no more than a shade

form of H. cymosum. Taylor 4610 (PRE) from

Jonkershoek Forestry Reserve, Stellenbosch, also has

exceptionally large acuminate leaves.

H. melanacme (no. 29) is sometimes confused with

H. cymosum. The leaves of H. melanacme are

lanceolate, acuminate, and usually thinly woolly above,

therefore leaf shape and indumentum will distinguish

most specimens of H. cymosum from H. melanacme.

Furthermore, the involucral bracts of H. melanacme

are tawny or sometimes straw-coloured, the tips

crisped, not smooth or nearly so as they usually are in

H. cymosum. Confusion can also arise with H.

tenuiculum (no. 28); see under that species.

Hedberg (Symb. bot. Upsal. 15, 1: 203, 1957)

reduced the tropical African ‘H. fruticosum (Forsk.)

Vatke’ (that is, Gnaphalium forskahlii J.F. Gmel.) to

subspecific rank under H. cymosum , but the relation-

ship of this species lies with H. melanacme not with H.

cymosum (see Hilliard & Burtt in Notes R. bot. Gdn

Edinb. 38, 1: 145, 1980).

(b) subsp. calvum Hilliard in Notes R.

bot. Gdn Edinb. 32,3: 346 (1973) Com-

positae in Natal 169 (1977). Type: Natal-

Lesotho border, summit of Drakensberg in

vicinity of Bushman’s River pass, c. 3050 m,

Wright 447 (E, holo.!; NU, iso.!).

H. infaustum var. discolor Moeser in Bot. Jb.

44: 246 (1910). Types: Natal, Cooper 2592 (K!);

Greytown, Wood 1013 (BM! E!) and 4323 (G! K! Z!);

Transvaal, Sandspruit, Rehmann 6872 (K! Z!).

Differs from typical H. cymosum in its

generally more crowded and often narrower

leaves, smaller heads (4—7 flowers in a

head, against 6 — 12), generally shorter

fimbrils (about as long as the ovary, against

about two and a half times as long), and lack

of pappus bristles. It can be confused with

H. griseolanatum (no. 11) and H infaustum

(no. 10), but is easily distinguished by its

glabrous ovaries.

Subsp. calvum ranges along the Drakensberg from

about Saalboom Nek, Barkly Pass and Maclear in the

E. Cape, along the Natal-Lesotho border to the low

Berg near Volksrust and Wakkerstroom in the SE.

Transvaal and around Ficksburg and Harrismith in the

Orange Free State, and Maseru, Berea and Butha

Buthe districts in Lesotho; also on Ngeli Mt on the

Transkei-Natal border and the mountain spurs running

out to Greytown and Nkandhla in Natal. Flowers from

December to March. Forms low, spreading clumps in

stony grassland or on steep turf slopes, between 1 200

and 3 170 m above sea level. At high altitudes the

plants are, not unexpectedly, much more compact than

typical H. cymosum from the coast, but at lower

altitudes the two look so much alike that dissection is

needed to separate them. Map 54.

Vouchers: Acocks 20176 (PRE); Devenish 829

(PRE); Hilliard & Burtt 6678 (E; K; MO; NU; PRE;

S).

27. Helichrysum aureonitens Sch. Bip.

in Flora, Regensburg 27: 680 (1844); Harv.

in F.C. 3: 247 (1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb.

44: 285 (1910); Compton, FI. Swaziland

628 (1976); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal

171 (1977). Type: Natal Bay, July, Krauss

280 (P, holo.!; G; K; M; TCD; iso.!).

Gnaphalium aureonitens (Sch. Bip.) Sch. Bip. in

Bot. Ztg 3: 173 (1845).

Helichrysum helodes Hiern, Cat. Afr. Welw. PI.

3: 561 (1898). Types: Angola, Huilla, Morro de

Lo polio, Welwitsch 3502 (BM!) and 3503 (BM! K!).

Tufted perennial herb, whole plant

greyish-white appressed woolly, stems up to

c. 300 mm tall, slender, simple or sparingly

branched from a creeping stock, leafy

throughout. Leaves up to 20 (—30) X 3 (—6)

mm, slightly smaller upwards, oblong or

INULEAE

7,2: 97

oblong-spathulate, apex subacute or obtuse,

base broad, half-clasping, margins flat or

subrevolute. Heads heterogamous, cam-

panulate, c. 4 x 3 mm, up to c. 30 in

compact corymbose clusters at the branch

tips. Involucral bracts in c. 3 series, graded,

imbricate, mostly obtuse, inner about

equalling flowers, not radiating, outer

shorter, woolly at base, all pellucid, yellow

often washed pale brown. Receptacle with

fimbrils about equalling ovaries. Flowers

37-57, 13-23 $, 21-37 $. Achenes less

than 0,5 mm, glabrous. Pappus bristles

many, equalling corolla, scabrid, bases

cohering by patent cilia.

Widespread, from Huila in Angola to the

Transvaal Highveld and eastern highlands, Swaziland,

western Lesotho, Orange Free State, Natal and the

eastern Cape about as far south as King William’s

Town and the Amatola Mts. Also recorded from

southernmost Mozambique. Common, often forming

extensive colonies visible from afar as grey patches in

grassland, flowering between September and February.

Map 55.

MAP 55. — Helichrysum aureonitens

Vouchers: Codd 3180 (NU; PRE); Devenish 1603

(E; MO; NU); Moll 2547 (NU; PRE).

28. Helichrysum tenuiculum DC.,

Prodr. 6: 203 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 246

(1865). Type: Cape, Drakensteensberg, Du

Toit’s Kloof, Drege 5747 (G-DC, holo.!;

BM; E; TCD; S, iso.!).

A tufted perennial herb or subshrub,

stems wiry, branching mostly near the base,

decumbent and rooting, then more or less

erect to c. 500 mm, thinly greyish-white

woolly, closely leafy, more distantly so

under the heads. Leaves mostly 8—35 x

1—5 mm, smaller and more distant towards

the heads, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,

apex acuminate, base broad, ear-clasping,

subdecurrent, margins somewhat revolute,

glabrous or thinly cobwebby above, thinly

white-woolly below. Heads heterogamous,

or rarely homogamous, cylindric or narrow-

ly campanulate, c. 3 x 2 mm, many in

cymose clusters arranged in a usually

compact, sometimes lax, terminal

corymbose-panicle. Involucral bracts in c. 4

series, graded, closely imbricate, inner

nearly equalling the flowers, tips obtuse,

smooth or nearly so, scarcely radiating,

translucent, straw-coloured or the inner

yellow. Receptacle with fimbrils equalling

the ovaries. Flowers 8 — 14, (0—) 1—3

7—11 Achenes c. 0.5 mm long, barrel-

shaped, glabrous. Pappus bristles many,

about equalling the corolla, scabrid, bases

cohering by patent cilia.

Recorded only from the Cape, on the mountains

near Paarl (Drakensteen Mountains and Seven Sisters

Mountains) to the Koudebokkeveld Mountains near

Citrusdal, and the mountains about Murraysburg and

Graaff-Reinet. Rarely collected. Grows on slopes, in

moist places near streams, flowering in January and

February. Map 56.

MAP 56. — o Helichrysum tenuiculum

• Helichrysum melanacme

® sympatric

7,2: 98

INULEAE

H. tenuiculum is sometimes confused with H.

cymosum (no. 26) but is distinguished by its generally

differently shaped leaves with different indumentum,

and heads with bracts either tawny, or the outer tawny

or brownish, the inner yellow. See also H. melanacme ,

below.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 21113 (BOL; NBG; NU)

and 21180 (BOL; NBG; PRE); Tyson 161 (BM); Wall

245 (S).

Esterhuysen 29573 (BOL; K; NU; Oudtshoorn

distr. , peaklet at the top of the Swartberg Pass, gully on

south side, 2 vi 1962) is close to H. tenuiculum , which it

resembles in facies and leaf indumentum, but the heads

are larger and broadly campanulate (flowers c. 18 — 21,

2—3 $, 16—18 9) an£i the leaves are narrowed to the

base and are not ear-clasping. Its status will remain

uncertain until these southern Cape mountains are

better collected.

29. Helichrysum melanacme DC.,

Prodr. 6: 203 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 246

(1865); Hilliard & Burtt in Notes R. bot.

Gdn Edinb. 38: 145 (1980). Type: Cape

Wittebergen, Drege 5767 (G-DC, holo.!).

Gnaphalium melanacme (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg

3: 172 (1845).

Gnaphalium kuntzei O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI.

3,2: 152 (1898). Helichrysum kuntzei (O. Kuntze)

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 279 (1910). Type: Natal,

Charlestown, O. Kuntze (K, iso.!).

Helichrysum pullulum Burtt Davy in J1 S. Afr. Bot.

1: 109 (1935). Type: Cape [Natal], Umzimkulu River

at Handcock’s Drift, 2 500 ft., Dec. 1885, Tyson 3086

(K, holo.!; Z, iso.! Note: the SAM specimen under this

number is H. cymosum).

H. tenuiculum sensu Hilliard, Compositae in Natal

169 (1977); non DC.

H. melanacme is closely allied to H.

tenuiculum (no. 28) but is distinguished by

its leaves, which are nearly always woolly or

cobwebby above, and its heads with

involucral bracts tawny (or very rarely the

innermost yellowish), tips always decidedly

crisped, and more numerous flowers, (15 — )

20-45, 6-18 9, 12-32 $. Fig. 20:3.

Ranges from the mountains about Murraysburg

and Graaff-Reinet to the Witteberg near Lady Grey,

the Drakensberg and its outliers in East Griqualand,

Transkei, Lesotho, Orange Free State and Natal, the

low Drakensberg on the Natal-Transvaa! border, and

the mountains of western Swaziland; also recorded

from Suikerbosrand and Greylingstad on the Transvaal

Highveld. Map 56.

Forms large tangled clumps on grassy mountain

slopes or near forest margins; flowering from

December to April. Plants in moist shady places, such

as forest margins, have larger and less woolly leaves

and are of laxer habit than plants out in the open.

The areas of H. melanacme and H. tenuiculum

overlap in the Murraysburg-Graaff-Reinet area: Tyson

collected both species near Murraysburg ( Tyson 162,

BM, BOL, is H. melanacme , while Tyson 161, BM, is

H. tenuiculum and is in very young bud, while Tyson

162 is in full flower). Drege collected a specimen from

the Camdeboo Mountains that is possibly H. mela-

nacme, but it is only in very young bud.

Vouchers: Acocks 23609 (PRE); Compton 24827

(NBG; PRE); Devenish 573 (PRE); Hilliard & Burtt

7670 (E; K; MO; NU; S); Schlechter 6501 (BOL).

30. Helichrysum interjacens Hilliard in

Notes R. bot. Gdn- Edinb. 40: 256 (1982).

Type: Natal, Ngotshe distr., Itala Nature

Reserve, c. 1 525 m, in damp cracks in rock

domes, 4 iv 1977, Hilliard & Burtt 10021

(NU holo.!; E; K; MO; S, iso.!).

Bushy perennial herb or subshrub c.

600 mm tall, much branched from the base,

branches long, thin, brittle, thinly white-

woolly, closely leafy. Leaves mostly 15 — 20

x 2—2,5 mm, diminishing upwards and

becoming more distant below the heads,

linear-lanceolate, acuminate, base broad,

half-clasping, eared, margins more or less

revolute, upper surface cobwebby-woolly,

lower more densely so. Heads heterogam-

ous, campanulate, 3 x 1,5—2 mm, many

in compact corymbose panicles. Involucral

bracts in 5 series, graded, imbricate, inner

about equalling flowers, light straw colour,

tips obtuse, semi-pellucid, crisped, minutely

radiating. Receptacle with fimbrils much

exceeding ovaries. Flowers 13—25, 9 — 17 9>

3 — 8 9- Achenes 0,75 mm long, cylindric,

obscurely ribbed, glabrous. Pappus bristles

INULEAE

7,2: 99

many, equalling corolla, scabridulous, bases

cohering by patent cilia.

Recorded from the E. and S.E. Transvaal on Long

Tom Pass (2530 CA), at Lochiel (2630 BB) and the

farm Rusfontein, Wakkerstroom district (2730 AB),

Mbabane in Swaziland, Itala and Ngomc in Northern

Natal (2731 CB and CD). Favours crevices in rock

outcrops; flowering in March and April. Map 57.

H. interjacens may be of hybrid origin between H.

melanacme (above) and H. polycladum (below): it is

known from only a small geographical area where the

ranges of these two species overlap, and may grow in

close proximity to one or both of its putative parents. It

closely resembles H. melanacme in general facies, but is

readily distinguished by $ flowers in a head far

outnumbering 9; also, where these two species have

been recorded together, H. interjacens has decidedly

paler involucral bracts' than H. melanacme. H.

polycladum is easily distinguished from both by its

much narrower leaves and white involucral bracts.

Vouchers: Compton 27730 (BM; M; NBG; NU;

PRE); 25786 (NBG; PRE); Devenish 1696 (E; NU);

Hilliard & Burn 9852 (E; K; NU; PRE; S).

31. Helichrysum polycladum Klatt in

Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 837 (1896); Moeser

in Bot. Jb. 44: 281 (1910); Compton, FI.

Swaziland 634 (1976). Type: Transvaal,

Mpome [Mparneberg fide Jl. S. Afr. Bot.

30: 135, 1964], Schlechter 4-125 (Z, holo.!;

BM; BOL; G; GRA; PRE; S; iso.!).

Bushy herb forming thick rounded

clumps up to 1 m tall and as much across.

Stems long, thin, sometimes tangled,

woody, brittle, thinly greyish-white woolly,

gland-dotted, closely leafy. Leaves mostly

7-22 x 1 (—2) mm or less, diminishing

slightly upwards, linear-lanceolate, apex

acuminate, mucronate, base broad, some-

what eared, margins revolute, upper surface

more or less loosely white-woolly, often

glabrescent, lower persistently loosely

white-woolly, gland-dotted. Heads hetero-

gamous, c. 3 x 1,5 mm, cylindric, some

woolly hairs at base, many in compact

corymbose panicles. Involucral bracts in 5

series, imbricate, graded, inner about

equalling flowers, oblong-lanceolate, pellu-

cid, tips subacute, opaque, dirty white,

crisped, radiating. Receptacle with fimbrils

much exceeding the ovaries. Flowers 9—15,

6— 10 $, 1— 5 £ . Achenes 0,5 mm, cylindric,

obscurely ribbed, glabrous. Pappus bristles

many, equalling corolla, scabridulous, bases

cohering by patent cilia.

Recorded from high ground in the Transvaal (from

the Blouberg and Soutpansberg south to the low

Drakensberg on the Transvaal-Natal border, and from

Heidelberg, Johannesburg and Rustenburg on the

Highveld), from the environs of Mbabane in Swazi-

land, and Itala near Louwsburg in northern Natal. Also

in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. Favours rocky

sites, flowering in March, April and May. Easily

recognized by its narrow leaves, small heads with

white, crisped involucral bracts, and 9 versus 9

flowers in the proportion 2—10: 1. Map 58.

MAP 58. — Helichrysum polycladum

Vouchers: Compton 27731 (NBG; PRE); Deven-

ish 1695 (E; K; MO; NU); Esterhuysen 21449 (BOL; E;

K; PRE); Hilliard & Bum 10020 (E; K; M; MO; NU;

PRE; S).

32. Helichrysum simillimum DC .,

Prodr. 6: 203 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 246

(1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 281 (1910);

Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 196 (1977).

Lectotype: Cape, Kaffraria, Katberg, Eck-

lon 1893 (G-DC, holo.!; S, iso.!).

Gnaphalium simillimum (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg

3: 172 (1845).

Perennial herb, rootstock slender,

creeping, branching, stems slender, tufted,

simple or branching mostly near the base,

erect to c. 400 mm, thinly grey woolly-

felted, closely leafy. Leaves imbricate, up to

c. 17 x 5 mm, scarcely decreasing in size

upwards, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,

apex acuminate, base cordate-clasping,

shortly decurrent, both surfaces grey

woolly-felted. Heads heterogamous,

oblong-campanulate, c. 3—4 X 2—3 mm,

many in compact corymbose panicles up to

c. 40 mm across terminating the branches.

7,2: 100

INULEAE

Involucral bracts in c. 6 series, graded,

closely imbricate, inner about equalling

flowers, tips opaque, pale yellow or rarely

whitish, crisped, more or less squarrose.

Receptacle with fimbrils exceeding the

ovaries. Flowers 15—27, 5—9 $, 10—18

Achenes less than 0,5 mm long, glabrous.

Pappus bristles many, equalling corolla,

scabrid, bases cohering lightly by patent

cilia. Fig. 20:4.

Ranges from Estcourt and Pietermaritzburg

districts in the Natal Midlands south through East

Griqualand and the Transkei to the E. Cape, from the

mountainous country about Dordrecht south to the

Great Winterberg, Katberg, Amatola Mountains,

Stutterheim and Komgha, then a disjunction to George

on the S. Cape coast. Grows in large tangled clumps,

particularly near forest margins; flowering mainly

between January and April. Map 59.

MAP 59. — Helichrysum simillimum

Vouchers: Acocks 13455 (PRE); Flanagan 514

(SAM); Hilliard & Bum 8032 (E; K; MO; NU; S);

Tyson 2731 (SAM).

33. Helichrysum helianthemifolium

(L.) D. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. 223

(1826), in Loudon, Hort. Brit. 342 (1830);

Hilliard & Burtt in Notes R. bot. Gdn

Edinb. 32: 350 (1973). Type: Gnaphalium

africanum floribus minimis albicantibus

Volckamer, FI. Noribergensis 194 cum tab.

(1700)!

Gnaphalium helianthemifolium L., Sp. PI. 851

(1753); edn 2, 1218 (1763), excl. descr. add.

G. serratum L., PI. Rar. Afr. (1760), Amoen. Acad.

6: 98 (1763); Burm., Rar. Afr. PI. t. 76, fig 3 (1738).

Type: Cape of Good Hope, Oldenland in herb.

Burmann (G, holo.!).

G. capitellatum Thunb., Prodr. 150 (1800), FI. Cap.

653 (1823). Helichrysum capitellatum (Thunb.) Less.,

Syn. Comp. 305 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 206 (1838);

Harv. in F.C. 3: 250 (1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb.

44: 281 (1910); Levyns in Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape

Penins. 784 (1950). Type: Cape, French Hoek,

Thunberg (sheet 19110, UPS, holo.!).

H. capitellatum var. mollius DC., Prodr. 6: 206

(1838). Lectotype: Cape, Uniondale, between Haarlem

and Avontuur, Burchell 5061 (G-DC!).

Diffuse herb up to 1 m high. Stems

long, thin, woody, brittle, thinly greyish-

white woolly, closely leafy. Leaves mostly

10—20 x 3—5 mm, smaller upwards,

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, spreading

or later deflexed, apex subacute to very

acute, mucronate, base broad, subcordate-

clasping, margins often somewhat reflexed,

crisped or not, both surfaces thinly greyish-

white woolly, upper sometimes more or less

glabrescent. Heads heterogamous, c. 2,5 x

2 mm, cylindric, base slightly woolly, many

in compact terminal corymbose panicles.

Involucral bracts in 4 series, graded,

imbricate, inner about equalling flowers,

oblong, silvery pellucid, tips rounded,

opaque milk-white, crisped, minutely radia-

ting. Receptacle with fimbrils exceeding the

ovaries. Flowers 12—21, 3—7 8—14

Achenes 0,5 mm long, cylindric, glabrous.

Pappus bristles many, equalling corolla,

scabrid, bases cohering by patent cilia.

MAP 60. — Helichrysum helianthemifolium

INULEAE

7,2: 101

On the Cape mountains from the Cedarberg south

to the Peninsula and Caledon division and east to the

Swartberg and the coastal ranges as far as Uitenhage.

Favours streambanks or other damp places in mountain

kloofs or on slopes; flowering in December and

January. Map 60.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 12405 (BOL; PRE); Nor-

denstam 7097 (E; S); Rogers 29237 (SAM); Taylor 4573

(PRE); Tyson 820 (SAM).

Group 9

Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely tufted perennial herbs; leaves small, generally linear to

lanceolate, margins revolute; heads homogamous or heterogamous (sometimes in the same

species), 3—5 x 2—5 mm, solitary or few to many in compact corymbose clusters or

panicles; involucral bracts either not radiating or minutely radiating, tawny, golden-brown

or white, often with purple or rose overlays, rarely yellow; receptacle honeycombed or

fimbrilliferous; flowers 16—50,0—19 $, $ sometimes more or less equalling <£ , corolla of £

flowers campanulate above, of $ flowers narrowly tubular with a conspicuous limb; ovaries

usually hairy, sometimes glabrous; pappus bristles scabrid, bases cohering strongly by

patent cilia, occasionally some basal fusion as well, or rarely pappus reduced (H.

anomalum).

Species 34-45, differing from group 8 in the shape of the $ flowers and in the hairy ovaries. Mainly Southern

Africa;//, dregeanum and H. revolution also recorded from S.W. A. /Namibia. Mostly on poor stony or sandy soils.

la Tips of inner involucral bracts bright canary-yellow 36. H. anomalum

lb Tips of involucral bracts white, cream, rosy, straw-coloured, tawny, golden-brown or purplish brown,

but never bright yellow:

2a Tips of at least the inner involucral bracts white, cream or rosy:

3a Tips of bracts crisped:

4a Heads 2—3 mm broad, 2—5 clustered at the branch tips 41. H. dregeanum

4b Heads 3-5 mm broad, usually several to many in corymbose panicles, if few, then heads c. 5 mm

broad:

5a Stems simple or subsimple from a creeping stock 40. H. rugulosum

5b Well-branched shrubs or subshrubs:

6a Heads c. 5 mm broad, campanulate 35. H. teretifolium

6b Heads c. 3 mm broad, oblong-campanulate 37. H. athrixiifolium

3b Tips of bracts smooth or very nearly so:

7a Heads oblong-campanulate, bracts oblong 38. H.rosum

7b Heads campanulate, bracts broadly ovate 39. H. bachmannii

2b Tips of at least inner involucral bracts straw-coloured, tawny, golden-brown or purplish-brown:

8a Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, margins revolute but not repand, glandular hairs, if

present, small:

9a Perennial herb with tufts of stems from a creeping stock, stems simple or branching near the base.

leaves linear, heads c. 2 mm broad, many in a congested terminal cluster 42. H. ammitophilum

9b Well-branched shrubs or subshrubs, stock creeping or not:

10a Ovaries glabrous 34. H. inter zonale

10b Ovaries hairy:

11a Tips of involucral bracts crisped:

12a Leaves c. 4-14 x 0,5—2 mm, margins strongly revolute, heads 2—5 clustered at the

branchlet tips 41. H. dregeanum

12b Leaves c. 18-50 x 2-4 mm, margins weakly revolute, heads many in congested clusters

at the branch tips 43. H. montis-cati

lib Tips of involucral bracts smooth 44. H. revolutum

8b Leaves more or less oblong, margins repand-revolute, both surfaces rough with coarse glandular

hairs 45. H. scabrum

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 103

34. Helichrysum interzonale Compton

in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 9: 116, fig. 4 (1943). Type:

Cape, Witteberg near Bantams, 1 500 m

alt., 27 x 1941, Compton 12164 (NBG,

holo.!).

Well-branched shrublet, branches short

or elongate and then decumbent and

shooting at the nodes or tips, white-felted

when young, closely leafy. Leaves mostly

2—6 ( — 8) x 0,5 — 1 mm, diminishing slightly

upwards, appressed, later spreading, as-

cending, linear or linear-lanceolate, apex

acute, mucronate, slightly hooked, base

broad, clasping, margins strongly revolute,

white-woolly below, thinly woolly above,

soon glabrescent. Heads heterogamous or

rarely homogamous, campanulate, c. 5 x 4

mm, solitary or up to 12 corymbosely

arranged at the branch tips, subsessile or

rarely peduncles reaching 8 mm. Involuc-

ral bracts in c. 5 series, graded, imbricate,

inner about equalling flowers, semi-

pellucid, tawny, tips obtuse or subacute,

somewhat crisped, scarcely radiating, backs

thinly woolly with orange or red gland dots.

Receptacle with fimbrils about equalling

ovaries. Flowers 16—29, (0—) 1—6 $,

13 — 28 $, staminodes sometimes present.

Achenes not seen, ovaries glabrous. Pappus

Map 61. — Helichrysum interzonale

bristles many, about equalling corolla,

barbellate, tips barbellate to subplumose,

bases cohering by patent cilia.

Along the Cape mountains from the vicinity of

Ceres across the Witteberg, Klein Swartberg and

Langeberg to the Groot Swartberg and Suurberg near

Uniondale. Grows ‘on the slopes of relatively arid

quartzite mountains with a “Cape” flora bordering the

Karoo’ (Compton, 1. c.) and ‘Mountain Renosterveld.

frequent on crags on S. aspect' ( Acocks 23732).

Flowers between September and November. Map 61.

Vouchers: Acocks 23732 (PRE); Compton 11837

(NBG) and 18341 (NBG); Esterhuysen 6276 (BOL; K);

Fourcade 4402 (K; PRE; SAM; STE).

35. Helichrysum teretifolium (L.) D.

Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. 223 (1826); Less.,

Syn. Comp. 312 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 205

(1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 250 (1865); Wood

& Evans, Natal Plants 4: 327 (1906);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 283 (1910); Levyns

in Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 784

(1950); Batten & Bokelmann, Wild Flow.

E. Cape Prov. 160, plate 127,7 (1966);

Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 197 (1977).

Type: Gnaphalium no. 2 in herb. Cliff.

(BM!).

Gnaphalium teretifolium L., Sp. PI. 854 (1753).

G. scoparium Schrank in Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss.

Munch. 8: 160 (1824). Type: Cape of Good Hope,

Brehm s.n. (M, holo.!; S, iso.!).

Helichrysum teretifolium var. congestum DC., Prodr.

6: 205 (1838). Lectotype: Cape, mouth of Great Fish

River, W. side, Burchell 3731 (G-DC! misquoted by

DC., 1. c. as 373). H. teretifolium var. rufescens DC., 1.

c. Type: Cape, Mossel Bay, seashore, Burchell 6252

(G-DC!). H. teretifolium var. umbelliforme DC., 1. c.

Lectotype: Cape, Riversdale div., Soetemelks (sphalm.

Troetemelks) River, Burchell 6660 (G-DC!). H.

teretifolium var. natalense Harv. in F.C. 3: 250 (1865).

Lectotype: Natal, in dunis prope litus , Natal point, July

1839, Krauss 291 (TCD!; G; M, isolecto.!).

Much-branched compact or straggling

subshrub up to c. 300 mm tall, branchlets

thinly white-felted, closely leafy to summit.

Leaves c. 3-15 x 1 — 1,5 mm, not dimin-

ishing upwards, linear, rigid, spreading,

margins revolute, tip uncinate, base shortly

decurrent, upper surface soon glabrous,

lower white-woolly. Heads heterogamous or

very rarely homogamous, campanulate, c. 5

FIG. 21. — 1, Helichrysum bachmannii, head, x 10 ( Acocks 19685). 2, H. scabrum, flowering branch, x 1; 2a,

leaf, to show repand, undulate margins and glandular hairs, x 4,6; 2b, head, x 10 (Bolus 9021). 3, H. dregeanum,

flowering branch, x 1; 3a, head, x 10; 3b, hermaphrodite flower, x 13; 3c, female flower, x 13; 3d, pappus

bristle, x 13 ( Armour NU 42993). 4, H. rosum, head, x 10 ( MacOwan 593). 5, H. ammitophilum, part of plant, x

1; 5a, head, x 10 ( Hilliard 4954).

7,2: 104

INULEAE

x 5 mm, few to several in compact terminal

corymbs. Involucral bracts in 6—8 series,

graded, imbricate, inner slightly exceeding

flowers, tips very obtuse, crisped, opaque

creamy-white or outer sometimes rosy,

minutely radiating. Receptacle with fimbrils

exceeding ovaries. Flowers 17—60, (0— )

2—14 $, 10—49 9- Achenes c. 1 mm long,

glabrous or with myxogenic duplex hairs.

Pappus bristles many, about equalling

corolla, tips barbellate, bases cohering by

patent cilia.

Ranges from Piquetberg and the Great Winter-

hoek Mountains through the SW. and southern Cape to

the E. Cape as far inland as Grahamstown and Dohne,

thence along the coast to Natal, where it reaches the

northern limit of its distribution at Durban Bluff.

Grows in shrub communities, often on sand, on

stabilized dunes near the sea or on mountain slopes,

often in dense stands. Flowers between July and

November. Map 62.

MAP 62. — Helichrysum teretifolium

Vouchers: Acocks 9141 (PRE); Compton 7594

(NBG); Esterhuysen 10681 (BOL; NBG; PRE);

Hilliard 3995 (E; K;NH;NU);MacOw«n 215 (SAM).

36. Helichrysum anomalum Less. , Syn.

Comp. 303 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 204

(1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 249 (1865); Moeser

in Bot. Jb. 44: 255 (1910); Levyns in

Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 784

(1950); Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 167

(1977). Type: Cape, Murid & Maire (Bt).

Manopappus anomalus (Less.) Sch. Bip. in Flora,

Regensburg 27: 677 (1844). H. anomalum var.

turbinatum Harv. in F.C. 3: 249 (1865). Gnaphalium

anomalum (Less.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3,2: 150

(1898).

Tanacetum gnaphaloides Steud. in Flora, Regens-

burg 13: 542 (1830), nomen.

Helichrysum anomalum var. rufescens DC. , Prodr.

6: 204 (1838). Type: Uitenhage div., Zwartkops River,

Ecklon 1577 (G-DC, holo.!; SAM, iso.!).

H. anomalum var. brevifolium DC., 1. c. Type:

Uitenhage div.. Eland River, Ecklon 1868 (G-DC,

holo.!; SAM, iso.!).

H. anomalum var. ovatum Harv., 1. c. Type: nothing

cited, nothing annotated in TCD!

Bushy dwarf shrublet up to 300 mm tall

and as much across, branches closely

grey-woolly, densely leafy. Leaves 3—14 x

1—3 mm, diminishing in size upwards, much

reduced and distant below the flowering

heads, linear, lanceolate or oblong, apex

acute or obtuse, mucronate, sometimes

recurved, base broad, half-clasping, margins

revolute, both surfaces closely grey-woolly.

Heads heterogamous, cylindric-

campanulate, c. 4 x 2,5 mm, few to many in

dense cymose clusters terminating the

branches. Involucral bracts in c. 6 series,

graded, closely imbricate, very obtuse,

outer pale brown, pellucid, inner about

equalling flowers, tips opaque or pellucid,

bright canary yellow, minutely radiating.

Receptacle with fimbrils 2 to 3 times as long

as the ovaries. Flowers 17—50, 4 — 12 9’

13—40 9- Achenes c. 0,75 mm long,

glabrous. Pappus bristles very few, about

equalling the ovary in length.

Map 63. — Helichrysum anomalum

INULEAE

7,2: 105

Recorded from the Cape of Good Hope Nature

Reserve, then a disjunction to Swartberg Pass and

Robinson Pass, thence eastwards across the mountains

and through the coastal districts to Grahamstown, King

William’s Town and Haga-Haga near East London,

and north and east across the mountains to the

Graaff-Reinet and Middelburg area, to the Witteberg,

and the Drakensberg from about Barkly Pass to

Qacha’s Nek and Sehlabathebe in Lesotho. Very

variable in leaf size and to some degree in indumentum;

distinctive by virtue of its extraordinarily long fimbrils

and reduced pappus. Grows gregariously and with

other dwarf shrubs on bare, often rocky, areas, or in

rough grassland. Flowers between September and May.

Map 63.

Vouchers; Acocks 17650 (PRE); Compton 10753

(NBG); Esterhuysen 13651 (PRE); Hilliard & Burtt

6659 (E; K; MO; NU; S).

37. Helichrysum athrixiifolium (O.

Kuntze) Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 281 (1910);

Hilliard, Compositae in Natal 199 (1977).

Type: Natal, Colenso, O. Kuntze 1337 (W,

holo.!; K, iso.!).

Gnaphalium athrixiifolium [O. Hoffm. ex] O.

Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 150 (1898).

Bushy perennial herb up to c. 450 mm

high, stems woody, young parts thinly

appressed greyish-white woolly, very leafy,

primary leaves often subtending very dwarf

lateral shoots, making the leaves look

fascicled. Leaves mostly 10—40 x 1— 5 mm,

those on the dwarf shoots sometimes

smaller and usually very narrow, linear,

linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, apex

acute, base half-clasping, very shortly

decurrent, margins more or less revolute,

upper surface thinly cobwebby, soon glab-

rescent, lower surface thinly white tomen-

tose. Heads heterogamous, oblong-

campanulate, c. 4 x 3 mm, few to many in

compact corymbose panicles, terminating

the branches. Involucral bracts in 5—6

series, graded, loosely imbricate, tips suba-

cute, opaque white in the inner series,

crisped, innermost about equalling the

flowers, scarcely radiating. Receptacle

shortly honeycombed. Flowers 16—30,

6—13 $, 8 — 17 Achenes 0,75 mm long,

with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus brist-

les many, equalling corolla, scabrid, bases

cohering by patent cilia.

Ranges from the Lowveld in the E. Transvaal and

Swaziland to Tongaland and coastal Zululand, pene-

trating westwards in Natal in the basins of the Pongola

and Tugela Rivers. Grows in grassland or open

woodland on sandy or shaly soils, and will invade

overgrazed or eroded areas, and roadsides. Flowering

recorded in all months. Map 64.

MAP 64. — Helichrysum athrixiifolium

Vouchers; Codd 4751 (NU; PRE); Compton 28988

(PRE); Hilliard & Burtt 8586 (E; K; MO; NU; S); Strey

5439 (NU, PRE); Wright 151 (E; NH; NU).

H. athrixiifolium is frequently confused with H.

rugulosum (no. 40), but that species produces simple or

subsimple stems from a creeping stock, rarely has dwarf

axillary shoots, and the fimbrils on the receptacle much

exceed the ovaries. However, H. athrixiifolium is

closely allied to H. rosum (below), from which it is

scarcely distinguishable in habit, foliage and size and

shape of the heads. But the tips of the involucral bracts

are always much crisped in H. athrixiifolium , while they

are nearly always smooth, rarely slightly crisped, in H.

rosum .

38. Helichrysum rosum (Berg.) Less.,

Syn. Comp. 306 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 205

(1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 251 (1865) as H.

erosum; Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 282 (1910).

Type: Cape of Good Hope, Grubb (STB,

holo.!).

Gnaphalium rosum Berg., Descr. PI. Cap. 260

(1767). Helichrysum erosum var. angustifolium Harv.

in F.C. 3: 251 (1865).

G. heterophyllum Thunb., Prodr. 149 (1800), FI.

Cap. 648 (1823). Helichrysum teretifolium var. hetero-

phyllum (Thunb.) DC., Prodr. 6: 205 (1838). Type:

Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg (sheet 19174, UPS,

holo.!).

G. erosum Thunb. , Mus. Upsal. Append. VIII: 133

(1800), nomen. (Thunberg, sheet 19151, UPS!; sheet

19152, also written up as erosum, is H. rugulosum).

Helichrysum concolorum DC., Prodr. 6: 206 (1838).

Gnaphalium concolorum (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg

7,2: 106

INULEAE

3: 172 (1845). H. erosum var. concolorum (DC.) Harv.

in F.C. 3: 251 (1865). H. rosum var. concolorum (DC.)

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 282 (1910). Lectotype: Cape,

George, Ecklon 665 (G-DC!).

H. concolorum var. brevifolium DC. , Prodr. 6: 206

(1838). Type: Cape, Van Staden’s River and Algoa

Bay, Drege 5777 (G-DC, holo.!; TCD, iso.!).

H. erosum var. latifolium Harv. in F.C. 3: 251

(1865). No specimen cited, nor annotated in TCD!

Two varieties are recognized:

(a) var. rosum.

Well-branched or densely tufted sub-

shrub up to c. 1 m tall, young stems thinly

white-felted, closely leafy, at least some

leaves with dwarf axillary shoots making the

leaves look fascicled. Leaves mostly 8— 25 x

1—3 (—5) mm, linear, linear-lanceolate or

oblong-lanceolate, apex acute or subacute,

base very shortly decurrent, margins revo-

lute or subrevolute, often undulate-dentate,

upper surface glabrous to thinly cobwebby-

felted, often wrinkled, lower white-felted,

the hairs often stringy, or occasionally

loosely woolly above and below. Heads

heterogamous, oblong-campanulate, c. 4 x

3 mm, few to many in compact corymbose

panicles terminating the branchlets. Invo-

lucral bracts in 5 — 6 series, graded, inner

about equalling the flowers, imbricate,

bases pellucid, pale straw-coloured or

tawny, tips blunt, opaque, milk-white,

smooth or rarely slightly crisped, not

radiating. Receptacle honeycombed. Flow-

MAP65. — • Helichrysum rosum var rosum

o Helichrysum rosum var. arcuatum

e sympatric

INULEAE

7,2: 107

ers 15 — 28, 4—11 $, 8 — 21 $. Achenes c.

0,75 mm, broadly cylindric, with myxogenic

duplex hairs. Pappus bristles many, about

equalling corolla, scabridulous, bases

cohering by patent cilia. Fig. 21:4.

Ranges from about Stellenbosch (Visserhok)

eastwards over the mountains flanking the Karoo to

about Queenstown and through the coastal districts to

about Kentani in the Transkei, on the flats or on the

flanks of the mountains, in shrub communities, coastal

renosterveld, valley bushveld or karroid scrub, or in

grassland. Flowers mainly from September to Decem-

ber, but as late as March. Map 65.

Vouchers: Acocks 9466 (PRE); Esterhuysen 13590

(PRE); MacOwan 593 (PRE; SAM); Pegler 1491

(BOL; PRE).

H. rosum var. rosum is characterized by its bushy

growth, ‘fascicled’ leaves, and white-tipped involucral

bracts that are usually smooth and concave; when the

bract tips are crisped, as they occasionally are,

confusion can arise with H. athrixiifolium (above)

which is indeed very closely allied to H. rosum and is

distinguished morphologically by this bract character,

and perhaps by a difference in habit that cannot be

detected in the herbarium.

De Candolle singled out specimens with loosely

woolly leaves as H. concolorum. However, variation in

degree of woolliness is very common in Helichrysum; in

H. rosum plants with the more usual type of leaf

indumentum can grow with woolly-leaved specimens,

and all degrees of woolliness are found over the range

of the species. It is scarcely worth upholding the epithet

concolorum even at varietal level, but the combination

is available for use if desired.

H. rosum is much confused with H. rugulosum

(no. 40), but that species has simple or subsimple

stems, rarely produces dwarf axillary shoots, and the

teeth on the receptacle are longer than the ovaries.

Also frequently confused with H. dregeanum (no. 41);

see under that species, and below.

(b) var. arcuatum Hilliard , var. nov.

ramis arcuatis patentibus saepe ad nodos

radicantibus a typo differt.

Type: Cape, Graaff-Reinet distr., 3124

DD, farm Blaauwater, N. of Bethesda

Road, c. 5 000 ft., 25 xi 1977, Hilliard &

Bum 10661 (NU, holo. !; E; K; PRE; S,

iso.!).

Cape — Somerset East distr., 3225 CB, just off

Graaff-Reinet-Somerset East road, below Bruintjes-

hoogte, 30 xi 1977, Hilliard & Burn 10780 (E; K; M;

MO; NU; PRE; S). 3225 DA, Auret Drive on S. face of

Boschberg, 30 xi 1977, Hilliard & Bum 10790 (E; K;

M; MO; NU; PRE; S). Bedford distr., near Bedford, 1

xii 1950, Maguire 679 (NBG). Victoria East distr., near

Alice, 29 xi 1941, Barker 1383 (NBG). Beaufort West

distr., Nelspoort, Courland’s Kloof, Pearson 1329

(SAM). Keiskammahoek distr., Keiskammahoek,

scrub forest in Boma Pass, 20 ix 1942, Acocks 9117.

Murraysburg distr., Murraysburg, 1879, Tyson 38

(PRE). Middelburg distr., Grootfontein, 18 i 1935,

Verdoorn 1509 (PRE). Alexandria distr., Addo

Elephant Park, 22 viii 1959, Barnard 561 (PRE).

Orange Free State. — Fauresmith Veld Reserve, 2

x 1929, Henrici 1826 (PRE). Boshof, ix 1947,

Brueckner 896 (PRE).

Differs from the typical plant in habit,

namely, decumbent stems radiating from

the stock, these often arcuate and producing

short (less than 50 mm), simple, erect

flowering shoots at the nodes, sometimes

rooting where in contact with the ground;

and in the involucre, the bracts being mostly

pellucid, the tips of only the inner few series

often opaque or semi-opaque and white or

whitish, occasionally all pellucid.

Ranges from about Nelspoort and Murraysburg in

the Great Karoo east to Keiskammahoek, south to

Addo and NE. to the southern Orange Free State.

Sympatric with the typical plant only in the E. Cape

from about Addo and Grahamstown NE. to Keiskam-

mahoek and NW. to Bedford. Grows in stony places,

sometimes in karroid scrub, or along roadsides;

flowering between August and April. Map 65.

Possibly because of its spreading growth, this is the

variety of H. rosum that is most frequently confused

with H. dregeanum ; see under that species (no. 41). H.

rosum var. arcuatum and H. dregeanum are sympatric

mainly in the southern half of the Orange Free State.

39. Helichrysum bachmannii Klatt in

Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 459 (1896). Type:

Cape, south of Hopefield, Nov. 1886,

Bachmann 1202 (Z, holo.!).

Well-branched, scrambling shrub up to

2 m tall, young branches greyish-white

tomentose, leafy, more distantly so below

the inflorescences. Leaves mostly 13 — 35 x

2—3 mm, scarcely diminishing upwards,

linear-lanceolate or linear, apex acute,

mucronate, base slightly narrowed, half-

clasping, margins strongly revolute, both

surfaces greyish tomentose. Heads hetero-

gamous, campanulate, c. 4 X 3 mm, many in

corymbose clusters corymbose-paniculately

arranged. Involucral bracts in 4 series,

graded, loosely imbricate, inner about

equalling flowers, not radiating, tips very

obtuse, opaque white. Receptacle with

fimbrils about equalling ovaries. Flowers c.

13 — 20, 4—6 $, 9—15 <^>. Achenes not seen,

ovaries with highly myxogenic duplex hairs.

Pappus bristles many, scabrid, bases

cohering strongly by patent cilia. Fig. 21:1.

Recorded. from the environs of Velddrif, Vreden-

7,2: 108

INULEAE

burg and Hopefield in the Swartland of the SW. Cape.

Grows on sand or rock outcrops, flowering between

August and November. Very rarely collected. Map 66.

MAP 66. — o Helichrysum bachmannii

• Helichrysum rugulosum

Vouchers: Acocks 19685 (PRE); Boucher 2910

(STE); Marsh 1274 (K, mixed with H. revolutum).

40. Helichrysum rugulosum Less.,

Syn. Comp. 307 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 205

(1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 250 (1865); Moeser

in Bot. Jb. 44: 282 (1910); Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 198 (1977). Lectotype:

Cape, Plettenberg Bay, Mundt & Maire s.n.

(G!).

H. rugulosum var. angustifolium DC. , Prodr. 6: 205

(1838). Lectotype: Cape, Colesberg div., Naauwpoort,

Burchell 2764 (G-DC!, not 276 A as transcribed by

DC.).

H. rugulosum var. latifolium DC., 1. c. Lectotype:

Cape, Albany, Drgge 5782 (G-DC!).

Gnaphalium rugulosum (Less.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg

3: 172 (1845).

Perennial herb, rootstock creeping,

branching, flowering stems tufted, simple or

branching near the base, erect to c. 300 mm,

thinly white-felted, closely leafy. Leaves

sessile, up to 25 x 5 mm, rarely a little

larger, often only c. 15 x 2—3 mm,

diminishing upwards, somewhat spreading

or ascending, lower oblong-lanceolate,

acute, upper lanceolate, acuminate, some-

times very narrow, margins subrevolute,

upper surface thinly cobwebby-felted, rug-

ose, lower white-felted, the hairs often

stringy. Heads heterogamous, campanulate,

c. 5 x 4 mm, few to many in compact

corymbose panicles. Involucral bracts in c.

4—5 series, graded, inner about equalling

flowers, loosely imbricate, tips opaque,

crisped-dentate, often purplish or pink

initially, later creamy, or the inner creamy,

or all creamy, minutely radiating. Recept-

acle with fimbrils exceeding ovaries. Flowers

17—42, 8—19 $, 9—30 $, 9 flowers

sometimes equalling or slightly outnum-

bering 9- Achenes 0,75 — 1 mm long,

broadly cylindric, with myxogenic duplex

hairs. Pappus bristles many, about equalling

corolla, scabridulous, bases cohering by

patent cilia.

Ranges from the Transvaal Highveld and eastern

highlands through western Swaziland, the eastern half

of the Orange Free State, the Midlands and Uplands of

Natal, Transkei and E. Cape to the southern Cape as

far west as the Swartberg, and Aasvogelkop in

Riversdale district. Map 66.

Grows in poor stony or sandy grassland, and

readily invades overgrazed areas and roadsides.

Flowers mainly between December and March.

The well crisped, denticulate, somewhat squarrose

involucral bracts and long fimbrils on the receptacle,

together with generally simple stems without axillary

leaf tufts, characterize the species. Specimens from

Katberg and the Amatola Mountains (e.g. Galpin 2398,

PRE), often have numerous short branches arising near

the base of the flowering stems and very narrow

acuminate leaves, but do not differ otherwise.

Vouchers: Acocks 9245 (PRE); Bolus 419 (BM;

BOL); Flanagan 264 (NBG); Hilliard & Bunt 6646 (E;

K; MO; NU; PRE); Story 1470 (PRE).

41. Helichrysum dregeanum Sond. &

Harv. in F.C. 3: 251 (1865); Moeser in Bot.

Jb. 44 : 279 (1910); Hilliard, Compositae in

Natal 200 (1977). Lectotype: Cape, Storm-

berg, 5 000-6 000 ft. Drege 5769 (S!;

G-DC; K; SAM; TCD, isolecto.!).

Dwarf twiggy mat-forming subshrub,

branches diffuse or erect to c. 150 mm, very

slender but stiff, thinly white-woolly, closely

leafy, often with dwarf axillary shoots.

Leaves up to 14 x 2 mm but often only c. 4

x 0,5 mm, linear or linear-lanceolate,

margins strongly revolute, apex subacute,

base broad, very shortly decurrent, upper

surface thinly and loosely woolly, lower

white-woolly. Heads heterogamous, cam-

panulate, c. 3,5—4 (—5) x 2—3 (—4) rqm,

2—5, rarely more, clustered at the tips of the

branchlets. Involucral bracts in c. 4 series.

INULEAE

7,2: 109

graded, closely imbricate, inner about

equalling flowers, tips obtuse, crisped,

pellucid, whitish, straw-coloured, tawny or

sometimes reddish, not radiating. Recept-

acle shortly toothed. Flowers 18—36, 5 — 10

14—29 9- Achenes c. 1 mm long, with

myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus bristles

many, about equalling corolla, scabridu-

lous, bases cohering by patent cilia. Fig.

21:3.

Recorded principally from the Witwatersrand and

the SW. Transvaal, NE. Cape (Vryburg, Barkly West,

Kimberley), Orange Free State and western Lesotho,

in the mountainous parts of the E. Cape from the

Stormberg and Queenstown to Rhodes, East Griqua-

land, and the foothills of the Drakensberg in

southernmost Natal. There are isolated records from

the Bokkeveld Mountains (19°E, 31°— 31°50’S),

Leeuwpoort near Concordia in Namaqualand

(Schlechter 11361, BOL), the Khamiesberg ( Ester -

huysen 23693, BOL; K; S; and Nordenstam 1337, NU;

S), and from Aus in South West Africa/Namibia

( Marloth 5908, PRE). These far western specimens are

less closely branched, and there may be more heads

clustered at the branchlet tips, than specimens from

elsewhere, but there seems little else to distinguish

them. Map 67.

Grows in dry sandy or stony grassland, or in dwarf

shrub communities, and readily becomes a weed along

roadsides and in overgrazed places. Flowers between

September and February.

Much confused with H. rosum (no. 38), but

distinguished by its few (mostly 2 — 5) heads in

subumbellate clusters, involucral bracts ranging from

almost colourless to tawny, tips all crisped, inner ones

pellucid or subopaque, ranging from pale to deep

tawny through pink or red tints to dingy white, and

receptacles only very shortly toothed. In H. rosum, the

heads are few to many, often in corymbose panicles,

but sometimes clustered, especially in dwarfed speci-

mens, bract tips smooth, all but the outermost opaque

milk-white (but see var. arcuatum) and the receptacle

has teeth shorter than the ovaries or about equalling

them. See also notes under H. ammitophilum (below).

Vouchers: Acocks 1430 (PRE); Burn Davy 5530

(NBG; PRE); Flanagan 1910 (PRE, SAM); Galpin

6538 (NBG; PRE); Hilliard & Burn 6648 (E; K; MO;

NBG; NU; PRE; S).

42. Helichrysum ammitophilum Hilli-

ard in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 40: 250

(1982). Type: Orange Free State, Harri-

smith. Queen’s Hill, 5 500 ft, 20 ii 1970,

Hilliard 4954 (NU, holo.!; E; K; MO; M;

PRE; S, iso.!).

Perennial herb with a slender woody

creeping rootstock, stems tufted, simple or

branching at or near the base, erect to c.

150—200 mm, white-felted, closely leafy.

Leaves mostly 8 — 15 x 0,5 — 1 mm, dimi-

nishing slightly upwards, suberect, imbri-

cate, linear, apex acute, mucronate, some-

times strongly recurved, base broad, mar-

gins revolute, lower surface white-felted, up-

per with thin ‘tissue-paper’ indumentum of

woolly hairs. Heads heterogamous, oblong-

campanulate, c. 3 x 2 mm, many in compact

terminal clusters 10—15 ( — 30) mm across.

Involucral bracts in c. 4 series, thinly

webbed together with wool, graded, closely

imbricate, inner nearly equalling flowers,

pellucid, straw-coloured, tips tawny, occa-

sionally purplish, blunt, crisped-denticulate,

somewhat squarrose. Receptacle shortly

toothed. Flowers 18—31, 8—15 9> 9— 18 9>

9 sometimes equalling or outnumbering (j> ,

bright yellow. Achenes not seen, ovaries

with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus brist-

les many, nearly equalling corolla, sca-

bridulous, bases cohering by patent cilia. Fig.

21:5.

Recorded from the Harrismith-Bethlehem-

Ficksburg area of the Orange Free State, Leribe in

Lesotho, and the Witteberg and near Dordrecht in the

E. Cape. Grows in stony or sandy turf on hilltops and

slopes at c. 1 675 m; flowering in February. Map 68.

Can be confused with H. dregeanum (above), but

is distinguished by its simple stems terminating in

many-headed, clusters.

Vouchers: Acocks 11200 (PRE); Cooper 617 (BM;

E; TCD; Z); Dieterlen 502 (K; PRE; SAM; Z; NH and

BM mixed with H. rugulosum)-, Scheepers 1382 (PRE);

Story 913 (PRE).

7,2: 110

INULEAE

MAP 68. — • Helichrysum ammitophilum

o Helichrysum montis-cati

43. Helichrysum montis-cati Hilliard in

Notes R. hot. Gdn Edinb. 40: 262 (1982).

Type: Cape, Stockenstrom div., Katberg

Pass (3226 BC), c. 5 000 ft. 28 x 1980,

Hilliard & Bunt 13261 (NU, holo.!; E; K;

MO; PRE; S, iso.!).

Bushy halfshrub, sprawling or erect to

c. 1 — 3 m, branches long and slender,

greyish-white woolly-felted, closely leafy,

leaves more distant on flowering twigs, all

but the reduced leaves spreading, reflexed

with age. Leaves 18—60 x 2—6 mm,

reduced leaves below flowering heads c.

8—15 x 1—2 mm, linear, acute, mucronate,

passing into lanceolate, acuminate, scale-

tipped bracts, base broad, half-clasping,

margins more or less revolute, upper surface

cobwebby at first, glabrescent, rugose,

gland-dotted, lower surface greyish-white

woolly-felted. Heads heterogamous, cam-

panulate, c. 4 x 3 mm, many in congested

glomerules 15 — 25 mm across at the branch

tips. Invotucral bracts in c. 5 series,

imbricate, outer shorter, inner subequal,

equalling flowers, tips subacute or obtuse,

somewhat erose and crisped, recurved but

scarcely radiating, translucent, pale golden-

brown. Receptacle shortly honeycombed.

Flowers 21—31, 2-7 $>, 18-27 £, bright

yellow. Achenes 1 mm long, with myxogenic

duplex hairs. Pappus bristles many, equal-

ling corolla, scabrid, bases cohering strongly

by patent cilia.

Known only from Katberg Pass, and Cata Forest

Reserve and Hogsback in the nearby Amatola

mountains of the E. Cape. Grows in rough herbage

near forest; flowering in October and November. Map

68.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 13252 (BOL); Hutchinson

1672 (BM; BOL; K: PRE mixed with H. odoratissi-

mum); Sidey 3747 (K; PRE; S); Story 3189 (GRA;

PRE).

44. Helichrysum revolutum ( Thunb .)

Less., Syn. Comp. 305 (1832); DC., Prodr.

6: 206 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 252 (1865);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 282 (1910); Levyns

in Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 784

(1950); Merxm. & Roessl. in Mitt. bot.

StSamml., Miinch. 15: 367 (1979). Lecto-

type: Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg (sheet

19245, UPS!).

Gnaphalium revolutum Thunb., Prodr. 150 (1800),

FI. Cap. 652 (1823).

Helichrysum leiolepis DC., Prodr. 6: 187 (1838).

Gnaphalium leiolepis (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg

3: 171 (1845). Type: Cape, Clanwilliam div., Olifants

River And -at Villa Brakfontein, Ecklon (G-DC, holo.!;

S, iso.!).

Bushy half-shrub up to 2 m tall, stems

woody, young ones thinly greyish-white

woolly, closely leafy. Leaves often with

axillary tufts of reduced leaves, main stem

leaves 10—40 x 1—5 mm, diminishing

slightly upwards, erect or spreading, linear,

linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, apex acute,

mucronate, base somewhat eared, slightly

decurrent, margins revolute, upper surface

thinly greyish-white woolly, often glabres-

cent, irregularly wrinkled, often tubercu-

late , lower persistently greyish-white woolly.

Heads heterogamous, campanulate, c.

4,5 — 5 x 4 mm, few to many in terminal

compact corymbose panicles. Involucral

bracts in 4—5 series, imbricate, graded,

inner equalling flowers, oblong, tips

rounded, not radiating, pellucid, glossy,

pale to deep straw-coloured. Receptacle

shortly toothed. Flowers 20 — 37, (1 — ) 3—8

$, 17—32 9- Achenes 1 mm, barrel-shaped,

with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus brist-

les many, about equalling corolla, barbel-

late, bases cohering strongly by patent cilia.

One record from the Aurusberge in southern

S.W. A. /Namibia, then widespread in the western Cape

from Namaqualand south through Vanrhynsdorp,

Calvinia, Clanwilliam, Sutherland, Montagu, Worces-

ter, Cape Town and Simonstown degree squares, from

near sea level to c. 900 m, in rocky or sandy places.

Flowers between July and October. Map 69.

INULEAE

7,2: 111

MAP 69. — Helichrysum revolutum

Vouchers: Acocks 19407 (M; PRE); Barker 9604

(NBG); Compton 9387 (NBG); Esterhuysen 23693

(PRE); Nordenstam 1339 (M; NU).

45. Helichrysum scabrum Less., Syn.

Comp. 312 (1832), non DC.; Harv. in F.C.

3: 252 (1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 283

(1910). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Thun-

berg (sheet 19250, UPS, holo.!).

Gnaphalium scabrum Thunb., Prodr. 150 (1800), FI.

Cap. 655 (1823), non L. (1753).

Helichrysum repandum DC., Prodr. 6: 203 (1838).

Gnaphalium repandum (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg

3: 172 (1845). Lectotype: Clanwilliam div., Olifants

River and Villa Brakfontein, Ecklon 780 (G-DCI).

H. repandum var. microphyllum DC., 1. c. H.

scabrum var. microphyllum (DC.) Harv., 1. c. Type:

Khamiesberg, Drege 2851 (G-DC, holo.!;SAM, iso.!).

H. scabrum var. scaberrimum Harv., l.c. Type:

Caledon, Ecklon s.n.

Well-branched shrub up to 1,5 m tall,

branches tangled, young stems thinly white-

woolly, glandular, leafy. Leaves often with

axillary tufts of reduced leaves, main stem

leaves 6 — 14 x 2—4 mm, diminishing slightly

upwards, spreading, oblong, oblong-

lanceolate or oblanceolate, apex acute,

stoutly mucronate, base somewhat eared,

slightly decurrent, margins revolute, bluntly

repand, undulate, both surfaces with rough

coarse glandular hairs, sometimes cobweb-

by as well. Heads heterogamous, campanu-

late, 4—5 x 3—4 mm, few to several in

terminal compact corymbose panicles. In-

volucral bracts in 4—5 series, imbricate,

graded, inner about equalling flowers,

oblong, tips rounded, not radiating, pellu-

cid, glossy, straw-coloured. Receptacle with

fimbrils about equalling ovaries. Flowers

17—24, 4—6 9, 14 — 18 9- Achenes not seen,

ovaries with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pap-

pus bristles many, nearly equalling corolla,

barbellate, bases cohering by patent cilia.

Fig. 21:2.

Endemic to the western Cape, and ranging from

Springbok in Namaqualand south to Calvinia, Clanwil-

liam, and Wuppertal degree squares, and reaching

Ceres. Grows on rocky mountain slopes, in karroid

scrub; flowering between August and December, but

mainly in September. Easily recognized by its more or

less oblong leaves with revolute repand margins and

rough glandular hairs. Map 70.

MAP 70. — Helichrysum scabrum

Vouchers: Bolus 9021 (BOL; NU); Compton

20778 (NBG); Hutchinson 825 (BOL); Pearson &

Pillans 5875 (BOL; NBG).

Group 10

Shrubs or woody perennial herbs; leaves small, mostly oblong, elliptic, ovate or

obovate; heads usually heterogamous, rarely homogamous and then within the same

INULEAE

7,2: 113

species, 4—6 x 2—5 mm, in congested rounded terminal clusters; involucral bracts either

not radiating or minutely radiating, straw-coloured or tawny, often villous on the backs,

stereome undivided; receptacle smooth, honeycombed or fimbrilliferous; flowers 12 — 32,

(0— ) 1 — 10 $, corolla of flowers broadly campanulate above, of $ flowers with a very

well developed limb; achenes usually hairy, rarely glabrous (dimorphic in one species);

pappus bristles shortly plumose, barbellate or rarely scabrid above, shaft scabrid or

barbellate, bases cohering by patent cilia, or lightly fused in one species.

Species 46 — 52, confined to the W. and SW. Cape.

la Backs of involucral bracts villous, only the extreme tips glabrous:

2a Heads c. 4 — 5 x 4 mm, leaves up to 14 x 6 mm:

3a Leaves mostly 11 — 14 x 5 — 6 mm, obovate to obovate-oblong, narrowed to the base 46. H. capense

3b Leaves mostly 5—7 ( — 12) x 2,5—4 (—6) mm, narrowly ovate, base broad 47. H. marifolium

2b Heads c. 6x5 mm, leaves mostly 13 — 23 x 6 — 10 mm 48. H. rotundatum

lb Involucral bracts hairy below with conspicuous glabrous tips:

4a Receptacle honeycombed or fimbrilliferous:

5a Leaves oblong, oblong-ovate, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate:

6a Stems loosely woolly; receptacle honeycombed 49. H. catipes

6b Stems woolly with spreading hairs as well; receptacle with fimbrils much exceeding

ovaries 50. H. dasyanthum

5b Leaves linear to linear-oblong 51 . H. plebeium

4b Receptacle smooth 52. H. hebelepis

46. Helichrysum capense Hilliard in

Bot. J. Linn. Soc 82: 200 (1981). Type:

Cape, Riversdale distr., on Kampsche Berg,

9 xii 1814, Burchell 7091 (G-DC, holo.!; K,

iso.!).

Eriosphaera apiculata DC., Prodr. 6: 166 (1838), non

Helichrysum apiculatum (Labill.) DC. Type as above.

E. oculus-cati sensu DC., Prodr. 6:166 (1838), non

(L.f.) Less.

Helichrysum marifolium var. ? oblongifolium DC. ,

Prodr. 6: 186 (1838). Type: Cape, E. slopes Table

Mountain, near Constantia, Ecklon 504 (G-DC,

holo.!).

H. marifolium sensu Harv. in F.C. 3: 230 (1865);

Levyns in Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 782

(1950), non DC.

Perennial herb, stems diffuse, prostrate

or scrambling, occasionally rooting at the

nodes, branching, young parts greyish-white

woolly-felted, closely leafy, flowering twigs

with distant reduced leaves. Leaves mostly

11 — 14 x 5—6 mm, diminishing slightly

upwards, then abruptly much reduced and

distant below the heads, obovate to

obovate-oblong, narrowed to the base,

uppermost oblong, sessile, apex rounded or

obtuse, mucronate, upper surface thinly

greyish-white woolly, often glabrescent,

lower thickly and persistently woolly. Heads

heterogamous, campanulate, c. 4 x 4 mm,

up to c. 12 in congested rounded terminal

clusters. Involucral bracts in 4—5 series,

imbricate, graded, inner equalling flowers,

not radiating, lanceolate to oblong, straw-

coloured, tips rounded or acute, often dark,

whole bract thickly silky-villous dorsally,

hairs yellowish. Receptacle smooth. Flowers

15 — 29, 4—6 $ , 11 — 23 Achenes not seen,

ovaries 5-ribbed, with duplex hairs, not

myxogenic. Pappus bristles many, shaft

barbellate, becoming shortly plumose

above, bases cohering by patent cilia. Fig.

22:1.

Endemic to the SW. and S. Cape from the

Peninsula east to Ruyter’s Kop in Mossel Bay district,

on the mountains where it favours damp shady places

on cliffs or among rocks, c. 600—1 500 m. Flowers

between September and December, mainly in Novem-

ber and December. Map 71.

FIG. 22. — 1, Helichrysum capense, part of plant, x 1; la, head, x 6,6; lb, hermaphrodite flower, x 10; lc,

female flower, x 10; Id, pappus bristle, x 10 ( Stokoe 7536). 2, H. marifolium, part of plant, x 1 ( Zeyher 2891). 3,

H. rotundatum, part of plant, x 1 ( Stokoe 1074). 4, H. catipes, part of plant, x 1; 4a, head, x 6,6 ( Esterhuysen

20951).

7,2: 114

INULEAE

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 17592 (BOL; PRE);

Stokoe 8128 (BOL; NBG; PRE); Taylor 6587 (PRE).

This is the plant that Harvey (l.c.) called H.

marifolium, but that name should be applied to what has

hitherto been called H. umbellatum (below).

47. Helichrysum marifolium DC.,

Prodr. 6: 186 (1838). Type: Cape, Swellen-

dam distr., mountains near Puspasvalei,

Voormansbosch, Duivelsbosch and at

Keurbooms River, 1 000—4 000 ft., Oct.,

Ecklon 195 (G-DC, holo.!; M, iso.!).

Gnaphalium marifolium (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg

3: 171 (1845).

Eriosphaera umbellata Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat.

Moscow 24, 2: 79 (1851). Helichrysum umbellatum

(Turcz.) Harv. in F.C. 3: 230 (1865). Type: Cape,

River Zonder Einde, Zeyher 2891 (K; PRE; S; SAM;

TCD, iso.!).

Perennial herb, stems diffuse, probably

trailing, branched, grey woolly-felted,

closely leafy except near the heads. Leaves

spreading or reflexed, mostly 5 — 7 ( — 12) x

2,5—4 (—6) mm, diminishing in size and

more distant near the heads, narrowly

ovate, apex subacute, mucronate, base

broad, half-clasping, both surfaces greyish-

white woolly-felted. Heads heterogamous,

campanulate, c. 4—5 x 4 mm, up to c. 12 in

congested, rounded terminal clusters. Invo-

lucral bracts in 4—5 series, graded, imbri-

cate, inner about equalling flowers, not

radiating, lanceolate to oblong, straw-

coloured, tips acute to obtuse, often dark,

whole bract densely villous dorsally. Recep-

tacle smooth. Flowers 15 — 20, 5 $, 10—15

Achenes not seen, ovaries with duplex

hairs, not mucilaginous when wet. Pappus

bristles many, shaft barbellate, becoming

shortly plumose upwards, bases cohering by

patent cilia. Fig. 22: 2.

Recorded only from the Riviersonderend

Mountains, in Caledon division of the SW. Cape, on

steep S. slopes and cliffs, in kloofs, and along cliffed

river banks, flowering in September and October.

Closely allied to H. capense (above) but distinguished

by its differently shaped leaves, often much smaller

than those of H. capense. Map 72.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 32719A (BOL); Stokoe

SAM 57557 (NBG; PRE; SAM).

48. Helichrysum rotundatum Harv. in

F.C. 3: 230 (1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44:

288 (1910). Type: Cape, Caledon div., tops

of the mountains at Baviaanskloof near

Genadendal, 15 Feb. 1815, Burchell 7726

(G-DC, holo.!; K, iso.!).

Eriosphaera rotundifolia DC., Prodr. 6: 166 (1838).

Type as above.

E. coriacea DC., Prodr. 6: 167 (1838); Moeser in

Bot. Jb. 44: 341 (1910); Helichrysum coriaceum (DC.)

Harv. in F.C. 3: 230, 608 (1865), non Harv., l.c. 239;

H. fulvellum Harv. in F.C. 3: 608 (1865). Type: Cape,

Caledon div., mountains near Swellendam, Genaden-

dal, Drtge 1773 (G-DC, holo. !; BM; E; K;TCD, iso. !).

Small subshrub, stems loosely branch-

ed, young parts greyish-white or fulvous

woolly-felted, closely leafy except towards

the heads. Leaves spreading or reflexed,

mostly 13 — 23 x 6—10 mm, diminishing

slightly in size upwards then abruptly much

reduced and distant below the heads,

obovate to oblong-obovate, slightly narrow-

ed to the base, sessile, apex rounded,

mucronate, upper surface thinly greyish-

white woolly, often glabrescent, lower

thickly and persistently woolly. Heads

heterogamous, campanulate, c. 6 x 5 mm,

c. 7 — 22 in congested rounded terminal

clusters. Involucral bracts in 4—5 series,

graded, inner not quite equalling flowers,

not radiating, lanceolate to oblong, straw-

coloured, tips acute to rounded, whole bract

thickly silky-villous dorsally. Receptacle

smooth. Flowers 20 — 38, 6—9 $, 16 — 29 Q.

Achenes c. 2 mm long, barrel-shaped,

ribbed, with duplex hairs, not myxogenic.

Pappus bristles many, shaft barbellate,

INULEAE

7,2: 115

MAP 72. — Helichrysum marifolium

becoming shortly plumose above, bases

cohering by patent cilia. Fig. 22: 3.

Apparently endemic to the western end of the

Riviersonderend Mountains, above Genadendal,

having been recorded from Omklaarberg, Jona’s Kop

and the Wildepaardeberg, flowering between October

and December. Grows in moist places on south-facing

cliffs; rarely collected. Map 73.

Closely allied to H. capense (no. 46), but a coarser

plant, with larger leaves and larger heads.

MAP 73. — Helichrysum rotundatum

Vouchers: Bolus 7391 (BOL; SAM; Z); Schlechter

9868 (BM; BOL; E; K; PRE; Z); Stokoe 6585 (BOL;

K).

49. Helichrysum catipes (DC.) Harv.

in F.C. 3: 223 (1865). Type: Cape,

Cedarberg, Drege 2837 (G-DC, holo.!; G;

P; S, iso.!).

Eriosphaera catipes DC., Prodr. 6: 167 (1838).

Helichrysum anaxetonoides Schltr. & Moeser in Bot.

Jb. 44: 289 (1910). Type: Klein Namaland, Koude

Bokkeveld, Skurfdebergen, Elandsfontein, 1 540 m,

Schlechter 10035 (BM; BOL; G; K; PRE; Z, iso.!).

Bushy perennial herb, vegetative twigs

congested, thin, woody, erect (?) or

spreading, closely leafy, flowering twigs

elongate, distantly leafy, all grey-woolly.

Leaves mostly 6—13 x 3—6 mm, oblong-

ovate, longer and narrower (c. 9 — 12 x 3

mm) on the flowering twigs, apex rounded,

mucronate, base broad, clasping, both sur-

faces thinly greyish-woolly. Heads hetero-

gamous, campanulate, c. 5 x 3 mm, c.

6 — 12 in congested terminal clusters sur-

rounded by leaf-like bracts each with a

scarious appendage, webbed together with

wool. Involucral bracts in c. 4 series,

scarcely graded, loosely imbricate, inner

slightly shorter than flowers, oblong, tips

rounded, straw-yellow, subopaque, minute-

ly radiating, all but these tips loosely

enveloped in wool. Receptacle honeycomb-

ed. Flowers c. 26—28, 5—7 $, 20—22

Achenes 1 mm long, cylindric, with duplex

hairs, not myxogenic. Pappus bristles many,

scabrid, tips barbellate, bases cohering

lightly by patent cilia, some light fusion as

well. Fig. 22: 4.

MAP 74. — Helichrysum catipes

7,2: 116

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 117

Endemic to the SW. Cape and recorded from the

Cedarberg, Hex River Mountains, Skurfdeberg and

Bokkeveld Sneeukop. Rarely collected. Miss Ester-

huysen records ‘slopes at foot of shale band’ and ‘shaly

slopes with step ledges, in low bush' between c. 1 500

and 1 800 m, flowering in December and March. Map

74.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 20951 (BOL; K; M; NBG;

PRE); Esterhuysen 30108 (BOL; PRE).

50. Helichrysum dasyanthum (Willd.)

Sweet, Hort. Brit. 223 (1826); Hilliard &

Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 200 (1981).

Type: Cape of Good Hope (sheet 15453,

B-W!).

Gnaphalium dasyanthum Willd., Enum. 865 (1809).

Gnaphalium maritimum L., Mant. alt. 283 (1771),

non Hill (1769). Helichrysum maritimum D. Don in

Sweet, Hort. Brit. 223 (1826); Less., Syn. Comp. 304

(1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 204 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 248

(1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44; 288 (1910); Levyns in

Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 784 (1950). Type:

Cape of Good Hope, seashore, Tulbagh 171 (LINN

989.29!).

G. molle Thunb., Prodr. 150 (1800), FI. Cap. 653

(1823), non Salisb. (1796). Type: Cape, French Hoek,

Thunberg (sheet 19201, UPS, holo.!).

Helichrysum maritimum var. microphyllum DC.,

Prodr. 6: 204 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 248 (1865).

Lectotype; Cape, Kamiesberge, alt. 4 000 — 5 000 ped.,

Drtge 5760 (G-DC!).

Shrub or subshrub, erect to c. 1 m, or

sprawling or straggling, branches long, thin,

greyish-white woolly, long spreading hairs

as well, these sometimes rufous, leafy,

flowering twigs more distantly so. Leaves

mostly 6—30 x 2,5 — 10 mm, becoming

smaller below the heads, elliptic, oblong or

oblong-lanceolate, sessile, apex obtuse or

subacute, mucronate, sometimes recurved,

margins subrevolute, often undulate, thinly

greyish-white woolly above or wool some-

times wanting, long spreading hairs as well,

whitish or rufous, thickly woolly below, also

with spreading hairs. Heads heterogamous,

campanulate, c. 4x3 mm, many in compact

terminal corymbose panicles. Involucral

bracts in 4—5 series, imbricate, graded, just

overtopping flowers, silky-villous dorsally,

outer lanceolate, often dark-tipped, inner

oblong, tips rounded, glabrous, semi-

opaque, pale straw-yellow, minutely radiat-

ing. Receptacle with fimbrils much exceed-

ing the ovaries. Flowers 17 — 28, 3 — 10 $,

occasionally with staminodes, 12—24

Achenes c. 0,75 mm, those from £ flowers

often c. one third smaller, barrel-shaped,

obscurely ribbed, in $ flowers with duplex

hairs, not myxogenic, in flowers usually

glabrous, very rarely hairy. Pappus bristles

many, equalling corolla, barbellate, bases

lightly fused as well as cohering by patent

cilia. Fig. 23: 1.

Confined to the W., SW. and S. Cape, from

Kamieskroon and Kamiesberg in Namaqualand south

through Vanrhynsdorp. Calvinia, Clanwilliam, Wup-

pertal and Worcester degree squares to the Peninsula,

thence east through Simonstown, Caledon, Bredas-

dorp, Riversdale, Oudtshoorn and Mossel Bay degree

squares to the environs of Willowmore, Knysna and

Plettenberg Bay, along the littoral and on the mountain

slopes, in fynbos and on the margins of dune scrub and

forest, flowering mainly in September, October and

November. Map 75.

MAP 75. — Helichrysum dasyanthum

Straggling specimens bear a superficial resem-

blance to H. capense, but are easily distinguished by the

spreading hairs on stems and leaves, and the markedly

fimbrilliferous, not smooth, receptacle. Also, there are

many more heads in the inflorescence, the involucral

bracts have distinctly glabrous tips and the ovaries of

female and hermaphrodite flowers are usually dif-

ferent.

FIG. 23. — 1, Helichrysum dasyanthum, flowering branch, x 1; la, detail of part of stem to show spreading

hairs, x 4; lb, head, x 8; lc, hermaphrodite flower, achene glabrous, x 13; Id, female flower, achene larger than

in hermaphrodite flower, hairy, x 13; le, pappus bristle, x 13; If, bases of pappus bristles much enlarged to show

light fusion ( Acocks 24122). 2, H. plebeium, flowering branch, x 1; 2a, head, x 8 ( Acocks 22682). 3, H. hebelepis,

head, x 8 ( Mauve & Oliver 148).

7,2: 118

INULEAE

Vouchers: Compton 22181 (NBG); Esterhuysen

21912 (BOL; PRE); Esterhuysen 14692 (BOL; NBG);

Tyson 708 (BOL; SAM); Werdermann & Oberdieck

511 (K; PRE).

51. Helichrysum plebeium DC., Prodr.

6: 206 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 249 (1865);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 287 (1910).

Lectotype: Cape, Swellendam, Ecklon 1669

(G-DC!; SAM, isolecto.!).

Gnaphalium plebeium (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg 3:

172 (1845).

Shrublet, to c. 450 mm, branches

virgate, young parts greyish-white woolly-

felted, leafy. Leaves mostly 10—20 X 1—2

mm, reduced and more distant on flowering

twigs, linear to linear-oblong, apex acute,

mucronate, base slightly narrowed, half-

clasping, margins revolute, both surfaces

greyish-white woolly, often becoming cob-

webby above. Heads heterogamous, cam-

panulate, c. 4 x 2—3 mm, many in compact

rounded terminal clusters up to 20 mm

across. Involucral bracts in 4—5 series,

imbricate, graded, inner about equalling

flowers, oblong, backs loosely silky-woolly,

tips broad, rounded, pellucid, tawny, min-

utely radiating. Receptacle with fimbrils

much exceeding ovaries. Flowers 12—18,

1—3 $, 9—15 <£. Achenes not seen, ovaries

glabrous. Pappus bristles many, about

equalling corolla, scabrid, barbellate above,

bases cohering by patent cilia. Fig. 23: 2.

Endemic to the southern Cape, and recorded only

from Swellendam and Riversdale divisions, on plateaux

and hillslopes, flowering between August and October.

Map 76.

Vouchers: Acocks 22682 (K; PRE); Esterhuysen

24624 (BOL); Liebenberg 6531 (PRE); Wurts 309

(NBG).

52. Helichrysum hebelepis DC. , Prodr.

6: 186 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 235 (1865);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 291 (1910) excl. syn.

Type: Little Namaqualand, Drege 5753,

excluding right-hand piece on sheet (G-

DC!).

Gnaphalium hebelepis (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg 3:

171 (1845).

El. hebelepis var. angustius DC., Prodr. 6: 187

(1838). Lectotype: Clanwilliam div., Olifants River and

Villa Brakfontein, Ecklon 161 (G-DC!).

Subshrub up to 1,5 m tall, branches

long, slender, young parts thinly greyish-

white woolly, closely leafy, leaves becoming

distant upwards. Leaves mostly 20 — 40 x

2,5 — 10 mm, reduced upwards, linear,

linear-lanceolate or elliptic, sessile, apex

subacute to acute, acuminate in uppermost

leaves, mucronate, margins subrevolute,

undulate in upper leaves, both surfaces

thinly greyish-white woolly. Heads homo-

gamous or heterogamous, turbinate-

campanulate, c. 4 x 3 mm, many in dense

globose terminal cymose corymbs. Involuc-

ral bracts in 6 series, imbricate, graded,

reaching cylindric part of corolla, minutely

radiating, lanceolate becoming oblong-

lanceolate inwards, acute to obtuse, backs

woolly, tips glabrous, subopaque, deep

MAP 77. — Helichrysum hebelepis

INULEAE

7,2: 119

straw-yellow sometimes tinged light golden

brown. Receptacle smooth. Flowers 19—32,

0—5 $ (staminodes often present), 15 — 32

$. Achenes not seen, ovaries with duplex

hairs, not myxogenic. Pappus bristles many,

scabrid, bases cohering by patent ciha. Fig.

23: 3.

Apparently confined to the W. and SW. Cape, and

ranging from the Richtersveld, just south of the Orange

River, through Hondeklipbaai, Kamiesberg, Van-

rhynsdorp, Calvinia, Clanwilliam, Wuppertal, Suther-

land and Worcester degree squares. On stony slopes

and flats, in dry scrub, flowering between July and

October, mainly in August and September. Map 77.

Much confused with H. tricostatum : see under that

species (below).

Vouchers: Acocks 19404 (K; PRE); Compton 5101

(BOL; NBG); Esterhuysen 5762 (BOL); MacOwan

1887 (K; SAM); Nordenstam 1011 (NU; S).

Group 11

Shrubs or subshrubs; leaves small, oblong, narrowly elhptic, spathulate or obovate;

heads homogamous, 4—5 x 3—5 mm, in congested corymbose panicles; involucral bracts

not radiating; receptacle smooth, honeycombed or fimbrilliferous; flowers 8—34, corolla

broadly campanulate above; achenes glabrous or hairy; pappus bristles barbellate above,

shaft scabrid, bases either cohering by patent ciha or free.

Species 53—55; 53 and 54 endemic to the W. and SW. Cape, 55 widespread in the Cape and reaching the

southern Orange Free State.

la Leaves mostly 12—30 mm long, oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate:

2a Involucral bracts glabrous or with a few woolly hairs near the base 53. H. tricostatum

2b Involucral bracts greyish-white woolly all over the backs 54. H. lambertianum

lb Leaves mostly 3—10 mm long, spathulate or obovate 55. H. pentzioides

53. Helichrysum tricostatum (Thunb.)

Less., Syn. Comp. 310 (1832); DC., Prodr.

6: 209 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3 : 251 (1865);

Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 290 (1910). Type:

Cape, Piketberg, Thunberg (sheet 19277,

UPS, holo.!).

Gnaphalium tricostatum Thunb., Prodr. 151 (1800),

FI. Cap. 657 (1823), non DC. (1838).

Shrub or subshrub up to 1,5 m tall,

branches long, slender, young parts thinly

white-woolly, leafy. Leaves mostly 15—30 x

5—8 mm, reduced and more distant up-

wards, oblanceolate t.o narrowly elhptic,

linear-lanceolate upwards, apex acute,

mucronate, base narrowed, minutely petiol-

ate, margins subrevolute, both surfaces

thinly greyish-white woolly. Heads homo-

gamous, campanulate, c. 4 x 3 mm, woolly

at base, many in terminal compact corym-

bose panicles. Involucral bracts in 5 series,

imbricate, graded, inner about equalling

flowers, oblong, translucent, tips rounded,

subopaque, convex, glossy, straw-coloured,

not radiating. Receptacle with fimbrils equal-

ling or exceeding ovaries. Flowers 18—26.

Achenes 1 mm long, cylindric, obscurely

angled, glabrous. Pappus bristles many.

about equalhng corolla, scabrid, barbellate

above, bases cohering lightly by patent ciha.

Fig. 24: 3.

Endemic to the Sandveld of Namaqualand and the

western Cape from Hondeklipbaai south toBuckBay.N.

of Cape Town. Flowers between September and

December. Recorded as much eaten by stock. Map 78.

MAP 78. — Helichrysum tricostatum

7,2: 120

INULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 121

Closely resembles H. hebelepis (above) in foliage

but easily recognized by its different involucre,

fimbrilliferous receptacle and glabrous ovaries.

Vouchers: Acocks 14816 (PRE); Compton 18906

(NBG); Taylor 5506 (K; PRE); Nordenstam 3413 (NU;

S); Pillans 5129 (BOL; K).

54. Helichrysum lambertianum DC.,

Prodr. 6: 190 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 231

(1865); Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 291 (1910).

Lectotype: Cape, Clanwilliam, Olifants

River and Villa Brakfontein, Ecklon 2680

(G-DC!).

Gnaphalium lambertianum (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot.

Ztg 3: 171 (1845).

Shrubby from a stout woody caudex,

up to 600 mm tall, branches long, slender,

closely white-felted, young ones leafy.

Leaves mostly 12—20 x 2—3 mm, diminish-

ing upwards, linear-lanceolate to lanceo-

late, apex acute, mucronate, base subauri-

culate, sessile, both surfaces white-felted,

minutely glandular. Heads homogamous,

turbinate, 5x5 mm, few to many crowded

in terminal corymbose panicles. Involucral

bracts in 4 series, graded, imbricate, outer

lanceolate, inner oblong, obtuse, apiculate,

about equalling the flowers, not radiating,

all greyish-white woolly dorsally, only the

extreme tip glabrous. Receptacle smooth.

Flowers 19—34, yellow. Achenes not seen,

ovaries with duplex hairs. Pappus bristles

many, scabrid, tips subplumose or barbel-

late, bases nude, not cohering. Fig. 24: 1.

Recorded from the Giftberg (Vanrhynsdorp distr.)

south through the Cedarberg and Koude Bokkeveld to

the mountains about Ceres, Worcester, Hex River,

Touws River, Montagu and Villiersdorp, then a

disjunction, surely not real, to Georgida in Uniondale

division. Grows on dry stony slopes, among rocks, or in

the crevices of rocky cliffs or large boulders, flowering

between October and January. Map 79.

Easily recognized by its peculiar involucral bracts.

Vouchers: Acocks 15200 (PRE); Bolus 1051

(BOL; K; SAM); Compton 16751 (NBG); Esterhuysen

22019 (BOL; K; PRE).

MAP 79. — Helichrysum lambertianum

55. Helichrysum pentzioides Less.,

Syn. Comp. 282 (1832); DC., Prodr. 6: 192

(1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 236 (1865); Moeser

in Bot. Jb. 44: 291 (1910). Type: Cape, near

Mossel Bay , Kamma River , Mundt et Maire.

Gnaphalium pentzioides (Less.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg

3: 171 (1845).

Rounded twiggy shrub up to 1 m tall,

very aromatic, branches short, stiff, divari-

cate, old branches bare, rough with per-

sistent leaf bases, twigs thinly grey silky-

felted, closely leafy. Leaves erect to

spreading, mostly 3 — 10 x 2—4 mm,

diminishing upwards, spathulate or obo-

vate, much narrowed to base, very shortly

decurrent, thickish, apex mucronate, re-

curved, both surfaces grey silky-felted,

indumentum skin-like, glandular-punctate.

Heads homogamous, turbinate-cylindric, c. 5

x 3 mm, few in terminal corymbose clusters.

Involucral bracts in 4 series, graded,

imbricate, inner equalling flowers, oblong,

white woolly and glandular-punctate dorsal-

ly, tips rounded, slightly convex, glabrous,

straw-coloured or golden brown, not radiat-

FIG. 24.-1, Helichrysum lambertianum, part of plant, x 1; la, head, x 8 ( Acocks 15200). 2, H. pentzioides,

flowering branch, x 1; 2a, head, x 10 {Codd 419). 3, H. tricostatum, part of plant, x 1; 3a, head, x 10; 3b, flower,

x 13; 3c, pappus bristle, x 13 ( Acocks 14816).

7,2: 122

INULEAE

ing. Receptacle smooth or very shortly

toothed. Flowers 8—15. Achenes not seen,

ovaries with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus

bristles many, nearly equalling corolla,

scabrid, barbellate above, bases cohering by

patent cilia. Fig. 24: 2.

Widely distributed from about Glen and

Bloemfontein (Orange Free State) in the east and

Prieska (N. Cape) in the west, south to Keiskamma-

hoek, Grahamstown and Addo in the E. Cape,

Montagu, Touws River and Bredasdorp in the west.

Grows in karroid and other dry scrub; flowering

between October and May, principally December and

January. Map 80.

Vouchers: Acocks 8685 (PRE); Bolus 2200 (BM;

BOL); Esterhuysen 19560 (BOL; NBG; PRE); Story

3694 (PRE).

MAP 80. — Helichrysum pentzioides

Group 12

Shrubs, subshrubs or bushy perennial herbs, or rarely annual; leaves small, linear,

oblong, elliptic, spathulate or obovate; heads homogamous, 3—7 x 2—4 mm, few to many

in clusters or small corymbose panicles; involucral bracts not radiating, or rarely squarrose,

white, pink, straw-coloured, tawny, golden-brown or yellow, often red above the stereome;

receptacle smooth, honeycombed or fimbrilliferous; flowers (3—) 5—30, corolla narrowly

funnel-shaped; achenes usually hairy, rarely glabrous and then usually in the same species;

pappus bristles scabrid, tips sometimes barbellate, bases cohering by patent cilia,

sometimes lightly fused as well, or bases free, with or without patent cilia.

Species 56—68, mainly in S.W. A. /.Namibia, Botswana, Cape, Transvaal and Orange Free State, a few in

Natal and southern Mozambique, often in dry or sandy places; several species narrowly endemic.

la At least the tips of the inner involucral bracts white or rosy, or white and rose:

2a Heads c. 4 x 4 mm; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, margins flat 56. H. silvaticum

2b Heads c. 4—5 x 1—2 mm; leaves either Unear with revolute margins or Ungulate with weakly revolute

margins:

3a Heads 3— 6-flowered 58. H. rtiveum

3b Heads 11— 34-flowered:

4a Plants erect though some stems may straggle 59. H. asperum

4b Plants prostrate:

5a Heads c. 4 mm long containing 8— 14 flowers; branches loosely spreading 60. H. lineare

5b Heads c. 5 mm long containing 11 — 24 flowers; branches caespitose, forming dense mats

61. H. caespititium

lb Involucral bracts various shades of yellow, buff or brown, sometimes with red patches as well,

particularly above the stereome, but never with white or rosy tips:

6a At least the tips of the inner involucral bracts clear bright yellow:

7a Leaves linear, oblong or elliptic:

8a Heads c. 3 x 2 mm, leaves linear or oblong, 1 — 2 mm broad 62. H. arenicola

8b Heads c. 6 x 3 mm, leaves elliptic, 3 — 8 mm broad 65. H. uninervium

7b Leaves spathulate, c. 5—8 x 2—3 mm 64. H. excisum

INULEAE

7,2: 123

6b Involucral bracts straw-coloured, buff or various shades of brown, but not clear bright yellow:

9a Leaves linear, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, margins often revolute:

10a Heads 3—6 mm long; leaves mostly concolorous, or if discolorous, heads only c. 4 mm long:

11a Heads 5—6 mm long 57. H. simulans

lib Heads 3 — 4 mm long:

12a Heads c. 3 mm long, bracts straw-coloured 62. H. arenicola

12b Heads c. 4 mm long, bracts buff-coloured, brownish or golden brown, often with red tints

as well:

13a Heads c. 4 x 2 mm containing 7 — 12 flowers, bracts ± oblong-lanceolate 59. H. asperum

13b Heads c. 4 x 3 mm containing 15 — 23 flowers, bracts ± ovate or subrotund and

somewhat concave 68. H. refractum

10b Heads 6 — 7 mm long; leaves discolorous (glabrous to cobwebby above, white tomentose

below) 67. H. hamulosum

9b Leaves spathulate or obovate:

14a Involucral bracts squarrose 63. H. fourcadei

14b Involucral bracts erect, not squarrose:

15a Heads surrounded by small narrowly elliptic leaves webbed to the outer involucral bracts;

pappus uniseriate 57. H. simulans

15b Heads surrounded by broad leaves free from the involucral bracts, which are soon deciduous;

pappus in more than one series 66. H. lucilioides

56. Helichrysum silvaticum Hilliard in

Notes R. Bot. Gdn Edinb. 32: 361 (1973),

Compositae in Natal 192 (1977). Type:

Natal, Ubombo distr., Makatini Flats, Strey

5287 (NU, holo.!; PRE iso.!).

Perennial herb up to c. 400 mm high,

sparingly branched, branches thinly grey-

woolly, leafy particularly above. Leaves c.

15—40 x 1,5—6 mm, slightly smaller

upwards, elliptic-lanceolate, apex acute,

mucronate, base narrowed, sessile, both

surfaces thinly grey-woolly. Heads homo-

gamous, turbinate-campanulate, c. 4 x 4

mm, many in small corymbose panicles

terminating the branches. Involucral bracts

in c. 5 series, graded, loosely imbricate,

inner about equalling flowers, bases silvery,

translucent, tips opaque white, acute, not

radiating. Receptacle with fimbrils equalling

ovaries. Flowers c. 20—30. Achenes 0,5 mm

long, glabrous. Pappus bristles many, about

equalling corolla, scabridulous, bases

cohering strongly by patent cilia, some light

fusion as well. Fig. 25: 1.

Recorded from the Mozambique coastal plain and

its extension southwards into northern Zululand

(Tongaland), growing in open woodland or grassland

on sandy soils. Flowers in June and July; rarely

collected. Map 81.

Vouchers: Gerstner 3467 (BOL, K); Junod 2912

(G).

MAP 81. — o Helichrysum silvaticum

• Helichrysum simulans

57. Helichrysum simulans Harv. &

Sond., F.C. 3: 217 (1865). Type: Cape,

George, Karroo in der Gegend von

Gouritz-rivier, 1 000—3 000 Fuss, Decem-

ber, Ecklon 546 (S, holo.!).

H. silicicolum Compton in Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 19:

316 (1931). Type: Cape, Laingsburg distr.. White Hill,

Karoo Garden, 2 700 ft, on white quartzite rubble, 1 xii

1924, Compton 2889 (BOL, holo.!).

Dwarf twiggy shrublet c. 50—150 mm

high, main stem gnarled, c. 10 mm diam..

7,2: 124

1NULEAE

INULEAE

7,2: 125

branches stiffly erect, bare below, branch-

lets grey stringy-felted, closely leafy. Leaves

erect, imbricate, 3—6 x 1—2 mm, linear

(narrowly spathulate, up to 3 mm broad, in

Hall 177; see notes below), apex more or

less obtuse, slightly recurved, base broad,

shortly decurrent, both surfaces enveloped

in grey stringy tissue-paper-like tomentum.

Heads homogamous, cylindric, c. 5—6 x

2—3 mm, solitary or 2—3 together at the

branchlet tips, closely surrounded by leaves

webbed to outer involucral bracts. Involu-

cral bracts in 5 series, graded, closely,

imbricate, inner equalling flowers, not

radiating, all obtuse, convex, backs some-

what woolly, light or dark golden-brown,

sometimes red above the stereome, semi-

pellucid. Receptacle nearly smooth. Flowers

11 — 16. Achenes not seen, ovaries with

myxogenic duplex hairs. Pappus bristles

many, equalling corolla, scab rid, bases

cohering lightly by patent cilia. Fig. 25: 2.

An ill-known but distinctive species recorded from

the Karoo at Whitehill (Laingsburg distr.), Calitzdorp,

Prince Albert, the Gouritz River, and Zebra and

Moeras River on the northern flank of the Outeniqua

Mountains. Grows in quartzite rubble or sand,

flowering in November and December. Map 81.

Vouchers: Compton 12636 (NBG); Esterhuysen

19285 (BOL); Stokoe in SAM 68713 (SAM).

Hall 177 (NBG) has paler heads and broader

leaves than the other specimens seen, but is perhaps

scarcely distinct specifically (Vanrhynsdorp distr.,

Holriver, 4 miles N. of bridge, c. 200 ft. 31 x 1964, Hall

177, NBG).

58. Helichrysum niveum (L.) Less.,

Syn. Comp. 302 (1832), quoad syn. tantum;

Hilliard & Burtt in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82:

263 (1981). Lectotype: Plukenet, Mant. 67

(1696), herb. Sloane vol. 100 folio 24

(BM!).

Gnaphalium niveum L., Sp. PI. 852 (1753).

Helichrysum metalasioides DC., Prodr. 6: 171 (1838)

p.p. excl. Burchell 2272 (G-DC!); Levyns in Adamson

& Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 781 (1950). Gnaphalium

metalasioides (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg 3: 169

(1845). Helichrysum ericifolium Less, var. metalasio-

ides (DC.) Harv. in F.C. 3: 217 (1865). Type: Cape,

Hout Bay, Lambert s.n. (G-DC, holo.!).

H. callunoides Sch. Bip. in Flora, Regensburg 27, 2:

677 (1844). Gnaphalium callunoides (Sch. Bip.) Sch.

Bip. in Bot. Ztg. 3: 173 (1845). Type: Cape,

Swellendam, Zoetendals Valley, Dec., Krauss 557 (P,

holo.!; G; Z, iso.!).

Dwarf twiggy ericoid shrublet, branch-

es erect, spreading or prostrate, c. 60—120

(—300) mm long, branchlets white-woolly-

felted, closely leafy. Leaves 2—5 ( — 10) x

0,5—0,75 mm, scarcely diminishing up-

wards, spreading, later reflexed, linear,

obtuse, half clasping, shortly decurrent,

margins strongly revolute, both surfaces

grey woolly- felted, glabrescent, or wholly

glabrous. Heads homogamous, cylindric,

4—5 x 1 mm, in small glomerules clustered

at the branch tips closely surrounded by

leaves. Involucral bracts in c. 6 series,

outermost very short, webbed to the

surrounding leaves, persistent, inner sub-

equal, tips lanceolate, acute, milk-white or

sometimes pink, slightly exceeding flowers,

not radiating, soon caducous. Receptacle

conical, honeycombed. Flowers (3—) 5

(—6). Achenes 0,75 mm, with myxogenic

duplex hairs. Pappus bristles many, equal-

ling corolla, scabrid, bases with minute

patent cilia not cohering.

Along the SW. Cape coast from Saldanha Bay, the

Cape Peninsula and the Cape Flats to about Still Bay in

Riversdale district, often on coastal dunes, always in

sandy places, not recorded above 180 m. Flowers

mainly from December to February. Map 82.

MAP 82. — Helichrysum niveum

FIG. 25. — 1, Helichrysum silvaticum, part of plant, x 1; la, head, x 6,6; lb, flower, x 13; lc, pappus bristle, x

13; Id, detail of bases of pappus bristles ( Strey 5287). 2, H. simulans, flowering branch, x 1; 2a, head, x 8 (Van

Breda 450a). 3, H. asperum, head, x 8 (Hanekom 1742). 4, H. arenicola, flowering branch, x 1; 4a, head, x 8

(Leistner 2904).

7,2: 126

INULEAE

Has something of the aspect of H. asperum var.

glabrum (below) but is easily distinguished by its

few-flowered heads with acute white or white flushed

pink involucral bracts.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 28761a (BOL; PRE);

Galpin 11259 (PRE); Taylor 5662 (PRE).

59. Helichrysum asperum (Thunb.)

Hilliard & Burtt in Notes R. Bot. Gdn

Edinb. 34: 79 (1975); Hilliard, Compositae

in Natal 208 (1977). Type: Cape of Good

Hope, Thunberg (sheet 20961, UPS,

holo.!).

Stoebe aspera Thunb., Prodr. 170 (1800), FI. Cap.

728 (1823). Seriphium asperum (Thunb.) Pers., Syn. PI.

2: 501 (1807).

Gnaphalium ericoides L., PI. Afr. Rar. 19 (1760), Sp.

PI. 2: 1193 (1763), Amoen, Acad. 6: 99 (1764), non

Helichrysum ericoides (Lam.) Pers. (1805). Evax

ericoides (L.) Schrank in Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss.

Miinch. 8: 172 (1824). Helichrysum ericoides (L.) D.

Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. 293 (1830), non (Lam.) Pers.

(1805). H. ericifolium Less., Syn. Comp. 314 (1832);

DC., Prodr. 6: 172 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 217 (1865)

excl. var. metalasioides; Moeser in Bot. Jb. 44: 298

(1910) excl. vars.; Levyns in Adamson & Salter, FI.

Cape Penins. 781 (1950). Lectotype: from the Cape of

Good Hope (LINN 989.17!).

Helichrysum laxum DC., Prodr. 6: 171 (1838).

Gnaphalium laxum (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Ztg 3: 169

(1845). Helichrysum ericifolium var. laxum (DC.)

Harv. in F.C. 3: 217 (1865). Lectotype: Cape,

Paarlberg, Drtge 1788 (G-DC!; BM; E; S; SAM; TCD;

isolecto!).

Five varieties are recognized. Not all

specimens can be assigned to a variety, and

putative hybrids have been reported. -See

comments in text.

la Heads mostly solitary or 2—4 at the branch

tips, rarely more:

2a Tips of involucral bracts light golden-

brown, often tinged red, semipellucid

(a) var. asperum

2b Tips of involucral bracts opaque white

(b) var. albidulum

lb Heads several at the branch tips:

3a Leaves 2—5 ( — 10) x 0,5 mm, glabrous

(d) var. glabrum

3b Leaves either variously woolly at least

when young, or if glabrous, then leaves

mostly 7—10 x 1 — 1,5 mm:

4a Leaves mostly 7 — 20 x 1 — 1,5 mm,

woolly or glabrous; tips of involucral

bracts white (e) var. comosum

4b Leaves mostly 3 — 6 x 0,5 — 1 mm;

5a Leaves loosely woolly; involucral

bracts semipellucid, buff-

coloured, sometimes with a red-

dish tinge (c) var. appressifolium

5b Leaves enveloped in tightly woven

‘tissue-paper’ indumentum

(though this breaks down to wool

with age); tips of involucral bracts

opaque white, often reddish above

the stereome (b) var. albidulum

(a) var. asperum.

Hard, stiff, divaricately branched,

tangled, bushy shrublet mostly 15—400 mm

tall, sometimes straggling, outer spreading

branches then sending up numerous erect

shoots, branches thinly grey-woolly, often

glabrescent, rarely glandular-hispid (see

note below), leafy. Leaves 2—6 x 0,5 mm

(old primary leaves up to 20 x 1 mm),

linear, acute to subacute, or obtuse, often

apiculate, sessile, margins strongly revolute,

both surfaces thinly white woolly-felted,

often glabrescent, sometimes glandular-

hispid as well. Heads homogamous, c. 4 x 2

mm, cylindric, solitary or 2—4, very rarely

more, together at the branch tips, closely

surrounded by leaves. Involucral bracts in

5—6 series, outermost short, webbed with

wool to surrounding leaves, inner subequal,

equalling flowers, erect, tips semipellucid,

subacute, often erose, light golden-brown,

often reddish below, not radiating, soon

caducous. Receptacle raised, slightly tuber-

culate. Flowers 7—13. Achenes not seen,

ovaries with myxogenic duplex hairs. Pap-

pus bristles many, equalling corolla, scab-

rid, bases with patent cilia not cohering. Fig.

25: 3.

Ranges from the Cape Peninsula E. to Touws

River and White Hill (Laingsburg distr.) and N. to

Vanrhynsdorp and Calvinia. Grows in fynbos on dry

stony mountain slopes or flats, or occasionally in

succulent Karoo (Vanrhynsdorp), between c. 120 and

1 200 m above sea level; flowering between October

and January. Map 83.

H. asperum var. asperum can be confused with H.

oxybelium (no. 97), which much resembles it in habit,

in disposition of the heads, and in colour of the

involucral bracts, but var. asperum is easily recognized

by its homogamous heads containing 7—13 flowers, not

heterogamous and containing 19—29 flowers.

In the type specimen, which is unlocalized, only

the young leaves are loosely woolly; the older leaves

are merely glandular-hispid. Modern collections from

the Cedarberg and from the mountains near Groot

Kloof, De Dooms and Worcester tend to be

glandular-hispid; elsewhere prominent glands are

lacking but both glandular and eglandular plants may

grow together.

INULEAE

7,2: 127

MAP 83. — o Helichrysum asperum var. asperum

• Helichrysum asperum var. albidulum

□ Helichrysum asperum var. glabrum

x Helichrysum asperum var. appressifolium

•a. Helichrysum asperum var. comosum

Vouchers: Acocks 15107 (PRE); Esterhuysen

14964 (BOL; PRE); Galpin 11103 (PRE); Pillans 5411

(NBG).

(b) var. albidulum (DC.) Hilliard,

comb. nov.

Lectotype: Cape, Riversdale distr.,

between Soetmelks (sphalm. Troetemelks)

River and Little Vette River, Burchell 6819

(G-DC!; K; PRE, isolecto.!).

H. ericifolium Less. var. albidulum DC., Prodr. 6:

172 (1838); Harv. in F.C. 3: 217 (1865); Levyns in

Adamson & Salter, FI. Cape Penins. 781 (1950).

Similar to the typical plant in habit,

head size and disposition of the heads, but

leaves and young stems enveloped in tightly

woven, silvery-grey, papery indumentum

(which may break down to wool with age)

and involucral bracts with opaque white

tips.

Recorded mainly from the Cape Peninsula and

east through Worcester, Montagu, Bredasdorp, Riv-

ersdale and Oudtshoorn degree squares (not recorded

beyond c. 23°E) with a few records from much further

north, around Nababiep and Springbok in Namaqua-

land, and in S.W. A. /Namibia in the diamond area

(2615 DA Liideritz) and Rheinpfalz (2317 DB

Rehoboth). The specimen from Rheinpfalz ( Dinter

6731, BM; E; PRE; SAM) is discussed by Merxmuller

(F.S.W.A. 139: 94, 1967) under H. fleckii. Map 83.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 417 (BOL; PRE); Galpin

11322 (PRE); Schlechter 9939 (BM; PRE).

7,2: 128

INULEAE

Salter collected var. albidulum near Bishop’s

Court, Cape Peninsula, in December 1947, together

with var. glabrum (below) and intermediates between

the two varieties ( Salter 8975, 8977, 8976, NBG).

Marais 44 (PRE) from the Bontebok National Park,

Swellendam, also appears to be intermediate (and both

var. albidulum and var. glabrum occur in the park.)

(c) var. appressifolium ( Moeser ) Hill-

iard, comb. nov.

Type: Cape, Albany distr., near Gra-

hamstown, Botha’s Hill, 660 m, 21 xii 1894,

Schlechter 6091 (BM; K; PRE; S, iso.!).

H. ericifolium Less. var. appressifolium Moeser in

Bot. Jb. 48: 339 (1913).

Differs from the typical plant in its

laxer habit, the branches tending to be

corymbosely arranged rather than stiffly

divaricate, and generally more heads

crowded at the tips of the branchlets. The

bracts are pale brownish, often with a pink

tinge, usually lacking the opaque white tips

of var. albidulum. The indumentum is

woollier, less silky, than that of var.

albidulum.

Recorded from Willowmore degree square north-

east and east to Cradock and Komgha, in dry gravelly

or sandy places. Map 83.

Vouchers: Bunt Davy 12144 (PRE); Esterhuysen

13634 (BOL: PRE); Fourcade 2949 (PRE): Hilliard &

Bunt 10578 (E; K; NU; S).

(d) var. glabrum Hilliard var. nov. a

typo ramis laxis corymbose dispositis, capit-

ulis multis ad apices ramulorum aggregatis

recedit.

Type: Cape Peninsula, Wynberg Hill,

19 i 1919, Pillans 3279 (PRE, holo.!).

Rounded, bushy shrublet up to c. 200

mm tall, main branches laxly corymbosely

branched above, branches virgate, thinly

white woolly-felted, closely leafy. Leaves

patent or reflexed, 2—5 ( — 10) x 0,5 mm,

scarcely smaller upwards, linear, margins

strongly revolute, glabrous, glandular-

punctate. Heads in clusters at the branchlet

tips, surrounded by leaves. Involucral bracts

either buff-coloured, sometimes with a

reddish tinge, and pellucid, or subopaque to

opaque white or dirty white (see notes

below).

Differs from the typical plant in its lax,

corymbosely arranged branches and many heads

clustered at the tips of the branchlets. Plants with

buff-coloured bracts have been recorded from the Cape

Peninsula; along the coast, east of Swellendam, plants

begin to appear with subopaque, dirty-white tips to the

involucral bracts, or occasionally the tips are opaque

and pure white; plants with buff-coloured bracts are

also present (Albertinia, Mossel Bay, Knysna, Karee-

douw, Humansdorp, Uitenhage). Still further east (at

Alexandria, Port Alfred, East London, Kei Mouth and

Gogwana Mouth in the Transkei) bract tips are mostly

opaque white.

H. asperum var. glabrum grows on sandy soils, on

grassy slopes or in fynbos, often near the sea, but also

on the mountains of the SW. Cape up to c. 600 m.

Flowers mainly between December and March. Map

83.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 418 (BOL; PRE); Flana-

gan 336 (PRE); Hilliard & Bunt 10896 (E; K; MO;

NU; PRE; S).

Specimens from Coombs Valley near Gra-

hamstown may have woolly leaves as in var.

appressifolium (Hilliard & Burtt 10852, E; K; NU;

PRE) or glabrous leaves as in var. glabrum (Hilliard &

Bunt 10863, E; K; NU; PRE); one plant of the latter

collection has some branchlets with glabrous leaves,

others with lower leaves glabrous, upper woolly.

Marais s.n. (PRE) from the Bontebok National

Park at Swellendam appears to be H. asperum var.

glabrum x var. albidulum.

(e) var. comosum (Sch. Bip.) Hilliard,

comb, et stat. nov.

Type: Natal, Port Natal, Krauss (BM;

G; K; TCD, isotypes!).

H. comosum Sch. Bip., in Flora, Regensburg 27: 678

(1844).

H. asperum (Thunb.) Hilliard & Burtt p.p.; Hilliard,

Compositae in Natal 208 (1977).

H. ericifolium Less. var. lineare sensu Harv. in F.C.

3: 217 (1865); non H. lineare DC.

Similar in habit to var. glabrum but a

coarser-looking plant, with generally larger