FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

VOLUME 5

Editors G. Germishuizen & B.A. Momberg

Part 1

Fascicle 2: Asphodelaceae (First part): Kniphofia

by L.E. Codd

national

biodiversity

institute

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.org/details/floraofsoutherna512unse

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

which deals with the territories of

SOUTH AFRICA, LESOTHO, SWAZILAND, NAMIBIA AND BOTSWANA

VOLUME 5

PART 1

FASCICLE 2: ASPHODELACEAE (FIRST PART): KNIPHOFIA

by

L.E. Codd

Scientific editor: G. Germishuizen

Technical editor: B.A. Momberg

national

biodiversity

institute

S A N B I

Pretoria

2005

Editorial Board

B.J. Huntley

R.B. Nordenstam

W. Greuter

South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA

Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden

Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-

Dahlem, Berlin, Germany

Typesetting and page layout by S.S. Brink, SANBI, Pretoria

Printed by Afriscot Printers, P.O. Box 75353. 0040 Lynnwood Ridge

© published by and obtainable from the

South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria,

South Africa

Tel. (012) 804-3200 Fax (012) 804-3211

http://www.sanbi.org

ISBN 1-919976-03-5

CONTENTS

New taxa, new combinations and new statuses published in Volume 5, Part 1, Fascicle 2

(First part) iv

Introduction v

Kniphofia Moench 1

Excluded species 85

References 88

Index 93

Appendix:

Plan of Flora of southern Africa A-l

FSA contributions in Bothalia A-3

Flora of southern Africa : alphabetical list of published taxa A-4

NEW TAXA, NEW COMBINATIONS AND NEW STATUSES

PUBLISHED IN VOLUME 5, PART 1, FASCICLE 1 (FIRST PART)

None.

IV

INTRODUCTION

This part is compiled in accordance with the Guide for contributors to the Flora of southern

Africa (compiled by Leistner, Ross & De Winter and available from the Editor, South African

National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X 1 0 1 , Pretoria, 0001 South Africa).

The maps show the distribution of the various taxa in the FSA region only.

The numbering of the genus is according to De Dalla Torre & Harms in their Genera siphonoga-

marum (1900-1907), as adapted by Germishuizen & Meyer (2003).

Background to this Fascicle

Dr L.E.W. Codd, former Director of the Botanical Research Institute (now the South African

National Biodiversity Institute), completed the manuscript of the revision of the genus Kniphofia for

the Flora of southern Africa in the late 1980s, after his major work on the genus (Codd 1968).

The line drawings by Gill Condy in this Fascicle have been added to illustrate taxa that have not

appeared in Codd (1968) and that have not been illustrated in the Flowering Plants of Africa series.

Furthermore, literature references such as Fabian & Germishuizen (1997), Retief & Herman (1997),

Goldblatt & Manning (2000), Feistner (2000) and Germishuizen & Meyer (2003) have been added to

include the latest work on the genus. Kniphofia leucocephala Baijnath (1992) was taken verbatim to

complete the revision of the genus. The key has been adapted to include this species.

References

BAIJNATH. H. 1992. Kniphofia leucocephala (Asphodelaceae): a new white-flowered red-hot poker from South Africa. South

African Journal of Botany 58: 482M-85.

CODD, L.E. 1968. The South African species of Kniphofia. Bothalia 9: 363-511.

FABIAN, A. & GERMISHUIZEN, G. 1997. Wild flowers of northern South Africa. Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg. Cape Town

GERMISHUIZEN, G. & MEYER, N.L. (eds). 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14. National

Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

GOLDBLATT, P. & MANNING, J. 2000. Cape plants. A conspectus of the Cape Bora of South Africa. Strelitzia 9. National

Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

LEISTNER. O.A. (ed.). 2000. Seed plants of southern Africa: families and genera. Strelitzia 10. National Botanical Institute,

Pretoria.

RETIEF, E. & HERMAN, P.P.J. 1997. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: keys and diagnostic characters.

Strelitzia 6. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

V

LESLIE EDWARD WOSTALL CODD

16 September 1908-2 March 1999

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

1

1024000 KNIPHOFIA

by L.E. CODDf

Kniphofia Moench, Methodus: 631 (1794); Kunth: 551 (1843); Baker: 360 (1871); Benth. &

Hook.f.: 775 (1883); Baker: 275 (1885); Engl.: 5 (1888); T.Durand & Schinz: 291 (1894); Baker:

275 (1896); Baker: 450 (1898b); A.Berger: 31 (1908); K.Krause: 299 (1930); Codd: 41 (1967);

Codd: 363 (1968); Marais: 465 (1974); R.A.Dyer: 928 (1976); J.Taylor: 129 (1985); Gideon.F.Sm.

& N.L. Meyer: 585 (2000); Goldblatt & J.C. Manning: 73 (2000); C. Archer: 108 (2003), nom. cons.

Type species: K. alooides Moench, nom. illeg. = K. uvaria (L.) Oken.

Aloe sensu L.: 323 (1753), p.p.; sensu Mill. (1768), p.p.

Aletris sensu Burm.f.: 10 (1768); Alethris sensu L.: 367 (1771), p.p.; sensu Aiton: 464 (1789), p.p.; sensu Thunb.: 60

(1794), p.p.

Veltheimia sensu Willd.: 182 (1799), p.p.; sensu Thunb.: 309 (1823), p.p.

Tritoma Ker Gawl.: t. 744 (1804a); W.T.Aiton: 290 (1811). Type species: T. media Ker Gawl., nom. illeg. = K. sar-

mentosa (Andrews) Kunth.

Tritomanthe Link: 383 (1821); Schult. in Roem. & Schult.: 631 (1829), nom. superfl.

Tritomium Link: 170 ( 1829), nom superfl.

Triclissa Salisb.: 75 (1866), nom. superfl.

Notosceptrum Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f.: 775 (1883); Engl.: 5 (1888); T.Durand & Schinz: 295 (1894); Baker: 285 (1896);

Baker: 454 (1898b): A.Berger: 69 ( 1908); K.Krause: 300 (1930); E.Phillips: 185 ( 1951 ). Lectotype species prop.: N. benguellense

(Baker) Benth. [Codd: 509 (1985)].

Plants perennial, herbaceous, solitary or caespitose from a thick, simple or branching rhi-

zome, rarely somewhat caulescent. Leaves radical or, in caulescent plants, in a dense rosette at

apex of stem, in 4 or 5 ranks or rarely distichous, linear or rarely lanceolate-linear, tapering gradu-

ally to apex, usually keeled, margin and keel smooth to minutely serrulate. Scape erect, subequal

to or overtopping leaves; peduncle narrowly cylindrical, rigid, simple or very rarely branched.

Raceme dense or lax, centrifugal (opening from base upwards) in S African species, centripetal

in a few tropical African species; bracts persistent, longer than short persistent pedicels. Perianth

spreading or pendulous, rarely ascending, white, yellow, brownish or various shades of red,

deciduous; tube campanulate to cylindrical, 1.5-50.0 mm long, glabrous in S African species,

occasionally papillose in tropical African species; lobes 6, short, 1. 5-5.0 mm long. Stamens 6,

hypogynous, usually almost as long as or longer than tube at anthesis, rarely included; filaments

filiform; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary ovoid to ovoid-triquetrous, 3-locular, with many axile

ovules; style filiform, usually finally exserted; stigma apical, minute. Fruit capsular, globose to

ovoid-triquetrous, dehiscing loculicidally. Seed somewhat flattened, acutely 3-angled or winged.

Species about 70, mostly in Africa, with two in Madagascar and one in the southern Arabian

Peninsula; 47 species in southern Africa, but absent from Namibia and Botswana.

Allied to Aloe L. but the leaves are nearly always radical, herbaceous to fibrous, not succulent

or semisucculent. The chromosome number for all species so far examined is 2n = 12 (De Wet

1960: 295).

t Late of the Botanical Research Institute, Private Bag X101. 0001 Pretoria.

2

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

The present treatment should be used in conjunction with the revision of Codd (1968), in which

the species are freely illustrated.

la Perianth less than 20 mm long:

2a Raceme elongate, 300-800 mm long; perianth 7-12 mm long; flowers ascending . . .

1 . K. multiflora

2b Raceme less than 300 mm long; flowers spreading or pendulous:

3a Perianth 4-10 mm long:

4a Flowers yellow-brown to fuscous, drying dark purplish brown:

5a Bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate; perianth 8-9 mm long 4 . K. umbrina

5b Bracts ovate-deltoid to subrotund; perianth 4. 0-6. 5 mm long:

6a Raceme 150-300 mm long; leaves 350-650 mm long 5. K. typhoides

6b Raceme 40-90 mm long; leaves 1 50-280 mm long 6. K. brachystachya

4b Flowers greenish, yellow, cream-coloured or white, not drying purplish brown:

7a Bracts broadly ovate, obtuse; leaves 10-15 mm broad, margin minutely denticulate

3. K. acraea

7b Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute; leaves 2. 5-7.0 mm broad, margin smooth or almost

so:

8a Perianth 4. 0-5. 5 mm long, white 7. K. buchananii

8b Perianth (6— )7— 1 1 mm long:

9a Raceme relatively lax, usually secund, 60-280 mm long; flowers greenish to dull

yellow, occasionally maroon tinged 2. K. pan’iflora

9b Raceme dense (rarely lax at base), not secund, 40-80 mm long; flowers white,

cream-coloured or yellow 8 . K. breviflora

3b Perianth 11-19 mm long:

10a Raceme dense:

11a Leaves narrow, grass-like, 2 — 4(— 6) mm broad (occasionally less than 6 mm in K.

gracilis but then bracts ovate, obtuse):

12a Flowers white, cream-coloured or yellow:

13a Perianth not more than 1 1 mm long 8. K. breviflora

13b Perianth more than 12 mm long:

14a Leaf margin scaberulous to finely denticulate or almost smooth 13. K. fibrosa

14b Leaf margin conspicuously serrulate 12 . K. crassifolia

12b Flowers orange, coral or red:

15a Stamens not more than half length of perianth tube at anthesis; perianth lobes

spreading ll.K evansii

15b Stamens reaching throat of perianth at anthesis or slightly exserted; perianth

lobes not spreading 13. K. fibrosa

lib Leaves 6-45 mm broad:

16a Bracts ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse 14. K. gracilis

16b Bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate:

17a Perianth 15 mm long or longer, somewhat constricted above ovary; leaves

15-45 mm broad 20. K. ensifolia

17b Perianth 1 1-15 mm long, cylindrical; leaves 6-15 mm broad:

1 8a Flowers white or cream-coloured; buds ascending, greenish or tinged with red

9. K. albescens

18b Flowers orange-yellow to reddish; buds pendulous, red 10. K. flammula

10b Raceme lax:

19a Bracts ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse 14. K. gracilis

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

3

19b Bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate:

20a Raceme 100-300 mm long; perianth 19-30 mm long, in various colours (includ-

ing yellow), not markedly expanding about the middle \1 . K. angustifolia

20b Raceme 30-100 mm long; perianth 14-18 mm long, expanding from ± middle to

throat 1 8. A', pauciflora

lb Perianth 20 mm or more in length:

21a Raceme lax, particularly in lower part:

22a Bracts ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse:

23a Perianth up to 22 mm long 14. A", gracilis

23b Perianth 24-35 mm long 15. AT. laxiflora

22b Bracts ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate:

24a Perianth more than 30 mm long 16. A", ichopensis

24b Perianth up to 30 mm in length:

25a Leaves 2-5 mm broad 17. AT. angustifolia

25b Leaves 8-30 mm broad:

26a Leaves 0.6-1. 5 m long, arcuate-spreading or pendulous from cliff faces; pedicels

5-7 mm long 19. K. tabularis

26b Leaves 0.3-0. 6 m long, erect; pedicels 1-3 mm long 24. A', sarmentosa

21b Raceme dense, especially in lower part (sometimes ± lax towards apex):

27a Leaves not keeled or V-shaped in cross section:

28a Leaves spreading, arcuate, broad and relatively Hat, 30-120 mm broad; plants often

caulescent 28. A', northiae

28b Leaves rigid, erect, U-shaped in cross section, markedly ribbed, 8-14 mm broad . .

29. K. stricta

27b Leaves keeled or V-shaped in cross section:

29a Bracts lanceolate to linear-oblong, apex acute to gradually acuminate:

30a Stamens well exserted at anthesis and remaining exserted:

31a Plants usually caulescent; perianth 20-24 mm long; leaf bases and bracts usually

drying with a purplish tinge . . . . : 26. K. caulescens

31b Plants acaulescent or occasionally shortly caulescent (A", albomontana ); leaf

bases and bracts not drying with a purplish tinge; perianth 20^10 mm long:

32a Pedicels 5-12 mm long; perianth 24-30 mm long (Western Cape: Uniondale,

Knysna and Eastern Cape: Komga) 22. K. bmceae

32b Pedicels l-3(rarely 4) mm long; perianth up to 24(rarely-25) mm long:

33a Plants spring-flowering; flowers whitish when open, often red in bud stage . .

20a. K. ensifolia subsp. ensifolia

33b Plants autumn-flowering; Bowers whitish to yellow or orange-yellow when

open, often red in bud stage:

34a Leaves semiglaucous, 20-45 mm broad; Bowers whitish to lemon yellow

when open (eastern Free State) 20b. K. ensifolia subsp. autumnalis

34b Leaves midgreen, 10-20 mm broad, nervose; flowers greenish yellow to orange-

yellow when open (Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Swaziland) . . 21. A', splendida

30b Stamens included or shortly exserted at anthesis, often withdrawn later (some-

times somewhat exserted in K. albomontana but distinguished from the related

K. caulescens by the leaves exceeding 700 mm in length and perianth usually

longer than 24 mm):

35a Plants robust with leaves 0. 8-2.0 m long; scape (with raceme) 1-2 m tall (com-

monly cultivated redhot pokers occasionally occurring as garden escapes) . . .

23. K. praecox

4

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

35b Plants of small to medium stature, indigenous; scape (with raceme) usually less

than 1 m tall:

36a Leaves with margins distinctly serrulate:

37a Plants usually shortly caulescent: leaves more than 30 mm broad . . 27. K. albomontana

37b Leaves less than 25 mm broad:

38a Leaves up to 8 mm broad; raceme concolorous. coral-red

33a. K. triangularis subsp. triangularis

38b Leaves 8-24 mm broad; raceme dull red at apex; flowers usually greenish yellow:

39a Leaves glabrous 31. K. ritualis

39b Leaves pubescent 30. K. hirsuta

36b Leaves with margins smooth or with a few scattered teeth:

40a Perianth 20-25 mm long; perianth lobes not or slightly spreading:

41a Leaves grass-like, 2-A mm broad 13. K. fibrosa

41b Leaves 6-30 mm broad:

42a Leaves 300-600 mm long; scape 250—450 mm tall: raceme lax to medium-

dense, up to 300 mm long; Western Cape 24. K. sarmentosa

42b Leaves 500-900 mm long; scape 500-900 mm tall: raceme dense, rarely more

than 120 mm long; Limpopo 25. K. corralligemma

40b Perianth 25-50 mm long (occasionally shorter in K. triangularis but then

perianth coral-red with spreading lobes):

43a Raceme concolorous, coral-red in colour: perianth lobes spreading:

44a Leaves 1. 5-3.0 mm broad and margins smooth to sparsely toothed or. if broader.

margins sparsely to distinctly serrulate . . . 33a K. triangularis subsp. triangularis

44b Leaves 3-9 mm broad, margins always smooth

33b K. triangularis subsp. obtusiloba

43b Raceme bicolorous: buds brownish red to scarlet; flowers whitish, yellow or

orange; perianth lobes not or slightly spreading:

45a Leaves fibrous in texture, grass-like. 3 — 6(— 8) mm broad: buds scarlet, flowers

orange to red 32. K. galpinii

45b Leaves soft-textured, 2-25 mm broad:

46a Buds brownish red; flowers whitish; leaves 2-5 mm broad with margins

smooth or sparsely serrulate 34. K. thodei

46b Buds red or red-tinged; flowers lemon-yellow to orange-yellow; leaves

6-25 mm broad, margins always smooth:

47a Perianth 30-40(— 4-2) mm long: leaves 6-14 mm broad . . 35. K. porphyrantha

47b Perianth 42-50 mm long: leaves 8-25 mm broad 36. K. fluviatilis

29b Bracts ovate to oblong or, rarely, lanceolate, apex rounded to acute:

48a Flowering July to November:

49a Pedicels 2.5-6. 0 mm long at flowering stage:

50a Leaves 1 5-30 mm broad, yellow-green, usually recurved-falcate with serrulate

margins; scape 250-500 mm tall (Pondoland coastal areas) . . 39. K. drepanophyila

50b Leaves 6-15 mm broad, dull to glaucous-green, erect, with margins smooth to

sparsely denticulate; scape up to 1 m tall (Western to Eastern Cape) ... 44. W maria

49b Pedicels 1-2 mm long at flowering stage:

51a Raceme normally 60-80 mm diam., globose, very dense; plants usually robust

with scape 0.8-1. 4 m tall; leaves 0.5-1. 2 m long: bracts 7-11 mm long, erect

and imbricate in bud stage (depauperate plants apt to be confused with K. lit-

toralis but bracts not white and fruits small, subglobose); coastal marshes

from Eastern Cape to southern KwaZulu-Natal 43. K. rooperi

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

5

51b Raceme 40-60(-65) mm diam., ovoid, rhomboid, globose to oblong; plants of

small to medium stature; scape 250-700(-900) mm tall; leaves 1 50— 700(— 900)

mm long; bracts not imbricate in bud stage:

52a Leaf margins smooth or with a few scattered teeth:

53a Buds with lower half various shades of green or brown; upper half white;

Richards Bay. northern KwaZulu-Natal 49. A3 leucocephala

53b Buds dull red or flame red throughout:

54a Buds flame-red; flowers yellow; raceme globose; leaves erect, relatively

narrow; occurs in grass among sandstone rocks near the coast, Pondoland

to southern KwaZulu-Natal 38. A3 coddiana

54b Buds dull red; flowers greenish yellow; leaves erect or falcate; occurs on

grassy slopes or flats:

55a Bracts whitish, chartaceous, margin entire; pedicels elongating in fruit up to

5 mm; fruits ovoid, 8-10 mm long; sandy coastal flats, KwaZulu-Natal

37. AT. littoralis

55b Bracts brownish, scariose, margin usually eroso-denticulate; pedicels scarce-

ly elongating in fruit; fruits subglobose-triquetrous, 5-7 mm long;

inland areas, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal 40. A3 baurii

52b Leaf margins serrulate:

56a Leaves usually not more than 500 mm long and 25 mm broad at flowering

stage, often distinctly falcate; scape usually overtopping leaves; Eastern

Cape, KwaZulu-Natal 40. A", baurii

56b Leaves 500-900 x 15-40 mm at flowering stage, usually rigid, erect or

sometimes slightly falcate; scape subequal to or shorter than leaves:

57a Raceme ovoid-rhomboid; leaves glaucous-green, tapering rather rapidly to

apex; KwaZulu-Natal midlands 41. K. latifolia

57b Raceme globose to ovoid-globose; leaves yellow-green, tapering gradually

to apex; Mpumalanga 42. A", rigidifolia

48b Flowering December to June:

58a Leaves not keeled, (30-)40-120 mm broad 28. A3 northiae

58b Leaves keeled, 4^-0 mm broad:

59a Perianth 1 9— 26(— 28 ) mm long; stamens exserted by 6-10 mm:

60a Raceme subglobose, 45-50 mm long; scape 0.4-0. 6 m tall 45. A3 citrina

60b Raceme ovoid, rhomboid to subcylindrical:

61a Raceme ovoid to subcylindrical; scape 1-2 m tall 47. A3 tysonii

61b Raceme ovoid to rhomboid; scape 450 to 600 mm tall 49. A3 leucocephala

59b Perianth usually more than 26 mm long; stamens exserted by 5 mm or less at

anthesis, often later withdrawn:

62a Pedicels 3-6 mm long at flowering stage 44 A3 uvaria

62b Pedicels less than 3 mm long at flowering stage:

63a Leaves distinctly tough and fibrous usually arcuate-spreading and often glaucous,

6-15 (rarely-20) mm broad:

64a Raceme narrowly rhomboid, tapering to apex and base, 130-200 mm long;

northern KwaZulu-Natal 15. A3 laxiflora

64b Raceme oblong or ovoid to subglobose, truncate at base, 70-120 mm long;

Eastern Cape 44. A3 uvaria

63b Leaves not markedly tough, usually not glaucous, ( 1 2-) 1 5^40 mm broad:

65a Raceme globose; leaves arcuate-spreading; coastal marshes. Eastern Cape

to southern KwaZulu-Natal 43. A3 rooperi

FIGURE 1. — Kniphofia multiflora. A, habit, much reduced; B, leaf, showing keel, x 1.4; C, leaf margin, x 3.8; D, apex of

inflorescence, x 1.8; E, portion of inflorescence, x 1.8; F, individual flowers and bud, x 1.8; G, 1/s flower, x 3.8; H,

apex of flower showing perianth lobes, x 5.7; I, base of inflorescence showing fruits, all x 0.9. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

7

65b Raceme oblong to rhomboid, rarely subglobose; leaves erect, later retlexed

(kneed) ± middle, not arcuate; inland, eastern part of Western Cape,

Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland to Mpumalanga

46. K. linearifolia

I. Kniphofia multiflora J.M.Wood &

M.S. Evans in Journal of Botany, British and

Foreign 35: 353 (1897); J.M.Wood: t. 206 (1900);

J.M.Wood: 56 (1901); Hook.f.: t. 7832 (1902);

A. Berger: 44 (1908); Codd: 1. 1445 (1965a); Codd:

400 (1968); A. Fabian & Germish.: 42, t. 13c (1997);

Retief & RRJ. Herman: 101 (1997). Type: Natal

[KwaZulu-Natal], between Van Reenen and

Nelson’s Kop, J.M.Wood 5972 (NH, holo.!; K! ).

Plants robust, usually many-stemmed. Leaves

ascending, later bending over ± middle, 0.8- 1.8

m long, 20-40 mm broad, deeply keeled, mid-

green; margin and keel serrulate. Scape overtop-

ping reflexed leaves, 0.8-2.0 m tall. Raceme slen-

der, elongate, tapering gradually towards apex,

300-800 mm long; buds and flowers ascending;

buds greenish white to orange-yellow tipped with

red, becoming whitish to yellow as flowers open.

Bracts oblong-spathulate, 3. 5-5. 5 mm long, acute

to rounded at apex; margin minutely eroso-dentic-

ulate. Pedicels 1. 5^4.0 mm long at flowering

stage, elongating up to 4—5 mm in fruit. Perianth

shortly subcylindrical, 7-12 mm long; lobes

ovate. 1.5 mm long. Anthers shortly exserted.

Fruit ovoid-triquetrous, 5-6 mm long. Flowering

time : February to April. Figure 1 .

Distributed along the Drakensberg escarp-

ment from Van Reenen and Harrismith in the

south to northern KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland

and Mpumalanga, reaching its northernmost

limit on the Soutpansberg in Limpopo. It grows

in mountain marshes, vleis and on streambanks,

usually at altitudes of 1 300 to 2 000 m, but in

Mpumalanga, it is found in vleis east of the

escarpment as low as 800 m. Map 1 .

Vouchers: Bruce 292\ Codd 6952 , 10334.

Readily distinguished from other South Afri-

can species by the exceptionally long, narrow

raceme. There are two colour forms, separated

MAP 1. — • Kniphofia multiflora

▲ K. parviflora

geographically. In the south, from Van Reenen

to Wakkerstroom, the typical form occurs with

greenish white buds and whitish to cream-

coloured flowers. From the Carolina and

Barberton Districts northwards, the buds are

orange-yellow, often tinged with red, and the

flowers on opening are pale to deep yellow.

Unlike other species of Kniphofia in South

Africa, the Bowers do not become pendulous

with age. Its closest relative is probably K.

reynoldsii Codd from Malawi which, however,

has a shorter perianth tube, up to 10 mm long,

with spreading lobes.

2. Kniphofia parviflora Kunth , Enume-

ratio plantarum 4:553 (1 843); Baker: 361 ( 187 1 );

Baker: 277 (1885); Baker: 277 ( 1896); A.Berger:

40 (1908), excluding var. albiflora A.Berger;

Codd: 403 (1968). Type: Pondoland, hills be-

tween Umzimvubu and Umsikaba Rivers, Drege

4528 ( K, lecto.!; G!).

K. modesta Baker: 43 (1889); Baker: 277 (1896), p.p.,

as to type. Type: East Griqualand, [KwaZulu-Natal], near

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofi;

FIGURE 2. — A-C, Kuiphofia parviflora, Zietsman 1420 :

A, leaf base and leaves, x 1; B, inflorescence, x I;

C, floral bract, x 2. Artist: Gillian Condy.

Kokstad. Mount Currie, Tyson 1418 (K. holo.!; BOL!, G!,

GRA!, PRE!).

K. krookii Zahlbr.: 15 (1900). Type: East Griqualand,

[KwaZulu-Natal], Mt Insizwa, Krook sub Penther 547 (W,

holo.; BOL!).

Plants usually single-stemmed. Leaves nar-

row, at first ascending and later recurving,

200-750 x 3-7 mm, keeled; margin smooth or,

rarely, sparsely toothed. Scape overtopping

recurved leaves, 250-800 mm long. Raceme

elongate-oblong, fairly lax, usually secund,

60-280 mm long; buds ascending, greenish

brown to maroon; flowers eventually pendulous,

creamy yellow or yellow-green to greenish

brown, rarely suffused with dull red, faintly

scented. Bracts ovate, 4. 0-6.5 mm long, usually

broadest ± middle then narrowing abruptly to an

acute to acuminate apex; margin entire. Pedicels

1-2 mm long, elongating slightly in fruit.

Perianth cylindrical, 7-10 mm long; lobes ovate,

1 mm long, not spreading. Stamens exserted by

1-2 mm at anthesis, later withdrawn. Fruit sub-

globose, 5-6 mm long. Flowering time : mainly

January to March but occasional specimens may

flower as early as August. Figure 2.

Distributed from King William’s Town

District of Eastern Cape, through the Transkei

to the Polela District of southern KwaZulu-

Natal. Map 1.

Vouchers: Acocks 13363 , 21984\ Codd 9317\

Pegler 851 .

K. pannflora is unique in the genus in usual-

ly having a secund raceme. As the flowers start

to open, the inflorescence leans to one side and

the flowers turn in that direction. In the bud

stage the raceme is narrowly cylindrical and

may be confused in the herbarium with K. bre-

viflora (No. 8), but K. parviflora has longer

racemes, greenish yellow to pale greenish

brown flowers and broader, more ovate bracts.

The type of K. modesta is conspecific with

that of K. parviflora but Baker (1893b) subse-

quently misinterpreted his species. The plant

figured in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine t. 7293

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

9

FIGURE 3. — A-D, Kniphofia acraea: A, rhizome with roots

and leaf base, x 0.8; B. inflorescence, x 0.8; C, floral

bract, x 4; Dm 1/s flower, x 3. Artist: Cythna Letty.

as K. modesta, is a form of the variable K. gra-

cilis (see No. 14) and it is in this sense that later

authors treated the name K. modesta until N.E.

Brown pointed out the mistake in The Gar-

dener’s Chronicle, ser. 3, 56: 410 (1914) and

renamed the Curtis’s Botanical Magazine plate,

K. sparsa N.E.Br.

3. Kniphofia acraea Codd in Bothalia 9:

142 (1966); Codd: 405 (1968). Type: Cape [East-

ern Cape], National Mountain Zebra Park, on

top of Bankberg, alt. about 2 250 m, Liebenberg

7120 (PRE, holo!).

Plants with several stems. Leaves 500-700 x

10-15 mm, V-shaped in cross section, tending

to fold along midrib, nerves conspicuous in

dried specimens; margin minutely and distantly

denticulate, keel smooth. Scape subequal to

leaves, 500-600 mm tall. Raceme dense, ovoid

to subcylindrical, 60-120 x 22-25 mm, tapering

to apex in young stage; buds greenish yellow,

spreading; Bowers yellow, at first spreading,

later deflexed. Bracts broadly ovate, obtuse,

4-5 mm long, at first erect and overlapping

buds, later deflexed; margin minutely eroso-

denticulate. Pedicels 1. 5-2.0 mm long. Perianth

subcampanulate, 8-9 mm long, 2 mm broad at

base, increasing up to 2. 5-3.0 mm at mouth;

lobes broadly ovate, 1 .5-2.0 mm long. Stamens

exserted by 2-3 mm at anthesis. Fruit not seen.

Flowering time: March. Figure 3.

Known only from the type gathering in March

1964 (three specimens) at the top of the Bank-

berg, Cradock District, Eastern Cape, in small

seepage areas among rocks. A living plant was

cultivated in Pretoria for a few years. Map 2.

It somewhat resembles K. breviflora (No. 8)

but has broader leaves and broader, obtuse bracts.

Its true relationship is not clear.

4. Kniphofia umbrina Codd in Bothalia

9: 141 (1966); Codd: 406 (1968). Type: Swazi-

land. 6.5 km south of Forbes Reef, Bruce 272

(PRE, holo.!).

10

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 4. — A-C. Kniphofia umbrina, Kemp 1280 : A, leaf, x 1; B, inflorescence, x 1; C, floral bract, x 2. Artist: Gillian

Condy. D-G, K. brachystachya, Roux 1463: D, rhizome with roots and leaf base, x 0.8; E, leaf section showing keel,

x 0.8; F, inflorescence, x 0.8; G, floral bract, x 1.6. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

MAP 2. — • Kniphofia typhoides

▲ K. umhrina

■ K. acraea

Plants with several stems. Leaves somewhat

flaccid, at first erect, later reflexed, 450-700 x

10-20 mm, V-shaped in cross section, mid-

green; margin and keel smooth. Scape overtop-

ping leaves, 700-900 mm tall. Raceme sub-

cylindrical, very dense, 70-150 x 15-20 mm;

buds purplish brown; flowers reddish brown to

burnt amber, drying blackish, slightly scented.

Bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 9-11 mm

long; margin entire. Pedicels 0.5 mm long.

Perianth cylindrical, 8-9 mm long, Stamens

exserted by up to 2 mm at anthesis. Fruit ovoid-

triquetrous, 5-6 mm long. Flowering time :

February to early March. Figure 4A-C.

Known from only a small area south of

Forbes Reef in Swaziland at an altitude of about

I 500 m where it grows on grassy slopes. Map 2.

Vouchers: Codd 952 7; Compton 27552, 31290.

With its brown, slightly scented flowers

and bullrush-like raceme, it shows an obvious

relationship to the next species, K. typhoides ,

but differs in several characters: the leaves

are not distichously arranged nor glaucous

and are V-shaped in cross section; the perianth

is longer and more pendulous; and the bracts

are longer and acuminate, not rounded, as in

K. typhoides.

In view of its restricted distribution and the

pressure of agricultural activities, the species

must be regarded as being very vulnerable. The

authorities are aware of the position and a 1985

survey revealed the presence of about 4 500

plants, about half of which were transplanted to

the nearby Malolotja National Park. Their sub-

sequent fate is not known.

5. Kniphofia typhoides Codd in The

Flowering Plants of Africa 36: t. 1424 ( 1964d);

Codd: 407 (1968); Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 102

(1997). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], ‘Klip

River County’, Mrs K. Saunders sub J.M. Wood

3895 (K, holo.!; BM!, NR!).

Notosceptrum natalense Baker: 285 (1896); Baker: t. 2523

(1897b): A. Berger: 71 (1908); non Kniphofia natalensis Baker.

Plants with one to several stems from a short,

thickened rhizome. Leaves more or less distic-

hous, glaucous, ascending, 350-650 x 8-25

mm, shallowly channelled above, keeled, tend-

ing to be spirally twisted, firm and semifleshy

in texture; margin smooth. Scape overtopping

leaves, 500-750 mm tall. Raceme cylindrical,

very dense, 150-300 x 15-25 mm, rounded at

apex; buds erect, dark brown; flowers ascend-

ing to spreading, brown to purplish brown,

faintly scented. Bracts obovate or subrotund to

ovate, 4-6 mm long, rounded at apex; margin

entire to minutely eroso-denticulate. Pedicels

up to 0.5 mm long. Perianth subcampanulate or

shortly cylindrical, 4. 5-6. 5 mm long; lobes

ovate to rounded, 1.5 mm long, not spreading.

Stamens exserted by 3-4 mm at anthesis. Fruit

ovoid, more or less triquetrous, 5-6 mm long.

Flowering time: February to March. Figure 5.

Recorded from the northern districts of Kwa-

Zulu-Natal, the eastern part of the North-West,

Gauteng, Mpumalanga and northeastern Free

State, at altitudes of 1 300-1 800 m. It is almost

invariably found on black clay soil, and shows

a preference for low-lying places. The type

locality is given by Baker as Klip River County,

but on the sheet in NH the locality is given as

'near Newcastle’, which fits in better with the

known distribution. Map 2.

12

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 5.— Kniphofia typhoides. A, habit, much reduced: B, leaf, x 0.9; C. inflorescence, x 0.9; D. floral bract, x 4.7; E.

1/s Bower, x 4.7; F, ovary, x 7.5; G. fruit, x 2.8. Artist: Adele Walters.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

13

Vouchers: Bruce 259, 260, 293; Codd 7693,

8509.

Kniphofia typhoides is characterized by the

ascending, glaucous, strap-shaped leaves ar-

ranged in a more or less distichous manner, and

the dense bullrush-like racemes of small brown

flowers carried well above the leaves.

Notes on the relationships of K. typhoides

are given under the preceding and following

species, K. umhrina and K. brachystachya re-

spectively. The three form a closely related

group with small, closely placed, brown or yel-

low-brown, slightly scented flowers.

6. Kniphofia brachystachya ( Zahlbr.)

Codd in The Flowering Plants of Africa 36: sub

t. 1424 (1964d); Codd: 409 (1968). Type: East

Griqualand, [KwaZulu-Natal], Mt Insizwa,

Krook sub Penther 536 (W, holo.); neotype:

Cape [Eastern Cape], Umzimkulu Dist., Ensi-

keni, Haygarth sub J.M. Wood 12062 (PRE!).

Notosceptrum brachystachyum Zahlbr.: 13. t. 3 (1900);

A. Berger: 71 (1908).

Plants with stems solitary or in small clus-

ters. Leaves erect or somewhat falcate, rigid,

150-280 x 4-12 mm. shallowly keeled. Scape

overtopping leaves, 250-650 mm tall. Raceme

cylindrical, dense, 40-90 x 10-15 mm; buds

erect, brownish; flowers erect to spreading, dull

yellow to brownish, drying purplish brown,

slightly scented. Bracts ovate to ovate-deltoid,

acute, 4-5 mm long; margin eroso-denticulate.

Pedicels up to 0.5 mm long. Perianth campanu-

late to subturbinate, 4-5 mm long; lobes ovate,

l. 0-1. 5 mm long, not spreading. Stamens ex-

serted by 2 mm at anthesis. Fruit globose,

mature fruits not seen. Flowering time : No-

vember to January. Figure 4D-G.

Recorded from the mountains of East Gri-

qualand, KwaZulu-Natal and the foothills of the

Drakensberg in the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal,

in mountain grassland at altitudes of 1 300-2 200

m. Map 3.

MAP 3. — • Kniphofia brachystachya

A K. buchananii

Vouchers: Killick 1867 ; J.M. Wood 63919;

Schlechter 6462.

Related to the former species, K. typhoides , but

smaller in stature with shorter and narrower leaves

and somewhat smaller flowers, 4—5 mm long. The

bracts are ovate, acute, whereas in K. typhoides

they are rounded at the apex. The only other

species with such small flowers is K. buchananii

(No. 7), but in this species the flowers are white,

the bracts are lanceolate, acuminate, and the

leaves are grass-like, 400-600 x 2. 5^1.0 mm.

There is a specimen in PRE, Nicholson s.n.,

reputed to come from Karkloof, KwaZulu-

Natal, which is somewhat intermediate between

K. brachystachya and K. buchananii but unfor-

tunately lacks notes on flower colour. It may

represent an undescribed entity but is placed as

a form of K. brachystachya until more material

is forthcoming.

7. Kniphofia buchananii Baker in

Journal of Botany, London 23: 276 (1885);

Baker: 276 (1896); A. Berger: 39 (1908), p.p.

excluding Cooper 1029, 3294; Engl. & Drude:

3 1 3 (1908); Codd: t. 1446A (1965b). Codd: 4 1 1

(1968). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], without

locality. Rev. J. Buchanan s.n. (K, holo!).

14

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofi;

FIGURE 6. — Kniphofia buchananii. A, habit, much reduced;

B, leaf, x 0.9; C, inflorescence, x 0.9; D, floral bract,

x 4; E, 1/s flower, x 6.2. Artist: Cythna Letty.

K. buchananii var.flavescens A. Berger: 40 (1908), p.p..

as to J.M.Wood 1972.

Plants usually single-stemmed. Leaves narrow,

grass-like, at first ascending, later recurving,

400-600 x 2. 5^1.0 mm, keeled, triangular in

cross section; margin smooth. Scape overtopping

recurved leaves, 400-850 mm tall. Raceme

oblong to cylindrical, 35-90 x 10-14 mm, dense

at apex, often laxer below; buds erect, greenish

cream or tinged with red; flowers ascending to

deflexed, white. Bracts ovate-lanceolate to

lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 4.0-5. 5 mm long;

margin entire or minutely eroso-denticulate.

Pedicels 0.5-1. 0 mm long, elongating to 2 mm

in fruit. Perianth subcampanulate to oblong,

4. 0-5. 5 mm long; lobes broadly ovate, 1 mm

long, not spreading. Stamens exserted by 1 .0-1.5

mm at anthesis. Fruit globose to ovoid, 2.5 mm

long. Flowering time : mainly February to

March, with an occasional record as early as

October and as late as April. Figure 6.

Found in the KwaZulu-Natal midlands and

semicoastal grassland at medium altitudes of

300-1 300 m, on grassy slopes, often among

dolerite rocks. Map 3.

Vouchers: J.M. Wood 1972 , 45 72, 4798\

Schlechter 6723.

Its nearest relative is K. breviflora (No. 8)

from which it is distinguished mainly on peri-

anth length which, in K. breviflora , is 7-1 1 mm.

There are, however, occasional intermediates

which suggest that K. buchananii might be bet-

ter placed as a subspecies of K. breviflora. K.

breviflora occurs more inland and at higher ele-

vations than K. buchananii. For this reason K.

parviflora var. albiflora A. Berger, based on

J.M. Wood 4826 from Glencoe with flowers

6-7 mm long, is placed in synonymy under K.

breviflora (see also notes on flower colour and

typification under the latter species).

8. Kniphofia breviflora Harv ex Baker

in Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 1 1 ;

361 (1871); Baker: 277 (1896); Baker: t. 7570

(1897c); A. Berger: 40(1908); Codd: 413 (1968).

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

15

Lectotype: ‘Orange Free State’, Drakensberg,

Cooper 1029 , the specimen mounted on the same

sheet as Cooper 3924 (K!). (See discussion be-

low).

K. schlechteri Schinz: 10 ( 1900). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-

Natal], Van Reenen’s Pass, Schlechter 6940 (Z, holo.l; BM!.

BOL!,G!,GRA!. K!. PRE!).

K. concinna Baker: 784 (1901a). K. breviflora var. con-

cinna (Baker) A. Berger: 40 (1908). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-

Natal], near Newcastle, Rehmann 7024 (Z, holo!).

K. fibrosa sensu J.M.Wood: t. 322 ( 1903b).

K. buchananii var.flavescens A. Berger: 40 ( 1908), p.p.,

excl. J.M.Wood 1972. Type: based on K. breviflora Baker.

K. parviflora var. albiflora A. Berger: 40 (1908). Type:

Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], near Glencoe, J.M. Wood 4826 (K,

holo.!; NH!).

Plants usually single-stemmed. Leaves narrow,

grass-like, at first ascending, later recurving ±

middle, 400-700 x 2.5-6.0 mm, triangular in

cross section; margin and keel smooth. Scape

overtopping recurved leaves, 400-800 mm tall.

Raceme ovoid to oblong, usually dense at apex,

medium-lax below, 50-80 x 20-24 mm; buds

erect to spreading, yellow-green, often tinged

with red; flowers whitish to yellow. Bracts ovate-

lanceolate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 4.5-

7.5 mm long; margin usually entire. Pedicels 1-2

mm long at flowering stage and in fruit. Perianth

subcylindrical, (6— )7— 1 1 mm long, in occasional

specimens broadest above middle then narrowing

to throat; lobes broadly ovate, 2.0-2.5 mm long,

not spreading. Stamens exserted by 1.0-1. 5 mm

at anthesis, later withdrawn. Fruit globose to

ovoid, 4.5-5. 0 mm long. Flowering time'. January

to March but has been collected in flower as early

as October. Figure 7.

Recorded from the foothills and slopes of the

Drakensberg from Underberg to Newcastle in

KwaZulu-Natal and extending into the Free State

in the Harrismith District, in dense mountain

grassland on hillsides or in vleis. Map 4.

Vouchers: Codd 10522, 10530\ Killick &

Marais 2157', J.M. Wood 5606 , 8922.

MAP 4. — • Kniphofia breviflora

▲ K. flammula

■ K. crassifolia

K. breviflora is based on Cooper 1029 from

the ‘Orange Free State’, of which two specimens,

mounted on different sheets, are in Kew Her-

barium. One of these specimens is mounted on

the same sheet as Cooper 3924 and has an inflores-

cence with a few apical flowers attached, 7. 0-7. 5

mm long. The other specimen is on a sheet by

itself and has an inflorescence devoid of flowers,

but with three loose flowers, measuring ± 5 mm

long, in a capsule. These loose flowers resemble

K. buchananii. The specimen on the sheet with

Cooper 3924 has been selected as the lectotype

because it agrees with Baker’s ( 1 897c) concept of

the species as indicated in the illustration written

up by him in Curtis's Botanical Magazine t. 7570,

and by his treatment in Flora capensis 6: 277

(Baker 1896) where he cites, in addition to

Cooper 1029 , Cooper 3924 and J.M. Wood 5606.

During the latter part of 1861, Cooper travelled

through the eastern Free State into KwaZulu-

Natal and so could have collected both K. brevi-

flora and K. buchananii. The latter species does

not occur in the Free State.

There are two colour forms in K. breviflora

associated with geographical distribution. Plants

in the Free State and the adjoining high Dra-

kensberg area (Oliviershoek and Van Reenen's

Pass) have yellow flowers, whereas those oc-

curring at lower altitudes towards Underberg

16

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 7. — Kniphofia hreviflora, Condy 153. A, rhizome with roots, x 0.8; B. leaf tip, x 0.8; C, leaf section showing keel,

x 0.8; D, inflorescence, x 0.8; E, floral bract, x 1.7; F, fructescence, x 0.8. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

17

and Estcoml have white flowers. At intermediate

altitudes, plants with pale yellow flowers have

been recorded.

The close affinity between K. breviflora and

K. buchananii has been discussed under the lat-

ter species above. They are separated mainly on

the basis of the shorter perianth of K. buchananii.

At the other end of the scale, K. breviflora is

related to the following species, K. albescens ,

which forms more robust plants with leaves 8-15

mm broad, and longer perianth, 11-15 mm and

bracts 7-9 mm long. The latter species also has a

more northerly distribution, extending into Mpu-

malanga but, where the two overlap in northern

KwaZulu-Natal, it is sometimes difficult to dis-

tinguish between them with certainty.

9. Kniphofia albescens Code! in The

Flowering Plants of Africa 34: t. 1325 (1960a);

Codd: 417 (1968); Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 101

(1997). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-Natal |, moun-

tains north of Utrecht, Codd 3243 (PRE, holo.!).

Plants usually several- to many-stemmed.

Leaves 0.6-1 .0 m long, 8-15 mm broad, keeled,

dull green to glaucous, tough and fibrous in tex-

ture; margin and keel smooth or sometimes dis-

tantly and minutely scabrid. Scape overtopping

recurved leaves, 400-750 mm tall. Raceme long-

ovoid or subcylindrical, tapering to base and

apex, dense, 60-100 x 27-35 mm, elongating

up to 300 mm in fruit; buds greenish white or

tinged with pink, erect; flowers becoming white

or cream-coloured, spreading at anthesis, later

pendulous. Bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceo-

late, acuminate, 7-9 mm long, erect in bud

stage; margin smooth to minutely denticulate.

Pedicels I mm long. Perianth cylindrical, 1 1-

15 mm long; lobes ovate, 2 mm long, slightly

spreading. Stamens exserted by 2.0-2. 5 mm at

anthesis, eventually exserted by 5-6 mm. Fruit

ovoid-triquetrous, 7-8 mm long. Flowering time :

mid-January to early March. Figure 8.

Distributed mainly from the Utrecht District

in KwaZulu-Natal to the Piet Retief and Ermelo

Districts in Mpumalanga with one record from

Mount aux Sources. It occurs in dense grassland

on mountain slopes, and on flats and in marshy

places, at altitudes of 1 500 to 2 000 m. Map 5.

Vouchers: Bruce 275, 277, 289\ Codd 2532,

6953, 6956, 10267.

For differences between this species and the

related K. breviflora , see notes after the latter

species (No. 8). In perianth length, K. albescens

approaches K. fibrosa (No. 12) and K. crassifo-

lia (No. 13), but these two species are much less

robust, with narrow grass-like leaves and serru-

late margins.

10. Kniphofia flammula Codd in The

Flowering Plants of Africa 34: t. 1326 (1960b);

Codd: 418 (1968). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-

Natal], 5.5 km NW of Glencoe, Codd 6779

(PRE, holo.!).

Plants usually several-stemmed. Leaves dull

green to semi-glaucous, at first erect then

recurving or bending ± at middle, 600-900 x

6-12 mm, narrowly keeled; margin and keel

smooth. Scape subequal to leaves, 500-850 mm

tall. Raceme ovoid to shortly rhomboid, 30-70

x 20-35 mm, dense; buds pendulous, flame-

scarlet; flowers at first spreading, later pendu-

lous, orange-yellow to salmon-orange. Bracts

ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear-lanceo-

late, acuminate, 6. 5-7. 5 mm long. Pedicels

0.5-1 .0 mm at flowering stage, elongating up to

2 mm in fruit. Perianth subcylindrical, 13-15

mm long; lobes ovate, 1 .5 mm long, not spread-

ing. Stamens exserted by 3-4 mm at anthesis,

later withdrawn. Fruit subglobose to ovoid, 6-7

mm long. Flowering time'. mid-November to

the end of January. Figure 9.

Recorded from a restricted area near Glen-

coe in the Dundee District, KwaZulu-Natal,

where it grows with dense, tall grasses and

sedges in and at the margins of vleis at an alti-

tude of ± 1 500 m. Map 4.

Vouchers: Codd 8247; Killick 221 9\J.M. Wood

5188.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

18

FIGURE 8. — Knipliofia albescens. A, habit, much reduced; B, portion of outer leaf, x 0.9; C, c/s leaf, x 1.8; D. E, inflo-

rescence, x 0.9; F, floral bracts, x 4.6; G. flower, x 4.6; H. 1/s flower, x 4.6. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

19

FIGURE 9. — Kniphofia flammul a. A. habit, much reduced; B, portion of leaf, x 0.9; C. c/s leaf, x 2.7; D. E, inflorescence,

x 0.9; F, floral bract, x 4.6; G, flower, x 2.7; H, 1/s flower, x 2.7. Artist: Cythna Letty.

20

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

If the pressed material is scrappy or the col-

lector’s notes incomplete, specimens might be

confused with K. albescens or K. breviflora.

From the latter it differs in the longer perianth

and from both in the buds being distinctly pen-

dulous and scarlet in colour, and the bracts not

as long-acuminate.

11. Kniphofia evansii Baker in Flora

capensis 6: 278 (1896); A. Berger: 42 (1908);

Codd: 419 (1968). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-

Natal], Drakensberg, Tiger Valley, Evans 353

(K, holo.!; NH!).

Plants single- to several-stemmed. Leaves grass-

like, fibrous, ascending, 600-750 x 2-3 mm,

keeled; margin and keel smooth. Scape subequal

to or shorter than leaves, 550-650 mm tall.

Raceme long-ovoid to subcylindrical, tapering to

apex, dense, 50-100 x 25-35 mm; buds ascend-

ing; flowers spreading to pendulous, ± concolor-

ous, yellow-orange to coral-scarlet, becoming

dark purple on withering. Bracts ovate-lanceolate

to lanceolate, long acuminate, 4—6 mm long; mar-

gin entire. Pedicels 1 mm long, elongating up to 2

mm in fruit. Perianth subcylindrical, 13-16 mm

long; lobes ovate, 2.5 mm long, distinctly spread-

ing. Stamens remaining in basal half of perianth

tube at and after anthesis. Style 1 .5-2.5 mm long

at anthesis. Fruit subglobose, 5-6 mm long. Flow-

ering time: January to early February. Figure 10.

Known at present from only a small area on

the upper slopes of the Drakensberg in the

Bergville District, KwaZulu-Natal, where it

grows among hygrophilous grasses and herbs

on streambanks and moist ledges at altitudes of

1 900-2 300 m. Map 5.

Vouchers: Killick 1642, 1653: Killick & Vahr-

meijmer 3552.

The concolorous raceme of orange to coral-

scarlet flowers with spreading lobes indicates a

close relationship to K. triangularis (No. 32), from

FIGURE 10. — Kniphofia evansii, Killick 1640: A, habit, x 0.4;

B. leaftip, x 0.8; C, inflorescence, x 0.8; D. floral bract,

x 1 .7; E, fructescence, x 0.8. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

21

MAP 5. — • Kniphofia albescens

▲ K. evansii

which it may readily be separated by the shorter

perianth and by a character which is unique in the

genus: the stamens remain included in the lower

half or third of the perianth and the style does not

exceed 2.5 mm in length, so that the stigma is

placed below the anthers at anthesis.

An odd specimen, Trauseld 741 from Giant's

Castle Game Reserve, apparently combines char-

acters of K. evansii and K. porphyrantha (No. 35)

and may be a natural hybrid between the two. In

perianth length, which is 30-32 mm, and general

appearance, the specimen resembles K. por-

phyrantha but the coral-red perianth colour and

the fact that the stamens extend to only half the

length of the perianth tube suggest hybridization

with K. evansii, but the situation requires further

investigation. Mr Trauseld subsequently informed

me that there were five plants of this kind flower-

ing within 30 or 40 m of one another.

12. Kniphofia crassifolia Baker in Bul-

letin de l'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2, 1: 784 ( 1901a);

A. Berger: 41 (1908); Codd: 424 (1968); Retief

& PRJ. Herman: 101 (1997). Type: Transvaal

[Limpopo], Houtbosch. Rehmann 5796 (Z.

holo.!).

Plants probably single-stemmed. Leaves grass-

like, 400-500 x 3-6 mm, keeled; margin con-

spicuously serrulate. Scape ± 300 mm tall.

Raceme subglobose to oblong, dense, ± 50 mm

long; flowers probably whitish or pale yellow.

Bracts lanceolate, acuminate. 5-7 mm long; mar-

gin entire. Pedicels 1.0- 1.5 mm long. Perianth

cylindrical, 15-18 mm long; lobes ovate, 1. 5-2.0

mm long, slightly spreading. Stamens exserted by

3 mm at anthesis. Fruit not seen. Figure 1 1 .

Known only from the type gathering in the

Houtbosch area of Limpopo in 1 880, probably

during the month of January. Map 4.

Related to the following species, K. fibrosa,

but differs in the characteristic serrulation of the

leaf margin. Although a search has been made

in the type area, no further material has been

forthcoming.

13. Kniphofia fibrosa Baker in Flora

capensis 6: 533 (1897a); A. Berger: 41 (1908);

Codd: 422 (1968). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-

Natal], Mahwaqua [Mahwaqa] Mountain (near

Bulwer), Evans 649 (K, holo.!; NH!).

Plants usually single-stemmed. Leaves grass-

like, at first erect then bending over ± at middle,

350-600 x 3^f mm, keeled; margin scaberulous

to finely denticulate towards apex, often smooth

towards base. Scape overtopping recurved

leaves, 300-600 mm tall. Raceme subglobose to

oblong, dense, 25-70 x 25-35 mm; buds

spreading, greenish white to reddish; flowers

spreading to pendulous, creamy yellow in the

typical form, yellow, coral or orange in hybrids

(see notes below). Bracts ovate-lanceolate,

acuminate, 5-7 mm long; margin entire to

minutely denticulate towards apex. Perianth

cylindrical ( 1 2—) 1 5— 20(— 24 in hybrids) mm long;

lobes broadly ovate. 1 mm long, not spreading.

Stamens exserted by up to 3 mm at anthesis.

Fruit ovoid-triquetrous, 3-4 mm long. Flower-

ing time : February and March. Figure 12A-E.

Recorded from the KwaZulu-Natal midlands

and foothills of the Drakensberg, with a few

scattered records from Eastern Cape, some of

which are based on scrappy specimens and

22

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE \1— Knip-

hofia crassi-

folia. Photo-

graph of type.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

23

FIGURE 12. — A-E, Knipliofia fibrosa: A, rhizome with roots and leaf base, x 0.8; B, leaf section showing keel, x 4; C, inflores-

cence, x 0.8; D. floral bract, x 1.6; E, fructescence, x 0.8. A-D. Rennie 1632A, 1634: E, Galpin 11347. Artist: Gillian

Condy. F-J. K. angustifolia : F, rhizome with roots and leaf base, x 0.8; G, leaf section showing keel, x 3.2; H, inflores-

cence, x 0.8; I, floral bract, x 3.2; J, fructescence, x 0.8. F, G, I, J, Killick 1466: H, Condy 160. Artist: Gillian Condy.

24

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 13. — Kniphofia gracilis. A, habit, much reduced; B, leaf, x 0.9; C, c/s keeled leaf, x 2.6; D, inflorescence, x 0.9;

E, floral bract, x 1 .4; F, I/s flower, x 2.6; G. fruit, x 3.5. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

25

MAP. 6. — • Kniphofia gracilis

▲ K. fibrosa

therefore require confirmation; found in moun-

tain grassland. Map 6.

Vouchers: Hilliard & Burtt 8014, 15152; Rennie

5, 345, 1635.

Hybrid swarms, presumed to be derived from

K. fibrosa and K. triangularis (No. 33), have been

recorded around Bushman’s Nek by Hilliard &

Burtt, and on Mahwaqa Mountain by Mrs Rennie,

where both putative parents are found. In K. tri-

angularis the raceme is concolorous, coral-red to

orange-red in colour and the perianth varies from

25-35 mm in length with spreading lobes. The

hybrids vary in perianth length from 20-30 mm

and in colour from yellow to coral, with combi-

nations of coral or orange buds and pink to yellow

flowers. Examples of these hybrids are: Hilliard

& Burtt 7963 : perianth 22-24 mm, coral; 8017:

perianth 27 mm, buds coral-pink. Bowers pale

yellow; 8972: perianth 25 mm, buds red, flowers

yellow; 12562: perianth 27-28 mm, buds coral,

flowers orange-yellow.

Occasional specimens have also been collect-

ed with medium to lax racemes, which suggest

that K. angustifolia (No. 17) may have con-

tributed to the range of variation recorded.

14. Kniphofia gracilis Harv. ex Baker in

Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 1 1 : 362

(1871); Baker: 278 ( 1896); A.Berger: 41 (1908);

Codd: 424 (1968). Type: ‘Zululand’ [KwaZulu-

Natal], Gerrard & McKen s.n. (K, holo.!).

K. moclesta sensu Baker: t. 7293 (1893b); Baker; 277

(1896), p.p.. as to t. 7293 (1893b) and J.M. Wood 4409 ; sensu

Mallett: 83 (1906); sensu A.Berger: 42 (1908).

K. woodii W. Watson: 292 (12 Oct. 1895). K. modesta var.

woodii (W. Watson) A.Berger: 42 (1908), excl. syn. K. natalen-

sis var. condensata Baker. Type: a specimen which flowered at

Kew, 23 Sept. 1895, annotated by N.E. Brown (K, holo.!).

K. natalensis var. condensata sensu Baker: 533 (1897a),

p.p. as to syn. K. woodii.

K. modesta var. lutescens A.Berger: 43 (1908). Type: Natal

[KwaZulu-Natal], Manderston, J.M. Wood 5463 (K. holo.!; NH!).

K. wyliei N.E.Br.: 129 (1910). Type: 'Zululand'

[KwaZulu-Natal], Wylie sub J.M. Wood 8996 (locality given

as Entumeni on NH sheet) (K. holo.!; NH!).

K. sparsa N.E.Br.: 410 (1914). Type: Curtis’s Botanical

Magazine t. 7293 (Baker 1893b).

Plants several-stemmed. Leaves recurving ±

at middle, 0.4-1. 2 m long, 4-14 mm broad,

channelled above, keeled below; margin

smooth to sparsely serrulate, often only towards

apex. Scape overtopping recurved leaves,

0.25-1.0 m tall. Raceme oblong to narrowly

cylindrical, usually tapering towards apex,

90-350 x 28-38 mm, dense or lax; buds

ascending, whitish tinged with pink, to yellow

or orange; flowers at first spreading, later

deflexed, whitish, cream-coloured or yellow.

Bracts broadly ovate to oblong, 4. 0-6. 5 mm

long, obtuse to rounded, rarely acute: margin

minutely serrulate. Pedicels 1. 5-2.0 mm long.

Perianth subcylindrical to narrowly funnel-

shaped, (11—) 13-20 mm long, widening gradu-

ally to throat, or ± abruptly about middle; lobes

ovate, 2. 0-2. 5 mm long, often somewhat spread-

ing. Stamens exserted by 0-2 mm at anthesis.

Fruit ovoid-triquetrous, 5.75 x 4.5 mm, stipitate.

Flowering time: December to April. Figure 13.

Distributed from the Mt Ayliff District in the

former Transkei, Eastern Cape, to the Hlabisa

District in northern KwaZulu-Natal, on grassy

slopes from near sea level to the midlands up

to about 1 500 m altitude. Map 6.

Vouchers: Bayliss 2710 ; Codd 6955, 10191 ;

St rex 7377.

26

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 14.— Kniphofia laxiflora. A. habit, much reduced; B, leaf tip, x 0.8; C,. leaf section showing keel, x 2,4; C2. leaf mar-

gin. x 2.4; D. inflorescence, x 0.8; E, floral bract, x 1.6; F. fructescence, x 0.8. B-E, Condy 156: F, Codd 6955. Artist:

Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

27

There is considerable variation in the length

and density of the raceme and in the length of the

perianth. The perianth is usually cream-coloured

to yellow, though specimens with white flowers

[e.g. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine : t. 7293 (Baker

1 893b) and J.M. Wood 4409 from ‘Botha’s’] may

be found. The perianth is usually somewhat con-

stricted above the ovary, expanding about the

middle, producing a narrowly funnel-shaped

appearance, but this is not always apparent in

herbarium specimens. At present a broad view is

taken of the species, but further field studies may

indicate that it can be subdivided into meaning-

ful groups with separate status.

In southern KwaZulu-Natal, specimens have

been collected with flowers up to 20 mm long,

which approach the lower limit of K. laxiflora

(No. 15) in which the flowers vary from (22-)

24—35 mm, and in colour from yellow to shades

of pink, coral, orange and red. The type of K.

natalensis var. condensata. cultivated at Kew ex

Hort. Leichtlin, has flowers about 22 mm long

and is included in synonymy under K. laxiflora.

The somewhat lengthy synonymy is discussed

in Codd (1968) and is partly due to misuse of the

name K. modesta by Baker ( 1 893b). He was fol-

lowed by Berger (1908) who correctly cited the

type of K. modesta Baker under K. parviflora. but

upheld the name K. modesta , based on the

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine plate, for the speci-

mens of K. gracilis with elongate, lax racemes.

15. Kniphofia laxiflora Kunth , Enume-

rate plantarum 4: 552 (1843); Baker: 281

(1896); A.Berger: 50 (1908); Codd: 428 (1968);

Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 101 (1997). Type: Tran-

skei [Eastern Cape], between Umtentu and Um-

sikaba Rivers, Drege 4527 (K, lecto. ! ).

K. natalensis Baker: 278 (1885); Baker: 281 (1896), p.p.,

excl. var. angustifolia Baker; J.M. Wood: t. 305 (1903a);

A.Berger: 50 ( 1908). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], Inanda,

J.M. Wood 636 (K. holo.!; BM).

K. decaphlebia Baker: 6 (1892a); Baker: 282 (1896); A.Ber-

ger: 57 (1908). Type: Transkei [Eastern Cape], Bachmann 281

(B. holo.).

K. natalensis var. condensata Baker: 281 (1896). Type:

plant cultivated at Kew ex Hort. Leichtlin (K, holo.!).

K. mtalensis var. robustior A.Berger: 52 ( 1908). Type: Natal

[KwaZulu-Natal], Tugela River, J.M. Wood 3872 (K, holo.!).

Plants one- to many-stemmed. Leaves recurving

about the middle, 0.5-1. 2 m long, 6-10 (rarely— 1 5)

mm broad, channelled above, keeled below; margin

smooth or serrulate. Scape overtopping recurved

leaves, 400-900 mm tall. Raceme oblong-ovoid

and fairly dense to markedly elongate and lax,

tapering to apex, 100-450 x 45-55 mm, ± concol-

orous; flowers eventually deflexed, varying greatly

in colour from pale yellow or yellow-green to

salmon-pink, orange, coral-red or red-orange; buds

usually more strongly pigmented. Bracts broadly

ovate to ovate-oblong, 6-9 mm long, obtuse or

rounded at apex; margin minutely eroso-serrulate.

Pedicels 1 .5-2.0 mm long. Perianth subcylindrical,

(22-) 24-35 mm long, often somewhat curved,

slightly to markedly constricted above ovary; lobes

ovate to oblong, 2.0-2.5 mm long, often spreading.

Stamens scarcely exserted at anthesis. Fruit ovoid-

triquetrous, up to 10 mm long. Flowering time :

February to May. Figure 14.

A variable species found on grassy slopes

from near sea level at Port St Johns, through

Pondoland, KwaZulu-Natal coastal districts and

midlands, with a somewhat odd form occurring

among dolerite rocks in the northern KwaZulu-

Natal Drakensberg at altitudes of about 1 600 m

and just entering Mpumalanga. Map 7.

28

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 15. — Kniphofia ichopensis. A, habit, much reduced; B. leaf, x 0.8; C, c/s leaf, x 5; D. leaf margin, x 8.5; E. inflo-

rescence, x 0.8; F. floral bract, x 4; G. 1/s flower, x 2. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

29

Vouchers: Form A (typical): Bruce 595; Code l

9305 , 9307; Strey 10839. Form B: Acocks 11217,

11218, 11219; Moll 3474; Strey 9230, 10891.

Form C: Bruce 279, 288, 290; Codd 6955.

Three forms are recognized, occupying some-

what distinct geographical areas, but it has not

been possible to separate them satisfactorily in

the herbarium so they have not been given for-

mal taxonomic status.

Form A. In the typical form the plants are

one- to few-stemmed; the racemes are relative-

ly short, 80-200 mm long, fairly dense about

the middle, tapering and more lax towards the

apex; flower colour varies mainly from orange-

red to yellow. Its distribution is more extensive

than the other two, from Port St Johns, through

Pondoland and along the coastal areas of

KwaZulu-Natal to Lake St Lucia in the north. In

the northern part of the range, for example in

the Mtunzini and Hlabisa Districts, only the yel-

low flower colour has been recorded, and the

plants tend to flower later (April-May) than is

the case further south (February-April).

Form B. This form is found mainly in the

KwaZulu-Natal midlands and extends from

East Griqualand to the Estcourt District. It over-

laps with Form A between Pietermaritzburg and

Durban. The plants occur on grassy slopes or

among rocks and are usually many-stemmed;

the racemes are distinctly lax and elongate,

180-450 mm long, tapering gradually to the

apex; there is a wide range of flower colours

from pale yellow or yellow-green to orange,

salmon-pink, coral-red or orange-red, the colour

varying among adjacent plants. The groups of

graceful inflorescences in various shades of

colour make this one of the most attractive

members of the genus. Flowering time; February-

March.

Form C. This form has a disjunct distribu-

tion on the Drakensberg north and northeast of

Utrecht, extending into Mpumalanga on the

lower northern slopes of the range and is

always found among dolerite rocks. The plants

are many-stemmed with very fibrous, subglau-

cous, arcuate-spreading leaves; the racemes

are relatively dense, 120-180 mm long, rhom-

boid in shape, tapering to the apex and base

and the flower colour is generally yellow-

green with the buds often tinged with dull red.

Not many gatherings are known and further

investigation may reveal that this form is wor-

thy of separate taxonomic status. In the herbar-

ium it may be confused with K. linearifolia

(No. 46), but the leaves are narrower and more

fibrous, and the raceme more tapering to the

apex and base. In the field the two would never

be confused.

K. laxiflora may be distinguished from other

lax-flowered species, such as K. ichopensis (No.

16) and K. tabularis (No. 19), by its broader bracts

which are rounded or obtuse at the apex. A few

specimens have, however, been seen with bracts of

intermediate shape, which may be hybrids.

In southern KwaZulu-Natal, K. laxiflora tends

to grade into the former species, K. gracilis, and

occasional specimens with the perianth about

22 mm long may be difficult to place with cer-

tainty.

16. Kniphofia ichopensis Baker ex

Schinz in Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2,

2: 1016 (1902). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-Natal],

Ixopo, Schlechter 6662 (K, holo.!; BOL!,

GRA!, PRE1.Z!).

Plants one- to few-stemmed. Leaves', see vari-

eties. Scape 0.5-0.9 m tall, overtopping leaves.

Raceme lax, oblong-cylindrical, 100-300 x

60-70 mm; buds dull yellow, often tinged with

red; flowers eventually deflexed. varying in

colour from cream-coloured to yellow-green, or

rarely, salmon-pink. Bracts lanceolate to linear-

lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 7-11 mm long;

margin entire. Pedicels 2. 0-3. 5 mm long.

Perianth subcylindrical, often slightly arcuate,

30-42 mm long; lobes ovate, 4 mm long, not

spreading. Stamens included or slightly exserted

at anthesis, later withdrawn. Fruit subglobose to

ovoid, about 6 mm long. Figure 15.

30

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofi;

Key to varieties

Leaves soft, keeled, 500-800 x 5-10 mm

16a. var. ichopensis

Leaves needle-like, up to 200 x 0. 5-1.0

mm 16b. var. aciformis

16a. var. ichopensis Codd : 231 (1986).

K. ichopensis Baker ex Schinz in Bulletin de 1‘Herbier

Boissier, ser. 2, 2: 1016 (1902); A. Berger: 52, t. 20E (1908);

Codd: 1. 1292 (1959d): Codd: 433 ( 1968).

K. schlechteri Baker: 784 (1901a), nom. illeg. non Schinz

(1900). Type: Natal. [KwaZulu-Natal], Ixopo, Schlechter

6662 (K, holo.!; BOL!, GRAI. PRE!, Z!).

Leaves more or less distichous, soft, erect or

curving over near apex, 500-800 x 5-10 mm,

keeled below; margin and keel smooth or

remotely and minutely denticulate towards

apex. Flowering time'. December to March.

MAP. 8. — • Kniphofia ichopensis var. ichopensis

▲ K. ichopensis var. aciformis

reveal that it is worthy of separate species rank.

The floral characters are not distinguishable

from var. ichopensis.

Occurs mainly in the KwaZulu-Natal mid-

lands from Pietermaritzburg and Greytown to

the foothills of the Drakensberg in the Estcourt

District, at altitudes of 1 000 to 2 200 m. in

grassy vleis and marshy places. Map 8.

Vouchers: Codd 1065 F. Killick & Vahrmeijer

3648 ; J.M. Wood 7154.

17. Kniphofia angustifolia (Baker) Codd

in Bothalia 16: 231 (1986). Type: Natal [Kwa-

Zulu-Natal], Thabamhlope Mtn, M.S. Evans 411

(K, holo.!; NH!. PRE!).

K. natalensis var. angustifolia Baker: 281 (1896).

K. rufa sensu Codd: 434 (1968).

16b. var. aciformis Codd in Bothalia 16:

231 (1986). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-Natal],

Kamberg Nature Reserve, F.B. Wright 2 (PRE,

holo.!).

Leaves in dense tufts, needle-like, up to 200

x 0. 5-1.0 mm. Flowering time : November.

Found in moist mountain grassland; known

from only two gatherings in addition to the

type: Rennie 675 (in NU) from Mahwaqua

[Mahwaqa] Mtn near Bulwer, KwaZulu-Natal,

and F.B. Wright 1961 (in NU) from the same

locality as the type. Map 8.

The leaves of var. aciformis are very distinct

from typical K. ichopensis and no intermediates

have been seen. Further investigation may

Plants one- to several-stemmed. Leaves

soft, erect at first, later arcuate, 400-700 x 2-5

mm, ± triangular in cross section with a narrow

channel above, slightly keeled below; margin and

keel smooth or remotely denticulate towards

apex. Scape 400-650 mm tall, overtopping arcu-

ate leaves. Raceme usually lax, rarely subdense,

oblong-cylindrical, 80-250 x 5-6 mm; buds

cream-coloured or dull yellow to orange-red;

flowers pendulous, often somewhat arcuate, vary-

ing in colour from white to cream, yellow or

coral-red. Bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,

acute to acuminate, 6-10 mm long. Pedicels 2-3

mm long. Perianth subcylindrical, often slightly

arcuate, 19-30 mm long; lobes ovate, 2.5 mm

long, not or scarcely spreading. Stamens included

or slightly exserted at anthesis, later withdrawn.

Fruit subglobose to ovoid, ± 6 mm long. Flower-

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

31

MAP. 9. — • Kniphofia angustifolia

A K. tabularis

■ K. pauciflora

ing time', end of November to early April with a

peak from January to March. Figure 12F-J.

Found beside mountain streams, on grassy

slopes and marshy places in mountain grass-

land, chiefly along the eastern slopes of the

Drakensberg from Polela to Estcourt Districts,

at altitudes of 1 500 to 2 500 m. Map 9.

Vouchers: Hilliard & Bunt 18117 ; Killick 1405,

1431, 1442\ Smuts 1064.

It is characterized by its narrow, grass-like

leaves and slender racemes which are medium-

lax to very lax, with flowers about 19-30 mm

long, varying in colour from white to yellow or

coral-red. There is some indication that colour

may be associated, to some extent, with peri-

anth length. The typical form has white to yel-

low flowers 19-25 mm long, whereas speci-

mens with reddish flowers may be up to 30 or

even 32 mm long. The variation may occur

within a small area and the situation resembles

the hybrid swarms reported under K. fibrosa

(No. 13). Here again it is assumed that the

longer perianth and reddish colours are con-

tributed by K. triangularis (No. 32), which has

dense, concolorous racemes, orange-red to

coral-red in colour, with flowers 24-35 m long.

Specimens with flowers about 30 mm long

may be confused with K. ichopensis var.

ichopensis (above), but the two can usually be

separated on the basis of leaf width which, in K.

angustifolia , does not exceed 5 mm.

This species was dealt with in Codd (1968)

under the name K. rufa Baker. The latter name

was based on a plant grown by Max Leichtlin in

his nursery at Baden Baden and forwarded to

Kew in June 1899, where it was figured for

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine t. 7706 (Baker

1900). The type specimen in K has a medium-

lax inflorescence with flowers about 24 mm

long and leaves up to 8 mm broad. It is not

exactly matched by any specimens collected in

the wild state and the name is therefore consid-

ered to be of doubtful application (see Excluded

species).

18. Kniphofia pauciflora Baker in Jour-

nal of Botany, London 23: 280 (1885); Baker:

65, t. 10 (1892b); Baker: t. 7269 (1892c); Baker:

279 (1896); Mallett: 101, t. 43 (1906); A.Ber-

ger: 41 (1908); Codd: 438 (1968); Codd: t. 1995

(1989). Syntypes Natal (KwaZulu-Natal], San-

derson 416 (K!); Clairmont Flats, J.M. Wood

1096 (BOL!, K!, NH!).

K. pedicellata Baker: 998 (1904). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-

Natal], Clairmont, Schlechter 3160 (Z!).

Plants with short stolons forming small

groups of stems. Leaves soft, erect, 200-350 x

28 mm, keeled, shallowly channelled above;

margin and keel smooth. Scape overtopping or

subequal to leaves, 300-500 mm tall. Raceme

ovoid, lax to medium-dense, few-flowered,

30-100 x 30-35 mm; buds ascending, deep yel-

low; flowers finally deflexed, yellow to pale

yellow. Pedicels 3^4 mm long. Bracts narrowly

lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 mm long; margin

entire. Perianth narrowly funnel-shaped. 14-18

mm long; lobes ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long,

spreading. Stamens exserted by 2-3 mm at

anthesis, later withdrawn. Fruit small, subglo-

bose. Flowering time'. September to November.

Figure 16.

32

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 16.— Kniphofia pauciflora, Baijnath PRE58798. A, leaf base, x 0.9; B. c/s leaf , x 1 .8; C, inflorescence, x 0.9; D,

flower, x 1.8. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

33

Known from only two restricted areas in

KwaZulu-Natal: the Durban-Pinetown area, and

Richards Bay, in marshy grassland. Map 9.

Vouchers: J.M. Wood 7293; Revburn sub

PRE37003; Strey 9916.

It may be separated from the previous species,

K. angustifolia by the slightly broader leaves

and narrowly funnel-shaped perianth. Its near-

est affinity is probably K. pallidiflora Baker of

Madagascar, which has more distinctly funnel-

shaped flowers and longer pedicels. The Richards

Bay specimens tend to have denser racemes and

red-tinged flowers.

The species seems to be doomed to extinc-

tion as a result of urban development around

Durban and at Richards Bay.

19. Kniphofia tabularis Marloth in

Transactions of the South African Philosophical

Society 18: 49 (1907); A. Berger: 329 (1908);

Marloth: 102, t. 24c (1915); Codd: 439 (1968);

Codd: 1. 1661 (1973); Goldblatt & J.C.Manning:

73 (2000). Type: Cape [Western Cape], Table

Mt, Marloth 4366 (PRE, holo.!; BOL!).

Plants many-stemmed. Leaves soft, arcuate-

spreading or pendulous from cliff faces, 0.6-1 .5

m long, 6-20 mm broad, channelled above and

keeled below, the outer shorter and sheathing at

base; margin and keel smooth. Scape arcuate-

erect, 0.6-1. 2 m tall, occasionally branched

near apex. Raceme lax, oblong to cylindrical,

100-250 x 55-70 mm; buds ascending; flowers

spreading, eventually deflexed, red or scarlet to

pale orange, blackish at tips of lobes. Pedicels

5-7 mm long, elongating to 10 mm in fruit.

Bracts linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate to

aristate, 7-1 1 mm long; margin entire. Perianth

subcylindrical, 24-30 mm long; lobes ovate, 3

mm long, not spreading. Stamens in throat or

slightly exserted at anthesis. Fruit subglobose

to ovoid, 7 mm long. Flowering time : Decem-

ber and January. Figure 17.

Grows on and at the base of moist cliffs on

the southern aspect of Table Mountain and in

similar situations on mountains in neighbour-

ing districts at altitudes of 800-1 800 m. Map

9.

Vouchers: Boucher 2721; Bruce 245; Ester-

huysen 18341.

A distinct species with long, spreading to pen-

dulous leaves, lax racemes and long pedicels. An

odd feature is that the peduncle is occasionally

sparsely branched towards the apex.

20. Kniphofia ensifolia Baker in Journal

of Botany, London 23: 278 (1885). Type:

Transvaal [North-West], Matebe River near

Zeerust, Holub 1530 (K. holo.!).

Plants many-stemmed. Leaves erect, bending

over towards apex, glaucous to semiglaucous.

0.5-1. 2 m long, 15-45 mm broad, V-shaped in

cross section; margin and keel usually conspicu-

ously serrulate, rarely smooth or almost so. Scape

0.6-1. 8 m tall. Raceme very dense, cylindrical,

90-200 x 35—40 mm, tapering slightly towards

apex; buds spreading, greenish white, red-tinged,

or dull to flame-red; flowers spreading to pendu-

lous, greenish white to cream-coloured, or some-

times yellow (in subsp. autumnalis), with a green

line down each perianth lobe. Pedicels 2-3 mm

long, increasing to 5 mm long in fruit. Bracts

lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 7-10

mm long; margin smooth or rarely minutely

eroso-serrulate. Perianth narrowly funnel-

shaped, 15-21 mm long; lobes ovate, 2.5 mm

long, not spreading. Stamens exserted by 6-8 mm

at anthesis. Fruit subglobose, ± 6 mm long.

Flowering time : October to December. Figure 18.

A robust species with an inland distribution

west of the Drakensberg escarpment. Two sub-

species are recognized, based mainly on the

flowering season.

Flowering time October-December; flow-

ers on opening white to greenish

white 20a. subsp. ensifolia

Flowering time February-March; flowers

on opening whitish to yellow (east-

ern Free State)

20b. subsp. autumnalis

34

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 17 .—Kniphofia tabularis. A, rhizome with roots and leaf base, x 0.5; B, inflorescence, x 1; C, fructescence, x 1.

A, C, Jackson s.n. (NBG); B, Manning 566. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

35

FIGURE 18. — Kniphofia ensifolia. Ai, A2, leaf and leaf tip, x 1; B. inflorescence, x 1; C, floral bract, x 2.8; D. 1/s flower,

x 2.3. Artist: Cythna Letty.

36

20a. subsp. ensifolia. Codd: 440 (1968);

Fabian & Germish.: 44, t. 14a, b (1997); Retief

& RRJ. Herman: 101 (1997).

K. ensifolia Baker in Journal of Botany, London 23: 278

(1885); Baker: 280 (1896): A.Berger: 45 (1908); Letty: 33,

t. 19,2 (1962). Type: Transvaal [North-West], Matebe River

near Zeerust, Holub 1 5 JO (K. holo.!).

K. tuckii Baker: 68 (1893a); Baker: 278 (1896); Baker:

t. 7644 (1899): Bean: 232 (1900); Mallett: 101 (1906);

A.Berger: 56 (1908). Type: Cape [Northern Cape],

Coiesberg, ex Hort. Leichtlin, Tuck s.n. (K, holo.!).

K. foliosa sensu Baker: 279 (1896), non Hochst.

K. pumila sensu Baker: 279 (1896), non (Aiton) Kunth.

K. rivularis A.Berger: 55, t. 21D, E (1908); R. A. Dyer: t.

866 (1942). Type: Transvaal [Gauteng], Modderfontein,

Conrath 643 (W, holo.f: K!).

K. ensifolia var. albiflora E. A. Bruce: 231 (1951). Type:

Transvaal [Mpumalanga], 21 km W of Witbank, Codd & De

Winter 3156 (PRE, holo.!).

In the typical subspecies, the open flowers

are white to greenish white and the buds may or

may not be pigmented with red to dull red. The

plants are locally common in marshy places and

on streambanks, usually on black clay soil, from

the relatively dry areas of Northern Cape and

western Free State, across the North-West,

Gauteng to the Lydenburg District in Mpuma-

langa and northwards to the Waterberg District

in Limpopo. Map 10.

Vouchers: Bruce 221 , 229, 4(52; Codd 5767 ;

Van Wyk 1763.

There has been confusion in the past be-

tween typical K. ensifolia and the two Ethiopian

species, K. pumila and K. foliosa (see Codd

1963: 145).

The form which occurs around Coiesberg

and in the western Free State tends to have rela-

tively short, glaucous leaves, and the buds are

strongly red-pigmented. Further north the

leaves are longer, less markedly glaucous and

the buds are less pigmented. In var. albiflora the

buds lack red pigmentation but do not differ in

any other way from typical K. ensifolia.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

MAP. 10. — • Kniphofia ensifolia subsp. ensifolia

A K. ensifolia subsp. autumnalis

K. rivularis is described as having smooth-

margined leaves. Such specimens are found in

K. ensifolia but are rare.

20b. subsp. autumnalis Codd in Bothalia

9: 443 (1968). Type: O.F.S. [Free State], Harri-

smith District. Farm Rensburgskop, Jacobsz s.n.

(PRE. holo.!).

Differs from subsp. ensifolia in the flowering

time which is during February and March; the

raceme is usually more colourful with red buds

and yellow flowers, though specimens with

greenish buds and whitish flowers are known.

Recorded only from the Harrismith District

in eastern Free State where it occurs on black

clay soil on streambanks and low-lying areas in

grassland. Map 10.

Vouchers: Codd 10520, 10523.

Subsp. ensifolia is absent from the eastern

Free State but K. linearifolia (No. 46) occurs

here and occasional specimens are found which

appear to be hybrids between this species and

subsp. autumnalis.

21. Kniphofia splendida E. A. Bruce in

The Flowering Plants of Africa 30: t. 1183

(1955a); Letty: 33, t. 20 (1962); Codd: 443

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

37

(1968); Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 102 (1997)

Type: Transvaal | Mpumalanga], Magoebas-

kloof (cultivated in Pretoria), Groenevelcl in

PRE28420 (PRE, holo.!).

Plants many-stemmed. Leaves fairly rigid,

distinctly nervose when dry, at first erect, later

recurved, 0. 3-2.0 m long, 1 0— 20(— 30) mm

broad, keeled below, channelled above, mid-

green; margin and keel finely and somewhat

irregularly serrulate, rarely almost smooth.

Scape 1.2-2. 5 m long, overtopping recurved

leaves. Raceme very dense, subcylindrical,

100-220 x 50-60 mm, usually tapering towards

apex, buds yellow to yellow-green, usually

tipped with orange-red to scarlet; flowers

spreading to pendulous, lemon-yellow to

orange-yellow. Pedicels 1. 5-4.0 mm long.

Bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-9 mm

long; margin slightly to distinctly serrulate.

Perianth narrowly funnel-shaped, 19-25 mm

long, slightly constricted and 1. 5-2.0 mm diam.

at the base, expanding about the middle to 4-6

mm and ± 5-7 mm near throat. Stamens well

exserted by 5-10 mm at anthesis. Fruit subglo-

bose, 5. 0-6. 5 mm long. Flowering time:

February to March. Figure 19.

Distributed from Swaziland along the east-

ern Mpumalanga escarpment to the Soutpans-

berg and extending to the mountains of eastern

Zimbabwe and Malawi, growing among rocks

or in tall grassland, often adjacent to forest.

Map 11.

Vouchers: Bruce 273: Compton 29258:

Scheepers 925.

Its nearest affinity is probably with the fol-

lowing species, K. bruceae , from which it dif-

fers in its shorter perianth and pedicels and

somewhat narrower leaves. The Powers are

usually orange-yellow with red-tipped buds, but

around Sabie, in Mpumalanga, the flowers lack

red pigment and are greenish yellow.

22. Kniphofia bruceae (Codd) Cocld in

Bothalia 17: 185 (1987). Type: Cape [Eastern

Cape], Bedeford Farm, near Komga (cultivated

in Pretoria), Bruce 604 (PRE, holo.!).

K. praecox subsp. bruceae Codd: 449 (1968).

K. uvaria sensu Jacq.: t. 4 ( 1 800).

Plants several- to many-stemmed. Leaves

somewhat spreading, nervose when dry, 0.9- 1.5

m long, 20-30 mm broad, keeled below, chan-

nelled above; margin and keel sparsely to dis-

tinctly serrulate. Scape 1.0-1. 8 m tall, overtop-

ping leaves. Raceme dense, subcylindrical, taper-

ing somewhat to apex, 150-300 x 60-70 mm;

buds orange to reddish orange; Powers spreading

to pendulous, yellow. Pedicels 5-8 mm long,

elongating to 10 mm in fruit. Bracts linear-lance-

olate, 8-12 mm long; margin finely eroso-dentic-

ulate. Perianth narrowly funnel-shaped, 24-30

mm long, ± 2 mm diam. near base, expanding

about 1 0 mm above base to 5-7 mm near throat.

Stamens exserted by 8-15 mm at anthesis. Fruit

subglobose, 5-7 mm long. Figure 20.

Found in grassy valleys and low-lying places

at altitudes of 100-300 m in three disjunct

areas: (a) Komga-King Williams Town; (b)

Plettenberg Bay-Knysna; and (c) Willowmore

District. Map 1 1 .

Vouchers: Flanagan 2323: Marais 577: Mogg

sub PRE37078.

MAP. 11. — • Kniphofia splendida

▲ K. sarmentosa

■ K. bruceae

38

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 19. — Kniphofia splendida. A, habit, much reduced: B, leaf portion, x 0.9; C. leaf section, x 1 .8; D. inflorescence,

x 0.9; E, floral bract, x 2.7; F. flower, x 2.7. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

39

FIGURE 20. — Kniphofia bruceae, Bruce 604. A, leaf portion showing keel, x 1 ; B. leaf margin showing serrations, x 4; C.

inflorescence, x 0.5; D, floral bract, x 2. Artist: Gillian Condy.

40

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 21. — Kniphofia praecox, Dyer 00026. A, portion of leaf showing keel, x 1 ; B, leaf tip. x 1; C, leaf margin, x 1.5;

D, inflorescence, x 0.8; E, floral bract, x 2. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

41

Its affinity with K. splendida (No. 21 ) is dis-

cussed above. It is considered that the following

species, K. praecox, is probably derived from

the hybridization of K. bruceae with a species

such as K. uvaria (No. 44) or K. linearifolia (No.

46) in the early 1800s. Its presence in Europe at

this early stage is evidenced by the illustration in

Jacquin’s Fragmenta t. 4 ( 1800 or 1801).

23. Kniphofia praecox Baker in Saun-

ders, Refugium Botanicum: t. 169 (1870); Codd:

447 (1968), p.p., excl. Mogg s.n., Codd 9922,

Marais 577, Van Breda & Admiraal 2174;

Codd: 185 (1987); Goldblatt & J.C.Manning: 73

(2000). Type: ex Hort. Saunders (K, holo.!).

K. uvaria var. maxima Baker: t. 6533 (1881); A. Berger:

61 (1908). K. alooides var. maxima (Baker) Baker: 283

(1896). Type: Hortus kewensis, Oct 1879 ex Max Leichtlin

(K. holo.!).

K. alooides sensu Baker: 283 (1896), p.p., as to syn. K.

praecox and probably K. alooides var. nobilis (Gui lion)

Baker and var. serotina Baker (see discussion).

K. longicollis sensu Baker: t. 7623 (1898a), non Baker

(1893c).

K. uvaria var. praecox ( Baker) A. Berger: 62 (1908). and

probably var. nobilis (Guillon) A. Berger and var. serotina

(Baker) A. Berger.

Plants many-stemmed. Leaves erect to ± spread-

ing, 0.9-2.0 m long, 20-40 mm broad, deeply

keeled below, channelled above; margin and keel

serrulate to obscurely serrulate, rarely almost

smooth. Scape 1. 2-2.0 m tall, overtopping re-

curved leaves. Raceme dense to very dense, sub-

cylindrical, 200-300 mm long, tapering some-

what towards apex; buds scarlet; flowers spread-

ing to pendulous, orange to yellow, often brown-

tipped when dry. Pedicels 4—6 mm long. Bracts

lanceolate, 8-10 mm long, tapering gradually to

small rounded apex; margin finely eroso-denticu-

late. Perianth subcylindrical, widening slightly

about the middle, 30-36 mm long. Stamens ex-

serted by 5-6 mm at anthesis. Fruit subglobose,

erect, 5-7 mm long. Figure 21.

As indicated in Codd (1968: 448), a robust

hybrid Kniphofia cropped up in European gar-

dens in the early 1800s which, judging by the

long, narrow bracts, was derived from K. bruceae

(No. 22) crossed with one of the showy species

such as K. uvaria (No. 44) or K. linearifolia (No.

46), both of which have shorter, ovate bracts. It is

apparent that the hybrid produced several deriva-

tives which became widely accepted in cultiva-

tion under epithets such as uvaria and alooides,

while the original K. uvaria was lost or was re-

garded as inferior and less desirable from the hor-

ticultural viewpoint. The bract shape is virtually

the only character which can be used to separate

herbarium specimens of these hybrids from K.

linearifolia, from which it follows that many

illustrations which have been published over the

years cannot be satisfactorily identified in the

absence of a voucher specimen or a description or

drawing of the bracts.

From specimens preserved at Kew it may be

concluded that the plant described as K. prae-

cox was one of these hybrid derivatives. It was

grown in the garden of Mr W.W. Saunders of

Reigate and said to have been introduced from

the Cape by Thomas Cooper. However, it is

considered that an error had crept into the gar-

den records between Cooper's visit to South

Africa in 1859-1862 and the subsequent prepa-

ration of the Refugium botanicum t. 169 (Baker

1870). No specimen collected in the wild state

by Cooper matching the type of K. praecox has

been seen, though he did collect K. linearifolia

(No. 3599 in K, Z).

Baker’s (1896: 283) description of K. prae-

cox was somewhat tentative and he subsequent-

ly did not uphold the species, stating that it ‘on

one occasion flowered in summer, and at other

times in autumn". Two forms of redhot poker

are commonly grown in South Africa, a sum-

mer-flowering form and a winter-flowering

form. The summer-flowering form comes near-

est to typical K. praecox and has occasionally

been found as a garden escape.

Vouchers: Bruce 148a: Codd 9965: R.A.Dxer

sub PRE37071.

The name K. alooides var. serotina Hort. ex

Baker: 283 (1896) may apply to the late-flower-

FIGURE 22. — Kniphofia sarmentasa. A, leaf, x 0.9; B, c/s leaf, x 1.8; C, inflorescence, x 0.9; D, floral bract, x 3.6; E, 1/s

flower, x 2.7. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

43

ing form of K. praecox but no material has been

traced and so its identity is uncertain.

Another epithet, nobilis , requires scrutiny. A

robust Kniphofia described as Tritoma nobilis

Guillon in Revue horticole : 24 (1882) and

Carriere in Revue horticole : 252 ( 1 885) is a name

of doubtful application because there is no refer-

ence to bract shape and no type specimen has

been traced. However, there are specimens in K

with this epithet, dated 1883 and 1884, which are

hybrids resembling K. praecox. They were prob-

ably what Baker had in mind when he published

the name K. alooides var. nobilis (Guillon) Baker

in Flora capensis 6: 283 (1896) which, nomen-

claturally, is linked to Guillon’s epithet, and

therefore of uncertain application.

The type of K. uvaria var. maxima , a plant

grown in Kew Gardens in Oct. 1879, originally

from Max Leichtlin’s nursery at Baden Baden,

is also a segregate from this hybrid pool. Baker

describes the bracts as ‘lanceolate, a quarter to

half an inch long’. He also attached the ephithet

to Cooper 3599 , collected in the Free State,

which has oblong-ovate, rounded bracts, and is

a form of K. linearifolia.

24. Kniphofia sarmentosa ( Andrews )

Kunth , Enumeratio plantarum 4: 552 (1843);

Baker; 362 (1871); Baker; 279 (1885); Baker:

282 (1896); A. Berger: 62 (1908), p.p., excl.

Rehmann 4769\ Codd: t. 1327 (1960c); Codd:

453 (1968); Goldblatt & J.C.Manning: 73

(2000). Type: the illustration in Andrews’s, The

botanists repository, vol. I : t. 54 ( 1797).

Aletris sarmentosa Andrews: t. 54 (1797). Veltheimia

sarmentosa (Andrews) Willd.: 380 (1809). Type: as above.

Veltheimia media Donn: 131 (1800). Tritoma media

(Donn) Ker Gawl.: t. 744 (1804a); Redoute: t. 161 (1807);

W.T.Aiton: 290 (1811). Tritomanthe media (Donn) Link:

333 (1821); Schult.: 630 (1829). Veltheimia repens Ker

Gawl.: 18 (1801). All nom. illeg. Type as for K. sarmentosa.

Plants with short rhizomes forming small

groups of stems. Leaves erect to recurved, glau-

cous, soft and flaccid in texture, 300-650 x

8-30 mm, V-shaped in cross section; margin

and keel smooth. Scape stout, 300-600 mm tall,

overtopping recurved leaves. Raceme conical,

ovoid or subcylindrical, tapering to apex, at first

dense but often elongating and becoming laxer,

80-300 x 50-65 mm; buds at first erect, soon

spreading, coral to coral-scarlet with a greyish

bloom; flowers pendulous, salmon to creamy

buff. Bracts long, erect in bud stage and cover-

ing buds, later deflexed, lanceolate to oblong-

lanceolate, acuminate, 11-15 mm long; margin

entire. Pedicels 1-3 mm long. Perianth sub-

cylindrical, 20-35 mm long, widening gradual-

ly above the middle; lobes ovate, 2 mm long,

not spreading. Stamens exserted by 2-5 mm at

anthesis, later withdrawn. Fruit ovoid-tri-

quetrous, 7-8 mm long. Flowering time: June to

October. Figure 22.

Found beside mountain streams in the

Sutherland and Calvinia Districts of Northern

Cape, and the Worcester and Caledon Districts

of Western Cape. Map 1 1 .

Vouchers: Comins 1101 ; Hall 3261 ; Hardy

47: Marloth 9609.

A fairly clear-cut species showing affinity to

the Fimpopo species, K. coralligemma (below),

from which it differs in its longer bracts, some-

what shorter, broader and more glaucous leaves,

shorter peduncles and in the flowering time.

25. Kniphofia coralligemma E. A. Bruce

in The Flowering Plants of Africa 30: t. 1186

(1955d); Fetty: 36, t. 20,2 (1962); Codd: 453

(1968); Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 101 (1997).

Type: Transvaal [Fimpopo], Waterberg District,

Kransberg, Codd & Erens 2090 (PRE. holo.!).

Plants solitary to several-stemmed. Leaves

at first erect, later bending over about the mid-

dle, 0.55-1.1 m long, 10-20 mm broad, soft in

texture, channelled above and keeled below,

midgreen to slightly glaucous; margin distantly

serrulate towards apex, generally smooth in

lower part and on keel. Scape 0.6- 1.2 m tall,

overtopping recurved leaves. Raceme ovoid,

cylindrical, usually tapering slightly towards

44

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 23.— Kniphofia coralligemma. A, habit, much reduced; B, portion of outer leaf just above base, slightly enlarged;

C, leaf margin with serrations, slightly enlarged; D, inflorescence, x 0.9; E, floral bract, x 5.3; F, flower, x 1 .8. Artist:

Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

45

MAP. 12. — • Kniphofia caulescens

▲ K. coralligemma

apex, 80-150 x 40-50 mm, dense, or some-

times rather lax at apex; buds at first ascending,

later spreading, coral to pale orange or orange-

scarlet; flowers varying in colour according to

locality (see notes) from cream-coloured or

ivory, to creamy yellow or orange-yellow.

Pedicels 2-5 mm long. Bracts at first erect,

later deflexed, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly

lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 7— 12(— 16) mm

long, minutely serrulate to entire. Perianth sub-

cylindrical, 22-25 mm long; lobes about 3 mm

long, slightly spreading. Stamens exserted by

about 2 mm at anthesis, later withdrawn. Fruit

ovoid-triquetrous, 5 mm long. Flowering time :

February to April. Figure 23.

Found in marshy places, forest margins and

grassy, south-facing slopes at altitudes of

1 700-2 000 m in three mountainous areas of

Limpopo: (a) Kransberg (Waterberg); (b) Blou-

berg; and (c) Soutpansberg, Wolkberg and Hae-

nertsburg. Map 12.

Vouchers: Codd & Erens 3966; Me ease 9856,

10235 ; Van Wyk 2701.

Flower colour varies according to the three

localities indicated above: (a) in the typical

form, known from only a small area on the

western extremity of the Waterberg (Kransberg),

the buds are coral-pink shading to creamy white

or ivory as the flowers mature; (b) on the high-

est point of the Blouberg, the plants tend to be

smaller with orange-yellow buds, becoming

pale yellow in open flowers; (c) in the Sout-

pansberg to Wolkberg area, the plants tend to be

more robust than the typical form, with orange-

scarlet buds changing to orange-yellow towards

the base of the raceme, bearing a superficial

resemblance to K. linearifolia (No. 46), but dif-

fering in the narrower leaves and lanceolate-

acuminate bracts.

26. Kniphofia caulescens Baker ex

Hook.f. in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine t. 5946

(1872); Baker: 281 (1885); Baker: 284 (1896);

Mallett: 82 (1906); A. Berger: 65 (1908); Codd:

455 (1968). Type: Curtis’s Botanical Magazine

t. 5946, ex Hort. W.W. Saunders, Reigate, col-

lected by Thomas Cooper on the Stormberg.

Tritoma caulescens (Baker) Carriere: 132, t. 28 (1887).

K. tysonii sensu E.Phillips: 294 (1917), as to Dieterlen 642.

Plants caulescent, several-stemmed, often

gregarious; stems simple or sparsely branched

up to 600 mm tall, crowned with large rosette

of leaves. Leaves erect or bending over towards

apex, glaucous, outer leaves 450-700 x 25-50

mm (inner leaves much smaller), V-shaped in

cross section, drying with a purplish tinge

towards chartaceous base; margin and keel dis-

tinctly and finely serrulate. Scape 300-600 mm

long, overtopping or subequal to leaves.

Raceme oblong to subcylindrical, 90-300 x

5-6 mm, very dense; buds coral-pink to flame-

coloured; flowers pale greenish yellow to

creamy yellow. Pedicels 3-5 mm long. Bracts

linear-oblong to linear, acute to acuminate,

7-11 mm long, chartaceous, drying with pur-

plish tinge; margin entire to finely denticulate

towards apex. Perianth subcylindrical, 22-24 x

1.5 mm above ovary, widening to 3.5 mm near

the middle; lobes 2 mm long, not or slightly

spreading. Stamens markedly exserted by 8-13

mm at anthesis. Fruit ovoid-triquetrous, erect,

5 mm long. Flowering time; January to March,

though flowering specimens have been collect-

ed in KwaZulu-Natal in late November and

December. Figure 24.

46

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 24.— Kniphofia caulescens. A, habit, much reduced; B. portion of leaf and leaf tip, x 1; C. leaf margin, x 4; D,

inflorescence, x 1 ; E, floral bract, x 2; F, fructescence, x I . A-E, Bruce 344; F, Galpin s.n. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

47

Occurs in high mountain areas at altitudes of

1 800-2 800 m on peaty soil overlying rock for-

mations, marshy places and seepage areas in

mountain grassland, in northern Eastern Cape,

eastern Free State, Lesotho and the adjoining crest

of the Drakensberg in KwaZulu-Natal. Map 12.

Vouchers: Dieterlen 642\ Galpin 1929, 13667\

Hilliard & Burtt 16443.

One of the few caulescent species and the

stem may be simple or branched, each branch

ending in a dense rosette of glaucous leaves.

The plants tend to be gregarious and a colony in

full flower is an impressive sight. In the herbar-

ium, the leaf bases and bracts tend to dry with a

purplish tinge, a character not noted in any

other species. Allied to the next species, K.

albomontana, but has shorter and less fibrous

leaves, shorter perianth with longer-exserted

stamens.

27. Kniphofia albomontana Baijnath in

South African Journal of Botany 53: 307 (1987).

Type: Natal [KwaZulul-NatalJ: Thabamhlope,

Farm Marshlands about 10 km from Thabam-

hlope Police Station, 21.2.1986, Baijnath 1876

(UDW, holo.; K, MO, PRE!).

Plants caulescent, 1 -4-stemmed; stems up to

250 mm tall. Leaves recurved, stiff in texture,

0.6-1. 0 m long, 22^15 mm broad, V-shaped in

cross section; margin and keel finely serrulate.

Scape 0.8-1. 2 m tall, overtopping leaves.

Raceme ovoid, 110-220 x 50-70 mm, dense;

buds puiplish orange; flowers pale yellow-green,

sometimes tinged with orange. Bracts lanceolate

to narrowly lanceolate, subacute to slightly

obtuse, 1 8-22 mm long; margin minutely eroso-

denticulate in upper half. Pedicels 2 mm long,

increasing to 5-7 mm long in fruit. Perianth nar-

rowly funnel-shaped, 30-35 mm long; lobes

ovate, 2-3 mm long, not spreading. Stamens

exserted by up to 5 mm at anthesis. Fruit ovoid,

11-13 mm long. Figure 25.

Found in seepage areas in mountain grass-

land along the Drakensberg and adjoining

foothills at 1 800-2 500 m from Sani Pass to

Thabamhlope in KwaZulu-Natal, the Harri-

smith District in the Free State and the Herschel

District in Eastern Cape. Map 13.

Vouchers: Jacobsz279: Killick & Vahrmeijer

3771 ; Marais 1469.

Allied to the next species, K. northiae , but

distinguished by the narrower leaves which are

V-shaped in cross section.

28. Kniphofia northiae Baker in Journal

of Botany, London 27: 43 (1889): Baker: 67

(1891); Baker: t. 7412 (1895); Baker: 284

(1896); Mallett: 100, t. 42 (1906); A.Berger: 65

(1908); Codd: 464 (1968). Type: a drawing by

Miss North of a plant from ‘the mountains north

of Grahamstown' (in K).

Plants solitary, caulescent; stems simple, or

rarely, branching from base, up to 1.7 m tall.

Leaves in a rosette at apex of stem, recurved, stiff

in texture, 0.5-1. 5 m long, 35-120 mm broad,

shallowly crescentifonn in cross section, not

keeled; margin strongly serrulate. Scape overtop-

ping recurved leaves, stout, 200-300 mm tall.

Raceme cylindrical to ovoid, very dense, 1 00—

200 x 50-60 mm; buds pinkish red opening to

whitish flowers (typical) or orange-red opening

to yellow flowers (Eastern Cape [Transkei]).

Bracts oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 7-12

48

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 25. — Kniphofia albomontana. A, habit, much reduced: B, portions of leaf, x 0.8; C, leaf margin, x 1.6; D. inflores-

cence, x 0.8; E, floral bract, x 1 .6; F, fructescence, x 0.8. D, E, Killick & Vahmeijer 3771: F, M.L. Jacobs 279. Artist:

Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

49

mm long, acute to obtuse at apex; margin entire

or minutely eroso-denticulate near apex. Pedicels

2.5-3.0 mm long, elongating to 7-10 mm in

fruit. Perianth subcylindrical, 22-32 mm long;

lobes ovate, 2 mm long, not spreading. Stamens

exserted by 10-13 mm at anthesis. Fruit subglo-

bose, obscurely triquetrous, erect, 8 mm long.

Flowering time : December to February, but at the

two last-mentioned localities, flowering has been

recorded in September and October. Figure 26.

Occurs in mountain areas at altitudes of

1 500-2 800 m in grass or on sparsely wooded

stony slopes in Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal

midlands and Drakensberg region, and eastern

Lesotho, with outliers at lower altitudes in

Eastern Cape [Transkei] and near Pietermaritz-

burg. Map 14.

Vouchers: Bowkersub PRL37132: Galpin 6866 ;

Trauseld 498.

May be separated from all other species by

the broad, shallowly channelled, arched leaves

which lack a distinct keel. In the following

species, K. stricta, the leaves are not keeled, but

they are rigid, erect and only 8-14 mm broad.

29. Kniphofia stricta Codd in The

Flowering Plants of Africa 34: t. 1328 (1960d);

Codd: 461 (1968). Type: Cape [Eastern Cape],

Graaff-Reinet Dist., near New Bethesda. Kit-

ching 54 (PRE, holo.!).

Plants several-stemmed. Leaves erect to as-

cending, rigid, strongly nerved, 300-700 x 8-14

mm, U-shaped in cross section (not keeled), chan-

nelled above; margin serrulate; nerves prominent

on lower surface, often with scattered papillae on

nerves. Scape subequal to leaves, 300-600 mm

tall. Raceme subcylindrical to ovoid, dense,

80-140 x 50-60 mm; buds orange or pale orange-

red to coral, becoming yellow to greenish yellow

as flowers open. Bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate,

7-10 mm long; apex rounded to acute; margin

eroso-denticulate. Pedicels 1. 5-3.0 mm long,

elongating to 6 mm long in fruit. Perianth sub-

cylindrical, 27-33 mm long; lobes ovate, 3 mm

long, slightly spreading. Stamens exserted by 0-8

MAP. 14. — • Kniphofia northiae

▲ K. stricta

mm at anthesis. Fruit subglobose, 7-9 mm long.

Flowering time : mid-January to early March.

Figure 27.

Occurs in the mountains of Eastern Cape and

the adjoining area of southwestern Lesotho, on

grassy slopes, often among dolerite rocks, at

altitudes of 1 700-2 500 m. Map 14.

Vouchers: Bayliss 3939 : Bruce 563, 567: Gal-

pin 14083: Van Wvk6715.

The leaves of K. stricta are U-shaped in

cross section, rigid, erect and strongly nervose,

often with the margins tending to be inrolled.

When herbarium specimens are prepared, the

leaves become flattened and the characteristic

shape is not always apparent. Along the nerves

there are often minute papillae, making the leaf

surface scabrid to the touch, which may lead to

confusion with the following species, K. hirsu-

ta, in which the leaves are hispid and V-shaped

in cross section.

30. Kniphofia hirsuta Codd in Bothalia

9: 140 (1966); Codd: 460 ( 1968). Type: Lesotho,

Berea Dist., Mamalapi, Jacot Guillarmod &

Marais 1307 (PRE, holo.!).

Plants solitary or few-stemmed. Leaves erect,

soft in texture, dull green, 400-600 x 15-25 mm,

50

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 26.— Kniphofia northiae. A. habit, much reduced: B. portion of leaf, x 0.8; C, leaf margin, x 1.6; D, inflorescence,

x 0.8; E. tloral bract, x 1.6; F. fructescence. x 0.8. A, Marais 1074: D. E, Bowker, Killick & Marais 2175: F. Galpin

6866. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

51

FIGURE 27. — Kniphofia stricta. A, habit, much reduced; B. base and apex of leaf, x 0.9; C. leaf margin, x 4.6; D. c/s leaf,

x 1.9; E, inflorescence, x 0.9; F, floral bract, x 4.6; G, 1/s flower, x 2.3. Artist: Cythna Letty.

52

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 28. — Kniphofia hirsuta. A. habit, much reduced; B, leaf base, x 1; C. portion of leaf showing deep keel and hir-

sute venation, x 2; D, inflorescence, x 1 ; E, floral bract, x 2; F, fructescence, x 1 . A, D, Marais 1308: B, C. Schmitz

8480: E. F, Hilliard & Burn 16444. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofi;

53

deeply keeled, hirsute along nerves on both sur-

faces; margin conspicuously and regularly serru-

late. Scape equal to or longer than leaves, 450-600

mm long. Raceme shortly rhomboid-cylindrical to

ovoid, dense, 80-120 x 40-45 mm; buds orange or

dull coral to salmon-pink tipped with green; flow-

ers pendulous, dull greenish yellow. Bracts linear-

lanceolate, acuminate, 10-14 mm long; margin

minutely denticulate to subentire. Pedicels 2-4

mm long. Perianth subcylindrical, 22-27 mm

long; lobes ovate, 2.5 mm long, not spreading.

Stamens not or scarcely exserted at anthesis. Fruit

subglobose, 7-9 mm long. Flowering time :

December and January. Figure 28.

Found in the mountains of Lesotho on grassy

slopes and streambanks at altitudes of 2 400-

2 800 m. Map 15.

Vouchers: Jacot Guillarmod 1238\ Schmitz

8480.

K. hirsuta resembles the following species. K.

ritualis, in raceme, bract and perianth characters

but is unique in the genus in having pubescent

leaves. The only other species which approaches

it in this respect is K. stricta (No. 29) which usu-

ally has scabrid papillae on the nerves.

3 1 . Kniphofia ritualis Codd in Bothalia

9: 139 (1966); Codd: 458 (1968), excl. Trans-

vaal [Limpopo] specimens. Type: Lesotho, Berea

Dist., Bitsolebe area, Marais 1327 (PRE. holo.!).

K. sarmentosa sensu E.Phillips: 294 (1917), as to Die-

terlen 174, 174a.

Plants solitary or few-stemmed. Leaves at

first erect later bending at the middle or semi-

spreading, soft in texture, semiglaucous, 400-

900 x 12-24 mm, deeply keeled; margin con-

spicuously and regularly serrulate. Scape sub-

equal to or shorter than leaves, 400-800 mm

long. Raceme rhomboid-cylindrical to ovoid,

dense in lower half, often laxer towards apex,

90-140 x 40-50 mm; buds coral or salmon to

dull orange-red; flowers pendulous, greenish

yellow. Bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,

acute to acuminate, 10-12 mm long; margin

usually minutely denticulate. Pedicels 1-2 mm

long at flowering, increasing to 5 mm at fruiting

stage. Perianth subcylindrical, 25-30 mm long;

lobes ovate, 3.0-3. 5 mm long, not spreading.

Stamens not or scarcely exserted at anthesis.

Fruit subglobose, 7-8 mm long. Flowering

time : January to March. Figure 29.

Common in Lesotho and the adjoining areas

of the eastern Free State, extending to the

Bergville District in KwaZulu-Natal, mainly on

sandstone formation, in shallow soil in rock

crevices, in dry watercourses and on grassy

slopes, at altitudes of 1 800-2 800 m. Map 16.

MAP. 16. — • Kniphofia ritualis

▲ K. galpinii.

54

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 29. — Kniphofia ritualis, Schmitz 9146: A, leaf base,

x 0.5; B, portion of leaf showing deep keel, x 1 ; C, in-

florescence, x 1 ; D, floral bract, x 2. Artist: Gillian Condy.

Vouchers: Bruce 361, 393; Killick 1857; Schmitz

9146, 9171.

K. ritualis has conspicuously long, narrow

bracts like those of K. sarmentosa (No. 24) but

is distinguished from the latter by its markedly

serrulate leaves and longer perianth, which is

25-30 mm long, as against 20-25 mm in K. sar-

mentosa.

Its affinity with the previous species, K. hir-

suta, is discussed above.

32. Kniphofia galpinii Baker in Flora

capensis 6: 281 (1896); A. Berger; 56 (1908);

E.Phillips: t. 783 (1940); Letty: 36, t. 20,3 (1962);

Codd: 466 (1968); A. Fabian & Germish.: 44, t.

14f (1997); Relief & P.P.J.Herman: 101 (1997).

Type: Transvaal [Mpumalanga], near Barber-

ton, Galpin 1208 (K, holo.!; BOL!, PRE!).

Plants solitary or few-stemmed. Leaves grass-

like, recurved, 400-650(-1000) x 3— 6(— 8) mm,

markedly fibrous, triangular in cross section;

margin entire or minutely denticulate towards

apex. Scape overtopping recurved leaves,

300-600 mm tall. Raceme subglobose to ovoid,

dense, 50-80 x 40 mm; buds flame-red to orange-

red; flowers pendulous, yellow to orange.

Bracts linear-lanceolate, 9-13 mm long, acumi-

nate; margin entire to minutely denticulate

towards apex. Pedicels 1. 5-3.0 mm long, elon-

gating to 4 mm in fruit. Perianth subcylindrical,

27-35 mm long; lobes ovate, 2 mm long, not

spreading. Stamens not or scarcely exserted at

anthesis, later withdrawn. Fruit not seen. Figure

30.

Grows in dense grass on hillsides and grassy

vleis at altitudes of 1 000-2 000 m in Mpuma-

langa and northern Swaziland. A few specimens

collected in the Helpmekaar District of Kwa-

Zulu-Natal are included here, though further

investigation may indicate that they are worthy

of separate status. Map 16.

Vouchers: Bruce 314, 316; Codd 4878; Gal-

pin 13717.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

55

Occasional depauperate specimens of K. lin-

earifolia may be confused with K. galpinii , but

the former normally has larger racemes, broad-

er, and more flaccid leaves, and ovate bracts.

33. Kniphofia triangularis Kunth, Enu-

merate plantarum 4: 551 (1843). Type: 'Aliwal

District’, Wittebergen, Drege 3524 (K, lecto.!; G!).

Plants solitary or several-stemmed. Leaves

erect, bending over about the middle, or arcu-

ate, 280-600 x 1. 5-8.0 mm, triangular in cross

section or ± flat with narrow channel above,

keeled below; margin entire to serrulate. Scape

subequal to leaves, 300-600 mm long. Raceme

subcylindrical to ovoid, dense, 40-80 x 40-50

mm; buds and flowers pendulous, ± concolor-

ous, coral-red, orange-red or salmon-red to yel-

low-orange. Bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceo-

late, acute to acuminate, 6-8 mm long; margin

entire or nearly so. Pedicels 1-2 mm long, elon-

gating to 3 mm in fruit. Perianth subcylindrical.

24-35 mm long; lobes ovate, 1. 5-2.0 mm long,

usually spreading. Stamens shortly exserted at

anthesis, later withdrawn. Fruit ovoid, obscure-

ly triquetrous, 6-8 mm long, erect.

Two subspecies are recognized. For key to sub-

species, see key to species.

The narrow, grass-like leaves of this species

are similar to some forms of K. triangularis

(No. 33) but are, in general, more nervose and

fibrous. The floral characters of the two are also

similar, though in K. galpinii the perianth lobes

are not spreading and the raceme is bicolorous,

with flame-red buds grading down to yellowish

flowers. In K. triangularis the raceme is more

or less concolorous, coral-red to orange-red in

colour, and the perianth lobes are spreading.

33a. subsp. triangularis. Codd: 469 ( 1968).

K. triangularis Kunth: 551 (1843): Baker: 362 (1871);

Baker 278 (1885); Baker: 280 ( 1896); A.Berger: 53 (1908);

FIGURE 30. — Kniphofia galpinii : A, leaf base, x 1. B. E. A. Bruce: t. 1184 (1955b). Type: 'Aliwal District'. Witte-

inflorescence, x 1. Artist: Cythna Letty. bergen. Drege 3524 (K. lecto.!; G ! ).

56

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 31. — Kniphofia triangularis subsp. triangularis. A, leafy base of plant, x 0.9; B, portion of leaf near apex show-

ing serrulations, x 9; C, c/s leaf, x 9; D, flowering peduncle, x 0.9; E, floral bract, x 2.7; F, I/s flower, x 2.3. Artist:

Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

57

K. macowanii Baker: 3 (1874); Hook.f.: t. 6167 (1875);

Baker: 278 (1885); Baker: 280 (1896); Mallett: 83, t. 38

(1906); A. Berger: 54, t. 21c (1908). Tritoma macowanii

(Baker) Carriere: 390 (1879). Type: Cape [Western Cape],

Somerset East Dist., Boschberg, MacOwan 1536 (K. holo.!;

BOL!, G!, GRA!, PRE!, SAM!, Z!).

K. nelsonii Mast.: 554, t. 83 (1892); Baker: 280 (1896);

Mallett: 82, t. 37 (1906); A.Berger: 53 (1908); E.Phillips:

294 (191 7). Type: O.F.S. [Free State], Nelson s.n. (K, holo.!).

Included in subsp. triangularis are plants

with leaves very narrow and grass-like, 1. 5-3.0

mm in diameter, with smooth margins (typical)

and those with leaves 2.5-6.0(-8) mm broad

and margins sparsely to distinctly serrulate,

which were separated as K. macowanii (see

notes below). Flowering time : January to April.

Figure 31.

Found in mountain grassland, often in peaty

soil, on grassy slopes, streambanks and moist

places among sandstone rocks at altitudes of

1 000 to 2 000 m in Eastern Cape, eastern Free

State, Lesotho and the southern and central

Drakensberg area of KwaZulu-Natal. Map 17.

Vouchers: Acocks 22175 ; Dieterlen 474; Flana-

gan 1841; Hilliard & Burtt 12161 ; Scheepers

1816.

Plants occurring in Eastern Cape tend to

have broader (2. 5-6.0 mm) leaves which have

distinctly serrulate margins. This form was de-

scribed as K. macowanii Baker but there are

intermediates linking it with typical K. triangu-

laris, which occurs in eastern Free State and

Lesotho, and which has narrow, grass-like

leaves (1. 5-3.0 mm broad) with smooth mar-

gins. Plants occurring in the Drakensberg area

of KwaZulu-Natal have narrow (1. 5^4.0 mm)

leaves with the margins smooth to sparsely ser-

rulate. In the last-mentioned area, hybridization

apparently occurs between subsp. triangularis

and two species with narrow, grass-like leaves:

K. fibrosa (No. 13) and K. angustifolia (No. 17).

In the herbarium, K. thodei (No. 34), with its

narrow leaves and sparsely toothed to entire

margins, may be confused with some forms of

K. triangularis. However, the inflorescence of

MAP. 17. — • Kniphofia triangularis subsp. triangularis

▲ K. triangularis subsp. obtusiloba

K. thodei is bicolorous, the buds being dull

brownish red and the flowers whitish, and the

perianth lobes are not spreading so that it is

clearly closer to K. porphyrantha in its affinity

than to K. triangularis.

33b. subsp. obtusiloba (A.Berger) Codd

in Bothalia 9: 472 (1968); Retief & P.P.J. Her-

man: 102 (1997). Type: Transvaal [Mpuma-

langa], Lydenburg Dist., Wilms 1559 (B, holo.!;

BM!, K!).

K. obtusiloba A.Berger: 54. t. 21 (1908); Letty: 33 (1962);

Codd: t. 1422 (1964b).

Leaves soft in texture, (2.5-)4.0-10.0 mm

broad; margins smooth. Raceme concolorous.

orange-red to yellow-orange, tending to dry a

purplish brown colour. Flowering time : mid-

January to end of April. Figure 32.

Occurs among quartzite rocks in mountain

grassland at altitudes of 1 300 to 2 300 m in

Mpumalanga, with one record from the Ngotshe

District, KwaZulu-Natal. Map 17.

Vouchers: Bruce 477, 514, 516; Codd 8274,

10306.

In subsp. obtusiloba the leaves are consistent-

ly smooth-margined and herbarium specimens

58

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 32. — Kniphofia triangularis subsp. obtusiloba. A. habit, much reduced; B. base of plant and leaves, x 0.9; C, c/s

leaf, x 4.4; D. inflorescence, x 0.9; E. floral bract, x 1.8; F. 1/s flower, x 1.8; G, fruit, x 0.9. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

59

are apt to be confused with K. porphyrantha (No.

35) which, however, has a bicolorous raceme,

with red buds and yellow flowers. On Marieps-

kop, specimens with narrow leaves are found

which resemble K. galpinii (No. 32) but the latter

has a bicolorous raceme, red at the apex and yel-

low below, and the leaves are more markedly

fibrous in texture than in subsp. obtusiloba.

34. Kniphofia thodei Baker in Flora

capensis 6: 533 (1897); A. Berger; 57 (1908);

Codd: t. 1446B (1965c); Codd: 472 (1968). Type:

O.F.S. [Free State], Caledon Range, Moperi’s

Peak, Thode 62 (BOL, holo.!; K!, NH!, PRE!,

STE!).

Plants usually single-stemmed. Leaves at first

erect, later recurved or bent downwards, 250-

500 x 2-5 mm, pale glaucous-green, soft in tex-

ture, broadly triangular in cross section, nar-

rowly channelled above, keeled below; margin

smooth to finely serrulate, especially towards

apex. Scape overtopping leaves, 300-500 mm

long. Raceme subglobose to ovoid, dense,

40-60 x 40-50 mm; buds dull red to reddish

brown, often tipped with white; flowers pendu-

lous, white or tinged with reddish brown to-

wards base. Bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate,

6-7 mm long; margin entire. Pedicels 1. 5-2.0

mm long. Perianth subcylindrical, somewhat

curved, 20-35 mm long; lobes broadly ovate,

1.5 mm long, not spreading. Stamens reaching

throat of perianth at anthesis, later withdrawn.

Fruit not seen. Flowering time : January, but

extends from November to March. Figure 33.

Found in moist places in mountain grassland

at altitudes of 2 500-2 800 m in Lesotho and

northeastern Free State and at altitudes of

1 600-2 000 m in the Estcourt District, Kwa-

Zulu-Natal. Map 1 8.

Vouchers: Jacot Guillarmod 4011 ; Killick &

Marais 2155, 2163.

Herbarium specimens of K. thodei without

notes on flower colour may be confused with

either K. porphyrantha (No. 35) or K. triangu-

MAP. 18. — • Kniphofia thodei

▲ K. littoralis

laris (No. 33). Fresh specimens may be recog-

nized by the unusual colour combination in the

raceme, with buds dull red to brownish red often

tipped with white, and open flowers whitish in

colour. In K. porphyrantha the raceme is lemon-

yellow' tinged with red at the apex and the leaves

are yellow-green with smooth margins. K. trian-

gularis has concolorous coral-red to orange-red

racemes and the leaves are usually longer and

more fibrous in texture than in K. thodei.

35. Kniphofia porphyrantha Baker in

Journal of Botany, London 12: 4 (1874); Baker:

279 (1885); Baker: 281 (1896); A. Berger: 59

(1908); Codd: t. 1291 (1959c); Letty: 32, t. 19,1

(1962); Codd: 474 (1968); Retief & P.P.J.Her-

man: 101 (1997). Type: O.F.S. [Free State],

Cooper 3208 (K, lecto. ! ).

K. conrathii Baker: 998 (1904); A. Berger: 59 (1908).

Type: Transvaal [Gauteng], Modderfontein. Conrath 644

(K. holo.!; Z!).

Plants usually many-stemmed. Leaves at first

erect, later retlexed, 300-450 x 6-14 mm, yellow-

green, flaccid, shallowly channelled above, keeled

below; margin and keel smooth. Scape overtopping

leaves, 400-600 mm long. Raceme subglobose to

shortly cylindrical, dense. 40-80 x ± 50 mm; buds

spreading, orange-flame, tipped with yellow, flow-

ers pendulous, lemon-yellow. Pedicels 1.5 mm

60

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 33. — Kniphofia thodei. A, habit, much reduced;

B. leaf, x 0.9; C, c/s leaf, x 2.7; D. inflorescence,

x 0.9; E, floral bract, x 2.7; F. 1/s flower, x 2.7.

Artist: Cythna Letty.

MAP. 19. — • Kniphofia porphyrantha

A K. drepanophylla

long. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 6-9 mm long, acute

to acuminate, usually smooth, occasionally minute-

ly toothed towards apex. Perianth narrowly sub-

cylindrical, 30-42 mm long, somewhat arcuate;

lobes ovate, 2.5 mm long, not or slightly spreading.

Stamens exserted by 1-3 mm at an thesis, finally

withdrawn. Fruit erect, subglobose, obscurely tri-

quetrous. 8-10 mm long. Flowering time: October

to December in Gauteng and Mpumalanga, but

extends to January and February in KwaZulu-Natal

and eastern Free State. Figure 34.

Widespread in grassy vleis and mountain

grassland at altitudes of 1 500-2 300 m in east-

ern Free State, northwestern KwaZulu-Natal,

Gauteng and Mpumalanga, extending into the

western part of Swaziland. Map 19.

Vouchers: Codd 3188, 3434, 7592', Galpin

9613 ; Killick 1265.

K. porphyrantha is relatively small in stature

with small racemes, pale to lemon-yellow in colour,

tinged with red at the apex: the leaves are flaccid,

yellow-green in colour with smooth margins. In the

herbarium it is not always easy to distinguish it

from certain other species with acute to acuminate

bracts but, with fresh material, the above characters

provide a basis for separating K. porphyrantha

from the following: (a) K. triangularis subsp. ob-

tusiloha (No. 33b), which has concolorous. coral-

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

61

FIGURE 34. — Kniphofia porphyrantha. A, habit, much reduced; B, leaf, x 0.9; C, c/s leaf, x 2.3; D, inflorescence, x 0.9;

E, floral bract, x 4.5; F, flower with basal bract and exserted stamens, x 1.8; G, 1/s flower showing contraction of

fdaments and included stamens, x 1.8; H, capsule, x 2.3. Artist: Cythna Letty.

62

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 35. — Kniphofia fluviatilis. A. habit, much reduced and habitat; B. portions of leaf, x 0.9; C, t/s leaf, x 0.9; D, inflo-

rescence, x 0.9: E. floral bract, x 4.7; F, I/s flower, x 1; G. immature fruit. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

63

red to orange-red racemes and spreading perianth

lobes; (b) K. galpinii (No. 32), with its predomi-

nantly scarlet racemes and narrower, grass-like

leaves; (c) K. thodei (No. 34) with the unusual

brownish red and white coloration of its racemes

and the usually denticulate leaves; and (d) K.fluvi-

atilis (No. 36), which resembles K. porphyrantha in

the colour of the raceme but has longer flowers

(42-50 mm) and the leaves tend to be broader, more

glaucous and are V-shaped in cross section.

36. Kniphofia fluviatilis Codd in The

Flowering Plants of Africa 36: t. 1421 (1964a);

Codd: 476 (1968); A. Fabian & Germish.: 44, t.

14d (1997); Retief & P.P.J. Herman: 101 (1997).

Type: Transvaal [Mpumalanga], 4 km northeast

of Dullstroom, Codd 7625 (PRE, holo.!).

Plants several-stemmed. Leaves erect, firm in

texture, tapering rapidly, 350-700 x 8-25 mm, dull

to glaucous-green, V-shaped in cross section with

a rather thick keel; margin and keel smooth. Scape

moderately stout, usually overtopping leaves,

450-650 mm long. Raceme ovoid to subglobose,

often pyramidal at apex, dense, 20 x 60-80 mm;

buds deflexed, flame to orange-red; flowers pen-

dulous, apricot-yellow to greenish yellow. Brads

ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute to long-

acuminate, 7-13 mm long; margin entire. Pedicels

1. 5-2.0 mm long, elongating to 2.5-3.0 mm at

fruiting stage. Perianth subcylindrical, often

somewhat arcuate, 42-50 mm long; lobes ovate, 2

mm long, not spreading. Stamens just included or

slightly exserted at anthesis, finally withdrawn.

Fruit erect globose to ovoid, 8-10 mm long.

Flowering time : November and December, but

flowering specimens have been collected as late as

February. Figure 35.

On banks of streams in mountain grassland,

usually growing partly in running water, at alti-

tudes of 1 200-2 200 m, in Mpumalanga and

the foothills of the Drakensberg range in Kwa-

Zulu-Natal and East Griqualand. Map 20.

Vouchers: Codd 6655; Codd & De Winter 3234;

Killick & Marais 2088, 2156.

MAP. 20. — • Kniphofia fluviatilis

▲ K. coddiana

Closely related to K. porphyrantha (No. 35)

and the differences are discussed under that

species. In addition, K. fluviatilis almost invari-

ably grows on the banks of mountain streams,

usually partly in the water, whereas K. por-

phyrantha inhabits grassy vleis and moist hill-

sides. The two species are rarely found together

at the same locality, although their general dis-

tribution overlaps to some extent.

37. Kniphofia littoralis Codd in Bothalia

9: 478 (1968). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-Natal],

near Park Rynie, Codd 9764 (PRE, holo.!).

Plants several-stemmed. Leaves erect (when

growing in dense grass) to strongly recurved

(when in an exposed place or after grass has

been burnt in winter), soft in texture, 150-700 x

10-25 mm, dull to glaucous-green, V-shaped in

cross section, usually folded along midrib

(especially in dried specimens with recurved

leaves); margin and keel smooth or minutely

serrulate towards apex. Scape overtopping

spreading leaves, 250-650 mm long. Raceme

globose to shortly cylindrical, dense. 50-90 x

50-55 mm; buds spreading to pendulous, red to

dull red; flowers pendulous, pale yellow-green.

Bracts ovate to ovate-oblong, 5-8 mm long,

acute to obtuse, white, chartaceous; margin

entire. Pedicels 1-2 mm, elongating in fruit up

64

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 36. — Kniphofia littoralis. A, habit, much reduced; B, leaf, x 0.9; C, c/s leaf, x 1.9; D, inflorescence, x 0.9; E. flo-

ral bract, x 3.8; F, flower, x 2.6. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

65

to 5 mm. Perianth subcylindrical, slightly arcu-

ate, 28-34 mm long; lobes broadly ovate, 2 mm

long, not spreading. Stamens reaching throat or

slightly exserted at anthesis, later exserted by

3-5 mm. Fruit ovoid, erect, 12-15 x 8-10 mm,

acute at apex. Flowering time : August to Octo-

ber. Figure 36.

Found in moist, grassy, low-lying places

near the KwaZulu-Natal coast from just above

sea level to about 200 m altitude, from the Port

Shepstone District in the south to the Hlabisa

District in the north. Map 18.

Vouchers: Bruce 155, 423\ Codd 9699.

The large, ovoid fruits, 12-15 x 8-10 mm,

carried erect on stout, arcuate pedicels up to 5

mm long, distinguish K. littoralis from related

species. In the absence of fruits there may some-

times be difficulty in separating it in the herbar-

ium from K. drepanophylla (No. 39), K. baurii

(No. 40) and from depauperate specimens of K.

rooperi (No. 43).

K. drepanophylla and K. baurii normally have

markedly serrulate leaves and broader, more

rounded bracts than K. littoralis and are not

known to occur along the coast of KwaZulu-

Natal. K. rooperi is a robust species with leaves

up to 40 mm broad and scape up to 1 .5 m tall,

occurring in coastal marshes in Eastern Cape

[Transkei], reaching the Port Shepstone District

in KwaZulu-Natal. Along the drier edges of the

marshes, the plants may be smaller, with narrow-

er leaves, and such depauperate specimens may

be confused with K. littoralis if fruits are lacking.

However, the bracts of K. littoralis are usually

white and papery, acute to obtuse and not erect in

bud, whereas in K. rooperi they are usually dis-

coloured and brownish, rounded at the apex and

erect and imbricate in the bud stage; K. littoralis

also has slightly longer pedicels and the flowers

do not form such a dense raceme as in K. rooperi.

38. Kniphofia coddiana Cufod. in Anna-

len des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 75;

40 (1971). Type: Transkei [Eastern Cape],

Mkambati, Codd 9720 (PRE, holo.!).

K. elegans Codd: 480 (1968), nom. illeg., non Engl.

Plants one- to several-stemmed. Leaves erect or

later bending over about the middle, soft-textured,

300-600 x 8-15 mm, dull glaucous-green, V-

shaped in cross section; margin and keel smooth or

sparsely toothed towards apex. Scape overtopping

or subequal to leaves, 400-650 mm tall. Raceme

globose, dense, 50-70 x 50-60 mm; buds spread-

ing, flame-red; flowers pendulous, yellow to

orange-yellow. Bracts broadly ovate to subrotund,

6-8 mm long, obtuse to rounded, chartaceous;

margin almost entire to minutely eroso-denticulate.

Pedicels 1-2 mm long. Perianth subcylindrical,

somewhat arcuate, 28-32 mm long; lobes broadly

ovate, 2 mm long, not spreading. Stamens reaching

throat or just exserted at anthesis, finally with-

drawn. Fruit globose, 6-8 mm long. Flowering

time : August to October. Figure 37.

Grows in grass among sandstone rocks at

altitudes of 70-300 m in Eastern Cape [Tran-

skei] and the southern part of the Port Shep-

stone District in KwaZulu-Natal. Map 20.

Vouchers: Codd 9713, 9737\ Marais 952, 970.

A spring-flowering species related to K. lit-

toralis (No. 35), but the globose racemes are

flame-red at the apex, grading down to yellow

flowers and the smaller, globose fruits are borne

on short, spreading pedicels. Unlike K. littora-

lis, it grows among sandstone rocks.

39. Kniphofia drepanophylla Baker in

Botanische Jahrbiicher 15. Beibl. 35: 5 (1892a);

Baker: 282 (1896); A.Berger: 48 (1908); Codd:

t. 1447 ( 1965d); Codd: 481 (1968). Type:

Transkei [Eastern Cape], Pondoland, Bachmcmn

281 (K, holo.!; B).

Plants few- to several-stemmed. Leaves fal-

cate, flaccid, yellow-green, 150-300 mm at

flowering stage, eventually elongating to 600

mm, 15-30 mm broad, V-shaped in cross sec-

tion, tending to fold along midrib; margin and

keel finely serrulate. Scape overtopping re-

curved leaves, 250-500 mm tall. Raceme sub-

globose, 50-70 x 50-60 mm, often lax at apex.

66

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 37 .—Kniphofia coddiana, Codd 9713. A, habit, much reduced; B. leaf base, x 1; C, c/s leaf, x 1; D, inflorescence,

x 1 ; E. floral bract, x 2; F, fructescence, x 1. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

67

denser below; buds spreading, greenish yellow,

often suffused with dull red; flowers pendulous,

lemon-yellow. Bracts broadly oblong, rounded

to obtuse, 5-6 mm long, scariose; margin sub-

entire to somewhat eroded. Pedicels 3. 5-5.0

mm long. Perianth subcylindrical, 35^fO mm

long; lobes broadly ovate, 3 mm long, spread-

ing. Stamens exserted by up to 5 mm at anthe-

sis, later withdrawn. Fruit ovoid-triquetrous,

7-9 mm long. Flowering time: mainly August

to October. Figure 38.

Grows in marshy places at altitudes of 50- 200

m near the coast in Pondoland, where it is local-

ly common. Map 19.

Vouchers: Cocld 9717, 9738: Marais 953: Story

4233.

In the herbarium it may be confused with the

following species, K. baurii, which has some-

what narrower, glaucous leaves, slightly short-

er, more greenish flowers and a more inland dis-

tribution. A specimen from Weza, altitude 1 160

m (Killick & Marais 2014) is somewhat inter-

mediate between the two species.

40. Kniphofia baurii Bake r in Flora capen-

sis 6: 281 (1896); A. Berger: 48 (1908); Codd: t.

1423 (1964c); Codd: 482 (1968); Relief &

P.P.J. Herman: 101 (1997). Type: Transkei [Eastern

Cape], Tembuland, Baziya, Baur 755 (K. holo.!).

Plants several- to many-stemmed. Leaves erect

to somewhat falcate or occasionally recurved,

soft in texture, glaucous, 200-500 x 12-25 mm,

V-shaped in cross section; margin and keel

markedly to sparsely serrulate or almost smooth.

Scape overtopping leaves, 250-600 mm tall.

Raceme globose to oblong, sometimes broader

than long, dense, 40-100 x 40-60 mm; buds

spreading, dull red to greenish tinged with dull

red; flowers eventually pendulous, greenish to

greenish yellow. Bracts ovate to ovate-oblong,

obtuse to rounded, 4.5-10.0 mm long; margin

eroso-denticulate, especially towards apex.

Pedicels 1-2 mm long. Perianth subcylindrical,

28-38 mm long; lobes ovate, 2.5 mm long, slight-

MAP. 21. — • Kniphofia baurii

▲ K. rigidifolia

■ K. citrina

ly spreading. Stamens exserted by up to 2 mm at

anthesis, later withdrawn. Fruit subglobose-tri-

quetrous, about 7 mm long. Flowering time: mid-

September to early November. Figure 39.

Found on moist, grassy slopes or depressions

and on streambanks at 600-1 300 m altitude in

two disjunct areas: (a) Eastern Cape [Transkei],

from the Engcobo District eastwards into southern

KwaZulu-Natal: and (b) northern KwaZulu-Natal,

from Dundee District northwards to the foothills

of the Drakensberg, with one record from Wak-

kerstroom District in Mpumalanga. Map 21.

Vouchers: (a) Typical form: Marais 1003,

1021, 1028, 1032: (b) northern KwaZulu-Natal

form: Codd 5609, 6161, 6788 , 6789.

Its affinity with the previous species, K. dre-

panophylla, is discussed under that species.

Plants of the northern KwaZulu-Natal form tend

to be more robust and form larger groups of

stems with somewhat softer leaves and less

markedly serrulate margins than typical K. bait-

rii. In essential characters they agree with the

typical form and are not given separate status.

In Bothalia 9: 484 (Codd 1968), a group of

late-flowering (January to April) specimens

from Eastern Cape [Transkei] and East Griqua-

land, with greenish flowers and dull red buds.

68

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 38 .—Kniphofia drepanophylla. A, habit, much reduced; B, C, leaves, x 0.9; D, leaf margin, x 2.8; E, c/s leaf, x

0.9; F, inflorescence, x 0.9; G. bract, x 2.8; H, 1/s flower, x 1.8. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

69

FIGURE 39. — Kniphofia baurii. A, habit, much reduced: B. part of leaf, x 0.9; C. c/s leaf, x 1.8; D, leaf margin, x 9: E,

inflorescence, x 0.9; F, floral bract, x 4.5; G, 1/s flower, x 2.7; H, fruit, x 0.9. Artist: Mary Elizabeth Connell.

WDf

70

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 40. — Kniphofia latifolia, Condy 151. A, habit, much reduced; B, part of leaf, x 0.8; C, leaf margin; D, inflores-

cence, x 0.8; E, floral bract, x 1.6; F, fructescence, x 0.8. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

71

was included in K. baurii. It is now considered

that these probably belong in the widespread

summer and autumn-flowering species, K. lin-

earifolia (No. 46), which exhibits various flower

colours, including greenish flowers with dull

red buds, as in K. baurii.

41. Kniphofia latifolia Cock l in Bothalia

9: 484 (1968). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-Natal],

near New Hanover, Codd 6791 (PRE, holo.!).

Plants several-stemmed. Leaves broad, erect,

ensiform, 600-900 x 20—40 mm, midgreen, V-

shaped in cross section, tapering rapidly to

apex; margin and keel finely and regularly ser-

rulate. Scape shorter than leaves at flowering

stage, 400-800 mm tall, eventually elongating

to 1 m. Raceme narrowly ovoid, conical to taper-

ing at apex, dense, 70-1 10 x 45-50 mm; buds

pendulous, red to dull blood-red; flowers pen-

dulous, imbricate, greenish to yellow-green.

Bracts broadly oblong, obtuse to rounded, 7-9

mm long; margin very minutely serrulate to

almost entire. Pedicels 1 mm long, elongating

in fruit to 3 mm. Perianth subcylindrical, 30-35

mm long; lobes ovate, 3 mm long, not spread-

ing. Stamens exserted by 4-6 mm at anthesis,

usually remaining exserted by 2-3 mm. Fruit

erect, broadly ovoid, 5 mm long. Flowering

time : October and November. Figure 40.

Found on grassy slopes and river banks,

usually in moist depressions with grass and

sedge, in a restricted area of the KwaZulu-Natal

midlands, at altitudes of 800-1 100 m. Map 22.

Vouchers: Bruce 460 ; Killick & Marais 2113.

Related to the previous species, K. baurii,

but differs in the broader leaves which overtop

the scape at the flowering stage, and the taper-

ing raceme. The tapering raceme and the broad-

er, rounded bracts distinguish K. latifolia from

the next species, K. rigidifolia. which is restrict-

ed to Mpumalanga.

42. Kniphofia rigidifolia E. A. Bruce in

The Flowering Plants of Africa 30: t. 1185

(1955c); Fetty: 32 (1962); Codd: 487 (1968);

MAP. 22. — • Kniphofia uvaria

▲ K. latifolia

A. Fabian & Germish.: 44, t. 14e (1997); Retief &

P.P.J. Herman: 102 (1997). Type: Transvaal [Mpu-

malanga], 1 1 km S of Dullstroom, Codd 3224

(PRE, holo.!).

Plants several-stemmed. Leaves erect, firm in

texture, yellow-green, 500-800 x ( 1 5— )20— 35 mm.

V-shaped in cross section; margin and keel finely

serrulate. Scape subequal to leaves or slightly

longer, 500-900 mm tall. Raceme subglobose to

broadly ovoid, very dense, 50-80 x 50-60 mm;

buds spreading, flame or orange-red to coral-red;

flowers pendulous, yellow-green to greenish.

Bracts oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, suba-

cute to obtuse, 5-7 mm long; margin finely eroso-

denticulate to almost entire. Pedicels 1 mm long at

flowering, increasing to 3 mm long at fruiting

stage. Perianth subcylindrical, 30-40 mm long;

lobes broadly ovate, 2.5 mm long, slightly spread-

ing. Stamens in throat or slightly exserted at anthe-

sis, later withdrawn. Fruit subglobose to broadly

ovoid, 7 mm long. Flowering time : mid-October

to the end of November. Figure 41 .

Grows in dense grass among dolerite rocks

and on fertile soil beside streams in Mpu-

malanga at altitudes of 1 500-2 100 m. Map 21 .

Vouchers: Codd 6166. 6654, 6661 .

A spring-flowering species with globose

racemes reminiscent of the following species.

72

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 4 E — Kniphofia rigidifolia. A, habit, much reduced; B, apical portion of leaf, x 0.9; C, basal portion of leaf show-

ing keel, x 0.9: D, leaf margin, x 4.6: E, inflorescence, x 0.9; F. floral bract, x 3; G, perianth, x 0.9; H, I/s perianth,

x 2.3. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

73

K. rooperi, but K. rigidifolia has erect, not

spreading, yellow-green leaves and the buds are

not erect and covered by the imbricate bracts as

in K. rooperi. The two species are completely

separated geographically.

43. Kniphofia rooperi (T.Moore) Lem.,

Le Jardin fleuriste: t. 362 (1854); Baker: 363

(1871); Baker: 280 (1885), excl. Hook.f. in

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine t. 6116 (1874);

Baker: 283 (1896), excl. Hook.f. in Curtis’s

Botanical Magazine t. 6116 (1874); A. Berger:

62 (1908), as to type only; Codd: t. 1290

(1959b); Codd: 488 (1968). Type: the specimen

ex Herb. T. Moore on which the plate in Garden

Companion and Florist’s Guide 1 : 113 (1 852) is

based (K, holo.!).

Tritoma rooperi T.Moore: 1 13 (1852).

K. longicollis Baker: 682 (1893c); Baker: 284 (1896);

A. Berger: 60 (1908). Type: ‘Natal, Hort. Leichtlin. May 30,

1893’ (K, holo.!).

Plants many-stemmed. Leaves usually in four

ranks, arcuate-spreading to strongly recurved,

dull green, 0. 5-1.1 m long, 1 5— 35(— 40) mm

broad, deeply keeled and broadly V-shaped in

cross section; margin and keel distinctly to

sparsely serrulate, rarely almost smooth. Scape

overtopping spreading leaves, stout, 0.6- 1.4 m

tall. Raceme very dense, globose when in full

flower, 80-110 x 50-80 mm; apex conical in

young stage with buds erect and enclosed in

overlapping imbricate bracts; variable in colour

with buds brilliant flame-red to orange-yellow

or greenish, and open flowers orange-red to yel-

low-green. Bracts oblong to obovate, obtuse to

rounded, 7-11 mm long, usually brownish,

minutely serrulate to almost entire. Pedicels I

mm long, elongating to 3^4 mm in fruiting

stage. Perianth subcylindrical, 35 — 42 mm long;

lobes ovate, 2.5 mm long, slightly spreading at

anthesis. Stamens slightly exserted at anthesis,

later withdrawn. Fruit ovoid-triquetrous, erect,

8-10 mm long. Flowering time: winter and

early spring, from June to September, but flow-

ering specimens have been recorded, especially

in cultivation, as early as March and as late as

November. Figure 42.

Found in marshy places near the coast from

the East London District in Eastern Cape [Tran-

skei], to several km north of Port Shepstone in

KwaZulu-Natal. Map 23.

Vouchers: Bruce 417, 425, 603: Dyer 5335:

Pegler 838 ; Strey 8849: Van Wyk 6133.

K. rooperi can usually be recognized by the

large globose racemes which appear mainly

during winter and spring, carried well above the

arcuate-spreading leaves which are broad, dull

green and are normally arranged in 4 or 5 ranks.

Flower colour may vary in wild populations

from dull greenish yellow to brilliant scarlet. It

reaches its maximum development of over 1.5

m in height in boggy, peaty marshes near the

coast. It is noticeable that the most robust plants

are to be found in the wettest, central part of the

marsh and tend to become progressively small-

er toward the drier edges. These small, depau-

perate plants may be confused with K. littoralis

(No. 37) and K. drepanophylla (No. 39) and dif-

ferences are discussed under those headings.

It is considered that the type of K. longicol-

lis Baker is probably a small specimen of K.

rooperi: although the bracts are not an exact

match of K. rooperi, they come nearer to that

species than to K. littoralis. The plant illustrat-

ed in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine t. 7623

(Baker 1 898a) as K. longicollis is not that species

74

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 42. — Kniphofia rooperi. A. habit, much reduced; B, C, leaf, x 0.9; D, c/s leaf, x 0.9. E, F, inflorescence: E, x 0.9;

F, bud stage, x 0.9. G, floral bract, x 2.8; H, 1/s flower, x 1.6. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

75

but is probably a form of K. praecox (No. 23).

It is also doubtful if the plant figured as K.

rooperi in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine t. 6116

(Hooker 1874) is correctly named. The raceme

is too elongate for K. rooperi and it appears to

be a form of K. linearifolia (No. 46).

Several specimens have been collected be-

tween Komga and Knysna, and inland in the

King William’s Town and Stutterheim Districts,

which appear to be intermediate between K.

rooperi and K. uvaria (No. 44). There are also

specimens from the Albany, Port Elizabeth and

Humansdorp Districts with medium-sized, glo-

bose racemes which may link K. rooperi with

K. citrina (No. 45). The taxonomy of this com-

plex is discussed under K. uvaria.

44. Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Oken, All-

gemeine Naturgeschichte fur alle Stande 3,1:

566 ( 1841 ); Hook.: t. 4816 (1854), p.p. excl. tab.

and descr.; A. Berger: 61 (1908), p.p., excl. spec,

cited; Adamson: 170 (1950); Codd: t. 1289

(1959a); Codd: 492 (1968); Goldblatt & J.C.Man-

ning: 73 (2000). Lectotype (Codd 1968: 493):

the specimen in Herb. Hort. Cliff. (BM, lecto. ! ).

Aloe uvaria L.: 323 (1753): L.: 4 (1759); Kniph.: t. 805

(1762); Burm.f.: 10 (1768); Mill.: No. 23 (1768); J.Hill: 333

( 1 769); Knorr: t. A.13 (1770); Buc'hoz: 1 (1775). Alethris uvaria

(L.) L.: 368 ( 1771 ); Aiton: 464 (1789): Thunb.: 60 (1794); L.: 359

(1797). Aloe longifolia Lam.: 90 (1783); nom. illeg. K. alooides

Moench: 631 (1794); Heynh.: 335 (1840); Kunth: 551 (1843);

Baker: 364 (1871): Baker: 279 (1885); Baker: 283 (1896). p.p.;

nom. illeg. Veltheimia uvaria (L.) Willd.: 182 (1799); Pers.: 377

(1805); Thunb.: 309 (1823); Willd.: 291, t. 17 (1827). Tritoma

uvaria (L.) Ker Gawl.: t. 758 (1804b); W.T. Aiton: 290 (1811).

Tritomanthe uvaria (L.) Link: 383 (1821). Tritomium uvaria (L.)

Link: 170 (1829). K. odorata Heynh.: 335 (1840), nom. illeg.

Triclissa uvaria (L.) Salisb.: 75 (1866).

Tritoma burchellii Herb, ex Lindl.: t. 1745 (1836): Herb,

ex Sweet: 517 (1830). nom. nud.; Nees & Sinning: 19, t. 7

(1831). K. burchellii (Lindl.) Kunth: 552 (1843); Heynh.:

335 (1840); Baker: 363 (1871); Baker: 280 (1885); Baker:

284 (1896); A. Berger: 63 (1908). Type: Hort. Kew. origi-

nally from the Cape, Burchell s.n. (K, holo.l).

K. bachmannii Baker: 784 (1901a); A. Berger: 58 (1908).

Type: Cape [Western Cape], Malmesbury Dist., Bachmann

1229 (B. holo.l; Z!).

K. occidentalis A. Berger: 57 ( 1908). Type: Cape Penin-

sula. Smithwinkel Bay near Simonstown. Schlechter 817

(Z. holo.l).

Plants several- to many-stemmed. Leaves erect to

arcuate-spreading, dull green to glaucous, 350-800 x

6-18 mm, keeled, V-shaped in cross section, usually

tough and often drying with a hard, fibrous texture;

margin and keel smooth to sparsely serrulate towards

apex. Scape overtopping or subequal to leaves, up to

1 m tall. Raceme oblong to globose, dense to sub-

dense, sometimes lax at apex, 45-1 10 x 50-80 mm;

buds spreading, brilliant scarlet to greenish tinged

with red; flowers eventually pendulous, orange-yel-

low to greenish yellow. Bracts broadly ovate to

oblong-ovate, rounded or obtuse to subacute, 3-9 mm

long; margin almost entire to eroso-denticulate.

Pedicels ( 1 .5— )3.0— 5.0 mm long, elongating to 3-8

mm long in the fruiting stage. Perianth subcylindri-

cal, 28-40 mm long; lobes ovate, 2 mm long, slight-

ly spreading. Stamens included or just exserted at

anthesis, finally exserted by 3-5 mm. Fruit ovoid-tri-

quetrous, 7-14 mm long. Flowering time : in Eastern

Cape in autumn from January to May, but in Western

Cape it may occur at almost any time from September

to June, depending largely on veld fires, with two

peaks, namely, October-December, and Apri 1-May.

Figure 43.

Plants now included in this species are dis-

tributed from the Cape Peninsula, where the typi-

cal form occurs, northwards to Khamiesberg,

eastwards to Humansdorp and Albany Districts

and. inland, to Queenstown and along the

foothills of the Drakeneberg from Dordrecht to

Ugie. The typical form is found in seepage

areas, marshy places and beside streams in the

fynbos of Western Cape from near sea level to

1 200 m altitude; and forms occur in moist

grassland in Eastern Cape (see notes below),

from about 200 m altitude in the Knysna and

Humansdorp Districts to over 2 000 m on the

Stormberg range. Map 22.

Vouchers: (a) typical form; Esterhuysen

20798 ; Galpin 12832 ; Marloth 5896 . 11099 ; (b)

Malmesbury form: Bruce 227; Esterhuysen

18170 ; Van Breda 3; (c) Humansdorp form:

Comins 1010; Lewis sub SAM68235 ; Thode

A 1 052; (d) Eastern Cape mountain form: Erens

2187 ; Galpin 1810 ; Marais 878, 880.

Four forms are recognized, each with a fair-

ly distinct distribution area, though there is

76

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 43. — Kniphofia uvaria. A, habit, much reduced; B. leaf, x 0.9; C, c/s leaf, x 4.6; D, inflorescence, x 0.9; E, floral

bract, x 4.6; F, I/s flower, x 1.8. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

77

some overlapping. There is also a good deal of

intergradation between the forms and they have

not been accorded formal taxonomic status.

(a) Typical K. uvaria occurs on the Peninsula

and in surrounding districts. The leaves are

erect to somewhat arcuate, dull green and rela-

tively soft. The racemes are medium-sized,

ovoid to oblong and brightly coloured, with the

buds scarlet grading down to orange-yellow

flowers. The pedicels are fairly conspicuous

(2-4 mm long). The types of K. burchellii and

K. occidentalis belong in this group.

(b) From Malmesbury District northwards

the plants have somewhat longer and laxer

racemes, but still brightly coloured, with con-

spicuous pedicels (3-5 mm). The leaves are

similar to the typical form but the fruits tend to

be larger (12-14 mm long). The type of K.

bachmannii represents this form.

(c) From Humansdorp to Alexandria Districts

plants of medium to small stature have been

recorded, with leaves often narrower than usual,

erect to arcuate or recurved and fairly tough in

texture. The racemes are oblong to globose,

varying a good deal in colour from brilliant red

to greenish yellow, and the pedicels tend to be

shorter (2-3 mm long). Some specimens show a

trend towards the small globose racemes of K.

citrina (No. 45), and the distinction between

this species and K. uvaria becomes somewhat

arbitrary. One such intermediate specimen

(Paterson 669 ) was listed without description

as K. patersoniae by Schonland: 38 (1919).

(d) Further inland and northeastward from

about Stutterheim to Hogsback, Queenstown and

Dordrecht, and along the southern foothills of the

Drakensberg, usually on rocky sandstone forma-

tions, a form of medium stature occurs with arcu-

ate, often glaucous, tough leaves. The racemes

are ovoid to subglobose, fairly large, somewhat

reminiscent of K. rooperi (No. 43) and, like that

species, may vary from brilliant red to greenish

yellow tinged with dull red, or sometimes pure

yellow. The bracts are oblong-ovate, longer than

in the typical K. uvaria , and the pedicels are

shorter (1.5-2. 5 mm). Morphologically, this

form occupies a position between typical K.

uvaria and K. rooperi but is separated from both

geographically. Herbarium specimens may also

be confused with K. linearifolia (No. 46) but can

usually be separated from the latter by the hard,

fibrous and somewhat narrower leaves, and the

more ovoid-globose racemes.

The LK. uvaria complex’ includes, in addi-

tion. several entities which are treated here as

separate species, namely: K. citrina , K. rooperi ,

K. linearifolia and K. tysonii. With the excep-

tion of K. tysonii , there is some overlapping in

distribution and intergradation of characters

between these ‘species’ and K. uvaria in

Eastern Cape, especially in the Albany-King

William's Town region. For this reason, opin-

ions may differ as to the rank which should be

accorded to these groups, and subspecies status

may be considered more appropriate; however,

there appear to be more disadvantages than

advantages in such a classification. Each group

has a relatively constant raceme shape and peri-

anth length, as well as a fairly well-defined

geographical distribution. K. tysonii, with its

cylindrical raceme and short flowers with well-

exserted stamens, shows no intergradation with

K. uvaria. but it does grade into K. linearifolia.

In fact, K. linearifolia appears to be the ‘par-

ent’ form with the most extensive distribution

area.

Bayliss 3917 from Bouwershoekberge, east

of Graaff-Reinet, is unusual in having narrow

(4-8 mm), erect, very fibrous leaves, large glo-

bose to oblong racemes (perianth 38-42 mm

long), conspicuous pedicels (3 mm long) and

ovoid fruits 10 mm long. Further investigation

may reveal that it is worthy of separate status.

45. Kniphofia citrina Baker in The

Gardeners’ Chronicle, ser. 3, 14: 552 (1893d);

Baker: 278 (1896); Mallett: 82 (1906);

A. Berger: 57 (1908); Codd: t. 1448 (1965e);

Codd: 497 (1968); Goldblatt & J.C. Manning:

73 (2000). Type: ‘from mountains north of

Grahamstown’, ex Hort. Leichtlin (K, holo.!).

78

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 44. — Kniphofia citrina. A, habit much reduced; B, portions of leaf, x 0.9; C, c/s leaf, x 2.8; D, inflorescence, x

0.9; E, floral bract, x 2.8; F. 1/s flower, x 2.8. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

79

K. linearifolia sensu E. Phillips: t. 340 (1929).

Plants several-stemmed. Leaves suberect to

arcuate, 400-700 x 6— 1 0(— 1 2) mm, somewhat

glaucous, strongly nerved, keeled and tending

to fold along midrib; margin smooth to minute-

ly and sparsely denticulate. Scape usually over-

topping leaves, 400-600 mm long. Raceme glo-

bose to subglobose, dense, 45-60 x 50-55 mm;

buds red, red-tipped or yellow; flowers spreading

to pendulous, yellow to yellow-green. Bracts

ovate-oblong, 4.5-5 .0 mm long, subacute to

obtuse; margin finely eroso-denticulate. Pedicels

1.5-2. 5 mm long. Perianth subcylindrical,

(20-)22-27 mm long; lobes broadly ovate, 2.5

mm long, spreading. Stamens exserted by 4-6

mm at anthesis and remaining exserted. Fruit

globose-triquetrous, about 8 mm long. Flower-

ing time'. March to May. Figure 44.

Found in dense grass from the Humansdorp

to Bathurst Districts and, inland, to the Albany

and King William’s Town Districts, from near

sea level to 600 m altitude. Map 21.

Vouchers: Comins 1018 , 2032.

As mentioned under the previous species,

the affinity of K. citrina is with the K. uvaria

complex, a variable group showing several evo-

lutionary trends. One of these trends has been

towards reduction in stature, size of inflores-

cence and length of perianth, combined with

shorter and narrower leaves. Its distribution

overlaps with K. uvaria and intermediate speci-

mens are found, suggesting that separate

species rank for K. citrina is scarcely justified.

46. Kniphofia linearifolia Baker in

Botanische Jahrbticher 15, Beibl. 35: 5 (1892a);

Baker: 282 (1896); A.Berger: 58 (1908); Codd:

498 (1968); Marais: 475 (1974); A.Fabian &

Germish.: 44, t. 14c (1997); Retief & P.P.J. Her-

man: 101 (1997). Type: Transkei [Eastern

Cape], Pondoland, Bachmann 279 (B, holo.);

neotype: Transkei [Eastern Cape], Idutywa, Codd

9262 (PRE, neo.!).

Tritoma uvaria sensu Redoute: t. 291 (1810).

K. uvaria sensu Hook.: t. 4816 (1854); sensu A.Berger:

61 (1908), p.p.

K. alooides sensu Van Houtte: 187, t. 1393 (1861); sensu

Baker: 283 (1896), p.p.

K. rooperi sensu Hook.f.: t. 6116 (1874); sensu

A.Berger 62 (1908), p.p., as to Curtis’s Botanical Magazine

t. 6116 and Schlechter 65I8\ sensu J.M.Wood: t. 540

(1912).

K. longiflora Baker: 134 (1901b); A.Berger: 60 (1908).

Type: ‘Natal, probably’, Hort. Kew, Nov. 1898 ‘from seeds

communicated by Mrs Watkins, Euston Square, London’

(K, holo.!).

K. linearifolia var. montana A.Berger: 58 (1908).

Syntypes: East Griqualand [KwaZulu-Natal], Insizwa Mtn,

Krook 548 (W f); Transkei [Eastern Cape], Umtata, Krook

368 (W f).

K. linearifolia var. kuntzei A.Berger: 58 (1908). Type:

Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], near Colenso, Kuntze s.n. (K!, Z!).

K. rhodesiana Rendle: 214 (1911). Type: Gazaland

[Zimbabwe], Nyahodi River, Swynnerton 723 (BM. holo.!).

K. praecox sensu Letty: t. 18 (1962).

Plants several- to many-stemmed. Leaves at

first erect, later folding back (‘kneed’) with

maturity, 0.6-1. 4 m long, 12-28 mm broad,

strongly keeled, fairly rigid to flaccid in texture,

yellow-green to dull green, rarely subglaucous;

margin serrulate to sparsely toothed or occa-

sionally smooth. Scape overtopping reflexed

leaves, 0.8-1. 5 m tall. Raceme ovoid or oblong

to rhomboid, dense, 60-160 x 55-65 mm, usu-

ally tapering towards apex; buds pinkish red to

green, tinged with dull red: flowers pendulous,

yellow-orange to yellow-green or greenish. Bracts

broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, 4—10 mm long,

rounded to obtuse or sometimes subacute; mar-

gin usually finely serrulate. Pedicels very short,

1.0- 1.5 mm long. Perianth subcylindrical, 25-

35 mm long; lobes broadly ovate, 2-3 mm long,

sometimes spreading. Stamens exserted by 4—5

mm at anthesis, later almost or completely with-

drawn. Fruit ovoid-triquetrous, about 8 mm

long. Flowering time : January to March but in

Mpumalanga (e.g. Mariepskop) flowering may

extend to April. Figure 45.

Found on streambanks, in marshy places and

in mountain grassland at altitudes of 300-2 000 m

in the eastern parts of Western Cape with an out-

80

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

! i |

Uj

FIGURE 45. — Kniphofia linearifolia. A, habit, much reduced; B. portions of leaf, x 0.8; C. inflorescence, x 0.8. D. E,

flower: D. 1/s, x 1.6; E, showing basal bract, x 1.2. Artist: Cythna Letty.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

lier near Worcester, Northern Cape, Eastern Cape

[Transkei], eastern Free State, KwaZulu-Natal,

the mountainous parts of Swaziland and Mpu-

malanga, extending into Zimbabwe. Map 24.

Vouchers: Bruce 309 ; Codd 9265 , 9280; Gal-

pin 1230, 9287, 13607.

K. linearifolia is the most widespread species

in South Africa, forming robust plants with large

showy racemes which are ovoid, rhomboid or

oblong in shape. Although the racemes are usual-

ly brightly coloured with pinkish red buds grading

down to yellow flowers, a colour form is found in

KwaZulu-Natal (Bruce 406: Codd & Dyer 6252,

6289) in which the buds are green, often tinged

with dull red, and the flowers are greenish yellow;

the leaves of such plants are dull green to sub-

glaucous (in contrast to the yellow-green colour of

typical K. linearifolia) and, if the plants are small

in stature, they are not easily distinguishable from

K. baurii (No. 40) which, however, normally

flowers in spring and early summer.

K. linearifolia, K. rooperi (No. 43) and K.

uvaria (No. 44) are closely related and interme-

diate specimens occur where their distribution

areas overlap. The distinguishing characters are

discussed under K. uvaria. There are also inter-

mediate specimens linking K. linearifolia and

K. tysonii (No. 47), but the latter can usually be

separated by the more elongate racemes with

shorter flowers and well-exserted stamens.

The racemes of K. praecox (No. 23) may

superficially resemble those of K. linearifolia in

shape and colour but may be distinguished by

the lanceolate, subacute bracts and the slightly

longer pedicels. As mentioned under that

species, illustrations of these robust redhot pok-

ers cannot be identified with certainty in the

absence of a type specimen unless a drawing or

description of the bracts is provided. For this

reason one can ignore such semihorticultural,

though validly published, names as Veltheimia

speciosa Roth (1821), and T. nobilis Guillon

( 1 882) and Carriere ( 1 885).

The racemes of K. linearifolia tend to be

more conical at the apex than those of K. uvaria

and K. praecox and, judging by Redoute’s plate

291 in Les Liliacees (1810), it must have been

introduced to Europe by the early part of the

19th century. It apparently was not, at that stage,

distinguished from K. uvaria, and the plants

with larger and more showy inflorescences (in-

cluding the hybrid progenitors of K. praecox)

soon replaced true K. uvaria in European gar-

dens. The situation is demonstrated in the text to

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine t. 4816 under the

name 'K. uvaria’ where Hooker (1854) says;

'the figure, indeed, of Mr Gawler (i.e. Curtis’s

Botanical Magazine t. 758, 1804, which illus-

trates true K. uvaria), is so indifferent, that we

can well excuse its not being easily recognized

and have no hesitation in offering a better one.'

Reasons for taking up the name K. linearifolia

for this species are discussed in Codd (1968: 503).

47. Kniphofia tysonii Baker in Journal of

Botany, London 27: 43 (1889). Type: East Gri-

qualand [KwaZulu-Natal], Zuurberg, Tyson

1709 (K, holo. !; BOL!, SAM!).

Plants several- to many-stemmed. Leaves at first

erect, later folding over about the middle, 0.8-1 .5 m

long, 1 2^40 mm broad, yellow-green to dull green

or subglaucous (see subspecies), strongly keeled,

relatively flaccid in texture; margin serrulate to

smooth. Scape overtopping reflexed leaves, 1-2 m

82

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 46. — Kniphofia tysonii subsp. tysonii, Codd 8572. A. habit, much reduced; B. portions of leaf, x 1 : C, c/s leaf, x 1 ;

D, leaf margin, x 1; E. inflorescence, x 1; F, floral bract, x 3; G, flower, x 1.75. Artist: Aleida van der Merwe.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

83

tall. Raceme oblong to subcylindrical, dense,

70-150 x 45-55 mm; buds orange-red to pinkish

red or dull blood-red; flowers spreading to pendu-

lous, yellow to greenish yellow (see subspecies).

Bracts oblong-ovate to oblong, obtuse to rounded,

4—8 mm long; margin finely serrulate. Pedicels

almost obsolete, about 1 mm long. Perianth sub-

cylindrical, 20-28 mm long; lobes broadly ovate,

2.5 mm long, scarcely spreading. Stamens exserted

by 6-9 mm at anthesis and remaining exserted.

Fruit subglobose-triquetrous, 4-5 mm long.

Two subspecies are recognized.

Leaves relatively broad (up to 35 mm),

usually serrulate; buds usually

spreading, orange-red to pinkish

red: flowers spreading to pendu-

lous, yellow to yellow-green

47a. subsp. tysonii

Leaves 12-20 mm broad, usually smooth

or almost so; buds pendulous,

imbricate, dull blood-red; flowers

pendulous, greenish

47b. subsp. lebomboensis

47a. subsp. tysonii. Codd: 506 ( 1968).

K. tysonii Baker in Journal of Botany, London 27: 43

( 1889); Baker: 279 (1896); A. Berger: 56 (1908). Type: East

Griqualand [KwaZulu-Natal], Zuurberg, Tyson 1709 (K,

holo.l; BOL!, SAM!).

Characterized by the broader (15-35 mm),

yellow-green to midgreen leaves; buds spread-

ing, orange-red to pinkish red, flowers yellow to

yellow-green. Flowering time: January to March.

Figure 46.

MAP. 25. — • Kniphofia tysonii subsp. tysonii

▲ K. tysonii subsp. lebomboensis

■ K. leucocephala

the flowers are shorter with well-exserted sta-

mens. However, intermediate specimens are

encountered which may be difficult to allocate

with certainty. Typical subsp. tysonii occurs in

Eastern Cape [Transkei] to southern and central

KwaZulu-Natal. It has relatively broad, yellow-

green leaves and the buds tend to be orange-red

in contrast to the pinkish red of K. linearifolia

and the dull blood-red, imbricate buds of subsp.

lebomboensis. Further north, in the districts of

Melmoth, Nkandla and Nqutu, specimens are

found with pinkish red buds resembling those of

K. linearifolia.

47b. subsp. lebomboensis Codd in Botha-

lia 9: 506 (1968). Type: Swaziland, near Stegi,

Bruce 306 (PRE, holo.!).

Recorded from Eastern Cape [Transkei] and

KwaZulu-Natal as far north as Nkandla and

Nqutu Districts, in dense tall grass on hillsides

and at forest margins, from near sea level in the

Port Shepstone District to over 1 300 m in the

KwaZulu-Natal midlands. Map 25.

Vouchers: Codd 8572, 9364\ Dyer 5325: Hil-

liard & Burn 16736.

Related to K. linearifolia (No. 46) but the

raceme is more oblong to subcylindrical, and

Characterized by the narrower (12-20 mm)

leaves which are distinctly flaccid and midgreen

to glaucous with smooth or almost smooth mar-

gins; the raceme tapers to the apex with imbri-

cate buds, dull blood-red in colour, and the flow-

ers become greenish as they open. Flowering

time: March, but the flowering period extends

from February to early April. Figure 47.

Found in the Nongoma and Hlabisa Districts

of KwaZulu-Natal and on the Lebombo Range

in Swaziland, in moist, grassy places or seepage

84

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 47. — Kniphofia tysonii subsp. lehomhoensis Evens & Dyer 2025, from near Stegi, Swaziland.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

85

areas on hillsides, at altitudes of 500 to 800 m.

Map 25.

Vouchers: Codd 7010: Dyer & Erens 2025:

Ward 2189.

Although some specimens are difficult to se-

parate from subsp. tysonii in the herbarium, the

distributions of the two do not overlap and it

appears as if subsp. lebomboensis was derived

independantly from K. linearifolia rather than

from subsp. tysonii. A few specimens interme-

diate with K. linearifolia have been found at

higher altitudes than the typical subsp. lebom-

boensis in the Ngotshe District of northern

KwaZulu-Natal (Bruce 300: Codd 7012, 7022).

48. Kniphofia leucocephala Baijnath' in

South African Journal of Botany 58: 482

(1992). Type: Natal [KwaZulu-Natal]: Zulu-

land, 12 km east of KwaMbonambi, Langepan

plantation, 1990-12-14, Baijnath 2502 (UDW.

holo.; K, MO, PRE).

Plants shortly stoloniferous, forming tight

tufts ± 50 mm in diameter, with 4—7 aerial groups

of leaves. Roots yellow, originating from around

base of growing point, up to 150 mm long, ± 5

mm wide, tapering towards tips. Leaves 3-6 at

each growing point, in general upright, 470-630

x 4—7 mm, gradually tapering to a point at apex,

channelled above and keeled below, V-shaped in

cross section at midway, with angles of V greater

than 90°, soft, green to glaucous green, margins

with fine bead-like outgrowths in upper third,

smooth on lower part and on keel; up to 4 dried

leaves present at each growing point; basal leaf

remains sometimes present as filiform fibres up

to 60 mm long. Scape upright, usually overtop-

ping or subequal to leaves, 450-600 x 3-5 mm,

pinkish or brownish green with usually a single,

sterile bract below inflorescence and a coma of

white bracts at apex. Inflorescence ovoid to

rhomboid at mid-flowering stage, 45-50 x 38^46

mm; buds bases and lower half yellowish green,

whitish green, green, greenish orange, reddish

brown, yellowish brown, pinkish brown, pinkish

1 Closely related to 18. K. pauciflora.

white, pinkish purple or greenish brown; upper

half in general white, in very young stage buds

directed upwards, with maturity directed almost

at right angles to axis and finally directed to base

during pre-anthesis, anthesis and post anthesis

periods, mature flowers white. Bracts ovate,

somewhat boat-shaped, 5. 0-6. 5 x 3.5— 4.5 mm,

white, translucent, with central brown nerve ter-

minating about one-third before apex, each mar-

gin with 3 or 4 large teeth with acute apices, apex

acute or slightly obtuse. Pedicels 2. 0-2. 5 x ± 0.5

mm, increasing up to 3.5^40 x 1.0-1. 5 mm at

fruiting. Perianth funnel-shaped, slightly curved,

20-23 mm long, ± 2 mm wide from base to ±

midway, then broadening to ± 7 mm at mouth;

lobes spreading almost at right angles to tube, ±

3 x 3.5 mm, outer lobe tapering gradually to

obtuse apex, inner lobe with apex rounded or

emarginate. Stamens of two lengths, longer

series opposite inner perianth lobes, exserted by

7.5-10.0 mm, shorter series opposite outer peri-

anth lobes, exserted by 3.5-5. 0 mm; filament ±

0.35 mm diam.; anthers ± 1 .5 x 0.7 mm; in senes-

cent flowers all filaments withdrawn with

anthers located at mouth of perianth tube. Ovary’

ovoid, 2.5-3.0 x 1 .5-2.0 mm; style 27-32 x 0.4

mm at stigma receptivity exserted by 8-10 mm,

tapering very gradually toward apex; stigma

small, papillate. Capsule broadly ovoid. 6-7 x

5-6 mm, directed upwards, dehiscence loculici-

dal; seeds 4-7 per capsule, brownish black, del-

toid, margin rarely with narrow wing. Figure 48.

Recorded from the Richards Bay area of north-

eastern KwaZulu-Natal. It is almost invariably

found on black, sandy clay soil, and shows a pref-

erence for moist, low-lying places. Map 25.

Flowering time: December, but known to

flower earlier in September.

Vouchers: Baijnath 2502: Strey 9916: Venter

5986.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

Certain species names are excluded from the

Flora of southern Africa treatment for the rea-

sons given after each name listed below.

86

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

FIGURE 48 —Kniphofia leucocephala, Condy 155. A, leaf base, x 0.9; B, portion of leaf showing keel, x 1.8; C, inflores-

cence, x 0.9; D, floral bract, x 1 .8; E. fructescence, x 0.9. Artist: Gillian Condy.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

87

Kniphofia carinata C.H. Wright in Curtis’s

Botanical Magazine t. 8545 (1914). Type: Hort.

Kew. (K, holo.!). Although said to be a South

African species, grown at Kew from seed reput-

edly sent by Miss Ayliff of Grahamstown in

1 892, it is not matched by any South African

material and is considered to be a synonym of

the Ethiopian species, K. leichtlinii Baker ex

Hook.f. (Codd 1963: 149).

K. infundibularis Baker in Journal of Botany,

London 23: 277 (1885); Baker: 277 (1896);

A. Berger: 44 (1908). Type: Hort. Kew about

1780. from the herbarium of Bishop Goodenough

(K, holo.!). This is a synonym of the Ethiopian

species, K. pumila, listed below. It was based on a

specimen collected at Kew about the same time

that K. pumila was described by Aiton. Due to a

later misinterpretation of K. pumila by subsequent

authors, the species was redescribed by Baker.

K. primulina Baker in Flora capensis 6: 533

(1897a). Based on a plant from ‘Natal, Hort.

Leichtlin, flowered in the Temperate House at

Kew, January 1897’. No corresponding speci-

men with this date, or annotated by Baker as K.

primulina , has been found in K. The description

mentions smooth-margined leaves; dense

oblong raceme, 3^4 inches long; pedicels very

short; bracts small, ovate; flowers all pale yel-

low; perianth an inch long. Although Baker

aligns it to K. natalensis Baker (which is a syn-

onym of K. laxiflora Kunth) the description dif-

fers a good deal from the latter complex and

there appears little possibility of establishing

the identity of K. primulina with certainty.

It may be noted that the name K. primulina

was linked, possibly wrongly, by N.E. Brown

with the plant illustrated in Curtis's Botanical

Magazine t. 7623 (Baker 1898a) as 'K. longi-

collis' . This plate is certainly not K. longicol-

lis Baker, nor does it match the description of

K. primulina : the leaf margins are serrulate,

the raceme is about 150 mm (6 inches) long,

the bracts are oblong, acute, and the perianth is

30 mm (l'/4 inches) long.

There is a specimen in K which is a good

match of the Curtis’s Botanical Magazine plate,

annotated entirely by N.E. Brown in two notes.

The first note, dated Feb. 1 5, 1 897 states: 'Type of

Bot. Mag. t. 7623. Hort. W.E. Gumbleton, Queens-

town, Ireland. Flowers pale yellow etc.’ The se-

cond note, dated Dec. 1898 states: ‘This is K.

primulina Baker in FI. Cap. vol. 6, p. 533 (June

1897) etc.’ This specimen appears to be an odd

colour segregate from the hybrid complex which

includes K. praecoxl No. 23). However, consider-

ing the discrepancies in origin and description, it

is doubtful if this specimen can be accepted as

representing K. primulina.

K. pumila (Aiton) Kunth, Enumeratio plan-

tarum 4: 552 (1843). Type: a specimen in BM

labelled ‘Hort. Kew 1781, Aletris pumila ’ (BM,

holo.!). Although Aiton stated that this was intro-

duced from the Cape in 1 774 by Francis Masson,

it is an Ethiopian species, of which Veltheimia

abyssinica Redoute is a synonym (see Codd 1963:

145) for full synonymy. Masson did. in fact, send a

Kniphofia to Kew, represented by a specimen in

BM labelled 'ex Hort. Kew 1786’. It is K. ensifolia

and it is apparent that subsequent authors based

their concept of K. pumila on this specimen, with

the result that K. pumila was redescribed as K.

infundibularis (see above).

K. rufa Baker in Curtis’s Botanical Maga-

zine t. 7706 (1900). Type: ex Hort. Max

Leichtlin, Baden Baden (K, holo.!). As stated

in Codd 1986: 232, the type of A', rufa is a plant

of doubtful background and is not exactly

matched by any plant collected in the wild

state. The floral characters are not unlike some

specimens now placed as K. angustifolia (No.

17) but the leaves are broader (8 mm) as

against 2-5 mm recorded for the latter species.

The name K. rufa was taken up with some hes-

itation in Codd 1968: 434 but this was not a sat-

isfactory decision and it is considered that the

name should rather be excluded as being of

doubtful application. Regarding the origin of

the type plant. Max Leicht in reports in a letter

to Kew, which is filed with the type specimen:

‘The Kniphofia came with original seeds of K.

nelsonii and seeing some difference in leafage

I kept it separate’. It is, therefore, probably of

hybrid origin.

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

K. saundersii (Carriere) G. Nicholson, The

century supplement to the illustrated dictionary

of gardening: 459 (1901). See Tritoma saunder-

sii Carriere, below.

Notosceptrum alooides Benth. in Benth. &

Hook.f.. Genera plantarum 3: 775 (1883). This

proves to be a species of Aloe and the combina-

tion A. alooides (Bolus) Druten appears in

Archibald et al. (1956).

Tritoma. Under K. praecox (No. 23) and K.

linearifolia (No. 46), reference is made to cer-

tain semihorticultural names applied to various

robust redhot pokers that have been introduced

to gardens from time to time. In the absence of

a drawing or description of the bracts, or a pre-

served type specimen, it is not possible to ascer-

tain if such a name applies to a member of the

hybrid pool from which K. praecox was

derived, or whether it is a member of the K.

uvaria-K. linearifolia complex. The following

names, taken up mainly from Index kewensis,

may, therefore, be excluded: T. glanca hort.*, T.

recurva hort., T. recurvata hort. (1863), T. gran-

dis hort. (1865), T. saundersii Carriere (1882),

T. nobilis Guillon (1882) and Carriere (1885).

Veltheimia speciosa Roth, Novae plantarum

species praesertim Indiae orientalis 190 (1821).

Although it is stated in the protologue to be

related to K. uvaria , no type specimen has been

traced and the description is inadequate for it to

be identified with certainty.

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ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofia

93

INDEXt

ALETHRIS sensu L„ 1

uvaria (L.) L., 75

ALETRIS sensu Burm.f., 1

pumila Aiton* *, 87

sarmentosa Andrews, 43

uvaria (L.) L., 75

ALOE L., 1

alooides {Bolus) Druten, 72

longifolia Lam., 75

uvaria L., 75

KNIPHOFIA Moench, 1

acraea Codd, 9

albescens Codd , 17

albomontana Baijnath, 47

alooides Moench, 75

var. maxima (Baker) Baker, 41

var. nobilis (Guillon) Baker, 41

var. serotina Baker, 41

alooides sensu Baker, 41

alooides sensu Van Houtte, 79

angustifolia (Baker) Codd , 30

bachmannii Baker, 75

baurii Baker , 67

brachystachya (Zahlbr. ) Codd , 1 3

breviflora Harv. ex Baker , 14

var. concinna (Baker) A. Berger, 15

bruceae (Codd) Codd , 37

buchananii Baker , 13

var. flavescens A. Berger, 14, 15

burchellii (Lindl.) Kunth, 75

carinata C.H. Wright*, 87

caulescens Baker ex Hook.f , 45

citrina Baker , 77

coddiana Cufod ., 65

concinna Baker, 15

conrathii Baker, 59

coral ligemma E. A. Bruce, 43

crassifolia Baker, 21

decaphlebia Baker, 27

drepanophylla Baker, 65

elegans Codd, 65

ensifolia Baker, 33, 36

subsp. autumnalis Codd, 36

t Synonyms are in italics.

* excluded names.

subsp. ensifolia, 36

var. albiflora E. A. Bruce, 36

evansii Baker, 20

fibrosa Baker, 21

fibrosa sensu J.M.Wood, 15

flammula Codd, 1 7

fluviatilis Codd, 63

foliosa sensu Baker, 36

galpinii Baker, 54

gracilis Harv. ex Baker, 25

hirsuta Codd, 49

ichopensis Baker ex Schinz, 29, 30

var. aciformis Codd, 30

var. ichopensis, 30

infundibularis Baker*, 87

krookii Zahlbr., 8

latifolia Codd, 71

laxiflora Kunth, 27

leucocephala Baijnath, 85

linearifolia Baker, 79

var. kuntzei A. Berger, 79

var. montana A. Berger, 79

linearifolia sensu E. Phillips, 79

littoralis Codd, 63

longicollis Baker, 41, 73

longiflora Baker, 79

macowanii Baker, 57

modesta Baker, 7

var. lutescens A. Berger, 25

var. woodii (W.Watson) A. Berger, 25

modesta sensu Baker, 7, 25

multiflora J.M.Wood & M.S. Evans, 7

natalensis Baker, 27

var. angustifolia Baker, 27, 30

var. condensata Baker, 25, 27

var. robustior A. Berger, 27

nelsonii Mast., 57

northiae Baker, 47

obtusiloba A. Berger. 57

occidentalis A. Berger, 75

odorata Heynh., 75

pallidiflora Baker*, 33

parviflora Kunth, 1

var. albiflora A. Berger. 15

patersoniae Schonland, 77

pauciflora Baker, 3 1

pedicellata Baker, 31

94

ASPHODELACEAE: Kniphofi;

porphyrantha Baker ,

praecox Baker , 41

subsp. bruceae Codd, 37

praecox sensu Letty, 79

primulina Baker*, 87

pumila (Alton) Kunth*, 87

pumila sensu Baker, 36

rhodesiana Rendle, 79

rigidifolia E. A. Bruce, 71

ritualis Codd, 53

rivularis A. Berger, 36

rooperi sensu Hook.f., 79

rooperi (T. Moore) Lem., 73

rufa Baker*, 87

rn/a sensu Codd, 30

sarmentosa ( Andrews ) Kunth, 43

sarmentosa sensu E.Phillips, 53

saundersii (Carriere) G. Nicholson*, 88

schlechteri Baker, 30

schlechteri Schinz, 15

sparse N.E.Br., 25

splendida E. A. Bruce, 36

stricta Codd, 49

tabularis Marloth, 33

thodei Baker, 59

triangularis Kunth, 55

subsp. obtusiloba (A. Berger) Codd, 57

subsp. triangularis, 55

tuckii Baker, 36

typhoides Codd, 1 1

tysonii Baker, 81, 83

subsp. lebomboensis Codd, 83

subsp. tysonii, 83

tysonii sensu E.Phillips, 45

umbrina Codd, 9

uvaria (L.) Oken, 75

var. maxima Baker, 41

var. nobilis (Guillon) A. Berger, 41

var. praecox (Baker) A. Berger, 41

var. serotina (Baker) A. Berger, 41

uvaria sensu Hook., 79

uvaria sensu Jacq., 37

woodii W. Watson, 25

wyliei N.E.Br., 25

NOTOSCEPTRUM Benth., 1

alooides Benth.*, 88

benguellense (Baker) Benth., 1

brachystachyum Zahlbr., 13

natalense Baker, 1 1

TRICLISSA Salisb., 1

uvaria (L.) Salisb., 75

TRITOM A Ker Gawk, 1, 88

burchellii Herb, ex Lindk, 75

caulescens (Baker) Carriere, 45

glauca hort.*, 88

grandis hort.*, 88

macowanii (Baker) Carriere, 57

media (Donn) Ker Gawk, 43

nobilis Guillon*, 88

recurx’a hort.*, 88

recurvata hort.*, 88

rooperi T.Moore, 73

saundersii Carriere*, 88

uvaria (L.) Ker Gawk. 75

uvaria sensu Redoute, 79

TRITOMANTHE Link, 1

media (Donn) Link, 43

uvaria (L.) Link, 75

TRITOMIUM Link, 1

uvaria (L.) Link, 75

VELTHEIMIA sensu Willd., 1

abyssinica Redoute*. 87

media Donn, 43

repens Ker Gawk, 43

sarmentosa (Andrews) Willd., 43

speciosa Roth*, 88

uvaria (L.) Willd., 75

A-l

APPENDIX

PLAN OF FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

Cryptogam volumes will in future not be numbered, but will be known by the name of the group they cover. The number

assigned to the volume on Charophyta therefore becomes redundant. Occasional contributions to the Flora are published in

Bothalia under the title FSA contributions.

Exotic families are marked with an asterisk.

Published volumes and parts are shown in bold.

INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES

The genera of southern African flowering plants, Vols 1 (1975) and 2 (1976). Replaced by Seed plants of southern

Africa: families and genera, published as Strelitzia 10 (2000).

Vol. 1: Dicotyledons (1975)

Vol. 2: Monocotyledons (1976)

Botanical exploration of southern Africa ( 1981 )

CRYPTOGAM VOLUMES

Charophyta (as Vol. 9 in 1978)

Bryophyta: Part I : Musci: Fascicle 1: Sphagnaceae, Andreaeaceae, Fissidentaceae, Nanobryaceae, Archidiaceae,

Ditrichaceae, Seligeriaceae, Dicranaceae, Calymperaceae, Encalyptaceae,

Pottiaceae, Bryobartramiaceae, Grimmiaceae (1981)

Fascicle 2: Gigaspermaceae, Ephemeraceae, Funariaceae, Splachnaceae, Bryaceae, Mnia-

ceae, Eustichiaceae, Rhizogoniaceae, Aulacomniaceae, Bartramiaceae (1987)

Fascicle 3: Erpodiaceae, Rhachitheciaceae, Ptychomitriaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Rhabdowei-

siaceae, Racopilaceae, Fontinalaceae, Wardiaceae, Hedwigiaceae, Cryphaeaceae,

Leucodontaceae, Prionodontaceae, Trachypodaceae, Pterobryaceae, Meteoria-

ceae, Leptodontaceae, Neckeraceae, Thamnobryaceae, Hookeriaceae (1998)

Fascicle 4: Fabroniaceae. Leskeaceae, Thuidiaceae, Rigodiaceae, Amblystegiaceae. Brachy-

theciaceae. Entodontaceae. Plagiotheciaceae, Catagoniaceae, Sematophyllaceae,

Hypnaceae, Hylocomiaceae, Polytrichaceae

Hepatophyta: Part 1: Marchantiopsida: Fascicle 1: Targioniaceae, Lunulariaceae, Aytoniaceae, Cleveaceae, Exormo-

thecaceae, Marchantiaceae, Oxymitraceae, Ricciaceae (1999)

Anthocerotophyta

Pteridophyta (1986)

FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUMES

Vol. 1: Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae*, Cupressaceae, Welwitschiaceae, Typhaceae, Zoster-

aceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ruppiaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae,

Alismataceae, Hydrocharitaceae (1966)

Vol. 2: Poaceae

Vol. 3: Cyperaceae, Arecaceae. Araceae, Lemnaceae. Flagellariaceae

Vol. 4: Part 1: Restionaceae

Part 2: Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae, Juncaceae (1985)

Voi. 5: Part 1 : Fascicle 1 : Aloaceae (First part): Aloe (2000)

Fascicle 2: Asphodelaceae (First part): Kniphofia (2005)

Colchicaceae. Eriospermaceae, Asphodelaceae ( Chortolirion , 1995 in Bothalia 25: 31-33; Poellnitzia , 1995

in Bothalia 25: 35, 36)

Part 2: Alliaceae, Liliaceae*. Hyacinthaceae, Agavaceae (1996 in Bothalia 26: 31-35)

Part 3: Dracaenaceae, Asparagaceae, Luzuriagaceae, Smilacaceae (1992)

A-2

Vol. 6:

Vol. 7:

Vol. 8:

Vol. 9:

Vol. 10:

Vol. 11:

Vol. 12:

Vol. 13:

Vol. 14:

Vol. 15:

Vol. 16:

Vol. 17:

Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae. Hypoxidaceae. Tecophilaeaceae. Velloziaceae, Dioscoreaceae

Iridaceae: Part 1: Nivenioideae, Iridoideae

Part 2: Ixioideae: Fascicle 1: Ixieae (First part): Ixiinae, Tritoniinae (1999)

Fascicle 2: Syringodea, Romulea (1983)

Musaceae. Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae ( 1998 in Bothalia 28: 35-39). Cannaceae*. Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae

( Holothrix , 1996 in Bothalia 26: 125-140)

Part: Urticaceae (2001)

Casuarinaceae* (2000 in Bothalia 30: 143-146), Piperaceae (2000 in Bothalia 30: 25-30), Salicaceae. Myrica

ceae, Fagaceae*. Ulmaceae (1999 in Bothalia 29: 239-247), Moraceae. Cannabaceae* (1999 in Bothalia 29:

249-252), Proteaceae

Part 1 : Loranthaceae, Viscaceae ( 1979), Santalaceae, Grubbiaceae, Opiliaceae, Olacaceae, Balanophoraceae, Aristo-

lochiaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Hydnoraceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae

Phytolaccaceae, Aizoaceae. Mesembryanthemaceae

Portulacaceae. Basellaceae, Caryophyllaceae. Illecebraceae, Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Ceratophyllaceae

(1997 in Bothalia 27: 125-128), Ranunculaceae, Menispermaceae, Annonaceae, Trimeniaceae, Lauraceae,

Hernandiaceae, Papaveraceae. Fumariaceae

Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Resedaceae, Moringaceae, Droseraceae, Roridulaceae, Podostemaceae, Hydro-

stachyaceae (1970)

Crassulaceae (1985)

Vahliaceae. Montiniaceae, Escalloniaceae, Pittosporaceae, Cunoniaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Bruniaceae, Hama-

melidaceae, Rosaceae, Connaraceae

Fabaceae: Part 1: Mimosoideae (1975)

Part 2: Caesalpinioideae (1977)

Part 3: Papilionoideae: Fascicle 1 :

Fascicle 2:

Fascicle 3:

Fascicle 4:

Fascicle 5:

Fascicle 6:

Fascicle 7:

Fascicle 8:

Fascicle 9:

Swartzieae-Robinieae

Indigofereae

Desmodieae, Phaseoleae

Psoraleeae-Galegeae

Loteae-Liparieae

Crotalarieae ( Aspalathus ) (1988)

Crotalarieae ( Bolusia-Lebeckia )

Crotalarieae ( Lotononis-Wiborgia )

Crotalarieae (Pearsonia-Argyrolobium), Genisteae ( Cytisus-Ulex )

Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae

Vol. 18: Part 1: Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Balanitaceae

Part 2: Rutaceae

Part 3: Simaroubaceae, Burseraceae, Ptaeroxylaceae, Meliaceae (Aitoniaceae), Malpighiaceae (1986)

Vol. 19: Parti: Polygalaceae, Dichapetalaceae

Part 2: Euphorbiaceae, Callitrichaceae, Buxaceae (1996 in Bothalia 26: 37-40)

Part 3: Anacardiaceae: Fascicle 1: Rhus (1993)

Fascicle 2: remaining genera

Aquifoliaceae (1994 in Bothalia 24: 163-166)

Vol. 20: Celastraceae, Icacinaceae, Sapindaceae. Melianthaceae, Greyiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae

Vol. 21: Part 1: Tiliaceae (1984)

Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae

Vol. 22: Ochnaceae, Clusiaceae, Elatinaceae, Frankeniaceae, Tamaricaceae, Canellaceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae.

Turneraceae, Passifloraceae, Achariaceae, Loasaceae, Begoniaceae, Cactaceae (1976)

Vol. 23: Geissolomataceae, Penaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Lythraceae, Lecythidaceae

Vol. 24: Rhizophoraceae, Combretaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Onagraceae (1997 in Bothalia 27: 149-165).

Trapaceae (1998 in Bothalia 28: 11-14), Haloragaceae, Gunneraceae, Araliaceae, Apiaceae, Cornaceae

Vol. 25: Ericaceae

A-3

Vol. 26: Myrsinaceae, Primulateae, Plumbaginaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Oleaceae, Salvadoraceae, Loganiaceae,

Gentianaceae, Apocynaeeae (1963)

Vol. 27: Part 1: Periplocaceae, Asclepiadaceae (Microloma-Xysmalobium)

Part 2: Asclepiadaceae ( Schizoglossum-Woodia )

Part 3: Asclepiadaceae (Asclepias-Anisotoma)

Part 4: Asclepiadaceae ( Brachystelma , Ceropegia, Riocreuxia) (1980)

Asclepiadaceae (remaining genera)

Vol. 28: Parti: Convolvulaceae (2000)

Part 2: Hydrophyllaceae. Boraginaceae

Part 3: Stilbaceae, Verbenaceae {Vitex. 1996 in Bothalia 26: 141-151)

Part 4: Lamiaceae (1985)

Part 5: Solanaceae. Retziaceae

Vol. 29: Scrophulariaceae

Vol. 30: Part 1: Bignoniaceae, Pedaliaceae, Martyniaceae. Orobanchaceae

Part 2: Gesneriaceae, Lentibulariaceae

Part 3: Acanthaceae: Fascicle 1: Justiciinae (1995)

Acanthaceae (remaining genera), Myoporaceae

Vol. 31: Part 1: Fascicle 1: Plantaginaceae (1998 in Bothalia 28: 151-157), Rubiaceae (Rubioideae — First part)

Fascicle 2: Rubiaceae (Rubioideae — Second part): Paederieae, Anthospermeae, Rubieae (1986)

Fascicle 3: Ixoroideae. Chinchonoideae

Part 2: Valerianaceae, Dipsacaceae, Cucurbitaceae

Vol. 32: Cantpanulaceae. Sphenocleaceae (2000 in Bothalia 30: 31-33), Lobeliaceae, Goodeniaceae

Vol. 33: Asteraceae: Part 1 : Lactuceae, Mutisieae, "Tarchonantheae'

Part 2: Vemonieae, Cardueae

Part 3: Arctotideae

Part 4: Anthemideae: Fascicle 1: Eriocephalus, Lasiospermum (2001)

Part 5: Astereae

Part 6: Calenduleae

Part 7: Inuleae: Fascicle 1 : Inulinae

Fascicle 2: Gnaphaliinae (First part) (1983)

Part 8: Heliantheae, Eupatorieae

Part 9: Senecioneae

FSA CONTRIBUTIONS IN BOTHALIA

FSA contributions 1: Aquifoliaceae. S. ANDREWS. 1994. Bothalia 24: 163-166.

FSA contributions 2: Asphodelaceae/Aloaceae. 1029010 Chortolirion. G.F. SMITH. 1995. Bothalia 25: 31-33.

FSA contributions 3: Asphodelaceae/Aloaceae, 1028010 Poellnitzia. G.F. SMITH. 1995. Bothalia 25: 35, 36.

FSA contributions 4: Agavaceae. G.F. SMITH & M. MOSSMER. 1996. Bothalia 26: 31-35.

FSA contributions 5: Buxaceae. H.F. GLEN. 1996. Bothalia 26: 37-40.

FSA contributions 6: Orchidaceae: Holothrix. K.L. IMMELMAN. 1996. Bothalia 26: 125-140.

FSA contributions 7: Verbenaceae: Vitex. C.L. BREDENKAMP & D.J. BOTHA. 1996. Bothalia 26: 141-151.

FSA contributions 8: Ceratophyllaceae. C.M. WILMOT-DEAR. 1997. Bothalia 27: 125-128.

FSA contributions 9: Onagraceae. P. GOLDBLATT & P.H. RAVEN. 1997. Bothalia 27: 149-165.

FSA contributions 10: Trapaceae. B. VERDCOURT. 1998. Bothalia 28: 11-14.

FSA contributions 11: Zingiberaceae. R.M. SMITH. 1998. Bothalia 28: 35-39.

FSA contributions 12: Plantaginaceae. H.F. GLEN. 1998. Bothalia 28: 151-157.

FSA contributions 13: Ulmaceae. C.M. WILMOT-DEAR. 1999. Bothalia 29: 239-247.

FSA contributions 14: Cannabaceae. C.M. WILMOT-DEAR. 1999. Bothalia 29: 249-252.

FSA contributions 15: Piperaceae. K.L. IMMELMAN. 2000. Bothalia 30: 25-30.

FSA contributions 16: Sphenocleaceae. W.G. WELMAN. 2000. Bothalia 30: 31-33.

FSA contributions 17: Casuarinaceae. C.M. WILMOT-DEAR. 2000. Bothalia 30: 143-146.

'

• •

-

A-4

FLORA OF SOUTHERN A FRICA

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PUBLISHED TAXA

* exotic families

Acanthaceae: Justiciinae, Vol. 30, Part 3, Fasc.l (1995)

Achariaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Agavaceae (Bothalia 26, 1996)

Alismataceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Aloaceae (first part): Aloe , Vol. 5, Part 1, Fasc. I (2000)

Aloe, Aloaceae (first part), Vol. 5, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (2000)

Anacardiaceae: Rhus, Vol. 19, Part 3, Fasc. 1 (1993)

Andreaeaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Anthemideae, Asteraceae, Vol. 33, Part 4, Fasc. 1 (2001)

Anthospermeae, Rubiaceae: Rubioideae (second part), Vol.

31, Part 1, Fasc. 2 (1986)

Apocynaceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Aponogetonaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Aquifoliaceae (Bothalia 24, 1994)

Archidiaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Asclepiadaceae: Brachystelma-Riocremia, Vol. 27, Part 4

(1980)

Aspalathus, Fabaceae: Papilionoideae, Vol. 16, Part 3, Fasc.

6 (1988)

Asparagaceae, Vol. 5 (1992)

Asphodelaceae: Chortolirion, Poellnitzia (Bothalia 25, 1995)

Asphodelaceae: Kniphofta. Vol. 5, Part 1, Fasc. 2 (2005)

Asteraceae: Anthemideae: Eriocephalus, Lasiospenmtm, Vol.

33, Par 4, Fasc. 1 (2001)

Asteraceae: Inuleae: Gnaphaliinae (first part), Vol. 33, Part

7, Fasc. 2 (1983)

Aulacomniaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 2 (1987)

Aytoniaceae, Flepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Bartramiaceae. Bryophyta, Part 1. Fasc. 2 (1987)

Begoniaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Brachystelma, Asclepiadaceae, Vol. 27, Part 4 ( 1980)

Brassicaceae, Vol. 13 (1970)

Bryaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 2 (1987)

Bryobartramiaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Bryophyta (three fascicles published 1981, 1987, 1998: see

plan of FSA)

Burseraceae, Vol. 18 (1986)

Buxaceae (Bothalia 26, 1996)

Cactaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae, Vol. 16, Part 2 (1977)

Calymperaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Canellaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Cannabaceae (Bothalia 29, 1999)

Capparaceae, Vol. 13 (1970)

Casuarinaceae (Bothalia 30, 2000)

Ceratophyllaceae (Bothalia 27, 1997)

Ceropegia , Asclepiadaceae, Vol. 27, Part 4 (1980)

Charophyta, Cryptogams ‘Vol. 9’ (1978)

Chortolirion, Asphodelaceae (Bothalia 25, 1995)

Cleveaceae, Hepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Clusiaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Commelinaceae, Vol. 4 (1985)

Convolvulaceae, Vol. 28, Part 1 (2000)

Crassulaceae, Vol. 14 (1985)

Crotalarieae, Aspalathus, Fabaceae: Papilionoideae, Vol.

16, Part 3, Fasc. 6 (1988)

Cryphaeaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Cupressaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Dicranaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Ditrichaceae, Bryophyta, Part I, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Dracaenaceae, Vol. 5 (1992)

Droseraceae, Vol. 13 (1970)

Ebenaceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Elatinaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Encalyptaceae. Bryophyta. Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Ephemeraceae, Bryophyta. Part 1. Fasc. 2 (1987)

Eriocaulaceae, Vol. 4 (1985)

Eriocephalus, Asteraceae: Anthemideae, Vol. 33, Part 4, Fasc.

1 (2001)

Erpodiaceae, Bryophyta. Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Eustichiaceae. Bryophyta, Part I, Fasc. 2 (1987)

Exormothecaceae, Flepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae, Vol. 16, Part 2 (1977)

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae, Vol. 16, Part 1 (1975)

Fabaceae: Papilionoideae, Crotalarieae, Aspalathus, Vol.

16, Part 3, Fasc. 6 (1988)

Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Flacourtiaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Fontinalaceae. Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Frankeniaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Funariaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1. Fasc. 2 (1987)

Gentianaceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Gigaspermaceae, Bryophyta. Part 1, Fasc. 2 (1987)

Gnaphaliinae (first part), Asteraceae: Inuleae, Vol. 33, Part

7, Fasc. 2 (1983)

Grimmiaceae. Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Hedwigiaceae. Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Hepatophyta, Part 1. Fasc. 1 (1999)

Holothrix, Orchidaceae (Bothalia 26, 1996)

Hookeriaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Hydrocharitaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Hydrostachyaceae, Vol. 13 (1970)

Inuleae, Asteraceae: Gnaphaliinae (first part), Vol. 33, Part

7, Fasc. 2 (1983)

Iridaceae: Ixieae (first part): Ixiinae. Tritoniinae, Vol. 7, Part

2, Fasc. 1 (1999)

A-5

Iridaceae: Syringodea, Romulea, Vol. 7, Part 2, Fasc. 2 (1983)

Ixieae (first part), Iridaceae: Ixiinae, Trinoniinae, Vol. 7,

Part 2, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Ixiinae, Iridaceae: Ixieae (first part), Vol. 7, Part 2, Fasc. 1

(1999)

Juncaceae. Vol. 4 (1985)

Juncaginaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Justiciinae. Acanthaceae, Vol. 30. Part 3, Fasc. 1 (1995)

Kniphofia , Asphodelaceae, Vol. 5, Part 1, Fasc. 2

Lamiaceae, Vol. 28 ( 1985)

Lasiospermum , Asteraceae: Anthemideae, Vol. 33, Part 4, Fasc.

1 (2001)

Leptodontaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Leucodontaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1. Fasc. 3 (1998)

Loasaceae, Vol. 22 ( 1976)

Loganiaceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Loranthaceae, Vol. 10 (1979)

Lunulariaceae, Hepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Luzuriagaceae, Vol. 5 (1992)

Malpighiaceae, Vol. 18 (1986)

Marchantiaceae, Hepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Marchantiales, Hepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. I (1999)

Marchantiidae, Hepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Marchantiopsida, Hepatophyta, Part 1 (1999)

Meliaceae, Vol. 18 (1986)

Meteoriaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Mimosoideae, Fabaceae, Vol. 16. Part 1 (1975)

Mniaceae, Bryophyta. Part 1, Fasc. 2 (1987)

Moringaceae, Vol. 13 (1970)

Myrsinaceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Nanobryaceae. Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Najadaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Neckeraceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Ochnaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Oleaceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Onagraceae (Bothalia 27, 1997)

Orchidaceae: Holothrix (Bothalia 26, 1996)

Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Oxymitraceae. Hepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Paederieae, Rubiaceae: Rubioideae (second part), Vol. 31,

Part 1, Fasc. 2 (1986)

Passifloraceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Pinaceae*. Vol. 1 (1966)

Piperaceae (Bothalia 30, 2000)

Plantaginaceae (Bothalia 28, 1998)

Plumbaginaceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Podocarpaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Podostemaceae, Vol. 13 (1970)

Poellnitzia, Asphodelaceae (Bothalia 25, 1995)

Pontederiaceae, Vol. 4 (1985)

Potamogetonaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Pottiaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Primulaceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Prionodontaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Ptaeroxylaceae, Vol. 18 (1986)

Pteridophyta (1986) (for list of families, see p. v of Pteri-

dophyta volume)

Pterobryaceae, Bryophyta. Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Ptychomitriaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Racopilaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Resedaceae, Vol. 13 (1970)

Rhabdoweisiaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Rhachitheciaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Rhizogoniaceae. Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 2 (1987)

Rhus, Anacardiaceae, Vol. 19, Part 3, Fasc. I (1993)

Ricciaceae, Hepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Riocreuxia , Asclepiadaceae, Vol. 27, Part 4 (1980)

Romulea , Iridaceae, Vol. 7, Part 2, Fasc. 2 (1983)

Roridulaceae, Vol. 13 (1970)

Rubiaceae: Rubioideae (second part): Paederieae, Antho-

spermeae, Rubieae, Vol. 31, Part 1, Fasc. 2 (1986)

Rubieae, Rubiaceae: Rubioideae (second part), Vol. 31, Part

1, Fasc. 2 (1986)

Rubioideae (second part), Rubiaceae, Vol. 31, Part 1, Fasc.

2 (1986)

Ruppiaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Salvadoraceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Sapotaceae, Vol. 26 (1963)

Seligeriaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Simaroubaceae, Vol. 18 (1986)

Smilacaceae, Vol. 5 (1992)

Sphagnaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1981)

Sphenocleaceae (Bothalia 30, 2000)

Splachnaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 2 (1987)

Stangeriaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Syringodea, Iridaceae, Vol. 7, Part 2, Fasc. 2 (1983)

Tamaricaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Targioniaceae, Hepatophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 1 (1999)

Thamnobryaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Tiliaceae, Vol. 21 (1984)

Trachypodaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Trapaceae (Bothalia 28, 1998)

Tritoniinae, Iridaceae: Ixieae (first part), Vol. 7, Part 2, Fasc.

1 (1999)

Tumeraceae, VoL22 (1976)

Typhaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Ulmaceae (Bothalia 29, 1999)

Urticaceae, Vol. 9, Part: Urticaceae (2001)

Verbenaceae: Vitex (Bothalia 26, 1996)

Violaceae, Vol. 22 (1976)

Viscaceae, Vol. 10 (1979)

Vitex, Verbenaceae (Bothalia 26, 1996)

Wardiaceae, Bryophyta, Part 1, Fasc. 3 (1998)

Welwitschiaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Xyridaceae, Vol. 4(1985)

Zamiaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Zannichelliaceae, Vol. 1 (1966)

Zosteraceae, Vol. 1 (1966)