FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

PTERIDOPHYTA

Editor O. A. Leistner

by E. A. C. L. E. Schelpe and Nicola C. Anthony

Botanical Research Institute

Department of Agriculture and Water Supply

Republic of South Africa

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

All contributions should be compiled in accordance with the Guide to Contributors to the Flora of Southern Africa

(compiled by Ross, Leistner & De Winter) which is available from the Librarian, Botanical Research Institute, Private Bag

X101 , Pretoria, 0001 .

Cryptogam volumes will in future not be numbered but will be known by the name of the group they cover. The

number assigned to the volume on Charophyta therefore becomes redundant.

Alien families are marked with an asterisk.

Published volumes and parts are shown in italics.

Please note that local prices as given below do not include GST. Prices given for other countries include postage.

INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES

The genera of Southern African flowering plants

Vol. 1: Dicotyledons (Published 1975). Price: R1 1,23. Other countries: R14.00

Vol. 2: Monocotyledons (Published 1976). Price: R8 ,2 1 . Other countries: RIO, 00

Botanical exploration of Southern Africa (Published 1981). Price: R40,00 (Obtainable from booksellers)

CRYPTOGAM VOLUMES

Charophyta (Published as Vol. 9 in 1978). Price: R4,25. Other countries: R5,30

Bryophyta:

Part 1: Mosses: Fascicle 1: Sphagnaceae — Grimmiaceae

(Published 1981). Price: R24,34. Other countries R30.40.

Fascicle 2: Gigaspermaceae — Bartramiaceae

Fascicle 3: Erpodiaceae — Hookeriaceae

Fascicle 4: Fabroniaceae — Polytrichaceae

Pteridophyta (Published 1986). Price: R46,30. Other countries: R55,60

FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUMES

Vol. 1: Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae*, Cupressaceae, Welwitschiaceae, Typhaceae, Zostera-

ceae, Potamogetonaceae , Ruppiaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae , Juncaginaceae, Alis-

mataceae, Hydrocharitaceae ( Published 1966). Price: Rl,98. Other countries: R2,60

Vol. 2: Poaceae

Vol. 3: Cyperaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Lemnaceae, Flagellariaceae

Vol. 4: Part 1: Restionaceae

Part 2: Xvridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae, Juncaceae (Published 1985). Price:

R7,50. Other countries: R9,40

Vol. 5: Liliaceae, Agavaceae

Vol. 6: Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Tecophilaeaceae, Velloziaceae, Dioscoreaceae

Vol. 7: Iridaceae: Part 1: Nivenioideae, Iridoideae

Part 2: Ixioideae: Fascicle 1

Fascicle 2: Syringodea, Rotnulea

(Published 1983). Price: R3,96. Other countries: R5,00

Vol. 8: Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae*, Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae

Vol. 9: Casuarinaceae*, Piperaceae, Salicaceae, Myrieaceae, Fagaceae*, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Cannabaceae*, Urtica-

ceae, Proteaceae

Vol. 10: Part I: Loranthaceae, Viscaceae (Published 1979). Price: R4,34. Other countries: R5,40

Santalaceae, Grubbiaceae, Opiliaceae, Olacaceae, Balanophoraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Hydnora-

ceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae

PRICE OF THIS FASCICLE: Local: R46,30, GST excluded

Other countries: R55,60. Post free

Printed by the Government Printer and obtainable from the Directorate of Agricultural Information, Department of Agricul-

ture and Water Supply, Private Bag X 144, Pretoria, 0001 .

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER SUPPLY

DEPARTEMENT VAN LANDBOU EN WATER VOORSIENING

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

PTERIDOPH YT A

ISBN 0 62 1 08877 3

G.P.-S. 021-9000

Edmund Andre Charles Louis Eloi Schelpe

27 July 1924— 12 October 1985

Ecologist, taxonomist, phytogeographer, plant collector —

searcher with inspiring enthusiasm.

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

which deals with the territories of

SOUTH AFRICA, CISKEI, TRANSKEI, LESOTHO, SWAZILAND, BOPHUTHATSWANA,

SOUTH WEST AFRICA/NAMIBIA, BOTSWANA AND VENDA

PTERIDOPH YT A

by

E. A.C.L.E. Schelpe and Nicola C. Anthony

University of Cape Town

Edited by

O. A. Leistner

Editorial Committee: B. de Winter, D. J. B. Killick and 0. A. Leistner

Botanical Research Institute,

Department of Agriculture and Water Supply

1986

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.org/details/floraofsouthernaunse

CONTENTS

Introduction vii

Plan of Flora of Southern Africa viii

List of orders, families and genera x

Bibliography xii

Glossary xiii

Key to the orders 1

PSILOTALES: psilotaceae 1

LY COPODIALES: lycopodiaceae 5

SELAGINELLALES: selaginellaceae 15

ISOETALES: ISOETACEAE 23

EQUISETALES: EQUISETACEAE 29

OPHIOGLOSS ALES: OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 31

MARATTIALES: MARATTIACEAE 37

FILICALES: 39

OSMUNDACEAE 43

GLEICHENIACEAE 47

SCHIZAEACEAE 49

MARSILEACEAE 56

SALVINIACEAE 65

AZOLLACEAE 67

CYATHEACEAE 68

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 71

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 79

VITTARIACEAE 89

ADI ANT ACE AE/PTERID ACEAE 91

LINDS AEACEAE 149

GRAMMITIDACEAE 151

POLYPODIACEAE 153

DA V ALLI ACEAE 167

ASPLENIACEAE 173

THELYPTERIDACEAE 207

ATHYRIACEAE 221

LOMARIOPSIDACEAE 230

ASPIDI ACE AE/DR Y OPTERIDACEAE 240

BLECHNACEAE 265

Index 279

v

INTRODUCTION

The first comprehensive treatment of the Pteridophyta of Southern Africa was the first edition

(1892) of T. R. Sim’s The Ferns of South Africa. The arrangement and nomenclature was largely

based on the second edition (1874) of Hooker and Baker’s Synopsis Filicum. In 1915 Sim produced

the second edition of his work which follows Christensen’s Index Filicum (1906) and its Supple-

mentum (1913).

Over the past thirty years the senior author has travelled widely in this region in the course of

field work on this group. On overseas visits the type specimens of species occurring in this area

have been searched for and examined as far as possible. Most of the genera have been studied on a

pan- African basis as a necessary background to the present treatment which led also to the publica-

tion of the pteridophyte volumes of the Flora Zambesiaca (1970), Conspectus Florae Angolensis

(1977), Flora de Mozambique (1979) and taxonomic reviews of a number of fern families in

continental Africa.

Although a number of more recent classifications of the ferns have been proposed and a

number of genera redefined, the arrangement in this treatment follows that in the above works for

the sake of compatibility. Generic and species concepts are mostly construed in the wide sense

either for convenience or so as not to obscure phytogeographic relationships. However, a number

of these aggregate species and genera require cytotaxonomic study for their elucidation.

The following condensed abbreviations for literature are used:

C.F.A

F.S.W.A

F.W.T.A

F.Z

Conspectus Florae Angolensis

Prodromus einer Flora von Siidwestafrika

Flora of West Tropical Africa

Flora Zambesiaca

This fascicle was compiled in accordance with a Guide to Contributors to the Flora of

Southern Africa (Ross, Leistner & De Winter, 1977), which is available from the Librarian,

Botanical Research Institute, Private Bag X101 , Pretoria, 0001 .

The initial research overseas was undertaken during the tenure of a Nuffield Travelling

Fellowship in the Natural Sciences; later overseas study visits were supported by grants from the

CSIR and the Bremner Fund of the University of Cape Town. The authors also wish to thank the

curators and directors of the following herbaria for making their facilities available, sending

herbarium material on loan or providing photographs and photostats of specimens: B, BLFU, BM,

C, E, G, GOET, GRA, K, LD, NBG, NH, NPB, NU, P, PRE, PRU, SAM, S, SRGH, STE, UPS,

WIND, Z. The work was brought to completion with the invaluable help of my research assistant,

Mrs Nicola C. Anthony, whose post was funded jointly by the then Department of Agriculture and

Fisheries and the University of Cape Town.

E. A. C. L. E. Schelpe, 1985.

Roux, J. P. in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92: 343 — 381 (1986) could not be

taken into account. It appeared when this volume was in the last stages of preparation. Editor.

vii

PLAN OF FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

Cryptogam volumes will in future not be numbered but will be known by the name of the group they cover. The

number assigned to the volume on Charophyta therefore becomes redundant.

Alien families are marked with an asterisk.

Published volumes and parts are shown in italics.

Please note that local prices as given below do not include GST. Prices given for other countries include postage.

INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES

The genera of Southern African flowering plants

Vol. 1: Dicotyledons (Published 1975). Price: R 1 1 ,23 . Other countries: R14.00

Vol. 2: Monocotyledons (Published 1976). Price: R8,21. Other countries R10,00

Botanical exploration of Southern Africa (Published 1981). Price: R40,00 (Obtainable from booksellers)

CRYPTOGAM VOLUMES

Charophyta (Published as Vol. 9 in 1978). Price: R4,25. Other countries: R5,30

Bryophyta:

Part 1 : Mosses: Fascicle 1 : Sphagnaceae — Grimmiaceae

(Published 1981). Price: R24,34. Other countries R30,40.

Fascicle 2: Gigaspermaceae — Bartramiaceae

Fascicle 3: Erpodiaceae — Hookeriaceae

Fascicle 4: Fabroniaceae — Polytrichaceae

Pteridophyta (Published 1986). Price: R46,30. Other countries: R55.60

FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUMES

Vol. 1: Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae*, Cupressaceae, Welwitschiaceae, Typhaceae, Zostera-

ceae, Potamogetonaceae , Ruppiaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae, Alis-

mataceae, Hydrocharitaceae (Published 1966). Price: Rl,98. Other countries: R2,60

Vol. 2: Poaceae

Vol. 3: Cyperaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Lemnaceae, Flagellariaceae

Vol. 4: Part 1: Restionaceae

Part 2: Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae, Juncaceae (Published 1985). Price:

R7,50. Other countries: R9,40

Vol. 5: Liliaceae, Agavaceae

Vol. 6: Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Tecophilaeaceae, Velloziaceae, Dioscoreaceae

Vol. 7: Iridaceae: Part 1: Nivenioideae, Iridoideae

Part 2: Ixioideae: Fascicle 1

Fascicle 2: Syringodea, Romulea

(Published 1983). Price: R3,96. Other countries: R5,00

Vol. 8: Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae*, Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae

Vol. 9: Casuarinaceae*, Piperaceae, Salicaceae, Myricaceae, Fagaceae*, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Cannabaceae*, Urtica-

ceae, Proteaceae

Vol. 10: Part 1: Loranthaceae , Viscaceae (Published 1979). Price: R4.34. Other countries: R5,40.

Santalaceae, Grubbiaceae, Opiliaceae, Olacaceae, Balanophoraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Hydnora-

ceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae

Vol. II: Phytolaccaceae, Aizoaceae, Mesembryanthemaceae

Vol. 12: Portulacaceae, Basellaceae, Caryophyllaceae, lllecebraceae, Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Ceratophyllaceae,

Ranunculaceae, Menispermaceae, Annonaceae, Trimeniaceae, Lauraceae, Hemandiaceae, Papaveraceae,

Fumariaceae

viii

Vol. 13:

Vol. 14:

Vol. 15:

Vol. 16:

Vol. 17:

Vol. 18:

Vol. 19:

Vol. 20:

Vol. 21:

Vol. 22:

Vol. 23:

Vol. 24:

Vol. 25:

Vol. 26:

Vol. 27:

Vol. 28:

Vol. 29:

Vol. 30:

Vol. 31:

Vol. 32:

Vol. 33:

Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Resedaceae, Moringaceae, Droseraceae, Roridulaceae , Podostemaceae, Hydro-

stachyaceae (Published 1970). Price: RIO, 00. Other countries: R12,00

Crassulaceae (Published 1985). Price: R16,40. Other countries: R20.50

Vahliaceae, Montiniaceae, Escalloniaceae, Pittosporaceae, Cunoniaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Bruniaceae, Hama-

melidaceae, Rosaceae, Connaraceae

Fabaceae: Part 1: Mimosoideae (Published 1975). Price: R13,59. Other countries: R16,75.

Part 2: Caesalpinioideae (Published 1977). Price R16,04. Other countries: R20,00

Papilionoideae

Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae,

Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Balanitaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Burseraceae, Ptaeroxyla-

ceae, Meliaceae, Aitoniaceae, Malpighiaceae

Polygalaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Callitrichaceae, Buxaceae, Anacardiaceae, Aquifoliaceae

Celastraceae, Icacinaceae, Sapindaceae, Melianthaceae, Greyiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae

Part 1: Tiliaceae (Published 1984). Price: R4.30. Other countries: R5,00

Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae

Ochnaceae, Clusiaceae, Elatinaceae, Frankeniaceae , Tamaricaceae, Canellaceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae,

Turneraceae, Passifloraceae, Achariaceae, Loasaceae, Begoniaceae, Cactaceae (Published 1976). Price:

R8,68. Other countries: R 10,75

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Rhizophoraceae, Combretaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Onagraceae, Trapaceae, Haloragaceae, Gunne-

raceae, Araliaceae, Apiaceae, Comaceae

Ericaceae

Myrsinaceae, Primulaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Oleaceae, Satvadoraceae , Logania-

ceae, Gentianaceae , Apocynaceae ( Published 1963): Price R4,53. Other countries: R10, 75

Part 1: Periplocaceae, Asclepiadaceae (Microloma-Xysmalobium)

Part 2: Asclepiadaceae (Schizoglossum-Woodia)

Part 3: Asclepiadaceae (Asclepias-Anisotoma)

Part 4: Asclepiadaceae ( Brachystelma-Riocreuxia ) (Published 1980). Price: R4,34. Other countries: R6,00

Asclepiadaceae (remaining genera)

Part 1: Cuscutaceae, Convolvulaceae

Part 2: Hydrophyllaceae, Boraginaceae

Part 3: Stilbaceae, Verbenaceae

Part 4: Lamiaceae (Published 1985). Price R22.00. Other countries: R28.00

Part 5: Solanaceae, Retziaceae

Scrophulariaceae

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poraceae

Part 1: Fascicle 1: Plantaginaceae, Rubiaceae (Rubioideae-first part)

Fascicle 2: Rubiaceae (Rubioideae): Paederieae, Anthospermeae, Rubieae (in press)

Fascicle 3: Ixoroideae, Cinckonoideae

Campanulaceae, Sphenocleaceae, Lobeliaceae, Goodeniaceae

Asteraceae: Part 1: Lactuceae, Mutisieae, ‘Tarchonantheae’

Part 2: Vemonieae, Cardueae

Part 3: Arctotideae

Part 4: Anthemideae

Part 5: Astereae

Part 6: Calenduleae

Part 7: Inuleae: Fascicle 1: Inulinae

Fascicle 2: Gnaphaliinae (First part) (Published 1983). Price: R13,70. Other

countries: R 16,20

Part 8: Heliantheae, Eupatorieae

Part 9: Senecioneae

IX

LIST OF ORDERS, FAMILIES AND GENERA

PSILOTALES

PSILOTACEAE

Psilotum

Anemia

Mohria

Lygodium

LY COPODI ALES

LYCOPODI ACE AE

Lycopodium

SELAGINELLALES

SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella

MARSILEACEAE

Marsilea

SALVINIACEAE

Salvinia

AZOLLACEAE

Azolla

ISOETALES

ISOETACEAE

Isoetes

EQUISETALES

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum

OPHIOGLOSS ALES

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

Ophioglossum

MARATTIALES

MARATTIACEAE

Marattia

FILICALES

CYATHEACEAE

Cyathea

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

Trichomanes

Hymenophyllum

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

Blotiella

Histiopteris

Pteridium

Microlepia

Hypolepis

VITTARIACEAE

Vittaria

OSMUNDACEAE

Osmunda

Todea

GLEICHENIACEAE

Gleichenia

Dicranopteris

SCHIZAEACEAE

Schizaea

ADI ANT ACE AE/PTERID ACE AE

Acrostichum

Anogramma

Ceratopteris

Pityrogramma

Adiantum

Pteris

Cheilanthes

x

Pellaea

Actiniopteris

Macrothelypteris

Ampelopteris

LINDS AEACEAE

Lindsaea

GRAMMITIDACEAE

Grammitis

Xiphopteris

POLYPODIACEAE

Pyrrosia

Loxogramme

Polypodium

X Pleopodium

Pleopeltis

Microgramma

Microsorium

DAVALLIACEAE

Nephrolepis

Arthropteris

Oleandra

Davallia

ASPLENIACEAE

Asplenium

Ceterach

THELYPTERIDACEAE

Thelypteris

ATHYRIACEAE

Athyrium

Lunathyrium

Diplazium

Dryoathyrium

Cystopteris

LOMARIOPSIDACEAE

Elaphoglossum

Bolbitis

ASPIDIACEAE/DRYOPTERIDACEAE

Woodsia

Didymochlaena

Dryopteris

Cyrtomium

Polystichum

Arachniodes

Rumohra

Hypodematium

Ctenitis

Tectaria

BLECHNACEAE

Blechnum

Stenochlaena

xi

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALSTON, A. H. G. 1959. The ferns and fern allies of West

Tropical Africa. Suppl. to Flora of West Tropical

Africa edn 2. London: Crown Agents.

ASHTON, P. J. & WALMSLEY, R. D. 1976. The aquatic

fern Azolla and its Anabaena symbiont. Endeavour 35:

39-43.

BRAITHWAITE, A. F. 1964. A new type of apogamy in

ferns. New Phytologist 63: 293-305.

BRAITHWAITE, A. F. 1972. The cytotaxonomy of the

Asplenium splendens complex in South Africa. Jl S.

Afr. Bot. 38: 9-27.

CHRISTENSEN, C. 1905-6. Index Filicum. Hafniae.

CHRISTENSEN, C. 1913. Index Filicum. Supplementum

1906-12. Hafniae.

CHRISTENSEN, C. 1932. The Pteridophyta of Madagas-

car. Dansk. Bot. Ark. 7: 1-253.

COPELAND, E. B. 1938. Genera Hymenophyllacearum.

Philipp. J. Sci. 67: 1-110.

COPELAND, E. B. 1947. Genera Filicum. Massachusetts:

Waltham.

CRABBE, J. A., JERMY, A. C. & MICKEL, J. M. 1975.

A new generic sequence for the pteridophyte herbar-

ium. FernGaz. 11: 141-162.

DOBBIE, H. B. in CROOKES, M. (ed.) 1951. New Zea-

land Ferns. Edn 4. Whitcombe & Tombs.

GILL, L. S. & MWASUMBI, L. B. 1976. An annotated

checklist of the Pteridophytes of Tanzania. Nova Hed-

wigia 27: 931-952.

HAUKE, R. L. 1963. A taxonomic monograph of the genus

Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete . Beih. Nova Hedwi-

giaS: 1-123.

HERTER, G. 1939. In: Nessel, H. Die Barlappgewachse

(Lycopodiaceae). Jena: Fischer.

HIERONYMUS, G, 1914. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gat-

tung Pteris. I. Uber Pteris longifolia L. und verwandte

Arten. Hedwigia 54: 283-294.

HOLTTUM, R. E. 1959. Parathyrium, a new genus of

ferns, with comments on Cornopteris Nakai. Kew

Bull. 1958: 447-450.

HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteri-

daceae 1 1 1 . A new system of genera in the Old World.

Blumea 19: 17-52.

HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and

adjacent islands. Jl S. Afr. Bot. 40: 123-168.

JACOBSEN, W. B. G. 1978. Some problems of South

African Pteridophyta. JIS. Afr. Bot. 44: 157-185.

JACOBSEN, W. B. G. 1983. Ferns and Fern Allies of

Southern Africa. Durban/Pretoria: Butterworths.

KATO, M. 1977. Classification of Athyrium and allied gen-

era of Japan. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 90: 23-40.

KNOBLOCH, I. W. & CORRELL, D. S. 1962. Ferns and

Fern Allies of Chihuahua, Mexico. Texas Research

Foundation.

LAUNERT, E. 1968. A monographic survey of the genus

Marsilea Linnaeus. Senckenberg. biol. 49: 273-315.

PICHI-SERMOLLI , R. E. G. 1962. On the fern genus

Actiniopteris Link. Webbia 17: 1-32.

ROUX, J. P. 1979. Cape Peninsula Ferns. Kirstenbosch:

National Botanic Gardens of South Africa.

ROUX, J. P. 1982. The application of the name Blechnum

capense Burm. f. Jl S. Afr. Bot. 48: 451^153.

ROUX, J. P. 1982. The fern genus Elaphoglossum Schott

(Filicales) in South Africa. Jl S. Afr. Bot. 48:

481-526.

SCHELPE, E. A. C. L. E. 1954. The identity of Notho-

laena bipinnata Sim. Jl S. Afr. Bot. 20: 125-126.

SIM, T. R. 1915. The Ferns of South Africa. Cambridge:

University Press.

TARDIEU-BLOT, M.-L. 1953. Les Pteridophytes de

l'Afrique Intertropicale Francaise. Mem. Inst.fr. Afr.

noire 28: 1-241.

TARDIEU-BLOT, M.-L. 1958. Polypodiacees I in: Hum-

bert, H. (ed.), Flore de Madagascar et des Comores.

Paris: Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle.

TARDIEU-BLOT, M.-L. 1960. Les fougferes des Masca-

reignes et des Seychelles. Not. Syst. 16: 151-201.

TARDIEU-BLOT, M.-L. 1964. Pteridophytes in: Aubre-

ville, A. (ed.), Flore du Cameroun. Paris: Museum

National d’Histoire Naturelle.

TRYON, R. M. 1942. A revision of the genus Doryopteris.

Contr. Gray Herb. Harv. 143: 3-80.

TRYON, R. M. 1962. Taxonomic Fern Notes 2. Pityro-

gramma( including Trismeria ) and A no gramma. Contr.

Gray Herb. Harv. 189: 52-76.

TRYON, R. M. & TRYON, A. F. 1982. Ferns and Allied

Plants. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.

WAGNER, W. H. 1973. Reticulation of Holly Ferns (Poly-

stichum) in the Western United States and adjacent

Canada. Am. FernJ . 63: 99-1 15.

xii

GLOSSARY

Most of the terms used in this work correspond largely

to Tryon’s proposals in Taxon 9: 104-109 (1960). How-

ever, since the present authors’ concept of certain terms

differs to a minor extent it is necessary that these differences

be made clear. Some terms are illustrated in tab. 1 .

acroscopic, on the side towards the apex

acrostichoid, with the sporangia spread over the lower sur-

face of the fertile lamina (as in Acrostichum and Elapho-

glossum)

anastomosing (of veins), uniting so as to form a network

annulus, the hygroscopic, thickened cells causing the de-

hiscence of the sporangium

antheridium, male sexual organ borne on the gametophyte

areole, space enclosed by anastomosing veins

basipetal, arising and maturing in succession from apex to

base, e.g. sporangia in (Hymenophyllaceae)

basiscopic, on the side towards the base

biscoctiform, biscuit-shaped, i.e. oblong and slightly con-

stricted in the middle

caudex, stem surrounded by leaf-bases and adventitious

roots, as in arborescent ferns (e.g. Cyathea)

clathrate, of rhizome and other scales, with a latticed ap-

pearance, due to the cells having thickened lateral walls

and transparent surface walls

costa, the midrib of the pinna

costule, the midrib of a pinnule or pinna segment

cristo-reticulate, crests anastomosing to form a network

cultrate, shaped like the blade of a knife

dictyostelic, (trunk) with vascular bundles concentrically

arranged with large overlapping leaf gaps

dimidiate, of pinnae or pinnules in which the midrib forms

the basiscopic margin for a significant distance

distal, away from the place of attachment

dorsal, synonymous with abaxial or lower in regard to

lamina surfaces

ebeneous, black as ebony

echinate, spinose, with projections tapering from a broad

base to a ± sharp apex

evanescent, soon disappearing

exindusiate, without an indusium

gametophyte, generation producing sexual organs

gemma, an adventitious bud arising on the frond which can

produce a new plant

glochidium, barbed hair on massula (of Azolla spp.)

granulate, with more or less isodiametric projections not

less than 1 p

heterosporous, producing spores of 2 sizes, the larger giv-

ing rise to a female megagametophyte, the smaller giving

rise to a male microgametophyte

homosporous, producing spores of the same size

indusiate, possessing an indusium

indusium, a thin flap of tissue covering at least the young

sorus; pseudoindusia are formed by modification of the

lamina margin

laesura, the dehiscence fissure of a spore and its margin

lamina, the blade of a frond

ligule, a small membranous triangular organ on the adaxial

side of the fertile leaf base in Isoetes

lophate, ridged with simple flange-like ridges, seldom

much shorter than the shortest diameter of the spore

mammillate, having small nipple-like projections

massula, hardened, frothy, mucilaginous mass in which

microspores (of Azolla spp.) are embedded

megagametophyte, the female gametophyte produced by

the megaspore which bears the female sex organs

megaspore, in heterosporous pteridophytes the large spore

which gives rise to the female gametophyte

megasporangium, the sporangium containing megaspores

microgametophyte, the male gametophyte produced by the

microspore

microspore, the small spore which gives rise to the male

gametophyte in heterosporous pteridophytes

microsporangium, the sporangium containing microspores

midrib, the main vascular supply of a simple lamina

monolete, with the dehiscence line unbranched (as in bi-

lateral spores)

nitid, shining, smooth

paleaceous, set with scales

paraphyses, sterile hairs, sometimes clavate or with an

enlarged apical cell, occurring among sporangia in a so-

rus

perispore, a layer outside the exine in certain spores

petiolule, stalk of a leaflet

phyllopodium, a leaf regarded morphologically as an axis

pinna, the first order division of a dissected lamina

pinnate (2-3-4 -pinnate), indicating the degree of dissec-

tion of the lamina (see diagram) by incisions to the costae

of the penultimate segments

pinnatifid (2-3-4-pinnatifid), indicating the degree of dis-

section of the lamina (see diagram) by incisions not

reaching the costae of the penultimate segments

pinnule, the first order segment of a pinna

prothallus, small plant resulting from the germination of a

spore and bearing sexual organs

proximal, towards the place of attachment

pseudo-serrate, referring to margins of rhizome scales

which are apparently serrate because of the transparent

unthickened outer walls of the marginal cells

punctulate, minutely dotted

raphe, ridge of tissue connecting sporocarp with base of

pedicel

rhachis, main axis or midrib of a frond

rhizomorph, root-like structure

scabrate, flecked with minute pits and elevations

secondary rhachis, the costa of a pinnate or more dissected

pinna

xiii

solenostelic, (trunk) with a tube-like vascular strand

sporangium, structure containing spores

sporocarp, an organ enclosing the sorus or sori in heteros-

porous ferns, hardened in Mars ilea, membranous in

Azolla and Salvinia

sporophyll, a leaf bearing or subtending sporangia in the

Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, Psilotales and Isoetales

sporangiophore, a peltate organ bearing sporangia on its

under surface in Equisetum

stipe, the petiole of a frond

strobiius, a cone-like structure formed from sporophylls or

sporangiophores

sulcate, grooved

synangium, a group of more or less fused sporangia as in

the Marattiales

thalloid, resembling a thallus

thallus, vegetative body not differentiated into stem and

leaf

trigonous, three-angled with three plane faces

trilete, possessing a 3-radiate dehiscence scar

vein (veinlet), the obvious ultimate vascular strands of the

ultimate segments of the lamina

velum, membranous tissue covering sporangia (particularly

in I soetes)

ventral, synonymous with adaxial or upper in regard to the

lamina surface

verruca, wart-like projection broader than tall

verrucate, with wart-like projections broader than tall

XIV

TAB. 1. — Illustration of terms in the glossary (after F.Z. Pteridophyta, tab. 1, with permission of the Managing

Committee).

XV

PSILOTALES

KEY TO THE ORDERS

la Leaves all narrow and simple, entire (usually small) with unbranched veins; sporophylls either with a sporangium

at base or subtending a sporangium or with sporangia borne within a cone-like structure:

2a Sporangia borne in axils of the sporophylls or on their bases:

3a Plants homosporous; leaves without ligules:

4a Sporangia 3-lobed; stems leafless except for minute much reduced sporophylls PSILOTALES (p. 1)

4b Sporangia not lobed; stems with numerous leaves LYCOPODIALES (p. 5)

3b Plants heterosporous; leaves with ligules:

5a Plants aquatic, wholly or partly submerged during wet season, sedge-like; sporangia borne on leaf bases;

stem a short, lobed rootstock ISOETALES (p. 23)

5b Plants not aquatic, often moss-like with elongated erect or creeping stems; sporangia borne in axils of

differentiated sporophylls SELAGINELLALES (p. 15)

2b Sporangia borne on peltate sporangiophores arranged in a cone-like structure; leaves reduced to a short,

toothed sheath at each node EQUISETALES (p. 29)

lb Leaves usually broad, simple or dissected, lamina with a branched vascular supply:

6a Sporangia thick-walled, without an annulus; homosporous:

7a Sporangia borne in 2 rows on a distinct slender fertile segment; sterile lamina entire (or lobed)

OPHIOGLOSSALES (p. 31)

7b Sporangia fused in small groups on under surface on undifferentiated lamina segments

MARATTIALES (p. 37)

6b Sporangia thin-walled, with an annulus; homosporous or heterosporous FILICALES (p. 39)

PSILOTALES

PSILOTACEAE

Epiphytic or saxicolous plants. Aerial stems chlorophyllous, repeatedly dichotomously

branched, produced from non-chlorophyllous mycorrhizal rootless rhizome-like horizontal axes;

leaves much reduced. Sporangia 3-locular, each subtended by a bifurcate bract and borne on upper

parts of aerial branches. Spores bilateral, produced in tetrads. Gametophyte cylindrical, irregularly

branched, mycorrhizal.

PSILOTUM

Psilotum Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800,2: 8,109 (1801); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 76 (1908);

Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 50: 45 (1957); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 17

(1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 26 (1964); Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid.: 15 (1970); in Expl.

Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 9 (1973); in C. F. A. Pterid.: 17 (1977).

Lectotype species: P. triquetrum Swartz, nom. illeg. (= Lycopodium nudum L.; P. nudum (L.)

Beauv.).

Description as for family.

Only one of the 3 species of the genus Psilotum occurs in Southern Africa.

Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv., Prodr.

L'Aetheog. 106, 112 (1805); Schelpe in F. Z.

Pterid.: 15, t. 2 (1970); in C. F. A. Pterid: 17, t.

2 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

130 (1983). Type: India (LINN 1257/1 , holo.!).

Lycopodium nudum L., Sp. PI. 2: 1 100 (1753).

Psilotum triquetrum Swartz in J. Bot., Gott, 1800, 2: 109

(1801); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 342, t. 181 fig. 2 (1915),

nom. illeg.

Bernhurdia capensis K. Muell. in Bot. Ztg 1858: 239

(1858). Type: Natal, Pappe s.n. (?KR, holo.).

Rhizome short rootless, c. 1,5 mm in di-

ameter. Aerial stems triangular in cross-section,

glabrous, up to 240 x 2 mm, with widely

spaced lanceolate scale-leaves up to 1,5 mm

long. Sporangia c. 2,5 mm in diameter, each

subtended by a bifurcate bract c. 1 ,3 mm long.

Fig. 1:1.

Lycopodiales

5

LYCOPODIALES

LY COPODI ACE AE

Epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants. Stems erect, pendulous or prostrate, unbranched or

dichotomously branched. Leaves small, simple with a single vein, without ligules. Sporophylls

uniform, usually restricted to distinct or indistinct fertile regions (distinct compact fertile regions

referred to as strobili). Sporangia borne in axils of sporophylls, solitary, unilocular, reniform to

globose, homosporous. Gametophytes chlorophyllose or mycorrhizal and colourless.

LYCOPODIUM

Lycopodium L., Sp. PI. 1100 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 486 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 70

(1908); Alston in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 50: 20 (1957); in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 11 (1959);

Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 8 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 9 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 17

(1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 11 (1973); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 19 (1977). Lectotype species: L. clavatum L.

Description as for family.

The only living genus of the family, with a worldwide distribution and comprising over 450 species. This estimate

includes those species which do not form distinct strobili and which Herter ( 1939) referred to the genus Urostachys.

la Sporophylls of same size and shape as foliage leaves:

2a Leaves narrowly lanceolate, c. 2mm broad; spore-bearing stems erect, unbranched 1. L. saururus

2b Leaves acicular, c. 0,2 mm broad; spore-bearing stems pendent, dichotomously branched 2. L. verticillatum

lb Sporophylls different from foliage leaves:

3a Sporophylls not grouped into pedunculate strobili (i.e. without a sparsely leafy stalk below fertile region):

4a Sporophylls 6, 5-7 mm long 3. L. dacrydioides

4b Sporophylls less than 4 mm long:

5a Fertile region more than 20 mm long; sporophylls not lacerate; plants epiphytic or lithophytic:

6a Sporophylls 2, 5-3 mm long; leaves coriaceous, closely imbricate 4. L. gnidioides

6b Sporophylls c. 2 mm long; leaves thin, very loosely imbricate 5. L. ophioglossoides

5b Fertile region less than 15 mm long; sporophylls lacerate; plants terrestrial 6. L. cernuum

3b Sporophylls grouped into pedunculate strobili; plants terrestrial:

7a Horizontal stem producing much branched erect stems at intervals:

8a Leaves hair-pointed; erect stems not laterally compressed 7. L. clavatum

8b Leaves not hair-pointed; erect stems laterally compressed 8. L. complanatum subsp. zanclophyllum

7b Horizontal stem leafy, only producing pedunculate strobili at intervals 9. L. carolinianum

1. Lycopodium saururus Lam., Encycl.

3: 653 (1789); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 324, t.

175 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 17 (1970);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 132, t. 74

(1983). Type: Reunion, Commerson s.n..

Herb. Lamarck (P, holo. 1-BOL, photo. !).

Plananthus saururus (Lam.) Beauv., Prodr. L’Aetheog.

100 (1805). Urostachys saururus (Lam.) Herter in Feddes

Repert. 19: 162 ( 1923). Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Rothm.

in Feddes Repert. 54: 60 ( 1944).

Terrestrial or lithophytic. Aerial stems pro-

duced from compact branching horizontal

stems, usually unbranched, erect, crowded, up

to 200 X 3 mm. Leaves erect, closely imbri-

cate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, c. 10 x 2

mm. Sporophylls indistinguishable from foliage

leaves, 8—10 x 1.8-2 mm; sporangia hidden.

Fig. 2:1.

Cape Province, Natal, Lesotho, north-eastern Orange

Free State, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zaire, Tanzania, Kenya,

Uganda, Ethiopia and Cameroun, as well as Madagascar,

Marion Island, Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha, Nighting-

ale Island, St Helena, Kerguelen Island, the South Ameri-

can Andes to Argentina (Christensen 1932) and Juan Fer-

nandez. Rocky substrates in montane vegetation, above

1 700 m. Map 2.

Vouchers: Dieterlen 719 (K; NH; PRE; SAM); Pocock

S. 150 (BOL; PRE; STE); Ripley 1 (BM; K; NU); Rourke

305 (NBG).

8

Lycopodiales

Lycopodiales

9

Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire, Malawi, Zimbabwe and

Mozambique to Transvaal and Natal. Moist forest in shade,

above 1 500 m. Map 4.

Vouchers: Roux 378 (NBG); Schelpe 6277 (BM;

BOL); Scott 39 (PRE).

4. Lycopodium gnidioides L. /., Suppl.

448 (1781); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 326, t.

177 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 18 (1970);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 135, t.77

(1983). Type: Mauritius, Sonnerat s.n. (?P,

?iso.).

Plananthus gnidioides (L. f.) Beauv., Prodr. L'Aetheog.

110 (1805). Urostachys gnidioides (L. f.)Herterex Nessel,

Barlappgew. 187 (1939). Huperzia gnidioides (L. f.)

Rothm. in Feddes Repert. 54: 61 (1944).

Lycopodium funiculosum Lam., Encycl. 3: 649 (1789).

Lepidotis funiculosa (Lam.) Beauv., Prodr. L'Aetheog. 108

(1805). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Herb. Lamarck (P,

holo.!-BM, photo.!).

Lycopodium flagelliforme Schrad. in Gott. Gel. Anz.

1818: 920 (1818). Type: Cape Province, Albany, Hesse

s.n. (LE, holo. !; GOET-BOL, photo. !).

Lycopodium ambiguum Schrad., l.c. Type: Cape Pro-

vince, Albany, Hesse s.n. (LE, holo. !).

Lycopodium pinifolium Kaulf. , Enum. Fil. 7 (1824). Ly-

copodium gnidioides var. pinifolium (Kaulf.) Pappe &

Raws., Syn. Fil. Afr. Austr. 49 ( 1858); W.B.G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 136, t. 78 (1983). Type: Cape Province,

Cape Peninsula (?PH).

Epiphytic or lithophytic. Stems erect, arch-

ing or pendulous, dichotomously branched, up

to 500 x 4 mm. Leaves very narrowly oblong,

coriaceous, acute to broadly acute, imbricate,

up to 14 x 3 mm. Sporophylls much shorter

than foliage leaves, broadly ovate, acute,

closely imbricate, up to 3 X 2 mm. Fig. 3: 1 .

South-western Cape Province to Transkei, Natal, Swa-

ziland and Transvaal; rare in Zimbabwe and Mozambique;

also on Madagascar and the Comoro and Mascarene Is-

lands. Shady montane forest or ravines, 280-2 200 m. Map

Vouchers; Esterhuysen 12556 (BOL; NBG; PRE);

Fisher 8 12 (NH; NU; PRE).

Varies considerably in habit in Southern Africa in the

summer and winter rainfall regions, but exhibits a complete

range of intermediate forms.

5. Lycopodium ophioglossoides Lam.,

Encycl. 3: 646 (1789); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.:

18, t. 3 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 137, t. 79 (1983). Type: Mauritius, Com-

merson s.n. (P, holo. !).

Huperzia ophioglossoides (Lam.) Rothm. in Feddes Re-

pert. 54: 62 (1944).

Epiphytic or lithophytic. Stems pendulous,

dichotomously branched, up to 300 x c. 1 mm.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, narrowed

towards base, very loosley imbricate, up to 11

x 1,2 mm. Sporophylls broadly ovate, entire,

closely imbricate, c. 2 x 1,5 mm. Fig. 4: 3.

Widespread in tropical Africa from Sudan and Camer-

oun through Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire, Malawi, Zimbabwe

and Mozambique to Transvaal. Also on Madagascar,

MAP 6. — Lycopodium ophioglossoides

FIG. 3. — 1, Lycopodium gnidioides, exposed form, part of plant, x 0.6; la, megasporophyll, x 4,8 (Esterhuysen

15633). 2, Lycopodium gnidioides, forest form, part of plant, x 0,6; 2a, megasporophyll, x 4,8 (Schelpe 4313). 3,

Lycopodium dacrydioides, part of plant, x 0,6; 3a, megasporophyll, x 4,8 (Schelpe 6277).

12

Lycopodiales

20-80 mm long in groups of 2-5 (rarely soli-

tary) at apex of sparsely leafy peduncle up to

190 mm long. Sporophylls broadly ovate, acu-

minate, 2-3 x 1,5-2 mm, margin finely lace-

rate.

South-western Cape Province to Transkei, Natal,

Lesotho, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique,

Malawi, Angola, Zaire, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethio-

pia, Sudan, Cameroun, as well as Madagascar, Reunion,

Mauritius and Sao Tome. Sheltered mountain slopes

amongst rocks and continually moist margins of montane

forest, 1 600-2 300 m. Map 8.

Vouchers: Cooper 1048 (BM; K; NH; PRE); Dieterlen

670 (K; NBG; PRE; SAM; STE); Fisher 870 (BOL; NU;

PRE); Rudatis 1249 (BM; K; PRE; STE); Van Jaarsveld

6121 (BOL).

8. Lycopodium complanatum L., Sp. PI.

2: 1104 (1753). Type: Germany, Miinchhausen

(LINN 1257/20, holo.!).

The typical form does not occur in South-

ern Africa but there is one subspecies:

Subsp. zanclophyllum (Wilce) Schelpe in

J1 S. Afr. Bot. 35: 128 (1969); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 141, t. 83 (1983). Type:

Madagascar, Hildebrandt 3781 (P, holo.).

Lycopodium zanclophyllum Wilce in Nova Hedwigia

3: 108', t. 3A figs 9, 10, t. 3Bftgs9, 10, t. 8 (1961).

Terrestrial. Stems horizontal, terete, creep-

ing or subterranean, densely or sparsely leafy

respectively, up to 2 mm in diameter, produc-

ing erect, repeatedly dichotomously branched

aerial stems, obconic in outline, at intervals,

40-300 mm high excluding strobili and pedun-

cles, branches laterally compressed to greater or

lesser extent. Leaves subulate to narrowly lan-

ceolate, with apices curved forward, entire,

1,5-2 x c. 0,6 mm. Strobili pedunculate,

15-50 mm long in groups of 2-8 at apex of

sparsely leafy peduncle up to 200 mm long.

Sporophylls broadly lanceolate with paler erose

to subentire margin, 2,6 X 1 mm, to broadly

ovate acuminate with with an erose margin, 2,8

x 2 mm. Fig. 2: 2.

Mountains of south-western and southern Cape Pro-

vince, as well as Madagascar, Madeira and the Azores. On

rocky sheltered slopes, usually between 1 000 and 2 300 m

altitude. Map 9.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 3558 (BOL; PRE; SAM);

27330 (BOL; MO; PRE);'33898 (B; BM; BOL; C; GH; M;

MO; P; PR; PRE; S); Moll 5990 (B; BM; BOL; C; GH; K;

M; MO: NBG; P, PR; PRE; S); Stokoe s.n. (NBG; PRE;

SAM).

MAP 9. — Lycopodium complanatum subsp. zanclophyl-

lum

9. Lycopodium carolinianum L., Sp. PI.

2: 1 104 (1753); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 329,

t. 181 fig. 1 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 138 (1983).

Leaves all approximately of similar size and shape

9 (a), var. carolinianum

Lateral leaves larger and more fleshy than dorsal

leaves 9 (b). var. grandifolium

9 (a), var. carolinianum.

Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid. : 21 (1970). Type:

North America, Carolina, Herb. Dillenius CX-

LII (OXF, holo.!).

Lycopodium ericetorum Schrad. in Gott. Gel. Anz. 1818:

920 (1818). Type: Cape Province, Hesse s.n. (LE, holo.!—

BOL, photo.!).

Terrestrial. Main stem creeping, up to 6

mm in diameter, somewhat dorsiventrally flat-

tened. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, often fur-

cate, up to 15 x 4 mm, lateral leaves spreading

horizontally, dorsal leaves smaller than lateral

leaves, appressed or curving erect. Strobili soli-

tary, up to 70 x 6 mm, borne at apex of un-

branched sparsely leafy peduncle up to 300 mm

long. Sporophylls broadly ovate-acuminate, up

to 5,5 x 2 mm. Fig. 2: 3.

South-western Cape Province to Transkei, Natal,

Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Zambia, as well as

north-east temperate America. In peaty marshy localities

and on rock faces that are wet for the greater part of the

year, 300-2 000 m altitude. Map 10.

Vouchers: Compton 22673 (NBG); Diimmer 1067

(BOL; NH; SAM); Medley Wood 11949 (BOL; PRE;

SAM); Tinley 310 (NPB; NU).

Lycopodiales

13

9(b). var. grandifolium Spring in Bull.

Acad. Belg. 24: 46 (1849-1850); Schelpe in

F.Z. Pterid.: 21 (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 22

(1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

139, t. 81 (1983). Type: Transvaal, Magalies-

berg, Burke 53 1 (K,lecto.!).

Lycopodium carolinianum sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn

2: 329, t. 181(1915).

Terrestrial. Stem creeping, dorsiventrally

flattened, up to 6 mm in diameter. Lateral

leaves oblong falcate, up to 10 x 4 mm; dorsal

leaves reduced to scales, c. 2 x 1 mm. Fig. 2:

4.

From Natal to Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Angola.

Marshy ground from 1 200 to 1 800 m altitude. Map 1 1 .

Vouchers: Compton 30675 (NBG); Davidson 175

(BOL; J); Hilliard & Burn 10262 (E; NU); Rudatis 1363

(STE).

16

Selaginellales

M6.

Selaginellales

17

symmetrical, green at first, ovate-cordate, acu-

minate, entire, patent, c. 2 x 1 mm, later re-

flexed and yellow. Sporophylls in 4 ranks,

broadly ovate, apex tapering acuminate. Mega-

spores subrugulose, c. 420-510 pm. Micro-

spores verrucate-scabrate, c. 60-70 pm. Fig.

5: 1.

Endemic to Cape Province; in sclerophyll scrub on

clay. Map 12.

Vouchers: Hugo 2692 (STE); Parker 4273 (BOL;

NBG); Schlechter 1724 (BM; K; PRE); 9537 (BM; BOL; K;

PRE).

2. Selaginella dregei (Presl) Hieron. in

Hedwigia 39: 315, t. 36 (1900); Jermy in F.Z.

Pterid.: 23, t. 4 (1970); Schelpe in C.F.A. Pte-

rid: 25 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 143, t. 84 (1983). Type: Transkei, Umsi-

kaba River, Drege b (PR, holo.; BM!).

Lycopodium dregei Presl in Abh. K. Bohm, Ges, Wiss.,

Ser, 5, 3: 583 (1845), reimpr. in Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 153

(1846). Selaginella rupestris forma dregei (Presl) Milde,

Fil. Europ. Atlant. 262 (1867). Selaginella rupestris var.

recurva forma dregei (Presl) A. Br. ex Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 214

(1868), as drege ana.

Selaginella dregei var. bachmanniana Hieron. in Hedwi-

gia 39: 317 (1900). Type Transkei, Pondoland, Bachmann

9 (B, holo.!).

Selaginella dregei var. pretoriensis Hieron. in Hedwigia

39: 317 (1900). Type: Transvaal, near Pretoria, Rehmann

4333 (B, lecto. !).

Selaginella dregei var. rehmanniana Hieron. in Hed-

wigia 39: 317 (1900). Type: Transvaal, Houtbosch, Reh-

mann 5576 (B, lecto.!; BOL!; K!).

Plant creeping, often forming loose mats.

Stems prostrate, primary branches often irregu-

larly ascendent, 1- to 3-furcate; leafy stem ra-

dially symmetrical or occasionally slightly dor-

siventral in position of leaves. Leaves herba-

ceous, often brown and papyraceous below,

narrowly deltate to linear or subulate, 1 ,5-2,25

x 0,25 mm, adnate basally, margins with pili-

form cilia, acuminate apically, tapering into a

usually curved opaque seta '/ to A as long as

blade. Strobili suberect, dorsiventral, 4-8 mm

long; sporophylls in 2 ranks on under side,

broader and more lanceolate than leaves, apex

not setose. Megaspores subgranulate, 350 —

440 pm, triradiate ridges indistinct. Micros-

pores scabrate, 40-50 pm. Fig. 6: 2.

Transkei, Natal, Orange Free State, Swaziland,

Transvaal, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Mo-

zambique, Malawi, Zaire, Kenya and Uganda. Growing in

the open and under scrub in rocky situations, especially

over igneous (acid) rocks, between 610 and 1 520 m alti-

tude, Map 13.

Vouchers: Burrows 1376 (BOL; NBG); Codd & Dyer

9232 (BOL; K; PRE); Pooley 1467 (NPB; NU); Schelpe

5937 (BM; BOL; K).

A variable species.

FIG. 5. — 1, Selaginella pygmaea, plant, x 0,6; la, enlargement of fertile apex of branch, X c. 9 (Esterhuysen 4134).

2, Selaginella imbricata, part of plant, x 0,6; 2a, enlargement of portion of branch, showing heteromorphic leaves, x c.

4,8; 2b, median leaf, X c. 4,8; 2c, lateral leaf, x c. 4,8 (Leistner, Oliver, Steenkamp <6 Vorster 136). 3, Selaginella

mittenii, part of plant, x 0,6; 3a, enlargement of portion of branch, showing heteromorphic leaves, x c. 7,2 (Buchanan

sub BOL 23609).

18

Selaginellales

MS.

FIG. 6. — 1, Selaginella kraussiana, part of plant, x 0,6; la, portion of branch, x 6 ( Schelpe 6218). 2, Selaginella

dregei, part of plant, x 0,6; 2a, portion of branch, x 6; 2b, leaf, x 12 (Schelpe 5081). 3, Selaginella caffrorum, part of

plant, X 0,6; 3a, portion of branch, x 6; 3b, leaf, X 12 (Braithwaite 182).

Selaginellales

19

3. Selaginella njam-njamensis Hieron. in

Hedwigia 39: 312 (1900); Jermy in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 23 (1970); Schelpe in C.F.A. Pterid.: 25

(1977). Type: Sudan, Njam-Njam, Schwein-

furth s.n. (B, holo.).

Plant creeping, with short prostrate branch

system, 1- or 2-furcate. Leafy stem dorsi ventral

in position and length of leaves. Median leaves

herbaceous, lanceolate to ligulate-deltate, c. 2

x 0,25 mm, base adnate, margins with short

dentiform cilia above, longer piliform cilia to-

wards base, apex acuminate tapering into stout

tawny or subopaque white seta 14 or less the

length of blade; lateral leaves up to 2,5 mm

long, similar but more linear-lanceolate and

slightly longer. Strobili 3-10 mm long, sporo-

phylls in 4 ranks, those on upper side of strobili

lanceolate, acuminate, margins with short cilia,

apex acuminate, those on lower side slightly

longer and broader. Megaspores granulate,

200-325 pm] tri-radiate ridges indistinct. Mi-

crospores narrowly winged, scabrate with firm

ridges, 35-40 pm.

Botswana, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia,

Sudan, Cameroun, Nigeria and Benin. A plant of rocky

places, 400-1 000 m. Map 17.

Voucher: Appleyard s.n. (SAM).

S. njam-njamensis, which occurs from Sudan and

Uganda south to Angola, Malawi, Botswana and Mozambi-

que, differs from S. dregei in having a much shorter opaque

seta, shorter cilia on the leaf margins and in having the

sporophylls arranged in four ranks.

4. Selaginella caffrorum (Milde) Hieron.

in Hedwigia 39: 313 (1900); Alston in J. Bot.,

Lond. 77: 223, t. 620 A-D (1939); Schelpe in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 24 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 144, t. 85 (1983). Type:

?Transkei, Herb. Bunge (?LE, holo.).

Selaginella rupestris forma caffrorum Milde, Fil. Europ.

Atlant. 262 (1867).

Selaginella capensis Hieron. in Hedwigia 39: 314

(1900). Syntypes: from South Africa (B).

Selaginella rupestris sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

332, t. 179 fig. 2(1915).

Plant creeping, often forming loose mats.

Stems prostrate, primary branches often irregu-

larly ascendent, 1- to 3-furcate; leafy stem ra-

dially symmetrical or occasionally slightly dor-

si ventral in position of leaves. Leaves dark

green and papyraceous below, narrowly deltate

to linear or subulate, c. 2,5-3 x 0,5 mm, ad-

nate basally, margins with piliform cilia, acu-

minate apically, tapering into a translucent, yel-

lowish seta less than / blade-length. Strobili c.

3 mm long; sporophylls in 4 ranks, broader than

leaves, ovate-deltate, c. 2 x 0,75 mm, apex not

setose. Megaspores reticulate with thin narrow

wings, triradiate ridge prominent, 410-460 pm.

Microspores echinate, 40-60 pm. Fig. 6: 3.

Southern and eastern Cape Province, Transkei, Natal,

Lesotho, Orange Free State, Transvaal and Angola. On

rock surfaces, in rock crevices and at the bases of boulders.

Map 14.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 9229 (BOL; PRE); Hepburn

177 (GRA); Hilliard & Bunt 13382 (BOL; E; NU); Rycroft

2739 (NBG: STE); Schelpe 4567 (B; BOL; GH; K; M; MO;

P; PRE; S; US).

5. Selaginella imbricata (Forssk.) Spring

ex Decne. in Arch. Mus. 2: 193, t. 7 (1841-2);

Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 336, t. 184 fig. 3

(1915); Jermy in F.Z. Pterid.: 25 (1970); W. B.

G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 144, t. 87 (1983).

Type: Arabia, Yemen, near Hadie and Nahfat,

Herb. Forsskal vii/20 (C, holo.!).

Lycopodium imbricatum Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab.

cxxv, 187 (1775).

Plant creeping, 1-3 stems arising from a

stout stolon, stems 50-300 mm long. Primary

branch system ovate to lanceolate in outline

when moist; secondary branches with 3-8 ulti-

mate branches 4-8 mm long (further forking

may occur). Leaves heteromorphic, adnate

basally: median leaves oblong-lanceolate, ta-

pering, c. 1,25 mm long, margins with broad

band of hyaline cells, dentate except apically;

lateral leaves contiguous or overlapping, ob-

long-elliptic, c. 1,5 x 0,5 mm, apex obtuse,

margins entire. Strobili borne at tips of ultimate

branches, 5-8 mm long; sporophylls undiffe-

rentiated, somewhat similar to median leaves.

20

Selaginellales

Megaspores ± smooth or punctulate with faint

triradiate ridge, of 2 sizes: 150 pm and 300

pm. Microspores minutely foveoreticulate,

70-80 pm. Fig. 5: 2.

Natal, South West Africa/Namibia, Zimbabwe,

Mozambique, Zambia, Madagascar, Kenya, Somalia,

Ethiopia, Sudan and Arabia. On basalt outcrops in the Natal

Drakensberg in moist crevices between 490 and 2 990 m.

Map 15.

Vouchers: Craven 925 (M; WIND); Esterhuysen

26097 (BM; BOL; K; NBG); 29601 (B; BM; BOL; C; K;

M; MO; P; PR; PRE; S); 30228 (B; BM; BOL; C; MO; P

PRE); 30234; 30244 (B; BM; BOL; C; GH; M; MO; P; PR

PRE; S).

6. Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Br.

ex Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 193 (1868); Sim, Ferns S.

Afr. edn 2: 335, t. 182 Fig. 1 (1915); Jermy in

F.Z. Pterid.: 26 (1970); Schelpe in C.F.A. Pte-

rid. : 30 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 146, t. 89 (1983). Type: Cape Province,

Tsitsikamma, Krauss s.n. (LZ, syn.t; K,

lecto.!).

Lycopodium kraussiana Kunze in Linnaea 18: 114

(1844).

Plant wide-creeping. Stems up to 0,5 m

long, with swollen ‘joints’ occasionally below

furcation of branch. Primary branch systems

ovate to broadly elliptic in mature specimens,

but branches straggly, interwoven and outline

obscured; secondary branches elliptic-lanceo-

late; tertiary branches 1- to 3-furcate, 10-15

mm long. Leaves heteromorphic: median leaves

lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2,5 mm long,

apex acute, base cordate, unequal, margins

sparsely toothed; lateral leaves subsessile, lin-

ear-elliptic, 3-4 x 0,75-1,5 mm, subdimidiate

with a pale median line, apex acuminate, mar-

gins serrate; axillary leaves similar to lateral

leaves, but wider. Strobili infrequently formed

at apex of ultimate branches, 0,5-0, 8 mm long,

maturing simultaneously throughout secondary

branch; sporophylls undifferentiated, similar to

median leaves but narrower. Megaspores re-

ticulate with thin narrow wings, c. 750 pm.

Microspores echinate, 26 - 32 pm, bases of

spines joined to form ridges. Fig. 6: 1 .

South-western Cape Province to Transkei, Natal, Swa-

ziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi,

Angola, Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan,

Madeira, Fernando Po and the Azores. S. kraussiana has

been introduced to Hermanus in south-western Cape Pro-

vince. On forest floors in deep shade, 1 200-2 500 m. Map

Vouchers: Compton 24934, 25917 (NBG); Cooper

1406 (BM; K; NH; PRE); Moll 835 (NU); Schlechter 4425

(BM; BOL; GRA; K); Tyson 2136 (BOL; K; STE).

7. Selaginella mittenii Bak. in J. Bot.,

Lond. 21: 18 (1883); Jermy in F.Z. Pterid: 26

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

145, t. 88 (1983). Type: Tanzania, Usagura

Mountains, Hannington s.n. (K, holo.!-BOL,

photo.!).

Selaginella mackenii Bak. in J. Bot., Lond. 22: 89

(1884); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 338 (1915). Type: Natal,

Tugela River, Gerrard <4 McKen 237 (K, holo.!-BOL,

photo.!).

Selaginella cooperi Bak. in J. Bot., Lond. 22: 89 (1884);

Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 338 (1915). Type: Orange Free

State, Cooper 1056 (K, holo.!-BOL, photo.!).

Selaginella tectissima Bak. in J. Bot., Lond. 22: 89

(1884); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 337 (1915). Type:

Transvaal, Magaliesberg, Sanderson s.n. (K, holo.!-BOL,

photo. !).

Selaginellales

21

Selaginella depressa sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 334

t. 168C( 1915), non Spring (1843).

Plant creeping, often forming interwoven

mats. Stems 10—1 20 mm long, branches all ±

distant, those of secondary order 3- to 8-fur-

cate, divaricate; ultimate branches 0,3-0, 8 mm

long. Leaves heteromorphic: median leaves

ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 0,5-0,75

mm long, margins bordered with hyaline cells,

dentate; lateral leaves ovate-elliptic, 1,25-1,75

x 0,75-1 mm, apex acute, rounded, base un-

equal, uppermost lobe amplexicaul, margins

dentate, becoming ciliate basally with a narrow

hyaline border, the whole when dry characteris-

tically ensheathing stem. Strobili erect at apex

of ultimate branches, maturing simultaneously

throughout branch system, female basally , male

above; sporophylls undifferentiated, similar to

median leaves. Megaspores subrugulose, sca-

brate, 250-300 /xm; triradiate ridge shallow.

Microspores verrucate, 34-50 p.m. Fig. 5:3.

Eastern Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Lesotho,

Orange Free State, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mo-

zambique, Malawi, Angola, Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda and

Sudan. In grassland around bases of boulders, 540-1 600

m. Map 17.

MAP 17. — ▲ Selaginella mittenii

* Selaginella njam-njamensis

Vouchers: Burrows 1396 (BOL; NBG); Pegler 893

(BOL; PRE); Schlechter 3211 (BM; BOL; GRA; K); Thode

s.n. (STE 5376); Ward 2626 (NPB; NU).

Very close in leaf and spore characters to 5. cathedri-

folia Spring from West Africa but differs in habit, texture

and shape of lateral leaves.

ISOETALES

23

ISOETALES

ISOETACEAE

Aquatic plants or plants of seasonally flooded or boggy ground. Rhizomorph short, 2- or 3-

lobed. Leaves in a rosette, terete or subterete often becoming flattened below; leaf base spathulate,

imbricate with membranous margin and a delicate debate ligule on the adaxial surface at the point

where the leaf narrows (labium also sometimes present). Heterosporous; megaspores often of 2

sizes, trilete, with conspicuous triradiate and equatorial ridges; microspores monolete, frequently

with a conspicuous apical ridge, in septate sporangia sunken into separate leaf bases, with velum

(membranous tissue covering sporangia) entire, with a large or small aperture or absent. Mega-

gametophyte developing within the spore wall; sporophytic stage of life-cycle frequently achieved

without fertilization by male gamete (apogamy).

A family comprising only the widespread genus Isoetes (Tryon & Tryon, 1982).

ISOETES

Isoetes L., Sp. PI. 1 100 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 486 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 80(1908);

Alston in Mem Inst. fr. Afr. noire 50: 46 (1957); in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 12 (1959); Tardieu-

Blot in FI. Camer. 3: 18 (1964); Launert in F.S.W.A. 1:1 (1969); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 30

(1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 17 (1973); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 31 (1977). Type species: I. lacustris L.

Description as for family.

A genus with about 75 temperate and tropical species.

la Megaspores almost smooth 3. /. transvaalensis

lb Megaspores distinctly ornamented:

2a Megaspores reticulate or foveolate:

3a Perennially submerged aquatic plant; leaves flat apically, not twisted, longer than 220 mm (eastern Cape Pro-

vince); megaspores foveolate 5.1. wormaldii

3b Seasonally submerged aquatic plant; leaves filiform, usually weakly spirally twisted (south-western Cape Pro-

vince), less than 200 mm long; megaspores reticulate 6.1. stellenbossiensis

2b Megaspores tuberculate or verrucate:

4a Velum present:

5a Velum complete:

6a Distal face of megaspore with verrucae and anastomosing tubercles; spore wall between tubercles of a

fine fibrous matrix 1 . /. capensis

6b Distal face of megaspore with discrete tubercles often crowded but not coalescing; spore wall between

tubercles of open fibres of a spicular nature 2.1. perrieriana

5b Velum incomplete, distal face of megaspore with tubercles discrete or anastomosing 4.1. aequinoctialis

4b Velum absent:

7a Distal face of megaspores with well-spaced papillae arising from an even-textured spore wall; proxi-

mal face with a small central group of tubercles; sporophylls longer than 250 mm long

8. /. schweirifurthii

7b Distal face of megaspores verrucate or with often crowded papillae of unequal size arising from a

rugulose or uneven spore wall; proximal face with a central cluster of verrucae; sporophylls usually

less than 200 mm long 1.1. welwitschii

1. Isoetes capensis Duthie in Trans. R.

Soc. S. Afr. 17: 330, t. 11 fig. 3, t. 12 figs 1,2

(1929); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

156, t. 101 (1983). Type: Cape Province, Cape

Peninsula, temporary vleis, Duthie s.n. in Stell.

Distr. Herb. 2001 (STE, lecto.!; BM!; K!;

NBG!;NH;PRE!;PRU!).

Rhizomorph up to 1 1 mm in diameter; rhi-

zomorph-sc ales debate, more or less equal-

sided, homy, black-brown, sometimes ligulate

with abortive sporangia. Sporophylls 5-35 in

number, slender, up to 190 mm long, broaden-

ing below into sheathing base and tapering

gradually towards apex, membranous wing nar-

24

ISOETALES

FIG. 7. — 1, Isoetes schweinfurthii, whole plant, X 0,66; la, inner face of sporophyll showing megasporangium, X

48 (after F.Z. Pteridophyta, tab. 6, 1 & 2, with permission of the Managing Committee). 2, Isoetes capensis, whole plant,

x 1 ( 5c he l pe 4980).

ISOETALES

25

row; ligule cordate-deltate Sporangium with

complete velum. Megaspores white or grey,

darkening on moistening, sculpturing very va-

riable, usually rough with scattered or coales-

cing tubercles, in the latter case forming an in-

complete or complete reticulum, 390-615 pm.

Microspores brownish, 20-30 pm, spinose,

spines sparsely or densely crowded, 3 pm long.

Fig. 7: 2; 8:1.

Rhizomorph trilobed 1 (a), var. capensis

Rhizomorph bilobed 1 (b). var. stephansenii

1 (a), var. capensis.

Endemic to south-western Cape Province. Seasonally

submerged in vleis during winter. Map 18.

Vouchers: Boucher 2570, 2571 (STE); Levyns 4454

(BOL); Schelpe 4980 (B; BOL; GH; K; M; MO; P; PRE; S;

US); Strauss 27 (NBG).

1 (b). var. stephansenii (Duthie) Schelpe

& N. C. Anthony in Bothalia 15: 555 (1985).

Type: Cape Province, Stellenbosch Flats, Du-

thie s.n. in Stell. Distr. Herb. 2005 (STE,

lecto. !; BM!; BOL!; K!; NBG!; PRE!; PRU!).

Isoetes stephansenii Duthie in Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 17:

330(1929).

So far only found on the flats around Stellenbosch in

south-western Cape Province. Seasonally submerged in

vleis during winter. Map 18.

Voucher: Schelpe 4976 (BOL).

2. Isoetes perrieriana Iversen in Dansk

bot. Ark. 7: 200 (1932); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 156 (1983). Type: Madagascar,

near Antsirabe, P. de la Bathie 18486 (BM,

holo.!; P!).

Isoetes giessii Launert in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 2:

309 (1957). Type: South West Africa/Namibia, Gibeon

District, Haribes, Volk 12323 (M, holo.!; BM!; BOL!).

Rhizomorph bilobed, 7-10 mm in diame-

ter; rhizomorph-scales infrequent in specimens

seen, debate, more or less equal-sided, cuspi-

date, dull brown, homy with scarious margins.

Sporophylls 14-25 in number, c. 30-80 x

1-1,3 mm, with wide scarious margins on

lower quarter; ligule small, deltate, apex acute,

base cordate, c. 1,4 x 1,3 mm. Sporangium

with complete velum, elliptic or ovate, c. 3-4

x 1,5-2, 2 mm. Immature megaspores white,

maturing grey, with prominent tubercles, short

and verrucate, not at all reticulate, 380-460

pm. Microspores muricate-scabrid, c. 35 pm.

Fig. 8: 2.

South West Africa/Namibia and Madagascar. Season-

ally submerged in vleis during summer. Map 18.

MAP 18. — A Isoetes capensis var. capensis

t Isoetes capensis var. stephansenii

★ Isoetes perrieriana

Vouchers: Giess, Volk & Bleissner 5564 (BR; M; S;

WIND); Volk 12323 (BM; BOL; M); Wanntorp 915 (BM;

PRE; S; WIND).

3. Isoetes transvaalensis Jermy &

Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 10: 15041982).

Type: Transvaal, Blaauwberg summit, Van der

Schijjf 5463 (BM, holo.!; BOL!; PRU!).

Rhizomorph trilobed, less than 10 mm in

diameter; rhizomorph-scales broadly deltate,

becoming trilobed and cuspidate, black-brown,

nitid, with scarious margins. Sporophylls c.

30-160 x 1-2 mm (when dry), tapered grad-

ually to an acute apex, base broadly deltate with

scarious margins 1 mm broad extending up to

20 mm along lamina; ligule flabellate, broader

than long, labium shorter than ligule. Sporan-

gium with complete velum, oblong-ovate, up to

4 x 2,5 mm. Megaspores coal-black when

moist, greyish when dry, almost smooth on dis-

tal and proximal faces, 390-500 pm. Micro-

spores faintly granular, 28-32 pm. Fig. 8: 3.

Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free State and Transvaal. In

rock pools in sandstone; submerged during summer, dry

during winter. Map 19.

Vouchers: Hilliard 5531 (BM; BOL; E; NU); Jacot

Guillarmod 7176 (BM; BOL; RUH); Strey & Schlieben

11606 (PRE).

4. Isoetes aequinoctialis Welw. ex A. Br.

in Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 195 (1868); Jermy in F.Z.

Pterid.: 30 (1970); Schelpe & Jermy in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 31 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

26

ISOETALES

FIG. 8. — Megaspores of Isoetes species (all X 55): 1, I. capensis, proximal face; la, distal face. 2, 1. perrieriana,

proximal face; 2a, distal face. 3, 1. transvaalensis, proximal face; 3a, distal face. 4, I. aequinoctialis, proximal face; 4a,

distal. face. 5, I. wormaldii, proximal face; 5a, distal face. 6, I. stellenbossiensis, proximal face; 6a, distal face. 7, I.

wclwitschii, proximal face; 7a, distal face. 8, 1. schweinfurthii, proximal face; 8a, distal face [All courtesy of the British

Museum (Natural History)].

ISOETALES

27

Sthn Afr. 155, t. 99 (1983). Type: Angola, be-

tween Pungo Andongo and Sansamanda, near

R. Cuanza, Welwitsch 50 (B, holo.; BM; K!;

LISU!).

Calamaria aequinoctialis (Welw. ex A. Br.) Kuntze,

Rev. Gen. 2: 828 (1891-3).

Isoetes erongoensis Wanntorp in Svensk bot. Tidskr. 64:

150 (1970). Type: South West Africa/Namibia, Karibib

District, ‘ Ameib’ , c. 25 km north-east of Usakos, Wanntorp

992 (S, holo.!).

Rhizomorph trilobed, 4-10 mm in diame-

ter; rhizomorph- scales thin, papery, brownish,

often absent. Sporophylls 10-20, more or less

trigonous, pale green, stiff, 40-350 x 1-1,5

mm, apex abruptly pointed, with a broad mem-

branous margin (soon disappearing) c. 3 mm

wide basally (above sporangia); ligule often tri-

lobed, deltate, attenuate. Sporangium protrud-

ing either side of midrib on adaxial side of spo-

rophyll, c. 3-7 x 1,5-3 mm, velum covering

lower half of sporangium or reduced to a margi-

nal ring less than 1 mm wide. Megaspores grey-

ish when dry, proximal faces very finely granu-

lar or with a central cluster of minute verrucae,

distal face with more or less widely spaced pa-

pillae or granules, of two sizes, c. 350 /rm and

500 /xm. Microspores scabrate, 28-40 pm.

Fig. 8: 4.

Angola, South West Africa/Namibia, northern Cape

Province, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania, Ghana and Mali.

Seepage areas; wet in summer. Map 19.

MAP 19. — ▲ Isoetes transvaalensis

# Isoetes aequinoctialis

4 Isoetes wormaldii

★ Isoetes stellenbossiensis

☆ Isoetes welwitschii

■ Isoetes schweinfurthii

Vouchers: Giess 15243 (WIND); Pocock 20013

(BOL).

5. Isoetes wormaldii Sim in Trans. S. Afr.

phil. Soc. 16: 299, t. 5 (1906), Ferns S. Afr.

edn 2: 340, t. 185 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 152, t. 96 (1983). Type: Cape

Province, East London, Sim 1567 (NBG,

lecto. ! ; BM; BOL!; PRE!).

Rhizomorph trilobed, c. 20 mm in diame-

ter; rhizomorph- scales absent and sporophyll

bases not persistent. Sporophylls 5-70 in

number, ligulate-terete or somewhat flattened,

less than 500 mm long and 2-3 mm wide,

abruptly ending in a rounded point, winged nar-

rowly only at very base around the oblong spo-

rangium; ligule somewhat elongate. Sporang-

ium lacking velum, 2,5-10 X 2-5 mm. Mega-

spores white, tubercular, reticulate on all faces,

400-640 pm. Microspores minutely tubercu-

late, 24—35 x 20-24 pm. Fig. 8: 5.

Endemic to eastern Cape Province. Perennially sub-

merged in slow-flowing rivers. Map 19.

Vouchers: Jacot Guillarmod 4007B (PRE); Sim s.n.

(BOL; K; PRE).

6. Isoetes stellenbossiensis Duthie in

Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 17: 328, t. 2, 3, 7; t. 11

figs 1 , 2 (1929); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 156, t. 100 (1983). Type: Cape Province,

Stellenbosch Flats, Duthie s.n. in Stell. Distr.

Herb. 2004 (STE, lecto.!; BM!; BOL!; K!;

NBG!; PRE!; PRU!).

Rhizomorph trilobed, up to 15 mm in

diameter; rhizomorph- scales 4—5 mm wide,

dull black usually tricuspidate. Sporohylls 5-33

in number, 1 5—120 mm long, abruptly dilated

into a spoon-shaped or orbicular base 4—7 (-10)

mm wide, often homy and persistent, with a

broad scarious margin 1 mm wide which ex-

tends 10-15 mm up the leaf; apex blunt; ligule

small, delicate, elongate-deltate, sometimes

cordate basally. Sporangium lacking velum, va-

riable in shape and size, the older megasporang-

ium often circular, the younger oval or ellipti-

cal; microsporangium conspicuously punctate.

Megaspores globose, greenish grey at maturity,

darkening on moistening, distal face conspicu-

ously reticulate, reticulations often less regular

along equatorial ridge and proximal faces,

c. 500 pm. Microspores brown, spinulose,

32-36 x 16-24 pm. Fig. 8: 6.

Endemic to south-western Cape Province. In shallow

seasonal vleis, wet in winter. Map. 19.

28

ISOETALES

Vouchers: Boucher 2501 (STE); Hafstrom & Acocks

5452 (PRE); Levyns 3010 (BOL; K); Roux 182 (NBG).

7. Isoetes welwitschii A. Br. ex Kuhn, Fil.

Afr. 196 (1868); in Mber. Ges. naturf. Freunde

Berl. 1867: 7 (1867), nom. nud.; Schelpe &

Jermy in C.F.A. Pterid.: 32 (1977); W. B. G.

Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 154 (1983). Type:

Angola, Morro de Lopollo, Welwitsch 166 (B,

holo. !; BM1-BOL, photo. !; K!; USUI).

Calamaria welwitschii (A. Br. ex Kuhn) Kuntze, Rev.

Gen. 2:282(1891-3).

Isoetes natalensis Bak., Fern Allies 132 (1887); Sim,

Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 340, t. 184 fig. 2 (1915). Calamaria

natalensis (Bak.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 828 (1891-3).

Type: Natal, Estcourt, Griffins Hill, Rehmann 7296 (K,

holo.!: BM!; P!).

Rhizomorph trilobed, up to 6 mm in dia-

meter; rhizomorph- scales short (2-3 x 5-7

mm), deltate-cuspidate, black-brown, subnitid.

Sporophylls 7-20, very slender, up to 75 mm

long, broadened gradully into an ovate base 4

mm broad, apex tapered to a blunt tip; ligule

broadly deltate. Sporangium lacking velum,

suborbicular, up to 2,5 x 2 mm. Megaspores

with strong triradiate ridges, distal face with

clavate, truncate tubercles and similar papillae

between, proximal faces with few to many

short, discrete tubercles, 450-560 pm. Micro-

spores scabrid, c. 25 pm. Fig. 8:7.

Angola, Natal, Madagascar, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea,

Ubangui, Ghana, Nigeria and Sudan. Only known in our

area from the Estcourt District of Natal, probably in seepage

areas, wet in summer. Map 19.

Vouchers: The type of I. natalensis has been the only

specimen found in our area.

8. Isoetes schweinfurthii A. Br. in Bak.,

J. Bot., Lond. 18: 108 (1880); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 153 (1983). Type: Sudan,

Seriba Ghattas, Schweinfurth 1962 (B, lecto. ! ;

BM!; FI!; K!; P!).

Calamaria schweinfurthii (A. Br. in Bak.) Kuntze, Rev.

Gen. 2:828 (1891-3).

Isoetes rhodesiana Alston in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser.

2, 30: 17 (1956); Jermy in F.Z. Pterid.: 30 (1970). Type:

Zimbabwe, Nyamandhlovu District, Bongola, West 30263

(BM, holo.!; K; SRGH).

Isoetes alstonii Reed & Verde, in Kirkia 5: 19 (1965);

Launert in F.S.W.A. 1: 1 (1969); Jermy in F.Z. Pterid.: 30,

t. 6 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 154, t. 98 a

& b (1983). Type: Zimbabwe, Victoria Falls, Greenway &

Brenan 8012 (EA, holo.!; BM!; K!; PRE!).

Isoetes kersii Wanntorp in Svensk bot. Tidskr. 64: 146

(1970). Type: South West Africa/Namibia, Ondangua-Rua-

cana Falls, c. 8 km west of Eunda, Kers 1389 (S, holo.!).

Rhizomorph trilobed, less than 15 mm in

diameter; rhizomorph- scales homy, nitid,

blackish brown, deltate, often elongate-cuspi-

date. Sporophylls up to 40 in number, erect to

lax, up to 110-400 (-600) mm long, abruptly

narrowed from an orbicular base, up to 14 mm

broad, bases often persistent, homy; apex grad-

ually tapered to a fine point; ligule deltate. Spo-

rangium lacking velum, oblong-obovate, orbi-

cular, 7-12 x 6-8 mm. Megaspores with pro-

minent discrete rounded tubercles on distal

face, proximal faces almost smooth or with a

group of few or many tubercles, 375-560 pm.

Microspores alate. Fig. 7: 1; 8: 8.

Angola, South West Africa/Namibia, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Zambia, Tanzania, Sudan, Central

African Republic, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Morocco and Ma-

dagascar. Submerged in semi-permanent deep vleis. Map

19.

Vouchers: Giess 7615 (BOL; M; NBG; WIND); Van

derSchijff 2856 (PRE).

Equisetales

29

EQUISETALES

EQUISETACEAE

Terrestrial plants. Aerial stems erect, hollow, ribbed, arising from creeping subterranean

rhizomatous stems and producing whorls of branches at nodes. Leaves reduced to a many-toothed

short sheath at each node. Sporangiophores stalked, peltate, hexagonal, arranged in compact

strobili, terminal on stems or branches; sporangia numerous, borne on adaxial surface (lower

surface) of peltate heads of sporangiophores, homosporous. Gametophytes chlorophyllose, thal-

loid.

EQUISETUM

Equisetum L., Sp. PI. 1061 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 484 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 70

(1908); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 32 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3

Pterid.: 19 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 32 (1977). Lectotype species: E. arvense L.

Description as for family.

The only living genus of the family with about 25 species mostly occurring in the temperate regions of the world

(except for Australasia), only one of which occurs in tropical and Southern Africa.

Equisetum ramosissimum Desf., FI.

Atlant. 2: 398 (1799); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

343, t. 174 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 32,

t. 7 (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 32 (1977); W. B.

G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 158, t. 102

(1983). Type: Tunisia, Jebel Zaghouan, Des-

fontaines s.n. (P, holo.).

Hippochaete ramosissimum (Desf.) Boem., FI. Deutsche

Volk 282(1912).

Equisetum thunbergii Wikstr. in K. svenska VetenskA-

kad. Handl. 2: 4 (1821). Type: Cape Province, ?Uitenhage,

Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo.!).

Equisetum burchellii Vauch., Mon. Preles 47, t. 10

(1822), reimpr. in Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve 1:

375 (1822). Equisetum ramosissimum var. burchellii

(Vauch.) Milde, Mon. Equis. 443 (1865); Carr.. Cat. Afr.

PI. Welw. 2: 279 (1901). Type: Cape Province, Kuruman,

Burchell s.n. (K, ?iso. !)

Equisetum multiforme Vauch., Mon. Preles 51 (1822),

reimpr. in Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve 1: 379

(1822), nom. illeg.

Subterranean stems horizontal to erect,

black, up to 8 mm in diameter, bearing roots.

Aerial stems up to 2 m high with primary axis

erect, conspicuously longitudinally ribbed, up

to 5 mm in diameter with whorls of up to 14

scale leaves up to 11 mm long, fused for most

of their length, ending in free acuminate teeth

up to 2 mm long, often turning black with age,

apical portions frequently broken off. Branches

produced at nodes, up to 14 in each whorl, up to

130 x 1-1,5 mm. Strobili up to 23 x 8 mm,

with a blunt conical apex; sporangiophores

1-1 ,5 mm in diameter. Fig. 1 : 2.

Southern South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana,

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free

State, Swaziland. Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, An-

gola, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Soma-

lia, Sudan, Morocco, as well as Cape Verde Islands, Ca-

nary Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion. Open

woodland, rock crevices, on sandy soil along rivers and on

gravel in shallowly waterlogged places, 10fU2 000 m alti-

tude. Map 20.

Vouchers: Bourquin 454 (NH; NPB; NU); Dieterlen 6

(K; NH; PRE; SAM); Galpin 7362 (GRA; PRE); Schelpe

4105 (BM; BOL); Van Jaarsveld 5974 (BOL; NBG).

An extremely plastic and variable species with a wide

distribution range, resulting in the description of numerous

different species, varieties or forms. An extensive list of

synonyms was given by Hauke (1963).

Ophioglossales

31

OPHIOGLOSSALES

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

Terrestrial herbs with globose, subglobose or elongated rhizomes. Fronds few or solitary,

stipitate (the stipe bases sometimes persistent), with a simple sterile segment with anastomosing

veins, and a simple fertile spike inserted at the base of the sterile segment or on the stipe, with a

double row of immersed sporangia in a spike near the apex and sometimes a short or long sterile

apiculus extending beyond. Sporangia large and thick- walled, each produced from many subepi-

dermal cells, without an annulus, dehiscing by a slit into 2 valves. Gametophytes subterranean,

tuberous, non-chlorophyllose, mycorrhizal.

OPHIOGLOSSUM

Ophioglossum L., Sp. PI. 1062 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 484 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 68

(1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 2: 1 (1951); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 21 (1953); Pichi-

Sermolli in Webbia 9: 625 (1954); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 18 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in

FI. Gabon 8: 28 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 43 (1964); Launert in F.S.W.A. 2: 1 (1969); Schelpe in

F.Z. Pterid.: 34 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 21 (1973);

inC.F.A. Pterid.: 33 (1977). Lectotype species: O. vulgatum L.

Description as for family.

A cosmopolitan genus of about 50 poorly differentiated species. Two tropical species are epiphytic.

la Fertile spike inserted near the base of sterile stipe, sterile and fertile segments apparently free 1.0. bergianum

lb Fertile spike inserted some distance above base of sterile stipe:

2a Old stipe bases persistent:

3a Fertile spike inserted at base of sterile lamina, wholly above ground level:

4a Sterile lamina less than 30 mm long 2. O. gomezianum

4b Sterile lamina more than 30 mm long 3 .0. polyphyllum

3b Fertile spike inserted some distance below base of sterile lamina, arising below ground level 4 .0. nudicaule

2b Old stipe bases not persistent:

5a Base of sterile lamina cordate; venation clearly apparent 5. O. reticulatum

5b Base of sterile lamina cuneate; venation apparent to obscure:

6a Sterile lamina more than 12 mm broad 6 .0. vulgatum

6b Sterile lamina less than 12 mm broad l.O. lancifolium

1 . Ophioglossum bergianum Schlechtd. ,

Adumbr. 10 (1825); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

319, t. 167 fig. 1 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 161, t. 104 (1983). Type: Cape

Peninsula, Lions Head, Bergius s.n. (?HAL,

holo.).

Rhizoglossum bergianum (Schlechtd.) Presl, Suppl.

Tent. Pterid. 48 (1845).

Rhizome small, cylindrical, c. 1,5 mm in

diameter. Fronds 1-2; stipe subterranean,

short, usually less than 20 mm long; stipe bases

persistent; sterile lamina erect, linear to oblan-

ceolate, c. 23 x 1-70 x 6 mm, acute, not mu-

cronate, base narrowly attenuate; venation

usually apparent \ fertile spike inserted near base

32

Ophioglossales

Ophioglossales

33

of sterile stipe, c. 15-80 mm long, with 3-6

pairs of sporangia and a linear to subulate sterile

apiculus as long as or longer than fertile region.

Fig. 9:6 & 7.

Endemic to south-western Cape Province. On seaso-

nally wet sand, in rock basins and seasonal flushes, 20-650

m altitude. Map 21.

Vouchers: Bolus 7235 (BOL; PRE); Esterhuysen

27851 (BOL; KMG; PRU); Schlechter 10843 (BM; BOL;

PRE).

2. Ophioglossum gomezianum Welw. ex

A. Br. in Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 176 (1868); Schelpe in

F.Z. Pterid.: 35, t. 8A (1970); in C.F.A. Pte-

rid. : 34, t. 4A (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 160, t. 103 (1983). Type:

Angola, Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch 35 (BM,

lecto.!-BOL, photo.!; K!; LISU!).

Rhizome shortly cylindrical, c. 3 mm

long. Fronds 1-3; stipe subterranean for most

of its length, 7-25 mm long; stipe bases persis-

tent; sterile lamina lanceolate-elliptic to ellip-

tic-ovate, up to 17 x 11 mm or 26 x 8 mm,

acute with prominent mucro, base narrowly

cuneate; venation apparent or not; fertile spike

inserted at base of sterile lamina, c. 30-90 mm

long, with up to 16 pairs of sporangia, apiculus

acute, up to 1 mm long. Fig. 9: 8.

Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Angola, Malawi, Zambia,

Sudan, Cameroun, Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra

Leone and Guinea. Damp soil in grassland and on rock

outcrops, 470-2 400 m altitude. Map 22.

Vouchers: Roberts 102 (BOL); Werdermann &

Oberdieck 2008 (PRE).

3. Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Br. in

Seubert, FI. Azor. 17 (1844), emend. Pichi-

Sermolli in Webbia 9: 632, t. 2a (1954); Lau-

nert in F.S.W.A. 2: 1 (1969); Schelpe in F.Z.

Pterid.: 37 (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 36 (1977);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 163, t. 26,

107 (1983). Type: Saudi Arabia, desert near

Jeddah, Schimper 984 (BM, lecto. ! ; G; P).

Ophioglossum vulgatum var. polyphyllum Milde, Fil. Eu-

rop. Atlant. 188 (1867), pro parte.

Ophioglossum capense var. regulare Schlectd., Adumbr.

9, t. 1 fig. 2 (1825), non O. capense Swartz (1803).

Ophioglossum regulare (Schlechtd.) C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 472

(1906). Syntypes: Cape of Good Hope, Mundt & Maire

s.n., Bergius s.n.

Ophioglossum capense sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

321, t. 166 fig. 2(1915).

Rhizome cylindrical, tapering from c. 3

mm in diameter, up to 40 mm long. Fronds

1-3; stipe subterranean for c. 'A its length, up to

160 mm long, often with a reddish tinge; stipe

bases persistent; sterile lamina elliptic to ob-

long-lanceolate, up to 1 10 x 40 mm, acute to

obtuse, mucronate, base broadly cuneate; vena-

tion apparent to a greater or lesser extent; fertile

spike inserted at base of sterile lamina, up to

120 mm long, with up to 46 pairs of sporangia,

apiculus 1-2 mm long, acuminate. Fig. 9: 2 &

10.

MAP 23. — Ophioglossum polyphyllum

FIG. 9 — Whole plants of Ophioglossum species, all x 0,6: 1, O. reticulatum (Chase 6273). 2, O. polyphyllum

(Schweickerdt 2117). 3, O. vulgatum (Chase 3757). 4, O. vulgatum (Esterhuysen 25846). 5, O. nudicaule (Guillarmod

5414). 6 & 7, O. bergianum (Esterhuysen 29607). 8, O. gomezianum (Roberts 102). 9, O. reticulatum (rootstock,

Dinter 5492; aerial parts, Pegler 825). 10, O. polyphyllum (Schelpe 4385).

34

Ophioglossales

Widespread throughout Southern Africa; also in east

tropical Africa, Arabia, Afghanistan and India. Seasonally

damp flushes on rock outcrops and in seasonally moist

soils, often in semi-arid to arid habitats, 10-1 830 m alti-

tude. Map 23.

Vouchers: Codd <6 De Winter 5075 (PRE); Compton

3511 (NBG); Dinter 6650 (BM; BOL; K; PRE; SAM);

Giess 8383 (PRE; WIND); Strey 2091 (BOL; PRE).

4. Ophioglossum nudicaule L.f., Suppl.

443 (1781); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 320, t.

168B (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 162, t. 105 (1983). Type: Cape of Good

Hope, Thunberg. s.n. (LINN 1243/2, holo.!;

UPS!).

Ophioglossum capense var. nudicaule (L. f.) Schlechtd.,

Adumbr. 9 (1825).

Ophioglossum capense Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1801, 2:

308 (1803). Type as for O. nudicaule.

Rhizome cylindrical, 2 mm in diameter.

Fronds (1-) 2-3; stipe subterranean, 2-20 mm

long; stipe bases persistent; sterile lamina held

horizontally, somewhat coriaceous, ovate to

broadly ovate, up to 80 x 4 mm, mucronate,

base cuneate; venation usually obscure; fertile

spike inserted some distance below base of ster-

ile lamina, arising below ground level, c. 7-30

mm long with 2-9 pairs of sporangia, apiculus

subulate, attenuate, 1-2 mm long. Fig. 9: 5.

Endemic to Cape Province. In seasonally moist rocky

or flat areas, in the open or in scrub, 160-400 m altitude.

Map 24.

Vouchers: Pocock 30137 (BOL; KMG; NU; PRU;

SRGH); Rourke 772 (NBG); Schlechter 10842 (BM; BOL;

K; PRE).

5. Ophioglossum reticulatum L., Sp. PI.

2: 1063 (1753); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 322,

t. 167 fig. 2 (1915); Launert in F.S.W.A. 2: 2

(1969); Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid . : 37 (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 37 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 165, t. 109 (1983). Iconotype:

Plumier, Tractatus de Filicibus Americanus

141, t. 164 (1705)!, from San Domingo.

Rhizome cylindrical, c. 3,5 mm in dia-

meter and 7 mm long. Fronds usually 1, less

often 2 or 3; stipe subterranean for usually less

than A its length, c. 90 mm long (up to 300

mm); stipe bases not persistent; sterile lamina

cordate or sometimes almost reniform to

broadly ovate, c. 60 x 55 mm, apex obtuse,

with or without a small mucro, base cordate to

broadly cuneate; venation clearly apparent; fer-

tile spike inserted at base of sterile lamina, or up

to 10 mm below apparent base, up to 180 mm

long with up to 45 pairs or sporangia, apiculus

narrowly to broadly acute, c. 3 mm long. Fig.

9:1.

Eastern Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Transvaal;

widespread in tropical Africa. Seasonally wet soils,

500-1 600 m altitude. Map 25.

Vouchers: Giess 14934 (PRE; WIND); Rudatis 1216

(BM; STE); Scheepers 1124 (PRE; PRU); Strey 9242

(BOL; PRE).

6. Ophioglossum vulgatumL., Sp. PI. 2:

1062 (1753); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 37

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

164, t. 6, 108 (1983). Type: Europe (LINN

1243/1, holo.!).

Ophioglossales

35

Rhizome cylindrical, 2>-A mm in diameter.

Fronds usually 1, rarely 3; stipe subterranean

for less than 'A its length, 40-180 mm long;

stipe bases not persistent; sterile lamina ovate-

oblong, acute, c. 70 x 30 mm, mucronate, base

cuneate; venation obscure or apparent; fertile

spike inserted at base of sterile lamina or just

below apparent base, up to 180 mm long, with

up to 36 pairs of sporangia, apiculus subulate,

attenuate, c. 1-2 mm long. Fig. 9: 3 & 4.

Eastern Cape Province, Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free

State, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, Kenya,

Tanzania and Liberia; also Europe, Madeira, North

America and western Asia (Christensen, 1906). Moist

grassland, particularly after fire, 500-2 100 m altitute. Map

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 8979 (BOL; PRE); Moss

17818 (J); Roux 377 (NBG).

7. Ophioglossum lancifolium Presl,

Suppl. Tent. Pterid. 50(1845), reimpr. in Abh.

K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5* 4; 310 (1847);

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.; 35, t. 8C (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 36 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 163, t. 106 (1983). Type: Mau-

ritius, Thouars s.n. (?PR, holo.).

Rhizome cylindrical, 1-4 mm in diameter.

Fronds usually 1, rarely 3; stipe subterranean

for 'A to Z its length, 10-100 mm long; stipe

bases not persistent; sterile lamina 20-60 x

2-10 mm, narrowly elliptic to almost linear,

sharply acute, sometimes shortly mucronate,

base attenuate to narrowly cuneate; venation

obscure or apparent; fertile spike inserted at

base of lamina, up to 140 mm long, with up to

30 pairs of sporangia, apiculus short or long.

South West Africa/Namibia, south-western Cape Pro-

vince, Natal and Transvaal; widespread in tropical Africa.

Seasonally moist soil, 500-2 000 m altitude. Map 27.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 7334 (BOL); 13915 (BOL; CT;

NBG; PRE); Huntley 2013 (PRE).

Marattiales

37

MARATTIALES

MARATTIACEAE

Large to very large terrestrial plants with often very large fronds and stipular outgrowths at

base of stipe. Rhizome erect, massive, short, covered with fleshy persistent stipular outgrowths and

fleshy mycorrhizal roots. Lamina very large, 2-pinnate; venation free. Sporangia clustered in short

double rows near vein endings and fused into synangia which dehisce over vein.

MARATTIA

Marattia Swartz in Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 128 (1788); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 68 (1908);

Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 1: 2 (1951); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 25 (1953); Alston in

F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 19 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 32 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 50

(1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 38 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3

Pterid.: 24 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 38 (1977). Type species: M. alata Swartz.

Description as for family.

A genus of over 50 species distributed through the tropics and southwards to Southern Africa and New Zealand.

Marattia fraxinea J.E. Sm. exJ.F. Gmel.

in L., Syst. Nat. edn 13, 2, 2: 1294 (1791);

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 40, t. 9 (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 38 (1977). Type: ?Mauritius,

Thouin s.n., Herb. Smith 1644/2 (LINN,

holo.!).

Var. salicifolia (Schrad.) C. Chr. in Per-

rier, Acad. Malgache. Cat. PI. Madag. Pterid.:

67 (1932); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 40 (1970);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 167, t. Ill

(1983). Type: Eastern Cape Province, Hesse

s.n. (LE, holo.!-BOL, photo.!).

Marattia salicifolia Schrad. inGott. Gel. Anz. 1818: 920

(1818); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 1: 6, t. 1 figs 9, 10

(1951).

Marattia natalensis Presl, Suppl. Tent. Pterid. 9 (1845),

reimpr. in Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 4: 269

(1847). Type: Natal, near Pietermaritzburg, Krauss s.n.

(?PR, holo. ; L-BOL, photo. !).

Marattia dregeana Presl, l.c. , reimpr. l.c. Type: Cape

Province, between the Umsikaba and Umzimvubu Rivers,

Drege s.n. (?PR, holo.; L-BOL, photo. !).

Marattia fraxinea sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 317, t.

173(1915).

Rhizome up to 0,4 x 0,3 m. Fronds arch-

ing, camose-coriaceous; stipe green to purplish,

up to 1,5 m long, sparsely and minutely tuber-

culate towards the base which is thinly clothed

in narrow ferrugineous scales, with a pair of

basal camose stipules; lamina ovate, 2 x 1 m,

with a camose swelling basally and alate pinna

rhachis; pinnules dark green, linear to narrowly

linear-attenuate, up to 160 x 18 mm, base

cuneate, margin crenate to variously dentate,

glabrous except for sparse minute scales along

costule. Synangia submarginal, up to 1,5 mm

long. Fig. 10.

Southern Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Swaziland,

Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia and

East Africa. Deeply shaded and continually moist stream-

banks in forest, 750^2 000 m. Map 28.

Vouchers: Enslin & Schweickerdt s.n. (NU; PRU;

STE); Hutton 140 (BM; GRA; PRE); Schelpe 5972 (BM;

BOL); Van Jaarsveld 6060 (BOL; NBG).

The shape of the pinnules, and especially their apices,

varies considerably among the populations ascribed to this

species in continental Africa and the African Islands;

Southern African populations show consistently attenuated

and narrower pinnules which are usually more closely ser-

rate than in the typical form.

MAP 28. — Marattia fraxinea var. salicifolia

38

Marattiales

FIG. 10. — 1 , Marattia fraxinea var. salicifolia, part of frond, X 0,6; la, detail of portion of lower surface of pinna,

X 7,2 (from live material).

Filicales

39

FILICALES

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA

la Plants aquatic, floating or rooted:

2a Plants aquatic, floating:

3a Leaves in whorls of three, one submerged, dissected and root-like, the other two floating Salvinia (p. 67)

3b Leaves not in whorls, 2-lobed; true roots present Azolla (p. 67)

2b Plants aquatic, rooted:

4a Each frond consisting of 4 leaflets borne at apex of an obvious petiole; sporangia enclosed in hard bean-like

sporocarps Marsilea (p. 57)

4b Fronds pinnately divided; sporangia borne on pinnately divided fronds, fertile and sterile fronds dimorphic to

a greater or lesser extent:

5a Fronds succulent; fertile fronds more divided than sterile fronds, sporangia borne sparsely along veins;

indusium present Ceratopteris (p. 95)

5b Fronds firmly membranous; both fertile and sterile fronds simply pinnate, sori covering under surface of

fertile pinnae, exindusiate Bolbitis (p. 239)

lb Plants terrestrial, epiphytic or lithophytic:

6a Fronds (both sterile and fertile) simple or pinnatifid:

7a Sterile fronds simple, fertile fronds pinnatifid, sporangia borne on small fertile pinnae in a comb-like arrange-

ment at apex of a very narrowly linear simple frond Schizaea (p. 49)

7b Both sterile and fertile fronds similar:

8a Fronds simple, margin entire or subentire:

9a Sori acrostichoid or linear in grooves:

10a Sori acrostichoid; fronds narrowly elliptic to spathulate, erect to arching Elaphoglossum (p. 230)

10b Sori borne in two narrow grooves; fronds very narrowly linear, pendent Vittaria (p. 89)

9b Sori discrete, round or linear, not in grooves:

1 la Under surface of fronds densely clothed with matted stellate hairs Pyrrosia (p. 152)

1 lb Fronds glabrous or with scattered hairs or scales:

12a Sori linear and set at an angle to midrib Loxogramme (p. 156)

12b Sori round or oval:

13a Sori indusiate; lamina thickly membranous with free venation Oleandra (p. 170)

13b Sori exindusiate; lamina thinly to thickly camose-coriaceous, venation obscure or

anastomosing:

14a Sori with conspicuous peltate paraphyses Pleopeltis (p. 159)

14b Sori without peltate paraphyses:

15a Rhizome creeping, fronds spaced 10 mm or more apart; venation anastomosing:

16a Epiphytic, rhizome scandent; rhizome-scales pale brown; only costal areoles with

included veinlets Microgramma (p. 162)

16b Lithophytic or terrestrial, rhizome not scandent; rhizome-scales dark brown; all areoles

with included veinlets Microsorium p.p. (p. 162)

15b Rhizome short, erect, fronds tufted; venation free Grammitis (p. 151)

8b Fronds shallowly to deeply pinnatifid:

17a Lamina irregularly pinnatifid, more deeply lobed towards base xPleopodium (p. 159)

17b Lamina regularly and evenly pinnatifid:

18a Fronds up to 15 mm broad, lobes subdeltate Xiphopteris (p- 152)

18b Fronds broader than 20 mm, lobes elongate, parallel-sided:

19a Sori partially sunk into lamina, with non-peltate paraphyses Microsorium p.p. (p. 162)

19b Sori superficial, without paraphyses Polypodium (p. 156)

6b Fronds pinnate or more divided:

20a Fertile and sterile segments obviously dimorphous:

21a Fertile and sterile segments borne on separate fronds:

40

Filicales

22a Indusium present; fertile frond pinnate; rhizome terrestrial Blechnum p.p. (p. 267)

22b Indusium absent; fertile frond usually 2-pinnate; rhizome creeping to scandent Stenochlaena (p. 277)

21b Sporangia borne on modified segments of a single frond:

23a Frond scandent, rhachis of indefinite growth; pinnae borne in single pairs with an aborted bud between

them Lygodium (p. 55)

23b Frond not climbing, rhachis of indefinite growth; pinnae pinnately arranged:

24a Sporangia borne on small fertile pinnae at apex of frond Osmunda (p. 43)

24b Sporangia borne on branched basal pinnae Anemia (p. 52)

20b Fertile and sterile segments similar:

25a Sori marginal or submarginal:

26a Indusium opening outwards:

27a Fronds simply pinnate; indusium linear Lindsaea (p. 151)

27b Fronds 2-5-pinnatifid; sori discrete:

28a Fronds semitransparent, one cell thick, small; sori subtended by two indusial lobes:

29a Indusial lobes mostly free; rhizome subglabrous Hymenophyllum (p. 76)

29b Indusium tubular to obconic; rhizome usually clothed in black or brown hairs... Trichomanes (p. 71)

28b Fronds opaque, more than one cell thick; sori subtended by teeth, indusium single Davallia (p. 171)

26b Indusium opening inwards towards costa:

30a Sori linear with obvious linear indusium:

31a Fronds deeply flabellately divided Actiniopteris (p. 148)

31b Fronds pinnately divided:

32a Ultimate segments articulated Pellaeap.p. (p. 140)

32b Ultimate segments not articulated:

33a Venation obviously apparent and anastomosing freely to form areoles Histiopteris (p. 82)

33b Venation obscure or free or forming areoles only along costa:

34a Lamina thickly coriaceous; rhizome set with hairs Pteridium (p. 83)

34b Lamina herbaceous to thinly coriaceous; rhizome set with scales:

35a Ultimate fertile segments with a distinct sterile apex Pteris (p. 105)

35b Ultimate fertile segments without a distinct sterile apex Cheilanthes p.p. (p. Ill)

30b Sori discrete:

36a Ultimate segments petiolate:

37a Stipe terete; ultimate segments not ovate, but flabellate, dimidiate, cuneate Adiantum (p. 99)

37b Stipe sulcate; ultimate segments ovate, pinnately veined Pellaea ( pteroides ) (p. 141)

36b Ultimate segments not petiolate:

38a Rhizome set with hairs; lamina pubescent or pilose:

39a Venation anastomosing Blotiella (p. 81)

39b Venation free Hypolepis (p. 87)

38b Rhizome set with scales; lamina glabrous or set with scales or tomentose, rarely pilose:

40a Sporangia conspicuous, annulus apical Mohria (p. 53)

40b Sporangia inconspicuous, annulus vertical Cheilanthes p.p. (p. Ill)

25b Sori superficial on under surface of lamina:

41a Sori acrostichoid orexindusiate:

42a Fronds falsely dichotomously branched due to abortion of apical buds:

43a Stipule-like lobes present at junction of frond branches Dicranopteris (p. 48)

43b Stipule-like lobes not present at junction of frond branches Gleichenia (p. 47)

42b Fronds not dichotomously branched:

44a Sori acrostichoid:

45a Fronds coriaceous, fertile pinnae borne towards apex of frond Acrostichum (p. 91)

45b Fronds firmly membranous, fertile pinnae borne on separate weakly dimorphic fronds

Bolbitis (p. 239)

44b Sori not acrostichoid:

46a Under surface of frond densely paleaceous Ceterach (p. 206)

46b Under surface of frond glabrous, pilose or sparsely paleaceous:

47a Fronds proliferous:

Filicales

41

48a Sori with capitate paraphyses; lamina glabrous on both surfaces Ampelopteris (p. 220)

48b Sori without paraphyses; lamina with scattered hairs on costa, costules and veins dorsally

Thelypteris (madagascariensis) (p. 209)

47b Fronds not proliferous:

49a Under surface of fronds with white, yellow or orange powder Pityrogramma (p. 97)

49b Under surface of fronds without powder:

50a Fronds glabrous:

51a Pinnae lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into cultrate, serrate lobes with broadened adnate

bases; sporangia usually borne on basal third of pinnae Todea (p. 45)

51b Pinnae ovate deltate, pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid into cuneate, emarginate or shallowly

lobed segments; sporangia borne on all parts of ultimate segments . . . . Anogramma (p. 93)

50b Fronds pubescent Thelypteris (pozoi) (p. 213)

41b Sori indusiate:

52a Sori subcircular:

53a Lamina pinnate to 2-pinnate:

54a Lamina simply pinnate:

55a Indusium reniform; venation free Nephrolepis (p. 167)

55b Indusium peltate; venation anastomosing Cyrtomium (p. 251)

54b Lamina 2-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate:

56a Lamina 2-pinnate; indusium peltate Didymochlaena (p. 243)

56b Lamina 2-pinnatifid; indusium reniform or cupuliform:

57a Sori set on acroscopic margin of each lobe only Arthropteris (p. 170)

57b Sori borne on both acroscopic and basiscopic sides of each lobe:

58a Indusium basal, opening apically, lacerate Woodsia (p. 240)

58b Indusium reniform, entire or subentire Thelypteris p.p. (p. 207)

53b Lamina 3-4-pinnatifid:

59a Lamina and rhachises glabrous or set with scales or both hairs and scales:

60a Fronds developed basiscopically:

61a Pinna costa or secondary rhachises with raised edges on upper surface:

62a Basal pinnae not as long as lamina; pinnule margins crenate to serrate Dryopteris (p. 245)

62b Basal pinnae almost as long as lamina itself; pinnule margins aristate-dentate

Arachniodes (p. 259)

61b Pinna costa or secondary rhachises without raised edges on upper surface:

63a Indusium peltate; lamina glabrous Rumohra (p. 261)

63b Indusium reniform; lamina pilose Ctenitis (p. 264)

60b Fronds not developed basiscopically:

64a Fronds glabrous Cystopteris (p. 229)

64b Fronds paleaceous:

65a Indusium peltate; ultimate segments asymmetrical; margin sharply serrate; herbaceous

ferns Polystichum (p. 251)

65b Indusium cupuliform or asymmetric; ultimate segments symmetrical, somewhat falcate;

margin subentire to dentate; arborescent ferns Cyathea (p. 69)

59b Lamina and rhachises set with hairs only:

66a Hairs unicellular Hypodematium (p. 263)

66b Hairs multicellular:

67a Fronds proliferous Tectaria (p. 265)

67b Fronds not proliferous:

68a Rhizome set with hairs; rhachis and stipe of dried fronds bright yellow Microlepia (p. 85)

68b Rhizome set with scales; rhachis and stipe of dried fronds light brown:

69a Multicellular hairs colourless, straight Macrothelypteris (p. 219)

69b Multicellular hairs brown, crumpled Dryoathyrium (p. 227)

52b Sori linear:

70a Rhizome and stipe scales clathrate Asplenium (p. 173)

70b Rhizome and stipe scales not clathrate:

42

Filicales

-H E -RT? AT MARCH

Filicales

43

71a Fronds simply pinnate Blechnum p.p. (p. 267)

71b Fronds 2-pinnatifid or more deeply divided:

72a Sori elongate or J-shaped, never back to back Athyriumtp. 221)

72b Sori elongate, at least some back to back:

73a Rhizome creeping; fronds 2-pinnatifid Lunathyrium (p. 225)

73b Rhizome erect; fronds 3-pinnatifid Diplazium (p. 227)

OSMUNDACEAE

Terrestrial plants with erect or procumbent creeping rhizomes enclosed in a mass of persistent

stipe bases which are winged at the base. Fronds deeply 2-pinnatifid to 3-pinnatifid, often clothed

in woolly simple hairs during development, glabrous at maturity. Sporangia large, eusporangiate

in development, maturing simultaneously, with a rudimentary annulus of a group of cells near the

equator and borne either on both surfaces of narrow fertile pinnules or on the under surface of

undifferentiated pinnae. Gametophytes cordate or elongate, thick, dark-green and with a discema-

ble midrib on the under surface.

A tropical and temperate family with 3 genera, 2 occurring in Southern Africa.

Fertile pinnules much narrower than sterile pinnules 1 . Osmunda

Fertile pinnules not differentiated from sterile pinnules 2. Todea

1. OSMUNDA

Osmunda L., Sp. PI. 1063 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 484 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 64

(1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 9: 1 (1952); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 30 (1953): Pichi-

Sermolli in Webbia 9: 644 (1954); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 20 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in

FI. Camer. 3: 58 (1964); Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid.: 44 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L.

Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.; 28 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 43 (1977). Lectotype species: O.

regalis L.

Rhizome erect, without scales, covered by a mass of persistent winged leaf bases and em-

bedded in a mass of black roots. Lamina 2-pinnate; veins free. Sporangia borne in dense clusters

on both surfaces of narrow fertile pinnules with a much reduced laminar surface.

A genus of about 13 species distributed through the more temperate parts of the world. One species is represented in

our area.

Osmunda regalis L., Sp. PI. 2: 1065

(1753); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 310, t. 170

(1915); Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid.: 44, t. 10

(1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 43 (1977); W. B. G.

Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 169, t. 112 (1983).

Type: Sweden, Smaland, Rolander s.n. (LINN

1244/8, lecto. !).

Struthiopteris regalis (L.) Bemh. in J. Bot., Gott. 1800,

2: 126 (1801). Aphyllocarpa regalis (L.) Cav., in Ann.

Cienc. 5: 166 (1802).

Osmunda capensis Presl, Suppl. Tent. Pterid. 63 (1845),

reimpr. in Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 4: 323

(1847), non L. (1771). Osmunda regalis var. capensis

(Presl) Milde, Fil. Europ. Atlant. 179 (1867). Type: Cape

of Good Hope, Drege s.n. (?PR, holo.).

Osmunda schelpei Bobrov in Novosti Syst. Vyssh. Rast.

1968: 6 (1968). Type: Natal, Ngome, Gerstner 2339

(PRE).

MAP 29. — Osmunda regalis

FIG. 11. — 1 , Osmunda regalis, part of frond, x 0,6; la, detail of fertile segments, X 7,2 (Schelpe 5673).

44

Filicales

Filicales

45

Osmunda transvaalensis Bobrov in Novosti Syst. Vyssh.

Rast. 1968: 7 (1968). Type: Transvaal, Entabeni Forest

Reserve, Codd 3039 (PRE).

Rhizome erect to suberect. Fronds tufted

erect, with a rufous tomentum when young,

becoming glabrous at maturity; lamina oblong

to narrowly oblong, up to 1 m long, with subop-

posite pinnae, fertile pinnae borne in apical por-

tion; sterile pinnules herbaceous to thinly coria-

ceous, very narrowly to narrowly oblong, up to

60 x 15 mm, unequally truncate basally, ob-

tuse to broadly acute, minutely crenulate, petio-

late except for adnate pinnules towards apices

of pinnae; fertile pinnules linear, up to c. 25 x

2 mm, petiolate or adnate, bearing groups of

sporangia at intervals. Fig. 11.

South-western Cape Province to Transkei, Lesotho,

Natal, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique,

Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Zaire, Tanzania, Kenya,

Uganda, Sudan, Cameroun, Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone,

Fernando Po, Madagascar and Mauritius, as well as the

more temperate parts of Europa, Asia and America. Open

streambanks. 700-2 000 m. Map 29.

Vouchers: Dieterlen 586 (K; PRE; SAM; STE); Enslin

& Schweickerdt s.n. (NU; PRU 6256; STE 26350); Ester-

huysen 13440 (BOL; NBG); Noel 1546 (BOL; GRA);

Pegler 1075 (BOL; PRE).

2. TODEA

Todea Willd. ex Bernh. in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 126 (1801); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 64 (1908);

Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid. : 46 (1970). Type species: T. africana Willd. ex Bernh., nom. illeg. (=

Acrostichum barbarum L.; T. barbara (L.) T. Moore).

Rhizome erect to procumbent, massive and covered by persistent winged stipe bases and thick

brown roots. Lamina deeply 2-pinnatifid; veins free. Sporangia borne on under surface of the distal

parts of the lower pinnae of undifferentiated fronds.

A monotypic genus extending from South Africa to Australia and New Zealand.

Todea barbara (L.) T. Moore, Ind. Fil.

119 (1857); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 309, t.

169 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 46, t. 11

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

170, t. 113 (1983). Type: South-western Cape

Province, Adair s.n., Herb. Sloane (BM,

holo.!).

Acrostichum barbarum L., Sp. PI. 2: 1072 (1753). Os-

munda barbara (L.)Thunb., Prodr. 171 (1800).

Osmunda totta Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 105

(1801), nom. illeg.

Todea africana Willd. in Nov. Act. Acad. Erfurt. 2: 14,

t. 3 fig. 1 (1802), nom. illeg.

Rhizome up to 0,12 m in diameter, bearing

tufted fronds at apex. Fronds erect, set with a

loose rufous tomentum during development but

glabrous at maturity; stipe pale brown, smooth,

up to 15 mm in diameter near base; lamina nar-

rowly oblong, up to 1,1 x 0,44 m; pinnae cul-

trate to narrowly lanceolate, usually set at an

angle of 40-50° to rhachis, pinnatifid almost to

costa into cultrate, minutely serrate, acute, co-

riaceous lobes up to 40 x 5 mm with broadened

adnate bases. Sporangia usually on distal third

of pinnae. Fig. 12.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Swaziland,

Transvaal, Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique. Moist

streambanks at higher altitudes, especially conspicuous in

moist ravines and wet south aspect slopes on the mountains

of south-western Cape Province. Map 30.

Vouchers: Cooper 1738 (BM; K; NH; PRE); Parker

4251 (BOL; NBG); Schweickerdt 2442 (BOL; PRU); Sim

s.n. (BOL; GRA; PRE); Smith 1 16 (STE).

The Australasian segregate of the species — T. barbara

subsp. rivularis (Sieber ex Kunze) C. Chr.— generally ex-

hibits relatively narrower pinnules.

FIG. 12. — Todea barbara, part of frond, x 0,6 (Schelpe s.n.).

46

Filicales

Filicales

47

GLEICHENIACEAE

Terrestrial herbs with widely creeping rhizomes, set with scales or hairs, becoming subgla-

brous with age. Fronds variously compound (in African species) as a result of growth or abortion

of a terminal bud between a pair of lateral branches or pinnae (false dichotomy); venation free.

Sporangia grouped in small sori without indusia; annulus complete, oblique; dehiscence by a

vertical slit. Gametophyte green, cordate, becoming elongate with a thicker central rib.

Genera 5, with about 160 tropical, subtropical and south-temperate species. Two genera occur in Southern Africa.

Rhizome set with lanceolate or deeply laciniate scales resembling stellate hairs in appearance; fronds without a pair

of distinct stipule-like pinnae flanking primary bifurcation of frond 1 . Gleichenia

Rhizome set with multicellular hairs but without scales; fronds with a pair of stipule-like pinnae flanking primary

and often secondary bifurcations of frond 2. Dicranopteris

1 . GLEICHENIA

Gleichenia J.E. Sm. in Memorie Accad. Sci. Torino 5: 419 (1793); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 61

(1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 7: 1 (1952); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 34 (1953); Alston

in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 20 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 48 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 60

(1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 48 (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 44 (1977), nom. conserv. Type

species: G. polypodioides (L.) J.E. Sm. (= Onodea polypodioides L.).

Rhizome set with subentire to deeply laciniate scales. Fronds repeatedly falsely dichotomous,

but with occasional development of axial apical bud resulting in elongation of frond. Terminal

buds set with scales somewhat similar to rhizome-scales. Lateral axes of fronds, between false

dichotomies, bearing foliar segments. (Any extension of primary axial, not lateral, axis of frond

devoid of foliar segments). Sporangia in groups of 2^1 (usually 4) on veins.

A genus of about 10 species found in Southern Africa, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand and the Mascarene Islands.

Branches of the ultimate false dichotomy bipinnate; foliar segments (pinnules) divided to midrib into rounded del-

tate lobes; sori sunken into lamina 1 G. polypodioides

Branches of the ultimate false dichotomy pinnate; pinnules linear, entire; sori superficial 2.G. umbraculifera

1. Gleichenia polypodioides (L.) J.E.

Sm. in Memorie Accad. Sci. Torino 5: 419, t. 9

fig. 10 (1793); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 296, t.

156 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 48 (1970);

in C.F.A. Pterid.: 44 (1977); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 182, t. 123 (1983). Type:

Cape Peninsula, Table Mountain, Koenig 44 (?

Lost).

Onoclea polypodioides L., Mant. Alt. 306 (1771). Caly-

mella polypodioides (L.) Ching in Sunyatsenia 5: 288

(1950).

Gleichenia argentea Kaulf., Enum. Fil. 36 (1824). Type:

Cape Peninsula, Chamisso s.n. (?LE, holo.).

Rhizome 1-2,5 mm in diameter, set with

long-spined dark brown scales up to 0,5 mm in

diameter. Fronds spaced 20-200 mm apart, bi-

furcate to reniform-lunate in outline, with 1

(rarely 2) level of false dichotomy in each lateral

branch system arising from each side of termi-

nal bud; all branches bearing distant foliar seg-

ments; stipe castaneous, glabrous or with a few

scales similar to those on rhizome, shallowly

sulcate, up to 600 x 1,5 mm; aborted apical

buds up to 1,2 mm long, set with dark brown

lanceolate laciniate scales (sometimes with

black spines); pinnules linear, usually glabrous,

up to 70 x 7,5 mm, divided into lobes, under

surface green to glaucous, 3x2 mm. Sori par-

tially immersed in lamina, consisting of 2-4

sporangia, each in a separate but adjoining pit.

Fig. 13:1.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Lesotho, north-east-

ern Orange Free State, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe,

Mozambique, Angola, Tanzania and on Madagascar, Mau-

ritius and Amsterdam Island. In sheltered, often shaded,

rock crevices and slopes, 1 220-1 870 m. It has become a

weed in the moister pine plantations of southern Cape Pro-

vince. Map 31 .

FIG. 13. — 1 , Gleichenia polypodioides, part of frond, x 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of ultimate segments, x 4,8

(Hemm 419). 2, Gleichenia umbraculifera, part of frond, x 0,6; 2a, detail of lower surface of portion of ultimate

segment, x 4,8 (Schelpe 4543). 3, Dicranopteris linearis, part of frond, x 0,6; 3a, detail of lower surface of portion of

ultimate segment, X 4,8; 3b, sporangium, x c. 42 (Mitchell 402).

48

Filicales

Vouchers: Heginbotham 329 (NBG; STE); Hutton 136

(BM; GRA; PRE); Schelpe 6149 (BM; BOL); Venter 8495

(BLFU; BOL); Whellan 1491 (BM; BOL; SRGH).

2. Gleichenia umbraculifera ( Kunze ) T.

Moore, Ind. Fil. 384 (1862); Sim, Ferns S. Afr.

edn 2: 298, t. 157 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pte-

rid. : 50 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 183, t. 124 (1983). Type: Natal, Omnaroti

River (?Umvoti River), Gueinzius s.n. (LZ, ho-

lo.t).

Mertensia umbraculifera Kunze in Linnaea 18: 114

(1844). Sticherus umbraculiferus (Kunze) Ching in Sunyat-

senia 5: 285 (1940).

Rhizome up to 8 mm in diameter, set with

appressed lanceolate subentire or ciliate light

brown rhizome-scales. Fronds spaced 20-100

mm apart, usually reniform in outline with up to

5 successive levels of false dichotomies in each

lateral branch system arising from each side of a

terminal axial bud; all branches bearing closely

spaced foliar segments; stipe erect, strami-

neous, darker basally, weakly sulcate, usually

naked; aborted apical buds and young branch

axes set with light brown variously laciniate

lanceolate scales up to 1,5 mm long; pinnules

up to 35 x 3 mm, with broadened sessile bases,

apices rounded to narrowly acute, upper surface

green, under surface usually glaucous, even-

tually glabrous. Sori consisting of groups of

3-4 sporangia. Fig. 13: 2.

Eastern Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Swaziland,

Transvaal and Zimbabwe, possibly extending northwards to

Tanzania. Around boulder bases in grassland and on

streambanks in partial shade, 1 220-1 830 m. Map 32.

Vouchers: Fisher 776 (BLFU; NH; NU); 836; 875

(NH; NU; PRE); Hutton 138 (BM; GRA; PRE); Schlechter

6757 (BM; GRA; PRE); Schutte 10 (BM; BOL).

2. DICRANOPTERIS

Dicranopteris Bernh. in Neues J. Bot. 1, 2: 38 (1805); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 7: 4 (1952);

Pichi-Sermolli in Webbia 17: 37 (1962); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 50 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol.

Bassin. L. Bangw. & Luapula 8,3 Pterid. 30 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 46 (1977). Type species:

D. dichotoma (Thunb. ex Murray) Bernh. (= Polypodium dichotomum Thunb. ex Murray).

Rhizome set with sparse multicellular hairs, becoming glabrous with age. Fronds repeatedly

falsely dichotomous, but with occasional development of axial apical bud resulting in elongation of

frond. Terminal buds densely set with multicellular hairs. Primary, and often secondary, false

dichotomies flanked by stipule-like pinnae. Foliar segments only on stipule-like pinnae and on

branches of ultimate false dichotomies. Sporangia single or in groups of 2-15 on veins.

A genus of 10 pantropical species.

Filicales

49

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Un-

derw. in Bull. Torrey bot. Club 34: 250 (1907);

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid. : 50 (1970); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 46, t. 5 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 184, t. 125 (1983). Type: Java,

Santen s.n., Herb. Delessert (G, holo.).

Polypodium lineare Burm. f., FI. Ind. 235, t. 67 fig. 2

(1768). Gleichenia linearis (Burm. f.) Clarke in Trans.

Linn. Soc. Lond. 1: 428 (1880); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

299, t. 158 (1915). Mertensia linearis (Burm. f.) Fritsch in

Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 1: 1092(1901).

Rhizome 1-5 mm in diameter, when

young set with hairs up to 2 mm long. Fronds

spaced 60-200 mm apart, bifurcate to reniform-

lunate in outline with 1-3 levels of false dicho-

tomy in each lateral branch system arising from

each side of terminal bud; only stipule-like,

deeply pinnatifid pinnae (up to 120 x 40 mm),

and ultimate branches of false dichotomies

bearing foliar segments; stipe stramineous to

light reddish brown, glabrous, up to 700 x 4

mm; aborted apical buds set with reddish

brown hairs; pinnules linear, sessile, up to 30 x

5 mm, confluent at their broadened bases,

apices emarginate, glabrous. Sori superficial,

consisting of a single sporangium or groups of

2-10. Fig. 13:3.

Widespread on the continent and islands of Africa. In

Southern Africa it is restricted to the eastern portion, being

found in Natal, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe and Mo-

zambique. Pantropical. Exposed moist banks, 820-1 050

m. Map 33.

Vouchers: Acocks 11759 (BOL; NH; PRE); Scheepers

1009 (PRE); Schelpe 1674 (BOL; K; NH; NU); Van Jaars-

veld 154 (NBG); Whellan 1094 (BOL; SRGH).

SCHIZAEACEAE

Terrestrial ferns with creeping rhizomes set with hairs or scales. Fronds pinnate to 3-pinnati-

fid, erect, or dichotomously branched and pinnately divided and climbing. Veins free or anasto-

mosing. Fertile regions differing in appearance to a greater or lesser extent from sterile regions.

Sori marginal in origin subsequently becoming superficial. Sporangia with apical annuli and

dehiscing vertically.

This family comprises four genera with about 160 species that are almost entirely confined to tropical regions.

la Fronds climbing; rhachis of indefinite growth; pinnae borne in single pairs with an aborted bud between them

4. Lygodium

lb Fronds not climbing; rhachis of definite growth; pinnae pinnately arranged:

2a Sporangia borne on small fertile pinnae at the apex of a very narrowly linear frond 1 . Schizaea

2b Sporangia borne on branched basal pinnae or on unmodified pinnae:

3a Sporangia borne on much modified branched basal pinnae; rhizome set with hairs 2. Anemia

3b Sporangia borne on unmodified pinnae; rhizome set with scales 3. Mohria

1 SCHIZAEA

Schizaea J.E. Sm. in Memorie Accad. Sci. Torino 5: 419, t. 9 f. 9 (1793); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr.

2: 62 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 8: 1 (1952); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 52 (1970), nom.

conserv. Type species: 5. dichotoma (L.) J.E. Sm. (= Acrostichum dichotomum L.).

Rhizome short, horizontal, subterranean, with closely spaced fronds and set with multicellular

hairs. Fertile fronds very narrowly linear (in southern African species) or dichotomously branched

with a crowded group of pinnately arranged fertile pinnae at apex or apices. Sporangia in two

rows, one on either side of each fertile pinna.

50

Filicales

Filicales

51

A genus of about 30 species confined almost entirely to the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. Two species occur in

our area.

Rhachis between fertile pinnae recurved through a semicircle at maturity with longest fertile pinnae about the

middle and with shorter pinnae at base and apex 1 . S. pectinata

Rhachis between fertile pinnae ascending, with fertile pinnae progressively shorter towards apex 2. S. tenella

1. Schizaea pectinata (L.) Swartz in J.

Bot., Gott, 1800, 2: 102 (1801); Sim, Ferns S.

Afr. edn 2: 301, t. 159 fig. 1 (1915); Schelpe in

F.Z. Pterid.: 52, t. 14 (1970); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 173, t. 115 (1983). Type:

Aethiopia (LINN 1245/2, holo.!).

Acrostichum pectination L., Sp. PI. 2: 1068 (1753).

Rhizome horizontal, subterranean, up to 4

mm in diameter, set with multicellular hairs up

to 5 mm long. Fronds very closely spaced, very

narrowly linear, up to 200 x 1,5 mm, sulcate

and narrowly winged; stipe brown, filiform, up

to 70 mm long; fertile portion up to 16 mm

long, with a recurved rhachis; fertile pinnae up

to 9 x 1 mm, longer towards middle, shorter

towards base and apex of fertile portion, ciliate

with pale hairs. Sporangia in a row on either

side of costa. Fig. 14: 1.

South-western Cape Province to Transkei, Natal, Swa-

ziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi,

Madagascar and Tanzania. Common on dry mountain

slopes and flats in south-western Cape Province, decreasing

in frequency eastwards into open sclerophyll scrubland, up

to 2 700 m altitude. Fertile fronds are normally only found

after fire. Map 34.

Vouchers: Burchell 4612 (BM; BOL; K; SAM);

Esterhuysen 10210 (BOL; NBG; NU; PRE); Hutchinson 98

(BOL; K; PRE); Muir 474 (NH; PRE; SAM); Schelpe 4905

(B; BOL; GH; K; M; MO; P; PRE; S; US).

2. Schizaea tenella Kaulf. , Enum. Fil. 50,

t. 1 fig. 7 (1824); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

300, t. 160 fig. 1 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 172, t. 1 16 (1983). Type: Cape

of Good Hope , Chamisso s . n . ( ?LE , holo . ; E ! ) .

Microschizaea tenella (Kaulf.) Reed in Bolm. Soc. bro-

teriana, ser. 2, 21: 134 (1938).

Rhizome up to 40 x 4 mm, densely set

with shining brown multicellular hairs. Fronds

filiform, glabrous, up to 230 x c. 0,5 mm,

sulcate, with a poorly delimited dark brown

stipe 3-10 mm long; apical fertile portion up to

13 mm long with rhachis between fertile pinnae

ascending at c. 45° ; fertile pinnae up to 4 x 0,5

mm, becoming progressively shorter towards

frond apex, fringed with pale hairs. Fig. 14: 2.

South-western Cape Province to Transkei, Natal and

Transvaal; in continually moist habitats such as mossy

streambanks, crevices and ledges about waterfalls, and

dripping rock faces, between 330 and 2 160 m altitude.

Map 35.

Vouchers: De Vos 1320 (STE); Esterhuysen 1294

(BOL; NBG); 6758 (BOL; K; PRE); Strey 6922 (NH; NU);

Wager s.n. (PRE).

FIG. 14. — 1, Schizaea pectinata, plant, x 0,6; la, fertile pinna, x 8,4 (Esterhuysen 24464). 2, Schizaea tenella,

plant, x 0,6 (Esterhuysen 25433). 3, Anemia dregeana, part of plant, x 0,6; 3a, detail of fertile part of frond, x 3; 3b,

sporangium, x c. 42 (Schlechter 6786). 4, Anemia simii, frond, x 0,6 (Chase 1008).

52

Filicales

2. ANEMIA

Anemia Swartz, Syn. Fil. 6, 155 (1806); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 64 (1908), as Aneimia;

Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 8: 6 (1952); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 33 (1953); Pichi-Sermolli

in Webbia 9: 649 (1954); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 22 (1959); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid . : 52

(1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 32 (1973); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 47 (1977), nom. conserv. Type species: A. phyllitidis (L.) Swartz. (= Osmunda phyllitidis

L.).

Rhizome short, erect or creeping, set with hairs. Fronds pinnate to 2-pinnate, basal pair of

pinnae usually fertile. Fertile pinnae with long petioles, dissected much-contracted segments

bearing sporangia in two rows on each segment.

Genus chiefly American, containing about 90 tropical and subtropical species.

Fronds (excluding fertile pinnae) pinnate 1 .A. dregeana

Fronds 2-pinnate 2. A. simii

1. Anemia dregeana Kunze in Linnaea

10: 493 (1836); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 307,

t. 166 fig. 1 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 174, t. 116 (1983). Type: Transkei,

Umzimvubu River, Drege a (LZ, syn. t; BM,

lecto. ! ; P-BOL, photo.!).

Rhizome erect to suberect, up to 8 mm in

diameter. Stipe up to 210 mm long, set with

villous brown multicellular hairs up to 5 mm

long. Sterile portion of frond linear-acute to

lanceolate-acute, pinnate, up to 250 x 100 mm;

rhachis villous; sterile pinnae sessile, the

smaller ovate-oblong, rounded, with auriculate

to truncate base, the larger lanceolate, bluntly

acute with unequally cuneate base, up to 55 x

23 mm, margin finely crenulate, costa often

villous below; veins free. Fertile pinnae erect,

shorter than, equal to, or longer than, sterile

portion, with petiolules up to 100 mm long and

fertile pinna proper up to 180 mm long, 3-pin-

natifid, segments glabrous, c. 0,2 mm wide,

bearing naked sporangia. Fig. 14: 3.

Eastern Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Swaziland

and Transvaal. Occasional to locally common in forest ha-

bitats, usually in shade, and frequently on rocky stream-

banks, between 300 and 1 100 m altitude. Map 36.

Vouchers: Enslin & Schweickerdt s.n. (NU; PRU;

STE); Pegler 22 (BM; K; PRE); Roux 539 (NBG);

Schlechter 6786 (BOL; GRA; PRE); Ward 2350 (NPB;

NU).

2. Anemia simii Tardieu-Blot in Notul.

Syst., Paris 14: 208 (1952), pro parte excl.

specim. Angol. emend. Alston in Contr. Con-

hec. FI. Mocamb. 2: 8, t. 36 (1954); Schelpe in

F.Z. Pterid.: 54, t. 15 (1970); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 175, t. 117 (1983). Type:

Transvaal, Barberton, Thorncroft 959 (P,

holo.-BOL, photo. !; PRE!).

Anemia anthriscifolia sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

308, t. 164(1915).

MAP 37. — Anemia simii

Filicales

53

Rhizome horizontal, up to 5 x 8 mm,

densely set with light brown to reddish brown

multicellular hairs up to 7 mm long. Fronds

tufted, firmly herbaceous; stipe stramineous, up

to 230 mm long, thinly villous with brown mul-

ticellular hairs up to 4 mm long; sterile lamina

ovate-deltate to debate, up to 130 x 120 mm,

2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid; sterile pinnae pinnate

to 2-pinnatifid, shortly petiolulate, sparsely vil-

lous on both surfaces; ultimate segments obtuse

to rounded, decurrent, sinuately lobed, minute-

ly crenate-dentate. Fertile pinnae erect, longer

than sterile portion, with petiolules up to 80 mm

long and fertile pinnae proper up to 140 mm

long, 3-pinnatifid, segments glabrous, up to 1

mm broad; rhachis thinly villous. Fig. 14: 4.

Transvaal, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Usually

under the shade of tall woodland, often on streambanks,

between 800 and 1 500 m. Map 37.

Vouchers: Bredenkamp 1586 (PRU); Thorncroft 796

(K; NH; PRE).

3. MOHRIA

Mohria Swartz, Syn. Fil. 6, 159 (1806); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 64 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI.

Madag. 8: 9 (1952); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid. : 54 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. &

Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 33 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 48 (1977). Type species: M. thurifraga Swartz,

nom. illeg. {=Polypodium caffrorum L.;M. caffrorum (L.) Desv.).

Rhizome short, horizontal, set with brown scales. Fronds 2- to 3-pinnatifid, not or slightly

dimorphic. Sori of few sessile submarginal sporangia partly covered by re flexed margins of ulti-

mate segments.

A genus of 3 species confined to Southern and south-east tropical Africa, Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. Two

species occur in Southern Africa.

Rhachis and lamina set with pale brown to castaneous scales.

Rhachis and lamina set with pale to white uniseriate hairs

1 . Mohria caffrorum (L.) Desv. in Mem.

Soc. Linn., Paris 6, 2: 198 (1827); Sim, Ferns

S. Afr. edn 2: 304, t. 160 fig. 2 (1915); Schelpe

in F.Z. Pterid.: 56, t. 15B (1970); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 48 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 177, t. 119 (1983). Type: Cape of

Good Hope, Koenig s.n. (LINN 1251/67,

holo.!).

Polypodium caffrorum L., Mant. Alt. 307 (1771).

Adiantum caffrorum (L.) L. f., Suppl. 447 (1781). Lonchi-

tis caffrorum (L.) Bemh. in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 124

(1801). Colina caffrorum (L.) Greene in Erythea 1: 247

(1893).

Osmunda thurifera Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 105

(1801). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg s.n. (UPS,

lecto. !).

Osmunda thurifraga Bory, Voy. 1: 348 (1804). Mohria

thurifraga (Bory) Swartz, Syn. Fil. 159, 385, t. 5 (1806).

Type: Probably Reunion, Bory (P).

Cheilanthes fuscata Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. 116 (1828).

Type: Cape Province (L, holo.!).

Mohria thurifraga var. achilleifolia T. Moore in Lowe,

New Ferns t. 42B (1862). Type unknown.

Rhizome creeping, up to 10 mm in diame-

ter, set with pale brown, lanceolate to linear,

acuminate rhizome-scales up to 7 mm long.

Fronds tufted, erect, firmly herbaceous to

1 . M. caffrorum

2.M. hirsuta

thinly coriaceous; stipe pale brown in upper

part, castaneous towards base, from almost as

long as lamina to 1/10 its length, set with pale

brown, lanceolate to subulate scales at least

when young; lamina narrowly oblong to nar-

rowly elliptic, up to 570 x 110 mm, long or

shortly tapering below; pinnae pinnatifid to 2-

pinnatifid into crenate or serrate lobes, under

surface set with lanceolate-acuminate to hair-

like subulate pale brown scales up to 2 mm

long, upper surface subglabrous or thinly pi-

lose, rhachis pale brown, set with scales similar

to those on stipe. Fig. 15: 3.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free

State, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique,

Tanzania, Reunion and Madagascar. Forest margins and

around boulder bases in grassland, 1 500-2 300 m. Map 38.

Vouchers: Boucher 3931 (STE); Cooper 1447 (BM; K;

NH); Geldenhuys 555 (BOL); Schlechter 6666 (GRA; K;

PRE); Ward 3396 (NPB; NU).

A very variable species.

2. Mohria hirsuta J. P. Roux in J1 S. Afr.

Bot. 50: 435, t. 1A-E, t. 2A-C (1984). Type:

Orange Free State, Tshesheng, Qwa Qwa, near

cave on road to the Sentinel, Roux 907 (NBG,

holo.; K; PRE).

54

Filicales

Filicales

55

MAP 38. — Mohria caffrorum

Rhizome short, prostrate, up to 3 mm in

diameter, sparsely set with scarious, linear to

narrowly lanceolate, entire, white to brown

rhizome-scales up to 3 x 0,8 mm. Fronds

tufted, erect; stipe terete, pale brown, sparsely

set with scarious, narrowly lanceolate, entire,

pale brown scales; lamina oblanceolate to lin-

ear-attenuate, 2-pinnatifid, basal pinnae

somewhat reduced; pinnae widely spaced ba-

sally, more closely spaced apically, overlap-

ping in sterile fronds, ovate to lanceolate; pin -

MAP 39. — Mohria hirsute

nules crowded and overlapping in sterile

fronds, distant when fertile, rotund to ovate-ob-

tuse, less deeply lobed towards base and apex,

sparsely to densely hirsute with uniseriate white

hairs up to 1 mm long. Sporangia borne near

apices of lobes of apical pinnae only.

Lesotho, Orange Free State and Natal; confined to the

Natal Drakensberg, forming large colonies in shallow soils

in exposed conditions, 2 000 to 2 800 m altitude. Map 39.

Vouchers: Hilliard & Burtt 14927 (BOL; E; NU);

Roux 1214 (NBG); 1457 (NBG); 1508 (NBG).

4 LYGODIUM

Lygodium Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2; 7, 106 (1801); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 62 (1908);

Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 8: 4 (1952); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 32 (1953); Alston in

F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 22 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 44 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 61

(1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 57 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3

Pterid.: 33 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 50 (1977), nom. conserv. Type species: L. scandens (L.)

Swartz (= Ophioglossum scandens L.).

Rhizome horizontal, dichotomous, covered with dark multicellular hairs. Fronds climbing,

with slender twisting rhachis. Pinnae (secondary rhachis branches) borne in pairs along rhachis on

short secondary rhachises ending in an aborted bud between pinnae, pinnate to 3-pinnatifid.

Sporangia borne along margins of pinnule lobes, each sporangium subtended by an indusium.

A tropical and subtropical genus of c. 30 species (Tryon & Tryon, 1982).

Pinnae (secondary rhachis branches) pinnate, oblong, pinnules articulated; veins glabrous 1 . L. microphyllum

Pinnae 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid, deltate, pinnules not articulated; veins hairy 2. L. kerstenii

1. Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Ferns Sthn Afr. 179, t. 121 (1983). Type: Phi-

Br., Prodr. FI. Nov. Holl. 1: 162 (1810); lippine Hands, Luzon, Nee s.n. (MA, holo.).

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 57, t. 16B (1970), in Ugena microphylla Cav., Icon. 6: 76, t. 595 fie. 2

C.F.A. Pterid.: 50 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, (1801).

PIG. 15. — 1, Lygodium microphyllum, sterile portion of frond, X 0,6; la, fertile portion of frond, X 0,6; lb;

enlargement of fertile lobe, X c. 9 (Rodin 4703). 2, Lygodium kerstenii, sterile portion of frond, x 0,6 (Plowes 2043); 2a,

fertile portion of frond, X 0,6 ( Schelpe 5465). 3, Mohria caffrorum, part of plant, X 0,6; 3a, detail of lower surface of

pinnule, X 2,4; 3b, frond scale, X c. 15 (Wolley-Dod 589)

56

Filicales

Lygodium scandens sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 302,

t. 161, 162 (1915), non (L.) Swartz.

Rhizome subterranean, 3 mm in diameter,

producing fronds 40-130 mm apart; hairs on

rhizome c. 1,5 mm long. Fronds up to 10 x

0,30 m, twining, matt grey-green, up to 2 mm

in diameter, producing secondary rhachises;

aborted apical bud densely dotted with brown

multicellular hairs 1^1 mm long; sterile pin-

nules petiolate, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,

up to 62 x 18 mm, base cordate, apex acute to

acuminate, glabrous, margin minutely crenate,-

veins free; fertile pinnules broadly lanceolate to

oblong, 15^4-5 x 10-18 mm (excluding fertile

lobes), base cordate, apex acute to rounded,

glabrous, margin minutely crenate with fertile

linear lobes up to 8 x 1 mm, produced at irre-

gular intervals, bearing up to 25 sporangia in 2

rows. Fig. 15: 1 .

Natal, Mozambique, Zambia, Angola, Zaire, Tanza-

nia, Kenya, Uganda, Central African Republic, Cameroun,

Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, as well as tropical

Asia and America. Twining climber in moist forest, up to

1 035 m altitude. Map 40.

Vouchers: Aitken & Gale 3 (PRE); Rodin 4703 (BOL;

K); Taylor 2585 (BOL; NBG); Ward 2388 (BOL; NPB;

NU).

2. Lygodium kerstenii Kuhn, Fil. Deck.

28 (1867); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 303, t. 163

(1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 57, t. 16A

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

181, t. 122 (1983). Type: Madagascar, Nos-

sibe, Kersten 75 (B, lecto.!).

Rhizome creeping, up to 4 mm in dia-

meter; hairs on rhizome c. 15 mm long. Fronds

up to 20 X 0,48 m; rhachis matt pale brown to

greyish green, up to 3 mm in diameter, produc-

ing secondary rhachises up to 10 mm long at

MAP 40. — ★ Lygodium microphyllum

▲ Lygodium kerstenii

intervals of 70-200 mm each; aborted apical

bud densely set with brown multicellular hairs

1 ,5 mm long; secondary and tertiary rhachises

with narrowly winged, petiolate, non- articu-

late, lanceolate-oblong to lanceolate, pinnate to

2-pinnatifid; sterile pinnules up to 110 mm long,

ultimate segments usually with prominent basal

lobes, apices broadly acute, margins both

coarsely crenate and with crenations finely cre-

nate, veins set with hairs; fertile pinnules pro-

duced into numerous linear fertile lobes, each

bearing up to 20 sporangia in 2 rows. Fig. 15:

Natal (precise locality unknown), Swaziland, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Zambia, Madagascar and Comoro

Islands. Twining climber in gallery forest, up to 1 280 m

altitude. Map 40.

Vouchers: Burrows & Schultz 1692 (BOL; NBG); Su-

therland s.n. (BOL).

MARSILEACEAE

Small aquatic or semi-aquatic ferns with a creeping, branched, solenostelic rhizome. Fronds

circinnate when young, with 4 pinnae in a terminal cluster, arranged symmetrically cross-wise at

apex of stipe, floating in submerged plants, otherwise erect or decumbent. Pinnae herbaceous,

obdeltate to obovate, rarely narrowly deltate, outer margin entire, sinuate, crenate or lobate; veins

dichotomously branched, anastomosing, often with interstitial suberous streaks on lower surface

(in submerged plants), sometimes with sclerenchymatous interstitial pellucid streaks (M. coroman-

delina). Sporangia contained in closed sporocarps inserted on short pedicels on stipe (usually at

very base), this insertion forming a raphe; sporocarps thick-walled, sometimes with conspicuous

lateral ribs, venation (visible on inner surface) free or anastomosing, apex of raphe sometimes

bearing one or two teeth; sori numerous on a gelatinous string-like receptacle attached to wall of

sporocarp and released in the form of a ring when moistened. Spores of 2 kinds: solitary mega-

spores and numerous microspores (contained in megasporangia and microsporangia respectively).

Filicales

57

MARSILEA

Marsilea L., Sp. PI. 1099 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 485 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 65

(1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 10: 1 (1952); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 50: 1 1 (1957); Alston

in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 24 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Camer. 3: 57 (1964); Launert in

Senckenberg. biol. 49: 274 (1968); in F.S.W.A. 11: 1 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 59 (1970); Schelpe

in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 35 (1973); Launert in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 51 (1977). Type species: M. quadrifolia L.

Description as for family.

A cosmopolitan genus of about 65 species. All the Southern African species are adapted to essentially the same

ecological conditions, i.e. seasonally wet habitats such as temporary vleis, and can be found in shallow or sometimes

running water, dry streambeds, and dams, temporarily flooded grassland depressions, often forming large colonies. There is

considerable seasonal variation in the size of the fronds. Long stipes and large pinnae are produced during the aquatic phase

in deep water. When the water body dries out these larger fronds with longer stipes lie on the exposed mud and smaller

fronds with shorter stipes and smaller pinnae — and subsequently sporocarps — are produced from the rhizomes. The

sporocarps are extremely drought resistant.

la Sporocarps borne in a cluster on a much branched pedicel 4. M. ephippiocarpa

lb Sporocarps borne on unbranched pedicels:

2a Two or three (rarely four) sporocarp pedicels united basally to a varying degree 5. M. minuta

2b Sporocarp pedicels always free:

3a Mature sporocarps black, glistening; epidermis becoming detached 1 . M. nubica

3b Mature sporocarps brownish, not glistening, often densely covered with hair-like scales; epidermis not be-

coming detached:

4a Sporocarps directed downwards into substratum or pedicel strongly curved or twisted:

5a Pinnae with pellucid streaks between veins; pedicel curved and twisted; superior tooth completely absent

or present as a dark spot 2. M. distorta

5b Pinnae without pellucid streaks; pedicel straight or only slightly curved; superior tooth always present

14. M. vera

4b Sporocarps on more or less erect pedicels which are not conspicuously twisted:

6a Pinnae, at least basally, densely villous:

7a Sporocarps globose, densely covered in reddish tomentum with hairs of one kind 13. M. villifolia

7b Sporocarps oblong, sparsely pubescent with hairs of two kinds 8. M.farinosa

6b Pinnae pubescent or glabrous:

8a Sporocarps conspicuously saddle-shaped 7. M. aegyptiaca

8b Sporocarps subspherical to oblong, not saddle-shaped:

9a Sporocarps directed upwards at an oblique angle to pedicel 11 . M. schelpeana

9b Sporocarps borne at right angles to pedicel or directed downwards:

10a Pinnae with pellucid streaks between veins:

11a Sporocarps bordered; lateral ribs distinct; teeth subequal 3. M. coromandelina

lib Sporocarps not bordered; lateral ribs almost invisible in mature sporocarps; superior

tooth a conspicuous horn 6. M . fenestrata

10b Pinnae without pellucid streaks:

1 2a Sporocarps orbicular in outline 16. M. burchellii

12b Sporocarps oblong in outline:

13a Sporocarps elliptic in dorsiventral cross-section 15. Af . capensis

13b Sporocarps laterally compressed or concave:

14a Sporocarps distinctly concave in dorsiventral cross-section; lateral ribs prom-

inent ventrally; superior tooth conical, almost always acute 10. M. unicornis

14b Sporocarps rectangular or only slightly concave in dorsiventral cross-section;

lateral ribs hardly visible in mature specimens; superior tooth obtuse to subacute:

15a Raphe covering almost entire base of sporocarp; sori 6-8 12. M. apposita

15b Raphe covering V2-V3 of base of sporocarp; sori 8-12 9. M. macrocarpa

1. Marsilea nubica A. Br. in Mber. K.

preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1863: 432 (1864);

Launert in Senckenberg. biol. 49: 281, t. 10-13

(1968); in F.S.W.A. 11: 4 (1969); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 57, t. 7G (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 475, t. 354 (1983). Type: Su-

dan, Arasch-Cool, Kotschy 126 (B, holo.!;

BM!;FR;K!;L;M; PR).

Zalusianskya nubica (A. Br.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 823

(1891).

Stipes slender, glabrous, 20-180 mm

long. Pinnae variable, outer margin rounded,

entire, floating forms with short or long brown

suberous streaks between veins of under sur-

face. Pedicels free, straight or curved c.

0,5-2, 5 mm long, at an angle varying from 90°

58

Fdjcales

Filicales

59

MAP 41 . — # Marsilea nubica

■ Marsilea distorta

to 30°. Sporocarps very variable in shape, dark

black and usually shiny, outer black layer of

epidermis becoming detached and peeling off;

lateral ribs not apparent; veins (seen interiorly)

not anastomosing; raphe distinct, fully devel-

oped along entire sporocarp base; inferior tooth

not developed; superior tooth just indicated as

tiny dot on broadly cone-shaped base, visible

only after detachment of epidermis; sori 4-5.

Fig. 16: 1 .

South West Africa/Namibia and Botswana, as well as

Madagascar, Tanzania, Sudan, Central African Republic,

Chad, Mauritania and Mali. Map 41 .

Vouchers: Schweickerdt 2180 (BM; BOL; K; M; NU;

PRE; PRU; WIND); Schweickerdt 2184 (BM; BOL; M;

NU; PRE; PRU); Smith 1988 (BOL; GAB; SRGH); Van

Jaarsveld 2999 (NBG).

2. Marsilea distorta A. Br. in Mber. K.

preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1863: 433 (1864);

Launert in Senckenberg, biol. 49: 284, t. 14-16

(1968); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn. Afr.

476 (1983). Type: Senegal, near Dagana-

Ouallo, Leprieur s.n. (B, holo.; FR; L; P).

Stipes slender, wiry, erect, usually gla-

brous, c. 10-100 mm long. Pinnae usually

slightly asymmetrical, flanks concave or

straight, outer margin irregularly crenate or

dentate, with long pellucid streaks between the

veins. Pedicels free, flexuose, conspicuously

curved and twisted, often encircling sporocarp.

Sporocarps usually crowded at very base of

stipe, broadly elliptic to oblong-elliptic in later-

al view, elliptic in dorsiventral cross-section,

not bordered, always densely brownish tomen-

tose; lateral ribs 6—12, apparent; veins (seen

interiorly) not anastomosing; raphe distinct, at-

tached to '/-/ of sporocarp base; inferior tooth

prominent, appearing as somewhat recurved

apex of raphe; superior tooth just represented as

a dark circular area; .rone. 10—14.

South West Africa/Namibia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania,

Mauritania, Chad, Senegal and Liberia. Map 41.

Voucher: Tinley 1 183 (WIND).

3. Marsilea coromandelina W ill d. , Sp.

PI. edn 4, 5: 539 (1810); Launert in Sencken-

berg. biol. 49: 285, t. 17-23 (1968); in

F.S.W.A. 11: 3 (1969); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 54,

t. 7E (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 477, t. 355 (1983). Type: India, Tranque-

bar, Klein s.n , Herb. Willdenow no. 20253 (B,

holo.!).

Marsilea trichocarpa Brem. in Ann. Transv. Mus. 15:

234 (1933). Type: Transvaal, Pietersburg, Vivo Vlei,

Bremekamp & Schweickerdt 193 (PRE, holo. !; BM!; K!).

Stipes slender, filiform, usually glabrous,

c. 1 0—90 mm long. Pinnae narrowly cuneate to

obdeltate, glabrous to occasionally sparsely

pilose, 2-8 x 1,25-8 mm, with pellucid streaks

between veins, flanks usually straight, outer

margin round entire, occasionally crenate to

bilobed. Pedicels wiry, flexible, straight or

gently curved, free 5—15 mm. Sporocarps

usually solitary, subcircular to broadly elliptic

in lateral view, lemon-shaped in dorsiventral

cross-section, conspicuously bordered with

bulging sides, appressed pilose at first, becom-

ing glabrous at maturity, 2-3,75 x 1,5-2, 5

xl,75 mm thick; lateral ribs usually promi-

nent; raphe distinct; inferior tooth obtuse,

usually downward-pointing; superior tooth

broadly conical, obtuse to subacute; sori 8-12.

Angola, South West Africa/Namibia, Transvaal and

Madagascar, as well as Zimbabwe, Kenya, Tanzania,

Burundi, Senegal, Mauritania, Sudan, Socotra and India.

Map 42.

Vouchers: Bremekamp & Schweickerdt 193 (BM; K;

PRE; PRU); Leippert 4688 (M; WIND).

FIG. 16. — 1, Marsilea nubica, sporocarp, X 7,2 (Schweickerdt 2180). 2, M. tnacrocarpa, sporocarp, x 7,2 (Isaac

sub BOL 26548). 3, M. burchellii, sporocarp, x 7,2 (Schelpe 5915a). 4, M. fenestrata, sporocarp, x 7,2; 4a, section of

leaflet showing pellucid streaks, X 7,2 (Ward 2458). 5, M. unicornis, sporocarp, X 7,2 (Schweickerdt 2202). 6, M. vera,

sporocarp, x 7,2 (Schweickerdt 2200). 7, M. schelpeana, part of plant, X 0,6; 7a. sporocarp, X 7,2 (Liversidge sub BOL

26551). 8,M. villifolia, sporocarp after Launert (1968), X 2,4.

60

Filicales

MAP 43. — Marsilea ephippiocarpa

4. Marsilea ephippiocarpa Alston in J.

Bot., Lond. 68: 118 (1930); Launert in

Senckenberg. biol. 49: 289, t. 29-31, 67

(1968); in F.S.W.A. 11: 3 (1969); in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 62. t. 17A (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 54, t.

7B (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

478, t. 27, 356 (1983). Type: Zimbabwe, near

Fort Victoria, Rendle 307 (BM, holo. !).

Stipes bright green, c. 30-150 mm long.

Pinnae greyish pubescent when young, later

usually glabrous, extremely variable in shape

and size, outer margin always rounded, entire,

wavy-edged, irregularly crenulate to deeply

crenate, sometimes deeply lobed, usually only

emarginate or retuse. Pedicels adnate, a pedun-

cle-like base branching dichotomously; pedun-

cle up to 6 mm long; individual pedicels c.

1- 114 times as long as sporocarps. Sporocarps

in dense clusters of 3 to many at nodes, typi-

cally saddle-shaped, dorsally almost always

deeply concave, ventrally rounded, oblong to

elliptic in dorsiventral cross-section, 2-3,5 x

2- 4 X 0,5-1 ,5 mm thick; lateral ribs not vis-

ible in mature specimens; inferior tooth not pre-

sent (or just indicated by a shallow hump);

superior tooth conspicuous, short.

Angola, South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana,

Natal, Transvaal and Zimbabwe. Map 43.

Vouchers: Codd & De Winter 4975 (PRE); Dinter

7207 (B; BM; BOL; FR; K; M; PRE; PRU; WIND); Drum-

mond 8250 (BOL; SRGH); Ward 2517 (BM; NPB; NU).

5. Marsilea minuta L., Mant. Alt. 308

(1771); Launert in Senckenberg. biol. 49: 291,

t. 32-34, 69 (1968); in F.Z. Pterid.: 60, t. 17B

(1970); Schelpe in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L.

Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid. 36 (1973); Lau-

nert in C.F.A. Pterid.: 55 (1977); W. B. G.

Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 479, t. 357 (1983).

Type: India (LINN 1254/6, holo.).

Stipes slender, usually glabrous. Pinnae

obdeltate to broadly obdeltate, usually gla-

brous, with brownish suberous streaks on under

surface between veins of floating pinnae, flanks

usually straight to convex, outer margin round,

entire in floating ones, entire or sinuate or cre-

nulate in aerial or subaerial pinnae. Pedicels

terete, fairly stout, c. 3-7 mm long, erect or

gently curved upwards, free or united to some

extent with 2 or 3 others, usually inserted at

very base of stipe. Sporocarps usually crowded

(very rarely solitary), extremely variable in

size, distally always rounded, elliptic in dorsi-

ventral cross-section, without dorsal or frontal

furrow or suture; lateral ribs usually invisible;

teeth very prominent; sori 8-12.

Natal, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Zaire,

Burundi, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Central Afri-

can Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Benin, Ghana, Guinea Bis-

sau, Senegal, Mali, Algeria, Madagascar and Comoro Is-

lands. Map 44.

Voucher: Milton 20 (BOL); Ward 3118 (NPB; NU).

Filicales

61

MAP 45. — # Marsilea fenestrata

■ Marsilea aegyptiaca

6. Marsilea fenestrata Launert in Mitt.

Bot. StSamml., Munch. 3: 507, t. 2 (1960); in

Senckenberg. biol. 49: 294, t. 35-37 (1968);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 480, t. 358

(1983). Type: Natal, Umfolozi Game Reserve,

Ward 2458 (BOL, holo.!; BM!; NPB!; NU!).

Stipes rather slender, c. 50-120 mm long.

Pinnae obdeltate to broadly obdeltate, flanks

straight or slightly convex, outer margin emar-

ginate to irregularly crenate; usually glabrous,

with longitudinal pellucid streaks between the

veins. Pedicels robust, curved or straight, erect

or ascending, 2,5-3 mm long. Sporocarps in.

dense groups at very base of stipes, subrectang-

ular in lateral view, narrowly elliptic in dorsi-

ventral cross-section, dorsally slightly inwardly

curved to almost straight, ventrally curved;

lateral ribs 4-7, almost invisible at maturity;

lateral veins (seen interiorly) not anastomosing;

raphe distinct, attached to entire sporocarp

base; inferior tooth obtuse, not very prominent;

superior tooth very conspicuous; sori 7-8. Fig.

16:4.

Natal, Swaziland and southern Mozambique. Map 45.

Vouchers: Compton 29735 (Swaziland); Wager s.n.

(BOL; NH); Ward 3195 (NPB; NU).

7. Marsilea aegyptiaca Willd. in L., Sp.

PI. edn 4, 5: 540 (1810); Launert in Sencken-

berg. biol. 49: 296, t. 38-40 (1968); in

F.S.W.A. 11: 3 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 62, t.

18E (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 481, t. 359 (1983). Type lost. Launert

(1968) suggested Schimper & Wiest 33 from

Egypt as a standard specimen as he felt no need

for creating a neotype (BM; BR; FR; K; L; M;

PR).

Stipes slender, greenish, hairy, becoming

glabrous with age. Pinnae extremely variable,

with longitudinal brown suberous streaks on

lower surface in floating pinnae. Pedicels al-

ways free, somewhat stout, curved or straight,

c. 3-8 mm long. Sporocarps solitary or more

often in dense groups of 2 to many clustered at

very base of stipe, 1-2 mm thick, square to

rectangular in lateral view, sometimes ventrally

curved, dorsally straight or saddle-shaped to a

varying degree, oblong in frontal view, lateral

sides with shallow or deep, slightly curved ven-

tral groove with frontal furrow usually present

and often expanded over dorsal side; raphe pre-

sent but often indistinct; inferior tooth undeve-

loped; superior tooth always distinct; sori 4—6.

South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana, north-western

Cape Province and Transvaal, as well as Madagascar, Tuni-

sia, Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia. Map 45.

Vouchers: Dinter 7694 (B; BM; BOL; FR; K; M; PRE;

PRU; WIND); Schweickerdt 2146; 2148 (BM; BOL; K; M;

NU; PRE; PRU; WIND); Wild 5115 (SRGH).

8. Marsilea farinosa Launert in Sencken-

berg. biol. 49: 298, t. 41^46, 70-71 (1968); in

F.S.W.A. 11: 4 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 65. t.

17C (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 55, t. 7A

(1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

481, t. 360 (1983). Type: South West Africa/

Namibia, Grootfontein, at Sus, Schonf elder sub

Dinter 7688 (M, holo.; B; BM!; BOL!; FR; K!;

PRE!; WIND!).

62

Filicales

Stipes slender, usually hispid, erect, c.

20-150 mm long. Pinnae without pellucid

streaks. Pedicels usually curved, relatively

slender, flexible, usually hispid, erect or as-

cending, c. 8-15 mm long. Sporocarps densely

crowded at base of stipe, bean-shaped, usually

horizontal, with a furrow along dorsal, frontal

and ventral sides, laterally slightly bulging, flat

or rarely concave; lateral ribs 8-11, inconspi-

cuous at maturity; set with multicellular unise-

riate hairs of 2 kinds: basally attached, erect

ordinary cylindrical hairs, and flattened hairs

lateraly attached to surface of sporocarp by

usually 1 -celled funicle-like stalk; raphe pre-

sent, covering 'A-2A of sporocarp base; inferior

tooth absent (or present as shallow hump); su-

perior tooth inconspicuous; sori 8-11.

Angola, South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana, nor-

thern Cape Province, Natal, Transvaal, Zimbabwe,

Mozambique, Tanzania and Ethiopia. Map 46.

Vouchers: Burn Davy 4081 (BM; BOL; K); De Winter

3517 (K; M; PRE; WIND); Wild & Drummond 7263 (BOL;

SRGH).

9. Marsilea macrocarpa Presl in Abh. K.

Bohm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 3: 580 (1845); Sim,

Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 314, t. 171 (1915); Launert

in Senckenberg. biol. 49: 300, t. 47-52, 72-73

(1968); in F.S.W.A. 11:4 (1969); in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 64, t. 17D (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 56, t.

7D (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

483, t. 361 (1983). Type: Cape Province,

Drege a & b (PR, holo.; B).

Zalusianskya macrocarpa (Presl) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2:

823 (1891).

Marsilea dregeana A. Br. in Mber. K. preuss. Akad.

Wiss. Berl. 1863: 428 (1864). Type as for M. macrocarpa

Presl.

Stipes variable, usually glabrous, some-

what striate. Pinnae green with long brown

suberous interstitial streaks on under surface of

floating pinnae, flanks usually concave, outer

margin round, usually entire or sinuate. Pedi-

cels free, inserted at very base of stipe, usually

erect or ascending, c. 7-12 mm long. Sporo-

carps very variable in size, narrowly rectangu-

lar to slightly biscoctiform in dorsiventral cross-

section, not bordered, usually with shallow fur-

row along dorsal, frontal and sometimes part of

ventral side; lateral ribs more or less distinct,

often disappearing at maturity; raphe distinct,

covering Vs-/ of sporocarp base; inferior tooth

absent (or present as very shallow hump); supe-

rior tooth present, rather short; sori usually

8-12. Fig. 16:2.

Angola, South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana, east-

ern and northern Cape Province, Transkei, Natal,

Transvaal, Zimbabwe and East Africa. Map 47.

Vouchers: Enslin & Schweickerdt s.n. (NU; PRU

6241); Kers 170 (BM; FR; S; WIND); Pegler 1528 (BM;

BOL; PRE); Schelpe 5025 (B; BM; BOL; C; GH; K; M;

MO; NBG; P; PR; PRE; S; STE; US); Schlechter 4675 (BR;

BOL; NBG; PRC).

10. Marsilea unicornis Launert in Senc-

kenberg. biol. 49: 303, t. 53-54, 74 (1968); in

F.S.W.A. 11: 4 (1969); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 56,

t. 7C (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 484, t. 362 (1983). Type: South West Afri-

ca/Namibia, Tsumeb, Dinter 7585 (M, holo!;

BM!; BOL!; FR; K!; PRE!; WIND!).

Filicales

63

MAP 48 . — # Marsilea unicornis

■ Marsilea schelpeana

nate, or rarely entire, appressed-pilose at first.

Pedicels arising from very base of stipe or just

above, erect or slightly arching, rather slender,

flexible, c. 20-45 mm long. Sporocarps soli-

tary or crowded, obliquely ovate-oblong to

elliptic in lateral view, narrowly elliptic in dor-

siventral cross-section, not bordered, typically

inclined at an angle of 115-130° with pedicel;

lateral ribs not present in mature sporocarps;

veins (seen interiorly) not anastomosing; raphe

distinct, attached to 14— 4/5 of sporocarp base;

inferior tooth almost obsolete; superior tooth

distinct, prominent. Fig. 16: 7.

Endemic to Cape Province. Map 48.

Vouchers: Anderson 28 (B; BOL; C; GH: K; M; MO;

P; PR; PRE; S); Johnson 1095 (PRE); Van Jaarsveld 4982

(NBG).

Stipes usually slender and glabrous, c.

60-200 mm long. Pinnae narrow to broadly

obdeltate, olive- or greyish green, usually gla-

brous, flanks usually straight, outer margin

bilobed, irregularly crenate, shortly lobate-cre-

nate, or rarely entire. Pedicels free, slender,

6-14 mm long. Sporocarps solitary at very base

of stipe, bean-shaped or rarely lozenge-shaped,

biscoctiform in dorsiventral cross-section,

almost always with continuous dorsi-fronto-

ventral furrow; lateral ribs 9-14, usually

somewhat prominent ventrally, rarely invisible;

veins (see interiorly) not anastomosing; raphe

present, covering M-4/5 of sporocarp base; infe-

rior tooth absent (or present as very shallow

hump); superior tooth present, conical, almost

always acute, straight or with apex slightly

recurved. Fig. 16: 5.

South West Africa/Namibia and Angola. Map 48.

Vouchers: Dinter 614 (B; M; SAM); 7585 (BM; BOL;

FR; K; M; PRE; WIND); Giess & Leippert 7564 (M; NBG;

WIND); Schweickerdt 2080, 2101 (BM; BOL; K; M; NU;

PRE; PRU; WIND).

1 1 . Marsilea schelpeana Launert in Mitt.

Bot. StSamml., Munch. 3: 506, t. 1 (1960); in

Senckenberg. biol. 49: 305, t. 55-57 (1968), as

schelpiana\ W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 484, t. 363 (1983). Type: Cape Province,

Korsten near Port Elizabeth, Liver sidge s.n.

(BOL 26551, holo.!).

Stipes usually crowded, rarely solitary,

slender, flexible, c. 70-200 mm long. Pinnae

narrowly obdeltoid to obdeltoid-obovate, flanks

slightly convex, outer margins bilobate, cre-

12. Marsilea apposita Launert in Senc-

kenberg. biol. 49: 306, t. 75 (1968); in F.Z.

Pterid.: 65 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 485, t. 364 (1983). Type: Zimbabwe,

Matopo Hills, Gibbs 289 (BM, holo. !; BOL!).

Marsilea capensis sensu Eyles in Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr.

5, 4: 290 (1916). Marsilea macrocarpa var. capensis sensu

Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 316, t. 172 fig. 4(1915).

Stipes obtusely angular, striate, green,

scattered-pilose or glabrous, c. 70-300 mm

long. Pinnae obdeltate, flanks shallowly con-

cave or straight, outer margin rounded, irregu-

larly crenate or crenate-dentate. Pedicels terete,

slender, wiry, erect or arching, 2 or 3 (or

more), connate at the base, rarely solitary,

usually pilose, 8 mm long. Sporocarps obtusely

rectangular in lateral view, dorsally somewhat

concave, ventrally slightly convex, c. 3-4 x 2-

3,25 x 1,5-2 mm thick, rectangular in dorsi-

ventral cross-section (fully mature sporocarps

sometimes almost bean-shaped), with continu-

ous shallow dorso-fronto-ventral furrow; lateral

ribs hardly visible at maturity; raphe distinct,

covering almost entire sporocarp base; inferior

tooth absent (or present as very shallow hump);

superior tooth present, rather short; sori 6-8.

Botswana, Transvaal and Zimbabwe. Map 49.

Voucher: Wager 169 (PRE).

13. Marsilea villifolia Brem. & Oberm.

ex Alston & Schelpe in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 18: 566,

166 (1952); Launert in Senckenberg. biol. 49:

307, t. 58-59 (1968); in F.Z. Pterid.: 64, t. 18B

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

64

Filicales

486, t. 365 (1983). Type: Botswana, pan south

of Kopjes, Van Son s.n. sub TRV 1801 C

(BOL, holo.!; B!; BM!; K!; PRE!).

Marsilea villosa Burch, ex Brem. & Oberm. in Ann.

Transv. Mus. 16: 400 (1935), non Kaulf. (1824).

Stipes very robust, up to 2,5 mm in diame-

ter near base, obtusely angular, striate, 70-200

mm long. Pinnae broadly obdeltate, olive- or

yellowish green, thickly herbaceous, flanks

slightly concave, outer margin irregularly cre-

nate, very rarely entire. Pedicels very short,

appressed-pilose, up to 4 mm long. Sporocarps

solitary, square to obtusely rectangular in late-

ral view, rectangular in dorsiventral cross-sec-

tion, with or without shallow dorsifrontal fur-

row, densely appressed-pilose, gradually be-

coming glabrous, 5—6 x 4—5 x 1 — 1,5 mm

thick; lateral ribs invisible at maturity; lateral

veins (seen interiorly) not anastomosing; raphe

not very distinct, covering 'A-/ of sporocarp

base; inferior tooth absent (or present as shal-

low hump); superior tooth not very conspicu-

ous, rather short, broadly conical, obtuse; sori

8-12. Fig. 16: 8.

South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana, northern Cape

Province and central Transvaal. Map 49.

Vouchers: Galpin M74 (PRE); Giffen s.n. (BM).

14. Marsilea vera Launert in Mitt. Bot.

StSamml., Miinch. 3: 505 (1960); in Sencken-

berg. biol. 49: 308, t. 60-62 (1968); in

F.S.W.A. 11: 4 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 65, t.

18A (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 486, t. 366 (1983). Type: South West

Africa/Namibia, Olukonda, Schinz s.n. (B,

holo.).

Stipes slender, somewhat glabrous, c.

40-200 mm long. Pinnae very densely greyish

villous when young, flanks straight or slightly

convex, outer margin entire, retuse, bilobed,

crenate, irregularly dentate, or rarely deeply bi-

furcate. Pedicels usually downward-growing,

burying sporocarp in the soil, rarely spreading,

usually glabrous, c. 4— 10 mm long. Sporocarps

always distinctly pedicelled, deflexed against

pedicel, subrectangular to obliquely broad-el-

liptic in lateral view, elliptic to obtusely rec-

tangular in dorsiventral cross-section, not bor-

dered at maturity, usually without furrow; late-

ral ribs 8-10, not easily visible at maturity;

veins (seen interiorly) not anastomosing; raphe

distinct, usually attached to entire sporocarp

base; inferior tooth absent; superior tooth very

short, broadly conical, always obtuse, dark

brown; sori c. 6-8. Fig. 16: 6.

South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana and Zim-

babwe. Map 50.

Vouchers: Gibbs Russell & Biegel 1378 (BOL;

SRGH); Schweickerdt 2179 (BM; BOL; K; M; NU; PRE;

WIND); 2200 (BM; BOL; K; M; NU; PRE; PRU; WIND);

Van Jaarsveld 2956 (NBG).

15. Marsilea capensis A.Br. in Mber. K.

preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1863: 428 (1864);

Launert in Senckenberg. biol. 49: 310, t.

63-64, 76 (1968); in F.Z. Pterid.: 66, t. 18D

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

487, t. 367 (1983). Type: Cape Province,

Drege s.n. (B, lecto.).

MAP 50. — # Marsilea vera

■ Marsilea capensis

Filicales

65

Stipes slender, flexible, usually crowded,

c. 70-200 mm long. Pinnae narrowly obdeltate

to obdeltate-obovate, flanks slightly convex.

Pedicels solitary, free, slender, erect or ascend-

ing, c. 4—7 mm long. Sporocarps obliquely

broad-oblong or irregularly rhombic (rarely rec-

tangular or square) in lateral view, often typi-

cally axe-shaped, distally obliquely truncate or

more rarely rounded, narrowly elliptic in dorsi-

ventral cross-section, always unbordered, late-

rally compressed or slightly inflated only, dark

brown to almost black at maturity; lateral ribs

always absent; lateral veins (seen interiorly) not

anastomosing; raphe distinct, covering 4/5to en-

tire sporocarp base; inferior tooth absent (or

very rarely present as very shallow hump); su-

perior tooth distinct, short, conical, acute or

subacute, rarely obtuse, erect or somewhat re-

curved; sori c. 8-10.

Widespread in Cape Province; Transkei, Orange Free

State, Transvaal, Zambia and Egypt. Map 50.

Vouchers: Grobbelaar 2042 (PRU); Leistner 1427

(BM; BOL; PRE); Oliver 4404 (STE); Schlechter 10909

(BOL; GRA; P).

16. Marsilea burchellii (Kunze) A. Br. in

Mber. K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1863: 429

(1864); Launert in Senckenberg. biol. 49: 311,

t. 65-66, 77 (1968); inF.S.W.A. 11:3 (1969);

in F.Z. Pterid.: 66, t. 18C (1970); W. B. G.

Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 488, t. 368 (1983).

Type: Cape Province, Asbestos Mountains,

Burchett 1625 (B, holo.; K!).

Marsilea quadrifolia var. burchellii Kunze in Linnaea

10; 556 (1836). Zalusianskya burchellii (Kunze) Kuntze,

Rev. Gen. 2: 823 (1891). Marsilea macrocarpa var. bur-

chellii (Kunze) Sim, as (A. Br.) Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

315, t. 172 fig. 2(1915).

Marsilea biloba Willd. in L., Sp. PI. edn 4, 5: 540

(1810). Marsilea macrocarpa var. biloba (Willd.) Sim,

Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 315, t. 172 fig. 3 (1915). Type; Cape

Province, near Mossel Bay, Meuron s.n., Herb. Willdenow

no. 20257 (B, holo.!).

Stipes rather slender, usually glabrous, c.

5-60 mm long (rarely longer). Pinnae variable,

flanks straight or slightly convex. Pedicels al-

ways free, rather slender, flexible, erect or as-

cending, pilose at first, c. 3-8 mm long. Sporo-

carps usually crowded, very small, c. 1,25—

2,5 x 1,5—2 x 0,6- 1,5 mm thick, subcircu-

lar, pyriform, very rarely obtusely square or

slightly rectangular in lateral view, dorsiventral

cross-section varying from circular to elliptic,

never bordered, densely set with appressed or

spreading hairs (all downward-pointing) when

young; lateral ribs not apparent at maturity;

raphe present, not very distinct, covering 'A-'A

of sporocarp base; inferior tooth completely ab-

sent; superior tooth always developed, conical,

short and obtuse or long (up to 0,3 mm) and

acute; sporangia c. 3-5. Fig. 16: 3.

South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana, Cape Province

and Orange Free State . Map 5 1 .

Vouchers; Acocks 8797 (BOL; PRE); Comins 820

(BOL; PRE); Leippert 4687 (M; WIND); Schelpe 4552 (B,

BM; BOL; GH; K; M; MO; PRE; S; US); Verdoorn 1320

(K; PRE).

SALVINIACEAE

Floating aquatic plants with slender branched siphonostelic rootless rhizomes. Leaves dimor-

phous, borne in whorls of 3, 2 leaves floating, oblong to orbicular, entire, variously papillate on

aerial surface, the third leaf submerged, finely dissected, hairy and root-like. Sori in thin-walled

sporocarps bome on dissected submerged leaf; sporangia borne on branched receptacles. Micro-

spores germinating within microsporangium.

66

Filicales

FIG. 17. — 1 , Azolla filiculoides, part of plant, x 3; la, terminal branch, x 9; lb, megasporocarp and microsporocarp,

x 30 (from live material). 2, Salvinia molesta, habit, x 2; 2a, papilla from upper surface of floating frond, x 20 (from live

material).

Filicales

67

SALVINIA

Salvinia Seguier, FI. Veron. 3: 52 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 67 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI.

Madag. 11:1 (1952); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 50: 17 (1957); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl.

25 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 39 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 55 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z.

Pterid.: 67 (1970). Type species: S. natans (L.) Allioni (= Marsilea natans L.).

Description as for family.

The only genus of the family, comprising about 10 species, mostly in tropical America, but with one indigenous

species in continental Africa and one introduced species, the latter occurring in our area.

Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell in Fern

Gaz. 10: 251 (1972); Jacot Guillarmod in East.

Cape Natur. 62 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 490, t. 28, 369 (1983). Type:

Zimbabwe, Lake Kariba, Ruziruhuru River In-

let, Mitchell 1330 (SRGH, holo.; B; BM; BO;

BOL!; BR; CAL; CHR; EA; GE; GH; K; LISB;

LO; M; MO; NSW; P; PDA; PRE; RH; US;

WAG; Z).

Salvinia auriculata sensu Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 67,

t. 19B (1970).

Rhizome horizontal, up to 1,2 mm in

diameter, set on the under surface with brown

multicellular hairs up to 2 mm long. Floating

fronds in pairs, emarginate, base cordate, flat in

weak specimens, folded along midrib in vigo-

rous specimens, up to 25 x 24 mm; upper sur-

face with dense multicellular papillae c. 2 mm

high, with 4 separate curved segments adjoin-

ing apically to form an open basket structure;

under surface thinly beset with pale multicellu-

lar hairs up to 1 mm long. Submerged fronds

much dissected, up to 120 mm long, lobes with

dense brown multicellular hairs up to 2 mm

long. Sporocarps spherical, hairy, up to 33 ar-

ranged in rows along one lobe of dissected sub-

merged frond. Fig. 17: 2.

A putative sterile hybrid possibly introduced from

tropical America and subsequently spreading through cen-

tral Africa: Kenya, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe,

Botswana and Southern Africa, as well as Ceylon, Indone-

sia and Australia. Standing, inland waters. Map 52.

Vouchers: Gibbs Russell & Biegel 1341 (BOL;

SRGH); Mitchell 190 (BOL; SRGH); Oliver 651 (PEU);

Smith 1 165 (BOL; GAB; SRGH); Van Schoor s.n. (STE).

AZOLLACEAE

Floating aquatic plants with slender pinnately branched siphonostelic rhizomes and with roots

borne singly or in fascicles. Leaves alternate, imbricate, 2-lobed, with an aerial chlorophyllous

lobe and a thin colourless submerged lobe. Sori in thin-walled sporocarps borne on the basal leaf of

a branch, heterosporous; megasporocarp with a single megaspore surmounted by apical massulae;

microsporocarp with numerous microsporangia, microspores germinating in a massula derived

from microsporangial contents. Female gametophyte submerged.

AZOLLA

Azolla Lam., in Encycl. Meth. Bot. 1: 343 (1783); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 67 (1908); Tardieu-

Blot in FI. Madag. 11:2 (1952); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 50: 19 (1957); Alston in F.W.T.A.

edn 2, Suppl. 27 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 41 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 55 (1964);

Launert in F.S.W.A. 12: 1 (1969); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 69 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin

L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 36 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 57 (1977). Type species: A.

fdiculoides Lam.

68

Filicales

Description as for family.

The only genus of the family, comprising 5 species, 2 of which are indigenous to continental Africa, one of them to our

area. Another has been introduced and is spreading as a weed on dams.

Megaspores surmounted by 3 massulae; massulae of microspores armed all round with rigid glochidia with

anchor-shaped tips 2. A.filiculoides

Megaspores surmounted by numerous massulae; massulae of microspores with few or no outgrowths 1 .A. pinnata

1. Azolla pinnata R. Br., Prodr. FI. Nov.

Holl. 167 (1810); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

312, t. 172 fig. 1 (1915); Schelpe in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 57 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 493, t. 371 (1983) Type: Australia,

near Port Jackson, Brown s.n. (BM, holo.-

BOL, photo. !).

Azolla africana Desv. in Mem. Soc. Linn., Paris 6, 2:

178 (1827). Azolla pinnata var. africana (Desv.) Bak.,

Fern Allies 138 (1887); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 14

(1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 69 (1970). Type: Senegal, Desvaux

s.n.. Herb. Lavallee (P, holo.!).

Rhizome horizontal, minutely papillate,

up to 20 x 0,2 mm; roots in fascicles of 2-3,

hairy, up to 35 mm long with long conspicuous

root-cap. Upper leaf lobe ovate to broadly ellip-

tic, up to 1,1 mm long, papillate chlorophyllous

central portion surrounded by hyaline border;

lower leaf lobe similar in size but hyaline. Me-

gasporocarps with prominent dark apex and

containing a single granular megaspore sur-

mounted by numerous massulae. Microsporo-

carps borne singly or subtended by a megaspo-

rocarp, only partly covered by a hyaline lower

leaflet, spherical, with minute dark apex and

containing numerous long-stalked microspo-

rangia; massulae with few or no weak out-

growths.

Widespread in tropical Africa as far south as South

West Africa/Namibia, Botswana and Natal. Pools and back-

waters of rivers, between 3 and 50 m altitude. Map 53.

2. Azolla filiculoides Lam., Encycl. 1:

343 (1783); Jacot Guillarmod in East. Cape Na-

tur. 63 (1978); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 494, t. 373 (1983). Type: South America,

Tierra del Fuego, Straits of Magellan, Commer-

son s.n. (P, holo.).

Very closely related to Azolla pinnata

from which it differs as follows: Roots borne

singly. Megaspores surmounted by 3 massulae.

Microspore massulae armed all round with ri-

gid glochidia with anchor-shaped tips. Fig. 17:

1.

Orange Free State and Cape Province, especially along

the Orange River. In artificial dams and reservoirs, c. 1 000

m. (See also Ashton & Walmsley, 1976). Map 53.

Vouchers; Ashton 1311 (BOL; PRE); Edwards 4198

(BOL)

Vouchers: Wager s.n. (BM; BOL;); Ward 2473 (BM;

NPB; NU).

MAP 53. — ★ Azolla pinnata

▲ Azolla filiculoides

CYATHEACEAE

Arborescent plants with an erect caudex (trunk) made up of a dictyostelic axis enveloped by

numerous short adventitious roots and old stipe bases; scales produced apically and on stipe bases.

Fronds usually large, borne at apex of caudex, deeply 2-pinnatifid to 3-pinnate or 4-pinnatifid,

membranous to coriaceous, under surface glabrous to villous or tomentose; veins free. Sori superfi-

cial on veins; receptacle elongated or hemispherical; sporangia developing mostly in basipetal

succession, short-stalked, dehiscing horizontally; annulus complete, oblique; indusium basal, cup-

shaped, 1 -sided or absent. Gametophyte thick, cordate.

Filicales

69

CYATHEA

Cyathea J. E. Sm. in Memorie Accad. Sci. Torino 5: 416 (1793); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 7

(1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 4: 2 (1951); Alston in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 49 (1953);

Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 50 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 65 (1964); Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid.: 70

(1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8,3 Pterid.: 13 (1973); Holttum in Kew

Bull. 36: 463^182 (1981). Lectotype species: C. arborea (L.) J.E. Sm. ( = Polypodium arboreum

Alsophila R. Br., Prodr. FI. Nov. Holl. 158 (1810).

Hemitelia R. Br., loc. cit. (1810).

Description as for family.

A genus of over 800 species throughout the tropics and the southern temperate regions. Species with asymmetric

indusia were previously referred to the genus Hemitelia.

Aphlebia (basal pinnae with filiform segments) absent; ultimate pinnule segments entire to subentire and set with

hair-like costal scales below 1 . C. dregei

Aphlebia present; ultimate pinnule segments sharply dentate and set with pale bullate costal scales below

2. C. capensis

1. Cyathea dregei Kunze in Linnaea 10:

551 (1836); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 82, t. 6

(1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 74, t. 21E

(1970). Type: Transkei, between the Umzim-

vubu and Umsicaba Rivers, Drege s.n. (LZ,

holo.t; BM!; K!; I^BOL, photo.!; P!).

Alsophila dregei (Kunze) Tryon in Contr. Gray Herb.

Harv. 200: 30 (1970); Schelpe in C.F.A. Pterid.: 60 (1977);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 201, t. 21, 29, 141

(1983).

Cyathea burkei Hook., Sp. Fil. 1: 23, t. 17B (1844).

Type: Transvaal, Magaliesberg, Burke 150 (K, holo.!;

BM!).

Caudex stout, up to 0,45 m in diameter

and 5 m tall. Fronds arching, thinly to thickly

coriaceous; stipe brown, variously tuberculate,

c. 0,15 m long, set with numerous subulate,

castaneous, minutely lacerate scales up to 53

mm long around stipe base; lamina 3-pinnate,

elliptic in outline, up to 3 x 0,7 m, lowest

pinnae reduced; pinnae narrowly oblong, acute,

up to 0,56 x 0,19 m, pinnate into linear to very

narrowly oblong, acute to attenuate, pinnate

pinnules; pinnule lobes very narrowly oblong,

somewhat falcate, acute, subentire to crenate,

upper surface glabrous, under surface subgla-

brous to densely tomentose; rhachis pale

brown, smooth. Sori up to 12 per pinnule lobe,

c. 1 mm in diameter; indusium shallowly to

deeply cupuliform. Fig. 18.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Lesotho, Swaziland,

Transvaal, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Streambanks in

grassland and on forest margins, 900-1 800 m. Map 54.

Vouchers: Baur 161 (GRA; K; SAM); Fisher 878

(NH; NU; PRE); McLea s.n. (BOL; GRA; K; SAM); Ruda-

tis 790 (BM; K; PRE); Schlechter 4460 (BM; BOL; K;

PRE).

Specimens from north of our area often have smaller

indusia than the typical Southern African and other forms.

The juvenile foliage of C. dregei resembles the mature

foliage of C. capensis (L.f.) J.E. Sm. in that the ultimate

segments are conspicuously dentate.

2. Cyathea capensis (L. f.) J.E. Sm. in

Mem. Acad. Turin 5: 417 (1793); Schelpe in

F.Z. Pterid.: 74, t. 21D (1970). Type: Cape of

Good Hope, Sparrmann s.n. (LINN 1251/61,

holo.!).

Polypodium capense L. f. , Suppl. 445 (1781). Aspidium

capense (L. f.) Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 42 (1801).

Hemitelia capensis (L. f.) Kaulf., Enum. Fil. 253 (1824);

Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 85, t. 7 (1915). Alsophila capen-

sis (L. f.) J. Sm. in J. Bot., Lond. 1: 666 (1842); W. B. G.

Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 202, t. 142 (1983). Polystichum

capense (L. f.) J. Sm. in Bot. Mag. 72, Compend. 35

(1846). Cormophyllum capense (L. f.) Newm. in Phytolog-

ist 5: 238 (1854). Amphicosmia capensis (L. f.) Klotzsch in

Allg. Gartenzeit. 1856: 107 (1856).

Trichomanes incisum Thunb., Prodr. 173 (1800). Type:

Cape Province, Grootvadersbosch, Thunberg s.n. (UPS,

holo.!).

Cyathea riparia Willd. in L., Sp. PI. edn 4, 5: 493

(1810). Hemitelia riparia (Willd.) Desv. in Mem. Soc.

Linn., Paris 6: 322 (1827). Amphicosmia riparia (Willd.)

Gardn. in J. Bot., Lond. 1: 441, t. 12 (1842). Type: Cape

Province, Meuron s.n., Herb. Willdenow No. 20172 (B,

holo.!).

Trichomanes cormophyllum Kaulf., Enum. Fil. 266

(1824). Type: Cape of Good Hope.

70

Filicales

FIG. 18. — 1 , Cyathea dregei, pinna, x 0,6; la, stipe base, X 0,6 (Schelpe 6263).

Filicales

71

MAP 55. — Cyathea capensis

Caudex slender, c. 0,1 m in diameter and

up to 4,5 m high. Fronds arching, herbaceous;

stipe pale brown ventrally, dark purplish brown

dorsally, sparsely set when young with nar-

rowly lanceolate, castaneous scales c. 10 mm

long with paler lacerate margins; lamina ellip-

tic, deeply 3-pinnatifid, up to 2 x 0,8 m; pin-

nae oblong, attenuate, up to 0,46 x 0,16 m,

pinnate into very narrowly oblong, attenuate,

deeply pinnatifid pinnules; pinnule segments

dentate, narrowly oblong, somewhat falcate,

acute, upper surface glabrous, under surface set

with pale bullate scales along costules; rhachis

pale to dark brown, smooth, glabrous. Sori 1-2

at base of each pinnule segment, c. 1 mm in

diameter, with paraphyses; indusium asymme-

tric. Fig. 19.

South-western Cape Province to Transkei, Natal, Swa-

ziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi and

Tanzania. Also Brazil (Holttum, 1981). Shaded, moist,

forested ravines, 1 370-1 800 m. Map 55.

Vouchers: Cooper 1417 (BM; K; NH; PRE); Enslin &

Schweickerdt s.n. (BM; NU; PRU; STE); Fisher 792 (NH;

NU; PRE); Schelpe 4374 (BM; BOL); Thode A63 (K; NH;

PRE).

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

Small delicate epiphytic or terrestrial herbs with slender, creeping or erect, protostelic rhi-

zomes. Fronds simple or variously divided; lamina 1 cell thick, without stomata; veins free or

joining a submarginal vein \ false veins, unconnected with vascular system of lamina, sometimes

present. Sori marginal with sporangia borne in basipetal succession on an elongated receptacle

within a tubular, obconic or bivalved indusium; annulus complete, oblique. Prothallus filamentous

or thalloid and narrow.

Copeland (1938, 1947) divided the Hymenophyllaceae into 33 genera, most of which present-day authors prefer to

treat as subgenera of Hymenophyllum and Trichomanes (Crabbe et ai, 1975; Tryon & Tryon, 1982).

Indusium tubular to obconic with 2 small lobes at apex; receptacle often elongated beyond sorus; rhizome usually

thickly set with black or brown hairs 1 . Trichomanes

Indusium of 2 separate valves, sometimes with a small obconic base; receptacle shorter than valves; rhizome sub-

glabrous 2. Hymenophyllum

1 TRICHOMANES

Trichomanes L., Sp. PI. 1097 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 485 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 3

(1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 3; 16 (1951); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 39 (1953); Alston

in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 29 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon. 8; 58 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 77

(1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 75 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3

Pterid. ; 40 ( 1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 62 (1977). Lectotype species: T. crispum L.

72

Filicales

Filicales

73

Rhizome filiform, widely creeping or erect, densely set with black or brown hairs, or shorter

and thicker (1-3 mm thick). Fronds simple, or up to 4-pinnatifid, glabrous or subglabrous or with

marginal hairs; veins free or connected to a submarginal vein; false veins sometimes present. Sori

marginal, turbinate to obconic, with 2 rounded apical lobes; filamentous receptacle often exserted

beyond sorus.

A genus composed of more than 250 species, chiefly tropical, worldwide,

la Fronds simple or lobed less than halfway to midrib:

2a Marginal vein absent; margin of young fronds with stiff brown hairs 1 . 7. reptans

2b Marginal vein present; frond margin without hairs 2. 7. erosum var. aerugineum

lb Fronds 2-pinnatifid to 4-pinnatifid:

3a Rhizome stout, 2-3 mm in diameter; fronds 3- to 4-pinnatifid 3.7. rigidum

3b Rhizome filiform; fronds 2- to 3-pinnatifid:

4a Rhizome set with black hairs; sorus conical, almost as deep as broad 4. 7. pyxidiferum var. melanotrichum

4b Rhizome set with brown hairs; sorus turbinate, about twice as deep as broad 5. 7. borbonicum

1. Trichomanes reptans Swartz, Prodr.

Veg. Ind. Occ. 136 (1788); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 186, t. 126 (1983). Type: Ja-

maica (?S, holo.; BM, iso.!).

Trichomanes robinsonii Hook, ex Bak. in J. Linn. Soc.,

Bot. 9: 339, t. 8B (1867). Didymoglossum robinsonii

(Hook, ex Bak.) Copel. in Philipp. J. Sci. 67: 77, t. 31 figs

7, 8 (1938). Syntypes: Natal, Robinson s.n. (Kl), Sander-

son s.n. (K!).

Trichomanes montanum sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

71, t. 2 fig. 1 (1915).

Rhizome set with dark brown hairs.

Fronds borne 3-10 mm apart; stipe very short,

set with dark brown hairs; lamina ovate to ob-

long, up to 30 x 13 mm, pinnatifid, groups of

dark brown hairs borne at intervals along mar-

gins of young fronds; submarginal vein absent.

Sori borne at apices of fronds, turbinate, c. 3

mm deep x 1 mm in diameter, only winged by

lamina basally, valves entire, rounded. Fig. 20:

11.

Transkei, Natal and Transvaal, as well as Madagascar

and South America. A lithophyte or low-level epiphyte

from sea level to 1 500 m. Map 56.

Vouchers: Enslin & Schweickerdt s.n. (NU; PRU;

STE); Fisher 856 (BM; BOL; NH; NU; PRU); Schelpe

1699 (BOL; NH; NU); 5043 (B; BM; BOL; GH; K; M; P;

PRE; S; US).

2. Trichomanes erosum Willd. in L., Sp.

PI. edn 4, 5: 501 (1810); Schelpe in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 76, t. 22B (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 62

(1977). Type: West Africa, Oware and Benin,

Flugge s.n., Herb. Willdenow no. 20189 (B,

holo.!).

The typical variety does not occur in

Southern Africa.

Var. aerugineum (Van den Bosch)

Bonap., Not. Pterid.: 13: 165 (1929); Schelpe

in F.Z. Pterid.: 76 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 188, t. 127 (1983). Type: Fer-

nando Po, Barter s.n.. Herb. Hooker (K,

holo.!).

Trichomanes aerugineum Van den Bosch in Ned. Kruid.

Archf., ser. 1,5,3: 201 (1863).

Trichomanes erosum sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 72,

t. 2 fig. 3(1915).

Rhizome set with dark brown hairs.

Fronds borne 0,5-1 mm apart; stipe short, bear-

ing dark brown hairs when young; lamina linear

to ovate-oblong, variously pinnatifid, up to 20

FIG. 19. — 1, Cyathea capensis, terminal portion of frond, x 0,6; la, aphlebium, x 0,6; lb. detail of lower surface of

ultimate segments, X 6 (Hemm 401).

74

Filicales

Filicales

75

MAP 57. — ☆ Trichomanes erosum var. aerugineum

• Trichomanes rigidum

© Trichomanes erosum and Trichomanes

rigidum

x 10 mm, with occasional brown hairs on cos-

tae of young fronds; submarginal vein present.

Sori borne in upper half of frond, c. 1 mm deep

and 0,4 mm in diameter, with rounded entire

valves and winged by lamina throughout its

length. Fig. 20: 8.

Restricted and rare in Natal; Mozambique, Zaire,

Uganda, Tanzania, Cameroun, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra

Leone and Fernando Po. On deeply shaded boulder faces in

forest, 1 500-1 600 m. Map 57.

Vouchers; Medley Wood 1 1947 (BOL; NBG; NH;

PRE); 11948 (K).

3. Trichomanes rigidum Swartz, Prodr.

Veg. Ind. Occ. 137 (1788); Sim, Ferns S. Afr.

edn 2: 68, t. 1 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.:

78, t. 22A (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 64 (1977);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 190, t. 130

(1983). Type: Jamaica (S, holo.!; LD!; UPS!).

Selenodesmium rigidum (Swartz) Copel. in Philipp. J.

Sci. 67:81 (1938).

Trichomanes dregei Van den Bosch in Ned. Kruid.

Archf. 4: 372 (1859). Type: Transkei, Lusikisiki, Drege

s.n. (7P/PR, holo.; BM!).

Rhizome shortly creeping to suberect, c. 3

mm in diameter, set with dark brown hairs.

Fronds tufted; stipe grey-brown when dried, up

to 160 mm long, set with a few dark brown

hairs basally; lamina 3- to 4-pinnatifid, nar-

rowly ovate or lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate;

pinnae 2- to 3-pinnatifid into numerous acute to

rounded lobes c. 0,2 mm broad; rhachis nar-

rowly winged. Sori borne near costae of pinnae,

turbinate with rounded entire valves, c. 1,5 x

0,6 mm, often with a long persistent receptacle.

Fig. 20: 7.

Transkei, Natal, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe and

Mozambique; widespread in tropical Africa and America.

Shaded streambanks in forest, 1 370-1 890 m. Map 57.

Vouchers: McLea s.n. (BOL; K; SAM); Medley Wood

s.n. (BOL; NH; PRE; SAM); 11948 (BOL; PRE;'SAM)-

Rudatis 932 (BM; K; S; STE); Ward 950 (NU; PRU).

4. Trichomanes pyxidiferum L., Sp. PI.

2: 1098 (1753). Iconotype: Plumier, Foug.

Amer. 74, t. 50E (1705)!, from San Domingo.

The typical variety does not occur in

Southern Africa.

Var. melanotrichum (Schlechtd.) Schelpe

in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 30: 181 (1964); in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 78, t. 22C (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 63

(1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

188, t. 128 (1983). Type: Cape Province, Plet-

tenberg Bay, Mund & Maire s.n. (HAL, holo.!;

B; P).

Trichomanes melanotrichum Schlechtd., Adumbr. 56

(1832); Kunze in Linnaea 10: 553 (1836). Vandenboschia

melanotricha (Schlechtd.) Pichi-Sermolli in Webbia 12:

127, t. 1 (1955).

Trichomanes pyxidiferum sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

69, t. 3 fig. 3(1915).

Rhizome set with black hairs. Fronds

borne up to 30 mm apart; stipe narrowly winged

in upper half, up to 25 mm long; lamina nar-

rowly oblong to lanceolate or narrowly ovate,

up to 70 X 25 mm, 2- to 3-pinnatifid; pinnae

pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid into rounded entire

FIG. 20. — 1, Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, frond, x 0,6; la, detail of part of frond, X 2,4 (Taylor 1235). 2, H.

peltatum, frond, X 0,6; 2a, detail of part of frond, X 1,8 (Esterhuysen 18547). 3, H. capense, frond, X 0,6; 3a, detail of

part of frond, x 2,4 (Esterhuysen 2820). 4, H. marlothii, frond, X 0,6; 4a, detail of part of frond, x 2,4 (Esterhuysen

25367). 5, H. polyanthos var. kuhnii, frond, x 0,6; 5a, detail of part of frond, x 3 (Schelpe 5541). 6, H. capillare, frond,

x 0,6; 6a, detail of part of frond, X 2,4 (Phipps 1265). 7, Trichomanes rigidum, frond, X 0,6; 7a, detail of part of frond,

x 1,8 (Drummond 4951). 8, T. erosum var. aerugineum, frond, x 0,6; 8a, detail of part of frond, x 1,8 (Chase 6598). 9,

T. borbonicum, frond, X 0,6; 9a, detail of part of frond, X 1 ,8 (Schelpe 6186). 10, T. pyxidiferum var. melanotrichum,

frond, X 0,6; 10a, detail of part of frond, x 1,8 (Schelpe 6246). 1 1, T. reptans, frond, x 0,6; 11a, detail of part of frond,

X 1,8 ( Schelpe 6250).

76

Filicales

MAP 58. — ☆ Trichomanes pyxidiferum var. melano-

trichum

Q Trichomanes pyxidiferum and Tricho-

manes borbonicum

lobes c. 0,7 mm broad, pinnae dark green when

fresh but the lobes folded longitudinally on dry-

ing. Sori conical, very narrowly winged by

lamina for part of its length, c. 1,5 x 1 mm,

with entire rounded lobes. Fig. 20: 10.

South-western Cape Province to Transkei, Natal,

Orange Free State, Swaziland and Transvaal; Zimbabwe,

Mozambique, Angola, Zaire, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda,

Sudan, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Madagascar. A lithophyte and

low-level epiphyte in forest, 1 450-2 160 m. Map 58.

Vouchers: Burrows 1437 (BOL; NBG); Medley Wood

1 1954 (NH; PRE; SAM); Schelpe 5044 (B; BM; BOL; GH;

K; M; MO; P; PRE; S; US); Schlechter 6976 (GRA; PRE);

Van Jaarsveld 6079 (BOL; NBG; PRE).

5. Trichomanes borbonicum Van den

Bosch in Ned. Kruid. Archf., ser. 1, 5, 2: 158

(1861); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 76, t. 22D

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

189, t. 129 (1983). Type: Reunion, Boivin 908

(B, lecto.!; P!).

Rhizome set with brown hairs. Fronds

10-40 mm apart; stipe filiform, narrowly

winged in upper half; lamina oblong-lanceolate

to narrowly elliptic, up to 100 X 35 mm; pinnae

bilaterally pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid into up to

12 linear rounded lobes c. 0,8 mm broad; rha-

chis winged. Sori usually borne in upper half of

frond, cylindric to turbinate, winged by lamina

for its whole length, c. 2 mm deep and c. 0,6

mm in diameter, with entire rounded valves and

persistent prominent filiform receptacle. Fig.

20: 9.

Rare in Natal, Swaziland and Transvaal; Zimbabwe,

Mozambique, Zaire, Tanzania, Kenya, Cameroun, Ghana,

Fernando Po, Sao Tome, Madagascar and Mascarene Is-

lands. On moist shaded boulder faces in forest,

1 500-1 900 m. Map 58.

Vouchers: Burrows 1361 (BOL; NBG); Schelpe 6186

(BM; BOL; K); Waser N.22 (PRE).

2. HYMENOPHYLLUM

Hymenophyllum J.E. Sm. in Memorie Accad. Sci. Torino 5: 418, t. 9, 8 (1793); Engl., Pflan-

zenw. Afr. 2: 5 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 3: 2 (1951); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 34

(1953); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 31 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 55 (1964); in

FI. Camer. 3: 72 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 78 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw.

& Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 42 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 64 (1977). Lectotype species: H. tunbrid-

gense (L.) J.E. Sm. (= Trichomanes tunbridgense L.).

Rhizome filiform, widely creeping, subglabrous. Fronds pinnately divided to 3-pinnatifid, or

flabellate, glabrous or set with stellate hairs, segments entire or serrate; veins free. Sori with 2

indusial valves enclosing receptacle.

The genus Hymenophyllum, as construed here, comprises some 300 species and is largely confined to the tropics and

the temperate and subantarctic zones of the Southern Hemisphere,

la Fronds with stellate hairs:

2a Fronds deltoid to oblong; rhachis winged 1 . H. marlothii

2b Fronds linear-oblong; rhachis not winged 2.H. capillare

lb Fronds glabrous:

3a Ultimate segments of frond dentate:

4a Pinnae unilaterally divided on acroscopic side only; indusial lobes entire to erose 3. H. peltatum

4b Pinnae divided on both sides; indusial lobes dentate 4. H. tunbridgense

3b Ultimate segments of frond entire:

5a Basal pinnae with fewer than 5 lobes 5. H. capense

5b Basal pinnae with more than 10 lobes 6 . H. polyanthos var. kuhnii

Filicales

77

1. Hymenophyllum marlothii Brause in

Feddes Repert. 11: 112 (1912); Sim, Ferns S.

Afr. edn 2: 76, t. 4 fig. 1 (1915); W. B. G.

Jacobson, Ferns Sthn Afr. 192, t. 132 (1983).

Type: Cape Province, Cape Peninsula, Table

Mountain, Skeleton Gorge, Marloth 5169 (B,

holo . ! ; PRE!).

Rhizome creeping. Fronds borne 2-50

mm apart; stipe filiform, 8-52 mm long, not

winged, set with stellate hairs; lamina deltoid-

lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, up to 80 x 26

mm; pinnae pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid into up to

13 linear entire rounded lobes c. 1,5 mm broad

and up to 7 mm long, set with stalked stellate

hairs on margins and veins; rhachis winged.

Sori borne at apices of lobes in upper part of

frond, small, shallow, indusial valves 0,5 mm

broad, set with stellate hairs. Fig. 20: 4.

Endemic to south-western and southern Cape Pro-

vince. Locally common on the Cape Peninsula on wet over-

hanging rock faces, usually in the shade of gully forest.

Also on decaying fallen tree trunks in wet forest. Map 59.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 7081 (BOL; K; NBG; PRE);

12538 (BOL; NBG; PRE); Schelpe 4697 (B; BOL; GH; K;

M; MO; P; PRE; S; SRGH; US).

2. Hymenophyllum capillare Desv. in

Mem. Soc. Linn., Paris 6, 2: 333 (1827);

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 80, t. 22H (1970); W.

B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 195, t. 135

(1983). Type: ? Mascarene Islands (P, holo.).

Sphaerocioniwn capillare (Desv.) Copel., Philipp. J.

Sci. 67: 33 (1938).

Hymenophyllum lineare sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn

2: 78, t. 5 fig. 2 (1915).

MAP 59. — * Hymenophyllum marlothii

■ Hymenophyllum capillare

Rhizome creeping. Fronds borne 40-50

mm apart; stipe filiform, 10-35 mm long, not

winged but set with stellate hairs; lamina linear,

up to 150 X 23 mm; pinnae pinnatifid (with

frequent bilobing of acroscopic basal segment)

into up to 7 linear, entire, broadly acute to

rounded, lobes, 9 x 1,5 mm, set with stalked

stellate hairs on margins and veins; rhachis not

winged, set with stellate hairs. Sori borne at

apices of lobes, obconic, 1-1,2 mm in diame-

ter, with rounded indusial valves set with stel-

late hairs. Fig. 20: 6.

Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya, Uganda,

Tanzania, Cameroun, Ghana, Zaire, Madagascar, Reunion

and Comoro Islands. Sheltered rock faces in forest,

1 700-2 140 m. Map. 59.

Vouchers: Hardcastle 96 (PRE); Roux 385 (NBG);

Van der Schijff 4301 (BM; BOL; NU; PRU).

3. Hymenophyllum peltatum (Poir.)

Desv. in Mem. Soc. Linn., Paris 6, 2: 333

(1827); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

195, t. 136 (1983). Type: Mauritius, Bory s.n.

(P, holo.).

Trichomanes peltatum Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 8: 76

(1808).

Hymenophyllum meyeri Presl, Hymenophyll.: 31, 50

(1843). Type: Cape Province, Worcester, Du Toits Kloof,

Drege b pro parte (?PR; holo.; BM!; S!).

Hymenophyllum uncinatum Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 81,

t. 5 fig. 1 (1915). Type: Cape Province, Cape Peninsula,

Table Mountain, Kassner 1007 (PRE, holo.!).

Rhizome creeping. Fronds borne 5-50

mm apart; stipe filiform, narrowly winged for

part of its length; lamina narrowly oblong to

linear with lowest pinnae usually reduced,

10-180 mm long and up to 15 mm broad; pin-

nae glabrous, bifid to unilaterally pinnatifid on

acroscopic side forming up to 6 linear-oblong

serrate lobes up to 1 ,5 mm broad with rounded

apices; rhachis narrowly winged. Sori usually

on basal acroscopic segments of pinnae, with

ovate rounded entire indusial valves c. 1,5 mm

broad, lamina around sorus reduced or absent.

Fig. 20: 2.

Cape Province; rare in Natal, Orange Free State. Also

found in Uganda and on Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion,

Marion Island, Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha, Azores and

Madeira; Norway, France, the British Isles, Chile, Falkland

Islands, Patagonia, south-western Australia, Tasmania and

New Zealand. Bases of cliffs and rocky recesses, usually

south aspect, 200-3 200 m. Map 60.

Vouchers: Andreae 1353 (PRE); Esterhuysen 25882

(BM; BOL).

78

Filicales

MAP 60. — Hymenophyllum peltatum

4. Hymenophyllum tunbridgense (L.)

J.E. Sm. in Sowerby, English Bot. 3: t. 162

(1794); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 79, t. 3 fig. 1

(1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 80, t. 22E

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

194, t. 134 (1983). Type: England, Tunbridge,

Herb. Banks (LINN 1253/5, holo.!).

Trichomanes tunbridgense L., Sp. PI. 2: 1098 (1753), as

tunbrigense .

Hymenophyllum dregeanum Presl, Hymenophyll.: 32, 52

(1844), reimpr. in Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 5, 3:

124, 144 (1845). Type: Cape Province, Cape Peninsula,

Table Mountain, Drege a pro parte (?PR, holo.; L-BOL,

photo.!).

Rhizome creeping. Fronds borne up to 70

mm apart; stipe filiform, narrowly winged in

upper part; lamina lanceolate, narrowly oblong

or narrowly elliptic, up to 100 X 30 mm; pin-

nae bilaterally pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid into up

to 25 linear serrate rounded lobes c. 1 mm

broad; rhachis narrowly winged. Sori usually

borne on lowest acroscopic pinnules, with ovate

serrate indusial valves c. 1,1 mm broad, base of

sorus not winged by lamina lobes. Fig. 20: 1 .

Cape Province, Natal, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, central Madagas-

car, Madeira, as well as western and southern Europe. Also

Gabon (Tardieu-Blot, 1953). Sheltered rock faces,

1 700-2 440 m. Map 61 .

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 14448 (BOL; K; NBG; PRE);

21529 (BOL, NBG); Rodin 3223 (BOL; K; PRE; S); Ruda-

tis 1357 (BM; K; PRE); Schelpe 4698 (B; BOL; GH; K; M;

MO; P; PRE; S; SRGH; US).

5. Hymenophyllum capense Schrad. in

Gott. Gel. Anz. 1818: 919 (1818); Schelpe in

F.Z. Pterid.: 79 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 193, t.20, 133 (1983). Type:

Cape of Good Hope, Hesse s.n. (LE, holo.!-

BOL, photo.!).

Hymenophyllum thunbergii Eckl. ex Presl, Hymeno-

phyll.: 32 (1843), nom. nud. Type from Cape of Good

Hope (LE!).

Hymenophyllum natalense Van den Bosch in Ned.

Kruid. Archf. 4: 386 (1859). Syntypes: Port Natal, Guein-

zius (K!); Kleyn River, Zeyher (K!); Genadenthal, Breutel

(K!).

Hymenophyllum zeyheri Van den Bosch, l.c. 388 (1859).

Type: South Africa, Zeyher s.n. (K, holo. !).

Hymenophyllum tabulare Van den Bosch, l.c. 397

(1859). Syntypes: Cape Province, Tafelberg, Duivelsberg,

Hollandsberg, Ecklon (K!), Zeyher (K!; P-BOL, photo.!)

and Drege (K!).

Hymenophyllum fumarioides sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr.

edn 2: 74, t. 3 fig. 2(1915).

Rhizome creeping. Fronds borne 5-70

mm apart; stipe filiform, narrowly winged for

part of its length, up to 50 mm long; lamina

usually 2-pinnatifid, lanceolate to narrowly ob-

long, lowest pinnae often reduced, up to 100 x

16 mm; pinnae entire, up to 10 mm long, bifur-

cate to pinnatifid into 3-7 entire closely spaced

lobes up to 1 ,5 mm broad with rounded apices.

Sori borne on acroscopic segments anywhere in

upper half of frond, broadly obconic with

rounded entire indusial valves 2 mm broad and

with lamina segments usually dilated around

sorus. Fig. 20: 3.

Cape Province; less frequent in Natal and eastern and

northern Transvaal, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania and

Madagascar. Lithophytic in sheltered rock crevices,

1 500-1 800 m. Map 62.

Vouchers: Bolus 1381 (BM; BOL; K; SAM); Mac-

Owan 1450 (BM; BOL; K; SAM); Schelpe 1655 (BOL;

NH; NU); 4699 (B; BOL; GH; K; M; MO; P; PRE; S; US);

Sim s.n. (GRA; NH; PRE).

Filicales

79

MAP 62. — Hymenophyllum capense

MAP 63. — Hymenophyllum polyanthos var. kuhnii

6. Hymenophyllum polyanthos Swartz in

J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2:102 (1801). Type:

Jamaica (B ! , LD!, UPS!, ? isotypes).

The typical variety does not occur in

Southern Africa. Var. mossambicense Schelpe

is known from Zimbabwe, Mozambique and

Malawi. Only one variety occurs in Southern

Africa:

Var. kuhnii (C. Chr.) Schelpe in Bolm.

Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 40:156 (1966); in F.Z.

Pterid.: 80 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 197, t. 137 (1983). Type: Tanzania,

Kilimanjaro, Meyer 310 (B, holo. !).

Hymenophyllum kuhnii C. Chr., Ind. Fil . 363 (1905).

Mecodium kuhnii (C. Chr.) Copel. in Philipp. J. Sci. 67: 19

(1938).

Rhizome filiform. Fronds borne up to

10-100 mm apart; stipe filiform, up to 50 mm

long, narrowly winged at least in upper half;

lamina usually oblong to elliptic in large plants,

up to 450 x 45 mm; pinnae up to 50 x 13 mm,

pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid into up to 180 linear,

entire, rounded lobes each up to c. 1 x 2,5 mm;

ultimate lobes set close together or overlapping;

rhachis narrowly winged. Sori borne on

acroscopic basal segments of pinnae, very

broadly obconic with ovate-acute, entire indu-

sial valves up to c. 1 ,2 mm broad. Fig. 20: 5.

Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zaire,

Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroun, Nigeria, Liberia,

Sierra Leone, Fernando Po and Sao Tome. Epiphyte in

montane forest, 1 700-2 250 m. Map 63.

Voucher: Van der Schijff 6264 (K; PRU).

Only one collection of this species has so far been

made in Southern Africa. It is distinguished from H. ca-

pense by the very divided basal pinnae.

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

Large terrestrial ferns with hairy creeping or erect rhizomes with single or complex double

solenosteles. Stipes with undivided or dissected U-shaped vascular strands. Fronds large, 3- to 4-

pinnate, with continuous apical growth in Hypolepis. Veins free or anastomosing. Sori marginal,

submarginal or superficial near margin, small, subcircular to elongate; indusium absent, or ovate

and shallowly cupped ( Microlepia ), or linear or with leaf margin modified to form a pseudo-

indusium (Hypolepis), or both pseudo-indusia and true indusia present; soral paraphyses present or

absent.

la Veins mostly free, rarely anastomosing:

2a Sori small, subcircular:

3a Sori opening towards margin; spores trilete 4. Microlepia

3b Sori opening inwards; spores monolete 5. Hypolepis

2b Sori elongate, marginal or apparently marginal 3. Pteridium

lb Veins anastomosing freely:

4a Fronds pubescent or hirsute, at least on under surface 1 • Blotiella

4b Fronds glabrous and glaucous 2. Histiopteris

Filicales

Filicales

81

1. BLOTIELLA

Blotiella Tryon in Contr. Gray Herb. Harv. 191: 96 (1962); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 81 (1970); in

Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 43 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 66

(1977). Type species: B. glabra (Bory) Tryon ( =Lonchitis glabra Bory).

Rhizome erect or creeping, often massive, set with reddish brown hairs. Fronds tufted, large;

lamina pinnate to 3-pinnate, usually thinly pubescent at least on under surface, ultimate segments

sinuate or crenate; veins anastomosing freely. Sori marginal, either small and confined to bases of

sinuses or elongate and extending around sinuses and lobes; indusia marginal, membranous.

A genus of 16 species, all in Africa, Madagascar and Mascarene Islands except for one American species. A taxonomi-

cally difficult genus because of variation in dissection exhibited by fronds of different sizes in the same species and

inadequate collections of complete fronds.

Pinnae conspicuously progressively more deeply incised from apex to base; rhizome erect 1.6. natalensis

Pinnae nearly uniformly incised from apex to base; rhizome creeping 2. 6. glabra

1. Blotiella natalensis (Hook.) Tryon in

Contr. Gray Herb. Harv. 191: 99 (1962);

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 82 (1970); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 68 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 205, t. 144 (1983). Type: Natal, Dur-

ban, Pappe s.n. (K, holo.!).

Lonchitis natalensis Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 57, t. 89B (1851).

Lonchitis pubescens sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 26,

pro parte quoad t. 131 (1915), non Willd. ex Kaulf. (1824).

Rhizome erect, massive, set with pale

brown hairs. Stipe stramineous, c. 1 m long,

thinly pubescent with pale soft hairs; lamina 2-

pinnatifid to 2-pinnate, lanceolate in outline, up

to 1,5 m long; pinnae narrowly oblong-acute,

mostly incised into adnate, acute, debate, cre-

nate to sinuate lobes in smaller fronds, or into

petiolulate, narrowly oblong, acute to acumi-

nate, sinuate to pinnatifid pinnules up to 120 x

30 mm in larger fronds, upper surface darker

than lower; rhachis and secondary rhachises

thinly pubescent with pale hairs c. 1 mm long.

Sori mostly small, subcircular, borne in margi-

nal sinuses of pinna segments but sometimes

with a few larger lunulate sori in larger sinuses;

indusia pale, membranous. Fig. 21: 1.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Zimbabwe, Angola,

Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi, Madagascar, Seychelles

and Comoro Islands. Confined to damp, heavily shaded

situations along streambanks in forest, from near the coast

to 1 700 m altitude. Map 64.

Vouchers: Buchanan s.n. (BOL; K); Clarkson 206

(BM; NU); Guy & Ward 16 (NPB; NU); Sim s.n. (PRE).

2. Blotiella glabra (Bory) Tryon in Contr.

Gray Herb. Harv. 191: 99 (1962); Schelpe in

F.Z. Pterid.: 82 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 204, t. 143 (1983). Type: Reu-

nion, Bory s.n., Herb. Willdenow no. 20131

(?P, holo.;B!).

Lonchitis glabra Bory, Voy. Quatre Princ. lies 1: 321

(1804). Pteris glabra (Bory) Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lips.

59, t. 25 fig. 29(1856).

Lonchitis stenochlamys Fee, Mem. Fam. Foug. 5: 142

(1852). Type: Transkei, between the great waterfall and the

Umsikaba River, Drege s.n. (BM!; K! ).

Lonchitis pubescens sensu Sim, Fems S. Afr. edn 2: 261,

pro parte quoad t. 132 ( 1915), non Willd. ex Kaulf. (1824).

Rhizome creeping, massive, set with hairs

up to 6 mm long. Fronds closely spaced; stipe

pale brown, up to 0,8 m long, pubescent, later

subglabrous; lamina elliptic, up to 1,3 X 0,8 m,

lowest pinnae reduced, 2- to 3- pinnatifid,

pinna costa narrowly winged for at least % its

length; pinna lobes oblong, adnate to rhachis,

acute to acuminate, crenate, sinuate or pinnati-

fid into sinuate lobes, pinna lobes separated by

broad sinuses, pubescent with pale soft hairs up

to 1 ,5 mm long on costae and costules and less

densely on veins and occasionally in the areoles

on both surfaces. Sori mostly semicircular in

small sinuses of frond segments, longer and

lunulate in larger sinuses, up to 2 m in diameter;

indusium membranous. Fig. 21:2.

FIG 21 —1, Blotiella natalensis, part of frond, x 0,6 (Chase 6603). 2, Blotiella glabra, pan of frond, x 0,6; 2a,

detail of lower surface of ultimate segment, x 1,2 (Schelpe 6165). 3, Histiopteris incisa, part of frond, x 0,6; 3a, lower

surface of ultimate segments, x 1 ,2 (Schelpe 4997).

82

Ftlicales

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Swaziland,

Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Zambia, the tropi-

cal African mountains and Reunion. Moist and shaded for-

est floors, 100-1 770 m. Map 65.

Vouchers: Compton 27833 (NBG; PRE); Moss 18494

(J); Rodin 1181 (BOL; K; S); Schlechter 2338 (BM; K;

PRE); Strey 8765 (BOL; NH; NU).

2. HISTIOPTERIS

Histiopteris (Agardh)J. Sm., Hist. Fil. 294 (1875); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 47 (1908); Tardieu-

Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 67 (1953); in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 68 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A.

edn 2, Suppl. 34 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 72 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 97 (1964);

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 84 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.:

45 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 70 (1977). Type species: H. vespertilionis (Labill.) J. Sm. (= Pteris

vespertilionis Labill.).

Rhizome widely creeping, set with brown hairs. Fronds spaced; lamina 2-pinnatifid to 3-

pinnatifid; pinnae opposite, sessile, with stipule-like basal pinnules or pinna lobes, glabrous,

glaucous, firmly herbaceous to thinly coriaceous; veins anastomosing. Sori marginal, continuous,

with paraphyses; indusium formed from reflexed margin of lamina.

A genus with one pantropic and south-temperate zone species (H. incisa) and a few Asiatic species.

Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm., Hist.

Fil. 294 (1875); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 263,

t. 133 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 84, t. 24

(1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 70, t. 10 (1977);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 206, t. 145

(1983). Type: Cape Province, Grootvaders-

bosch, Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo.!).

Pteris incisa Thunb., Prodr. 171 (1800). Litobrochia in-

cisa (Thunb.) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 149 (1836); reimpr. in

Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 4, 5: 149 (1837). Phegop-

teris incisa (Thunb.) Keys., Poly pod. Cyath. Herb. Bunge

51 (1873).

Rhizome subterranean, c. 5 mm in diame-

ter, set with a dense felt of brown multicellular

hairs. Fronds erect to arching with pinnae held

horizontally, 1-2 (3) m tall; stipe castaneous,

glabrous, up to 0,6 m long; lamina pinnatifid to

2-pinnatifid, broadly lanceolate to ovate-deltate

MAP 66. — Histiopteris incisa

Filicales

83

in outline, acute, up to 0,4 x 0,19 m, basal

pinna segments auriculate and developed very

close to rhachis; ultimate lobes oblong, acute to

obtuse, adnate, entire to sinuate, glaucous when

fresh; rhachis reddish brown to pale brown

nearer apex, terete, glabrous. Sori linear or ra-

rely lunulate, up to 1 mm broad at maturity,

borne along margins of ultimate lobes (lobes

frequently with sterile apices); indusium mem-

branous, entire. Fig. 21: 3.

Widespread in the Southern Hemisphere. Cape Pro-

vince, Natal, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, An-

gola, Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea,

Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea, as well as Fernando Po,

Sao Tome, Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessi-

ble Island, Nightingale Island, Gough Island, Madagascar,

Comoro Islands, Mauritius and Reunion. In montane forest

and on streambanks from 150-1 700 m. Map 66.

Vouchers: Boucher 220/4 (STE); Esterhuysen 14682

(BM; BOL); Killick 135 (NU); Medley Wood s.n. (NH-

PRE); Taylor 1029 (BOL; NBG).

3 PTERIDIUM

Pteridium Gled. ex Scop., FI. Camiol. 169 (1760); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 47 (1908);Tryon in

Contr. Gray Herb. Harv. 134: 1 1 (1941); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 65 (1953);

in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 66 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 33 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI.

Gabon 8: 70 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 96 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 88 (1970); in Expl.

Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 47 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 72 (1977),

nom. conserv. Type species: P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (= Pteris aquilinum L.).

Rhizome creeping, subterranean, densely set with brown to castaneous hairs. Fronds spaced;

stipe with numerous vascular bundles and a felt of hairs just below ground level; lamina 3- to 4-

pinnate, coriaceous, lower surface subglabrous to densely tomentose. Sori linear, submarginal,

outer pseudo-indusium formed by re flexed margin and inner indusium which may be reduced.

A monotypic genus with numerous subspecies and varieties throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the world.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in Von

Deck., Reisen, Bot. 3,3: 11 (1879); Sim, Ferns

S. Afr. edn 2: 264, t. 134 (1915). Type: Eu-

rope.

Pteris aquilina L., Sp. PI. 2: 1073 (1753). Asplenium

aquilinum (L.) Bemh. inJ. Bot.,Gott. 1799, 1:310(1799).

Allosorus aquilinus (L.) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 153 (1836).

Eupteris aquilina (L.) Newm. in Phytologist 2: 278 (1845).

Paesia aquilina (L.) Keys., Polypod. Cyath. Herb. Bunge

22 (1873). Cincinalis aquilina (L.) Gled. ex Trevisan in

Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 17: 239 (1874). Ornithopteris aqui-

lina (L.) J. E. Sm., Hist. Fil. 298 (1875).

Only the typical subspecies occurs in

Southern Africa. Subsp. centrali-africanum

Hieron. occurs from Zimbabwe to East Africa

and can be distinguished by its less divided lam-

ina and larger basal pinnae.

Subsp. aquilinum.

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 88 (1970); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 74 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

SthnAfr. 208, t. 38,49, 146(1983).

Pteris capensis Thunb., Prodr. 172 (1800). Allosorus

capensis (Thunb.) Pappe & Raws., Syn. Fil. Afr. Austr. 32

(1858), non Presl (1836). Pteridium capense (Thunb.)

Krasser in Annin naturh. Mus. Wien 15: 6 (1900). Pteri-

dium aquilinum subsp. capense (Thunb.) C. Chr., Ind. Fil.

591 (1906). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg s.n.

(UPS, holo. !).

Pteris coriifolia Kunze in Linnaea 18: 120 (1844). Allo-

sorus coriifolia (Kunze) Pappe & Raws., Syn. Fil. Afr.

Austr. 31 (1858). Type: Cape Peninsula, Gueinzius s.n.

(LZ, holo.t).

Rhizome c. 7 mm in diameter when dried;

hairs 1-1 ,5 mm long. Fronds erect, 0,5-1 ,5 m

tall, basal pinnae as long as to half as long as

lamina and with pinnae ascending or held hori-

zontally; stipe woody, brown, up to 0,4 m long,

swollen just above ground level, glabrous

MAP 67. — Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum

84

Filicales

Filicales

85

above this level; lamina deltate to oblong-

ovate, 3- to 4-pinnate; pinnae ovate-deltate to

oblong, acute, up to 0,4 X 0,15 m; pinnule

segments deeply pinnatifid in larger pinnae into

obtuse narrowly oblong lobes, upper surface

glabrous to thinly pubescent, under surface

subglabrous or thinly pubescent to densely pu-

bescent-tomentose with pale brown hairs. Sori

elongate, submarginal on ultimate segments;

pseudo-indusium membranous, ciliate, c. 0,5

mm wide. Fig. 22.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free

State, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe and Mozambique,

and at higher altitudes through Malawi, Zambia, Angola,

Zaire, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan, Camer-

oun and Nigeria to Liberia and Sierra Leone, Sao Tome,

Fernando Po; Zanzibar, Comoro Islands, Madagascar and

Mauritius. Also widespread in temperate Europe. Grass-

lands and forest margins, 750-2 340 m. Map 67.

Vouchers: Dieterlen 69 (K; PRE; SAM); Hardcastle

278 (NBG); Louw 2750 (STE); Pott 4855 (BOL; PRE);

Ward 4322 (NPB; NU).

4. MICROLEPIA

Microlepia Presl, Tent. Pterid. 124, t. 4, 21-23 (1836), reimpr. in Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss.,

ser. 4, 5: 124 (1837); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 21 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr.

noire. 28: 58 (1953); in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 9 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 32 (1959);

Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 68 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 94 (1964); Launert in F.S.W.A. 3: 1

(1969), as Microlepis; Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 89 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. &

Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 49 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 75 (1977). Type species: M. polypodioides

(Swartz) Presl (= Dicksonia polypodioides Swartz).

Rhizome creeping, set with brown hairs. Fronds: stipe closely spaced, shortly pubescent

with a single U-shaped vascular bundle; lamina pinnate to 4-pinnatifid, often large, herbaceous,

pubescent. Sori intramarginal, borne on a vein-ending; indusium small, membranous, cupped,

opening outwards.

A genus of about 45 species, mostly of the Old World tropics but with one variable pantropic species occurring in

Africa.

Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore, Ind.

Fil. 93 (1857); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 129, t.

38 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 89, t. 27

(1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 75, t. 8 (1977);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 210, t. 147

(1983). Type: Ceylon, Hermann s.n., Herb.

Hermann fol. 41 (BM, lecto. !).

Polypodium speluncae L., Sp. PI. 2: 1093 (1753). Aspi-

dium speluncae (L.) Willd. in L., Sp. PI. edn 4, 5: 269

(1810). Davallia speluncae (L.) Bak. in Hook. & Bak.,

Syn. Fil. 100 (1867). Scyphofilix speluncae (L.) Farwell in

Am. Midi. Nat. 12: 263 (1931).

Rhizome up to 10 mm in diameter, set

with multicellular hairs up to 4 mm long.

Fronds spaced up to 60 mm apart, erect to arch-

ing, fragile, up to 3 m long; stipe pale brown,

often darker basally, becoming glabrous, up to

1 m long and 6 mm in diameter; lamina 3- to 4-

pinnatifid; pinnae narrowly oblong to oblong-

MAP 68. — Microlepia speluncae

FIG. 22. — 1, Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum, parts of frond, x 0,6; la, lower surface of ultimate segments,

x 4,2 (Kluge 1657).

86

Filicales

Filicales

87

lanceolate, acute, up to 600 X 210 mm; ulti-

mate segments oblong-obtuse, crenate to pinna-

tifid, 4-12 mm long, thinly pubescent on both

surfaces along veins and costules with pale mul-

ticellular hairs up to 0,4 mm long; rhachis

thinly pubescent with minute hairs, eventually

becoming glabrous. Sori small, round, c. 1 mm

in diameter, borne on a vein-ending which

shows as a conspicuous hydathode on upper

surface. Fig. 23.

South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana, Natal and

Transvaal, as well as central Africa and Sao Tome, Mada-

gascar, Seychelles and Comoro Islands. Pantropical, con-

fined to moist shaded habitats either in swamp forest or on

shaded streambanks in evergreen forest, up to 1 200 m.

Map 68.

Vouchers: Hillary 85 (NU); Obermeyer s.n. (PRE);

Schelpe 4790 (B; BM; BOL; C; GH; K; M; MO; P; PR;

PRE; S; US); Smith 584 (BOL; GAB; SRGH).

5. HYPOLEPIS

Hypolepis Bernh. in Neues J. Bot. 1,2: 34 (1805); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 41 (1908); Tardieu-

Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 59 (1953); in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 6 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A.

edn 2, Suppl. 33 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Camer. 3: 95 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 92

(1970). Type species: H. tenuifolia (G. Forst.) Bernh. ex Presl (= Lonchitis tenuifolia G. Forst.).

Terrestrial plants with widely creeping subterranean rhizomes set with brown or reddish hairs.

Fronds often large, 2- to 5-pinnatifid, hairy or glabrous; veins free. Sori small, submarginal,

protected by a reflexed marginal flap (pseudo-indusium) terminal on veins.

A genus of about 55 species, mostly pantropic or in the south temperate zone with one species in our region.

Hypolepis sparsisora (Schrad.) Kuhn,

Fil. Afr. 120 (1868); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

236, t. 1 17 (1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 92,

t. 28 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 211, t. 148 (1983). Type: Cape Province,

Hesse s.n. (?LE, holo.).

Cheilanthes sparsisora Schrad. in Gott. Gel. Anz. 1818:

918 (1818). Phegopteris sparsisora (Schrad.) Keys., Poly-

pod. Cyath. Herb. Bunge 51 (1873).

Cheilanthes aspera Kaulf. in Linnaea 6: 186 (1831). Hy-

polepis aspera (Kaulf.) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 162 (1836),

reimpr. in Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 4, 5: 162

(1837). Type: Cape Province, Cape Peninsula, Table

Mountain, Ecklon s.n. (LZ, holo.t; Ll-BOL. photo.!).

Cheilanthes anthriscifolia Schlechtd., Adumbr. 52, t. 32

(1832), ined. non Willd. (1810). Hypolepis anthriscifolia

Presl, Tent. Pterid. 162 ( 1836), nom. nud.

Cheilanthes commutata Kunze in Linnaea 10: 542

(1836), nom. illeg.

Rhizome up to 5 mm in diameter, set with

multicellular brown hairs c. 1 mm long. Fronds

borne 0,2 m or more apart, erect, with pinnae

held horizontally, usually about 1 m tall but

occasionally forming thickets up to 3 m high;

stipe pale brown, finally glabrous, up to 1 m

long; lamina 3- to 5-pinnatifid; pinnae up to

1 m long (usually less), ovate-deltate; ultimate

segments oblong, acute, crenate to pinnatifid,

adnate, up to 10 mm long, glabrous except for a

few scattered pale hairs on rhachis branches and

veins above and below; rhachis pale brown,

glabrous. Sori borne singly on acroscopic mar-

gin of lobes of ultimate segments, c. 1 mm in

diameter; pseudo-indusium semi-transparent,

subentire. Fig. 24.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Swaziland,

Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya, Uganda,

Zaire, Cameroun, as well as Fernando Po, Sao Tome,

Comoro Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion.

Along streams in forests from 200 to 1 300 m. Map 69.

Vouchers: Cooper 1414 (BM; NH; PRE); Fisher 773

(BLFU; NH; NU; BOL); Junod 4430 (K; PRE); Roux 666

(NBG); Schlechter 2339 (BM; GRA; J; K; PRE).

FIG. 23. — 1, Microlepia speluncae, part of frond, X 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of ultimate segments, x c. 6

(Buchanan sub BOL 23569).

88

Filicales

1

Filicales

89

VITTARIACEAE

Epiphytic or lithophytic plants, with creeping rhizomes set with clathrate rhizome scales.

Fronds sessile or stipitate, very narrowly linear to narrowly elliptic, suberect to pendulous, gla-

brous. Sori exindusiate, in two marginal, submarginal or intramarginal grooves; paraphyses pre-

sent, intestiniform to turbinate. Spores monolete or trilete.

VITTARIA

Vittaria./. E. Sm. in Memorie Accad. Sci. Torino 5: 413 t. 9, 5 (1793); Engl. Pflanzenw. Afr. 2:

48 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 201 (1953); Pic. Ser. in Webbia 12: 698

(1957); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 175 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 35 (1959);

Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 94 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 124 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 94

(1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid. 49 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.:

76 (1977). Type species: V. lineata (L.) J.E. Sm. ( =Pteris lineata L.).

Description as for family.

A genus of about 70 often poorly differentiated species occurring in temperate and tropical regions.

Vittaria isoetifolia Bory, Voy. Quatre

Princ. lies 2: 325 (1804); Sim, Ferns S. Afr.

edn 2: 267, t. 149 fig. 1 (1915); Schelpe in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 21 (1969); in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 94, t. 29B (1970); W.B.G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 213, t. 149 (1983). Type: Reu-

nion, Bory s.n., Herb. Willdenow no. 20026

(B, holo.!).

Oetosis isoetifolia (Bory) Greene in Pittonia 4: 103

(1900).

Vittaria coccygocarpa Trevisan in Atti 1st. Veneto 2: 161

(1851), nom. nud.

Vittaria gueinzii Trevisan in tom. cit. 167 (1851). Type:

South Africa, Gueinzius s.n. (Type not found).

Vittaria sarmentosa Ruiz, ex Fee, Mem. Fam. Foug. 3:

17 (1852). Syntypes: South Africa, Drege s.n. (BM!, K!);

Mundt & Maire s.n.; Gueinzius s.n. (K!, S!).

Vittaria tenera Fee, tom. cit. 17, t. 2 fig. 1 (1852). Type:

Natal, Port Natal (i.e. Durban), Gueinzius s.n. (Type not

found).

Vittaria longidentata K. Muell. in Bot. Ztg 1854: 546, t.

13 fig. 2 (1854). Type: South Africa, Gueinzius s.n. (Type

not found).

Pteropsis angustifolia Pappe & Raws., Syn. Fil. Afr.

Austr. 43 (1857), non Desv. (1827). Type: Cape Province,

Genadendal, Kolbing s.n. (Type not found).

Rhizome shortly creeping, c. 3 mm in

diameter, set with narrowly lanceolate, atten-

uate, clathrate, strongly pseudo-serrate, dark

brown rhizome-scales up to 10 mm long.

Fronds tufted, simple, sessile, carnose-coria-

ceous, pendant; lamina very narrowly linear,

with a pale brown or pale greyish green base

when dried; midrib and veins obscure. Sori in

two deep intramarginal grooves and with intes-

tiniform paraphyses. Fig. 25.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Madagascar,

Mauritius and Reunion. Occasional low-level to mid-level

epiphytes on old trees in moist forest habitats in the sou-

thern and eastern parts of Southern Africa, from near sea

level in the Knysna forests to c. 2 000 m in south-eastern

Africa. Map 70.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 14387 (BOL; K; NBG);

Johnstone 279 (BM; NH; NU); Schlechter 2716 (BM;

GRA; J; K; PRE); Sim s.n. sub MacOwan 1591 (GRA; K;

PRE; S; SAM); Thode A1275 (K; NH; PRE).

On the mountains of south-western Cape Province the

plants are much smaller and are confined to sheltered

sandstone crevices in the summer mist-belt.

FIG. 24. — 1, Hypolepis sparsisora, part of frond, X 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of ultimate segments, X c. 6

(Schelpe 4273).

90

Filicales

Filicales

91

ADIANTACEAE/PTERIDACEAE

Terrestrial, or aquatic (Ceratopteris) ferns with solenostelic or dictyostelic scaly rhizomes.

Stipes not articulated, with U-shaped or variously dissected vascular strands, often dark coloured

and nitid. Lamina 1- to 4-pinnate; veins free or anastomosing. Sori discrete or fusing along an

intramarginal vein or set along veins or on the under surface of special soral flaps (Adiantum) or

acrostichoid (Acrostichum), submarginal or superficial. Sporangia long- or short-stalked, often

mixed with paraphyses. Spores trilete, with perispore.

la Sori covering whole under surface or borne along veins:

2a Sori covering under surface of fertile pinnae 1. Acrostichum

2b Sori borne along veins:

3a Lamina with orange, yellow or white powder on under surface 4. Pityrogramma

3b Lamina without powder on under surface:

4a Segments of fertile lamina obovate-cuneate, incised; plant terrestrial; fronds membranous, uniform

2. Anogramma

4b Segments of fertile lamina narrowly linear; plant aquatic; fronds succulent, dimorphous 3. Ceratopteris

lb Sori marginal or submarginal:

5a Sori borne on reflexed marginal flaps 5. Adiantum

5b Sori borne on under surface of lamina near margin and usually covered by it:

6a Fronds pinnately divided:

7a Ultimate fertile segments with a distinct entire to serrate sterile apex 6. Pteris

7b Ultimate fertile segments without a distinct sterile apex:

8a Ultimate segments of frond not articulated 7. Cheilanthes

8b Ultimate segments of frond articulated 8. Pellaea

6b Fronds dichotomously flabellate 9. Actiniopteris

1 ACROSTICHUM

Acrostichum L., Sp. PI. 2: 1067 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 484 (1754), as Acrosticum; Engl.,

Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 58 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 86 (1953); in FI.

Madag. 5, 1: 108 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 36 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon

8: 99 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 130 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid. : 98 (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid. : 80

(1977). Type species: A. aureum L.

Rhizome erect to procumbent, massive, with thick fleshy roots and set with large tough

rhizome-scales. Fronds large, tufted; lamina large, simply pinnate; pinnae petiolate, entire, coria-

ceous; veins anastomosing freely, without included veinlets. Sori borne on under surface of undif-

ferentiated apical pinnae, acrostichoid, with paraphyses.

A genus of about 5 species along tropical and subtropical coasts, usually on the landward margin of mangrove swamps.

One species occurs in Southern Africa.

Acrostichum aureum L., Sp. PI. 2: 1069

(1753); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 292, t. 153

(1915); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 99, t. 31

(1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 80, t. 14 (1977);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 219, t. 8,

72 (1983). Type: Hort. Cliff. Sicc. (BM,

lecto.!).

Chrysodium aureum (L.) Mett., Fil. Lips. 21 (1856).

Chrysodium vulgare Fee, Mem. Fam. Foug. 2: 97

(1845), nom. illeg.

Rhizome c. 6 mm in diameter, set with

hard subulate rhizome-scales c. 10 mm long,

with thick black median area and pale narrow

clathrate borders. Fronds erect; stipe brown,

shallowly sulcate, up to 0,5 m long; lamina up

to 1,5 x 0,4 m; sterile pinnae glabrous, linear

to cultrate, entire to irregularly undulate, acu-

minate to truncate, 80-360 x 10-50 mm, base

unequally cuneate; costa raised and prominent

below, reticulate venation apparent \ fertile pin-

nae borne towards apex of frond, similar to

FIG. 25. — 1, Vittaria isoetifolia, plant, x 1 (Braithwaite 239); la. transverse section of lamina, x 7 (after F.Z.

Pteridophyta, tab. 29, B 1 , with permission of the Managing Committee).

92

Filicales

HE'R'RAT mahch

Filicales

93

sterile pinnae but with under surface (except

costa) covered with sporangia. Fig. 26.

Pantropical. Natal to Mozambique, Angola, Zaire,

Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Ca-

meroun, Equatorial Guinea, Angola, Sao Tome and Prin-

cipe, Zanzibar, Madagascar and Mauritius. In Southern Af-

rica A. aureum is known from a few tidal estuaries along the

Zululand and Mozambique coasts, near sea level. Map 71 .

Vouchers: Buchanan s.n. (BOL; NH); Fisher 1020

(BLFU; BM; BOL; NH; NU; PRE).

MAP 7 1 . — Acrostichum aureum

2. ANOGRAMMA

Anogramma Link, Fil. Sp. 137 (1841); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 120 (1958); Pichi-

Sermolli in Webbia 21: 496 (1966); Launert in F.S.W.A. 5: 1 (1969); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 99

(1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 80 (1977). Lectotype species: A. leptophylla (L.) Link ( =Polypodium

leptophyllum L.).

Rhizome very small, possibly produced annually from a persistent relatively large gameto-

phyte, set with small brown scales. Stipe dark brown, glabrous. Lamina 2- to 3-pinnate with

incised decurrent pinnules, glabrous to thinly pubescent, membranous; veins free. Sori borne along

the forked veins, exindusiate.

A genus of about 5 species, only one occurring in Africa.

Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link, Fil.

Sp. 137 (1841); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 193,

t. 109 (1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1:

47 (1969); Launert in F.S.W.A. 5: 1 (1969);

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 99, t. 32 (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 80 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 220, t. 154 (1983). Type: South

Europe, Herb. Toumefort no. 5337 (P, lecto.).

Polypodium leptophyllum L., Sp. PI. 2: 1092 (1753).

Asplenium leptophyllum (L.) Swartz, Obs. Bot. 403 ( 1791 ).

Osmunda leptophylla (L.) Savi in Lam., Encycl. 4: 657

(1797). Acrostichum leptophyllum (L.) Lam. et D.C., FI.

franc. 2: 565 (1805). Grammitis leptophylla (L.) Swartz,

Syn. Fil. 23, 218, t. 1 fig. 6 (1806). Gymnogramma lepto-

phylla (L.) Desv. in Ges. naturf. Berl. Mag. 5: 305 (1811).

Hemionitis leptophylla (L.) Lagasca, Gen. & Sp. PI. 33

(1816). Dicranodium leptophyllum (L.) Newm., Hist. Brit.

Ferns edn 3; 13 (1854). Pityrogramma leptophylla (L.)

Domin in Pubis Fac. Sci. Univ. Charles. 88: 9 ( 1928).

Rhizome minute, annual, set with minute,

pale, linear, entire rhizome-scales c. 1 mm

long. Fronds few, tufted erect, herbaceous;

stipe castaneous, up to 80 mm long, glabrous

FIG. 26. — 1, Acrostichum aureum, upper surface of part of frond, x 0,6 (Schelpe 4433); la, lower surface of part of

frond, X 0,6 ( Fisher 1020).

94

Filicales

Filicales

95

except for a few small pale scales basally; la-

mina oblong-ovate to narrowly debate, up to 70

x 28 mm, 2- to 3-pinnatifid (rarely pinnate in

very small plants); pinnae ovate-deltate; ulti-

mate segments broadly to narrowly cuneate,

emarginate or shallowly lobed, glabrous on

both surfaces, bearing the sori; rhachis casta-

neous to stramineous, glabrous, narrowly

winged in upper part. Fig. 27: 3.

Widespread in the New and Old Worlds. Cape Pro-

vince, Natal and Zimbabwe, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania,

Zaire, Cameroun, Algeria, Sudan and Ethiopia, as well as

Canary Islands, Azores, Madeira, S. Europe, Turkey, Ne-

pal, Sri Lanka, Java, Brazil, W. Australia and S. New

Zealand. Shaded earth banks, c. 150-2 600 m. Map 72.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 26244 (BM; BOL); Johnstone

313 (BM; NU); Schelpe 4535 (BM; BOL),

A. leptophylla is frequently mistaken for the sporelings

of other ferns.

3. CERATOPTERIS

Ceratopteris Brongn. in Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1821: 186 (1822); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 60

(1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 6: 1 (1952); in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28; 31 (1953); Pichi-

Sermolli in Webbia 12: 647 (1957); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 36 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in

FI. Gabon 8: 98 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 129 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 102 (1970); in Expl,

Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 51 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 82 (1977),

Lectotype species: C. thalictroides (L.) Brongn. ( =Acrostichum thalictroides L,).

Aquatic or marsh ferns with short erect rhizomes and sparse brown rhizome-scales. Fronds

tufted, dimorphous; stipes green, succulent, with numerous vascular strands; fertile fronds larger

03and more dissected bearing much narrower linear segments than sterile fronds, often proliferous;

veins anastomosing, without included veinlets. Sporangia sessile, borne along veins, protected by

reflexed margin of ultimate segments; spores trilete.

A genus of c. 5 species occurring throughout the tropics, with possibly 2 recognisable species in Africa. This genus has

been placed by some authors in a separate monogeneric family, the Parkeriaceae.

Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.

in Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1821: 186 (1821);

Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 294, t. 109 fig. 3

(1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 46

(1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 102 t. 34 (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 82, t. 15 (1977). Type: Sri

Lanka, Herb. Hermann vol. 3 no. 42 (BM,

holo.!).

Acrastichum thalictroides L., Sp. PI. 2: 1070 (1753).

Pteris thalictroides (L.) Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 65

(1801). Furcaria thalictroides (L.) Desv. in Mem. Soc.

Linn., Paris 6: 292 (1827).

Ceratopteris cornuta sensu W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

SthnAfr. 218, t. 153(1983).

Rhizome c. 5 mm in diameter. Fronds

erect to arching, succulent, brittle; stipe succu-

lent, brittle when fresh, eventually glabrous, up

to 160 mm long; sterile lamina oblong, ovate or

narrowly deltate, up to 200 x 70 mm, usually

2-pinnatifid into acute to obtuse deltate or lan-

ceolate lobes, glabrous on both surfaces; fertile

lamina narrowly to broadly ovate, up to 240 x

120 mm, usually 3-pinnatifid into narrowly lin-

ear acute lobes up to 40 x 1-1,5 mm, glabrous

on both surfaces, Sporangia borne sparsely

along veins. Fig, 28,

Widespread throughout tropical Africa and Asia.

Botswana, Angola, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique,

Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania, Sudan, Madagascar, Zanzibar,

Socotra and Seychelles. Aquatic or rooted in mud in slug-

gish streams and marshes, from near sea level to 780 m.

Map 73.

Vouchers: Gibbs Russell & Biegel 1547 (BOL;

SRGH); Smith 1337 (BOL; SRGH).

FIG. 27. — 1, Pityrogramma calomelanos var. aureoflava, part of plant, x 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of

pinnules, X 3,6 ( Schelpe 5068). 2, Pityrogramma argentea, part of plant, x 0,6; 2a, detail of lower surface of ultimate

segments, X 3,6 ( Schweickerdt 2429). 3, Anogramma leptophylla, part of plant, x 0,6 ( Schelpe 4535).

96

Filicales

FIG. 28. — Ceratopteris thalictroides, part of plant, x 0,6 (Repart, de Agric. 813).

Filicales

97

4 PITYROGRAMMA

Pityrogramma Link, Handb. Gewachs. 3: 19 (1833); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28:

206 (1953); in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 117 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 38 (1959); Tardieu-

Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 102 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 132 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 105 (1970);

in C.F.A. Pterid.: 82 (1977). Type species: P. chrysophylla (Swartz) Link ( =Acrostichum chryso-

phyllum Swartz).

Rhizome erect or creeping, set with linear, attenuate, concolorous brown rhizome-scales.

Fronds tufted; stipe castaneous, glabrous except for a few scales basally; lamina 2- to 4-pinnatifid,

membranous to thinly coriaceous, with white, pink, yellow or orange powder on under surface,

glabrous ventrally; veins free. Sori borne along the length of the veins, exindusiate.

A genus of 14 species, most of which occur in tropical America (Tryon, 1962).

Fronds broadly deltate, brittle; ultimate segments obtuse 1. P. argentea

Fronds oblong-lanceolate, robust; ultimate segments acute-acuminate 2. P. calomelanos var. aureoflava

1. Pityrogramma argentea (Willd.)

Domin in Pubis Fac. Sci. Univ. Charles. 88: 6

(1928); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 49

(1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 105, t. 35 (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 84, t. 16 (1977); W. B. G.

Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 221, t. 24, 155

(1983). Type: Reunion, Bory s.n., Herb. Will-

denow no. 19569 (B, holo.!).

Hemionitis argentea Willd. in L., Sp. PI. edn 4, 5: 132

(1810). Gymnogramma argentea (Willd.) Mett. ex Kuhn,

Fil. Afr. 59 (1868); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn. 2: 194, t. 87

(1915). Ceropteris argentea (Willd.) Kuhn in Von Deck.,

Reisen, Bot. 3,3: 18 (1879).

Gymnogramma thiebautii Desv. in Mem. Soc. Linn.,

Paris 6: 215 (1827), nom. illeg.

Gymnogramma conspersa Kunze in Linnaea 18: 116

(1844). Anogramma conspersa (Kunze) Fee, Mem. Fam.

Foug. 5: 184 (1852). Type: Natal, Gueinzius s.n. (LZ, ho-

lo. t;K!).

Rhizome erect, suberect to procumbent, c.

2 mm in diameter, set with entire rhizome-

scales up to 2 mm long. Fronds tufted, arching,

herbaceous, fragile; stipe castaneous, nitid, up

to 150 mm long; lamina ovate-deltate, up to

210 x 160 mm, 3- to 4-pinnatifid, lowest pin-

nae 'A-A as long as lamina; pinnae narrowly

ovate-deltate, up to 120 mm long; pinnules of

upper pinnae and pinnule segments of lower

pinnae cuneate to broadly oblong-ovate, deeply

pinnatifid into obtuse or emarginate, entire to

crenate lobes c. 1 mm broad; powder white,

pink or yellow; rhachis and secondary rha-

chises castaneous, the latter often narrowly

winged for some distance from apex. Sori lin-

ear, up to 2 mm long. Fig. 27: 2.

Natal and Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ma-

lawi, Angola, Zaire, Madagascar and Reunion In rock

crevices and around boulder bases, 1 200-2 500 m. Map

74.

Vouchers: Acocks 11439 (BOL; PRE); Esterhuysen

21473 (BOL); Schweickerdt 2430 (BOL).

2. Pityrogramma calomelanos (Swartz)

Link, Handb. Gewachse 3: 20 (1833); Schelpe

in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 30: 182 (1964); in Fern Gaz.

11: 101 (1975). Type: Tropical America (LINN

1245/19, holo.!).

The typical variety does not occur in Southern Africa.

Var. aereoflava (Hook.) Weath. ex. Bai-

ley, Man. Cult. PI. 64 (1926); Schelpe in Fern

Gaz. 11: 101 (1975); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 222, t. 7 (1983). Type: South Amer-

ica, Ecuador, Seemann 948 (K, lecto. !).

98

Filicales

„ , flG. 29 —1 , Adiantum incisum, part of plant, x 0,6 (Braithwaite 186). 2, Adiantum philippense, part of plant, X

0,6 (Mitchell 464). v

Filicales

99

Gymnogramma calomelanos var. aureoflava Hook., Gdn

Ferns t. 50(1862).

Ceropteris calomelanos sensu Sim, Ferns S.Afr. edn 2:

196,1.88(1915).

Rhizome short, procumbent, c. 8 mm in

diameter, set with concolorous light brown, en-

tire, linear rhizome-scales up to 4 mm long.

Fronds tufted, erect to arching, Firmly herba-

ceous to thinly coriaceous; stipe atrocastaneous,

nitid, up to 330 mm long; lamina oblong-lan-

ceolate in outline, up to 370 x 140 mm, 2-pin-

nate to 3-pinnatifid, lowest pinnae not reduced;

pinnae lanceolate, acute-acuminate, up to 90 x

22 mm; pinna segments oblong-trapeziform,

the larger slightly auriculate, serrate (apparently

entire if margin involute), acute, acuminate, up

to 17 x 5 mm, set at acute angle to costa;

powder yellow; rhachis atrocastaneous. Sori up

to 3 mm long. Fig. 27: 1 .

P. calomelanos was introduced from tropical America

and is a common weed in the moist tropics. This variety was

introduced from higher elevations than the typical variety in

South America and has become naturalised on road and

railway embankments in Transkei, Natal and Transvaal, on

Mauritius and Comoro Islands, as well as Australia; from

near sea level to 1 700 m in Southern Africa. Map 75.

Vouchers; Davidson 3017 (BOL; J); Moll 2272 (BOL;

NU).

5 ADIANTUM

Adiantum L., Sp. PI. 1094 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 485 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 42

(1908); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 93 (1953); in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 122 (1958);

Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 38 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 106 (1964); in FI.

Camer. 3: 143 (1964); Launert in F.S.W.A. 6: 1 (1969); Schelpe in F.Z. Pretid.: 108 (1970); in

Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 53 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 85

(1977). Type species: A. capillus-veneris L.

Rhizome erect or shortly or widely creeping, set with brown rhizome-scales. Fronds tufted or

spaced; stipe dark brown or black, nitid; lamina simply pinnate to 4-pinnate, with flabellate,

dimidiate or cuneate segments, glabrous or pilose, or occasionally with hellow powder on under

surface; veins free. Sori borne on inner surface of marginal reflexed lobes which protect the

developing sporangia.

A cosmopolitan genus of over 200 species with a large proportion in South America.

la Fronds simply pinnate:

2a Lamina pilose 1 . A. incisum

2b Lamina glabrous 2. A philippe nse

lb Fronds 2- to 4-pinnate;

3a Fronds repeatedly and unequally dichotomously divided 3. A. hispidulum

3b Fronds pinnately divided:

4a Veins of sterile pinnules ending in the marginal teeth:

5a Sori orbicular to semiorbicular 4. A. aethiopicum

5b Sori oblong to lunate 5. A. capillus-veneris

4b Veins of sterile pinnules ending in sinuses between marginal teeth or crenations of teeth:

6a Sori lunate; ultimate segments articulated, eventually deciduous 6. A.poiretii

6b Sori suborbicalar; ultimate segments not articulated, persistent 1. A raddianum

100

Filicales

1. Adiantum incisum Forssk., FI. Ae-

gypt.-Arab. cxxv, 187 (1775); Schelpe in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 52 (1969); in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 108, t. 36C (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 85

03004613(1977); . B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 223, t. 156 (1983). Type: Yemen, Hadie,

Herb. Forsskal no. 813 (C, holo. !).

Adiantum caudatum sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 241,

t. 118 fig. 2(1915).

Rhizome short, erect, set with subulate

rhizome-scales c. 4 mm long. Fronds tufted,

arching, membranous, often proliferous at apex

of a naked extension of rhachis; stipe casta-

neous to black, up to 90 mm long, set with

numerous brown hairs; lamina linear to cul-

trate, up to 260 x 40 mm, pinnate, attenuate;

pinnae mostly oblong, but reduced and obcu-

neate towards apex of frond, up to 20 x 10

mm, shortly petiolate, incised irregularly on

acroscopic margin into mostly emarginate

lobes, thinly set on both surfaces with pale

brown multicellular hairs c. 1,3 mm long. Sori

borne at apices of pinna lobes; indusial flaps

lunate to oblong, glabrous to thinly pilose. Fig.

29:1.

Widespread in tropical Africa. South West Africa/Na-

mibia, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zam-

bia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire, Ethiopia, Sudan,

Ghana, Nigeria, Angola, Comoro Islands, Yemen and In-

dia. Around boulders in forest, 500-2 000 m. Map 76.

Vouchers: Dimer 5707 (BOL; NH; PRE); Galpin 1244

(NH; PRE; SAM); Schelpe 428 1 (BM; BOL).

2. Adiantum philippense L., Sp. PI. 2:

1094 (1753); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1:

54 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 110, t. 36G (1970);

in C.F.A. Pterid.: 87 (1977); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 225, t. 158 (1983). Icono-

type: Petiver, Gazophylacium, Decas 1: t.4 fig.

4 (1702)!, from the Philippine Islands. Probable

holotype: Luzon, Herb. Sloane 163 (BM).

Adiantum lunulatum Burnt, f. , FI. Ind. 235 (1768); Sim,

Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 243, t. 119 (1915). Pteris lunulata

(Burnt, f.) Retz., Obs. Bot. 2: 28, t. 4 (1781). Type: India,

Herb. Burmann (G, holo.!).

Rhizome short, suberect or creeping, set

with subulate rhizome-scales c. 3 mm long.

Fronds tufted, arching, herbaceous, often proli-

ferous apically; stipe castaneous, glabrous, up

to 150 mm long; lamina linear-lanceolate, up to

420 x 95 mm, pinnate; pinnae mostly very

broadly oblong to rhombic, more reduced and

obcuneate towards apex of frond, up to 20 X 46

mm, borne on slender castaneous petioles up to

18 mm long, shallowly incised along

acroscopic margin into truncate lobes, glabrous

on both surfaces. Sori borne on apices of pinna

lobes; indusial flaps up to 20 mm long, linear to

shallowly lunate, glabrous. Fig. 29: 2.

Paleotropical with a fragmentary distribution. In Af-

rica from Transvaal, to Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola,

Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Ma-

dagascar, Comoro Islands, Sudan, Cameroun, Nigeria,

Togo, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Sao

Tome. Also Senegal (Tardieu-Blot, 1964). On moist forest

floor and earth banks, always in deep shade, 300 — 1 370

m. Map 77.

Voucher: Leighton 3245 (BOL).

3. Adiantum hispidulum Swartz in J.

Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 82 (1801); Sim, Ferns S.

Afr. edn 2: 244 (1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 1: 55 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 1 1 1 , t. 36A

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

228, t. 161 (1983). Type: Australasia (S, ho-

lo.!).

MAP 77. — Adiantum philippense

Filicales

101

Rhizome short, erect to procumbent, set

with castaneous, lanceolate, entire rhizome-

scales up to 1,5 mm long. Fronds tufted, erect,

pedate or repeatedly unequally dichotomously

divided; stipe castaneous, hispid, up to 290 mm

long; lamina approximately deltate, up to 240

x 200 mm, repeatedly dichotomously divided

into up to 8 linear pinnae up to 200 mm long;

pinnules mostly rhombic, becoming reduced

and obcuneate towards pinna apex, firmly her-

baceous, dark green, thinly hispid on under sur-

face only, up to 10 x 6 mm; rhachis casta-

neous-hispid with pale stiff hairs up to 0,5 mm

long. Sori borne on acroscopic and outer mar-

gin of pinnules; indusial flaps pilose, round to

oblong, up to 1 mm in diameter.

Sporadic throughout east tropical and temperate

Africa, Asia and Australasia. Cape Province, Natal,

Transvaal, Mozambique, Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethio-

pia, Comoro Islands, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Azores. Also

S. India, Malesia, Polynesia and Australia. Confined to

moist shaded habitats. In Natal it is recorded at an altitude

of 830 m, where it may have escaped from cultivation. It

has also been found naturalised in a few localised areas on

the Cape Peninsula. Map 78.

Vouchers: Junod 4602 (PRE); Roia 177 (NBG); Tosh.

Robinson & De Villiers 9 (K; NU).

4. Adiantum aethiopicum L., Syst. Nat.

edn 10, 2: 1329 (1759); in Sp. PI. edn 2: 1560

(1763); Schelpe in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 15: 43, t. la

-c (1949); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

231 , t. 164 (1983). Type: Cape Province (LINN

1252/15, holo.!).

Adiantum poiretii sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 247, t.

123(1915).

Rhizome slender, widely creeping, set

with squarrose, pale brown, lanceolate, entire

MAP 79. — Adiantum aethiopicum

rhizome-scales up to 2 mm long. Fronds spaced

up to 80 mm apart, erect to arching; stipe casta-

neous, up to 90 mm long; lamina ovate, up to

200 x 150 mm, 3-pinnate; pinnules mostly cu-

neate to shortly rounded rhomboid, up to 13 x

14 mm, petiolate but not articulated, minutely

dentate on outer margins, especially in sterile

pinnules, with veins ending in the teeth; rhachis

and secondary rhachises castaneous, glabrous.

Sori 1-2 per pinnule, borne on outer margin;

indusial flaps glabrous, orbicular to deeply re-

niform, c. 2 mm in diameter.

South-western Cape Province. On moist earth banks

and streambanks in deep shade in forest at altitudes between

100 and 400 m. Map 79.

Vouchers: Compton 13475 (NBG; PRE); Esterhuysen

22238 (BOL).

5. Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Sp. PI.

2: 1096 (1753); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 245,

t. 121, 122 (1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 1: 56 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 112, t. 36D

(1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 89 (1977); W. B. G.

Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 228, t. 14, 162

(1983). Type: S. Europe (LINN 1252/9,

lecto.!).

Adiantum marginatum Schrad. in Gott. Gel. Anz. 1818:

918 (1818). Type: Cape Province, Hesse s.n. (LE, holo.-

BOL, photo.!).

Adiantum pseudocapillus Fee, Mem. Fam. Foug. 5: 118

(1852), tom. cit. 7: 29, t. 1 (1857). Type: Cape of Good

Hope, Drege s.n. (Holotype lost).

Adiantum paradiseae Bak. in Gdnrs’ Chron., ser. 3, 6:

558 (1889). Type: Cape Province, Bedford district, Para-

dise s.n. (K, holo. !; PRE!).

Rhizome creeping, set with subulate, red-

dish brown, entire rhizome-scales c. 3 mm

102

Filicales

RG. 30.— 1, Adiantum capillus-veneris, part of plant, X 0,6; la, pinnule, X 1,8 (Van der Schiiff 5486). 2,

Adiantum poiretii, part of plant, X 0,6; 2a, pinnule, X 1 ,8 ( Kluge 2246).

Filicales

103

MAP 80. — Adiantum capillus-veneris MAP 8 1 . — Adiantum poiretii

long. Fronds spaced up to 10 mm apart, arch-

ing, herbaceous; stipe castaneous or ebeneous,

glabrous; lamina usually narrowly ovate-del-

tate, up to 260 x 190 mm, 3-pinnate; pinnules

cuneate, entire or irregularly shallowly to

deeply lobed, petiolulate, minutely crenate-

dentate on outer margin of sterile pinnules,

veins ending in the teeth, glabrous on both sur-

faces, often glaucous green, thinly to firmly

herbaceous, up to 27 x 20 mm; rhachis ebe-

neous, glabrous. Sori borne along outer margin

of pinnules; indusial flaps lunate to oblong, gla-

brous, up to 5 x 1-1 ,5 mm. Fig. 30: 1 .

Cosmopolitan. Widespread in Southern Africa, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ke-

nya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, Chad,

Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Madeira, Cape Verde Islands,

Madagascar, Mauritius and Comoro Islands. Shaded moist

rock faces and crevices, often in semi-arid areas, 820-1 220

m. Map 80.

Vouchers: Dieterlen 694 (K; PRE; SAM); Esterhuysen

26257 (BM; BOL); Pott 4842 (BOL; PRE); Schelpe 5197

(BM; BOL); Strey 2001 (BOL; STE).

6. Adiantum poiretii Wikstr. in K.

Svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 1825: 443

(1826); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 56

(1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 112, t. 36D (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 89 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 230, t. 163 (1983). Type: Tris-

tan da Cunha, Thouars s.n., Herb. Jussieu no.

1427 (P, holo.!-BOL, photo.!).

Adiantum crenatum Poir. in Lam., Encycl., Suppl. 1:

137 (Sept. 1810), non Willd. (March 1810).

Adiantum aethiopicum sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

248, t. 124 (1915), non L. (1759).

Rhizome slender, widely creeping, set

with appressed, castaneous, lanceolate-acumi-

nate, somewhat ciliate rhizome-scales c. 8 x

0,8 mm. Fronds closely spaced, arching, thinly

herbaceous; stipe castaneous, glabrous, up to

250 mm long; lamina broadly ovate-deltate, up

to 450 x 330 mm, 3- to 4-pinnate; pinnules

very broadly obcuneate to semicircular or shal-

lowly reniform, up to 15 x 20 mm, articulated

at apex of filiform petiolules, membranous, gla-

brous or with yellow powder below, deciduous

with age leaving bare petiolules attached to se-

condary rhachises of old fronds; rhachis and

secondary rhachises castaneous, glabrous. Sori

borne along outer margin of pinnules; indusial

flaps lunate, up to 2,5 mm long. Fig. 30: 2.

South West Africa/Namibia, Cape Province, Lesotho,

north-eastern Orange Free State, Natal, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ke-

nya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Ethiopia, Sudan, Nige-

ria, Cameroun, Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha, Madagas-

car and Comoro Islands. Also India, Mexico and South

America. Shaded floors of montane forest, 100-2 600 m.

Map 8 1 .

Vouchers: Pott 4841 (BOL; PRE); Wright, West &

Aeocks 26 (BOL; NH; PRE).

7. Adiantum raddianum Presl, Tent.

Pterid. 158 (1836), reimpr. in Abh. K. Bohm.

Ges. Wiss., ser. 4, 5: 158 (1837); Schelpe in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 57 (1969); in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 113 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 232, t. 165 (1983). Iconotype: Raddi,

PI. Brazil l:t. 78 fig. 2 (1825)!.

Rhizome slender, short, creeping, set with

castaneous, broadly lanceolate, entire rhizome-

scales up to 1,5 mm long. Fronds tufted, arch-

ing, thinly herbaceous; stipe castaneous, gla-

brous, up to 300 mm long; lamina broadly

ovate-deltate, up to 250 x 220 mm, 3- to 4-

104

Filicales

1

Filicales

105

pinnate; ultimate segments obcuneate to trapezi-

form, up to 1 1 X 8 mm, with filiform petio-

lules, not articulated, outer margins minutely

crenate-serrate, veins ending in sinuses, gla-

brous on both surfaces; rhachis and secondary

rhachises castaneous, glabrous. Sori borne on

outer margins of ultimate segments; indusial

flaps subcircular to reniform, c. 1,5 mm in di-

ameter.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Sao Tome, St

Helena, Mauritius and Ascension Island. A widely culti-

vated apogamous South American species which has es-

caped from cultivation in many tropical localities in Africa.

In our area it has become naturalised on streambanks in

forest between 150 and 1 310 m. Map 82.

Vouchers: Schlieben 7206 (K; PRE); Smook 559

(BOL; NU).

6. PTERIS

Pteris L., Sp. PI. 1073 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 484 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 45 (1908);

Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 68 (1953); in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 82 (1958); Alston in

F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 39 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 108 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 152

(1964); Launert in F.S.W.A. 4: 2 (1969); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 1 15 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol.

Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid. 59 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 90 (1977). Lectotype

species: P. longifolia L.

Rhizome erect or shortly to widely creeping, dictyostelic, set with linear to ovate rhizome-

scales sometimes with a dark central stripe. Fronds tufted to widely spaced; lamina thinly herba-

ceous to thinly coriaceous, glabrous, simply pinnate to 4-pinnatif' ., rhachis, costae and costules

sometimes spinous; veins free or anastomosing. Sori borne on an almost marginal vein, confluent

into soral lines but not extending to apex of ultimate segments, covered by a continuous indusium

formed from reflexed margin; paraphyses usually present.

A genus of over 250 species, mostly tropical but some in temperate regions also,

la Upper pinnae simple (not pinnatifid), lower pinnae simple or with 1-3 basiscopic lobes:

2a Lower pinnae all simple, gradually reduced 1. P. vittata

2b Lower pinnae with 1-2 basiscopic lobes 2.P. cretica

lb Upper and lower pinnae pinnatifid to 3-pinnatifid:

3a Veins anastomosing at least in more broadly winged parts of costae; fronds widely spaced on a creeping rhizome;

basal pinnae ± as long as lamina 3. P. buchananii

3b Veins free; fronds tufted on erect to procumbent rhizomes; basal pinnae shorter than lamina:

4a Sterile apices of fertile and sterile lobes crenate-dentate 4. P. dentata

4b Sterile apices of fertile and sterile lobes entire or subentire:

5a Costules as well as costae spinous above 5. P. catoptera

5b Only costae spinous above 6. P.friesii

1. Pteris vittata L., Sp. PI. 2: 1074

(1753); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 59

(1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 115 (1970); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 90 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 235, t. 53, 167 (1983). Type: China,

Osbeck s.n. (LINN 1246/3, holo.!).

Pycnodoria vittata (L.) Small, Ferns S. E. States 102:

468(1938).

Pteris longifolia sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 252, t.

125(1915).

Rhizome creeping, up to 8 mm in diame-

ter, set with linear-lanceolate, attenuate, pale

brown rhizome-scales. Fronds spaced up to 10

mm apart, erect to arching, firmly membra-

nous; stipe pale brown, terete, up to 120 mm

long, glabrous except for numerous scales simi-

FIG. 31. — 1, Pteris vittata, frond, x 0,6 ( Schelpe 6100). 2, Pteris cretica, part of plant, x 0,6 ( Mitchell 561); 2a,

sterile pinna, x 0,6 ( Schelpe 4078).

106

Filicales

Filicales

107

MAP 83. — Pteris vittata

lar to rhizome-scales basally; lamina elliptic-

oblong, up to 1,2 x 0,4 m, simply pinnate,

tapering towards base; pinnae linear-attenuate,

up to 160 x 14 mm, glabrous, sterile margins

minutely crenate, lower pinnae petiolate, the

upper sessile; veins free; rhachis sulcate, pale

brown, glabrous. Sori in submarginal lines ex-

tending for most of the length of the fertile pin-

nae; indusium membranous, subentire, Fig.

31: 1.

Widespread in paleotropical and paleotemperate regions.

Widespread throughout Southern Africa to Angola, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Zaire, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Su-

dan, Ghana, Algeria, Cape Verde Islands, Canary Islands,

Madagascar, Mauritius, Comoro Islands, Zanzibar, Socotra

and Yemen. Also E. India, China, Taiwan, Japan, Malay-

sia, Philippine Islands, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Poly-

nesia, Australia (Hieronymus, 1914). Rock crevices in

shade, from near sea level to 1 600 m. Map 83.

Vouchers: Galpin 8283 (BOL; PRE); Rodin 3885

(BOL; K; S); Schelpe 6100 (BM; BOL).

There is some variation in the shape of the pinnae

among various African populations of this species. Also the

rhachis is smooth in some and slightly muricate in others.

2. Pteris cretica L., Mant. 130 (1767);

Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 253, t. 126 (1915);

Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 60 (1969); in

F.Z. Pterid.; 116 (1970); inC.F.A. Pterid.: 91

(1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

236, t. 168 (1983). Type: ?Italy, Arduino s.n.

(LINN 1246/7, holo. !).

Pycnodoria cretica (L.) Small, Ferns Florida 91

(1932).

Pteris serraria Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 65

(1801). Type: Cape Province, Thunberg s.n., Herb. Mon-

tini (S, holo.!).

MAP 84. — Pteris cretica

Rhizome creeping, up to 10 mm in diame-

ter, set with lanceolate, acuminate, entire, con-

colorous, dark brown rhizome-scales c. 3 mm

long. Fronds tufted, erect, often dimorphous,

firmly membranous to chartaceous; stipe stra-

mineous to light brown, shallowly sulcate, gla-

brous, up to 0,65 m long; lamina ovate to del-

tate, mostly pinnate; pinnae and basal pinna-

lobes linear-attenuate, the lower sessile, the up-

per adnate, decurrent, sterile margins of sterile

and fertile pinnae bluntly to sharply serrate-den-

tate, sometimes undulate, sterile pinnae up to

1 10 x 24 mm, fertile pinnae up to 200 x 9 mm;

veins free; rhachis stramineous, shallowly sul-

cate, glabrous. Sori in marginal lines extending

for most of length of pinnae; indusium linear,

subentire, membranous. Fig. 31:2.

Cape Province, Lesotho, Natal, Transvaal, Zimbabwe,

Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda,

Zaire, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Ascension Island,

St Helena and Cape Verde Islands. Also Southern Europe.

In Southern Africa P. cretica occurs in the more temperate

forests of the summer rainfal region, usually in the under-

growth of forest or scrub, but also along forest margins,

1 200-2 700 m. Map 84.

Vouchers: Acocks 11603 (NH; PRE); Dieterlen 282

(K; PRE; SAM); Esterhuysen 26072 (BM; BOL); Schelpe

6101 (BM; BOL).

3. Pteris buchananii Bak. ex Sim, Ferns

S. Afr. edn 1: 1 1 1 , t. 46 (1892); op. cit. edn 2:

259, t. 130 (1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 1: 62 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.; 120 (1970);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 242, t. 174

(1983). Type: Natal, Inchanga, Buchanan s.n.

(K, lecto.!)

PIG 32. 1, Pteris buchananii, basal pinna, x 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of part of pinna, X c. 1,8 ( Schelpe

4377).

108

Filicales

FIG. 33. — 1, Pteris dentata, part of frond, X 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of part of pinna, X 1 ,2 (Schelpe 4343).

2, Pteris catoptera, part of frond, X 0,6; 2a, detail of upper surface of part of pinna, x 1 ,8 (Schelpe 5945).

Filicales

109

MAP 85. — Pteris buchananii

Rhizome widely creeping, c. 10 mm in

diameter, set with sparse, ovate, acute, dark

brown, entire rhizome-scales up to 4,5 x 3

mm. Fronds widely spaced, herbaceous; stipe

erect, stramineous to brown, glabrous, smooth,

up to 1 m tall; lamina ascending, broadly del-

tate, up to 0,5 x 0,5 m, 4-pinnatifid with basal

pinnae nearly as long as lamina and basiscopi-

cally developed; ultimate lobes often slightly

falcate, adnate to rhachis and decurrent, gla-

brous, up to 26 x 5 mm, sterile lobes and

apices of fertile lobes serrate; costules spinous

ventrally; veins anastomosing only along more

broadly winged parts of costae and costules;

rhachis stramineous, glabrous, smooth but with

a darker channel on upper surface. Indusia

erose, membranous. Fig. 32.

Southern Cape Province, Natal, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Kenya and Tanzania. Sporadic in the wetter forest

regions of Southern Africa, most frequently around conti-

nually moist glades in tall forest, 250—1 200 m. Map 85.

Vouchers: Lawn 2038, 2039 (NH); Schelpe 4334 (BM;

BOL); Wilms 2410 (BM).

4. Pteris dentata Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-

Arab. 186 (1775); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

255, t. 129 (1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 1: 64 (1969); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 94

(1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

239, t. 171 (1983). Type: Yemen, Forsskal s.n.

(lost); Yemen, Schweinfurth 1402 (C, neo.).

Pteris flabellata Thunb., Prodr. 172 (1800). Pteris

arguta var. flabellata (Thunb.) Mett. ex Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 76

(1868). Pteris dentata subsp. flabellata (Thunb.) Runemark

in Bot. Notiser 115: 190 (1962); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.:

1 17 (1970). Type: Cape Province, Cape Peninsula, between

Table Mountain and Lions Head, Thunberg s.n. (UPS,

holo. ! ; BM-BOL, photo.!).

Rhizome erect to procumbent, up to 10

mm in diameter, set with linear-lanceolate,

atrocastaneous, nitid rhizome-scales up to 5

mm long with sparse, pale, marginal cilia.

Fronds tufted, herbaceous, arching; stipe stra-

mineous, becoming atrocastaneous basally, gla-

brous, up to 0,5 m long; lamina ovate, up to 1

x 0,4 m, usually 3-pinnatifid, basal pinnae

markedly developed basiscopically; middle pin-

nae narrowly oblong, attenuate, deeply pinnati-

fid into decurrent lobes up to 32 x 5 mm, ser-

rate towards the apices, glabrous on both sur-

faces, costa spinous ventrally; veins free; rha-

chis sulcate, stramineous to somewhat

castaneous, glabrous, smooth. Sori in a margi-

nal line extending for most of the length of the

ultimate lobes; indusium erose or subentire,

membranous. Fig. 33:1.

Cape Province, Lesotho, Natal, Transvaal, Zimbabwe,

Malawi, Zaire, Angola, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethio-

pia, Sudan, Fernando Po, Ascension Island, St Helena,

Madagascar, Mauritius, Rodrigues and the Aegean Islands.

Usually found in moist forest undergrowth, but sometimes

occurs in south-western Cape Province in very sheltered

moist ravines, 100-1 700 m. Map 86.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 10040 (BOL; PRE); Fisher 900

(NH; NU; PRE); Schlechter 4600 (BM; BOL; GRA; K;

PRE).

Pteris tremula R. Br. from New Zealand, which has

similarly dentate pinnule apices, has become naturalised in

the Kirstenbosch and Newlands areas of the Cape Penin-

sula. P. tremula differs in having a more divided lamina:

the pinnae more than halfway up the rhachis are 2-pinnati-

fid. In P. dentata usually only the basal 1-3 pairs of pinnae

are 2-pinnatifid.

5. Pteris catoptera Kunze in Linnaea 18:

119 (1844); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 118

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

110

Filicales

240, t. 172 (1983). Type: Natal, between the

Omfondi and Tugela Rivers, Gueinzius s.n.

(LZ, holo.t; K, lecto. !).

Pteris quadriaurita Retz. subsp. catoptera (Kunze)

Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 66 (1969); in C.F.A.

Pterid.: 95 (1977).

Pteris biaurita sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 257, t.

127(1915).

Pteris abrahamii Hieron. in Bot. Jb. 53: 409 (1915).

Type: Natal, Mapumulo near the Umvoti River, Abraham

27 (B, holo.!-BOL, photo.!).

Rhizome erect to procumbent, set with lin-

ear-attenuate, atrocastaneous rhizome-scales c.

3,5 mm long with pale ciliate margins. Fronds

tufted herbaceous, arching; stipe stramineous,

tending to castaneous basally, up to 0,9 m long,

smooth or set with slender spines, glabrous ex-

cept for basal scales; lamina oblong-ovate, up

to 0,9 x 0,6 m, 3-pinnatifid, lower pinnae

much-developed basiscopically; upper pinnae

very narrowly oblong, acute, glabrous on both

surfaces but with spines on costae and costules

above and with or without slender spines on

costae below; ultimate lobes linear to broadly

linear, obtuse, decurrent; veins free; rhaehis

sulcate, stramineous, glabrous, smooth or

spiny. Sori in marginal lines; indusium erose,

membranous. Fig. 33: 2.

From eastern Cape Province through Natal, Swaziland

and Transvaal to Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique, Zam-

bia, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia. Moist and

variously shaded habitats in forest undergrowth or on forest

margins, 20-1 900 m. Map 87.

Vouchers: Fisher 833 (NH; NU; PRE); Pegler 1553

(PRE); Schelpe 6009 (BOL); 6017 (BOL).

6. Pteris friesii Hieron. in R.E. Fr. in

Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo-Exped.

1: 5 (1914); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 118

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

242, t. 173 (1983). Type: Zambia, near Aber-

com, Fries 1220 (UPS, holo.!; B, iso.!-BOL,

photo.!).

Pteris quadriaurita Retz. subsp. friesii (Hieron.) Schelpe

in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 66 (1969); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 96

(1977).

Rhizome erect to procumbent, c. 15 mm in

diameter, set with lanceolate-attenuate rhi-

zome-scales c. 3 mm long with dark central

stripe and pale ciliate-fimbriate borders. Fronds

tufted, erect to arching, chartaceous to coria-

ceous; stipe stramineous to castaneous, up to

0,6 m long, glabrous except for dark brown

scales basally; lamina narrowly ovate-deltate,

up to 0,7 X 0,5 m; upper pinnae narrowly

oblong-attenuate, glabrous on both surfaces but

costae spinous above; ultimate lobes broadly

linear, obtuse, only slightly decurrent, entire,

up to 28 x 5 mm; veins free; rhaehis sulcate,

stramineous to castaneous, glabrous, smooth.

Sori in marginal lines; indusia entire, membra-

nous.

Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique,

Zambia, Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Sudan, Mada-

gascar, Comoro Islands, Mauritius and Seychelles. Under-

growth of scrub and forest, 600-1 750 m. Map 88.

Vouchers: Burke 140 (K); Schiitte 62 (BOL).

MAP 88 . — Pteris friesii

Filicales

111

7. CHEILANTHES

Cheilanthes Swartz, Syn. Fil. 5, 126 ( 1806); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 40 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in

Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 87 (1953); in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 136 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2,

Suppl. 43 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Camer. 3: 136 (1964); Launert in F.S.W.A. 7: 1 (1969);

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid. : 122 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.:

58 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 98 (1977), nom. conserv. Type species: C. micropteris Swartz.

Rhizome erect or shortly creeping, set with lanceolate rhizome-scales, concolorous or with a

dark sclerotic central stripe. Fronds tufted, uniform or rarely dimorphous; stipes terete or sulcate,

castaneous to black, glabrous and nitid or pilose; lamina herbaceous to coriaceous, 2- to 5-pinnati-

fid, ultimate segments not articul-ated, glabrous, thinly pilose, pilose or tomentose, with or wi-

thout lacerate scales on costae and costules. Sori discrete or linear, borne marginally on vein-

endings, protected by a continuous or discontinuous indusium or by the recurved margin of the

ultimate segments.

As construed here the genus Cheilanthes includes Southern African species previously referred to the genus Notho-

laena R. Br., as well as Doryopteris J. Sm. and the species of Pellaea Link with non-articulated segments. It is a

cosmopolitan genus of terrestrial ferns, usually growing in rather dry, rocky places.

Since going to press the following species from high altitudes of the Drakensberg in eastern Transvaal has been

described: Cheilanthes hyaloglandulosa W. B. G. & N. Jacobsen in S. Afr. J. Bot. 51: 145-148 ( 1985). It differs from the

widespread C. hirta Swartz (no. 9) mainly by a dense cover of hyaline unicellular globular glands.

la Stipe and/or rhachis terete in cross-section:

2a Rhizome-scales with a castaneous to ebeneous sclerotic central stripe:

3a Lamina tomentose below:

4a Lamina narrowly linear, pinnate to 2-pinnatifid l.C.rawsonii

4b Lamina ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid:

5a Lamina decrescent basally; pinnae narrowly deltate to ovate-deltate, set with hairs only 2. C. marlothii

5b Lamina not decrescent basally; pinnae broadly deltate, set with both hairs and scales 3. C. eckloniana

3b Lamina glabrous or pilose below:

6a Lamina glabrous and viscid on both surfaces 6. C. parviloba

6b Lamina set with scattered multicellular hairs on both surfaces, not viscid:

7a Rhizome suberect, fronds tufted; lamina herbaceous; most hairs on frond standing at right angles to

surface 9. C. hirta

7b Rhizome long-creeping, fronds spaced; lamina subcoriaceous; most hairs on frond appressed or spread-

ing at an angle of less than 90° 8. C. contracta

2b Rhizome-scales concolorous 4. C. inaequalis

lb Stipe and rhachis sulcate above:

8a Older rhizome-scales with a distinct nitid, castaneous to ebeneous, sclerotic central stripe:

9a Lamina outline pentagonal (basal pinnae nearly as long as or longer than lamina and conspicuously developed

basiscopically):

10a Venation obscure on upper surface:

1 la Lamina 2- to 3-pinnatifid 25. C. concolor

lib Lamina 3- to 5-pinnate:

12a Indusium continuous 20. C. quadripinnata

1 2b Indusium discontinuous 2 1. C . multifida

10b Venation apparent on upper surface:

13a Lamina herbaceous, set with hairs along costae and veins 24. C. bergiana

13b Lamina coriaceous, glabrous 22. C. pentagona

9b Lamina outline linear, lanceolate, ovate or deltate (basal pinnae much shorter than lamina):

14a Sori discrete; indusium discontinuous:

15a Lamina set with scales (biseriate or broader) 5. C. induta

15b Lamina glabrous 21. C. multifida

14b Sori linear, marginal; indusium continuous or absent:

16a Indusium absent; lamina outline linear and pinnae divided into three or five pinnules 7. C. depauperata

16b Indusium present; lamina outline lanceolate, ovate or deltate or pinnae pinnatifid or pinnate into numer-

ous segments:

17a Stipe set with numerous scales at maturity:

112

Filicales

FIG. 34. — 1 , Cheilanthes rawsonii, part of plant, x 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of pinna, x 3,6 (Acocks 18023).

2, C. inaequalis var. inaequalis, frond, x 0,6; 2a, detail of lower surface of pinnule, x 1,8 ( Galpin 9126). 3, C.

inaequalis var. buchananii, part of plant, x 0,6; 3a, detail of lower surface of pinna, x 1 ,8 ( Flanagan 2580).

Filicales

113

18a Stipe brown 17. C. botswanae

18b Stipe atrocastaneous 18. C. involuta

17b Stipe glabrous or with few scales at maturity:

19a Lamina usually 4-pinnate; red-tipped paraphyses present in sorus 20. C. quadripinnata

19b Lamina 1-3-pinnate; son non-paraphysate 19. C. viridis

8b Rhizome set with pale concolorous scales only, or with a few striped scales on oldest parts of rhizome, stripe

diffuse:

20a Rhachis winged by lamina:

21a Indusium discrete, lacerate 12. C. capensis

21b Indusium continuous, erase or entire:

22a Sulcus (groove) of stipe square; under surface of secondary rhachises green 10. C. robusta

22b Sulcus of stipe rounded; under surface of secondary rhachises castaneous 14. C. deltoidea

20b Rhachis not winged by lamina:

23a Indusium continuous:

24a Frond set with numerous serrulate scales 16. C. dolomiticola

24b Frond glabrous at maturity or stipe only set with occasional entire scales:

25a Indusium folded under reflexed lamina margin; stipe castaneous 1 1 . C. hastata

25b Indusium not folded under margin; stipe atrocastaneous 15. C. namaquensis

23b Indusium discontinuous or discrete:

26a Fronds greater than 100 mm tall; sulcus of stipe square 23. C. dinteri

26b Fronds less than 100 mm tall; sulcus of stipe rounded 13. C. kunzei

1. Cheilanthes rawsonii (Pappe) Men. ex

Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 75 (1868); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 250, t. 180 (1983); N. C. An-

thony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11:10, t. 1 (1984).

Type: Cape Province, Namaqualand, on hills

between Spektakel and Komaggas, Whitehead

s.n. (BM, holo.!-BOL, photo.!; KI-BOL, mi-

crofiche!; S!).

Notholaena rawsonii Pappe in Pappe & Raws., Syn. Fil.

Afr. Austr. 42 (1858); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 220, t. 107

fig. 1(1915).

Rhizome creeping, c. 2,5 mm in diameter,

set with lanceolate, fimbriate rhizome-scales c.

3 x 0,4 mm with an ebeneous central stripe and

broad paler margins tapering into a long, conco-

lorous, sinuous apex. Fronds erect, subcoria-

ceous, c. 200 mm long; stipe castaneous to atro-

castaneous, terete, tomentose with fine, pale,

multicellular hairs, becoming subglabrous with

age, and set with concolorous, fimbriate scales

of different sizes basally; lamina narrowly lin-

ear, c. 150 x 15 mm, pinnate to 2-pinnatifid,

somewhat decrescent basally; pinnae oblong-

deltate, deeply pinnatifid into rounded oblong

lobes, upper surface pilose, under surface with

thick reddish tomentum; venation obscure; rha-

chis and secondary’ rhachises castaneous to

atrocastaneous, tomentose with pale, multicel-

lular hairs. Sori discrete, borne at margins of

ultimate segments, elongate, perpendicular to

margin, almost obscured by the tomentum,

exindusiate. Fig. 34:1.

Endemic to southern South West Africa/Namibia and

north-western Cape Province. In rocky areas, c. 1 400 m.

Map 89.

Vouchers: Dinter 6229 (BOL; K; STE); Giess 12854

(NBG; PRE); Hall s.n. (B; BOL; GH; K; M; MO; P; PRE;

S; US); Pearson 8290 (BOL; STE); Williamson 2559

(BOL).

2. Cheilanthes marlothii (Hieron.)

Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 74 (1969); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 103 (1977); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 259, t. 186 (1983); N. C.

Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 17, t. 3

(1984). Type: South West Africa/Namibia,

Okahandja, Dinter 386 (B, lecto.!; BR!; GRA!;

SAM1-BOL, photo.!).

114

Filicales

Filicales

115

Notholaena marlothii Hieron. in Bot. Jb. 46: 384

(1911); Launert in F.S.W.A. 7: 5 (1969).

Rhizome shortly creeping, up to 4 mm in

diameter, set with entire, acuminate, pale ferru-

gineous rhizome-scales c. 3 x 0,3 mm with an

ebeneous central stripe. Fronds erect, herba-

ceous to coriaceous; stipe castaneous, terete,

nitid, tomentose with pale hairs c. 2 mm long,

becoming subglabrous with age, and set with

lanceolate, concolorous pale brown scales c. 3

x 0,3 mm basally; lamina linear-lanceolate, c.

100-300 x 20-50 mm, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnati-

fid, basal pinnae reduced; pinnae lanceolate-

deltate, pinnatifid into unequally deltoid-ob-

long, rounded lobes, upper surface pilose with

white hairs; under surface tomentose with uni-

directional pale to reddish hairs; venation

obscure; rhachis and secondary rhachises te-

rete, atrocastaneous, tomentose with white

hairs up to 2 mm long. Sori discrete, marginal,

elongate, perpendicular to the margin, almost

obscured by the tomentum; indusium subentire,

c. 0,1-0, 2 mm wide. Fig. 35: 2.

Angola, South West Africa/Namibia and Transvaal. In

rock crevices and around boulder bases (often dolomite)

usually on south aspect slopes, c. 1 700-2 100 m. Map 90.

Vouchers: Codd 10432 (BOL); Dinter 386 (BR;

SAM); Schelpe 4759 (B; BOL; GH; K; M; MO; P; PRE; S;

US); Schweickerdt 2125 (BOL; NU; PRE); Steyn 181

(NBG).

3. Cheilanthes eckloniana (Kunze) Mett.

in Abh. senckenb. naturforsch. Ges. 3: 66

(1859), reimpr. in Mett., Famgatt. 5: 22

(1859); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 73

(1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 125 (1970); W. B. G.

Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 256, t. 184 (1983);

N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 22, t.

4 (1984). Type: Cape Province, Sneeuwberg,

Drege s.n. (LZ, syn.t; BM, lecto.!; GRA!;

l^BOL, photo.!).

Notholaena eckloniana Kunze in Linnaea 10: 501 ( 1836);

Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 222, t. 107 fig. 2 ( 1915).

Notholaena krebsiana Presl, Tent. Pterid. 224 (1836),

reimpr. in Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 4, 5: 224

(1837), nom. nud.

Rhizome creeping, c. 4 mm in diameter,

set with both concolorous and castaneous- to

ebeneous-striped, serrulate, broadly ovate-lan-

ceolate, attenuate rhizome-scales up to 3 mm

long. Fronds erect, thinly coriaceous; stipe te-

rete, atrocastaneous, set with pale, attenuate,

lanceolate, fimbriate scales of different sizes,

gradually becoming subglabrous with age, and

set with a mass of concolorous reddish scales

basally; lamina narrowly oblong, acute, up to

110 x 30 mm, not decrescent below, 2-pinnate

to 3-pinnatifid; pinnae debate; pinna segments

deeply pinnatifid into obtuse lobes, upper sur-

face with wavy fine white matted hairs and be-

coming glabrous with age, under surface

densely tomentose with matted ferrugineous

hairs and set with fimbriate, lanceolate, atten-

uate, concolorous pale brown scales along cos-

tae and costules; venation obscure. Sori margi-

nal, forming an interrupted soral line; indusium

very small, membranous, ciliate or absent. Fig.

35:1.

Widespread throughout Southern Africa as far north as

Zimbabwe and endemic to this area. Usually found on rock

outcrops with a south aspect or well-drained sites, between

1 000 and 2 000 m. Map 91.

Vouchers: Liebenberg 7631 (NBG; PRE); Schelpe

5891 (B; BM; BOL; GH; K; M; MO; P; PR; PRE; S; US);

Schelpe 7702 (B; BOL; C; GH; K; M; MO; P; PR; S);

Schlechter 4704 (BM; BOL; GRA; PRE; SAM); Thorncroft

s. n. (BOL; GRA; J; PRE; STE).

4. Cheilanthes inaequalis (Kunze) Mett.

in Abh. senckenb. naturforsch. Ges. 3: 68, t. 3

fig. 4 (1859), reimpr. in Mett., Famgatt. 5: 24,

t. 3, fig. 4 (1859). Type: Transvaal, Magalies-

berg, Burke s.n. (LZ, holo.t; BM!-BOL,

photo.!; K!).

FIG. 35.— 1, Cheilanthes eckloniana, part of plant, x 0,6 ( Pott 1303); la, lamina scale, x 30. 2, Cheilanthes

marlothii, part of plant, x 0,6 ( Oliver & Muller 6471); 2a, lamina hair, x 30.

116

Filicales

MAP 92. — Cheilanthes inaequalis var. inaequalis

Rhizome short, creeping, c. 5 mm in

diameter, set with linear-lanceolate, attenuate,

entire, concolorous ferrugineous rhizome-

scales up to 14 mm long. Fronds erect, herba-

ceous to coriaceous; stipe terete, atrocasta-

neous, set with pale, multicellular hairs and

with scales similar to rhizome-scales basally;

lamina narrowly oblong to ovate-deltate (del-

tate in juveniles), up to 220 x 1 10 mm, 2-pin-

natifid towards apex, 3-pinnatifid basally, not

decrescent below; pinnae unequally deltate,

developed basiscopically (especially basal

pair), very deeply pinnatifid into oblong to vei^

narrowly oblong, subentire crenate or pinnati-

fid, obtuse segments, under surface pilose to

densely tomentose with long 3- to 5-celled

hairs, white at first, becoming ferrugineous

with age, upper surface pilose; venation

obscure. Sori borne around margins of ultimate

segments, discrete but forming a continuous

soral line at maturity; indusium continuous or

irregularly discontinuous, narrow, ciliate,

membranous. Fig. 34: 2 & 3.

Lamina outline generally oblong to ovate-deltate,

lamina 2-pinnatifid; under surface tomentose with

matted hairs (a), var. inaequalis

Lamina outline generally pentagonal, lamina 3-pinna-

tifid; under surface pilose with straight hairs

(b). var. buchananii

Notholaena inaequalis Kunze, Famkr. 1: 146, t. 64 fig. 1

(1844); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2; 221, t. 108 fig. 2(1915);

Launert in F.S.W.A. 7: 4 (1969).

Notholaena bipinnata (Sim) Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2;

224 (1915), pro parte (excl. t. 109 fig. 2), non Liebm.

(1849).

South West Africa/Namibia, Natal, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania (Gill & Mwasumbi,

1976); also Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroun and Madagascar

(Tardieu-Blot, 1964). Among rocks in open woodland,

from 460 to 1 850 m in Southern Africa and 2 140 m in

tropical Africa. Map 92. Fig. 34: 2.

Vouchers: Banks 46 (PRE); Codd & Dyer 9103 (BOL;

K; PRE); Dimer 2391 (SAM); Esterhuysen 21483 (BOL;

PRE); Killick 46 (NU).

4(b). var. buchananii (Bak.) Schelpe in

Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 41:211 (1967); in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 75 (1969); in F.Z. Pte-

rid. : 126, t. 39B (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 258, t. 185 c & d (1983); N.C.

Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 38, t. 7

(1984). Type: Natal, Buchanan & McKen 32

(K, lecto.!).

Notholaena buchananii Bak. in Hook. & Bak., Syn. Fil.

373 (1868); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn. 2: 222, t. 108 fig. 1

(1915).

4(a). var. inaequalis.

Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 74

(1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 126, t. 39A (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 103 (1977); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 257, t. 185 a & b (1983);

N.C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 33, t.

5(1984).

Transkei, Natal, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique,

Zambia and Tanzania. Amongst rocks in moist positions,

usually under shade, 1 200-2 000 m. Map 93. Fig. 34: 3.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 21491 (BOL); Flanagan 2580

(PRE; SAM); Kluge 732 (PRE); Roux 679 (NBG).

The variety buchananii occurs in more sheltered and

moister localities than the typical variety.

Filicales

117

MAP 93. — Cheilanthes inaequalis var. buchananii

5. Cheilanthes induta Kunze in Linnaea

10: 538 (1836); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 232,

t. 91 fig. 1 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 263, t. 188 (1983); N. C. Anthony in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 43, t. 8 (1984). Type:

Cape Province, Sneeuwberg, Drege 8829 (LZ,

holo.t; B, lecto.!-BOL, photo.!).

Myriopteris induta (Kunze) Fee, Gen. Fit. 149, t. 12A

fig. 3 (hairs only) (1852).

Rhizome widely creeping, c. 5 mm in

diameter, set with appressed, attenuate, suben-

tire, ferrugineous rhizome-scales c. 3 x 0,4

mm, with a dark central stripe and a somewhat

fimbriate, attenuate apex. Fronds erect, thinly

coriaceous; stipe castaneous to atrocastaneous,

broadly sulcate, set with both narrow and

broad, scattered, pale concolorous scales c. 2

mm long; lamina broadly lanceolate, c. 250 x

50 mm, 3-pinnate to 4-pinnatifid, basal pinnae

not reduced, sometimes largest; pinnae and pin-

nules broadly lanceolate to deltate; ultimate

segments deeply pinnatifid into rounded-

oblong, crenate segments, upper surface gla-

brous except for very occasional pale scales,

under surface thickly or thinly tomentose with

long, wavy or straight, pale to ferrugineous

scales; venation obscure; rhachis and second-

ary rhachises sulcate, castaneous to atrocasta-

neous, pilose with pale to ferrugineous scales.

Sori borne around margins of ultimate seg-

ments; indusium discontinuous, subentire,

green or pale membranous, up to 0,5 mm wide.

Restricted to the mountains of north-western, south-

western and southern Cape Province. Around boulder bases

and in rock crevices between 600 and 2 300 m altitude.

Map 94.

MAP 94. — Cheilanthes induta

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 22854 (BOL; PRE); 27200 (B;

BM; BOL; C; GH; M; MO; P; PR; PRE; S); Penzhorn 5905

(PRE); Rourke 1685 (BOL; NBG); Schelpe 1925 (BOL;

PRE).

6. Cheilanthes parviloba (Swartz)

Swartz, Syn. Fil. 128, 331 (1806); Sim, Ferns

S. Afr. edn 2: 230, t. Ill fig. 2, t. 112 (1915);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 260, t. 15,

187 (1983); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 11: 48, t. 9 (1984). Type: Cape of Good

Hope, Drege b (S, lecto. !).

Adiantum parvilobum Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2:

85 (1801). Cheilanthes hirta var. parviloba (Swartz) Kunze

in Linnaea 10: 541 (1836).

Rhizome creeping, c. 4 mm in diameter,

set with lanceolate, entire, castaneous rhizome-

scales c. 2 x 0,25 mm with broad, pale brown

borders. Fronds erect to arching, herbaceous to

coriaceous; stipe terete, castaneous, pilose with

patent or appressed, 1- to 3-celled hairs c. 0,5

mm long; lamina ovate-lanceolate, c. 250 X 40

mm, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid, basal pinnae re-

duced; pinnae lanceolate to narrowly deltate;

pinnules narrowly oblong to narrowly deltate,

c. 5 x 2 mm, pinnatifid into oblong, often

bilobed segments, under surface glabrous, up-

per surface viscid, collecting debris; venation

obscure; rhachis and secondary rhachises

terete, castaneous, set with glandular hairs c.

0,5 mm long. Sori borne at apices of ultimate

lobes, protected by revolute margin of

lamina; indusium absent. Fig. 36: 1 .

South West Africa/Namibia and Cape Province; rare in

Natal and Transvaal. Dry rocky slopes and rock crevices on

all aspects, 280-2 570 m altitude. Map 95.

118

Filicales

ocq-7^Go • Cheilanthes parviloba, part of plant, X 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of p

Z38/2). 2, Cheilanthes depauperata, part of plant, x 0,6; 2a, detail of lower surface of pinna, x

4,2 (Schelpe 5918).

Filicales

119

Vouchers: Cooper 1739 (BM; NH; PRE); Esterhuysen

13946 (BOL; NBG; PRE); Giess 11688 (NBG; PRE;

WIND); Schelpe 4831 (BM; BOL; MO; P; PR); Schlechter

2726 (BM;GRA; PRE).

7. Cheilanthes depauperata Bak. in Ann.

Bot. 5: 210 (1891); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

226, t. 94 fig. 1 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 249, t. 179 (1983); N. C.

Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11; 56, t. 11

(1984). Type: Cape Province, borders of the

Karroo, Barkly s.n. (K, holo.!-BOL, micro-

fiche!; BOL!, SAM!, ? iso.).

Rhizome creeping, up to 5 mm in diame-

ter, set with appressed, entire, atrocastaneous

rhizome-scales c. 3 x 0,25 mm with pale

brown margins. Fronds tufted, erect, cori-

aceous; stipe shallowly sulcate, castaneous,

appearing viscid; lamina narrowly linear, c.

170 x 14 mm, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid; pinnae

up to 10 mm long, divided into two 2- or 3-

lobed pinnules and a 3- to 5-lobed terminal pin-

nule; pinnule lobes oblong-lanceolate with cre-

nate, recurved margins, upper surface subgla-

brous, under surface covered with a viscid mass

of matted yellowish hairs; venation obscure;

rhachis sulcate, atrocastaneous, set with short,

white viscid hairs; secondary rhachises terete.

Sori borne beneath the revolute pinnule margin;

indusium absent. Fig. 36: 2.

Endemic to south-western Cape Province. In dry,

rocky areas and in rock crevices, often on north aspect

slopes, c. 500-1 300 m altitude. Map 96.

Vouchers: Schelpe 5918 (B; BM; BOL; C; GH; K; M;

MO; NBG; NU; P; PR; PRE; S; STE); Schlechter 8704

(BM; BOL; BR; GRA; NH; PRE).

hybrid

C. depauperata x C. contr acta

A putative hybrid between C. depauperata

Bak. and C. contracta (Kunze) Mett. ex Kuhn

(below) has been found at Karoo Poort in the

Ceres District. At this locality the only other

cheilanthoid ferns found were the postulated

parents.

Rhachis flattened or slightly sulcate ven-

trally. Pinnae divided into five or more lobed

pinnules.

South-western Cape Province. Around boulder bases

at foot of north-facing slopes. Known from one large colony

only. Map 96.

Voucher: Schelpe 5924 (B; BOL; C; GH; K; M; MO;

P; PR; PRE; S).

8. Cheilanthes contracta (Kunze) Mett.

ex Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 70 (1868); N. C. Anthony in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 60, t. 12 (1984). Type:

Cape Province, Zwartkops River, Drege b (LZ,

syn.t; BM, lecto. ! ; K!; L-BOL, photo.!; S!;

SAM!).

Cheilanthes hirta var. contracta Kunze in Linnaea 10:

539 (1836); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 229, t. Ill fig. 1

(1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 262, t. 66

(1983). Myriopteris contracta (Kunze) Fee, Gen. Fil. 149

(1852).

Rhizome creeping, up to 4 mm in diame-

ter, set with appressed, entire, atrocastaneous

rhizome-scales c. 2 x 0,2 mm with narrow,

pale borders and an attenuate, somewhat fim-

briate, pale apex. Fronds spaced, erect, thinly

coriaceous; stipe terete, castaneous to atrocasta-

neous, set with multicellular hairs c. 0,6 mm

120

Filicales

Filicales

121

long and with scales similar to rhizome-scales

basally; lamina lanceolate, up to 300 x 24 mm,

2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid; pinnae lanceolate to

narrowly deltate, acute, c. 14 mm long; pin-

nules divided into up to 7 lobes, both surfaces

set with scattered multicellular hairs; venation

obscure; rhachis and secondary rhachises

terete, densely pilose with multicellular hairs c.

0,6 mm long. Sori discrete, borne on ultimate

lobes, almost obscured by the revolute margin

and lamina hairs; indusium minute or absent.

Fig. 37: 2.

Endemic to south-western and southern Cape Province

and eastern Transvaal. Around boulder bases, in arid fynbos

and on rocky mountain slopes, often with a north aspect,

between 60 and 1 850 m altitude. Map 97.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 26885 (BM; BOL; GH; MO;

P); Louw 2880 (PRE); Marsh 26 (PRE; STE); Schelpe 5919

(BM; BOL; GH; PR; PRE); Snijman 334 (NBG).

9. Cheilanthes hirta Swartz, Syn. Fil.

128, 329 (1806); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 227,

t. 1 10 (1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1:

72 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 124 (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 102 (1977); W. B.G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 261, t. 5 (1983); N. C. An-

thony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11; 68, t. 14

(1984). Type: Mauritius, Grondal s.n., Herb.

Gastrom (S, lecto. !).

Adiantum hirtum (Swartz) Poir. in Lam., Encycl., Suppl.

1: 142 (1810). Notholaena hirta (Swartz) J. Sm. in J. Bot.,

Lond. 4: 50 (1841). Myriopteris hirta (Swartz) J. Sm.,

Ferns Brit, and Foreign 174 ( 1866).

Adiantum caffrorum Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 85

(1801), non L. f. (1781).

Notholaena capensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 32 (1828).

Type: Cape Province, Uitenhage, Zeyher 275 (B, iso.!-

BOL, photo. !).

Cheilanthes hirta var. intermedia Kunze in Linnaea 10:

539 (1836). Myriopteris intermedia (Kunze) Fee, Mem.

Fam. Foug. 5: 149 (1852). Type: Cape Province, Witber-

gen, Drege c (LZ, syn.t; B, lecto. !-BOL, photo.!; SAM!).

Cheilanthes hirta var. laxa Kunze in Linnaea 10: 540

(1836). Type: Cape Province, near Bokpoort and Nieuwe-

veld, Drege c (LZ, syn.t; B, lecto. !-BOL, photo.!;

L-BOL, photo. !; SAM!).

Cheilanthes glandulosa Pappe & Raws., Syn. Fil. Afr.

Austr. 35 (1858), non Swartz (1817). Type from Griqua-

land, Moffatt.

Cheilanthes nielsii W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr.

252, t. 182 a & b (1983). Type: Transvaal, farm Goedgele^

gen 1 94R , Koperkop , Jacobsen 5 1 26 ( PRE ! ) .

Rhizome very shortly creeping, c. 5 mm in

diameter, set with pale, ferrugineous concolo-

rous and atrocastaneous-striped, subulate, en-

tire rhizome-scales c. 3,5 x 0,3 mm. Fronds

tufted, erect, herbaceous; stipe terete, casta-

neous to atrocastaneous, pilose with patent mul-

ticellular hairs c. 1 mm long, and set with large,

pale brown, lanceolate scales up to 6 mm long

basally; lamina linear-lanceolate to ovate-ob-

long, up to 340 x 55 mm, 2-pinnate to 3-pinna-

tifid; pinnae narrowly oblong to deltate, adnate

or petiolulate, pinnatifid to pinnate into obtuse,

crenate to pinnatifid lobes, sparsely pubescent

with pale, glandular hairs on both sufaces; ve-

nation obscure; rhachis and costae castaneous

(the latter narrowly winged by, and merging

into, lamina), pilose with patent brownish

hairs. Sori discrete, borne on margins of in-

curved pinnule lobes, minute; indusium minute

or absent. Fig. 37: 1.

Widespread in Southern Africa and also in Angola,

Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya, Mauritius and Madagas-

car. Around boulder bases and in rock crevices, usually on

south aspect slopes, from 250 to 2 600 m altitude. Map 98.

Vouchers: Bacock s.n. (B; BM; BOL; GH; MO; PRE);

Esterhuysen 22962 (BM; BOL: MO; P; PR); Schelpe 5889

(BM; BOL; GH; PR; PRE) ; 5905 (BM; BOL; NBG; PR);

Ward 2131, 2375 (BOL; NPB; NU).

FIG . 37. — 1, Cheilanthes hirta, part of plant, x 0,6 (Strey 6167); la, lower surface of pinnule, X 6. 2. Cheilanthes

contracta, part of plant, x 0,6 (Marloth 1924 /Snijman 334); 2a, lower surface of pinnule, X 6.

122

Filicales

FIG. 38. — 1, Cheilanthes kunzei, part of plant, x 0,6 (Schelpe 4859). 2, C. deltoidea, part of plant, x 0,6 (Oliver

& Muller 6426). 3, C. robusta, part of plant, x 0,6 ( Acocks 16441). 4, C. hastata, part of plant, x 0,6 (Acocks 22715).

Filicales

123

10. Cheilanthes robusta (Kunze) Tryon in

Contr. Gray Herb. Harv. 143: 72 (1942); N. C.

Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 83, t. 15

(1984). Type: Cape Province, Namaqualand

near Goedemanskraal, Drege s.n. (LZ, holo.t;

SAM, lecto.!; BM!; Kl-BOL, microfiche!;

NY).

Allosorus robustus Kunze in Linnaea 10: 502 (1836).

Onychium robustum (Kunze) Fee in Mem. Fam. Foug. 5:

132 (1852). Cryptogramma robusta (Kunze) Pappe &

Raws., Syn. FiL Afr. Austr. 32 (1858). Pellaea robusta

(Kunze) Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 147 (1858); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 281, t. 203 (1983). Doryopteris robusta

(Kunze) Diels in Engl., Pflanzenfam. 1, 4: 269 (1899);

Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 217, t. 105 fig. 3 (1915).

Rhizome creeping, up to 5 mm in diame-

ter, set with ferrugineous, lanceolate, acumi-

nate, entire, concolorous rhizome-scales often

paler in the upper half, and linear, acuminate,

striped rhizome-scales c. 4 mm long. Fronds

erect, coriaceous, up to 100 mm long; stipe

castaneous, glabrous, upper half very shallowly

sulcate; lamina oblong-ovate to narrowly del-

tate, 30-70 x 3-25 mm, 3-pinnatifid; ultimate

segments crowded, narrowly hastate to ovate,

subacute, decurrent, up to 4 x2 mm, glabrous

on both surfaces; venation obscure; rhachis sul-

cate, brown, glabrous. Sori marginal; indusium

linear, green to pale, minutely and irregularly

erose, together with folded margin up to 0,5

mm broad. Fig. 38: 3.

Endemic to Namaqualand and southern South West

Africa/Namibia. On exposed gravelly soils derived from

decomposed granite, up to 770 m. Map 99.

Vouchers: Compton 20670 (BOL; NBG); Moffett 3308

(STE); Schlechter 11218 (BOL; GRA; PRE); Scully 5

(BOL; PRE); Thompson & Le Roux 387 (BOL).

11. Cheilanthes hastata (L.f.) Kunze in

Linnaea 10: 532 (1836); N. C. Anthony in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 86, t. 16, 17 (1984).

Type: Cape of Good Hope (LINN 1252/4,

holo.!).

Adiantum hastatum L.f., Suppl. 447 (1781). Pteris has-

tata (L.f.) Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 69 (1801), non

Thunb. (1800). Allosorus hastatus (L.f.) Presl, Tent. Pte-

rid. 153 (1836). Cassebeera hastata (L.f.) J. Sm. in J.

Bot., Lond. 4: 159 (1841). Pellaea hastata (L.f.) Link, Fil.

Sp. Hort. Berol. 60 (1841); Schelpe in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 29: 93

(1963); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 282, t. 62, 204

(1983). Platyloma hastata (L.f.) Lowe, Ferns 3: t. 32

(1857).

Adiantum auriculatum Thunb., Prodr. 173 (1800). Pteris

auriculata (Thunb.) Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 69

(1801). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Herb. Thunberg (UPS,

holo.!).

Pteris auriculata Thunb., Prodr. 172(1800). Cheilanthes

auriculata (Thunb.) Link, Hort. Reg. Bot. Berol. 2: 36

(1833). Allosorus auriculatus (Thunb.) Presl, Tent. Pterid.

153 (1836). Cassebeera auriculata (Thunb.) J. Sm. in Bot.

Mag. 72, Comp. 20 (1846). Pellaea auriculata (Thunb.)

Fee, Mem. Fam. Foug. 5r 129 (1852); Sim, Ferns S. Afr.

edn 2: 199, t. 89 (1915). Type: Cape of Good Hope. Herb.

Thunberg (3 (UPS, holo. !).

Pteris varia Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 69 (1801).

Type: Cape of Good Hope (Type not found).

Pellaea lancifolia Bak. in J. Bot., Lond. 1874: 199

(1874); in Ann. Bot. 5: 214 (1891); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn

2: 201 , t. 91 fig. 2 (1915). Allosorus lancifolius (Bak.)

Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 806 (1891). Type: Cape Province,

Namaqualand, H. Barkly s.n. (K, holo.!; GRA!-BOL,

illustr. !; SAM!).

Rhizome suberect to shortly creeping, up

to 6 mm in diameter, set with lanceolate, acu-

minate, entire, concolorous pale brown rhi-

zome-scales up to 8 mm long. Fronds erect or

arching, herbaceous; stipe castaneous, upper

124

Filicales

half sulcate, glabrous at maturity except for a

tuft of pale brown to ferrugineous scales ba-

sally; lamina linear-lanceolate to narrowly el-

liptic, up to 300 mm long and 60 mm broad,

apices of ultimate segments acute or obtuse,

margins crenate; venation obscure in mature

fronds growing in exposed conditions; rhachis

shallowly sulcate, castaneous, glabrous, not

winged by lamina in lower half. Sori marginal,

linear; indusium firmly membranous, often

folded under the revolute, corrugate-crenate

lamina margin, together with margin 0,5-1, 5

mm broad. Fig. 38: 4.

Endemic to Cape Province and southern South West

Africa/Namibia. On shaded earth banks, sheltered rock

crevices and under small bushes, 130-1 700 m. Map 100.

Vouchers: Barker 9703 (NBG; STE); Compton 24134

(BOL; NBG): Esterhuysen 17079a (BOL; PRE); Merxmiil-

ler & Giess 32238 (PRE; WIND); Schlechter 8205 (BOL;

PRE).

C. hastata exhibits a wide variation in frond dissection

from simply pinnate to deeply 2-pinnatifid. However, varia-

tion is continuous and macromorphologically this taxon

must be considered as a single variable species. In addition

2 different spore types exist, the uniformly reticulate form

previously being referred to var. reticulata Schelpe. Puta-

tive hybrids between C. hastata and C. capensis (Thunb.)

Swartz have also been found.

12. Cheilanthes capensis (Thunb.)

Swartz, Syn. Fil. 128 (1806); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 257, t. 181 (1983); N. C.

Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 96, t. 19

(1984). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg

s.n. (UPS, holo.!; LD!, ?iso.).

Adiantum capense Thunb., Prodr. 173 (1800). Adiantop-

sis capensis (Thunb.) Fee, Gen. Fil. 145 (1852); Sim, Ferns

S. Afr. edn 2: 218, t. 106 fig. 1 (1915). Hypolepis capensis

(Thunb.) Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 71, t. 77CG852).

Cheilanthes praetexta Kaulf., Enum. Fil. 212 (1824).

Type: Cape of Good Hope, Kaulfuss s.n. (?LE, holo. ; E!).

Rhizome creeping, up to 3 mm in diam-

eter, set with entire, lanceolate-acuminate, con-

colorous light brown rhizome-scales c. 4 x 0,7

mm. Fronds erect to arching, herbaceous; stipe

castaneous, nitid, upper half sulcate, glabrous

except for occasional hairs and set with pale

brown scales basally; lamina broadly ovate-del-

tate to trullate, c. 120 x 70 mm, 3-pinnatifid,

basal pinnae largest and developed basiscopi-

cally; pinnae oblong to debate; ultimate seg-

ments rotund to oblong-deltate, serrate-crenate,

glabrous on both surfaces except for occasional

scales along costae and costules;

venation free, obscure above; rhachis and

secondary rhachises sulcate, castaneous,

narrowly winged, glabrous except for scattered

piliform scales. Sori discrete, borne on vein-

endings at margin, between marginal crenations

or teeth; indusia discontinuous, erose to lace-

rate, up to 1 mm broad.

Endemic to Southern Africa, confined predominantly

to South-western Cape Province but distributed as far east

as Natal and as far north as the Witputz District of South

West Africa/Namibia. In rock crevices and around boulder

bases, usually on south aspect slopes, 200-1 850 m. Map

101.

Vouchers: Boucher 4424, 4693 (STE); Giess 13042

(PRE; WIND); Pearson 6182, 6633 (BOL); Schelpe 4704,

4709 (BOL); Steyn 220 (NBG).

13. Cheilanthes kunzei Mett., Famgatt.

5: 71, n. 22, t. 3 figs 6, 7 (1859); N. C. An-

thony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 13, t. 21

(1984). Type: Cape Province, Namaqualand,

Zilverfontein, Drege s.n. (LZ, holo. f; B, lec-

to.!-BOL, photo.!).

Filicales

125

MAP 102. — Cheilanthes kunzei

Cheilanthes profiisa var. minor Kunze in Linnaea 10: 535

(1836). Pellaea hastata var. minor (Kunze) Schelpe in J1 S.

Afr. Bot. 35: 1 33 ( 1969). Type as above.

Rhizome shortly creeping, c. 2,5 mm in

diameter, often obscured by persistent stipe

bases, set with entire, lanceolate-acuminate,

pale brown concolorous and striped rhizome-

scales c. 3 mm long. Fronds arching, thinly

camose-coriaceous to herbaceous; stipe casta-

neous, nitid, shorter than lamina, sulcate in up-

per half, glabrous except for a few scales ba-

sally; lamina narrowly to broadly ovate-acute,

pinnate to 3-pinnatifid, lower pinnae reduced;

pinnae ovate to oblong, acute, often adnate

acroscopically; ultimate segments deltate or ob-

long-obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces; vena-

tion obscure; rhachis sulcate, castaneous, not

usually winged except near the apex, sparsely

set with pale scales and multicellular hairs. Sori

borne on vein endings at margins of ultimate

segments, often appearing continuous at matu-

rity; indusium greenish to pale, irregular, c. 0,3

mm in diameter. Fig. 38: 1 .

Endemic to southern South West Africa/Namibia and

Namaqualand. Around rocks and in shaded rock crevices,

c. 600-1 000 m. Map 102.

Vouchers: Giess 14610, 14651 (WIND); Schelpe 4859

(B; BOL; C; GH; K; M; MO; P; PR; PRE; S); Schelpe 8010

(BOL; GH; K; PRE; STE); Williamson 2360 (BOL).

14. Cheilanthes deltoidea Kunze in Lin-

naea 10: 535 (1836); N. C. Anthony in Contr.

Bolus Herb. 11: 109, t. 22 (1984). Type: Cape

Province, Namaqualand, Zilverfontein, Drege

s.n. (LZ, holo.t; K, lecto.!-BOL, microfiche!;

BI-BOL, photo.!).

Pellaea deltoidea (Kunze) Bak. in Hook. & Bak., Syn.

Fil. 146 (1868); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 280, t.

201 (1983). Allosorus deltoideus (Kunze) Kuntze, Rev.

Gen. 2: 806 (1891). Doryopteris deltoidea (Kunze) Diels in

Engl., Pflanzenfam. 1, 4: 269 (1899); Sim, Ferns S. Afr.

edn 2: 216, t. 105 fig. 1 (1915).

Doryopteris deltoidea var. laxa Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

217, t. 105 fig. 2 (1915). Type: Cape Province, Namaqua-

land, between O’okiep and Nababeep, Bolus 9463 (PRE,

holo.!-BOL, photo.!; BOL!; K!-BOL, microfiche!).

Rhizome creeping, up to 4 mm in diame-

ter, set with ferrugineous-castaneous, concolo-

rous, lanceolate-attenuate, entire rhizome-

scales c. 3 mm long. Fronds erect, herbaceous

to thinly camose-coriaceous; stipe sulcate,

slender, castaneous, glabrous; lamina broadly

deltate, 18-100 x 16-1 10 mm broad, 3-pinna-

tifid (2-pinnatifid in depauperate fronds), basal

pinnae largest and developed basiscopically; ul-

timate segments oblong acute in fertile fronds,

obtuse in sterile or partially sterile fronds, gla-

brous; venation obscure; rhachis castaneous,

glabrous, winged for its whole length. Sori lin-

ear; indusium continuous, pale membranous,

minutely erose, c. 0,4 mm broad. Fig. 38: 2.

Endemic to Namaqualand and southern South West

Africa/Namibia. In rock crevices, usually on south aspects,

at altitudes between 140 and 1 200 m. Map 103.

Vouchers: Giess 10337 (WIND); Hugo 2808 (STE);

Pearson 3176 (BOL; PRE); Schelpe 4857, 4873 (B; BOL;

C; GH; K; M; MO; P; PR; PRE; S); Van Jaarsveld 6748

(NBG).

Filicales

Filicales

127

15. Cheilanthes namaquensis (Bak.)

Schelpe & N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

10: 155 (1982); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 11: 115, t.23 (1984). Type: Cape Pro-

vince, Namaqualand, H. Barkly s.n. (K, ho-

lo. !-BOL, microfiche!; GRA; SAM!).

Pellaea namaquensis Bak. in J. Bot., Lond. 1874: 199

(1874); in Ann. Bot. 5: 214 ( 1891); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn

2: 205, t. 94 fig. 2 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 280, t. 202 (1983). Allosorus namaquensis (Bak.)

Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 806 (1891).

Rhizome creeping, c. 2,5 mm in diameter,

often obscured by persistent stipe bases, set

with dark reddish-castaneous, nitid, lanceolate-

acuminate, entire, concolorous and striped rhi-

zome-scales c. 3,5 mm long. Fronds erect,

thinly camose-coriaceous, up to 200 mm long;

stipe atrocastaneous to ebeneous, nitid, shal-

lowly sulcate in upper half, often longer than

lamina, set with reddish scales basally and

usually scattered dark scales smaller than rhi-

zome-scales; lamina oblong-ovate to deltate, c.

60 x 25 mm, 3-pinnatifid (4-pinnatifid in larger

specimens); basal pinnae largest, broader basis-

copically, sometimes adnate acroscopically; ul-

timate segments oblong-obtuse to somewhat

hastate, glabrous except for very occasional

scales below; venation obscure; rhachis sulcate,

the sulca rounded in cross-section, not usually

winged by lamina immediately above basal pin-

nae. Sori borne on outer margins of ultimate

segments; indusium greenish to pale, erose, to-

gether with involute margin c. 0,5 mm in diam-

eter. Fig. 39: 1.

Endemic to western Cape Province and southern South

West Africa/Namibia. In rock crevices, often on north as-

pect slopes, c. 300-650 m. Map 104.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 26021 (BOL; PRE); Pillans

5976 (BOL); Roux 329 (NBG); Schelpe 4958 (B; BOL; C;

GH; K; M; MO; P; PR; PRE; S); Schlechter 8278 (BM;

BOL; GRA; PRE).

16. Cheilanthes dolomiticola (Schelpe)

Schelpe & N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

10: 155 (1982); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 11: 120, t. 24 (1984). Type: Cape Pro-

vince, Vryburg, Tiger Kloof, Schelpe 5885

(BOL, holo.!; B!; BM!; C!; GH!; K!; M!; MO!;

NBG!; NU!; P!; PR!; PRE!; S!; STE!).

Pellaea dolomiticola Schelpe in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 34: 239,

t. 3 (1968); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 283, t. 12

(1983).

MAP 104. — Cheilanthes namaquensis

Rhizome suberect, c. 4 mm in diameter,

set with pale brown, entire, lanceolate, acumi-

nate rhizome-scales up to 4 X 0,75 mm. Fronds

erect to spreading, thinly coriaceous; stipe sul-

cate, atrocastaneous, nitid, set with pale brown,

entire to serrulate scales up to 4 x 1,2 mm;

lamina broadly elliptic to rotund, up to 85 x 40

mm, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid, basal pinnae re-

duced and developed basiscopically; pinnae

unequally oblong-ovate, acute, up to 20 x 12

mm, developed basiscopically; pinna segments

usually narrowly to broadly hastate, glabrous or

set with pale brown, serrulate scales along cos-

tules below; venation obscure; rhachis and se-

condary rhachises, sulcate, castaneous, densely

to thinly set with pale brown, lanceolate, acu-

minate, serrulate scales c. 3 mm long. Sori mar-

ginal, linear; indusium green to pale, entire to

erose, up to 0,3 mm broad. Fig. 39: 2.

Endemic to northern Cape Province and Transvaal. C.

dolomiticola appears to be confined to crevices in dolomitic

limestone outcrops at altitudes between 1 200 and 1 900 m.

Map 105.

Vouchers: Acocks 2269 (KMG); Braithwaite 244

(BOL); Fourie 1289 (PRE); Kluge 2385 (PRE); Mogg

22999 (BOL; PRE).

17. Cheilanthes botswanae Schelpe & N.

C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 10: 151

(1982); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

11: 125, t. 26 (1984). Type: Botswana, Ootse

Hills, Mott 292 (BOL, holo.!; GH!; K!; PRE!;

UBLS).

FIG. 39.— 1, Cheilanthes namaquensis, part of plant, x 0,6; la, detail of lotfbr surface of pinnule, X 5 A {Esterhuy-

sen 26021). 2, C. dolomiticola, part of plant, x 0,6; 2a, detail of lower surface of ultimate segments, x 5,4 (Schelpe

5885). 3, C. concolor, part of plant, x 0,6; 3a, detail of lower surface of ultimate segments, x 5,4 (5/r^y 7158).

128

Filicales

MAP 105. — Cheilanthes dolomiticola

Rhizome suberect, c. 4 mm in diameter,

set with lanceolate-acuminate, entire, pale

brown concolorous and ebeneous-striped rhi-

zome-scales c. 3,5 mm long. Fronds tufted,

suberect; stipe sulcate, pale castaneous, densely

set with subulate-acuminate, pale to castaneous

scales up to 3 x 0,3 mm; lamina thinly coria-

ceous, narrowly ovate, up to 120 x 50 mm, 2-

pinnate to 3-pinnatifid, basal pinnae hardly re-

duced and developed basiscopically; pinnae ob-

long-ovate, acute; ultimate segments narrowly

hastate or oblong-acute, glabrous or set with

occasional scales along costules below; vena-

tion free, obscure; rhachis and secondary rha-

chises sulcate, pale castaneous, densely set with

subulate and minute filiform scales. Sori margi-

nal, linear; indusium continuous, pale, suben-

tire, c. 0,4 mm broad.

Known only from south-eastern Botswana and north-

western Transvaal. In dry, rocky areas, c. 1 330 m altitude.

Map 106.

Vouchers: Breyer 18051 (PRE); Krantz sub TRV 762

(PRE); Mott 627 (BOL).

18. Cheilanthes involuta (Swartz)

Schelpe & N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

10: 155 (1982). Type: Cape Province, Herb.

Thunberg (UPS, lecto. 1-BOL, photo. !).

Lamina outline linear to lanceolate; sulca of stipe

and rhachis rounded (a), var. involuta

Lamina outline subdeltate; sulca of stipe and

rhachis flat to square (b). var. obscura

18 (a), var. involuta.

N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus. Herb. 11:

130, t. 27(1984).

Pteris involuta Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 69

(1801). Allosorus involutus (Swartz) Presl, Tent. Pterid.

153 (1836). Pellaea involuta (Swartz) Bak., Syn. Fil. edn

2: 148 (1874); Sim, Fems S. Afr. edn 2: 205 pro parte

quoad t. 95 fig. 1 ( 1915). Pteridella involuta (Swartz) Mett.

ex Kuhn in Von Deck., Reisen, Bot. 3, 3: 15 (1879).

Cheilanthes cornuta Kunze in Linnaea 10: 534 (1836).

Type: Klein-Vischrivier, Drege a (LZ,syn.t;BM;

HBG-BOL, photo. !;L).

Cheilanthes hastata forma normalis Kunze in Linnaea

20: 257 (1847). Type: Cape Province, Buffeljaagd River,

Zeyher 4624 (W , holo . ; PRE ! ) .

Rhizome shortly creeping, c. 3 mm in

diameter, set with narrowly lanceolate, atten-

uate, entire, pale ferrugineous, concolorous and

occasionally atrocastaneous-striped rhizome-

scales up to 6 mm long. Fronds tufted, erect;

stipe sulcate, atrocastaneous, about as long as

lamina, densely set with patent, subulate, acu-

minate, brown scales up to 3 mm long as well

as minute one- or two-celled hairs; lamina

thinly camose-coriaceous, linear to lanceolate,

up to 160 x 40 mm, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid,

basal pinnae usually reduced; pinnae unequally

subdeltate, acute; ultimate segments unequally

oblong-hastate, glabrous ventrally, set with

subulate-acuminate pale scales along costules

below; venation free, obscure; rhachis and se-

condary rhachises sulcate, atrocastaneous, set

with numerous subulate-acuminate and minute

filiform scales. Sori borne along proximal mar-

gins of ultimate segments, linear; indusium con-

tinuous, pale to greenish, up to 0,3 mm broad.

Fig. 40:1.

Filicales

129

MAP 107. — Cheilanthes involute var. involute

Southern Cape Province, Transkei and Transvaal, as

well as a single collection from East Africa. On dry, rocky,

shrubby slopes, c. 330 to 1 830 m altitude. Map 107.

Vouchers: Archibald 5766 (BOL); Bredenkamp 424

(PRE); Flanagan 1240 (BOL; PRE; SAM); Rogers 23579

(PRE); Taylor 3622 (BOL; NBG).

18(b). var. obscura (N. C. Anthony) N. C.

Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 1^6, t.29

(1984). Type: Lesotho, Maseru, Devil Moun-

tain, Bowmaker 59 (BOL, holo. !).

Cheilanthes viridis (Forssk.) Swartz var. obscura N. C.

Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 10: 154 (1982), pro parte,

sensu Schelpe, F.Z. Pterid.: 136 (1970).

Pellaea involuta sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:205, pro

parte quoad t. 95 fig. 2 (1915).

Pellaea viridis var. involuta sensu Schelpe, F.Z. Pterid.:

136 (1970); sensu W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 287,

t. 205d (1983).

Rhizome creeping, c. 4 mm in diameter,

set with lanceolate-attenuate rhizome-scales,

entire to occasionally minutely serrulate, pale

brown, concolorous and ebeneous-striped rhi-

zome-scales up to 6 mm long. Fronds crowded,

erect to arching; stipe atrocastaneous, about as

long as lamina, flattened or squarely sulcate, set

with lanceolate, acuminate, entire, castaneous

scales, c. 2 mm long, more numerous basally;

lamina thinly camose-coriaceous, subdeltate, c.

110 x 45 mm, basal pinnae largest and devel-

oped basiscopically; pinnae lanceolate, acute;

ultimate segments ovate-oblong to subhastate,

upper surface glabrous, under surface set with

occasional lanceolate scales along costae; vena-

tion free, obscure; rhachis and secondary’ rha-

chises sulcate, atrocastaneous, set with scat-

tered lanceolate-attenuate brown scales. Sori

borne along proximal margins of ultimate seg-

ments, linear; indusium continuous, pale mem-

branous, suberose, c. 0,2 mm broad.

South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana, eastern Cape

Province, Transkei, Lesotho, Orange Free State, Natal and

Transvaal, as well as Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Around

rocky outcrops and boulder bases, from 400 m altitude in

Transkei to 2 930 m in Lesotho. Map 108.

Vouchers: Coetzee 76 (PRE); Dieterlen 637 (PRE;

SAM); Giess 12583 (PRE; WIND); Truter 55 (STE); Van

Jaarsveld 5846 (BOL; NBG).

19. Cheilanthes viridis (Forssk.) Swartz,

Syn. Fil. 127 (1806). Type: Arabia, Forsskal

s.n. (Not found).

la Bases of secondary rhachises and petiolules

pubescent with short, unicellular to multicellular,

patent hairs, sometimes extending to lower

surface of lamina and costule:

2a Lamina 2-pinnate to 4-pinnate, pinnae up to c.

20 x 7 mm (a), var. viridis

2b Lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, pinnae c. 30 x 15 mm

(b). var. macrophylla

lb Secondary rhachises and petiolules glabrous or

set with filiform appressed scales (c). var. glauca

19 (a), var. viridis.

N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11:

144, t. 30(1984).

Pteris viridis Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. cxxiv, 186

(1775). Adiantum viride (Forssk.) Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 104

(1894). Pteridella viridis (Forssk.) Kuhn in Von Deck.,

Reisen, Bot. 3, 3: 16 (1879). Pellaea viridis (Forssk.)

Prantl in Bot. Jb. 3: 420 (1882); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

207, t. 96 (1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 81

(1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 133 (1970); inC.F.A. Pterid.: 109

(1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 284, t. 205a

(1983).

130

Filicales

Filicales

131

Pteris hastaefolia Schrad. in Gott. Gel. Anz. 1818: 917

(1818). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Hesse s.n. (LE, holo.-

BOL, photo.!).

Cheilanthes hastata var. canonica Kunze in Linnaea 10:

532 (1836). Type: Cape Province, Albany, at Glenfilling,

Drege c (LZ, syn. t; B, lecto. !; L^BOL, photo.!).

Cheilanthes hastata var. stenophylla Kunze in Linnaea

10: 533 (1836). Syntypes from Cape Province, Ecklon

(LZt).

Rhizome creeping, c. 5 mm in diameter,

set with lanceolate, attenuate, serrulate, light

brown to ferrugineous, concolorous or ebe-

neous-striped rhizome-scales c. 3 x 0,5 mm.

Fronds closely spaced, arching; stipe sulcate,

castaneous, about as long as lamina, subgla-

brous at maturity except for scales similar to

rhizome-scales basally; lamina herbaceous to

very thinly coriaceous, broadly linear to lanceo-

late or broadly deltate-pentagonal, up to 500 x

240 mm, dissection variable (2-pinnatifid to 5-

pinnate), basal pinnae usually largest and

sometimes much-developed basiscopically; pin-

nae oblong-deltate, acute; ultimate segments

petiolulate on short pubescent petiolules except

for terminal adnate segments, narrowly hastate,

margins crenate, glabrous on both surfaces or

pubescent below along costae and veins; vena-

tion free, apparent; rhachis and secondary rha-

chises broadly sulcate, castaneous, glabrous or

pubescent with short hairs, always pubescent in

axils. Sori borne in a marginal soral line; indu-

sium continuous, membranous, subentire, c.

0,5 mm broad. Fig. 40: 2.

South West Africa/Namibia, Cape Province, Transkei,

Lesotho, Natal, Swaziland and Transvaal, as well as Zim-

babwe, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, Madagascar, Arabia

and India. Primarily a forest margin fern, but also found in

other semi-shaded habitats, from near sea level in southern

Cape Province to c. 2 000 m altitude in the Natal Drakens-

berg. Map 109.

Vouchers: Dieterlen 546 (NH; NBG; PRE; SAM;

STE); Giess 11273 (WIND); Kruger 1312 (PRE; STE);

Moll 4467 (BOL; NH; PRE); Viljoen 128 (NBG; PRE).

19(b). var. macrophylla (Kunze) Schelpe

& N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 10: 155

(1982); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

11: 156, t. 32 (1984). Type: Waterfall near Um-

sikaba, Drege s.n. (LZ, syn.t; K, lecto. -BOL,

microfiche!; B!).

MAP 109. — Cheilanthes viridis var. viridis

Cheilanthes hastata var. macrophylla Kunze in Linnaea

10: 532 (1836). Cheilanthes macrophylla (Kunze) Kunze in

Linnaea 23: 307 (1850). Allosorus hastatus var. macro-

phylla (Kunze) Pappe & Raws., Syn. Fil. Afr. Austr. 30

(1858). Pellaea hastata var. macrophylla (Kunze) Hook.,

Sp. Fil. 146 (1858); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 1: 102 (1892).

Pellaea viridis var. macrophylla (Kunze) Sim, Fems S.

Afr. edn 2: 208, t. 99 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Fems

Sthn Afr. 285, t. 205b (1983).

Rhizome creeping, c. 5 mm in diameter,

set with lanceolate, attenuate, serrulate, pale

brown to ferrugineous, mostly castaneous- to

ebeneous-striped rhizome-scales c. 3 x 0,75

mm. Fronds crowded or spaced up to 15 mm

apart erect to arching: stipe sulcate, atrocasta-

neous, about as long as lamina, subglabrous

except for scales similar to rhizome-scales ba-

sally; lamina herbaceous to very thinly coria-

ceous, narrowly deltate to pentagonal, c. 320 x

200 mm, pinnate (in young fronds) to 2-pin-

nate, basal pinnae largest and developed basi-

scopically; pinnae large (c. 80 x 20 mm),

mostly simple, narrowly deltate; ultimate seg-

ments subdeltate, acute, simple or lobed

basally, glabrous on both surfaces or pubescent

below along costae and veins; venation free,

apparent; rhachis and secondary rhachises

broadly sulcate atrocastaneous, glabrous or

pubescent with short hairs, always pubescent in

the axils. Sori borne in a marginal soral line;

indusium continuous, membranous, subentire,

c. 0,5 mm broad. Fig. 41 .

FIG. 40.— 1, Cheilanthes involuta var. involuta, frond, x 0,6; la, rhizome and stipe bases, x 0,6 ( Flanagan 1240).

2, Cheilanthes viridis var. viridis, frond, x 0,6; 2a, stipe base, x 0,6 ( Schelpe 4370).

132

Filicales

Filicales

133

MAP 1 10. — Cheilanthes viridis var. macrophylla

MAP 1 1 1 . — Cheilanthes viridis var. glauca

Only known from southern Cape Province, Transkei,

Natal, Swaziland and eastern Transvaal. Grows in forest or

bush, between 100 and 2 000 m altitude. Map 1 10.

Vouchers: Codd & De Winter 146 (PRE); Compton

30082 (PRE); Hardcastle 259 (J; NBG; PRE); Tavlor 2520

(BOL; NBG); Ward 21 14 (BOL; MO; NH; NU).

19(c). var. glauca (Sim) Schelpe & N. C.

Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 10: 155 (1982);

N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 162,

t. 33 (1984). Type: Cape Province, south-west

of King William’s Town, Sim s.n. (PRE, holo. !

-BOL, photo.!).

Pellaea hastata var. glauca Sim, Kaffrarian Ferns 30, t.

19 (1891). Pellaea viridis var. glauca (Sim) Sim, Ferns S.

Afr. edn 2: 209, t. 97, t. 98 fig. 2 (1915); Schelpe in Contr.

Bolus Herb. 1: 82 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 135 (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 1 10 (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn

Afr. 286, t. 205c (1983).

Rhizome creeping, c. 5 mm in diameter,

set with linear-lanceolate, attenuate, closely

serrulate, light brown to ferrugineous, mostly

atrocastaneous-striped rhizome-scales c. 3 x

O, 5 mm. Fronds closely spaced, erect to arch-

ing; stipe sulcate, atrocastaneous, longer or

shorter than lamina, set with scattered scales,

more numerous basally; lamina thinly coria-

ceous, narrowly debate, c. 200 x 80 mm, 2-

pinnate to 4-pinnatifid, basal pinnae usually

only slightly developed basiscopically; pinnae

linear-oblong, acute; ultimate segments ovate-

oblong, obtuse to subacute, glabrous on both

surfaces; venation free, apparent; rhachis and

secondary rhachises atrocastaneous, deeply

sulcate, sulca wings castaneous, set with scat-

tered, appressed, filiform scales. Sori borne in a

marginal soral line; indusium continuous, pale

membranous, erose, c. 0,3 mm broad. Fig. 42.

South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana, Cape Pro-

vince, Transkei, Natal, Swaziland and Transvaal, as well as

Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zaire, Ruanda, Tanza-

nia, Kenya and Ethiopia. Around rocky outcrops and

boulder bases in shrub- and grassland, from near sea level

along the Natal coast to c. 2 000 m further inland. Map 111.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 9106 (PRE); Esterhuysen

20762 (BOL); Giess & Gaff 10984 (PRE; WIND); Smith

2060 (BOL; PRE); Ward 2414 (BOL; NU).

20. Cheilanthes quadripinnata (Forssk.)

Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 74 (1868); N.C. Anthony in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1 1: 172, t. 35 (1984). Type:

Yemen, Hadie, Forsskal s.n. (Type lost).

Pteris quadripinnata Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. cxxiv,

186 (1775). Allosorus quadripinnatus (Forssk.) Presl, Tent.

Pterid. 154 (1836), reimpr. in Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss.,

Ser. 4, 5: 154 (1837). Pteridella quadripinnata (Forssk.)

Mett. ex Kuhn in Von Deck., Reisen, Bot. 3, 3: 16 (1879).

Pellaea quadripinnata (Forssk.) Prantl in Bot. Jb. 3: 420

(1882); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 202, t. 192 (1915);

Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 81 (1969); F.Z. Pterid.:

133, t. 41 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 288,

t. 206(1983).

Pteris consobrina Kunze in Linnaea 10: 526 (1836). Pel-

laea consobrina (Kunze) Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 145, t. 117 A

(1858). Allosorus consobrinus (Kunze) Pappe & Raws.,

Syn. Fil. Afr. Austr. 31 (1858). Type: Cape Province,

Witteberg, Drege 8827 (LZ.syn.t; B,lecto.!-BOL. photo.!;

BM!).

Cheilanthes triangula Kunze in Linnaea 10: 536 (1836).

Type: Cape Province, Compasberg, Drege b (LZ, syn. t;

B, lecto.!-BOL, photo.!; BM!; L-BOL, photo.!).

FIG. 41.— 1, Cheilanthes viridis var. macrophylla, frond, x 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of portion of ultimate

segment, x 7,2 ( Ward 21 14).

134

Filicales

Herr at

MARCH

Filicales

135

Cheilanthes atherstonei Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 107 (1852).

Type: Cape Province, Somerset East, Atherstone s.n. (K,

holo.!).

Cheilanthes firma T. Moore in J. Bot., Lond. 5: 225

(1853). Type: Natal, Plant s.n. (BM, holo.!).

Cheilanthes linearis T. Moore in J. Bot., Lond. 5: 226

(1853). Type: Natal, Plant s.n. (BM, holo.!).

Rhizome shortly creeping, up to 6 mm in

diameter, set with narrowly lanceolate, suben-

tire, ferrugineous, concolorous rhizome-scales

up to 5 mm long, mostly with a narrow, scle-

rotic, central stripe. Fronds erect to arching,

thinly camose-coriaceous; stipe broadly sul-

cate, castaneous, glabrous or set with occasio-

nal narrow scales at first; lamina narrowly to

broadly hastate-deltate, up to 580 x 400 mm,

3- to 5-pinnate, basal pinnae much-developed

basiscopically; ultimate segments oblong, suba-

cute, 10-20 mm long, subentire when fertile,

margin involute, evidently crenate when sterile,

glabrous on both surfaces; venation free,

obscure except for midvein, or apparent in

shaded specimens; rhachis and secondary rha-

chises sulcate castaneous, glabrous. Sori form-

ing a marginal soral line, with conspicuous red-

tipped paraphyses; indusium continuous, suben-

tire, membranous, c. 0,2 mm broad. Fig. 43.

Cape Province, Transkei, Lesotho, Orange Free State,

Natal, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique,

Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan, Cam-

eroun, Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Along forest mar-

gins or around boulder bases in grassland or scrub, c. 600-

3 300 m. Map 112.

MAP 112. — Cheilanthes quadripinnata

Vouchers: Cooper 1423 (BM; NH; PRE); Dieterlen 68

(BOL; PRE; STE); Esterhuysen 26791 (BM; BOL; GH;

MO; P); Fisher 837 (NH; NU; PRE); Killick 852 (GRA;

PRE).

21. Cheilanthes multifida (Swartz)

Swartz, Syn. Fil. 129, 334 (1806); Sim, Ferns

S. Afr. edn 2: 231, t. 113 (1915); Schelpe in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 70 (1969); in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 123 (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 100 (1977);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 264, t. 189

(1983). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg

s.n., Herb. Montin (S, lecto.!).

Rhizome short, creeping, c. 4 mm in di-

ameter, set with subulate-attenuate, subentire,

stramineous to somewhat ferrugineous, conco-

lorous rhizome-scales c. 3,5 x 0,4 mm and

others with a central ebeneous stripe. Fronds

tufted, erect to arching, thinly camose-coria-

ceous; stipe broadly sulcate, castaneous, sub-

glabrous except for lanceolate, pale concolor-

ous and striped scales similar to rhizome-scales

basally; lamina oblong-ovate to somewhat del-

tate, always longer than broad, up to 320 x 280

mm, 4- to 5-pinnatifid, basal pinnae not re-

duced, basiscopically developed; pinnae un-

equally ovate-deltate, acute; pinnules ovate-

lanceolate to debate, very deeply pinnatifid into

ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenate or pinnatifid

lobes, glabrous on both surfaces; venation

obscure; rhachis and secondary rhachises sul-

cate, castaneous to atrocastaneous, very nar-

rowly winged. Sori discrete, borne around mar-

gins of ultimate segments; indusium pale, entire

to lacerate, c. 0,2-0, 8 mm wide. Fig. 44: 1 .

Indusium semicircular, entire to erose . (a), subsp. multifida

Indusium deeply lacerate (b). subsp. lacerata

21(a). subsp. multifida.

N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11:

183, t. 37(1984).

Adiantum multifidum Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 85

(1801).

Adiantum globatum Poir. in Lam., Encycl., Suppl. 1:

144 (1810). Type: Cape Province, Cape Peninsula, Table

Mountain, Herb. Jussieu no. 1433 (P, holo.!).

Cheilanthes refracta Pappe & Raws., Syn. Fil. Afr.

Austr. 34 (1858). Type: Cape Province, “Griqualand”

(near Kuruman) (?BM, holo.).

FIG. 42. — 1 & 2, Cheilanthes viridis var. glauca, parts of fronds, X 0,6; la & 2a, detail of lower surfaces of ultimate

segments, x 7,2 (Chase 6313).

136

Filicales

Filicales

137

MAP 113. — • Cheilanthes multifida subsp. multifida

■ Cheilanthes multifida subsp. lacerata

Cheilanthes bolusii Bak. in Hook., Ic. PI. t. 1636 (1886);

Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 234, t. 106 fig. 2 (1915). Type:

Cape Province, Darling Bridge, Breede River, Bolus 2801

(K, holo.!; BOL!).

Angola, South West Africa/Namibia, Cape Province,

Transkei and Lesotho. On rocky slopes around boulder

bases and in rock crevices, from 180 m in south-western

Cape Province to 2 000 m in South West Africa/Namibia

and Lesotho. Map 113.

Vouchers: Bowmaker 53 (BOL); Esterhuysen 17998

(BOL; MO; NBG; PRE); Giess 11652 (WIND); 11798

(WIND); Schelpe 5892 (BM; BOL; GH; NBG; PR); Steyn

399 (BOL; NBG).

21(b). subsp. lacerata N. C. Anthony &

Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 10: 153 (1982);

N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 190,

t. 39 (1984). Type: Transvaal, Mariepskop,

Schweickerdt 2428 (BOL, holo. !).

Cheilanthes multifida var. flexa Kunze in Linnaea 10:

537 (1836). Type: Transkei, near Umsikaba, Drege s.n.

(LZ, holo. t; B, lecto.!-BOL, photo.!; L-BOL, photo.!).

Transkei, Natal, Lesotho, Swaziland, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania and Ke-

nya. On rocky slopes around boulder bases and in rock

crevices, from 400 m in Natal to 2 500 m in Transvaal and

Zimbabwe. Map 113.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 9043 (BOL; PRE); 9109

(BOL; PRE); Compton 26681 (NBG; PRE); Johnstone 127,

154 (NU); Schelpe 5079 (BOL); Ward 3442 (NPB; NU).

Proceeding northwards from Zimbabwe the indusium

becomes less noticeably lacerate until in Kenya it assumes a

triangular shape.

22. Cheilanthes pentagona Schelpe & N.

C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 10: 152

(1982); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

11: 197, t. 40 (1984). Type: South West Af-

rica/Namibia, Grootfontein, 8 km east from

Otavi, Schelpe 4820 (BOL, holo.!; GH!; K!;

MO!; PRE!).

Rhizome creeping, c. 2,5 mm in diameter,

set with lanceolate, entire, appressed, ferrugi-

neous rhizome-scales c. 3 mm long with a cen-

tral sclerotic stripe. Fronds thinly camose-

coriaceous, erect to arching; stipe broadly sul-

cate, atrocastaneous, longer than lamina, gla-

brous except for scales similar to rhizome-

scales near base; lamina hastate-pentagonal, of-

ten broader than long, 5-pinnatifid, basal pin-

nae largest and conspicuously developed basis-

copically; middle pinnae oblong-ovate, broader

basiscopically; ultimate segments unequally

deltate, obtuse, crenate, glabrous on both sur-

faces; venation apparent on both surfaces; rha-

chis and secondary rhachises sulcate, atrocasta-

neous, narrowly winged by lamina, glabrous.

Sori discrete, borne around margins of ultimate

segments; indusium discontinuous, pale, mem-

branous, semicircular to oblong-deltate, suben-

tire to erose, c. 0,5 mm broad. Fig. 44: 2.

South West Africa/Namibia, Transvaal and Zimba-

bwe. In rock crevices of dolomite, c. 1 650 m. Map 1 14.

Vouchers: Mogg 34830 (J); Schlechter 4687 (BOL;

GRA; PRE); Schweickerdt 2106 (NU; PRE; WIND); Strey

3813 (PRE); Van Jaarsveld 2034 (NBG).

FIG. 43. — 1 , Cheilanthes quadripinnata, frond, x 0,6 (MacOwan sub Bolus 172); la, portion of rhizome with stipe

bases, x 0,6 (Schelpe 5926); lb, detail of lower surface of ultimate segments, x 3,6 (Schelpe 5926).

138

Filicales

FIG. 44. — 1, Cheilanthes multifida subsp. multifida, part of plant, X 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of ultimate

segments, x 4,8 ( Moffett 206). 2, C. pentagona, frond, x 0,6; 2a, detail of lower surface of ultimate segments, x 4,8

(Giess 12555). 3, C. dinteri, frond, X 0,6; 3a, detail of lower surface of ultimate segments, X 4,8 (Merxmiiller 10742).

Filicales

139

23. Cheilanthes dinteri Brause in Bot.

Jb. 53: 385 (1915); Launert in F.S.W.A. 7: 2

(1969); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 71

(1969); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 102 (1977); W. B.

G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 266, t. 190

(1983); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

11: 203, t. 42 (1984). Type: South West Afri-

ca/Namibia, Okahandja, Dinter 392 (B, lec-

to.!-BM, photo.!; BM!; BR!; GRA!; PRE!; S;

SAM1-BOL, photo.!).

Rhizome short, erect, up to 4 mm in dia-

meter, set with entire, concolorous, dark ferru-

gineous rhizome-scales c. 3x0,1 mm. Fronds

erect, herbaceous to camose-coriaceous; stipe

sulcate, castaneous, set with scattered narrow,

attenuate, ferrugineous scales; lamina narrowly

ovate-deltate, acute, c. 140 x 50 mm, 2-pin-

nate to 3-pinnatifid (2-pinnatifid in young

plants), basal pinnae usually largest, not con-

spicuously developed basiscopically; pinnae

narrowly debate; pinnules narrowly debate to

hastate, pinnatifid into oblong to debate, shal-

lowly crenate, rounded lobes, glabrous on both

surfaces; venation obscure; rhachis and secon-

dary rhachises sulcate, castaneous, glabrous.

Sori borne at margins of ultimate segments; in-

dusia pale, entire to crenate, 0,1 mm broad or

narrower. Fig. 44: 3.

Endemic to South West Africa/Namibia and southern

Angola. Around boulder bases and in crevices of outcrops

of sandstone, schist and granite, usually with a south as-

pect, at altitudes between 1 200 and 1 800 m. Map 1 15.

Vouchers: Merxmiiller & Giess 30351 (PRE; WIND);

Pearson 8 1 14 (BOL; STE); Roux 244 (NBG); Schelpe 4776

(B; BM; BOL; GH; K; M; MO; P; PRE; S; US).

24. Cheilanthes bergiana Schlechtd.,

Adumbr. 51 (1832); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 1: 71 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 124 (1970);

W. B. G. Jacobson, Ferns Sthn Afr. 267, t. 191

(1983); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

11: 209, t. 43 (1984). Type: Cape of Good

Hope, Bergius s.n. (?LE, holo.).

Hypolepis bergiana (Schlechtd.) Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 67

(1852); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 238, t. 1 15 (1915).

Cheilanthes elata Kunze in Linnaea 10: 542 (1836).

Type: Cape Province, Koratra (Karatara), Drege s.n. (LZ,

holo.t; BM, lecto. ! ; Bl-BOL, photo.!).

Rhizome short, erect, up to 10 mm in di-

ameter, set with atrocastaneous, subulate-atten-

uate, subentire rhizome-scales up to 9 mm long

with pale brown margins. Fronds arching, her-

baceous; stipe sulcate, atrocastaneous, densely

pilose with matted multicellular brown hairs up

to 1 mm long; lamina pentagonal, up to 0,3 x

0,28 m, 3-pinnate to 5-pinnatifid, lowest pinnae

almost as long as lamina and much-developed

basiscopically; upper pinnae oblong, acute; ul-

timate segments oblong, obtuse, up to

150 x 70 mm, pinnatifid into decurrent-ob-

long, rounded lobes, set with broad, flattened,

multicellular hairs along costae and veins on

both surfaces; rhachis pilose with matted multi-

cellular hairs. Sori borne on lateral margins of

lobes of ultimate segments, less than 1 mm in

diameter; indusia subentire, membranous.

Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Swaziland, Trans-

vaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zaire, Tanzania

and Madagascar. Confined to deeply shaded habitats among

forest undergrowth, 250-1 800 m. Map 116.

Vouchers: Fisher 800 (NH; NU; PRE); 1009 (BFLU;

NU; PRE); Flanagan 1248 (BOL; PRE; SAM); Schlechter

2375 (BM; GRA; J; K; PRE); Whellan 1507 (BM; BOL;

GH; SRGH).

140

Filicales

25. Cheilanthes concolor (Langsd. &

Fisch.) R. & A. Tryon in Rhodora 83: 133

(1981); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

11: 217, t. 45 (1984). Type: Marquesas Archi-

palego, Nucahiva, Langsdorff s.n. (LE, holo.;

BM!).

Pteris concolor Langsd. & Fisch., Ic. Fil. 19, t. 21

(1810). Pellaea concolor (Langsd. & Fisch.) Bak. in Mart.,

FI. Bras. 1: 396 (1870). Allosorus concolor (Langsd. &

Fisch.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 806 (1891). Doryopteris con-

color (Langsd. & Fisch.) Kuhn in Von Deck., Reisen, Bot.

3, 3: 19 (1879); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 214, t. 104

(1915).

Cheilanthes kirkii Hook., Second Cent. t. 81 (1861).

Doryopteris concolor var. kirkii (Hook.) R.E. Fr. in Wiss.

Ergebn. Schwed. Rhod.- Kongo- Exped. 1: 4 (1914); Lau-

nert in F.S.W.A. 7: 3 (1969); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 1: 75 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 121, t. 37C (1970); in

C.F.A. Pterid.: 96, t. 17B (1977); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 245, 176a-b (1983). Doryopteris kirkii

(Hook.) Alston in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 30: 14

(1956). Type: Mozambique, Zambesi River, Kirk s.n. (K,

holo.!-G, photo.).

Doryopteris nicklesii Tardieu-Blot in Notul. Syst. 3: 166

(1948). Doryopteris concolor var. nicklesii (Tardieu-Blot)

Schelpe in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2, 41: 212 (1967); in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 76 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 121

(1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 264, t. 176c

(1983). Type: Central African Republic, Ubangui Shari,

Banqui, Mickies 95 (P, holo.).

Rhizome short, procumbent, c. 3 mm in

diameter, set with linear-lanceolate to subulate,

membranous, entire, pale brown rhizome-

scales c. 3 mm long with a central castaneous

stripe. Fronds tufted, suberect, thinly caria-

ceous; stipe sulcate, atrocastaneous, set with

scales similar to but smaller than rhizome-

scales; lamina broadly hastate-pentagonal,

almost as broad as long, basal pinnae largest

and conspicuously developed basiscopically, 3-

pinnatifid; upper pinnae oblong-acuminate, de-

current at the base, pinnatifid into oblong, acute

to acuminate lobes, glabrous on both surfaces;

venation obscure; rhachis and under surface of

costae and larger costules atrocastaneous to

ebeneous, glabrous, Sori marginal, discrete or

continuous; indusia membranous, discontinu-

ous or continuous, c. 0,5 mm broad. Fig. 39: 3.

South West Africa/Namibia, Botswana, Cape Pro-

vince, Transkei, Natal, Swaziland and Transvaal; wide-

spread in tropical Africa, Asia, Malaysia, northern Austra-

lia, Pacific Islands and Central and South America (Tryon,

1942). Map 117.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 9121 (BOL; PRE); Giess &

Gaff 10969 (PRE; WIND);7?oger5 17517 (GRA); Roux 552

(BOL; NBG); Strey 7158 (BOL; NH; NU; PRE).

Intergradation in soral characters does not allow the

distinction of varieties as previously maintained in this

taxon. Instead it can be regarded as a highly variable pan-

tropical species.

8. PELLAEA

Pellaea Link, Fil. Sp. 59 (1841); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 38 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst,

fr. Afr. noire 28: 91 (1953); in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 153 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 43

(1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Gabon 8: 103 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 140 (1964); Launert in

F.S.W.A. 7: 5 (1969); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 128 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw.

& Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 61 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 104 (1977), nom. conserv. Type species: P.

atropurpurea (L.) Link ( =Pteris atropurpurea L.).

Rhizome usually shortly creeping, solenostelic, set with lanceolate, castaneous to black,

concolorous or dark-striped rhizome-scales. Fronds coriaceous, glabrous, pilose or set with scales;

stipes terete or sulcate; lamina pinnate to 4-pinnate with articulated segments; veins free or anasto-

mosing. Sori submarginal, confluent into a soral line (rarely discrete), usually covered by a

continuous indusium formed from the reflexed margin; paraphyses usually absent.

Filicales

141

A genus of about 30 species, most of which occur in Southern Africa and South America.

la Ultimate segments oblong or lanceolate:

2a Lamina simply pinnate 5. P. pectiniformis

2b Lamina 2- to 3-pinnate:

3a Venation free; lamina generally 3-pinnate, the ultimate segments c. 10 x 3 mm 4.P . boivinii

3b Venation anastomosing’1'; lamina generally 2-pinnate, the ultimate segments c. 40 x 9 mm 3. P. dura

lb Ultimate segments rotund, ovate ordeltate:

4a Rhizome-scales concolorous, reddish brown 2. P. rufa

4b Rhizome-scales light brown with a dark central sclerotic stripe:

5a Stipe and rhachis terete 6. P. calomelanos

5b Stipe and rhachis sulcate:

6a Pinnules ovate; indusia oblong, discontinuous, membranous, erose \ .P. pteroides

6b Pinnules rotund to broadly hastate with 3-5 acute to obtuse points; indusium linear, continuous, camose-

coriaceous, entire 7. P. leucomelas

* Visible after clearing in aqueous chlorine solution or strong aqueous boiling potassium hydroxide solution.

1. Pellaea pteroides (L.) Prantl in Bot.

Jb. 3: 420 (1882); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

213, t. 103 (1915); W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns

Sthn Afr. 275, t. 198 (1983); N. C. Anthony in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1 1: 226, t. 46 (1984). Type:

Cape of Good Hope (LINN 1252/14, holo. !).

Adiantum pteroides L., Mant. 130 (1767). Cheilanthes

pteroides (L.) Swartz, Syn. Fil. 128 (1806). Cassebeera

pteroides (L.) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 155, t. 6 fig. 7 (1836).

Adiantopsis pteroides (L.)T. Moore, Ind. Fil. 37 (1857).

Choristosoria pteroides (L.) Mett. ex Kuhn in Von Deck.,

Reisen, Bot. 3, 3: 13 (1879).

Pteris orbiculata Houtt., Nat. Hist. 14: 108, t. 96 fig. 3

(1783). Iconotype: Houttyn, Nat. Hist. 14: 108, t. 96 fig. 3

(1783)!, from the Cape.

Rhizome up to 7 mm in diameter, set with

light brown, lanceolate, attenuate, serrulate rhi-

zome-scales c. 5 mm long with a broad central

atrocastaneous stripe. Fronds erect, coriaceous,

spaced up to 10 mm apart; stipe shallowly sul-

cate, castaneous, set with pale brown concolo-

rous scales, becoming subglabrous with age;

lamina ovate-deltate, up to 300 x 260 mm, 2-to

3-pinnate, basal pinnae largest and developed

basiscopically; ultimate segments narrowly ob-

long to narrowly ovate or oblong-elliptic, acute

to obtuse, minutely crenate, glabrous, up to 30

x 15 mm, articulated to short ebeneous petio-

lules; venation obscure except for midrib; rha-

chis shallowly sulcate, castaneous. Sori margi-

nal, discrete; indusium broadly oblong, obtuse,

membranous, up to 0,6 mm long and broad.

Endemic to south-western Cape Province. On broad

ledges of sandstone or amongst rocks (rarely in the shade of

tall riverine scrub) usually on south aspect slopes, between

300 and 1 730 m altitude. Map 118.

142

Filicales

he-r-rat

MARC H

Filicales

143

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 25650 (BM; BOL); Rodin 3145

(BOL; PRE); Schelpe 1147 (BM; NU); Wolley-Dod 546

(BOL; PRE).

P. pteroides is unusual amongst the cheilanthoid ferns

in having a cheilanthoid sorus together with the habit exhib-

ited by a number of species of Pellaea. It has been assigned

to various genera by different authors and is the type species

of the genus Choristosoria Mett. ex Kuhn.

2. Pellaea rufa A. Tryon in Ann. Mo. bot.

Gdn 42: 101, t. 7 (1955); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 276, t. 199 (1983); N. C. An-

thony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 232, t. 48

(1984). Type: Cape Province, Laingsburg,

Ngaap Kop, Compton 16402 (US, holo.!;

NBG!).

Rhizome widely creeping, c. 2,5 mm in

diameter, set with pale ferrugineous, lanceo-

late, attenuate, concolorous, entire to minutely

serrulate rhizome-scales up to 4 mm long.

Fronds erect, coriaceous, spaced up to 10 mm

apart; stipe subterete, castaneous, becoming

atrocastaneous with age, shorter than lamina,

glabrous except for both broad and hair-like

pale ferrugineous scales basally; lamina nar-

rowly oblong-elliptic, up to 240 x 60 mm, 2-

pinnate or occasionally 3-pinnate, basal pinnae

often reduced; pinnules broadly elliptic to ro-

tund, entire, up to 9 x 7 mm, usually purplish

above, green below, glabrous, articulated to

short petiolules; venation obscure; rhachis sub-

terete, castaneous and set with scattered multi-

cellular hairs at first, becoming atrocastaneous

and glabrous with age. Sori linear; indusium

subentire, up to 0,6 mm broad. Fig. 45:1.

Endemic to southern Cape Province. In rock crevices

or shale bank clefts, usually on south aspect slopes,

900-1 150 m. Map 119.

Vouchers: Drege s.n. (BM; K; MO; P; S); Marloth

2117 (BOL; STE); Rodin 3342 (BOL; K; MO; PRE; UC);

Schelpe 4922 (B; BOL; C; GH; K; M; MO; P; PR; PRE; S).

3. Pellaea dura (Willd.) Hook., Sp. Fil. 2:

139, t. 1 13 A (1858); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

198, t. 90 (1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 1: 78 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 132 (1970);

in C.F.A. Pterid.: 108 (1977); W. B. G. Jacob-

sen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 273, t. 196 (1983); N. C.

Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 11: 237, t. 49

(1984). Type: Reunion, Bory s.n.. Herb. Will-

denow no. 19982 (B, holo. !).

Pteris dura Willd. in L., Sp. PI. edn 4, 5: 376 (1819).

Allosorus durus (Willd.) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 153 (1836).

Litobrochia dura (Willd.) T. Moore, Ind. Fil. 44 (1857).

Pteridella dura (Willd.) Kuhn in Von Deck., Reisen, Bot.

3,3: 14(1879).

Pteris burkeana Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 213, t. 126B (1858).

Pellaea burkeana (Hook.) Bak. in Hook. & Bak., Syn. Fil.

153 (1867). Pellaeopsis burkeana (Hook.) J. Sm., Hist.

Fil. 290 (1875). Type: Transvaal, Magaliesberg, Burke s.n.

(K, holo.!-BOL, microfiche!).

Rhizome c. 6 mm in diameter, set with

lanceolate-attenuate, nitid, ferrugineous, serru-

late, concolorous and striped rhizome-scales c.

5 mm long. Fronds erect, coriaceous; stipe te-

rete, ebeneous, subglabrous, with a few light

brown scales towards base, usually as long as or

longer than lamina; lamina lanceolate to ovate,

up to 250 x 1 10 mm, 2-pinnate (simply pinnate

in small fronds); upper pinnae and pinnules of

lower pinnae very narrowly to broadly linear,

entire, obtuse, up to 60 x 11 mm, with cordate

bases articulated to petioles and petiolules;

veins anastomosing, obscure; rhachis and se-

condary rhachises terete, ebeneous, minutely

pubescent ventrally, glabrous dorsally. Sori

forming a marginal line; indusium continuous,

entire, membranous, c. 0,3 mm broad. Fig. 46:

2.

South West Africa/Namibia, Natal, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania,

Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Mauritius and Reunion. Un-

common in Natal and Transvaal, but frequent in eastern

Zimbabwe amongst rocks and on streambanks in woodland

at 900-1 500 m. Map 120.

Vouchers: Buchanan s.n. (BOL); Johnstone 132 (NU);

Mogg 14996 (PRE); Rutherford 124 (WIND).

FIG. 45. — 1, Pellaea rufa, part of plant, x 0,6; la, lower surface of pinnule, x 7,2 (Schelpe 4939). 2, Actiniopteris

radiata, pail of plant, X 0,6 (Leach & Bayliss 13278). 3, Actiniopteris dimorpha, part of plant, x 0,6 (Schelpe & Leach

6913).

144

Filicales

H E T? x A T MARCH

Filicales

145

4. Pellaea boivinii Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 147,

t. 1 18A (1858); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 204,

t. 93 (1915); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1:

78 (1969); in F. Z. Pterid.: 131 (1970); W. B.

G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 274, t. 197

(1983); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

11: 243, t. 51 (1984). Type: Madagascar, Nos-

sibe, Boivin s.n. (K, lecto.!-BOL, micro-

fiche!).

Pteris boivinii (Hook.) Bedd., Ferns S. India t. 36

(1865). Allosorus boivinii (Hook.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2:

806(1891).

Rhizome suberect, c. 3 mm in diameter,

set with nitid castaneous to ferrugineous, nar-

rowly lanceolate-attenuate, minutely serrate

rhizome-scales up to 10 mm long with paler

margins. Fronds erect, coriaceous; stipe terete,

atrocastaneous, subglabrous at maturity except

for upper portion which is pubescent above, and

concolorous pale brown scales similar to rhi-

zome-scales basally; lamina debate, up to 180

x 140 mm, 3-pinnate, basal pinnae 2-pinnate

and somewhat developed basiscopically; pin-

nules of midpinnae very narrowly oblong-

ovate, entire, obtuse, glabrous on both sur-

faces, c. 10 x 3 mm with cordate base articu-

lated to petiolules; venation free, obscure; rha-

chis and secondary rhachises terete, atrocasta-

neous, shortly pubescent with multicellular

hairs ventrally, glabrous dorsally. Sori linear;

indusium continuous, erose to entire, membra-

nous, c. 0,3 mm broad. Fig. 47: 2.

Botswana, Transvaal and Natal, as well as Zimbabwe,

Zambia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Comoro Islands, Sri

Lanka and southern India. In sheltered cliff crevices and

around boulder bases, 1 000-1 850 m altitude. Map 121.

Vouchers: De Joncheere SAC 288 (PRE); Jacobsen

4370 (PRE); Theron 1812 (PRE); Wager 31 (PRE).

5. Pellaea pectiniformis Bak. in Hook. &

Bak., Syn. Fil. edn 2: 147 (1874); Schelpe in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 77 (1969); in F.Z. Pte-

rid.: 128 (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 104 (1977);

W. B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 270, t. 192

(1983); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

11: 247, t. 52 (1984). Type: Angola, Serra de

Oiahoia, Welwitsch 191 (K, lecto. ! ; BM!;

LISU!).

Pteris pectiniformis Godet ex Mett. in Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 87

(1868), non Goldm. (1843). Pteridella pectiniformis ( Bak.)

Kuhn in Von Deck., Reisen, Bot. 3,3: 13 (1879). Allosorus

pectiniformis (Bak.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 806 (1891).

Pellaea goudotii C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 480 (1906); Sim,

Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 200, t. 90 (1915). Type as for P.

pectiniformis.

Rhizome creeping, c. 5 mm in diameter,

set with castaneous, minutely serrulate, lanceo-

late-attenuate rhizome-scales c. 3 mm long, be-

coming atrocastaneous without paler borders.

Fronds erect, coriaceous; stipe terete, atrocasta-

neous, thinly pubescent with short appressed

hairs and a few subulate scales, becoming gla-

brous with age; lamina narrowly oblong, up to

300 x 90 mm, simply pinnate (basal pinnae

undivided); pinnae very narrowly linear, ob-

tuse, up to 50 x 1 ,5 mm, bases cordate, articul-

ated to short atrocastaneous petiolules, upper

surface glabrous, under surface set with pale

multicellular hairs along costa; venation

obscure; rhachis terete, atrocastaneous, persis-

tently thinly villous. Sori linear; indusium con-

tinuous, pale, membranous, entire to erose, up

to 0,2 mm broad. Fig. 46: 1 .

South West Africa/Namibia, Natal, Transvaal, Zim-

babwe, Mozambique, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire,

Burundi, Tanzania, Gabon, Madagascar and Comoro Is-

lands. In South West Africa/Namibia P. pectiniformis is

only known from sheltered sandstone crevices on the sum-

mit of the Grosse Waterberg. It is more frequent in

Transvaal and Zimbabwe among boulders in light shade c.

1 300 m. Map 122.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 21468 (BM; BOL; PRE); Kil-

lick 647 (NU); Rutherford 130 (WIND); Schelpe 4797 (BM;

BOL; MO).

FIG. 46. — 1, Pellaea pectiniformis, part of plant, X 0,6; la, detail of lower surface of portion of pinna, x 7,2

( Mitchell 1 15). 2, Pellaea dura, frond, x 0,6 (Chase 6230).

146

Filicales

Filicales

147

6. Pellaea calomelanos (Swartz) Link, Fil.

Sp. Hort. Berol. 51 (1841); Launert in

F. S.W.A. 7: 6 (1969); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus

Herb. 1: 80 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 132, t. 40B

(1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.; 108 (1977); W. B.

G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 277, t. 43, 200a

(1983); N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb.

11: 253, t. 53 (1984). Type: Cape Province,

Cape Peninsula, Thunberg s.n. (UPS, lecto. !).

Pteris calomelanos Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2: 70

(1801). Allosorus calomelanos (Swartz) Presl, Tent. Pterid.

153 (1836). Platyloma calomelanos (Swartz) J. Sm. in Cur-

tis’s bot. Mag. 72 Comp. 21 (1846). Notholaena calomela-

nos (Swartz) Keys., Polypod. Cyath. Herb. Bunge. 29

(1873).

Pellaea hastata sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 211, t.

100(1915).

Rhizome c. 6 mm in diameter, set with

linear-lanceolate, attenuate, subentire, atrocas-

taneous rhizome-scales up to 10 mm long with

pale brown margins. Fronds erect to arching,

thinly to thickly coriaceous; stipe terete, atro-

castaneous to ebeneous, subglabrous except for

a few scales similar to rhizome-scales basally;

lamina narrowly ovate to ovate or debate, up to

430 x 250 mm, 3-pinnate; pinnules cordate to

broadly hastate with 3 to 5 acute or obtuse

points, entire, glaucous, articulated to atrocas-

taneous or ebeneous petiolules; venation free,

obscure; rhachis and secondary rhachises

terete, atrocastaneous to ebeneous, with minute

hairs. Sori forming a marginal line; indusium

continuous, entire, pale, c. 0,5 mm broad. Fig.

47: 1.

Widespread throughout Southern and tropical Africa,

as well as Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Reunion, north-

east.Spain and India. In rocky habitats between 500 and

1 600 m altitude. Map 123.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 9107 (BOL; PRE); Dieterlen

67 (PRE; SAM); 638 (PRE; SAM); Fisher 710 (NH; NU;

PRE); Schelpe 4823 (BM; BOL; MO); 5877 (BOL; PRE).

Variety swynnertoniana (Sim) Schelpe of Zimbabwe,

Mozambique and Malawi has much larger pinnules.

7. Pellaea leucomelas (Mett. ex Kuhn)

Bak. in Hook. & Bak., Syn. Fil. edn 2: 478

(1874); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 210 (1915);

N. C. Anthony in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1 1: 270,

t. 55 (1984). Type: Cape Province, Breutel s.n.

(LZ, holo. t; B! and BOL!, illustr.).

Pteris leucomelas Mett. ex Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 83 (1868).

Pteridella leucomelas (Mett. ex Kuhn) Mett. ex Kuhn in

Von Deck., Reisen, Bot. 3,3: 14 (1879). Allosorus leuco-

melas (Mett. ex Kuhn) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2; 806 (1891).

Pellaea calomelanos var. leucomelas sensu W. B. G. Ja-

cobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 279 ( 1983).

Rhizome shortly creeping, c. 2 mm in

diameter, set with lanceolate-attenuate, casta-

neous-ferrugineous, subentire rhizome-scales c.

4 mm long with a central atrocastaneous stripe.

Fronds erect, coriaceous; stipe broadly sulcate,

dark brown, glabrous except for a tuft of scales

similar to rhizome-scales basally; lamina nar-

rowly ovate-deltate, 2- to 3-pinnate, basal pin-

nae largest; pinnae and pinnules of lower pin-

nae oblong-ovate-acute to broadly hastate, mar-

gin entire, base cordate to truncate, articulated

to short petiolules; venation obscure; rhachis

FIG. 47. — 1, Pellaea calomelanos, part of plant, X 0,6 (Mitchell 108). 2, Pellaea boivinii, part of plant, x 0,6

( Mitchell 216).

148

Filicales

and secondary rhachises sulcate, dark brown to

atrocastaneous-nitidous, glabrous or set with

scattered minute hairs. Sori borne in a marginal

line under revolute margin; indusium pale, car-

nose-coriaceous, entire, less than 0,2 mm

broad.

Endemic to the southern Cape Province. In rock crev-

ices and around boulder bases, usually on north aspect

slopes, 600-1 000 m. Map 124.

Vouchers: Compton 8583 (NBG): Esterhuysen 22920

(BOL); Levyns 6513 (BOL); 7447 (BOL); 10114 (BOL);

Milewski 18 (BOL); Scharf 1 165 (PRE).

9. ACTINIOPTERIS

Actiniopteris Link, Fil. Sp. 79 (1841); Engl, Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 45 (1908); Tardieu-Blot in FI.

Madag. 5, 1: 80 (1958); Alston in F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 44 (1959); Pichi-Sermolli in Webbia

17: 318 (1963); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Camer. 3: 149 (1964); Launert in F.S.W.A. 4: 1 (1969);

Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 136 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.:

63 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 110 (1977). Type species: A. radiata (Swartz) Link (= Asplenium

radiatum Swartz).

Rhizome creeping, set with linear, attenuate, entire rhizome-scales with or without a dark

central stripe. Fronds tufted; stipe usually stramineous; lamina flabellate to obcuneate, dichoto-

mously divided into linear segments, green or glaucous, under surface with or without scales;

fertile fronds usually taller than sterile fronds and sometimes differently dissected; venation free.

Sori borne in a submarginal line; indusia continuous, membranous, entire.

A predominantly African genus of 5 species with 2 extending to India.

Fronds uniform or very weakly dimorphic 1 . A. radiata

Fronds dimorphic with fertile fronds much taller than sterile fronds 2. A. dimorpha

1. Actiniopteris radiata (Koenig ex

Swartz) Link, Fil. Sp. 80 (1841); Schelpe in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 85 (1969); Launert in

F.S.W.A. 4: 1 (1969); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.:

138, t. 42C (1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: Ill

(1977); W.B.G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 291 ,

t. 208 (1983). Type: India, Koenig s.n., Herb.

Montin (S, lecto. ! ; BM!).

Asplenium radiatum Koenig ex Swartz in J. Bot., Gott.

1800, 2: 50 (1801). Acrostichum radiatum (Koenig ex

Swartz) Poir. in Lam., Encycl., Suppl. 1: 128 (1810). Ac-

ropteris radiata (Koenig ex Swartz) Link, Hort. Berol. 2:

56 (1833). Blechnum radiatum (Koenig ex Swartz) Presl,

Tent. Pterid. 103 (1836). Pteris radiata (Koenig ex Swartz)

Boj., Hort. Maurit. 399 (1837). Actiniopteris australis var.

radiata (Koenig ex Swartz) C. Chr. in Dansk bot. Ark. 7:

125 (1932).

Actiniopteris australis sensu Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2:

250, t. 34 fig. 2(1915).

Rhizome c. 4 mm in diameter, set with

rhizome-scales c. 3 mm long with a central

black stripe and pale brown borders, or conco-

lorous. Fronds densely tufted, erect, coria-

ceous, uniform; stipe glaucous to stramineous,

mostly glabrous, becoming castaneous and

bearing a few linear-lanceolate scales basally,

up to 135 mm long; lamina flabellate with a

truncate base, repeatedly dichotomously di-

vided into up to 48 narrow linear segments,

entire except for a sharply dentate apex with

2-6 teeth, margins usually re flexed, upper sur-

face with minute, short hairs, under surface set

with brown, linear-lanceolate, hair-pointed

scales, especially basally; fertile fronds often a

little longer than sterile fronds with lamina shar-

ply declinate when desiccated. Fig. 45: 2.

Filicales

149

MAP 125. — Actiniopteris radiata

Widespread throughout Southern Africa, Angola,

Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia,

Ethiopia, Sudan, Nigeria, Togo, Cape Verde Islands, Ma-

dagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Egypt, Yemen, Arabia, Per-

sia, Afghanistan, India and Sri Lanka (Pichi-Sermolli,

1962). Around dry rock outcrops, 500-1 800 m. Map 125.

Vouchers: Brueckner 383 (BOL; NBG; PRE); Dinter

7505 (BOL; PRE); Galpin 1243 (BOL; GRA; NH; PRE;

SAM); Schelpe 4773 (B; BM; BOL; C; K; M; MO; P; PR;

PRE; S).

2. Actiniopteris dimorpha Pichi-Sermolli

in Webbia 17: 18, t. 2a-c (1962); Schelpe in

Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 85 (1969); in F. Z. Pte-

rid.: 136, t. 42A (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 292, t. 208 (1983). Type: Tan-

zania, Sali, c. 35 km S of Maheye, Ubesi

River, Schlieben 1938 (BM, holo.).

Rhizome c. 5 mm in diameter, set with

rhizome-scales up to 4,5 mm long, some conco-

lorous pale brown, others with a black central

stripe and pale borders. Fronds densely tufted,

erect, coriaceous, dimorphous (sterile fronds

half the length of fertile fronds); stipe glaucous.

mostly glabrous, becoming castaneous and

bearing a few linear, concolorous pale brown

scales basally, up to 190 mm long; lamina fla-

bellate, repeatedly dichotomously divided into

up to 16 linear glaucous segments, declinate

when desiccated, margins usually reflexed, fer-

tile frond segments entire, sterile frond seg-

ments with up to 7 teeth at apex, glabrous ven-

trally but a few persistent, brown, linear, hair-

pointed scales dorsally. Fig. 45: 3.

Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zam-

bia, Tanzania, Somalia, Sudan, Madagascar and Reunion.

Also Comoro Islands (Pichi-Sermolli, 1962). Common on

granite outcrops. Map 126.

Vouchers: Braithwaite 188 (BOL); De Joncheere s.n.

(BOL); Reynolds sub Moss 2003 1 (NU).

A. pauciloba Pichi-Sermolli, which similarly exhibits

frond dimorphism and occurs in tropical Africa from Zim-

babwe northwards, can be distinguished from A. dimorpha

by the curved nature of the lower parts of the fertile seg-

ments (above the dichotomies) and by the fact that, al-

though the fertile fronds are much longer and larger than the

sterile fronds, they are similar in shape, and there is usually

only a single tooth at the apex of the sterile segments.

LINDSAEACEAE

Terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Rhizome creeping, protostelic or solenostelic, set with nonpel-

tate rhizome-scales grading into hairs. Fronds tufted or spaced; stipe not articulated, with two C-

shaped vascular strands back to back; lamina pinnate to 2-pinnate (rarely simple); pinnae symmet-

rical to dimidiate, glabrous; venation free or anastomosing, without included veinlets. Sori margi-

nal or submarginal, linear along both margins to oblong only along acroscopic margins of pinnae;

indusium opening outwards; paraphyses absent. Spores trilete, without perispore.

Only one genus is recognized as occurring in continental Africa, as the genus Lindsaea is construed here in the wide

sense. L. ensifolia with linear marginal sori has previously been referred to the genera Schizoloma Fee and Schizolegnia

Alston.

150

Filicales

Filicales

151

LINDSAEA

Lindsaea Dryand. apud J.E. Sm. in Memorie Accad. Sci. Torino 5: 413t. 9,4 (1793); Tardieu-

Blot in FI. Madag. 5, 1: 20 (1958); Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid . : 139 (1970). Type species: L.

guianensis (Aubl.) Dryand. ( =Adiantum guianense Aubl.).

Description as for family.

A pantropic genus of about 200 species with only 2 species in continental Africa.

Lindsaea ensifolia Swartz in J. Bot.,

Gott. 1800, 2: 77 (1801); Schelpe in F. Z. Pte-

rid.: 139, t. 43 (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 294, t. 210 (1983). Type: Mau-

ritius (S,?holo.!).

Schizoloma ensifolia (Swartz) J. Sm. in J. Bot., Lond. 3:

414 (1841); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 130, t. 39 (1915).

Schizolegnia ensifolia (Swartz) Alston in Bolm Soc. brote-

riana, ser. 2, 30: 24 (1956).

Lindsay a membranacea Kunze in Linnaea 18: 121

(1844). Type: Natal, Ogles Bush near Durban, Gueinzius

s.n. (LZ, holo. t;BM!;S!).

Rhizome slender, c. 1,5 mm in diameter,

set with dark brown, lanceolate, attenuate, en-

tire rhizome-scales up to 2,5 mm long. Fronds

spaced up to 30 mm apart, erect, membranous;

stipe brown, nitid, up to 360 mm long, glabrous

except for scales similar to rhizome-scales at

the extreme base; lamina up to 450 x 220 mm,

simply pinnate; pinnae very narrowly oblong-

obtuse, up to 125 x 15 mm, entire to shallowly

crenate, glabrous on both surfaces, base un-

equally cuneate; veins anastomosing. Sori lin-

ear, marginal, up to 0,5 mm broad; indusia lin-

ear, semi-transparent, erose. Fig. 48: 1 .

Natal, Mozambique, Nigeria, Madagascar, Mauritius,

Pemba and Seychelles. Also recorded by Alston (1959)

from Guinea Bissau, Ghana, Gabon, Fernando Po, East

Africa and tropical Asia. In swampy forested localities, less

frequently on forest streambanks. Map 127.

Vouchers: Sim s.n. (PRE); Strey 7146 (BOL; NH);

Wardl\% (BM; NU).

GRAMMITIDACEAE

Small epiphytic or lithophytic plants with short, erect to widely creeping rhizomes set with

narrow, brown to black rhizome-scales. Stipes not articulated to the rhizome, often with spreading,

multicellular hairs. Lamina simple, pinnatifid, pinnate to 2-pinnatifid, with entire lobes, glabrous

or set with hairs, or rarely with chalky white vesicles; veins simple or forked, not anastomosing.

Sori round to elliptic, exindusiate, superficial. Spores trilete.

Fronds simple, entire to subentire 1. Grammitis

Fronds pinnatifid more than halfway to midrib 2. Xiphopteris

1 GRAMMITIS

Grammitis Swartz in J. Bot., Gott, 1800, 2: 3, 17 (1801); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr.

noire 28: 210 (1953); in FI. Madag. 5, 2: 71 (1960); Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid.: 141 (1970).

Lectotype species: G. marginella (Swartz) Swartz (= Polypodium marginellum Swartz).

Fig. 48. — 1, Lindsaea ensifolia, part of plant, x 0.6; la detail of portion of fertile margin, X 30 (Strey 7146), 2,

Grammitis poeppigiana, plant X 1 ,2 (Wicht 148), 3, Xiphopteris flabelliformis, part of plant, x 0,6; 3a, detail of lower

surface of pinnae, x 3,6 ( Mitchell 534).

152

Filicales

Small epiphytic or lithophytic plants. Rhizomes shortly creeping or suberect, set with brown

rhizome-scales. Fronds linear to narrowly spathulate, entire to shallowly crenate, glabrous or set

with multicellular hairs, membranous to coriaceous; veins forked, free. Sori round to elongate in a

row on either side of midrib.

A genus of about 150 species distributed throughout the tropics and southern hemisphere.

Grammitis poeppigiana (Mett.) Pichi-

Sermolli in Webbia 32, 2: 461 (1978); Rourke

& Schelpe in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 44: 419 (1978); W.

B. G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 297, t. 213

(1983). Type: Cape Province, Hottentots Hol-

land, Gueinzius s.n. (LZt); Stellenbosch,

Jonkershoek, Victoria Peak, Esterhuysen 29290

(BOL, neo.!;E!;K!;MO!).

Polypodium poeppigianum Mett., Famgatt. 1: 37 (1875).

Polypodium magellanicum sensu Alston & Schelpe in J1

S. Afr. Bot. 18: 163, 175 (1952).

Rhizome shortly creeping, set with deltate-

acuminate, membranous, brown rhizome-scales

c. 2 mm long. Fronds closely spaced, sessile;

lamina rounded-oblong, tapering to the base, c.

35 x 4 mm, glabrous above, set with scattered

tubular, sometimes branched, unicellular to

multicellular scales below, becoming glabrous

with age; venation obscure, midrib convex be-

low. Sori elongate, up to 2,5 mm long, set in a

line on either side of midrib, each at an angle of

c. 20° to midrib. Fig. 48: 2.

G. poeppigiana is known only from two peaks in the

south-western Cape Province where it occurs in south as-

pect sandstone crevices at about 1 700 m altitude. Map 128.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 29490 (BOL); Wicht 148 (BM;

BOL).

2 XIPHOPTERIS

Xiphopteris Kaulf. in Berl. Jb. Pharm. 21: 35 (1820); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire

28: 207 (1953); Alston in F. W. T. A. edn 2, Suppl. 45 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 5, 2: 80

FI (1960); in FI. Gabon 8: 191 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 324 (1964); Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid.: 141

(1970). Lectotype species: X. serrulata (Swartz) Kaulf. (= Acrostichum serrulatum Swartz).

Small epiphytic or lithophytic plants with short, erect to widely creeping rhizomes, set with

brown to grey-brown rhizome-scales. Fronds linear, deeply pinnatifid, glabrous or villous. Sori

1-8 per lobe, round to oval, with or without paraphyses.

A genus of over 200 species distributed throughout the tropics.

Xiphopteris flabelliformis (Poir.) Schelpe

in Bolm Soc. broteriana, ser. 2,41:217 (1967);

in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1: 10 (1969); in F. Z.

Pterid.: 143, t. 44B (1970); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 298, t. 214 (1983). Type: Re-

union, Commerson s.n., Herb. Jussieu (P,

lecto.).

Polypodium flabelliforme Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 5: 519

(1804). Grammitis flabelliformis (Poir.) Morton in Contr.

U.S.Nat. Herb. 38:57 (1967).

Rhizome creeping, set with metallic grey-

brown, lanceolate, acuminate rhizome-scales

up to 4 mm long. Fronds spaced, pinnatifid,

subcoriaceous to coriaceous; stipe light brown

to black, very narrowly winged, up to 60 mm

long; lamina linear, up to 210 X 10 mm, gla-

brous on both surfaces, decrescent below,

pinnatifid to midrib into rounded oblong to qua-

drate lobes up to 6 mm long; venation usually

obscure; midrib black. Sori 1-6 per lobe, intra-

marginal, set with castaneous hair-like para-

physes. Fig. 48: 3.

Natal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania,

Uganda, Kenya, Cameroun, Fernando Po, Reunion. Al-

though X. flabelliformis occurs most frequently as an epi-

Filicales

153

phyte on the tropical African mountains it appears to be

confined to rock crevices and ledges in both the mountains

of eastern Zimbabwe and in the Natal Drakensberg. In the

Drakensberg it only occurs near the summit of the basalt

escarpment between altitudes of 2 700 and 3 100 m. Map

129.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 20244, 26086 (BM; BOL)-

Schelpe 2000 (BM; BOL; NH; NU; PRE).

The plants found in Southern Africa are generally much

smaller than those from tropical Africa.

MAP 129. — Xiphopteris flabelliformis

POLYPODIACEAE

Epiphytic or less frequently terrestrial plants, with creeping or climbing rhizomes set with

peltate often clathrate rhizome-scales. Fronds simple or pinnatifid to pinnate, often articulated to

the rhizome; venation anastomosing to form areoles with included veinlets. Sori round, elongate or

acrostichoid, without or more rarely with paraphyses, exindusiate. Sporangia with long stalks;

spores monolete, without perispore. Gametophytes thalloid, cordate or elongate.

la Fronds set with numerous stellate hairs 1. Pyrrosia

lb Fronds without stellate hairs:

2a Sori elongate, linear 2. Loxogramme

2b Sori round:

3a Fronds simple:

4a Soral paraphyses peltate, conspicuous in young sori 5. Pleopeltis

4b Soral paraphyses absent:

5a Only costal areoles with included veinlets; epiphyte with long scandent rhizomes 6. Microgramma

5b All areoles with included veinlets; lithophytic or terrestrial 7. Microsorium

3b Fronds pinnatifid:

6a Veins free 3. Polypodium

6b Veins anastomosing:

7a Soral paraphyses not peltate; mature lamina very deeply pinnatifid 5. Microsorium

7b Soral paraphyses peltate; mature lamina shallowly lobed 4. X Pleopodium

1 PYRROSIA

Pyrrosia Mirb. in Lam. & Mirb., Hist. Nat. Veg. 3: 471; 5: 91 (1802); Schelpe in J1 S. Afr. Bot.

18: 123 (1952); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 224 (1953); Alston in F. W. T. A.

edn 2, Suppl. 46 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 5, 2: 102 (1960); in FI. Gabon 8: 200 (1964);

in FI. Camer. 3: 338 (1964); Schelpe in F. Z. Pterid.: 146 (1960); in Expl. Hydrobiol. Bassin L.

Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 64 (1973); in C. F. A. Pterid.: 114 (1977). Type species: P.

chinensis Mirb.

Rhizome creeping slender, set with non-clathrate rhizome-scales. Fronds simple, entire,

camose-coriaceous, articulated, covered with stellate hairs — the upper surface becoming glabrous

with age. Sori round, borne in upper half of frond in numerous closely set rows on both sides of

midrib, densely set at first with stellate hairs.

A mainly tropical genus of about 80 species in the Old World.

Stellate hairs on frond with long thin brownish arms; rhizome-scales laciniate l.P. africana

Stellate hairs on frond with short flat white arms; rhizome-scales entire 2.P. schimperiana

154

Filicales

Filicales

155

1. Pyrrosia africana ( Kunze ) Ballard in

Kew Bull. 1937: 349 (1937); Schelpe in J1 S.

Afr. Bot. 18: 124 (1952); W. B. G. Jacobsen,

Ferns Sthn Afr. 303, t. 36, 218 (1983). Type:

Transkei, between Umtata and Umgazana,

Drege s.n. (LZ, holo.t; BM!; K!; OXF!).

Niphobolus africanus Kunze in Linnaea 10: 501 (1839).

Gyrosorium africanum (Kunze) Presl, Epim. Bot. 140

(1849). Polypodium africanum (Kunze) Mett., Famgatt. 1:

131, t. 3 figs 11,12 (1857), non Desv. (1827). Cyclophorus

africanus (Kunze) C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 197 (1905); Sim, Ferns

S.Afr. edn 2: 283, t. 145 fig. 1(1915).

Rhizome creeping, 3^1 mm in diameter,

set with dull pale brown, ovate-lanceolate, laci-

niate rhizome-scales up to 8 x 3 mm. Fronds

erect to arching, spaced 2-14 mm apart; stipe

tomentose, becoming glabrous with age, up to

25 mm long; lamina narrowly lanceolate to nar-

rowly oblanceolate, acuminate, 56-300 x

11-30 mm, base narrowly cuneate decurrent,

margin entire, narrowly recurved, lower surface

tomentose with ferrugineous, uniform, stellate

hairs with arms up to 0,9 mm long, upper sur-

face becoming glabrous with age. Sori round,

usually emergent through tomentum. Fig. 49:

1.

Endemic to the south-eastern parts of Southern Africa

where it occurs as an epiphyte, sometimes on cycads, and

also as a lithophyte. From near sea level in eastern Cape

Province to up to 600 m in Natal. Map 130.

Vouchers: D' Urban s.n. (BOL; K; OXF); Strey 8381,

8583 (BOL; NH); Thode A12576 (NH; PRE).

2. Pyrrosia schimperiana (Mett. ex

Kuhn) Alston in J. Bot., Lond. 72, Suppl. 2: 8

(1934); Schelpe in J1 S. Afr. Bot. 18: 128, t. 1

fig. 4, t. 2 fig. 2 (1952); in Contr. Bolus Herb.

1: 90 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 147, t. 45A

(1970); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 114 (1977); W. B.

G. Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 304, t. 220

(1983), as schimperana throughout. Type:

Ethiopia, Dscha-Dsche, Schimper 1441 (B,

holo.).

Polypodium schimperianum Mett. ex Kuhn, Fil. Afr. 152

(1868), as schimperanum. Niphobolus schimperianus

(Mett. ex Kuhn) Giesenh., Niphobolus 112 (1901), as

schimperanus . Cyclophorus schimperianus (Mett. ex Kuhn)

C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 200 (1905), as schimperanus.

Rhizome creeping, c. 2 mm in diameter,

set with brown, ovate-cucullate to lanceolate-

acuminate, entire, rhizome-scales up to 6 mm

long. Fronds spaced up to 10 mm apart, car-

nose-coriaceous; stipe tomentose, becoming

glabrous with age, up to 28 mm long; lamina

linear-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic to oblanceo-

late, acute to acuminate, up to 280 x 14 mm,

base narrowly cuneate-decurrent, both surfaces

tomentose with grey or greyish brown stellate

hairs with short, flattened arms. Sori emergent

through tomentum. Fig. 49: 2.

Eastern Transvaal, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Angola,

Malawi, Zambia, Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethio-

ia, Sudan, Cameroun and Nigeria. Lithophytic on shaded

oulders in eastern Transvaal, but usually found as an

epiphyte in tropical Africa, 400-1 300 m. Map 131 .

Vouchers: Van der Schijff 5505 (K); 5638 (BOL).

FIG. 49. — 1, Pyrrosia africana, part of plant, x 0,6; la, lamina scale, X 30 ( Pegler 303). 2, Pyrrosia schimpe-

riana, part of plant, X 0,6; 2a, lamina scale, X 30 (Schelpe & Leach 7007). 3, Loxogramme lanceolata, part of plant, x

0,6 ( Braithwaite 152).

156

Filicales

2. LOXOGRAMME

Loxogramme (Blume) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 214 (1836), reinipr. in Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss.,

ser. 4, 5: 214, t. 9 fig. 8 (1837); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 211 (1953); Alston in

F.W.T.A. edn 2, Suppl. 48 (1959); Tardieu-Blot in FI. Madag. 5, 2: 118 (1960); in FI. Gabon 8:

204 (1964); in FI. Camer. 3: 342 (1964); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 149 (1970); in Expl. Hydrobiol.

Bassin L. Bangw. & Luapula 8, 3 Pterid.: 65 (1973); in C.F.A. Pterid.: 116 (1977). Lectotype

species: L. lanceolata (Swartz) Presl (= Grammitis lanceolata Swartz).

Rhizome slender, bearing masses of hairy roots and set with greyish, clathrate rhizome-

scales. Fronds simple, usually entire, camose-coriaceous, glabrous, with immersed, freely anasto-

mosing veins without included veinlets. Sori elongate, set at an angle to midrib, superficial,

without paraphyses.

A genus of about 35 species, mainly Asiatic.

Loxogramme lanceolata (Swartz) Presl,

Tent. Pterid. 215, t. 9 fig. 8 (1936), reimpr. in

Abh. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 4, 5: 215, t. 9

fig. 8 (1837); Schelpe in Contr. Bolus Herb. 1:

94 (1969); in F.Z. Pterid.: 149, t. 48E (1970);

in C.F.A. Pterid.: 116, t. 20Z(1977);W. B. G.

Jacobsen, Ferns Sthn Afr. 306, t. 222 (1983).

Type: Herb. Swartz (SBT, lecto.).

Grammitis lanceolata Swartz in J. Bot., Gott. 1800, 2:

18 (1801). Antrophyum lanceolatum (Swartz) Blume, FI.

Jav. Fil. 84, t. 36 (1829). Selliguea lanceolata (Swartz)

Fee, Mem. Fam. Foug. 5: 177 (1852). Gymnogramma lan-

ceolata (Swartz) Hook., Sp. Fil. 5: 156 (1864).

Polypodium loxogramme Mett. in Abh. senckenb. natur-

forsch. Ges. 2: 112 (1856), reimpr. in Mett., Famgatt. 1:

112 (1857); Sim, Ferns S. Afr. edn 2: 281, t. 146 (1915).

Type: As for Grammitis lanceolata.

Rhizome widely creeping, bearing reddish

brown, hairy roots and set with dark grey

brown, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, pseu-

doserrate rhizome-scales. Fronds spaced up to

50 mm apart; stipe stramineous to purplish

brown, up to 30 mm long; lamina narrowly

elliptic, up to 330 x 28 mm, entire to irregu-

larly sinuate; midrib and veins immersed. Sori

linear, set at an angle of c. 15° to midrib, up to

23 X 2,5 mm at maturity, overlapping for less

than a quarter of their length. Fig. 49: 3.

Sporadic throughout the montane forests of the east-

ern parts of Southern Africa and northwards to Zimbabwe,

Mozambique, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zaire, Tanzania,

Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Socotra, Sudan, Cameroun, Ni-

geria, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone,

Sao Tome, Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Mauritius and

Reunion. A low-level epiphyte, or a lithophyte in moist and

very deeply shaded localities, 900-2 500 m. Map 132.

Vouchers: Fisher 807 (NU; PRE); Schweickerdt s.n.

(PRE; STE); Strey 9403 (BOL; NH).

M. G. Price (priv. comm.) has suggested that the spe-

cimen in Herb. Swartz, annotated by Swartz, in SBT should

be designated as the lectotype.

3 POLYPODIUM

Polypodium L., Sp. PI. 1082 (1753); Gen. PI. edn. 5: 485 (1754); Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 2: 50

(1908); Tardieu-Blot in Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 28: 223 (1953); Schelpe in F.Z. Pterid.: 158

(1970). Lectotype species: P. vulgare L.

Rhizome creeping, set with very narrowly to broadly lanceolate rhizome-scales. Fronds

spaced, stipitate, articulated, usually pinnatifid, glabrous or paleate; veins free or anastomosing to

form areoles, each with a single included veinlet. Sori round, superficial, without paraphyses.