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THE

_ GARDENS’. BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XII ~—s30th “April, 1949 Part 1

‘CONTENTS

. . PAGE

The Genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae) in Malaya by M. R. Henderson 1

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THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XII 30th April, 1949 Part 1

. THE GENUS EUGENIA (MYRTACEAE) IN MALAYA

M. R. HENDERSON, F.L.S.

Eugenia Linn. in its widest sense is a very large genus

spread over the tropics and subtropics of the New World

and the tropics of Asia, Africa and Australia, with one

species reaching as far as New Zealand, the bulk of the Old

World species being in Asia.

As Merrill and Perry point out, the genus, with some .

2,500 binomials, has become unwieldy, but attempts to split

it up into more easily handled groups have not met with

conspicuous success, for the limits of such groups are very

difficult to define. The Asiatic species have been considered

to fall into two genera, Syzygium Gaertn. and Jambosa DC.,

but although the extremes of these groups are distinct

enough, they merge into one another in such a way that no

clear dividing line can be found.

The most recent work on Malaysian Eugenia is that of

Merrill and Perry on the Bornean species (Mem. Amer.

Acad. Arts and Sci., XVIII, part 3) and here and in earlier

papers (Journ. Arn. Arb., XVIII, XIX) they give their

reasons for maintaining Syzygium for the majority of the

Asiatic species with Acmena DC. and Cleistocalyx Bl. as

Separate genera, Acmena characterised by fruit and anther

characters, Cleistocalyx by its calyptrate calyces.

Their arguments for separating Syzygium from Eu-

eugenia are based mainly on the structure of the seed.

Syzygium, they say, has the cotyledons separate and distinct

while in Eu-eugenia they have grown together and are

mechanically inseparable. The second point is that the

testa in Syzygium is adherent to the pericarp while in Eu-

eugenia it is free from it and nd adherent to the cotyledons.

| I propose to examine the second of ‘these statements,

the less important of the two, first.

Merrill and Perry are careful to imply that their

conclusions were drawn from dried material. I have

examined dried fruit of many Malayan species and find that

in a number of cases the testa does strip with the pericarp

and leave the naked cotyledons, but in other cases it does not.

In some of the large fruits of the “Jambosa” group, for

example, the seeds lie loosely within the pericarp and the

rather thick testa remains closely adherent to the cotyledons.

Even in Syzygium proper the removal of the pericarp of the

dried fruit does not always entail the removal of the testa.

In boiled up fruits and fruits preserved in alcohol it seems ‘

to be a matter of the methods of handling the specimen

whether the testa strips with the pericarp or not. If there

are any characters here on which generic distinctions can

be based, they should be apparent in living material and I

have therefore examined fresh fruit of as many species as

possible. I find that in the majority of local species the

seed coat remains on the cotyledons when the pericarp is

removed. I have not been able to examine fresh fruit of

many species of Hu-eugenia, but so far as I have gone, the

two groups are alike in this respect.

The degree of adherence .of the seed coat to the

cotyledons varies greatly within the section Syzygium. In

such species as EF. javanica, EF. malaccensis, E. aqued, etc.,

where the seed or seeds lie loosely within a cavity in the

thick pericarp, the testa is a thick pithy layer removable

only with difficulty from the rugose surface of the

cotyledons. Other species, such as EH. grandis and E.

subdecussata, have a comparatively thick pithy seed coat

adherent to the smooth surfaced cotyledons. Innumerable

seeds of the former may be picked up in the Botanic Gardens

Singapore at appropriate seasons of the year, every one with

the pericarp completely removed by bats, but with the testa

intact. I have watched a berok monkey (Macacus

nemestrina) nibbling the fruits of EH. subdecussata. Here

again the slightly sweet pericarp is neatly removed and the

seed thrown away with undamaged testa. Some species

have a somewhat brittle seed coat which can be removed

only in small pieces, while others have a thin, more or less

membranous covering which is easily slipped off, very like

that of, E. uniflora L. or E. apiculata DC., both New World

species. Germinating seeds of Syzygium, found on the

Gardens Bulletin, S.

; Ds

; ys

ground under the parent tree, usually have the testa more

or less intact, the pericarp having rotted away.

It seems apparent therefore that the seed coat and its

degree of adherence to the cotyledons can hardly be used

“as a basis for generic distinctions.

The pseudomonocotyledonous nature of the seed of

Eu-eugenia appears to be a character of great value, but

unfortunately it does not hold throughout the group. It

appears that all gradations from completely fused to

completely free cotyledons are to be found in Hu-eugenia.

EF’. Michelti Lam. may have a seed consisting of a single

mass of tissue, the cotyledons not separating on germination,

or the opposing cotyledon faces may be fused together only

partially. E. apiculata DC. and EF. myrtifolia (non Roxb.).

both New World species, have completely free cotyledons

and the seed structure in these species is not essentially

different from that of a typical Syzygium. In E. bracteata

Roxb., an E. Indian species placed in Hu-eugenia, the

cotyledons are fused from one quarter to one third of the

area of their opposing faces, while in #. Muelleri, a local

species of the section Syzygium, seeds have been found with

a small area of the opposing faces fused. At least one local

species of Syzygium has the cotyledons fused into a single >

mass and another has them so locked together that it is

doubtful if they can be separated without fracturing the

tissues. In neither of these species do the cotyledons

separate on germination.

It appears therefore that the pseudomonocotyledonous

nature of the seed can not be regarded as a good generic

character. In some cases it cannot be regarded even as a

specific character. A similar state of affairs has been

pointed out in Cupuliferae by A. Camus—‘“Soudure des

Cotylédons dans le genre Lithocarpus Blume” in Bulletin

Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, XIV, vi, 461 (1942).

Here the fusion of the cotyledons in Lithocarpus is frequent,

but it is a specific character and does not occur throughout

any of the subgenera.

The fruits of Syzygium are usvally one-seeded, with

equal or nearly equal cotyledons which are often green and

conspicuously gland dotted, lying side by side, superposed,

or, more rarely, obliquely. The opposing faces may be

plane, somewhat concave, or folded and interlocked, depend-

ing on the method of attachment of the cotyledons to the

hypocotyle. The hypocotyle is usually short, the plumule

and radicle small, lying near the centre of the inner faces,

or sometimes near the periphery. Polyembryony occurs in

some species.

Vol. XII. (1949).

;

ii y

‘YT

WW"

_N\

Fig, 4. ape cotyledons of EH. malaccensis from a germinating seed;

c, d, germinating seeds of E. javanica. The broad stalks

of the ,cotyledons are clearly seen.

Del: CHAN YORK CHYE.

In the large fruited ‘“Jambosa” group, HE. malaccensis

for example, the cotyledons are attached to the hypocotyle

by stalks which consist of broad, flattened, triangular bands

of tissue, arising from the inner faces of the cotyledons,

parallel with them for the greater part of their length, then

curving at right angles to meet the hypocotyle. The

excavations in the cotyledon faces to accommodate these

stalks make the structure apparently very complicated, but

it becomes perfectly clear when the seeds germinate and

the cotyledons begin to move apart. (Fig. 1).-

Gardens Bulletin, S.

aes SANS : i

TTCITTTTTTTTOT oer

SSS TAWA

crc

Fig. 2. a, germinating seed of EH. Ngadimaniana, showing sessile

cotyledons, thick persistent testa, and angled shoot; b, c,

E. conglomerata, seedling showing stalked cotyledons and

epigeal germination.

Del: CHAN YORK CHYE.

Vol. XII. (1949).

lom

Fig. 3. E. pustulata, a, cotyledons showing conspicuous hypocotyle;

b, ce, seedling showing epigeal germination.

Del: CHAN YORK CHYE.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

The same type of structure in a less complicated form

is met with in many of the smaller flowered species. Here

the stalks are much shorter and there is much less

excavation and folding of the cotyledon faces, the faces

usually being nearly plane except for an excavation under

each stalk and the radicle and plumule. Other species of

Syzygium have “sessile” cotyledons attached directly to the

hypocotyle and leaving a small circular scar when detached.

(Fig; 2).

Normally the hypocotyle, plumule and radicle are small

and completely hidden between the cotyledons, but in a

number of species the hypocotyle is elongated and reaches

the surface of the seed and is accommodated in a deep fold

in the cotyledon faces. The Clove (EF. aromatica), E. cerina,

EF’. polyantha, E. conglomerata, E. attenuata, are some of

the species which have this type of seed. (Fig. 3).

In a few local species the structure of the seed is very

different. In E. clavijlora, for instance, the cotyledons are

closely adherent. There is a definite line or commissure

visible on the outside of the seed, but the cotyledons can be

separated only by force, and although they do not appear to

be fused together, they are closely interlocked by irregular

rounded projections and depressions on the inner faces, and

separating them usually entails some fracture of the tissues.

Ag@large part of the interior of the seed is occupied by a

mass of brown tissue ramifying in all directions through

the lighter coloured tissue of the cotyledons. This brown

mass appears, on sectioning the seed, to be continuous with

the testa. The radicle and plumule are not visible when the

seed is broken or cut open, and on germination the

cotyledons do not move apart but remain as a solid mass

until long after the seedling is well established. In this

respect the germination is very similar to that of E. Micheli

Lam. (Fig. 4).

In E. flosculifera, a species known from Singapore and

perhaps from Kemaman, the seed structure is even more

peculiar. The fruit is like a miniature “Jambosa” fruit in

that the pericarp is comparatively thick and the seed small.

Ripe seeds appear to have the cotyledons completely fused

together and no line of demarcation is visible, nor can the

cotyledons be separated. The young seed is a green hollow

ball with no indication of separate cotyledons, the interior

face of the hollow with irregular rounded knobs and the

hollow filled with a colourless gummy substance. The

completely ripe seed is a mass of dark brown tissue with

an irregularly shaped hollow of approximately one quarter

of its volume, communicating with the exterior of the seed.

Vol. XII. (1949).

The radicle and plumule are not visible. On germination

the cotyledons do not separate. The structure appears

similar to that of E. claviflora, but carried further towards

complete fusion of the cotyledons.

Fig. 4. E. claviflora, a, seed; b, separated cotyledons; c, d, seedling

showing the cotyledons still unseparated although the

seedling is well grown.

Del: CHAN YORK CHYE.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fig. 5. £. Cumingiana, a, seedling with unseparated cotyledons;

b, seedling with seed cut open.

Del: CHAN YoRK CHYE.

Vol. XII. (1949).

Merrill and Perry (Journ. Arn. Arb., XIX, 12 (1938) )

reinstate Acmena DC. for a small number of species

characterised by the pseudomonocotyledonous nature of the

seed and the divaricate anther sacs opening by terminal slits

or pores. Hugenia Cumingiana Vidal (Acmena acuminatis-

sima (Bl.) Merr. and Perry) is the only representative of

this section in the Malay Peninsula. Fresh seed of this

species shows a structure very similar to that of EL. claviflora.

The cotyledons appear to be completely fused and no line

of demarcation is visible. The interior of the seed is

occupied by a ramifying mass of brown tissue which appears

to be continuous with the testa, and there is no separation

of the cotyledons on germination. (Fig. 5).

The other generic segregate reinstated by Merrill and

Perry and occurring in the Peninsula is Cleistocalyx BI.

This is characterised by the calyptrate nature of the calyx.

Our only representative is HL. operculata Roxb., which has a

seed structure similar to that in those species of Syzygium

in which the hypocotyle is elongated to reach the periphery

of the seed. | .

A new section, F%ssicalyx, has had to be erected for two

closely related species in which the flower structure departs

very markedly from that normal in Syzygium, or even in

Eugenia sens. lat. In Fissicalyx the calyx tube is prolonged

far above the margin of the disc, and the stamens are

scattered over its inner surface. The fruit appears to be

of the normal Syzygium type.

_It seems very improbable, therefore, that a satisfactory

basis for splitting Eugenia is to be found in seed characters.

On such a basis not only would further groups have to be

segregated from Syzygium, as defined by Merrill and Perry,

but Hu-eugenia itself would have to be split. The problem

is a difficult one and probably can be solved only by someone

who can undertake the enormous task of monographing the

entire genus. Either Eugenia must be kept in its widest

sense, which might necessitate inclusion of such closely

related genera as Aphanomyrtus, and then it becomes more

unwieldy than ever, or numerous small genera must be

segregated from it. If the Old and New World species are

to be separated, better characters might be found in the

Structure of the inflorescences and flowers. :

_ A further complication is that, as Merrill and Perry

point out in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XVIII, 135,

Syzygium is not the oldest available name for the group

they have placed under that name. Caryophyllus Linn.

(1754) is older, but Merrill and Perry use Syzygium Gaertn.

(1788) because it is better known and because fewer name

‘changes are involved. They recommend Syzygium for

conservation against Caryophyllus. But the practice of

Gardens Bulletin, S.

using a later name in the hope that at some future date it

may be conserved against an older valid name seems a

somewhat dubious procedure.

Finally, objections to the splitting of such a well known

genus as Hugenia are certain to be forthcoming from

foresters, agriculturists, horticulturists and others who are

perfectly familiar with the name Eugenia but who would

resent the substitution of a crop of unfamiliar and not too

euphonious names. Their point of view, that generic names

should be tampered with as little as possible is, I think,

sound. Taxonomists appear apt to forget that their work

is not an end in itself, but is the basis upon which all

economic work must stand, and the changing of generic

names, unless absolutely necessary, hinders and confuses

that work. It is bad enough to have to change so many

specific names, and indeed protests have been made against

this, but such changes are in a different category and are

inevitable when any large group of plants is critically

examined and compared with those from neighbouring

countries.

For the purposes of this revision, therefore, Eugenia

is retained in its wide sense and the following divisions are

proposed as Sections:

1. Calyx tube produced above ovary:

2. Stamens on the margin of the disc lining the calyx

tube, calyx tube not splitting longitudinally after

anthesis:

3. Anther cells not divaricate, usually elongate,

opening by longitudinal slits:

4. Calyx calyptrate, the upper part falling as

a lid sre .. § Cleistocalyx

4. Calyx not calyptrate; if lobed, the lobes

free .. § Syzygium

8. Anther cells globose, divaricate, opening by

terminal slits Se y 3 Acmena

2. Stamens on inside of calyx tube above disc, calyx

tube splitting longitudinally after anthesis

§ Fissicalyx

1. Calyx tube not produced above ovary .. § Eu-eugenia

Many authors have stressed the difficulty of defining

the species of Eugenia and of giving verbal descriptions.

which convey a clear idea of the differences between closely

related species—differences which may be quite obvious

when specimens are compared in the herbarium, or when

living trees are examined.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 1917, gives a long and

detailed account of the characters of Eugenia and the use

he makes of them in his account of the genus in Fl. Gen.

Indo-Ch., II, 796 (1920). With some of his conclusions I

am not in agreement, especially his use of calyptrate petals

as a diagnostic character. |

The characters which I have found of use in the

herbarium and which I have depended upon in this revision

ares

1. The shape of the calyx tube, presence or absence of

lobes and shape and size of lobes, presence or absence of

pseudostalk. The shape of the calyx tube or of the complete

unopened bud just before the petals expand or drop is of

great importance and practically constant in each species.

The majority of species have a campanulate, obconic or

funnel shaped calyx tube narrowed abruptly or gradually

to a pseudostalk which is a part of the calyx and not a

pedicel. When a pedicel is present the articulation between

it and the pseudostalk is evident. In other species the calyx

tube is clavate, or very much longer than wide, narrowed

gradually to the base or rather suddenly contracted below

the ovary and then narrowing gradually (peg-shaped). A

few species have a more or less fusiform calyx tube, swollen

about the ovary and contracted above and below it. The

pseudostalk may be well defined or not. Some of the very

small flowered species have an urceolate calyx tube, rounded

at the base and without pseudostalk, and often slightly

contracted just below the mouth. After anthesis the shape

of the calyx tube may alter considerably and in some species

it opens out and becomes an almost flat disc.

2. The lobing of the calyx mouth is regarded as a

constant and reliable character. All degrees of lobing may

be present, the extreme case being where the margin of

the calyx is truncate. The lobes may be deep, broad and

rounded, broad and shallow, short teeth, or merely undula-

tions of the calyx rim. In Cleistocalyx the whole of the

upper part of the calyx falls as a lid. The lobes may be

persistent or fugacious, either remaining throughout the

whole life of the flower and appearing on the apex of the

fruit, often enlarged, or dropping off soon after the flower

has expanded and giving the appearance of a truncate or

wavy calyx rim.

5. The plan of venation of the leaves is very constant

for each species. It is best seen in dried specimens and

may be classified roughly as follows :—

(a) The primary veins much more prominent than

the secondaries and quite distinct from them,

well spaced and uniting in an intramarginal

Gardens Bulletin, S. |

Mie -

loop or nerve, with often a fainter intra-

marginal nerve closer to the leaf margin.

(6b) Primary veins very numerous and close together,

not or hardly distinguishable from the

secondaries, or only to be distinguished from

them at their junction with the intramarginal

nerve. An intramarginal nerve is almost

always present, but it is often very close to

the leaf margin and inconspicuous. |

distinct from any secondaries that may be

visible.

(d) Primary and other veins very faint or invisible.

The veins, including the finer reticulations, are usually

more prominent on the lower surface of the leaf than above,

but in several species the venation is raised above in a

conspicuous manner.

Gland dotting may take the form of small black dots,

minute sunk pits, or sometimes slightly raised pustulations,

and this character appears to be reasonably constant in any

one species, but it seems to vary somewhat with the age of

the leaf. ,

4. The size, complexity, denseness or laxness of the

inflorescence, and the relative stoutness or slenderness of

its branches, are of considerable importance. All degrees

of complexity may be met with, from solitary axillary

flowers or short cymes to much branched axillary or terminal

panicles. The position of the inflorescence, whether

terminal or axillary, that is, from the youngest twigs, or

from the older wood below the leaves, appears to be nearly

constant in each species.

5. The shape of the twigs, whether terete, angled, or

winged, and the colour of their bark and whether it is

smooth or flaky are characters which although apparently

trivial are remarkably constant. The same applies, with

somewhat less force, to the branches of the inflorescence.

It may be pointed out here that the primary shoot in

‘seedlings is almost invariably angled and winged, and that

in a few species the very youngest twigs may be winged,

but very soon become terete.

6. Characters of importance in the fruit and seed are

the size of the fruit, if it is certain that ripe fruit is being

examined, the colour of the ripe fruit, the shape and size

of the apical umbilicus, and the extent of the remains of

the calyx tube, and the presence or absence of calyx lobes.

The shape of the fruit is usually more or less globose,

depressed globose or pyriform or turbinate. In the clavate

flowered group it may be spindle shaped or oblong, but when

Vol. XII. (1949).

a fleshy or pulpy pericarp is present, the shape alters

considerably on drying. Seed characters are not very

reliable in dried material, but the presence or absence of a

long conspicuous hypocotyle and the peculiar structure in

such species as EF. claviflora and E. Cumingiana, already

referred to, are diagnostic. Gagnepain stresses the

importance of the position of the cotyledons in the seed,

whether juxtaposed or superposed, but I have not found that

this character is a reliable one.

7. Bracts and bracteoles appear to be present in all

species, but in most they are very fugacious. In some few

species they are persistent and quite conspicuous.

8. The great majority of species are glabrous in all

their parts, but one or two are tomentose on the leaves and

inflorescence.

In the field there are other characters which may be

of considerable value, the most important being bark

characters, which are reasonably constant for each species

provided that adult, or at least not sapling, trees are

examined. Saplings may have very different bark from

mature trees, and colour and even texture may be altered

by exposure to full sunlight. A short description of the

bark of the living tree has been given for each species for

which such information has been collected. The terms used

in these descriptions are those evolved by Mr. E. J. H

Corner and are as follows :—

Entire: never creviced, cracked, flaky or fissured, but

may be pimply or bumpy.

Smooth: may be finely creviced but not flaky, bumpy

or pustular.

Creviced: smooth bark cracked into fine, generally

longitudinal lines just large enough to admit

the edge of a knife blade and no more.

Fissured: bark split into ‘longitudinal gaping

furrows.

Rugose-fissured: bark fissured with rugged ridges

between the furrows.

Flaky or Scaly: bark scaling or breaking off in .

pieces.

Fibrous-flaky:. bark rather fissured but intervals

between fissures break up into rather long

narrow fibres and scaly pieces.

Dippled-flaky: bark scaling in small rounded thin

pieces leaving small patches of clean new bark.

Papery-flaky: flakes consisting of pieces like tissue

paper tightly pressed together.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Peeling bark: coming off in scroll-like pieces leaving

clean sheets of new bark.

Pustular bark: pimply or bumpy with small lenticels.

There is the usual difficulty in describing the colours

of the bark, but the terms used are as simple as possible

and no attempt is made to define very exactly shades of

colour, which in any case vary slightly from tree to tree of

the same species.

Many species have a smooth or finely creviced bark

which is whitey-grey, pinkish-grey or pinkish-brown to red.

Other distinctive barks are the reddish or brown fissured

and often scaly barks, and the orange-red papery-flaky

barks. The majority of species seem to have thin barks

which strip easily from the wood, but some have a com-

paratively thick and often dark red or purplish inner bark

and some have hard and very fibrous inner bark.

___The loan of herbarium material from the following

institutions is gratefully acknowledged: Botanic Gardens,

Buitenzorg, Java; Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta; Forest

Research Institute, Dehra Dun; Bureau of Science, Manila;

Rijks Herbarium, Leiden; Forest Research Institute,

Kepong, Malaya. I have also to thank the authorities at

Kew for permission to work in the Herbarium there at

various times and for photographs of certain species, and

the Director of the Natural History Museum, Paris, for

photographs of Lamarckian types. I am deeply indebted to

Dr. E. D. Merrill for his helpful comments and advice and

for copies of his papers on the Bornean, Chinese and Indo-

Chinese Eugenias; to Mr. E. J. H. Corner for helpful

criticism and detailed field notes on many species; and to

Dr. C. X. Furtado for much help with problems of nomen-

clature. In addition, the gift of seed of various species

from the Sydney Botanic Gardens, the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Calcutta, and the United States Department of

Agriculture is acknowledged with thanks.

The following abbreviations of the titles of works which

may not be familiar to some readers have been used

throughout:

“Mat. F.M.P.”—Materials for a Flora of the

Malayan Peninsula, by Sir George King. This

appeared originally in the Journal of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal and the part dealing

with the Myrtaceae appeared in Vol. LXX,

part 11, No. 1 of that Journal, in 1901.

“'FLM.P.”—Flora of the Malay Peninsula, by H. N.

Ridley.

Vol. XII. (1949).

“Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br.”—Journal of the

Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society, later the

Malayan Branch.

“Journ. F.M.S. Mus.”—Journal of the Federated

Malay States Museums.

“S.F.N.” is used throughout to signify Singapore

Field Number, a single series of numbers used

by all collectors from the Botanic Gardens,

Singapore.

EUGENIA Linn.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous, or rarely tomentose or

villous. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, usually glandular, |

penninerved, usually with an intramarginal vein. Flowers

solitary in the leaf axils, or in heads, or in few flowered or

many flowered cymes, panicles or racemes, usually terminal —

and axillary, sometimes from the leafless branches; bracts

and bracteoles usually inconspicuous and _ fugacious,

occasionally conspicuous and persistent; calyx tube from.

globose to narrowly elongate turbinate, not at all, or much

produced above ovary, the base often contracted into a

pseudostalk, lobes 4 or 5, large and prominent or inconspicu-

ous or none, persistent or caducous, very rarely the calyx

limb calyptrate or the upper part of the tube splitting

irregularly after anthesis; petals usually 4 or 5, free and

spreading or more or less connivent or agglutinated and

calyptrate; stamens usually numerous in several series on

the margin of the disc lining the calyx tube, free or very

obscurely collected into 4 bundles, or very rarely on the

surface of the calyx tube above the disc, anthers versatile,

small, the cells parallel or rarely divaricate, opening longi-

tudinally or very rarely by apical slits, connective gland

usually present; ovary 2-celled, rarely 3— or 4—celled, with —

few to several ovules in each cell; style short or long, usually

filiform, stigma punctiform, rarely capitate.

Fruit a berry, but with few (1-2, rarely more) seeds,

the rind pulpy or leathery or dry and pithy, the apex usually

crowned by the persistent remains of the calyx tube, or the

persistent and often enlarged calyx lobes, or both; seeds

usually large, the testa membranous, fibrous, cartilaginous,

or crustaceous, the cotyledons fleshy, either completely free

or partially or wholly fused together.

A genus of about 1,000 species, distributed throughout ©

the tropics.

The following are the most important synonyms for

this region: Syzygium Gaertn., Fruct. I, 166, t. 33 (1788) ;

Jambosa DC., Prodr., III, 286 (1828) ; Caryophyllus Linn..,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Sp. Pl. ed. 5, 232 (1754); Calyptranthus Bl., Bijdr., 1089

(1826) ; Clavimyrtus Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat., I, 113

(1849) ; Microjambosa Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat., I, 117

(1849) ; Strongylocalyx Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat., I, 89

(1849) ; Macromyrtus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I, i, 489 (1855) ;

Cleistocalyx Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat., I, 84 (1849);

Acmena DC., Prodr., III, 262 (1828).

KEY TO SECTIONS OF EUGENIA IN

| MALAYA

Stamens on margin of disc lining calyx tube, calyx

tube not splitting longitudinally after anthesis 2.

Stamens on inside of calyx tube above disc, calyx

tube splitting longitudinally after anthesis

§ Fissicalyx.

Anther cells not divaricate, usually elongate, open-

ing by longitudinal slits a Mpegs»

Anther cells globose, divaricate, opening by

terminal slits He .. § Acmena.

Calyx calyptrate, not lobed, the upper part falling

as a lid § Cleistocalyx.

Calyx not calyptrate . if lobed, the ‘lobes free

§ Syzygium.

§ SYZYGIUM, KEY TO GROUPS

Calyx tube including pseudostalk at least 1 ecm.

ong... a Py ey 2

isa de tube including pseudostalk less than 1 cm.

ong ee apt 3 re.

Calyx tube campanulate, broadly obconic, broadly

funnel shaped or subglobose .. Pet eee

Calyx tube fusiform or gradually narrowed from

apex to base, or clavate or pegshaped

Group 5.

Inflorescences very short, flowers usually few,

usually fascicled or in short cymes Group 1.

Inflorescences usually spreading and many

flowered, racemiform or panicled, not very

short, or fascicled, or of contracted cymes

Group 2.

Calyx tube campanulate, urceolate, obconic or

broadly funnel shaped .. ... Group 2.

Calyx tube narrowly funnel shaped, tapering

evenly from apex to base .. Group 4.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

KEY TO MALAYAN SPECIES OF EUGENIA

§ SYZYGIUM

GROUP 1

Flowers large, calyx tube including pseudostalk 1 cm.

or more long, more or less campanulate, broadly obconic or

broadly funnel-shaped or subglobose, not clavate, fusiform,

narrowly funnel-shaped or peg shaped, lobes usually

conspicuous and often persistent, inflorescences very short,

usually fascicled or in short cymes, not spreading, panicled

or racemiform, usually few flowered.

Inflorescences on branches below leaves 5. ee

Inflorescences terminal or axillary . Sate

Leaf bases narrowed on to petiole

. (1) malaccensis.

Leaf bases cordate or rounded, not narrowed to

petiole 3.

Leaves tapering gr adually from base to ‘apex,

broadest near base .. (2) tekuensis.

Leaves broadest about middle, tapering to each

end .. . (4) perakensis.

Leaf bases cordate or rounded, not ane on to

petiole ; D.

Leaf bases narrowed on to petiole yreiae

Calyx tube globose-turbinate, suddenly contracted

into a rather long slender pseudostalk

(5) aquea.

Calyx tube not globose-turbinate, narrowed

gradually to base, not suddenly contracted 6.

Inflorescence branchlets and peduncle exceedingly

stout, nerves below slender and not elevate, leaf

base ‘auricled (6) auriculata.

Inflorescence branchlets slender i?

Vegetative branchlets strongly angled or winged

Vegetative branchlets terete or at most slightly

compressed

Main nerves almost at yight angles to midrib, sh

conspicuous below, leaves oblong (7) quadrata.

Main nerves leaving midrib at less than a right

angle, conspicuous below, leaves ovate to elliptic

(15) Scortechinit.

Leaves very large, c. 30 cm. or more long and ¢.

20 cm. broad, deeply cordate, main nerves

very prominent below, 20-30 pairs, 2-2:5 cm.

_ apart ag .. (8) scalarinervis.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

10.

in.

12.

13.

15.

16.

18.

Leaves not as above, not so broad, not deeply

cordate, main nerves not exceeding 15 pairs,

less prominent 2 88.

Leaves oblong lanceolate, often long acuminate,

broadest near base, main nerves slender but

elevate below, running straight to a conspicuous

and elevate intramarginal nerve hy AN

Leaves elliptic, oblong or lanceolate, broadest near

middle, main nerves usually not strongly elevate

below, or if they are, then curving to intra-

marginal a F ines.

Leaves not exceeding 15 cm. long and 5 cm. broad,

drying blackish; ‘calyx tube 1-1:25 cm. long

(9) porphyranthera.

Leaves usually over 15 cm. long, drying brownish

or yellowish; calyx tube 1:5 cm. or more long

(16) diospyrifolia.

Inflorescence sessile, flowers sessile

(17) pseudoformosa.

Inflorescence peduncled, flowers pedicelled .. 18.

Calyx tube broadly campanulate, often somewhat

swollen at base .. (16) diospyrifolia.

Calyx tube broadly funnel-shaped, narrowed

gradually to base, not swollen (10) siamensis.

Leaves thick, not exceeding c. 5 cm. long, elliptic

to obovate, apex rounded, mountain shrub

(11) oreophila.

Leaves thin, more than 5 cm. long, not obovate, apex

acute to acuminate, lowland trees st ees

Leaves narrow lanceolate, long narrowed to both

ends, long acuminate Ad 4h®,

Leaves usually elliptic to ovate, not long acuminate

19.

Pedicels usually 1 cm. or more long, cultivated tree

(12) Jambos.

Pedicels not exceeding 5 mm., or flowers sessile, not

cultivated : Ang

Calyx tube rounded at base, eae lead colour on

both surfaces when dry .. (18) plumbea.

Calyx tube narrowed gradually to base, leaves

drying paler below than above poe: ie.

Leaves drying blackish above, brownish white or

greyish white below, up to 16 X 4:5 cm., pedicels

c. 45 mm. a .. (14) Rostadonis.

Leaves drying brown above, pale brown below,

flowers usually nearly sessile (18) tiomanensis.

Vol. XII. (1949).

19. Flowers pedicellate, pedicels 6-10 x mm. long

(19) pendens.

Flowers sessile or pedicel less than 5 mm. long 20.

20. Calyx very abruptly contracted into a pseudostalk

8-10 mm. long, leaves oblong elliptic, abruptly

narrowed at apex and base (20) johorensis.

Calyx gradually narrowed into a pseudostalk 3-4

mm. long, leaves ovate to lanceolate, rather long

narrowed at base

(15) Scortechiniu var. cuneata.

GROUP 2

Flowers generally smaller than in Group 1, but ates

including pseudostalk at least 1 cm. long, campanulate,

obconic or funnel shaped, not clavate, fusiform, narrowly

funnelshaped or pegshaped. Inflorescences terminal and

axillary, usually spreading and many flowered, racemiform

or panicled, not very short, or fascicled, or in contracted

cymes.

1. Leaves cordate or rounded at base, not narrowed

on to petiole 2.

Leaves narrowed on to petiole, not cordate or

rounded 6.

2. Lower surface of leaves, inflorescence and ‘calyx

tube softly pubescent .. (22) pseudomollis.

All parts glabrous 3.

Flowers densely cr owded at ends ‘of inflorescence

branchlets, subtended by conspicuous persistent

bracts and bracteoles almost as long as calyx

tube; leaves cordate amplexicaul

(23) papillosa.

Flowers densely crowded or not, bracts and

bracteoles, if present, fugacious and inconspicu-

ous; leaves shortly rounded at base 4.

4, Calyx tube more or less globose above and suddenly

contracted into a slender pseudostalk, fruit

turbinate; cultivated .. .. «(5) aguea:

- Calyx tube funnel shaped or campanulate and

narrowed gradually to a short pseudostalk, fruit

globose or pyriform 5.

5. Flowers in a dense inflorescence, sessile. or shortly

pedicelled, nerves and reticulations raised above

and conspicuous; wild tree of inland forest

(24) densiflora.

Flowers in a lax inflorescence, usually long pedi-

celled, nerves and reticulations not raised and

conspicuous above; cultivated, or wild near

sandy seacoasts .. .. (21) javanica.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

10.

11.

12.

Nervation of leaves (except midrib) very obscure

-or practically invisible on both sides, or where

visible, the primaries close together and not

distinguishable from secondaries, leaves

rhomboid, c. 4 X 125 cm. (25) rhomboidea.

Nervation quite visible, at least on lower surface,

primaries usually spaced, leaves not rhomboid,

usually much more than 4 em. long

Leaves linear lanceolate, 6-10 times as long as

broad, not exceeding c. 2 cm. broad

(26) salictoides.

Leaves always broader in proportion to length, not

linear lanceolate, always exceeding 2 cm. wide 8.

Nerves and reticulations well marked and conspicu-

ous on upper surface of leaf and often strongly

elevate < oe =

Nerves and reticulations usually faint on upper

surface, the reticulations at least not raised and

conspicuous, often obscure, the primaries usually

quite visible but slender a:

Leaves rounded at apex or with a very short blunt

point, always more or less obovate

, (27) garcinifolia.

Leaves acute or acuminate at apex, never obovate

10.

Leaves narrowly oblong elliptic or oblong lanceo-

late, with 2 well marked intramargina! nerves,

the inner c. 1 cm. from leaf margin, calyx lobes

4-5 mm. tall... .. (24) densiflora.

Leaves not oblong, intramarginal nerve 1, or if 2,

the inner much less than 1 cm. from margin,

calyx lobes less than 4 mm. tall es ©

Inflorescence c. 6 cm. long with very stout

branchlets, almost as stout as vegetative branch-

lets, leaves c. 5 cm. broad with abrupt deflexed

point; mountain plant .. (28) selangorensis.

Inflorescence much longer, with slender branchlets,

leaf 8 cm. or more broad, apex not abruptly

defiexed ; seashore or cultivated (30) grandis.

Leaves more or less obovate or oblanceolate,

_ tapering from above middle to petiole, branchlets

white or yellow, calyx tube not contracted into

a pseudostalk .. .. (31) pachyphylla.

Leaves never obovate or oblanceolate, branchlets

reddish or brownish, calyx tube contracted into

a distinct, even if very short, pseudostalk 13.

Vol. XII. (1949).

13.

14.

15.

22.

Inflorescence short, 5-6 cm. long with few abe

14,

Inflorescence longer and densely flowered, or if not

longer than c. 6 cm., with 30-50 or more lower

Leaves not exceeding c. 20 cm. long, drying greenish

or pale brown below, inflorescence branches

slender .. (19) pendens.

Leaves exceeding 25 cm. long, drying red brown

below, inflorescence branches, short, stout

(32) atronervia.

Calyx tube tapering gradually to a very short

pseudostalk, leaves narrowly oblong elliptic or

oblong lanceolate .. (24) densiflora.

Calyx tube rather suddenly contracted into a short

rather slender pseudostalk, leaves elliptic or

ovate . .. (29) palembanica.

GROUP 3

Flowers small, calyx tube including pseudostalk less

than 1 cm. long, usually less than 6 mm. long, campanulate,

urceolate, obconic or broadly funnel shaped, not tubular, peg

shaped, fusiform or narrowly funnel’ shaped, mouth lobed

or not, but lobes not spreading, not conspicuous, fugacious

or persistent, inflorescences usually terminal or axillary,

rarely on branches below leaves, usually many flowered.

Mouth of calyx tube in mature bud cut into 4 or 5

distinct lobes, the lobes broad, rounded,

triangular, blunt or acute y 2

Mouth of calyx tube in mature bud not distinctly

lobed, but truncate, or wavy or with very shallow

broad obscure lobes, or the lobes reduced to

small points Te io ey

Leaf bases rounded or cordate, not narrowed on to

petiole oe

Leaf bases narrowed on to petiole we

Primary nerves spaced, c. 1 cm. distant and

distinct, at least below, even if slender, more

prominent than secondaries, ine nerve

usually distinct

Primary nerves close tegether ‘and not “more

prominent than secondaries, or very obscure or

invisible, intramarginal nerve usually obscure or

*“@ 6 10.

very close to margin

Under surface of leaves, twigs, inflorescences and

calyx softly pubescent .. (22) pseudomollis.

All parts glabrous ras on.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Flowers in dense heads at ends of inflorescence

branchlets, bracts and bracteoles conspicuous

and persistent, almost as long as calyx tube,

leaves amplexicaul .. (28) papillosa.

Flowers not in dense heads, bracts and bracteoles

very small or fugacious, leaves not amplexicaul

Leaves large, 25 em. or mere long, narrow oblong,

with 25 or more pairs of primary nerves ©

- (60) pergamentacea.

Leaves much smaller and shorter, with fewer pairs

of primary nerves ..

7. Inflorescence from twigs below leaves and shor ter

than leaves, with very few distant flowers

(34) kemamanensis.

Inflorescence terminal or from upper axils, usually

as long as or longer than leaves re

8. Flowers not densely crowded, inflorescence

branchlets slender .. (35) cordifoliata.

Flowers crowded (but not in heads), ultimate

branchlets of inflorescence short, rather stout 9.

9. Leaves drying greenish, edge strongly revolute,

apex retuse or rounded, nerves and reticulations

raised and rather conspicuous above

(37) viridescens.

Leaves drying dark brown, edge slightly revolute,

apex bluntly acute, upper surface polished or

smooth, nerves and reticulations obscure or

invisible ne .. (86) subdecussata.

10. Calyx club shaped, c. 8-9 mm. long, long narrowed

to base .. (124) spissifolia.

Calyx much shorter, not club shaped and long

narrowed to base ep eae 5

11. Leaves with close raised conspicuous reticulation

below, rarely exceeding c. 5 cm. long

(38) Wray.

Leaves rarely less than c. 6 cm. long, nerves and

reticulations not raised and conspicuous below

12.

12. Leaf bases usually subcordate, leaves smooth above,

nerves not elevate above .. (36) subdecussata.

Leaf bases never subcordate, nerves and reticula-

tions more or less raised above Roa De

13. Leaves drying brownish, broadest .near base,

usually more or less acute, calyx lobes triangular

subacute : .. (40) pahangensis.

Leaves drying greenish, usually rounded or retuse

at apex, more or less obovate, calyx lobes

rounded ae “ee (37) viridescens.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

20.

21.

22.

23.

Primary nerves spaced, more prominent, at least

below, than secondaries and easily distinguished

from them 15.

Primary nerves numerous, close together, hardly or

not distinguishable from secondaries, or very

obscure, or invisible gg .. eas

Inflorescences from branches below leaves or from

axils of fallen leaves ae

Inflorescences terminal or from upper axils... 19.

Calyx tube urceolate, without pseudostalk

(104) conglomerata.

Calyx tube campanulate « or obconic, with or without

pseudostalk Nf nega by

Calyx after anthesis opening a into a flat disc,

pseudostalk slender, inflorescence few flowered,

leaves usually c. 15 cm. or more long with c. 15

pairs of primary nerves (105) leptostemon.

Calyx not opening into a flat disc, pseudostalk very

short or none, leaves rarely exceeding 10-12 cm.

long with rarely more than 12 pairs of aime

nerves 18.

Twigs with very pale almost dla cate ‘ehline

obconic, not narrowed into a pseudostalk

(106) pseudosubtilis.

Twigs with reddish or brownish bark, calyx

campanulate, narrowed into a short pseudostalk

(110) polyantha.

Primary nerves not more than 15 pairs .. 20.

Primary nerves more than 15 pairs x Sn

Flowers on filiform pedicels 10 mm. or more long,.

inflorescence laxly few flowered i

(71) filiformis.

Flowers pedicelled or not, but pedicels not filiform

and always much less than 10 mm. long, flowers

usually crowded .. 2 yon iilee

ee conspicuous, as long as, or secon as long as

calyx .

Bracts small and not conspicuous, if persistent,

much shorter than calyx es de pa

Inflorescences very short and dense, not exceeding

2-3 cm. long, bracts persistent (42) Hoseana.

Inflorescences 5 cm. or more long, bracts not

persistent 5 a .. (81) pachyphylla.

Calyx broadly funnel shaped (more or less cylindric

with spreading limb), not narrowed into a

pseudostalk, often strongly ribbed or angled 24.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

24,

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

350.

ol.

32.

30.

34.

25 >

Calyx not as above, usually narrowed into a

pseudostalk, tube obconic or very small, a“

strongly angled or ribbed ‘ z

Young twigs angled, with raised lines, calyx, eis

and leaves pustulate .. (48) variolosa.

Young twigs terete, without raised lines, calyx,

twigs and leaves not pustulate ys Ds

Branchlets with pale polished bark, leaves more or

less obovate or oblanceolate (31) pachyphylia.

Branchlets with dark, not polished bark, leaves

more or less elliptic or oblong (44) chlorantha.

Calyx in mature bud more or less obconic, not

exceeding c. 5 mm. long, not contracted at

base into a pseudostalk é ra fe

Calyx usually campanulate, always more or less

contracted into a pseudostalk, short or long, stout

or slender; or if without Sauna then more

than 6 mm. long .. ares Ho

Bracts and bracteoles panuaene or subpersistent,

about one third as long as calyx bar pee a

Bracts and bracteoles fugacious and minute 29.

Leaves drying greenish, fruit ellipsoid, rugulose

(97) chloroleuca.

Leaves drying brownish, fruit ovoid or obovoid, not

rugulose.. .. (45) Ngadimaniana.

Leaves oblong lanceolate acuminate, inflorescence

branches minutely pustulate (96) pustulata.

Leaves not oblong lanceolate, inflorescence branches

not pustulate me ea ens |

Twigs with very pale bark (106) esses

Twigs with brown or blackish bark ot

Leaves obovate, rounded at apex or Sickle Gia

shrub of open mountain tops (41) tahanensis.

Leaves more or less elliptic, acuminate; tree of

lowland forest ede (ABO gadimaniana.

Leaves small, not more than c. 3 cm. wide .. 33.

Leaves larger, always 4 cm. or more wide .. 43.

Apex of leaf blunt or shortly acute, never acuminate

34.

Apex of leaf always more or less acuminate .. 38.

Bark of inflorescence branchlets rough and scaling

in small flakes, leaves usually drying greenish

(46) Helferz.

Bark of inflorescence branchlets smooth or striate,

not flaky, leaves not drying greenish ex BBs

Vol. XII. (1949).

35.

36.

Ov.

38.

o9.

AQ.

41.

42.

43.

44,

45.

Inflorescence much shorter than leaves, 1-2 cm.

long, bark of twigs pale .. (113) alyxifolia.

Inflorescence as long as or longer than leaves, bark

of twigs reddish or black 36.

Leaves not more than c. 5 cm. long, reticulations

almost invisible above, bark of twigs black;

mountain tree * (112) orites.

Leaves rarely less than 6 cm. long, reticulations

usually raised and conspicuous above, bark of

twigs reddish; lowland or seacoast trees ol.

Leaves glaucous below .. (48) glauca.

Leaves not glaucous below

(48) glauca var. pseudoglauca.

Bark of inflorescence branchlets rough and scaling

in small flakes, leaves usually drying greenish

(46) Helferi.

ee of inflorescence branchlets smooth or striate,

leaves not drying greenish

Calyx with unequal lobes, 2 larger than others and

subpetaloid . (49) anisosepala.

Calyx lobes equal or subequal, none subpetaloid

Nerves and reticulations raised and conspicuous on

upper surface of leaf a 41.

Reticulations not raised and conspicuous above,

primary nerves slightly raised or sunk .. 42.

Calyx tube abruptly contracted above ovary; coty-

ledons fused; tall tree .. (126) flosculifera.

Calyx tube not so contracted ; cotyledons free; small

trees 43.

Inflorescences usually below leaves, never terminal,

leaves drying brown, primary nerves slightly

raised above... .. (110) polyantha.

Inflorescences terminal, leaves drying black,

primary nerves slightly sunk above

(111) Koordersiana.

Calyx lobes unequal, 2 larger than others and

subpetaloid ae . (49) anisosepala.

Calyx lobes subequal, none subpetaloid 44,

Inflorescence branchlets with rough bark scaling in

small flakes .»», (46): Hetern

mia escence branchlets smooth or etaoed ye

aky

tihete and bracteoles persistent, ¢. one-third length

of calyx, fruit ellipsoid, drying pale and rugulose

(97) chloroleuca.

Bracts and bracteoles minute or fugacious, fruit

more or less globose, not drying pale or USE

Gardens Bulletin, S.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54,

55.

56.

Inflorescences from below leaves, never terminal or

from upper axils .. 5 ae :

Inflorescences terminal or from upper few

axils. 48.

Leaves usually 15 cm. or more long, with 15 pairs of

primary nerves, calyx after anthesis opening out

into a flat disc, inflorescences few flowered

(105) leptostemon.

Leaves rarely exceeding 10-12 cm. long, primary

nerves rarely more than 12 pairs, calyx not

opening into a flat disc, inflorescence many

flowered . .. (110) polyantha.

Nerves and reticulations raised on upper surface of

leaf and conspicuous 49.

Secondary nerves and reticulations not raised on

upper surface, inconspicuous or _ invisible,

primary nerves usually slender, often sunk 58.

Apex of leaf acuminate pee Os

Apex of leaf rounded, obtuse, shortly bluntly acute,

or with an abrupt short point 53.

Inflorescence branches very stout, apex of leaf

abruptly deflexed; mountain plant

(28) selangorensis.

Inflorescence branches slender, apex of leaf not

defiexed; lowland plants Le

Pseudostalk slender, distinct, about half the length

of the calyx tube

(48) glauca var. pepht Malate

Pseudostalk short and stout 52.

Calyx lobes more or less orbicular, c. 1-2 mm. tall

(66) Haniffiz.

Calyx lobes broad and shallow, less than 1 mm. tall

(70) Brantiana.

Leaves sessile, or petioles not more than 2-3 mm.

long; mountain plant .. (87) vtiridescens.

Leaves not sessile, petioles usually exceeding 5 mm.

long; lowland plants Pe DA.

Leaves glaucous below get, (48) glauca.

Leaves not glaucous below : 55.

Calyx ribbed, rather abruptly contracted ‘into a

short stout pseudostalk .. (29) palembanica.

Calyx not ribbed, narrowed gradually into

pseudostalk ts GO.

Primary branches of ‘inflorescence very stout, as

stout as twigs, flowers densely crowded, petals

usually calyptrate .. (50) Kiahii.

Primary branches of inflorescence slender, thinner

than twigs Po os ee:

Vol. XII. (1949).

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

Calyx lobes distant, petals usually calyptrate,

flowers densely crowded

(50) Kiahi var. angustifolia.

Calyx lobes approximate, petals free, flowers not

densely crowded

(51) Burkilliana var. garcinifolioides.

Inflorescences racemose, not panicled Scan

Inflorescences paniculate fs sat een

Calyx after anthesis opening out into a flat disc,

pseudostalk slender .. (105) leptostemon.

Calyx not opening into a flat disc, pseudostalk stout

Inflorescence very short, almost sessile, not exceed-

ing c. 2 em. long, leaves thin, conspicuously

gland dotted ote .. (48) variolosa.

Inflorescences usually several in each axil,

61.

peduncled, c. 5 em. long or longer

Pseudostalk less than half length of calyx

(52) Duthieana.

Pseudostalk about half length of calyx

(53) Griffithi.

Secondary branchlets of inflorescence very short,

usually under 1 cm. long, and as stout as twigs,

leaves more or less orbicular .. (50) Kiahiz.

Secondary branchlets of inflorescence over 1 cm.

long, usually slender, spreading, or if not more

than 1 cm. long, much more slender than twigs,

leaves not orbicular ; Ramee 6 i

Flowers densely crowded, saccnaio branchlets of

inflorescence slender, not exceeding c. 1 cm. long

64.

Secondary branchlets of inflorescence 2 cm. or more

long, flowers not densely crowded except some-

times at ends of branchlets .. owt Re

Primary nerves usually 4—5 pairs, curving sharply

up to intramarginal, young twigs whitey-brown

(33) Miullsii.

Primary nerves more than 6 pairs, running nearly

straight to intramarginal, young twigs reddish

brown .. .. (66) Haniffii. -

Inflorescences short ae fewflowered, often from

lower axils, calyx after anthesis opening out into

a flat disc... .. (105) leptostemon.

Inflorescences terminal or from upper axils, many

flowered, calvx not opening into a flat disc 66.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

oo EL.

12.

73.

74.

75.

Calyx suddenly contracted or narrowed into a well

marked rather slender pseudostalk about half

length of calyx tube 67.

Calyx with very short stout pseudostalk less than

half length of tube 75.

Twigs somewhat angled and wih secure. meet

lines between nodes

(54) Thumra var. baa

Twigs terete without raised lines 68.

Calyx in mature bud c. 8 mm. long, 5 mm. across

mouth, longitudinally ribbed (29) palembanica.

Calyx shorter and not so wide, not ribbed 69.

Primary nerves and intramarginal noticeably sunk

above 70.

Primary nerves and intramarginal not noticeably

sunk above aa ae

Bark of twigs whitish, calyx ec. 4 mm. long

(55) Swettenhamiana.

Bark of twigs reddish or red brown, calyx 6-7 mm.

lone... : .. (53) Griffithii.

Intramarginal nerve aie mm. from leaf margin,

not more edt Abe

Intramarginal nerve ‘at least 4 mm. from margin,

usually more eign

Primary nerves leaving midrib Saati at a right

angle, twigs with almost black, very smooth

bark : epee Rit). subhorizontalis.

Primary nerves leaving midrib at an angle of 50-60

degrees, bark of twigs reddish, often rather

flaky he rig hs Pea

Leaves glaucous ce usually batter 10 cm. long

(48) glauca.

Leaves not glaucous below, usually over 10 cm. long

(53) Griffithia.

Calyx lobes rather spreading in bud, not closely

adpressed over petals, flowers green, young

leaves blue (57) Ridley.

Calyx lobes not spreading i in bud, ‘closely adpressed

over petals, flowers white, young leaves purple

(53) Griffithir.

Primary nerves rarely more than 4—5 pairs, twigs

with greyish white bark, often somewhat angled

and with raised lines between the nodes

(33) Millsii.

Biniaxs nerves always more than 6 pairs, twigs

with blackish, reddish or brownish bark, terete,

without raised lines 76.

Vol. XII. (1949).

76.

tt.

78.

‘tos

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

Calyx in mature bud c. 8 mm. long and 5 mm. wide,

ribbed : .. (29) palembanica.

Calyx shorter and narrower, not ribbed .3 > ee

Leaves rarely more than c. 10 em. long, primary

nerves not more than c. 12 pairs, usually less,

inflorescence usually longer than leaves .. 78.

Leaves rarely less than c. 15 em. long, with 12-15

pairs of primary nerves, inflorescences not

longer than leaves mena =

Calyx lobes more or less oueielne and overlapping

in bud ; .. (111) Koordersiana.

Calyx lobes broad and shallow, not overlapping in

bud ; .. (70) Brantiana.

Leaves rarely more than c. 23 cm. long, inflores-

cences from half as long to as long as leaves

(58) Dyeriana.

Leaves usually over 25 cm. long, inflorescences

rarely reaching half their length

(59) Hemsleyana.

Flowers on long filiform pedicels 10 mm. or more

long, inflorescence laxly few flowered

(71) filiformis.

asians sessile or pedicelled, rere much less

than 10 mm. long » seg

Calyx narrowed or contracted sind ientie at base into

a well marked, short or long, stout or slender

pseudostalk «inte

Calyx without definite pseudostalk ‘gt

Inflorescence branches with rough bark scaling in

small flakes .. (46) Helferi.

Inflorescence branches smooth or striate, not flaky

83.

Inflorescences less than half length of leaves,

usually racemiform, occasionally paniculate 84.

Inflorescences at least half length of leaves, usually

paniculate, occasionally racemiform 89.

Calyx opening after anthesis into a flat disc,

inflorescences usually from lower axils

(105) leptostemon.

Calyx not opening into a flat disc, inflorescences

terminal or from upper axils oo ee

Calyx, twigs and leaves pustulate ( 43) wari

Calyx, twigs and leaves not pustulate 86.

Leaves not exceeding c. 13 cm. long, drying green-

ish, flowers crowded in a dense inflorescence

broader than long .. (66) Haniffir.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

87.

88.

89.

90.

ot.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

Leaves exceeding 16 cm. long, drying blackish,

reddish or brownish, flowers not densely

crowded, except at ends of inflorescence branch-

lets, inflorescence longer than broad +. <e .7 B

Leaves markedly oblong .. (60) pergamentacea.

Leaves more or less elliptic std Saricee:

Calyx c. 8-9 mm. long .. (32) atronervia.

Calyx c. 5-6 mm. long .. (59) Hemsleyana.

Leaves 20-25 cm. long or more .. Sars

Leaves rarely exceeding 15-17 cm. long .. 91.

Leaves oblong .. (60) pergamentacea.

Leaves elliptic .. -. (59) Hemsleyana.

Leaves glaucous below, bark of young twigs

usually scaly flaky .. (48) glauca.

Leaves not glaucous below, bark of young twigs

usually smooth ; ee Se:

Inflorescences nearly sessile or very iets

pedunculate, branching widely from _ base,

petiole c. 5 mm. long .. (61) Gageana.

Inflorescences 2 sana pee petiole c. 1 cm.

long os Maes

Inflorescence of paket racemes

(53) Griffithi.

Inflorescences paniculate sg nose A

Inflorescence lax with sparse slender branchlets

95.

Inflorescence dense with crowded branchlets 96.

Twigs with: nearly black bark, nerves and reticula-

tions slightly raised on upper surface

(56) subhorizontalis.

Twigs with red or brown bark, secondary nerves

and reticulations obscure or invisible above,

primary nerves often sunk .. (53) Griffithi.

—

Inflorescence branches stout, fruit with apical calyx

tube c. 5-6 mm. long .. (62) Prainiana.

Inflorescence branches slender, apical calyx tube on

fruit none es .. (64) oblata.

Bracts and bracteoles persistent, about one-third

as long as calyx tube, fruit ellipsoid, drying pale

and rugulose .. .. (97) chloroleuca.

Bracts and bracteoles fugacious or minute, fruit

not ellipsoid, or drying pale and rugulose.. 98.

Vol. XII. (1949).

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

106.

107.

Leaves oblong lanceolate, inflorescence branches

and twigs minutely pustulate 99.

Leaves elliptic to oblong- or ovate-elliptic, inflores-

cence branches and twigs not pustulate 100.

Inflorescence a short panicle, calyx c. 4-5 mm. long,

sessile . (96) pustulata.

Inflorescence of short racemes, calyx c. 6-8 mm.

long, pedicelled .. .. (48) variolosa.

Calyx tube cylindric, ribbed, leaves drying greenish

or pale brown, not exceeding c. 15 cm. long >

(44) chlorantha.

Calyx tube not cylindric or ribbed, leaves drying

reddish or blackish brown, usually over 20 cm.

long .. (59) Hemsleyana.

Flowers on filiform pedicels 10 mm. or more long

(71) filtiformis.

Flowers sessile, or if pedicelled, pedicels not fili-

form and much shorter Pe pete

Leaves not exceeding 6-7 cm. long, caudate

acuminate «0 es

Leaves usually exceeding 10 cm. long, acuminate,

acute or blunt, rarely caudate acuminate, or if

less than 10 cm. long, not caudate acuminate

Tatirduaance branchiets with rough bark, scaling

in small flakes WF .. (46) Helferi.

Inflorescence branchlets with smooth, striate, or

scurfy but not flaky bark .. i! ROE

Inflorescence racemose, few flowered (3-6), very

much shorter than leaves 105. .

Inflorescences paniculate, many branched, or |

fascicled, many flowered, usually at least half

length of leaves .. ee

Calyx suddenly contracted at base into a short

slender pseudostalk .. (72) caudata.

Calyx gradually narrowed to base

(74) Benjamina.

Inflorescence branches and branchlets square,

strongly 4—angled or ‘almost winged .. 107.

Inflorescence branches and branchlets terete or

more or less compressed and striate, not

strongly angled or winged 109.

Calyx more or less campanulate, not “ribbed :

nervation usually invisible on upper surface of

leaf, not raised and often obscure below

(73) oleina.

Calyx broadly funnel i a baer ribbed or

ridged 108.

Gardens Bulletin, S..

108.

109.

110.

111.

112.

1138.

114.

115.

116.

117.

Petals with conspicuous glands, fruit smooth with-

out persistent calyx lobes; lowland tree

(81) linocieroidea.

Petals without glands, fruit ridged, with persistent

calyx lobes; mountain tree .. (82) goniocalyz.

‘Flower buds narrow, not exceeding c. 2 mm. diam.

at widest point .. 4 oe LEAs.

Flower buds wider, always 3 mm. or more diam.

at widest point .. iA ue 9) vests

Calyx suddenly contracted into a slender pseudos-

talk about half length of tube, inflorescence

branches smooth .. (75) syzygioides.

Calyx gradually narrowed into a_ pseudostalk,

*inflorescence branches scurfy or pustulate 111.

Inflorescence branches scurfy, calyx not pustulate

(76) castanea. —

Inflorescence branches pustulate, calyx tube more

or less pustulate .. (77) pseudosyzygioides.

Calyx more or less campanulate or obconic, not

angled or ribbed ox. eee i; ©

Calyx broadly funnel shaped, more or less angled

or ribbed ie a¥: ‘ef A 23

Inflorescence branches stout, twigs with pale

polished bark .. .. (65) laevicaulis.

Inflorescence branches’ slender, twigs with brown-

ish, not polished bark .. (78) praestigiosa.

Leaves rarely more than 2-25 em. broad, fruit

globose without persistent calyx lobes, dark

coloured in life, inner bark thick

(81) linocieroidea.

Leaves usually over 2:5 cm. broad, fruit more or

less oblong, with persistent calyx lobes, white in

life, inner bark thin .. (79) longiflora.

Bark of inflorescence branches rough, scaling in

small flakes 2 .. (46) Helferi.

Bark of inflorescence branches smooth or striate,

not flaky a8 7: 7 SG.

Calyx contracted or narrowed at base into a definite

rather slender pseudostalk about half length of

tube ne ay ees SS

Pseudostalk very short and stout or none... 126.

Inflorescences in axils of all leaves, very short with

few branches, not reaching one quarter length

of leaves, leaves narrow lanceolate, 5-6 times as

long as broad (47) Graeme-Andersoniae.

Inflorescences at least half as long as leaves, much

branched, terminal or from upper axils, leaves

broader in proportion to length os Ree

Vol. XII. (1949).

118.

149,

120.

BA Te

122.

128.

124,

125.

126.

Inflorescence peduncle very stout, almost or quite

as stout as twigs, secondary branchlets usually

also stout, not exceeding c. 1 cm. long, flowers

very densely crowded 119.

Inflorescence peduncle slender, thinner than twigs,

secondary branchlets also slender and often

exceeding 1 cm. long se _» hae

Leaves one orbicular with a very short blunt

point .. (50) Kiahi.

Leaves more or less elliptic, acuminate .. 120.

Calyx tube in mature bud over 5 mm. long, fruit

oblong with a long apical calyx tube

(62) Pigineee

Calyx tube less than 5 mm. long, fruit globose

without apical calyx tube .. (66) Haniffir.

Calyx suddenly contracted into a slender pseudos-

talk .. (75) syzygioides.

Calyx gradually narrowed to base : 122.

Calyx lobes dropping soon after petals fall, not

persisting in fruit 123.

Calyx lobes persistent, appearing on the apex of at

least the young fruit . Poke

Calyx tube slightly swollen near fa tae more

or less oblong elliptic or oblong lanceolate,

shortly narrowed to apex and base, length about

Calyx tube not swollen near base, leaves lanceolate

long narrowed to apex and base, length about

Fruit oblong, almost white when ripe, nerves and

reticulations hardly raised on upper surface of

leaf .. (79) longiflora.

Fruit more or less ‘globose, dark coloured, nerves

more or less raised above .. sve

Mature flower buds 7-9 mm. long, leaves usually

over 12 cm. long, drying reddish or blackish

brown above, gently acuminate (64) oblata.

Mature flower buds 5-6 mm. long, leaves not

usually exceeding 10-11 cm. long, drying

greenish or pale brown above, rather abruptly

acuminate p .. (66) Haniffii.

Bracts and brattankes persistent, more or less

conspicuous, often persisting to fruiting stage,

one quarter to one third length of calyx

tube 127.

Bracts and bracteoles very small and not conspicu-

ous, or dropping early and not persistent 129.

Gardens Bulletin, 8.

127.

128.

129.

130.

131.

132.

133.

134.

135.

Inflorescence branchlets very stout, as stout as.

twigs, flowers in heads at their apices

(83) quadribracteata.

Inflorescence branches slender, flowers not in aoe

Inflorescence half as long or as long as leaves,

spreading, fruit glandular, leaves drying

reddish or brownish . (98) fastigiata.

Inflorescences not reaching half length of leaves,

fruit eglandular, leaves drying greenish or pale

brown Pe .. (97) chloroleuca-

Flowers very small, calyx not exceeding c. 4:5 mm.

long and 3-3-5 mm. across mouth ott:

Flowers larger, calyx at least 5 mm. long, usually

more, and c. 5 mm. across mouth or more 139.

Inflorescence with few branchlets almost or quite

as stout as twigs, flowers in dense heads at their

apices .. -. (83) quadribracteata.

Inflorescence many branched, branchlets thinner

than twigs, flowers not in ‘dense heads 131.

Leaves long acuminate, lanceolate RAPER 6 re

Leaves not long acuminate, or if so, not aurneres

Boe

Twigs with pale bark, leaves drying pale brown

with strongly revolute edges, inflorescence

branchlets striate or more or less compressed,

not sharply 4-angled; tree of mountain forest

(84) cyrtophylloides.

Twigs with red brown or blackish bark, leaves

drying reddish or dark brown, edges not

revolute, inflorescence branchlets usually

smooth, strongly and sharply 4-angled; tree of

lowland forest, usually near mangrove

(73) oleina.

Bark of twigs pale, almost white hie Ras

Bark of twigs reddish, brownish or black . 135.

Petioles usually over 5 mm. long, leaves hag:

brown to black .. (106) pseudosubtilis.

Petioles under 5 mm. long, usually c. 2 mm. long

or none, leaves drying greenish

(37) viridescens.

Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, not obovate or

oblanceolate ’

Leaves more or less obovate or oblanceolate, apex

rounded or with short abrupt point 137

Vol. XIT. (1949).

136.

137.

138.

139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

144,

Leaves elliptic, acutely acuminate, usually over 3

cm. wide, inflorescence branches not strongly

angled .. (70) Brantiana.

Leaves more or less lanceolate, acute or bluntly

acuminate, rarely more than c. 2:5 cm. wide,

inflorescence branches strongly angled

(73) oleina.

Leaves almost sessile, or petioles not more than 2-3

mm. long . (87) viridescens.

Leaves daseineelo petioled, petioles usually exceed-

ing c. 5 mm: long + so: eee

Twigs with black bark, ae 5-6 cm. broad;

shrub {Ae tahanensis.

Twigs with greyish or brownish bark, leaves rarely

more than 3-5-4 cm. broad; tree (85) cerina.

Leaves narrow oblong lanceolate, inflorescences

short, c. 2-25 em. long in axils of all leaves;

river bank tree ... (47) Graeme-Andersoniae.

Leaves not as above, inflorescences terminal or

from upper axils; not river bank trees 140.

Leaves very long narrowed to base, petiole c. 2 cm.

long; cultivated .. aromatica.

Leaves not very long narrowed to base, petiole not

exceeding c. 1:5 cm., usually 1 cm. or less; wild

144,

Twigs very stout, c. 5 mm. diam. near uppermost

pair of leaves, inflorescence peduncle and

branchlets almost as stout .. 142.

Twigs and inflorescence branchlets slender, twigs

c. 2-3 mm. diam. near uppermost pair of leaves

143.

Reticulations more or less raised and easily visible

on upper surface of leaves, bark of twigs dark,

leaves 5-6 cm. broad, apex deflexed

(28) selangorensis.

Reticulations invisible above, bark of twigs pale, °

leaves 3-4 cm. broad, apex not deflexed

(65) laevicaulis.

Leaves small, sok exceeding c. 5 cm. long, rhomboid,

oblanceolate or obovate .. (25) rhomboidea.

Leaves longer, usually over 6 cm. long, not

rhomboid, oblanceolate or obovate oe A

Calyx more or less cylindric below, usually strongly |

ribbed, inflorescence rather lax, the branches

strongly angled, almost winged, leaves up to ec.

15 X 8 cm. es .. (44) chlorantha.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

155.

oO”

Calyx not cylindric below, gradually narrowed to

base, not ribbed, at most more or less striate,

inflorescence dense, branchlets ‘striate or

compressed, leaves not exceeding c. 12 X 5 ¥i4

145.

Twigs with pale yellow or greyish white bark |

146.

Twigs with reddish or brownish bark .. 147.

Calyx lobes overlapping in bud,’ more or less

orbicular, c.3 mm. tall .. (87) Goodenovit.

Calyx lobes not SRer septa in bud, triangular, c.

1 mm. tall ; (65) laevicaulis.

Inflorescence narrow, ecniasl inflorescences

with few branches, leaves coriaceous, edge

strongly revolute .. (78) praestigiosa.

Inflorescence wide, individual inflorescences much

branched, leaves thin, edge slightly revolute

148.

Leaves drying greenish or pale brown, usually c.

10 cm. long, fruit globose, c. 15 cm. diam.

(66) Haniffii.

Leaves drying reddish or blackish brown, less than

10 cm. long, fruit oblong, c. 1 em. long

(79) longiflora.

Leaves rounded or subcordate at base, not narrow-

ed on to petiole .. ou RO.

Leaf bases narrowed on to petiole prs 2 PeeL 21

Stems and inflorescence branches covered with

reddish bristles, leaves oblong lanceolate cuspi-

date, up to c- 3 em. wide .. (89) setosa.

Stems and inflorescence branches glabrous, leaves

elliptic blunt, usually more than 4—5 cm. wide

(36) subdecussata.

Base of calyx suddenly contracted or narrowed into

a distinct more or less slender pseudostalk one

third or more the length of the calyx .. 152.

Calyx without pseudostalk, or pseudostalk very

short and stout and not distinct ak eo

Inflorescence branches with rough scaly or flaky

bark . (88) Curtisii.

Inflorescence branches with smooth or striate bark

153.

Primary nerves bold and raised below, much more

prominent than secondaries or reticulations

154.

Primary nerves faint or invisible below, or if

raised, not much more prominent than seconda-

ries and reticulations es Ferme 3° +S

Vol. XIT. (1949).

154.

155.

156.

LT.

158.

159.

160.

161.

162.

Inflorescences not exceeding 2-5 cm. long, bark of

young twigs flaky .. (€90) pamper;

Inflorescences 5 cm. or more long, bark of young

twigs not flaky i oo ee

Inflorescence lax, twigs terete, leaves 12-15 cm.

long s AS .. (91) Klossu.

Inflorescence dense, twigs with raised lines, or more

or less angled and winged, leaves usually 20 cm.

or more long .. .. (92) valdevenosa.

Apex of leaf rounded, blunt, or with short blunt

abrupt point Ae: ae 2: eee

Apex of leaf acute, acuminate, or caudate ac

Inflorescence peduncle and branchlets very stout,

as thick or almost as thick as twigs, leaves

oblong orbicular .. .. (60) vahes

Inflorescence peduncle and branchlets slender,

thinner than twigs, leaves not oblong er

Leaves elliptic to ovate, inflorescence usually below

leaves; cultivated .. (938) ‘Cumin

Leaves more or less obovate, inflorescences terminal

or from upper axils; wild .. > ih BS

Nerves and reticulations raised on upper surface of.

leaf, lower surface drying reddish brown,

inflorescence dense .. (95) Mueller.

Nerves and reticulations almost invisible above, not

raised, lower surface drying pallid brown,

inflorescence lax .. .. - (99) palidaiae>

' Flowers very small, mature bud c. 2-3 mm. long,

calyx rather abruptly contracted just below

mouth * .. (125) leucoxylon.

Flowers larger, mature buds at least 4 mm. long

and usually longer, calyx not so contracted

161.

Primary and secondary nerves and often reticula-

tions raised and easily visible on upper surface

of leaf i. . ee ve Tie,

Nerves, at least secondaries and _ reticulations,

obscure or invisible on upper surface of leaf

170.

Mature flower buds 9-10 mm. long, bark of older

twigs scaly flaky .. (100) nemestrina.

Mature buds not exceeding c. 7 mm. long, bark of

twigs not scaly or flaky .. 2 ae

Gardens Bulletin, S.

163.

164.

165.

166.

167.

168.

169.

170.

ik.

Leaves caudate acuminate, the cusp 1-5-2 cm. long,

calyx and inflorescence branches minutely

pustulate .. (77) pseudosyzygioides.

Leaves not caudate acuminate, or if so, cusp 1 cm.

or less long, calyx and _ inflorescence not

pustulate ne io Agee: iS

Leaves small, up to c. 6 X 3 cm., abruptly

acuminate, petiole c. 5 mm. long

(101) taipingensis.

Leaves larger, usually 8 cm. or more long and

longer in proportion to width, or if smaller, not

abruptly acuminate, petiole usually over 5 mm.

‘long ; ae eiGS.

Reticulation close or raised on upper surface of

leaf, as prominent as primary and secondary

nerves .. (102) nigricans.

Reticulation not raised on upper surface, or if so

much less prominent than primaries and

_ secondaries A ef Sai 166.

Inflorescences usually below leaves, fruit ovcid,

oblong; cultivated .. (938) Cumini.

Inflorescences terminal or from upper axils, fruit

more or less globose; wild 7. WED ts

Upper surface of leaf drying paler than lower, pale

brown or greenish brown .. (94) oblongifolia.

Upper surface drying darker than lower, reddish

brown or blackish brown .. ef aes

Calyx 3-5-4 mm. across mouth, pseudostalk distinct,

rarely more than 2 mm. long (68) inophylla.

Calyx narrower, ¢. 2-25 mm. across mouth,

pseudostalk longer than 2 mm. and well defined,

or the calyx gradually narrowed into pseudostalk

169.

Calyx rather abruptly contracted into a pseudostalk

5-4 mm. long, tube not swollen near base, leaves

usually over 10 cm. long (103) cerasiformis.

Calyx gradually narrowed into pseudostalk, and

usually slightly swollen near base, leaves rarely

more than 10 cm. long .. (80) tumida.

Mature flower buds 9-10 mm. long, bark of older

twigs scaly flaky .. (100) nemestrina.

_ Mature buds not exceeding c. 8 mm. long, usually

less, bark of twigs not scaly or flaky .. 171.

Leaves abruptly caudate acuminate Pee hyo

Leaves not abruptly caudate acuminate .. 174.

Vol. XII. (1949).

172.

173.

174.

175.

176.

17%,

178.

179.

40)

Inflorescence branches filiform, inflorescence lax,

flowers distant, calyx ec. 4 mm. across mouth

(72) caudata.

Inflorescence branches not filiform, inflorescence

many branched, more or less densely flowered,

calyx c. 2 mm. across mouth i) ele

Calyx long narrowed into pseudostalk, often slightly

swollen near base, not pustulate, cusp of leaf

usually c. 1 cm. long .. (80) tumida.

Calyx more or less abruptly contracted into pseu-

dostalk, minutely pustulate, cusp of leaf usually

1-5-2 cm. long .. (77) pseudosyzygioides.

Leaves small, usually less than 8 X 3:5 cm., bluntly

acute or acuminate, branches of inflorescence

paler than twigs, with almost smooth bark and

strongly 4-angled, almost winged (73) oleina.

Leaves usually longer and broader, apex acute,

branches of inflorescence not paler than twigs,

more or less striate, usually compressed, not

strongly 4-angled or winged .. athe age

Calyx 3-5-4 mm. across mouth, pseudostalk distinct,

rarely more than c. 2 mm. long 2 Eres

Calyx narrower, c. 2-2:'75 mm. across mouth, »

pseudostalk longer and well defined, or calyx

gradually narrowing to pseudostalk misciaak ois

Bark of twigs drying pale brown to reddish brown,

stamens 15-16 mm. long .. (70) Brantiana.

Bark of twigs drying dark, almost black, stamens |

not more than c. 10 mm. long (68) inophylla.

Calyx rather abruptly contracted into a pseudostalk

3-4 mm. long, leaves usually over 10 X 5

cm. .. (108) cerasiformis.

Calyx anda narrowed into pseudostalk, leaves

usually shorter or narrower: if longer than 10

cm. then not exceeding 4 cm. wide, if wider than

)’ cm., not reaching 10 cm. long «SO

Leaves lanceolate, long acuminate, calyx not

swollen near base .. (67) camptophylla.

Leaves elliptic or oblong elliptic, shortly acuminate,

calyx tube often swollen near base

(80) tumida.

Flowers very small, mature buds not exceeding c.

4 mm. long, usually 2-5-3 mm. long 180.

Flowers larger, mature buds 5 mm. or more long

190.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

180.

181.

- 182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

187.

188.

Inflorescence branches covered with red scurf,

flower buds more or less globular

(88) Curtis var. minor.

Inflorescence branches glabrous, buds not globular

181.

Leaves more or less oblanceolate or obovate, apex

rounded or with a short blunt point... 182.

Leaves not oblanceolate or obovate, apex acute or

acuminate, sometimes very shortly or bluntly so

185.

Primary nerves numerous, faint on lower surface

and hardly more prominent than secondaries

and reticulations, bark of twigs flaky

(85) cerina.

Primary nerves few, spaced, distinct from

secondaries and reticulations even if faint, bark

of twigs not flaky ah poe tar

Leaves small, not more than ec. 4 cm. long, primary

nerves 3-4 pairs .. (108) myriantha.

Leaves larger, usually over 5 cm. long, primary

nerves more than 4 pairs .. Piel TBA.

Bark of twigs dark, red or brown, bracteoles

_ persistent tS .. (107) microcalyz.

Bark of twigs almost white, bracteoles not

persistent .. (106) pseudosubtilis.

Primary nerves close and. numerous, not more

prominent than secondaries, or very obscure or

invisible te a va Pee:

Primary nerves not more than about 15 pairs,

usually less, spaced, and more prominent than

secondaries below, even if faint ies, SERS

Leaves small, up to 6 X 2:5 cm., nerves almost

invisible .. (86) avenis.

Leaves large, usually 10 x 4 cm. or more, nervation

raised and easily visible on both sides

(69) Bernardi.

Primary nerves and reticulations strongly raised

on lower surface of leaf, intramarginal nerve

2-5 mm. from margin .. (109) Kunstleri.

Primary nerves not or only slightly raised below,

intramarginal nerve faint or none f. 2EQS.

Inflorescence very short and compact, not reaching

half length of leaves, with very short branchlets,

leaves with strongly recurved margins, youngest

twigs 4-angled; mountain shrub

(113) alyxifolia.

Vol. XII. (1949).

189.

190.

23T:

192.

193.

194,

195.

196.

Inflorescence spreading, half as long as leaves or

longer, branchlets slender, long, margins of

leaves not strongly recurved, youngest twigs

terete or compressed; trees, usually lowland

Bracteoles persistent, although minute, bark of

twigs dark .. .. (107) microcalyx.

Bracteoles not persistent, bark of twigs pale

(106) pseudosubtilis.

Inflorescence branches stout, almost as thick as

twigs, ultimate branchlets not exceeding c. 1 cm.

long, inflorescence compact, not spreading 191.

Inflorescence branches slender, thinner than twigs,

ultimate branchlets usually over 1 cm. long,

inflorescence spreading = ee

Leaves almost sessile, drying greenish or pale

brown .. | (87) varidescens:

Leaves distinctly petioled, drying brown or red

192.

Primary nerves very fine on under surface of leaf,

or invisible, intramarginal obscure or not more

than 1mm. from margin . iat Le

Primary nerves. distinct below, intramarginal

distinct and 2-5 mm. from margin... 194.

Leaves rather thick, more or less caudate

acuminate, inflorescences almost sessile

(63) Pearsoniana.

Leaves thick, not caudate acuminate, inflorescences

peduncled * .. (39) tnasensis.

Leaves nearly as broad as long, very shortly

narrowed to base, apex with very short broad

Homt > s2. .. (50) Kiahi.

Leaves narrowly elliptic or oblong, more than twice

as long as broad, base cuneate, apex more or

less acute .. (50) Kiahw var. angustifolia

Leaves almost or quite sessile, or petioles less than

5 mm. long » L386,

Leaves distinctly petioled, petioles usually ce. LT

cm. long or more IV:

Inflorescence branches with a bark, sical

4-angled, almost winged, leaves drying reddish

or brownish; lowland plant .. (738) oleina.

Inflorescence branches terete or slightly compress-

ed, bark striate, leaves drying greenish or pale

brown: mountain plant .. (87) viridescens.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

198.

1.32:

200.

201.

202.

203.

204.

205.

Inflorescences usually below leaves, fruit ovoid

oblong, petioles often 2 cm. long; cultivated

(93) Cumini.

Inflorescences terminal or from upper axils, fruit

more or less globose, petioles rarely reaching 2

em.; wild Ae 198.

Apex of leaf with very short abrupt point, margin

crenulate So ace) pseudocrenulata.

Apex of leaf acute or acuminate, margin eee

Nervation invisible or very obscure on lower

surface of leaf .. 52h; BOO.

Nervation, at least primary nerves, easily visible

below 201.

Inflorescence branches with smooth bark, strongly

- 4-angled; lowland tree si (73) oleina.

A Saeeee es branches with striate bark, terete or

slightly compressed; mountain tree

(39) inasensis.

Inflorescence branches with smooth bark, sharply

4-angled 202.

Inflorescence branches with striate bark, terete or

more or less compressed, not sharply 4-angled,

or if angled, bark not smooth ey NS

Calyx tube often slightly swollen near base, eo

mm. long, inflorescence branches usually ascend-

ing, leaves usually c. 4 em. broad, elliptic oblong,

oblong lanceolate, or sometimes obovate

(80) tumida.

Calyx tube not swollen at base, c. 3-3-5 mm. long,

inflorescence branches cften horizontal, leaves

usually narrow lanceolate, rarely more than c. 3

cm. wide .. (73) olewma.

Primary nerves spaced and sufficiently distinct

from secondaries on under surface of leaf 204.

Primary nerves close together, numerous and

hardly or not distinguishable from secondaries

206.

Inflorescences dense, many branched, terminal,

rarely axillary, branches ascending Ba nO.

Inflorescences lax, few branched, terminal and

axillary, branches often horizontal

(103) cerasiformis.

Leaves drying dark, usually blackish brown, more

or less acuminate, calyx usually c. 6 mm. long

(68) inophylla.

Leaves drying pale brown, bluntly acute, calyx not

more than 5 mm. long

(50) Kiahii var. angustifolia.

Vol. XII. (1949).

206.

207.

Mature flower buds less than 5 mm. long, rather

abruptly narrowed at base, the fine nerves and

reticulations raised on both surfaces of leaf

(69) Bernardi.

Mature buds more than 5 mm. long, gradually

narrowed to base, nerves and reticulations

hardly raised above : oath aie

Calyx tube usually slightly Be near base,

leaves elliptic oblong tc obovate, rarely more

than 10 cm. long .. .. (80) tumida.

Calyx tube not swollen near base, leaves narrowly

ovate or elliptic, usually over 10cm. long

(68) inophylla.

GROUP 4

Calyx tube narrowly funnel shaped, tapering evenly

from apex to base, but often contracted at base into a

pseudostalk, glandular, pustulate, or deeply wrinkled, often

pruinose or glaucous, calyx lobes rather conspicuous, broad,

not spreading but more or less incurved or continuing the

line of the calyx tube.

Flowers in rather dense heads or condensed

panicles, conspicuously bracteate, the bracts

often papery, and as long as or longer than

flowers :

Bracts small and inconspicuous or none inne

Leaf bases broad and more or less cordate, primary

nerves strongly raised below, intramarginal

nerve conspicuous, petiole strongly transversely

wrinkled

(115) tetraptera var. pseudotetraptera.

Leaf bases narrowed on to petiole, or more or less

rounded, never cordate, primary nerves usually

faint or invisible below, intramarginal nerve

obscure, petiole not or only sie. ianevene

wr inkled

Flowers in Pays bee oaisticiee ee 116) nolo

Flowers in sessile heads he 4.

Leaves thin, up to c. 6 * 2:5 cm., often si eaie

black dotted below, calyx not pustulate

(118) jasminifolia.

Leaves thick, up toc. 3 & 1:75 em., not black dotted

. below, calyx minutely pustulate

) (119) nitidula.

Costdcate Bulletin, S.

5. Leaves with primary nerves and intramarginal

nerves strongly raised below, twigs with

conspicuous wavy wings .. (115) tetraptera.

Primary and intramarginal nerves obscure and

faint below, twigs angled or not, but without

wavy wings

6. Leaves small, very thick, not exceeding c. 25 em.

long

ees larger, not very thick, usually at ee 4 cm.

long and often longer 8..

7. Leaves broadly ovate, usually c. 25 em. broad,.

almost sessile, base cordate, calyx not or only

slightly pustulate .. (120) clypeolata.

Leaves narrower, not more than c. 1:5 cm. broad,

usually less, usually distinctly petioled, not

cordate, calyx conspicuously pustulate

(121) Stapfana.

8. Calyx conspicuously pustulate .. (122) ae

Calyx wrinkled, not pustulate it ks

9. Inflorescence panicled, calyx c. 5-6 mm. Jong,

glaucous Saha 2a) orate.

Flowers in fascicles, "calyx ec. 1 cm. long, not

glaucous F svi ktaa) técta.

GROUP 5

Calyx tube elongate, usually 1 cm. or more long (except

leucoxylon and _ flosculifera), fusiform, or gradually

narrowed from apex to base, or clavate or pegshaped

(suddenly contracted into a long tapering pseudostalk).

1. Calyx small, c. 25 mm. long, fusiform, cotyledons.

fused tat .. -(126) flosculifera.

Calyx longer, cotyledons free Meg.

2. Calyx not exceeding 1 cm. long .. a aa

Calyx over 1 em. long 6.

do. Calyx clavate, gradually narrowed to base, leaves.

more or less orbicular, cordate, apex rounded or

retuse; shrub ot (124) spissifolia.

Calyx pegshaped, abruptly contracted into a long

pseudostalk, leaves not orbicular, narrowed at.

base, apex acute or acuminate; trees A,

4- Calyx c. 3-4 mm. long, inflorescence spreading, fruit

globular, bark of twigs pale (125) leucoxylon.

Calyx c. 6-10 mm. long, inflorescences not spread-

ing, fruit elongate, bark of twigs dark .. 5.

5. Leaves rarely exceeding c. 6 cm. X 2.5 cm.,

nervation almost invisible, calyx more or less

pustulate, bark of trunk papery flaky

(127) attenuata.

Vol. XII. (1949).

Leaves larger, up to c. 14 cm. X 6 cm., primary

nerves below usually easily visible, calyx smooth,

bark of trunk not or only slightly papery flaky

(129) rugosa.

6. Calyx tube fusiform—contracted below lobes and

swollen about ovary ... (382). virens:

Calyx tube pegshaped or clavate ‘Le

7. Apex of calyx tube much inflated and more or less

globular . (1380) fusticulifera.

Apex of calyx tube not inflated or globular .. 8.

8. Inflorescences very short, fascicled, almost or quite

sessile be 3

Inflorescences peduncled, not fascicled i ee

9. Leaves usually less than 7 cm. X 2:5 cm., primary

nerves below indistinct or invisible

(133) pseudoclaviflora.

Leaves usually over 9 cm. X 3:5 cm., primary

nerves below spaced and distinct from seconda-

ries even if slender a

10. Stamens 5-10 mm. long, calyx tube c. 1:5 em. long,

bark of trunk greyish, not fissured

(184) claviflora.

Stamens not reaching 4 mm. eee calyx tube less

than 1:5 cm. long, bark of trunk reddish and

fissured ..~ (129) rugosa:

1i. Leaves with very fine close nervation raised on both

surfaces, primary nerves close together, not

distinguishable from secondaries

(128) rhamphiphylla.

Primary nerves distant and distinct from seconda-

ries, nerves not or only slightly raised hie ;

12. Calyx tube strongly wrinkled, mouth of calyx

opening widely after anthesis

(131) napiformis.

Calyx tube nearly smooth, mouth contracted below

lobes, not opening widely .. .(129)° rugosa:

Eugenia malaccensis Linn., Sp. Pl., 470 (1753) ; Duthie

in Hook. fil., F.B.1., II, 471; King, "Mat. F.M.P., ‘No. 12,

82; Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo- Ch., Hy a0: Koord. &

Valet. in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 5b; Atlas

Baumart. Java,’ III, fig. 445: Ridl., FPL Pa yeas

Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 499. Syzygium

malaccense or Merr. & Perry in Journ. Arn. Arb.,

XIX, 215 (1938); Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci.,

XVIII, 8, 154. (Fig. 6a).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Widely cultivated in the Malay Peninsula. Malay

name, Jambu Bol.

A medium sized tree. Twigs stout, compressed or

angled or nearly terete, the youngest with brown bark, the

older with pale smooth bark. Leaves usually large, but

variable in shape and size, from oblong oblanceolate to.

oblong elliptic or somewhat obovate, coriaceous, drooping,

reaching c. 35-36 cm. long and 18 cm. broad, apex obtuse or

shortly and abruptly acute, base cuneate or long narrowed;

Fig. 6. a, E. malaccensis; b, E. auriculata.

Vol. XII. (1949). -

upper surface drying pale brown or olivaceous brown to

dark reddish brown, lower surface pale brown to pale

reddish brown, with scattered black dots; midrib rather

shallowly impressed above, prominent below; primary

nerves ¢c. 10-14 pairs, 1-2.5 em. apart, usually more or less

impressed and inconspicuous above, prominent below,

obliquely ascending, nearly straight or curving up to a

conspicuous looped intramarginal nerve 0:5-1:5 cm. from the

leaf margin, with one or two fainter series of loops closer

to the margin; secondaries much less prominent than

primaries below, reticulations lax and usually faint; petiole

stout, 1 cm. or less long.

Flowers crimson pink, in short few flowered fascicles

from twigs below the leaves, sessile; calyx green, c. 3 cm.

long and 1:5 cm. across mouth, excluding lobes, obconic, the

upper part more or less cupular, narrowed into a very stout

pseudostalk c. 1 cm. long which is often obscurely ribbed ;

lobes 4, unequal, suberect, persistent, broad and rounded,

1-2-1‘5 cm. across, the smaller c. 5-6 mm. tall, the larger

9-10 mm. tall; petals 4, free, orbicular-spathulate with a

broad short claw, thick textured, gland dotted, ¢c. 1:7 cm.

tall; stamens numerous, filaments slender, flattened below,

terete above, reaching c. 3 cm. long, anthers oblong, a little

more than 1 mm. long, connective gland small and inconspi-

cuous; style stout, subulate, reaching c. 3:5 cm. long; ovary

2-celled, multiovulate.

Frut oblong or obovoid oblong, 4 em. long and 2:5 cm.

diam., but often larger, white or greenish white, wholly or

partially overlaid with pink, apex with the 4 enlarged

incurved green calyx lobes and long pinkish style; pericarp

thick, white, dryish, somewhat fibrous and pithy; seed

depressed globose, c. 1-5-2 em. diam. ; testa brownish, thick,

toughly fibrous, adhering closely to the white, glistening

very rugose surface of the cotyledons; cotyledons nearly

equal or very unequal, inner faces green tinged pink,

attached to the hypocotyle by broad stalks twisted through

90 degrees; hypocotyle stout, reaching periphery of the

seed. Germination hypogeal.

2. Eugenia tekuensis nom. nov.

E. trunciflora Ridl., F.M.P., I, 724 (1922), non G.

Don. (1832) nec Rich. ex Berg. (1859-60). EH. cauli-

flora Ridl. in Trans. Linn. Soc., III, 299 (1893), non

DC. (1828) nec Mig. (1849) nec Berg. (1855). (Fig.

7).

PAHANG: Tahan Woods, Ridley s.n.; Kuala Teku, Ridley

16266 (type); Sungai Teku, SF'N 31710 (Kiah).

Distrib: Endemic.

Gardens Bulletin, S. —

A small slender tree 8-13 metres tall, bark smooth,

dark brown. Youngest twigs slender, with smooth brown

bark. Leaves coriaceous, elongate, oblong lanceolate, up to

c. 44 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, gradually acuminate in the

upper 1/3 or 1/4, or sometimes from near the base, apex

Fig. 7. E. tekuensis, apex and base of leaf.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

acute or subacute, base broad, sometimes slightly narrowed,

rounded and cordate; petiole very short, swollen and

wrinkled; midrib impressed above, prominent below,

rounded and more or less longitudinally striate; primary

nerves 25-40 or more pairs, slightly raised and indistinct

above, raised and slender below but distinct, about 1 cm.

apart, nearly horizontal or at various angles to the midrib,

curving up slightly to a somewhat faint intramarginal nerve

c. 2-4 mm. from leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations

faint above, secondaries below almost as conspicuous as

primaries and sometimes not easy to distinguish from them,

reticulations lax and faint; upper surface drying reddish ~

_or blackish brown, lower surface glaucous (fide Ridley),

reddish brown in SFN 31710.

Inflorescences from tubercles on the trunk, short, few

- flowered, sessile or on a peduncle c. 2 cm. long, the peduncle

and branchlets slender, 4-angled with brown striate bark.

Calyx c. 1:2 em. long, c. 8 mm. across mouth in full grown

bud, obconic, narrowed rather abruptly into a slender

pseudostalk 2-5 mm. long, pedicel varying between the same

limits; sepals 4, persistent, broadly ovate, rounded, the two

inner ones c. 6 mm. across at base and 3 mm. tall, the outer

ones smaller; petals 4, ovate rotund, unequal, thin textured,

the larger nearly 1 cm. across; stamens numerous, slender,

up to c. 2-5 cm. long, anthers small, oblong, with a rather

conspicuous dark coloured connective gland; style slender,

about the same length as the stamens; ripe fruit unknown.

Ridley describes (in F.M.P.) the flowers as entirely

crimson. His field note on the type says they are scarlet.

Very young fruits on SFN 31710 are described as pink.

3. Eugenia malayana Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine, II,

838 (1920). Jambosa confusa Bl., Mus. Bot., I, 101

(1849-51). Hugenia “doligophylla” Koord. & Valet.

in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 78 (1900); ?H. doli-

chophylla Koord. & Valet., Atlas Baumart. Java, III,

fig. 462; non E. dolichophylla Kiaersk. (1893).

KELANTAN: Bukit Bunga Raya, Forest Dept. FMS 33413.

Hi. “doligophylla” Koord. & Valet. is a misprint or

mistake for “dolichophylla”. The name is a later homonym,

having been used by Kiaerskou in 18938 for a Brazilian

species. Koorders & Valeton’s name was a new name for

Jambosa confusa Bl., which in its turn was-part of Jambosa

lanceolata Korth., regarded by Blume as a mixture and split

by him into three parts—J. insignis, J. Korthalsii and J.

confusa. In 1920 Gagnepain gave the name EF. malayana

to Jambosa confusa Bl., but did not cite H. dolichophylla

Koord. & Valet.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Koorders and Valeton do not give a fresh description of

the species, but merely repeat Blume’s description. In their

figure in Atlas Baumarten v. Java, where the spelling of the

specific name is corrected, the inflorescence appears not to

be terminal, as all descriptions give it, but caulifiorous or

ramiflorous, and the figure, therefore, is miore like E.

tekuensis. _

As no material of HE. malayana has been available for

comparison, the specimen cited is placed here with some

doubt. A short description of it is given below. —

A tree c. 7-8 metres tall. Twigs terete, drying reddish.

Leaves narrowly oblong, c. 44 cm. long and 7 cm. broad,

tapered gradually from about middie to apex, base cordate,

upper surface drying blackish brown, lower surface red

‘brown; midrib impressed above, prominent and rounded

below; primary nerves.c. 30 pairs, 1-2 cm. apart, slightly

raised and rather faint above, prominent below, the basal

ones nearly horizontal, the upper cnes curving up, joining

-a nearly straight, prominent intramarginal nerve 3-5 mm.

from leaf margin, with a much fainter loop close to the

‘margin; secondaries and lax reticulations distinct below,

‘much less prominent than primaries; petiole short and stout,

longitudinally grooved, less than 5 mm. long.

Inflorescences terminal, clustered, up to c. 2 cm. long,

3-5-flowered, rachis rather stout, 4-angled and grooved,

-drying dark; flowers sessile or on short stout pedicels, buds

1-7-1-8 cm. long, obovoid, calyx c. 1-5 em. long, campanulate,

‘narrowed rather gradually to a rather short stout pseudo-

stalk; lobes 4, broad, ovate, rounded, 4-5 mm. tall; petals

‘pellucidly gland dotted.

-4, Eugenia perakensis King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 8l

| (1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 726, excl. syn. (Fig. 8).

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini 185; Larut, Kunstler 5595, type

collection; Sungai Krian Estate, Bagan Serai, at sea level,

SFN 34481 (Spare).

SELANGOR: Circular road Reserve, Kuala Lumpur, Forest

Dept. FMS 1576, 5750; Klang river, Forest Dept. FMS

43732; Sungai Pelek, Sepang, Denny s.n.

Distrib: Endemic.

A straggling tree, sometimes in secondary growth on

‘river banks where at high tide the water reaches the base

of the trunk; bark silvery or very pale brown, flaky, inner

‘bark pallid buff. Youngest twigs with smooth brown bark,

conspicuously ridged, stout, older twigs stout, terete, bark

‘whitey-brown or pale brown, flaky or not.-- Leaves in pairs

or threes, thickly coriaceous, oblong elliptic or oblong

obovate, apex blunt or subacute, narrowed gradually to the

‘more or less oblique, cordate, sometimes amplexicaul base,

‘Vol. XII. (1949).

very variable in size, reaching c. 33 cm. long and 12 cm.

broad, upper surface drying dull brown, smooth, punctate,

lower pale brown to reddish brown; midrib slightly impress-

ed above, very prominent and rounded below; primary

nerves c. 12-14 pairs, 2-5 cm. apart, ascending and curving

up to interarch 5-10 mm. from leaf margin, with a very

much fainter series of arches much closer to margin,

impressed or channelled and faint above, very prominent

below, secondaries and reticulations much less prominent

but quite distinct, the reticulations lax; petiole very short

and stout.

Inflorescences usually from branches, always below

leaves but sometimes from axils of fallen leaves; flowers

4-8 in very short racemes, peduncle usually less than 1 cm.

long, or fascicled, pedicels very variable, up to c. 2 cm. long,

subtended by a pair of triangular acute bracts c. 15 mm.

long, and with a pair of similar but slightly broader and

blunter bracteoles at apex; calyx campanulate, narrowed

to a short pseudostalk, tube deep pink, c. 1:5 cm. long and

1-2-1:3 cm. wide at mouth; lobes 4, semiorbicular, persistent,

the two inner larger than outers, c. 5 mm. high and 7 mm.

wide; petals 4, free, subpersistent, pink, broadly ovate with

truncate base, c. 1 cm. high and 8 mm. wide; stamens very

numerous, filaments white, c. 2 em. long, anthers narrowly

oblong, 1-1‘5 mm. long, connective gland very inconspicu-

ous; style c. 3-5 cm. long; ovary 2-celled with many ovules .

in each cell.

Fruit c. 2 cm. diam., globose with truncate apex,

smooth, deep purplish pink slightly tinged with green, apex

with enlarged ‘calyx rim and remains of calyx lobes and

style, c. 1:5 cm. diam., the excavation shallow, white tinged

pink; pericarp pithy leathery, thin; seeds 3, the testa often

peeling off with pericarp; cotyledons pale orange yellow,

superposed, stalked, the hypocotyle rather long, pink.

Malay name—Kayu Kati Lima.

Eugenia aquea Burm. f., Fl. Ind., 114 (1768); Duthie

in Hook. fil., F.B.1., II, 473; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 724; Koord.

& Valet. in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 82 (1901);

Atlas Baumart. Java, III, figs. 465, 466; Corner, Way-

side Trees of Malaya, p. 494. Syzygium aqucum

(Burm. f.) Alston in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya,

XI, 204 (1929); Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad.

Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 170. (Fig. 9a).

Cultivated in the Malay Peninsula under the Malay

names Jambu Ayer, Jambu Chili. Perhaps a native of

Southern India.

Vol. XII. (1949).

A bush or small tree up to c. 10 m. tall, usually much

branched, bark smooth, grey. Twigs terete with smooth

brown bark. Leaves decussate, usually ovate oblong or

elliptic oblong, up to c. 20 em. X 10 cm., apex shortly and

broadly acute, or blunt, base rounded and usually slightly

cordate, almost sessile, petiole less than 5 mm. long; upper

surface dull green in life, drying reddish to blackish, paler

below, black dotted, drying reddish brown; midrib channel-

led above, boldly raised below; primary nerves up to about

10 pairs, 1-2 cm. apart, ascending, somewhat impressed

above when fresh, more or less raised and slender when dry,

raised below, meeting in a looped intramarginal nerve c.

5-7 mm. from leaf margin, with a much finer and fainter —

loop nearer the margin; secondaries and reticulations faint.

Inflorescences axillary, terminal, or from immediately

below leaves, shorter than leaves, c. 5 em. long, peduncle

up to 2 cm. long or almost none, with or without a pair of

ascending branchlets near the base c. 2-2:5 em. long, each

with 1-8 flowers, the central rachis usually with 5 flowers;

rachis and branchlets green in life, and slightly angled, dark

brown and striate when dry; bracts and bracteoles small

and fugacious. Flowers white, greenish or pinkish, calyx

including pseudostalk c. 1:4 em. long, hemispherical or

oblong above, abruptly contracted into a pseudostalk c. 5

mm. long, lobes 4, erect, not reflexed after anthesis, broadly

ovate rounded, c. 4 mm. across at base and 3 mm. high, the

calyx tube slightly contracted below lobes; petals 4, sub-

persistent, free, reflexed after anthesis, subrotund, unguicu-

late at base, c. 5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, up to c. 1:5

cm. long, filaments slender, subulate, anthers small, elliptic,

the connective gland very small and inconspicuous; style

yellowish, c..1 cm. long, stouter than filaments; ovary

2-celled, many ovuled.

Fruit shining white or pink, up to c. 4 em. across,

turbinate with flattened top, the 4 much enlarged and fleshy

calyx lobes incurved over and almost hiding the apical

excavation, flesh crisp and juicy, often seedless or with

several seeds. Seed very like that of E. javanica; with

thick closely adhering pithy testa, surface of cotyledons

green, rugose, the internal structure the same as in BF.

javanica, EL. malaccensis etc., the cotyledons attached to the

hypocotyle by broad stalks. |

6. Eugenia auriculata Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str.

Dr: iam ee (1912) 5 1 M.P., 1, 726. (Fig. Gay,

DINDINGS: near Lumut, Ridley 8376 (type collection).

Distrib: Endemic.

? A tree. Branchlets very stout, terete, with smooth

or slightly cracked greyish or brownish bark. Leaves very.

Gardens Bulletin, s.

coriaceous, narrowly elliptic, up to c. 23 cm. long and 8 cm.

broad, apex apparently shortly acute, lower half of lamina

gradually narrowed to a cordate-auriculate base; upper

surface drying lead colour, lower surface brown to blackish

brown; petiole very stout, short, black, less than 5 mm. long;

midrib sunk in a narrow channel above, boldly raised below,

blackish and striate; primary nerves c. 13-14 pairs, some-

what raised and finely channelled above, rather conspicuous,

raised below and somewhat inconspicuous, running straight

from midrib and joining an inconspicuous intramarginal

nerve c. 3-4 mm. from leaf margin; secondaries almost as

conspicuous as primaries but distinguishable from them,

reticulations very faint; upper surface of leaf slightly

polished, punctate with scattered black dots, lower surface

dull, not punctate.

Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 2-3 cm. long, on

short, very stout peduncles c. 1 cm. long, or almost sessile,

branchlets very short, stout, with blackish or brownish

wrinkled bark; flowers in threes, white (fide Ridley),

sessile; calyx campanulate, c. 1-4 em. long and 1:2 cm. across

mouth, base narrowed, pseudostalk none, or very short and

stout, not exceeding 2 mm. long when present; calyx lobes

apparently soon deciduous, none seen attached to flowers,

semiorbicular, strongly gland dotted, 5-6 mm. diam; petals

free, semiorbicular, c. 5 mm. diam., finely gland dotted;

stamens numerous, c. 2-5 cm. long, slender, with small

anthers; style slender, ec. 3 cm. long. Fruit unknown.

Very little material is known of this species. It is

close to E. perakensis but appears sufficiently distinct in ~

the less prominently nerved leaves, terete, not angled twigs

and in the terminal or axillary inflorescences on short

peduncles.

7. Eugenia quadrata King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 86 (1901) ;

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 730. (Fig. 9b).

PERAK: Larut, Kunstler 5547 (type collection).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree up toc.10m. tall. Twigs stout, 4-5 mm. diam.,

4-angled and narrowly winged, bark smooth, brown;

Leaves coriaceous, oblong, much narrowed to the acuminate

apex, base slightly narrowed, rounded and cordate, up to ec.

25 cm. long and 7-5 cm. broad; upper surface drying brown

or olivaceous brown, smooth and punctate, lower surface

darker brown or reddish brown, not glandular; midrib

impressed above in a narrow channel, raised below; primary

nerves up to c. 25 pairs, 5-10 mm. apart, obscure above,

raised and slender below, almost horizontal and meeting in

a fine intramarginal nerve 2-4 mm. from leaf margin, with

Vol. XII. (1949).

a much finer loop closer to margin; secondaries and

reticulations fine, raised below and distinctly less conspicu-

ous than primaries; petiole 2-3 mm. long, swollen.

\ tA

‘:

Fig. 9. a, EB. aquea; b. EH. quadrata. .

Inflorescences terminal or axillary, much shorter than

leaves, solitary or fascicled in groups of 3 or 4, 3—flowered,

branchlets compressed and striate; flowers white, sessile,

calyx tube c. 12 cm. long and 5 mm. across mouth,

campanulate,. narrowed rather abruptly or gently into

Gardens Bulletin, S.

a rather slender pseudostalk c. 4 mm. long, lobes 4, broadly

ovate triangular, rounded, c. 3 mm. across at base and 2 mm.

tall, persistent and eventually refiexed; petals 4, free,

orbicular, c. 5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, c. 5 mm. long,

filaments very slender, subulate, anthers oblong with a dark

conspicuous connective gland; style much stouter than

filaments, c. 1 cm. long. Fruit unknown.

The only specimens of this species are very scanty and

poor, yet it seems distinct from all others, especially in the

oblong broad based leaves with a long tapering apex, the

stout angled and winged twigs and the short crowded

inflorescences.

8. Eugenia scalarinervis King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 87

(1908). -(i'ns. 10).

PERAK: Gopeng, 300-500 feet, Kunstler 8200 (syntype) ; Parit

Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 34227.

DINDINGS: Lumut, Ridley 3095 (syntype).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree c. 10 m. tall. Branchlets stout, 8 mm. or more

in diam. with dull red brown smooth or finely striate and

lenticellate bark. Leaves very coriaceous, large, elliptic

ovate, subacute, base cordate, rounded, ec. 35 em. X 20 cm.,

upper surface drying dull brown or blackish brown,

minutely and closely punctate, lower surface paler, not, or

very sparsely glandular; midrib impressed above, bold and

rounded below; primary nerves up to c. 30 pairs, impressed

above, very prominent below, 1-2 cm. apart, ascending

slightly and running nearly straight to a well marked looped

intramarginal nerve 5-10 mm. from leaf margin, with a

much fainter loop nearer the margin; reticulations wide

and few, impressed above, raised below but much less

eat than primaries; petiole up to c. 1 cm. long, very

stout.

Inflorescences terminal, few flowered, short and

contracted ; calyx tube magenta coloured (fide Kunstler), c.

2 cm. long, contracted at base into a pseudostalk 3-4 mm.

long, pedicel about as long, lobes 4, broadly triangular, c. 4

mm. tall; petals not seen; stamens 5-7 mm. long. Style c.

3 cm. long. Fruit (apparently unripe) globular ovoid,

smooth, crowned by the wide calyx tube ce. 5 mm. tall,

poeern by the persistent and more or less enlarged calyx

obes.

Ridley reduces this striking species to E. perakensis,

but although only rather poor material of it is known, it

is quite distinct in the larger broader leaves with a very

broad base, the nerves deeply impressed on the upper surface

and prominent below, the primary nerves 1-2 cm. apart, and

in the terminal inflorescence. In E. perakensis the nerves

Vol. XII. (1949).

are not deeply sunk above, the reticulations are only slightly

raised below, the primary nerves are 2—4 cm. apart and the

leaves are more or less narrowed to the base. The

inflorescence is below the leaves or on the trunk. 7

9. Eugenia porphyranthera Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc.

Suh eet el oe (POTe) ee Pel, 27. . (Fig. 120).

SELANGOR: Bukit Kutu, Ridley 7313 (type collection).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree (fide Ridley). Twigs very slender, terete with

faint raised’ lines between the nodes, the youngest parts.

4-angled, bark smooth, pale brown. Leaves broadly lanceo-

late or somewhat ovate lanceolate, up to 15 cm. X 5 cm.,

long tapered to an acuminate apex with rounded tip, base 3

rounded and slightly cordate; petiole c. 4 mm. long,

somewhat swollen, with black wrinkled bark; midrib

impressed above, bold below; primary nerves 12-16 pairs,

fine above and raised above the leaf surface in channels,

giving the effect of being impressed, slender below but

raised and conspicuous, running straight to a conspicuous

looped intramarginal nerve c. 4-5 mm. from leaf margin,

with a much fainter intramarginal c. 1 mm. from margin

and traces of a third very close to margin; secondaries and

reticulations very fine and raised above, more conspicuous

below ; both surfaces drying dull, the upper to a lead colour

or dark blackish brown, the lower similar, when dark brown

with very minute crowded pale gland dots.

Inflorescence 2-flowered (3-flowered, fide Ridley) on a

‘very short peduncle, terminal; calyx obconic, c. 1 cm. long,

7-8 mm. across mouth, on a pedicel c. 3 mm. long, narrowed

rather abruptly to a pseudostalk c. 3 mm. long; in the

material available the calyx lobes are apparently large,

orbicular, semipersistent, strongly gland dotted; petals not

Seen; stamens numerous ‘(purple fide Ridley), c. 1 em. long,

anthers small, oblong; style c. 15 cm. long. Fruit unknown.

Known only from one collection but distinct in the

tapered leaves and very short few flowered terminal

inflorescences.

10. Eugenia siamensis Craib in Kew Bull. (1912) 153; FI.

Siam. Enum., I, 661; Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch., II,

843; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 726. . (Fig. 11a).

KELANTAN: base of Gunong near Kota Bahru, Ridley s.n.

KEDAH: Koh Mai Forest Reserve, SFN 35183 (Kiah).

PERLIS: Kaki Bukit, SFN 35264 (Kiah).

Distrib: Siam.

A shrub or small tree up to c.3 m. tall. Twigs slender,

terete, smooth, with pale brown or reddish brown bark.

Leaves oblong lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chartaceous,

Vol. XII. (1949).

apex acuminate, acute, base narrowed and rounded, or

cuneate, up to 18 cm. X 5-5 cm.; upper surface drying dull

greenish or brownish, eglandular, lower surface paler, very

sparsely glandular, finely wrinkled; midrib more or less

impressed above, prominent below; primary nerves up to

c. 10 pairs, c. 1 cm. apart, slightly raised and inconspictious

above, raised and distinct below, more or less ascending or

curving gently to a shallowly looped intramarginal nerve

3-7 mm. from leaf margin, secondaries and reticulations

obscure above, very fine below; petioles 5-8 mm. long, rather

stout and wrinkled.

Inflorescences terminal, 3-flowered, peduncle rather

stout, angled, c. 5 mm. long, the pedicels slightly less stout,

3—5) mm. long; calyx tube funnel shaped, c. 1-5-2 cm. long,

1-3 cm. across mouth, gradually narrowed to a very short

stout pseudostalk 2-3 mm. long, lobes 4, broad and rounded,

persistent, c. 1 cm. across at base and 5—7 mm. tall; petals

4, free, conspicuously gland dotted, orbicular, c. 1:7 cm.

diam.; stamens numerous, c. 3 cm. long, filaments slender,

anthers linear oblong, c. 1 mm. long, connective gland

apparently none; style stouter than stamens, 4-5 cm. long;

fruit globose. c. 3 em. diam. (probably unripe), apex rather

widely and shallowly excavate, bearing the persistent calyx

lobes and style.

This species is perhaps a little too close to E. Jambos

but it differs from it mainly in the broader leaves with a

less narrowed base and in the fewer primary nerves and

less conspicuous reticulation. The flowers are described as

red in two of the collections cited above. Ridley describes

them as rose at the base and white above, the stamens rose

pink. The flowers of E. Jambos are normally white.

11. Eugenia oreophila Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br.,

LXI, 9 (1912) ; F.M.P., I, 753; EF. jugalis Ridl. in Journ.

F.M.S. Mus., VI, 47 (1915) ; F.M.P., I, 727. (Fig.12b).

An endemic species not uncommon on hilltops and in ridge

forest in Perak, Pahang and Selangor, from 4,000-5,500 feet.

The type is Dennys sn. from Ulu Semangkok, Selangor.

A shrub or bushy tree up toc. 8 m. tall. Twigs rather

slender, terete, with smooth dark brown bark, the youngest

parts paler and often densely lenticellate. Leaves

coriaceous, variable in size and shape, usually broadly

elliptic, sometimes obovate or nearly orbicular, from c. 2-5-9

em. long and 15-5 cm. broad, apex usually rounded,

sometimes retuse or very shortly and broadly acute, base

narrowed rather abruptly; petiole rather slender, drying

black and wrinkled, deeply and narrowly channelled above,

up to c. 1 cm. long; midrib impressed above, bold below;

Vol. XII. (1949).

primary nerves from about 4 pairs in small leaves to 9 or’

10 in large leaves, from 5-10 mm. apart, raised on upper |

surface and very slightly more distinct than secondaries and.

reticulations, raised below and just distinguishable from

secondaries, meeting in a looped intramarginal nerve 3—4.

mm. from leaf margin; upper surface often. shining,

greenish brown, lower dull and paler, minutely black-

dotted.

Inflorescences terminal, up to c. 4-5 em. long but usually

shorter, few flowered, branchlets slender, terete; calyx tube:

more or less campanulate, c. 1 em. long, including pseudo-

stalk, c. 5 mm. diam. below lobes, narrowed rather abruptly

into a slender pseudostalk c. 3-4 mm. long; lobes 4 broad

and rounded, varying in size, one usually considerably

larger than the others; petals 4, free, obovate orbicular, c. &

mm. tall and 7 mm. broad; stamens numerous, c. 1:5 cm.

long, anthers oblong, connective gland inconspicuous; style

15 cm. long.

Fruit globose, c. 1-5-1-75 cm. diam., dull brown or

blackish brown, surface rugulose when dry; apical umbilicus. »

shallow, c. 75 mm. diam., calyx rim very short, bearing the

shrivelled lobes which persist until the fruit is ripe or nearly

so, style base stout, c. 2 mm. long; pericarp probably fleshy

and somewhat fibrous; seed 1, testa thick, brown, adhering

to cotyledons; cotyledons nearly equal, gland dotted, inner

faces plane or concave, attached to hypocotyle near their -

centres.

There is no significant difference to be found between

the types of EF. oreophila and E. jugalis, although Ridley

puts them in widely separated sections of his key. The

petals in both are free.

12. HKugenia Jambos Linn., Sp. Pl., 470 (1753): Duthie in.

Hook. fil., F.B.1., II, 474; King, Mat.- F. MP... No. i,

82; Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch., II, 884; Koord. &

Valet., Atlas Baumart. Java, III, fig. 444; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 724; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 499, pl..

150. Syzygium Jambos (L.) Alston in Trimen, FI.

Ceylon (Suppl.) VI, 115 (1931); Merr. & Perry in

118), Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 165. (Fig.

11b).

Widely cultivated in the Malay Peninsula and other

tropical countries. The Rose Apple or Jambu Mawar.

A bush or small tree. Twigs angled or compressed,

eventually subterete, drying brown. Leaves coriaceous,

lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, long tapered to the

acuminate apex, base long narrowed, up to c. 20 cm. long

| Ganka Bulletin, S.

and 5 em. broad, both surfaces drying greenish brown to

reddish brown and obscurely pustulate; petiole up to c. 1

cm. long; midrib impressed above, prominent below ;

primary nerves ¢c. 10-15 pairs, 1 cm. or more apart, slightly

raised and rather faint above, elevate and distinct below,

ascending and curved up to a distinct, shallowly looped

sometimes interrupted intramarginal nerve 3-5 mm. from

leaf margin, with usually a much fainter loop nearer the

Margin; secondaries and reticulations raised on both

surfaces, often obscure above, distinct below but less

prominent than primaries.

Racemes terminal, shorter than leaves, few flowered,

the rachis rather stout, 4-angled; flowers solitary on pedicels

up to c. 15 cm. long, fragrant, 7-8 cm. across stamens;

calyx tube pale greenish or pale yéllowish, obconic, c. 1:5

cm. long, c. 1 cm. across mouth (excluding lobes), narrowed

to base and slightly contracted into a stout not well defined

pseudostalk 2-3 mm. long; lobes 4, persistent, reflexed after

anthesis, broadly ovate rounded, somewhat unequal, the 2

larger c. 1 cm. across at base and 6 mm. tall; petals 4, white,

reflexed after anthesis, orbicular, concave, gland dotted, c.

15 cm. diam; stamens numerous, filaments slender, terete,

up to c. 4 cm. long, cream white, anthers oblong, c. 1-2 mm.

long, connective gland small and inconspicuous; style

stouter than filaments, subulate, c. 3-5-4 cm. long; ovary

2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit very depressed globose, up to c. 6 em. diam., 3-4

cm. tall, distinctly rose scented, pale orange yellow or

greenish yellow tinged: pink and flushed pink on one side,

‘Surface dull, closely gland dotted; apical umbilicus ¢. 1—1-75

em. diam., with the 4 thickened slightly incurved greenish

calyx lobes, and style remains; pericarp firm, slightly juicy,

pale orange yellow, sweet and slightly astringent, with

strong taste of rose water, 1 em. thick or more; seed 1, lying

loosely in centre, depressed globose, ¢. 2:5 cm. diam., testa

thick, brown or white, pithy, closely adhering to the rugose

surface of the cotyledons.

13. Eugenia plumbea King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 85 (1901) ;

idl) Fs. i 721. (Fig. 12e).

PERAK: Gunong Batu Puteh, 3,400 feet, Wray 479 (type

collection).

Distrib: Endemic.

So far known only from one collection.

_ A tree. Twigs slender, 4-angled, bark dark. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, base cuneate, up to

Vol. XII. (1949).

ALL, Lee

ophila; c, E. plumbea;

a, E. porphyranthera; b, E. ore

ey Ee: Rostadonis.

Fig. 12.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

c. 10 cm. X 3:5 em., both surfaces lead colour when dry, the

upper shining, the lower dull; primary nerves up to 10-12

pairs, impressed above, prominent below, c. 0-5-1 cm. apart,

ascending and running straight to a conspicuous intra-

marginal nerve c. 5 mm. from leaf margin, with a much

fainter loop very close to the margin; petiole very short,

up to c. 3 mm. long.

Inflorescences terminal or axillary, of shortly pedun-

culate racemes bearing about 3 flowers. Flowers distinctly

pedicellate; calyx campanulate, c. 1-6 cm. long, rounded at

base; lobes 4, broad and rounded, 4-5 mm. tall; petals

rotund-reniform, larger than calyx lobes but shorter than

stamens. Flowers, including stamens, delicate green (fide

Wray). Fruit unknown.

14. Eugenia Rostadonis Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str.

Bre UX! § (1912); F-M-P., I, Tat -Ginig. 12d).

TRENGGANU: Bundi, Rostados s.n. (type collection).

Distrib: Endemic.

?A tree. Twigs slender, terete, with smooth brownisn

bark. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, up to 10-5 cm.

< 3-5 cm., apex acuminate, base cuneate, midrib impressed

above in a narrow channel, elevate below; primary nerves

6-8 pairs, impressed and obscure above, slender and raised

below, c. 1 cm. apart, meeting in a looped intramarginal

nerve 2-4 mm. from leaf margin, with another very obscure

loop very close to the margin; secondaries and reticulations

invisible above, secondaries below very few, reticulations

lax, very slender; upper surface drying reddish black,

closely and finely punctate, lower surface pale with

numerous minute raised darker glands; petiole slender, up

to c. 1 cm. long.

Inflorescences terminal or from upper leaf axils, of

short cymes of 2—?5 flowers, peduncle c. 2 mm. long with

a pair of small persistent triangular acute bracts c. 1 mm.

long; pedicels 3-4 mm. long with a pair of similar

bracteoles ; calyx tube c. 1:2 em. long, campanulate or funnel

shaped, narrowed to a short stout pseudostalk; lobes broadly

ovate orbicular, c. 7 mm. wide and 5 mm. tall, apparently

more or less persistent; petals white (fide Ridley) ; stamens

numerous, slender, over 1 cm. long; style c. 3-5 em. long.

Fruit unknown.

Although only one collection is known of this species,

it appears distinct in the lax habit, the leaves drying dark

above and pale below, and in the very short, usually terminal

Vol. XIT. (1949).

inflorescences with persistent bracts and bracteoles. It is

allied to EL’. porphyranthera Ridl. and EF. plumbea King, but

very distinct from both in foliage characters. —

15. Eugenia Scortechinii King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 85

(1901), incl. var. parvifolia King; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 725.

(Fig. Tic)’.

Not uncommon from Penang to Johore on the west side of

the Main Range, in lowland forest. There is one doubtful

collection from Singapore, SFN 5974 (Burkill), in which the

twigs are rounded.

Distrib: Lower Siam.

A tree up to c. 16 metres tall or a shrub. Youngest

twigs strongly 4-angled, winged below nodes, bark smooth

and brown, older twigs terete with greyish or brownish

bark. Leaves lanceolate, ovate lanceolate or ovate oblong,

apex acute or acuminate, narrowed to a rounded, more or

less cordate base, upper surface drying dark brown to

almost black, closely and minutely punctate, lower surface

paler, reddish or reddish brown, without visible glands;

midrib narrowly impressed above, prominent below;

primary nerves up to c. 10 pairs, usually c. 1 cm. apart,

impressed above, prominent below, ascending and curving

gently up to a conspicuous intramarginal nerve c. 5 mm.

from leaf margin, with a very faint loop nearer the margin;

secondaries and reticulations very faint or invisible above,

visible below but faint; petiole 2-8 mm. long.

Inflorescences terminal or from upper axils, very short,

almost sessile, rachis c. 1 cm. long or less, flowers up to ¢.

9, sessile or pedicellate, red with yellow centre; calyx widely

-campanulate, 1-1-4 cm. long, abruptly contracted at base

into a stout pseudostalk c. 3-4 mm. long, lobes 4, persistent,

unequal, broadly ovate rounded, the larger c. 7 mm. across

at base and 5 mm. tall; petals 4, free, red (fide King),

orbicular, thick textured with thin margins, c. 10 mm. diam. ;

stamens numerous, 1 cm. or more long, filaments slender,

subulate, anthers oblong, c. 15 mm. long, no connective

gland visible; style slender, c. 3-5 em. long; ovary 2-locular

multiovulate. Frwit (probably unripe) oblong globose, c

2 cm. diam., the whole of the apex deeply excavate, fringed

with the very short remains of the calyx tube and the

hardly enlarged calyx lobes; seeds apparently 2, cotyledons

stalked, inner faces folded and excavate, hypocotyle long but —

not reaching outer surface of seed.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

E. Scortechinii King var. cuneata var. nov.

A typa foliis basi cuneatis, petiolatis, ramulis plus

minusve teretis vel leviter sulcatis differt.

TRENGGANU: Ulu Brang, 1,000 feet, SFN 33661 (Moysey

- & Kiah).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungai Ujong, Alvins s.n., 3329.

SELANGOR: Batu Caves, Forest Dept. FMS 30791; Labu river,

Ridley s.n.

PAHANG: Sungai Cheka, Kuala Lipis, Forest Dept. FMS 4028,

TYPE collection, holotype in Herb. Singapore.

JOHORE: Kuala Sembrong, Lake & Kelsall s.n.

Distrib: Endemic.

16. Eugenia diospyrifolia Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II,.

472 (1878). E. diospyrifolia Wall. nom nud. E.

nemoricola Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br., LXI,

9 (1912); F. M. P., I, 725, sub E. pseudoformosa King.

(Fig. 13a).

KEDAH: Koh Mai Forest Reserve, SFN 35207 (Kiah); Lang-

kawi, Hanif s.n.

KEMAMAN: Bukit Kajang, Corner s.n. (leaves only).

PENANG: Richmond Pool, Ridley s.n.; Government Hill, 2,400

feet, Curtis s.n.; Telok Bahang, SFN 12685 (Haniff).

PAHANG: Kuala Teku, 500 feet, Seiwmund 438, 538.

Distrib: Assam, Burma, Siam, Sumatra.

A small tree. Branchlets terete or more or less

compressed, smooth, bark brownish or greyish. Leaves

oblong, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, up to c. 26 cm. X 7

em., but variable in shape and size, apex acuminate, base

slightly narrowed or truncate, or rounded and more or less

cordate, upper surface drying brown to black, minutely

punctate, lower surface paler with dark gland dots; midrib

more or less impressed above, prominent below; primary

nerves up to c. 15 pairs in largest leaves, 1-3 cm. apart,

impressed above and often very inconspicuous, slender but

prominent below, ascending and curving gently_up to a well

marked shallowly looped intramarginal nerve c. 0-5-1 cm.

from leaf margin, with a much fainter loop much nearer the

margin usually visible; secondaries and reticulations usually

faint or obscure above, fine and slightly raised below; petiole

short and stout, 5 mm. or less long.

Inflorescence few flowered, terminal, short, usually on

a peduncle of variable length, but whole inflorescence not

more than c. 4 cm. long; calyx up to c. 2 em. long on a

pedicel up to c. 2 cm. long, widely campanulate, narrowed

rather abruptly at base to a pseudostalk which may reach

almost 1 cm. but is usually shorter, bracts and bracteoles

Vol. XII. (1949).

Vig. 13. a, E. diospyrifolia; b, E. pseudoformosa; c, E. johorensis;

d, E. densiflora. .

Gardens Bulletin, S. |

minute, narrowly ovate, subpersistent, lobes 4, more or less

unequal, broadly ovate rounded, the largest nearly 1 cm.

across at base and 5 mm. tall; petals 4, free, orbicular,

glandular pustulate, c. 1 em. diam.; stamens numerous, c. 2

cm. long, filaments very slender, subulate, anthers oblong,

c. 1 mm. long, connective gland apparently none; style very

slender, c. 4 cm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate. Fruit

(probably unripe) very like that of #. Scortechinii, but with

a more pronounced apical calyx tube.

The plants included here vary greatly in size of leaf.

‘Part may be E. diospyrifolia var. lanceolata (Korth.) Craib,

which I have not seen. Seimund’s collections from Kuala

Teku have very small oblong lanceolate leaves and may be

a riverside variety. The species appears to be a variable

one in foliage characters, judging from specimens in Herb.

Calcutta named by King and from a long series of specimens

included here in Herb. Dehra Dun.

17. Eugenia pseudoformosa King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 83

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 725, pro parte; E. formosa

King, loc. cit. 80, non Wall. Syzygium pseudoformosum

(King) Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Sci, XVIII, 3, 165 (1939) pro parte. (Fig. 13b).

In lowland forest from Perak and S. Trengganu to

Singapore, once recorded from Perak at 3,000-4,000 feet.

Distrib: Lower Siam, Borneo, ? Java.

A shrub or small tree, bark thin smooth entire, silvery

grey, green below surface; wood pale yellowish turning

dingy on exposure. Branchlets terete, slightly compressed

at nodes, bark. usually pale. Leaves elliptic or oblong

elliptic, up to 30 cm. or) even more long, and 12-13 cm.

broad, apex acuminate, base narrowed, rounded and more

or less cordate; upper surface drying olivaceous brown to

dark brown, very minutely gland dotted or glandular

pustulate, lower surface paler, usually yellowish brown, not

visibly glandular; midrib impressed above, prominent

below; primary nerves up to about 20 pairs, usually c. 14,

more or less impressed above, elevate below, widely spaced,

ascending, nearly straight or curving gently up to a

prominent looped intramarginal nerve 0-5-1 cm. from leaf

margin, with a much fainter intramarginal nearer the

margin; secondaries few; reticulations lax, distinct below,

but much less prominent than primaries; petiole short, c.

0-5 cm. long, thick and corky, drying pale.

Inflorescences terminal, of very shortly peduncled

cymes, or the flowers fascicled and rather densely crowded.

Flowers sessile or nearly so, pink except for white margin

of petals; calyx narrowly campanulate, glandular pustulate,

up to c. 1:8 em. long and 1 cm. across mouth before anthesis,

Vol. XII. (1949).

the base narrowed rather abruptly into a stout conical

pseudostalk which is variable in length but may reach c. 6

mm.; lobes 4, broad and rounded, the outer smaller, more

or less triangular, the largest nearly 1 cm. across at base

and 6-7 mm. tall; petals 4, free, broadly obovate-orbicular,

gland dotted, c. 1 cm. diam.; stamens up to c. 3-5 cm. long,

filaments slender, brcadened at base, anthers oblong, c. 2:1

mm. long, connective giand not visible; style slender, c. 4

em. long; ovary 2—locular, multiovulate. Fruit similar to

that of E. Scortechinii, oblong globose, narrowed at base,

the whole apex deeply excavate with the calyx lobes

persisting for some time. . .

Merrill and Perry include here E. formosa Koord. and

Valet. in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 73 (1900); Atlas

Baumart. Java, III, figs. 459, 460, but although what

Koorders and Valeton describe can hardly be EH. formosa

Wall., I am a little doubtful as to whether it can be

included in E. pseudoformosa King. The flower buds as

figured by Koorders and Valeton are rather different in

shape from those of the Malay Peninsular material, the

calyx tube being much less narrowed at the base. They

are more like the buds of F. diospyrifolia but the swollen

corky petiole, which is characteristic of #. pseudoformosa,

and which Koorders and Valeton figure, is not present in

E.. diospyrifolia.

18. Eugenia tiumanensis Ridl. In Trans. Linn. Soc., III, 299

(1893); F.M.P., I, 725. (Fig. 14c).

PAHANG: Pulau Tioman, Ridley (not seen); Joara Bay, Pulau

Tioman, SF'N 1043 (Burkill)?

“A big tree. Branches slender. Leaves thin, narrow

lanceolate acuminate, 4 in. long, 1 in. wide; petioles 1 in.

long, slender. Flowers/sessile in a terminal head, white.

Calyx campanulate; lobes large round 0-5 in. long. Petals

short, oblong, round. Stamens 0-5 in. long.’’—ex Ridley.

This species was described by Ridley from specimens

collected by himself in rocky jungle in Pulau Tioman, but

no number was quoted in the description. No type

specimen, or any specimen written up by Ridley, or collected

by him and corresponding to his description can be dis-

covered in the Herbaria at Kew and Singapore, although

such specimens, if they exist, should be in Singapore.

Burkill’s collection fits the description as far as it goes,

except that Ridley describes his plant as a large tree, and

Burkill’s field note reads “‘small tree, 15 ft.”.

If SFN 1043 is correctly placed, then EF. tiumanensis

comes very near to EF. Scortechinii var. cuneata and may

be only an extreme form of it, but the leaves are much

Gardens Bulletin, S. | .

narrower and much more narrowed to apex and base, the

petioles are longer and there are slight differences in the

venation.

EF’. pseudoformosa, E. Scortechinii, E. diospyrifolia, and

E. tiwmamensis are difficult to define in a satisfactory

manner, and this appears to be the experience of most

botanists who have worked on these and related species.

The obscure status of H. tiumanensis adds to the difficulty.

The following are the main distinguishing points between

the four species :—

E.. pseudoformosa—Inflorescence and flowers more

or less sessile; twigs rounded; leaves broadest

about middle, usually large (c. 20 cm. long),

base rounded or subcordate.

FE. diospyrifolia—Inflorescence peduncled, flowers

pedicelled; twigs more or less rounded or

compressed or more or less 4-angled; leaves

usually broadest near base, base truncate,

rounded or subcordate.

E. Scortechinii—Inflorescence and flowers more or

less sessile; twigs strongly angled to winged;

leaves broadest about middle (c. 15 cm. long

or less), base rounded or subcordate, nearly

sessile.

E. Scortechinti var. cuneata—Inflorescence and

flowers more or less sessile; twigs rounded or

slightly angled; leaves broadest about middle

(15 em. long or less), base cuneate, petiolate.

EF. ttumanensis—Inflorescence and flowers more or

less sessile; twigs rounded; leaves narrow

lanceolate, long narrowed to apex and base,

petiolate.

19. Eugenia pendens Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1, Il, 475

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 94; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 726. -(Fig. 14a).

An endemic species not uncommon in lowland forest from

Perak and Kelantan to Singapore.

A small tree. Twigs slender, terete, more or less

compressed _at nodes, smooth, bark brownish. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, elliptic, oblong elliptic to ovate lanceolate,

up to c. 22 cm. X 9 cm., but usually smaller, apex acuminate,

sometimes abruptly, acumen blunt or acute, base cuneate;

upper surface drying olivaceous or brownish, minutely

punctate, lower surface greenish, gland dotted : midrib

shallowly impressed above, prominent below; primary

nerves 10-15 pairs, usually c. 1 cm. apart, impressed above,

Vol. XII. (1949).

elevate below and rather slender, ascending and curving to

a looped intramarginal nerve 4-6 mm. from leaf margin,

with another very fine loop nearer the margin; reticulations

very fine above and raised, visible only under a lens, fine,

raised and lax below; petiole up to c. 1 em. long.

\ ss

Apis

VIS

)

KW)

Bed

Fig. 14. a, E. pendens; b, E. javanica; c, E. ? tiumanensis

(SFN 1048).

Inflorescences terminal or occasionally axillary, on a

variable peduncle up to c. 1 cm. long, the inflorescence

rachis not more than about 2 cm. long. Flowers about 5-6

on very variable bright green pedicels up to c. 2-5 cm. long;

calyx funnel shaped or more or less campanulate, c. 1 cm.

~ long, the tube very pale yellow flushed pink, the lobes pale

greenish yellow flushed pink, narrowed at base and rather

Gardens Bulletin, S.

abruptly contracted into a pseudostalk varying from 3-4

mm. to almost none; lobes 4, persistent, spreading, unequal,

very broad, the larger c. 1 cm. across and 4—5 mm. fall;

petals 4, free, quickly deciduous, gland dotted, orbicular, c.

1 cm. diam.; stamens numerous, up to 1:3 cm. long, filaments

slender, anthers less than 1 mm. long, connective gland very

inconspicuous; style stouter than filaments and about equal

to them in length. Fruit depressed globose, green flushed

red (?unripe), c. 2-5 em. diam., with obscure vertical ridges

when dry, apical excavation wide and shallow, c. 1:2 cm.

diam., fringed by the very short calyx tube and persistent

reflexed calyx lobes.

Many specimens have been wrongly accredited to this

species in Herb. Singapore. In Herb. Kew is a sheet of

Scortechini 2021 determined as this species by King and

later queried in an unknown hand. It is E. virens Koord.

and Valet. Perhaps this sheet is the basis of King’s

remark in the “Materials” that E'. pendens is allied_to,E.

densiflora, for E. virens is much more similar, superficially,

to E. densiflora than to E. pendens.

20. Eugenia johorensis Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str.

Br., LXI, 8 (1912); F-M_P., I, 725. (Fig. 13c).

JOHORE: Gunong Pulai, Ridley’s collector s.n., dated 1892

(type collection).

A tree (fide Ridley). Older twigs terete with brown

flaky bark, youngest parts 4-angled with narrow wings on

the angles, smooth. Leaves elliptic or elliptic oblong, up

to c. 13 cm. long and 5-5 cm. broad, apex shortly acuminate,

acute, base broadly cuneate-rounded, abruptly narrowed on

to the petiole; petiole 1 cm. long or a little less; midrib

lightly impressed above, elevate below; primary nerves 8

or 9 pairs, 1 cm. apart, faint and slightly raised above,

elevate below, slender but bold, meeting in a shallowly

looped intramarginal nerve 5-8 mm. from leaf margin with

a much finer intramarginal 1:‘5-2 mm. from margin;

secondaries and reticulations faint and slightly raised

above, the secondaries below almost as conspicuous as the

primaries, the reticulations fainter; both surfaces drying

brownish, not gland dotted.

Flowers terminal (?or also from upper leaf axils), in

pairs, on very short pedicels c. 3 mm. long, apparently

bearing minute subpersistent bracts and bracteoles; calyx

tube, including pseudostalk, c. 2 em. long, broadly campanu-

late and abruptly narrowed to # slender pseudostalk 6-8

mm. long: lobes broad, rounded, unequal, ?subpersistent;

petals large, rounded; stamens numerous, c. 2 cm. long;

style c. 25 cm. long. Fruit unknown.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

Only one sheet is known of this species. It bears two

mature flowers and two buds. It seems curious that this

species, which must be a conspicuous one with its large

flowers, has never been met with again.

21. Eugenia javanica Lamk., Encycl., IJ], 200 (1789) ;

Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 474; King, Mat. F.M.P.,

No. 12, 81; Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch., II, 837;

Koord. & Valet., Atlas Baumart. Java, III, fig. 452;

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 726; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya,

p. 499. Myrtus samarangensis Bl., Bijdr., 1084

(1826). Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. &

— in Journ. Arn. Arb., XIX, 115 (1938). (Fig.

14b).

Wild usually near the sea and cultivated in a number of

varieties. Some of the Malay names are: Jambu Ayer, Jambu

Puteh, Jambu Ayer Mawar, Jambu Ayer Rhio, Jambu Ayer

Patah Raja. .

Distrib: Lower Burma, Andamans, Nicobars, to Java.

A small to medium sized tree, massive when old. Twigs

rather slender, terete, the youngest green the older with

smooth brown bark. Leaves coriaceous or thinly coriaceous,

broadly oblong, elliptic oblong, elliptic lanceolate or elliptic,

occasionally narrowly ovate, apex acute or subacute, base

slightly narrowed, rounded and sometimes slightly cordate,

up to c. 25 em. X* 10 em., but variable in size, rather dull

dark green above, paler below, usually drying pale reddish

brown, in life with minute scattered pellucid gland dots,

often black dotted below when dry; midrib channelled

above, elevate and rather broad below; primary nerves up

to c. 12 pairs, spreading-ascending, raised on both surfaces

but not very prominent, sometimes channelled above when

dry, meeting in a looped intramarginal nerve c. 5-10 mm.

from margin with another series of fainter loops nearer

the margin; secondaries and reticulations rather obscure in

life, distinct when dry but less prominent than primaries;

petiole 5 mm. or less long. |

Inflorescences axillary or terminal, 5-10 cm. long and

broad, on peduncles up to c. 3 em. long, or almost sessile;

flowers white, in threes, twos or solitary at the ends of the

two or three pairs of slender, spreading, distant branches ~

up to c. 3 cm. long, the rachis and branches green; flowers

sessile or on pedicels up to c. 1 em. long; calyx pale green,

obovoid, c. 1:-4-1-5 em. long, c. 15 em. across, narrowed at

base into a short stout pseudostalk; lobes 4, somewhat

unequal, transversely oblong, rounded, concave, c. 1 cm.

across at base and 4-5 mm. tall, persistent; petals 4, white

with inconspicuous brownish gland dots, obovate orbicular,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

shortly and broadly clawed, c. 1-2-15 cm. long; stamens

numerous, filaments white or pale greenish white, slender,

terete, the longest up to c. 2-5 cm., anthers oblong, c. 1:5 mm.

long, connective gland small and inconspicuous; style stouter

than filaments, c. 3 cm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit greenish or whitish or red when ripe, shining and

of a waxy appearance, slightly ribbed, broadly obconic or

pyriform or somewhat turbinate, usually c. 4-6 cm. long

and broad, but often much larger in cultivation, apex widely

excavate, bearing the much enlarged, fleshy, incurved calyx

lobes; pericarp very thick, white, spongy, slightly juicy,

seeds 1-2 lying loosely in a cavity in the centre, irregularly

globose or hemispherical, 1:2-1:5 cm. diam., testa white,

thick and pithy, adhering closely to cotyledons; structure

of cotyledons very similar to that of E. malaccensis and E.

aqued.

22. Eugenia pseudomollis nom. nov.

E. mollis King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 86 (1901) ;

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 728; non Willd. ex Berg. (1854)...

(Fig. 15a).

PERAK: Larut, within 300 feet, Kunstler 2686, 2808 (syn-

types), within 100 feet, Kunstler 5572 (syntype) ; Taiping,

Wray 2372 (syntype), within 100 feet, Kunstler 8387

_ (syntype).

Distrib: Sumatra.

A small tree or shrub. Twigs slender, slightly 4-angled

or terete and compressed at nodes, pale brown, bark faintly

papillate, with a covering of very short coarse brown: hairs.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong lanceolate, apex acuminate

to a narrow acute acumen, base slightly narrowed, rounded

and subcordate, up to c. 28 em. X 6-5 cm., upper surface

drying olivaceous brown, minutely punctate, glabrous, lower

surface darker, minutely and closely glandular pustulate,

clothed with short stiff coarse brown hairs; midrib

impressed above, prominent below and rounded; primary

nerves 25-30 pairs, fine and slightly raised above, slender

but prominent below, 1-2 cm. apart, ascending and running

straight or very slightly curved to a very shallowly looped

intramarginal nerve c. 3-5 mm. from leaf margin;

secondaries and reticulations very fine and almost invisible

above, except under a lens, slightly more pronounced below,

the few secondaries fairly distinct, sometimes almost as

prominent as primaries; petiole stout, 3-5 mm. long.

Inflorescences in lax terminal panicles up to c. 21 cm.

long, peduncle up to c. 5 em., compressed and obscurely 4-

angled like the branchlets of the inflorescence and covered

with the same coarse indumentum as the twigs and under

surfaces of the leaves; branchlets in distant pairs, c. 5-6 cm.

apart, the lower pair almost horizontal, c. 5-6 cm. long, the

Vol. XII. (1949).

AWN

W\\

Fig. 15. a, HE. pseudomollis; b, E. papillosa.

upper two pairs shorter and more ascending; flowers

numerous, not crowded, usually in threes at the ends of

short secondary or tertiary branchlets, these branchlets.

often subtended by a solitary flower or a pair of flowers; |

flowers white (fide Wray and Kunstler) ; pedicel variable,

from 1-5 mm.; calyx c. 1 cm, long, the tube scurfy, funnel

shaped, tapering quickly from below lobes to a short rather

obscure pseudostalk c. 15 mm. long; lobes 4, unequal,

broadly ovate rounded, the largest c. 4 mm. across and

Gardens Bulletin, S.

3 mm. tall; petals 4, free, orbicular, c. 7-8 mm. diam., gland

dotted; stamens numerous; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit (ex King) ovoid globose, c. 15 cm. diam., crowned

by the cupular calyx and covered with deciduous scurf-

like hairs.

A species easily recognised by the short thick brown

hairs on the branches and undersurfaces of the leaves, and

the scurfy indumentum of the inflorescence and calyx tube.

23. Eugenia papillosa Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 495

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 84; Ridley, F.M.P.,

I, 730; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 501;

Syzygium papillosum (Duthie) Merr. & Perry in Mem.

a Acad. Arts & Sci., Vili 3 ot. (1939). (Fig.

Not uncommon in lowland forest, often in fresh water

swamp forest, from Perak to Singapore.

Distrib: Borneo.

A tall tree, base of trunk often with strongly arcuate

and branched stilt roots; bark thickly papery flaky, bright.

orange rufous, bright green immediately below surface even.

in oldest trunks; inner bark pallid. Branchlets stout, terete,

brown to dark brown, the youngest scurfy. Leaves

coriaceous, obovate oblong, or elliptic oblong, or oblong

.lanceolate, up to c. 35 cm. X 15 cm., apex subacute or

blunt, base slightly narrowed, cordate auriculate, subam-

plexicaul; upper surface drying blackish brown, smooth,

not, or very sparsely punctate, lower surface brownish or

reddish, glandular, sparsely scurfy when young; midrib

impressed above, prominent and rounded below; primary

nerves up to about 20 pairs, impressed or slightly raised

above and very slender, very prominent below, 1-3 cm.

apart, arising almost at right angles to the midrib and

curving up to a prominent looped intramarginal nerve c.

53-10 mm. from leaf margin, a much fainter loop much

nearer and usually hidden by the strongly recurved margin ;

reticulations faint or obscure above, lax and well marked

below but much less prominent than primaries; petiole very

short and thick, the leaves appearing sessile.

Inflorescences panicled, several together, terminal or

from the upper axils, shorter than leaves, reaching 15-18

cm., but variable in length: peduncles, rachis and branchlets

rather stout but thinner than twigs, more or less com-

pressed, scurfy like the vegetative branchlets; branchlets

ascending or divaricate; flowers sessile, fragrant, yellowish

green or almost white, crowded in bracteate heads at the

ends of the short ultimate branchlets, each flower subtended

by two subpersistent lanceolate bracts c. 5 mm. long, with

broader ovate bracts at the base of the head; calyx c. 1 cm.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

jong, funnel shaped or narrowly campanulate, slightly

constricted below lobes, narrowed to a rather stout

pseudostalk c. 5 mm. long, lobes 4, unequal, broadly

triangular, blunt, c. 2-3 mm. tall, reflexed after anthesis;

petals 4, free, quickly deciduous, orbicular, shortly clawed,

conspicuously veined, c. 6-7 mm. diam.; stamens numerous,

up to c. 16 cm. long, filaments slender, subulate, anther

oblong elliptic, less than 1 mm. long, with a brownish

connective gland; style stouter than filaments, c. 1:3 cm. —

long; ovary 2-celled. Fruit globular, c. 2:5 cm. diam.,

pale green.

A conspicuous and well marked species of lowland

swampy forest, with its orange papery flaky bark, large

ae sessile amplexicaul leaves and bracteate heads of

owers.

24. Eugenia densiflora (Bl.) Miquel, Anal. Bot. Ind., I, 17

(1850) ; DC., Prodr. III, 287 (1828) in syn.; Duthie in

Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 473; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12,

84; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 728; Koord. & Valet., Atlas

Baumart. Java, III, figs. 446, 447; Corner, Wayside

Trees of Malaya, p. 497, fig. 168. Myrtus densiflora

Bl., Bijdr., 1087 (1826). Jambosa densiflora DC.,

Prodr., III, 287 (1828) [De Candolle here publishes

in synonymy “Eugenia densiflora Bl.’”’ Whether this

is to be regarded as an alternative name or whether it

has no nomenclatorial standing is not clear. De

Candolle does not quote Myrtus densiflora Bl., but he

does give the page reference to the Bijdragen. It

would appear that Miquel’s is the earliest valid transfer

to Eugenia]. Syzygiwm pycnanthum Merr. & Perry in

Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 168 (19389).

(Fig. 13d). |

Common in lowland forest and on seashores from Penang

and Trengganu to Singapore, and once recorded from forest at

3,000 feet in Perak.

Distrib: Siam, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

A tree up to c. 16 metres tall, or shrubby. Bark rather

variable; trees in open—bark scaly in large thin angular

pieces, not fissured or rugose, greyish pinkish brown, dark,,.

inner bark pale pinkish brownish; trees in shade—bark

smooth, entire, pinkish greyish, pale; young trees—bark

thinly and finely papery flaky, scaling in small pieces, pale

greyish white; inner bark green immediately below surface,

then pinkish. Branchlets stout, terete or slightly com-

pressed, with reddish or brownish striate or rather flaky

bark. Leaves coriaceous, rather variable in shape and

size, usually elliptic oblong, or ovate oblong or even

lanceolate, up to c. 28 em. * 10 cm., apex acuminate, base

cuneate or broad and narrowed abruptly to the petiole,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

upper surface drying olivaceous, brown or reddish brown,

usually closely and minutely punctate or glandular pustu-

late, lower surface pale brown or reddish brown, more or

less black gland dotted; midrib impressed above, prominent

and rounded below; primary nerves up to ec. 20 pairs,

usually 1-2 cm. apart, slender but raised and distinct on

both surfaces, ascending and curving gently up to a distinct

looped intramarginal nerve which is sometimes as much as

2 cm. from leaf margin but more usually 7-10 mm., with

a slightly less marked but still distinct series of loops 3-4

mm. from margin, and a third faint series very close to the

margin; in some leaves there may be 4 intramarginal veins,

but the two inner ones are nearly always present and dis-

tinct ; secondaries and reticulations raised on both surfaces,

distinct, but less prominent than primaries and easily dis-

tinguishable from them; petiole usually rather stout,

wrinkled, up to c. 1 em. long.

Paniclés terminal, short and dense, up to c. 15 cm.

across, usually almost sessile, but sometimes on peduncles

c. 2 cm. long, much branched, the branchlets stout, more or

less compressed, with wrinkled or striate brown or reddish

bark; flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, white or rose

pink, up to c. 5 em. across when expanded; calyx c. 1:5 cm.

long, tube funnel shaped, tapered from below lobes, striate

when dry, slightly narrowed at base into an obscure

pseudostalk 1-2 mm. long; lobes 4, unequal, broad and

rounded, the two inner larger with thin margins, c. 8-10

mm. across and 5-7 mm. tall; petals 4, free, orbicular with

broad base, c. 1:55 cm. diam., gland dotted; stamens

numerous, up to c. 5 cm. long, filaments slender, flattened

below, subulate above, anthers oblong, c. 15 mm. long,

connective gland not visible; style c. 5 cm. long, a little

stouter than filaments; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate. Fruit

globose, ce. 2-3 cm. diam., pinkish to purple, apical excava-

tion shallow, c. 0-5-1 cm. diam., fringed with the persistent

enlarged erect sepals.

E. densiflora Migq., var. angustifolia Ridl., F.M.P., I, 729

(1922) ; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 497.

E.. Foxworthyi Ridl., F.M.P., I, 728 (1922) non Elmer

(1912). E. Foxworthiana Ridl., F.M.P., V (Suppl.),

308 (1925). Syzygium Foxworthianum (Ridl.) Merr.

& Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3,

168 (1939).

Common on riverbanks in the lowlands in Patani, Upper

Perak, Kelantan and Pahang.

Distrib: Lower Siam, Borneo, Java (fide Ridley).

' Differs from the typical form in being a bushy small

tree of river banks, with smaller narrower leaves with the

Vol. XII. (1949).

venation less prominent, especially above, with usually only

one intramarginal nerve which is much closer to the leaf

margin; and in the laxer inflorescence with usually long

pedicelled flowers.

Fruit globular or more or less depressed globular,

15-2 cm. diam., crowned by the erect very conspicuous

calyx lobes as much as 6 mm. high; pericarp fleshy, soft,

3-5 mm. thick, inner layer fibrous; seed c. 1 cm. diam.,

testa rather thin, closely adhering to the cotyledons;

cotyledons side by side or oblique, dark coloured, slightly

unequal, hypocotyle nearly central, plumule rather large and

conspicuous, cotyledons sessile, the inner faces nearly plane

except for a ridge and depression to one side of the plumule.

25. Eugenia rhomboidea Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus., V, 33

(1913-14); F M.LP., -J,. 758. (Pig. 260. fe

SELANGOR: Gunong Mengkuang, 5,000 feet, Robinson s.n.

(type collection).

Leaf specimens collected on the summit of Gunong

Belumut, Johore (Holttum 3) may also be this species.

Distrib: Endemic.

A mountain shrub. Branchlets slender, terete or

obscurely 4-angled with dark longitudinally wrinkled bark.

Leaves rather thick, narrowly obovate or rhomboid, apex

acuminate, often shortly and abruptly, base long narrowed

on to petiole, 4 cm. X 1:5 cm. to 5 cm. X 38 cm.; upper

surface drying brownish, somewhat polished, minutely

punctate, lower surface paler, dull, copiously black dotted ;

midrib impressed above, not raised below except at base

where it is slightly keeled; primary nerves numerous and

close together, slightly raised above but obscure, invisible

or very obscure below; petiole up to c. 5 mm. long, wrinkled.

Inflorescences terminal, panicled, up to c. 3 cm. long,

with about 2 pairs of short branchlets, angled, bark dark

and wrinkled. Flowers in threes at branchlet ends, sessile;

calyx 9-10 mm. long, grey and wrinkled when dry, c. 5 mm.

across mouth after anthesis, more or less funnel shaped,

tapering to base without definite pseudostalk ; lobes 4, small,

broadly ovate triangular, c. 2-3 mm. across and 1 mm. tall;

petals apparently 4, with one free and the others falling

as a thick calyptra, the free petal transversely oblong

orbicular, thick textured, a little more than 3 mm. across

and 2 mm. tall; stamens many, up to c. 45 mm. long,

filaments subulate, stout at base, tapering upwards, anthers

transversely oblong; style very stout, c. 5 mm. long; ovary

2-celled below, 3-celled above. Fruit unknown.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Distinct in this group in the small obovate or rhomboid

leaves usually with the apex abruptly acuminate, and in

the narrow rugose calyx with very small lobes, rather short

stout stamens and the very stout short style.

Fig. 16. a, b,c, E. rhomboidea; d, E. salictoides; e, E. selangorensis.

Vol. XII. (1949).

26. Eugenia salictoides Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str.

Br., LXVIIT, 12 (1915); F\M-P., I, 728.” {fies Pa

PAHANG: Tahan river banks, Ridley 2647, 16396; Sungai

Tahan, SF'N 20546 (Holttum), Corner s.n., Forest Dept.

FMS 42944; Sungai Teku, Setmund s.n.

Distrib: Endemic.

A bush, bark smooth, pale grey or pale brown with

dark irregular lines, creviced. Twigs terete, smooth,

with brownish or greyish creviced bark. Leaves narrow

lanceolate, coriaceous, willow-like, up to c. 12 cm. long and

1-6 cm. wide, apex acuminate, blunt or subacute, base long

tapered, petiole dark coloured, wrinkled, c. 5 mm. long;

midrib impressed above, prominent and more or less keeled

below; primary nerves up to c. 40 pairs, impressed above,

faint and inconspicuous, elevate and very fine below, 2-3

mm. apart, but irregular in spacing, meeting in a fine

intramarginal nerve less than 1 mm. from leaf margin;

secondaries and reticulations practically invisible above, the

secondaries below difficult to distinguish from primaries,

the reticulations a little fainter; upper surface drying

almost black, minutely punctate, lower surface dark brown, _

sometimes minutely black punctate, sometimes more or less .

pustulate.

Panicles terminal or from upper leaf axils, up to c.

10 cm. long, peduncle slender, variable in length, usually

c. 2-3 cm., bark often pustulate, branchlets slender, 1-2 cm.

or sometimes longer, bearing at their apices 3 flowers, either

all sessile or the outers on exceedingly short pedicels less

than 1 mm. long, with very minute and obscure broad blunt

bracts; mature flower buds narrowly pyriform, c. 1 cm.

long, the opened calyx narrowly campanulate, gland dotted,

tapering into a slender pseudostalk c. 3-5 mm. long, lobes 4,

semi-orbicular, gland dotted, eventually reflexed, persistent ;

petals 4, free, gland dotted; stamens numerous, up to c.

1-6 cm. long, style as long.

Fruit globose, up to c. 1 cm. diam., crowned by a very

short calyx rim and the persistent calyx lobes, pericarp

almost black and finely longitudinally wrinkled when dry,

thin; testa brownish, rather thick and pithy, stripping with

pericarp; seed globose, c. 7-8 mm. diam., cotyledons nearly

equal, pustulate, inner faces also pustulate, slightly concave;

cotyledons sessile, attached to hypocotyle near periphery of

seed, radicle and plumule small.

A riverside bush which might almost be regarded as

the extremest form of EH. densiflora var. angustifolia.

Easily recognised in this group ” the very narrow leaves

and long stamens.

Gardens Bulletin, S-

27. Eugenia garcinifolia King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 90

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 730. Syzygium garcinifolium

(King) Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Scl., AVAibl.-o, 167 (1939)... (Big. Via).

PERAK: Larut, 300-500 feet, Kunstler 6974; Gopeng, 500—1,000

feet, Kunstler 4541.

JOHORE: 3rd mile Mawai-Jemaluang road, SFN 41469

(Corner).

Distrib: Sumatra, Borneo.

A tree up to c. 30 m. tall with sharp thin spreading

buttresses to c. 25 m.; bark light buff grey, rather

lenticellate-pustular, scaly with oblong angular pieces, not

fissured; inner bark pinkish brown, heart wood red brown.

>) Vi

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Ray

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ENON

lan

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)

Fig. 17. a, E. garcinifolia; b, E. palembanica.

Vol. XII. (1949).

Twigs stout, angled, bark smooth, pale brown. Leaves

thickly coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic oblong, with a tendency

to be obovate, from c. 13 cm. X 5 em. to 20 cm. X 10 cm.,

apex abruptly and shortly acute or acuminate, base nar-

rowed, margins recurved when dry; upper surface drying

greenish brown or pale brown, black dotted or glandular

pustulate, lower surface dull, brownish or yellowish green,

minutely gland dotted; midrib deeply impressed above,

prominent below, longitudinally wrinkled; primary nerves

up to c. 12 pairs, raised above, rather prominent below,

ascending, curving up and interarching to form a looped

sometimes rather irregular intramarginal nerve 5-10 mm.

from leaf margin, with another quite distinct series of

arches closer to the margin; secondaries and_ close

reticulations raised above and below and very distinct,

but distinguishable from primaries; petiole channelled

above, drying black and wrinkled, 1-5-2 cm. long.

Panicles terminal, c. 7 cm. long and about the same

across, the rachis stout but thinner than twigs, strongly

angled, striate; branchlets spreading, up to c. 2 cm. long,

compressed and striate, pale brown or brown; flowers white,

borne singly on stout pedicels 2-5 mm. long, bracts minute,

subpersistent, broadly ovate triangular reflexed; calyx c.

1:5 em. long, narrowly cylindric campanulate, narrowed at

base into an obscure very stout pseudostalk c. 2-3 mm. long;

lobes 4, unequal, spreading, persistent, broad and rounded,

the larger inner ones c. 7 mm. across at base and 4 mm.

tall, with thin margins; petals 4, free, persisting until after

flower is fully expanded, orbicular with a short broad oblong

claw, c. 1 cm. diam., gland dotted; stamens numerous, up

to c. 3 em. long, filaments very slender, broadened at base,

anthers narrowly oblong, 1 mm. long, connective gland,

inconspicuous; style much stouter than filaments and about

the same length.

Fruit (? unripe) globular ovoid, c. 1 cm. diam., apical

excavation 3-4 mm. diam., fringed by the 4 hardly enlarged

erect sepals.

A distinct species by reason of its large size, large

thick leaves with well marked reticulation on both surfaces.

and the large flowers with narrow calyx tube.

28. Eugenia selangorensis Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus., V,

32 (1915); F.M.P., I, 730. (Fig. 16e).

SELANGOR: Gunong Mengkuang, 5,000 feet, Robinson s.n.

(type collection).

A tree, (fide Ridley). Twigs stout, terete, bark

brownish. Leaves very coriaceous, elliptic, up to c, 12 cm.

<x 6 cm., apex shortly and abruptly acuminate, deflexed,

base narrowed, upper surface drying brownish, not

Gardens Bulletin, S.

punctate, lower surface blackish, closely covered with very

minute white glistening glands; midrib deeply impressed

above, prominent below and more or less keeled; primary

nerves 15-20 pairs, 3—7 mm. apart, fine and impressed

above, slender and slightly elevate below, ascending and

curving up to a slender intramarginal nerve 2-3 mm. from

the recurved leaf margin, with a very obscure series of

arches nearer the margin; secondaries almost as distinct as

primaries, impressed above, elevate below, reticulations

raised and just visible above, more distinct below, lax;

petiole rather stout, c. 1 cm. long, the leaf blade decurrent

upon it.

Panicles terminal, c. 4 cm. long, sessile or on a very

stout greyish peduncle c. 1 cm. long, branchlets short, very

stout, compressed, bark grey, wrinkled and often pustulate;

flowers sessile, in threes at ends of the secondary branchlets

or on exceedingly short tertiary branchlets; calyx in mature

bud c. 1 cm. long, broadly funnel shaped, narrowed to a

short thick ribbed pseudostalk; lobes 4, very unequal, broad

and rounded, the inner larger ones c. 6 mm. across and

_ 38 mm. tall; petals 4, free, transversely oblong ovate, c. 7

mm. across and 4 mm. tall, persisting until after flower

is fully open; stamens numerous, up to c. 1:5 cm. long,

filaments slender, anthers ovate globose, c. 0-5 mm. long,

connective gland small and inconspicuous; style stouter than

filaments and shorter than them; ovary 2-celled. Fruit

unknown.

This species is known from only one collection and

may be no more than a mountain variety of EL. palembanica,

differing in the somewhat narrower and thicker leaves and

the much shorter inflorescence with much stouter branches,

and a less well marked pseudostalk.

There are in Herb. Singapore a few collections from

elevations of 4,500-—5,000 feet which seem to be intermediate.

between E’.. selangorensis and E. palembanica. These are:

PERAK: Gunong Bubu, 5,000 feet, Wray 3907, 4,500 feet,

Wray 3908, 3414; Gunong Batu Puteh, 4,500 feet,

Wray 415.

PAHANG: Pinetree Hill, Fraser Hill, 4,800 feet, SFN 8535

(Burkill & Holttum).

29. Eugenia palembanica (Miq.) Merr. in Journ. Roy. As.

~ Soc. Str. Br., LXXVII, 225 (1917); Corner, Wayside

Trees of Malaya, p. 500, fig. 168. Syzygiwm palem-

bamcum Miaq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. I, 313 (1860).

Eugenia lepidocarpa Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.,

XLVI, ii, 68 (1877); Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., I,

476; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 89; Ridl., F.M.P., I,

Vol. XII. (1949).

730; Wall. Cat. 3618, nom. nud. E. grandis var.

lepidocarpa Kurz., For. Fl. Burma, I, 490 (1877).

(Fig. 17D).

Common in lowland forest, up to about 2,000 feet, and on

sandy seashores from Trengganu to Singapore, but not recorded

from Perak or further north on the west coast.

Distrib: Burma, Sumatra, Borneo.

A tree up to c. 15 m. tall; usually without buttresses

or stilt roots; bark dull rufous fawn or pinkish brown,

finely reticulately fissured with elongate meshes, not or

searcely flaky ; inner bark fairly thick, stripping easily, deep

purple brown. Twigs usually rather stout, terete, with

smooth or slightly flaky greyish or brownish bark.

Leaves coriaceous, ovate oblong, elliptic, elliptic oblong,

occasionally more or less ovate, occasionally lanceolate,

rarely obovate oblong, from c. 7 cm. X 3 cm. to 17 cm.

< 11 cm., apex blunt or subacute or with a short abrupt

point, base cuneate, or rounded and abruptly and shortly

narrowed on to petiole; upper surface somewhat polished,

drying olivaceous brown to black, usually very minutely and

closely punctate, lower surface dull, usually darker than

the upper, closely covered with very minute whitish

glistening scale-like glands; midrib deeply impressed above,

prominent below, rounded or more or less keeled; primary

nerves c. 10-17 pairs, usually 1-1-5 cm. apart, fine on the

upper surface and usually slightly elevate, occasionally

lightly impressed, raised below and usually quite distinct,

ascending, running straight or curving gently up to an

intramarginal nerve 2-3 mm. from leaf margin; secondaries

and reticulations raised above or almost or quite invisible,

the secondaries below usually raised and distinct but less

prominent than the primaries, the reticulations raised and

visible or obscure or invisible; petiole up to c. 1:5 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or rarely from upper axils, often —

clustered, usually shorter than leaves; branchlets numerous,

spreading or ascending, rather stout, compressed and angled

with blackish striate and wrinkled bark; flowers sessile or

occasionally very shortly pedicellate, clustered at apices of

branchlets, fragrant, calyx pale green, petals and stamens

white, disc pale brownish yellow, c. 3 cm. across when fully

expanded; calyx c. 1 cm. long. globose clavate in bud, more

or less campanulate after anthesis, rather suddenly nar-

rowed to a distinct rather stout pseudostalk 2-3 mm. long,

the tube from a little below lobes to base of pseudostalk

distinctly ribbed when.duvy; lobes 4, unequal, not persistent,

transversely oblong ovate, c. 3—4 mm. across and 2 mm. tall;

petals 4, free, persisting until after anthesis, semiorbicular,

c. 5 mm. diam., rather thick textured with thin margins;

stamens numerous, up to c. 15 em. long, filaments slender,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

ra pi raat “yt

subulate, anthers broadly ovate, c. 0:7 mm. long, connective

gland small, brownish; style stouter than filaments, c. 1:3 cm.

long; ovary 2-celled, ‘multiovulate. Fruit c. 2 cm. diam.,

globose, sharply vertically ribbed when dry, crowned by the

cupular calyx rim.

Related to EL. grandis but leaves usually smaller with

less prominent venation, flowers smaller and more abruptly

narrowed at base, calyx ribbed, fruit smaller, vertically

ribbed and with a prominent cupular calyx rim.

30. Eugenia grandis Wight, Ill., I], 17 (1841); King, Mat.

F.M.P., No. 12, 96; Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch., I],

826; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 729;-Corner, Wayside Trees of

Malaya, p. 498, pl. 148, 149, fig. 168. Syzygium grande

(Wight) Walp., Repert., i98 180 (1848) ; Merr. & Perry

in Mem. Amer. "Acad. Arts & Sci., XVII, Boao; CF ic.

18a).

Wild only on sandy and rocky seacoasts. Much planted

inland as a roadside tree.

Distrib: Burma, Indo-China, Siam, Borneo.

| A big tree, up to c. 30 metres tall; bark greyish buff

or pinkish, rough, shallowly fissured, somewhat flaky in

big trees; inner bark pale pink to dark reddish, pale yellow

near surface. Twigs rather slender, terete, brownish or

greyish with smooth or slightly flaky bark. Leaves

coriaceous, elliptic, elliptic oblong, ovate elliptic or ovate

rotund, up to c. 25 cm. X 12 cm. or more in saplings, usually

smaller, apex more or less shortly acuminate and deflexed,

or blunt, base cuneate, or broad and narrowed abruptly on

to petiole; upper surface shining in life, minutely glandular

punctate, slightly bullate, drying olivaceous to blackish,

lower paler in life, dull, with a close covering of very minute

pale glistening scaly glands as in EF. palembanica, drying

dark brown or reddish, the glands then almost invisible;

midrib impressed above, elevate below and longitudinally

wrinkled; primary nerves up to c. 14 pairs in large leaves,

usually 1-2 cm. apart, usually elevate and slender above,

elevate below and slightly ascending, nearly straight or very

slightly curved up to an intramarginal nerve 3-6 mm. from

leaf margin with often a fainter loop very close to the

margin; secondaries and reticulations usually raised on

both surfaces and distinct, but less prominent than

primaries; petiole channelled above, drying black, up to

c. 2 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or from uppermost axils, often

clustered, up to c. 14 cm. long, pedunculate or nearly

sessile, rachis and spreading branchlets more slender than

Vol. XII. (1949).

twigs, compressed, drying dark brown or black; flowers c.

2-5-3 cm. across when expanded, fragrant, calyx pale yellow

green, petals and stamens white, disc yellow, in threes at

branchlet ends, sessile or pedicellate, the outer two flowers

of the triads usually sessile or occasionally very shortly

pedicellate, the centre flower sometimes on a pedicel as much

as 4 mm. long, sometimes sessile; calyx c. 1:2 em long,

narrowly campanulate, c. 6-7 mm. across apex before

expansion, very slightly constricted below lobes and tapering

to a short not very distinctly marked pseudostalk c. 2 mm.

long, which is more evident in the dried flower; tube nearly

smooth; lobes 4, very unequal, subpersistent, the two outer

very short and broad, 1-2 mm. tall, the two inner petaloid,

orbicular, concave, thinner, gland dotted, c. 5 mm. diam;

petals 4, white tinged pale green, more or less orbicular,

c. 5 mm. diam., reflexed after anthesis; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, subulate, up to c. 15 cm. long, anthers

ovate oblong, or broadly oblong, c. 0-6—0:7 mm. long, con-

nective gland very small and inconspicuous; ovary 2-celled,

multiovulate.

Fruit more or less globular, often a little compressed

laterally, or elliptic or elliptic oblong, more or less asym-

metric, up to c. 4 cm. X 3 cm., green when ripe with very

faint narrow longitudinal stripes of slightly darker green;

apical umbilicus deep, 8-9 mm. diam., fringed with remains

of calyx tube and occasionally the calyx lobes, style base

persistent; pericarp pithy-leathery, white, c. 3 mm. thick,

slightly sweet; seed globose or compressed, up to c. 2:5 cm.

diam., testa thick, crustaceous, not easily removed from

cotyledons, c. 1 mm. thick; cotyledons nearly equal, very

pale green with minute slightly darker dots, inner faces

more or less plane, attached to hypocotyle c. 5 mm. from

periphery of seed, sessile. Germination hypogeal.

A large fruited form has been found in Government

House Domain, Singapore. Its fruits are elliptic to obovoid,

pale green to medium green with faint longitudinal narrow

lines of darker green, up to c. 5 ecm. X 3:5 cm., pericarp

white, pithy, slightly juicy, sweet, edible, c. 5 mm. thick,

increasing to c. 10 mm. at apex and base of fruit, not so

tough as in the ordinary form; apical umbilicus 7-10 mm.

diam., deep, fringed with the remains of the calyx lobes and

bearing style base; seed 1, more or less conforming to shape

“of fruit, c. 2:5 X 2 cm., testa pale brown, thick, crustaceous,

closely ‘adhering to cotyledons : cotyledons sessile, super-

posed, one inner face concave, the other convex, surfaces

very pale yellow, pink tinged.

Vol. XII. (1949).

31. Eugenia pachyphylla Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.,

XLII, ii, 3832 (1874); Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I1., II,

477; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 89; Ridl., F.M.P., I,

733; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 500, fig. 168.

Syzygium pachyphyllum (Kurz) Merr. & Perry in

Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 168 (1939).

(Fig. 18b).

Not uncommon in lowland forest from Kedah and Kelantan

to Singapore, and often in ricefields in the north of the

Peninsula.

Distrib: Burma, Siam, Borneo.

A tree up to c. 13 m. tall; bark rather rugose and

tesselately flaky (description from trees in open), pale

pinkish grey; inner bark pale pinkish fawn, thick. Twigs

rather stout, terete, with pale yellow or pale brownish

polished bark. Leaves coriaceous, obovate to oblong

obovate or oblanceolate, apex apiculate or shortly and

abruptly acuminate or shortly and bluntly acute, base

cuneate and narrowed on to petiole, from c. 6 cm. X 2 cm.

to 16 cm. X 8 cm.; upper surface drying olivaceous brown

to blackish brown, very minutely punctate, lower surface

pale brown to reddish brown, with darker pustulate glands;

midrib impressed above, prominent below; primary nerves

up to c. 15 pairs, spreading-ascending, meeting in a rather

faint looped intramarginal nerve 1-3 mm. from leaf margin,

obscure and slightly raised above, slender below but

distinct; secondaries and reticulations obscure above, faint

below; petiole drying black, usually less than 1 cm. long.

Inflorescences terminal or from upper axils, usually

paniculate, sometimes racemose, usually clustered, up to ec.

17 cm. long but usually c. 7 cm., usually pedunculate, the

rachis sometimes elongate, up to 13 cm. long without

branchlets; peduncle, rachis and branchlets more or less

4-angled or compressed with brownish or blackish striate

bark; flowers white, sessile, usually in threes at apices of

branchlets, buds globose clavate c. 1 em. long; calyx after

expansion c. 1 cm. long, ¢c. 1-5 em. across mouth and lobes,

broadly funnel shaped, tapering from below the lobes to a

broad rounded base, the tube gland dotted and with

conspicuous longitudinal rounded ridges; lobes 4, spreading

after anthesis, broadly triangular rounded, c. 5-6 mm.

across at base and 3 mm. tall; petals 4, free, quickly

deciduous, suborbicular; stamens numerous, ¢. 1-5 em. long,

anthers ovate oblong, c. 0-8 mm. long, connective gland

present; style stout at base, tapering upwards and slender

above, c. 1:7 em. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit obovoid or oblong-obovoid with flattened apex,

c. 25 em. long and 2 cm. across, smooth with a few shallow

vertical ridges, pericarp pulpy, about 5 mm. thick at thickest

- Gardens Bulletin, S.

point; apex with shallow dark coloured depression bearing

remains of style and on its margin the fleshy incurved

enlarged calyx lobes; seeds one or two, if two hemispherical,

if one, more or less globose, c. 1:2—1-4 cm. diam., the testa

adhering closely to cotyledons; cotyledons nearly equal,

attached to hypocotyle near middle of inner faces, shortly

stalked; hypocotyle stout, reaching periphery of seed.

32. Eugenia atronervia Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 299, fig. 1 (1947). (Fig. 18c).

JOHORE: Sungai Kayu Ara, Mawai-Jemaluang road, at low

elevations in dry Dryobalanops forest, SFN 25328

(Corner); 2nd mile, Mawai-Jemaluang road, Corner s.n.

Known only from these collections.

A tree 10-12 m. tall, 10 cm. diam..2 m. from ground,

with low flattened stilt roots. Bark dull rufous fawn,

smooth, entire, becoming slightly creviced, not pustulate or

flaky; inner bark dull madder brown or purplish brown,

wood dull reddish brown. Twigs very stout, rounded or

somewhat flattened, not angled, bark black or brown,

smooth or somewhat ridged, not flaky. Leaves large,

narrowly elliptic, or oblong elliptic or oblong lanceolate, up

to ec. 36 cm. long and 16 cm. broad, apex shortly and

abruptly acuminate, base shortly narrowed and more or

less decurrent on petiole; upper surface drying dull fuscous

brown, lower surface a warm red brown; primary nerves

c. 17-21 pairs, somewhat raised above and quite conspicuous

as are the reticulations, strongly raised and black below,

the lax reticulations also raised and evident, but much less

“conspicuous than the primaries; secondaries few to none;

primaries nearly straight or gently curving up to a slightly

looped, well marked intramarginal nerve c. 3 mm. from leaf

margin ; petiole very stout, widely channelled above, drying

black, c. 2 em. long.

Inflorescence terminal, from 2-5-5 em. long, stout, the

largest with a 4-angled peduncle c. 2 cm. long, with two

pairs of stout branchlets, the lower pair 7-8 mm. long,

each with 3 terminal flowers, the upper pair distant from

the lower by 2-5 cm., each c. 2 mm. long with three flowers

each, inflorescence axis produced 5 mm. above upper

branchlets and bearing 4 flowers; other inflorescences much

shorter, c. 2 cm. long, with one pair of very short stout

branchlets each with 3 flowers, and 3 terminal flowers.

Flowers sessile, buds more or less obovoid, calyx campanu-

late or obconic, rather abruptly narrowed into a very short

stout pseudostalk, c. 1:8 cm. long, flower c. 2 cm. across

when expanded; calyx lobes 4, persistent, broad, rounded,

c. 5 mm. long and 6-7 mm. broad; petals free, not quickly

Vol. XII. (1949).

deciduous, of same shape and size as sepals but thinner in

texture; stamens c. 1 em. long; style c. 1:5 cm. long; ovary

2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit more or less depressed globose, up to c. 4 cm.

diam., apex with a rather deep excavation c. 5 mm. diam.,

fringed by the very short (c. 1 mm. tall) remains of calyx

tube, bearing withered stamens; surface of fruit nearly

black, corrugate with broken shallow vertical ridges and

furrows, smooth in places; pericarp probably pulpy or

fleshy, up to c. 6 mm. thick; seed 1, transversely oblong

globose, c. 2:7 em. across, testa very thick, adhering closely

to cotyledons; cotyledons side by side, nearly equal, outer

surface finely rugulose, inner faces conspicuously glandular

pustulate, nearly plane with a shallow wide depression,

sessile, plumule and radicle rather small, attached near

periphery of seed.

This species is characterised by its large leaves, short

inflorescences and large flowers. It is probably allied to

E. Dyeriana King and E. Hemsleyana King, but differs from

both in the much larger leaves, shorter inflorescence and

much larger flowers. It may also be allied to E. pergamen-

tacea King but differs from that species in its larger flowers

and by the nerves not being impressed on the upper surface

of the leaf.

33. Eugenia Millsii Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 301, fig. 2 (1947). (Fig. 18d).

KEDAH: Sungai Terap, near Selama, in forest on riverbank at

low altitude, SFN 35431 (Henderson).

Known only from one collection.

A tree c. 14-17 m. tall, diam. c. 45 cm. at 2 m. from

ground, trunk fluted up to c. 2 m. from ground. Bark

smooth with irregular surface cracks, brownish grey.

Twigs terete, stout, bark greyish white or pale brown,

smooth, somewhat polished. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or

oblong elliptic, up to c. 15 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, base

cuneate, apex shortly and bluntly acute, or sometimes more

or less acuminate, drying dull brown or cinereous above,

dull warm brown below, both surfaces minutely punctate;

petiole pale coloured, 5-10 mm. long; midrib impressed

above, raised below; primary nerves 5-10 pairs, visible but

not conspicuous above, very slightly raised and very slightly

channelled, raised below and more or less conspicuous, the

second or third pair from the base initiating a conspicuous

intramarginal nerve 5-8 mm. from the leaf margin, the

basal one or two pairs running up in a fainter intramarginal

c. 1-3 mm. from margin; secondaries a little finer and less

conspicuous than primaries, reticulations practically in-

visible when dry; petiole 5 mm. or less long, pale.

Gardens Bulletin, S.—

93,

Inflorescences terminal or from upper axils, of fascicled

panicles not exceeding c. 7-8 cm. long, peduncles stout with

pale bark, more or less 4-angled and striate. Flowers

white, in threes at ends of branchlets, the centre flower of

the triads sessile, the two outers on very short stout

pedicels; calyx tube campanulate, c. 4 mm. long and slightly

less across base of lobes, slightly contracted just below lobes,

narrowed to a stout pseudostalk less than 1 mm, long;

lobes 4, semiorbicular, persistent, c. 4 mm. tall and 5 mm.

wide; petals 4, persistent for some time after the flower is

fully open, orbicular, 6 mm. tall and 6:5 mm. wide, free;

stamens numerous, longest filaments c. 10 mm. long, anthers

oblong or broadly elliptic, 0-5—-0-6 mm. long; ovary 2-celled

with many ovules; fruit unknown.

Possibly allied to EH. densiflora var. angustifolia but

differing in being a fair sized tree, not a bush, with flowers

which are smaller and of a different colour. The venation

also differs considerably.

34, Eugenia kemamanensis Henderson in_ Gardens’

Bulletin, Singapore, XI, 303, fig. 3 (1947). (Fig.

19a). '

KEMAMAN: Ulu Ayam, Kajang, c. 500 feet, in forest, SFN

30352 (Corner).

Known only from one collection.

A tree c. 8-9 m. tall, bark silvery grey, even, entire;

inner bark pale pink, green below surface, wood pale buff.

Twigs terete, with smooth or somewhat striate bark, pale

Silvery grey when dry. Leaves elliptic to elliptic lanceolate,

sometimes more or less obovate, apex bluntly acute or

shortly bluntly acuminate, narrowed to a rounded or

truncate base, up to 18-19 cm. long and 8-9 cm. broad;

drying pale brown on both surfaces, the upper surface

usually rather darker than the lower, both surfaces minutely

rugose when dry; midrib deeply impressed above, strongly

elevate below; primary nerves distant, c. 9-11 pairs, fine

and sunk above, raised below, slender but conspicuous,

meeting in a well marked looped intramarginal nerve c.

0-5-1 cm. from leaf margin, with a much fainter intra-

marginal much nearer the margin; reticulations very faint

or invisible above, very fine and lax below; petiole pale,

rather stout, c. 5 mm. long.

Inflorescences from below: leaves or on side twigs,

practically sessile, c. 4 cm. long, rachis slender, 4-angled or

compressed, with a few distant slender branchlets up to c.

2 cm. long, terminated by flowers in threes; pedicels not

exceeding 2 mm. long. Flower buds c. 4—6 mm. long,

obeonic, tapering to a short pseudostalk; calyx lobes 4,

Vol. XII. (1949).

. Hoseana.

a, E. kemamanensis; b, E. subdecussata; c, d, E. subde-

Fig. 19.

cussata var. montana; e, E. viridescens;

Gardens Bulletin, S.

broad, rounded, concave, c. 4-5 mm. broad and 3 mm. tall.,

petals 4, falling as a calyptra, but separable, similar in

shape to calyx lobes but slightly larger and thinner in

texture; stamens c. 4 mm. long; style c. 4—5 mm. long.

Fruit globose to depressed globose, up to 2:3 cm. diam.,

calyx rim very wide, c. 1:4 cm. diam., apex of fruit not

excavate but slightly convex with more or less persistent,

widely separated remains of calyx lobes; pericarp fleshy,

testa brownish; cotyledons side by side, nearly equal,

opposing faces nearly plane, except for a narrow radial

ridge on one fitting into a corresponding groove on the

ether, shortly broadly stalked.

Very little material of this species is known, but it

appears to be sufficiently distinct and not closely related to

any other Malayan species.

35. Eugenia cordifoliata Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str.

Br., LXXIX, 66 (1918); F.M.P., I, 736. EH. Swetten-

hamiana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 126 (1901),

quoad specimina Scortechiniana.

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini s.n. (type collection).

Known only from the above collection. See note under

E. Swettenhamiana. ¢

? A tree. Branches terete, pale. Leaves elliptic, mem-

branous, c. 10 cm. X 3-5-4 em., apex bluntly acuminate,

narrowed to a rounded subcordate almost peltate base,

upper surface drying blackish, lower paler; primary nerves

c. 18 pairs, obscure above, slightly elevate below, meeting

in an intramarginal nerve; petiole short, stout, less than

5 mm. long.

Panicles terminal, lax, c. 15 em. long on a peduncle

c. 5 cm. long, branchlets angled, up to c. 7:5 cm. long;

flowers in threes at branchlet ends; buds pyriform,

narrowed to a slender pseudostalk, calyx lobes ovate. Fruit

unknown. (ex Ridley).

36. Eugenia subdecussata Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., II,

491 (1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 121, incl. var.

colorata King; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 752; Corner, Wayside

Trees of Malaya, p. 503, fig. 168. E. colorata Duthie,

loc., cit., 492. Syzygium subdecussatum Wall. Cat.,

nom. nud. (Fig. 19b).

Common in lowland forest from Penang to Singapore,

mostly to the west of the Main Range, but also on the rocky

shores and islands of the east coast.

Distrib: Sumatra.

_A tree up to c. 24 m. tall, trunk slightly fluted at base

or not; bark smooth, becoming rather finely and closely

Vol. XII. (1949).

reticulately creviced or fissured, not scaly rugose or pustu-

late, pinkish brown, often with greyish bloom; inner bark

thick, pale pinkish brown to reddish buff. Twigs slender,

terete, compressed below nodes, with brownish or greyish

smooth or slightly flaky bark. Leaves thickly coriaceous,

elliptic or oblong elliptic, sometimes elliptic ovate or elliptic

obovate, from c. 5 cm. X 2 em. to c. 15 em. X 7 cm., apex

acute, or acuminate, often very shortly and abruptly so,

sometimes rounded, base more or less narrowed and more

or less cordate, occasionally cuneate; upper surface polished,

drying brown to blackish brown, minutely punctate, lower

surface dull, drying brown to reddish brown, closely

pustulate glandular with minute pale scale-like glands;

midrib impressed above, prominent below and more or less

keeled or longitudinally wrinkled; primary nerves up to

c. 15 pairs, c. 0-5-1 cm. apart, usually spreading ascending

and meeting a fine intramarginal nerve 1-3 mm. from leaf

margin, slightly elevate and very slender on both surfaces

but more distinct below, the secondaries below often as

distinct as primaries, the reticulations when visible almost

as distinct as secondaries; petiole less than 5 mm. long, the

leaves often subsessile.

Panicles terminal or occasionally from upper axils, up.

to c. 10 cm. long, often clustered, usually pedunculate,

peduncles from less than 1 em. long to c. 55 cm., the

peduncle, rachis and branchlets rather slender, much com-

pressed, with dark striate bark, lower branchlets ascending,

2-4 cm. long, the upper ones spreading, shorter; flowers

white, calyx green often flushed purple at apex, clustered

at ends of branchlets or on very short tertiary branchlets,

buds clavate, c. 6 mm. long; calyx funnel shaped, c. 5 mm.

long, c. 3 mm. across mouth, narrowed to a rather stout

pseudostalk c. 3 mm. long, lobes 5, obscure, very shortly and

broadly triangular; petals calyptrate; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, up to c. 355 mm. long, anthers broadly

ovate, c. 0-4 mm. long, connective gland rather conspicuous ;

style very stout, c. 3-5 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit globose or pyriform up to c. 2:5 cm. diam.,

smooth, green flushed dull red pink on one side when ripe,

apical umbilicus narrow and deep, c. 3-4 mm. diam., without

calyx tube but fringed with remains of calyx lobes; pericarp

thin, sweetish, 2-3 mm. thick; seed 1, more or less globose,

testa very thick and pithy, closely adhering to the coty-

ledons; cotyledons equal, side by side, creamy pale brown,

slightly rugose and conspicuously gland dotted, inner faces

slightly concave, gland dotted, attached centrally to the

hypocotyle by very short broad stalks.

Gardens Bulletin, S-

E. subdecussata Duthie var. montana King, Mat. F.M.P.,

Ne. 191 (1901)... (Fig. 19¢; d).

Common in mountain forest on the Main Range and

recorded also from Kedah Peak and Gunong Sagi in Kelantan.

This variety differs from the typical form in having a

more or less shrubby habit and smaller and broader and

blunter leaves. The leaves, however, vary considerably,

from almost rotund, obtuse at apex and cordate at base,

to oblong elliptic or obovate with a short blunt point and

rounded or cuneate at base. In view of the great variation

in leaf form in both the typical and varietal forms and

also of the fact that the typical form is by no means confined

to. the lowlands, it seems probable that var. montana is

hardly worth keeping up.

As King points out, Syzygium apodum Migq., FI. Ind.

Bat. Suppl. I, 312 (1860) is very close to EF. subdecussata.

I have seen a sheet of what is probably the type collection

(leg. Teysmann, Sumatra ad littora Siboga) preserved in

Herb. Calcutta. This differs from EF. subdecussata in the

-blunter leaves with more pronounced recurved margins, the

polished yellow paler branches and the slightly thicker

inflorescence branchlets. Typical EF. subdecussata is known

from Sumatra, and further collections and collections of

fruit may show that S. apodum is distinct. If it is regarded

as conspecific with EF’. subdecussata, Miquel’s specific epithet

will take precedence over Duthie’s, for Syzygium subdecus-

satum Wall. is a nomen nudum not validated until 1878.

37. Eugenia viridescens Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc.,

XXXVIII, 308 (1908); F.M.P., I, 752. (Fig. 19e).

PAHANG: Gunong Tahan, Ridley 16031, 5,000 feet, Wray &

Robinson 5338 (type collection), Wray’s Camp, Ridley

16275, Seat Point, 5,460 feet, FMS Mus. 12180 (Kloss),

Padang, Corner s.n.

Known only from Gunong Tahan.

A shrub. Leaves on youngest shoots elliptic or nar-

rowly obovate, narrowed to both ends, apex abruptly

acuminate or apiculate; older leaves oblong elliptic or

obovate, reaching c. 9 cm. X 6 cm., apex rounded, shortly

apiculate or retuse, base rounded or narrowed, nearly

sessile; midrib narrowly channelled above, bold and keeled

below; primary nerves up to ¢c. 15 pairs, faint and slightly

raised above, faint below, slender, raised, c. 5 mm. apart,

joining an intramarginal nerve which is usually hidden by

the strongly revolute leaf margin, secondaries and reticula-

tions faint above, secondaries below almost indistinguishable

from primaries, reticulations invisible or very faint; upper

surface more or less polished, olive green to dark brown

Vol. XII. (1949).

when dry, sometimes pustulate, often gland pitted, lower

surface dull, pale brownish to dark brown, usually black

dotted.

Panicles terminal, dense, up to c. 5 cm. long, peduncle

short or almost none, branchlets rather slender, the lower

ones up to c. 3 cm. long, the upper shorter, more or less

angled with striate bark; flowers crowded, calyx tube c.

4 mm. long, campanulate, narrowed to a short stout

pseudostalk c. 1 mm. long, the centre flower of the groups

of three with a slightly longer and more slender pseudostalk

than the outer two; calyx lobes broad and shallow but

distinct; petals falling in a calyptra; stamens short, c. 1:5

mm. long, filaments broad at base and tapering upwards,

connective gland small and inconspicuous; style short, stout.

Fruit unknown.

38. Eugenia Wrayi King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 119 (1901) ;

Ridl., F:M-P., J, 753. > Cig. Way.

PERAK: Ulu Batang Padang, 4,900 feet, Wray 1504 (syn-

type); Gunong Bubu, 5,000 feet, Wray 3859 (syntype) ;

Gunong Korbu, 5,000 feet, Haniff 3915 (Ridley’s no.

16306), 5,500 feet, Forest Dept. FMS 31447.

SELANGOR: Gunong Mengkuang, 5,000 feet, Robinson s.n.

PAHANG: Padang, Gunong Tahan, c. 5,500 feet, Seemund 358;

Gunong Batu Brinchang, 6,700 feet, SFN 23586 (Hen-

derson), Forest Dept. FMS 36518; summit of Gunong Irau,

Forest Dept. FMS 36552, 36569; Cameron Highlands,

Forest Dept. FMS 23886, 25941; Gunong Benom, 6,900 feet,

Forest Dept. FMS 22335.

Distrib: Endemic.

A shrub or small tree. Youngest twigs 4-angled, dark

brown, smooth, older twigs terete with rough greyish bark.

Leaves thickly coriaceous, broadly elliptic or elliptic ovate

or elliptic obovate to subrotund, up to c. 5 cm. X 35 ecm.,

apex obtuse or retuse or with a very short blunt point,

base round, sometimes subcordate, sometimes more or less

narrowed; upper surface drying brown to blackish brown,

punctate, lower surface paler, reddish brown, black gland

dotted; midrib impressed above, broad and hardly elevate

below ; primary nerves numerous and hardly distinguishable

from secondaries and reticulations, ascending to an obscure

intramarginal nerve close to the leaf margin; venation

above often obscure or invisible, sometimes slightly raised,

raised and distinct below, the veins broad and closely

reticulate; petiole less than 5 mm. long drying dark.

Panicles terminal, short and compact, almost hidden by

the leaves, up to c. 2 cm. long and as much across, sessile

or shortly pedunculate, branchlets very short and stout,

crowded, more or less 4-angled; flowers greenish, sessile, —

usually in threes at branchlet apices, buds shortly globose

Gardens Bulletin, S. —

—* ———

5 0

hon \ wet

. * \

N \

\ Nera

, E. inasensis; c, d, E. pahangensis; e,

Wrayi; b

tahanensis.

Vol. XII. (1949).

Fig. 20. a, E.

100

clavate; calyx tube funnel shaped, c. 5 mm. long, gradually

narrowed to base, slightly ridged, gland dotted, the pseu-

dostalk not distinctly marked off; lobes 5, subpersistent,

broadly oblong rounded, gland dotted, c. 1:7 mm. across and

1 mm. tall; petals free (perhaps falling in a very loose:

calyptra), orbicular, 2-2-5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous,

variable in length, reaching c. 5-5 mm., filaments rather

stout, subulate, anthers ovate oblong, c. 0-5 mm. long,

connective gland rather large; style rather stouter than

filaments, c. 6 mm. long.

Young fruit globular, crowned by the conspicuous calyx

rim and enlarged sepals, the latter disappearing before the

fruit ripens. Ripe fruit more or less globose or oblong

globose, c. 1 cm. diam., crowned by the short calyx rim,

black or blackish brown when dry and wrinkled; pericarp:

in boiled up fruits smooth, rather thick; seed 1, c. 0-75 cm.

diam., testa thick, brown, cotyledons nearly equal, inner

faces nearly plane, attached to hypocotyle near their centres.

by short broad stalks.

39. Eugenia inasensis King, Mat. F.M.P., I, No. 12, 120

(1901) ;-Ridl.; F.MLP., L.1bie ae

PERAK: Gunong Inas, 5,000 feet, Wray 4144, 4150, 4154.

Known only from these collections.

A small tree. Twigs rather stout, terete, compressed

below nodes, -bark nearly smooth, yellowish. Leaves

coriaceous, elliptic, or broadly elliptic oblong, sometimes.

slightly obovate, from c. 5 em. X 2 cm. to 10 cm. X 5-5 cm.,

apex shortly and abruptly acuminate, base tapered and

decurrent on petiole; upper surface more or less polished,

drying yellowish brown to blackish brown, closely and.

minutely punctate, lower surface dull, brownish; midrib

impressed above, bold below; primary nerves numerous,

slightly raised and inconspicuous on both surfaces, reticula-

tions not visible; petiole channelled above, drying black and

wrinkled, up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or from uppermost axils, solitary or

clustered, up to c. 4 em. long, peduncles up to ce. 1:5 cm. long,

branchlets short, spreading, 2—3 pairs, they and the peduncle

rather stout, but thinner than twigs, 4-angled or com-

pressed, with blackish striate bark; flowers white, sessile,

in threes at branchlet ends, buds obovoid, 6-7 mm. long;

calyx after expansion funnel shaped, tapering to base

without a distinctly marked pseudostalk, c. 5 mm. long and

4 mm. across mouth; lobes 5, unequal, inconspicuous, the

largest transversely oblong ovate c. 2 mm. across and 1 mm.

tall; petals falling in a calyptra c. 45 mm. diam., more or

less agglutinated; stamens numerous, variable in length,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

101

up to c. 5-5 mm. long, the filaments subulate, stout at base

and tapering upwards, anthers ovate oblong, 0-5-0-8 mm.

long, connective gland small; style stouter than filaments,

c. 5 mm. long; ovary 2-celled. Fruit unknown.

Allied to E. pahangensis and its variety Fraseri rather

than to E. subdecussata as King suggests.

40. Eugenia pahangensis Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc.,

XXXVIII, 307 (1908) ;s F.M.P., I, 751. (Fig. 20c, d).

PAHANG: Gunong Tahan, Ridley 16015, 5,000-6,000 feet, Wray

& Robinson 5454 (type collection), Padang, FMS Mus.

12244, 12249 (Kloss), SFN 20665 (Holttum), 5,300—7,000

feet, SFN 7936 (Hanif & Nur), summit, 7,186 feet, FMS

Mus. 12134, Corner s.n.

Distrib: Endemic.

A small tree, bark greyish pinkish, slightly flaky ; inner

bark pale pinkish brown. Twigs stout, terete, compressed

below nodes, bark smooth, whitish, yellowish or pale brown.

Leaves very coriaceous, elliptic or ovate elliptic to orbicular,

from c. 45 cm. X 45 em. to 16 cm. X 8 cm., apex shortly

acute, shortly and abruptly acuminate, rounded, or retuse,

base rounded, sometimes subcordate, sometimes shortly

and abruptly narrowed to petiole; upper surface drying

olivaceous brown to blackish brown, somewhat polished,

usually closely and minutely punctate, lower surface dull

and paler; midrib impressed above, prominent below and

keeled or longitudinally wrinkled; primary nerves up to c.

50 pairs, c. 0-5 to nearly 1 cm. apart, spreading, the basal

ones often curving downwards, meeting in a nearly straight

intramarginal nerve c. 2 mm. from leaf margin, slender

and slightly elevate above, and usually quite distinct,

varying from slender and elevate below and distinct to

invisible, the secondaries and reticulations varying in the

Same manner; petiole stout, channelled above, drying black

and wrinkled, up to ¢c. 1 em. long.

Panicles terminal or occasionally from upper axils, up

to c. 6 cm. long and wide, clustered, crowded, usually pedun-

culate, sometimes sessile, peduncles reaching 3—5 cm. long,

very stout, often as stout as twigs, compressed and angled

with dark striate bark, smooth in life; branchlets usually

two pairs, the lower up to c. 2 cm. long, ascending, the upper

shorter and more spreading; flowers sessile, crowded at

branchlet ends, white or greenish white, disc orange; calyx

broadly obconic, finely gland dotted, c. 5 mm. long, 4 mm.

across mouth, tapered slightly to a broad truncate base or

narrowed to a very indistinct pseudostalk; lobes 5, persis-

tent, broadly triangular acute, c. 2 mm. across and 1 mm.

tall; petals 5, free, slightly unequal, ovate orbicular, the

largest c. 3 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, variable in

Vol. XII. (1949).

102

length, reaching c. 6 mm., the filaments rather stout,

subulate, anthers oblong, c. 0-8 mm. long, connective gland

conspicuous, dark brown; style stouter than filaments, 4

mm. long; ovary 2-celled with several ovules.

Fruit more or less globose, smooth, with one or two

well marked or faint vertical ridges, c. 2-5 cm. diam., apical

umbilicus rather shallow, c. 5 mm. diam., fringed by the

enlarged incurved calyx lobes and bearing the short style

remains; pericarp 1-2 mm. thick; cotyledons more or less

equal, superposed, smooth with rather conspicuous raised

gland dots; inner faces nearly plane, attached to the

hypocotyle by very short broad stalks.

EK. pahangensis Ridl., var. Fraseri var. nov.

A typa foliis tenuioribus, acuminatis, basi at-

tenuatis, calycis lobis brevioribus differt.

PAHANG: Fraser Hill,, 3,000—4,000 feet, SFN 33202 (Corner),

TYPE collection, holotype in Herb. Singapore.

The variety here described as new differs from the

typical form in the much thinner leaves, narrowed at the

base and with an acuminate apex, the more slender twigs

and the shorter, smaller, more acute calyx lobes. The

collector describes it as a common canopy tree 80 feet or

more tall with a heavy crown as in E. grandis, the outer

bark grey, rather pale, flaking in angular pieces, but not

conspicuously, not fissured or ridged, inner bark vinaceous

brown; calyx green, disc orange, petals and filaments white,

petals calyptrate.

SFN 33202 was distributed from Singapore as E.

masensis King. It is doubtless allied to this species, but

differs in the leaves not being pitted above, with more

prominent nerves above, and in the different shape of the

calyx with smaller, acute, not broad and shallow lobes.

More material of the variety, and fruit, may show it to be

a distinct species, closely allied to EH. pahangensis and to

E.. inasensis.

41. Eugenia tahanensis Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus., VI,

146 (1915); F.M.P., I, 752. (Fig. 20e).

PAHANG: Gunong Tahan (“top of Tahan’”), Ridley 16032

(type collection), 6,000 feet, Forest Dept. FMS 42889,

Corner s.n.

Known only from Gunong Tahan.

A shrub or treelet or dwarf shrub, bark grey or

pinkish grey, slightly flaky, inner bark pale brown.

Twigs very stout, terete, bark pale, the youngest twigs

with dark bark. Leaves stiff, coriaceous, elliptic or obovate,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

103

up to c. 10 em. long and 7:5 cm. broad, apex rounded, retuse,

or very shortly acute, base more or less narrowed, sometimes

rounded and very shortly narrowed on to petiole; petiole

up to c. 1-5 cm. long, dark coloured, stout, channelled above;

midrib impressed above, raised below; primary nerves up to

c. 9 pairs, 0-5-1 cm. apart, very fine and channelled above,

slender and inconspicuous below in the type but in later

collections dark coloured and more conspicuous, no definite

intramarginal vein; secondaries and reticulations usually

very faint or invisible on both surfaces; in the type both

surfaces drying dull brown, the lower paler, in other

collections the upper surface polished, dark red brown, the

lower dull, paler, upper surface usually minutely punctate.

Inflorescences fascicled, terminal or from upper axils,

up to c. 7 cm. long; peduncle variable in length, up to c.

4 cm., it and the branchlets compressed and striate; flowers

crowded at the ends of the very short ultimate branchlets,

sessile; calyx narrowly obconic, without pseudostalk, c. 5

mm. long, c. 355 mm. across mouth, black when dry and

wrinkled ; lobes 4, incurved in bud, persistent, broadly ovate,

rounded, after anthesis the calyx tube campanulate; petals

united in a thick calyptra; stamens numerous, up to c. 1:5

mm. long, filaments broad at base, tapering upwards, anthers

Pica elliptic, connective gland rather conspicuous; style

short

Fruit fecadly oblong, c. 1:75 cm. cae. smooth, apex

without calyx tube, umbilicus shallow, 6—7 mm. diam.,

fringed with the incurved enlarged calyx lobes and bearing

short style remains; pericarp 1-3 mm. thick; seed more or

less globose, c. 1:25 cm. diam., testa adhering to cotyledons,

somewhat leathery with an outer thin membranous layer

and an inner thicker pithy layer ; cotyledons more or less

equal, side by side, inner faces ridged and furrowed,

attached near their centres by short broad stalks to the

stout faintly tesselate hypocotyle which reaches the peri-

phery of the seed.

42. Eugenia Hoseana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 106

(1901); Ridl., F.M.P., I, 733. Syzygium Hoseanum

(King) Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Sci.,. > VILL, 3, 150 (1939)... (Fig. 19f).

PERAK: Larut, 300-500 feet, Kunstler 3407 (syntype); Max-

well’s Hill, Wray 2952 (syntype) ; Gunong Kledang, Ridley

9668; sine loc., Scortechini 163 (syntype).

JOHORE: Palace Gardens, Ridley 11989.

Distrib: Borneo.

A tree c. 12 m. tall. Twigs terete, compressed below

nodes, the youngest quadrangular, bark smooth, pale yellow

Vol. XII. (1949).

104

or pale greyish yellow. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, elliptic

oblong or somewhat obovate, up to c. 15 cm. X 7 cm., apex

abruptly caudate acuminate, base narrowed and decurrent

on petiole; upper surface drying dark brown to blackish

brown, somewhat polished, minutely punctate, lower surface

dull, pale brown, minutely pustulate; midrib impressed

above, prominent and rounded below; primary nerves 12-20

pairs, 1-1-5 cm. apart, impressed above, prominent below,

ascending and running straight or very slightly curved to

a well marked looped intramarginal nerve c. 3-5 mm. from

leaf margin, with another faint loop much nearer margin;

secondaries and reticulations obscure above, the secondaries

below distinct but less prominent than primaries, the

reticulations lax and faint; petiole less than 1 cm. long.

Inflorescences racemose, axillary and terminal, solitary

or clustered, short and compact, not exceeding c. 2 cm. long,

rachis angled and grooved; flowers sessile, white, sur-

rounded and almost hidden by several leathery gland dotted

bracts with thin margins, the outer ones ovate acuminate -

or ovate oblong apiculate, up to c. 9 mm. X 8 mm., the

inner ones oblong ovate or obovate, shorter and blunter;

calyx 6—7 mm. long, widely campanulate, tapered to base,

the pseudostalk usually not distinct, tube wrinkled or more

or less ridged below; lobes 5, concave, incurved over petals

in bud but not overlapping, erect after anthesis, persistent,

oblong, ovate blunt, c. 3 mm. across and 2:5 mm. tall;

petals 4, falling as a calyptra but not agglutinated and easily

separable, orbicular, c. 45 mm. diam.; stamens numerous,

variable in length, up to c. 6 mm. long, filaments subulate,

anthers oblong, 0-7—-0-9 mm. long, connective gland small but

cae style stouter than filaments, c. 5-5 mm. long; ovary

2-celled. pits

Fruit (? unripe) oblong globose, a little over 1 cm.

diam., faintly vertically ridged, apex convex, bearing style

remains, fringed by the very short calyx tube and the

enlarged incurved calyx lobes; pericarp apparently leathery ;

seed 1, globose, 7-8 mm. diam., the rather thick crustaceous

testa adhering closely to cotyledons; cotyledons unequal,

inner faces gland dotted, with a well marked sharp ridge

crossing the whole face, the cotyledons attached at the

central point of the ridges by short stalks to the long stout

hypocotyle which reaches the periphery of the seed.

Distinct in the pale polished twigs, well marked

primary nerves, and the very short compact inflorescences

with large and conspicuous persistent bracts.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

105

43. Eugenia variolosa King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 107

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 736. (Fig. 21a).

PERAK: Larut, within 10 feet, Kunstler 3995 (syntype) ; 500-

800 feet, Kunstler 2796, 300-800 feet, Kunstler 3415

(syntype) ; Gopeng, 500-800 feet, Kunstler 6036 (syntype) ;

Bikum Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 368; Kledang Saiong

Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 25812, 33727,

33728; sine loc., Scortechini s.n.

SELANGOR: Kuala Lumpur, Ridley’s collector 4973 (syntype) ;

Sungai Buloh Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 457,

2279, 3308; Weld Hill Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS

936, 8261, 10841.

Distrib: Endemic.

A shrub or small tree. Young twigs slender, 4-angled,

bark brown, copiously pustulate, older twigs terete. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, oblong lanceolate or narrowly oblong

elliptic, apex caudate acuminate, base cuneate, up to c. 18

cm. X 6 cm., upper surface drying pale brown to dark

brown, pustulate and often also punctate, lower surface

paler, pustulate with dark raised glands; midrib impressed

above, prominent below and more or less keeled, pustulate;

primary nerves up to c. 15 pairs, over 1 cm. apart, very

slightly raised and very faint above, raised below, slender

but very distinct, ascending, running straight or curving

up to a well marked looped intramarginal nerve c. 4-7 mm.

from leaf margin, with a much fainter loop c. 2 mm. from

margin and a very faint one still closer; secondaries slightly

less distinct below than primaries, reticulations lax and very

fine; petiole rather slender, channelled above, c. 1 cm. long.

Inflorescences terminal and axillary, racemose, short,

clustered, not exceeding c. 2-5 cm. long, rachis pustulate;

flowers white, usually pedicelled, pedicels up to c. 5 mm.

long or almost none, with a minute broad rounded subpersis-

tent bracteole subtending the flower; buds c. 1 cm. long;

calyx narrowly campanulate, tube c. 7 mm. long, conspi-

cuously glandular pustulate, tapered to an obscure pseudo-

stalk less than 1 mm. long; lobes 4, deciduous, conspicuously

glandular pustulate, very unequal, the two outer broadly

rounded, c. 3 mm. across and 2 mm. tall, the two inner

orbicular, c. 5 mm. diam., subpetaloid; petals 4, free,

reflexed after anthesis, c. 5-5 mm. long and 5 mm. broad,

broadly oblong with large scattered gland dots; stamens

~ numerous, filaments very slender, up to c. 1:5 cm. long,

anthers elliptic, c. 0-4 mm. long, connective gland not visible;

style slender, but stouter than filaments, c. 2 cm. long.

Fruit globular, smooth, prominently gland dotted, c.

2 cm. diam., apex convex, fringed by the short calyx rim.

Vol. XII. (1949).

106

Easily recognised by the pustulations on leaves, twigs

and flowers, and by the very short inflorescences with

narrow flowers and long, very slender stamens.

2 cm. 2 Cm.

Fig. 21. a, E. variolosa; b, E. chlorantha.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

107

44. Eugenia chlorantha Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., Il, 487

(1878), excl. syn.; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 97;

Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch., II, 806; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 734; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 494, fig.

168. E. Hullettiana King, loc. cit., 97 (1901); Ridl.,

loc. cit., 735. Syzygium chloranthum (Duthie) Merr.

& Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3,

173 (1939). (Fig. 216).

Common in lowland forest from Kedah and Penang (where

it is very common on Penang Hill) to Singapore.

Distrib: Annam (ex Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch.), ? Siam, Sumatra,

Borneo.

A tree reaching c. 24 m. tall, bark smooth, entire,

finely lenticellate or finely creviced, sometimes with faint

horizontal distant ridges, sepia or salmon colour or dull

dark red; inner bark pale brown; wood dark tan yellowish,

hard. Twigs slender, terete, compressed below nodes, bark

smooth, dark brown. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic,

ovate elliptic or elliptic oblong, occasionally lanceolate, from

c. 65 cm. X 2:5 cm. to 19 cm. X 85 cm., apex acuminate

or caudate acuminate, base cuneate, upper surface usually

drying greenish or brown to blackish brown, minutely

pustulate or occasionally punctate, lower surface drying

greenish or brownish, closely pustulate; midrib impressed

above, elevate below; primary nerves numerous, c. 30 pairs,

usually 3—5 mm. apart, very fine and slender, slightly raised

above and obscure or faint, raised below and distinct,

meeting in a fine intramarginal nerve c. 2-3 mm. from leaf

margin; secondaries below hardly distinguishable from

primaries, reticulations very fine, sometimes invisible;

petiole rather slender, up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or axillary, up to c. 8 em. long (up

to 14 cm. in fruit), pedunculate or nearly sessile, branchlets

rather slender, angled or compressed, usually. short but

reaching c. 3 cm., spreading-ascending; flowers fragrant,

greenish white with rose red stamens, or the calyx and

petals flushed deep pink, appearing crowded in the shorter

inflorescences, usually in threes at branchlet ends, the centre

flower on a very short stout pedicel, the outers sessile;

.mature buds c. 1-1-2 cm. long, clavate; calyx c. 8 mm. long,

c. 6 mm. across mouth after anthesis, contracted just below

lobes into a thick, ridged, cylindric or slightly tapering tube

5-6 mm. long; lobes 4 (sometimes 5), spreading-erect,

persistent, thick, ovate triangular blunt, 3-4 mm. across

base and c. 2 mm. tall; petals 4, free, reflexed after anthesis,

then deciduous, orbicular with a short thick claw, c. 6 mm.

diam.; stamens numerous, variable in length, reaching c.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

108

1 cm., filaments subulate, anthers broadly oblong, c. 0-7-0:8

mm. long without connective gland; style much stouter than

filaments, c. 1 cm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit subglobular, 1-2 cm. diam., green flushed rose

purple, vertically ridged when young, apical excavation deep

and narrow, c. 3-4 mm. diam., fringed by the short calyx

rim and the upright or reflexed, hardly enlarged calyx lobes.

The only difference that I can detect, in the herbarium,

between EH. chlorantha and E. Hullettiana is the larger and

more spreading inflorescence of the latter. Kunstler

describes the stamens of F. Hullettiana as white, slightly

red towards centre, while the stamens of E. chlorantha are

rose red.

Ridley remarks that H. Hullettiana is very close to

E.. Helferi but it is really quite distinct from that species

both in foliage and flower characters.

45. Eugenia Ngadimaniana Henderson in Gardens’

Bulletin, Singapore, XI, 305, fig. 4 (1947). (Fig. 22a).

JOHORE: Sungai Kayu, Mawai-Jemaluang road, in swampy

forest, SF'N 32152 (Kiah).

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah Reserve, altitude under 500 feet,

SFN 36129, 37012, 37020 (Ngadiman).

A tree c. 20 m. tall, bark pale brown or fawn brown,

nearly smooth with fine irregular cracks, scaling in

occasional irregular pieces, with irregular longitudinal pits

or dimples; inner bark thick, dull red or reddish brown. ,

Twigs terete, with dark brown, reddish brown or greyish ‘

brown bark. Leaves thinly coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or

elliptic lanceolate or oblong elliptic, apex abruptly acuminate

or caudate acuminate, base long narrowed on to petiole,

from c. 6 cm. X 3-5 em. toc. 138 em. X 5 em.; upper surface

when dry smooth, pale brown to dark brown, lower surface

usually paler, with minute slightly raised gland dots; midrib

impressed above in a dark coloured channel, raised below;

primary nérves c. T-13 pairs, 5-10 mm. distant, slender but

distinguishable from secondaries, sunk in narrow channels

above, slightly elevate below, meeting in an inconspicuous

intramarginal nerve 1-2 mm. from leaf margin; secondaries

below nearly as conspicuous as primaries but distinguishable

from them, reticulations below usually faint; petiole slender,

1-15 cm. long, finely wrinkled. R

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, solitary or more

usually several from each axil or branchlet ends, up to c.

9 cm. long, peduncle 2-5 em. long with pale longitudinally

wrinkled bark; branchlets 2-4 pairs, the lowest up to c.

2 cm. long, the upper shorter, almost horizontal or curving

upwards; flowers crowded at branchlet ends or at ends of

short secondary branchlets, sessile, bracteoles oblong

Gardens Bulletin, S. —

109

lanceolate, subacute, subpersistent, c. 155 mm. long; buds

more or less obovoid, c. 6-65 mm. long; calyx obconic, 3-4

mm. long, c. 3-5-4 mm. across mouth, without pseudostalk, -

lobes 5, shallow and broad, acute or subacute, inconspicuous,

c. 2 mm. wide and 0-5 mm. tall; petals falling in a calyptra

but not agglutinated, more or less orbicular, c. 3 mm. diam.,

conspicuously gland dotted; stamens up to c. 8 mm. long,

anthers c. 0:2 mm. diam., connective gland inconspicuous;

ovary 2-celled with several ovules in each cell.

Ripe fruit dark green slightly flushed dull purplish red

at apex, oblong obovoid, obscurely ridged, c. 2 cm. long,

apical umbilicus shallow, c. 3 mm. diam., bearing the 5 small

incurved calyx lobes and style base; pericarp pithy leathery,

¢. 2 mm. thick; seed 1, testa thick, whitish pink, brittle

crustaceous; cotyledons sessile, superposed, nearly equal,

inner faces plane or slightly concave.

46. Eugenia Helferi Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., Il, 480

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 95; Ridl., F.M.P.,

Pefao. . (Fig: 22b, .¢) .

KEDAH: Bukit Dundang Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS

12425.

PENANG: Pulau Jerejak, within 100 feet, Kunstler 4181 (one

sheet of this number in Herb. Calcutta is so labelled. All

the other duplicates that I have seen bear a “Perak, Larut”

label. The Penang locality is likely to be the correct one) ;

Waterfall Gardens, Curtis 3287, 3827, Haniff 1261, SFN

21405 (Henderson), SFN 31575 (Corner), SFN 37451

(Nauen) ; Government Hill, 500 feet, Curtis 212; Penang

Hill, SFN 35321 (Kiah), 2,000 feet, SFN 37677 (Nauen).

Distrib: Burma, Siam.

A tree, trunk fluted at base; bark tesselately creviced

into small rectangular pieces, scaling in small patches, not

papery flaky, pinkish or greyish brown. Twigs terete or

obscurely quadrangular, slender, bark pale brown, reddish

brown or greyish, scaly. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly

elliptic, elliptic oblong or ovate lanceolate or lanceolate, apex

acuminate or acute, base cuneate or long narrowed, from

¢. 6 cm. X 1:5 cm. to c. 12 em. X 5-5 cm., margin often

wavy, thickened and cartilaginous; upper surface drying

yellowish green or greenish brown, somewhat polished,

lower surface duller and paler usually with black gland dots;

‘midrib flat or very shallowly impressed above, elevate below ;

primary nerves up to c. 15 pairs in large leaves, spaced,

slightly ascending, or more or less horizontal at leaf base,

meeting a faint intramarginal nerve close to leaf margin,

usually slightly elevate above, very faint or invisible,

‘slightly elevate and faint below, secondaries and reticula-

tions very faint; petiole slender, c. 1 cm. long, the leaf base

decurrent upon it.

Vol. XII. (1949).

< SQy \

aa .\, Ah W\

2G Us

WW M\\ at

Lip

YAY /.

YY Yy

AN a ‘ om 5 :

oc :

‘.

b, c, E. Helfer;

anisosepala.

Ngadimaniana;

Andersonix; f, E.

Fig. 22.

111

Panicles terminal or occasionally from uppermost axils,

usually solitary, usually less than half length of leaves, but

sometimes as long as them, spreading, shortly peduncled,

branchlets short and rather crowded, rachis and branchlets

with brown scaly flaky bark; flowers cream white, fragrant,

sessile, usually in threes at branchlet ends, sometimes

solitary, nearly 2 cm. across when expanded; buds clavate,

8-9 mm. long; calyx tube funnel shaped or narrowly cam-

panulate, glandular, c. 6 mm. long, narrowed at base into

a stout pseudostalk c. 1-1:‘5 mm. long; lobes 4, persistent,

unequal, short, broad and rounded, the two outer c. 2—2:5

mm. across and 1 mm. tall, the two inner c. 3 mm. across

and 1:5 mm. tall; petals 4, free, orbicular, c. 6 mm. diam.,

conspicuously gland dotted; stamens numerous, up to c.

1 cm. long, filaments subulate, slender, anthers oblong c.

0-5 mm. long, connective gland rather conspicuous; style

much stouter than filaments, c. 6-5 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit oblong or oblong globose, 1-6-2 cm. long and c.

15 cm. wide, almost white or pale greenish white with

minute pale green dots, crowned by the 4 persistent,

incurved, enlarged, fleshy calyx lobes; pericarp firm, not

pulpy, sweet, c. 3-4 mm. thick; seed 1, testa adhering to

cotyledons, brittle crustaceous; cotyledons conspicuously

gland dotted, superposed, inner faces slightly concave,

attached to hypocotyle near their centres by short stalks.

The pericarp of the ripe fruit is often partially nibbled

away, perhaps by squirrels, the seed being left untouched

with testa intact.

47. Eugenia Graeme-Andersoniae Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S.

Mus 454° (1920): -F-M.P., I, 745.” (Fig: 22d).

KELANTAN: banks of Chaning river, Ridley sm. (type

collection); Sungai Keteh, SFN 12030 (Nur); Kuala

Endong, SFN 10162 (Haniff); Sungai Galas at Gua

Musang, SF'N 22596 (Henderson).

PAHANG: Kuala Tahan, Seimund s.n.; Sungai Tahan,

Corner s.n.

Distrib: Endemic.

A small tree with pendent branches. Twigs slender,

the youngest quadrangular, the older terete and compressed

below nodes, bark smooth, pale grey or pale brown. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, deflexed, narrow oblong lanceolate, up to

c. 17 cm. X 3-5 cm., apex long acuminate, base narrowed;

upper surface drying greenish brown to blackish brown,

dull, minutely punctate, lower surface paler, minutely

glandular pustulate; midrib narrowly impressed above,

prominent below; primary nerves fine, very numerous

and close and parallel, ascending to a fine intra-

Marginal nerve c. 1 mm. from leaf margin with another

Vol. XII. (1949).

112

fainter loop very close to the margin; venation usually

slightly elevate and visible above and below but more

distinct below, the close reticulation visible below but finer

than primaries; petiole slender, drying black, up to c.

1 cm. long.

Inflorescences axillary in axils of all leaves and ter-

minal, short and erect, not exceeding c. 3 cm. long,

branchlets short, angled, with dark bark; flowers usually

in threes at branchlet ends, sessile, buds narrowly obovoid,

8-10 mm. long; calyx funnel shaped before anthesis, some-

what campanulate after, c. 6 mm. long, somewhat ridged,

tapering to an obscure or distinct pseudostalk 1-2-5 mm.

long; lobes 4, unequal, erect, persistent, the two outer

triangular blunt, c. 15 mm. across base and 1 mm. tall,

the inner ones broadly ovate rounded, c. 3 mm. across and

2 mm. tall; petals 4, free or falling in a loose calyptra but

not agglutinated, broadly ovate orbicular, c. 4 mm. diam.,

sparsely but conspicuously gland dotted; stamens numerous,

up to nearly 1 cm. long, filaments slender, subulate, anthers

broadly elliptic, c. 0-4 mm. long, connective gland incon-

spicuous; style stouter than filaments and longer than them.

Fruit white when ripe, oblong ovoid, c. 2:5 cm. long

and 1:5 cm. across, apical umbilicus deep, 4-5 mm. diam.,

fringed by the enlarged calyx lobes; pericarp pulpy, rather

thick; seed 1, oblong ovoid, c. 1-6 em. long, cotyledons nearly

equal, superposed, gland pitted, inner faces conspicuously

gland dotted, one slightly convex, the other slightly concave,

we RT to hypocotyle near their centres by short broad

stalks.

A riverside tree or bush, distinctive in its long narrow

deflexed leaves and short erect axillary inflorescences.

48. Eugenia glauca King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 102 (1901) ;

RidL, ;- FoMLPs 4, Wat.

PENANG: Penara Bukit, Curtis 1152 (syntype) ; road to Spout,

700 feet, Curtis 2228 (syntype), 2778.

DINDINGS: Lumut, Ridley 3086 (syntype).

MaLacca: Bukit Bruang, Derry 1104 (syntype); Sungai

Udang, Derry 1238; sine loc., Griffith K.D. 2416.

JOHORE: foot of Gunong Panti, Corner s.n.

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, SFN 33563, 34954 (Corner), SFN ~

35941 (Ngadiman), SFN 24780, 34789, 35945, 35946, 36180

(Henderson).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree reaching c. 45 m. tall but usually less, with

slight buttresses; bark nearly smooth or longitudinally

creviced, or in very large trees slightly fissured, pustulate,

scaling off in long irregular pieces, pinkish buff or dull

greyish brown to reddish brown; inner bark thick, pale

pinkish brown to dark pinkish red. Twigs slender, terete,

Gardens Bulletin, Ss.

113

with brown or red flaky bark. Leaves coriaceous, oblong

lanceolate, oblong ovate, oblanceolate, obovate or elliptic,

variable in size, up to c. 11 cm. X 5 cm., apex blunt or

with a short blunt point, base cuneate; upper surface drying

olivaceous or reddish or blackish brown, polished, the lower

glaucous in life and usually also when dry; midrib flat above

or slightly impressed, or slightly raised and channelled,

elevate below; primary nerves up to c. 15 pairs, spaced,

fine but elevate on both surfaces but more distinct below,

ascending rather irregularly to a fine intramarginal nerve

c. 1-2 mm. from leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations

usually visible above, distinct below and often hardly

distinguishable from primaries; petiole drying black, up to

c. 6 mm. long.

Inflorescences few flowered, terminal and axillary, of

clustered racemes or few-branched panicles, up to c. 10 cm.

long, rachis and branchlets slender, angled and compressed,

with dark striate bark; flowers sessile, in threes at ends

of branchlets, or solitary, buds globose clavate, 7-8 mm.

long; calyx after anthesis widely campanulate, c. 7 mm. long

and 5 mm. across mouth, narrowed abruptly into a slender

pseudostalk c. 3 mm. long; lobes 4, quickly deciduous, rather

thick, transversely oblong ovate, c. 3 mm. across and 2 mm.

tall; petals 4, free, ovate orbicular, rather thick textured,

c. 5 mm. diam., reflexed after anthesis; stamens numerous,

c. 7 mm. long, filaments slender, subulate, broadened at base,

anthers oblong elliptic, c. 0-6 mm. long, connective gland

inconspicuous; style much stouter than filaments, c. 10«mm.

long; ovary 2-celled with few ovules in each cell.

Frwt green when ripe, more or less globose, oblong

globose or slightly pyriform, c. 2:-5—2-75 cm. diam., faintly

vertically ridged, apical umbilicus shallow, c. 4 mm. diam.,

the calyx rim very short, without calyx lobes; pericarp

2-5-5 mm. thick; seed 1, more or less depressed globose,

c. 2 cm. diam., testa rather thick, rather brittle, adhering

closely to the smooth shining surface of cotyledons;

cotyledons nearly equal, superposed, inner faces pale, gland

dotted, nearly plane, sessile, attached to hypocotyle near

periphery of seed.

E. glauca King var. pseudoglauca King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12,

oe aga? E.. pseudoglauca Ridl., F.M.P., I, 737

1922).

DINDINGS: Lumut, Ridley 8386 (syntype), Ridley s.n.; Pulau

Sembilan, Ridley 3108 (syntype); Pangkor Island, Curtis

3440 (syntype), Forest Dept. FMS 10208; sine loc.,

Forest Dept. FMS 1608.

PERAK: Pulau Lallang, Seimund s.n.

JOHORE: Pulau Setindan, off Mersing, SFN 32232 (Corner).

Distrib: Endemic.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

114

In the herbarium the only distinguishing point between

the typical form and the variety is the non-glaucous lower

surface of the leaf of the latter. The typical form tends to

have less acuminate and more obovate leaves, but there is

a great variation in the leaf shape in both forms and some

collections of the variety have leaves almost indistinguish-

able from those of the typical form, except that they are

not glaucous. There are, however, certain differences in

the barks of the two forms. That of the typical form is

described above. The variety has rather deeply irregularly

fissured and flaky bark, fawn brown to greyish brown; inner

bark brown to purplish-pink-brown.

49. Eugenia anisosepala Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 481

(1878), pro parte; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 96, pro

parte: Ridl:> | F.M.P:. 1, fae: °4Fice 2

KEDAH: Gurun, Forest Dept. FMS 9021.

SELANGOR: Ginting Simpah, Forest Dept. FMS 10246; Ginting

Bidai, Ridley s.n.

MALACCA: Sungai Udang Reserve, Derry 289; sine loc.,

Griffith K.D. 2380, Maingay K.D. 753 in part (type

collection).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungai Raya, Forest Dept. FMS 573;

Pasir Panjang, Forest Dept. FMS 580.

PAHANG: Kuantan, Forest Dept. FMS 6656.

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree. Twigs slender to rather stout, terete, com-

pressed below nodes, bark smooth, greyish or brownish.

Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or oblong lanceolate, up to c. 11

cm. X 5:5 cm., apex acuminate, base cuneate; upper surface

somewhat polished, drying dark brown, sparsely glandular

pustulate, lower surface reddish or dark brown; midrib

impressed above, prominent below; primary nerves up to

c. 14 pairs, spaced, fine and slightly elevate above, fine

and usually quite distinct below, curving up to a fairly

distinct intramarginal nerve c. 3 mm. from leaf margin;

secondaries and reticulations usually visible above and

distinct below but finer than primaries; petiole rather

slender, up to c. 6 mm. long.

Panicles terminal, corymbose, usually shorter than

leaves but reaching c. 10 cm. long, branchlets numerous,

spreading-ascending, rather stout, angled and compressed

with smooth bark; flowers sessile, usually in threes at the

ends of the short ultimate branchlets, rather crowded, buds

clavate, c. 8-10 mm. long; calyx more or less campanulate

or funnel shaped, nearly 10 mm. long, contracted below into

a pseudostalk 3-4 mm. long; lobes 4, unequal, subpersistent,

the two outer broad and rounded, c. 3 mm. across and 2:5

mm. tall, the two inner subpetaloid, thinner, suborbicular, c.

4—4:5 mm. diam.; petals 4, free, ovate orbicular, c. 4—4-5 mm.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

115

diam.; stamens numerous, filaments slender, broadened at

base, up to c. 6-7 mm. long, anthers broadly oblong, c. 0-5

mm. long, without connective gland; style stouter than

filaments, c. 8 mm. long; ovary 2-celled. Frwt unknown.

Not a very well known species, but distinguishable by

its corymbose panicles with rather stout and smooth barked

branchlets, and the subpetaloid inner calyx lobes.

Maingay K.D. 754 in Herb. Calcutta has been written

up by Duthie as EL. anisosepala. It is E. Griffithit Duthie.

On the sheet in Herb. Calcutta a pencilled field note reads

“a very large tree’. This remark is attributed by Duthie

to Griffith. There is obviously some confusion in the

original diagnosis of the species and also in the Materials,

for King cities Maingay K.D. 754 as well as Maingay K.D.

753 (in part). This latter citation is correct, for the K.D.

number was given to two specimens of Maingay’s collect-

ing, Maingay 1558 which is E. anisosepala and Maingay

8012 which is E. laevicaulis Duthie.

50. Eugenia Kiahii Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 307, fig. 5 (1947).

JOHORE: Sungai Kayu, Mawai-Jemaluang road, SFN 32036

(Kiah), SFN 29400 (Corner).

Known only from these collections in the fresh water

swamp forests of South Johore.

A tree c. 12 m. tall, twigs stout, terete, with smooth,

sometimes polished, grey brown or pale brown or greyish

white bark. Leaves very coriaceous, ovate or orbicular,

broadly ovate oblong, broadly elliptic, or elliptic oblong, up

to c. 10 cm. long and 9 cm. broad, base very shortly cuneate,

or rounded and very shortly and abruptly narrowed on to

petiole, apex rounded or shortly and bluntly acute or

apiculate; petiole c. 1 em. long; midrib impressed above,

elevate below; primary nerves fine, raised on both surfaces,

slightly less conspicuous above than below, about 7-10 pairs,

meeting in an intramarginal loop 3-5 mm. from margin,

secondaries and reticulations raised on both surfaces and

almost as distinct as primaries. |

Inflorescences short and dense, terminal, on stout

peduncles c. 2:5 cm. long; peduncles and rachis as stout as

twigs, more or less compressed, secondary branchlets also

stout and angled, c. 1:5 cm. long, the flowers crowded at

their apices or on tertiary branchlets c.3 mm. long. Flower

buds obovoid, c. 7-8 mm. long, calyx narrowly campanulate,

narrowed rather abruptly to a stout pseudostalk ; calyx tube

including pseudostalk 5-6 mm. long, lobes 5, distant,

triangular ovate blunt, c. 1 mm. tall; petals calyptrate,

Vol. XIT. (1949).

116

leathery ; stamens 3-5-4 mm. long, anthers c. 0-4 mm. diam.,

connective gland dark brown, conspicuous; ovary

1-2-locular, multiovulate; fruit unknown. .

A species characterised by the broad thick leaves with

well marked venation and the stout densely flowered

panicles.

E. Kiahii Henderson var. angustifolia var. nov. (Fig. 23).

A typa foliis tenuioribus, angustioribus, inflorescentiis

maioribus, ramis paniculae gracilioribus, floribus leviter

minoribus differt.

JOHORE: Sungai Sedili, SFN 36921 (Ngadiman), TYPE

collection, holotype in Herb. Singapore; Pengkalan Raja

peat forest, Pontian, SFN 36668 (Ngadiman).

At first sight this variety looks very different from

typical EF. Kiahii in the narrower leaves drying paler, the

larger inflorescence with much more slender branchlets, and

in the slightly smaller flowers, but the flowers correspond

closely in shape and structure with those of the typical form, ©

and the venation in both forms is very similar. SFN 36668

from the peat forest at Pontian is in very young fruit, the

flowers having lost their petals and stamens and the ovary

beginning to swell up. The inflorescence branchlets of this

collection are appreciably stouter than those of the type,

and the flowers apparently not so crowded.

According to the field note the type collection of the

variety is a tree of 90 ft. tall, stilt-rooted (“jangkang’’),

flowers white. A small bark specimen shows a smooth dull

red or greyish brown bark about 5-6 mm. thick with the

outer layers thinly papery flaky.

51. Eugenia Burkilliana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 94

(1901); Ridl., F.M.P., I, 735. (Fig. 24c).

PERAK: Asam Kumbang, Wray 2785 (syntype); Taiping,

Wray 3070 (syntype) ; Gopeng, 500-800 feet, Kunstler 4719

(syntype), 300-500 feet, Kunstler 6186 (syntype).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree up to c. 18 m. tall. Twigs terete or obscurely

quadrangular with raised lines on the angles, bark nearly

smooth, or striate, brownish or blackish brown. Leaves

coriaceous, oblong lanceolate, up to c. 10 cm. X 3-5 cm.,

apex acuminate, base cuneate; upper surface drying

greenish brown or pale brown, somewhat polished, minutely

-and closely punctate, lower surface about the same colour,

with raised black gland dots; midrib impressed above,

elevate below; primary nerves about 10 pairs, fine, spaced,

ascending, meeting in a rather irregularly looped intra-

marginal nerve 3-5 mm. from leaf margin, with another

Gardens Bulletin, S.

5cm

Fig. 23. E. Kiahii var. angustifolia.

Del: CHAN YORK CHYE.

much fainter one about 1 mm. from margin; secondaries

and reticulations quite distinct but distinguishable from

primaries; all the venation elevate and distinct on both

surfaces; petiole slender, up to c. 1:2 cm. long.

Panicles terminal, almost or quite sessile, much

branched from near base, many flowered, c. 4 cm. long and

6 cm. diam., branchlets ascending, 4-angled and compressed,

with brown bark, the primary branchlets rather stout, the

secondary thinner; flowers white, in threes at ends of short

Vol. XII. (1949).

118

tertiary branchlets, the outer flowers of the triads usually

shortly pedicellate and the centre one sessile, buds clavate,

c. 1 em. long; calyx funnel shaped, 8-10 mm. long, striate,

c. 4mm. across mouth, gradually narrowed to a pseudostalk

ce. 3 mm. long; lobes 4, persistent, slightly unequal, bluntly

rounded triangular, the larger c. 3 mm. across and 2 mm.

tall, thick textured, sparsely but conspicuously gland dotted ;

petals 4, free, orbicular, 4-45 mm. diam., thin textured,

with a few large gland dots; stamens numerous, up to ce. 11

mm. long, filaments slender, subulate, anthers very small,

ovate, c. 0:3 mm. long, connective gland conspicuous; style

considerably stouter than filaments, c. 455 mm. long. Fruit

unknown.

The following fruiting specimen may belong here. It

differs in having a longer and laxer inflorescence and paler

bark on the twigs:

PERAK: Kota, Wray 1954.

E. Burkilliana King var. garcinifolioides var. nov. (Fig.

24a).

A typa inflorescentiis laxioribus longioribusque, foliis

multo maioribus (ad 18 cm. longis et 85 cm. latus)

distinguenda.

PAHANG: Rompin, Forest Dept. FMS 15421, TYPE collection

in Herb. Kepong.

Distrib: Endemic.

_ This variety has exactly the leaves of E. garcinifolia

King, but the flowers are those of EF. Burkilliana.

52. Eugenia Duthieana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 103

(1901); Ridl., F.BLPS it tol. otras, Zee)

In hill forest in Kedah, Penang and Perak, up to 4,300 feet,

and in lowland forest in the south of the Peninsula from

Malacca and Pahang to Singapore. Endemic.

A tree up to c. 21 m. tall, trunk very slightly fluted at

base or narrowly buttressed to c. 155 m.; bark smooth or

pustulate over large areas or with longitudinal crevices,

flaking in long pieces, pale reddish brown to warm brown;

inner bark rather thick, fibrous and dimpled where exposed

by stripping of outer layers, sometimes with a green layer

immediately below outer layer, reddish brown or reddish

buff; wood pale buff. Twigs rather slender, terete, with

brownish or greyish somewhat flaky bark. Leaves

coriaceous, elliptic, elliptic lanceolate or ovate elliptic, apex

acuminate or caudate acuminate, base cuneate, up to c. 15

cm. X 65 cm., upper surface drying dull, pale brown to

blackish brown, smooth, lower surface brown or reddish

brown, usually paler than upper ; midrib narrowly impressed

Gardens Bulletin, S.

119

on on wa Mi

CODA

))

pat

———~<

~ vt

; SS Ls WN ZENS ‘ RS

ASSIA aN cece

EE Lin

Ata:

YY A LAR lg,

Ger

PURE

of LAA OD Os

CAE RDLE

garcinifolioides; b, E. Griffithii;

ce, E. Burkiiliana.

Fig. 24. a, E. Burkilliana var.

Vol. XII. (1949).

120

above, elevate below; primary nerves up to ¢. 8 pairs, 1-2

cm. apart, impressed above and very faint, slender but

elevate and distinct below, ascending and curving slightly

up to a well marked intramarginal nerve far from leaf

margin (4-7 mm.), with a much fainter loop closer to

margin; secondaries and reticulations very faint or invisible

above, slightly raised below but much less distinct than

primaries; petiole c. 5-7 mm. long, the leaf blade decurrent

upon it.

Inflorescences terminal, of clustered or solitary racemes

up to c. 7 cm. long, the rachis slender, 4-angled, with black

bark; flowers white, few, sessile, one or two pairs of

flowers on the rachis with 3 or sometimes 5 terminal ones,

buds clavate, c. 7 mm. long; calyx after anthesis rather

widely funnel shaped, c. 5 mm. long, ridged, tapered to a

pseudostalk c. 1-5 mm. long; lobes 4, subpersistent, broadly

ovate rounded, c. 2-3 mm. across and 1-5-2 mm. tall; petals

4, free, orbicular, rather thick textured with thin margins,

c. 5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments slender,

subulate, up to 5-6 mm. long, anthers oblong elliptic, c. 0:5

mm. long, connective gland small; style much stouter than

filaments, c. 7 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit globular or slightly pyriform, c. 2 cm. long,

rugulose when dry, apical umbilicus wide and shallow, c.

5 mm. diam., with the exceedingly short calyx rim without

remains of calyx lobes; pericarp very thick, seed 1, more

or less globose, inner cotyledon faces nearly plane, attached

to hypocotyle by short stalks. |

53. Eugenia Griffithii Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 481

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P. No. 12, 92; Ridl., F.M.P.,

1,731. Syzygium Griffithii (Duthie) Merr. and Perry

in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 174 (1939).

f. Valetoniana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 112 (1901).

E. subrufa King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 102 (1901), et

var. robusta King, loc. cit., 103; Ridl. F.M.P., I, 733.

(Fig. 24b).

Rather widely distributed in lowland and hill forest from

Penang to Singapore.

Distrib: Borneo.

__ A tree up to c. 24 metres tall, bark greyish or pale

pinkish greyish buff, slightly cracked or creviced ; inner bark

pinkish. Twigs slender, terete, with brown and rather

flaky bark. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or oblong

elliptic, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base broadly or

narrowly cuneate, up to c. 19 em. long and 7-5 em. broad,

purple when young; upper surface drying brown to blackish

brown, more or less polished, often punctate, lower surface

brown; midrib impressed above, elevate below; primary

Gardens Bulletin, S.—

121

nerves up to c. 15 pairs, 1-1-5 cm. apart, spreading ascend-

ing, meeting a distinct intramarginal nerve c. 3-5 mm.

from leaf margin, impressed or slightly elevate or very

obscure above, usually prominent below, sometimes rather

fine and faint, secondaries below usually distinct but much

finer than primaries, reticulations very fine to almost

invisible; petiole up to nearly 1 cm. long.

Inflorescences rather variable, terminal or axillary,

often clustered, of lax racemes or panicles, reaching c. 17

cm. long but usually much less, rachis and branchlets

slender, dark coloured, compressed and angled; the racemes

with distant clusters of flowers, the panicles with distant

slender branchlets up to c. 3 cm. long, the flowers clustered

at their ends; flowers sessile, white or pale green with white

stamens, buds globose clavate c. 1 cm. long; calyx rather

narrowly campanulate, c. 1 cm. long, rather abruptly

narrowed into a pseudostalk more than half its length;

lobes 4, unequal, deciduous, the two outer thick textured,

very broad and rounded, c. 3 mm. across and 1:5 mm. tall,

the two inner thinner, subpetaloid, gland dotted, overlapping

in bud, c. 4-5 mm. across and 3 mm. tall; petals 4, free, ovate

orbicular, sparsely but conspicuously gland dotted, 4-5

mm. diam. ; stamens numerous, filaments slender, subulate,

up to c. 7 mm. long, anthers elliptic oblong, c. 0-6 mm. long,

connective gland small; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit more or less globose, c. 2 cm. diam., corrugate-

rugulose when dry, apical umbilicus c. 4 mm. diam., fringed

by the very short calyx rim, without calyx lobes; pericarp

very thick, seed 1, cotyledons side by side, nearly equal,

inner faces gland dotted, nearly plane, attached to the

hypocotyle near their centres by short stalks.

. The material which I have placed here constitutes

perhaps an assemblage of plants rather than a well marked

species. The material available is not very good and the

description has been made from sheets which match most

closely the type. £. Griffithw is perhaps nearest to E.

Duthieana but differs in the leaves being longer in propor-

etion to their width, with more primary nerves, in the

tendency of the inflorescence to branch and become

paniculate and in the longer pseudostalk of the calyx.

54. Eugenia Thumra Roxb., var. penangiana King, Mat.

F.M.P., No. 12, 92 (1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 734. (Fig.

25b).

PENANG: Highlands, Curtis 3601; Waterfall, Curtis 2410

(type collection) ; Penang Hill, ’Nauen s.n.

A medium sized tree. Twigs slender, quadrangular or

- more or less terete with raised lines between the nodes, bark

Vol. XII. (1949).

122

“a Yor

% nin

penangiana; ec, E.

an Bi,

Ridleyi.

e, E.

Duthieana; b, E. Thumra var.

Swettenhamiana; d, E. subhorizontalis;

Fig. 25.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

123

of youngest shoots dark and smooth, that of older parts

brownish or greyish, rough. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic,

oblong elliptic, or oblong lanceolate, up to c. 138 cm. X 6 cm.,

apex acute or subacute or shortly and abruptly acuminate,

base cuneate and narrowed on to petiole; upper surface

drying lead brown to blackish brown, dull, minutely

pustulate, lower surface dark brown, closely pustulate;

midrib narrowly impressed above, prominent below and

pustulate; primary nerves 8-9 pairs, finely impressed and

faint above, rather prominent below, ascending and curving

up slightly or running straight to .a well marked shallowly

looped intramarginal nerve c. 4-5 mm. from leaf margin,

with an exceedingly faint series of loops close to the margin ;

secondaries and reticulations invisible above, secondaries

below not so prominent as primaries, reticulations lax and

very faint; petiole rather stout, drying black and wrinkled,

¢c. 1 em. long.

Panicles terminal and axillary, clustered or solitary,

peduncled, up to c. 14 em. long, branchlets 1-3 pairs,

spreading, slender, they and the rachis 4-angled or

compressed ; flowers white, clustered at ends of branchlets,

or at ends of shorter secondary branchlets; buds globose

clavate, 5-6 mm. long; calyx funnel shaped, c. 5 mm. long,

more or less ridged, contracted rather abruptly into a

pseudostalk c. 2-5 mm. long; lobes 4, ?subpersistent, very

unequal, the two outer thick, broad, rounded, c. 2 mm.

across and 1 mm. tall, the two inner subpetaloid, overlap-

ping in bud, thin, broadly ovate orbicular retuse, c. 4 mm.

diam.; petals 4, free, ovate orbicular or ovate triangular,

c. 4 mm. across; stamens numerous, up to c. 6 mm. long,

filaments slender, subulate, wrinkled, anthers broadly

oblong or oblong elliptic, 0-5—0-6 mm. long, connective gland

conspicuous; style much stouter than filaments, c. 5 mm.

long; ovary 2-celled. Fruit unknown.

I have seen no authentic material‘of HZ. Thumra Roxb.,

and so have accepted King’s placing of our plant. I have

examined a series of specimens placed under EF. Thumra in

Herb. Dehra Dun and these agree well with our plant in

inflorescence and flower characters but differ in having the

primary nerves raised above, not sunk, and in the terete

twigs without raised lines between the nodes. Our plant

appears close to E. Griffithit Duthie and EH. Ridleyi King

but differs from both in the venation and in having raised

lines on the twigs, and from the former in the larger and

more branched inflorescence and smaller flowers.

Vol. XII. (1949).

124

55. Eugenia Swettenhamiana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12,

126 (1901), pro parte, emend. (Fig. 25c).

PERAK: near Gunong Pondok, 500-800 feet, Kunstler 7590

(lectotype).

Arbor 18-21 m. alta. Ramuli tereti, cortice pallide

fusco. Folia oblanceolata, 10-11 cm. longa, c. 4 cm. lata,

apice breviter et obtuse acuminata, basi sensim ad petiolum

attenuata; costa media supra impressa subtus prominente,

nervis primarus utrinque c. 6-8, supra impressis, subtus

prominulis, inter se ec. 1 ecm. distantibus, vena intra-

marginali a margine 3-5 mm. remota conjunctis; petioli 5-6

mm. longi. Paniculae terminales, 2-4 fasciculatae pedun-

culatae, 5-8 cm. longae, ramulis laxis ad 1 cm. longis.

Flores in apice ramulorum 3 vel 1, sessiles vel pedicellati.

Calycis tubus infundibuliformis, brevistipitatus, ad 4 mm.

longus, lobis 4 late rotundis c.2 mm. diam. Petala 4, libera,

calycis lobis sub-aequalia.

King included two distinct species here and one of them,

represented by Scortechini’s collection, was redescribed by

Ridley as EF. cordifoliata. Ridley, in a note in F.M.P., I, p.

755, points out that King’s species is a mixture and that

the portion that he rejects does not appear to be a

Myrtaceous plant (there is an obvious lapsus calami in this

note, for Ridley refers to Scortechini’s plant when he means.

that collected by Kunstler).

Kunstler’s specimens are certainly not good, the flowers.

being in bud and somewhat crushed, but enough of the

structure can be made out to be certain that they represent

a species of Eugenia which has the same shape of calyx

tube and the same large rounded sepals and free petals as

E.. cordifoliata. The latter, however, has larger flowers

and leaves with cordate, not narrowed bases.

King’s description was based mostly on Kunstler’s.

specimens, but also to some extent on Scortechini’s, and a

new description has therefore been made.

56. Eugenia subhorizontalis King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 112

(1901); Ridl., F.M.P., I, 738. (Fig. 25d).

PeRAK: Asam Kumbang, Wray 2118 (syntype); Taiping,

Wray 2097 (syntype).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungai Raya, Forest Dept. FMS 573.

Distrib: Siam, Bangka, Sumatra (fide King).

A small tree. Twigs slender, terete, smooth, blackish

brown when dry. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong or

elliptic oblong, apex shortly acuminate, base cuneate and

decurrent on petiole, margins more or less recurved, 8-18

cm. long and 3-5-6 cm. broad, upper surface drying olivace-

ous to blackish brown, somewhat polished, lower surface

Gardens Bulletin, S.

125

brown or reddish brown, dull; midrib impressed above,

prominent below; primary nerves up to c. 20 pairs 0-5-1

em. apart, very fine and impressed above, fine below but

elevate and distinct, subhorizontal, curving slightly up to

a distinct intramarginal nerve c. 2-4 mm. from leaf margin;

secondaries and reticulations very faint above, slightly

impressed, elevate below and rather distinct; petiole up to

c. 15 em. long.

Panicles terminal and axillary, lax, up to c. 8-9 cm.

long, branchlets few, distant, spreading-ascending, slender

and compressed with dark striate bark; flowers white, sessile,

in clusters of 3-6 at branchlet ends, not crowded, buds

globose clavate to obovoid, c. 8-10 mm. long; calyx funnel

shaped, 6-8 mm. long, narrowed at base to a pseudostalk

2-3 mm. long; lobes 4, nearly equal, broad and rounded, c.

2mm. across and 1 mm. tall; petals calyptrate, more or

less agglutinated; stamens numerous, filaments slender,

subulate, c. 5 mm. long, anthers oblong, c. 0-5 mm. long,

connective gland inconspicuous; style stout at base, tapering

upwards, c. 4 mm. long. Fruit unknown.

No expanded flowers of this species have been seen and

the material available is scanty. The _ subhorizontal

primary nerves and the lax and rather long inflorescences

with slender branchlets are distinguishing points.

57. Eugenia Ridleyi King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 98 (1901) ;

Ridl-, F.M.P., I, 735; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya,

p. 508, fig. 168. (Fig. 25e).

Widely distributed from Kedah to Singapore but ap-

parently nowhere very common except in Singapore.

Distrib: Siam (fide Craib).

A tree up to c. 30 m. tall, without buttresses; bark

irregularly fissured, flaking in thick irregular pieces, not

papery flaky, light brown or buff-red; inner bark thick,

fibrous, dark red with dark red sap; wood rather soft, pale

buff. Twigs slender, terete, the youngest with smooth,

almost black bark, the older with greyish or brownish

smooth or slightly rough bark. Leaves deep blue when

young, thinly coriaceous, ovate lanceolate or oblong lanceo-

late, apex acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 8 em. X 3 cm.

to 18 cm. X 6 cm.; upper surface dull, drying dark brown

to blackish brown, minutely punctate, lower surface paler

brown, sometimes glandular pustulate; midrib impressed

above, prominent below; primary nerves 6-10 pairs, 1-2 cm.

apart, very slightly raised and channelled above, faint,

prominent below, ascending and curving upwards to form

a well marked looped intramarginal nerve c. 4-10 mm. from

leaf margin,. with a very faint loop close to margin,

Vol. XII. (1949).

126

secondaries below almost as prominent as_ primaries,

Bara giaes lax, usually very faint; petiole usually c. 1 cm.

ong.

Panicles terminal and axillary, often clustered, up to

c. 8 cm. long, usually shortly peduncled, branchlets distant,

2-8 pairs, spreading, they and rachis slender, angled and

compressed, with dark bark; flowers clustered at branchlet

ends, buds globose clavate, c. 7 mm. long and 6 mm. across;

calyx broadly funnel shaped, abruptly tapered to a

pseudostalk 1-2 mm. long, green with minute pale gland

dots; lobes 4, pale green, broadly ovate rounded, c. 4 mm.

across at base and 2 mm. tall, reflexed after anthesis,

persistent; petals 4, falling as a calyptra but not

agglutinated and very easily separable, pale green with paler

margins, more or less orbicular, c. 4 mm. diam.; disc green

with thickened corrugate inner margin; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, subulate, green, c. 5 mm. long, anthers

very small; style subulate, green, stouter than filaments, ¢

2 mm. long, tapering upwards frem a stout pale pet

base; ovary 2-celled with several ovules in each cell.

Fruit when ripe dull green slightly flushed brownish

red, globose or ovoid, occasionally somewhat obovoid, up to

c. 2 cm. diam., apical umbilicus shallow and wide, c. 8-9

mm. diam., with the 4 incurved somewhat enlarged and

fleshy broad blunt calyx lobes on its margin, and style base;

pericarp white, fleshy, slightly juicy, slightly sweet, c. 3 mm.

thick ; seed more or less globular, ¢. 1:5 em. diam., testa pale

green, thick, pithy and juicy, adhering strongly to the

irregular surface of the cotyledons; cotyledons pale green,

more or less equal, stalked, hypocotyle large, cylindrical,

pink, lying in a groove and reaching almost to the periphery

of the seed.

The green flowers and deep blue young leaves make

this species a distinct one in the field.

58. Eugenia Dyeriana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 88 (1901),

et var. oblonga King, loc. cit.; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 7382.

E.. Clarkeana King, loc. cit., 93. EF. corrugata King, loc.

cit., 98; Ridl.,. F.M.P.; I, 782. (Pigi ger.

Common from Kedah to Johore in lowland and hill forest,

common in Perak from sealevel to 4,000 feet, and in hill forest

at Cameron Highlands, Pahang.

Distrib: Lower Siam.

A tree up to c. 22 m. tall. Twigs rather stout, terete,

smooth, bark brownish or greyish, the youngest shoots

compressed, with dark bark. Leaves thickly coriaceous,

elliptic, elliptic oblong or oblong, apex acute or shortly and

abruptly acuminate, base cuneate or abruptly narrowed on

to petiole, usually large, up to c. 26 cm. X 10 cm., upper ©

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(128

surface drying dark to blackish brown, more or less polished,

sometimes minutely punctate, lower surface warm red

brown, more or less shining; midrib shallowly impressed

above, prominent and rounded below; primary nerves up to

c. 20 pairs, spaced, impressed above, often inconspicuous,

bold below and drying dark, ascending and running straight

or curving up to a bold shallowly looped intramarginal

nerve 4-6 mm. from leaf margin; secondaries and reticula-

tions usually very faint or invisible above, faint below, but

if distinct, always. much less prominent than primaries;

petiole stout, up to c. 1 cm. long, widely channelled above.

Panicles terminal or axillary, often clustered, variable

in length but nearly always shorter than leaves, reaching

15 cm., but usually not more than 9-10 cm., usually pedun-

culate, rachis usually rather stout, 4-angled, with dark bark,

bearing usually about 2 pairs of short stout compressed,

spreading and distant branchlets; flowers crowded at

branchlet ends, sessile, buds obovoid, c. 7 mm. long; calyx

after anthesis widely funnel shaped, c. 6 mm. long, slightly

contracted near base into a very stout obscure pseudostalk ;

lobes 4, deciduous, unequal, the outer two very thick

textured, transversely oblong, c. 5 mm. broad and 3 mm.

tall, inners subpetaloid, thinner textured, suborbicular, c. 5

mm. diam.; petals 4, free, orbicular, c. 6 mm. diam., gland

dotted; stamens numerous, filaments slender, subulate,

reaching c. 1 cm., anthers elliptic or oblong elliptic, almost

1 mm. long, connective gland conspicuous; style stouter than

filaments, ec. 7 mm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit globular to depressed globular, smooth or

vertically ridged or corrugate, up to c. 6 cm. diam., apical

umbilicus small, with a very short calyx rim without

remains of calyx lobes; seeds 1-5.

Ridley reduced EF. Clarkeana King to this. species, I

believe correctly, although Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 635,

retains it provisionally. HF. corrugata King is a little known

plant described from fruiting specimens and I believe it to

be merely E. Dyeriana with ripe fruit. The material

shows considerable differences in size and ridging of the

fruits, depending partly on their age, but two fruiting

specimens from Cameron Highlands, both with ripe fruit

(picked up from the ground but collected by an experienced

native collector), show that the fruit may be almost smooth,

or with only very faint, or well marked vertical ridges and

corrugations. The largest fruits, which may be 6 cm. diam.,

and are usually depressed globular, may contain 3 or 5 seeds.

Smaller fruits c. 2-25 em. diam., on the same individual,

apparently also ripe, may contain but one seed. Very young

fruits may be either smooth or vertically ridged.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

129

Fruit of Forest Dept. FMS 12112 is c. 3 cm. diam.,

depressed globose, smooth or faintly vertically ridged,

crowned by short remains of calyx tube; pericarp thick,

tough, 5 mm. or more; seed 1, cotyledons very unequal, the

larger with a triangular recess into which the other fits.

Fruit of Kunstler 6822 depressed globose, cotyledons

equal, point of attachment to hypocotyle close to periphery,

opposing faces concave, not interlocking.

Seed of SFN 22829 more or less hemispherical,

¢. 15 X 2-5 cm., cotyledons nearly equal, inner faces nearly

plane, not interlocking, cotyledons sessile, point of attach-

ment c. 83 mm. from periphery. In a large 2-seeded fruit

the testa was found to be very thick, adhering closely to the

cotyledons, the inner faces of the cotyledons plane.

59. Eugenia Hemsleyana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 88

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 732, 2Syzygium urceolatum

(Korth.) Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Sci. XVIII, 3, 174 (1939). (Fig. 27a).

PERAK: Gopeng, 500-800 feet, Kunstler 6114 (syntype), near

Ulu Kerling, 400-600 feet, Kunstler 8697 (syntype) ; Relau

Tujor, Wray 1803 (syntype); Temengoh, Ridley 14691.

PAHANG: Kuala Teku, Seimund 446; Teku, SFN 8088 (Hanif

& Nur); Sungai Teku, 500 feet, SFN 31711 (Kiah);

Sungai Tahan, Ridley 2634, SFN 20086 (Holttum); track

to Gunong Tahan, Corner s.n.; Ulu Sekin, Rompin, Forest

Dept. FMS 3202.

Distrib: ? Borneo, ? Sumatra.

A tree, bark pinkish grey, slightly flaky, more or less

entire; inner bark ‘red brown, astringent. Twigs terete,

more or less compressed below nodes, bark smooth, yellowish

grey to pale brown. Leaves large, stiffly coriaceous, elliptic

to oblong elliptic, apex shortly acuminate, base cuneate,

from c. 13 cm. X 6:5 cm. to 32 cm. X 14 cm., upper surface

drying .almost black, somewhat polished, smooth, lower

surface dull dark reddish brown; midrib narrowly impressed

above, prominent and rounded below; primary nerves up to

¢. 25 pairs, 1-2 cm. apart, impressed above, prominent

below, arising almost horizontally from midrib and curving

upwards, the upper ones usually strongly curved upwards,

meeting a prominent looped intramarginal nerve c. 4-7 mm.

from leaf margin, with another faint series of loops close

to the recurved margin; secondaries and reticulations very

faint or invisible above; the secondaries below prominent,

but less so than primaries, the lax reticulations fine and

rather faint; petiole stout, c. 1-15 cm. long, channelled

above. |

Panicles terminal and axillary, sometimes clustered,

usually peduncled, reaching c. 12 cm., with 2 or 3 distant

pairs of spreading or ascending branchlets, the lower ones

Vol. XII. (1949).

130

up to c. 4 cm. long, the upper short, rachis and branchlets

compressed, with dark striate bark; flowers crowded at

branchlet ends in heads, sessile; calyx after anthesis widely

campanulate, c. 6 mm. long, tapered to base and constricted

into a distinct very short pseudostalk c. 1 mm. long; lobes

4, unequal, deciduous, the two outer very thick, very broad

and rounded, c. 3 mm. across and 1:5 mm. tall, the inner

two somewhat thinner, c. 5 mm. across and 3 mm. tall;

petals free, suborbicular, rather thick textured, 4-5 mm.

diam.; stamens numerous, filaments slender, flattened at

base, up to 6-7 mm. long, anthers oblong or elliptic, c. 0-6

mm. long, connective gland rather conspicuous; style stout,

c. 8 mm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit (unripe) globular, vertically ridged or nearly

smooth, apical calyx rim prominent, but without calyx lobes;

pericarp probably leathery and rather thin; seed 1.

The material of E. Hemsleyana is not particularly good,

and good flowering material and ripe fruit have yet to be

collected. It differs from EF. Dyeriana in the larger and

broader more elliptic leaves with different venation—in HL.

Dyeriana the primary nerves below are black, rather broad,

ascending and nearly straight, in EH. Hemsleyana they are

prominent but not broad, almost horizontal at first then

curving boldly upwards, the reticulations usually more

evident. The flowers of E. Hemsleyana are smaller and the

calyx more narrowed at base into a more evident

pseudostalk.

Merrill and Perry, loc. cit., state that SFN 8088 appears

to be a good match for Bornean material of Syzygium

urceolatum (Korth.) Merr. and Perry. They state also that

S. urceolatum closely resembles E. Hemsleyana. It is

possible that the two are conspecific, but I have not seen

material of S. urceolatum. If they are, King’s name will

stand, as Korthals’ is preoccupied in Eugenia and there is

apparently no other available.

60. Eugenia pergamentacea King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 87

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 732. (Fig. 27b).

KEDAH: Gunong Lang near Baling, SY'N 35056 (Kiah), Kiah

s.n.; Bongsu Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 33041.

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtis 1440 (lectotype collec-

tion); Muka Head, Curtis 1440, Ridley 10781; Waterfall,

Curtis 1440; Pulau Betong, Curtis 1440; West Hill, Curtis

s.n.; Hindu Temple, Haniff 1084; sine loc., Cantley 2689,

2692.

PERAK: Ulu poreces: Ridley 14628.

SELANGOR: Weld Hill Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 579.

Distrib: Endemic. |

Curtis 1440 is the type number, but this was cited by

King with no other indication of locality than Penang. —

Gardens Bulletin, S.

> oor

v *

131

Curtis frequently gave the same number to specimens from

different localities which he thought belonged to the same

species. In this case I have selected the Government Hill

collection as the lectotype.

A small tree. Twigs terete, rather stout, bark pale

brown, smooth or somewhat flaky, ithe very youngest shoots

' Fig. 27. a, E. Hemsleyana; b, E. pergamentacea.

Vol. XII. (1949). |

132

with blackish brown smooth bark. Leaves chartaceous-

coriaceous, large, narrowly elliptic oblong to oblong, up to

c. 46 em. long and 15 cm. broad, apex shortly and abruptly

acuminate, base cuneate or narrowed and _ rounded,

occasionally subcordate; upper surface drying leaden brown

to blackish brown, somewhat polished, lower surface brown

to dark reddish brown, dull; midrib impressed above, very

prominent and rounded below; primary nerves c. 2442

pairs, depressed and distinct above, very prominent below,

very regular, c. 1 cm. apart, slightly ascending, running

straight or curving slightly up to a prominent, nearly

straight or shallowly looped intramarginal nerve 4-6 mm.

from leaf margin with a much fainter loop close to margin;

secondaries few, almost as prominent as primaries, reticula-

tions transverse, close and parallel, raised and fine on both

surfaces and distinct; petiole stout, up to 2 cm. long,

channelled above.

Panicles terminal or axillary, solitary or two or three

together, up to c. 15 em. long, usually peduncled, branchlets

up to c. 4 pairs, distant, spreading or ascending, the lower

ones as much as 6 cm. long but usually shorter, the upper

ones shorter, they and rachis rather stout or slender, more

or less compressed, with. dark bark; flowers in twos or

threes at branchlet ends, buds pale green, depressed

globular, c. 8-9 mm. long and 1 cm. across; calyx after

anthesis shortly and widely campanulate, suddenly

contracted into a rather stout pseudostalk c. 3 mm. long;

lobes 4, subpersistent, unequal, glandular, inflexed and

overlapping in bud, the outer two thick, broadly oblong, c. 4

mm. across and 4 mm. tall, the inner c. 6 mm. across and

4-5 mm. tall, with thin margins; petals 4, ovate orbicular,

with large gland dots, c. 5 mm. diam.; stamens very

numerous, up to 6-7 mm. Jong, anthers oblong, c. 0-6 mm.

long, connective gland large and conspicuous; style stouter ~

than filaments, c. 4 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit more or less globose, c. 2-5 cm. diam., faintly

vertically ridged, calyx rim rather conspicuous, 2-3 mm.

high; pericarp about 2 mm. thick; seed apparently naked,

cotyledons nearly equal, inner faces plane or concave, point

of attachment nearly central.

A striking species with its large oblong leaves with

close parallel reticulation below, unfortunately still rather

poorly represented by existing collections. It is allied to

FE. Hemsleyana but the leaves are narrower and more

oblong, the primary nerves below more prominent,

straighter and ascending, the reticulation closer and more

evident, the flowers are much larger and the fruit is

probably also larger.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

, a

< A ne ee

133

61. Eugenia Gageana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 116

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 729. (Fig. 28a).

PERAK: Larut, Kunstler 7563 (type collection).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree up to c. 15 metres tall. Twigs rather stout,

terete, compressed at nodes, with smooth brown bark.

Leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong lanceolate, apex

acuminate, base cuneate, c. 15 cm. X 5-5 em., both surfaces

drying dull brown, the upper smooth, punctate, the lower

wrinkled, without visible glands; midrib narrowly impressed

above, prominent below; primary nerves up to c. 20 pairs,

almost invisible above, elevate, slender and distinct below,

ce. 0-5 em. apart, curving up to a distinct looped intra-

marginal nerve 2-3 mm. from leaf margin, secondaries and

reticulations invisible above, well marked and almost

as prominent as primaries below; petiole stout, less than

5 mm. long, channelled above.

Panicles terminal, sessile, with several spreading-

ascending branches 4—5 cm. long from the base, rather

stout, obtusely 4-angled, bark dark; flowers “waxy white

tinged with red’, sessile, rather crowded, in threes at ends

of short branchlets; buds obovoid, 7-8 mm. long; calyx in

bud 7-8 mm. long, narrowly obovoid, narrowed rather

abruptly into a pseudostalk c. 2 mm. long; lobes 4, subequal,

shallow and broad, acute or subacute, c. 2 mm. across and

1 mm. tall; petals calyptrate, but the outer one free, rather

thick textured, orbicular, c. 3 mm. diam. ; stamens numerous,

anthers small with a rather conspicuous connective gland;

ovary 2-celled. Fruit unknown.

Very little material of this species is available, and that

only in bud. It is not at all like EH. densiflora as Ridley

suggests.

62. Eugenia Prainiana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 116

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 750. (Fig. 28b).

PERAK: Blanda Mabok, Wray 3990 (syntype); Larut, within

100 feet, Kunstler 5209, 6584 (syntypes).

_ Distrib: Endemic.

_ A large tree reaching 48 metres tall and 60-90 cm.

diam. (fide Kunstler). Twigs rather stout, terete, bark

smooth, brown. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic oblong, apex

acuminate, base cuneate, up to c. 12-5 cm. X 5 cm., upper

surface drying dark brown to nearly black, polished, lower

surface paler, dull; midrib impressed above, elevate and

keeled below; primary nerves about 25 pairs, very slender

and slightly raised on both surfaces, indistinct, ascending

slightly to a nearly straight and very fine intramarginal

Vol. XII. (1949).

134

nerve c, 1-2 mm. from leaf margin, secondaries and reticula-

tions slightly raised on both surfaces, hardly distinguishable

from primaries; petiole slender, up to about 1-5 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or occasionally from upper leaf axils,

up to c. 6 cm. long, the axillary ones shorter, condensed,

corymbose, on short stout peduncles, or almost sessile,

branchlets short, stout, crowded, 4-angled or compressed,

with dark bark; flowers white, sessile, in threes at branchlet

ends, buds clavate, c. 9-10 mm. long; calyx in bud funnel

shaped, 8-9 mm. long, tapering gradually to base,

pseudostalk c. 4 mm. long but not well defined; lobes 5,

nearly equal, persistent, broadly ovate triangular rounded,

fleshy with thin cartilaginous tips, c. 2 mm. across and 1-5

mm. tall; petals falling as a calyptra, but the outer one

free, orbicular, thin, c. 4 mm. diam., with sparse but

conspicuous gland dots, the others agglutinated into a thick

calyptra; stamens numerous, filaments subulate, anthers

broadly elliptic, connective gland small but distinct; ovary

2-celled.

Fruit (probably unripe) oblong ovoid to globular, c. 2-5

cm. long and 2 cm. diam., apex with conspicuous long calyx

tube 5-6 mm. long and 5 mm. diam., fringed with the

remains of the calyx lobes; pericarp rather thin and

leathery ; seed 1, cotyledons very unequal, one about 14, the

size of the other, inner faces more or less concave, attached

to hypocotyle by short stalks.

63. Eugenia Pearsoniana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 116

(1901). E. Prainiana King var. Pearsoniana (King)

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 751 (1922). (Fig. 28c).

PERAK: Larut, 800-1,000 feet, Kunstler 3526 (type collection).

JOHORE: Gunong Panti, 1,500 feet in ridge forest, SFN 32219

(Corner).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree 15-30 metres tall; bark pinkish fawn, more or

less entire; inner bark pale brownish drab; wood dingy

brownish-yellowish. Twigs terete, slender, bark smooth or

slightly flaky, whitish or pale brown. Leaves coriaceous,

ovate or elliptic or oblong elliptic, apex caudate acuminate,

base cuneate, or rounded and abruptly narrowed on to

petiole, up to c. 10 em. & 5 em.; upper surface shining,

drying olivaceous brown, minutely punctate or pustulate,

lower surface dull, reddish brown, minutely pustulate;

midrib impressed above, elevate below and rather sharply

keeled; primary nerves up to c. 30 pairs, close together,

slightly ascending and curving up to a very faint intra-

marginal nerve very close to leaf margin, slightly raised

above and faint, slightly raised below and very fine and

Gardens Bulletin, S.

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a, E.

Vol. XII. (1949).

Fig. 28.

136

inconspicuous; secondaries very faint, reticulations almost —

or quite invisible; petiole slender, 6-10 mm. long.

Panicles terminal, short, condensed, 2—4 cm. long,

sessile or on very short stout peduncles, branchlets crowded,

short, thick, angled and compressed; flowers cream white,

the top of calyx tube often pinkish, sessile in twos or threes

at branchlet ends, buds ciavate, c. 8 mm. long; calyx after

anthesis funnel shaped, c.-6 mm. long, tapering to a short

stout not well defined pseudostalk c. 2 mm. long; mouth

with 4 very shallow oblong lobes, appearing truncate; petals.

calyptrate, but the outer one free, rather thick textured,

orbicular, c. 4 mm. diam., the others agglutinated; stamens

numerous, up to c. 11 mm. long, filaments slender, subulate,

somewhat flattened below, anthers broadly oblong or oblong

elliptic, c. 0.6 mm. long, connective gland small; style

slender, only a little stouter than filaments, flattened and

ridged, c. 7 mm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate. Fruit

unknown.

Ridley reduces this species to a variety of E. Prainiana,

but although little material of either species is known, I

believe them to be distinct, although closely allied. HE. Pear-

soniana differs from E. Prainiana in the thinner and paler

twigs, the leaves more abruptly acuminate; the stouter and

more condensed inflorescence ; the calyx mouth obscurely and

shallowly lobed, not with definite lobes with thin tips. Fruit

of E. Pearsoniana when found may add other distinguishing

characters.

64. Eugenia oblata Roxb., Fl. Ind., II, 493 (1882); Hort.

Beng. 37 (1814), nom. nud.; Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.L.,

II, 492; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 114; Gagnep. in

Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch., II, 805; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 749, excl.

syn.; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 652. Syzygium

oblatum Wall. Cat. 3569; Cowan & Cowan, Trees North

Bengal, 68 (1929) ; Merr. & Perry in Journ. Arn. Arb.

XIX, 101; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3,

187. Eugenia limnoea Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc.

Str. Br., LX XIX, 64 (1918), excl. specimina Scortech-

iniana; F.M.P., I, 729, excl. syn. E. laxiuscula Ridl.

in Journ. F.M.S. Mus., X, 133 (1920); F.M.P., I, 750.

°E.. limnoea Ridl. var. gracilior Craib, Fl. Siam Enum.,

I, 650 (1935). (Fig. 28d).

Widely distributed but not very frequent from Setul and

Kelantan to Johore, mostly on tidal rivers and near the sea.

Distrib: Burma, Siam, Indo-China, Borneo.

A riverside bush or a tree up to c. 15 metres tall; bark

smooth or becoming slightly scaly flaky, light greyish green

or brown or pale greyish buff. Twigs rather slender, terete,

more or less compressed below nodes, bark drying brown,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

137

smooth or flaky. Leaves coriaceous, broadly lanceolate to

oblong elliptic, apex acuminate, base cuneate or rounded and

rather abruptly narrowed to petiole, from c. 7-5 cm. X 3 cm.

to 16-5 cm. X 6-5 cm.; upper surface drying olivaceous brown

to blackish brown, closely and minutely punctate or some-

times pustulate, lower surface brown or reddish brown,

glandular pustulate or black gland dotted ; midrib impressed

above, elevate below; primary nerves up to c. 25 pairs,

usually c. 5 mm. or less apart, raised and slender on both

surfaces, usually rather indistinct above and distinct below,

slightly ascending and curving up to a shallowly looped or

nearly straight intramarginal nerve close to leaf margin;

secondaries and reticulations below numerous and close,

almost as distinct as primaries; petiole up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal and axillary, sometimes clustered,

sessile or more usually pedunculate, shorter than leaves,

more or less corymbose, reaching c. 7 cm. long, the primary

branchlets few, slender, angled, ascending, the secondary

branchlets short and rather crowded; flowers white or pale

cream, calyx tube often slightly pinkish, sessile in threes or

clustered at branchlet ends, buds clavate, reaching c. 1 cm.

long ; calyx funnel shaped, 6-8 mm. long, tapered to a rather

slender pseudostalk 2-3-5 mm. long; lobes 5 (?or 4), sub-

persistent, subequal, short broad and rounded, c. 2-5 mm.

wide and 1 mm. tall; petals calyptrate, calyptra thin, all the

petals agglutinated or the outer one or two free, thin, gland

dotted, orbicular, c. 5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, fila-

ments slender, subulate, up to c. 1-7 cm. long, anthers oblong

elliptic 0-8-1 mm. long, connective gland small; style

subulate, stouter than filaments, and about as long as them;

ovary 2-celled.

Fruit more or less wholly suffused dull purple, depressed.

_ globose or oblong globose, slightly compressed laterally, c.

1-75 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, faintly vertically ridged,

apical umbilicus rather deep, c. 4 mm., diam., calyx rim

rather prominent, 1-1-5 mm. tall, bearing the somewhat

enlarged but not conspicuous upright or incurved calyx

lobes; pericarp c. 2 mm. thick; testa very thick, c. 0-5 mm.,

hard, crustaceous, adhering closely to the pale smooth

surface of cotyledons; cotyledons nearly equal, opposing

faces nearly plane, one cotyledon almost sessile on the

hypocotyle, the other with a short broad stalk.

_ _Syntypes of E. laxiuscula Ridl. and E. limnoea Ridl. are

in Herb. Singapore. I can detect no significant points of

difference between them and typical E. oblata Roxb. E.

oblata, in common with most widely distributed species,

shows considerable variation in size and shape of leaf and

of inflorescence and there is some variation in size of flower.

Vol. XII. (1949).

138

Ridley includes under his E. limnoea, E. oblongifolia

Duthie var. robusta King. This variety certainly has

nothing to do with E. oblongifolia but neither can it be

placed with FE. limnoea. It differs in the truncate calyx

mouth, the paler smoother twigs, different leaf texture and

venation. I believe it to be E. inophylla Roxb.

In his remarks on E. limnoea in Journ. Roy. As. Soc.

Str. Br., LXXIX, p. 64, Ridley says that King identified

this as HE. densiflora Duthie and that E. limnoea is allied

to this species. I have seen no specimens of EH. limnoea

previously written up by King (except Scortechini 216,

which is E.. oblongifolia var. robusta), nor does King quote

any of the numbers cited by Ridley. There is not, to my

eye, even a superficial resemblance to E. densiflora.

In the original description of FE. laxiuscula and also

in Fl. Mal. Pen., Ridley cites Curtis 975 as the type of his

species. This is an error for Curtis 973 (identified by King

as E. inophylla). Curtis 975 is E. Bernardi King.

65. Eugenia laevicaulis Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., Il, 492

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 116; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 749, sub E. oblata Roxb. (Fig. 28e).

KEDAH: Jerai Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 17917.

PENANG: sine loc., Wallich 3600D, Curtis 2246, 2247; Moniot’s

road, 1,200 feet, Curtis 666; Coolie Lines, Government Hill,

1,200 feet, Curtis 666; Government Hill, 2,300 feet, Curtis

750; Muka Head, 800 feet, Curtis 750; top of Penang Hill,

Ridley s.n.; Penang Hill, 2,800 feet, SEN 21438 (Hen-

derson), SFN 21468, 21496 (Ewart).

MALACCA: sine loc., Maingay K.D. 753 (type collection).

JOHORE: Panti river, Kota Tinggi, Ridley 15448 (this specimen

differs from the typical form in having considerably larger

and broader leaves, up to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. broad,

and the inflorescences longer and less condensed with more

slender branches).

Distrib: Endemic.

A massive but not tall tree; bark fissured. Twigs

slender, terete, pale yellowish or pale brown, bark smooth

and more or less polished, sometimes flaky. Leaves coria-

ceous, oblong lanceolate or oblong elliptic, sometimes ovate

oblong, rather abruptly acuminate or caudate acuminate

with a very narrow acumen, base cuneate, 65-10 cm. long,

25-45 cm. broad, upper surface drying olivaceous brown

to almost black, more or less polished, minutely punctate or

glandular pustulate, lower surface reddish brown to

chocolate brown, obscurely pustulate; midrib shallowly

depressed above, elevate below, more or less keeled ; primary

nerves about 25 pairs, close together (2-3 mm. isn E

slightly raised on both surfaces and very faint, especially

Gardens Bulletin, S.

139

above, meeting in an almost straight intramarginal nerve c.

1 mm. from leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations very

faint; petiole up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or occasionally from upper axils,

short and condensed, up to c. 3 cm. long, rachis stout,

branchlets short and crowded, stout, 4-angled with dark

wrinkled bark; flowers with pale green calyx and greenish

white petals, usually in threes at branchlet ends, all sessile

or occasionally the centre one on a very short stout pedicel ;

buds clavate or cylindric clavate 8-9 mm. long; calyx after

anthesis funnel shaped or slightly campanulate, tapering

evenly to base, without a well defined pseudostalk; lobes 5,

triangular, subacute or blunt, c. 2 mm. across and 1:5 mm.

tall, spreading or reflexed after flowering, persistent; petals

agglutinated into a thick orbicular calyptra c. 5 mm. diam;

stamens numerous, filaments slender, subulate, up to 9-10

mm. long, anthers oblong elliptic, 06—0:7 mm. long,

connective gland small; style stouter than filaments, c. 5

mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit globose or transversely oblong globase, brown

when dry, pustulate, faintly vertically ridged, c. 1:5 cm.

diam., apical calyx tube prominent, c. 2 mm. tall and 5 mm.

across, fringed by the spreading hardly enlarged calyx lobes;

pericarp rather thin, testa rather thick, pithy crustaceous;

seed 1, cotyledons nearly equal, side by side, outer surfaces

finely gland pitted, inner faces somewhat concave, gland

dotted, sessile on the hypocotyle or nearly so, plumule large.

Distinct from E. oblata Roxb., to which it is reduced by

Ridley, in the pale bark of the twigs, the smaller leaves with

fainter venation, shorter, much contracted inflorescences

with stouter branchlets, calyx less narrowed at base, with

smaller subacute triangular lobes, and shorter stamens.

66. Eugenia Haniffii Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 309, fig. 6 (1947).

PENANG: Penara Bukit, c. 1,000 feet, Curtis 794.

SELANGOR: 20th mile, Ginting Simpah, Forest Dept. FMS

12860; 23rd mile. Ginting Simpah, Forest Dept FMS

133832.

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree 12-15 m. tall. Twigs rather stout, terete, bark

reddish brown nearly smooth. Leaves chartaceous, drying

greenish brown ‘to dull grey brown above, dull grey brown

below, oblong to elliptic oblong, base cuneate, apex rather

abruptly acuminate, up to c. 13 cm. X 5 cm., petiole slender,

c. 5-7 mm. long;_midrib sunk above, prominent below;

primary nerves fine, not more prominent than secondaries

Vol. XII. (1949).

140

and hardly distinguishable from them, about 25-40 pairs, ~

raised above and below, meeting in an inconspicuous intra-

marginal nerve c. 2-4 mm. from leaf margin.

Panicles terminal, densely flowered, often much

contracted, usually less than 8 em. long, primary branches

stout with reddish brown bark, ultimate branchlets finer,

more or less 4-angled, with dark striate bark; flowers in

threes at ends of branchlets, the centre one sessile, the outer

ones on pedicels c. 0-8 mm. long; calyx narrowly funnel-

shaped in bud, c. 4-6 mm. long including lobes, gradually

narrowed to a slender pseudostalk; lobes 4, conspicuous,

broad, persistent after anthesis, c. 1:5 mm. tall and 2-5 mm.

wide, rather thick textured with membranous margins;

petals 4, free, membranous, persistent for some time after

anthesis ; stamens 9-12 mm. long, style about as long; ovary

2-locular with many ovules.

Fruit globose or slightly depressed globose, c. 1:5 cm.

diam. (?unripe), crowned by calyx limb and persistent

sepals; seed 1, globose, cotyledons more or less equal,

attached to hypocotyle near centre of opposing faces.

This species is distinguished from E. oblata, to which

it appears nearest, by the smaller flowers, more deeply lobed

calyx, denser inflorescence, and the thinner leaves with

finer and closer venation, with the intramarginal nerve

further from margin.

67. Eugenia camptophylla Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 311, fig. 7 (1947).

PERAK: Gopeng, 500-800 feet, open jungle in hilly locality,

Kunstler 53594.

Known only from the above collection.

A tree 12-15 m. tall, stem 20-23 cm. diam., twigs

smooth, terete, bark dull brown; leaves lanceolate or

narrowly elliptic lanceolate, or somewhat ovate-lanceolate,

up to c. 13 cm. * 4 em., apex long acuminate, often folded

or bent sideways when dry, base long narrowed and some-

what decurrent on petiole; upper surface drying blackish

brown, lower surface dull reddish brown; midrib sunk

above, raised below; primary nerves about 20 pairs, very

faint above, slightly raised below, very slender and

inconspicuous, meeting in a very fine intramarginal nerve

1-2 mm. from the recurved leaf margin; secondaries and

reticulations a little less conspicuous than primaries below;

petiole up to c. 1 em. long, slender.

Inflorescence a spreading panicle, or several together,

terminal or from upper one or two axils, on a peduncle up

to c. 4 cm. long but usually not exceeding c. 1 cm., peduncle

and inflorescence branches rather slender, strongly angled, —

~~»

Gardens Bulletin,

‘aa

141

with striate bark, the whole inflorescence up to c. 9:5 cm.

long and 6 cm. across; flowers densely crowded at ends of

branchlets, c. 1 cm. long, sessile; calyx in bud funnel shaped,

e. 6 mm. long and 3 mm. across mouth, tapering gradually

from apex to base, the pseudostalk c. 2-3 mm. long but not

sharply marked off, calyx mouth with five broad shallow

inconspicuous blunt or subacute subpersistent lobes c. 1:25

mm. wide and 0:5 mm. tail, but variable in size; petals

probably falling as a calyptra but easily separable, more or

less orbicular, c. 3 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments

slender, up to c. 8 mm- long, anthers triangular ovate, c.

05 mm. long, connective gland inconspicuous; style

considerably stouter than filaments, c. 6 mm: long. Fruit

unknown.

A species probably allied to HE. inophylla and to E.

oblata but differing from the former in the larger calyx

lobes, and the narrower leaves with fewer veins, and from

the latter by the smaller and narrower flowers and the much

narrower leaves with less prominent venation.

68. Eugenia inophylla (DC.) Roxb., Fl. Ind., II, 496

(1832) ; Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 480; King, Mat.

Peo No, 14. 114> Ridh, HOMLP: 4,..;750. ?E.

oblongifolia Duthie var. robusta King, loc. cit., 112.

Syzygium inophyllum DC., Prodr., III, 260 (1828) ;

Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. "Arts & Sci., XVIIL,

3,188. (Fig. 28f).

In lowland forest from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore,

commonest in the north of the Peninsula.

Distrib: Burma, Borneo, Moluccas (fide Merrill & Perry).

A tree reaching c. 24 metres tall. Twigs rather slender,

terete or obscurely quadrangular, bark brown, smooth.

Leaves coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or elliptic oblong or

elliptic lanceolate, apex acuminate, usually rather abruptly

so, base cuneate, up to c. 14 cm. X 5 cm.; upper surface

drying nearly black, obscurely punctate or pustulate, some-

what polished, lower surface dark brown or reddish brown;

midrib impressed above, elevate below; primary nerves

very numerous and close together, slightly elevate on both

surfaces and faint, ascending and curving up to a faint

intramarginal nerve c. 1 mm. from leaf margin; reticula-

tions close and elongate, raised and faint on both surfaces;

petiole up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, rather dense,

corymbose, peduncled, up to c. 12 cm. long with numerous

rather slender angled and compressed branchlets; flowers

cream or white, crowded at branchlet ends, sessile; buds

clavate, c. 7-8 mm. long; calyx funnel shaped after anthesis,

<. 6 mm. long, tapering gradually to a slender pseudostalk

Vol. XII. (1949).

142

2-3 mm. long, mouth with five very shallow broad obscure

lobes less than 1 mm. tall; petals calyptrate, the calyptra

thin and usually the outer petal partially free; stamens

numerous, filaments slender, subulate, up to c. 7-8 mm. long, |

anthers ovate triangular, 0-6-0-:8 mm. long, connective

gland small and acute but distinct; style rather slender but

stouter than filaments, subulate, c. 7 mm. long; ovary

2-celled.

According to Roxburgh the fruit is large and pear-

shaped. No ripe fruit on Malayan material has been seen.

This species differs from E. oblata Roxb. in the

generally smaller flowers, with the calyx mouth almost

truncate or very obscurely lobed or wavy, not with shallow

broad persistent lobes; in the smoother darker twigs, not

reddish and more or less flaky; in the nerves being less

prominent above, rather closer, much less prominent below,

reticulations onithe upper surface more evident and finer,

less evident below. Ridley says that the nervation of E.

inophylla is as in E. oblata, but there is a distinct difference.

I include here with some doubt Scortechini 216 which

is the type of King’s variety robusta of E. oblongifoha

Duthie. Ridley places it under E. oblata Roxb., but it does

not belong there (see note under that species). The two

sheets of this number in Herb. Singapore have much paler

twigs than other specimens of E. inophylla, the leaves have

longer petioles and are pustulate on both surfaces. The

inflorescence and flowers are those of typical E. inophylla-.

69. Eugenia Bernardi King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 115

(1901). EH. inophylla Roxb., var. Bernardi (King)

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 750 (1922). E. simulans King, loc.

cit., 129, pro parte. (Fig. 29a).

PENANG: Government Hill, 2,000 feet, Curtis 2845 (syntype) ;

sine loc., Curtis 975 (syntype)..

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini 326 (syntype).

SELANGOR: 15th mile, Pahang track, Ridley 8617 (syntype) ;

Weld Hill Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 1223, 17465.

PAHANG: Cameron Highlands, Forest Dept. FMS 20806;

Sungai Terolak, Ulu Telom, Forest Dept. FMS 27553;

Kuala Sungai Kial, Telom, SFN 23908 (Kiah); Rotan

Tunggal Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 29353; Sungai.

Tahan, SF'N 20074 (Holttum).

Distrib: ? Borneo (see Merrill & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad.

Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 197).

A medium sized to tall tree. Twigs slender, terete, or

the youngest ones slightly compressed, dark brown, the

older ones with pale grey somewhat polished bark. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic oblong, apex abruptly

Gardens Bulletin, S.

143

, E. filiformis; c, d, E. caudata; e, f,

a, E. Bernardi;

E. oleina.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

Fig. 29.

144

and usually shortly acuminate, base cuneate and narrowed

on to petiole or more or less rounded and abruptly and

shortly narrowed to petiole, from c. 7 cm. X 3° cm. to 18

cm. X 8 cm.; upper surface when dry from greenish brown

to almost black, more or less shining, closely pustulate or

rugulose-pustulate, lower surface paler, greenish to dark

brown, pustulate as upper surface; midrib impressed above,

prominent below and pustulate; primary nerves numerous

and close together, raised on both surfaces and very fine,

ascending slightly to a fine intramarginal nerve close to the -

leaf margin; the close rather elongate reticulations raised

on both surfaces and almost as distinct as primaries; petiole

rather slender, up to c. 13 em. long.

Panicles terminal and axillary, up to c. 10 em. long, on

peduncles of varying length, they and the rachis terete or

obscurely quadrangular, with dark striate bark; lowermost

branchlets when present ascending, the upper two or three

pairs nearly horizontal, 4-angled; bracts and bracteoles

subpersistent, small, broadly ovate rounded or ovate

triangular subacute; flowers sessile in threes or clusters at

ends of very short ultimate branchlets; buds obovoid, c. 6

mm. long; calyx in bud cylindric campanulate, c. 45 mm.

long, gradually narrowed to base without a well defined

pseudostalk, after anthesis widely campanulate, or funnel

shaped, often rather abruptly contracted at base into a

definite short pseudostalk c. 15 mm. long, mouth almost

truncate or with 5 very short broad obscure lobes; petals

falling in a calyptra but the outer petal free, thin, orbicular,

c. 25 mm. diam., the others agglutinated; stamens

numerous, filaments subulate above, more or less flattened

at base, up to c. 7 mm. long, anthers oblong ovate c. 0-6 mm.

long, connective gland small and inconspicuous; style some-

what stouter than filaments, c. 6 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit (?unripe) globose or depressed globose, c. 2:5 em..

diam., faintly vertically ridged, apical umbilicus c. 3 mm.

diam., fringed by the very short calyx rim; pericarp rather

thin, testa rather thick, more or less crustaceous, seed 1, c.

15 cm. diam., cotyledons slightly unequal, side by side,

inner faces nearly plane, gland dotted, attached at their

centres to the hypocotyle by very short broad stalks.

Ridley reduces this species to a variety of E. inophylla.

Roxb., but I believe it to be sufficiently distinct in the thinner

leaves, with the upper surface finely wrinkled or pustulate,

the longer and more slender petioles, the shorter and more:

cupshaped flowers with either a very short stout pseudostalk

or none.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

*-* *

e a ¢ = 4)

eee os | 4

145

70. Eugenia Brantiana Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 313, fig. 8 (1947).

JonuorE: Sungai Pontian Besar, common on the riverbank in

the Terminalia-Pandanus zone, SFN 36754 (Henderson),

SFN 36956 (Corner & Henderson).

Known so far only from this locality.

A shrub or small bushy tree. Branchlets terete, bark

smooth, grey brown to reddish. Leaves thinly coriaceous,

oblong elliptic to ovate, up to c. 13 cm. long and 5 cm. broad,

apex long acuminate, acumen 1-2 em. long, base cuneate and

narrowed on to petiole, upper surface drying greenish to

reddish brown, minutely gland dotted, lower surface

greenish to brownish, paler than tpper, minutely gland

dotted; midrib shallowly impressed above, elevate below;

primary nerves up to c. 15 pairs, slender and not conspi-

cuous above, pale and very slightly raised, slightly raised

and slender below; secondaries and reticulations usually

obscure above, visible below and almost as conspicuous as

primaries; intramarginal nerve slender and inconspicuous,

1-2 mm. from leaf margin; petiole c. 0-5 cm. long.

Inflorescences terminal or from upper axils, paniculate,

up to c. 9 cm. long, nearly sessile or on peduncles up to c.

3 cm. long, primary branchlets up to c. 2 cm. long; flowers

sessile, clustered either at the ends of the primary branchlets

or of shorter secondary branchlets; buds c. 1 cm. long; calyx

c. 7-8 mm. c. 5 mm. across mouth, narrowed at base into

a rather stout pseudostalk 2-3 mm. long, lobes broad,

shallow, inconspicuous, c. 0-75 mm. tall and 2-2-5 mm. wide,

pellucidly gland dotted; petals calyptrate, pellucidly gland

dotted; stamens very numerous, 15-16 mm. long, anthers

ovate oblong, 0-5-0:-75 mm. long, connective gland con-

spicuous; style 12-13 mm. long; ovary 2-celled with several

ovules in each cell. Fruit unknown.

Another species allied to EF. inophylla, but differing in

the paler bark of the twigs, the much longer stamens, and

in being a bush or small bushy tree of tidal rivers.

71.. Eugenia filiformis Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., I, 478

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 105, pro parte;

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 740; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya,

p. 497, fig. 168. E. clavimyrtus var. minor Koorders

& Valeton in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 112 (1900).

Syzygium filiforme Wall. Cat. 3580. (Fig. 29b).

_ Common in lowland forest from Perak to Singapore.

Distrib: Java.

A small or medium sized tree with dense crown and

_ drooping branches, without buttresses ; bark smooth or very

finely creviced in places, warm red brown; inner layers

Vol. XII. (1949).

146

thin, paler brown, wood very pale buff, darkening on

exposure. Twigs very slender, terete, bark smooth, greyish

or brownish. Leaves coriaceous, variable in size and shape

from lanceolate or ovate lanceolate to oblong elliptic, apex

acuminate or caudate acuminate, base cuneate, or rounded

and abruptly narrowed to and often decurrent upon petiole,

from c. 5 em. X 1:75 em. to 11 cm. X 5 em.; both surfaces

drying more or less greenish brown, closely and minutely

pustulate or black gland dotted, the glands on the lower

surface often obscure; midrib impressed above, elevate

below, often glandular pustulate; primary nerves about 8-16

pairs, c. 0-5 cm. apart, usually slightly raised and very

slender and inconspicuous on both surfaces, sometimes

almost invisible above, occasionally rather distinct below,

curving up slightly to a fine intramarginal nerve c. 2 mm.

from leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations usually

obscure, especially above, often invisible; petiole slender, up

to c. 7 mm. long.

Racemes terminal and axillary, very lax and few

flowered, up to c. 10 cm. long, flowers sometimes solitary

axillary or extra axillary; peduncles slender, very variable

in length, rachis slender, bearing distant pairs of flowers or

solitary flowers, usually with two or three clustered at its

apex; pedicels filiform, very variable in length, reaching

4:5 cm. long, usually exceeding 1:3 cm.; flowers white, calyx

funnel shaped, 5-6 mm. long, tapered or narrowed rather

abruptly into a slender pseudostalk 0-5-8 mm. long, of the

same thickness as the pedicel; lobes 4, nearly equal, sub-

persistent, broad and rounded, thin, gland dotted, c. 2 mm.

across and 1:5 mm. tall; petals 4, free or calyptrate, or

the two outer free and the two inner agglutinated, thin,

orbicular, 25-8 mm. diam., inconspicuously gland dotted;

stamens numerous, filaments slender, subulate, up to c. 5

mm. long, anthers oblong elliptic, c. 0-4 mm. long, connective

gland small and inconspicuous; style much stouter than

filaments, c. 10 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit globose, ovoid globose or more or less depressed

globose, sometimes a little angled, up to 1:5 em. diam., pale

whitey green when ripe, apex crowned by the short calyx

rim c. 3:5 mm. diam.; pericarp juicy pulpy, up to c. 5 mm.

thick, testa adhering loosely to cotyledons, somewhat pithy

and rather thick; cotyledons deep reddish purple, inner

faces conspicuously gland dotted. Germination hypogeal,

the shoot with pink winged angles. (It is rare to find in

Singapore fruits that are not infected with the larvae of

an insect, apparently the same as that found in E. .

pseudosubtilis) . |

Gardens Bulletin, S.

: Jon

- - ~

147

There is a remarkable and unusual variation in the size

of the flower parts in this species, even on the same twig.

In SFN 14924 the calyx tube varies from 4—6 mm. long, the

pseudostalk from 2-8 mm. and the pedicel from 18-26 mm.

In Alvins 543, the calyx tube varies from 3-6 mm., the

pseudostalk from 3-7 mm. and the pedicel from 18-29 mm.

The range of variation in twelve sheets is—calyx tube 2:5—

65 mm., pseudostalk 0-5-8 mm., pedicel 18-45 mm.

The very lax racemes with few flowers and the long

filiform pedicels are very distinctive.

E. filiformis Duthie var. clavimyrtus (Koord. & Valet.) var.

nov. E. clavimyrtus Koord. & Valet. in Meded. Lands

Plantent., XL, 110 (1900); Atlas Baumart. Java, III,

fig. 484. Clavimyrtus glabrata Bl., Mus., I, 114

(1849). Myrtus glabrata Bl., Bijdr., 1083 (1826).

Jambosa glabrata DC., Prodr., III, 287 (1828), non

Eugenia glabrata DC., vel Berg.

Not uncommon in lowland and hill forest from Penang to

Singapore.

Distrib: Java.

Leaves much as in E. filiformis but sometimes the

reticulations raised and distinct on both surfaces. Flowers

with greenish calyx tube and white petals; calyx tube

cylindric obconic, slightly ventricose, especially after

anthesis, up to c. 20 mm. long, tapered gradually into a

slender not sharply defined pseudostalk 1-5-9 mm. long,

pedicel filiform 15-60 mm. long; calyx limb cyathiform,

lobes 4, very unequal, broadly ovate rounded, subpersistent,

eventually. reflexed, the two outer rather thick, gland dotted,

c. 45 mm. across and 3 mm. tall, the two inner overlapping

in bud, thinner, c. 6-7 mm. across, 5 mm. tall, sparsely but

conspicuously gland dotted; petals 4, free, or sometimes

calyptrate, orbicular, conspicuously pellucidly gland dotted,

c. 6-7 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments slender,

subulate, slightly broadened at base, up to c. 1-2 cm. long

(to 25 cm. fide Koorders & Valeton), anthers oblong

reniform 0-6-0:‘7 mm. long, connective gland small and

inconspicuous; style stouter than filaments and as long as

them; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate. ©

Fruit oblong globose, c. 1-5 em. long, crowned by the

short calyx rim, umbilicus shallow, c. 5-6 mm. diam., seed

1, cotyledons superposed, sometimes polyembryonic.

This variety differs from the typical form in the longer

and narrower calyx tube, gradually tapered into the

pseudostalk and in the very unequal calyx lobes. The

flowers look so different from those of typical E. filiformis

Vol. XII. (1949).

148

that it could perhaps be held to be a distinct species.

However, the foliage and inflorescence of both forms are

very similar and both have long filiform pedicels.

Koorders and Valeton’s EF. clavimyrtus was based on

Clavimyrtus glabrata Bl., Blume’s name being preoccupied

in Eugenia. They reduce E. filiformis to a variety—minor

—of their species, but the reduction of an older name to a

variety of a later is not in accordance with the Rules of

Nomenclature. I have examined the type of Clavimyrtus

glabrata Bl., and although the specimen is fragmentary

with old and detached flowers, I believe it to be our plant.

Enumerated below are sterile or fruiting specimens

which cannot be assigned definitely either to the typica!

form or to the variety.

KEDAH A Gunong Jerai Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS

11274.

PERAK: *Bikum Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 5385;

Chikus Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 27245, 27246;

Kota, Wray 3262. .

SELANGOR: Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS

14685; Kanching Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 6365.

MALACCA: Merlimau, Derry 471, Alvins s.n.; Bukit Bruang,

Derry 451, 1230; sine loc., Alvins 68.

PAHANG: Beserah road, Forest Dept. FMS 3130.

Craib in Fl. Siam. Enum. I, 641 (1931) describes as

new a variety parvifolia of E. filiformis. The duplicate of

the type (Kerr 7576) in Herb. Singapore is rather poor,

having only a few detached flower buds, but although the

shape of the leaves suggests E. filiformis, the very short

pseudostalk would place the specimen with EF. caudata King

rather than with E. filiformis.

E.. filiformis Macfady., Fl. Jamaica, II, 116 is listed in

Index Kewensis. According to data given by Pritzel the

date of publication would have been 1850 or a little earlier.

However, Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. Jamaica, Vol. V, in a note

on p. xiv, state that the second volume of Macfadyen’s Flora

was never published, the printing of it having been stopped

owing to the sudden death of Dr. Macfadyen. This note

is merely to draw attention to the fact that Macfadyen’s

name has no nomenclatorial standing, although Index

Kewensis lists it as if it had.

72. Eugenia caudata King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 105 (1901),

pro maxime parte; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 740. ?E. filiformis

Duthie var. parvifolia Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 641

(1931). (Fig. 29c, d).

PENANG: West Hill, 2,000 feet, Curtis 744, 2,400 feet, SFN

2653 (Burkill), 3,000 feet, Nauen s.n. ‘

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini 392 (syntype); Maxwell’s Hill,

2,500 feet, Wray 2824, 3208 (syntypes), 4,000 feet, Curtis

2007 (syntype), Ridley 2991, 5344; Larut, 1,800-2,500 feet,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

149

Kunstler 2421 (syntype), 2,000-2,500 feet, Kunstler 6262

(syntype), 4,000-4,600 feet, Kunstler 3654 (syntype) ;

Gunong Hijau, 5,000 feet, Scortechini 444, (syntype), SFN

12768 (Burkill & Haniff); Gunong Batu Puteh, 3,400 feet,

Wray 472, 1176 (syntypes); Ulu Batang Padang, Wray

1514 (? syntype, ? quoted by King as 1574); Bubu Forest

Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 29856.

SELANGOR: Semangkok Pass, Curtis 3758, Ridley 15591.

PAHANG: - Fraser Hill, Forest Dept. FMS 22497, SFN 33160

(Corner).

Distrib: Endemic.

A shrub or small tree up to about 12 metres tall; bark

smooth entire then finely creviced, greyish brownish; inner

bark pale greyish brownish drab. Twigs slender or very

slender, terete, bark smooth, pale brownish or greyish.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate lanceolate or

elliptic lanceolate, apex caudate acuminate, base cuneate and

narrowed on to petiole, from c. 3 cm. X 1 cm. to 7 cm. X 3

em., upper surface drying pale brown to blackish brown,

Slightly polished, smooth, minutely punctate, lower surface

pale brown to reddish brown, dull, minutely black dotted or

glandular pustulate; midrib narrowly impressed above,

slightly elevate and keeled below; primary nerves numerous,

Spreading-ascending to a very obscure intramarginal nerve,

almost or quite invisible on both surfaces; petiole slender,

5—6 mm. long. .

_ Racemes terminal or axillary, up to c. 6 cm. long, very

lax and few flowered, sometimes with 1-2 pairs of very

slender spreading branches c. 2 cm. long, each bearing two

terminal flowers; or almost unbranched with 5 flowers;

flowers white, the calyces suffused red, sessile or on slender

pedicels up to c. 5 mm. long; calyx campanulate or funnel

shaped, c. 5 mm. long, contracted suddenly at base into a

Slender pseudostalk from 1-3 mm. long; lobes 4, equal,

deciduous, broad and rounded or subacute, c. 2 mm. across

and 1 mm. tall; petals 4, free or falling as a calyptra but

not agglutinated, orbicular, obscurely giand dotted, c. 3 mm.

diam.; stamens variabie in length, reaching 12 mm.,

filaments slender, subulate; anthers ovate elliptic, c. 0-5 mm.

long, connective gland small but distinct; style much

stouter than filaments, and about as long as longest stamens;

ovary 2-celled.

Fruit more or less globose, c. 1-1-5 em. diam., crowned

‘by the short calyx rim c. 6 mm. diam., seeds 1 or 2.

_ . The small caudate acuminate leaves with almost

Invisible nervation and the few flowered very lax

inflorescences distinguish this species.

King includes in his species and takes his specific name

from Myrtus caudata Wall. Cat. 3631, nomen nudum. I

have seen a sheet of this number in Herb. Calcutta, written

Vol. XIT. (1949).

150

up by King. If it is a Eugenia, which I doubt, it differs

from E. caudata in the narrower and longer leaves, not black

dotted below, with a different texture and venation. The

specimen is sterile and is said to have been collected in

Singapore, where E. caudata has not been found.

See note under E. filiformis Duthie.

738. Eugenia oleina Wight, Ill., II, 15 (1841); Craib, Fl.

Siam. Enum., I, 653 (1931). EH. myrtifolia Roxb., Fl.

Ind., II, 490 (1832); Duthie in Hook, fil., F.B.1., II,

483; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 118; Ridl., F.M.P., I,

750; non E. myrtifolia Salisb. (1796), nec Sims

(1821), nec Cambess. (1829). E. acuminatissima

Kurz. var. parva Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci., I

(Suppl.) 104 (1906). E. parva C. B. Rob., loc. cit.,

IV, 391 (1909). EH. sinubanensis Elm., Leafl. Philipp.

Bot., IV, 1424 (1912). Syzygium myrtifolium (Roxb.)

DC., Prodr., I], 261 (1828); Merr. & Perry in Mem.

Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 182. (Fig. 29e, f).

PENANG: Wallich, fide King.

JOHORE: Kota Tinggi, Ridley s.n.; Sungai Rhu Reba, Jason

Bay, Corner s.n.; Sungai Kambau, Sedili Besar, SFN

28081 (Corner); Sungai Pendas, SF'N 32254 (Corner).

SINGAPORE: Sungai Morai, Ridley s.n., 3633a; Changi, Ridley

4572; Sungai Jurong, Ridley 4985; Selitar, Ridley 5001;

Jurong, Ridley 8424; Kranji, Ridley 11847; Woodlands

Reserve, SEN 36959 (Ngadiman), Corner s.n.; Economic

Gardens, Ridley 12195; Botanic Gardens, Ahmat s.n.,

Henderson 8.n.; sine loc.; Wallich 3571.

Distrib: Burma, Siam, Sumatra, Anamba Islands, Borneo,

Philippines.

A small tree, trunk sometimes shortly stilt rooted at

base; bark light greyish brown or light orange brown,

slightly flaky or very slightly papery flaky. Youngest

twigs sharply 4-angled, bark smooth, dark brown, older

twigs terete with brown slightly flaky bark. Leaves

thickly coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate to broadly

elliptic ovate, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, 3-5-8

cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad; both surfaces drying pale brown

to reddish brown, the lower usually paler, both minutely

punctate or black dotted; midrib narrowly impressed above,

slightly elevate and keeled below; primary nerves numerous,

almost invisible, impressed, as are the reticulations, on both

surfaces; petiole short, less than 5 mm. long.

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, often clustered

at tips of twigs, pedunicled, c. 4-5 em. long, branches lax,

spreading, ascending, they.and rachis and peduncle slender,

stiff, sharply 4-angled with pale or reddish brown smooth

or somewhat pustulate bark; flowers white or the calyx

green suffused purplish brown, sessile or on very short

Gardens Bulletin, S.

151

rather stout pedicels, in twos and threes at branchlet ends;

buds broadly clavate, c. 4 mm. long; calyx funnel shaped or

somewhat campanulate, c. 3-5 mm. long, tapered to base and

contracted into a pseudostalk c. 1 mm. long; lobes 4, broad

and rounded, subpersistent, evident in bud, c. 1 mm. across

and 0:5 mm. tall, reflexed after anthesis; petals falling as

a calyptra, gland dotted, often not completely agglutinated

and the outer one at least partially or wholly free, orbicular,

c. 3-5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, variable in length, up

to ec. 5 mm. long, filaments slender, subulate, anthers c.

0-3-0.4 mm. long, connective gland obscure; style much

stouter than filaments, c. 6 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit small, broadly obovoid or pyriform, c. 5 mm. long

and 6—7 mm. across, dark red to reddish purple, then black

when ripe; apex deeply and widely excavate, umbilicus c.

3 mm. diam., its rim with remains of 4 enlarged lobes;

pericarp juicy fleshy, up to c. 2 mm. thick; seed 1, more or

less boat shaped, c. 5-6 mm. X 3-4 mm., testa rather tough

and leathery, adhering to cotyledons; cotyledons side by side,

conspicuously gland dotted, one often half as big as the

other ; inner faces folded, with the large hypocotyle lying in

the fold, reaching the periphery of the seed and there

conspicuous. Germination epigeal.

According to Roxburgh this species was first found in

Sumatra, whence it was sent to Calcutta and cultivated.

Presumably Roxburgh described his E. myrtifolia from

specimens from these cultivated plants, and I have therefore

taken as typical specimens ticketed as cultivated in Hort.

Bot. Caleutta. The Malayan collections agree well with

those from Calcutta with a few small variations. In the

more recent collections the leaves dry much paler. Ridley

3001 has the reticulations raised on the under surface of

the leaf, and Ridley 11847 has leaves broader than the type

with the reticulations dark and well marked below, but not

raised.

~ I have seen type material of E. parva C. B. Rob., and

EF. sinubanensis Elm., and have no hesitation in reducing

them, as Merrill and Perry do. The Philippine specimens

are recorded from ridge forest up to 900 m., while in Malaya

the species appears always to be a lowland one, usually near

the sea behind mangrove.

When Roxburgh published his E. myrtifolia the specific

epithet had already been used in Eugenia. The next oldest

name appears to be supplied by Syzygium oleinum Wall.,

nom. nud., which was transferred to Eugenia by Wight, loc.

cit. This might also be considered a nomen nudum, for

Wight gave no description or reference to a figure. But

the name seems to be validated by his remarks—“These

Vol. XII. (1949).

152

two” (E. (S.) myrtifolia Roxb. and E. (S.) oleina R.W.)

“if distinct, are so like each other that I cannot see by

what characters they can be defined, I look upon them,

judging \from specimens only, as identical’. Merrill and

Perry do not admit the validation of the name by Wight,

and if they are correct it never has been validated. If

Merrill and Perry’s synonymy is correct, which I have not

been able to check, the next oldest available epithet appears

to be supplied by Syzygium campanulatum Korth., Nederl.

Kruidk. Arch., I, 203, (1847).

74. Eugenia Benjamina King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12,

106 (1901), excl. specimina sumatrana; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 734, excl. distrib. (Fig. 30a).

PERAK: Waterfall Hill, Taiping, 1,200 feet, Wray 2632

(syntype); Maxwell’s Hill, 2,500 feet, Wray 2797, 3204

(syntypes); Larut, 1,500-2,000 feet, Kunstler 7306

_ (syntype).

Distrib: Endemic.

A shrub or small tree. Twigs slendér, terete, bark

smooth, pale brown. Leaves thinly coriaceous, narrowly

elliptic, oblong elliptic, or oblanceolate elliptic, apex caudate

acuminate, acumen up to 1:5 cm. long, base cuneate; up to

c. 7-5 cm. long and 3-5 cm. broad; both surfaces drying pale

brown and conspicuously and closely gland dotted; midrib

impressed above, elevate below and pustulate; primary ~

nerves numerous and close together, meeting in a nearly

straight intramarginal nerve close to leaf margin, raised.

and fine on both surfaces, the close reticulation also raised

on both surfaces and as distinct as primaries; petiole

slender, wrinkled and pustulate, narrowly channelled above,

c. 5 mm. long.

Racemes axillary and terminal, shorter than leaves,.

reaching c. 3 cm. long, few flowered but rather dense, rachis

short, stout, angled, reddish or greyish scurfy; flowers pale

green, filaments white, red at base, on rather stout pedicels

of varying length, sometimes sessile, buds globose clavate

8-10 mm. long; calyx c. 7 mm. iong, rather abruptly con-

tracted below lobes into a stout cylindric angled tube c. 5

mm. long; lobes A, spreading, subpersistent, ovate rounded, |

rather thick with thin margins, conspicuously pellucid ;

dotted, c. 3 mm. across and 25 mm. tall; petals 4, free, }

orbicular, with conspicuous pellucid glands, c. 5 mm. diam. ;

stamens numerous, filaments slender, subulate, with

scattered pustulate glands, reaching 10-11 mm., anthers

broadly ovate oblong, c. 0-6-0-7 mm. long, without connective

gland; style stouter than filaments, glandular pustulate, c.

10 mm. long; ovary 2-celled. —

Gardens Bulletin, S..

153

T Le

<< Te

<— IAIN

a Z >» iy Hi

“Ql i

Rey

amina; b, c, E. syzygioides; d, E. castanea;

, E. longifloral.

e, f

a, EH. Be

Fig. 30.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

154

Fruit “dark claret colour, waxy” (Kunstler), crowned .

by the deeply 4-lobed calyx limb.

The caudate acuminate glandular leaves with close

raised venation on both surfaces, the very short few flowered

condensed inflorescences with rather large flowers and

scurfy rachis, and the conspicuous glands on sepals, petals,

stamens and style distinguish this species.

King includes here Forbes 2046 from 6,700 ft. in

Sumatra, which he says “agrees absolutely in leaf with those

collected in Perak’’, and describes the fruit of this specimen

as the ripe fruit of EF. Benjamina. He describes the fruit

of Kunstler 7°06 as unripe, but judging from Kunstler’s

field note in which he says “fruit dark claret colour, waxy”,

the fruit of this specimen is nearly, if not quite ripe. In

my opinion Forbes’ specimen does not agree with the Perak

collections, the leaves being much thicker with coarser and

more distant nerves, and this, along with the much larger

fruit without persistent calyx lobes, shows it to belong to

some other species.

75. surat Syzygioides (Miq.) comb. nov. (Fig.

, cy.

Calyptranthus caryophyllifolia Bl., Bijdr., 1089

(1825), non Willd. (1796). Jambosa syzygioides

Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., 1, i, 481 (1855). Syzygium

syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & Perry in Journ. Arn. Arb.,

XIX, 109 (1938); Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci.,

XVIII, 3, 171. Eugenia cymosa Wight, IIl., Il, 97

(1841) ; Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 482; King, Mat.

F.M.P., No. 12, 100; Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch., II,

823; Koord. & Valet. in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL,

126; Atlas Baumart. Java, III, fig. 493; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 737, pro parte; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 637;

Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 496, pl. 147; non

EK. cymosa Lamarck (1789).

Common in the lowlands from om awi and Trengganu

to Singapore, chiefly in secondary growth, and often on rocky

and sandy seashores.

Distrib: Burma, Assam, Siam, Andamans, Indo-China,

Malaysia.

A small to large tree; bark dull reddish brown or

greyish brown, fibrous, in young trees nearly smooth,

becoming longitudinally fissured, shaggy and flaky. Twigs

slender, terete, drying greyish to reddish brown, bark

smooth or somewhat flaky. Leaves thinly coriaceous,

lanceolate. or oblong lanceolate to elliptic or ovate elliptic, —

apex acuminate or caudate acuminate, base cuneate, from

c. 4-10 cm. long and 1-5-5-5 em. broad, upper surface drying

Gardens Bulletin, S.

i Te

‘

155

reddish brown to nearly black, more or less polished,

minutely punctate, lower surface slightly paler, dull,

eglandular; midrib narrowly impressed above, elevate

below; primary nerves numerous (to about 25 pairs) and

close together, slightly ascending and running straight or

curving up rather irregularly to an almost straight intra-

marginal nerve c. 1 mm. or less from leaf margin, raised,

_ fine and distinct below as are the secondaries and close

reticulations which are hardly if at all distinguishable from

primaries, less distinct above, sometimes raised, sometimes

slightly impressed, sometimes almost invisible; petiole

slender, channelled above, less than 1 cm. long.

Panicles axillary or terminal, more usually axillary, not

more than ec. 6 cm. long, usually shorter, often clustered,

peduncled, sometimes lax, sometimes rather dense, branches

very slender, distant, spreading-aseending, compressed or

4-angled with dark bark, bracts and bracteoles minute,

subpersistent, ovate acute; flowers white with reddish calyx,

sessile in threes or.fours at branchlet ends; calyx campanu-

late, c. 6 mm. long and 3 mm. across mouth, contracted

ather abruptly into a slender pseudostalk 2-2-5 mm. long; —

lobes 4, subpersistent, very small, triangular, blunt, c. 1 mm.

across base and less than 0-5 mm. tall; petals 4, free,

orbicular, 2-2-5 mm. diam., sparsely pellucidly glandular;

stamens numerous, filaments slender, subulate, up to c. 4

mm. long, anthers broadly oblong, c. 0-3-0-4 mm. long,

connective gland small but distinct; style much stouter than

filaments, subulate, cc. 5 mm. long; ovary 2-celled,

multiovulate.

Fruit ripening dark cherry red to purple black, globular

or more or less depressed globular, 8-12 mm. diam., with

conspicuous calyx rim c. 1 mm. high; pericarp 1-3 mm.

thick, fleshy, seed oblong to globose, testa thick, rather |

leathery, or crustaceous, adhering closely to cotyledons;

cotyledons side by side, nearly equal, inner faces plane or

slightly concave, point of attachment to hypocotyle close to

periphery; plumule and radicle small.

This common plant has been for many years interpreted

as E. cymosa Lamk., although Gagnepain in Fl. Gen. Indoch.,

loc. cit., indicates that the interpretation is erroneous. I

have seen a photograph of the type of Lamarck’s species,

from which it is obvious that it is not our plant. The

Specimen consists of a twig with two leaves, and inflores-

cence and two detached flowers. The leaves are rounded or

very slightly cordate at the base, broadest below the middle

and with an acute acumen. The leaves of the Malayan

plant are narrowed or cuneate at the base, the blade is

almost always broadest about the middle, and the acumen

Vol. XII. (1949).

156

is blunt. The flowers of E. cymosa Lamk. are much larger

than those of our plant and the calyx of quite a different

shape.

A note by Dr. Gagnepain on Lamarck’s type reads:

“Ce rameau n’appartient pas a la méme espéce que les.

fleurs. Voyez les echantillons de |’ Hugenia cymosa dans

le herbier général. Mai 1917.” So that perhaps the type is.

a mixture. In any case no part of it has anything to do.

with our plant.

Merrill and Perry in Journ. Arn. Arb., loc. cit., are the:

first to use the correct specific epithet for our plant, although

their name might be liable to rejection as a tautonym. IL

have seen authentic material of Jambosa syzygioides Miq.

from the Rijks Herbarium in Leiden, namely specimens

bearing the names Jambosa syzygioides and Calyptranthus

caryophyllifolia in Miquel’s and Blume’s handwriting and

there can be no doubt that our plant belongs here.

76. Eugenia castanea Merr. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str.

Br., LXXVIT, 212 (1917) ;.. LXXIX, 224(19iae

Eugenia cymosa var. concinna King saltem quoad

Kunstler 10521, non Syzygium concinnum Wall.

Syzygium castaneum (Merr.) Merr. & Perry in Mem.

Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., X VIII, 3, 156 (1939). (Fig.

30d).

PERAK: Ulu Bubong, Kunstler 10521.

JOHORE: Sungai Kayu Ara, Mawai-Jemaluang road, SFN —

29249 (Corner); Sungai Berassau, Mawai-Jemaluang road,

SFN 28977 (Corner).

Distrib: Borneo.

A small tree; bark dull reddish brown, nearly smooth.

Youngest twigs 4-angled, brown when dry and distinctly

puberulent-papillose, the older twigs terete with brown

smooth or rather flaky bark. Leaves thinly coriaceous,

narrowly oblong to oblong elliptic, apex caudate acuminate,

the acumen c. 1 cm. long, obtuse, base cuneate, up to c. 8

cm. long and 2-5 em. broad (in Malayan material), upper

surface drying dark brown to blackish brown, more

or less polished, very minutely or obscurely punctate or

minutely rugulose pustulate, lower surface reddish brown,

minutely glandular pustulate; midrib narrowly impressed

above, elevate below; primary nerves 25-30 pairs, close

together, spreading, meeting in an almost straight intra-

marginal nerve c. 1 mm. from leaf margin, slightly raised

above and very faint, fine but distinct below as are the

equally distinct secondaries and reticulations; petiole —

slender, up to c. 5 mm. long. ‘ te

Gardens Bulletin, S.

157

Panicles terminal or axillary; up to c. 75 cm. long,

peduncled or branched from base, the rachis and branches

slender, 4-angled and compressed, minutely puberulent-

papillose; flowers white, sessile in threes at the ends of the

short ultimate branchlets, buds narrowly clavate, c. 7 mm.

long; calyx after anthesis funnel shaped, c. 6-7 mm. long,

gradually narrowed into a slender pseudostalk c. 3-4 mm.

long, the lower half minutely puberulent-papillose; lobes 5,

persistent, very shallow and obscure, broad and rounded or

broadly triangular subacute; petals falling as a calyptra but

free, or slightly agglutinated, broadly ovate or orbicular,

pellucidly gland dotted, c. 2-8 mm. diam.; stamens ©

numerous, filaments slender, subulate, apparently glandular,

up to c. 6 mm. long, anthers ovate or oblong, c. 0-3 mm. long,

connective gland inconspicuous; style stouter than filaments,

c. 7 mm. long, glandular pustulate; ovary 2-celled

Fruit (very young) globular or ovoid, c. 4 mm. diam.,

gland dotted, crowned by the conspicuous calyx rim c. 1:5

mm. tall and 2 mm. across, bearing the persistent calyx

lobes, base contracted into a pseudostalk.

This species differs from E. syzygioides particularly in

the scurfy inflorescence branches and young twigs and the

less abrupt narrowing of the calyx into the pseudostalk.

The leaves tend to be narrower and more oblong than those

of FE. syzygioides. exe

so4 Ge Eugenia pseudosyzygioides Henderson in Gardens’

Bulletin, Singapore, XI, 315, fig. 9 (1947).

SOUTH TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, 500 feet, SFN 30421,

80451, 30497 (Corner).

PERAK: Larut, within 100 feet, Kunstler 3422.

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree 18-24 m. tall, c. 25-60 cm. diam. 2 m. from

ground, trunk cylindric. Bark dull greyish, pallid, smooth,

entire, faintly marked with transverse ridges but even in

other places; inner bark thin, greyish brown; wood pallid

buff, darkening on exposure. Twigs slender, terete,

youngest brown or reddish brown, older ones whitey brown

to pale grey, bark smooth or finely cracked. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, ovate, ovate lanceolate to oblong lanceolate, or

narrowly elliptic, apex caudate acuminate, the acumen up

to c. 2 cm. long, base cuneate, from c. 4 em. X 2 em. to 9-5

cm. X 45 cm.; upper surface drying dull brown to lead

colour, lower usually paler, brown to reddish brown; petiole

slender, wrinkled and pustulate below, 3-5 mm. long;

midrib narrowly channelled above, raised below, more or

less pustulate, especially towards petiole; primary nerves

humerous, close and parallel, not distinguishable from

Vol. XII. (1949).

q 158

secondaries, raised on both surfaces, sometimes much

darker than surrounding leaf surface; intramarginal nerve

very close to and partly hidden by the revolute leaf margin;

upper surface minutely punctate, lower sparsely black

dotted.

Panicles axillary and terminal, usually 4—5 cm. long but

reaching c. 7 cm., peduncle and branches slender, spreading,

compressed or angled, with dark, longitudinally wrinkled,

often pustulate bark; flowers sessile in threes at ends of

very short branchlets, or these branchlets so reduced that

the flowers appear umbellately arranged; buds c. 5-6 mm.

long; calyx tube funnel shaped, usually more or less

pustulate, narrowing. to a slender pseudostalk; lobes 5,

broad, shallow, rounded, c. 0-5 mm. wide and 0:3 mm. tall;

petals calyptrate or occasionally free, orbicular; stamens

up to c. 5-6 mm. long, anthers oblong, c. 0.4 mm. long with

conspicuous brown connective gland; style rather stout, 5-6

mm. long; ovary 2-celled. Fruit unknown.

This species is evidently closely allied to E. syzygioides,

but differs in the longer pseudostalk and the funnel shaped

pustulate calyx tube. Sterile material can hardly be distin-

guished from E. syzygioides in the herbarium except

perhaps by the usually narrower and more oblong leaves,

but in the field the two species are distinct, E. pseudosyzy-

gioides having a smooth pale bark, and EF. syzygioides

mone or less fissured and flaky dark red or fuscous brown

ark.

78. Eugenia praestigiosa Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 318, fig. 10 (1947).

PERAK: without locality, Scortechini s.n.

Known only from this collection, consisting of 5 sheets in

Herb. Calcutta. .

°A tree, twigs terete, with smooth bark, dark brown or

dark reddish brown, in places pale grey and finely cracked.

Leaves coriaceous, oblong lanceolate or oblong elliptic, up

- toc. 9 em. * 3-75 cm., apex acuminate, base narrowed,

upper surface drying olivaceous brown or reddish brown,

slightly shining, minutely and densely punctate, lower |

surface paler and duller, minutely and densely black

pustulate-dotted; midrib sunk abové, raised below and

pustulate except at apex, longitudinally wrinkled; primary

nerves c. 12-15 pairs, very fine and slender above, slightly

raised, fine below, but rather more conspicuous than on

upper surface, raised, meeting in a fine intramarginal nerve

c. 1 mm. from the recurved leaf margin; secondaries and

reticulations fine and raised below but distinctly less

conspicuous than primaries; petiole c. 1 em. long, rather

slender, deeply channelled above.

Gardens Bulletin, 8.

“s r ween

af .: Pas -

159

Inflorescences crowded, terminal or in upper axils,

spiciform or paniculate with few branches, up to c. 45 cm.

long, rachis compressed or angled with strongly striate pale

brown bark. Flowers sessile, crowded at or near ends of

inflorescence branches; calyx in bud c. 6-6-5 mm. long and

35-4 mm. across mouth, obconic or campanulate and

tapering gradually to base, pseudostalk very short, not

evident, the mouth rather abruptly expanded into 4 deep

rounded persistent lobes c. 2 mm. high and 3 mm. across;

petals 4, free, reflexed after anthesis, more or less orbicular,

c. 5 mm. across, gland dotted; stamens numerous, filaments

slender. up to c. 9-10 mm. long, anthers oblong, c. 0-7—0-8

mm. long, connective gland obscure or absent; style rather

stout, tapering to apex, c. 8 mm. long; ovary 2-celled with

several or many ovules in each cell. Fruit unknown.

Distinctive amongst Malayan species in the short

crowded inflorescences and the crowded flowers with

conspicuous calyx lobes and petals. The inflorescences

recall those of E. rugosa but the flowers and foliage are

quite different. The flowers resemble those of E. longiflora

but are shorter, with more conspicuous petals.

79. Eugenia longiflora (Presl) F. Vill., Nov. App. FI. Filip.,

86 (1880) ; Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo-Ch., II, 822; Craib,

Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 650; Corner, Wayside Trees of

Malaya, p. 499, pl. 151, fig. 168. Syzygium longiflorum

Pres], Bot. Bemerk., 70 (1844). Myrtus lineata B1.,

Bijdr., 1087 (1826), non Sw. (1800). Jambosa lineata

DC., Prodr., III, 287 (1828). Syzygium lineatum

(DC.) Merr. & Perry in Journ. Arn. Arb., XIX, 109

(1938). Eugenia lineata Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1.,

II,-487 (1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 99; Ridl.,

F.M.P., I, 738; Koord. & Valet., Atlas Baumart. Java,

Ill, fig. 485; non DC. (1828). Jambosa rubricaulis

Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., I, i, 429 (1855). Eugenia rubri-

caulis (Miq.) Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., II, 487.

Jambosa Teysmanni Miq., loc. cits, 429. Eugenia

Teysmanni Koord. & Valet. in Meded. Lands Plantent.,

XL, 164 (1900). E. marivelesensis Merr. in Philipp.

Journ. Sci., I Suppl., 106 (1906). E. Miquelii Elmer,

Leafl. Philipp. Bot., IV, 1441 (1912). EF. simulans

King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, i28 (1901), pro parte. FE.

- longicalyx Ridl. in Journ Bot., LXVIII, 11 (1930), fide

Merrill & Perry. (Fig.-30 e, f). :

Very common in the lowlands from Kedah to Singapore,

in secondary growth, by rivers, and in forest.

Distrib: Burma, Indo-China, Siam, Malaysia, Philippines.

_ A small or medium sized tree, old trees sometimes large

—up to c. 22 m. tall—and spreading, occasionally stilt

Vol. XII. (1949).

160 a

rooted; bark smooth and entire or closely and faintly

transversely rugose with persistent leaf scars, eventually

shallowly flaky-cracked in small thin superficial pieces, not

papery flaky, pinkish- or rufous-fawn; inner bark fawn or

fawn drab. Twigs slender, terete, bark smooth, drying pale

brown or reddish brown. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic

lanceolate or ovate lanceolate to narrowly elliptic or oblong

elliptic, apex rather abruptly acuminate or caudate

acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 5—11 em. long and 2—5 cm.

broad; upper surface shining, drying olivaceous brown to

dark brown, usually minutely and closely punctate, lower

surface pale brown to reddish brown, usually with scattered

black gland dots; midrib impressed above, elevate below;

primary nerves numerous and close together, indistinct

above and slightly impressed, raised below and very fine,

more distinct than on upper surface, intramarginal nerve

shallowly looped, c. 1 mm. from leaf margin, secondaries

and close reticulations below almost or quite as distinct as

primaries; petiole slender 0-5-1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, shortly pedun-

culate or branched from base, or clustered, rather dense, up

to c. 10 cm. long and wide, rachis and branches slender,

4-angled, the youngest branchlets compressed, bark dark

brown and smooth when dry; flowers white or pale green

or pale pink, fragrant, in threes or twos or sometimes

solitary at branchlet ends, sessile or shortly pedicellate,

the minute broad bracts and bracteoles subpersistent, buds

globose clavate, c. 7mm. long; calyx cylindric funnel shaped,

somewhat constricted below lobes and tapering gradually

to base, c. 6 mm. long, striate and somewhat 4-angled; lobes

4, nearly equal, broadly oblong, rounded or truncate,

conspicuous, persistent, sometimes conspicuously gland

dotted, c. 2-3 mm. across and 2 mm. tall; petals 4, free,

thin, orbicular, sparsely pellucidly gland dotted, c. 3-4 mm.

diam.; stamens numerous, filaments slender, subulate, up to

c. 1:5 cm. long, anthers oblong ovate, c. 0-6 mm. long, without

connective gland; style much stouter than filaments, c. 10

mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Ripe fruit oblong ovoid, up to c. 1:3 cm. long and 1 cm.

across, opaque white, crowned by the 4 persistent incurved

calyx lobes c. 15 mm. high, surrounding a deep narrow

excavation c. 3 mm. diam.; style not persistent but leaving

a brown scar at base of excavation; pericarp pure white,

pithy-pulpy, sweetish and faintly aromatic, c. 2-3 mm.

thick; seed oblong ovoid, c. 1 cm. long and 0-6 cm. across,

testa brown, rather thick, crustaceous, adhering closely to

the cotyledons ; cotyledons superposed, nearly equal or rather

unequal, outer surfaces smooth, pale green, very minutely

Gardens Bulletin, S.

161

gland dotted; inner faces plane or nearly so, attachment to

hypocotyle near the centre or the periphery by very short

broad stalks, radicle and plumule small, often faintly tinged

purplish pink. Germination hypogeal, young shoot deep

pink, strongly 4-angled.

have examined a fragment of the type of Syzygium

longiflorum from Presl’s herbarium (collected by Cuming

in the Philippines) and have no doubt our plant is the

same. Indeed the Malayan material matches it more closely

than the bulk of the Philippine material identified with it,

the latter having as a rule larger flowers.

E. longiflora and E. tumida have been somewhat

confused in Herb. Singapore and Herb. Calcutta and

possibly elsewhere, due to the close similarity in foliage.

Sterile material or material in young bud is not determin-

able with certainty, but in flowering or fruiting specimens

the differences are obvious and may be _ tabulated

conveniently as follows:

E. longiflora E. tumida

1. Calyx lobes deep, oblong, 1. Calyx lobes broad,

persistent. shallow, dropping soon

after stamens.

2. Calyx tube not swollen 2. Calyx tube usually

above base, more or less slightly swollen just

4-angled after anthesis. above base, not 4-

angled.

3. Fruit oblong or ovoid, not 3. Fruit globose or depres-

more than about 1-? em. ged globose, c. 2 em.

long, crowned by the 4 diam., crowned with

enlarged calyx lobes, narrow tubular calyx

pure white when fully rim, dark brownish

ripe. green when fully ripe.

80. Eugenia tumida Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 487

(1878) ; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 665; Corner,

Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 504, fig. 168. E. pyrifolia

(Bl.) Duthie, loc. cit., 487 (1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P.,

No. 12, 99; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 738; non Desv. (1825)..

Calyptranthus pyrifolia Bl. Bijdr., 1090 (1826).

Syzygium pyrifolium (Bl.) DC., Prodr., III, 261

(1828) ; Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Scei., XVIII, 3, 182. (Fig. 3la).

Common in the lowlands from Kedah to Singapore, in

secondary growth and forest. There are two collections only

from Penang, Cantley’s collector 3128 and Phillips s.n. The

species has not been recorded again from Penang and these

collections may be wrongly localised.

Distrib: Siam, Borneo.

Vol. XII. (1949).

162

A small tree, bark pinkish grey, nearly smooth, very

like that of E. longiflora. Youngest twigs 4-angled, older

ones terete, smooth, drying pale brown to whitish brown,

Leaves coriaceous, elliptic lanceolate or ovate lanceolate to

narrowly elliptic or elliptic oblong, apex rather abruptly

acuminate, base cuneate or narrowed rather abruptly on to

petiole, c. 4 cm. X 1:5 cm. to 11 cm. X 6 cm.; upper surface

shining, drying brown to blackish brown, sometimes very

minutely punctate, lower surface dull, paler, usually

minutely gland dotted; midrib impressed above, elevate

below; primary nerves numerous and close together,

indistinct above and slightly impressed, raised below and

very fine, usually distinct, intramarginal nerve irregularly

looped, close to leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations

indistinct or invisible above, very fine below, slightly less

distinct than primaries; petiole slender, c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles axillary and terminal, up to c. 10-11 cm. long

and about as wide, sometimes longer, many flowered,

pyramidal or corymbose, usually long peduncled, rather

‘laxly branched, the rachis, branches and branchlets slender,

acutely 4-angled or sometimes narrowly winged, bark

brown, smooth or slightly pustulate, bracts and bracteoles

minute, triangular acute, subpersistent; flowers fragrant,

calyx yellowish, stamens white, sessile, in twos, threes or

clusters at ends of the short ultimate branchlets, buds

clavate, c. 6-65 mm. long; calyx, after anthesis, more or

less funnel shaped or narrowly campanulate, c. 55-6 mm.

long, the tube vertically striate, very gently tapered to about

half, then slightly constricted, and tapered into a stout, not

well defined pseudostalk, c. 3 mm, long, slightly swollen

about the ovary; lobes 4, deciduous, broad shallow and

rounded, less than 0:5 mm. tall; petals 4, free or falling as

a calyptra with the two outer petals free and the inner more

or less agglutinated, orbicular, conspicuously pellucidly

gland dotted, c. 2-5 mm. diam. ; stamens numerous, filaments

slender, subulate, outer ones reaching c. 7-8 mm., usually

somewhat shorter, anthers oblong, c. 0-6 mm. long, connec-

tive gland small and inconspicuous; style subulate, much

stouter than filaments, c. 7 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit pale green, finally greenish brown to dull brown, _

often slightly vertically ridged, depressed globose, c. 2-5 em.

across and 2 cm. high, the apical calyx tube remains

consisting of a narrow small tube c. 3 mm. diam. and 1

mm. high; pericarp pithy, slightly juicy, sweet, 2-4 mm.

thick, seed lying more or less loosely within; testa white,

turning brown, thick, pithy, crustaceous, adhering closely to

cotyledons; cotyledons side by side, surfaces slightly

wrinkled, shining, pale green or almost white, minutely

Gardens Bulletin, S.

——

163

gland dotted; inner faces nearly plane, only slightly ridged,

attachment nearly central, sessile or with exceedingly short

broad stalks, plumule rather large, radicle small.

Germination hypogeal. nfs

Two collections from Johore—Bukit Tinjau Laut, SFN

37086 (Ngadiman) and Mawai, SFN 34707 (Ngadiman)

differ from E. tuwmida in the rather thicker leaves with

spaced primary nerves, bark of trunk and twigs paler,

inflorescence branches stouter, compressed and not sharply

angled, and the stamens a little longer. The shape of the

calyx is that. of E. tumida.

1. Eugenia linocieroidea King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 118

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 749. (Fig. 316).

PERAK: Relau Tujor, 200 feet, Wray 1898, 2595 (syntypes) ;

Gopeng, within 100 feet, Kunstler 4580 (syntype); Batang

Padang, 300-500 feet, Kunstler 7980, 8094 (syntypes).

SELANGOR: Rantau Panjang, Forest Dept. FMS 12776;

Ginting Simpah, Forest Dept. FMS 29803.

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, SFN 34775 (Henderson), SFN

34982 (Corner), SFN 36116 (Kiah).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree up to c. 18 m. tall, bark pinkish brown, smooth

or finely tesselately wrinkled or creviced or irregularly

pimply; inner bark very thick, c. 2 em., dark blood red with

sticky sap. Young twigs obtusely or acutely 4-angled, older

twigs terete, bark brown, nearly smooth. Leaves coriaceous,

lanceolate or oblong lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate, or

elliptic to ovate elliptic, apex acuminate or caudate

acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 3-5 cm. to 8 cm. long and

15 cm. to 4 cm. broad; upper surface shining, drying from

brownish green to blackish brown, minutely punctate, lower

_ surface paler and duller, black dotted; midrib impressed.

above, elevate below; primary nerves numerous and close

together, ascending slightly and running straight to an

intramarginal nerve very close to the leaf margin, very fine

and raised on both surfaces, or almost invisible above,

reticulations close, usually very slightly less distinct than

primaries; petioles very slender, from c. 3-10 mm. long.

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, up to c. 6 cm..

long and 8 cm. across, much branched and densely flowered,

the branches spreading-ascending, obtusely 4-angled with

smooth reddish brown bark, the ultimate branchlets acutely

angled or almost winged; flowers white, sessile or shortly

pedicelled, in threes or clusters at branchlet ends, buds

globose clavate c. 7 mm. long; calyx c. 5 mm. long, funnel

Vol. XII. (1949).

164

MAN

b, E. linocieroidea; c, E. goniocalyx; a, E.

E. tumida; b,

cyrtophylloides: e, E. ceria.

Fig. 31.

icp slime eal

165

shaped, contracted below lobes into a stout, tapering, angled

and ridged tube; lobes 4, persistent, broadly ovate rounded,

c. 2 mm. across and 1-5 mm. tall; petals 4, free, orbicular,

3-3-5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, up to 7-8 mm. long,

filaments slender, subulate, anthers broadly elliptic oblong,

c. 0-4 mm. long, without connective gland; style stouter than

filaments, c. 7 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit oblong globose, vertically ridged or corrugate or

almost smooth, c. 1 cm. long, apex with the 4 reddish,

swollen, incurved calyx lobes; seed 1, cotyledons sessile,

attached to hypocotyle near their centres, inner faces almost

plane; germination hypogeal.

This species resembles E. longiflora but differs from

it in the very thick bark, the stouter inflorescence branches,

the more angled calyx tube and the different fruit.

The specimens from Bukit Timah, Singapore differ

from the rest in their rather broader leaves and shorter

panicles.

82. Eugenia goniocalyx Ridl., F.M.P., V (Suppl.), 309

(1925). (Fig. 31c).

PAHANG: Fraser Hill, 4,000 feet, SFN 11456 (Nur), type

collection; Perak-Pahang boundary, Cameron Highlands,

Forest Dept. FMS 28109; Sungai Yatang, Cameron High-

lands, Forest Dept. FMS 34016; Brinchang, Cameron

- Highlands, 5,000 feet, SFN 31288 (Holttum).

Distrib: Endemic.

_ <A tree c. 12 metres or more tall. Youngest twigs

slender, 4-angled, older ones terete, drying brown and nearly

smooth. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or broadly oblong

elliptic, apex rather abruptly cuspidate, the cusp blunt, base

cuneate, up to c. 55 cm. long and 3:5 cm. broad, upper

surface shining, drying olivaceous or dark brown, sometimes

very minutely punctate, lower surface dull, paler, sometimes

glandular pustulate; midrib deeply and narrowly impressed

above, elevate below; primary nerves numerous and close

together, meeting in a looped intramarginal nerve c. 1 cm.

from the recurved leaf margin, raised on both surfaces, fine

but distinct, especially\below ; secondaries and reticulations

almost as distinct as primaries; petiole slender, up to 6—7

mm. long.

Panicles terminal or from uppermost leaf axils, up to

c. 5 cm. long, densely flowered, the branches short and rather

stout, 4-angled ; flowers white, usually in threes at branchlet

ends, sessile or shortly pedicelled, buds clavate, 8-9 mm.

long; calyx after anthesis funnel shaped, c. 7-8 mm. long,

Vol. XII. (1949).

166

narrowed gradually to base from below lobes, striate and

sharply 4-angled; lobes 4, persistent, spreading, broad and

rounded, c. 3 mm. across and 2 mm. tall; petals 4, free,

orbicular, concave, c. 5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, subulate, reaching c. 1:8 cm. long, anthers

elliptic or elliptic oblong, c. 0-7-0-:8 mm. long, without

connective gland; style stouter than filaments and as long

as the longest of them; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit in life green with 4 sharp vertical ridges and

smaller blunt irregular ridges between them, globose when

dry, c. 1—-1:25 cm. diam., blackish brown to reddish brown,

smooth except for about 4 sharply raised vertical lines from

apex to base, apex crowned by the persistent calyx lobes;

boiled up fruits c. 1-5 em. diam., with rather obscure vertical

ridges, surface wrinkled between them; pericarp very thin

and leathery, testa thick, crustaceous, adhering to coty-

ledons; seed 1, cotyledons minutely gland dotted, side by

side, one about one-third larger than the other, inner faces

nearly plane, attached to the hypocotyle near the periphery

by short broad stalks.

Allied to E. linocieroidea as Ridley points out, but

differing in the broader leaves with rather more distinct

venation, the larger flowers with much longer stamens, and

in the different fruit.

83. Eugenia quadribracteata Henderson in Gardens’

Bulletin, Singapore, XI, 320, fig. 11 (1947). (Fig.

34a).

PENANG: Waterfall, Curtis s.n., undated.

JOHORE: Kota Tinggi- Mawai road, frequent in drier parts

of swampy forest, SF'N 30986 (Corner).

PERAK: Upper Perak, 1,000 feet, Wray 3771, two sheets in

Herb. Calcutta which may represent fruiting material of

this species.

A tree c. 20 m. tall; twigs stout, terete, bark smooth or ~

creviced or slightly flaky, brown or greyish brown. Leaves

generally oblong elliptic, occasionally tending to be ovate, up

to c. 25 cm. long and 10 cm. broad, but generally rather

smaller, apex shortly bluntly acuminate or acute, base

shortly narrowed and decurrent on petiole; petiole stout, c.

1-13 cm. long; primary nerves very numerous and close

together, hardly distinguishable from secondaries, up to ,

about 60 pairs, fine but distinctly elevate on both surfaces;

intramarginal nerve as distinct as primaries, c. 2-3 mm.

from the revolute leaf margin; both surfaces densely and

minutely punctate. “

Inflorescences terminal or occasionally axillary, some-

times fasciculate, axis and branches as stout as or stouter

than twigs, rounded or compressed or angled, up to ec. 9 em.

—— se CUCU Chel

167

long, branches distant and short, usually horizontal or

somewhat decurved; flowers sessile, densely crowded in

heads at the branch ends, each flower subtended by 4 broad,

triangular, more or less persistent, blunt bracteoles; calyx

more or less globose in bud, obconic after anthesis, c. 3-4

mm. long and 4-5 mm. across mouth, lobes 5, broadly and

shallowly triangular, rounded or somewhat acute; petals

ealyptrate; stamens c. 5-6 mm. long, style about the same

length. Immature fruit globular or somewhat depressed

globular, 5-6 mm. diam., crowned by the calyx rim.

This species is a distinct one in its large closely veined

leaves and the stout inflorescence with the conspicuously

bracteolate flowers in heads.

84. Eugenia cyrtophylloides Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc.

Str. Br., LXXIX, 65 (1918); F.M.P., I, 749. (Fig.

31d).

PAHANG: Wray’s Camp, Tahan, Ridley 16274, type collection.

Known only from this collection. Perhaps allied to

E. cerina, but not greatly resembling it.

A tree with pale reddish bark (fide Ridley)- Twigs

terete with pale bark. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, base

long narrowed, decurrent on petiole, up to c. 8 cm. long and

2-5 em. broad, petiole 3-5 mm. long; midrib channelled

above, boldly raised below and more or less keeled; primary

nerves c. 30 pairs, raised above and very slender, slightly

raised below and very inconspicuous, meeting in a faint

intramarginal nerve usually hidden by the revolute leaf

margin; secondaries and reticulations hardly less distinct

than primaries; upper surface usually more or less polished,

drying greenish, lower surface dull, greenish brown with

black gland dots.

Panicles terminal, up to c. 7 em. long and 4 cm. wide,

usually with a pair of branches c. 3-4 em. long from near

the base and two or three shorter pairs higher up the rachis,

the branches not very stout, ascending, compressed or 4-

angled, with striate bark; flowers in groups of threes at the

ends of the short ultimate branchlets, sessile or very shortly

pedicelled, calyx tube c. 3-4 mm. long, gradually narrowed

to a very short stout pseudostalk, the tube funnel shaped

in the open flower; lobes 4, triangular ovate, quite distinct;

petals 4, falling as a calyptra but separable, rather thick,

gland dotted, unequal, the two larger broadly ovate rounded,

c. 15 mm. across, the two smaller ones narrower. Stamens

rather numerous (more than 20), c. 15 mm. long, filaments

broad, anthers oblong, connective gland visible; style short.

Fruit unknown.

Vol. XII. (1949).

168

85. Eugenia cerina Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 322, fig. 12 (1947). EH. punctulata

King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 122 (1901); Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 747; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 502; non

F.M. Bailey (1896). Syzygium incarnatum Merr. &

Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 195

(1939), non Eugenia incarnata Elm. (Fig. 3le).

Common in the lowlands from Penang to Singapore, often

in swampy forest and near rivers.

Distrib: Sumatra, Borneo.

A tree up to c. 27 m. tall, fluted at base, or buttressed,

the buttresses sometimes up to c. 1:5 m., or cylindric, or

with a few stilt roots; bark reddish or reddish orange,

rugose in older trees, more or less papery flaky, a thin

green layer below surface, then a buff or yellowish fibrous

brittle inner layer; wood hard, pale buff. Twigs terete or

the youngest somewhat compressed, bark brownish, thinly

papery flaky. Leaves coriaceous, obovate, oblanceolate or

occasionally oblong, apex rounded, retuse, or with a short

blunt point, or abruptly acuminate with acute or blunt

acumen, narrowed at base gradually or abruptly, 25-11 cm.

< 15-5 cm.; both surfaces drying olivaceous or pale brown

to dark brown or reddish brown, the lower usually paler;

midrib depressed above, elevate and keeled below; primary

nerves usually about 16 pairs but often more, not con-

spicuous above, more or less raised below, faint and not

easily distinguishable from secondaries, meeting in a slender

intramarginal nerve close to the recurved leaf margin; -

secondaries and reticulations obscure or faint above, some-

times invisible below; sometimes almost as conspicuous as

primaries; petiole 0-5-1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or occasionally from the upper axils,

lax, up to ce. 12 cm. long, branches spreading, compressed,

pale brown or brownish grey when dry; flowers small,

sessile, crowded at the ends of the short ultimate branchlets,

bracts and bracteoles very small and inconspicuous; buds

obovoid, c. 2-75-3:25 mm. long; calyx campanulate or

obconic, c. 225-2 mm. long and 2 mm. across mouth,

narrowed to a very short stout pseudostalk c. 0-5 mm. long,

mouth very obscurely and shallowly 4-toothed; petals

calyptrate; stamens c. 15-30, filaments 0-5—0:75 mm. long,

broad and flattened, tapering slightly from base to apex,

anthers small, -oblong, connective gland small and incon-

rir a style c. 0-5 mm. long, narrowly conical; ovary

-celled.

Fruit oblong obovoid, 1:2-1:4 cm. long and 7-8 mm. -

across at widest point, apex flattened, deeply and narrowly

excavate, with very short calyx rim; pericarp fleshy, 3—4

Gardens Bulletin, S.

169

mm. thick; seed more or less globose, c. 4 mm. diam., testa

adhering to it but peeling off easily, leaving a thicker inner

layer, beneath which is a mucilaginous coat; cotyledons

more or less equal, opposing faces folded, with the large

hypocotyle, which is grooved along one side, lying in the

fold and extending to the periphery of the seed.

This species was described as E. punctulata by King,

Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 122 (1901), and Ridley, F.M.P., I,

747 followed King without comment. King’s name is a

later homonym, being antedated by EZ. punctulata F. M.

Bailey (1896). If this were all, only a new name would

be required, but the case is complicated because King cited

as a synonym Jambosa “punctulata”’ Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat.

Suppl. I, 310, which may perhaps be taken as a typo-

graphical error for Jambosa puncticulata, the only name

on p. 310 of Miquel’s work that could be meant. King saw

Miquel’s plant, for he has written on a sheet of Teysmann

3603 in Herb. Calcutta “This is the type sheet’’ and.on the

cover enclosing the sheet “Eugenia puncticulata Miq.”

Jambosa puncticulata. Mig. is not our plant. It differs

considerably in the leaves, which are oblong lanceolate,

acuminate, with bold, well spaced primary nerves, raised

below and impressed above. King’s E. punctulata, there-

fore, must be regarded as a mizxtum compositum. A

further, though less important complication, is the fact that

King omitted Sumatra, the type locality of Miquel’s plant,

from the distribution of his E. punctulata.

King probably took his specific name from Syzygium

punctulatum Wall., which he also cited as a synonym, but

which, being a nomen nudum, has no standing; but it might

be argued that Jambosa puncticulata Miq. is the basinym,

from which King’s species must be interpreted, in spite of

the fact that what King did describe is a totally different

plant. King did not make the transfer of Miquel’s name

to Eugenia, and, as far as I can discover, it never has been

transferred. It might be said that King’s epithet “punctu-

lata” could be a typographical error for “puncticulata” in

the same way as his citation of Miquel’s plant is probably

such an error, but with Wallich’s name “punctulata”

available, the supposition does not seem warranted. The

epithet “puncticulata” is not now available in Eugenia for

Merrill gave it to a Philippine plant in 1914.

It was therefore thought advisable to start afresh and

instead of giving merely a new name to King’s plant, to

re-describe the species and to indicate a type.

Merrill in Herb. Kew, and with Perry in Mem. Amer. ©

Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 195 (1939) identifies this

species with E. incarnata Elmer, Leaflets Philipp. Bot., IV,

Vol. XII. (1949).

170

1416 (1912), of which fruiting specimens only are known

from Palawan, Philippine Islands, from an altitude of about

225 m. I have examined type material of E. wncarnata

(Elmer 13231) and although in leaf characters it closely

approaches our plant, it differs in having smooth not flaky

bark on the twigs, and in its globose much wrinkled fruits

which differ rather markedly from the obovoid hardly

wrinkled fruits of the Malayan plant. There are other

points in Elmer’s description which do not fit our plant,

one being the colour of the fruits, which are said to

be “of a pretty waxy or incarnatus red” and to give the

tree a red appearance. Our plant has white or greenish

white fruits with no red colour. E. incarnata is doubtless

allied to E.cerina, perhaps closely, but in view of the scanty

material available of the former, and of the differences

between the two, it seems unwise to assume that they are

the same.

E. cerina Henderson var. turbinata var. nov.

A typa foliis vulgo minoribus, nervis lateralibus

pluribus, subtus ‘plus prominentibus, pseudostipitis calycis

longioribus, fructo turbinato differt.

SELANGOR: Sungai Tinggi, Forest Dept. FMS 41652, 44060.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Singkang, Forest Dept. FMS 4208.

PAHANG: Pekan, Ridley s.n.; Baloh Forest Reserve, Kuantan,

Forest Dept. FMS 3615; Sungai Chini, Kuantan, Forest

Dept. FMS 4106; Rompin, Forest Dept. FMS 17168;

Sungai Bera, near Tasek Bera, SF'N 24114 (Henderson) ;

Tasek Bera, SFN 24448 (Henderson).

JOHORE: Kota Tinggi, Ridley 15374, TYPE collection, holotype

in Herb. Singapore; Bagan Limau, Sungai Sedili, SY'N

23897 (Corner); Danau, Sungai Sedili, Corner s.n.

SINGAPORE: Sungai Morai, Ridley 3983 bis; Sungai Jurong,

Ridley 4988; Kranji, Ridley 4989; Bukit Mandai, Ridley

6527; Tampenis, SFN 7616 (Burkill).

This variety usually has smaller leaves than the typical

form, with nerves more numerous and more conspicuous

below, but these characters are rather variable; the flower

buds are more slender (c. 4-4-5 mm. long), the calyx c. 4

mm. long and 2-2-5 across mouth, tapering more gradually,

the teeth a little more evident, the stamen filaments a little

narrower and not flattened, the style a little shorter. The

petals are calyptrate and the ovary 2-locular as in the

typical form. The chief difference is in the fruit, which in

this variety is turbinate, the apex expanded then abruptly

contracted into a swollen stalk which often has a slight

kink on one side, c. 1:55 em. long and 7-8 mm. across the

widest part of apex; pericarp fleshy with a fibrous endocarp;

seed dark brown, oblong, 6-7 mm. long and 4 mm. across,

testa adhering to cotyledons closely, consisting of an outer

Gardens Bulletin, S.

171

fine transparent coat and an inner, thicker, dark brown

layer, but without the mucilaginous layer of the typical

form; cotyledons more or less as in the typical form, but

the hypocotyle not grooved.

e. cerina Henderson var. montana var. nov.

A typa floribus maioribus, lobis calycis conspicuis

differt.

TRENGGANU: Gunong Padang, 4,000 feet, SFN 31883 (Moysey

& Kiah).

PERAK: Lower Camp, Gunong Batu Puteh, Wray 1125.

PAHANG: Fraser Hill, 4,000 feet, SFN 33208, TYPE collection,

holotype in Herb. Singapore, SFN 11264 (Nur); Forest

we. FMS 22537; Cameron Highlands, Forest Dept. FMS

J OHORE: Gunong Belumut, summit, Holttum 58 (leaf

. specimens only).

This variety differs from the typical form in the larger

and stouter flower buds, 3-5-4 mm. long, the calyx c. 3-3-25

mm. long, c. 3 mm. wide just below lobes, narrowed rather

abruptly into a short stout pseudostalk c. 1 mm. long, lobes

evident, broad and rounded, incurved over petals in

bud and persisting as triangular points after anthesis;

petals calyptrate, but the calyptra much thicker than in

the typical form or in var. turbinata; stamen filaments

more tapered to apex. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit unknown.

The bark is described by the collector of the type specimens

as brownish greyish dull, slightly flaky, not fissured or

rugose.

86. Eugenia avenis (Mig.) comb. nov. (Fig. 32a).

Syzygium avene Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. I, 312

(1860). Syzygium scoparium Wall. Cat. 3594, nom.

nud. Hugenia scoparia Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., LU,

489 (1878); King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 125; Ridl.,

F.M.P., I, 748.

MALACCA: Merlimau, Goodenough 1649.

JOHORE: Hadji Senawi, Ridley 11055.

SINGAPORE: sine loc., Wallich 3594.

Distrib: Sumatra.

A ?tree. Twigs slender, terete, with a smooth polished

papery pale yellow layer which flakes off and reveals pale

reddish brown bark beneath. Leaves coriaceous, oblance-

olate, narrowly obovate, or oblong- or elliptic-lanceolate,

apex acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate, up to c. 7 cm.

< 2:5 em., upper surface somewhat polished, drying brown

to dark brown, minutely and closely punctate, lower surface

dull and paler with close minute dark glands; midrib

narrowly impressed above, elevate below; primary nerves

numerous and close together, very slightly raised on both

Vol. XIT. (1949).

172

surfaces and almost invisible, meeting in a very obscure

intramarginal nerve close to leaf margin; petiole usually

less than 5 mm. long.

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, up to c. 4 cm.

long, peduncle slender, 4-angled, usually long, with a few

divaricate, short, slender, 4-angled, laxly flowered branches.

near its apex; flowers in threes at apices of short ultimate

branchlets, the centre flower sessile, the outer ones on

distinct pedicels c. I mm. long; buds clavate, c. 25-3 mm.

long; calyx after anthesis rather widely funnel shaped, c.

255 mm. long, contracted rather abruptly at base into a

pseudostalk c. 0-5 mm. long; lobes 4, short broad and

rounded, incurved in bud, persistent; petals falling in a

thick flat quadrangular calyptra; stamens few (c. 20),

filaments short, subulate above, flattened at base, anthers.

elliptic, c. 0-2—-0-:3 mm. long.

Fruit more or less globular, c. 4 mm. diam., apex broad,

convex, not excavate, with the very short calyx rim c¢. 2°5

mm. diam., and remains of calyx lobes.

King reduced S. avene Migq. to E. scoparia Duthie, but

Wallich’s name is a nomen nudum which was not validated,

by Duthie, until 1878. Miquel’s name is therefore older..

I have compared a “duplicate type” of S. avene Miq. from

Leiden and another sheet of the same collection (Sumatra,

Priaman, Diepenhorst H.B. 3083) in Herb. Calcutta with.

a sheet of Wallich 3594, also in Herb. Calcutta. Although

Wallich’s specimen is in fruit and the others in flower, there

can be little doubt that they are conspecific. The

other collections cited above match the Sumatran plant

reasonably closely.

E. avenis is probably allied to E. cerina, and also to

Syzygium nigropunctatum Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer.

Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 195, as these authors point

out, but it differs from the latter in the narrower longer

leaves and longer inflorescence branchlets.

87. Eugenia Goodenovii King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 117

(1901) ; emend.; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 731, pro parte. (Fig..

32b).

PERAK: near Ulu Selangor, 500-700 feet, Kunstler 8741.

MaaccaA: Ayer Kroh, Goodenough 1759, lectotype.

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree. Youngest twigs slender, compressed or 4-.

angled, older ones terete, bark smooth becoming slightly

flaky, drying pale yellowish grey. Leaves thickly coria--

ceous, narrowly elliptic, apex shortly acuminate, base

narrowly cuneate, up to c. 12 cm. X 4 em., both surfaces ~

drying brown, the upper somewhat polished, obscurely

Gardens Bulletin, S. ;

173

Fig. 32. a, E. avenis; b, E. Goodenovii; c, E. Curtisii.

punctate, the lower dull, not glandular; midrib shallowly

impressed above, smooth and shining and elevate below;

primary nerves about 12 pairs, c. 1 em. apart, curving up

to an intramarginal nerve c. 3 mm. from leaf margin, very

obscure on both surfaces or invisible above; secondaries

slightly fainter than primaries, reticulations not visible;

petiole rather stout, channelled above, c. 5 mm. long.

Vol. XII. (1949).

174

Panicles terminal and from upper axils, short and

rather densely flowered, c. 4 cm. long, usually branched

from base, the branches short, spreading, angled, with

brownish wrinkled bark, bracts and bracteoles small, broad

and rounded, persistent; flowers usually in threes at

branchlet ends, on pedicels c. 2 mm. long, or sometimes the

central flower of the triads sessile; calyx nearly 1 cm. long,

funnel shaped and tapered to base and rather suddenly

contracted into a pseudostalk c. 15 mm. long; lobes 4,

unequal, the two outer thick textured, broad and rounded,

¢«. 3 mm. across and 2:5 mm. tall, the two inner rather

thinner with thin margins, pellucidly gland dotted, c. 5 mm.

across and 4-5 mm. tall; petals 4, falling as a calyptra, but

not agglutinated and easily separable, orbicular, pellucidly

gland dotted, c 6 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, anthers

on oblong, c. 0-7 mm. long, connective gland inconspicuous ;

ovary 2-celled, multiovulate. :

As noted under EF. rugosa (Korth.) Merr., King’s

species is a mixture, for he included under it Syzygium

rigidum Wall. Cat. 3581, which is EF. rugosa, one of the

clavate flowered group related to E. attenwata, and quite

different from the specimens quoted above which have a

funnel shaped calyx with conspicuous lobes. I have there-

fore retained King’s name for the latter group, selecting

Goodenough 1759 as the type.

88. Eugenia Curtisii King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 129 (1901) ;

Ridl., F.M.P., 1, 749. E. coralina Merr. in Journ. Roy.

As Soc. Str. Br., LXXVII, 207 (1917); loc.):eity

LX XIX, 20 (1918). Syzygium Curtisii (King), Merr.

& Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3,

182 (19389). (Fig. 32c).

PERAK: Sepatang, Wray 2968 (syntype); Taiping Wray 3102

(syntype) ; Gopeng, 300-500 feet, Kunstler 6149 (syntype).

PAHANG: Sungai Bera near Tasek Bera, SFN 24110

(Henderson).

JOHORE: Kangka Sedili Ketchil, SPN 28622 (Corner).

Distrib: Sumatra, Borneo.

A tree up to c. 25 m. tall; trunk fluted at base; bark

very slightly papery flaky, appearing smooth and entire,

with persistent leaf scars, pinkish fawn to pale rufous

fawn; inner bark pale fawn cinnamon darkening on

‘exposure as does the yellowish wood. Twigs terete, bark

‘drying dark brown, flaky. Leaves coriaceous, oblong

elliptic or oblong lanceolate, occasionally oblanceolate, apex

acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 5 cm. to 12 cm. long and

2 cm. to 5-cm. wide, upper surface drying greenish brown

or olivaceous brown.to nearly black, shining, obscurely

punctate or glandular pustulate, lower surface dull and

Gardens Bulletin, S.

175

paler with minute close dark or concolorous pustulate

glands; midrib narrowly impressed above, elevate and

pustulate below; primary nerves up to 20 or 25 pairs,

spreading and nearly straight, meeting in a nearly straight

intramarginal nerve c. 2 mm. from the recurved leaf

margin, usually raised on both surfaces, indistinct above,

fine but distinct below, the secondaries and reticulations

somewhat less distinct; petiole up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal, occasionally from upper leaf axils,

branched from the base, dense, corymbose, rachis, branches

and branchlets rather stout, with reddish brown rugose-

granular bark flaking in small square pieces ; flowers sessile,

densely crowded at the ends of the ultimate branchlets, buds

globose clavate or obovoid, 4-6 mm. long; calyx after

anthesis funnel shaped or widely campanulate, granular,

4-5 mm. long and ¢c. 3 mm. across mouth, contracted rather

suddenly at base into a rather slender pseudostalk 1-2 mm.

long; lobes 5, broadly triangular, c. 1 mm. across and 0:5

mm. tall, deciduous; petals 5, falling as a calyptra but easily

separable, orbicular, conspicuously pellucidly gland dotted,.

the outer one c. 3 mm. diam., the inner ones slightly smaller ;.

stamens numerous, reaching 8-9 mm. long, filaments

slender, subulate, anthers ovate oblong to orbicular, c. 0-4

mm. long, connective gland distinct; style stouter than

filaments, c. 7 mm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit depressed globose to nearly reniform and fliat-

tened laterally, or globose, up to c. 1:8 cm. broad and 1 cm.

tall, surface shining or dull red brown when dry, smooth

or minutely rugulose or pitted, apex with tubular remains

of calyx tube c. 1-5-2 mm. tall and 3 mm. diam.; pericarp

leathery, c. 1 mm. thick; seed 1, conforming to shape of

fruit, cotyledons without testa, nearly equal, attached to

hypocotyle by short broad stalks.

E. Curtisii King var. minor King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 129

(1901).

PERAK: Tapah, Wray 194 (syntype).

MALACCA: sine loc., Harvey s.n. (syntype).

PAHANG: Bentong, Forest Dept. FMS 3912; Rompin, Forest

Dept. FMS 17104.

This differs from the type in having the inflorescence

branches dark red rugose scurfy, not scaly flaky, the flowers

either without pseudostalk or with a very short (c. 0-5 mm.)

pseudostalk, the buds smaller (c. 3 mm. long), the leaves

a little more oblong, upper surface smooth, not pitted,

occasionally slightly pustulate, lower surface pustulate.

Vol. XII. (1949).

176

E. Curtisii King var. Holttumii (Ridl.) var. nov.

E. Holttumii Ridl. in Journ. Bot., 296 (1924) ;

F.M.P., V, Suppl., 309.

PAHANG: Fraser Hill, 4,000-4,370 feet, Forest Dept. FMS

7751 (Burkill & Holttum); Boh Plantations, Cameron

Highlands, 4,000 feet, SFN 32666 (Nur).

Although E. Curtisii is not a well-known or common

species, there is sufficient variability in the collections to

justify the inclusion of H. Holttumii as a mountain variety.

The variety differs from the typical form in the

generally smaller leaves (2-7 cm. X 1-1:25 cm.) somewhat

more closely nerved, the more abrupt contraction of the

calyx into a very short (0-5 mm.) pseudostalk (the flowers

are sessile, not pedicelled as Ridley described them) and

the very small calyx lobes produced into subulate points.

89. Eugenia setosa King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 120 (1901) ;

Ridl., F.M.LP., 5,755." (Fig. 33a).

PERAK: Taiping, Wray 2704 (syntype); Larut, within 100

feet, Kunstler 5447, 6202, 6601 (syntype), within 300 feet,

Kunstler 5266, 6793 (syntypes).

SELANGOR: Sungai Tinggi, Kuala Selangor, SFN 34068

(Nur), Forest Dept. FMS 44033.

Distrib: Endemic.

A shrub or small tree or ? a climber. Twigs slender,

terete, densely reddish scurfy and coarsely hairy with

spreading subulate hairs. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong

lanceolate or narrowly oblong, apex abruptly acuminate or

caudate acuminate, the acumen up to c. 1:5 cm. long, base

rounded, up to c. 8 cm. X 2-75 cm., upper surface somewhat

polished, drying greenish or olivaceous brown, minutely

punctate or pustulate, lower surface greenish brown to dark

brown, minutely and closely pustulate; midrib narrowly

impressed above, elevate below and clothed with coarse

subulate spreading hairs; primary nerves numerous (up to

c. 35 pairs) and close together, subhorizontal, meeting an

intramarginal nerve less than 1 mm. from the somewhat

undulate and recurved leaf margin, slightly raised and very

fine and faint on both surfaces, the secondaries and lax

reticulations hardly visible above, slightly fainter below

than primaries; petiole very short, 2-3 mm., leaves

appearing sessile. 3

Panicles terminal or from upper leaf axils, up to c.

8 cm. long, on long peduncles, branches numerous, slender,

spreading, all covered with the same reddish scurf and

coarse hairs as twigs; flowers rather crowded on the short

ultimate branchlets, white, sessile, bracts and bracteoles

minute, narrowly triangular acute, subpersistent, buds

‘globose clavate; calyx campanulate, c. 5 mm. long and 3 mm.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

177

a, E. setosa; b, E. pauper; c, E. Klossti.

Fig. 33.

Vol. XII. (1949).

178

across mouth, contracted about the middle into a rather

slender pseudostalk c. 2 mm. long; lobes 5, deciduous,

broadly triangular acute, less than 1 mm. across and 0-5 mm.

tall; petals 5, probably falling as a calyptra, but the outer

two free, orbicular, c. 2 mm. diam., pellucidly gland dotted,

the inner three partially agglutinated; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, subulate, up to c. 4 mm. long, anthers

narrowly ovate, c. 0-4 mm. long, connective gland small

but distinct; style stouter than filaments, glandular pustu-

late, c. 6 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit turbinate, crowned by the small truncate calyx

rim, covered with minute pellucid granule-like glands, diam.

c. 9 mm. (ex King).

This species is allied to E. Curtisii var. minor and var.

Holttumii, but it differs markedly in the rounded base of

the leaf, the scurfy and coarsely hairy twigs and inflores-

cence branches, the different calyx Dee and the longer

pseudostalk.

Several of Kunstler’ s collections are described on their

labels as ‘‘creepers” clinging to stems of trees. The other

collections cited, where a field note was made, are described

as shrubs or small trees. If Kunstler made a mistake,

it is curious that he did so more than once.

90. Eugenia pauper Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br.,

LXXIX, 65 (1918); F.M.P., I, 745. (Fig. 380).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gemas, SFN 4481 (Burkill).

JOHORE: Gunong Pulai, Ridley 12175 (syntype); Gunong

Panti, Ridley 4200 (syntype), cited by King under

E. pendens Duthie; Sungai Tebrau, Ridley 13219;

Mount Austin, Ridley 11992; Pulau Tinggi, SF'N 939

(Burkill); Sungai Pelepah, SF'N 20005 (Nur); Sungai

Berassau, Mawai-Jemaluang road, SFN 28978 (Corner) ;

Ulu Segun, Gunong Panti,) SF'N 30697 (Corner).

SINGAPORE: Serangoon road, Ridley 8411, 8412; Bukit Timah,

Ridley s.n., 8449 (cited by King under 'E. variolosa King),

14136; Botanic Gardens, Ridley 6915, 6915a, 8944;

Reservoir Jungle, SF'N 32529 (Corner).

Distrib: Endemic, ~

A small tree or treelet up to c. 7 m. tall, trunk slightly

stilted at base; bark slightly papery flaky, pale rufous;

inner bark pallid brownish, green below surface, very thin.

Twigs slender, terete, bark reddish brown. Leaves thin,

dark green in life and pale beneath, broadly or narrowly

elliptic, occasionally elliptic oblong, up to c. 18 cm. long

and 7 cm. broad but usually smaller, apex cuspidate, the

acumen varying much in length; base cuneate; petiole finely

wrinkled, deeply and narrowly channelled above, variable

in length from ec. 5 cm. to 1:5 em.; primary nerves usually

between 10 and 16 pairs, finely impressed above, raised

below and very distinct, from 6 mm. to 2 cm. apart, curving

Gardens Bulletin, S.

179

very gently or running nearly straight to a well marked

intramarginal nerve 2-5 mm. from leaf margin; secondaries

and reticulations obscure or invisible above, when visible

slightly raised, slender and raised below, much less bold

than primaries; upper surface usually drying dark or

blackish brown, sometimes minutely and densely punctate;

lower surface paler, brown, usually minutely pustulate or

black dotted.

Inflorescences terminal or axillary, short, reaching 2

cm. long but usually less, rather dense, branchlets slender,

dark coloured with sessile flowers in threes or more at their

apices, bracts and bracteoles minute, subpersistent; calyx

tube cupshaped, c. 5-6 mm. long, narrowed abruptly into a

rather slender pseudostalk c. 25 mm. long, mouth of calyx

truncate; petals falling in a calyptra c. 4 mm. diam., gland

dotted, the petals closely adhering and usually only the outer

one separable from the others; stamens numerous, filaments

slender, terete, varying much in length from 1:5 mm. to

c. 6 mm., anthers small with a rather conspicuous dark

coloured connective gland; style much stouter than fila-

ments, subulate, 8-9 mm. long.

Fruit globose c. 1 cm. diam., the apical calyx rim

rather prominent, c. 1 mm. tall and 2 mm. diam.

I can hardly agree with Ridley’s remark in the original

description that the inflorescence of this species exactly

resembles that of EF. oblata Roxb. E. oblata has very much

larger, usually terminal infiorescences, while its flowers are

-also larger with very definite calyx lobes.

91. Eugenia Klossii Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br.,

LXXIX, 65 (1918); F.M.P., I, 744. (Fig. 33c).

SELANGOR: Rantau Panjang, Kloss 25 (type collection).

Distrib: Endemic. ;

A tree. Twigs slender, the youngest angled, the older

terete, bark dark. Leaves thinly coriaceous, narrowly

elliptic or oblong elliptic, apex acuminate acute, base

cuneate, c. 14 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; midrib impressed

above, elevate below; primary nerves 15-20 pairs, 5-7 mm.

apart, meeting a shallowly looped intramarginal nerve c.

2-3 mm. from leaf margin, indistinct above, elevate below;

petiole up to c. 7 mm. long.

Panicles terminal, up to c. 6 em. long, lax and few

‘flowered, the rachis and few spreading branches slender;

flowers solitary or in twos or threes at branchlet ends:

calyx broadly campanulate, c. 6-7 mm. long, 4—5 mm. across

‘mouth, rather quickly contracted into a slender pseudostalk

‘3-4 mm. long, mouth truncate; petals calyptrate; stamens

‘numerous, up to c. 1 cm. long, style about as long.

Vol. XII. (1949).

180

Known only from one collection. Perhaps allied to

E. pendens, but with much smaller flowers. Merrill and

Perry state that the Bornean record of this species is based.

on an erroneous determination.

92. Eugenia valdevenosa Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., II, 489:

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 111; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 743; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 504,

fig. 168. Syzygium valdevenosum (Duthie) Merr. &

Perry in Mem. Amer. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 182

(1939). Hugenia alata Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc.

Str. Br., LXXXVI, 293 (1922); F.M.P., 1, 743: “Gigs

34D).

Common from Penang to Johore in lowland and hill forest,.

and in wet forest in Johore. One collection from a sapling

at Bukit Timah, Singapore may be this species.

Distrib: Sumatra (Krukoff 4390, 4406), Borneo.

A tree, trunk not buttressed ; bark entire or very faintly

and shortly creviced or very finely fissured longitudinally,

not flaky, pale greyish drab or greyish yellowish, very

faintly pinkish; inner bark deep pink brown to red brown

or blood red; sapwood white, heartwood pinkish brown, very

hard. Twigs rather stout, obtusely 4-angled or nearly

terete, or acutely 4-angled with narrow wings, bark smooth,

brown when dry. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or oblong:

elliptic, sometimes obovate, apex shortly and abruptly

acuminate, base cuneate or sometimes rounded, from c.

11-28 cm. long and 5-11 cm. wide, upper surface drying”

olivaceous brown to blackish brown, lower surface reddish

brown with or without minute scattered gland dots; midrib.

impressed above, prominent below; primary nerves from

c. 10-24 pairs, 1-2 cm. apart, slightly raised and rather

fine above, prominent below, basal ones nearly straight and

slightly ascending, upper ones curving up to a prominent

intramarginal nerve 3-5 mm. from leaf margin, with a

much fainter series of loops close to the margin ; secondaries

and reticulations slightly raised and very fine above, elevate.

below but considerably less prominent than primaries, the-

reticulations lax; petiole up to c. 1-5 long, rather slender.

Panicles terminal or from upper leaf axils, pedunculate,.

usually shorter than leaves but reaching c. 25 cm. long in

fruit, often clustered, rather lax, with many spreading,

slender, much compressed branches; flowers white, sessile,.

in threes or clusters at the ends of the rather long and_

slender ultimate branchlets, buds narrowly clavate, 8-9 mm.

long; calyx rather narrowly funnel shaped, tapered rather -

gradually into a slender pseudostalk c. 3-4 mm. long, mouth

truncate, without lobes, c. 2-5 mm. across; petals falling as

a hemispherical calyptra c. 2-5 mm. diam., not completely —

Gardens Bulletin, S..

7 r

- «

181

Fig. 34. a, E. quadribracteata; b, E. valdevenosa.

agglutinated ; stamens numerous, filaments very slender, up

to c. 1:3 cm. long, anthers broadly elliptic, c. 0-4 mm. long,

connective gland small; style much stouter than filaments,

6-7 long; ovary 2-celled.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

182

Fruit ripening pale green or whitish, more or less

oblong globose or depressed globose, c. 1:8 cm. diam., apical

umbilicus 3-4 mm. diam., rather deep, with persistent style

base, the calyx rim not conspicuous; pericarp 2—3 mm. thick,

testa adhering loosely to it; cotyledons more or less equal,

surface rugose, inner faces somewhat concave, attached to

hypocotyle near their centres by very broad short stalks.

93. Eugenia Cumini (L.) Druce in Report. Bot. Exch. Club

Brit. Isles, III, 418 (1914); Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum.,

I, 637; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 496, fig.

168. Myrtus Cumini Linn., Sp. PIl., 471 (17538).

Syzygium Cumini (L.) Skeels in U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur.

Pl. Ind. Bull., 248, 25 (1918) ; Merr. & Perry in Journ.

Arn. Arb., XIX, 108. Hugenia jambolana Lamk.,

Encycl., III, 198 (1789); Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.L,

II, 499; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 131; Gagnep. in

Fl]. Gen. Indo-Ch., II, 818; Koord. & Valet., Atlas

Baumart. Java, III, fig. 496; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 754.

(Fig. 35). |

A tree up to c. 20 m. tall; bark scaly with thin often

transversely elongated large or small papery pieces, light

greyish white, inner bark thick, pale brown. Twigs

slender, terete, smooth, pale yellowish grey or whitish when

dry. Leaves coriaceous, oblong ovate or elliptic oblong or

ovate rotund, apex rather shortly and abruptly acuminate

or obtuse or rounded, base broadly cuneate or rounded and

abruptly and shortly narrowed to petiole, from c. 7-18 cm.

long and 3-8-5 cm. broad, upper surface drying brown to

blackish brown, shining, minutely punctate, lower surface

dull and paler, minutely pitted or pustulate; midrib im-

pressed above, elevate below; primary nerves rather

numerous (to c. 30 pairs), usually about 5 mm. apart, rather

irregular, meeting in an irregularly looped intramarginal

nerve c. 2 mm. from leaf margin, raised on both surfaces:

and fine, but more distinct below, the secondaries and closely

netted reticulations below almost as distinct as primaries

and so giving the effect of numerous and close primaries;

petioles slender, reaching 2-5 cm. long.

Panicles usually from twigs below leaves, occasionally

terminal or from upper leaf axils, up to c. 12 cm. long,

long peduncled with several pairs of distant horizontal

slender terete or slightly angled striate branches; flowers

white, the calyx rose pink after anthesis, sessile in rather

dense heads at ends of branches or in clusters at ends of

short branchlets, buds globose clavate, 5-6 mm. long; calyx

with fine raised gland dots, 4-5 mm. long, c. 3-5 mm. across

mouth, narrowly campanulate, rather suddenly contracted

into a stout pseudostalk c. 2 mm. long; lobes in bud 4,

Gardens Bulletin, S.—

183

broad, thin and obscure, quickly deciduous and leaving a

truncate limb; petals falling in a flat, orbicular, gland dotted

calyptra.c. 25 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments

slender, subulate, very finely punctate, up to c. 6 mm. long,

anthers oblong ovate 0-6—0-7 mm. long, connective gland

Fig. 35. E. Cumini.

Vol. XII. (1949).

184

small but distinct; style subulate, much stouter than

filaments and finely punctate like them, 6-7 mm. long;

ovary 1-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit black when ripe, edible, oblong to oblong elliptic,

more or less oblique, c. 2 em. X 1: 75 cm., apical calyx rim

prominent, c. 2 mm. tall, umbilicus narrow and deep, c. 2-3

mm. diam.; pericarp pulpy, c. 2-3 mm. thick, seed ellipsoid

or oblong ellipsoid, c. 1:25 em. x 0-75 cm., testa rather

thick, more or less crustaceous, adhering closely to the

smooth surface of the cotyledons; cotyledons unequal, one

about one-third the size of the other, or nearly equal,

conspicuously gland dotted, superposed, sessile, attached to

the short broad hypocotyle near the periphery, face of the

larger cotyledon concave, of the smaller convex, not inter-

locking or folded, or nearly plane with a short upcurved

fold near point of attachment.

There is no evidence to show that this species is

indigenous to the flora of Malaya. It has been collected

only in the vicinity of towns and villages.

94. Eugenia oblongifolia Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., II, 491

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No: 12, 111, nel. var

parviflora King, excl. var. robusta King; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 744. (Fig. 36a).

PERAK: Gopeng, 500-800 feet, Kunstler 6012; near Ulu

Kerling, 500-800 feet, Kunstler 8848; near Ulu Selangor

(? or Slim), 400-600 feet, Kunstler 10883; Gunong Haram

Parah, Scortechini 618. °

MALACCA: sine loc., Maingay K.D. 746 (type collection),

Ridley 1503c, 1505c.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Telok Kemang, Forest Dept. FMS 4210.

SINGAPORE: Chan Chu Kang, Ridley 360, 4993; Gardens

Jungle, Ridley 10131; McRitchie Reservoir, Corner s.n.

_ Distrib: Endemic.

A tree up to c. 18 m. tall; bark becoming slightly scaly,

brownish pink, very like that of EF. longiflora; inner bark

red. Twigs rather slender, youngest 4-angled or com-

pressed, older nearly terete, smooth, drying pale brown.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic or oblong elliptic, some-

times oblong lanceolate or oblanceolate, apex acuminate,

often abruptly so, base cuneate or more or less rounded and

shortly narrowed to petiole, from c. 6-10 cm. long and

25-5 cm. broad; upper surface drying olivaceous brown,

shining, lower brown to reddish brown; midrib impressed

above, elevate below and more or less keeled ; primary nerves

Cc. 10-14 pairs, spaced, very slender, raised and distinct on

both surfaces, often pale, spreading and rather irregular,

meeting in a very shallowly looped intramarginal nerve 1-3

mm. from leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations raised

on both surfaces and distinct, usually slightly less prominent

than primaries; petiole c. 5 mm. long.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

185

ec, E. pustulata; d,

; b, EB. Muelleri

; e, E. fastigiata.

E. oblongifolia;

chloroleuca

Fig. 36.

(1949).

Vol. XIT

186

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, corymbose,

sometimes several together, peduncled, reaching c. 10 cm.

long and as wide, the rather stout peduncle and rather

slender numerous branches more or less 4-angled, the

numerous branchlets slender, compressed, all with pale

brown striate bark; flowers white or cream colour, sessile,

usually in threes at branchlet ends; buds narrowly globose

clavate, c. 7-8 mm. long; calyx c. 7 mm. long, c. 3 mm.

across mouth, striate when dry, narrowly campanulate,

tapering into a slender pseudostalk c. 4 mm. long, mouth

in bud with 4 very shallow oblong obscure lobes, truncate

after anthesis; petals falling in a depressed calyptra c. 2-5

mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments slender, up to

c. 7 mm. long, anthers broadly oblong ovate, c. 0:3—0-4 mm.

long, connective gland very small and inconspicuous; style

stouter than filaments, 4-5 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit depressed globose or transversely oblong globose,

pale green when ripe, c. 1:7 cm. diam., apex with a narrow

and rather deep excavation c. 3 mm. diam., fringed by the

inconspicuous calyx rim; pericarp thin, seed 1, testa rather

thick and crustaceous, adhering closely to cotyledons; coty-

ledons side by side, somewhat unequal, inner faces more or

less concave, gland dotted, attached to hypocotyle near their

centres by short broad stalks.

95. Eugenia Muelleri Mig., Anal. Bot. Ind., I, 23, tab. 6

(1850). EH. venulosa Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., II,

490 (1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 1238, incl. var.

macrothyrsa King; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 746; Corner, Way-

side Trees of Malaya, p. 504, fig. 168. Syzygium

venulosum Wall. Cat. 3585 nom. nud. Syzygium

Muelleri Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., I, i, 453 (1855) ; Merr. &

Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 186.

(Fig. 36b).

Not uncommon from Perak to Singapore in lowland forest, |

commonest in South Johore and Singapore, often by streams.

Distrib: Borneo; Karimon Islands (fide Ridley).

A tree reaching c. 22 m. tall, trunk narrowly fluted up

to c. 2-4 m. from ground or only at base, slightly stilt rooted

or not; bark nearly smooth, becoming rather finely creviced,

flaky i in irregular small pieces, light grey or greyish brown:

inner bark light pinkish brown, wood pale brown. Twigs

slender, terete, smooth, drying whitish to pale brown.

Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic rhomboid or oblanceo-

late or obovate, apex obtuse or subacute, base cuneate or

shortly and abruptly narrowed to petiole, from c. 5 em. X

Gardens Bulletin, S.

———

187

3 cm. or occasionally smaller to c. 1155 em. * 5-5 em.,

dark green to yellowish green, shining above, dull and paler

below, upper surface drying olivaceous brown or leaden

brown to nearly black, shining, minutely punctate or

rugulose pustulate, lower surface paler, usually reddish

brown, sometimes minutely pustulate; midrib shallowly

depressed above, elevate and keeled below; primary nerves

c. 7-14 pairs, c. 0-5-1 em. apart, ascending rather irre-

gularly to a nearly straight intramarginal nerve c. 2-3 mm.

from leaf margin, raised and slender and distinct on both

surfaces, the secondaries and lax reticulations also raised

on both surfaces and a little less prominent than primaries;

petiole about 5 mm. long, the leaf blade sometimes decurrent

upon it.

Panicles terminal, broadly corymbose, peduncled or

branched from base, up to c. 10 cm. long and 14 cm.

across, often much smaller, much branched, the branches

and branchlets slender, spreading, 4-angled, ultimate

branchlets compressed; flowers white, the calyx greenish or

tinged reddish, sessile in threes at ends of ultimate branch-

lets, buds clavate, up to 7 mm. long; calyx 5-6 mm. long,

- campanulate, rugulose and ridged, rather suddenly con-

tracted into a pseudostalk rather variable in length and

thickness but usually slender and c. 3-4 mm. long, mouth

truncate or with very shallow and very obscure lobes;

petals falling in a pellucidly gland dotted calyptra c. 5 mm.

diam., almost entirely or entirely agglutinated; stamens

numerous, filaments slender, subulate, reaching 7-8 mm.

long, anthers ovate oblong, c. 0-4 mm. long, connective gland

conspicuous; style much stouter than filaments, c. 7 mm.

long; ovary 2-celled. F

Fruit when ripe green, the exposed side suffused purple,

globose, faintly vertically ridged, c. 1:3 cm. diam., apical

umbilicus c. 4 mm. diam., without calyx rim; pericarp

leathery, seed 1, testa pale brown, tough, cotyledons slightly

unequal, inner faces gland dotted, nearly plane except for

a triangular projection on the periphery of the smaller

fitting into a recess on the other, attached near their

centres to the hypocotyle by very short broad stalks; in

one seed examined a small area of the opposing faces

fused together.

I have not seen the type of E. Muelleri Miq., but

Miquel’s descriptions and figure fit our plant, and Merrill

and Perry, the former of whom has examined the type,

have no hesitation in making the reduction of Duthie’s

species.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

188

96. Eugenia pustulata Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., Il, 495

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 127; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 736: E. perpuncticulata Merr. in Univ. Calif. Publ.

Bot., XV, 220 (1929). Syzygium perpuncticulatum

(Merr.) Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Sci., XVIII,.3, 179 (1989). . (Fig. 36e).

Widely distributed from Kedah to Singapore on the west

of the Main Range, but nowhere frequent except in Singapore.

Distrib: Borneo.

A small tree, bark nearly entire or finely creviced or

pimply, flaking in coarse pieces, not papery flaky, pinkish

brown to vinaceous brown; inner bark pinkish, darkening

on exposure. Twigs terete, slender, the younger ones green

in life, older ones pale brown, bark smooth, drying pale

brown and pustulate. Leaves dark green and shining

above, very obscurely punctate, paler and dull below with

darker gland dots, coriaceous, oblong or oblong lanceolate,

apex acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 8-22 cm. long and

3-6-5 cm. broad, upper surface drying greenish or brownish,

lower surface brown, pustulate; midrib impressed above,

prominent and rounded below, smooth in life, pustulate

when dry; primary nerves c. 10-15 pairs, c. 0-5-1 cm. apart,

impressed above, elevate and conspicuous below, slightly

ascending and curving gently up to a conspicuous shallowly

looped intramarginal nerve 3-4 mm. from leaf margin, with

a very faint loop very close to the margin; secondaries few,

less distinct.than primaries, reticulations invisible above,

lax and faint below; petiole up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or from upper leaf axils, sometimes

clustered, shortly peduncled or sessile, c. 3-5 cm. long (or

rarely up to c. 11 cm.) with several pairs of spreading

decussate branches, the lower ones c. 2 cm. long, the upper

shorter, they and the rachis stout, green, obtusely quadran-

gular and grooved in life, 4-angled or compressed with

brownish pustulate bark when dry; flowers fragrant,

greenish yellow with green calyx lobes, white petals and

white or yellow stamens, sessile in threes or fives at

branchlet ends, buds cylindric oblong, truncate, 6-7 mm.

long; calyx after anthesis narrowly campanulate, c. 6 mm.

long, the tube minutely rugulose and glandular punctate,

very slightly narrowed and rounded at base, without pseu-

dostalk; lobes 4, subpersistent, incurved, very short and

broad, subacute, c. 3 mm. across at base and 1 mm. tall;

petals falling in a flattened calyptra, but not agglutinated,

ovate orbicular, c. 3 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, fila-

ments subulate, from less than 1 mm. to c. 5 mm. long,

anthers oblong elliptic, c. 0-4—0-5 mm. long, connective gland

rather large; style stouter than filaments, terete, narrowly

‘conical, c. 3 mm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

189

Fruit very pale green to white, shining, oblong globose,

c. 13 cm. long, minutely rugulose pustulate when dry,

apical umbilicus rather deep, c. 5-6 mm. diam., fringed

by the 4 erect, somewhat enlarged calyx lobes and bearing

the style base; pericarp c. 3 mm. thick at base of fruit,

rather dry and pithy, white, rapidly turning purplish on

- exposure; seed 1, globose, c. 6 mm. diam., testa rather thick,

pithy leathery; surface of cotyledons very pale yellow,

glistening, somewhat rugose corrugate; cotyledons side by

side, nearly equal, inner faces very finely gland dotted, with

a median ridge and furrow, attached near their centres to

the large, conspicuous, pink, angled, truncate hypocotyle

which is grooved along one side and reaches the periphery

of the seed. Germination epigeal.

I have examined duplicates of Elmer 21223 (type of

E. perpuncticulata Merr.) and Elmer 21237 and can see no

differences between them and our plant, except for the

slightly blunter calyx lobes of Merrill’s plant.

97. Eugenia chloroleuca King, Mat., F.M.P., No. 12, 113

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 744. (Fig. 36d).

PERAK: Larut, 2,000- feet, Kunstler 1901 (syntype), 1,500-

2,000 feet, Kunstler 4951, 7307 (syntypes) ; Waterfall Hill,

Taiping, Wray 2917 (syntype); Taiping Hills, Ridley

11920; Tea Gardens, Larut, Scortechini 45 (syntype).

JOHORE: Sungai Kayu Ara, Mawai-Jemaluang _ road,

Corner s.n.

Distrib: Sumatra; Banguey Island (fide Ridley).

A shrub or small tree. Twigs slender, youngest 4-

angled, older terete, bark polished, drying pale yellowish or

brownish. Leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate, oblong lanceo-

late or elliptic lanceolate, apex acuminate, usually shortly

and abruptly so, base long narrowed, from c. 6-17 cm. long

and 2-55 cm. broad, upper surface shining, drying pale

olivaceous or olivaceous brown, lower surface dull and paler,

‘midrib impressed above, prominent and keeled below;

primary nerves 12-16 pairs, very faint or invisible above,

slightly raised below, very fine and faint, c. 0-5-1 cm. apart,

spreading and curving slightly up to a very faint intra-

marginal nerve 2-3 mm. from the thickened and recurved

leaf margin, secondaries and reticulations usually invisible

on both surfaces; petiole slender, up to c. 1:5 cm. long.

Panicles usually terminal, occasionally axillary, up to

ce. 3 em. long, shortly peduncled or branched from base,

trichotomous, branches and branchlets acutely 4-angled with

pale, wrinkled or striate bark when dry, bracts and

bracteoles persistent, ovate concave subacute, c. 1 mm. long;

flowers in threes on stout 4-angled pedicels c. 2 mm. long,

each flower subtended by two bracteoles; calyx c. 3 mm.

Vol. XII. (1949).

190

long, funnel shaped, more or less 4-angled, gradually

tapered to base, without pseudostalk; lobes 4, persistent,

broad and rounded, sparsely gland dotted, roa 5 mm. across

and 0:75 mm. tall; petals calyptrate; stamens numerous,

filaments stout, terete, glandular pustulate, up to c. 4mm.

iong, anthers ovate oblong, c. 0-6 mm. long, connective gland

inconspicuous; style slightly stouter than filaments, c. 2:5

mm. long, glandular pustulate, slightly broadened and

truncate at apex; ovary 2-celled, apparently sometimes 4—5

celled at- apex.

Fruit ellipsoid, c. 1 em. long, rugulose when dry and

pale coloured, apex with conspicuous wide calyx rim 3 mm.

diam., edged with the enlarged incurved calyx lobes; seed

1, obovoid ellipsoid, cotyledons side by side, equal, com-

missure wavy, inner faces interlocking with triangular

ridges and depressions, hypocotyle large, lying in a fold in

the cotyledon face and reaching nearly to periphery of seed.

Allied to E. fastigiata as King points out, but differing

in the leaves drying paler, with fewer, more widely spaced

primary nerves; shorter stouter petioles; shorter inflores-

cences ; and the fruit drying rugulose eglandular, not smooth

and glandular.

98. Eugenia fastigiata (Bl.) Koorders and Valeton in

Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 104 (1900); Atlas Bau-

mart. Java, III, fig. 479. Calyptranthus fastigiata B1.,

Bijdr., 1090 (1825). Calyptranthus floribunda BL,

loc. cit., 1091. Caryophyllus fastigiatus Bl. in DC.,

Prodr., III, 262. C. floribundus Bl. in DC., loc. cit.,

262. Eugenia bracteolata Wight, Ill., II, 15 (1850) ;

Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 488; King, "Mat. F.M. | eb

No. 12, 122; Gagnep. in Fl. Gen. Indo- Ch., II, 815;

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 747; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., t 633.

E. Elmeri Merr. in Univ. Calif, Publ. Bot., XV, 218

(1919). E. confertiflora Koord. & Valet. in Meded.

Lands Plantent., XL., 106 (1900); Atlas Baumart.

Java, III, fig. 480. Syzygium fastigiatum (Bl.) Merr.

& Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3,

152 (1939). (Fig. 36e).

Not uncommon in lowland forest and sometimes on low

hills from Perlis and Kelantan to Johore.

Distrib: Tenasserim, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

A tree up to c. 25 m. tall; bark smooth entire, slightly

pustulate with lenticels, pinkish grey to pale pinkish white;

inner bark pale brownish, green below surface. Twigs

acutely or obtusely 4-angled, bark smooth, polished, drying

pale brown or yellowish brown. Leaves coriaceous, ob-

lanceolate or oblong obovate, apex obtuse or shortly and

Gardens Bulletin, S.

191

bluntly acuminate or apiculate, base cuneate or long nar-

rowed, up to c. 16 cm. X 6 cm., upper surface drying pale

brown to almost black, shining, minutely punctate, lower

surface dull and paler, often reddish brown, with scattered

dark gland dots; midrib flat above or slightly raised and

. channelled, sometimes impressed towards apex of leaf,

prominent and keeled below; primary nerves up to c. 30

pairs, 3-5 cm. apart, nearly horizontal or slightly ascending,

running straight or slightly curving to an intramarginal

nerve c. 1-2 mm. from the cartilaginous incurved leaf

margin, usually very slightly raised and indistinct above,

slightly raised below and very fine, usually distinct, the

secondaries and reticulations less distinct and often hardly

visible; petiole up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or occasionally from upper leaf axils,

up to c. 15 em. long, corymbose, rather densely flowered,

pedunculate, branches slender and 4-angled and grooved

like the peduncle, bracts and bracteoles persistent, ovate

subacute, concave, gland dotted, c. 1 mm. long; flowers pale

green or white, at apices of the many short 4-angled

branchlets, on rather stout pedicels 1-2 mm. long, or

occasionally sessile, each flower subtended by two

bracteoles; calyx shortly and broadly funnel shaped, c. 3

mm. long and 2:5 mm. across mouth, tube 4-angled, tapered -

gradually to a broad base, without pseudostalk; lobes 4,

persistent, broad and rounded, gland dotted, c. 15 mm.

across and 0-5 mm. tall; petals falling in a thick hemispheri-

cal calyptra, pellucidly gland dotted, c. 25 mm. diam.;

stamens numerous, filaments flattened and strap shaped

below, subulate above, with scattered pustulate glands, up

to c. 3 mm. long, anthers oblong ovate, c. 0-5 mm. long, the

connective gland, which is often paired, conspicuous; style

stout, c. 15 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit (unripe) ellipsoid or oblong, c. 1 em. long, Middey

glandular, apex convex bearing the 4 enlarged and incurved

calyx lobes; seed 1, conferming to shape of fruit, cotyledons

side by side, equal, inner faces conspicuously glandular,

with triangular projections and depressions fitting into one

another, the hypocotyle stout and angled, reaching the

periphery of the seed.

Examination of authentic material of HE. fastigiata

from Buitenzorg, and of a duplicate type and other material

of E. Elmeri Merr., as well as the type of Calyptranthus

floribunda Bl., on which FE. confertiflora Koord. & Valet.

is based, leaves no doubt that they, and EF. bracteolata

Wight are all conspecific. These reductions have already

been made by Merrill and Perry.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

192

99. Eugenia pallidula Ridl., F.M.P., 1, 748 (1922). (Fig.

37a, b)

PERAK: Pondok Tanjong Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS

9717.

PAHANG: Rembau, Temerloh, Forest Dept. FMS 4783 (type);

Sungai Semara, Pontian, Forest Dept. FMS 14976.

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree (fide Ridley). YJTwigs terete, slender, bark

whitey brown, smooth. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic -

or obovate, up to c. 9 cm. long and 45 ecm. broad, apex

rounded or very shortly and bluntly acuminate or very

shortly acute, base long narrowed to petiole; petiole

variable, usually c. 5 mm. long; midrib conspicuously chan-

nelled above, boldly raised below; primary nerves c. 11-14

pairs, usually slightly impressed above and very faint,

raised below, slender but quite distinct, irregular in spacing

but usually 3-6 mm. apart, meeting in a rather incon-

spicuous, shallowly looped, intramarginal nerve c. 1 mm.

from leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations almost or

quite invisible above, raised below and much less distinct

than primaries; upper surface drying lead brown or dark

brown, minutely punctate, lower surface pale, or at least

paler than upper, sometimes very minutely gland dotted.

Inflorescences terminal or from upper leaf axils, more

or less paniculate, very lax, up to c. 7 cm. long, with few

and widely spaced spreading slender branchlets; flowers

in threes at ends of the secondary branchlets, or on very

short tertiary branchlets, occasionally in pairs or solitary,

sessile; calyx tube c. 6-7 mm. long, cupshaped and abruptly

narrowed into a slender pseudostalk c. 3 mm. long, longi-

tudinally ridged when dry, mouth with 4 wide shallow thin

subpersistent lobes; petals falling in a calyptra, only

partially separable, gland dotted; stamens variable in

length, reaching c. 6-5 mm. long, filaments slender, terete,

anthers small, connective gland not conspicuous; style much

stouter than filaments, tapering to apex, c. 7 mm. long.

Frut unknown.

100. Eugenia nemestrina Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 324, fig. 13 (1947).

SINGAPORE: McRitchie Reservoir, SFN 33590 (Corner);

Selitar, near Nee Soon village, SFN 327396 (Corner);

Mandai road, SF'N 37252 (Corner).

Known only from Singapore.

A tree 25-30 m. tall, slightly or prominently buttressed-

fluted to c. 2 m. from ground; bark rufous brown, fissured

or distinctly scaly flaky, inner bark deep purple. Twigs

stout, terete, with smooth pale brown bark becoming scaly

flaky and red brown. Leaves decussate, narrowly elliptic

Gardens Bulletin, S.

193

to oblong elliptic, coriaceous, 6-11 cm. * 2-45 cm., dull

green withering yellow, with upcurled margins and refiexed

apex, drying pale brown to reddish brown above, dull pale

brown to whitish brown below, apex acuminate and

deflected sideways, base cuneate and long narrowed on to

petiole; midrib sunk above, strongly raised and keeled

below; primary nerves very fine, c. 20-25 pairs, raised on

both surfaces, sometimes very obscure above, hardiy or not

distinguishable from secondaries below, reticulations

slightly thickened and raised; intramarginal vein fine, c. 1

mm. from leaf margin ; lower surface minutely black dotted:

petiole 5-8 mm. long.

Inflorescences corymbose,.terminal, not exceeding ce. 8

cm. long and wide, much branched ; flowers usually in threes

_ or sometimes solitary at ends of branchlets, sessile or some-

times on pedicels 2-4 mm. long or the outer two flowers

of the triads shortly pedicelled and the centre flower sessile;

buds c. 13—1-4 cm. long including pseudostalk; calyz pale

green, gland dotted, tube cyathiform, c. 6 mm. across

mouth, tapering into a ridged pseudostalk c. 4-5 mm. long,

mouth truncate or wavy or occasionally with exceedingly

obscure teeth; after anthesis the calyx funnel shaped, c. 7

mm. across mouth; petals calyptrate, white; stamens

numerous, filaments white with green bases, 1-25 cm. long,

anthers c. 0-5 mm. long and 0-4 mm. broad, connective gland

distinct; style a little shorter than stamens; ovary 2-celled.

multiovulate.

Fruit more or less globular, c. 15 cm. diam., smooth,

crowned by the very conspicuous undulating calyx rim c.

2 mm. high; pericarp 2-3 mm. thick; cotyledons nearly

equal, inner faces nearly plane, attached to the hypocotyle

by short broad stalks.

is species does not closely resemble any other, and

is distinguished by the rather narrow long acuminate leaves

and the copious corymbose infiorescences with rather large,

long, narrow flowers and the almost truncate calyx mouth.

101. Eugenia taipingensis Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin.

Singapore, XI, 327, fig. 14 (1947). (Fig. 37e).

PERAK: Faiping, plains, Wray 2703, within 100 feet,

Kunstler 837.

Known aif rae these collections.

A low tree with spreading branches, 4-5—6 m. tall, stem

8-13 cm. diam. Twigs smooth, terete, bark brown to pale

whitey grey or brownish white. Leaves coriaceous, broadly

ovate or elliptic, sometimes tending to be obovate, up to

c. 65 cm. X 3-5 cm., apex abruptly acuminate, acumen c.

1 cm. long, base abruptly narrowed and decurrent on petiole,

drying dull brown or blackish brown and minutely punctate

Vol. XII. (1949).

194

above, usually reddish brown below, very minutely black

gland dotted or not; midrib sunk above, raised below and

slightly pustulate near base; primary nerves about 10 pairs,

very slender and almost indistinguishable from secondaries

and reticulations, intramarginal nerve slender c. 1 mm. from

leaf margin; petiole 2-5 mm. long.

Panicles terminal, up to c. 6 cm. long and 4 cm. across,

branchlets spreading, slender, angled, with brownish or

greyish striate bark; flowers crowded at ends of ultimate

branchlets; calyx tube in bud c. 4 mm. long and 2—2:5 mm.

across mouth, narrowly campanulate, quickly contracted

some way below mouth, then tapering gradually into a

pseudostalk c. 2 mm. long; mouth truncate or wavy or with

very obscure shallow lobes; petals probably calyptrate, more

or less agglutinated, conspicuously gland dotted; stamens —

numerous, filaments slender, up to c. 6 mm. long, anthers

c. 0:-4-0-5 mm. leng, connective gland conspicuous; style

much stouter than filaments, c. 5 mm. long. Fruit

unknown.

This species was included under LE. oleina by King and

presumably also by Ridley, but although it has a superficial

resemblance to that species it is very distinct in its broader

and more acuminate leaves with the nervation raised above,

and in its truncate calyx mouth.

102. Eugenia nigricans King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 114

(1901); Ridl., F.M.P., I, 751. Syzygium nigricans

(King) Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Sei, XVIII, 3, 194 (1939). (Fig. 37d).

TRENGGANU: Gunong Padang, 4,000: feet, SEN 33903 (Moysey

& Kiah), specimens in young fruit with leaves larger and

thicker than the type, and referred here with some doubt.

They may represent a mountain variety.

KEMAMAN: Bukit Kajang, Corner s.n., leaf specimens with

leaves larger than the type, and referred here with a

little doubt.

PENANG: sine loc., Curtis 976; between Balik Pulau and

Pulau Betong, Curtis 937 in part.

PERAK: Waterfall hill, Taiping, 1,000 feet, Wray 2221 (type

collection) ; sine loc., Scortechini 203.

MALACCA: sine loc., Griffith s.n.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Bukit Tangga, SFN 11828 (Nur).

PAHANG: Sungei Endau, Forest Dept. FMS 6766; Kuantan,

Forest Dept. FMS 8128.

JOHORE: Pinerong, Cantley s.n.; Jason Bay, SFN 28497,

28522 (Corner).

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, SFN 34988 (Corner), SFN 36128,

36531, 37015 (Ngadiman).

Distrib: Borneo. .

A tall massive tree, trunk slightly fluted at base or

with narrow low buttresses, sometimes stilt rooted; bark

smooth, entire or slightly longitudinally fissured and flaky,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

195

Fig. 37. a, b, E. pallidula;

upper surface,

Vol. XII. (1949).

a 5. taipingensis; d, E. nigricans,

196

not papery or rugose, scaking in small thin irregular pieces,

leaving areas of entire more or less pustulate bark, pale

grey or pinkish grey to pale rufous fawn; inner bark

reddish pink, pinkish brown or deep purple brown, thick,

more or less fibrous, with sticky pale sap, sapwood thin,

pale, heartwood red brown. Twigs slender, terete, when

dry with brown smooth or flaky bark. Leaves coriaceous,

narrowly elliptic to elliptic oblong or oblong, apex rather

shortly and abruptly acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 6—12

cm. long and 3-5—5:5 em. broad, upper surface more or less

shining when dry and dark olivaceous or brownish, minutely

punctate or pustulate, lower surface dull, tinged reddish or

brownish, sometimes minutely pustulate; midrib impressed

above, elevate below; primary nerves very numerous and

close together, running nearly straight to an intramarginal

nerve close to leaf margin, raised and fine on both surfaces,

but more distinct above, joined by close reticulations which

are almost as distinct as primaries above but faint below;

petiole up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal and axillary, not more than about

half length of leaves, rather densely flowered, branches and

branchlets slender, 4-angled or compressed, bracts and

bracteoles minute, broad, subpersistent; flowers white,

sessile in threes or clusters at branchlet ends, buds clavate

c. 5 mm. long; calyx funnel shaped or narrowly campanu-

late, slightly ridged, c. 4-45 mm. long, c. 2-5 mm. across

mouth, narrowed into a rather slender pseudostalk c. 2 mm.

long; mouth with 5 very shallow very obscure deciduous

lobes; petals calyptrate, the outer one partially free;

stamens numerous, filaments slender, up to c. 6-7 mm. long,

anthers ovate or ovate oblong, c. 0-4 mm. long, connective

gland conspicuous; style stouter than filaments, c. 3-5 mm.

long; ovary 2-celled. :

Characterised by the fine raised close reticulation on

the upper surface of the leaves.

1038. Eugenia cerasiformis (Bl.) DC., Prodr., Ill, 274

(1828). Myrtus cerasiformis Bl., Bijdr., 1088 (1826).

Syzygium cerasiforme (Bl.) Merr. & Perry in Mem.

Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 187 (1939).

Syzygium javanicum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., I, i, 461

(1855); Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Sci., XVIII, 3, 188, excl. syn. S. euneuron Miq.

Syzygum racemosum (Bl.) DC., loc. cit., 261; Merr.

& Perry, loc. cit., 189. Hugenia expansa Duthie in

Hook. fil., F.B.I., IJ, 491 (1878); King, Mat. F.M.P.,

No. 12, 113, pro parte; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 745; non

E. expansa Mart. (1837). E. jamboloides Koord. & —

Valet. in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 136 (1900) i,

Gardens Bulletin, S. E:

}

it hi i

SS ae

197

Atlas Baumart. Java, III, fig. 497; Backer, Schoolfiora

voor Java, 512 (1911). ? E. laxiflora Koord. & Valet.

in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 139 (1900): Atlas

Baumart. Java, III, figs. 498, 499. E. javensis, Koord.

& Valet. in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 141 (1900);

Atlas Baumart. Java, Ill, fig. 451. E. Zippeliana

Koord. & Valet. in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 142

(1900) ; Atlas Baumart. Java, III, fig. 500. E. Robin-

soniana -Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus., IV, 13 (1909);

F.M.P., I, 734. E. Evanst Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus.,

X, 134 (1920) ; F.M.P., I, 747. FE. brunneoramea Merr.

in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., XV, 217 (1929). FE. ewneura

Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 640 (1931) non Syzygium

euneuron Mig. (Fig. 38a).

Not rare in lowland forest from Langkawi to Malacca and

Pahang. A collection of Cantley’s from Singapore appears

to be wrongly localised.

Distrib: Siam, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

A tree. Twigs slender, terete, bark drying brownish

or greyish, smooth. Leaves coriaceous, oblong elliptic or

oblong lanceolate or oblong or elliptic, apex acute or shortly

acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 8 cm. X 3 em. to 18 cm.

xX 7 cm., both surfaces brown or reddish brown when dry,

the upper sometimes blackish and minutely punctate, the

lower paler; midrib impressed above, elevate below;

primary nerves 15-25 pairs, 4-10 mm. apart, spreading and

are up to an intramarginal nerve 1-3 mm. from leaf

in, slightly raised and indistinct above, raised and

sia er ‘below, usually distinct, secondaries and reticulations

less distinct than primaries ; petiole usually not more than

c. 5 mm. long, occasionally c. 1 cm

Panicles terminal and axillary, often clustered, variable

in length from c. 3 cm. to c. 7 em., the longer ones with

a few slender branches, the shorter ones sometimes rather

densely flowered ; flowers white, sessile, in threes or groups

of several at branchlet ends, bracts and bracteoles minute,

triangular acute, subpersistent: buds clavate; calyx funnel

shaped, c. 6 mm. long and 3 mm. across mouth, finely

rugulose gland dotted, rather gradually contracted into a

pseudostalk c. 2-3 mm. long, mouth truncate or undulate

with a thin margin; petals falling in a gland dotted calyptra

c. 3 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments slender, subu-

late, from 2—6 mm. long, anthers ovate oblong, 0-5—0-7 mm.

long, connective gland conspicuous; style much stouter than

filaments, c. 6 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit depressed globose or transversely oblong globose,

c. 2 em. across, finely rugulose papillate when dry, apical

umbilicus very shallow, c. 4 mm. diam., bearing the very

short undulate calyx rim; pericarp thin; ‘cotyledons side by

Vol. XII. (1949).

198

side, nearly equal, testa rather thick, adhering to the rugose

cotyledon surfaces; inner faces somewhat concave, attached

to hypocotyle near their centres by short broad stalks.

When Craib made a new combination for this plant, it

appears probable that he followed King’s reduction of

Syzygium euneuron Mig. without seeing Miquel’s plant.

I have examined a duplicate of Miquel’s type from Leiden

and consider it to be very distinct from our plant in the

distinctly 4-angled and very narrowly winged uppermost

twigs; in the impressed primary nerves above, which are

much more prominent below than in E. cerasiformis, and

are more widely spaced and more distinct from the secon-

daries; in the intramarginal nerve further from the leaf

margin; and in the more caudate acuminate leaf apex.

Myrtus cerasiformis Bl. was reduced (as Jambosa

cerasiformis Hassk.) to E. lineata Duthie (E. longiflora

F. Vill.) by Koorders & Valeton, but an examination of the

type of Blume’s plant, which is in fruit, shows very clearly

that this reduction is erroneous. Although Blume’s

specimen has no flowers it corresponds so closely in all

other points with our plant that I have no doubt that it is

the same.

I have been able to examine long series of specimens

of E. jamboloides K. & V., E. javensis K. & V., and E.

Zippeliana K. & V., and have come to the conclusion that

they vary from E. cerasiformis only in such relatively minor

points as the colour of the bark of the twigs and the length

and modes of branching of the inflorescence.

104. Eugenia conglomerata Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., I,

497, (1878); King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 101; Ridl.,

F.M.P.,. I, 742). (Fig. Seo);

SELANGOR: Sungai Pelek, Sepang, Denny 56, 61; Serdang

Experimental Plantation, cultivated, Corner s.n.

MALACCA: sine loc., Maingay K.D. 745 (type collection),

Alvins s.n., 422; Gunong Ledang, Ridley s.n.

SINGAPORE: Botanic Gardens, Ridley 5073, 10836, Gardens No.

M 1502 (Nur); sine loc., Cantley s.n.

Distrib: Endemic.

Tall massive tree with steep rounded narrow buttresses; —

bark slightly fissured, somewhat flaky and scaling in small

rectangular pieces, reddish brown to warm brown; inner

bark pinkish brown or fawn pink, rather thick, more or

less fibrous; wood pale. Youngest twigs more or less 4-

angled with dark brown bark when dry, older twigs terete

with greyish or brownish smooth. Leaves coriaceous,

oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, apex subacute or blunt,

base long narrowed, from c. 5 cm. X 2 cm. to 10 em. X 55

cm., but usually ec. 7-8-cm. X 3-3-5 cm., upper surface

Gardens Bulletin, S.

199

c, E. leptostemon.

, E. conglomerata

TMs

a, E. cerasifo

Fig. 38.

Vol. XII. (1949).

200

shining, drying blackish brown, finely rugose, lower surface

dull, liver brown, closely and minutely glandular pustulate;

midrib slightly elevate or flat above, elevate below and

keeled or longitudinally wrinkled; primary nerves c. 8-12

pairs, spreading and curving up to a very obscure intra-

marginal nerve 2-3 mm. from the recurved leaf margin,

raised on both surfaces, usually rather thick and distinct

above, very fine and faint or almost. invisible below, secon-

daries and reticulations almost or quite invisible; petiole up

to c. 1 em. long, the leaf blade sometimes decurrent upon it.

Inflorescences of short fascicled spikes from small

tubercles on the older twigs below the leaves, up to c. 1 cm.

long, the rachis 4-angled, the flowers crowded at the apices

of the spikes with one or two lower down, sessile; calyx

red to purple, petals and stamens white; bracts and brac-

teoles persistent, triangular subacute, less than 0-5 mm.

long; buds broadly obconic, c. 2-5-3 mm. long; calyx broadly

funnel shaped or somewhat campanulate, c. 2-2-5 mm. long,

and as much across mouth; lobes 4, persistent, broad,

rounded, or subacute, c. 15 mm. across and 1 mm. tall;

petals 4, free, broadly ovate rounded, or orbicular, c. 1-6-2

mm. across and 1-1:5 mm. tall, thin, sparsely gland dotted;

stamens numerous, filaments subulate, from almost none to

c. 25 mm. long, anthers oblong, 0:3—0:4 mm. long, connective

gland small; style stout, 4-angled, less than 1 mm. long;

ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each cell.

Fruit depressed globose, sometimes more or less glo-

bose, up to c. 1 em. long and 1:25 em. across, shining dark

purplish red when ripe, apical calyx rim not prominent,

the umbilicus shallow, c. 3 mm. diam., with the 4 fleshy

incurved calyx lobes and remains of style and stamens;

pericarp juicy pulpy, c. 3 mm. thick, deep red pink, slightly

acid and astringent, stripping easily from the seed and

- leaving testa on cotyledons; seed 1, much depressed globose,

c. 5 mm. high and 7-5 mm. across, testa very thin, brown,

papery fibrous; cotyledons side by side, stalked, pale green,

finely gland dotted, inner faces deeply folded to accommo-

date the large terete truncate pale green gland dotted

hypocotyle which reaches outer surface of cotyledons, point

of attachment of cotyledons nearly central, with very broad

short stalks, plumule hidden under fold; germination

epigeal. When the cotyledons begin to move apart on

germination, the broad stalks curving round to meet the

hypocotyle are clearly seen and the structure is like that of

E.. malaccensis in miniature.

A distinct species in its large size, the rather small

oblanceolate blunt faintly nerved leaves and the very short

crowded spikes of small flowers from below the leaves.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

201

E. conglomerata Duthie var. paniculata var. nov.

A typa inflorescentiis paniculatis ad 4 cm. longis

differt.

JOHORE: Sungai Kayu Ara, Mawai-Jemaluang road, on hillock

in Dryobalanops forest, SFN 29368 (Corner), TYPE

collection, holotype in Herb. Singapore. |

The inflorescences of the typical form are, at their

longest, in fruit, c. 1:2 cm. and spicate. The inflorescences

of the variety have one or two pairs of branchlets up to

¢. 15 cm. long, those and the peduncle stout, ridged and

angled. Only one collection of the variety is known, a

fallen branch from a tree which the collector notes as

evidently fairly big.

105. Eugenia leptostemon (Korth.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., J, i,

442 (1858). Jambosa leptostemon Korth., Nederl.

Kruidk. Arch., I, 201 (1847). Syzygium leptostemon

(Korth.) Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Sci., XVIII, 3, 156 (1939). Hugenia urceolata King,

Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 101 (1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 742;

non Jambosa urceolata Korth., vel Eugenia urceolata

Cordem. (1895). Eugenia rotata Craib, Fl. Siam.

Enum., I, 660 (1931). E.subracemosa Merr. in Journ.

po As. Soc. Str. Br.; LXXIX, 23 (1918). (Fig.

¢c).

Common in lowland forest from Kedah to Singapore,

occasionally in hill forest. Not recorded from Penang.

Distrib: Siam, Bangka, Borneo.

A small slender tree, or up to c. 18 m. tall, trunk

cylindric at base or slightly buttressed ; bark smooth, entire,

slightly pustulate, light grey, slightly pinkish fawn; inner

bark pinkish fawn. Youngest twigs obtusely 4-angled and

grooved, drying smooth and reddish brown, older twigs

terete or slightly angled, bark pale grey or pale brown,

wrinkled or somewhat flaky. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic,

elliptic oblong or obovate elliptic, apex shortly and bluntly

acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 9-24 em. long and 3-5-12

cm. broad, usually ce. 12-18 cm. X 6-9 cm., upper surface

drying dark brown to blackish brown, shining, minutely

punctate, lower surface reddish brown, dull, with minute

raised dark gland dots; midrib broad and flat above or

slightly raised and channelled, elevate below and keeled;

primary nerves 12-20 pairs, 1-2 cm. apart, obliquely ascend-

ing to a prominent shallowly looped intramarginal nerve

3-6 mm. from leaf margin, finely channelled above, elevate

and very distinct below, sometimes broad and dark coloured,

the few lax reticulations faint; petiole up to c. 1 cm. long,

usually above 5 mm.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

202

Inflorescences from small tubercles on the twigs below

the leaves, very occasionally axillary or terminal, solitary

or several together, subracemose, from c. 1:5—-5 cm. long,

or fascicled, or occasionally paniculate, the rachis, and

branches when present, slender; flowers white, sessile,

usually 5 at the distal end of the rachis, with 1 or 2 pairs

lower down, or in groups of three at ends of branches;

calyx 6-8 mm. long, and about 5—6 mm. across mouth, sub- —

turbinate, rather abruptly contracted below lobes and

narrowed to a slender pseudostalk; lobes 4, persistent, gland

dotted, slightly unequal, broadly ovate rounded, the two

outer rather thick, c. 4mm. across and 2 mm. tall, the inner

with thin margins, c. 3 mm. tall; the calyx eventually

opening out into a flat disc; petals 4, free, spreading,

orbicular, gland dotted, 5-6 mm. diam.; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, subulate, reaching nearly 1 cm. long,

anthers ovate orbicular, 0:2-0-:3 mm. long; style much

stouter than filaments, subulate, c. 7 mm. long; ovary

2-celled.

Fruit ovoid globose, c. 155 cm. long, vertically ridged

or corrugate, apical umbilicus c. 4 mm. diam., fringed by

the very short calyx rim and the 4 hardly enlarged calyx

lobes; pericarp thin and leathery (in dried fruits) ; seed 1,

oblong globose, ¢c. 1:2 em. long, testa leathery, adhering

closely to the rugose surface of the cotyledons; cotyledons

nearly equal, side by side, inner faces gland dotted, excavate,

attached by very broad, very short stalks to the large gland

dotted hypocotyle which lies in a fold of the cotyledon faces

and reaches the periphery of the seed.

This species is distinguished by the spaced and distinct

obliquely ascending primary nerves of the leaf, the short

subracemose inflorescences usually from below the leaves

re bs calyx opening out after anthesis into an almost

at disc.

106. Eugenia pseudosubtilis King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 123

(1901), incl. var. platyphylla et var. subacuminata

King; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 746; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum.,

I, 657; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 502, fig.

168. E: cinerea Ridl., F.M.P., I, 744, quoad specimina

malayana, non Kurz ? Syzygium minutiflorum Mia.,

Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. I, 311 (1860). (Fig. 39c).

Common in the lowlands, especially in the north of Malaya,

in villages and ricefields. Not uncommon in the freshwater

swamp forest of S.E. Johore, and in Singapore.

Distrib: Siam, Sumatra, ? Borneo, ? Indo-China.

A tree reaching c. 25 m. tall, trunk cylindric or slightly —

fluted and buttressed at base; bark of older trees deeply

cracked or almost fissured vertically, with finer crevices

Gardens Bulletin, S.

203

vertically and horizontally, sometimes scaling slightly,

surface between cracks smooth or rugulose, pale whitey

grey or greyish buff; of younger trees smooth and entire,

or finely creviced longitudinally, sometimes slightly pimply

with inconspicuous lenticels, scaling in rather thick pieces

or not, whitey grey or light pinkish grey; inner bark pinkish

brown; wood pale, flesh colour or yellowish, turning fuli-

ginous on exposure. Twigs terete, bark smooth, drying

whitey grey or yellowish grey, the youngest parts sometimes

pale brown. Leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong elliptic or

narrowly elliptic, occasionally somewhat obovate, apex blunt

or subacute or shortly and broadly apiculate, base cuneate,

from c. 5-16 cm. long and 2-5-7 cm. broad, usually c.

7-11 cm. X 4-5 cm., upper surface dull, drying pale brown

to blackish brown, closely and minutely punctate, lower

surface paler; midrib impressed above, prominent below

and often pustulate towards the petiole; primary nerves

6-10 pairs, usually c. 1 cm. apart, impressed above and

usually faint, more or less raised below and fine, usually

distinct, curving up to a faint or obscure intramarginal

nerve 2-4 mm. from leaf margin; secondaries and reti-

culations usually very faint; petiole up to c. 1-5 cm. long,

the leaf blade sometimes narrowly decurrent upon it.

Panicles terminal and axillary, occasionally from twigs

below the leaves, often clustered, usually as long as or

shorter than the leaves, occasionally overtopping them, on

peduncles shorter than the leaves, branches few, distant,

divaricate, trichotomous, slender and 4-angled or com- ©

pressed ; flowers with reddish calyx, yellowish stamens and

petals, sessile in threes at ends of the short ultimate

branchlets; bracts and bracteoles short and broad, caducous

or subpersistent; calyx after anthesis funnel shaped or

slightly campanulate, finally somewhat urn shaped, c. 3 mm.

long, c. 2-5 mm. across mouth, tube finely gland dotted,

slightly narrowed to base, mouth with 4 broad very shallow

rounded rather obscure lobes; petals calyptrate; stamens

numerous, filaments subulate, glandular, up to c. 2 mm.

long, anthers oblong or ovate oblong, c. 0-5-0-7 mm. long,

connective gland conspicuous; style stouter than filaments,

c. 1 mm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit depressed oblong globose, pink to almost black,

c. 15 cm. diam., 1:2 cm. high, apex deeply and narrowly

excavate with minute remains of calyx rim; pericarp pulpy

fleshy, with fibrous strands, 3-4 mm. thick; seed 1, inner

cotyledon faces gland dotted, ridged, attached near their

centres by broad short stalks to the rather large hypocotyle.

The seeds are nearly always infected with the larvae

of a species of phytophagous Braconidae (fide H. M.

Vol. XII. (1949).

204

Pendlebury). The only uninfected seeds so far found out

Se hundreds examined are those of Ridley’s Perlis

collection.

It seems probable that the correct name for this plant

is Hugenia borneensis Miq., Anal.’ Bot. Ind., I, 24, t. 7

(1850). Our material agrees fairly well with Miquel’s

description and plate, but certain differences as figured by

Miquel, notably the free, not calyptrate petals and the more

abruptly narrowed calyx tube, along with the fact that no

material of Miquel’s species has been available for com-

parison, make it advisable that the formal reduction should

not be made until Miquel’s type can be compared with our

plant. An argument in favour of reduction is that Merrill

and Perry (Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 190

(1939) ) reduce FE. microcalyx Duthie to. E. borneensis Miq.

apparently on the basis of Kunstler 10733 and Kunstler

10785, both named E. microcalyx by King, and on a later

collection from the Malay Peninsula, the details of which

are not given. Kunstler 10735 is E. pseudosubtilis. Kunstler

10733 I have not seen, but as noted below, King’s deter-

minations of F. pseudosubtilis and E. microcalyx were not

always reliable. Typical E. microcalyx could hardly be

reconciled with Miquel’s peg ae seu and figure of LH.

borneensis.

Ridley refers part of E. pseudosubtilis to E. cinerea

Kurz. Kurz included Wall. Cat. 3576 in his species, but

this is undoubtedly FH. pseudosubtilis and not the Burmese

plant. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 634, selects the Burmese

plant as the type of H. cinerea in spite of the fact that

Kurz used Wallich’s specific name and I have followed this

procedure here. Merrill and Perry in Journ. Arn. Arb.

XIX, 106, accept Ridley’s disposition of E. pseudosubtilis

var. platyphylla, but their remarks make me suspect that

the Indo-Chinese plants which they refer to EF. cinerea are

really E'. pseudosubtilis.

E. pseudosubtilis is closely allied to H. microcalyx, and

although the typical forms of each are easily separable even

on foliage characters alone, considerable difficulty may be

found in placing correctly specimens which appear to com-

bine the characters of E. microcalyx var. irregularis and

of the broader leaved more strongly nerved forms of EF.

pseudosubtilis. Judging from the annotations on sheets in

Herb. Calcutta and Herb. Singapore, there was considerable

confusion in King’s mind over the identity of the two

species, ‘“‘microcalyx” having been substituted, in my

opinion wrongly, for ‘“pseudosubtilis’” many times, even

Kunstler 6946 and Ridley 4990, syntypes of E. pseudosub-

tilis, being treated in this manner.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

205

The main distinguishing points between the two species

are—(1) the very pale bark of the twigs in E.. pseudosubtilis

compared with the dark bark of E. microcalyx (this

character breaks down in E. pseudosubtilis var. montana) ;

(2) the more coriaceous texture of the leaves in E. pseudo-

subtilis; (3) the generally longer inflorescences on longer

peduncles in EL. microcalyx; (4) the persistent bracteoles in

E. microcalyx; (5) the smaller flowers of E. microcalyz ;

(6) the broad blunt calyx lobes of EF. pseudosubtilts com-

pared with the very small narrow acute lobes in E.

microcalyx; (7) the dark red or almost black ripe fruit of

E. pseudosubtilis compared with the white tinged pink

fruit of EF. microcalyx.

E. pseudosubtilis King, var. montana var. nov.

A typa foliis valde coriaceis plus minusve ovatis (ad

8-5 cm. longis et 5 em. latis), nervis primariis subtus plus

minusve prominentibus, apice obtuse acuminatis, cortice

ramulorum fusco differt.

PAHANG: ‘“Telom”, Ridley 13901 (inflorescences more copious

and longer than in other specimens quoted here); 47th

mile, Telom road, SFN 31258 (Holttum), TYPE collection,

holotype in Herb. Singapore; Cameron Highlands, 3,700

- feet, SFN 32734 (Nur); Fraser Hill, Forest Dept. FMS

7796.

This group has been kept separate because it may be

found to represent a distinct species closely allied to E.

pseudosubtilis and E. microcalyzx.

King’s varieties platyphylla and subacuminata are not

worth keeping up.

107. Eugenia microcalyx Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 493

(1878); King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 124, incl. var.

obovata pro parte; Ridl., F-M.P., I, 745. (Fig. 39a).

An endemic species not uncommon in lowland forest and

secondary growth from Penang to Singapore on the west side

of the Main Range.

A tree up to c. 15-16 m. tall. Youngest twigs some-

what 4-angled with smooth bark drying dark brown, older

twigs terete with paler brown bark. Leaves coriaceous,

lanceolate or oblong lanceolate to oblanceolate or obovate,

apex subacuminate or blunt, long narrowed to base, from

c.5 cm. X 2 cm. up toc. 14 cm. X 7 cm., usually about

8 cm. X 3 cm., upper surface drying blackish brown to

black, slightly polished, minutely and closely punctate, often

appearing minutely rugulose, lower surface red brown with

minute concolorous or darker pustulations; midrib im-

pressed above, elevate below and rather obscurely pustulate;

primary nerves about 10 pairs, more or less impressed and

Vol. XII. (1949).

206

Fig. 39. a, E. microcalyx; b, E. microcalyx var. irregularis;

c. E. pseudosubtilis; d, E. Kunstleri.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

207

faint above, raised and fine below, distinct or indistinct,

slightly ascending and running nearly straight to a distinct

or indistinct intramarginal nerve 2-4 mm. from the strongly

and irregularly recurved leaf margin; petiole 0-5-1 cm.

long, the leaf blade more or less decurrent upon it.

Panicles terminal and axillary, sometimes clustered,

usually exceeding the leaves, on peduncles as long as or

longer than the leaves, sometimes sessile, reaching 12—14

cm. long, branches and branchlets rather lax, spreading,

slender, angled or compressed, with brownish and obscurely

pustulate striate bark; bracts and bracteoles minute, tri-

angular acute, persistent; flowers yellowish white in threes

or clusters at branchlet ends, sessile; calyx finely glandular

pustulate, subcylindrical, a little over 2 mm. long and c.

1-2 mm. across mouth, very slightly tapered at base; mouth

with 4 distant very short obscure triangular acute persistent

lobes; petals falling in a calyptra, but not or very slightly

agglutinated, orbicular, sparsely pellucidly gland dotted,

c. 1:2-1-4 mm. diam.; stamens less than 20, filaments rather

stout, flattened below, subulate above, up to c. 1 mm. long,

anthers ovate c. 0-2-0:3 mm. long, connective gland incon-

spicuous; style narrowly conical c. 05 mm. long; ovary

2-celled.

Fruit waxy white tinged with red, finely rugose when

dry, globose or depressed globose, c. 4-5 mm. diam., apical

umbilicus very shallow, hardly excavate, c. 2 mm. diam., ©

fringed by the slightly enlarged calyx lobes; seed 1, more

or less globose, cotyledons nearly equal, side by side, inner

faces gland dotted, nearly plane or somewhat concave,

attached to hypocotyle near periphery, the plumule and

radicle sunk in a fold of one cotyledon face.

See notes on E. pseudosubtilis. —

E. microcalyx Duthie var. irregularis (Craib) var. nov.

(Fig. 39D).

Eugenia irregularis Craib in Kew. Bull. 167

(1930); Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 646. E. microcalyx

Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 500. Syzygium

wrregulare (Craib) Merr. & Perry in Journ. Arn. Arb.,

XIX, 107 (1938).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Seremban, Corner s.n.

SINGAPORE: Bukit Mandai, Ridley 10410; Economic Gardens,

Ridley 12482; Reservoir Jungle, SFN 29495, 30995,

30996 (Corner); Botanic Gardens, SFN 36530 (Kiah):

Distrib: Siam, Indo-China.

A small tree; bark more or less smooth, finely shortly

irregularly creviced or occasionally with slight fissures,

scaling in small irregular pieces, pale pinkish grey to

whitish grey, a very thin inconspicuous green layer

Vol. XIT. (1949).

208

immediately below surface; inner bark thick and fibrous

. with copious watery sap, pale pinkish buff, darkening

rapidly on exposure; wood almost white. Young twigs

terete, rather stout, green in life, drying reddish brown.

Leaves ellivtic or oblong elliptic or obovate, apex shortly

and abruptly acuminate, acumen blunt or acute, base

narrowed or cuneate, up to c. 20 cm. X 9-5 em., upper

surface rather dark shining green and more or less bullate

in life, dark brown when dry, minutely black dotted, lower

surface paler green, drying brown and minutely black

dotted; midrib impressed above, prominent and rounded

below; primary nerves up to c. 16 pairs, impressed above,

prominent below, running nearly straight or curving gently

up to a conspicuous intramarginal nerve c. 5 mm. from leaf

margin; secondaries few, fine, reticulations lax, hardly

visible; petiole stout, up to c. 1 cm. long, black when dry.

Panicles terminal, branched from base, up to c. 16 cm.

long, branches distant, the lower ones ascending, the upper

nearly horizontal and shorter, green in life and somewhat

angled or compressed, brownish and striate when dry;

flowers sessile or sometimes on very short stout pedicels,

in twos or threes, or occasionally subcapitate at the ends

of the ultimate branchlets, bracts and bracteoles minute,

persistent, triangular acute, 3 at base of each flower; calyx

yellowish shading to greenish at base, gland dotted, obconic,

without pseudostalk, c. 3 mm. long, lobes 5, very small and

distant, broadly triangular acute, kess than 0-5 mm. tall;:

petals 5, white, falling as a calyptra but not agglutinated,

more or less orbicular, c. 15-2 mm. diam., with sparse

yellow gland dots; stamens c. 25, from 0-5-2 mm. long,

filaments strap-shaped at base, subulate above, anthers

small, connective gland yellowish; style narrowly conical,

c. 1 mm. tall; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit pink when ripe with inconspicuous white dots,

or white on one side, more or less globose, oblong globose

or depressed globose, c. 4-5 mm. diam., 3-5-4 mm. tall,

apical umbilicus shallow and rather wide, c. 15—2 mm.

diam., bearing the hardly enlarged incurved calyx lobes and

remains of stamens and style base; pericarp juicy, white,

rather thick, nearly 1 mm. in places; seed 1, more or less

reniform or oblong, c. 3-5 mm. long, cotyledons superposed,

outer surface inconspicuously gland dotted, more or less

equal, inner faces oblique, nearly plane, attached to hypo-

cotyle at periphery, the small radicle and plumule sunk in

a slight fold in the edge of one cotyledon.

The larger and broader leaves with more pronounced

venation distinguish this variety from the typical form.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

209

108. Eugenia myriantha King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 125

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 745. (Fig. 40/).

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini 337 (type collection).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tall tree. Twigs terete. Leaves very coriaceous,

elliptic lanceolate to oblanceolate, apex subacute, base

narrowed, up to c. 45 cm. X 2 cm., upper surface polished,

drying pale brown, punctate, lower surface dull, darker

brown, subglaucous; midrib impressed above, elevate below ;

primary nerves 3 or 4 pairs, ascending, distant, very faint

and obscure on both surfaces, reticulation invisible; petiole

up to c. 8 mm. long.

Panicles terminal or from upper leaf axils, numerous,

pedunculate, up to c. 7 cm. long, the branches numerous

and spreading, rather slender, angled; flowers sessile in

clusters at ends of the short quadrangular branchlets, sub-

tended by minute, subpersistent broad bracteoles; calyx

cylindric, c. 2 mm. long.

Known only from one collection. This species ap-

proaches some forms of E. pseudosubtilis and may not be

more than a variety of that variable species. The leaves,

however, are much smaller and thicker than in any form

of E. pseudosubtilis that I have seen, the upper surface

pitted and the nerves obscure on both surfaces.

There is no indication of the locality on the label, but

the appearance of the specimens suggests that it is a

mountain or ridge top plant, although a note, ? in

Scortechini’s hand, pinned to one sheet in Herb. Calcutta,

describes it as a tall tree.

109. Eugenia Kunstleri King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 127

(1901); Ridl., F.M.P., I, 746. E. albidiramea Merr.

in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., XV, 221 (1920). Syzygium

albidirameum (Merr.) Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer.

Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 190 (1939). (Fig. 39d).

KEMAMAN: Bukit Kajang, 500 feet, SFN 30322, 30420,

30492 (Corner).

PENANG: sine loc., Curtis 179 (syntype).

PERAK: Larut, up to 800 feet, Kunstler 3310 (syntype),

200-500 feet, Kunstler 3680 (syntype).

JOHORE: 5% mile, Kota Tinggi-Mawai road, SFN 29301

(Corner); Sungai Sedili, SFN 36920 (Corner).

SINGAPORE: Botanic Gardens, Ridley 6418; Mandai road, SFN

37725 (Kiah).

Distrib: Borneo.

A tree reaching c. 24-25 m. tall, trunk cylindric or

slightly fluted at base; bark distinctly though thinly papery

flaky, slightly pustulate with scattered lenticels, pallid

rufous fawn or orange rufous; inner bark rather thick,

pale pinkish or brownish buff or yellowish brownish, turning

Vol. XII. (1949).

210

mauvish or brownish on exposure; wood pallid buff. Twigs

slender, terete, bark smooth and somewhat polished, drying

pale, the youngest shoots obscurely quadrangular with

brown pustulate bark. JLéaves thinly coriaceous, oblong

lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate to ovate lanceolate or

narrowly elliptic, apex acuminate, base cuneate or long

narrowed, from c. 65-19 cm. long and 3-6 cm. broad, upper ~

surface dull, drying brown to blackish brown, very

minutely and closely black dotted, punctate or obscurely

pustulate, lower surface brown or reddish brown, minutely

glandular pustulate; midrib narrowly and deeply impressed

above, prominent below, rugose pustulate; primary nerves

8-12 pairs, c. 1-1-5 cm. apart, more or less impressed above

and rather faint, bold below, more or less pustulate, nearly

straight or curving up to a bold looped intramarginal nerve

c. 4-5 mm. from leaf margin, with a much fainter series

of loops close to the margin; secondaries and lax reticula-

tions usually invisible above, very fine and faint below;

petiole up to c. 1:5 em. long, rather slender, rugose when

dry, deeply channelled above.

Panicles terminal or from upper leaf axils, often

clustered, shortly pedunculate, reaching c. 12 cm. long but

usually much shorter than the leaves, peduncle, rachis and

the many spreading branches slender, 4-angled, drying

brown and minutely pustulate; flowers sessile or occa-

sionally on very short stcut pedicels, in threes at ends of

the short ultimate branchlets; calyx green, petals and —

filaments white; calyx funnel shaped, quadrangular, c. 3

mm. lone and 2 mm. across mouth, narrowed at base or

contracted rather suddenly into a pseudostalk varying from

less than 0-5 mm. to c. 1 mm. long; mouth with 4 obscure

broad. rounded subpersistent lobes less than 0-4 mm. tall ;

petals 4, free, orbicular, 15-2 mm. diam., or falling in a

calyptra, either completely agglutinated or partially so;

stamens about 20, filaments rather stout, flattened, less than

1 mm. long, anthers elliptic, c. 0:3 mm. long, connective

gland small; style rather slender, c. 0-7 mm. long; ovary

2-celled.

Fruit ovoid or obovoid, c. 1-5 em. long, 1-25 cm. across,

smooth, somewhat narrowed at base, apical umbilicus very

shallow, c. 3 mm. diam., fringed by the very short calyx

rim; pericarp thin and tough, seed with large blunt con-

spicuous hypocotyle reaching periphery.

E. albidiramea Merv. is known from fruiting specimens

only, but although the fruit of the type (Elmer 21762) is

larger and more deeply wrinkled than in any Malayan

collection, that of Elmer 21518, cited in the original

description, corresponds exactly to several of our collections,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

211

and two flowering collections which match the type of LE.

Kunstleri very closely have been made in Borneo. They

are SFN 36098 (Daud & Tachun) from Gunong Gading,

Sarawak, and SFN 26869 (Carr) from Tenompok, Mt.

Kinabalu.

This species is allied to E. pustulata but differs in the

less oblong leaves, the more slender inflorescence branches

:and the smaller fiowers.

110. Eugenia polyantha Wight, Ill.. Il, 17 (1841); Duthie

in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 496; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12,

103; Ridl., F.M.P., & "742: Koord. & Valet. in Meded.

Lands Plantent.., XL, 88: Atlas Baumart. Java, III, figs.

470, 471; Craib, Fi. Siam. Enum., I, 656; Corner,

Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 501, pl. 152, 153, fig. 168.

Syzygum polyanthum (Wight) Walp., Repert., II, 180

(1843) ; Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts &

Sei., XVIII, 3, 155. Hugenia balsamea Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 754, non Wight. E. Junghuhniana Miq., FI. Ind.

Bat., I, i, 444 (1855). EH. nitida Duthie in Hook. fil.,

F.B.1., II, 496 (1878). (Fig. 40a).

Widely distributed from Langkawi and Kelantan to

Singapore, in lowland forest and secondary growth and in

villages, commonest in the south of the Peninsula.

Distrib: Burma, Siam, Indo-China, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

A rather slender tree up to c. 24 m. tall; bark

-creviced into small regular inconspicuous rectangular pieces,

not or slightly flaky, rather thick, pale grey or whitish grey;

inner bark thick, pink, turning mauvish on exposure; wood

pale. Twigs terete, drying reddish brown or greyish

brown, bark somewhat flaky. Leaves thinly coriaceous,

narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, oblong elliptic or oblong

oblanceolate, usually shortly and bluntly acuminate, some-

times caudate acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 7-16 cm.

long and 2:5-7 cm. broad; upper surface drying dull or

slightly shiny, dark brown to almost black, minutely

‘punctate, dull below and brown or reddish brown, closely

‘pellucid dotted in life, minutely black dotted or pustulate

when dry; midrib impressed above, prominent below;

primary nerves c. 7-11 pairs, 0-5-1 cm. or more apart,

usually faint above, slightly prominent below and usually

.quite distinct, spreading or obliquely ascending, nearly

- gtraight or slightly curved to an intramarginal nerve 2—4

~ -mm. from leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations usually

faint or obscure; petiole usually c. 0-5 em. long, rarely as

much as 1 cm.

Panicles usually from the young twigs below the leaves,

sometimes axillary, numerous, up to c. 5 ecm. long but

-occasionally as much as 10 cm. long, peduncled or branched

Vol. XII. (1949).

212

from near base, the rachis and short divaricate branches

slender, 4-angled or compressed, bracts and _ bracteoles

minute, subpersistent, triangular acute; flowers faintly

fragrant, calyx greenish, petals and stamens white, sessile,

usually in threes at the ends of the branches or of the

short branchlets; calyx campanulate, narrowed into a short

pseudostalk, tube c. 2 mm. long; lobes 4, green, broadly —

ovate rounded, c. 1:5 mm. tall, the two outer thinner and

slightly larger than the two inner, conspicuously pellucid

dotted; petals 4,,.free, thin, broadly ovate rotund, con-

spicuously pellucid dotted, c. 3 mm. across and 2-5 mm. tall,

the two outer ones often retuse, quickly deciduous; stamens

numerous, filaments subulate, gland dotted, up to c. 4 mm.

long, anthers oblong ovate, c. 0-4 mm. long, connective gland

small; style terete, narrowly conic, apex truncate, c. 2 mm.

long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate. After the petals fall the

calyx opens out into a flat pinkish disc and the calyx lobes

shrivel and turn pink.

Fruit green when full grown, ripening deep pink or

dull dark scarlet to purple black, globose to depressed

globose, c. 1-2 cm. diam., apical umbilicus shallow, 3—4 mm.

diam., bearing on its margin the 4 enlarged persistent fleshy

calyx lobes; pericarp c. 2 mm. thick, juicy and pulpy,

whitish tinged pink, faintly sweet; seed depressed globose,

c. 7mm. diam., testa pale brown, thin, adhering to the green

rugose and gland dotted surface of the cotyledons; cotyle-

dons side by side, inner faces green, gland dotted, nearly

plane, sessile, attached to the stout hypocotyle near

periphery. Germination hypogeal.

E. polyantha Wight var. sessilis var. nov.

A typa floribus fasciculatis differt.

JOHORE: Sungai Kayu, in swampy forest, a tree 30-35 feet

tall, SFN 32413 (Kiah), TYPE collection, holotype in

Herb. Singapore .

At first sight this looks different from the typical form,

but the foliage and flowers conform and the only difference

is in the entire absence of inflorescence rachis.

111. Eugenia Koordersiana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 128

(1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 732. (Fig. 40b).

PERAK: Larut, within 100 feet, Kunstler 6208, 6385 (syn-

types), 300-500 - feet, Kunstler 6233 (syntype) ; ; Pondok

Tanjong, Forest Dept. FMS 11792, 11798; sine loc.,

Scortechini s.n., 257 (syntype).

SELANGOR: sine loc., Burn-Murdoch svn.

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree up to c. 24 m. tall. Twigs terete, smooth,

blackish brown when dry. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly

elliptic or narrowly ovate elliptic, rarely oblanceolate, apex

Gardens Bulletin, S.

ea ee

213

Fig. 40. a, E. polyantha; b, E. Koordersiana; c, E. orites:;

d, E. alyxifolia; e, E. tetraptera var. pseudotetraptera;

f, E. myriantha.

Vol. XII. (1949).

214

shortly and abruptly acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 5 cm.

x 25 cm. to 11 cm. X 5 em., both surfaces drying very

dark brown to blackish brown, the lower slightly paler;

midrib impressed above, prominent below; primary nerves

8-14 pairs, impressed above, fine but slightly elevate and

distinct below, curving up to a shallowly looped intramar-

ginal nerve c. 2-4 mm. from leaf margin, with a very faint

series of loops nearer the margin, reticulations invisible

above, very slightly raised and rather indistinct below;

petiole from c. 5 mm. to nearly 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or occasionally from upper leaf axils,

often clustered, pedunculate, usually longer than the leaves,

corymbose, with several pairs of spreading or obliquely

ascending branches up to c. 4 em. long, they and the rachis

sharply or obtusely 4-angled with dark smooth bark;

flowers white, sessile, in threes or fives at ends of branches

or of short .rather slender branchlets, buds clavate; calyx

campanulate, c. 4 mm. long and 2 mm. across mouth, some-

what 4-angled, rather gradually contracted into a short not

well defined pseudostalk; lobes 4, deep, broad, and rounded,

c. 2 mm. across and 1:2 mm. tall, caducous; petals 4,

probably falling as a calyptra, but free, more or less

orbicular, 35-4 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments

slender, up to 5-6 mm. long, anthers.broadly elliptic, c. 0-3

mm. long, connective gland distinct; style stouter than

filaments, c. 6 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Merrill and Perry point out that E. Koordersiana is

very closely allied to Syzygium confertum (Korth.) Merr.

& Perry. I have seen only Elmer 20126 of the specimens

cited by Merrill and Perry and on the basis of this collection

the two species are certainly very close, but F. Koordersiana

has the primary nerves impressed above in all the material

seen, and the branchlets have darker bark. It is better

to keep the two species separate until H. Koordersiana is

better known.

112. Eugenia orites Ridl., F.M.P., V (Suppl.), 308 (1925).

(Fig. 40c).

JOHORE: Gunong Belumut, 3,000 feet, SFN 10722 (Holttum),

type collection.

A tree. Twigs rather slender, terete, bark smooth,

drying greyish or blackish brown. Leaves thickly

-coriaceous, elliptic lanceolate, apex narrowed and blunt, base

cuneate, up to c. 55 em. X 2:5 cm., both surfaces drying

reddish brown, dull, the upper minutely punctate; midrib

narrowly impressed above, elevate below; primary nerves

4—7 pairs, 5-8 mm. apart, slightly raised and rather indis-

tinct above, raised and distinct below, obliquely ascending

Gardens Bulletin, S.

215

to an intramarginal nerve 2-3 mm. from the more or less

recurved leaf margin, reticulation obscure above, less

distinct below than the primaries; petiole up to c. 7 mm.

long, rather stout.

Cymes terminal, usually several together, or occa-

sionally from upper leaf axils, up to c. 4 cm. long, rachis

slender, angled and longitudinally wrinkled, drying dark,

with three sessile flowers at its apex and often a pair lower

down ; calyx campanulate, c. 8 mm. long and 6 mm. across

mouth after anthesis, narrowed gradually to a pseudostalk

2-3 mm. long; lobes 4, thick with thin margins, suborbicular,

c. 4 mm. diam., quickly deciduous and leaving a truncate-

undulate calyx limb; petals not seen; stamens with very

slender filaments, c. 6 mm. long, anthers ovate, c. 0-5-0-6

mm. long, connective gland rather conspicuous; style much

stouter than filaments, subulate, c. 6 mm. long; ovary

2-celled.

A little known plant only once collected, but distinct

in the small leaves, cymose inflorescence with few rather

large flowers and the large, quickly deciduous calyx lobes.

SFN 28907 (Symington & Kiah) from Gunong Tapis,

Kuantan, Pahang, alt. 4,600 feet, may be this, but it has

much larger leaves, a shorter inflorescence and somewhat

larger flowers with longer styles.

113. Eugenia alyxifolia Ridl. in Journ. Bot., 296 (1924);

F.M.P., V (Suppl.), 309 (1925). (Fig. 40d).

PAHANG: Fraser Hill, 4,000 feet, SFN 11213 (Nur), type

collection.

A shrub. Twigs slender, the youngest acutely 4-

angled, bark drying dark, minutely rugulose pustulate, older

twigs obtusely 4-angled or terete, bark drying smooth and

yellowish or greyish. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or

narrowly oblong lanceolate, apex shortly and bluntly

acuminate, base narrowed, up to c. 7 em. X 2-5 cm.; upper

surface drying blackish brown, closely pitted, lower surface

paler, reddish brown, minutely rugulose pustulate; midrib

impressed above, prominent below and keeled towards the

petiole; primary nerves 15-20 pairs, 3-5 mm. apart, almost

invisible above, slightly raised and faint below, curving

slightly to a very faint intramarginal nerve close to and

hidden by the recurved leaf margin; petiole from 0-5-1

cm. long.

Panicles terminal, very short, c. 1 em. long and 1-5-2

cm. across, sessile and branched from base, branches short,

crowded, spreading, 4-angled; flowers white, sessile in

threes at the ends of very short branchlets, buds narrowly

Vol. XII. (1949).

216

obconic truncate, c. 355 mm. long; calyx after anthesis

funnel shaped or somewhat campanulate, narrowed

gradually to base, pseudostalk not sharply marked off;

lobes 4, short, broad and rounded, obscure, incurved in bud;

petals falling in a thick flat calyptra c. 15 mm. diam.;

stamens less than 30, filaments stout, flattened below,

reaching a little more than 1 mm. long, anthers ovate

elliptic, c. 0:2 mm. long, connective gland distinct; style

rather stout, narrowly conical, c. 1 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Collected only once, but distinct in the narrow leaves

closely pitted above and in the very short inflorescences |

with very small flowers.

114. Eugenia pseudocrenulata nom. nov. (Fig. 41).

E. crenulata Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.1., Il, 490

(1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 91; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 751; non Willd. (1800).

KEMAMAN: Bukit Kajang, 500 feet, SFN 30456 (Corner),

leaf specimens matching the type very closely.

PerRAK: Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS

33754, leaf specimens.

MALACCA: sine loc., Maingay K.D. 739 (type collection).

SINGAPORE: Selitar, Ridley 6232; Mandai road, SFN 28090

(Corner).

Distrib: Endemic.

A tree up toc. 12 m. tall, trunk slightly fluted and stilt

rooted at base; bark entire, lenticellate or bumpy, or

tesselately cracked in small patches, warm brown or greyish

rufous; inner bark thick, deep pink brown or deep red

brown, with dark brown gummy transversely elongate

tannin cavities, very astringent; wood buff white. Twigs

terete, bark drying brown and finely wrinkled. Leaves

thickly coriaceous, stiff, dark green above and yellowish

below in life, elliptic or elliptic rotund to narrowly oblong

elliptic, apex rounded or somewhat narrowed with a short

apiculus, or shortly and broadly acuminate, base cuneate,

from c. 10-20 em. long and 5-10 cm. broad, upper surface

drying olivaceous to almost black, usually somewhat

polished, often with large scattered gland pits, lower surface

duller, reddish or dark brown, conspicuously dark gland

dotted in life; midrib impressed above, prominent below and

longitudinally wrinkled or keeled; primary nerves c. 30

pairs, usually c. 0-5 em. apart, raised and distinct on both ~

surfaces, more prominent below, obliquely ascending to a

distinct intramarginal nerve 2-3 mm. from the shallowly

and rather obscurely crenate leaf margin; secondaries and

numerous reticulations almost as distinct on both surfaces

as primaries; petiole stout, drying black and wrinkled, up

to c. 2 cm. long.

‘ Gardens Bulletin, S.

218

Panicles terminal, up to c. 18 cm. long, on long

peduncles, corymbose, trichotomous, peduncles and branches

rather slender, obtusely 4-angled, bracts and bracteoles

subpersistent, minute, narrowly triangular acute; flowers

numerous, sessile in threes at the ends of the short ‘ultimate

branchlets ; calyx after anthesis funnel shaped or narrowly

campanulate, c. 4mm. long and 3 mm. across mouth, tapered

to base and rather suddenly contracted into a _ short

pseudostalk c. 1 mm. long; lobes apparently 4, large and

rounded, thin, quickly deciduous ; petals falling in a thick

gland dotted calyptra €.-.2- mm) diam. : stamens numerous,

filaments slender, c. 4 mm. long, anthers broadly ovate

elliptic c. 0-4 mm. diam., connective gland distinct; style

much stouter than filaments, c. 3-5 mm. long; ovary 2-celled,

multiovulate.

Fruit ripening pallid watery white, depressed globose,

c. 1 cm. long and 1:5-1:75 cm. across, apical umbilicus c. 2

mm. diam., the calyx rim not prominent; pericarp c. 2-3

mm. thick; seed c. 0-75 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, more or

less conforming -to shape of fruit but slightly compressed

laterally; testa rather thin, leathery crustaceous, not

membranous, adhering closely to cotyledons; cotyledons

juxtaposed, nearly equal, their surfaces smooth with distant

conspicuous dark gland dots, inner faces nearly plane,

similarly gland dotted, attached to hypocotyle near their

centres by very short broad stalks.

A little known species which seems to be very distinct

in its large stiff crenate leaves with the venation raised on

both surfaces, and in the large panicles of small flowers.

115. Eugenia tetraptera (Mig.) comb. nov. (Fig. 42).

Jambosa tetraptera Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. I,

311 (1860-62).

SELANGOR: Sungai Buloh Forest Reserve, Ridley 13345, Forest

Dept. FMS 2283, 27135, 29791.

Distrib: Sumatra (Penasa, Siak, Ridley 8987), Bangka

(type). |

A ?tree. Twigs slender, the youngest quadrangular

with short coarse rufous glandular hairs, the angles with

very conspicuous very wavy membranous wings, older twigs

terete with pale flaky bark. Leaves thinly coriaceous,

narrowly ovate or ovate oblong or ovate lanceolate, apex

shortly and bluntly acuminate, base rounded and minutely

cordate, 4 cm. X 2 cm. to 7 cm. X 3:5 cm.; upper surface

drying dark brown, somewhat polished, minutely and

closely punctate, lower surface reddish brown; midrib deeply

impressed above, prominent below and _ conspicuously

tuberculate, especially towards base; primary nerves c. 10

Gardens Bulletin, S.

TESS

ALS

Orel

Vol. XII. (1949).

220

pairs, impressed above and very distinct, prominent below,

almost straight or curving slightly to a prominent shallowly

looped intramarginal nerve 3-4 mm. from leaf margin,

with a much less prominent series of loops c. 1 mm. from

margin; reticulations invisible above, slightly raised and

broad below, much less distinct than primaries; petiole very

short, stout, closely wrinkled-tuberculate.

Flowers sessile, in terminal or axillary pseudo-umbellate

sessile or almost sessile heads reaching c. 2 cm. diam., closely

crowded and bracteate, the bracts not very conspicuous,

subpersistent, linear oblong, keeled, c. 3 mm. long; calyx

narrowly cylindric funnel shaped, 7-8 mm. long, c. 3 mm.

across mouth, glaucous and longitudinally wrinkled, rather

’ abruptly narrowed at base into a slender pseudostalk c. 2-3

mm. long; lobes 5, conspicuous, persistent, oblong ovate

blunt, about 1 mm. across and 1 mm. tall; petals falling

in a calyptra c. 2-5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments

very slender, up to c. 6-7 mm. long, anthers ovate, 0:2—0:3

mm. long, connective gland large and conspicuous; style

much stouter than filaments, c 8 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

E. tetraptera (Miq.) Henderson var. pseudotetraptera

(King) var. nov. Eugenia pseudotetraptera King, Mat.

yas No. 12, 109 (1901) ; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 739. (Fig.

é).

PAHANG: Cameron Highlands, 5,000 feet, SF'N 18050 (Hen-

derson & Whitty), Forest Dept. FMS 31018; Sungai

Bertam, Cameron Highlands, Forest Dept. FMS 36265;

Fraser Hill, Forest Dept. FMS 45418.

JOHORE: Gunong Panti, 1,600 feet, Ridley 4197, TYPE collection

of E. pseudotetraptera King and of var. pseudotetraptera,

holotype in Herb. Singapore; Sungai Kayu, Mawai-

Jemaluang road, SFN 32018 (Corner); Sungai Sedili,

Corner s.n.

Distrib: Karimon Islands (Ridley 348).

King remarks that his species is very near Jambosa

tetraptera Miq., and I do not think it can be held to be more

than a variety. King, of course, did not see the Sungal

Buloh specimens here placed under Miquel’s species. The

variety differs from the type only in the much more

conspicuous and persistent bracts, and in the absence of the

rufous glandular hairs on the young stems and of the

tuberculations on the midrib of the leaf below.

The fruit is c. 7-8 mm. diam., globular, crowned by

the short wide calyx rim and lobes; seed 1, globular,

cotyledons side by side, nearly equal, conspicuously gland

dotted, inner faces folded and excavate, attached near their

centres to the large hypocotyle which reaches the periphery

of the seed.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

221

The specimens from Sungai Buloh cited above under

Miquel’s species are a close match for a sheet of Teysmann

3307 preserved in Herb. Calcutta, which is doubtless part

of the type collection. Ridley 13345 has the pseudo-

umbellate inflorescence of the type, but the other specimens

show a tendency to a paniculate inflorescence which may

be due simply to the dropping of the leaves in the axils of

which the inflorescences arise, along with a tendency

to produce the inflorescences on short peduncles. The

- typical form of the variety has the flowers in sessile

glomeruli, but in other specimens the inflorescence is

pseudo-paniculate, again apparently due to the dropping or

suppression of leaves and development of short peduncles.

This creates an inflorescence very similar to that of E.

polita King.

Syzygium pterophorum Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer.

Acad. Arts and Sci., XVIII, 3, 158 (1939), of which I have

seen a duplicate of Clemens 31300 (cited in the original

description) and SFN 27096 (Carr) is very close to

E. tetraptera var. pseudotetraptera, differing only in the

pustulate, not glaucous and longitudinally wrinkled calyx

tube, the shorter pseudostalk, and possibly in the more

quickly deciduous bracts.

116. Eugenia polita King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 110 (1901) ;

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 739; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya,

p. 501, fig. 168. (Fig. 43a, eae

KEDAH: Jerai Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 17932;

Kedah Peak, 3,000 feet, Ridley 5208.

PENANG: sine loc., Wallich 3626; Government Hill, 1,200 feet,

Curtis 511 (syntype).

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini s.n., Wray 2822 (syntype);

Haram Parah, Scortechini 585 (syntype); Larut, 2,500-

3,000 feet, Kunstler 6902 (syntype); near Ulu Kerling,

400-600 feet, Kunstler 8679 (syntype) ; Gopeng, 500-1,000

feet, Kunstler 5780.

SELANGOR: Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS

13023.

MALACCA: Sungai Udang, Holmberg 859 (syntype, cited by

King as Ridley’s number).

PAHANG: Kuantan, Forest Dept. FMS 6682; Fraser Hill, 4,000

feet, SFN 33207 (Corner).

JOHORE: Kuala Sembrong, Lake & Kelsall 4078 (syntype,

cited by King as Ridley’s number); Kukub, Forest Dept.

FMS 6057; Pulau Setindan, near Mersing, SFN 29769

(Corner).

Distrib: Endemic.

Usually a shrub or small tree but reaching 24-25 m.

tall; bark thinly flaky, rufous orange. Twigs slender,

Vol. XII. (1949).

222

acutely 4-angled, more or less winged, the wings sometimes

broad and wavy, bark drying pale brown, smooth or flaky.

Leaves coriaceous or thickly coriaceous, narrowly lanceolate

to ovate lanceolate, apex acuminate, sometimes shortly and

bluntly, sometimes caudate acuminate, base broadly cuneate

or rounded, variable in size, from c. 455 cm. 1:75 cm. to

c.9cm. X 35 cm. or 6 cm. X 3:5 em., both surfaces shining’

when dry, the upper liver brown to blackish brown, more

or less punctate, lower surface paler and more reddish

brown, with scattered black dots; midrib impressed above,

usually raised below, sometimes nearly flat; primary nerves

up to c. 14 pairs, spaced, faint or invisible above, sometimes

raised below and quite distinct, sometimes obscure or almost

invisible, meeting in an obscure intramarginal nerve close

to the leaf margin; petiole very short, drying black and

wrinkled.

Panicles axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves,

condensed, usually not more than c. 2-3 cm. long, branches

and rachis rather stout, 4-angled and more or less winged,

bark drying pale brown and smooth, bracts persistent, very

numerous and conspicuous, those at base of panicle narrow

with long subulate points, c. 3 mm. long, those subtending

the branches oblong ovate or obovate, rounded, conspicu-

ously gland dotted, c. 4 mm. long and 3:5 mm. broad, those

subtending the flowers from broadly oblong to linear oblong,

blunt, 4—5 mm. long; flowers sessile, the bracts overtopping

them at least in bud, calyx cylindric-funnelshaped, c. 5 mm.

long and 3 mm. across mouth, contracted at base into a very

short pseudostalk, tube slightly wrinkled; lobes 5,

conspicuous, persistent, erect, broadly ovate rounded, c. 1:2

mm. across and 1 mm. tall; petals calyptrate; stamens c. 2

mm. long, filaments slender, anthers oblong ovate, 0-4—0:5

mm. long, connective gland distinct; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit greenish white with very fine dark mottling,

more or less globose or ovoid globose, 8—9 mm. long and 7-8

mm. across, crowned by the calyx rim c. 1 mm. high and

2 mm. across, bearing the erect slightly incurved enlarged

calyx lobes c. 2 mm. tall, ?falling when the fruit is fully

ripe; pericarp thin, testa dark brown; seed black, nearly

globose or slightly oblong globose, 6-7 mm. diam., surface

of cotyledons slightly mucilaginous and minutely pitted;

cotyledons intense purple, side by side, commissure wavy ;

inner faces interlocking, point of attachment hidden under

fold, hypocotyle large, more or less warty, terete, reaching

periphery of seed.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

223 -

117. Eugenia tecta King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 109 (1901) ;

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 739. (Fig. 43d, e).

PERAK: Larut, within 100 feet, Kunstler 1863 (type

collection) ; Bukit Blakang Parang, near Gunong Bintang,

SFN 21068 (Hanif).

Distrib: Endemic.

A small tree. Twigs slender, acutely 4-angled, the

youngest parts narrowly winged on the angles, bark drying

dark brown, smooth, becoming flaky. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, ovate lanceolate to oblong lanceolate or oblong

ovate, apex acuminate, base rounded and more or less

cordate, up to c. 9-5 em. long and 4 cm. broad; both surfaces

drying pale brown or pale reddish brown, the upper slightly

darker, somewhat polished, sparsely punctate, the lower

dull, minutely and sparsely dark gland dotted; midrib

impressed above, elevate below, with small scattered

tubercles; primary nerves numerous (about 20 pairs), very

slightly raised and very faint on both surfaces, invisible in

some leaves, nearly horizontal and curving up to an obscure

nearly straight intramarginal nerve 1-2 mm. from leaf

gt ae petiole 2-4 mm. long, densely tuberculate, drying

ack.

Flowers “golden”, crowded in terminal or axillary

fascicles, sessile, bracteoles small and subpersistent; calyx

wrinkled and subglaucous when dry, funnel shaped, 10-11

mm. long and 4 mm. across mouth, tapered to base and

contracted into a slender pseudostalk 1-5-3 mm. long; lobes

5, persistent, erect, ovate triangular subacute, c. 2 mm.

across and 1:5 mm. tall; petals 5, free, ovate orbicular, with

large pellucid gland dots, c. 4 mm. diam-:; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, up to c. 8 mm. long, anthers oblong, c.

0-5 mm. long connective gland large and conspicuous.

Frut globular, 7-8 mm. diam., with large scattered

pellucid gland dots, apical umbilicus wide and rather deep,

fringed by the erect, slightly enlarged calyx lobes; seed

globose, c. 6 mm. diam., cotyledons superposed, nearly equal,

commissure wavy, inner faces gland dotted, deeply excavate

and folded, attached near their centres by short broad stalks

to the very large angled and warted hypocotyle which

reaches the periphery of the seed and is there truncate and

broadened.

118. Eugenia jasminifolia-Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus., X,

1338 (1920); F.M.P., I, 740. (Fig. 43f).

KELANTAN: Sungai Keteh, SF'N 11993 (Nur); Gunong Sitong,

Forest Dept. FMS 37751.

TRENGGANU: sine loc., Forest Dept. FMS 26910.

PERAK: Kledang Saiong, Forest Dept. FMS 25795.

MALACCA: base of Gunong Mering, Ridley 3299.

Vol. XII. (1949).

224

Fig. 43.

a, b, c, E. polita; d, e, E. tecta; f, E. jasminifolia.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

225

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gunong Tampin, Ridley s.n.; Gemas, SFN

4976 (Burkill); Ulu Rembau, SF'N 11775. (Nur).

PAHANG: Bukit Kajang, Raub, Forest Dept. FMS 20405;

Ulu Serau, Forest Dept. FMS 28233, 28335.

Distrib: Endemic.

A small bushy tree. Twigs very slender, the youngest

acutely or obtusely 4-angled, older ones terete, drying

smooth and pale brown. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceo-

late to ovate lanceolate, apex acuminate or caudate

acuminate, base cuneate or narrowed and minutely rounded,

from c. 2-5 cm. X 1 em. toc. 6 em. X 2:5 em., both surfaces

drying pale brown to reddish brown, the upper darker,

polished and punctate, lower dull, with scattered black dots;

midrib impressed above, elevate below, with distant

pustulations; primary nerves about 10 pairs, usually very

faint or invisible on both surfaces, occasionally slightly

raised below; petiole drying black and wrinkled, up to c. 4

mm. long but usually shorter.

Flowers sessile in dense axillary and terminal sessile

heads c. 1 cm. across, with numerous narrowly oblong acute

. papery keeled bracts longer than the flowers, dropping after

the flowers open; calyx narrowly funnel shaped, c. 6 mm.

long and 3—4 mm. across mouth after anthesis, longitudin-

ally wrinkled, gradually narrewed to base and there

contracted into a short pseudostalk 0-5-1 mm. long; lobes 5,

persistent, erect, glandular pustulate, ovate triangular, c. 1:5

mm. across and 1:5 mm. tall; petals free (?falling as a

calyptra), orbicular, conspicuously glandular pustulate, c.

12 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments slender,

flattened, up to c. 7 mm. long, anthers elliptic oblong, c. 0-4

mm. long, connective gland distinct; style stout, terete, c.

9 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit globular, greenish or white when ripe, c. 8 mm.

diam., smooth, minutely and closely glandular, apical

umbilicus shallow, c. 3 mm. diam., fringed by the erect

calyx lobes; pericarp thin; seed 1, ’ globose or somewhat

reniform, testa rather papery, adhering closely to the

smooth conspicuously gland pitted surface of the cotyledons;

inner faces conspicuously gland dotted, excavate and folded,

the hypocotyle large, quadrangular, gland dotted, almost

concealed in a fold of one cotyledon, reaching periphery of

seed and there expanded and truncate.

The four preceding species, E. tetraptera, E. polita, E.

tecta and E. jasminifolia form a group of closely related

species which tend to overlap in a confusing manner. Of

none of them is there abundant material and further

collections may show that too many species have been made.

Vol. XII. (1949).

226

They may be distinguished as follows :—

Bracts conspicuous, as long as flowers:

Flowers in sessile heads:

Leaves more or less nerveless, narrowed to base

jasminifolia.

Leaves with raised nerves below, bases rounded,

usually more or less cordate

tetraptera var. pseudotetraptera.

Flowers in condensed panicles:

Leaves lanceolate, usually narrowed to base

polita.

Leaves with broad, rounded, more or less cordate

bases tetraptera var. pseudotetraptera.

Bracts small or absent:

Leaves with very faint nerves, midrib below very

slightly tuberculate or smooth tecta.

Leaves with conspicuous raised nerves below, midrib

conspicuously tuberculate tetraptera.

The flowers of the four species are all of the same type,

having a narrowly funnel shaped calyx with persistent

ey, but those of FE. tecta are larger than those of the other

three.

The following collection, which belongs in this group,

has not been placed. It appears to connect FE. jasminifolia

with EF. tecta. It has a sessile bracteate inflorescence but

the flowers are larger than in jasminifolia and approach

those of tecta. The leaves are thicker and larger than those

of jasminifolia, rounded and minutely cordate at base,

without black dots :—

JOHORE: Gunong Belumut, 3,000 ft., SFN 10820

(Holttum).

119. Eugenia nitidula Ridl., F.M.P., V (Suppl.) 308 Sit

(Fig. 44a, b).

PERAK: Gunong Inas, 5,000 feet, Wray 4114, 4115.

PAHANG: Fraser Hill, 4,000 feet, SFN 8677 (Burkill &

Holttum), type collection; Cameron Highlands, ec. 5,000

feet, SFN 13039 (Henderson & Whitty) ; Jasar, Cameron

Highlands, Forest Dept. FMS 27309; Gunong Berumban,

Cameron Highlands, Forest Dept. FMS 31010; Gunong

Lesong, Kuantan, Forest Dept. FMS 4157.

Distrib: Endemic.

A bush or bushy tree up to c. 15 m. tall; bark entire,

rather rough and bumpy, reddish or greyish brown. Twigs

slender, the youngest acutely 4-angled, bark drying smooth

and pale brown, older ones obtusely 4-angled or terete with

slightly flaky dark brown bark. Leaves small, stiff, thickly

coriaceous, elliptic lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, or almost

Gardens Bulletin, S.

227

ovate, apex more or less acuminate, base broadly cuneate

or rounded, from c. 2 cm. < 0-75 cm. or even smaller to c.

3-5 em. X 2 cm., upper surface drying leaden brown to dark

reddish brown, ‘shining, sparsely and minutely punctate or

black dotted, lower surface pale reddish brown, dull; midrib

impressed above, elevate below; primary nerves about 10

pairs, slightly raised and very faint or invisible above,

raised below but usually not very distinct, joining an

obscure intramarginal nerve close to the recurved leaf

margin; reticulations when visible almost as distinct as

primaries; petiole up to c. 3 mm. long but often less than

1 mm., drying black and wrinkled.

Flowers sessile in terminal and axillary smal! rather

few flowered bracteate tufts, bracts numerous, persistent,

lanceolate acuminate to linear oblong; calyx cylindric funnel

shaped, slightly ribbed and obscurely pustulate, c. 45 mm.

long and 2-5 mm. across mouth, tapered slightly at base

into an exceedingly short and obscure pseudostalk; lobes 4,

persistent, spreading-erect after anthesis, broadly ovate

rounded, c. 1:3 mm. across and a little more than 1 mm. tall;

petals calyptrate; stamens numerous, filaments slender, c

2-3 mm. long, anthers elliptic ovate, c. 0-2 mm. long,

connective gland distinct; style stouter than filaments,

terete, c. 8 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

' This species is closely allied to E. bankensis (Hassk.)

Backer (Syzygium bankense (Hassk.) Merr. and Perry),

but differs in the larger, acuminate leaves, the less crowded

fiowers with less glaucous calyces and in being a mountain,

not a lowland plant.

120. Eugenia clypeolata Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soe. Str.

Br., LXXXiI, 185 (1920); F.M.P., I, 754. (Fig. 44c).

PAHANG: Slopes beyond Teku river, Gunong Tahan, Ridley

16022 (type collection).

Distrib: Endemic.

A bush, youngest twigs slender, acutely 4-angled,

smooth, bark drying pale brown, older twigs stout, terete,

with slightly flaky greyish or brownish bark. Leaves very

stiff and coriaceous, crowded, ovate or elliptic ovate, slightly

narrowed to the blunt or retuse apex, base rounded and

minutely cordate, c. 2 cm. < 1:5 cm., upper surface somewhat

polished, drying olivaceous brown to blackish brown above,

lower surface dull, reddish brown; midrib narrowly

impressed above, slightly elevate or almost flat below;

primary nerves about 8 pairs, very obscure on both surfaces

cr almost invisible, slightly impressed above, very slightly

raised below, the intramarginal nerve sometimes more

Vol. XII. (1949).

228

distinctly impressed above than the rest of the venation,

usually very obscure below; petiole very short and stout,

c. 2 mm. long, transversely wrinkled.

Panicles terminal, usually more or less hidden by the

leaves, not more than about 1:5 em. long, densely flowered,

the rachis and one pair of very short, stout branches acutely ~

4-angled with pale yellowish brown bark; flowers sessile,

in threes or clusters at ends of branches; calyx cylindric

funnel shaped, c. 5 mm. long and 2-5-3 mm. across mouth,

tapering slightly to base ‘and there contracted into a

pseudostalk of varying length, from almost none to c. 15

mm., tube ribbed, obscurely and minutely pustulate

especially towards apex; lobes 5, persistent, erect-spreading,

broad and rounded, distinctly glandular pustulate, c. 1-5 mm.

across and 1 mm. tall, margins thin; petals falling in a

hemispherical calyptra c. 3 mm. diam.; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, up to c. 4 mm. long, anthers broadly

oblong, 0:-4—0-5 mm. long, connective gland distinct; style

pee eves than filaments, subulate, 4-5 mm. long; ovary

-celled.

Known only from one collection. Differs from EH.

Stapfiana in the broader leaves and the much less distinctly

pustulate calyx tube.

121. Eugenia Stapfiana King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 119

(1901) ; Ridh, FMP. 1 Foes Hos. 440542

TRENGGANU: Gunong Padang, 4,000 feet, SFN 31080 (Moysey

& Kiah).

KELANTAN: Gunong Sitong, 6,000 feet, Jupe s.n., Forest Dept.

FMS 37696.

PERAK: Wray’s Berumban, c. 7,000 feet, Wray 1582 (syn-

type); Gunong Batu Puteh, 4,500 feet, Wray 216, 1619

(syntypes); Gunong Korbu, 4,500 feet, Robinson s.n.,

5,900—7,000 feet, Forest Dept. FMS 82103, 32215; sine loc.,

Scortechini 336 (syntype).

SELANGOR: Ulu Semangkok, Ridley 12104; Gunong Ulu Kali,

5,812 feet, Forest Dept. FMS 348.

PAHANG: Gunong Tahan, 6,000 feet, Corner s.n.; Cameron

Highlands, 4,000 feet, FMS Mus. 11696 (Henderson) ;

Gunong Trau, summit, Forest Dept. FMS 36564; Pinetree

Hill, Fraser Hill, Corner s.n., Forest Dept. FMS 29488;

Ganong Tape, Kuantan, 4,600 feet, SFN 28846 (Symington

Kia

Distrib: Endemic.

A shrub or small tree up to ce. 8 m. tall; bark smooth,

not flaky, brownish grey, fuscous. Youngest twigs slender,

acutely 4-angled with smooth brown bark when dry, older

ones obtusely 4-angled or terete with greyish or brownish

more or less flaky bark. Leaves small, thickly coriaceous,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

229

apfiana;

spisstfolia ;

; d, e, E. Sta

h, E.

grata;

. clypeolata

nitidula; c, E

- spicata;

leucoxylon

j, E.

Fig. 44. a, b, EZ.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

230

rigid, broadly lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, tapering to the

broad blunt subacute or rounded and sometimes retuse apex,

base broadly cuneate or rounded, from c. 1:5 cm. to 2 cm.

long and 0-75 cm. to 1:5 em. broad; upper surface drying

olivaceous brown to blackish brown, shining, more or less

scattered-punctate, lower surface reddish brown, dull;

midrib impressed above, flat or slightly elevate below;

primary nerves 7-8 pairs, usually almost or quite invisible

above, sometimes slightly raised below and faint, or

invisible; leaf margin recurved; petiole stout, very short,

drying black and wrinkled, usually less than 3 mm. long.

Panicles terminal, short, scarcely exceeding the leaves,

rather densely flowered, the short branches stout, 4-angled

with conspicuous wavy wings; flowers sessile or very shortly

and stoutly pedicellate, subtended by small subpersistent

bracteoles; calyx narrowly funnel shaped or narrowly

campanulate after anthesis, 5-6 mm. long, 2-5-3 mm. across

mouth, gradually tapered to base and contracted into a short

pseudostalk up to c. 15 mm. long, longitudinally ribbed and

conspicuously coarsely pustulate; lobes 5, erect, persistent,

broadly ovate rounded, thick textured with thin margins,

15-2 mm. across and c. 1 mm. tall; petals falling as a

calyptra, partially agglutinated or free, orbicular, sparsely

gland dotted, c. 2.5 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments

slender, up to c. 8 mm. long, anthers ovate, c. 0-5 mm. long,

connective gland conspicuous; style stout, subulate, 5-6 mm.

long; ovary 2-celled.

Fruit white, globular, c. 5 mm. diam., wrinkled and .

glandular pustulate when dry, apex crowned by the short

wide calyx rim c. 3 mm. diam., bearing the erect enlarged :

calyx lobes; seed 1, somewhat reniform, surfaces of ‘coty-

ledons smooth and pitted; cotyledons nearly equal, inner

faces folded and excavate, attached near the periphery to

the large quadrangular gland dotted hypocotyle which

reaches the surface of seed.

A common species on the summits and ridge tops of |

the higher hills which I believe to be closely related to EF.

spicata var. tenuiramis, of which it might even be considered

an extreme form. It differs, however, in the much shorter

thicker leaves not caudate acuminate, and in the shorter

inflorescences and shorter pseudostalk. The shape of the

calyx tube is very close to that of EH. spicata and it has

similar pustulations. Another ally is HE. kinabaluensis

Stapf from Mt. Kinabalu in Borneo, which has more rotund

retuse leaves and a smooth calyx tube. JH. nitidula Ridl. is

also very similar, but this has acuminate leaves and a smooth

calyx tube. ,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

231

122. Eugenia spicata Lamk., Encycl. Bot., III, 201 (1789) ;

Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 503, pl. 154.

Myrtus zeylanica Linn., Sp. Pl., 472 (1753). Syzygium

zeylanicum (L.) DC., Prodr., III, 260 (1828); Merr. &

Perry in Journ. Arn. Arb., XIX, 101, 224; Mem. Amer.

Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 159. Eugenia zeylanica

Wight, Ill., Il, 15 (1841); Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.L.,

II, 485; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 108; Ridl., F.M.P.,

I, 738; non Willd. (1800). (Fig. 44f).

Common in the lowlands from Kedah and Trengganu to

Singapore, usually by seashores and rivers but also in forest

and secondary growth.

Distrib: India, Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China, China, Siam,

Malaysia.

_A bush or small straggly tree reaching c. 9 m. tall; bark

thinly papery flaky, rufous orange, inner bark very thin,

pale fawn. Twigs slender, obscurely 4-angled or terete

with pale brown or greyish or reddish brown bark. Leaves

coriaceous, lanceolate, elliptic lanceolate or ovate lanceolate,

apex bluntly or acutely acuminate, base broadly cuneate or

rounded, from c. 4 cm. to 9 cm. long and 1:5 cm. to 4 cm.

broad ; upper surface shining, drying brown to dark reddish

brown, black dotted or punctate, lower surface paler and

duller with minute scattered darker glands; midrib

impressed above, slightly elevate or flat below; primary

nerves 10-14 pairs, 2-4 mm. apart, usually finely impressed

above and faint or almost invisible, very fine and raised

below, distinct or obscure, curving up rather irregularly to

a fine intramarginal nerve 1-1-5 mm. from leaf margin;

secondaries and reticulations rather faint and obscure;

petiole short, slender, drying black, up to c. 4 mm. long.

Panicles terminal. and axillary, crowded, the axillary

ones usually shorter than the leaves, the terminal ones often

longer, branches and rachis slender, 4-angled, drying pale,

the branches short or long, sometimes none; flowers faintly

_ fragrant, white, sessile in threes or clusters on the rachis,

at the ends of the branches, or at ends of the very short

ultimate branchlets ; calyx cylindrie-funnel-shaped, c. 6 mm.

long and 2-25 mm. across mouth, conspicuously and

coarsely pustulate, constricted at base into a slender pseudo-

stalk reaching c. 4 mm. long; lobes 5, erect, persistent,

broadly ovate rounded, a little less than 1 mm. tall; petals

falling in a hemispherical calyptra c. 2-5 mm. diam., sparsely

gland dotted ; stamens numerous, filaments slender, up to c.

8 mm. long, anthers oblong elliptic, c. 0-4 mm. long

connective gland conspicuous; style stouter than filaments,

c. 8 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

Vol. XII. (1949).

232

Fruit oblong or oblong globose, white, c. 5-7 mm. long, |

apex deeply and narrowly excavate, with the erect or

incurved calyx lobes; pericarp pithy, sweet; seed 1, greenish,

cotyledons nearly equal, inner faces folded and excavate, the

hypocotyle large, reaching periphery of seed.

E. spicata Lamk. var. tenuiramis (Miq.) var. nov.

Jambosa tenuiramis Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I, i, 437

(1855), loc. cit., Suppl. I, 311. Eugenia longicauda

Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br., LXI, 7 (1912) ;

F.M.P., I, 752. EH. nitidissima Merr. in Philipp. Journ.

DCL, A> chet 191 5).

PAHANG: Kluang Terbang, Gunong Benom, 5,000 feet, Barnes

10869 (type collection of E. longicauda Ridl.

JOHORE: Gunong Belumut, 2,500 feet, SFN 10790 (Holttum),

_ leaf specimens only; Gunong Panti, in ridge forest on

summit, 1,600 feet, Corner s.n.. SFN 32217 (Corner),

Forest Dept. FMS 35755.

Distrib: Sumatra, Philippines.

I have seen several sheets, preserved in Herb. Calcutta,

of Teysmann’s collection from Sumatra, “‘ad littora Siboga’”,

which is quoted by Miquel. These match very closely the

type of E. longicauda Ridl., and also the type of E.

nitidissima Merr., the latter differing only in the paler and

rather broader leaves and in the strongly angled youngest

shoots. These angled shoots are present in only one of the

Malay Peninsular collections, but it seems probable that the

very young shoots quickly lose their angles and become

terete. SFN 10790 from Gunong Belumut is sterile but

otherwise a close match for Teysmann’s specimens.

The variety differs from the typical form only in the

narrower, longer, long caudate-acuminate leaves, which are

usually thicker in texture. There is a very considerable

range of variation in size and shape of leaves in the typical

form and narrow long caudate leaves are often found along

with the normal broader blunter leaves on the same

individual. The variety appears never to have the broad

leaves of the typical form.

King has written up the sheets of Teysmann’s collection

in Herb. Calcutta as E. zeylanica Wight. There may be no

justification for maintaining the variety, but it looks very

different and in Malaya at least has a different habitat from

the typical form.

The type of Jambosa tenuiramis Miq., which I have not

seen, came from “Onder-Tapanoeli’’, Sumatra, and in Miquel

there is no indication at what altitude above sealevel it was

collected. Teysmann’s collection from Siboga is from the

coast, and this is the normal habitat of E. spicata. All the

Gardens Bulletin, S.

233

Malayan collections and the Philippine collection of the

variety come from forested ridges from about 1,000 feet

upwards.

True E. spicata is not recorded from the Philippines,

but it is common in Borneo. Its nearest ally in the

Philippines appears to be E. glaucicalyx Merr. C. B.

Robinson in Philipp. Journ. Sci., IV, 382 hints that this

may not be separable from E. spicata, but the few specimens

I have seen of it show a smooth, glaucous, not pustulate

calyx tube, which would place it nearer E. grata Wight.

123. Eugenia grata Wight, Ill., II, 15 (1841); Duthie in

Hook. fil., F.B.I., Il, 486; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12,

109; Ridl., F-M.P., I, 739; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I,

644; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 498. (Fig.

449).

Common on rocky and sandy seashores from Kedah and

Trengganu to Johore, commonest in the north of the Peninsula,

but found also in the wet forests of S.E. Johore.

Distrib: Assam, Burma, Siam, Sumatra, ? Borneo, ? Philip-

pines.

Usually a small tree but reaching c..18 m. tall, trunk

sometimes slightly stilt rooted at base; bark coarsely papery

flaky, reddish brown or orange brown. Twigs slender,

terete or obscurely 4-angled, bark drying pale brown or

brown, somewhat flaky in older twigs. Leaves coriaceous,

lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cuneate,

from ¢. 3-11 cm. long and 1-5—5-5 cm. broad, usually c. 7-10

cm. X 2-3-5 cm., upper surface shining, drying pale brown

to blackish brown, often sparsely punctate, lower surface

duller and paler, often subglaucous, sometimes sparsely

black dotted; midrib impressed above, more or less elevate

below; primary nerves about 12 pairs, usually less than 0-5

. cm. apart, somewhat irregular, obliquely ascending and

curving up to a nearly straight intramarginal nerve 2-3 mm.

from leaf margin, slightly impressed or slightly raised

above, faint or very faint, usually slightly elevate and

distinct below, sometimes faint, secondaries and reticula-

tions when visible less distinct than primaries; petiole

rather slender, channelled above, transversely wrinkled, c.

0-5 em. long. ;

Inflorescence as in E. spicata; flowers white, sessile;

-calyx narrowly cylindric funnelshaped, c. 6 mm. long and

2-2-5 mm. across mouth, wrinkled and glaucous, rather

obscurely glandular pustulate, contracted at base into a

distinct pseudostalk 1-2 mm. long; lobes 5, erect, persistent,

broadly ovate rounded or ovate triangular, c. 1-1:3 mm.

across and c. 1 mm. tall; petals probably falling as a

calyptra, free or partially agglutinated, orbicular, gland

Vol. XII. (1949).

234

dotted, c. 15-2 mm. diam.; stamens numerous, filaments

slender, reaching c. 8 mm. long, anthers elliptic oblong, c.

0-4 mm. long, connective gland distinct; style much stouter

than filaments, terete, c. 10 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

It seems probable that E. grata Wight is Caryophyllus

antisepticus Bl. in DC., Prodr., III, 262 (1828) ; Syzygium

antisepticum (Bl.) Merr. and Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad.

Arts and Sci., XVIII, 3, 159 (1939); and that Hugenia

glaucicalyx Merr. in Philipp. Gov. Lab. Bur. Bull., XXXV,

50, should be reduced to it, giving the species a range from

Assam to the Philippines through Burma, Siam, Sumatra

and Borneo, with a possible extension to China.

Unfortunately I have not seen any authentic material

of E. grata, and of the material quoted as Bornean of S.

antisepticum only a poor sheet of EF. cuprea Koord. and

Valet. has been available. This might easily be called EF.

grata. Merrill and Perry mention Kunstler 5414 as being

very close to S. antisepticum, except that the leaves are

smaller. This collection has smaller and more cuspidate

leaves than the bulk of the Malayan collections placed with

Ff. grata, but there is a great range of variation in the shape,

size and venation of the leaves in these collections.

In view of the fact that I have not been able to check

the reductions made by Merrill and Perry and because the

name E. grata is used for this species in most recent works,

[.prefer to leave it there in the meantime.

There is one puzzling point regarding -the fruit. .

Duthie and King describe it as black and King makes this

one of the characters separating FH. grata from E. spicata,

which has a white fruit. Craib, who apparently does not

consider the Malayan plant to be grata, mentions the dark

fruit of grata in connection with a variety of this species

which he describes and which has a white fruit. £.

glaucicalyx Merr. is described as having a white fruit.

Corner, who has seen living fruit of the Malayan plant,

describes it in Wayside Trees of Malaya as white or greenish

white. The descriptions of Caryophyllus antisepticus do

not mention fruit. These discrepancies may indicate that

i. grata Wight is not the Malayan plant, and that we have

another very closely related species taking its place,

which may or may not be Blume’s species. Whatever our

plant may be it is closely related to E. spicata Lamk. but

can be distinguished at once by its glaucous wrinkled calyx

tube without pustulations, with usually a shorter

pseudostalk. /

Gardens Bulletin, S.

235

124. Eugenia spissifolia Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus., V, 32

(1913-14) ; F.M.P., I, 753. (Fig. 44h).

SELANGOR: Gunong Mengkuang, 5,000 feet, Robinson s.n.

(type collection).

A shrub. Twigs 4-angled, drying dark brown or almost

black, with finely wrinkled bark. Leaves very coriaceous,

stiff, orbicular, or broadly elliptic, or broadly oblong elliptic,

apex round, base rounded and slightly cordate, up toc. 4

em. long and 4 em. broad; both surfaces drying yellowish,

the upper polished and minutely punctate, the lower dull,

somewhat ruguilose and sparsely and minutely black dotted ;

midrib slightly channelled above, raised below and more or

less keeled; primary nerves about 10 pairs, spreading,

almost or quite invisible above, slightly raised and faint

below, a very faint intramarginal nerve sometimes just

visible close to the thickened and recurved leaf margin ;

secondaries below somewhat fainter than primaries, reti-

culations seldom visible; petiole very short, broad,

transversely wrinkled, the leaves appearing sessile.

Panicles terminal, up to c. 2-3 cm. long, rachis and

short branches 4-angled; flowers sessile; calyx narrowly

funnel shaped, 9-10 mm. long, somewhat swollen at apex

and gradually narrowed to base, wrinkled and obscurely

pustulate; lobes 5, one much larger than the others and

subpetaloid, the 4 smaller ones broadly ovate rounded, c. 1

mm. across and 0-5 mm. tall, the large one thin, broadly

ovate orbicular, c. 15-2 mm. diam.; petals not seen; stamens

numerous, short, reaching c. 1:3 mm. long, filaments stout,

tapering upwards, anthers broadly ovate elliptic, c. 0-4 mm.

_ long, connective gland none; style stout, 3-4 mm. long.

Known only from one collection but a distinct Species in

its very thick small round leaves and the long flowers with

short stamens.

125. Eugenia leucoxylon (Korth.) Mig., Anal. Bot. Ind., I,

26, tab. 9 (1850). Syzygium leucoxylon Korth.,

Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., I, 203 (1847); Miq., Fl. Ind.

Bat., I, i, 454; Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad.

Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 193. Syzygium verecundum

Wall. Cat. nom. nud. Eugenia verecunda Duthie in

Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 496 (1878); King, Mat. F.M.P.

No. 12, 125; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 748, incl. var. major Ridl.

. in Journ. Bot., LXVIII, 33 (1930); Corner, Wayside

Trees of Malaya, p. 504. (Fig. 44j).

TRENGGANU: Kemaman river mouth, Forest Dept. FMS 26994.

PENANG: sine loc., Phillips s.n., Wallich 3579. |

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini s.n.; Pulau Lallang, Seimund’

s.2.; Pulau Rumpia, Kloss s.n.

Vol. XII. (1949).

236

pee foes Pangkor, Scortechini 103, 137, 957, SFN 31651

orner ).

cok Ses: Pasir Panjang, Forest Dept. FMS 596.

PAHANG: Kuantan mangrove, Forest Dept. FMS 15607.

JOHORE: Pinerong, Cantley s.n.; Kangka Sedili Ketchil, SFN

28557 (Corner).

SINGAPORE: Pulau Ubin, Ridley 9486.

Distrib: Anamba Islands; Borneo; Philippines (fide Merrill

& Perry).

A tree reaching c. 15 m. tall; bark entire, very smooth

with persistent leaf scars, or rather scaly, uneven and

bumpy, slightly flaky fissured when old, light grey or buff

grey; inner bark brownish or purplish brown with green

ijayer below surface. Twigs slender, terete, bark drying

pale yellowish, smooth or becoming flaky. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, ovate, or elliptic, or oblong elliptic, apex

acuminate, base broadly cuneate, from c. 5 cm. X 2:5 cm.

to 10 cm. X 5 cm.; upper surface shining, drying pale brown

or greenish brown to reddish brown, very minutely punctate,

lower surface paler, dull, minutely black dotted; midrib

impressed above, elevate below; primary nerves numerous

and close together, meeting an intramarginal nerve c. 1 mm.

from leaf margin, very fine and slightly raised on both

surfaces, slightly more evident above, reticulations

numerous, almost as distinct as primaries; petiole slender,

reaching 1-5-2 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, clustered, up to

c. 9 cm. long, peduncle and branches slender, 4-angled with

rather dark striate bark when dry; /!owers small, in threes

or twos or solitary at the ends of the short slender 4-angled

ultimate branchlets, pedicelled or sessile, the two outer

flowers of the triads often pedicelled and the centre one

sessile; calyx 25-3 mm. long, c. 1 mm across mouth before

anthesis, constricted below the globose turbinate apex into

a rather slender ribbed pseudostalk 1-5-2 mm. long; mouth

with 4 distant, small but rather conspicuous, erect, broadly

ovate rounded or acute lobes; petals agglutinated into a

thick calyptra c. 1:2 mm. diam. (separable, fide Miquel) ;

stamens numerous, filaments stout, up to c. 0-5 mm. long,

anthers ovate, 0-2-0:3 mm. long, connective gland small;

style stout, c. 0-5-1 mm. long; ovary 2-celled.

_ Fruit ripening white suffused rose purple, more or less

ellipsoid to oblong ellipsoid, or nearly globose, somewhat

compressed, slightly oblique, c. 6~7 mm. long and 5-6 mm.

diam., smooth or faintly vertically ridged, apical umbilicus

shallow, c. 2 mm. diam., the calyx rim usually rather

prominent, 0:-5-0:75 mm. tall, with obscure remains of calyx

ae and style nee r gb nearly equal, side by side,

lle or very shortly stalked, inner f i

gland dotted, slightly excavate. AO Oe

Gardens Bulletin, S.

237

A well marked species with its pale twigs, rather thin,

closely nerved acuminate leaves with long petioles, and very

small flowers.

Although I have not seen Korthal’s type, nor any of

the material quoted by Merrill and Perry, Korthal’s

description and Miquel’s descriptions and figure fit our

plant. I have seen no authentic material of the Philippine

E. brevistylis C. B. Rob. which Merrill and Perry reduce

to S. leucoxylon.

There seems to be some confusion in Ridley’s Flora over

this species. He gives the habitat as “‘hill woods to 2,000 ft.

altitude” apparently on the basis of specimens from Penang

of his own collecting (‘‘Penara Bukit; Hill 2,000 ft.

altitude’”’) which I have not been able to trace. All the other

collections for which data are available come from low

altitudes, and the habitat of the species seems to be seashores

and tidal rivers.

126. Eugenia flosculifera Henderson in Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 329, fig. 15 (1947).

SINGAPORE: Reservoir Jungle, SFN 26133 (Corner).

Distrib: Endemic. Specimens collected at Bukit Kajang,

Kemaman, SF'N 30481 (Corner), may also belong here.

A tree c. 40 m. tall with steep narrow buttresses to c.

2 m.; crown large, spreading; bark light buff, slightly scaly

flaky, smooth over large areas, slightly pustulate with

lenticels, otherwise entire; inner bark thick, pale brownish

yellow with fine longitudinal sclerotic strands; wood pale

brownish buff. Twigs rather slender, terete, smooth, pale

whitey grey to very pale. yellowish, somewhat polished,

youngest shoots often angled or channelled. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, usually obovate, sometimes elliptic or oblong

elliptic, up to c. 7 cm. X 3-5 cm. but usually smaller, apex

abruptly acuminate, acumen up to 1 em. long, base long

narrowed and decurrent on petiole; upper surface dull

olivaceous brown or blackish brown when dry, lower surface

paler brown or yellowish brown, with sparse brownish gland

dots; midrib sunk above, raised below; primary nerves up

to c. 8 pairs, often fewer, 5-8 mm. distant, slightly raised

above or hardly visible, fine and raised below, meeting in

an intramarginal nerve c. 3 mm. from leaf margin;

secondaries and reticulations invisible above, less conspicu-

ous than primaries below, reticulations lax; petiole up to

¢. 1 cm. long, often finely glandular pustulate.

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, the terminal ones

often fasciculate, up to c. 9 em. long but usually shorter,

primary branchlets ascending, up to c. 2 em. long. secondary

branchlets 5-7 mm. long, both slender with brown striate

bark; flowers small, sessile, usually in threes, sometimes in

Vol. XIT. (1949).

238

pairs at branchlet ends; buds c. 3 mm. long; calyx c. 25

mm. long, c. 1:75 mm. across lobes, tube more or less

fusiform, suddenly contracted below lobes, swollen about

ovary, then gradually narrowed to a pseudostalk c. 1 mm.

long; lobes 4, broadly triangular, blunt or subacute,

incurved, c. 0-5 mm. high and 1 mm. wide; petals calyptrate ;

stamens about 16 in a single row on edge of disc, 0-5-1 mm.

long, filaments stout, the upper part remaining sharply bent

inwards until long after the flower opens, anthers 0-2—0:3

mm. long, connective gland conspicuous; style c. 0-5 mm.

long; ovary 2-celled with few ovules in each cell.

Fruit pale shining green, broadly oblong to oblong

obovoid, up to c. 1:5 em. long and 1-5—1-75 em. wide, apex

depressed, with a conical excavation 4-5 mm. diam., fringed

with the minute calyx rim; pericarp firm, green, slightly

juicy, c. 5 mm. thick; seed 1, globose or somewhat depressed

globose or obovoid, testa thin, papery, loose, pale brown,

cotyledons dark blackish brown, completely fused, without

visible commissure, taking the form of a hollow ball when

fully ripe. . :

This very peculiar species is readily distinguished from

all others in Malaya by its large size, its small leaves,

its very small flowers with few stamens and its unusual seed ;.

and it should perhaps be placed in a new section of the

genus.

It is a striking commentary on the incompleteness of

our knowledge of the flora of this region that this species,

and others enumerated in this paper, should have remained

undetected for so long in Singapore Island, large and

conspicuous trees though they are. One can only surmise

how many species may have been obliterated without

becoming known to science when at this late date, when the

original forest has been reduced to a few remnants, at least

three species in one genus alone are found to be new, and

several others have never before been collected on the island.

127. Eugenia attenuata (Miq.) Koord. and Valet. in Meded.

Lands Plantent., XL, 121 (1900) ; Atlas Baumart. Java,

III, fig. 490. Jambosa attenuata Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., I,.

1, 437 (1855). Syzygium attenuatum (Miq.) Merr.

& Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., A VITL 3:

185 (1939). Eugenia penangiana Duthie in Hook. fil.,

F.B.I1., II, 486 (1878) ; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 98,

pro parte; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 740, pro parte; Corner,

oe Trees of Malaya, p. 501, fig. 168. (Fig. 45a,

KEDAH: Kedah Peak, c. 3,500 feet, SF'N 14849 (Holttum).

PENANG: Government Hill, 500 feet, Curtis 193; Waterfall,

Curtis 2972; sine loc., 800 feet, Kunstler 1368.

RAK: sine loc., Scortechini 132.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

239

Fig. 45. a, b, HE. attenuata; c, E. attenuata var. montana; 4d,

attenuata var. ophirensis; e, E. napiformis.

Vol. XII. (1949).

_ 240

SELANGOR: Kanching Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 12474,

47141; Sungai Lallang, Forest Dept. FMS 24147;

Klang Gates, SFN 10036 (Burkill), Forest Dept. FMS

13136, 33202, 33205, 37445, 39400; Sungai Tinggi, Forest

Dept. FMS 44056; Kuala Selangor, SFN 34075 (Nur).

MaLaccA: Merlimau, Derry 1177; sine loc., Maingay K.D. 744.

PAHANG: 28th mile, Cameron Highlands road, Forest Dept.

FMS 36292. .

JOHORE: Top of Gunong Banang, Ridley 11054.

SINGAPORE: Kranji road, SFN 29056 (Corner); Bukit Timah, ©

SFN 34680 (Ngadiman), 34958 (Corner), 34777, 36381

(Henderson), 36115 (Kiah), 36440 (Liew).

Distrib: Borneo, Java.

A tree, trunk sometimes slightly fluted-buttressed at

base; bark more or less coarsely papery flaky, but not

strongly so except in young trees, scaling in rather large

pieces, rufous orange or warm red brown; inner bark

reddish brown or pinkish fawn. Twigs slender, the

youngest acutely 4-angled or terete, bark drying whitish to

pale brown, smooth or somewhat flaky in older twigs.

Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate, apex

usually long acuminate with obtuse acumen, or shortly,

broadly and bluntly acuminate, base acute, from c. 3 cm. X

1-5 cm. to 8 cm. X 3 cm., both surfaces drying yellowish or

brownish yellow, the lower paler, rather densely punctate

above and usually finely black dotted below; midrib slightly

impressed above, slightly raised below and more or less

keeled ; primary nerves numerous and close together (up to

c. 30 pairs), usually almost or quite invisible above, very

slightly raised and very fine below, joining a very fine

intramarginal nerve 1 mm. or less from leaf margin, often

almost invisible, especially in thick textured leaves; petiole

up to c. 5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled when dry.

Panicles terminal or from upper few axils, up to c. 7

cm. long, usually shorter, pedunculate, the peduncle, rachis

and branches slender, 4-angled, the bark drying pale and

more or less pustulate; flowers white, in threes, fives, or

rather dense clusters at the ends of the short, erect-spread-

ing branches; calyx 6-8 mm. long, more or less pustulate,

often conspicuously so, ribbed when dry and obscurely

4-angled, narrowed below the cyathiform upper part into a

very slightly tapering tube c. 5 mm. long; lobes 5, shallow

broad and rounded, or 4, ovate triangular, subpersistent ;

petals free, orbicular, more or less gland dotted, ¢c. 15 mm.

diam., or calyptrate and more or less agglutinated ; stamens

numerous, filaments stout below, more or less glandular —

pustulate at base, up to c. 15 mm. long, anthers broadly

ovate oblong, c. 0:2-0-3 mm. long, without connective gland,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

241

anther sacs somewhat divaricate; style stout, tapering

slightly to the truncate apex, coarsely glandular pustulate,

c. 2 mm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit oblong or oblong-obovoid, 7-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm.

across, apex deeply and narrowly excavate, fringed with

remains of calyx tube and stamens, pink or pale whitey

green on one side; pericarp white, outer layer juicy pulpy

or fleshy, rather thin, peeling away easily from the hard

very fibrous endocarp; testa thin, adhering closely to

cotyledons or occasionally coming away with pericarp; seed

conforming to shape of fruit, with flattened apex, cotyledons

dull pinkish brown with conspicuous darker gland dots,

oblique, triangular with folded inner faces, the large

hypocotyle lying in the fold and extending to the periphery

of seed. Germination epigeal.

Apart from certain variations in the foliage of the

specimens placed under this species, consisting mainly in the

distinctness or obscurity of the venation, there are also

variations in the flowers. The shape of the calyx tube

remains rather constant, but there may be 5 rather

inconspicuous shallow lobes or 4 more distinct subacute

ones, the pustulations on the tube may be evident or obscure

or absent, and the petals may be free and conspicuously

glandular or almost entirely agglutinated into a thick

calyptra without glands. It is unlikely, however, that more

than one species is represented by the material cited.

Merrill and Perry hesitate to reduce FE. penangiana to

FE. attenuata because of conflicting statements by King and

Ridley, both of whom included FE. rhamphiphylla and E.

napiformis in their conception of the species, but typical

EH’. penangiana agrees well with material quoted under E.

attenuata by Merrill and Perry and it agrees with Koorders

and Valeton’s description and figure of that species as well

as with the Buitenzorg material of it. EH. attenuata is

closely allied to E. rugosa but is distinguishable from it not

only by its smaller and less conspicuously nerved leaves and

by small differences in the flower, but also by its bark

characters.

E. attenuata Koord. and Valet. var. ophirensis var. nov.

(Fig. 45d).

A typa foliis minoribus, latioribus, abrupte caudatis

differt.

JOHORE: Mount Ophir, Ridley s.n., 3298, TYPE collection,

holotype in Herb. Singapore, 10059, Feilding s.n.

Apparently placed by Ridley under E. caudata King.

Vol. XII. (1949).

242

E. attenuata Koord. and Valet. var. montana var. nov.

(Fig. 45c). Fe

A typa foliis crassioribus, cortice ramulorum nigyo,

calycis lobis maioribus, tubo minus pustulato differt.

PAHANG: Cameron Highlands, 5,000 feet, SFN 23559 (Hen-

derson), TYPE collection, holotype in Herb. Singapore, c.

4,000 feet, SFN. 32595 (Nur); 47th mile, Telom road, SF'N

31256 (Holttum).

128. Eugenia rhamphiphylla Craib in Kew Bull. (1930)

168; Fl. Siam. Enumer., I, 659. Syzygium rhamphi-

phyllum (Craib) C.E.C. Fischer in Kew Bull. (1937)

438. (Fig. 46a).

Kepau: Bukit Tunggal, Forest Dept. FMS 12411.

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtis 2790; Penang Hill, 100 feet,

SFN 35357 (Kiah).

Distrib: Burma, Siam.

A tree. Twigs slender, the youngest more or less

angled, drying pale grey, older ones terete, drying brownish.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong oblanceolate or narrowly

elliptic lanceolate, occasionally elliptic or oblong elliptic,

apex obtusely or subacutely acuminate, base cuneate or long

narrowed, from c. 5-8-5 cm. long and 2-4-5 cm. broad, both

surfaces drying pale brown or reddish brown, the upper

punctate or pustulate, the lower with minute scattered

pustulations; midrib slightly impressed or flat above, more

or less elevate below and keeled; primary nerves numerous,

parallel and close together, curving up to an intramarginal

nerve close to the recurved leaf margin, raised on both

surfaces and very fine but distinct, especially below, some-

times obscure above, the reticulations almost as distinct;

petiole slender, 5-6 mm. long, channelled above.

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, usually several

together at tips of twigs, shorter than leaves, few flowered,

usually with one pair of short branches, they and the

peduncle slender, 4-angled; flowers sessile, in twos or threes

or solitary at the ends of the branches or occasionally at the

ends of very short branchlets; calyx c. 1:3 cm. long,

longitudinally wrinkled and obscurely and minutely

pustulate, campanulate above the ovary after anthesis, c. 4

mm. across mouth, suddenly contracted below to a slender

pseudostalk c. 1 cm. long; lobes 5, obscurely glandular

pustulate, the three outer persistent, ovate triangular, c. 1

mm. tall and a little more across base, the two inner ovate

orbicular, c. 2 mm. diam.; petals 5, free, rather thick

textured and obscurely glandular pustulate, orbicular, c. 2

mm. diam:; stamens numerous, filaments stout, tapering

upwards, up to c. 4 mm. long, anthers ovate cblong, ¢c. 0-4—

05 mm. long, without connective gland; style stout,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

243

rugosa var.

Cc,

rugosa;

d, E. fusticulifera.

a, E. rhamphiphylla

cordata

Fig. 46.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

244

narrowly conical with expanded truncate apex, 2—2:5 mm.

long, hardly exceeding calyx rim; ovary 2-3-celled.

Fruit cylindric oblong or narrowly oblong obovoid,

somewhat tapered to base, c. 2 cm. long and 6-8 mm. diam..,

pale when dry and finely wrinkled, with small but

conspicuous dark gland dots, apex deeply excavate, c. 4-5

mm. across, with the very short calyx rim and remains of

calyx lobes. (In the only fruiting material available, SFN

35357, the seed has not developed, although the fruit appears

to be fully grown).

129. Eugenia rugosa (Korth.) Merr. in Journ. Roy. As.

Soc. Str. Br., LXXVII, 224 (1917), quoad syn., non

quoad pl. Syzygium rugosum Korth. in Nederl.

Kruidk. Arch., I, 204 (1848); Merr. & Perry in Mem.

Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 185. Syzygium

rigidum Wall., nom. nud., non Eugenia rigida DC.

EKugenia Goodenovi King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 117

(1901), pro parte; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 731, pro parte. LE.

johorensis Ridl., F.M.P., V (Suppl.) 308 (1925), non

E. johorensis Ridl. (1912). EH. Motleyt Ridl. in Journ.

Bot., LX VIII, 33 (19380). (Fig. 46b).

PERAK: Lower Camp, Gunong Batu Puteh, Wray 1075; Larut,

1,000-1,500 feet, Kunstler 6965.

MALACCA: Merlimau, Alvins s.n.; sine loc., Alvins s.n.

PAHANG: Pramau, Pekan, Ridley s.n., 1021; Kuantan, Forest

Dept. FMS 15071.

JOHORE: 4 miles N.W. of Johore Bahru, SFN 16352 (Burkill

& Haniff), type collection of EH. johorensis Ridl. (1925) ;

Seudai river, Ridley s.n.; Yong Peng, Corner s.n.; Bukit

Tinjau Laut, Corner s.n.

SINGAPORE: sine loc., Cantley s.n.; 15th mile Jurong road,

SFN 26190 (Corner); Bukit Timah, SF'N 34605 (Corner),

SFN 34778, 34779, 35929, 35930, 35933 (Henderson), SFN

35798, 36190, 36200, 36403, 36404, 36409, 36412 (Ngadi-

man).

Distrib: : Borneo.

A tree, trunk cylindric, slightly fluted at base, or with

very short small buttresses; bark narrowly or irregularly

fissured, outermost layers slightly papery flaky or not, —

flaking in small irregular pieces or in long strips, dull red

or warm red or greyish-reddish-brown; inner bark thick,

fibrous, bright pinkish red, turning mauve purple on

exposure. Twigs slender, the youngest acutely 4-angled,

drying pale and slightly pustulate, older ones obscurely 4-

angled to terete, brown to greyish, smooth, becoming

slightly flaky. Leaves decussate, thickly coriaceous, variable

in shape and size even on the same tree, from narrowly

oblong lanceolate to ovate elliptic or ovate, apex shortly

acuminate or acute, often bent back, base broadly or

Gardens Bulletin, S.

245

narrowly cuneate, from c. 6 cm. to 16 cm. long and 2 cm.

to 7 em. broad, upper surface usually shining, drying

greenish brown to dark brown, more or less punctate or

minutely pustulate, lower surface dull, often drying darker

than the upper, minutely rugulose pustulate, or black dotted,

or eglandular; midrib more or less impressed above, or

channelled, elevate below, sometimes very slightly, usually

more or less keeled; primary nerves c. 10-30 pairs, usually

0-5 em. or less apart, often appearing close and numerous

when secondaries are well marked, very slightly raised above

and usually very obscure or invisible, raised and very fine

below, sometimes obscure, meeting a faint intramarginal

nerve 1 mm. or less from leaf margin; secondaries some-

times almost as distinct as primaries, sometimes obscure,

reticulations obscure or invisible; petiole 3-10 mm. long.

Inflorescences terminal and axillary, short and densely

flowered, reaching c. 4 cm. long, clustered, paniculate with

few short branches or cymose, the peduncle and branches

slender, angled and striate when dry; flowers sessile, usually

in clusters at the ends of the branches and at apex of

inflorescence, or in threes, twos or solitary, bracteoles very

minute, broad, rounded, subpersistent; calyx pale green,

minutely white dotted, somewhat angled and wrinkled when

dry, smooth or slightly angled and ribbed in life, minutely

glandular, narrowly obovoid in bud, 6 mm. to nearly 10 mm.

long, after anthesis more or less funnel shaped, swollen above

ovary and slightly constricted immediately below lobes,

tapering gradually from below ovary to base, or slightly

constricted below ovary; lobes 4 or 5, rather variable,

broadly ovate, rounded or subacute; petals white, free, or

calyptrate and partially agglutinated, rather thick textured,

orbicular, up to c. 2 mm. diam. ; stamens numerous, filaments

white, up to c. 25 mm. long, stout, broad and flattened at

base, tapering upwards, anthers ovate oblong, c. 0-4 mm.

long, without connective gland; style stout, terete, 4-5 mm.

long, hardly exceeding the calyx rim, apex truncate or

rounded with conspicuous stigmatic surface; ovary 3-celled.

Fruit broadly obconic to slightly turbinate, up to c. 1

cm. long and 0-75 cm. across apex, bright red pink, apex

more or less truncate with a deep narrow excavation c. 2

mm. diam., fringed with the short enlarged calyx lobes and

withered stamens and bearing style remains; pericarp firm,

outer layer white, juicy, pulpy when fully ripe, c. 1-2 mm.

‘thick ; endocarp hard, fibrous, dark green; seed more or less

obovoid, c. 5 mm. X 3:5 mm., apex obliquely truncate, testa

rather thick, pithy, loose, surface of cotyledons gland dotted

-and pustulate, pale pink, inner faces with longitudinal fold

Vol. XII. (1949).

246 :

and groove accommodating the large hypocotyle which

reaches the periphery of the seed at its base. The structure

is similar to that in E. attenuata.

This species varies in foliage and flowers in much the

same way as does E. attenuata, but again there seems no

basis for considering that more than one species is involved

in the material cited.

E. rugosa Merr. var. saxitana (Ridl.) var. nov.

Eugenia saxitana Ridl. in Kew Bull. (1928) 74.

SELANGOR: Ulu Semangkok, Ridley s.n.

PAHANG: Gunong Tahan, 5,000 feet, Seimund 357 (type

collection of EF. saxitana).

The only differences between these collections and the

plants placed under typical EF. rugosa are the darker bark

of the twigs of the variety, their somewhat thicker leaves,

the nerves being obscure in Seimund 357 but distinct below

a Sen ge Ulu Semangkok specimen, and their mountainous.

abitat.

E. rugosa Merr. var. cordata var. nov. (Fig. 46c).

A typa foliis subsessilibus, latioribus, basi conte

differt.

KELANTAN: Gunong Stong, Forest Dept. FMS 37692, 37720.

PAHANG: Fraser Hill, Forest Dept. FMS 27109, TYPE

Mae holotype in Herb. Kepong, 4,000 feet, SFN 11211

ur).

SELANGOR: Sempang, Ridley 15599.

This looks at first sight very different from typical EH.

rugosa, but the only real difference is the broader cordate

leaves. The collections cited above differ amongst them-

selves considerably in size of leaf, but typical #. rugosa

does so also, even on the same tree, although never to the

extent of having cordate leaf bases.

130. Eugenia fusticulifera Ridl. in Journ. Bot., LX VIII, 33:

(1930). Syzygium fusticuliferum (Ridl.) Merr. &

Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 184

(1939). (Fig. 46d).

PAHANG: Rompin, Forest Dept. FMS 15602, .17157.

Distrib: Borneo.

A tree. Twigs slender, terete, bark smooth, drying

pale brown or greyish. Leaves coriaceous, ovate lanceolate

or ovate elliptic, apex bluntly acuminate, base acute, c. 6-8.

em. long and 2:75-3:5 cm. broad, both surfaces drying pale

brown to. cinnamon brown, the upper somewhat polished,

minutely punctate, the lower dull, minutely pustulate;

midrib slightly channelled above, more or less elevate below,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

247

rounded or keeled; primary nerves numerous and close

together, meeting an almost straight intramarginal nerve

less than 1 mm. from leaf margin, slightly sunk above and

almost invisible, raised below, very fine and rather

indistinct; petiole drying black, c. 0-5 mm. long.

Panicles terminal or from upper axils, reaching c. 75

em. long, either long pedunculate and lax with 1-3 distant

pairs of branches, or rather dense and branched from base,

peduncle and branches slender, 4-angled; flowers sessile,

often in threes, or in clusters at the ends of the branches or

of very short branchlets; calyx c. 13 cm. long, the upper

part suddenly inflated, globose turbinate, c. 4-5 mm. diam.,

somewhat constricted immediately below lobes, the basal

part forming a slender pseudostalk c. 7-8 mm. long; lobes 5,

. small, distant, ovate triangular subacute, gland dotted, c. 1

mm. across and 1 mm. tall; petals free, ovate oblong or

ovate orbicular, pellucidly gland dotted, up to c. 25 mm.

diam.; stamens numerous, filaments rather stout, subulate,

minutely pitted, the outer ones reaching c. 2 mm. long, the

inner ones with almost no filaments, anthers broadly elliptic,

¢. 0.2 mm. long, without connective gland; style stout, c. 4

mm. long, hardly reaching the calyx rim, stigmatic surface

large and conspicuous; ovary 4-celled.

The elongate flowers with the apex of the calyx tube

suddenly inflated and globose turbinate, the short stamens

and the 4-celled ovary distinguish this species.

131. Eugenia napiformis Koorders and Valeton in Meded.

Lands Plantent., XL, i20 (1900) ; Atlas Baumart. Java,

Ill, fig. 489. Syzygium napiforme (K. & V.) Merr. &

Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 183

(19389). (Fig. 45e).

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini s.n., 184; Larut, Kunstler 3410,

300-500 feet, Kunstler 6759; Sungai Larut, Wray 3066;

Chanderiang, within 100 feet, Kunstler 5651.

NeEGRI SEMBILAN: Gunong Angsi, Forest Dept. FMS 23707.

PAHANG: Raub, Forest Dept. FMS 22570; Cameron High-

lands, SFN 32950 (Nur).

Distrib: Borneo, Java.

A tree. Twigs slender, the youngest 4-angled, the older

‘terete, bark drying pale brown to reddish or greyish brown.

Leaves coriaceous or thinly coriaceous, elliptic lanceolate to

elliptic or elliptic oblong, sometimes slightly obovate, apex

-acuminate, often shortly and abruptly so, base narrowed,

from c. 4:5 cm. to 12 cm. long and 1-5 em. to 6 cm. broad,

both surfaces drying brownish or yellowish brown, the lower

black dotted; midrib impressed above, more or less elevate

‘below and somewhat keeled; primary nerves rather

~ Vol. XIT. (1949).

248

numerous and close together, from c. 15 to over 30 pairs in

large leaves, less than 0-5 em. apart, very slightly raised

above and usually obscure, slightly raised below and very

fine, usually distinct, occasionally obscure, joining a fine

intramarginal nerve close to the recurved leaf margin,

secondaries and reticulations less distinct than primaries

below, or obscure; petiole 3-6 mm. long, channelled above.

Panicles terminal, rather short and broad and densely

flowered, shorter than leaves, peduncles and branches rather

slender, more or less 4-angled with pale brown or yellowish

brown wrinkled bark when dry; flowers sessile, in twos,

threes or clusters at the ends of the branches or often in

threes, twos or solitary at the ends of short branchlets;

calyx up to c. 1:3 cm. long, the upper part narrowly cupular

in bud, c. 3-3-5 mm, long and 3 mm. across mouth, after .

anthesis widely conic-cupular, c. 5 mm. across mouth,

constricted below the cupular part into a slender pseudostalk

c. 10 mm. long, the whole tube rather coarsely wrinkled-

tuberculate and sometimes with reddish gland dots; lobes 4

or 5, persistent, broadly ovate rounded, Iess than 1 mm. tall;

petals calyptrate, but the outer one free or partially free;

stamens numerous, filaments slender, up to 7-8 mm. long,

anthers broadly ovate oblong, c. 0-4 mm. long, without

connective gland; style stout, subulate, c. 7-8 mm. long;

ovary 3- or 4-celled.

Fruit obconic-turbinate or obovoid, up to c. 2 em. long,

whole of apex deeply excavate, c. 6-7 mm. diam., bearing

the remains of the calyx lobes. (The local material available

has no developed seeds. Koorders and Valeton figure the

fruit as much more broadly turbinate.than in any fruiting

collection from the Malay Peninsula and describe the seed

as having folded and excavate inner cotyledon faces, with

a long terete hypocotyle).

The five preceding species (£. attenuata, E. rhamphi-

phylla, E. rugosa, E. fusticulifera and E. napiformis) appear

to form a closely inter-related group, characterised by the

peg shaped flowers, the upper part of the calyx tube more ~

or less suddenly expanded, the lower part forming a long

fine pseudostalk. The following table shows the main

distinguishing points within the group:

EK. attenuata—Leaves thick, not oblanceolate, with

almost invisible or faint venation, especially

above; flowers c. 6-8 mm. long, calyx tube

wrinkled and often conspicuously pustulate;:

bark papery flaky.

E. rhamphiphylla—Leaves thin, often oblanceolate,

with fine but distinct venation raised on both

surfaces; the acumen longer than in

Gardens Bulletin, S.

249

attenuata; flowers c. 13 cm. long, more

abruptly expanded above ovary than in

attenuata and the fruit larger.

E. rugosa—Leaves thick, usually larger than in

attenuata or rhamphiphylla, primary nerves

usually distinct below, not above; flowers c.

6-10 mm. long, calyx tube nearly smooth,

gradually narrowed to base; bark not or only

very slightly papery flaky.

E. fusticulifera—Flowers c. 1:3 cm. long, calyx tube

globose turbinate above, very suddenly con-

stricted below the inflated apex into a long

slender pseudostalk.

E. napiformis—Venation fine, slightly raised below,

obscure above; flowers very long, ¢. 13 cm.,

the upper part cupular after anthesis, calyx

tube distinctly and roughly tuberculate.

132. Eugenia virens (Bl.) Koord. and Valet. in Meded.

Lands Plantent., XL, 113 (1900). Clavimyrtus virens

_ Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat., I, 114 (1849). Eugenia

fusiformis Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 479 (1878) ;

Ridl., F.M.P., I, 727.° Syzygium fusiforme (Duthie)

Merr. & Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci.,

XVIII, 3, 176 (1939). Eugenia leptogyna C. B. Rob.

In Philipp. Journ. Sci., IV, 368 (1909). (Fig. 47a).

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini 2021; Pondok Tanjong Forest

Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 9788.

MALACCA: sine loc., Maingay K.D. 743.

JOHORE: Mersing, Forest Dept. FMS 5927; Tempayan river,

Ridley 13252.

SINGAPORE: Reservoir Jungle, SFN 29225, 36291 (Corner),

_ Corner s.n.; Raffles College grounds, SFN 36293 (Nur).

Distrib: Borneo, Java, Philippines.

A tree reaching c. 21-22 m. tall, trunk fluted at base;

bark very slightly scaly in small pieces, apparently smooth

and entire at a distance, not pustulate, light pinkish fawn;

inner bark rather thin, pallid fawn tan. Twigs rather

stout, the youngest 4-angled with reddish brown bark, the

older ones terete with greyish bark. Leaves coriaceous,

lanceolate to elliptic or oblong elliptic, sometimes slightly

obovate, apex shortly and bluntly acuminate or acute, base

cuneate, variable in size, from c. 7:5 to 19 cm. long and 4

em. to 8 cm. broad; both surfaces drying pale brown or

yellowish brown to reddish brown, the upper darker, some-

what polished, closely and minutely punctate, lower surface

dull, with minute, close, dark or concolorous pustulate

glands; midrib rather shallowly and widely impressed

Vol. XIT. (1949).

flora var. Maingayi; ¢, E. clawiflora

Fig. 47. a; E. virens; b, E. clavi

var. leptalea.

ft. #2 ee eee

251

above, prominent below, more or less pustulate; primary

nerves 10-14 pairs, elevate on both surfaces and very

distinct, usually 1-2 cm. apart, obliquely ascending or

curving up rather irregularly to a very distinct irregularly

looped intramarginal nerve 0-5—1-2 cm. from the leaf margin,

with one or two fainter series of loops closer to the margin;

secondaries and reticulations also raised on both surfaces

and distinct, but less prominent than primaries; leaf margin

often obscurely crenulate; petiole 1-2 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or from the uppermost axils, often

clustered, rather densely flowered, always shorter than the

leaves, peduncles and branches 4-angled, becoming very stout

in fruit; flowers usually in threes at the ends of the branches

or of short branchlets, on pedicels 2-5 mm. long, fragrant,

greenish white; calyx 1-2-1-4 cm. long, narrowly funnel-

shaped-fusiform, slightly but distinctly swollen about ovary ;

lobes 4, green, unequal, very broad and rounded, persistent

_ and reflexed after anthesis, the 2 larger 5-6-8 mm. across

and 2-5-4 mm. tall, the two smaller 4-5-6 mm. across and

1-8-2-5 mm. tall; petals 4, free, white flushed pale pink in

centre, orbicular or ovate orbicular, c. 6-8 mm. diam.,

concave and rather thick textured, reflexed after anthesis

and dropping with the stamens; stamens numerous, white,

filaments slender, terete, reaching c. 2 cm. long, anthers

oblong, 0-38-09 mm. long, connective gland small and

inconspicuous; disc thick, outer margin white, pale orange

yellow within; style subulate, much stouter than filaments,

ce. 2 cm. long; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit ovoid, c. 2 em. long and 1:75 em. diam., smooth,

apex with deep excavation c. 5 mm. diam., fringed with

enlarged persistent calyx lobes; pericarp fleshy, 2-3 mm.

thick; seed c. 1:2 cm. diam., rather irregularly globose or

obovoid, testa dark brown, thick, crustaceous, adhering

clesely to cotyledons; cotyledons pale, glistening, minutely

gland dotted, nearly equal, side by side or superposed, inner

faces more strongly gland dotted, almost plane or a little

folded, attached to hypocotyle near centre by short broad

_ Stalks, the hypocotyle variable in length but not reaching

periphery of seed. Germination hypogeal, the shoot

strongly red winged.

. I have seen the type of Clavimyrtus virens Bl., and

_ have no hesitation in reducing Duthie’s species to it, although

Blume’s specimen is rather poor. King reduced Clavimyr-

tus virens to E. filiformis Duthie, but although some forms

of the latter which have shorter pedicels than usual and in

which the ventricose calyx tube is more pronounced, do have

a superficial resemblance to E. virens, this species never

has the characteristic long pedicels of EF. filiformis.

Vol. XII. (1949).

252

133. Eugenia pseudoclaviflora Henderson in Gardens”

Bulletin, Singapore, XI, 331, fig. 16 (1947).

PAHANG: Track to Gunong Tahan, c. 1,000 feet, on ridge,

SFN 31755 (Kiah).

Known only from the above collection.

A tree 6-7 m. tall. Twigs slender, terete, bark drying

dull blackish brown or reddish brown. . Leaves lanceolate

or oblong lanceolate, 4—8 cm. * 1-25-25 cm., drying greenish

or yellowish, apex long acuminate or almost caudate

acuminate, acumen acute, base long narrowed; midrib sunk.

above, elevate below and conspicuous, otherwise the nerva-

tion visible only in young leaves and then indistinct or

invisible above and faint below; primary nerves when

visible c. 10 pairs, spaced, meeting in a very obscure

intramarginal nerve close to the somewhat thickened leaf

ies petiole blackish brown, wrinkled, up to c. 5 mm.

ong.

Cymes short, axillary, condensed, sessile or nearly so,.

shorter than leaves; flowers sessile; calyx narrowly clavate,

the limb slightly cyathiform, the tube long narrowed,

contracted at base into a short pseudostalk, slightly ribbed

and finely rugulose-pustulate, c. 125 mm. long including

pseudostalk, which is c. 2-2-5 mm. long; lobes 4, broadly

rounded, shallow, c. 0-4-0 mm. high; petals usually

calyptrate, or occasionally free, subpersistent; stamens up:

to 45 mm. long, filaments slender, anthers broadly elliptic

or ovate, c 0:5 mm. long and 0-3—0-4 mm. wide, connective

gland inconspicuous; style c. 8 mm. long, rather stout, more

or less cylindric or very slightly fusiform below; ovary 3- or

2-celled. Fruit unknown.

The inflorescence of this species is very like that of

E’. claviflora, but the flowers are shorter and stouter. The

foliage resembles that of FE. attenuata.

134. Eugenia claviflora Roxb., Fl. Ind., II, 488 (1832);

Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 484; King, Mat.

F.M.P., No. 12, 107; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 742; Corner,

Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 495, figs. 168, 169; Wight,

Ic., II, tabs. 528, 529, 530, 606 (1843). Syzygium

claviflorum (Roxb.) Cowan & Cowan, Trees North.

Beng., 67 (1929); Merr. & Perry in Journ. Arn. Arb.,

XIX, 221 (1938). Syzygium clavatum (Korth.) Merr.

& Perry in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3,

180 (1939). Jambosa clavata Korth., Nederl. Kruidk.

Arch., I, 207 (1847). Eugenia clavata (Korth.) Merr.

in Journ, Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br., LXXVII, 225 (1917).

E. rhododendrifolia Mig. et forma longifolia Miq.,

Anal. Bot. Ind., I, 19, 20, t. 2, t. 3 (1850). Jambosa

borneensis Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., I, i, 434 (1855).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

253

Syzygium viridifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Perry in Mem.

Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XVIII, 3, 1838 (19389).

Eugenia viridifolia Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot., IV,

1420 (1912). H. Fraserz Ridl. in Journ. Bot., LX VIII,

33 (1930). E. ruminata Koord. & Valet. in Meded.

Lands Plantent., XL, 117 (1900) ; Atlas Baumart. Java,

III, fig. 486. (Fig. 49a). |

LANGKAWI: sine loc., Forest Dept. FMS 20780; Gunong Raya,

peer ahi FMS 6779; Telok Datai, SFN 7515 (Hanff

Ur).

PERLIS: Besih Hangat, Ridley 15064.

TRENGGANU: Kuala Trengganu, SFN 15159 (Holttum),

Corner s.n.

PENANG: Muka Head, 500 feet, Curtis 749; seacoast, Curtis

697; Waterfall, Curtis s.n.; Batu Ferenghi road, Ridley

8393; Moniot’s road, Ridley 7089; Waterfall Gardens,

SFN 36257 (Ewart), Ewart s.n. (tree No. 605); sine loc.,

Stoliczka s.n.

PERAK: Pulau Rumpia, Seimund s.n.; Lumut, Ridley 7954;

Pangkor, Forest Dept. FMS 1750, Ridley 8384.

PAHANG: Pulau Duchong, SF'N 29857 (Corner); Putat Forest

Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 10792; Pahang East, Forest

Dept. FMS 6751.

SINGAPORE: Government House Domain, Ridley 11245, Addison

s.n.; Labrador, Corner s.n.; Pasir Panjang, Corner s.n.

Distrib: Sikkim, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Indo-China, China,

Siam, Anamba Islands, Borneo, Java, Philippines.

A medium sized to tall tree, trunk cylindric, often

branched near base, with very small short buttresses; bark

smooth or finely longitudinally creviced, occasionally peeling

in small patches or becoming slightly fissured and somewhat

flaky, with peculiar shallow oblique indentations like healed

scars c. 2-5-5 em. long, pale whitey grey; inner bark very

hard and dry, dull vinaceous drab. Twigs slender, terete

or somewhat compressed, with grey or brown, smooth or

slightly flaky bark. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or

oblong lanceolate or narrowly elliptic or elliptic oblong,

variable in size, from c. 7-22 cm. long and 3-8-5 em. broad,

apex shortly and often bluntly acuminate, or acute, base

cuneate, both surfaces drying pale brown to pale reddish

brown, the upper somewhat the darker, very minutely

punctate, the lower sometimes with minute dark or con-

colorous pustulations; midrib impressed above, prominent

below ; primary nerves from ec. 12 to 25 pairs, irregular in

spacing, from c. 3 mm. to 10 mm. apart, slightly raised

and usually rather faint above, raised and fine below,

distinct or very distinct, obliquely ascending or curving up,

often branched, to a fine intramarginal nerve 1-2 mm. from

leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations only a little less

distinct than the primaries, the secondaries often difficult

» distinguish from them; petiole usually less than 5 mm.

ong. |

Vol. XII. (1949).

254

Flowers in very~short condensed corymbs 2-5-5 cm.

across, from the twigs below leaves, or axillary, sessile;

calyx in bud narrowly cylindric clavate, 1:5-2:5 cm. long,

trumpet shaped after anthesis, or the upper part of tube

funnel shaped or cupular, c. 4-5 mm. across mouth, slightly

constricted or gradually narrowed to base, with usually a

short, slender, and not well defined pseudostalk, creamy

white or greenish white tinged pink above; lobes 4 (? or 5),

broadly ovate rounded or ovate triangular subacute, 1 mm.

or less tall, persistent; petals white, falling in a calyptra

but not or only partially agglutinated, ovate orbicular, thin,

with a few obscure pellucid gland dots; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, terete, reaching c. 9-10 mm. long, anthers

oblong or elliptic oblong, 0:7-0-9 mm. long, without con-

nective gland; margin of disc reddish pink; style stouter

than filaments, subulate, glandular pustulate, c. 9 mm. long;

ovary 3-celled (? or 2-celled).

Fruit when ripe broadly spindle shaped to ovoid or

globose or oblong globose, up to c. 2 em. long and nearly

as broad, ripening from greenish pink through pink and

dark red to purplish black; apex deeply excavate and

fringed by the remains of the enlarged calyx lobes and

bearing style remains; outer layer of pericarp juicy pulpy,

nearly white, 2-3 mm. thick; a fibrous endocarp present

which is distinct from the soft outer layer; the endocarp

can be removed leaving the very thin brown testa on the

seed, but in specimens preserved in alcohol the pulpy layer

has shrunk and become firm and the whole of the pericarp

peels off and brings with it the testa; seed 1, more or less

obovoid, with truncate depressed apex with a deep narrow

excavation, the margin of the truncate apex with raised

vertical ridges extending some way down over the outer

surface of tlie cotyledons; cotyledon surfaces very pale

green, smooth and finely gland pitted, or pustulate, the

cotyledons side by side with a vertical groove on one side

following the commissure and filled with the thickened testa,

the commissure on the other side just visible as a fine wavy

line; cotyledons firmly locked together but not fused, so

that it is possible to prise them apart, but usually with

difficulty and with some fracturing of the tissues;. inner

faces pale, irregularly rugose with rounded depressions

and projections fitting into one another. An irregularly

branching dark brown structure occupies more than half —

the volume of the cotyledons and ramifies through their

tissue. Whether or not this brown tissue is continuous

with the testa and intrudes from the external groove has

not been made out. No trace of radicle or plumule can

be seen. On germination the radicle protrudes from the

Gardens Bulletin, S.

255

- base of the seed, its tissue apparently continuous with that

of the basal part of the seed. The cotyledons never

separate, but remain as a solid mass until long after the

seedling is well established.

As far as I can discover, Koorders and Valeton, in

their description of H. ruminata, are the only authors to

draw attention to the very curious structure of the seed

of this species. They describe it as “Semina testa tenuis

- cum placenta intra cotyledones conferruminatas intus valde

ruminatas intrusa’’.

Roxburgh mentions that the fruit of HE. claviflora is

eaten in Chittagong. In Penang the ripe fruit is preserved

as a pickle and known as Buah Rumuyu.

_ A much wider view is taken here of the species than

by most other authors. As defined here it is a polymorphic

and widely distributed group. To it should perhaps also be

added E. teretiflora Koord. & Valet., which I have not seen.

However, when fruit of all the various forms is obtained,

a reclassification of them may be necessary.

Wight, Ic., tab. 530 almost certainly represents E.

claviflora. It is certainly not E. lanceolata Lamk., a photo-

graph of the type of which I have seen. Tab. 529, labelled

EB’. Wightiana Wight, also represents E. claviflora. I have

seen no very authentic material of EH. Wightiana, but if the

series of specimens so named in Herb. Dehra Dun is to

relied upon, it differs.

Only rather poor material of EL. ruminata Koord. &

Valet. has been available, but this, along with the authors’

description and figure, makes the reduction reasonable.

The description and drawing of the fruit and seed of

E. ruminata correspond very closely to the peculiar

structure found in FL. claviflora.

E. Sse ay Roxb. var. leptalea (Craib) var. nov. (Fig.

47c).

E.. leptalea Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 649 (1931).

Ef. leptantha Wight, Ill., II, 15 (1841) ; Duthie in Hook.

fil., F.B.I., II, 484; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 741; non Benth.

(1840). E. claviflora Roxb. var. leptantha King, Mat.

F.M.P., No. 12, 108 (1901). Syzygium leptanthum

(Wight) Niedenzu in Engl. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzen-

fam.,. III (7), 85 (1893); Merr. & Perry in Journ.

Arn. Arb. XIX, 222.

PERUS: Bukit Lagi, Ridley 15065.

‘PAHANG: Pramau, Pekan, Ridley 1019, 1109.

Distrib: Range of typical form.

Differs from the typical form in having the leaves

broader in proportion to their length, and in the smaller

flowers, c. 1 em. long. ;

Vol. XII. (1949).

256

aes wee

FSA

FAR

3 NN

KS SN

KX \

DY’

Gardens Bulletin, S.

257

E. claviflora Roxb. var. excavata King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12,

108 (1901). (Fig. 49c).

PENANG: Sungai Telok Bahang, SFN 4560 (Burkill); Rich-

mond Pool, Penang Hill, Ridley s.n.

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Permatang Bertam, Ridley 6970.

PERAK:- Ulu Kendrong, Upper Perak, Forest Dept. FMS

11603; Bubu Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 29863,

30889; Larut, 500-1,000 feet, Kunstler 7440.

PAHANG: Sungai Teku, 500 feet, SFN 31925 (Kiah); Rotan

Tunggal Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 28536.

? SINGAPORE: “Victory Island”, Hullett s.n.

Distrib: ? Endemic.

Differs from the typical form in the rough bark of the

twigs, the leaves usually longer and broader, the venation

below more pronounced and the intramarginal nerve much

more distinct. |

'E. elaviflora Roxb. var. Maingayi King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12,

108 (1901). E. Maingayi Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.L.,

II, 484 (1878). E. claviflora Roxb. var. glandulosa

King, loc. cit. (Fig. 47b).

KELANTAN: Chabang Tongkat, Forest Dept. FMS 37847;

Sungai Jerai, Forest Dept. FMS 27824.

PENANG: Government Hill, Maingay K.D. 750 (type collection

of EF. Maingayi Duthie).

MaLaccA: Mount Ophir, Hullett 780.

JOHORE: Ulu Kahang, c. 250 feet, SFN 10879 (Holttum) ;

13% mile Mawai-Jemaluang road, SFN 31940 (Corner).

Distrib: ? Endemic.

Distinguished by the acutely angled and winged young

twigs, or twigs with corky fissured bark, thicker leaves and

rather faint nerves. The Kelantan collections have rather

smaller thinner leaves than the others, rounded and

minutely cordate at base, not shortly and abruptly

narrowed.

I have rearranged the varieties given by King in the

Materials, for I believe that he included more than one form,

including the typical one, under his var. excavata, and that

var. glandulosa is not sufficiently distinct.

E. claviflora Roxb. var. riparia var. nov. (Fig. 49b, Fig.

50).

A typa foliis hitedeiJanceolatis ad 15 cm. longis et

1:5 em. latis differt.

PAHANG: Kuala Tahan, Seimund 927, TYPE collection, holo-

type in Herb. Singapore; Tahan river, Corner s.n.

A well marked narrow-leaved river bank form.

Vol. XII. (1949).

Gardens Bulletin, S,

Fig. 50. E. claviflora var. riparia,

Del: CHAN YorK CHYE.

Vol. XII. (1949).

260 —

E. clavifiora Roxb. var. montana var. nov. (Fig. 48).

A typa folia crassioribus, ramulis crassis angulatis,

floribus interdum longioribus differt.

KEDAH: Kedah Peak, FMS Mus. 6019 (Robinson & Kloss). %

TRENGGANU: Gunong Padang, 4,000 feet, SF-N 33914 (Moysey

& Kiah), TYPE collection, ‘holotype in Herb. Singapore.

PAHANG: Wray’s Camp, Gunong Tahan, Ridley 16273.

JOHORE: Gunong Janeng, Lake & Kelsall 4076; Gunong

Belumut, summit, Holttum 98.

The collections placed under this variety differ con-

siderably amongst themselves. Ridley 16273 has ovate or

ovate lanceolate leaves with a cuneate base and distinct

petiole, and flowers larger than the typical form. Lake &

Kelsall 4076 has oblong lanceolate leaves, rounded at the

base and practically sessile, with flowers of the typical form.

FMS Mus. 6019 has oblong lanceolate leaves, narrowed at

the base and shortly petiolate, with flowers of the typical

form. SFN 33914 has large ovate leaves with a broad base

abruptly narrowed to a distinct stout petiole, and flowers

larger than the typical form. Holttwm 98 has leaves rather

like SF'N 33914, but more narrowed to a rounded somewhat

oblique base.

Of the five varieties enumerated here fruit of two only

has been available—of var. Maingayi, of which SF'N 31940

is a fruiting collection in which the seed structure corres-

ponds closely to that of the typical form; and of var.

montana, of which Holttum 98 is a fruiting collection in

which, unfortunately, the seeds have been destroyed 3

insect larvae.

$s ACMENA—Anther cells globose, divaricate, opening

by terminal slits; seed pseudomonocotyledonous.

135. Eugenia Cumingiana Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp.,

173 (1885); Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum., I, 636; Corner,

Wayside Trees of Malaya, p. 496. Myrtus acumina-

tissima Bl., Bijdr., 1088 (1826). Aemena acumina-

tissima (Bl.) Merr. & Perry in Journ, Arn. Arb., XIX,

12 (1938). EHugenia acuminatissima Kurz, Pegu

Report, App. A, 63 (1875) ; Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.L.,

II, 483; King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 126; Koord. &

Valet. in Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 155 (1900) ;

Atlas Baumart. Java, III, fig. 506, excl. fruit; Ridl.,

F.M.P., I, 747; non Miq. (1847) nec Berg. (1857-59).

- Gardens Bulletin, S.

Dore sa

261 -

E. saligna C.B. Rob. in Philipp. Journ, Sci., Bot., IV,

392 (1909), non Jambosa saligna Mig. (Fig. 5la, Fig.

52).

Widespread in Malaya and fairly frequent, usually in

lowland forest and secondary growth, but recorded from

Cameron Highlands at about 4,500 feet.

Distrib: Assam. Tenasserim, Andaman Islands, Siam, South

China, Sumatra, Bangka, Natuna Islands, Java, Borneo,

Philippine Islands, Solomon Islands.

A medium sized to large tree, base of trunk sometimes

stilt rooted; bark nearly smooth or slightly flaky or slightly

fissured or rugose, not papery, pale brownish or pinkish

fawn; inner bark thin, pale pinkish or pinkish fawn; wood

yellowish. Youngest twigs slender, 4-angled, older ones

terete, drying pale brown or reddish brown with smooth

bark becoming slightly flaky. Leaves usually thinly

coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, sometimes ovate

lanceolate, apex caudate acuminate or long acuminate, the

acumen usually long, narrow, and acute, base cuneate or

narrowly acute, variable in size, usually c. 9 cm. X 3-4 cm.,

but varying from c. 5-13 cm. long and 1-5—5 cm. broad, upper

surface smooth, drying greyish green or pale brown or

pale reddish brown, minutely punctate, lower surface drying

pale brown or reddish brown, sparsely black dotted; midrib

impressed above, elevate below; primary nerves c. 8-15

pairs, slightly raised on both surfaces, usually faint above,

faint or rather distinct, but fine below, from c. 3 mm. to

10 mm. apart, ascending rather irregularly and curving up

to a fine intramarginal nerve 1-4 mm. from leaf margin,

secondaries and reticulations usually faint or obscure,

occasionally almost or quite as distinct as primaries; petiole

drying dark and transversely wrinkled, up to c. 1 cm. long.

Panicles terminal or occasionally from upper axils,

usually lax with many distant branches, reaching c. 12 cm.

long, peduncle and divaricate branches slender, 4-angled,

with longitudinally wrinkled pale bark when dry: flowers

small, white, sessile, usually in threes, sometimes in twos

or solitary, at the ends of the slender ultimate branchlets;

calyx turbinate-clavate, c. 3-4 mm. long, the lower half

suddenly contracted into a slender pseudostalk, the upper

part after anthesis more or less cupular and c. 2 mm. across

mouth; lobes 5, subpersistent, minute, broadly triangular

acute; petals 4 or 5, free, erect, orbicular or oblong ovate

ec. 1 mm. tall; stamens numerous, the longest slightly less

than 1 mm., filaments broad at base, anthers very small,

c. 0-1 mm. across, the cells globose, divaricate, opening

by terminal slits; style very stout, reaching or slightly

exceeding the calyx rim; ovary 2-celled.

Vol. XII. (1949).

262

Fruit depressed globose, up to c. 2 cm. across, almost

black when ripe, apical umbilicus c. 3-4 mm. diam., sunken,

sometimes with remains of calyx lobes; pericarp fleshy,

white; seed 1, when just beginning to germinate more or

less depressed globose, semi-reniform, the brown semi-

crustaceous testa still adhering closely to cotyledons. No

commissure is visible and it is impossible to separate the

cotyledons. When cut open the seed appears to be a solid

mass of tissue with a dark brown mass ramifying through

it, entering the cotyledons near the apex.of the seed. _ There

is no movement apart of the cotyledons on germination,

and the seed is still a solid mass of tissue when the seedling

is 10 cm. tall. The first scale leaves may be alternate,

opposite, or the first pair opposite and the next alternate.

One seedling had three alternate leaves, then an opposite

pair. ‘

The structure of the seed is similar to that of

E. claviflora, carried further towards complete fusion of

the cotyledons.

There is a considerable range of variation in the foliage

characters of the specimens cited. Curtis 654 from Penang

Hill and Forest Dept. FMS 32 from the Larut Hills have

smaller more closely nerved leaves than the typical form

and superficially look very like HF. rhamphiphylla Craib, but

the acute acumen of the leaf in FE. Cumingiana would serve

to distinguish these species if no flowers or fruit were

available. The set of specimens from Cameron Highlands

has much thicker, more coarsely nerved leaves with shorter ~

and denser inflorescences. Merrill and Perry also draw

attention to the variability in this widely distributed species,

and in connection with their remarks on the leaves being

not always truly opposite, it may be pointed out that this

occurs in other species of Hugenia in the section Syzygium,

especially on young twigs. In E. filiformis for example,

it is possible occasionally to find a twig with all the leaves

alternate.

C. B. Robinson reduces Jambosa saligna Miq. to this

species, apparently without having seen Miquel’s specimen

and relying on the synonymy given in Koorders and Valeton,

Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 155. I have seen Miquel’s

type and agree with Craib and Merrill and Perry that it

does not belong here.

A full discussion and synopsis is given by Merrill and

Perry, loc. cit., of Acmena as a generic segregate from

Hugenia, and a description of the curious seed structure

which is characteristic of this section of the genus.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

263

Fig. 51. a, E. Cumingiana; b, c, E. operculata.

Vol. XII. (1949).

264

§ CLEISTOCALY X—Calyx calyptrate, the upper part

falling as a lid.

136. Eugenia operculata Roxb., Fl. Ind. II, 486 (1832) ;

Hort. Beng. 37 (1814), nomen nudum; Wight, Ic. Pl.

II, t. 552 (1842) ; Duthie in Hook. fil., F.B.I., II, 498;

King, Mat. F.M.P., No. 12, 129; Koord. & Valet. in

Meded. Lands Plantent., XL, 148 (1900); Atlas

Baumart. Java, III, fig. 508; Ridl., F.M.P., I, 754.

Syzygium operculatum (Roxb.) Niedenzu in Engl. &

Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., III, vii, 85 (1893). Cleisto-

calyx operculata (Roxb.) Merr. & Perry in Journ. Arn.

Arb., XVIII, 337, pl. 215 (1937). (Fig. 51b, c, Fig. 53).

KEDAH: Kampong Naka, 100 feet, SFN 19801 (Holttum) ;

Inchong Estate, 20 feet, SF'N 36349 (Spare).

PENANG: Penara Bukit, 1,000 feet, Curtis 1444.

PERAK: sihe loc., Scortechini 306; Matang, seacoast, Wray

2725; Dindings, Ridley 8388:

Fig. 52. E. Cumingiana.

Del: CHAN YORK CHYE.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

265

SELANGOR: Kuala Selangor, Forest Dept. FMS 43746; Klang

river, Forest Dept. FMS 44010; Sungai Pelek, Sepang,

Denny 58, s.n.

PAHANG: Tembeling, SF'N 21803 (Henderson).

Distrib: India, Burma, China, Indo-China, Siam, Sumatra,

Java, Borneo, Philippines, ? Amboina, Australia.

3cmM

Fig. 53. E. operculata.

Del: CHAN YORK CHYE.

A tree; bark almost smooth, finely creviced into small

pieces, pale greyish brown, inner bark thick, pallid buff.

Twigs slender, youngest compressed and grooved, somewhat

pustulate, drying brown, older ones terete, drying greyish.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, variable in shape, oblong lanceolate

or elliptic lanceolate to ovate oblong, apex shortly and

Vol. XII. (1949).

266.

bluntly acute or acuminate, base cuneate, from c. 9 cm.

x 3 cm. to 22 cm. X 7 cm.; upper surface drying greenish

brown to reddish brown, more or less shining, closely and

minutely gland dotted, lower surface dull, usually pale

brown, gland dotted or pustulate; midrib impressed above,

elevate below, pustulate; primary nerves c. 8-15 pairs,

distant (usually c. 1 cm. apart), slightly raised or chan-

nelled above, pale, distinct, elevate and distinct below, nearly

straight or curving up to a rather fine intramarginal nerve

3-6 mm. from the leaf margin, with sometimes a further

series of fainter loops nearer the margin; secondaries and

lax reticulations very faint above, much less conspicuous

below than the primaries; petiole up to ec. 1:5 cm. long,

channelled above.

Panicles from twigs below leaves, rarely terminal,

reaching c. 8-10 cm. long (longer in fruit), pedunculate,

trichotomous, lax, with long, distant, almost horizontal

branches, they and the peduncle slender, more or less

4-angled; flowers green or yellow in bud, turning red, in

threes at branchlet ends, sessile, or the centre flower of the

triads occasionally shortly pedicellate; calyx in bud com-

pletely closed, obovate-globose apiculate, 45-55 mm. long,

gland dotted, the upper part falling as a circumscissile,

orbicular, conic, apiculate, gland dotted calyptra 3-3-5 mm.

diam., after anthesis the calyx somewhat campanulate, the

margin recurved, rather abruptly narrowed into a stout,

tapering 4-angled pseudostalk c. 2 mm. long, the mouth

truncate or irregularly wavy with the remains of the

calyptra; petals apparently 4, adhering to the inside of the

calyx calyptra and falling with it, but separable, oblong

ovate or ovate orbicular, thin, conspicuously gland dotted,

margins lacerate, 2-25 mm. diam.; stamens numerous,

filaments slender, terete, sparsely glandular pustulate, up

to c. 6 mm. long, anthers oblong elliptic, c. 0-4 mm. long,

connective gland conspicuous; style much stouter than

filaments, subulate, sparsely glandular, c. 10 mm. long;

ovary 2- or 3-celled.

Fruit ovoid globose, c. 1 cm. long, ripening from white

to bright red and finally dark red, with dark gland dots

when dry, apex with a wide, deep excavation c. 4 mm. diam.,

fringed by the short calyx rim; seed 1, oblong globose, c.

7 mm. long, testa pithy-leathery, adhering closely to cotyle-

dons; cotyledons side by side, nearly equal, subreniform,

inner faces conspicuously gland dotted, excavate, inter-

locking by thin broad bands of tissue arising from the

margins of the cotyledons on one side and curving inwards,

and attached to the stout quadrangular conspicuously gland

dotted hypocotyle which reaches the surface of the seed.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

267

Merrill and Perry, loc. cit., pp. 322-343, give an account

of Cleistocalyxs as 2 generic segregate from Eugema and

enumerate the species.

§$ FISSICALYX—Henderson im Gardens’ Bulletin,

+ Singapore, XI, 333 (1947).

Calyx tube produced above disc, the stamems arising

ee tn ake the dae maldtion

longitudinally after the flower opens into several irregular

Calyx im bud c. 25 cm. X lem,

- airman! nerves c. 15 pairs,

nerve ($507

‘ean from margin . 137 Symimgtoniane.

Calyx c. 4.cm. X 3m. primary

nerves 18-25 pairs, Intramar-

ginal nerve 23 mm. from s

margin .. ” os 138 Watsonsemea.

These two species appear to be aberrant m

Eugenia in the characters given above. So far as I can

discover, the position of the stamens, scattered over the

inner surface of the calyx tube above the dise, has not been

described previously in Myrtaceze, and these plants might

be better placed in a new genus. However, only rather

scanty dried material has been available, and the flowers

have become so hard and woody that a detailed and exact

examination of them has been difficult. a

flowers, no-one familiar with Eugenia would hesitate to

place these plants in that genus.

1357. Eugenia Symingtoniana Henderson in

= Singapore, XI, 333, fig. 17 aan. “rie

PERAK: vet _ Kinta, Ferest Dest. FMS 14721, 23035.

PAHANG: Goh Forest Reserve, Kuantan, Ferest Depi-

FMS nor Baloh, Kuantan, Forest Dept. FMS 3719;

Rokam, Palau Tioman, 2,500

(Nee feet, SFN 18779

ane c. 800 feet, SPN’ 29750 (Mew y & Kiah) abies

c. >

Sherr ery Twigs terete, smooth, drying

whitish or greyish white. Leaves elliptic to elliptic oblong,

occasionally oblong lanceolate, up to 20 em. X 10 em., apex

ee eens Cr meacetines shrepiy coniate,

base cuneate and more or less decurrent on petiole; oe

nerves up to c. 15 pairs, 0-75—2 cm. distant, impressed abo ve,

prominent but not thick below, running nearly straight or

Vol. XII. (1949).

268

curving gently up to an intramarginal nerve 0-5—0-7 cm.

from margin, a much fainter intramarginal c. 0:2 cm. from

margin; secondaries and reticulations faint above, distinct

below, reticulations rather lax; upper surface drying

fuscous dull or greyish brown, lower a warmer reddish

brown; petiole stout, up to c. 1 cm. long.

Flowers usually solitary or occasionally in pairs at ends

of branches, sessile; calyx in bud subglobose to obovoid,

c. 25 cm. long and 1 cm. wide when mature, more or less

campanulate after anthesis, slightly swollen about ovary,

constricted at base into a short stout pseudostalk; lobes ? 4,

short, round, gland dotted; the tube splitting deeply after

anthesis into several deep irregular triangular false lobes;

petals ? 4, free, thin, suborbicular with a short broad claw,

c. 5-6 mm. diam., apparently often subpersistent as are

the calyx lobes, and adherent to the apices of the rolled back

false calyx lobes; disc lining calyx tube to c. 0-5 cm. above

ovary; stamens borne on the whole surface of the calyx

tube above disc, the tube being produced c. 1 cm. above disc;

filaments very numerous, slender, c. 1:5 cm. long; bases

of the fallen stamens giving the inner surface of the rolled

back false calyx lobes a tesselate appearance; anthers

oblong, 0-6—0:-7 mm. long, without conspicuous connective

gland; ovary 2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit apparently reaching c. 3 em. diam., apex crowned

with the remains of the calyx tube and recurved calyx lobes,

c. 15 cm. diam.

138. Eugenia Watsoniana Henderson in Gardens Bulletin,

Singapore, XI, 336, fig. 18 (1947). (Fig. 54b).

SELANGOR: Sungai Lallang Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS

22928; Kanching Forest Reserve, Forest Dept. FMS 9563,

pipe a es. ee Panjang Forest Reserve, Forest Dept.

A tree up to c. 10 m. tall. Twigs terete, with smooth

or slightly flaky bark, almost white or greyish white.

Leaves more or less coriaceous, narrowly elliptic to oblong

elliptic, base narrowed, apex very abruptly and shortly

acuminate or shortly acute, up to 20 cm. X 8 em.; petiole

rather stout, c. 1-15 cm. long, the ane occasionally

somewhat decurrent upon it; primary nerves 18-25 pairs,

0-75-15 em. apart, more or less impressed above, prominent

below but not thick, nearly straight or curving gently up

to a well marked intramarginal nerve usually 2-3 mm. from

leaf margin; secondaries and reticulations usually almost

invisible above, not conspicuous below.

Flowers apparently solitary and terminal, sessile,

large; calyx more or less campanulate, shortly narrowed at

Gardens Bulletin, S.

269

Fig. 54. a, E. Symingtoniana; b, E. Watsoniana.

base to a very short stout pseudostalk, smooth or faintly

longitudinally ribbed and thick and leathery in texture when

dry, in mature bud c. 4 cm. long and 3 cm. across, lobes 4,

short, broad and rounded, the calyx tube after anthesis

splitting into 6 or 7 rather irregular lobes 1-1-5 cm. long;

petals not seen; stamens very numerous, borne on the

surface of the calyx tube above disc, filaments very slender,

c. 15-2 cm. long, anthers oblong, c. 0-7 mm. long, connective

gland inconspicuous; style stouter than filaments, c. 3 cm.

long; ovary 2-celled below, 4-celled above, multiovulate.

Vol. XII. (1949).

270

Fruit globose or depressed globose, 5-6 cm. diam.,

smooth or very faintly vertically ribbed when dry, crowned

by the massive remains of the calyx tube 6-9 mm. tall and

c. 2 cm. diam., fringed by the recurved false calyx lobes;

pericarp hard and woody when dry, 5—7 mm. thick, testa

nearly 1 mm. thick; cotyledons nearly equal, probably

sessile, their inner faces apparently almost plane or slightly

concave, attached to the hypocotyle near their centres.

Closely allied to E. Symingtoniana but distinguished

from it by the more numerous primary nerves of the leaf,

the larger flowers and in the stamens arising from a smaller

area of the calyx tube.

EXCLUDED AND ADDITIONAL SPECIES

Eugenia tetrahaedra (Miq.) Duthie in Hook. fil., FES

II, 476 (1878).

Duthie identifies with Jambosa tetrahaedra Miq. a

specimen collected by Griffith, and Maingay K.D. 732, both

from Malacca. Maingay K.D. 732 in Herb. Kew is E.

grandis Wight. Griffith K.D. 2370 in Herb. Calcutta is

E. palembanica (Miq.) Merr. This sheet bears the follow-

ing pencilled note: “Leaves exactly as in Jambosa?

tetrahaedra Miq., but branches are here terete,” and is ©

probably the specimen referred to by Duthie (loc. cit. p.

477) when he says “Kurz in an MS note in the Calcutta

Herbarium suspects that this is the E. tetrahaedra of Miquel

but with some hesitation on account of the terete branch-

lets’. I have examined a duplicate of the type of Jambosa

tetrahaedra Mig. No Malayan material is referable to it.

A cover in Herb. Calcutta bears the following pencilled note

in King’s hand: “Duthie’s E. tetrahaedra F.B.1., II, 476 is

E. lepidocarpa Wall.’’.

Eugenia ciliaris Ridl., Kew Bull. (1928) 74.

This is Decaspermum montanum Ridl. in Journ. Roy.

As. Soc. Str. Br.; LXI, 6 (1912): F.M.P., I, 718.

Eugenia aromatica Kuntze, Rev. Gen., 239 (1891).

Caryophyllus aromatica Linn., Sp. Pl, 735 (17538);

Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb., Diss. I (1799) ; Koord.

& Valet., Atlas Baumart. Java, III, fig. 478.

Usually a small tree of conical shape, reaching c. 20 m.

tall; twigs ascending, terete, smooth, greyish white. Leaves

coriaceous, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, sometimes nar-

rowly obovate, up to 12 cm. * 4:5 cm., apex very shortly

and broadly bluntly acuminate, base long narrowed, upper

Gardens Bulletin, S.

271

surface glossy dark green, lower dull and paler; primary

nerves over 20 pairs, irregularly spaced but usually less

than 5 mm. apart, fine and translucent in the living leaf,

intramarginal nerve fine, close to the somewhat wavy and

recurved leaf margin; secondaries almost as distinct as

primaries; petiole slender, up to c. 2-5 cm. long, the leaf

blade decurrent upon it, the basal 5-6 mm. somewhat

swollen and pinkish.

Panicles terminal, corymbose, trichotomous, shortly

pedunculate or branched from base, shorter than leaves,

few-many-flowered; flowers fragrant, usually in threes at |

branchlet ends, on stout variable pedicels, the centre flower

of the triads usually on a much shorter pedicel than the

outers; bracts and bracteoles narrow, acute, 2-3 mm. long,

quickly caducous; calyx tube c. 1-1-5 cm. long, c. 5 mm.

diam. below lobes, green in bud, cylindric, angled, base very

slightly narrowed, without pseudostalk, flushed pink at

anthesis and turning deep reddish pink after the stamens

fall, lobes 4, narrowly ovate acute, fleshy, c. 3-4 mm. tall,

erect and slightly incurved and green in bud, erect-spread-

ing and pink after anthesis; petals 4, green, falling in a

hemispherical calyptra c. 6 mm. diam. but not agglutinated

and easily separable, orbicular, c. 6 mm. diam.; stamens

very numerous, appearing grouped in 4 masses, arising

from between the outer edge of the rather prominent

narrow disc and the calyx tube, filaments nearly white,

glandular pustulate, inner ones c. 3 mm. long, the longest

outer ones: reaching 9-10 mm., anthers yellow, ovate or

ovate oblong, c. 0-5 mm. long, connective gland small, pale

brown and inconspicuous; style very stout, swollen at base,

very pale green and gland dotted, c. 4-45 mm. long; ovary

2-celled, multiovulate.

Fruit oblong, usually shortly tapered to each end, 2-5-3

cm. long, 1-:3-1-5 cm. diam., apex with the 4 enlarged narrow

fleshy calyx lobes incurved over and hiding the apical

excavation; pericarp thin, pulpy fleshy, c. 2-3 mm. thick;

seed 1, pinkish purple tinged green, with purplish testa,

oblong, rounded at both ends, c. 2 cm. long; cotyledons

side by side, inner faces gland dotted, excavate and folded

and interlocking, attached near their centres to the large

hypocotyle, which reaches the periphery of the seed at apex

or base or midway; germination epigeal.

The clove tree, native of the Moluccas and nowadays

cultivated in Malaya only to a limited extent, mostly

in Penang.

Vol. XII. (1949).

272

NOTES ON THE SEED STRUCTURE OF SOME

EXOTIC. SPECIES OF EUGENIA.

E.. apiculata DC. (Chilean). Seeds 1-8, in the 1-seeded

fruits flattened, more or less reniform, c. 4:5—5 mm. long,

testa thick, brown, adhering to but peeling easily from

cotyledons; cotyledon surfaces dull green, gland dotted, the

commissure along the narrow edge, cotyledons quite free,

interlocking, attached to the large terete truncate hypocotyle

close to periphery of seed.

E. bracteata Roxb. (E. Indian). Seed globose, c. 8 mm.

diam., testa dark brown, thick, brittle-crustaceous; cotyle-

dons smooth, pale yellowish brown, the commissure

equatorial but not complete, the inner faces fused for about

one-half or one-quarter of their area; cotyledons, including

the free parts of the inner faces, covered with an exceed-

ingly fine epidermis-like layer.

E. carissoides Muell. (Australian). Seed more or

less globular, flattened, c. 1 cm. diam.; cotyledons partially

fused together, sometimes round the periphery and free

within, or fused for one-third or one-quarter of the area

of the opposing faces.

E. cordata Laws. (S. African). Fruit oblong obovate,

c. 2 cm. long, dark reddish purple when ripe; pericarp

spongy-juicy, white. Testa usually persistent; cotyledons

free, the inner faces slightly excavate, attached to the short

hypocotyle by very short broad stalks. Often polyem-

bryonic.

FE’. costaricensis Berg. . (Costa Rican). Seed flattened,

horseshoe shaped, two blunt incurved points at one end;

testa brown, adhering closely to cotyledons; cotyledons

gland dotted, apparently completely fused.

FE. cyanocarpa Muell. (Australian). Fruit somewhat

oblong globose, c. 1 em. long, apical umbilicus c. 5 mm.

diam., rather deep with rather conspicuous calyx rim and

more or less persistent calyx lobes, style base persistent;

pericarp apparently pulpy; seed more or less globose, c.

7-8 mm. diam., testa thick, brown, leathery, not adhering

strongly to cotyledons but not peeling with the pericarp;

cotyledons free, somewhat unequal, side by side, con-

Spicuously gland dotted, inner faces somewhat concave, not

folded or interlocked, sessile, attached to hypocotyle near

periphery.

EF. Dombeyana DC. (Peruvian). Seeds flattened,

more or less reniform, c. 1 cm. or more across, testa smooth,

rather tough and leathery, not adhering closely to coty-

ledons; cotyledons smooth or slightly wrinkled, free only

‘at one side and there interlocking, otherwise fused together.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

273

E. Luehmanni Muell. (Australian). Fruit more or

less spindle shaped, c. 1-4 cm. long and 6-8 mm. diam.;

seed irregularly globose, c. 5 mm. diam., with brownish

leathery testa adhering closely to the more or less wrinkled

and conspicuously gland dotted cotyledon surfaces; coty-

ledons more or less equal, attached by very broad, thin,

triangular stalks to a long stout hypocotyle grooved on one

side and reaching the periphery of the seed.

E. Micheli Lam. (S. American). Seed oblong or

subreniform, cotyledons entirely or partially fused together.

Germination hypogeal.

E. supra-axzillaris Spring. (Brasilian). Seed more or

less globose, 5-6 mm. diam., testa rather thick and hard,

adhering closely to cotyledons; cotyledons apparently com-

pletely fused together, no commissure visible, remaining as

- a solid mass of tissue until after the seedling is established.

Vol. XII. (1949).

274

LIST OF COLLECTORS’ NUMBERS.

ALVINS—45: spicata; 68: filiformis; 79: Muelleri; 82:

spicata; 146: pachyphylla; 236: spicata; 258: tumida;

273: papillosa; 422: conglomerata; 436: Scortechinii;

543: filiformis; 668: Duthieana; 784: filiformis var.

clavimyrtus; 808: inophylla; 881: pachyphylla; 932:

spicata; 1021: grandis; 1202: tumida; 1282: pachy-

phylla; 1295: tumida; 1503b: Muelleri; 1648: Cumini;

1735: Muelleri; 1760: spicata; 1860: grandis; 1862:

valdevenosa; 1954: javanica; 1964: Scortechinii; 2045:

inophylla; 2280: subdecussata; 3302: Scortechinii;

3329: Scortechinii var. cuneata.

ANDERSON—76: Muelleri. |

BARNES—10869: spicata var. tenuiramis; 10882: sub-

decussata.

CANTLEY—12: pseudosubtilis; 34: chlorantha; 37: pseudo-

subtilis; 45: palembanica; 49: papillosa; 50: Cumin-

giana; 58: Duthieana; 75: filiformis; 76: polyantha;

186: pseudoformosa; 212: pustulata; 212: polyantha;

214, 219: chlorantha; 2636: filiformis; 2678, 2680:

longiflora; 2689, 2692: pergamentacea; 2785: tumida;

2937: syzygioides; 2942: spicata; 2961: Muelleri;

5031: papillosa; 3041: Duthieana; 3112: Cumingiana;

3151: pseudosubtilis; 3165: Cumingiana; 3205: grata.

CANTLEY’S COLLECTOR—3128: tumida. .

CLEMENS—30248: valdevenosa; 31300: pterophorum.

CUMING—2405: spicata.

CURTIS—32: pseudosubtilis; 55: valdevenosa; 114: spicata;

179: Kunstleri; 180: chlorantha; 193: attenuata; 194:

Griffithii ; 212: Helferi; 247: cerasiformis; 317: grata;

511: polita; 653: Duthieana; 654: Cumingiana; 666:

laevicaulis; 697: claviflora; 728: longiflora; 744:

caudata; 749: claviflora; 750: laevicaulis; 751:

grandis; 756: grata; 794: Haniffii; 864: subdecussata;

937: inophylla; 937: nigricans; 973: oblata; 974:

inophylla; 975: Bernardi; 976: nigricans; 1089: fasti-

giata; 1090: filiformis var. clavimyrtus; 1114: java-.

nica; 1152: glauca; 1428: pseudosubtilis; 1440: per-

gamentacea; 1442: densiflora; 1443: filiformis var.

clavimyrtus; 1444: operculata; 1445: polyantha; 1448:

Griffithii; 1448: chlorantha; 1466: spicata; 1510:

valdevenosa; 1534: Griffithii; 1539: chlorantha; 2007:

caudata; 2228: glauca; 2244: fastigiata; 2245: grata;

2246, 2247: laevicaulis; 2410: Thumra var. penan-

giana; 2417: longiflora; 2621: oblata; 2750: longiflora;

2778: glauca; 2790: rhamphiphylla; 2845: Bernardi;

2898: syzygioides; 2971: polyantha; 2972: attenuata;

3010: Ridleyi; 3175: fastigiata; 3275: Griffithii; 3287:

Gardens Bulletin, S.

275

Helferi; 3431: densiflora; 3435: syzygioides; 3440:

glauca var. pseudoglauca; 3456: longiflora; 3475:

pseudosubtilis; 3498: Duthieana; 3593: chlorantha;

8601: Thumra var. penangiana; 3601: Ridleyi; 3625:

subdecussata; 3700: pachyphylla; 3731: syzygioides;

3758: caudata; 3807: chlorantha; 3827: Helferi.

CuRTIS’s COLLECTOR—12707: cerasiformis; 12721: Cumin-

giana; 12723: longiflora.

DENNY—56: conglomerata; 58: operculata; 60: pachy-

phylla; 61: conglomerata; 62: longiflora; 113, 114:

microcalyx.

DERRY—21: Muelleri; 53: tumida; 106: spicata; 133, 138:

pendens; 147: pachyphylla; 221: longiflora; 256:

Duthieana; 269: palembanica; 289: anisosepala; 451,

471: filiformis; 476: subdecussata; 516: longifiora;

531: pachyphylla; 550, 968: longiflora; 974: palem-

banica; 975: subdecussata; 1039: longiflora; 1097:

grandis; 1104: glauca; 1107: pseudosubtilis; 1154:

cerina; 1175: Griffithii; 1177: attenuata; 1178:

cerasiformis; 1194, 1230: filiformis; 1238: glauca.

DIEPENHORST—3088 : . avene. ;

ELMER—21223, 21237: pustulata; 21448, 21460: fastigiata ;

21518, 21762: Kunstleri.

FEDERATED MALAY STATES MUSEUMS (FMS Mus.)—6019:

claviflora var. montana; 6080: subdecussata var.

montana; 7656: longiflora; 8023, 8307: Scortechinil;

9273: grata; 9365, 9485: pseudoformosa; 9488, 10488:

subdecussata; 10604, 10687: pendens; 10769: pseu-

dosubtilis; 11595: cerasiformis; 11696: Stapfiana;

12139: pahangensis; 12180: viridescens; 12244, 12249:

pahangensis; 13181: spicata; 13183, 13185: oblata;

13186: grata.

~ FOREST DEPARTMENT, FEDERATED MALAY STATES (FOREST

DEPT. FMS) —20: tumida; 27: longifiora; 32: Cumin-

giana; 159: longiflora; 205: pseudosubtilis; 212:

leptostemon; 257: Griffithii; 262: papillosa; 266:

densiflora; 3828: spicata; 343: Stapfiana; 363:

filiformis; 3868: variolosa; 381: filiformis; 457:

variolosa ; 472: microcalyx; 516: fastigiata; 550:

palembanica ; 572: microcalyx; 573: anisosepala; 573:

horizontalis ; 579: pergamentacea; 579: filiformis var.

clavimyrtus; 580: subdecussata; 580: anisosepala;

595: Watsoniana; 596: leucoxylon; 623: polyantha;

641: Ridleyi; 682: longiflora; 802, 804: Cumingiana;

855: polyantha; 894: filiformis var. clavimyrtus; 905:

longiflora; 913: fastigiata; 936: variolosa; 962:

longiflora; 1010: subdecussata; 1128: filiformis var.

clavimyrtus; 1139: subdecussata; 1217: tumida; 1223:

Vol. XIT. (1949).

—

276

Bernardi; 1250: microcalyx; 1268: Dyeriana; 1416:

grandis; 1576: perakensis; 1578: cerina; 1589:

chlorantha; 1603: glauca var. pseudoglauca; 1652:

grata; 1682: grandis; 1750: claviflora; 1809: tumida;

1830: polyantha; 1850: grata; 1879: longiflora; 1960:

Ridleyi; 2053: Griffithii; 2058: longiflora; 2082a:

pustulata; 2082b: Ridleyi; 2105: Griffithii; 2155:

polyantha; 2279: variolosa; 2283: tetraptera; 2287:

valdevenosa; 2314, 2325: syzygioides; 2351: longiflora;

2358: grandis; 2407: longiflora; 2441: polyantha;

2633: chlorantha; 2671: polyantha; 2701: Cumingiana;

2704, 2772: grandis; 2787: densiflora var. angustifolia ;

2793: cerasiformis; 2927: grandis; 2934: Scortechinii;

2939: filiformis var. clavimyrtus; 3022: tumida; 3023:

longiflora; 3130: filiformis; 3136: Symingtoniana;

3202: palembanica; 3202: Hemsleyana; 3302:

panpillosa; 3308: variolosa; 3345: syzygioides; 3615:

cerina var. turbinata; 3618: grandis; 3624: densiflora

var. angustifolia; 3702: cerasiformis; 3719: Syming-

toniana; 3726: grandis; 3908: polyantha; 3912:

Curtisii var. minor; 3914: pseudosubtilis; 4003, 4007:

polyantha; 4028: Scortechinii var. cuneata; 4106:

cerina var. turbinata; 4157: nitidula; 4185: grandis;

4208: cerina var. turbinata; 4210: oblongifolia; 4211:

densiflora; 4494: Griffithii; 4582: longiflora; 4749:

microcalyx; 4783: pallidula; 4892, 4902: microcalyx;

4562: grandis; 5113: microcalyx; 5191: fastigiata;

5302: leptostemon; 5385: filiformis; 5460: pseudosub-

tilis; 5667: Cumingiana; 5707: inophylla; 5750:

perakensis; 5795: Watsoniana; 5927: virens; 6016:

longiflora ; 6057: polita; 6365: filiformis; 6392, 6407:

microcalyx; 6435: grandis; 6439: Griffithii; 6439:

valdevenosa ; 6656: anisosepala; 6682: polita; 6691:

grandis; 6751: claviflora; 6766: nigricans; 6779:

claviflora ; 7015: Griffithii; 7031: fastigiata; 7065:

Griffithii; 7515a: grata; 7552: syzygioides; 7619:

pachyphylla ; 7623: polyantha; 7661, 7679: syzygioides ;

7750: fastigiata; 7751: Curtisii var. Holttumii; 7796:

pseudosubtilis var. montana; 7843: Dyeriana; 7950:

filiformis var. clavimyrtus; 7972: fastigiata; 7988:

Griffithii ; 8040: leptostemon; 8128: nigricans; 8261:

variolosa; 8262: Griffithii; 8264: Cumingiana; 8277:

chlorantha ; 8278: filiformis var. clavimyrtus; 8376:

longiflora ; 8536: Scortechinii; 8864: longiflora; 8866:

microcalyx ; 8971: pustulata; 8987: longiflora; 9021:

anisosepala; 9036: oblata; 9355: filiformis; 9519:

Cumingiana; 9563: Watsoniana; 9632: subdecussata

var. montana; 9681: Dyeriana; 9717: pallidula; 9755:

Gardens Bulletin, S.

277

Cumingiana; 9758: filiformis var. clavimyrtus; 9788:

virens ; 9799: papillosa; 10146: grandis; 10208: glauca

var. pseudoglauca; 10233: microcalyx; 10236: grandis;

10246: anisosepala; 10350: polyantha; 10641: Duthie-

ana; 10661: polyantha; 10666: papillosa; 10785:

Duthieana; 10792: claviflora; 10841: variolosa; 11013:

pendens; 11049: leptostemon ; 11274: filiformis; 11575:

cerasiformis; 11603: claviflora var. excavata; 11777:

syzygioides ; 11792, 11798: Koordersiana; 11062, 12112:

Dyeriana; 12139: pseudosubtilis; 12403: syzygioides ;

12411:- rhamphiphylla; 12421: syzygioides; 12425:

Helferi ; 12474: attenuata; 12484: subdecussata ; 12486:

pseudosubtilis; 12776: linocieroidea; 12779: Griffithii ;

12783: Cumingiana; 12794: Duthieana; 12853:

polyantha; 12866: Haniffii; 12872: subdecussata var.

montana; 12961: pseudosubtilis; 13023: polita; 13025:

Griffithii; 13036: attenuata; 13051: papillosa; 13211:

inophylla; 13383: Haniffii; 13444: densiflora; 13615:

leptostemon; 13663: densiflora; 13681, 13685: tumida;

13992, 13993, 14506: Griffithii; 14685: filiformis;

14721: Symingtoniana; 14820: tumida; 14960: Ridleyi ;

14976: pallidula; 15071: rugosa; 15112: Griffithil;

15132: chlorantha; 15204: grandis; 15308: filiformis

var. clavimyrtus; 15417: longiflora; 15421: Burkilliana

var. garcinifoliocides; 15602: fusticulifera; 15607:

leucoxylon; 15696: subdecussata; 15700: longiflora;

15719: grandis; 16417: chlorantha; 16440: longifiora;

16502: pendens; 16509: fastigiata; 16534: pseudo-

formosa; 16886: densiflora; 17095: poiyantha; 17104:

Curtisii var. minor ; 17157: fusticulifera; 17168: cerina

var. turbinata; 17465: Bernardi; 17473: microcalyx;

17564: Dyeriana; 17708: Ridleyi; 17739: syzygioides ;

17757: polyantha; 17768: Ridleyi; 17786: longiflora;

17859: Dyeriana; 17917: laevicaulis; 17928: grata;

17932: polita; 17939: chlorantha; 18010: Dyeriana;

18030: polyantha; 18242: papillosa; 18958: chlorantha;

19857: longiflora; 20117: Dyeriana; 20220: grandis;

20229: cerasiformis; 20231: grata; 20255: Dyeriana;

20305: tumida ; 20405: jasminifolia ; 20465: pseudosub-

tilis ; 20493: valdevenosa; 20672: polyantha; 20780:

claviflora ; 20794: fastigiata; 20806: Bernardi; 21497:

syzygioides ; 21530: grata; 22299: densiflora; 22335:

Wrayi; 22390: valdevenosa; 22422, 22446: subdecus-

sata var. montana; 22477: leptostemon; 22497:

caudata ; 220a(2 -cerina var. montana; 22570:

*napiformis; 22928: Watsoniana; 22937: fastigiata;

23134: densiflora; 23149: papillosa; 23330, 23364:

tumida; 23397: valdevenosa; 23413: leptostemon;

Vol. XII. (1949).

278

23707: ?napiformis; 23782: pustulata; 23886: Wrayi;

24147: attenuata; 24620: cerina; 24633: filiformis;

25795: jasminifolia; 25812: variolosa; 25893: subde-

cussata var. montana; 25920: cerina var. montana;

25941: Wrayi; 26723: Symingtoniana; 26763:

densiflora var. angustifolia; 26824: palembanica;

26910: jasminifolia; 26994: leucoxyion; 27109: rugosa

var. cordata; 27110: oreophila; 27135: tetraptera;

27151: cerina; 27245,° 27246: filiformis; = 2iceer

nitidula; 27365: chlorantha; 27553: Bernardi; 27580:

valdevenosa; 28055: Symingtoniana; 28109: gonio-

calyx ; 28233, 28335: jasminifolia; 28360: valdevenosa; -

28536: claviflora var. excavata; 28973: chlorantha;

29093: pseudosubtilis; 29095: grandis; 29353:

Bernardi; 29486: subdecussata var. montana; 29488:

Stapfiana; 29490: oreophila; 29791: tetraptera; 29803:

linocieroidea; 29856: caudata; 29863: claviflora var.

excavata; 30689: grandis; 30764: chlorantha; 30791:

Scortechinii var. cuneata; 30889: claviflora var.

excavata; 31010: nitidula; 31018: tetraptera var.

pseudotetraptera; 31025: Cumingiana; 31026:

Dyeriana; 31447: Wrayi; 31448, 31449: oreophila;

31482: subdecussata var. montana; 31516: Duthieana;

32108, 32215: Stapfiana; 33041: pergamentacea;

33068: grata; 33093: grandis; 33202, 33205: attenuata;

33225: grata; 33413: ?malayana; 33502ccceranem.

33655: filiformis; 33727, 33728: variolosa; 33754:

pseudocrenulata; 33798: filiformis; 34016: goniocalyx;

34227: scalarinervis; 35755: spicata var. tenuiramis;

36134: oreophila; 36220, 36238: subdecussata var.

montana; 36265: tetraptera var. pseudotetraptera;

36271: Dyeriana; 36292: attenuata; 36518, 36552:

Wrayi; 36564: Stapfiana; 36569: Wrayi; 37445:

attenuata; 37541: densiflora var. angustifolia; 37692:

rugosa var. cordata; 37696: Stapfiana; 37720: rugosa

var. cordata; 37751: jasminifolia; 37768, 37787:

subdecussata var. montana; 37824, 37847: claviflora

var. Maingayi; 38104: grandis; 39209, 39264: pendens;

39358: leptostemon; 39400: attenuata; 40708, 40709:

pendens; 41651: papillosa; 41652: cerina var. turbi-

nata; 41703: papillosa; 42889: tahanensis; 42944:

salictoides ; 48135: syzygioides ; 43167: grandis; 43208:

spicata; 43328: syzygioides; 43330: longiflora; 48578:

syzygioides; 438588, 43643: grata; 43729: papillosa;

43732: perakensis; 43744: oblata; 43746, 44010:

operculata; 44033: setosa; 44056: attenuata; 44060:

cerina var. turbinata; 44066: oblata; 45413: tetraptera

var. pseudotetraptera; 47141: attenuata.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

279

Fox—32: Cumini; 11290: Muelleri; 12576: cerasitormis;

12726: microcalyx.

Fox’s COLLECTOR—12576, 12684: oblata. |

FRANCK—352: Muelleri.

GOODENOUGH—114: densiflora; 445: chlorantha; 1643:

palembanica; 1649: avenis; 1673: spicata; 1743:

filiformis; 1759: Goodenovii; 1872: papillosa; 1985:

subdecussata ; 3829: papillosa; A974: densiflora: 4975:

leptostemon ; 4978, 4978a: longifiora; 4987: pseudosub-

tilis; 5072: densiflora; 10604: Dyeriana.

GRIFFITH (Kew Distribution (“K.D.”) numbers. See note

under Maingay)—2349: pendens; 2366: claviflora;

2368, 2369: grandis; 2369, 2370: palembanica; 2371:

pachyphylla; 2375: Griffithii; 2376: palembanica;

2380: anisosepala; 2385: chlorantha; 2389: filiformis;

2390: longiflora; 2391: syzygioides; 2395: polyantha;

2405: Muelleri; 2410, 2411: microcalyx; 2416: glauca.

GWYNNE-VAUGHAN—356: pachyphylla; 612: oblata.

HANIFF—3915: Wrayi; 15483: grata.

HARVEY—21: tumida; 4994: tumida.

HENDERSON—1266: pustulata.

HOLMBERG—675: polyantha; 721: longiflora; 729: spicata;

782: tumida; 793: papillosa; 859: polita; 873:

papillosa.

HoLTTUM—3 : ?rhomboidea; 58: cerina var. montana; 98:

claviflora var. montana.

HULLETT—134: filiformis; 165: densiflora; 194: polyantha;

240: syzygioides; 316: filiformis: 339: palembanica ;

346: inophylla; 400: subdecussata; 403: Muelleri;

465: inophylla: 5383: spicata; 631: Muelleri; 638:

Syzygioides; 780: claviflora var. Maingayi; 805:

subdecussata; 806: palembanica; 812: syzygioides;

814: grandis; 848: Duthieana; 848: polyantha.

KERR—17128: microcalyx var. irregularis; 21754:

pseudosubtilis.

KLoss—25: Klossii; 103: leucoxylon.

KRUKOFF—3304, 4390: valdevenosa.

KUNSTLER (King’s collector of some works) —18: longiflora;

713: leptostemon; 737: valdevenosa; 738: densiflora:

1172: Cumini; 1184: tumida; 1277: chlorantha: 1326:

longiflora ; 1368: attenuata ; 1579: valdevenosa; 1771:

oblata; 1793: pseudosubtilis ; 18038: cerasiformis; 1863:

tecta; "1901: chloroleuca; 1908, 2150, 2317: leptoste-

mon; 2321: ffiliformis’ var. clavimyrtus: 2605:

Vol. XIT. (1949).

280

fastigiata; 2686: pseudomollis ; 2737: valdevenosa;

2796: variolosa; 2808: pseudomollis; 2813: papillosa;

2842: valdevenosa ; 3310: Kunstleri ; 3345:

leptostemon; 3348: Scortechinii; 3349: Dyeriana;

3401: pseudoformosa; 3407: Hoseana; 3410: napi-

formis; 83415: variolosa; 3422: pseudosyzygioides ;

3475: cerina; 3491: Dyeriana; 3526: Pearsoniana; .

3573: Dyeriana; 3654: caudata; 3680: Kunstleri;

3724: pustulata; 3752: stbdecussata; 3782: cerina;

3966: Duthieana; 3995: variolosa; 4076, 4082:

chlorantha; 4086, 4094: longiflora; 4132: fastigiata;

4181: Helferi; 4218: Duthieana; 4220: chlorantha;

4241: caudata; 4262: leptostemon; 4331: Cumingiana;

4346: cerasiformis; 43855: densiflora; 4405: longiflora;

4515: cerasiformis; 4541: garcinifolia; 4580: linocier-

oidea; 4674: spicata; 4682: densiflora; 4719:

Burkilliana; 4734: Scortechinii; 4735: Cumingiana;

4741: inophylla; 4769: subdecussata; 4947: valde-

venosa; 4951: chloroleuca; 5122: valdevenosa; 5163:

subdecussata; 5208: syzygioides; 5266: setosa;

5298: Dyeriana; 5309: Prainiana; 5322: valdeve-

nosa; 5354: subdecussata; 5389: pseudoformosa;

9407: fastigiata; 5414, 5433: grata; 5447: setosa;

5483: cerasiformis; 5512: fastigiata; 5547: qua-

drata; 5572: pseudomollis; 5595: perakensis; 5601:

filiformis; 5618: chlorantha; 5641: fastigiata; 5651:

napiformis; 5721: densiflora; 5780: polita; 5822:

fastigiata; 5855: densiflora; 5861: filiformis; 5868:

densiflora; 5869: papillosa; 5904: spicata; 5925:

filiformis var. clavimyrtus; 5982: Griffithii; 5986:

microcalyx; 5988: longiflora; 5989: Griffithii; 5990:

microcalyx; 5994: camptophylla; 6012: oblongifolia;

6036: variolosa; 6079: inopnylla; 6090: Griffithii;

6114: Hemsleyana; 6149; Curtisii; 6186: Burkilliana;

6192: Griffithii; 6196: Dyeriana; 6202: setosa; 6208,

6233: Koordersiana; 6254: pseudoformosa; 6262:

caudata; 6267: grata; 6268: Duthieana; 6385:

Koordersiana; 6404: Dyeriana; 6462: cerina; 6555:

inophylla; 6581: polyantha; 6584: Prainiana; 6600:

leptostemon; 6601: setosa; 6611: cerina; 6614:

polyantha; 6627: pseudosubtilis; 6665, 6682: leptoste-

mon; 6708: filiformis var. clavimyrtus; 6743: longi-

flora; 6758: pustulata; 6759: napiformis; 6765:

chlorantha; 6767: Dyeriana; 6793: setosa; 6822:

Dyeriana; 6930: polita; 6937: cerina; 6946:

pseudosubtilis ; 6965: rugosa; 6974: garcinifolia ; 6997:

Dyeriana; 7003: valdevenosa; 7055: cerasiformis;

7065: densiflora; 7216: spicata; 7306: Benjamina;

Gardens Bulletin, S.

i |. ——

281

7307: chloroleuca; 7315: polyantha; 7440: claviflora

var. excavata; 7470, 7511: chlorantha ; 7536: pustulata ;

7563: Gageana; 7590: Swettenhamiana; 7669:

Dyeriana; 7801: Scortechinii; 7811: Dyeriana; 7886:

tumida; 7907: subdecussata; 7980: linocieroidea;

8030: subdecussata var. montana; 8094: linocieroidea ;

8099: polyantha; 8102: densiflora; 8118: subdecussata ;

8129: pseudosubtilis ; 8200: scalarinervis ; 8379: taipin-

gensis; 8387: pseudomollis; 8409: subdecussata ; 8475:

‘papillosa; 8481: inophylla; 8535: chlorantha; 8549:

longiflora; 8609: fastigiata; 8633: polyantha; 8679:

polita; 8697: Hemsleyana; 8700: microcalyx; 8741:

Goodenovii; 8755: longiflora; 8848: oblongifolia;

10042: Griffithii; 10076: Scortechinii; 10086:

polyantha; 10246: valdevenosa; 10417: pseudosub-

tilis; 10437: Scortechinii; 10472: fastigiata; 10521:

ceastanea; 10648: polyantha; 10677: leptostemon;

10735: pseudosubtilis; 10752: subdecussata; 10780:

leptostemon; 10873: valdevenosa; 10883: oblongifolia;

10940: densiflora; 10995: tumida.

KURZ—2933: spicata.

LAKE A KELSALL—4076: claviflora var. montana; 4078:

polita.

MAINGAY (Kew Distribution numbers (“K.D.’’) are given,

as these are quoted in most works in preference to the

collector’s own numbers. The same K.D. number was

sometimes given to more than one collection and there-

_fore occasionally to more than one species. In such

cases Maingay’s own numbers are added)—718:

spicata ; 719: Muelleri (Maingay 1410 & 1411); 720:

longiflora ; 721: filiformis; 722: syzygioides; 723:

grandis (Maingay 1682) ; 723: valdevenosa (Maingay

1682a) ; 724: syzygioides (Maingay 1412a & 1412b);

725: palembanica; 727: microcalyx; 728: polyantha;

729: Ridleyi; 730: grandis (Maingay 1416a & 1416b) ;

731: microcalyx (Maingay 1235 & 3058) ; 732: grandis;

733: chlorantha; 736: Scortechinii; 737: papillosa;

739: pseudocrenulata; 740: subdecussata; 741: Muel-

leri; 742: pachyphylia; 743: virens; 744: attenuata;

745: conglomerata; 746: oblongifolia; 747: pendens;

749: subdecussata; 750: claviflora var. Maingayi; 751:

pustulata; 753: anisosepala (Maingay 1558); 753:

laevicaulis (Maingay 3012); 754: Griffithii; 755:

tumida; 757: grandis; 758, 760: densiflora; 762:

valdevenosa; 770: fastigiata. }

MuURTON—98: claviflora; 105: pseudosubtilis.

Vol. XII. (1949).

282

RIDLEY—1: longiflora; 5: javanica; 19: longiflora; 89:

spicata; 95: grandis; 134: spicata; 161: grandis; 256:

polyantha; 267: spicata; 282: grandis; 291, 334:

spicata; 339: polyantha; 348: tetraptera var. pseudo-

tetraptera; 354: javanica; 360: oblongifolia; 386:

densiflora; 848: polyantha; 1019: claviflora var.

leptalea; 1021: rugosa; 1033: grandis; 1109: claviflora

var. leptalea; 1290: spicata; 1301: oblata; 1469:

spicata; 1503c, 1505c: oblongifolia; 2054: microcalyx ;

2634: Hemsleyana; 2646: densiflora var. angustifolia; —

2647: salictoides; 2991: caudata; 3086: glauca; 3095:

scalarinervis; 3101: grata; 3108: glauca var. pseudo-

glauca; 3298: attenuata var. ophirensis ; 3299: jasmini-

’ foha; 3524: palembanica; 3531: microcalyx; 3633a:

oleina; 3706: Ridleyi; 3798: longiflora; 3839: Cumin-

giana; 3864: Duthieana; 3865: Cumingiana; 3881,

3899: tumida; 3902: pseudosubtilis; 3983: cerina;

3983bis: cerina var. turbinata; 4196: Muelleri; 4197:

tetraptera var. pseudotetraptera; 4200: pauper; 4569:

filiformis; 4570: tumida; 4571: syzygioides; 4572:

oleina; 4579: tumida; 4580: spicata; 4588: Griffithii;

4657: pustulata; 4657: palembanica; 4659: pustulata;

4660: filiformis var. clavimyrtus; 4661: chlorantha;

4662: subdecussata; 4663: palembanica; 4664: polyan-

tha; 4665: tumida; 4814: subdecussata; 4971: fili-

formis var. clavimyrtus; 4971la: filiformis; 4971b: fili-

formis var. clavimyrtus; 4972, 4972a, 4972b, 4972c:

palembanica; 4973: pustulata; 4976: spicata; 4976:

densiflora; 4976a: spicata; 4979: pustulata; 4980: Du-

thieana; 4981: Griffithii; 4982: Duthieana; 4983, 4984:

syzygioides; 4985: oleina; 4986: Muelleri; 4988, 4989:

cerina var. turbinata; 4990: pseudosubtilis; 4991:

syzygioides; 4992: tumida; 4993: oblongifolia; 4995:

- tumida; 4996, 4997: syzygioides; 4998: longiflora;

4999: Cumingiana; 5001: oleina; 5073: conglomerata ;

5090: javanica; 5208: polita; 5210: subdecussata var.

montana; 5344: caudata; 5347: valdevenosa; 5348:

javanica; 5728: Ridleyi; 5754: longiflora; 5755:

microcalyx; 5842: papillosa; 5892: tumida; 5920:

grandis; 5983: spicata; 5985: Muelleri; 5986: syzy-

gioides; 6055: spicata; 6216: tumida; 6232: pseudo-

crenulata; 6233: Ridleyi; 6234: tumida; 6307, 6308:

palembanica; 6416: Ridleyi; 6418: Kunstleri; 6419:

Ridleyi; 6420, 6421: pustulata; 6422: microcalyx ;

6527: cerina var. turbinata; 6540, 6802, 6802a: cerina;

6803, 6807: polyantha; 6915, 6915a: pauper; 6938:

tumida; 6970: claviflora var. excavata; 7089: clavi-

flora; 7313: porphyranthera; 7336, 7337: leptostemon; .

7340: tumida; 7385: densiflora; 7951: Griffithii; 7953:

Gardens Bulletin, S. |

283

syzygioides; 7954: claviflora; 7955: grata; 7956:

pseudosubtilis ; 7957 : chlorantha; 8048: pendens; 8104:

tumida; 8376: auriculata; 8384: claviflora; 8386:

glauca var. pseudoglauca; 8388: operculata; 8393:

claviflora ; 8400: Duthieana; 8411, 8412: pauper; 8424:

oleina; 8445: palembanica; 8447: pendens; 8449:

pauper; 8617: Bernardi; 8944: pauper; 8987: tetrap-

tera; 9098: pseudosubtilis; 9181: chlorantha; 9213:

tumida; 9222: chlorantha; 9378, 9378a: oblata; 9456:

grata; 9486: leucoxylon; 9498: subdecussata; 9520:

pseudoformosa; 9640: filiformis; 9668: Hoseana; 9845:

tumida; 9847: pustulata; 9848: Ridleyi; 10059:

attenuata var. ophirensis; 10131: oblongifolia; 10180,

10190: chlorantha; 10242: valdevenosa; 10290: grata;

10308: syzygioides; 10357: Cumingiana; 10366:

pachyphylla; 10385: spicata; 10387: polyantha; 10389:

subdecussata; 10395: longifiora; 10410: microcalyx

var. irregularis; 10453: Cumini; 10720: Muelleri;

10781: pergamentacea; 10792: Cumingiana; 10799:

Griffithii; 10805: polyantha; 10836: conglomerata;

10919: cerina; 10925, 10938: polyantha; 10947:

spicata; 11054: attenuata; 11055: avenis; 11094, 11100:

spicata; 11245: clavifiora; 11258: papillosa; 11259:

Duthieana; 11273: pseudoformosa; 11286, 11288:

longiflora; 11289: -palembanica; 11318: syzygioides;

11324

11381:

11485:

11920:

11992:

12175:

12482:

12669:

13019:

13252 -

13901:

14136:

14189:

: leptostemon ; 11326: polyantha; 11365: tumida;

polyantha; 11452: javanica; 11455: Cumini;

chlorantha; 11489: spicata; 11847: oleina;

chloroleuca; 11950: grata; 11989: Hoseana;

pauper; 12010: tumida; 12104: Stapfiana;

pauper; 12195: oleina; 12477: polyantha;

microcalyx var. irregularis; 12562: Duthieana;

polyantha; 12783: oblata; 13005: pustulata;

subdecussata; 13020: tumida; 13219: pauper;

virens ; 13345: tetraptera; 13659: cerasiformis ;

pseudosubtilis var. montana; 14103: densiflora;

pauper; 14136: pendens; 14137: palembanica;

Ridleyi; 14628: pergamentacea; 14629: pseudo-

formosa; 14690, 14690a: densiflora var. angustifolia;

14691: Hemsleyana; 14729: syzygioides; 15060:

oblata; 15061: pseudosubtilis; 15062: longiflora;

15063: polyantha; 15064: claviflora; 15065: clavifiora

var. leptalea; 15089: grandis; 15355: Muelleri; 15373:

Scortechinii; 15374: cerina var. turbinata; 15401:

fastigiata;.15402: javanica; 15411: Muelleri; 15448:

laevicaulis; 1559: caudata; 15599: rugosa _ var.

cordata; 15619: valdevenosa; 15773: grata; 15807:

longiflora; 16015: pahangensis; 16022: clypeolata;

Vol. XII. (1949).

284

16031: viridescens;, 16032: tahanensis; 16266:

tekuensis; 16273: claviflora var. montana; 16274:

cyrtophylloides; 16275: viridescens; 16306: Wrayi;

16396: salictoides.

RIDLEY’S COLLECTOR—2054a: microcalyx; 4973: variolosa;

5823: chlorantha; 6801: longiflora; 6804: pustulata;

6805: Ridleyi; 6806: pustulata; 8111: tumida.

RIDLEY & CURTIS—7952: chlorantha.

RIDLEY & GOODENOUGH—1649: cerina.

RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE—22: grandis.

SCORTECHINI—27: leptostemon; 45: chloroleuca; 83, 85:

tumida; 99, 99a: leptostemon; 103: leucoxylon; 132:

attenuata; 137: leucoxyion; 149: densiflora; 161:

chlorantha; 163: Hoseana; 184: napiformis; 185:

perakensis; 188: Muelleri; 203: nigricans; 205, 205a:

Dyeriana; 216: ? inophylla; 234, 239: polyantha; 246:

tumida; 257: Koordersiana; 294: subdecussata var.

montana; 306: operculata; 313, 315: valdevenosa; 326:

Bernardi; 336: Stapfiana; 337: myriantha; 349:

spicata; 392: caudata; 409: oreophila; 444: caudata;

485: polita; 618: oblongifolia; 649: Scortechinii; 743:

densiflora; 957: leucoxylon; 1209: polyantha; 1640,

1643: spicata; 1662: valdevenosa; 1768: fastigiata;

1884: valdevenosa; 2018: ? atronervia; 2021: virens;

2066: subdecussata.

SEIMUND—105: grandis; 357: rugosa var. saxitana; 358:

Wrayi; 446: Hemsleyana; 927: claviflora var. riparia.

SINGAPORE FIELD NUMBER (SFN.)—809: chlorantha; 830:

longiflora; 912: grandis; 939: pauper; 940: densiflora ;

1043: ? tiumanensis; 1217: syzygioides; 1408: tumida;

1425: filiformis; 2467: valdevenosa; 2653: caudata;

3017: fastigiata; 3042: pendens; 3222: Ridleyi; 3449:,

polyantha; 3783: chlorantha; 4448: syzygioides; 4474:

spicata; 4481: pauper; 4560: claviflora var. excavata;

4976: jasminifolia; 5154: oblata; 5172: Duthieana;

5974: ? Scortechinii; 5982: pustulata; 6418: filiformis;

7515: claviflora; 7615: Muelleri; 7616: cerina var.

turbinata; 7777: leptostemon; 7811: valdevenosa;

7936: pahangensis; 8088: Hemsleyana; 8099: densi-

flora var. angustifolia; 8535: ? palembanica; 8677:

nitidula; 8685: subdecussata var. montana; 8803:

Dyeriana; 8870, 8899: oreophila; 9037: leptostemon ;

9107: Cumingiana; 10014: densiflora; 10086: attenu-

ata; 10162: Graeme-Andersoniae; 10168: densiflora

var. angustifolia; 10722: orites; 10747: subdecussata

var. montana; 10790: spicata var. tenuiramis; 10820:

? jasminifolia; 10879: claviflora var. Maingayi; 11032:

Gardens Bulletin, S.—

285

Dyeriana; 11211: rugosa var. cordata; 11213: alyxi-

folia; 11264: cerina var. montana; 11456: goniocalyx;

11775: jasminifolia; 11828: nigricans; 11866: poly-

antha; 11993: jasminifolia; 12030: Graeme-Ander-

soniae; 12685: diospyrifolia; 12759: Duthieana;

12768: caudata; 12860: Griffitthii; 13047: oblata;

13050: pseudosubtilis; 13121: longiflora; 13151:

spicata; 13324: Cumini; 14041: Duthieana; 14271:

polyantha; 14335: inophylla; 14849: attenuata; 14876:

subdecussata var. montana; 14924: filiformis; 15098:

grata; 15159: claviflora; 15160: spicata; 15348: grata;

15544: syzygioides; 16352: rugosa; 16650: inophylla;

17113: spicata; 18039: nitidula; 18050: tetraptera var.

pseudotetraptera; 18052: Dyeriana; 18566: pendens;

. 18779: Symingtoniana; 19629: densiflora var. angusti-

folia; 19801: operculata; 19979: pseudoformosa;

20002: leptostemon; 20005: pauper; 20074: Bernardi;

20086: Hemsleyana; 20546: salictoides; 20665: pa-

hangensis; 21068: tecta; 21803: operculata; 21196:

Muelleri; 21315: papillosa; 21336: pseudosubtilis;

21401: syzygioides; 21405: Helferi, 21432: chlorantha;

21438, 21468, 21496: laevicaulis; 21548: oreophila;

21779, 21881: cerasiformis; 21887: Dyeriana; 22149:

densiflora var. angustifolia; 22215: Dyeriana; 22355,

22476: cerasiformis; 22596: Graeme-Andersoniae;

22605: densiflora var. angustifolia; 23559: attenuata

var. montana; 23586: Wrayi; 23603: Dyeriana; 23825:

Muelleri; 23897: cerina var. turbinata; 23908: Ber-

nardi; 23977: densiflora var. angustifolia; 24110:

Curtisii; 24114: cerina var. turbinata; 24124: spicata;

24139: Muelleri; 24448: cerina var. turbinata; 24549:

Dyeriana; 24596: longiflora; 24635: pendens; 24750:

Dyeriana; 24812: inophylla; 24929: spicata; 24973:

Cumingiana; 25756, 25914: densiflora; 25925: densi-

flora var. angustifolia ; 25923: oblata; 26042: Muelleri;

26190: rugosa; 26869: Kunstleri; 27096: pterophorum ;

28073: densiflora; 28078: pachyphylla; 28081: oleina;

28090: pseudocrenulata; 28144: leptostemon; 28327:

valdevenosa; 28465: densiflora; 28497, 28522:

nigricans; 28546: cerina; 28549: palembanica; 28557:

leucoxylon; 28561: spicata; 28583: pseudosubtilis;

28622: Curtisii; 28637: longiflora; 28746: pseudo-

subtilis; 28806: pseudoformosa; 28846: Stapfiana;

28907: ? orites; 28977: castanea; 28978: pauper;

28979: leptostemon; 29046: attenuata; 29049: cerina;

29225: virens; 29228: syzygioides; 29249: castanea;

29301: Kunstleri; 29312: longiflora; 29328: atroner-

via; 29358: Ridleyi; 29368: conglomerata var. pani-

culata; 29400: Kiahii; 29487: syzygioides; 29488:

Vol. XIT. (1949).

286

Cumini; 29489: syzygioides; 29495: microcalyx var.

irregularis ; 29703: densiflora var. angustifolia; 29727:

inophylla; 29765: subdecussata; 29769: polita; 29857:

claviflora ; 29935: pseudosubtilis ; 29941: subdecussata ;

29966: Muelleri; 29975: palembanica; 29976: Gri-

ffithii; 30176: napiformis; 30322: Kunstleri; 30352:

kemamanensis; 30420: Kunstleri; 30421, 30451:

pseudosyzygioides; 30456: pseudocrenulata; 30481: ? |

flosculifera; 30492: Kunstleri; 30497: pseudosyzy-

gioides ; 30599: pseudoformosa; 30697: pauper; 30755:

syzygioides; 30765: pachyphylla; 30900: longiflora;

30986: quadribracteata; 30995, 30996: microcalyx var.

irregularis; 31080: Stapfiana; 31236: Cumingiana;

31256: attenuata var. montana; 31257: Cumingiana;

31258: pseudosubtilis var. montana; 31259: filiformis |

var. clavimyrtus; 31288: goniocalyx; 31435: valde-

venosa; 31469: garcinifolia; 381474: valdevenosa;

31487: tumida; 31512: pseudosubtilis; 31536: Cumini;

31537: pseudosubtilis; 31575: Helferi; 31651: leu-

coxylon; 31660: grata; 31670: pseudosubtilis; 31710:

tekuensis; 31711: Hemsleyana; 31755: pseudoclavi-

flora; 31782: Dyeriana; 31883: cerina var. montana;

31925: clavifiora var. excavata; 31940: claviflora var.

Maingayi; 32018: tetraptera var. pseudotetraptera;

32036: Kiahii; 32096: pseudosubtilis; 32132: napi-

formis; 32152: Ngadimaniana; 32217: spicata var.

tenuiramis; 32219: Pearsoniana; 32220: palembanica;

32232: glauca var. pseudoglauca; 32254: oleina; 32328:

papillosa; 32369: valdevenosa; 32392: polyantha;

32409: grata; 32413: polyantha var. sessilis; 32444:

Muelleri; 32484: chlorantha; 32492: valdevenosa;

32529: pauper; 32595: attenuata var. montana; 32666:

Curtisii var. Holttumii; 32712: filiformis var. clavi-

myrtus; 32734: pseudosubtilis var. montana; 32742:

pachyphylla; 32794: palembanica; 32829: Dyeriana;

52950: ? napiformis; 33151: valdevenosa; 33160:

caudata; 33202: pahangensis var. Fraseri; 33207:

polita; 33208: cerian var. montana; 33265: syzy-

gioides; 33425: pseudosubtilis; 33427, 33439: pachy-

phylla; 33563: glauca; 33590: nemestrina; 33661:

Scortechinii var. cuneata; 33750: ? Symingtoniana;

39894: densiflora ; 33903: ? nigricans; 33914: claviflora

var. montana; 34068: setosa; 34075: attenuata; 34137:

spicata; 34138, 34451: oblata; 34467: chlorantha;

34475: oblata; 34481: perakensis; 34545: palembanica;

34605: rugosa; 34680: attenuata; 34707: ? tumida;

34774: subdecussata; 34775: linocieroidea; 34777:

attenuata; 34778, 34779: rugosa; 34780: glauca;

Gardens Bulletin, S.

287

34781: cerina; 34786: filiformis; 34787: Duthieana;

34788: cerina; 34789: glauca; 34797: palembanica;

$4924: longiflora; 34927: pseudosubtilis; 34937: lep-

tostemon; 34954: glauca; 34958: attenuata; 34980:

subdecussata ; 34982: linocieroidea ; 34986: chlorantha;

34988: nigricans; 34994: leptostemon; 35038: cerasi-

formis; 35056: pergamentacea; 35079: leptostemon;

35080: polyantha; 35183: siamensis; 35207: diospyri-

folia; 35258: fastigiata; 35264: siamensis; 35266:

longiflora; 35321: Helferi; 35347: chlorantha; 35357:

rhamphiphylla; 354381: Millsii; 35759: chlorantha;

35761, 35776, 35777: pseudosubtilis; 35798: rugosa;

35876: oblata; 35888: chlorantha; 35915: ? napi-

formis; 35917: chlorantha; 35924, 35925: densiflora;

35928: pseudosubtilis; 35929, 35930: rugosa; 35932:

Duthieana; 35933: rugosa; 35934: pseudosubtilis;

35936: densiflora; 35941, 35945, 35946: glauca; 35977:

tumida; 36009: spicata; 36098: Kunstleri; 36115:

attenuata; 36116: linocieroidea; 36128: nigricans;

36129: Ngadimaniana; 36133: flosculifera; 36171:

Cumingiana; 36180: glauca; 36182: palembanica;

36190: rugosa; 36192: filiformis; 36200: rugosa;

36257: claviflora; 36258: longiflora; 36265: Cuming!-

ana; 36275: tumida; 36279: pustulata; 36281: napl-

formis; 36291, 36293: virens; 36348: oblata; 36349:

operculata; 36354: cerina; 36358: longiflora; 36381:

attenuata ; 36385: subdecussata ; 36399: Ridleyi; 36403,

36404, 36409, 36412: rugosa; 36423: palembanica;

36429, 36436: pseudosubtilis ; 36440: attenuata; 36448:

Ridleyi; 36452: pseudosubtilis ; 36530: microcalyx var.

irregularis; 36531: nigricans; 36639: cerina; 36668:

Kiahii var. angustifolia; 36754:Brantiana; 36790:

cerina; 36805: oblata; 36824: Cumingiana; 36836:

subdecussata; 36882: valdevenosa; 36920: Kunstleri;

36921: Kiahii var. angustifolia; 36956: Brantiana;

36959: oleina; 37012: Ngadimaniana; 37015: nigri-

cans; 37018, 37019: Ridleyi; 37020: Ngadimaniana;

37086: ? tumida; 37096: Dyeriana; 37227: tumida;

37252: nemestrina ; 37259: papillosa ; 37368: oreophila ;

37384: grandis; 37396: nemestrina; 37451, 37677:

Helferi; 37725: Kunstleri; 37727: Cumingiana.

TERUYA—3021: spicata.

TEYSMANN—3307: tetraptera; 3603: puncticulata.

THOMSON—25: spicata.

THWAITES—160: calophyllifolia.

WALKER—34: spicata; 38: Muelleri; 98, 150: palembanica.

Vol. XII. (1949):

288

WALLICH—3370: filiformis; 3567: cerasiformis; 3569:

oblata; 3571: oleina; 3572, 3572b, 3573, 3574, 3575:

claviflora ; 3576: pseudosubtilis; 3578: filiformis; 3579:

leucoxylon; 3580: filiformis; 3583: cerina; 3584:

tumida; 3585: Muelleri; 3587: valdevenosa; 3588:

Cumingiana; 3589: subdecussata; 3593: syzygioides ;

3594: avenis; 3600: inophylla; 3600d: laevicaulis;

3618: palembanica; 3626: polita.

WoopDFOoRD—6417: longiflora.

WrAY—194: Curtisii var. minor; 216: Stapfiana; 217:

subdecussata var. montana; 415: ? palembanica; 472:

caudata; 479: plumbea; 544: densiflora; 544: densiflora

var. augustifolia; 818: spicata; 966: cerasiformis;

1075: rugosa; 1125: cerina var. montana; 1127: cerasi-

formis; 1176: caudata; 1192: filiformis var. clavi-

myrtus; 1377: inophylla; 1403: tumida; 1504: Wrayi;

1514: caudata; 1582, 1619: Stapfiana; 1781: leptoste-

mon; 1803: Hemsleyana; 1809: pseudoformosa; 1898:

linocieroidea; 1938: cerasiformis; 1954: ? Burkilliana;

1978: longiflora; 2094: Dyeriana; 2097, 2118: subhori-

zontalis; 2209: valdevenosa; 2221: nigricans; 2241:

longiflora; 2347: cerasiformis; 2372: pseudomollis;

2423: leptostemon; 2554: inophylla; 2587: polyantha;

2595: linocieroidea; 2609: leptostemon; 2632: Ben-

jamina; 2655: inophylla; 2703: taipingensis;. 2704:

setosa; 2713: Griffithii; 2725: operculata; 2734:

inophylla; 2785: Burkilliana; 2797: Benjamina; 2822:

polita; 2824: caudata; 2842: valdevenosa; 2878:

polyantha; 2917: chloroleuca; 2928: leptostemon ; 2952:

Hoseana; 2958: polyantha; 2968: Curtisii; 3016:

Muelleri; 3066: napiformis; 3070: Burkilliana; 3102:

Curtisii; 3130a: polyantha; 3134: leptostemon; 3199:

cerasiformis; 3204: Benjamina; 3208: caudata; 3248:

leptostemon; 3262: filiformis; 3403: Griffithii; 3465:

fastigiata ; 3537: pendens; 3581: pseudoformosa; 3656:

Griffithii; 3688: pseudoformosa; 3844: subdecussata

var. montana; 3859: Wrayi; 3907, 3908, 3914: ?

palembanica; 3972: cerina; 3990: Prainiana; 4114,

4115: nitidula; 4144, 4150, 4154: inasensis.

WRAY & ROBINSON—5338: viridescens; 5454: pahangensis.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

ts) > aes

INDEX

——

New varieties, new names, new combinations in bold-fated type, synonyms

in ttalics.

Acmena:

acuminatissima (Bl.) Merr. & Perry,

10, 260.

Calyptranthus:

caryophyllifolia Bl., 154, 156.

earyophyllifolia Willd., 154.

fastigvata Bl., 190.

floribunda B1., 190, 191.

pyrifolia Bl., 161.

Caryophyllus:

antisepticus Bl., 234.

aromatica L., 270.

fastigiatus Bl., 190.

floribundus Bl., 190.

Clavimyrtus:

glabrata Bl., 147, 148.

virens Bl., 249, 251.

Cleistocalyx:

264

operculata (Roxb.) Merr. & Perry,

Decaspermum:

montanum Ridl., 270.

Eugenia:

acuminatissima Berg., 260.

acuminatissima Kurz., 260.

var. parva Merr., 150.

acuminatissima Miq., 260.

alata Rid}!., 180.

- albidiramea Merr., 209, 210.

alyxifolia Ridl., 215.

anisosepala Duthie, 114, 115.

apiculata DC., 2, 3, 272.

aquea Burm. f., 2, 53, 75.

aromatica Kuntze, 7, 270.

attenuata (Miq.) Koord. & Valet.,

7, 174, 238, 241, 246, 248, 252.

var. montana var. nov., 242.

var. ophirensis var. nov., 241.

atronervia Henderson, 91.

auriculata Ridl., 54.

avenis (Miq.) comb. nov., 171, 172,

balsamea Ridl., 211.

balsamea Wight, 211.

bankensis (Hassk.) Backer, 227.

Benjamina King, 152, 154.

Bernardi King, 138, 142.

borneensis Miq., 204.

bracteata Roxb., 3, 272.

Vol. XII. (1949).

bracteolata Wight, 190, 191.

Brantiana Henderson, 145.

brevistylis C. B. Rob., 237.

brunneoramea Merr., 197.

Burkilliana King, 116, 118.

var. garcinifolioides var. nov., 118.

camptophylla Henderson, 140.

carissoides Muell., 272.

caryophyllata Thunb., 270.

castanea Merr., 156.

caudata King, 148, 150, 241.

eauliflora Berg., 48.

eauliflora DC., 48.

cauliflora Mig., 48.

cauliflora Ridl., 48.

cerasiformis (Bl.) DC., 196, 198.

cerina Henderson, 7, 168, 170, 172.

var. montana var. nov., 171.

var. turbinata var. nov., 170.

chlorantha Duthie, 107, 108.

chloroleuca King, 189.

ciliaris Ridl., 270.

einerea Kurz, 202, 204.

cinerea Ridl., 202.

Clarkeana King, 126, 128.

clavata (Korth.) Merr., 252.

claviflora Roxb., 7, 8, 10, 14, 252,

255, 262.

var. excavata King, 257.

var. glandulosa King, 257.

var. leptalea (Craib) var. nov.,

255.

var. leptantha King, 255.

var. Maingayi King, 257, 260.

var. montana var. nov., 260.

var. riparia var. nov., 257.

clavimyrtus Koord. & Valet., 147, 148

var. minor Koord. & Valet., 145.

clypeolata Ridl., 227.

colorata Duthie, 95.

confertiflora Koord. & Valet., 190,

Ot... =

conglomerata Duthie, 7, 198.

var. paniculata var. cov., 201.

corallina Merr., 174.

cordata Laws., 272.

cordifoliata Ridl., 95, 124.

corrugata King, 126, 128.

costaricensis Berg., 272.

crenulata Duthie, 216.

crenulata Willd., 216.

Cumingiana Vidal, 10, 14, 260, 262.

Cumini (L.) Druce, i82.

cuprea Koord. & Valet., 234.

290

Eugenia:

Curtisii King, 174, 176.

var. Holttumii (Ridl.) var. nov.,

176, 178.

var. minor King, 175, 178.

cyanocarpa Muell., 272.

cymosa Lamk., 154, 155, 156.

cymosa Wight, 154.

var. concinna King, 156.

cyrtophylloides Ridl., 167.

‘densiflora Bl.’’, 78.

densiflora (Bl.) Miq., 73, 78, 133, 138.

var. angustifolia Ridl., 79, 82, 93.

diospyrifolia Duthie, 67, 70, 71.

var. lanceolata (Korth.) Craib, 69.

diospyrifolia Wall., 67.

dolichophylla Kiaersk., 50.

dolichophylla Koord. & Valet., 50.

“doligophylla’’ Koord. & Valet., 50.

Dombeyana DC., 272.

Duthieana King, 118, 121.

Dyeriana King, 92, 126, 128, 130.

var. oblonga King, 126.

Elmeri Merr., 190, 191.

euneura Craib, 197.

Evansii Ridl., 197.

expansa Duthie, 196.

fastigiata (Bl.) Koord. & Valet., 190,

191.

filiformis Duthie, 145, 147, 251, 262.

var. Clavimyrtus (Koord. & Valet.)

var. nov., 147.

var. parvifolia Craib, 148.

filiformis Macfady., 148.

flosculifera Henderson, 7, 237.

formosa King, 69.

formosa Koord. & Valet., 70.

formosa Wall., 69.

Foxworthyi Elmer, 79.

Foxworthyi Ridl., 79.

Foxworthiana Ridl., 79.

Fraseri Ridl., 253.

fusiformis Duthie, 249.

fusticulifera Ridl., 246, 248, 249.

Gageana King, 133.

garcinifolia King, 83, 118.

glabrata Berg., 147.

glabrata DC., 147.

glauca King, 112.

var. pseudoglauca King, 113.

glaucicalyx Merr., 233, 234.

Goodenovii King, 244.

Goodenovii King, emend., 172.

goniocalyx Ridl., 165.

Graeme-Andersoniae Ridl., 111.

grandis Wight, 2, 87, 270.

grandis var. lepidocarpa Kurz, 86.

grata Wight, 233, 234.

Griffithii King, 115, 120, 121, 123.

Haniffii Henderson, 139.

Helferi Duthie, 108, 109.

Hemsleyana King, 92, 129, 130, 132.

Holtiumii Ridl., 176.

Hoseana King, 103.

Hullettiana King, 107, 108.

inasensis King, 100, 102.

incarnata Elm., 168, 169, 170.

inophylla (DC.) Roxb., 138, 141,

142, 144, 145.

var. Bernardi (King) Ridl., 142.

irregularis Craib, 207.

jambolana Lamk., 182,

jamboloides Koord. & Valet., 196, 198

Jambos Linn., 61, 62.

jasminifolia Ridl., 223, 225, 226.

javanica Lamk., 2, 74,

javensis Koord. & Valet., 197, 198.

johorensis Ridl., 73, 244.

johorensis Ridl., 244.

jugalis Ridl., 61.

Junghuhniana Miq., 211.

kemamanensis Henderson, 93.

Kiahii Henderson, 115.

var. angustifolia var. nov., 116.

kinabaluensis Stapf, 230.

Klossii Ridl., 179.

Koordersiana King, 212, 214.

Kunstleri King, 209, 211.

laevicaulis Duthie, 115, 138.

lanceolata Lamk., 255.

laxiflora Koord. & Valet., 197.

laxiuscula Ridl., 136, 137, 138.

lepidecarpa Kurz, 85.

leptalea Craib, 255.

leptantha Benth., 255.

leptantha Wight, 255.

leptogyna C. B. Rob., 249

leptostemon (Korth.) Miq., 201.

leucoxylon (Korth.) Migq., 235.

limnoea Ridl., 136, 137, 138.

var. gracilior Craib, 136.

lineata DC., 159.

lineata Duthie, 159, 198.

linocieroidea King, 163, 166.

longicalyx Ridl., 159.

longicauda Ridl., 232.

longiflora (Presl) F. Vill., 159, 161,

165, 198.

Luehmanni Muell., 273.

Maingayi Duthie, 257.

malaccensis Linn., 2, 4, 46, 75.

malayana Gagnep., 50.

marivelesensis Merr., 159.

Michelii Lamk., 3, 7, 273.

microcalyx Corner, 207.

microcalyx Duthie, 204, 205.

var. irregularis (Craib) var. nov.,

204, 207. —

var. obovata King, 205.

Millsii Henderson, 92.

Miquelii Elm., 159.

mollis King, 75.

mollis Willd., 75.

“Gardens Bylletin, S.

Eugenia:

Motleyi Ridl., 244.

_ Muelleri Miq., 3, 186, 187 .

myriantha King, 209.

myrtifolia Cambess., 150.

myrtifolia non Roxb., 3.

myrtifolia Roxb., 150, 151.

myrtifolia Salisb., 150.

myrtifolia Sims, 150.

napiformis Koord. & Valet., 241,

247, 248, 249.

nemestrina Henderson, 192.

nemoricola Ridl., 67.

Ngadimaniana Henderson, 108.

nigricans King, 194.

nitida Duthie, 211.

nitidissima Merr., 232.

nitidula Ridl., 226, 230.

oblata Roxb., 136, 137, 138, 139,

140, 141, 142, 179.

oblongifolia Duthie, 138, 184.

var. parvifolia King, 184.

var. robusta King, 138, 141, 142,

184.

oleina Wight, 150, 194.

operculata Roxb., 10, 264.

oreophila Ridl., 61.

orites Ridl., 214.

- pachyphylla Kurz, 90.

pahangensis Ridl., 101, 102.

var. Fraseri var. nov., 101, 102.

palembanica (Miq.) Merr., 85, 270.

pallidula Ridl., 192.

papillosa Duthie, 77.

parva C. B. Rob., 150, 151.

pauper Ridl., 178.

Pearsoniana King, 134, 136.

penangiana Duthie, 238, 241.

pendens Duthie, 71, 180.

perakensis King, 51, 55, 57.

pergamentacea King, $2, 130.

perpuncticulata Merr., 188, 189.

plumbea King, 63, 66.

polita King, 221, 225, 226..

polyantha Wight, 7, 2171.

var. sessilis var. nov., 212.

porphyranthera Ridl., 59, 66.

praestigiosa Henderson, 158.

Prainiana King, 133, 136.

var. Pearsoniana (King) Ridl., 134.

pseudoclaviflora Henderson, 252.

pseudocrenulata nom. nov., 216.

pseudoformosa King, 67, 69, 70, 71.

pseudoglauca Ridl., 113.

pseudomollis nom. nov., 75.

pseudosubtilis King, 146, 202, -04,

205, 209.

var. montana var. nov., 205.

var. platyphylla King, 202, 204,

205.

var. subacuminata King, 202,

205. -

Vol. XII. (1949).

pseudosyzygioides Henderson, 157,

158.

pseudotetraptera King, 220.

puncticulata Miq., 169.

punctulata F. M. Bailey. 168, 169.

punctulata King, 168, 169.

pustulata Duthie, 188, 211.

pyrifolia Desv., 161.

pyrifolia (Bl.) Duthie, 161.

quadrata King, 55.

quadribracteata Henderson, 166.

rhamphiphylla Craib, 241, 242, 248,

262.

52.

rhomboidea Ridl., 80.

Ridleyi King, 123, 125.

rigida DC., 244.

Robinsoniana Ridl., 197.

Rostadonis Ridl., 65.

rotata Craib, 201.

rubricaulis (Miq.) Duthie, 159.

rugosa (Korth.) Merr., 159, 174, 241,

244, 246, 248, 249.

var. cordata var. nov., 246.

var. Saxitana (Ridl.) var. nov.,

246.

ruminata Koord. & Valet., 253, 255.

salictoides Ridl., 82.

saligna C. B. Rob., 261.

saxitana Ridl., 246.

scalarinervis King, 57.

scoparia Duthie, 171, 172.

Scortechinii King, 66, 69, 71.

var. cuneata var. nov., 67, 70, 71.

var. parvifolia King, 66.

selangorensis Ridl., 84, 85.

setosa King, 176.

siamensis Craib, 59.

simulans King, 142, 159.

sinubanensis Elm., 150, 151.

spicata Lamk, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234

var. tenuiramis (Mig.) var. nov.,

230, 232.

spissifolia Ridl., 235.

Stapfiana King, 228.

subdecussata Duthie, 2, 95, 97, 101.

var. colorata King, 95.

var. montana King, 97.

subhorizontalis King, 124.

subracemosa Merr., 201.

subrufa King, 120.

var. robusta King, 120.

supra-axillaris Spring, 73.

Swettenhamiana King, 95.

Swettenhamiana King, emend., 124.

Symingtoniana Henderson, 267, 270.

syzygioides (Miq.) comb. nov., 154,

157, 158.

tahanensis Ridl., 102.

taipingensis Henderson, 193.

292

Eugenia:

tecta King, 223, 225, 226.

tekuensis nom. nov., 48, 51.

teretiflora Koord. & Valet., 255.

tetrahaedra Duthie, 270.

tetraptera (Mig.) comb. nov., 218,

225, ' 226.

var. pseudotetraptera (King) var.

nov., 220, 221.

Teysmannit (Miq.) Koord. & Valet.,

159.

Thumra Roxb., 123.

var. penangiana King, 121.

tiumanensis Ridl., 70, 71.

trunciflora Berg., 49.

trunciflora G. Don, 48.

trunciflora Rich., 48.

trunciflora Ridl., 48.

tumida Duthie, 161, 163.

uniflora L., 2.

urceolata Cordem., 201.

urceolata King, 201.

valdevenosa Duthie, 180.

Valetoniana King, 120.

variolosa King, 105.

venulosa Duthie, 186.

var. macrothyrsa King, 186.

verecunda Duthie, 235.

var. major Ridl., 235.

virens (B].) Koord. & Valet., 73, 249.

viridescens Ridl., 97.

viridifolia Elm., 253.

Watsoniana Henderson, 268.

Wightiana Wight, 255.

Wrayi King, 98.

zeylanica Wight, 231.

zeylanica Willd., 231.

Zippeliana Koord. & Valet., 197, 198.

Jambosa:

attenuata Miq., 238.

borneensis Miq., 252.

cerasiformis Hassk., 198.

clavata Korth., 252.

confusa Bl., 50.

densiflora DC., 78.

glabrata DC., 147.

insignis Bl., 50.

Korthalsii Bl., 50.

lanceolata Korth., 50.

leptostemon Korth., 201.

lineata DC., 159.

puncticulata Miq., 169.

‘““punctulata’’ Miq., 169.

rubricaulis Miq., 159.

saligna Miq., 261, 262.

syzygioides Miq., 154, 156.

tenuiramis Miq., 232.

tetrahaedra Miq., 270.

tetraptera Miq., 218, 220.

Teysmannit Miq., 159.

urceolata Korth., 201.

Key to Species, 18.

Myrtus:

acuminatissima Bl., 260.

caudata Wall., 149.

cerasiformis Bl., 196, 198.

Cumini Linn., 182.

densiflora Bl., 78.

glabrata Bl., 147.

lineata Bl., 159.

lineata Sw., 159.

samarangensis Bl., 74.

zeylanica Linn., 231.

Syzygium:

albidirameum (Merr.) Merr. & Perry.

209.

antisepticum (Bl.) Merr. & Perry,

234.

apodum Migq., 97.

aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston, 53.

attenuatum (Miq.) Merr. & Perry, 238

avene Miq., 171, 172.

bankense (Hassk.) Merr. & Perry,

227.

campanulatum Korth., 152.

castaneum (Merr.) Merr. & Perry, 156.

cerasiforme (Bl.) Merr. & Perry, 196.

chloranthum (Duthie) Merr. & Perry,

107.

clavatum (Korth.) Merr. & Perry, 252.

claviflorum (Roxb.) Cowan & Cowan,

252.

concinnum Wall., 156.

confertum (Korth.) Merr. & Perry,

214.

Cumini (L.) Skeels, 182.

Curtisii (King) Merr. & Perry, 174. _

euneuron Miq., 197,198.

fastigiatum (Bl1.) Merr. & Perry, 190.

filiforme Wall., 145.

Foxworthianum (Ridl.)

Perry, 79.

fusiforme (Duthie) Merr. & Perry,

249.

fusticuliferum (Ridl.) Merr. & Perry,

246.

Merr. &

gorcinifolium (King) Merr. & Perry,

83.

grande (Wight) Walp., 87.

Griffithvi (Duthie) Merr. & Perry, 120

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Syzygium:

Hoseanum (King) Merr. & Perry, 103.

incarnatum Merr. & Perry, 168.

inophyllum DC., 141.

irregulare (Craib) Merr. & Perry, =07. |

Jambos (L.) Alston, 62.

javanicum Miq., 196.

leptanthum (Wight) Niedenz., 255.

leptostemon (Korth.) Merr. & Perry,

201.

leucoxylon Korth., 235, 237.

lineatum (DC.) Merr. & Perry, 159.

longiflorum Presl, 159, 161.

malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry, 46.

minutiflorum Miq., 202.

Muelleri Miq., 186.

myrtifolium (Roxb.) DC., 150.

napiforme (K. & V.) Merr. & Perry,

247.

nigricans (King) Merr. & Perry, 194.

nigropunctatum Merr. & Perry, 172.

oblatum Wall., 136.

oleinum Wall., 151.

operculatum (Roxb.) Niedenz., 264.

pachyphyllum (Kurz) Merr. & Perry,

90.

palembanicum Miq., 85.

papillosum (Duthie) Merr. & Perry,

- he

Vol. XII. (1949).

293

perpuncticulatum

Perry, 188.

polyanthum (Wight) Walp., 211.

pseudoformosum (King) Merr. &

Perry, 69. «

pterophorum Merr. & Perry, 221.

punctulatum Wall., 169.

pycnanthum Merr. & Perry, 78.

pyrifolium (Bl.) DC., 161.

racemcsum (Bl.) DC., 196.

rhamphiphyllum (Craib)

Fischer, 242.

rigidum Wall., 174, 244.

rugosum Korth., 244.

samarangense (Bl.) Merr. & Perry, 74.

scoparium Wall., 171.

subdecussatum Wall., 95, 97.

syzygvoides (Miq.) Merr. & Perry, 154.

urceolatum (Korth.) Merr. & Perry,

129, 130.

valdevenosum (Duthie) Merr. & Perry,

180.

(Merr.) Merr. &

C.E.C.

venulosum Wall., 186.

verecundum Wall., 235.

viridifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Perry,

253.

zeylanicum (L.) DC., 231.

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Gregarious Flowering of the Terrestrial Orchid Bromheadia

c ay Fu tadeswlane by R. E. Holttum .. 295

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) Palmae Malesicae—xX, The Malayan Species of auidcs

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THE

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YLPAPAAUADAUPAAAPAMAAPAAAAAMAMarae

Vol. XII 7th December. 1949 Part 2

WAM AAA AAAADABAAQOAOANAAAMAANnoaioanee

GREGARIOUS FLOWERING OF THE TERRESTRIAL

ORCHID BROMHEADIA FINLAYSONIANA

‘ By R. E. HoLTtTuM

It is well known that certain epiphytic orchids fiower

gregariously. Several authors have made detailed observa-

tions of the behaviour of the species Dendrobium

crumenatum, which is one of the commonest orchids in

Malaya, occurring on nearly every old tree and producing a

beautiful but short-lived display of fragrant white flowers

several times during the year. Other less common species

of Dendrobium behave similarly. The flower buds of these

plants develop underneath their protecting bracts to a stage

at which all parts are formed, and then rest, sometimes for

some weeks, before entering upon their final period of ©

growth, which ends in flowering after a definite number of

days. The stimulus which causes the buds to resume

growth appears to be an unusually prolonged cool period,

of a temperature comparable to that of normal night

temperature. The literature concerned is fully cited by

Kerling (1941).

Other orchids besides Dendrobiums behave in this way

(and indeed the phenomenon is not confined to orchids, as

the behaviour of Zephyranthes, investigated by Kerling, is

essentially similar). The species Bromheadia aliticola,

belonging to a rather isolated and peculiar genus of

Western Malaysia, has an elongating inflorescence of

conspicuous 2-ranked bracts, which thus appears very

different from that of Dendrobium crumenatum, but its

flower-buds rest in a similar manner and respond to cool

temperature in the same way, opening their flowers a day

before D. crumenatum. There is a very common terrestrial

species of Bromheadia which has indications of a gregarious

flowering, but its behaviour is so different from that of the

295

— x 4: ¥ "eA ee.

296 | :

other orchids already mentioned that I was doubtful if it —

could be a response to the same kind of stimulus. The ~

results of my investigations of this terrestrial Bromheadia

are here reported, and they are interesting as indicating.a

behaviour mid-way between uninhibited flowering and the

_peculiar condition of Dendrobium crumenatum.

Bromheadia finlaysoniana is very common in the

scrubby vegetation which develops in Singapore on land

that has been cleared and abandoned. It grows in associa- —

tion with Gleichenia, Nepenthes, Gahnia tristis, Melastoma,

Wormia suffruticosa ete. The soil is often a hard compacted

clay and it takes a considerable time for a vegetation of trees

to develop. The plants of the long-persistent scrub are

exposed to full sun, and most of them have tough leaves.

The roots of the Bromheadia are close to the surface of the -

soil, so that they must soon feel the effect of dry weather,

though they are protected by the shade of the other plants

around them. A week without rain in Singapore is a dry

period; two weeks is very dry; three weeks very rare. A”

few days without rain under the tropic sun are a strain on

most plants which have not a deep soil to supply their roots

‘with water.

Plants of Bromheadia finlaysoniana have erect leafy

stems two or three feet high, with a terminal inflorescence.

The floral bracts alternate in close succession, and the

inflorescence continues to elongate for several months; its

tip commonly bears three flower buds at different stages of

development (Fig. 1).- Each bud takes 20-30 days to

flowering from the time when it is first visible beyond its

bract; the interval between the times of opening of

successive buds varies considerably. Each flower lasts one

day only.

If the inflorescences and their buds on all the plants

continued to grow at a uniform rate, one would expect a

random flowering, with no great differences in the number

of flowers to be seen on different days. But when we grew

a number of Bromheadia plants together in one bed at the

Botanic Gardens, we found that at irregular intervals of

about 6-12 days there were a considerable number of flowers

open together (the number varying much on different —

occasions) with few flowers on other days. It seemed that —

there was some influence at work causing gregarious ~

flowering of an irregular nature, even though all buds ~—

appeared to be developing continuously. In order to under-

stand the matter better, I measured the lengths of buds on

selected inflorescences daily over a period of several months. —

I did this in 1940, the plants measured being grown in pots —

Gardens Bulletin, S. 4

297

Fig. 1. On left, one complete stem of B. finlaysoniana,

x 14. On right, inflorescence with 3 flower-

buds at different stages (* 2) and an open

flower ( 1).

Vol. XII. (1949).

298

on some plants growing in a bed and receiving no water

except rain. oy

In 1940 I measured 32 buds from their earliest visible

stage to flowering, on five inflorescences (a few other buds

fell prematurely). The time of development varied from ~~

20 to 30 days, the mean time for buds on separate infiores-

cences varying from 24.5 to 25.5 days. The measurements

were made to the nearest half millimetre, and included the

total length of the bud with its ovary and short pedicel.

Each bud showed an accelerated rate of growth, with a

maximum on the last day, in which the increase in length

was usually more than a centimetre. The measuremenis of

1948 gave similar results. In all, seventy-one flowers were

measured over their complete development, on six inflores-

cences. The extreme periods of development were 19 and

d4 days, the mean was 24 days.

When measurements of length of individual buds were

plotted graphically, it was seen that some of them formed

an even curve, showing a steady acceleration, while others

showed retardation in part of the curve. The retardation

usually occurred at lengths of 13 to 20 mm., and sooner or

later gave way to normal accelerated growth for the six days

prior to opening of the flower. It is thus evident that if

several buds with retarded growth resumed normal |

accelerated growth at the same time, they might all flower

simultaneously. In this way, buds which started to grow

on different days might flower together (fig. 2). There can

be no doubt that such retardation and subsequent resumption

of normal growth is the cause of the gregarious flowering.

Two questions now arise. What causes the retardation

of normal accelerated growth? And what causes the

resumption of such growth after retardation?

My observations lead to the conclusion that there 1s not -

one single cause of retardation, and there is need of much >

further investigation before the matter can be fully under-

stood. The following facts have a bearing on the matter.

In 1940, a potted plant under observation had its roots”

much exposed, owing to wash from heavy rain. I thought

to help the plant by adding a little burnt earth (the usual

potting soil) to cover the exposed roots, but this had a

contrary effect. The plant (which had only one inflores-

cence) responded in a remarkable way. A flower-bud,

which had attained 15 mm. in length and was developing

normally, ceased growth on the day after the extra earth

was added, and made no further growth, persisting 22 days

before falling. A smaller bud, 5 mm. long, ceased growth

and fell after only one day. This is clear evidence of a

and watered daily (except as noted below) and againin1948

;

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Gardens Bulletin, S. if

299

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Fig. 2. Graphs showing growth of six flower-buds to the day before

flowering. The left-hand group flowered on 17th February, the

right-hand group on 28th February. Letters refer to the

inflorescences on which the buds were borne; the first and

last of the six buds were both on inflorescence A.

Vol. XII. (1949).

500

close association between root activity and flower-bud

development. The roots were evidently injured in some

way by the added earth; whether merely by depriving them

of necessary exposure to the air, or by some directly harmful

chemical effect. 3

sheltered from rain (in good bright light, but not direct

sunlight) and watering was stopped for 14 days. At the

time watering ceased, 9 buds were developing. Of these,

the four largest (one on each inflorescence) all flowered

normally 2—7 days later. Two others, which were 5.0 and

5.) mm. long when watering was stopped, grew to full

development but failed to open; their final accelerated phase

was less steep than normal, and their final size about two-

thirds normal. A bud 4 mm. long grew about normally to

13 mm., and then grew less than another millimetre in five

days, after which watering was resumed and normal

accelerated growth to flowering occurred. <A bud only 1.5

mm. long grew normally to 4 mm., remained at about this

length for five days, and then resumed normal growth when

watering was started again. There is no doubt that lack of

water can cause retardation ,of growth, but also that

accelerated growth (though of reduced amount) can occur

even if water is seriously deficient.

in 1948 the plants were in a close group in the open

ground, and were not watered. The month of February,

1948 was very wet throughout. Yet a number of buds

Showed retarded growth. It is well known that orchid

plants resent unduly wet conditions (which prevent normal

aeration of the roots) and I can only suppose that undue

wet causes upset of normal root functions with consequent —

effect on flower buds. But this matter needs more experi-

mental investigation. Retardation at later periods occurred

in dry weather, but not always. The effect of drought on

the root is not to be measured merely in terms of rainfall

or its lack; it depends on many other factors, such as wind,

atmospheric humidity, and duration of bright sunlight, and

is difficult to assess.

Our other question seems to have a more definite

answer. I have found that on every occasion when a

considerable number of flowers were open on the same day

(12 flowers or more, on about 30 inflorescences) the seventh

day previous was decidedly cooler than average as judged

by a thermograph record. I have not made any definite

measurements of these records. Something more is needed -

than a comparison of maximum temperature, which may be

of short duration. There was sometimes a sudden cooling

due to a storm, such as that mentioned by Coster (1926),

Gardens Bulletin, S.

301

but not always, and sudden cooling is certainly not essential.

The results agree with those of Kerling already mentioned

for Zephyranthes and Dendrobium.

It seems then that flower-buds of Bromheadia

finlaysoniana grow to about 12 mm. in length, and then -

for the next week or so are susceptible to retarding

influences which may extend over a period of as much as

eight days but usually over a lesser period. When the plant

experiences the next unusually cool day, the normal

accelerated development begins, and flowering occurs on the

seventh day. Under norma! conditions, the retardation

does not amount to a cessation of growth, but such might

occur (as in the unwatered pot) under exceptionally dry

conditions.

It is not a big step from such a condition to that of

Dendrobium crumenatum, in which growth ceases altogether

at a certain stage of development, to be resumed as a result

of a cool-temperature stimulus. The significance of the cool

temperature stimulus probably is that such temperatures

are usually associated with wet days; and water is necessary

for the rapid Jater stages of development of fiower-buds.

(In Zephyranthes it has been shown that both cool

temperature and water are necessary as a stimulus to growth

of dormant flower-buds). The terrestrial Bromheadia is

somewhat better off as regards water supply than the

epiphytic Dendrobium, so that a total cessation of growth

of buds until rain comes may be unnecessary. The Brom-

headia is evidently also sensitive to a less pronounced cool-

temperature stimulus.

All other species of Bromheadia except one are

epiphytic, and it seems possible that B. finlaysoniana is

“secondarily” terrestrial; i.e. that it is derived from

epiphytic ancestors. Its roots are of epiphytic type.

Whether under such circumstances its behaviour as regards

bud-development could be a regression from the epiphytic

condition (shown by B. alticola) or whether it is an

arrested stage of evolution, is an interesting matter for

speculation. ey

Some buds of Bromheadia finlaysoniana develop quite

evenly, with no trace of retardation. Whether a bud always

does this if root conditions are satisfactory, or whether such

buds always experience a cool day at the right stage of their

development, is a matter for further observation. The

whole behaviour of flowering in this species is an indication

of extreme sensitiveness to external conditions, and is an

interesting example of how piants in our apparently very

uniform climate can respond to small climatic changes.

Vol. XII. (1949).

BIBLIOGRAPHY}

Coster, C. (1926). Periodische Bliitenerscheinu

Tropen. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 35: 14

Kerling, L. C. P. (1941). The gregarious flowe

Zephyranthes rosea Lindi. Ann. Jard. Bot. Bui

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303

THE SELECTION OF TYPE-SPECIES OF SOME OLD

GENERA OF FERNS

By R. E. HOLTTuM

Some early genera of ferns are so heterogeneous that

the authors cannot have had clear ideas in founding them.

It is sometimes possible to exclude certain species as not

eonforming to the author’s generic description, but it is

often not possible to say that ome species rather than

another is clearly indicated by that description. The

generic description is thus not an infallible guide im the

selection of a type-species.

The usual procedure has been to follow the first author

who divides a genus. The process may be repeated more

than once. Often the authors who split genera did not

indicate a type-species; ome can only agree that the type-

species must be contained in that part of the original genus

which is retained under the original generic name.

It may oceur that subsequent authors in dividing a

genus do not pay attention to the original generic descrip-

tion, and so may retain under the original generic name a

species that does not well agree with that description,

removing all others to another genus or genera. In such

cases it may seem reasonable to select a new type-species

of the original genus. But if (as often happens) none of

the original species correspond uniquely to the description,

there may well be difference of opinion as to which species

most nearly corresponds toit. The result will be confusion.

I suggest that, in the interests of uniformity of nomen-

clature, it is better to follow the first divider of a genus,

even though he may not select (by implication or otherwise)

a type-species that most nearly corresponds to the original

description. This may not be ideal arrangement; but in

practice no ideal arrangement is possible, and I suggest that

it is better to follow a definite rule rather than an indefinite

one which will allow of differences of opinion and, as a

result, confusion of nomenclature. On the other hand,

there should certainly be a recommendation that a later

author, in dividing a genus, should principally consider the

generic description when selecting a type-species.

Linnean genera can be treated like any others, having

regard to the convention that the species deseribed in 1755

are associated with the generic descriptions of 1754, and to

aan rule that legitimate nomenclature begins in 1753 (art.

Vol. XII. (1949).

504

I apply these principles to the names of certain fern

genera as follows:

1. Pteropsis Desv. 1827.

This genus included five different genera, by modern

standards. The species which most nearly agrees with the

original generic description is Pteropsis scolopendrina,

which is a Vittaria (an earlier genus). It is therefore

reasonable to regard Pteropsis as a synonym of Vittaria,

and this is actually the effect of the action of the botanists

who have in succession removed from Pteropsis the

following: Drymoglossum Pres] (1836), Paltonium Presl

(1849), Eschatogramme Trevisan (1851), Ananthacorus

Und. & Maxon (1908). I see no reason why Pteropsis

piloselloides should be chosen as type-species of Pteropsis.

It does not well agree with the generic description, and after

Pres] separated it in 1836 no botanist appears to have

restored it to Pteropsis until Underwood and Maxon in 1908.

2. Trichomanes Linn. 1753.

In Species Plantarum 1753 eleven species are included

in this genus. The generic description of 1754 would apply —

equally to T. crispum and to T. scandens, and there is

nothing in the publications of 1753 and 1754 which would

indicate one rather than the other as type-species of the

genus. |

The 19th century botanists who subdivided Trichomanes

all agreed in leaving in it 7. scandens and its near allies.

Moreover, these are admitted by Copeland to represent a

primitive and unspecialized section of the genus Tricho-

manes sens. lat.

But Copeland in 1937 (Philip. Journ, Sci. 67: 51)

proposed a new generic name Vandenboschia for T. scandens

and its near allies, on the ground that the type-species of

Trichomanes is JT. crispum, which he considers to typify a

genus distinct from TJ. scandens. The reason for the

selection of T. crispum as type-species is that it was the

first species described as Trichomanes by Linnaeus, in 1737.

But legitimate botanical nomenclature begins in 1753, and

there is nothing in the Rules which instructs us to refer to —

earlier literature. We are in fact referred to generic

descriptions of 1754. It is true that in the case of Tricho-

manes, reference to an earlier work gives us a single original

species of our genus. But it would not always do so; and

the obligation to search all literature earlier than 1753 in

order to find the first species in each genus as understood

by Linnaeus in 1753 would not only add greatly to the —

present amount of purely bibliographical work of taxono-

mists; it would also present many new problems which

Gardens Bulletin, S.

305

would allow of differences of opinion. The result would not

be conducive to stability of nomenclature, and would involve

the expenditure of much effort which would be better

directed to the study of the plants themselves.

I therefore contend that the type-species of Tricho-

manes should be T. scandens, not T. crispum, and that the

generic name Vandenboschia Copel. is superfluous.

3. Belvisia Mirbel 1802.

When originally describing this genus, Mirbel discussed

its relation to Blechnum, to Pteris and to Asplenium septen-

trionale. All species included by Mirbel in his new genus,

except B. spicata, had compound leaves, and from his dis-

cussion it is clear that he regarded B. spicata as an aberrant

member of the genus. B. spicata is however the only

species left in Belvisia after the other species have been

removed to the older genera Blechnum, Pteris and

Asplenium. Therefore, though it does not agree best with

the generic description, I agree to accept it as the type-

species of the genus.

As the name Hymenolepis Kaulf. is illegitimate, being

a later homonym of Hymenolepis Cassini, Belvisia takes its

place, being the next generic name in order of priority.

4. Thelypteris Schmidel 1762.

Copeland, in Gen. Fil. pp. 135-136, rejects Thelypteris

on the ground that it was not validly published by Schmidel.

Alston had previously commented as follows on this subject

(Kew Bull. 1932: 309):

It has been argued (Mackenzie in Am. Fern Journ.

-~ XVII, 117-119) that Schmidel was making use of a

uninomial nomenclature; this is clearly untrue, as he

uses the name Commelina for three distinct species.

That Schmidel regarded his names as generic is clear

from p. 104 where he speaks of Micheli’s genus

Sphaerocarpus. That Schmidel considered his genera

to be published is apparent from his proposal of a new

genus (Tegamum, v. 67).

Copeland objects that Schmidel’s name Thelypteris non

ramosa distinguishes it “not from Acrostichum of Linnaeus

but from the older Thelypteris which we know as

Pteridium”. Schmidel was in fact reviving a genus

published by Ruppius in 1718. The two species in that

genus were T. dioscoridis (= Pteridium aquilinum) and

T. palustris non ramosa. Neither belongs to Acrostichum,

and there was nothing wrong in Schmidel maintaining a

genus for them; the fact that we now consider them to

belong to two different genera is irrelevant. Schmidel

Vol. XII. (1949).

006

published a long description and an excellent plate. Itisa

better basis than that of many fern genera, and I consider

it to be valid.

5. Ctenopteris (Blume) Kunze 1846.

The name Ctenopteris was published by Blume in 1828,

in a conspectus of the sections of the genus Polypodium.

The preceding section (Goniophlebium) is clearly indicated

as such; but of Ctenopteris Blume remarks that it is

sufficiently distinct to warrant separation as a genus. He

does not however make the separation, nor use the name

Ctenopteris when later describing the species concerned.

It is clear therefore that he was in effect describing a section

of Polypodium, not a new genus. The first author to take

up-Blume’s name and to publish binomials under it was

Kunze (Bot. Zeit. 4: 425. 1846). Kunze did not describe

the genus, but referred to Blume’s description, so validating ;

Ctenopteris as a generic name.

Different authors would define differently the limits of

Ctenopteris. In Blume’s original list are species with both

superficial and immersed sori; and one of the latter (C.

venulosa, type also of Cryptosorus Fée) is chosen by Cope-

land as the type-species. It may be contended that there is

no sharp distinction between C. venulosa and the genus

Prosaptia Presl (1836). It is also clear that Xiphopteris

Kaulf. (1820) is a closely allied genus which might not

unnaturally be united to Ctenopteris. (J. Smith placed

Polypodium trichomanoides, which is a Xiphopteris, in

Ctenopteris).

I consider that, if Ctenopteris, Prosaptia and Xiphop-

teris are united, Ctenopteris is the most appropriate name,

Xiphopteris and Prosaptia referring to special characters

not shared by the whole group. I have therefore proposed

the conservation of Ctenopteris to have precedence over

Xiphopteris and Prosaptia whenever either of these is united

to Ctenopteris as typified by C. venulosa (Bl.) Kunze.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

307

THE STATUS OF BOTANICAL LITERATURE

PUBLISHED BEFORE 1753

By R. E. HOLTTUM and C. X. FURTADO

In a recent paper, Chatterjee (1) criticizes a contention

by Furtado (2) that botanical literature published prior to

1753 should be regarded as invalid. In our opinion,

Chatterjee omits certain relevant considerations, and a

_ further statement on the subject is therefore desirable.

Chatterjee objects to the use of the term valid and its

derivatives by Furtado, and also to certain other “‘unfami-

liar” terms, but he does not mention that Furtado has

defined the use of these terms (3, 4), nor does he seem aware

of the inconsistent use of the terms valid, legitimate and

their derivatives in the Rules. Chatterjee himself is not

consistent in his use of these terms.

As an example of the confusion that exists, we may

quote the following possible argument, using a strict verbai

interpretation of the Rules. Under Art. 36, literature

published prior to 1753 may be regarded as effectively

published, and under Art. 20 legitimate botanical nomencla-

‘ture begins with Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum of 1753; then

by the application of Art. 19 and Art. 37, names published

before 1753 are illegitimate but validly published (not

invalidly, as maintained by Chatterjee) ; therefore under’

Art. 61 many Linnean names (which it is the intention of

Ari. 20 to conserve) become unusable as homonyms.

Basic to ail Furtado’s work is an attempt to define

necessary terms, so that the Rules shall not be ambiguous;

he has further attempted to clarify the Rules by bringing

together those Rules which deai with the same subject.

Much argument about the Rules is due to the lack of clear

thought about the use of the terms concerned, and to the lack

ot logical sequence in the present Rules.

Chatterjee does not mention that Furtado’s paper (2)

deals with generic names, nor does he mention those parts

of Art. 20 and Art. 42 which deal with generic names. Art.

20 states that it is agreed to associate the generic names

«which appear in Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 1 (1753) and ed. 2

(1762-63) with the first subsequent descriptions given under

those names in Linn. Gen. Pl. ed. 5 (1754) and ed. 6 (1764).

Art. 42 states that the generic names of Sp. Pl. ed. 1 and

ed. 2 are treated as validly published in those works. If

these statements are not intended to indicate that Linnean

generic names are not validated by reference to literature

Vol. XII. (1949).

308

published before 1753, what do they mean? And if such a

rule applies to Linnean generic names, surely it should apply

also to other generic names.

Prior to the Vienna Congress, the rule about names was

“each natural group of plants can bear in science but one

valid designation, namely the most ancient, whether adopted

or given by Linnaeus or since Linnaeus, provided it be con-

sistent with the essential rules of nomenclature”. For

generic names, it was then customary to refer back to

Linnaeus’ Genera Plantarum of 1737; some botanists even

thought that Tournefort’s work should be made the starting

point for them. It was the work of Otto Kuntze which

showed the enormous changes that would result if an attempt

were made to find the most ancient use of a name, and it was

because of this that the Vienna Congress of 1905 passed the

rule making Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum, first edition, the

starting point for names of genera as well as species.

We contend that it was the intention of the Vienna

Congress to make 1753 a starting point, and to rule out of

consideration everything before that for purposes of name-

validation. The rules which the Congress made concerned

generic names, because the concept of a genus, and many

generic names, existed before 1753, whereas the bulk of

binomial names for species did not exist before 1753.

Therefore special rules for generic names were necessary.

It was recognised that Linnaeus changed the application of

many generic names (so that his own names are later

homonyms), and it was intended to regularize the position

and prevent further argument.

It is true that the Rules do‘not specifically say that

literature prior to 1753 is invalid. But in fact almost all

botanists of the 19th century (except Otto Kuntze and any

who followed him) regarded 1753 as a starting point, and

did not recognize references to pre—1753 literature as

validating names. It was only in the present century that

this practice began. Chatterjee states that Prain was the

first modern author on East Asiatic botany to validate a

binomial by reference to Rumphius; but if he refers to

Prain’s publication of the name Sindora galedupa he will

find an excellent diagnosis in which S. galedupa is distin-

guished from all other members of the genus; it is this

diagnosis which validates the name, and the case is totally

unlike those of Burman’s Index and Stickman’s list, which

merely refer to Rumphius without any discussion or diag-

noses.

Furtado has shown (2) the appalling complications

which can ensue if references to pre—1753 literature are

regarded as validating names; this discussion again is not

Gardens Bulletin, S.

509

mentioned by Chatterjee. We contend that the intention of

Arts. 20, 42 and 44 is to prevent such complications.

Chatterjee himself admits that the practice is undesirable,

and proposes that future authors should be recommended to

cease the practice... We should prefer to see the recommen-

dation made into an explicit prohibition by a change in the

Rules such as that already proposed by Furtado (4, p. 14).

Furtado contends (and this again Chatterjee does not

mention) that reference to pre—1753 literature should have

the same status as manuscript notes in herbaria, or as

herbarium specimens; a name cannot be validated by refer-

ence to notes or specimens. . It appears to us that Prain

also adopted this attitude to the plate and description of

Rumphius which he cited; he used them as evidence only,

and did not regard his citation of Rumphius as by itself

validating his name. |

Now we come to the special case of the interpretation of

Linnean names. This is of fundamental importance, and it

is not properiy discussed in the Rules. It has many

difficulties, and there is great need for a clear statement of

correct procedure. We believe that proposals for such a

statement are now being prepared; they are long overdue.

We cannot here fully discuss this complex problem, but we

make the following observations.

As Chatterjee points out, the descriptions accompanying

most Linnean names are not adequate to characterize the

species concerned. They must be interpreted by consider®

tion of the figures quoted by Linnaeus, and also by the

specimens which Linnaeus had at that time in his herbarium,

or which he saw in other herbaria. These figures and

specimens (which Furtado (5) calls the syntypes of a

Linnean species; one can speak similarly of the syntypes of

a Linnean genus) explain to us what Linnaeus meant, and

give his name a meaning. The name is valid (in Furtado’s

sense) because we agree to start nomenclature with Species

Plantarum edition 1 of 1753, and for no other reason; Lin-

naeus explained his names (and therefore made them usable,

or valid in a different sense) by quoting figures and referring

(often implicitly) to specimens. The case of Cyclamen

indicum, quoted by Chatterjee, in which the figures cited by

Linnaeus are incomprehensible (and possibly inaccurate)

and no specimens exist, shows how useless the process of

“validation” by reference to ancient literature may be.

The principle of priority is not an end in itself. It is

a means to an end, and the end is stability of nomenclature.

Many early names cannot be typified with absolute certainty.

Therefore botanists are apt to disagree about their typifica-

tion, and stability is lost. We submit that Furtado’s

Vol. XII. (1949).

O10

interpretation of the intention of the Rules would eliminate

the possibility of a great deal of fruitless argument about the

status of ancient names, and thereby free botanists to attend ~

to much-needed monographic work on the vast number of

tropical plants which are still unknown or very imperfectly

or even inaccurately described.

d names must be given precise meaning by study of

type specimens or by other means; otherwise their use leads

to confusion. But if there is insufficient evidence for a

precise typification of such names, we submit that it is much

better to ignore them altogether. Unless the evidence is

clear, there is room for argument, and to difference of

interpretation, with resultant instability of nomenclature.

It was to eliminate such uncertainty and instability that the

present Rules about generic names were made. We believe

that these rules should be more strictly defined in the sense

proposed by Furtado, and that this would lead to a greater

stability of nomenclature.

LITERATURE CITED

(1) Chatterjee: Validating Botanical Names by Refer-

: ence to Pre-1753 Literature. Journ. Arnold

Arb. 30: 71-74, 1949.

(2) Furtado: Validating Botanical Names by Referr-

ing to Invalid Literature. Gard. Bull. Straits

Settl. 10: 162-172, 1938. ;

(3) Furtado: A Commentary on the Laws of Botanical

Nomenclature. Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. 9:

223-284, 1937.

(4) Furtado: Amendments Proposed to the Inter-

national Rules of Botanical Nomenclature

(19385). Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. 11: 1-80,

1939.

(5) Furtado: The Nomenclature of Types. Gard.

Bull. Straits Settl. 9: 285-309, 1937.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A FURTHER COMMENTARY ON THE RULES OF

NOMENCLATURE

By C. X. FURTADO,

Botanic Gardens, Singapore

1. Introduction.

2. Certain Elementary Distinctions.

3. Condensation in the Rules.

4. The Variety Typica.

5. Sub-divisionary and Disjunctive Groups.

6. Priority of the Names of Generic Sub-divisions.

7. Subspecies are Sub-divisionary Groups.

8. Specific Names and Infra-specific Descriptions.

9. Priority of Ternary and Sub-Ternary Names.

10. The Status of Formae and Subformae.

11. Reducibility of Infra-Ternary Names.

12. Philosophic Differences in Taxonomic Groups.

13. The Nomenclature of Hybrids and Cultivated Plants.

14. The Status of the Rules Regarding Hybrids.

15. The Rule of Superfluous Names.

16. Superfluous Names under the Rule of Typification.

17. The Nomenclatural Types.

18. References to Misapplications.

19. Typification of Names in Starting Point Works.

20. Typification of Names on the Author’s Manuscript Notes.

21. Typification of Names with a Meaning.

22. Later Homonyms. :

23. Specific Epithets under an Impriorable Generic Name.

24. “Binary” Names under an Invalid Genus.

25. The Fallacies of Implicit References.

26. Alternative Names and the Will of the Congress.

27. Responsibilities of Publishers.

28. Orthography of Names.

29. Tautonyms and Generic Homonyms.

30. Proposed Amendments to the Rules of Nomenclature.

Vol. XII. (1949).

312

_1. Introduction

In my previous commentary on the laws of botanical

nomenclature (Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 19387, pp. 223-—

284), an attempt was made to clarify a number of provisions

which appeared vague or inconsistent in the 1935 Rules.

Later some amendmenis were proposed by me for considera-

tion at the 1940 Botanical Congress on points that appeared

to me the most essential for future progress (Gard. Bull.

Straits Settl. XI, 1939, pp. 1-30). However, I venture here

to issue a complementary set of proposals and a commentary

in the hope that the philosophical basis of nomenclature may —

receive due consideration in the revision of the Rules at the

1950 Congress. I submit that the time has come when

botanists should pause to analyse first the principles involved

in the system of the rules as a whole and then examine the

different rules accordingly.

I propose therefore that a special Committee be

appointed to consider in detail the principles involved.

Should this Committee agree to a principle, but not to the

location or the form of an amendment embodying the

principle—two reasons why a good proposal may be rejected

—the Committee should be empowered to suggest a better

place and/or better wording so that the principle might be

incorporated in the code.

2. Certain Elementary Distinctions

There is little objection to the use of a word in more

than one sense, though fallacies may be lessened by using

differential terms; but what is disastrous is that any word

should change its sense during a discussion without our

being aware of the change. In a code of rules, therefore,

the multiplication of distinctions by proper definitions is

essential in order to prevent the misapplication of the rules

themselves. Thus, much confusion has been caused by the

equivocal use of the terms valid, legitimate and their

antonyms (Furtado in Chronica Botanica V, 1939, pp. 214—

215, and in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. XI, 1939, p. 24 and

Arts. 2B, 16A, 19A and 61B), as well as in the use of the

terms binary, biverbal and binomial (Furtado in Philipp.

Journ. Sc. LXIX, 1939, pp. 467-469 and in Bull. Jard. Bot.

Buitenz. XVI, 1939, pp. 116-119). As a result the entire

legislative body has sometimes been misdirected at Botanical

Congresses, leaving the taxonomist in uncertainty as to the

application of certain rules which previously had been

considered clear and straightforward (see also Furtado in

Philipp. Journ. Sc. LXX, 1939 pp. 197-199).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

O13

In view of this I submit that the distinctions existing

in the most elementary terms binary, biverbal, binomial,

valid, priorable, and legitemate with their antonyms might

be incorporated in the body of the Rules themselves. This

will oblige botanists tc consider these distinctions in apply-

ing the different provisions in the Rules. I append here a

tabulated analvsis so that the distinctions may be clearly

borne in mind in appreciating the discussions and the

proposals that follow.

NAMES

VALID INVALID

Have a status under the Rules, Have no status under the

and so must be recognized by Rules, and so no claim to

botanists. They stand for a

description, date of publication

and a type, which botanists

are bound to find out.

recognition by botanists. No

one is bound to search where

they are published, or to find

what they mean.

PRIORABLE IMPRIORABLE

Must be included in priority Must not be included in

considerations. priority considerations (e.g.

later homonyms,! nomina con-

fusa, rejicienda, etc.).

LEGITIMATE ILLEGITIMATE

The correct name to a group

under a given circumscription,

position and rank. Under such

circumstances there can exist

only one legitimate name to a

taxonomic group (Art. 164).

Vol. XII. (1949).

Incorrect names under a given

circumscription, position and

rank. They may be correct

under different circumstances.

514

—BIVERBAL NAMES

NON-BINARY

in some cases they do not

denote two concepts; and when

they do denote two concepts,

either the first is not generic,

or the second is not specific,

BINARY

denote two concepts: the first

generic and the second the

or both the concepts may be of Specie.

other taxonomic entities (not

species and genus).

— BINOMIAL — — UNINOMIAL —

varietal bino- unitary de-

mials, and signations of

names made on genera, spe-

the pattern of cies, etc.

Rumphius.

BINOMIAL —---——— NON-BINOMIAL—

consist of two epithets, each

of which is used in place of a

description: the first refers to

a generic description, and

the second to a specific one.

the first epithet is the generic

name, and therefore refers to

a generic description, and the

second is a word descriptive

of the species, not an epithet | —

used in place of a description. | —

3. Condensation in the Rules

In the 1935 Rules, provisions concerning a particular

subject are unnecessarilv scattered in different Sections and

in different Chapters so that this diffusion has frequently

confused even experienced nomenclaturists. To give an

instance of the confusing way one has to wade through the -

Rules in order to find whether or not a name is correct,

I quote the following from two acknowledged nomenclatural

authorities :—

“Abies taxifolia Poir. was actually a new combination

for Pinus taxifolia Lamb. (1803) non Salish. (1796), and

as such invalid, but as a new name it is valid under Art. 69,

since Poiret was at liberty to adopt the epithet taxifolia

although it had previously been given to the species in an

illegitimate combination.” (Sprague and Green, The —

Pears Name of the Douglas Fir, in Kew Bull., 19388 pp. —

—oU). . .

Gardens Bulletin, S =

i. |

o15

That is, aname which was “actually a new combination”

and “invalid” under one rule becomes “a new name” and

“valid” under another. Yet we are told that “names and

forms of nomenclature contrary to a rule (illegitimate names

or forms) cannot be maintained.” (Art. 2). Under this

definition in Art. 2, therefore, Abies taxifolia Poir. should

be considered illegitimate and unusable if the arguments

brought forward by SPRAGUE and GREEN were accepted

as correct. (Note also that the use of the word “valid’’ by

SPRAGUE and GREEN is not in accordance with its

definition in Art. 16). If this case were considered under

the strict wording of Art. 54, another interpretation is

possible, though overlooked by SPRAGUE and GHRHEN.

Under this Article, it looks ds if POIRET was obliged to

adopt the epithet taxzfolia when he transferred Pinus iaxi-

folia Lamb. to Abies; for there was not available for the

species an earlier validiy published epithet, nor was the

resulting combination a later homonym or a tautonym—the

oniy two obstacies under which Art. 54 allows a different

epithet to be used for a species when transferred from one

genus to another (see also Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits

Setti. XI, 1939 p. 24 sub Art. 53A and in Fedde, Repertorium

ALIV, 1938 p. 244-255).

In view of this misleading diffusion in the Rules, I piead

again for a rearrangement so as to keep ail the provisions

pertaining to one particular subject together. es

4, The Variety Typica

A botanist who wishes to make one and the same

specimen the basis of a species, variety, and subvariety at’

the same time, yet wants to keep the infra-specifie epithets

under the same binomial, will naturaliy (in this particular

_ €ase) make our system polynary, polynomial and polyverbal,

though only in form; for all such infra-specific epithets

added to the biverbal specific name (a binary) would convey

nothing more than the binomial as typified strictly by the

type specimen (species sensu stricto). Further, a varietal

name (which is ternary), when applied to the type of a

species (a binary group), involves a contradiction in terms.

I submit this systemic incompatibility as the principal reason

why a formal trinomial given to the type of a species

(species sensu stricto) cannot have a status under the Rules

and so cannot be used in priority considerations. BOLLE

(Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem XIII, 1937 pp. 524-530

with an appendix by Harms, Mattfeld and Pilger) has

Vol. XII. (1949).

516

shown that serious complications arise by considering valid

the infra-specific epithets conventionally adopted to indicate

the species sensu stricto, their invalidity being also explained

independently by me in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 1937,

pp. 242-244 (cf. also XI, 1939, pp. 19-20). |

Nevertheless FOSBERG (Amer. Journ. Bot. XXVI,

1939, pp. 229-231) and CROIZAT (Journ. Arnold Arb.

XXII, 1941, pp. 183-142) have scanned the misleading rule

of “superfluous” names (cf. Discussion 15 below) and have

come to the conclusion that “there is nothing in the rules

which says that ordinary sub-divisional epithets shall not

designate the typical sub-division.” (Fosberg). In fact

CROIZAT has created nomenclatural complications. by

applying the rule of priority to the varietal epithets given

to the species var. typica. . A name that contravenes a very

fundamental principle in the nomenclatural system should

be regarded as invalid (having no status under the Rules).

There is no sense in scanning the provisions of legitimacy

or priorability to find whether there is in them anything to

prevent the use of such a name, as they are applied only to

those names that are valid (have a status under the Rules).

Difficulties in understanding this principle arise when

a botanist considers a species aS a wide group to be sub-

divided into. smaller groups (varieties). Horticulturists,

by ignoring the type-concept, follow this system and make

varieties their lowest autonomous units, the aim in horti-

culture being to name and describe the lowest variation.

But, unlike horticulturists, the taxonomist not only accepts

the type-concept but also makes the species the lowest

‘autonomous unit, admitting varieties and subvarieties as

subordinate groups only. The type-concept implies that the

species sensu stricto (var. typica) be taken as the “standard”

with which to compare the divergent elements. If the

differences do not deserve a separate specific rank, then the

elements are classified witn the “standard’’, the differences

being considered as minor. Should some of the minor

differences be considered as meriting special attention, then

the principal differing elements are named and charac-

terized as deviations (varieties) from the type (species

sensu stricto), while those differing from the type of the

variety are named as subvarieties. The type form of the

species itself does not receive any infra-binary name except

a conventional epithet when one wishes to emphasise that

the binary group should be interpreted strictly according to

the type. In this connection it might not be out of place

Gardens Bulletin, S.

O17

to quote here the very apt remarks made on the subject by

Prof. L. H. Bailey:

As employed by the writer, following Article 30, Recom-

mendation 18, of the International Rules of Botanical Nomen-

clature, the epithet var. typica is not regarded as a new name,

but as a parenthetical practical device to permit accurate

designation of the typical element of a species. It has no

nomenclatural standing and does not require the citation of

an authority. Whenever a variety or a subspecies is described

or placed in a species, the typical element of that species

automatically becomes variety or subspecies typica. (Gent.

Herb. IV, 1940, p. 292).

Here BAILEY is not considering the distinctions shown

to exist between sub-divisionary and disjunctive groups

(Discussions 5-8 below) , a distinction which makes a variety

always a ternary group even when there be a subspecific

epithet preceding the varietal epithet; but the principle of

var. typica is clearly indicated. It is also important to note

here that the Rules as drafted at present admit varying

interpretations so as to lead BAILEY to maintain a view

quite opposed to that of FOSBERG and CROIZAT.

5. Sub-divisionary and Disjunctive Groups

False analogies seem to have played a good deal of

influence in the modifications that have extended the

application of special rules covering the names and descrip-

tions of subspecies and of sub-divisions of genera, to the

names and descriptions of other subordinate groups also.

Thus, if epithets denoting a subspecies could be omitted in

a “quadrinomial”’ so as to make the varietal name always a

ternary trinomial, the analogy.has been erroneously

extended to the epithets denoting inferior groups so as to

make it “permissible to reduce more complicated names to

' ternary combinations.” (Art. 28). Because the description

of a subspecies (or a section) can be referred to in validat-

ing a specific (or a generic) name, the descriptions of

varieties, subvarieties, formae and subformae have been

invested with the power to validate any group from a

species downwards (Arts. 49 and 58). - Since epithets

denoting a subspecies have a priority right outside their

Own species, the same sort of right has been extended to

epithets denoting generic sub-divisions outside their own

genera (Arts. 53 and 56) and similarly to epithets denoting

varieties and other inferior groups outside their own

species (Arts. 55 and 56). Before assessing the need for

making different sets of rules to cover these different groups,

it would be advisable to pause a while to examine how

Vol. XII. (1949). -

318

groups like a subgenus or section differ philosophically from

groups like varieties and subvarieties, leaving the sub-

species for a special discussion by itself.

Groups like subgenera, sections and sub-sections divide

a superior group into two or more sub-divisions. There can

never be only one sub-divisionary group under its imme-

diately superior group; the existence of one such sub-divi-

sion, therefore, implies the existence of at least another of

the same rank and in the same position. Hence should there

be only two sub-divisions under a group, the suppression or

transference of one means also the death of the other. Only

these kinds of groups are called here as sub-divisionary.

In this sense varieties and subvarieties are not

sub-divisionary groups; they are subordinate groups of

the disjunctive class, being minor deviations from the

“standard” set by the type specimen (Discussion 4). It is

possible to have only one such disjunctive deviation under a

species or a variety. Sub-divisionary groups are established

to classify previously well recognized entities of a different

category, and so each sub-divisionary group must at least

include one such entity in it; whereas a disjunctive group is

created to show a newly recognized deviation from the

standard and so is not a heading for grouping any other

subordinate entities (see Discussion 12 below, where the

species and genera are shown to belong to neither of these

two categories).

In view of these differences there are no compelling

reasons for subjecting the names of both these kinds of

groups (sub-divisionary and disjunctive) to a uniform set |

of priority and other rules; on the contrary it is proposed to

show below reasons for subjecting each kind to a different

set of rules.

6. Priority of the Names of Generic Sub-divisions

Taxonomically, the sub-divisionary entities under a

genus appear to be unstable and represent different attempts

to classify the species with the view either to indicate their

affinities or geographical distribution, or to facilitate their

identification. Hence these infra-generic sub-divisionary

groups vary in importance according to the basis and aims

for which the sub-divisions are made. The orthodox prac-

tice is to allow priority to the names of infra-generic sub-

divisionary groups only when the basis of the classification

is the same; not otherwise, and never outside their own

genus. Of course in the examples mentioned in Art. 53, the

sectional name is retained outside its original genus; but

< Gardens Bulletin, S.

o19

there are also numerous instances where such names are

rejected because their retention, on.the transfer or remodell-

ing of the divisions, would cause serious complications both

in nomenclature and in taxonomy. Thus GRIFFITH (1844

and 1850) divided Calamus into three sections:

Section 1: PLPTOSPATHAE Griff. : Only the lowermost

spathe is persistent; others deciduous.

Section 2: PLATYSPATHAE Griff.: All the spathes

persistent, tubular only (if at all) at base, expanded

into a broad, loose lobe at the end.

Section 3: COLEOSPATHAE Griff.: All the spathes

persistent, strictly tubular throughout, obliquely

truncate at the end.

Subsequent botanists retained these sections only when

the basis of their classification remained the same as

GRIFFITH’s. Thus, RIDLEY (Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II,

1907 p. 189-190) in dividing Calamus into sections on a

different basis, was right in not retaining any of

GRIFFITH’s sectional names. RIDLEY divided his sec-

tions as follows:

Section 1: MISCHANTHECTAE Ridl.: Spadices

flageilate, leaves not flageilate.

Section 2: PHYLLANTHECTAE Ridi.: Leaves flage!-

late, spadices not flagellate.

It is cbvious that this aspect of the question has been

overlooked in the Rules, and'on false analogy the provisions

applicable to the names of genera and species have been

applied to the names of the sub-divisionary class also. No

doubt we must avoid useless creation of names, whatever

that phrase may mean (Art. 4) ; but any attempts to effect

definiteness in the nomenclaturé of sub-divisionary groups

where no such definiteness is obtainable in taxonomy, are

likely to raise more difficulties than solve them. It is better

to have more names and clear taxonomy than fewer names

and confused taxonomy.

In the appended proposals therefore the rule in Art. 53

has been transformed into a recommendation to be applied

whenever possible, and at the discretion of the botanist

effecting the transfer of, or sub-dividing, the group.

7. Subspecies are Sub-divisionary Groups

As to the status of the subspecies, there are two widely

divergent views current at present: the one regards the

subspecies as a taxonomic group larger than, though of the

same class as, a variety; the other considers the subspecies

Vol. XII. (1949).

320

as a sub-divisionary group, that is, a taxonomic device of the

same nature, not of the sam2 rank or position, as a section

of agenus. In the latter sense a subspecies helps to classify

the varieties occurring in very large, widely polymorphic

groups called metrospecies, super-species, species complex, -

or species sensu amplissimo. In a stricter sense the sub-

species could have been raised to a specific rank, but the

intergrading variations do not allow a clear cut distinction;

such groups are generally found in plants which have been

cultivated extensively for a long time under different”

ecological or other conditions. This latter concept, which

makes the subspecies a sub-divisionary group, is the older of

the two and is one that seems to be widely current; it is also -

one that accords fully with many current nomenclatural

procedures and, therefore, deserves to be adopted in the

Rules.

Further, all the subspecific groups were at one time

considered as good microspecies sensu stricto, and so

subspecific names were admitted also as alternative specific —

names, the latter being formed by dropping out the specific

epithet from the subspecific trinomial. It is because of this

view that all subspecific names are registered as specific

names in the early parts of Index Kewensis, and the practice

has been long current to accept as valid all subspecific names

even when published as binomials under a species. But in the

Rules the status of subspecies has been confused with the

disjunctive groups, as if a subspecies were merely a large

variety. As a result of this cénfusion there has arisen a

tendency to disregard subspecific names as good alternative

specific names. Those alternative specific names that are

current for subspecies have been taken as validly published

in the nomenclators where they were first registered as

binomials; it is overlooked that the compilers of nomencla-

tors like Index Kewensis did not intend to create new

specific names for subspecies, but recorded what sound

practice then current obliged them to record. It is

necessary to remove this confusion from the Rules. It

seems desirable to legislate invalidating automatic alter-

native specific names to subspecies published after 1930.

8. Specific Names and Infra-Specific Descriptions

Since subspecies are microspecies based on characters

co-ordinative with the species, it follows that reference to a

subspecific description is sufficient to validate a species—a

conclusion also defensible on the basis of a subspecies being

a sub-division of a species (cf. generic names validated by

Gardens Bulletin, S.

321

referring to the descriptions of subgenera, sections and sub-

sections which might be called microgener2a). But on false

- analogy specific names have been allowed to be validated by

referring to the descriptions based on subordinate characters

of the disjunctive groups (Arts. 49 and 58). This practice

(mow legalised) forms at present the only reason for

discouraging taxonomy of cultivated plants (see also Dis-

cussions 4 and 13). Under Arts. 49 and 58, infra-specific

names, when abbreviated by non-taxonomists into biverbals,

might have to be accepted as good specific names, though

published im most umexpected places like nurserymen’s

seed-lists, lumbermen’s journals, agricultural! field experi-

ment records, and catalogues of plant-products. Not only

’ would such names burden systematists with useless,

confusing synonymy, but would often necessitate name

because of their priority or homonymy. Another

result of the provisions in Arts. 49 and 58 is to admit the use

of bimary names to infra-specific groups prohibited under

Art. 28, for these horticultural binomials would be nothing

more than binary names created by imcompetent persons

for the taxonomist’s varieties, subvarieties, formae and

subformae. (For further complications thai this procedure

would cause if the theory of implicit referemces were

admitted as valid, see Discussion 25).

In view of this it seems necessary to change the

' terminology in Arts. 28, 30, 44, 49, 52, 55, 56 and 58, and to

- alter Arts. 49 and 58 so as to prohibit validation of specific

; Names by reference to the descriptions of disjunctive and

other subordinate groups.

§. Priority of Ternary and Sub-Ternary Names

7 On the mistaken belicf that subspecies are merely

subordinate groups analogous to varieties and subvarieties.

the rule of gic has been uniformly applied to the

epithets of all these groups. The epithets of varieties and

subvarieties, like those of subspecies, have been thus

invested with priority claims even outside their species and

genus (cf. Arts. 55 and 56). One has only to try to

straighten the nomenclature of the varieties of, say the Date,

Wheat, Rye, Soya, Rose, Mustards, and Oranges, to realise

the utter hopelessness of working out the nomenclature on

_ these provisions. Added to this there is the difficulty of

_ typifying the names of varieties, subvarieties and other

subordinate groups, because these are based often on

characters not identifiable in herbarium specimens, and also

_ because often plant-geographical procedures are not apptic-

able i in typifying such names. The only practical solution

"Vol XTT. (1949).

= : —

.— ¥

wig

EL ae

322

in such cases lies in limiting the priority of these names —

under their immediately superior groups and not to permit

reduction of infra-ternary combinations except by removing

the intercalating omissible epithets (subspecific epithets and

var. typica). An amendment has therefore been proposed

so that varietal epithets instated under one species may not

have a priority claim outside that species.

10. The Status of Forme and Subforme

Formae and subformae fall outside the scope of alpha

and omega taxonomy, though in economic botany these

groups may be given a status similar to varieties. Their

study leads one into the realms of physiology, horticulture,

and genetics. It is evident that these groups have been

admitted as special subjects of nomenclatural rules. Their

nomenclature therefore should not be allowed to interfere

with that of disjunctive taxonomic groups subordinate to a

species. Reference to their descriptions should not be

allowed to validate the names of any higher groups like

varieties and species, nor of any groups’ outside their imme-

diate superior group.

Further, tormae and subformae may be distinguished

even in the species, variety and subvariety (all sensu typico).

Reducing them to ternary expressions when instated as

infra-ternary groups will therefore confuse their identity;

hence such reductions should not be permitted even when

the intercalary epithet is that of a subspecies, unless the

epithet is var. typica or its equivalent.

11. Reducibility of Infra-Ternary Names

It has already been shown that subspecies are sub-

divisions of a species complex and that the subspecific

epithet may be omitted. Also the varietal epithets instated

under subspecies may be joined directly to the binomial

denoting the species sensu amplissimo. It has been shown

further that this procedure cannot be extended to the

epithets of non-subdivisionary groups (the epithet typica or

its equivalent is a conventional device having no priority

claim). Because of this permission to omit sub-divisionary

epithets, Erysimum hieraciifolium subsp. strictum var.

longisiliquum and E. hieracufolium subsp. pannonicum var.

longisiiquum (example given under Art. 30) form a pair of

homonyms (E. hieraciifolium var. longisiliquum), one of

which has to be rejected under Art. 61. Further as var.

typica should have no status under the Rules, the name

Saxifraga Aizoon var. typica forma rubra can be abbre-

viated into S. Aizoon forma rubra. But because such

Gardens Bulletin, S.

323

“quadrinomials” can be abbreviated to trinomials, analogy

cannot be extended to permit reduction of infra-varietal

names to ternary combinations without causing serious

confusions in nomenclature. The rule which permits the

reduction of infra-ternary combinations should therefore be

modified.

12. Philosophical Differences in Taxonomic Groups

In the foregoing Discussions, I have attempted to show

that, in addition to differences in categories or ranks of

taxonomic groups enumerated in Arts. 10-12 (which may be

said to be phvylogenetical), there is also a philosophical

difference in these groups according to their nature, and

their relationship to their immediately superior or inferior

group. In order to bring out these differences, the taxo-

nomic groups are here divided into Necessary and Accessory

groups.

The Necessary grouns are essential to the present

system of nomenclature and taxonomy, and the existence of

one implies the existence of all the others, both superior and

inferior to the one mentioned; there need not be more than

one Necessary group under a superior group. ‘The

Necessary groups are Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class

and Division. Among these, the Species and the Genus are

the only two which are absolutely essential to the binomial

system of nomenclature, and so to the immediate aim of

taxonomy (alpha taxonomy, as some botanists would call it),

that is, to the naming of the distinguishable species in the

vegetable kingdom; hence these are called the Fundamental

Necessary groups. The remaining Necessary groups are

not essential to alpha taxonomy and were introduced into the

system much later than the Fundamental Necessary groups;

but these Non-Fundamental Necessary groups are needed

in order to achieve the more remote aim of taxonomy

(omega taxonomy), namely, to understand the phylogeny of

different species of plants, or their taxonomic affinities.

The Accessory groups, on the other hand, are useful to

indicate the affinities of the inferior groups under a

superior one; they are divided into two categories, the

Sub-divisionary and the Disjunctive. The Sub-divisionary

groups divide a group into two or more inferior ones, and so

can never exist singly under an immediate superior group;

subspecies and sub-divisions of a Genus, Family, Order,

Class and Division fall into this category. The Disjunctive

groups represent subordinate deviations (not co-ordinate)

from an accepted unit or standard: they are varieties and

subvarieties. Formae and Subformae, being of varying

nature, and at present not well defined, are included as

Vol. XII. (1949).

524

special subjects of nomenclature. Their. taxonomy lies

outside the scope of alpha taxonomy, being a corridor into

the realms of physiology, horticulture and genetics.

TAXONOMIC GROUPS

— NECESSARY—

essential to the

present system.

FUNDAMENTAL — NON-FUNDAMENTAL —

absolutely essential to the | | not essential to alpha-taxo-

alpha-taxonomy: Species and | | nomy, but essential to omega-

Genus. taxonomy: Family, Order,

Class and Division.

ACCESSORY

not essential to the system at all,

but useful.

SUB-DIVISIONARY —— DISJUNCTIVE ————_

these sub-divide a group into these do not sub-divide a

two or more divisions, never group, but indicate subordinate

one; subspecies, sub-sections, deviations from the superior

sections, subgenera and sub- group in a restricted sense.

divisions of a family, order, There can be one or more

class and division. disjunctive groups under a

superior group: variety and

subvariety. Forma and subfor-

ma are exceptional subjects.

13. The Nomenclature of Hybrids and Cultivated Plants

From Arts. 10, 12, 28 and 35, it appears that the

taxonomist generally regards the study of hybrids and of

cultivated plants with suspicion; in fact it would seem from

the wording of the Rules that these plants are precluded

from being named botanically. However, an examination

of the names of cereals, fruits, vegetables, ornamental and

oil plants reveals. the fact that plants derived from

hybridisation, or known only in cultivation, were formerly

considered as worthy subjects of botanical nomenclature;

Gardens Bulletin, S.

329

their names, even if given after the 1930-35 Rules, are

retained as valid. The wording of the above cited Articles

seems therefore to have no value except to show that, in

general, the taxonomy of non-feral plants is to be dis-

couraged.

The first reason for this attitude is that such plants are

usually studied, described, and even named in their own

way, by agronomists, horticulturists, or nurserymen, who

are often unfamiliar with botanical nomenclatural proce-

dure. In many such cases, biverbal or binomial names in

Latin are used. When descriptions in any romanised

European language were admitted for instating a valid

botanical name, there was a real danger of the botanical

nomenclature of cultivated plants being burdened with a

host of binomials based on biological, physiological, anato-

mical, horticultural and genetic distinctions. But now this

danger has been removed by prescribing Latin for describing

aes groups of recent plants (except bacteria) after

The second reason for discouraging the taxonomy of

cultivated plants is because of the procedure, now becoming

popular, of instating specific binomials by referring to

descriptions of varieties and infra-varietal groups. Under

such a procedure all the abbreviations made of varietal and

* infra-varietal names by non-systematical workers would

have to be accepted as valid specific names. If such a

validation of specific names were prevented, there would be

no justification for refusing to.admit the plants of cultural

and hybrid origin as normal subjects of nomenclature.

(See Discussions 8 and 10).

14. The Status of the Rules Regarding Hybrids

To many taxonomists Arts. 31-34 are a frequent source

of confusion. If, for instance, at the time of giving a name

to a species or a genus, its supposed hybrid origin is indicated

and the putative parents mentioned, some taxonomists

maintain that such a name would be a good nomenclatural

entity, but not subject to the ordinary rules of nomenclature.

Under this view the name would have to be associated not

with the taxonomic group described, but with the putative

parents. Should a subsequent botanist disagree with the

alleged parentage and indicate different parents, then the

nomenclaturists would change the name. This view would-

also permit validation of names in anticipation of actual pro-

- duction of hybrids (cf. Colmanara and Hatcherara in Orch.

Rev. 1948, p. 145). The supporters of this view overlook

the fact that the name is to be associated with the taxoncmic

Vol. XIT. (1949).

326

group represented by the type specimen and with its des-

cription, and not with the alleged or real ancestors( Arts. 15

and 18). Further a formula denoting a hybrid will include

all the different phenotypes and genotypes produced in the

successive filial generations and may consequently include

also genotypes resembling one or both the parents. There-

fore such formulas, although helpful to the geneticist as

recording the history of his hybrids, will not help the

taxonomist to identify the plants themselves. The formula

is therefore not a substitute for a diagnosis. Moreover

correct formulae are sometimes unusable for systematic

purposes in the case where one of the putative parents has to

be given the status of a variety, as is often the case when

its putative hybrid offspring have already been given the

rank of a species. Thus if C is a genotype derived from a

cross between A and B, and differs only varietally from B,

and if A and C have been named specifically earlier than B,

then B can only be named nomenclaturally as a variety of C,

even though the latter is genetically derivative from B.

The formula A x B = C cannot be accepted by systematists,

when nomenclaturally B is a variety of C.

It is evident therefore that the object of Arts. 31-35

is to put some sort of order in non-botanical nomenclature of

cultivated plants and hybrids, so that it may serve the

purpose of communicating to the publie the results obtained

in applied botany in general. It was never intended to give

10n-technical names a status in botanical nomenclature.

The plea that the earlier use of the formula Juncus alpinus

x articulatus is an obstacle to the use of Juncus alpino-

articulatus is therefore based on a misconception (cf. Dr. A.

Becherer’s proposal for the 1935 Congress).

In view of this susceptibility of the rules to be misinter-

preted because of their misplacements, Arts. 31-35 have —

been proposed to be transferred to their proper places in

Appendix VII of the Rules. A recommendation might be

inserted in the code advising botanists to follow horticultural

rules for cultivated plants that cannot be placed in any

definite taxonomic categories. If these Articles are

transferred to Appendix VII, then Art. 14 is not required;

besides it is questionable whether the definitions of half-

breeds (mistus) and hybrids (hybridus) will be uniformly

accepted by taxonomists, horticulturists and geneticists;

for the application of these terms is made dependent on

taxonomic opinion regarding the status of the putative

parents of the hybrids, e.g. Vinca rosea x V. alba (hybridus) —

= V. rosea x V. rosea var. alba (mistus). (cf. also Furtado

in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. XI (1939) 10-13 and in Fedde,

Repertorium XLIV (1938) 244-255).

Gardens Bulletin, S. ;

O27

15. The Rule of Superfluous Names

Sound jurisprudence demands clear distinctions in the

rules of validity, priorability and legitimacy. The rule of

validity should tell when a name should be admitted as a

valid nomenclatural entity, all names having no claim to

recognition by botanists being invalid (Art. 19A). The

rule of priorability should direct when a given valid name

should be included in priority considerations; while the rule

of legitimacy should decide whether a certain priorable

name is legitimate or illegitimate in the given circumstan-

ces. But instead of distinctions, all the offences against these

three categories of the rules have been lumped together in

Art 60 as if they all mattered directly to the priority rule,

thus overlooking the important fact that only the names that

are valid and priorable can be included in priority considera-

tions. A further complication arises because in certain

cases the procedure has been inverted in Art. 60, so that the

rule of priorability is made dependent on the correct

application of the rule of priority. Thus the name becomes

impriorable merely because it has been instated against the

priority rule.

Furthermore in a code where the rules are made to be

followed, there is no need to enumerate separately all the

offences that may be committed under the provisions already

in the code. Such an additional enumeration increases

unnecessarily the bulk of the code, and may bring about

ambiguity in some of these offences, especially when, as in

Art. 60, they are all lumped indiscriminately together.

However, it is of great importance to classify the offences

according to their four categories referring to validity,

priorability, legitimacy and propriety of names (the last

mentioned category being concerned with the correct gender,

spelling, manner of citation, and authorship). It is desir-

able to delete Art. 60 altogether, and to provide for the

classification of these four categories of offences (cf.

Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. XI, 1939, pp. 1-4 and

Arts. 2B, 19A & B, 53A and 59-69).

However, in most cases, names published in violation

of the priority rule cannot be employed as legitimate, not

because of the existence of Art. 60, but because the priority

rule (Art. 56) prescribes the use of the oldest priorable

name or epithet that can be adopted in the required position.

Thus, in the example discussed under Art. 60 (1) Carnito

Adans. (1763) has to be disregarded because Chrysophyllum

L. (1753) is ‘the oldest usable name in the given cir-

cumstances. There are also cases where a new name is not

synonymous with the names cited under it. The citation

means either that the cited synonym is taken in a particular

Vol. XII. (1949).

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7 ‘ a+

“agree —_—

328

misinterpreted sense, or that the new name is taken in a

very wide sense. In the latter case, the included synonym

is considered taxonomically or ecologically a minor or less ~

primitive group to be separated co-ordinately, whenever the

sense of both is severely restricted. Rejection of such new

names would cause more problems than it would solve, and

may necessitate a lengthy nomina specifica conservanda.

The best solution in all these cases is to ignore Art. 60

altogether and to treat the names under the rule of

typification (see next Discussion). This principle would

find a strong justification in the procedure followed prior to

the 1935 Rules by almost all supporters of the type and

priority concepts. Its abandonment now appears to have

been voted without foreseeing the evil consequences that

would result therefrom. In the accompanying amendments

therefore directions for definite typification of such names

have been given, Art. 60 has been eliminated and provision

for the classification of offences according to their different

categories has been included.

16. Superfiuous Names Under the Rule of Typification.

In order to follow the principle elaborated above, it

would be useful to examine here some examples:

Example 1: E. GEDNER (Ficus, 1786, pp. 5, 11 & 15),

in a _ dissertation prepared under the direction of

THUNBERG, quoted “Ficus pumila Linn. Syst. Veg. p. 922”

in the synonymy of a new species, F’. erecta Gedner. On

the face of this circumscription, F’. erecta appears to be a

“superfluous” name (Art. 60-1). But from the original

specific description as well as from the fact that GEDNER

has retained F’.. pumila (bearing the same reference) as a

good species, it is obvious that some such word as partim

was understood after the synonym. This case is clear

because GEDNER has treated both F’. pumila and F. erecta

in the same pamphlet; had he restricted himself to describing

only the new species, Art. 60-1 would have been applied

without any further inquiry. Rather than reject F. erecta

as a “superfluous” name and thereby create complications,

the species should be typified on the holotype or lectotype of

the new description.

Example 2: Cerastostylis eriaerioides Hook. f., Ic. Pl.

(1891) 2074 was a “superfluous” name because it was based

on Hria pygmaea Hk. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. V (1890) 804, a

priorable name having an epithet that could have been

adopted in the new position. But since C. pygmaea

(Hook. f.) comb. nov. cannot now be used because of

C. pygmaea Evard. ex Gagn. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France

Gardens Bulletin, S.

329

LXXIX (1932) 33, C. eriaerioides Hk. f. must be employed

as the correct (legitimate) name. To reject this last name

as “illegitimate” with Hook. f. as its author and then to adopt

it again under a different authorship and different date as a

non-homonymous name is not a satisfactory procedure (see

Discussion on Later Homonyms 22).

Example 3: Wendtia DC. (1830) was published as a

better spelling for Wendia Hofim. (1814). Wenditia DC.

must not be rejected as having no claim to recognition, on

the plea that it was. “superfluous” nor Wendtia Meyen

(1834) be allowed as a non-homonymous legitimate name

(cf. Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. [X, 1937, p. 252).

These names must be typified on their respective types.

Wendtia Meyen (1834) cannot be accepted because it is a

later homonym of Wendtia DC. (1830) (see Discussions 28

and 29).

17. The Nomenclatural Types

The first part of the Note under Art. 18 states that

“the nomenclatural type is not necessarily the most typical

or representative element of a group”. Since the word

typical has no relation whatsoever to the word type

occurring in the same sentence, and since the word

representative is nowhere defined in the Rules, the above

quoted sentence appears to express a contradiction in terms;

and CROIZAT, even after distinguishing between what he

called physical and nomenclatural types, found the statement

in the note incomprehensible (Journ. Arnold Arb. XXII,

1941, pp. 133-142). In order to make the meaning clear

therefore the following revision of the Note is suggested:

The nomenclatural type does not necessarily represent the

element of a group that is genetically the most simple, phylo-

genetically the most ancient, ecologically the most common,

taxonomically the most polymorphous, or biologically the most

perfect.

Further, for the purposes of nomenclatura! rules, the

lowest category to which taxonomists can go is not the

individual plant as implied in Arts. 10 and 12, but the type

specimen as implied in Art. 18. Specimens from the same -

individual may show different phases of growth. Names

given to monstrous specimens may not be priorable (Art.

65) ; and in certain fungi only specimens from the perfect

stage of the individual must be considered as valid types, so

that earlier names based on invalid types cannot replace

those based on valid ones (Art. 57). It must be further

admitted that genera as a rule are based on specimens and

in some cases these specimens are not the nomenclatural

types of any of the included species. This is particularly

Vol. XII. (1949).

330

true of the new monotypic genus where the “type species”

has to be designated with the epithet of an older species.

The statement therefore that the type of a genus is always a

species has misled botanists to give contradictory decisions.

This statement applies well to the genera in Linn., Sp. PI.

eds. 1 and 2, where each genus has been instated merely by

mentioning the species included under it, a procedure

contrary to Art. 41, but allowed as a special case under Art.

42 (second paragraph). But in all other cases, the genus

has to be associated with its holotype or lectotype specimen.

Only when the specimen type of the genus and that of its

species are identical, may the type of the genus be indicated

by merely mentioning the species. In the accompanying

amendment (Art. 51A Note 3) provisions are therefore

made for observing this principle.

If these principles were adopted, the amendments

proposed by CROIZAT regarding the type in Arts. 18, 30,

51, 52, 61 and Rec. XVIII and XXXV are not needed; and

without the acceptance of these principles, the amendments

suggested by CROIZAT are not workable in many cases.

However, in Rec. VII the word “type” should be replaced by

the word “syntype” (see Furtado, Nomenclature of Types

in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 1937, pp. 285-309). It is

also necessary to delete from the third line in the example

of Art. 18 the words “and description” and to substitute

“subdividing” for “revising” in Rec. V (see also Discussion

19-21). Further since “‘var. typica’’ does not indicate a

separate ternary group other than the species itself, it would

be misleading to say that a species has been established on

one of its varieties. As shown in Discussion 4 the simul-

taneous publication of priorable names for a variety and its

species both based on one and the same specimen is a

systemic incompatibility under the binary binomial system

of names (see also Discussion 18).

18. References to Misapplications

It is stated in Art. 18 that “the name of a group must

be changed if the type of that name is excluded (see Art.

66)”. Now Art. 66 is to be applied in particular circums-

tances; its application cannot therefore be generalized in

Art. 18 so as to make it applicable in all circumstances.

Art. 66 has nothing to do with the nomenclatural type which

has been defined as “that element of a group to which the

name of the group is permanently attached”. (Art. 18) ;

Art. 66 forbids the/use of a name for a higher group if that

name has been derived from the name of a genus which is

not retained in the group.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

dol

An erroneous use of the word “type” to mean “the

root-name” in the sentence of Art. 18 where the “type”

otherwise means “nomenclatural type” has misled many to

the conclusion that a new name connoting a new taxonomic

group can be validated by referring to a residual description

after its type has been excluded fromit. But this conclusion

overlooks the fact that a taxonomic group ceases to exist

when its type is excluded from it (cf. Furtado in Gard. Bull.

Straits Settl. IX, 1937, pp. 258-267). The 1935 Congress,

by deciding that Tsuga Mertensiana Carr. and T. Merten-

siana Sarg. non Carr., were not two homonyms, but one and

the same name, T. Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. emend. Sarg.,

with Pinus Mertensiana Bong. as the basinym (Art. 54),

showed that a misinterpretation does not create a new

taxonomic group, nor a new type.

A misinterpretation based on new specimens implicitly

includes also the type of the misapplied name. Besides, such

a description does not indicate how much of it is based on the

old type, and how much on new misidentified specimens.

Often the new description is the old description slightly

altered in order to cover new data based on re-examination

_ of the old specimens and additional data of what is regarded

as a subordinate variation of the same group though noticed

only in the new specimens. This new description cannot be

dissociated from the old type included implicitly in the new

description. Thus Gonolobus rostratus (Vahl) R. Br.

(1809) sensu Schlechter (1899) is not able to validate

G. jamaicensis Rendle nom. nov. in Journ. Bot. LXXIV

(1936) 245; for RENDLE, by excluding the type from the

description of SCHLECHTER, intended to create a new

taxonomic entity. RENDLE should have therefore given a

new description and in Latin. If, on the other hand,

G. rostratus as described by SCHLECHTER were admitted

to mean that it is SCHLECHTER’s description minus the

type of G. rostratus (Vahl) R. Br., then contrary to the

provisions in Arts. 47 and 54, every misinterpretation of a

name would create a new homonym, and so G. rostratus

R. Br. sensu Schlechter would be equivalent to G. rostratus

Schlechter, though SCHLECHTER himself had admitted

VAHL’s type as the type of the group he re-described.

- The only safe guide for the botanist who wishes to

make a new taxonomic group out of a misapplication is to

re-describe it at the time of publishing its new name. In

view of this I propose the deletion of the misleading clause

from Art. 18, and have added a special note in Art. 37 so as

to deny explicitly any valid status to misapplied descriptions

and names.

Vol. XII. (1949).

doa

19. Typification of Names in Starting-Point Works

In a previous paper I attempted to show that the names

published even without any description but in books adopted

as nomenclatural starting points cannot be rejected as

invalid (cf. Blumea, Suppl. I, 1937, pp. 123-132). Ina

subsequent paper I pointed out that often LINNAEUS, in

adopting pre-1753 names, did not retain the original sense,

and that it is to oblige botanists to typify the names on their

1753-types, and not on their previous ones, that the 1905

legislation fixed 1753 as the earliest starting-point for the

Species and genera, and invalidated earlier references under

the same name (Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. X, 1938,

pp. 162-172 and Art..42 (2) and Art. 44 (2) of 1935 Rules).

According to these principles, therefore, the name adopted

in any starting-point book should be typified on the descrip-

tion given (if any) and the types cited or implied in the book

itself, even when the name and its description in this book is

taken bodily from an earlier book having different types

(cf. also Art. 54 in 1867 Code and De Candolle’s Commen-

tary on it).

This procedure is fundamentally opposed to that

adopted by KUNTZE (Revisio Genera P1. 1891-98 and with

POST, Lexicon 1904), who typified the names on their

history prior to their validation under the Rules. KUNTZE’s

plea was that nobody should have any right to change the

application of a name after its publication, even if this

publication were before the starting-point, and, therefore,

invalid. But decisions made by the 1905 Congress obviously ~

condemn KUNTZE’s procedures of typification, and permit

the names to be typified on any syntype used in the

starting-point books (Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl.

X, 1938, pp. 173-181). Much of the confusion that exists

among mycologists on the interpretation of the Friesian

species and genera could be eliminated by following this

general principle. The botanist who detects any mixtum

compositum should have the right to choose any of the

specimens as the lectotype on botanical grounds (Furtado

in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 1937, pp. 244-249 and

XI, 1939, p. 18 Art. 22B).

20. Typification of Names on the Author’s Manuscript Notes.

No typification of names should be made solely on clues

left by the authors on herbarium sheets. Such notes or

signs are often of a provisional nature, and if they were of

paramount importance in typification, they should have been

published. A botanist may often name a specimen in a

herbarium because it looks aberrant; he may even indicate

it as the type of the name and make numerous notes on the

sheet. Yet he will often delay the publication of the group

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Bists)

until he has had better specimens for study. In such cases

the information found on the herbarium sheet first seen by

the author may be misleading. Besides, not all the shcets

subsequentiy studied by the author may be in the same

herbarium, and where isotype duplicates are available,

subsequent botanists need not apply for the original mate-

rial, especially in cases where such material is not easily

‘loaned nor allowed to be photographed. There are also cases

where the original notes have been placed in the herbarium

on wrong sheets during the course of mounting or

remounting the same. In view of this, unpublished

herbarium data should be used with the greatest caution,

and must not be allowed to form the sole or even the

principal basis for rejecting a typification made on published

information. Much confusion has often been created by

overlooking this principle (cf. Furtado in op. cit. X, 1939,

pp. 330-335). However if no lectotype has been selected,

such data might provide excellent clues for the valid typifica-

tion of the taxonomic group. It is essential also that the

lectotype should not be lightly chosen, and without any

necessity (Furtado in op. cit. IX, 1937, pp. 296-299).

That by a wrong selection of a type the whole series of

subsequent studies may be misdirected is evident from the

case of Rhus filicina DC. (1825) typified in Art. 51 Note 1

and Note 3 (examples in the accompanying proposals) (see

also Discussion 21 below).

21. Typification of Names with a Meaning

From time to time one comes across botanical names

whose special meaning contributes to make them treacherous

typification-quizzes. The elements which botanists have to

consider in such cases are two, namely: (1) the root of the

name itself which refers to the collector, locality, ecologic

conditions, vernacular name, economic uses, or to some such

data found on the label or sheet of one specimen; and (2)

- the validating description based primarily on another

specimen. Which out of the two specimens should be

chosen as the lectotype?

From the type concept as elaborated in Art. 15, 18 and

_ 59, it is obvious that the nomenclatural entity must be

typified on the specimen on which the validating description

was based; the particulars derived from wrongly assigned

specimens must therefore be ignored (see previous Discus-

sion 20).

Should it be decided that a name must be typified on

the type that formed the source of the name and not on the

one that formed the chief basis of the description, then such

2 ruling would be tantamount to giving a permission to

Vol. XIT. (1949).

334

establishing a taxonomic group merely by indicating the

specimen and its collector, locality, ecology or vernacular

name. It must not be overlooked that often names are

taken from imperfect specimens, useless for any precise

identification, whereas the descriptions are drawn from

better material. Several authors have founded the names

of genera and species of orchids on clues found on

imperfect syntypes in the herbarium, but have based the

validating descriptions on perfect living material. It is

obvious that, in such cases, what validated the name is the

description based on the type studied. To ignore this and

to disregard the type of the validating description in order

to follow a line of the least resistance in typification is to

torpedo the type basis concept altogether. The principle of

typifying a taxonomic group having two “types” of the

afore-mentioned categories is in no way analogous to the

principle adopted in typifying a new combination whose

instatement has been accompanied both by a new description

and the citation of the validating basinym. Here the epithet

is attached to the type of the description of the basinym and

so the author of a new combination is not free to apply it to

another type and description. On the other hand, a name

created for a new taxonomic group has to be interpreted on

the types of the principal part of the description. This

interpretation of the taxonomic group has nothing to do

with the derivation of the name; for, the purpose of giving

a name is not to indicate the characters or the history of the

group but to supply a means of referring to it (Art. 15).

This contention might seem contrary to the Rec. XV (f) in

the Rules; but the fact that a principle has been embodied in

a recommendation is a clear proof that it is not obligatory.

The purpose of Rec. XV (f) is to discourage names being

made from such root-words as might mislead inexperienced

inquirers to erroneous conclusions. It is not meant to be

applied in typifying names already made.

Thus, in the case of Carex Oederi Retz., NELMES

(Journ. Bot. LXXVII, 1939, p. 301) has shown that

RETZIUS based his specific description not on Oeder’s

figure (a syntype cited), but on a specimen identical with

C. pilulifera L. Later RETZIUS himself recognized the

correct identity of the species and made a reduction accor-

dingly. If RETZIUS’s specimen were a new species and not

identical with C. pilulifera, then C. Oederi would have been

used as the legitimate name for the species. To say that, in

such an event “it would have then been logical, not to call

the new species C. Oederi, but to give a new name, such as

Retzii” (Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. 1947, pp. 35-387) is not a

logical procedure. To be logical the first botanist to

Gardens Bulletin, S.

O00

recognized the mixtum compositum should have the liberty

to typify the species on any one of the two syntypes on

botanical grounds (see Discussion 19). The derivation of

the word would not be a good botanical ground for making

such a choice. In publishing the variety Aristida capensis

var. Dieterleniana Schweickerdt (Kew Bull. 1939, p. 653)

the author indicated (not without reason) Celiers II as the

type and not Dieterlen 1205. In Ormocarpum Kirki,

SPRAGUE and MILNE-REDHEAD (Kew Bull. 1934, pp.

42-43) have shown that Kirk’s specimen was imperfect and

that the description was primarily based on Hildebrandt

1935. In Poa amboinica L., Mant. Alt. (1771) 557, though

the specific epithet was derived from a Rumphian name, the

validating description was based on an Indian specimen

(both the Rumphian plate and the Rumphian description

being pre-17538 should not have any status except that of a

herbarium specimen and its manuscript description in the

herbarium, none of which are admissible for effecting the

validation of a name by reference). But apart from this,

RETZIUS (Obs. Bot. iv, 1786, p. 20) recognized the mixtum

compositum in the Linnean species and excluded from it the

Rumphian syntype as the discordant element. This typifica-

tion was generally accepted until challenged by MERRILL

(Interp. Rumph. Herb. Amb., 1917, p. 88) on what are in

my opinion erroneous assumptions. This challenge was

upheld by FISCHER (Kew Bull. 1934, pp. 398—400) on the

derivation of the trivial epithet of the specific name, and

recently by AIRY-SHAW (op. cit. 1947, p. 36), because

“Linnaeus adapted, from Rumphius, the geographical epithet

amboinica”’. I contend that in the interest of stability and

finality of names the typification made by RETZIUS should

be adopted. (For criticism of Merrill’s and Fischer’s views

see Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 1937, pp.

297-298).

Another example worth considering is the typification

of Eranthemum L. (1753) by SPRAGUE in Kew Bull.

(1926) 98. Here SPRAGUE confuses the issue by saying

that EF’. capense L. (1753), the only species under the genus,

“was based on a plant collected in Ceylon by Hermann, and

described by Linné under the name Eranthemum in FI.

Zeylan. 6 n.15 (1747) and Amoen. Acad. i. 384. In Sp. Pl. 8

Linneé unfortunately confused this with a Cape plant......

This statement of SPRAGUE suggests that the binomial

FE’. capense was originally given to a Ceylon plant but that

later LINNAEUS was confused and adopted the name also

for a Cape plant. Actually EF. capense was first instated in

1753 and it then included elements from two sources as far

as the citation of references were concerned: Ceylon and the

Vol. XII. (1949).

336

Cape; but under the habitat LINNAEUS mentioned only

‘“‘Aethiopia” which included the Cape but not Ceylon. In

Species Plantarum (1753), which is the starting-point book

for the nomenclature of the genus and its. species,

LINNAEUS need not employ Eranthemum in its pre—1753

sense; under the Rules he is free (retrospectively) to give

the name in 1753 any sense he liked. If he applied it to a

Cape plant, he cannot be said to have misapplied the name.

Further since in Sp. Pl. (1753) the genera are validated

merely by mention of the species (an exception to the usual

procedure Art. 41 and Art. 42), Eranthemum, when typified,

should include FE. capense. However, those who foliow

RADLKOFER (Sitz. Kaiser. Bayr. Acad. XIII, 1883, p. 285

et annot.), KUNTZE (1890-98 and 1904) and SPRAGUE,

and accept references back under the same name (invali- —

dated under Arts. 42 (2) and 44 (2) ), take Eranthemum as

having been validated by reference to a previous description

under the same name though this previous description and

name had a different meaning. On this basis they typify

the genus Eranthemum on the Ceylon plant mentioned by

SPRAGUE above, but generally transfer the binomial

E. capense sensu typico (the African plant) to another

genus. In other words- these botanists remove from

Eranthemum L. (17538) the very binomial or species (E.

capense) that validated the genus and is the type of the

genus, a procedure quite contrary to Arts. 51-52 of the

Rules.

The case of Eranthemum appears to be as follows:

Before 1753, LINNAEUS based the genus on HERMANN’s

specimen from Ceylon; but in 1753 he found a specimen from

the Cape which agreed well with his generic conception of

Eranthemum. This specimen, which was also described by

HERMANN in the reference quoted by LINNAEUS under

E. capense, was from a plant grown from the seeds sent

from the Cape by OLDENLAND. Could it not be that

Eranthemum was wrongly attributed in 1747 to Ceylon?

HERMANN had collected both in Ceylon and in the Cape,

and many of his specimens were mixed in mounting.

LINNAEUS, however, had not at the time HERMANN’s

Ceylon specimen with him to clear these doubts (fide R.

BROWN, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl., 1810, p. 332). But he knew

that the Cape plant was a new species and required a ey.

binomial under his new scheme. LINNAEUS therefore 4

gave the Cape specimen the binomial FE. capense and there-

fore mentioned only “Aethiopia’” under the habitat, and

excluded Ceylon though he gave a reference to the Ceylon

specimen also. It is this binomial that validated the genus.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

337

There was no mistake about the specimen being a new

species or from the Cape. Reference to a _ previous

description under the same name does not validate the genus

(Art. 42-2), but serves to show its previous history. The

mistake attributed to LINNAEUS is attributable only when

references to previously published descriptions under the

same name are admitted against Art. 42 (2), and

LINNAEUS is deprived of the right to give in 1753 any

sense he liked to a previous name. The genus Eranthemum

should therefore be typified on E. capense, as this binomial

validated the generic name; and this species not only

included OLDENLAND?’s specimen from the Cape but was

stated to be from Africa only.

It may be noted that ALSTON in Handb. FI. Ceylon

VI (1931) 226 and 228, uses Daedacalanthus R. Anders. and

D. fastigiatus (Lamk.) Alston for Eranthemum L. sensu

Radlkofer (1883) and E. montanum Roxb. respectively, and

Pegafetta Adans. and P. malabaricum (Clarke) Alston for

what has been called Pseuderanthemum Radlk. and Ps.

malabaricum (Clarke) Fischer, thus retaining Eranthemum

L. and E. capense L. for the Cape plant typified on

-Oldenland’s specimen. -A good deal of confusion made in

these genera can be best removed by following ALSTON’s

typification of Eranthemum, especially when Pseuderanthe-

mum has also been misused. (In a recent paper BREME-

KAMP and NANNENGA-BREMEKAMP have typified both

Eranthemum and E. capense on the Ceylon plant, but have

not discussed the previous typifications (Nederl. Akad. Wet.

Verh. (Sect 2) XLV no. 1 (1948) 33).

22. Later Homonyms

Types have been unnecessarily emphasised in the

definition of a later homonym, so that it seems possible to

reject an earlier valid name as “illegitimate’’ and to accept

an identical later combination with a different authorship or

date as legitimate. Thus, for instance, Pseudotsuga

taxifolia (Lamb.) Britton (1889), although admitted as

valid with a force to render a later name with a different

type “illegitimate” (impriorable), has itself been rejected as

‘““llegitimate” and considered without any force to render

Ps. taxifolia (Lamb. ex Poir) Rehder (1938) “illegitimate’’,

because the latter combination has the same type as the

former ; accordingly the latter combination has been declared

as the legitimate (correct) name for the Douglas Fir

(Sprague and Green in Kew Bull., 1938, pp. 79-80; for

’. further similar examples see Furtado in Fedde, Repertorium

XLIV, 1988, pp. 256-264).

- Vol. XII. (1949).

338

But the Rules provide that an alteration in diagnosis

and in cireumscription, however considerable, but “without

the exclusion of the type does not warrant the citation of an

author other than the one who first published its name’,

though the authorship of considerable emendations may be

indicated (Art. 47). In the aforementioned case, however,

SPRAGUE and GREEN have given to the authorship of

names an importance unwarranted under Art. 47, so that,

under their view, the authorship would become an important

part of the botanical name. They have overlooked the fact

that the correct citation of authorship is not a problem that

concerns validity, priorability or legitimacy of a name; it

affects only its propriety. If the view of SPRAGUE and _

GREEN were valid, then the rejection of homonyms

established by different authors would become meaningless.

This opinion of SPRAGUE and GREEN on homonyms

does not accord with the spirit of the Commentary made by

the British botanists responsible for the present wording of

the rule of homonyms. Declaring that it is a sheer waste

of time to oblige botanists to undertake critical research to

find out whether or not a prior homonym is legitimable in a

given position (p. 5), the Commentary states that “this

Article prohibits the duplication of names which have been

published with a description (or reference to a former

description), even if they are illegitimate. It will stabilize

nomenclature, especially in the numerous cases where there

is doubt or dispute whether a prior homonym is illegitimate

or nov”. (Brit. Proposals, 1929, p. 43). Professor

REHDER states in the Preliminary Opinions, Amsterdam,

1935, Art. 47 bis, p. 14, that the meaning of a name “‘should

be clear even without author citation, since the author is

often omitted, particularly in applied botany and popular

publications. We have to consider also the use of botanical

names outside of strictly taxonomic work.”

From the foregoing I conclude that the opinion held by

SPRAGUE and GREEN on the legitimacy of orthographi-

cally similar names when an earlier one is rejected, cannot

be maintained. Due amendments are therefore proposed to

make the rule of homonyms more precise (see Arts. 61A—B

and Art. 52B—D, and also discussion on superfluous names

in 14-15).

However Art. 47 could be made more explicit as to the

manner of citing the correct name for the Douglas Fir.

From Art. 69 it looks as if Ps. taxifolia Britton (= Ps.

taxifola (Lamb.) Britton), and not Ps. taxifolia (Lamb.

ex Poir.) Britton emend. Rehder or Ps. taxifolia (Poir.)

Rehder, is the correct way of expressing the authority of

the first valid and priorable instatement of the name.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

339

23. Specific Epithets under an Impriorable Generic Name

Later homonyms, unless they be conserved generic

names, are impriorable, that is, they are valid but cannot be

included in priority considerations. This should have

deprived specific epithets instated under an impriorable

genus of the right of priority even outside the genus. Thus,

since Rademachia Thunb. (1776) is a later homonym, the

combination R. integra Thunb. (1776) can never be

legitimately used, and so when THUNBERG established a

new genus Sitodium (1779), the combination S. macrocarpon

Thunb. (1779) should have been the legitimate name for the

species. This procedure can be defended also under the

strict wording of the present Rules which prescribe that only

“legitimate” combinations (that is, those satisfying all the

rules—Arts. 2 and 45) should be used in priority considera-

tions. But as this procedure would not contribute to

economy in specific epithets and would also lead to ignoring

important contributions made to the systematy of the

genera bearing names which are later homonyms, and since

later homonyms themselves are made usually in ignorance

of the existence of the previous homonyms, the modern

tendency has been to allow priority to the specific epithets

instated under an impriorable genus. Further it must be

borne in mind that all specific epithets instated under an

impriorable genus form an obstacle to the formation of

exactly similar combinations under an earlier priorable

generic homonym. ‘These reasons therefore justify the

custom of allowing priority to the specific epithets instated

under an impriorable generic name. An appropriate

amendment has been proposed in the Rules to clarify this

problem.

However, an admission of priority to such epithets

Should not be mistaken as an opening for admitting as

priorable, the specific epithets instated under no genus, or

under an invalid genus, or under a generic name which was

intended to be but was not actually instated. As the

_ epithets instated under such circumstances are invalid, the

question of their priorability does not arise. The invalidity

of specific epithets under an invalid or no generic name

might seem so axiomatic under the binomial binary system

of nomenclature for species (cf. Linnaeus’s Aphorisms 257

and 286 and comments on them in Critica Botanica), that

one might well question the need of emphasising the fact

here; but Discussion 24 will show that there are nomen-

claturists who question the validity of the axiom, and that

there is a definite attempt to amend the Rules so as to admit

such specific epithets as valid. The reader should therefore

bear in mind the status of specific epithets instated under a

Vol. XII. (1949).

340°

valid but impriorable generic name, so that, in the following

discussion, the distinction between it and the status of the

epithets attached to no generic name or to a generic name

that has no status under the rules may be clearly recognized.

24. “Binary” Names under an Invalid Genus

Art. 67 states the conditions under which a generic

name must not be admitted even when otherwise it seems

satisfactory under Arts. 25, 37 and 42. But since

WALTER’s “genus” Anonymos satisfies none of these

Articles, there should not be any doubt of its being invalid,

i.e. Status-less under the Rules. In fact the legislators have

singled out this term as an example of a word that cannot be

considered as a valid generic name under Art. 67 (1); no

further doubt should therefore arise about its invalidity.

And it is obvious that, from the very definition of the binary

name, the specific epithets instated under Anonymos should

be equally invalid (cf. Linnean Aphorisms 257 and 286,

and Art. 27 of the 1935 Rules). Yet SPRAGUE proposes

that, in the following amendment, the Congress should state

in the form of a rule that the specific epithets preceded by

the word Anonymos are invalid even though the proposed

rule applies to that particular word only:

“Binary combinations of a specific epithet with the word

Anonymos are illegitimate, since the word Anonymos is not

a generic name (Art. 67(1)). Such combinations are not taken

in consideration for purposes of priority of the epithet

concerned.

“Example: The binary combination, Anonymos aquatica

Walt. Fl. Carol. 230 (1788) is illegitimate. The valid name

for the species concerned is Planera aquatica J. F. Gmel.

(1791), and the date of the epithet aquatica, for purposes

of priority, is 1791. The species must not be cited as Planera

aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. If, however, it is desired to

indicate that the epithet originated with Walter, the name

may be cited as Planera aquatica RAG ome J. F. Gmel.”

(Kew Bull. 1939, p. 318, sub Art. 27).

The Rules empower the Congress to suspend, in certain

cases, the application of the rule of priority; but even then

it is better for the Congress not to exercise this power if the _

effects of the proposal can be secured by applying the

existing rules (cf. Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl.

IX, 1937, p. 253). But when the Congress is asked to give

a special decision on a particular case and embody that

decision in the form of a rule applicable to that case only,

it is time for the Congress to call a halt and consider whether >

such a procedure might not create an undesirable precedent

and affect seriously the normal practice. Moreover, special

decisions, when given unnecessarily, and/or embodied in the

form of a special rule applicable to that case only, often

Gardens Bulletin, S.

o41

mislead taxonomists into thinking that the results secured

by a special decision or rule were otherwise not attainable.

This sows a seed for the future misinterpretation of the rule

applicable to the case. If the existing rule were invoked

and the deductions were accordingly made, the decision

would have reinforced the rule and prevented its future

misinterpretation, a procedure, I believe, followed with

great effect by zoologists. When advisable, the case could

be cited as an additiona! example ilustrating the application

of the particular rule. Hence there are grave objections to

adopting SPRAGUE’s proposal. I note also that the

editors (Camp, Rickett and Weatherby) of the 1947 special

edition of the International Rules of Botanical Nomen-

clature object to cluttering the main body of the Rules

“with decisions on individual cases’ which “might very

profitably be relegated” to appendices or to a series of

opinions.

But apart from this novel way of trying to outlaw the

alleged “binary” combinations (for the Congress has dis-

approved the principle for rejecting properly instated

specific names) there are also serious objections to the

wording of the proposal itself; for the invocation of Art. 67

(1) means that, since WALTER did not intend to adopt

Anonymos as a generic name, the specific epithets cannot be

taken to have been published validly. Thus put, the reason

for rejecting WALTER’s specific epithets under Anonymos

misdirects the whole issue; for one conclusion from this

premis would be that, had WALTER intended Anonymos to

be a generic name, then 44 specific epithets published by

WALTER under Anonymos would have been valid, despite

the fact that Anonymos was never described as a taxonomic

group to satisfy Arts. 37 and 42 or 43. So the word

“binary” in Art. 27 would be synonymous with biverba!, in

which sense SPRAGUE has used the word in the proposal.

This would mean, therefore, that specific epithets could be

validly instated under a status—less (invalid) generic name,

a conclusion I have nowhere found seriously maintained

except by a few botanists who use the word “binary” very

loosely to mean biverbal (cf: Sprague and Riley in Journ.

Bot. LXIi, 1924, p. 7 and Sprague and Hubbard in Kew

Bull. 1933, p. 15 and 1936, p. 319).

The principle involved in the above-mentioned proposal

goes against the essence of binary binomial nomenclature

itself. Its admission would defeat the very purpose of

prescribing binary binomial nomenclature to species. In

arguing the fallacy of this theory and the contradictions

involved, I had also discussed the invalidity of the specific

epithets proposed by WALTER under Anonymos, not only

Vol. XII. (1949).

342

under Art. 27, but also ‘under the rule of nomina vel epitheta

provisoria, for all these epithets were published in the hope

that future botanists would put them under their proper

genera, WALTER himself not having assigned them to any

{

known genus. It is true that some botanists attributed the

epithets to WALTER, but it has already been shown that

such attributions are wrong (retrospectively) under the

present Rules and that these epithets stand on the same

footing as the (retrospectively) invalid names taken up

from WALLICH’s catalogue by subsequent botanists and

attributed to WALLICH. WALTER’s specific epithets

were shown to have been validly instated by GMELIN

(1791) and others, who therefore become the real authors

of the epithets under the Rules. In such matters custom

cannot be invoked in order to nullify a clear law (Furtado

in Fedde, Repertorium XLIV, 1938, pp. 256-264).

By accepting the definitions of the terms binomial,

binary and biverbal indicated in Discussion 2 of this paper,

it becomes clear that a specific name which indicates only

one description (unless that description be of the descriptio

generico-specifica class) can be neither a binary nor a

binomial, though it may be a biverbal. The specific epithets

“instated” under Anonymos by WALTER, like such

biverbals as Villebrunnea integrifolia Gaud. and V. crenulata

Gaud. are, therefore, neither binary nor binomial, for in

each case the combination indicates only one description.

Hence these combinations deserve no recognition from

botanists, though Villebrunnea was intended to be a generic

name but never associated with any generic description

(cf. Furtado in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. XVI, 1939, pp.

116-119). In fact Villebrunnea does not come under Art.

67 at all; for Art. 67 deals with names which are inadmis-

sible under the Rules even when they are properly published

and are accompanied by generic descriptions. It does not

deal with cases where admissible generic names are not

accompanied by generic descriptions, for the obvious reason

that names without descriptions are invalid (Arts. 37 and

42). However it has to be admitted that the examples given

in Art. 67 are not carefully chosen to illustrate the various

points dealt with in the rule, and Anonymos is one of the

ill-chosen examples.

The use of the word “binary”, and the way of invoking

Art. 67 (1) in the amendment proposed by SPRAGUE are

therefore misleading. The epithets concerned are invalid

(without any status) under the existing rules (see also

Furtado in Philipp. Journ. Se. LXIX, 1939, pp. 467-469).

I contend therefore that the proposed amendment should not.

be approved.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

043

As to the manner of citing the authority of an invalid

name, when validated by another author, the subject is to

be dealt with in Art. 48. But I doubt the advisability of

quoting the author of an invalid name in a double bracket.

25. The Fallacies of Implicit References -

In Kew Bull. (1937) 475-476, under the title of

“Epipogum or Epipogium’” SPRAGUE and GREEN have

defended a procedure based on two fallacies, namely, (a)

the incidental mentioning of invalid or provisional names

constitutes a definite acceptance of the names, a procedure

condemned by Art. 37; but, since this assumption does not

carry one very far, for the names would still remain without

a valid description, and, therefore, invalid, the second

assumption is made, that is, (b) the name incidentally

mentioned is validated by an implicit reference to a descrip-

tion published previously under the same name.

In disputing this theory of implicit reference, I submit-

ted that, in order to decide whether or not the author wished

to adopt an older name definitely, the easiest way was

to apply the provision in Art. 42 (2), which clause, though

ignored by the two authors, invalidates, like Art. 44 (2),

references to previous descriptions under the same name.

From 1905 this provision forms an important part of the

Rules, being then introduced to proscribe\ principally the

procedure defended by KUNTZE who, by admitting refer-

ence back under the same name to pre-1753 literature, had

effected over 30,000 name changes (cf. Furtado in Gard.

Bull. Straits Settl. X, 1938, pp. 162-72). Nevertheless,

SPRAGUE has now made the proposal to omit the phrase

under another name from both Arts. 42 (2) and 44 (2).

As an approval of this proposal would cause many name-

changes, and even remove the definiteness of many other

names, a discussion on Art. 44 (2) may not be out of place

here (the problems concerning Art. 42 (2) having been

already dealt with in my paper referred to above).

However it may be noted here that, when SPRAGUE states

that many Linnean generic names have been validated by

reference to pre-Linnean descriptions (Kew Bull. 1939,

p. 323, sub Art. 42), he overlooks the fact that, under Art.

20, if any descriptions are to be associated with the Linnean

genera of 1753 and 1762-63, they are the first subsequent

descriptions in LINNAEUS’s Genera Plantarum ed.

(1754) and ed. 6 (1764). Even if the phrase were omitted,

the contention of SPRAGUE would, therefore, be erroneous

as applied to the Linnean generic names.

Vol. XII. (1949).

544

In proposing to omit the phrase under another name

from Art. 44 (2), SPRAGUE states that “this omission is

required to provide for the case of a pre-Linnean binary

specific name validly published by a post-Linnean author

with reference to the pre-Linnean description.” (Kew Bull.

1939, p. 323). This is a very misleading statement. The

binary binomial system of nomenclature for species was

consistently employed for the first time in 1753. In the case

of biverbal specific names of pre—1753 authors, there are

many doubts whether the names are merely binary or

biverbal, or truly binary biverbal binomials. « Sometimes

they are biverbal generic names, and therefore unitary; in

some other cases they are biverbal and binary but not

binomial; in many cases the names are biverbal binomial

for forms and varieties, and so not binary; or when binary

and binomial, the genus is based on characters of habit and

uses, not on floral characters. This difficulty is met with

also in the case of those post—1753 books in which the

Linnean binomial system was not consistently adopted. To

obviate this difficulty the Rules have interdicted all the

specific names in such books, even those post—1753 names

that seem to be clearly binary, biverbal binomial specific

names (Art. 68 (4); also Furtado in Bull. Jard. Bot. Bui-

tenz. XVI 1939, pp. 116-119). Judging from the loose

sense in which the term “binary” has been employed, the

tendency to admit such names would still be great if the

clause under another name were omitted. Furthermore,

LINNAEUS, Spec. Pl. (1753) and (1762-63) are taken as

a sort of check-list wherein are registered all the species till

then known to science, and wherein characters are shown in

order to be able to distinguish between them. Should a pre—

1753 species having a binary, biverbal binomial name be

found not to have been taken up in the many editions of

Species Plantarum and in other descriptive check-lists (e.g. —

Lamarck’s Encyclopédie, Persoon’s Synopsis Plantarum,

and Don’s General System of Botany and Gardening),

it would be better now to deny validity to such names even

though the names were registered or casually mentioned,

but not described, in some lists, catalogues, theses, itinera-

ries or discussions; many name-changes and complications

would result by allowing validity to these names (cf.

Furtado, 1938 cited above).

Thus, for instance, many pre—-1821 names of Fungi

Caeteri recorded in STEUDEL’s Nomenclator (Crypto-

gamia) (1824), would have to be revived if the phrase

under another name were omitted from Art. 44 (2). The

many involved arguments and assumptions made for getting

Poinciana spinosa admitted as valid (Sprague in Kew Bull.

Gardens Bulletin, S. 3

345

1931, pp. 91-96) could be easily disposed of by referring the

whole question to Art. 44 (2) which SPRAGUE has

ignored and which he now seeks to eliminate from the

Rules. In all such cases the clauses Arts. 42 (2) and 44 (2)

are so to say labour-saving devices for botanists who might

have otherwise to consider lengthy arguments before

deciding the validity or invalidity of names. By way of

illustration I shall discuss at some length the case of

Petroselinum crispum:

In the Kew Hand List of Herbaceous Plants ed. 3

(1925) 122, the name P. crispum Nym. is listed without

_ any description. No one is bound to take any notice of it,

because it has not been published before as a valid name, nor

is there given under it any definite reference to a previously

valid description. But AIRY-SHAW discovered that the

name was published in 1879 as a synonym of P. sativum

Hoffm. and that it was apparently intended to be an isonym

of Apium crispum Mill. This does not carry one any

further, for combinations published in the synonymy are

inadmissible (Art. 40), a fact also admitted by AIRY-SHAW

though he allowed validity to P. crispum Nym. in the

following manner:

But the combination has been taken up in the Kew Hand

List of Herbaceous Plants ed. 3,122 (1925), and attributed

to Nyman; and it appears that it must be regarded as validly

published in that place (cf. Sprague and Green on implicit

citation in the case of the generic name Epipogium, in Kew

Bull. 1937, 475) (Kew Bull. 1938, pp. 256-258).

Later AIRY-SHAW’s attention was drawn to the fact

that P. crispum (Mill.) Nym. was a binomial combination

published for a variety under P. sativum Hoffm.; and

AIRY-SHAW admits that “varietal binomials” are inad-

missible under the present nomenclatural system (Art. 28).

But under the theory of implicit reference he finds the

following way out of this difficulty:

The first valid use of the combination Petroselinum crispum

(i.e. for a species) is apparently in the Kew Hand List of

Herbaceous Plants 122 (1925), and the attribution to Nyman

may be taken as validating reference to Nyman’s well-known

work, where the author of the name-bringing synonym, A pium

crispum Mill., is cited in brackets. There is clearly no doubt

as to the plant intended either by Nyman or by Miller, nor

as to the works of those authors intended by the Kew Hand

List and by Nyman respectively (Kew Bull. 1939, p. 168).

It may be remarked here that the question of validity

or invalidity of a name is not decided by doubts, or the

absence of doubts, about the plant intended; otherwise

almost all the names in WALLICH’s Catalogue would have

_ been valid, for they were accompanied by numbered sets of

plants distributed to many botanical institutions. The

~*~;

Vol. XII. (1949).

346

alleged obviousness of the work intended by the compilers of

the Kew Hand List is not as easy to understand as .

AIRY-SHAW imagines, for compilers of such Hand-lists do

not usually consult original works, but go by herbarium

determinations. Often invalid combinations get unwit-

tingly into such Lists. It is more probable that the

compilers had never intended to publish a new name, nor to

refer to any work, but had merely adopted P. crispum Nym.

because of the authority of the botanist who had determined

their specimens in the herbarium. What the determining

authority intended by the binomial is not easy to decide; the

binomial might have stood for the variety as named by

NYMAN. If such listings are admitted as valid publica-

tions of names, then one could also argue that: all

pre-starting point names; the names published in works

wherein the binomial system has not been consistently

employed (Art. 68-4); provisional names; and invalid

manuscript names cited in the synonymy, become valid when

they are registered in subsequent indexes or nomenclators.

Further the mere registration of varietal binomials as if

they were specific names would also constitute the valid

publication of the binomials as specific names. Even a

casual mention of such an invalid name and its author by a

careless worker would oblige botanists to admit it as valid

and investigate as to what it originally meant, where it was

published, the Rules making no distinction between well-

known and less known works. This would mean that

botanists should possess a list of all the invalid names

published before and after the starting points, despite the

fact that such names have no status under the Rules.

Perhaps the compilers of such lists would then be considered

as the real validating authors of the invalid names, since

the mere registration has been claimed to give validity to

previously invalid names. .

From the foregoing it is evident that numerous

complications will arise by omitting the phrase “under

another name” from Art. 42 (2) and 44 (2). This phrase

was intentionally inserted in the Articles of the 1905 Rules.

If the phrase were retained in Art. 42 (2), many of the

proposals to conserve generic names already in use would be

unnecessary. Thus the proposal to conserve Hippeastrum

Herbert (1821) versus Leopoldia Herbert (1821) made by

SEALY to the 1940 Congress (Kew Bull. 1939, pp. 49-68

and 328) becomes meaningless, for what is already valid

and legitimate does not require to be conserved versus a

name which, under the existing Rules, has no status and no

claim to recognition by botanists (invalid).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

o47

26. Alternative Names and the Will of the Congress

Discussing the simultaneous publication of Cymbopogon

Bequxriu De Willd. (1919) and Andropogon Bequz rtii De

Willd., CROIZAT (Journ. Arnold Arb. XXII, 1941, pp.

133-142) states as follows:

De Willdeman believed either that these two names were

synonymous in the accepted sense, or that they were not. If

he did believe that the names were synonymous, he erred

in publishing two names where one was sufficient, the other

being superfluous (Art. 16, Art. 60(1)), or illegitimate (Art.

40); if he did not believe, he clearly acted to design a new

combination in anticipation of the eventual acceptance of the

group, which is a patent violation of Art. 37ter, and creates

a nomen provisorium (p. 137).

The first part of this argument is faulty, because the

two names, being in a different position, cannot be

““superfiluous” under Arts. 16 and 60 (1). As to the second

part, Art. 40 does not apply because Andropogon Bequertii

was not “merely cited as a synonym”’; it was published as an

alternative name to Cymbopogon Bequ. rtii, in order first to

indicate that there are two current views about the major

taxonomic group, both accepted as taxonomically valid, and

then to prevent name-changes being made by others which

could be done by the author himself. In discussing this

principle in some detail, I had mentioned the complications

made by persons who were after easy honours (Gard. Bull.

Straits Settl. IX, 1937, pp. 239-240). But I have also come

across some examples where botanists, in order to avoid

criticisms of the type levelied by CROIZAT, have published

the names in.one periodical, and the alternative names in

another, making it thereby difficult for workers on the

groups to collect the necessary references. DE WILLDE-

MAN could have published either of the two names, and

botanists would have accepted the name as valid; and

CROIZAT himself would not have any objection to accepting

the second name had DE WILLDEMAN published it after

the first. CROIZAT’s objection is because the two names

have been published simultaneously and have saved workers

the trouble of looking up two different periodicals for the

information that could have been obtained in one.

As to the third part of the argument offered by

CROIZAT, that alternative names are provisional, to be

outlawed under Art. 37 ter, it must be recalled that this

point received a good deal of consideration from the

Congress at Amsterdam. The President (Dr. E. D.

MERRILL) pointed out that the provisional names were

against the spirit of the Rules, but that alternative names

were not provisional names. From the Proceedings it is

Vol. XII. (1949).

348

evident that the Congress was of the opinion that, if alter-

native names were placed on the same footing as provisional |

names, then none of the alternative names could be accepted

as validly published. Thus, in the case discussed both

Andropogon Bequertu and Cymbopogon Bequartu would

have to be rejected. In view of this and also in view of the

complication that would arise as to the authorship, Prof.

W. ROBYNS “suggested that, as a matter of practical

convenience, such alternative names should be treated as

valid”, and later amended the proposal by eliminating the

word “seu eventuale’ which, according to the discussion

recorded in the Proceedings, referred to alternative names.

The proposal thus amended was adopted by the Congress

(Proceed. I, 1936, pp. 364-366).

There was no other decision to validate alternative

names; but the fact that a proposal to reject both provisional

and alternative names was amended with the express object

of excluding alternative names from the effects of the

proposed rule is a sufficient proof that the Congress

regarded alternative names as valid. This conclusion is

further strengthened by the different summaries of the

decisions taken at the Congress, published in Chron. Bot. II

(1936) 38, Journ. Bot. LX XIV (1936) 75 and in Kew Bull.

(1936) 186. Ihave not seen any correction issued to these

announcements or to the Proceedings.

It is true that the wording of Art. 37 ter is not happy.

That the definitions of provisional and alternative names

require further clarification so as to prevent conflicting

interpretations of the rule was pointed out in my paper

quoted by CROIZAT (Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl.

IX, 1937, pp. 230-232 and 239-240). And this faulty

wording of Art. 37 ter is now the sole basis of CROIZAT’s

not interpreting the Article on the evidence made available

in the discussion that preceded the approval ofthe rule in

the present wording. Hence CROIZAT concludes that the

summary given by SPRAGUE of the Congress decisions is

erroneous as far as alternative names are concerned, and

therefore maintains that Art. 37 ter, as approved by

‘sovereign will of the Congress” invalidates precisely those

names to safeguard which the original proposal was

amended. ; %

Previous practice of quoting alternative names was

very conflicting, a fact also made obvious during the discus-

sion of Art. 37 ter at the Congress. Hence the way in which

an alternative name has been registered in Index Kewensis

cannot be invoked as illustrating an “established custom”

under Art. 5. Were a name invalid (without any status

under the Rules), the editors of Index Kewensis should not

Gardens Bulletin, S.

349

have registered it at all. Besides, alternative names have

not been uniformly registered in Index Kewensis, e.g.

Syzygium paniculatum Gaertn. and Eugenia panieulata

Banks ex Gaertn. (1788), Claytonia Washingtonia Suksdorf

vel Montia Washingtonia Suksdorf (1898) and Lithocarpus

vel Pasania Rodgeriana A. Camus (1931). Further if the

previously established custom did not approve of these

alternative names, then botanists like DE WILLDEMAN

could be said to be the breakers of the custom; but the

Opinion that “any subsequent author who took up the name

Andropogon Bequaertu would certainly attribute it to DE

WILLDEMAN” (an opinion voiced at the Congress both by

ROBYNS of Bruxelles and HANDEL-MAZZETTI of

Vienna), shows that the previous “established custom” was

not what CROIZAT has it to be.

In view of this the botanical public is justified in

considering that the Congress has not only accepted alter-

native names “as a matter of practical convenience’, but

also condemned expressly the provisional names. Our

endeavour, therefore, should be to find a more appropriate

terminology for framing the rule in such a way that the

“sovereign will of the Congress” shall be unequivocal.

BAILEY (Gent. Herb. II, 1932, pp. 430-433), who

upholds the validity of alternative names and quotes many

instances, pleads that the Congress should be more precise

in defining what a synonym is, so as to prevent confusion

between alternative names and synonyms. He cites an

instance of an extreme form of multiple nomenclature which,

I believe, is rare: Sedum-Cotyledum-Echeveria-Diodostemon

clavifolia Alwin Berger in Gartenflora LIII, p. 205. It is

- possible that many alternative names published in the last

two centuries have been overlooked, and if their resuscita-

tion now would cause confusion and if there is no way of

distinguishing between synonyms and alternative names

published in early literature, it would be advisable to con-

sider all long overlooked or ignored alternative names

_ published before 1905 as invalid, and to oblige authors in

future to indicate in a definite way whether a certain name

is alternative or a synonym (cf. Linnean alternative combi-

- nations published under Melilotus sub Trifolium which have

been long ignored).

27. Responsibilities of Publishers

The 1930 Congress decided that the validity of a paper

reserved for private circulation should not be admitted

unless distributed to the institutions to be specified under

the Rules; and I tried to show that, unless this specification

included certain institutions interested in the work and

Vol. XII. (1949).

350

unless the distribution were made through a Committee,

grave complications would certainly arise (Chron. Bot. II],

1937, pp. 8387-339, and in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 1937,

pp. 273-279). In the latter paper a scheme was worked.

out so as to secure a priority in distribution for the interested

institutions; for I believe validity should not be allowed to

a paper, say on the Indo-Malaysian flora, if the distribution

to all the Indo-Malaysian institutions is refused or ignored.

by the idiosyncratic author of the work meant only for

private distribution. A distribution to institutions not.

interested in the work serves no useful purpose; these

institutions may even destroy the books which are useless.

to them. If such a Committee had regional representatives.

in different parts of the world, the principle would have

worked even during the last great war. The regional

representative could have undertaken to reserve copies for

other institutions to which copies could not be sent owing to.

war.

However there is now a move to abandon the specifica--

tion of the institutions required in Art. 36. If the list is to

be abandoned, the responsibilities of publishers and/or of

authors must be clearly stated; for, owing to the high cost

of printing and to the paucity of funds, there is a great

danger of systematic papers being published in periodicals.

least likely to come to the attention of the interested public

(cf. examples in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 1935, p. 113.

and XI, 1939, p. 21 sub Art. 36).

There is also the question of separates. These offer the

author an effective means of establishing an exchange with

his colleagues. Many publishers, in order to secure first

class contributions to their periodicals, are therefore obliged

to supply to the author gratis a certain number of sepurates.

of the paper. But satisfying the demands of the individual

contributors and sending a few complimentary copies for

reviews or to some institutions are not synonymous with

meeting the nomenclatural requirements for rendering the

contributions effective (valid). The demand by authors for

separates is for a subsidiary distribution, that is, a distribu-

tion having nothing to do with valid publication of the

papers. Were publishers of the periodical to make the

authors individually responsible for the measures necessary

to render the contributions valid, then authors themselves

would individually be the publishers of their own contribu-

tions (assuming the authors take the measures in question),

and the periodical would be merely a review in which the

papers are published at second hand (and often with

fictitious dates, because the editors of the periodicals would

not know when the authors “published” their separates).

/ Gardens Bulletin, S.

Under such circumstances, in giving references to a new

nomenclatural entity, the title and the page of the pamphlet,

and not the title and the page of the periodical wherein the

contribution was subsequently reprinted or incorporated,

would have to be cited.

Further, without advertisements, there would be great

difficulties not only in subscribing to the papers, but in

preventing ineffective (invalid) papers from being passed

as effective and at wrong dates. In the case of large books,

the publishers are interested in the disposal of the books,

at least in order to recoup the initial outlay in printing; so

they feel the need of issuing advertisements in due time.

But in the case of separates the author does not incur any

expenses, nor is he interested in the sale of the separates.

In fact any attempts to advertise the sale of a few separates

received gratis may involve the author or his agents in

financial difficulties. Notwithstanding this aspect of the

problem, it has been recently contended that, when advance

prints are supplied to the author, the publishers are justified

not only in calling these prints “advance separates” of the

periodical, but also in reckoning effectiveness from the date

on which the prints were supplied to the author.

It is obvious therefore that publishers must be made to

realise that to publish a botanical contribution does not

mean to print and/or distribute it to special persons or

institutions only; but it means that the publication must be

made available in due time to the interested botanical public.

It is evident that no objections are raised for publishing a

large work in small parts or fascicles, provided these are

made available to subscribers in due time; but publishers

cannot transfer their responsibilities of securing validity to

the paper to the author by supplying him a few copies of his

paper in advance, nor is this duty fulfilled if, in addition to

supplying the copies to the author, six copies are sent to be

utilised in herbaria or to be reviewed in periodicals. Since

at least one institution has offered this as a plea for not

sending its periodicals in due time to the subscribers (by

purchase or exchange) (Hochreutiner in Candollea VII,

1938, p. 517), it seems necessary to legislate on this point

so as to prevent such procedures in future. Necessary

amendments have therefore been proposed to deny validity

to papers for which no steps have been taken to insure their

distribution in due time to the interested public. '

28. Orthography of Names

In Gard. Bull. Straits Settl XI, 1939, pp. 4-7, I

suggested that the subject of orthography of names be

referred to a special committee, so that the question of such

Vol. XIT. (1949).

352

cognate subjects as that of homonymy and tautonymy might

be considered at the same time; for in this matter simplicity

and clearness are essential to avoid equivocation. Thus,

for instance, if Nasturtium Nasturtium-aquaticum is a

tautonym under the Rules (Art. 68-3), then the binomials

Asplenium Trichomanes and A. Trichomanes-dentatum are

a pair of homonyms; for a tautonym is nothing but a

binomial where specific epithet is homonymous with the

generic name (SPRAGUE’s contention that A. Trichomanes-

dentatum is “intrinsically invalid” under Art. 27 does not

merit consideration cf. Furtado in Philipp. Journ. Sc. LXX,

1939, pp. 197-198). As numerous proposals have since

been put forward regarding the orthography of botanical

names, I may be excused for adding here a few more

remarks on this subject (cf. also Furtado in Gard. Bull.

Straits Settl. IX, 1937, pp. 249-255 and 256-258).

In the examples in Art. 70, Sarauja Willd. is said to be

a typographic error for Sarawia, because WILLDENOW

always adopted the latter spelling in his herbarium. This

is a surprising statement, since in German (and WILLDE-

NOW was a German) i and 7 have the same phonetic value,

and in the manuscript 7 may be written where 7 would be

employed in print. Both in German and later Latin 7 is

preferred instead of 7 when it is at the beginning of a

syllable. Thus Jesus, Johannis, Juventus, Majus, Mala-

janus and Cujus are used instead of Jesus, Johannis,

Tuventus, Maius, Malaianus and Cutus; and in dictionaries

it was customary to list alphabetically under J all names

commencing with J and J. Even in Linnean books one finds

Jacca, Jacobaea, Jasminum and Jatropha indexed before

Ibiscus, Ilex, Impatiens and Jschaemum, and the latter are

followed by Juglans, Juncus, Juniperus, Iva, Ixia and Ixora.

In view of this SARAUJA (spelt with J) cannot be

considered to be a typographic error, and has therefore to be

adopted as correct. .

In modern patronymiecs, it is better to form genitives:

as given in Recommendation XL (a) and (b) of the Rules,

even when the word has a special genitival and adjectival

form in Latin. It is better, for instance, to get from —

Clemens the forms Clemensii and Clemensiae, and adjectives

Clemensianus-a-um, than to use Clementis which is the

genitive for both genders and also an adjective; by employ-

ing the alternative Roman method of making personal

names from adjectives, Clementinii and Clementinae

(genitives) and adjectives Clementinus-a-um are obtained.

Similarly in Magnus, which has a generic name Magnusia

(see Rec. XXXIX-—a), it should be preferable to have the

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Bits)

genitives Magnusii and Magnusiae and adjectives Magnu-

stanus-a-um than Magni and Magnae and adjectives

Magnus-a-um (which are confusable with ordinary adjec-

tives). In modern patronymics if Franciscus and Augustus

have yielded the generic names Francisca and Augusta, then

the genitives should certainly be Francisci, Franciscae and

Augusti, Augustae, with adjectives Franciscanus-a-um and

Augustanus-a-um (or perhaps Augustinus-a-um). As to

Alexander, the genitives Alexanderi and Alexanderae and

the adjectives Alexander(i)anus-a-um would eliminate

confusion with derivatives from the word Alexandria. In

view of this the proposals made by GREEN (Kew Bull.,

1939, pp. 325-236) to eliminate Magnusii from the example

in Rec. XL (b) and to make other alterations seem to have

been based on wrong conceptions.

The specific epithet in Libertia Lawrencei Hook. f., was

latinized according to the old method by substituting wu for w.

Here the original spelling seems to have been intentionally

adopted. In the Rules (Art. 70) this example is given as a

case of unintentional orthographic error, though it compares

very well with Clutia where the spelling was intentional,

though the word was derived from Cluyt, and Cluytia was

subsequently proposed as the correct spelling of the name.

29. Tautonyms and Generic Homonyms

While dealing with “Tautonyms and Homonyms” in

Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX (1937) 249-253, I submitted

that the rules regarding tautonyms and generic homonyms

were so constructed as to mislead even the best nomenclatu-

rists. I quoted the decisions given by some leading

nomenclaturists in Kew Bull. (1935) 341-544 to show “a

complete absence of uniformity in principles”. In some

cases earlier names have been rejected apparently as

“superfluous” (despite their clear validity), in order to

make room for admitting exactly similar later names as

non-homonymous, legitimate names. Wendtia DC. (1830),

for instance, has been rejected because it was an un-

warranted correction of Wendia Hoffm. (1814), and so

Wendtia Meyen (1834) has been accepted as the legitimate,

non-homonymous name for another group. More recently,

contradictory decisions have been given by ENSIGN in

Amer. Midl. Nat. XXVII (1942) 501-511 and HAROLD

ST. JOHN in Proceed. Biol. Soc. Washington LV (1942)

109-112 in the case of Glossopetalum Schreber (1789) and

Glossopetalon A. Gray (1853). Such conflicting views are

Vol. XII. (1949).

possible because the Rules are not clear on these points. As

to generic homonyms, I shall let St. JOHN speak:

the earlier Vienna (1905) Rules, introducing qualifications and

many examples. Unfortunately, some of these examples were

ill chosen, and as listed partially confuse the applications of

the law. Many times the writer has studied this new wording

and he has tabulated the examples hoping to find complete

304

This [Art. 70] expands the brief, definite provisions of

agreement and clarity, but in vain. (op. cit., p. 110).

Further, since a tautonym is a specific name with its. |

specific epithet homonymous with the generic name, and

since little variations in specific epithets do not create new

distinct epithets, the rule that outlaws tautonyms has been

also one of the fruitful causes of conflicting decisions in

nomenclature (cf. Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, |

1937, pp. 249-255, and also Bambos Bambos and Bambusa

Bambos). I have therefore proposed the deletion of the

rule altogether so that tautonyms should be valid in future

(Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. XI, 1937, pp. 4-7). But in order

to get at the bottom of the principle involved in the examples.

of generic orthographic variants and homonyms, it would

be better (despite St. JOHN’s remarks) to analyse here the

names which, though having the appearance of homonyms,

have been quoted in the Rules as examples of different,

non-homonymous generic names :—

RuBIA: a feminine noun derived from the Latin ruber-ra-

rum, meaning red.

RuBus: a Latin name for blackberry, masculine in form.

MONOCHAETE: a proper noun from Greek mono (one) and

chaete (flowing hair), feminine. .

MONOCHAETUM: a latinized adjective, neuter in form, from |

monochaetus-a-um (with flowing hair) used as an 4

adjectival noun.

PEPONIA: feminine form of peponius-a-um from Pepo (a

pumpkin).

PEPONIUM: a neuter form of peponius-a-um. “

Iris: A Greek plant name, feminine.

IrRIA: probably a Malabar plant name, feminine.

DESMOSTACHYS: a proper noun from desmos (bond) and

stachys (ear of corn), masculine in form.

DESMOSTACHYA: an adjectival noun, feminine in form, from:

latinized adjective desmostachyus-a-um.

SYMPHYOSTEMON: from symphysis meaning to grow to-

gether, coalesce.

SYMPHOSTEMON: from Greek symphys meaning to bring

together, cause to grow together.

GERRARDINA: from a Natal plant-collector, GERRARD.

GERARDIINA: from Gerardius, a latinization of LOUIS

GERARD. ‘3

DuRVILLEA: from J. E. C. D’URVILLE, the preposition having’

been joined to the surname that follows. -

URVILLEA: from J. E. C. D’URVILLE, but the preposition

preceding the name is omitted.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

355

9. ELODES: a masculine noun from Greek adjective helodes

(marshy).

ELODEA: a feminine noun from Greek adjective helodes.

10. PELTOPHORUS: a masculine form from peltophorus-a-um.

PELTOPHORUM: a neuter form from peltophorus-a-um.

None of these are therefore merely orthographic

variants of the same name like Phoradendron and Phora-

dendrum, Anadendron and Anadendrum and Dysoxylon and

- Dysoxylum, in which the second form is nothing but the

first name with its termination latinized, and both retaining

the same derivation and gender. Such names, though not

mentioned in the examples as orthographic variants under

Art. 70, are mentioned as examples of the two different

spellings of the same name in Art. 71 (3) where

Rhododendron and Rhododendrum are given as examples.

Perhaps the phrase “‘and other epithets” in Art. 70 (4) was

meant to cover these variants also. The Rochester Code,

which retains the generic names even when they differ

slightly unless this difference be due to “the spelling of the

same word”, gives Epidendron and Epidendrum, Astero-

carpus and Astrocarpus as examples of orthographic

variants, but quotes Apios and Apium as examples of good,

non-homonymous generic names, presumably because of

their different gender. The names Anodendron DC. (1844)

(Apocynaceae) and Anadendron Schott (1857) (Araceae)

are somewhat on a different footing, the prefixes being

derived from two different Greek words, though both having

almost the same meaning: ano (upwards) ana (up).

These two names have always been considered as good

non-homonymous generic names, though they are not

mentioned as examples in the Rules.

In view of this it would avoid confusion if Art. 70 were

amended so as to include both Art. 71 and the principles

deduced above. At present those who consult Art. 70

overlook the fact that that rule is not complete without Art.

71. The pertinent clause affecting the generic names

discussed here could be stated thus:

Art. 70 Note 4(a) : Generic names of Greek origin differing

merely by having Greek and Latin terminations respectively,

but involving no change in gender or parts of speech are

orthographic variants or homonymous names; where a change

in terminations indicates a difference in gender or accidence, the

generic names must be considered as different, non-homonymous

names,

This modification would clarify the rule of generic

homonyms and would call for a revision in the nomenclatural

decisions given by the different experts in Kew Bull. (1935)

341-544 (see my aforementioned paper 1937). It would

also show that Glossopetalum Schreber (1789) and Glosso-

petalon A. Gray (1853) are homonymous names, being the

Vol. XII. (1949).

356

same name used twice in diiferent senses. Though the

former is unusable, being a later synonym of Goupia Aubl.

(1775), the conservation of the latter is undesirable because

both homonymous names are of the same family Celastraceae

and occur in neighbouring regions, Mexico and Guiana.

These two reasons combined would have been sufficient to

demand the rejection of one of the two names even if they

were not homonyms, in order to avoid errors, confusion and

ambiguity in any treatment of the plants. In view of this,

Forsellesia E. L. Greene (1893) is the correct name for

Glossopetalon A. Gray. This decision accords with the

treatment given by ENSIGN (1942), but conflicts with that

given by ST. JOHN (1942).

30. Proposed Amendments to the Rules of Nomenclature

[Where the letter A follows the number of an Article, the

amendment refers to the text of that Article in the existing

Rules. Where other letters are used, the amendments are

additions to, or transpositions of, the Rules. Where a letter

is followed by bis, the amendment or addition refers to the

Article amended in my previous Proposals in Gard. Bull. Straits

Settl. XI, 1939, pp. 1-30. The Discussions fwith numbers refer

to the Discussion preceding the Amendments in thé present

publication].

ART. 1A: ADD: The precise system of nomenclature on

which an international agreement has been secured

shall be known as the LINNEAN SYSTEM OF

BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE, hereinafter referr-

ed to merely as the LINNEAN, BINARY or BINO-

MIALSYSTEM. This system is generally biverbal for

species.

[Various designations are in use to name species, but

nowhere in the Rules has the system been named. This

addition meets the deficiency].

ADD: NOTE 1: (a) A binary name denotes two concepts,

the first generic and the second specific; under the

Rules these two concepts must be associated with two

separate descriptions, though under certain conditions

these two descriptions may be combined into one

(descriptio generico-specifica) .

(b) A binomial is a combination of two epithets,

each of which stands in place of a description. The

terms binomial and binominal are interchangeable.

sometimes each word may be formed of two words

united with a hyphen.

Examples: The consistent employment of binary binomials

for species began in Linnaeus, Species Plantarum (1753); only —

occasionally these binomials are not biverbals (the Rules have :

Gardens Bulletin, ‘Ss. :

oo7

provided for making them biverbal names). Many varietal

names in GANDOGER’s Flora Europe are biverbal binomials,

but are not binary, because, though the first epithet stands

for a generic description, the second stands for the description

of a variety. Many specific names in HILL’s Herbal are

binary biverbals, but not binomials; many others are binary

but neither biverbal nor binomial.

ART. 2B:bis: REVISE: The rules are divisible into three

main categories according as they pertain to (a)

validity, (b) legitimacy, and (c) propriety of names.

(a) The validity rules determine when a name

shall have a claim to recognition by botanists, and so

they treat of: (7) the admissible order of the different

categories of taxonomic groups; (ii) the formation of

names to denote these different categories; (77) the

nature of the description or citation with which.a name

or its epithet is to be associated; and (iv) the nature of

the publication wherein the descriptions and names are

published. Names instated in violation of any one of

these rules are invalid, having no status under the Rules

(Art. 19A).

(b) The legitimacy rules decide the correct name

for a given taxonomic group in given circumstances

(Art. 16A), and so deal (2) with the priorability and

impriorability of names and epithets (Arts. 52B-F),

(7%) with the use of a name or epithet on transference

of a taxonomic group from one nomenclatural position

to another (Art. 53A bis), and (iii) with the claims of

two or more priorable names or epithets for the same

taxonomic group (Art. 56A bis.). Names in use

contrary to any one of these rules are illegitimate.

spelling of names and epithets, (ii) the correct gender

of these names and epithets, and (wz) the correct

manner of citing the names both of the author who first

validated the names and epithets denoting the taxono-

mic groups, and of the author who first placed the

epithets in their correct position. Nomenclatorial

expressions offending any of these rules will be

improper ; these offences affect neither the validity nor

the legitimacy of the names and epithets.

ARTS. 10-12

[ Arts. 10-12 must be revised. Nomenclature does not deal

with individual plants as individuals; they are dealt with as

representative of taxonomic groups. In Art. 18 the lowest

representative of a taxonomic group is the type specimen. For

Vol. XII. (1949).

358

reasons stated in Discussions 138-14 and 17 references to

individuum, wild plants, hybrids, ete. are eliminated from the

Rules as amended below].

ART. 10A: REVISE: The classification under the Linnean

system so far recognizes the following ranks or

categories of taxonomic groups enumerated in their

descending order: Regnum vegetabile, Divisio, Sub-

divisio, Classis, Subclassis, Ordo, Subordo, Familia,

Subfamilia, Tribus, Subtribus, Genus, Subgenus, Sectio,

Subsectio, Species, Subspecies, Varietas, ebbiisS.-

Forma and Subforma.

NOTE IL: If this list of categories is insufficient, it may be

augmented by the intercalation of supplementary

categories provided that this does not introduce confu-

sion or error.

_Examples: Series and Subseries are categories which may

be intercalated between section and species.

NOTE 2: (a) These categories of groups shall be classified

philosophically as follows: NECESSARY (essential

to the binary binomial system) and ACCESSORY

(non-essential to the system). The Necessary groups

may again be divided into FUNDAMENTAL and

NON-FUNDAMENTAL; and the Accessory into

SUBDIVISIONARY and DISJUNCTIVE.

(b) The FUNDAMENTAL NECESSARY groups

are the Genus and the Species; only on these two the

entire binomial system has been built. The NON-

FUNDAMENTAL NECESSARY groups are family,

order, class and divisio; at one time these groups did

not exist in the Linnean system, though now they are

necessary to phylogenetic taxonomy of the Fundamental

groups.

tial to the system, are useful. The SUBDIVISIONARY

groups divide a superior group into two or more parts

in order to show the affinities of the inferior groups

under the superior group; a Subdivisionary group itself

is permitted to be again divided and subdivided into

subordinate groups according to convenience (Note 1).

Subdivisionary groups can never be less than two under

their immediate superior group. Prior to 1930 Sub-

species were both Subdivisionary and Necessary, but

now they are only Subdivisionary groups Fei 37A bis

Note 5).

(d) DISJUNCTIVE groups, which include varie- —

ties and subvarieties, represent minor deviations from fe

Gardens Bulletin, s% x

359

the standard established by the type specimen, varieties

being minor deviations from the species sensu stricto,

‘and subvarieties from varieties sensu stricto.

Forms and Subforms (which are distinguished on

characters either permanent and hereditary, or transient, or

acquired under special conditions), may be distinguished as

forma and subforma bioclogica, specialis, juvenilis, adulta,

cultigena, hybrida, apomicta, choronomica, etc. These are

not taxonomic groups in the proper sense of the word, and

their names being admitted as special subjects to the nomen-

clatural rules, shall not interfere with the priority or

homonymy of the names of superior groups.

Rec: I and II are to be retained.

ARTS. 11-13: DELETE. Incorporated in Art. 10A and in

Art. 2B bis.

ART. 14: DELETE. See Discussion 14, and also remarks

on Arts. 10-12 above.

ART. 18A bis: DELETE the last sentence of the first para.

(See Discussion 18).

TRANSFER the second para. with the examples to Art.

50B; it forms a special rule.

REVISE the first sentence of the NOTE as follows:

“The nomenclatural type does not necessarily represent a

group which is genetically the most simple, phylogenetically

the most ancient, ecologically the most common, taxonomi-

cally most polymorphic, or physiologically the most perfect.”

(See Discussions 19-21 & 25 and Art. 20A).

Rec: IV, V and VI: TRANSFER to Art. 50B as Rec.

XXXIIB, XXXIIC & XXXIID.

Rec: VIIA: OMIT the word (‘type’) (Discussion 17).

ART. 19A bis: ADD: “Note 1. The generic and/or specific

names from works wherein genera and species have

been treated in an unorthodox terminology on philo-

sophic grounds but have nevertheless been given the

correct forms of botanical names, shall be admitted as

valid under the Rules, provided they were so admitted

by contemporary botanists, or in the subsequent editions

of Linnaeus Sp. Plantarum. The same principle shall

be applied to the names of other taxonomic groups.”

Examples: (1) NECKER’s philosophical ideas on classi-

fication are rejected because he called the Linnean genera and

species as species and proles respectively; but NECKER’s

names for the Linnean taxonomic groups (genera) were

correctly formed and admitted as valid by contemporary

Vol. XII. (1949).

360

* i

botanists. These generic names shall therefore be admitted

as valid under these Rules. The same principle applies to

ADANSON’s genera. |

(2) FRIES’s sectional or subgeneric names are in the

correct form and were admitted as valid by contemporaries,

though FRIES had called his subgeneric subdivisions “tribus”.

Hence they shall be accepted as valid under the Rules provided

they satisfy other provisions for validity.

ART. 20A bis: Revise the last sentence after the clause (h)

as follows: Note 1: The generic and specific names in

works adopted as the starting points of nomenclature ~

for the different groups of piants shall be treated as

valid, even when they are unaccompanied by any des-

cription, an exception being made only of those names

that are not correctly formed. Reference in such

works to generic and specific descriptions published

previously under the same name or another are invalid.

For the purpose of typification, however, it is allowed

to associate the Linnean genera in Species Plantarum

(1753) and (1762-63) with their first subsequent

descriptions in Linnaeus’s Genera Plantarum (1754)

and (1764), provided this does not disturb an already

accepted typification based on any one of the specific

components in 1753 and 1762-63 as the case may be.

[Discussions 19-21 and 25].

ART. 25A bis: READ “admissible” for ‘‘valid” in the

sentence: “But no generic name is valid unless:”’

ART. 27A bis: READ “admissible” for “valid” in the

sentence: “But no specific epithet is valid unless:”

ART. 28A bis: OMIT the words ‘‘of wild plants” in the first

line of the second paragraph (Discussions 13 and 14).

REVISE the last two sentences in second paragraph

thus: “The use of a binomial nomenclature for subordinate

groups of a species is not admissible, nor is it permissible to

reduce more complicated names to trinomials except by

removing subspecific epithets, and the conventional epithets.

used to denote a group sensu stricto. In the case of the

names of forma and subforma, the epithets denoting sub-

species may not be omitted.

DELETE the examples of Saxifraga Aizoon subforma

surculosa as it is misleading. [Discussions 4, 5, 7, 10 and

11]. A?

ADD: “NOTE 1: Binomials published before 1905 as varietal

names shall have a valid status only as ternary names.

obtained by linking the varietal (second) epithet to the

- a

Gardens Bulletin, S.-

361

specific name under which the variety is established;

the varietal binomials themselves, being invalid, are no

obstacles to the priorability of their specific homonyms.

_Examples: Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. var. P. crispum

(Mill.) Nym., Consp. Fl. Eur. (1879) 309 shall be considered

as having been published as P. sativum var. crispum (Mill.)

Nym. GANDOGER’s vayietai binomials must be considered

as having been published as ternary varietal names. As

binomials they shall have no standing under the Rules.

|The rejection of varietal names published under the old

system does not contribute to the clarity of the subject. No

confusion would result if priority were allowed to these varietal

taba within their superior group. Discussions 7-9, 11 and

13].

ART. 28B bis: REVISE the first sentence: “No varietal or

subvarietal epithet having a valid status shall denote

the species sensu stricto (i.e. the taxonomic form

represented by the type specimen).”

READ: “NOTE 1” for “Note” and at the end of the Note

ADD: (see Rec. XXXV).

ADD: “NOTE 2: Two subordinate groups of the same

species may not bear the same epithet in the same

position. No subdivisionary or disjunctive group may

bear the epithet of its immediately superior group,

unless it includes the type of its immediately superior

group. This rule also applies even when the epithets

are preceded by such conventional prefixes as Eu.

Examples: TRANSFER here the examples under Art. 30

but amend the wording of the second example as follows:

“The following is incorrect: Erysimum hieraciifolium

subsp. strictum var. longisiliquum and E. hieraciifolium subsp.

pannonicum var. longisiliquum; the subspecific epithets being

omissible, the varietal names are homonymous (see Art.

37Abis-5).

ADD: The expression Andropogon Sorghum subsp.

Sorghum or A. Sorghum var. Sorghum is permissible (as a

practical device) to denote only the type form of A. Sorghum.

[Discussions 5—7, 9 and 11].

ART. 29: DELETE [This is self-evident because no

homonymy is created].

REC. XIXB: Botanists are advised to follow the horti-

cultural rules when dealing with cultural and hybrid

forms which cannot be segregated taxonomically.

- ARTS. 31-35: TRANSFER to Appendix VII. [Discussions

13 and 14].

SECTION 5A: REVISE: “Conditions of Valid Publication

of Literature.”

Vol. XII. (1949).

562

ART. 36A bis: Subject to Art. 20A bis, literature shall be

valid only if it is printed or indelibly autographed and

made available to the botanical public by sale, exchange,

or distribution.

NOTE 1: From 1950 no publication shall be valid unless one

hundred (100) copies at least are made available to the

botanical public by sale, exchange, and/or distribution.

NOTE 2: Publication by issue of separates is not valid unless

their distribution satisfies the general conditions for

valid publication (see Note 1).

NOTE 3: From 1950 no systematic papers issued-in non-

botanical works or periodicals shall be valid unless they

are also available to the botanical public in the form of

separates.

NOTE 4: From 1950 seed-lists, indexes, herbarium labels,

nomenclators, garden catalogues, floras for schools and

colleges, plant introduction lists, and journals and books.

dealing with economic botany, shall be deemed as non-

ome ss works or periodicals for the purpose of this

rule.

NOTE 5: The botanical public means institutions and

botanists interested in systematic botany.

[The use of different terminology in different Articles to

mean the same thing is often confusing. The present revision

conforms with the terminology in Arts. 20a and 37A. See also

remarks under Art. 36A in 1939 and Discussion 27].

RECOMMENDATION XXB: Botanists are advised to

publish new nomenclatural entities in_ botanical

monographs or periodicals, and are further recom-

mended to indicate by means of special signs and types

all new nomenclatural entities in the index or in an

abstract accompanying the paper.

SECTION 6A: DELETE: “and dates” from the title of this

Section.

[Rules concerning dates are put together with priorability

in Section

ART. 37A bis: AMEND (b): “by reference to a previously

published valid description of a co-ordinate group

(Note 4).

NOTE 2 bis: REVISE: The indication of the type locality,

the peculiar habitat, or parentage or ancestry of a

taxonomic group shall not be sufficient to establish a

name under this rule. If descriptive characters are

- given, the type locality or the habit indicated shall

become a part of the description and so shall form an

Gardens Bulletin, S.

363°

important element in determining the identity of the

taxonomic group.. However, economic uses, vernacular

names, parentage or phylogeny (individually or to-

gether) shall not become a part of the description of the

new entity, even when this entity be of cultural or

hybrid origin.

[Characters mentioned in the last category are not

observed in the field. Often information given by guidés is

erroneous, as also speculation regarding parentage, phylogeny

or ancestry].

NOTE 4 (b) bis: REVISE: “For the purpose of this rule.

the members in each of the following groups shall be

considered as being co-ordinate:

(i) Divisio and its subdivisions; (ii) Class and its

subdivisions; (iii) Order and its subdivisions; (iv)

Family and its subdivisions; (v) Genus and its sub-

divisions; (vi) Species and Subspecies; (vii) Variety

and subvarieties within the same species and (viii)

Forme and Subformz within their immediate superior

group.

ART. 37A bis: NOTE 4 (c) bis: REVISE: In the case of a

new monotypic genus, reference shall be allowed to the

generic description in validating the name of its species,

it being also permitted to give the description of the

genus under the binomial of the species (descriptio

generico-specifica) .

ADD: NOTE 4 (d): In validating the name of a variety,

subvariety, forma or subforma, reference shall be

allowed to the description of any species or subspecies,

but the converse shall not be allowed. Reference to the

description of a variety and other subordinate groups

shall not be allowed to validate a subordinate group of

equal or lower rank outside the species, except when

this species or its subspecies is the isonym or the

basinym of the one under which the varietal or infra-

varietal epithets are to be instated or were instated.

[Disjunctive groups being subordinate deviations from the

standard receiving a superior name, are not easily fitted in

as similar deviations of another standard unless defined again.

Furthermore, varietal and specific differences are not co-ordi-

nate.—See Discussions 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10].

Example: (1) Glossopetalum pungens Brandg. var. glabra

(Ensign) H. St. John in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. LV (1942)

is valid because the basinym of the variety was instated under

Forsellesia pungens (Brandg.) Heller which is an isonym of

. pungens Brandg., the basinym of the _ variety _being

F. pungens var. glabra Ensign in Amer. Midl. Nat. XXVII

(1942) 508.

Vol. XII. (1949).

364

(2) Hemigramma Zollingeri var. major Christ in Philipp.

Journ. Se. II (1907) 170 shall not be considered as the isonym

of Hemionitis gymnopteroides forma major Copel., though the

latter was considered as the basinym. The protologue of the

variety therefore is the description and the syntype cited by

CHRIST. See also examples under Notes 6 and 8 under

Art. 51a.

ART. 37A bis: NOTE 4 (e): Reference to a description a

defect of which rendered its name invalid shall not be

able to validate the same or another name; for such a

name to be valid a new description must be given.

Example 1: The names, Newrotecoma Schum. and Spiro-

tecoma Baill., were invalid when published, the former because

it was provisional and the latter because it was undescribed.

DALLA TORRE et HARMS (1905) considered both these

names as valid and listed the former in the synonymy of the

latter which was earlier; this listing shall not be taken as

the valid publication of Spirotecoma by reference to Neuro-

tecoma, since the description of the latter was so defective

as to render it invalid. [For discussion of this case see Furtado

Provisional Names, in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 1937,

pp. 230-232; Discussion 25].

Example 2: Leopoldia was proposed as a provisional name

by HERBERT in Bot. Mag. (1820) t. 21138, p. 5 footnote,

to be adopted should certain circumstances prove true. The

name did not become valid when it was mentioned in a letter in

Trans. Hort. Soc. London IV (1821) 181 indicating that the

plants of the group required certain cultural conditions.

[It is also invalid under the existing rule 37a (3) =

Art. 42 (2) which interdicts references to the description

under the same name. See Discussion 25].

NOTE 4 (f): No reference to a misapplication or misinter-

pretation of a name shall validate a name, even when

there is available under the misapplied name a lengthy

description based in part at least on new specimens.

[Discussion 18].

NOTE 5 (a): TRANSFER here Art. 40A and ADD:

“However names of subspecies published before 1930

shall be a special case of alternative names where the

isonyms and the basinyms are of unequal rank; they

shall be the names of subdivisions (= subspecies) of a

species sensu amplissimo and at the same time specific

names of the microspecific groups. [Discussion 7].

NOTE 5 (b): Where Note 5 (a) applies, the alternative

specific binomial for the subspecies shall be obtained by

omitting the intercalating epithet between the generic

name and the subspecific epithet; and if published as a

specific binomial, the alternative subspecific trinomial

shall be obtained by joining the epithet denoting the

subspecies to the binomial denoting the metrospecies. ~

Gardens Bulletin, ‘S.

365

NOTE 5 (c): Where Note 5 (a) applies, the varieties and

other subordinate groups published under a subspecies

shall become ipso facto varieties and subvarieties under

the alternative specific name.

NOTE 5 (d): Since in all cases the intercalating epithets

denoting the subdivisionary groups may be omitted, the

varieties and subvarieties instated under a subspecies

shall also be varieties and subvarieties under the species

sensu amplissimo. This does not apply to forme and

subformz which remain under the special group in

which they are instated, the epithet var. typica or its

equivalent being omissible.

[cf. Discussions 4—7, 10 and 11].

NOTE 6: TRANSFER here Art. 40B.

NOTE 7: TRANSFER here Art. 41A.

ART. 45A: DELETE: it is transferred to Art. 52C in

Section 9.

ART. 49A: REVISE: “When a name or epithet of a

taxonomic group is retained after transferring it to a

new position or rank, the name of the original author

must be cited in parenthesis, followed by the name of

the author who effected the transference, provided such

a transference is allowed (see Art. 37A bis). If the

transfer is not allowed, the instatement of the name or

epithet in the new position or rank shall be invalid

unless accompanied by a new description; in the latter

case, the author who supplied the new description shall

be cited.

[Reasons have already been adduced for limiting the

references permissible in Art. 37A bis. Hence the amendment

is needed here also. In addition, some verbal alterations were

needed since “or a group of lower rank” at the beginning of

Art. 49 could have been interpreted to render a part of the

second sentence unnecessary or superfluous. The amendment

also takes into consideration that the priorability is limited in

the case of names of subdivisionary and disjunctive classes.

See Discussions 6, 7, 8, 9 and 13-14].

SECTION 8A: ADD “Typification and’ before the existing

title.

ART. 50B bis: REVISE: “The type of the name of an Order

or Suborder is a Family, that of the name of a Family,

Tribe or Subtribe is a Genus, and that of the name of

a Genus, a Species, or a group of lower rank, is usually

a specimen or preparation. Where a new species

includes the type-specimen of a simultaneously pub-

lished genus, the type of the genus, and the type of the

species shall be identical; the name of the species shall

Vol. XIT. (1949).

366

then be retained to the generic type. Where the name of

the- species that includes the type of a new genus is an

isonym of a previous name, the type of the new genus

and the type of the isonym may not be identical; and so

the genus may be so split as not to retain the specific

isonym under it. Where permanent preservation of a

specimen or preparation is impossible, the application

of the name of a genus and other subordinate groups is

determined by means of an original description or

figure.

NOTE 1: No name may be used for a supra-generic group

if it is taken from the name of a genus not retained

under the group even as a synonym.

[This combines the second part of Art. 18, and Art. 66.

Other changes were required because in many cases the

so-called “‘type” species is not the type of the genus. cf. also

Discussions 17 and 18].

Examples: TRANSFER here the example under Art. 18,

but DELETE “and description” in the third line. TRANSFER

here also the examples from Art. 66. [Discussions 19-21, and

Art. 20A].

REC. XXXITB: TRANSFER here REC. IV after DELET-

ING ‘“‘the subdivision which is” in the first sentence and

after ADDING “‘or type-specimen”’ after “type-species”’

and SUBSTITUTING the word “type” for “type-

variety or’ in the second line.

REC. XXXIIC: TRANSFER here REC. V after SUBSTI-

TUTING “When subdividing or splitting a genus” for

“When revising a genus”, and ADDING “or specimen”

after ‘“‘species’’.

[The word “revise” is used in a different sense in taxo-

nomy, and revisers do not usually have opportunities to

indicate lectotypes. Except in splitting or subdividing a

group, revisers should not attempt to select lectotypes for fear

of misdirecting future investigations. Discussions 17-21].

REC. XXXIID: TRANSFER here Rec. VI [Discussion 3].

ART. 51A: REVISE: “When an author has included under

one taxonomic group two or more different elements

(a mixtum compositum) and no holotype has been

indicated, the first subsequent author who recognises

the mixed composition of the group and selects a

lectotype on adequate botanical reasons (Art. 22B and

Note 1 below), or transfers the discordant elements to

another taxonomic group, shall be followed, provided

the name is retained to one of the original elements

(see Art. 20A bis Note 1 and Art. 50B bis). If the

name has not been retained to any of the original

Gardens Bulletin, S.

”~

567

syntypes, it must be re-established to one of them.

Where the holotype has been indicated even indirectly,

the name must be retained to it except in cases indicated

in the Notes below. :

ART. 51A: NOTE 1: If two or more interpretations are

possible, and if no syntypes are available, or when

available are inadequate for the correct interpretation

of the taxonomic group (a negative mixtum composi-

tum), the neotype shall be so selected as to defend the

earliest interpretation that agrees with the general

plant-geographical and descriptive considerations and

-“keeps the major group in the position assigned by the

author (see Art. 22B).

Example: TRANSFER here examples from Arts. 51 and

52, and ADD:

Rhus filicina DC (1825) was based on two unpublished

drawings (Ic. 189 and 217) and on two manuscript species

based on these drawings (R. filicina and R. Tetlaziam), both

of which were regarded by DE CANDOLLE as conspecific.

The manuscript species and the drawings were all by SESSE

and MOCINO. About 50 years later, Ic. no. 189 was printed.

and published as being the type of R. filicina. This drawing

is not well made and appears to be of a plant with bi- and

tri-pinnate leaves. On this character the species has been

regarded as conspecific with Amyris bipinnata Sesse et Mocino,

Ic. 197 ex DC. (1825) (the basinym of Bursera bipinnata (DC.)

Engl., 1881), the implication being that DE CANDOLLE had

made a mistake in describing the leaves. Others, however,

disagree with this reduction and suppose that the leaf

characters may have been badly drawn by DE CANDOLLE’s

artist, who had to copy hurriedly from SESSE and MOCINO’s

original drawings. These maintain that the clear description

of the leaves and of the fruits admit no doubt as to its identity

as a species of Rhus as understood by DE CANDOLLE, and

not Bursera bipinnata. (For controversy cf. Barkley in Ann.

Missouri Bot. Gard. XXIV, 1937, pp. 1-10 et 3 pl; Barkley

and Reed in Amer. Midl. Nat. XXI, 1939, pp. 368-377; Bullock

in Kew Bull. 1937, pp. 440-441 and 1939, pp. 337-339).

In Ie. 189 no fruit is represented, and flowers are too

poor for any generic identification. The facts that DE

CANDOLLE described the fruit of the species, mentioned the

vernacular name Tetlaziam, and stated that the species has

simple imparipinnate leaves with pinnatifid sessile leaflets,

lead one to typify R. filicina D.C. (1825) on the second syntype,

namely, R. Tetlaziam Sesse et Mocino msc Ic. 217 (ined); for

this syntype agrees well with all the characters mentioned by

DE CANDOLLE, and it is also the one that has a fruit.

Hence this syntype must be the lectotype of R. filicina (Barkley

has indicated a neotype cf. example 3 under Note 3 below).

[N.B. Those wha typify the species on Ic. 189, alleging

that the species was based “primarily” on Ic. 189, and not Ic.

217, overlook the fact that R. filicina as published in 1825

was not R. filicina Sesse et Mocino in vel apud DC., but R.

filicina Sesse et Mocino ex DC., the latter expression being

equivalent to R. filicina DC. Hence in typifying the species,

Vol. XII. (1949).

368

DE CANDOLLE’s syntypes, and not SESSE and MOCINO’s

holotype, should be considered. In 1874 only Ic. 189 was

published, apparently because it was the type of the manuscript

name, but unfortunately it is the syntype that has to be

excluded from the mixtum compositum. This is a good

instance of a misdirection of studies by publishing in 1874

only one drawing (instead of two) as the type of R. filicina,

and justifies my protest “against unnecessary alterations being

made in the status of the syntypes even when the changes.

made are by the author of the species himself.” (Gard. Bull.

Straits Settl. IX, 1937, pp. 296-299) ].

ART. 51A: NOTE 2: Notes left by the author on herbarium

sheets shall not be used to discredit a typification

previously made. Such notes, however, may be

employed to supplement the published data and in

selecting a lectotype if none has been previously

indicated (either directly or indirectly). This lectotype

may be chosen only when the current interpretation

is not clear and does not accord with the general

plant-geographical and descriptive considerations. [cf.

Discussions 20-21].

NOTE 3: If a new genus is based on new specimens but an

old species has been indicated as the type, and if it is

found that the indicated type species is generically or

specifically different from the new type specimens

studied, the new genus shall then be typified on the new

specimens on which the generic description was based

[Discussion 17].

Example 1: The genus Binghamia Britt. et Rose in

Cactaceae II (1920) 167 was created to receive two old species,

Cephalocereus melanostele Vaupel (1913) and Cereus acranthus

Vaupel (1913). The two isonyms instated under the new

genus were B. melanostele and B. acrantha, the former being

indicated as the type species of the new genus. But, as pointed

out by BULLOCK in Kew Bull. (1938) 454-458, there is no

evidence that the authors actually saw the type of the species

indicated as the type of the genus; and it is evident that the

genus was based on newer material which, because of the

similarity of habit and also because of its occurrence in the type-

locality, was mistaken for C. melanostele Vaupel. The latter,

being a species of Espostoa Britt. et Rose in Cactaceae II (1920)

60, has yielded the new isonym E. melanostele (Vaupel) Bullock

(1938). But, despite this transference of the indicated type

species of Binghamia, the latter genus does not become a

synonym of Espostoa; for Binghamia is to be typified on the

actual material on which the generic description was hased,

though mistaken for C. melanostele. This material has been

shown to be conspecific with Cereus (Sect. Binghamia) pseudo-

melanostele Wedermann et Blackeberg in Neue Kakteen (1931)

74-75 (quoted by Bullock), and so the new combination has

been rightly instated by BULLOCK as Binghamia pseudome-

lanostele (Wederm. et Blackeb.) Bullock (1938). The type

specimens of this species and those of the genus, though

conspecific, are not identical.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

569

Example 2: In instating Goniophlebium Pres] (1836), an

original generic description was given, and two out of the

five species were figured. These two species (the only ones

seen by Presl) were from America. PRESL also cited under

the genus, Polypodium sect. Goniophlebium Bl. (1830); but

all three of BLUME’s species were cited with some doubt,

and with the following explanatory note: “Species Blumeanas

non vidi et solummodo ex auctoritate clar. Blume huc retuli.”

The fact that PRESL referred all the syntypes of BLUME’s

section doubtfully to his genus is important because no genus

can be typified on the species or specimens which have been

referred doubtfully to it. PRESL was free to use any name

: for his genus, and the fact that he typified the genus on the

specimens studied by him is an important point to bear in

mind. Had he also included the specimens and the species

of BLUME without expressing any doubt, the genus would

_ have had to be typified as in the case of Example 1. But, as

it is, the case is quite clear: the genus must be typified on the

American syntypes studied and described by PRESL.

> [In Genera Filicum (1947 p. 181) COPELAND writes

E that PRESL could not take the name from BLUME without

also taking “whatever type of BLUME properly went with

the name.” Yet in discussing Anapausia, COPELAND (op.

cit. p. 132) writes: “In general, when the status of a group

is changed, as from a section to a genus, its type goes with it.

But in this particular case, in publishing Anapausia as a

genus, PRESL cited “Gymnopteris §2 Anapausia Presl (excl.

speciebus)”. So COPELAND does not accept the type of the

Section as the type of the genus Anapausia. What is allowed

in one case should also be allowed in the other].

Pee ee ee ee ee ee ee

lias: hin 2

Example 3: In establishing the monotypic genus Actino-

3 cheita, BARKLEY (Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. XXIV, 1937, pp.

1-10 et 3 pl.) supposed that the syntype Ic. 189 of Rhus filicina

DC. (1825) was somewhat misdrawn by the artist, but, because

of the description of the leaves and the fruit, typified the

species on Pringle 4752 (a neotype). From this neotype -

BARKLEY drew the principal characters of the genus. Hence

the genus must be/typified on Pringle 4752, and the “type”

species should include that specimen.

[BULLOCK in Kew Bull. (1937) 440-441 and (1939)

337-339 has advocated that the type of this genus should be

Rhus potentilifolia Turcez with Galeotti 4006A as the type, and,

therefore, he has made the new combination A. potentilifolia

(Turcez.) Bullock. Against this BARKLEY (l.c.) and BARK-

LEY and REED (Amer. Midl. Nat. XXI (1989) 368-377,

quoted by Bullock) have argued that the genus should be

typified on Rhus filicina DC. with Ic. 189 as the type, suggesting

that, if this type is not retained, the genus should receive

another name. Hence the type species is called A. filicina

(DC.) Barkley. But in the example discussed under the fore-

going Note 1, it has been shown that R. filicina DC. should

be typified on Ic. 217, the manuscript type of R. Tetlaziam

Sesse et Mocino msc. Thus typified R. filicina DC. becomes

conspecific with Pringle 4752. The correct name for the

species that includes the type of Actinocheita is, therefore,

A. filicina (DC.) Barkley emend. Furtado].

Example 4: Hemigramma Christ in Philipp. Journ. Sc. II

(1907) was established as a monotypic genus with H. Zollingeri

(Kurz) Christ (Heminiotis Zollingeri Kurz) as the species,

Vol. ‘XII. (1949).

370

and with H. Zollingeri var. major (Copel.) Christ as a variety.

CHRIST excluded from the genus Leptochilus latifolius

(Meyen) Christ (Gymnopteris taccaefolia Sm. and G. latifolia

Meyen). Now it is maintained that G. latifolia is identical

with H. Zollingert and that therefore the type species of i

Hemigramma should be H. latifolia (Meyen) Copel. (1907)

(G. latifolia Meyen), that is, precisely the species that was

explicitly excluded from the genus.

Actually the genus was described from new specimens

studied by CHRIST, namely: (1) from “Batavia, Java, ex

Herb. Hort. Bot. Bogor., and from Celebes, leg. Sarasin” with

which KURZ’s figure was compared, and (2) from the

Philippines cited under the var. major. In typifying the genus

all these specimens must be considered, and not only those

cited under the variety, as has been suggested by COPELAND

in Science LXIX (1989) 328. Under certain circumstances

H. latifolia may be the legitimate (correct) name for the

species that includes the lectotype of the genus, but the genus

must not be typified on the type of this species (cf. also

Copeland, Gen. Filicum, 1947, p. 181.).

ART. 51A: NOTE 4: In Fungi Caeteri all the genera and

the species instated validly for the first time in FRIES’s

Systema Mycologicum (1821-82) shall be typified on

the descriptions given, and the specimens and the

figures cited or implied by FRIES, the discoverer of a

mixtum compositum being free to choose any one of

these as the lectotype. However, a genus or species

validly instated for the first time by another author

after the issue of the first part of Systema (1821), but

taken up subsequently by FRIES in another part of his

Systema shall be typified on the types and description

given by the original author, disregarding the newer

circumscriptions and types given by FRIES.

[This gives a definite guidance on a point where there is

much confusion. In addition it safeguards the species and

fre 18: of PERSOON and other authors who published between

e 1821-32 more accurate descriptions and figures than those

given by FRIES. cf. also Discussions 19-21].

ART. 51A: NOTE 5: If in instating a new name there was

cited an equivalent priorable synonym of which the new

name may be taken as a new combination under Arts.

53A bis and 56A bis, then the new name shall be taken

as the isonym of the cited synonym and typified accord-

ingly, even though the instatement was accompanied by

a new description and by an indication of a new

holotype. If two or more synonyms have equal claim to

be the basinym and no clue has been given by the

author to discriminate between the rival claims, then

the earliest of the synonyms shall be taken as the

basinym. If the cited synonym was impriorable, the

new name shall be typified (that is, when no holotype

-™ iad

) Gardens Bulletin, S.

o¢1

has been indicated) on any of the syntypes; the

lectotype thus chosen may or may not be the type of the

cited synonym.

Example 1: In Example (d) under Art. 56A (1939),

Petunia minima Reiche (1910) is a priorable isonym of

Nicotiana minima Phil. (1864), non Molina (1782). Hence

Combera minima Sandw. (1939) must be taken as a new

combination of P. minima, Reiche (1910), though SANDWITH

regarded the former as a new name and had indicated a

new type.

Example 2: Cratoxylon formosum Dyer (FI. Brit. Ind. I,

1874, p. 258) was instated by a new description accompanied

by the citation of two synonyms: Elodea formosa Jack (1822)

and Tridesmis formosa Korth. (1839). These synonyms are

not typonymous, and DYER did not indicate which of these

two should be taken as the basinym of his name. Hence

E. formosa, being earlier of the two, must be taken as the

basinym of C. formosum Dyer, and the latter must be typified

accordingly.

Example 3: Under IJzora affinis Don var. arguta Craib

comb. nov. (1934) no descriptions was given, but the two

following synonyms were cited: J. arguta King (1904) and

I. nigricans Wight et Arn. var. arguta Hk. (1880). Since

no varietal description can validate a species, or a variety

outside its own species, and since a specific description can

validate a variety (Art. 37Abis-4d), it is obvious that CRAIB’s

variety must be typified on the type of J. arguta King, and

not on the variety cited in the By neuy ii. (See also the

example in Note 8 below.

ART. 51A: NOTE 6: If a new combination has been based

on a priorable synonym of equal rank against the

priority rule (Art. 56A bis), this new combination shall

still be typified on its basinym [ Discussion 15-16].

Example 1: Shorea costata Presl., Rostlinei II (1825) 66

was published by citing Pterigium costatum Correa (1806)

and Dryobalanops aromatica Gaert. f. (1805). Though D.

aromatica Gaertn. f. was older and priorable, and PRESLEM

had violated the rule of priority, S. costata Presl. must be

typified on P. costatum Correa. Under Shorea, S. costata

(Correa) Presl. must be used whenever the synonyms are

regarded as taxonomically different.

[Symington states that the two synonyms are taxonomically

different: Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. X (1939) 368-369 in Observ.

“ sub Shorea submontana].

ART. 51A: NOTE, 7: If a synonym that appears like a

basinym is merely an expression to denote its misappli-

cation, then the new name shall be typified on the new

description and its syntypes; if no such new description

was made available under the new name, the question of

typification does not arise, since the new name is invalid

(Art. 37A bis. Note 4-f).

Example 1: See the discussion of Goniophlebium Presl. in

Note 3, Example 3.

Vol. XII. (1949).

O12

Example 2: Heleocharis capitata R. Br. (1810) was based

on a new description and citation of a misapplication of

Scirpus capitatus L. sensu Willd., with a clear indication that

the types of the latter species were excluded. Hence the species

must be typified on the description and the syntypes given by

R. BROWN, and not on the types of Scirpus capitatus L

{Much confusion has been caused by typifying H. capitata

R. Br. on S. capitatus L. For fuller details see Furtado in

Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 1937, pp. 298-294].

ART. 51A: NOTE 8: If a name is intended to be a new

combination based on a synonym not admissible under

Art. 37A bis, the name shall be typified on the new

description and its syntypes; if no such new description

was given under the name, the question of typification.

does not arise, since the name cannot be valid.

Example 1: Jxora arguta King in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal

LXXII (1904) 74 was instated) by a description, accompanied

by a citation, in the synonyms, of L. nigricans R. Br. var.

arguta Hk. f. (1889). Since under Art. 387A bis-4(d), a

varietal description cannot be cited to establish a species,

I. arguia King must be typified on.the types indicated by

KING, and not by HOOKER.

[In Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX (1987) 294-296, I gave

a different typification, since the Rules admit references to a

varietal description in validating a species. Amendments have

now been proposed to prohibit this procedure, as it causes

serious complications in plant taxonomy and nomenclature.

See Discussions 8, 13 and 14].

Example 2: Hoya esculenta (Rumphius) Tsiang comb. nov.

in Sunyatsenia III (1936) 176 was instated by citing Sussuela

esculentum Rumph. Herb. Amb. V (1747) 467 t/175 f. 2

‘ (an invalid name with non-validable description—see Art.

20A), Hoya diversifolia Bl. (1826) and H. orbiculata Wight

(1832), the last two being priorable synonyms. The epithet

in the invalid synonym has been used in the mistaken belief

that it had the right to priority; but since its description can-

not validate H. esculentum, this new binomial must be regarded

as invalid. (cf. Example in Note 9).

ART. 51A: NOTE 9: If a new name (nomen novum) has

been instated by citation of a valid synonym, and by a

new description, and no holotype has been indicated, all

the syntypes of the description -shall be included in the

typification of the new name. If no new description

was given, then the isonym shall be typified on the

basinym. y

Example 1: Anodendron manubriatum (Wall.) Merr.

comb. nov. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. VII (1912) 333 was created

by citing the following synonyms: .

Echites manubriata Wall. Cat. (1829) n. 1663 (a nomen

nudum). <j)

E. paniculata Roxb. (1832) (a later homonym of E.

paniculata Poir).

E. coriacea Wall. Cat. n. 4464 (a misinterpretation of

E. coriacea Bl).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

373

A. paniculata (Roxb.) DC. (1884) (a priorable name).

No new description was given. The epithet manubriata

was adopted for the new name on the mistaken belief that

A. paniculata DC. was impriorable and that the Wallichian

combination supplied the earliest epithet “that is tenable,

although originally a nomen nudum.” Since MERRILL

intended A. manubriatum to be a new name for A. paniculata ~

(Roxb.) DC., which he considered mistakenly to be impriorable,

MERRILL’s new name should be valid with reference to the

description of A. paniculata. (E. manubriata was clearly

recognized as a nomen nudum unable to validate the new

combination. WALLICH had intended it to be a new name

for E. paniculata Roxb., but unfortunately the publication of

the latter was delayed and rendered the former name invalid).

ART. 51A: NOTE 10: If a specific name has been instated

as a “new combination” with the generic name of the

basinym as the specific epithet in the combination, the

new name, though unsatisfactory under the priority

rule, shall be typified on the basinym, disregarding the

new description and new types.

Examples: Artocarpus polyphemia Pers. (1807) was based

on Polyphemia Champeden Lour. (1790) and a description;

the former, which was a legitimate isonym under the old

custom, must be typified on the type of the latter (basinym).

(It should not be possible to typify this isonym differently

so as to permit its being considered not synonymous with

Artocarpus Champeden).

ART. 52: DELETE. Incorporated with Art. 51A.

SECTION 9A bis: REVISE “Dates, Priorability and

Legitimacy of Names”’.

ART. 52B: TRANSFER here Art. 61B Note 2; and ADD:

NOTE 1: All valid names of the necessary groups of the

same rank must be included in priority considerations,

subject to the Notes below and to Arts. 52D-F.

NOTE 2: Conserved names or nomina praecedenda take

precedence over all other names for the groups for

which they are conserved, even when they are later

homonyms or later synonyms, provided the conservation

is made explicitly for the purpose (Arts. 21B-D).

NOTE 3: When the starting point of nomenclature for a

group of plants is a book issued in parts at different

dates, and when, in the intervening periods, names have

been validly published in another book, or periodical,

these latter names, unless taken up in the starting point

book, shall yield their precedence both in priorability

and homonymy to the names published in the book fixed

as the starting point. [cf. also Art. 51A Note 4].

Vol. XII. (1949).

574

NOTE 4: Specific epithets instated under a valid but im-

priorable genus are priorable in the same way as those

established under a priorable genus. [Discussions 23

and 24].

NOTE 5: The priorability of the names of Fungi with

pleomorphic life-cycle is guided by Art. 57 which

prescribes that only the names given to the perfect state

are to be admitted in priority considerations, the generic

name including at least one specific name for a perfect

form being also eligible for inclusion in priority conside-

rations. The names of other states are only of

temporary value, and cannot claim priority over the

names of perfect groups.

NOTE 6: Zhe priorability of the names of subdivisionary

Rec.

and disjunctive groups is restricted as follows :—

(a) Priorability of names or epithets denoting

varieties and infra-varietal groups shall be restricted

within their immediately superior group. When how-

ever a specific or subspecific name has become the

basinym of a new name for the group, names of the

subordinate groups under the basinym shall have

priority claim under the isonym also, and conversely the

names of the subordinate groups under the isonym shall —

Heart priority right under the basinym. [Discussions

—10]. .

(b) The priorability of the epithets of groups of

the subdivisionary class shall be restricted within the

same necessary group and under the same name, and

this also when the basis of the classification is the same.

If the name of the necessary group is the basinym or

isonym of another name, then the subdivisionary

epithets will have a priority claim under both the

basinym and isonym of the necessary group, provided

the basis of the classification is the same.

XXXIIB: Whenever a genus or its subdivision is.

transferred as a subdivision to another genus, botanists.

are advised, when possible, to retain, for the subdivision,

the generic or subdivisional epithet, provided no prior-

able epithet is already available for it in the new

position. [This is the old Art. 53].

ART. 52C: TRANSFER here Art. 45A and insert at the

end of the first sentence, the second line, before the

full-stop, “or in some cases from its earliest valid

transfer (Note 1)”.

NOTE 1: The priorability of names and epithets of

organisms transferred from the animal to the vegetable

Gardens Bulletin, S.

;

’

575

kingdom, shall date from their earliest valid instatement

in the vegetable kingdom. Mere citation of the names

in the synonymy of botanical names shall not constitute

a valid instatement under this rule.

[This is the natural consequence of Art. 36A bis; botanists

should not be bound to refer to the works of zoologists, who

are ruled by a different code of rules].

ART. 52D: TRANSFER here Art. 61A and Note 1, but

DELETE Note 2 and “or its formal equivalent” in Art.

61A; and ADD:

“NOTE 2: Later and simultaneous homonyms discarded

under this rule are impriorable.”’

[This Note 2 is Art. 61B. This amendment and those in

Art. 61A (Art. 52D) are made in view of the proposed changes

in Arts. 28A bis and in the limitation of priority in the names

of non-necessary groups].

NOTE 3: TRANSFER here Art. 61B Note 1, after

OMITTING “real (not formal)” from the first sentence.

ART. 52E: TRANSFER here Art. 62A, but DELETE “or

legitimized’.

ART. 52F: TRANSFER here Art. 638A, but DELETE the

pee “nor be legitimized”, and substitute “not” for

“neither’’.

ART. 53A bis: READ “adopted” for “legitimized” in the

second paragraph, second line.

NOTE 2: TRANSFER here Art. 53B.

SECTION 10: DELETE the title. The Articles go with

Section 9A bis.

ART. 56A bis: READ “adopt” and “adopted” for

“legitimize” and “legitimized” respectively. |

SECTION 11 and ART. 58: DELETE. [This confuses the

rule of priority, which is applied to names of the same

rank. This Article is also irrelevant. Art. 37A bis

and 52B-C clarify the issue].

Rec. XXXVIA: READ “unless it becomes impriorable” for

“unless it is rejected under Section 12”. But DELETE

Rec. XXXVI (3), as this confuses the typification.

[Discussions 9, 138-14 and 25, and Art. 37A bis].

SECTION 12 and ARTS. 59-69: DELETE.

[Relevant matter has already been incorporated in Arts.

52B-F. These Articles are wrongly placed here, and much of

the material is confusing. See Discussions 15 and 16].

Vol. XII. (1949).

576

ART. 70A: ADD to the first sentence in the second line

before the full-stop “Or of a change made in the

original spelling of the names and epithets in order to

conform with the prescriptions and recommendaticns

regarding gender, transcription, or termination’.

NOTE 4A: REVISE: (a) Generic names of Greek origin

differing merely by Greek and Latin terminations

respectively, but involving no change in gender or other

grammatical accidence of words are orthographic

variants or homonyms; where change in terminations

indicates a difference in gender or other accidence, the

generic names must be considered as different (not

homonymous). is

(6b) Orthographic variants may also be formed by

a slight difference in spelling adopted for the sake

of correct Latin form, correct etymology, or euphony in

transliterating or transcribing a foreign word in Latin

(without the change of gender or case), or by a decision

of the Congress (Art. 21B). Different generic names

made by slightly altering the spelling of the same word

of foreign origin must be submitted for the decision of

the Congress if. they are likely to be confused as

homonyms or orthographic variants. _

form and having the same meaning, or differing only in

Greek and Latin terminations are considered as ortho-

graphic variants or homonyms, even when these

terminations indicate a difference in gender or case, or

sometimes in others accidence also; the proper noun

in any inflection and the adjectives derived from it

are however different epithets e.g. (Lysimachia)

Hemsleyana and L. Hemsley.

(d) Changes made in the original spelling of

specific and other epithets in order_to conform with

prescriptions and recommendations in regard to gender,

transcription and termination do not constitute different

epithets.

Examples: ADD (a) Different Generic Names: Anoden-

dron and Anadendron; Boea and Bouea; Gyrinops and

Gyrinopsis.

. (b) Orthographic variants: Generic names: Bulbophyllum

and Bulbophyllon; Anadendron and Anadendrum; Dysoxylon

and Dysoxylum: Eleocharis and Heleocharis; Bambos and

Bambusa; Houmiri and Humiria; Swertia and Sweertia;

Sesban and Sesbanea; Dictyosperma and Dictyospermum.

kia Reichb. apud Spach is a later homonym of Andreoskia

DC. and an orthographic variant of Andrzeiowskia Reichb.;

Gardens Bulletin, S.

577

(2) Beureria Spreng. is a later homonym of Beureria Ehret.

and orthographic variant of Bourreria P. Br. and of Beurreria

Spreng.; (3) Schultzia Spreng. a later homonym of Schultzia

Rafin. and an orthographic variant of Schultzia Spreng.; (4)

Silvaea Meissn. a later homonym of Silvaea Hook. et Arn. and

an orthographic variant of Silvia Allem.; (5) Wendtia DC. an

earlier homonym of Wendtia Meyen and an orthographic

variant of Wendia Hoffm.; (6) Dictyosperma Wendl. et Dr.

is a later homonym of Dictyospermum Wight and Dyctisperma

age and an orthographic variant of Dictyospermum Wendl.

et Dr. ;

(d) Orthographic variants: epithets: integer-ra-grum;

Kunstleri, Kunstlerti and Kuenstleri; sandwicensis-e and

sandwichensis-e. [Discussions 28 and 29].

ART. 72B bis: SUBSTITUTE ‘subordinate groups” for

“subdivisions’’.

[This change is needed in order to conform with the

restrictions made in. the use of the term subdivision. Cf.

Discussions 5-12].

Vol. XII. (1949). :

378

PALMAE MALESICAE—X

The Malayan species of Salacca.

By C. X. FURTADO,

Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

This genus of palms has usually been known by the

name Zalacca, but in fact the earliest valid publication of

the generic name is spelled Salacca by Reinwardt. The

spelling Zalacca (copied from the Herbarium Amboinense)

was adopted soon afterwards by Blume and has since been

current. A discussion on the matter is given below under

S. edulis. The genus belongs to the class Lepidocaryeae,

so-called because the fruit in this class of palms has its

outer coat made of small scales. In its structure, Salacca

may be considered to represent a more primitive stage in the

evolution of Lepidocaryeae than the species of Calamus,

Daemonorops and allied genera.

The Salaccas are all apparently stemless or short-

stemmed palms, usually tufted, producing very long leaves,

(in one species small), bearing spines on leaf-stalks, and

setae or spinules on the margins and sometimes on the veins

of the leaflets. Each clump is produced by successive

branchings near the base. The buds which produce the

branches may begin growth in the axils of living leaves, or

in the axils of leaves which have fallen. In the latter case,

the branches are, so far as observed, always vegetative. In

the former case, the developing bud pierces through the base

of the leaf-sheath; and the branch may bear only a tuft of

leaves, or only flowers, or it may bear both flowers and

leaves. A branch which bears both flowers and leaves (the

latter always terminal) may continue to produce flowers

even after the leaves have begun to develop.

Each branch grows horizontally or obliquely upwards

for a certain distance (this distance depending on the

species) before producing its terminal erect tuft of leaves;

the part below the leaves is covered with sheaths. The

form of the whole clump is determined by the mode of growth

and length of these branches.

The way in which the spadices arise in Salacca by

puncturing the back of the leaf-sheath at its very base is

markedly different from their origin in the allied Malayan

genera, and especially from the species of Calamus and

Daemonorops which have their spadices connate with the

axillary internode and with the leaf-sheath above the

Gardens Bulletin, S.

3719

internode, so that a spadix in these latter two genera appears

to arise externally from the sheath of the leaf above the

axillant leaf.

Though the leaves of Salacca are very spiny, no claws

or spines of any kind are found in any parts of the Salacca

inflorescence, except on the outermost spathes of S. conferta.

The fruits are always scaly, and sometimes the scales are

pungent; and all such fruit scales may themselves be

regarded as a transformation of spines. The spadix bears

cylindrical spikes either directly on the main axis, or on

primary, secondary, or tertiary branches. In some species

these spikes are distant, in others they are close tegether;

in a few species the spadices are as much as one to two

metres long, whereas in some the spadix may be as short as

20 cm. Each spadix-branch arises in the axil of a spathe,

but subsequent development may be such as to make the

branch or spike appear much above the axillant spathe. A

female spadix is somewhat dissimilar from the correspond-

ing male spadix, and, though it is often shorter than the

latter, it bears usually larger spikes. All the primary

spathes are more or less coriaceous, loose, tubular at first,

later open on one side to a greater part of their length, and

in some species quite lacerate in the limb. The secondary

and other spathes are similar but smaller, tending to be less

firm, or almost chartaceous; sometimes there may be more

than one spathe on the stalk that bears the spike.

The spike, which arises in the axil of a spathe, is

composed of many approximate bracts (corresponding to

the spathels of Calamus) which are more or less united at

their margins. Within these bracts there are bracteoles

which form an epicalyx to each flower.

The male flowers arise in a.pair in the axil of each

spathel (bract), each flower having a bracteole as the

epicalyx. The calyx is membranous, 3—parted; the corolla

is longer than the calyx, having a tubular base, fleshy at the

very bottom, and a 3—partite limb. There are six epipetal-

ous stamens; and the ovary is abortive.

The female flowers are either solitary in the axil of a

bract (in Leio-Salacca), or each is accompanied by a neuter

flower (Eu-Salacca and Eleiodoxa) ; but each female flower

has an epicalyx formed of two bracteoles, while the epicalyx

of the neuter flower, like that of the male flower, consists of

only one bracteole. The calyx is membranous, 3—parted;

the corolla nearly as long as, or slightly longer than, the

calyx, valvately 3—partite; the staminodes six; the ovary

3-celled, strigose (Hu-Salacca), or not (Leio-Salacca and

Eleiodoxa). The fruit is 1—-3-celled, having either smooth

adpressed scales (Leio-Salacca and Eleiodoxa), or specially

Vol. XH. (1949).

380

elongated sharp, upturned tips to the scales (Hu-Salacca).

The seed is surrounded with a soft, somewhat acid edible

integument; the endosperm is homogeneous with a deep

cavity at its apex; the embryo is situated at the base, exactly

opposite the apical cavity, or slightly above the base on one

side.

In their general characters, the species of Salacca may

be grouped into three classes as shewn in the previous para-

graph; but the differences between these classes are such

that systematists in general are not yet agreed whether the

classes should receive the rank of sections, subgenera or

genera; but considering that the species involved are not

many, that the vegetative characters do not vary very much,

and that the distinctions in the important reproductive parts

are not clear-cut, [ have found it expedient to keep these

classes only as sections, and to adopt for them BECCARI’s

names, proposed originally both as sectional and as alter-

native subgeneric names.

Distribution.

The genus Salacca is distributed throughout the Indo-

Malaysian region from Assam, Burma, Siam, Indo-China,

Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java and the Philippines. A

form with much edible flesh has been supposed to be native

in Amboina, but RUMPHIUS is quite positive that this was.

introduced into Amboina from Bali and Banda Islands, and

there is no other evidence of the genus occurring wild from

Celebes eastwards.

Nomenclature

Since Zalacca and Salacca are not two homonyms but

different spellings of the same name (orthographic vari-

ants), combinations instated under the erroneously spelt

generic name should be considered as having been instated

also under the correctly spelt generic one; and on this view

I have considered all the specific names originally published

under Zalacca as validly published also under Salacca. To

consider all those binomials which have been corrected here

for the first time as to the spelling of the generic name as

new combinations formed by me would be misleading.

[MILNE-REDHEAD (Kew Bull., 1948, p. 170) has

considered Fernandia Ferdinandi (Welw.) Schum. (1903)

and Fernandoa Ferdinandi (Welw.) Milne-Redhead (1948)

as two different combinations, when Fernandia and

Fernandoa are two different spellings of the same name;

but such a procedure, in my opinion, is incorrect. Were

Fernandoa a different name from Fernandia, then it would

Gardens Bulletin, S.

381

not be possible to replace the earlier name Fernandia by a

later name, Fernandoa, unless it were formally proposed for

conservation ; the replacement has been justified on the plea

that the two names were orthographic variants and that the

earlier was a wrong spelling of the later].

In the treatment given below, therefore, I have retained

the name of the original author who made the binomial

combination under the wrongly spelt generic name, though

I have corrected the generic spelling. However, I have

inserted Z or Zalacca in brackets after Salacca in order to

show that the original combination was made under Zalacca

Apart from this difference in spelling, there has been

a good deal of confusion in the use of specific names esta-

blished early in the genus. This is due mainly to the desire

of later botanists to tdentify the “lost plants’ described by

17th century writers. Hence, when establishing the genus

or its species, these botanists sometimes quoted the pre—1753

writers who had described or depicted plants believed to

belong to the species the later botanists were studying.

But in fact the genus and its species were established by

these later botanists, not by 17th century authors, so that

in interpreting the genus or species, more importance should

be attached to the specimens studied by the authors than to

the doubtful figures quoted by them. Thus S. edulis was

established on definite specimens studied by REINWARDT,

on which the generic description was also based. This type

material, a drawing of which was later made available to

MARTIUS, should not be over-looked merely because

REINWARDT had referred also to the previous writers

who had described Salacca fruits imported to Europe

preserved in brine, and to RUMPHIUS who, in addition to

making a reference to these early descriptions, had figured

and described some new plants under the name Zalacca (a

latinised name used by BURMANN for the Rumphian

Zalack). REINWARDT’s material was from Java, where

he had studied these plants in the living state; it is specifi-

cally identical with what MARTIUS later named S.

Blumeana, apparently because the older specific epithet was

misleading, for the fruits of all Salaccas known to him were

edible. Typified on REINWARDT’s specimen, S. edulis

Reinw. becomes the correct name for S. Blumeana Mart.

‘The Amboinese material depicted by RUMPHIUS is

probably identical with S. sumatrana, a species which

appears to be widespread in cultivation and to have many

forms. The fruits, preserved in brine, that arrived in the

17th century in Europe may have been either S. sumatrana

Vol. XII. (1949).

582

or S. edulis, the latter having also more than one form in

cultivation. Evidence is available to show that S. Rumphu

is a binomial actually published by WALLICH with a plate

for what has hitherto been known as S. Wallichiana Mart.

Later in the text of the same book, WALLICH changed the

name to S. edulis, apparently on the authority of MARTIUS,

who at the time probably thought that all Salaccas repre-

sented one species only. But the earlier name is valid and

so has the priority claim; this view was also defended by

BLUME (Rumphia II, 1843, p. 158, sub. Observ.).

Summary

Of the 13 species of the genus, the following are wild

in the Malay Peninsula: S. affinis, S. conferta, S. flabellata,

S. glabrescens, S. Rumphii and S. Scortechinu. RIDLEY

does not include the last mentioned species in his Flora

(1925), nor does he give any reason for this omission.

Beccari’s plate of the type of S. Scortechinwi looks like a

‘ mixture consisting of a young leaf of S. affinis and a spadix

of S. conferta, but I do not feel justified in making this

reduction without being able to compare the original mate-

rial with recent collections.

Salacca conferta is split into two species by BURRET

(1942), under the genus Eleiodoxa, as E. conferta and E.

orthoschista, the latter based on material collected in

Singapore. Though we have very good material from

Singapore, we have very little from Malacca, the type

locality of S. conferta; on the evidence at present available,

I am not able to separate the two species.

S. flabellata is the only new species described here; it is

reported to be very common in two places in Kemaman (at .

Sungei Nipah and at Bukit Kajang). It is the smallest

species in the genus and is easily recognized by its undivided

leaves, a character not found in any other Salacca except in

seedling stages. The species is known from male specimens

only.

In the key to the species, the non-Malayan species S.

sumatrana, S. vermicularis and S. edulis, are given in order

to make clear the identity of S. edulis, which is found

occasionally cultivated or as an escape in Malaya, and is

probably the species commonly cultivated in Java for the

export of its fruits. I have also given the synonyms of S.

edulis, so that the use of the name is clarified. S. borneensis

has been reduced to a variety of S. affinis, but the variety has

not been recorded in Malaya.

Gardens Bulletin, S-

083

KEY TO THE SPECIES

Leaves not divided into separate leafiets, whitish

beneath (Eu-SALACCA?)

. 1. S. flabellata Furtado.

Leaves pinnate, whitish beneath or not

Fruit clothed with scales having pungent tips

(Eu-SALACCA)

Leaflets whitish beneath

Leaflets equidistant, at least in the upper half of

the leaf

2. S. sumatrana Becc.

Leafiets inequidistant throughout, often in

groups

Male spikes long, erect, spreading, entirely

exsert from the spathes

3. S. vermicularis Bece.

Male spikes short, congested, nearly enclosed

in the spathes

4. §S. edulis Reinw.

Leafiets green on both surfaces, not whitish beneath

Leaffets distinctly sigmoid at base with smooth

costae. Male spikes glabrous outside. Fruit

globose or pyriform, suddenly beaked.

5. SS. glabrescens Griff.

Leaflets oblanceolate, sometimes spinulose on

midcosta above. Male spikes tomentose out-

side. Fruit obovate-pyriform, conically beaked

at apex

6. S. Rumphii Wall.

Fruit smooth, not covered with pungent scales

Female flowers solitary (LEIO-SALACCA)

Fruit with scales arranged with 21-26 vertical

series

7. S. affinis Griff.

Fruit with scales in 18-19 vertical series

S. affinis var. borneenis

(Becc.) Furtado

Female flowers accompanied by a neuter flower

(ELEIODOXA)

Leaflets straight 9. S. conferta Griff.

Leaflets sigmoid 10. S. Scortechinii Bece.

Vol. XIT. (1949).

584

The Species

A. Section EU-SALACCA (Eu-Zalacca) Becc.

Female flowers each accompanied by a neuter flower;

ovary strigose; fruit provided with scales with sharp, up-

turned tips; seeds 3.

1. Salacea edulis Reinwardt in Syll. Ratisb. II (1825) 3;

Hubbard et Rehder in Bot. Mus. Leaflets Harv. Univ.

I (1932) 9.

Zalacca edulis Reinw. apud Bl. in Roem. et Schultes,

Syst. Nat. VII (1830) 1834; Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. III

(18382) 14; Bl., Rumphia II (1843?) 159; Migq., Fl. Ind. Bat.

IIIf (1855) 81; Kurz in Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.. In.

XXVI (1864) 217; Becc. in Malesia II (1886) 64 et in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII, 3 (1918) 72 (omnino pro parte

typica).

Z. Blumeana Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III (1838) 202.

(1st ed.) t. 123 et t. 159 fig. 3. et 2nd. ed. (1849) 201; Becc.

in Malesia III (1886) 55 et. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale.

XII, 3 (1918) 77, t. 46.

BECCARI typified S. edulis on the belief that, being the

first and only species published under the genus Salacca, it

had to be typified entirely on the earliest reference given by

RUMPHIUS and by REINWARDT. The Rumphian

Zalacca seu Rottan Zalak (Herb. Amb. V, p. 1138, t. 57, fig.

2) refers to plants found in Amboina, Bali and Java, though

the plate is apparently of a plant cultivated in Amboina; but

both the description and the figure are too poor for an

accurate determination of the species. On BECCARI’s own

showing the Rumphian plate should be identified with what

he calls Z. edulis var. amboinensis which, I believe, is a

variety of S. sumatrana Bece. The earliest reference cited

by RUMPHIUS and also by REINWARDT is CLUSIUS’s

Exot. Libr. II Cap. iv (1605) 266 (Baly insulae fructus

aspero cortice) which is also cited by C. BAUHIN as

Fructus squamosus pyriformis in Pin VI (1628) 511;

CLUSIUS gives a drawing of a fruit that had reached

Europe from Bali preserved in brine. This drawing is quite

insufficient for a correct identification of the species.

On the other hand, REINWARDT, the author of the

genus and the species, (S. edulis), was in Java and jit is the

Java plant that he had actually studied and named first

Salakka edulis in Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenz. (1823) 112 (cf.

also p. 4 of this Catalogue for reference to REINWARDT’s

manuscript work on Java plants), and then in the latinised

form quoted above. I have not been able to consult

REINWARDT?’s actual protologue of the species and of the

Gardens Bulletin, S.

‘*,

377,45.)

“as 2 pet

——

\ \ as

~~ \ NM

: AN \ ~

@ ;

g y

Le \

\\\\

\\\

\ \

Fig. 1. S. edulis, g. (in Hort. Bot. Sing. culta).

A, Speciei habitus. B. Spica cum spatha. C. Flos masculus.

Vol. XII. (1949).

386

genus. But the fact that REINWARDT had studied

Javanese material in establishing Salacca and S. edulis

should not be overlooked, on the plea that the generic name

had been used in pre-1753 books for a different species (a

species not easy to be established from the available data). |

REINWARDT obviously established his species and the

genus on the specimens -actually studied by him (fruit ;

figured by Martius in t. 159, fig. 3), but consistent with

contemporary ideas and to throw light on the previous

history of the plants in European literature, he also referred —

to previous descriptions and drawings of plants which

appeared to him identical with his specimens; but this did

not mean that, in case these anciently described plants

proved different specifically or generically, we should dis-

card Reinwardt’s original studies made on clear specimens

and typify the species on what he himself could not study

satisfactorily. Also under Art. 42 (2) of the Rules we are

obliged to consider that REINWARDT established his new

genus Salacca with reference to his new description based

on the living material, not with reference to its previous

description given under the same name. This means

therefore that we have to identify S. edulis with REIN-

WARDT’s Javanese material, a drawing of which was |

published by MARTIUS under S. Blumeana.

Thus typified, S. edulis Reinw. becomes synonymous :

with S. Blumeana Mart., and it was thus interpreted by

MARTIUS (1838) and BLUME (1843?). The probable

reason why MARTIUS replaced the specific epithet edulis by

Blumeana is that there were more than one species having.

edible fruits and many of his contemporaries would employ |

the epithet wrongly to name any species having an edible

fruit; besides, previous to the creation of the new name S,

Blumeana, WALLICH (1832) had adopted S. edulis for

S. Rumphi. But such considerations are not valid now;

and it appears that they were not valid among many. con-

temporary botanists of MARTIUS himself, for BLUME

(18438, p. 158 sub-Observatio) states that under “jus

prioritatis” S. edulis should be the correct name for what

MARTIUS had called S. Blumeana.

Fortunately this typification of S. edulis does not leave 4

the Amboinese material without a name, for I believe it is

identical with S. swmatrana, which includes three forms or

varieties: one with all leaflets equidistant, the second with

leaflets subequidistant or obscurely so towards the base, and

the third with leaflets distinctly grouped in the basal portion.

In all these varieties the leaflets at the leaf-apex seem to be

free, not united as in S. edulis. The shape of the fruit is not

a good diagnostic character in Salacea, as it is determined by

J Gardens Bulletin, 8S...

——_—— eS

ill att iad a lle

387

the amount of free space the fruits have for their develop-

ment; if many of the fruits drop off when young or fail te

develop, the remaining fruits have more space and then

‘often have a rounded base, or a less cuneate base than fruits

growing closely together.

From the data given of plantings in the Botanic

Gardens, Buitenzorg, S. sumatrana is also cultivated (or

wild?) in Java and Borneo, and probably we have to locate

the original home of this species in this region extending as

far as Sumatra. S. vermicularis, which is closely allied to

S. sumatrana and to S. edulis, is found wild in Borneo,

reaching the Kinabalu Mountains at an altitude of about

1000-1500m.

2. Salacca flabellata Furtado sp. nov.

Ab omnibus hujus generis speciebus haec differt foliis

parvissimis flabellatis apice bifidis, spadicibus flagelli-

formibus gracillimis, caule brevissimo cum vaginis ad

5 cm. in diam.

Caulis gracilis, brevissimus, in parte folioferente circa

- 7 cm. altus, cum vaginis ad 5 cm. in diam., im altera

parte repens, suodterraneus, brevis, plures radices gerens.

Frondes flabellatae, dimensione variabiles, hic majores

tantum designatae; petiolus 1.5-2 m. longus, 5-10 mm. in

diam., trigonus vel subteres, basi longe canaliculatus et alis

semi-coriaceis mox marcescentibus deciduis vaginatus,

aculeis 5-25 mm. longis rigidis saepe porrectis irregulariter

sitis, apicem versus paucioribus, minoribus secus dorsum

tantum praeditus; flabellum subtus albescens, ambitu elon-

gato obovatum, 80-100 cm. longum, apice latissimum,

bifidum, 40—45 cm. latum, basin versus sensim angustatum, .

infimo oblique cuneatum, summo pinnis paulo sejunctis ~

apice et secus margines liberas setosis, rachidi 50-60 cm.

longa, basi tantum armata vel non. Spadices masculi 1-2 m.

longi, axi 3—4 mm. in diam., funiculati, gracillimi, indivisi,

in axilla frondis solitarii, basi petioli perforata orientes,

spiculas 1.5—-3 cm. longas, in spathae axilla primariae —

solitarias, longe pedicellatas, pedicello quam internodus |

paulo breviore, spathas secundarias, fere chartaceas —

ferentes; spathis primariis quam internodi 5—10 cm. longi

longioribus, coriaceis, apice mox fibrosis; floribus masculis

clavatis, circa 4 mm. longis; corolla quam calyx fere dupio

longiore.

Stem smallest in the genus, with sheaths 5 cm. through,

hardly above ground. Leaves similar, of varying dimen-

sions, the largest as follows: petiole 1.5—2 m. long, 5-10 mm.

in diam., trigonal in its basal half, almost terete in the

Vol. XII. (1949).

Fig. 2. S. flabeHata, zg. (Holotypus: Corner 30,525).

A. Frons, cum spadice apice foliis parvissimis praedito. B. Spadicis

apex cum spathis spicisque. C. Sectio horizontalis ex spicae medio.

D. Flos sub anthesi. E. Flos, sepala resecta. F. Corolla )

cum staminibus.

389

upper; channelled and provided with deciduous, vaginal

wings at base, armed irregularly with 5-25 mm. long rigid

spines, which become fewer, smaller towards the apex

(where they are dorsal only) and in the base of the leaf

rachis; lamina flabellate, deeply bifid at apex, whitish

beneath, obovate, 80-100 cm. long, 40-45 cm. wide at apex,

gradualiy narrowed towards the base where it is obiiquely

cuneate; rachis 50-60 cm. long and armed or not at base; the

lamina with a short free tip corresponding to each vein,

setose along the margins and at apices. Male spadizx

emerging through a puncture in the dorsum of the petiole-

base, whip-like, solitary, 1-2 m. long, 3-4 mm. in diam.,

with internodes 5-10 cm. long; primary spathes slightly

longer than the internodes, tubular, soon split into a fibrous

limb in the upper half; spike one in the axil of each spathe,

1.5-3 em. long, 10-12 mm. through, provided with a pedicel

Slightly longer than the spadix-internode; secondary

(empty) spathes on the pedicels, chartaceous; flowers male,

clavate, 4 mm. long.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Sungei Nipah, on hillsides and

in swamps by streams (Corner, 30,525, vern. nom. Salak

Chabang). R

Plants with much smaller leaves and spadices are also

found in the same clump, which is formed of distant stems

united together by whip-like branches or spadix-axes.

However in the description given above measurements are

those of the largest specimens seen in the collection.

The collector notes that this species is quite common

also at Bukit Kajang, Kemaman, on the hillside near Ulu

Ayam swamp. The spadices are reported to-grow first

upwards and then down or straight over the surface of the

ground, sometimes burrowing under humus or becoming

silted over in swampy places; the flowers are recorded to be

produced on the spadix even after it has produced a young

palmlet at the end. This phenomenon of producing a new

stem at the end of a spadix is noticed also in S.Rumphit.

Both this species and S. flabellata have long spadices which

reach the ground, where a spadix will receive the necessary

stimulus to produce shoots and roots; in other species such

conditions are only possible when the stems are very young,

and hence it has not been possible in these to observe the

phenomenon of branching.

S. flabellata is the only species in the genus to produce

leaves having their pinnae united even in adult stages; in

other species the phenomenon may be noticed in seedling

stages only.

390

3. Salacea (Z) glabrescens Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.

V (1844) 14; Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III ed. 2 (1849)

202; Griff., Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 17 t. 179; Becce. et

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 473; Curtis in Journ.

Roy. Asiat. Soc. Str. Branch XXV (1894) 151; Ridl.,

Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. IJ (1907) 170; Bece. in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII, 3 (1918) 86 tt. 52 et 53;

Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) csen

Z. Blumeana Mart. sensu Ridl., in Trans. Linn. Soc. Il

(1893) 392.

Z. edulis Reinw. sensu Becc. in Malesia III (1886) 64

partim.

Stems short, trailing or without any part visible above

ground, tufted. Leaves very large, 4-5 m. long; petiole

1-1.25 m. long, decidously rusty furfuraceous; spines 3-5

cm. long or shorter, confluent in oblique or horizontal rows,

shorter and fewer in upper parts, and in the rachis of the

leaf lamina. Leaflets in groups of 2-3, nearly equidistant

in upper parts of the young leaves, 3—costate, sigmoid,

concolorous, smooth on both surfaces, spinulous along the

margins; the largest mesial, 30-35 cm. long, 5-6.5 cm. wide;

lowest narrower, and the uppermost often united in a bilobed

flabellum. Male spadix” 25-40 cm. long, deciduously rusty

furfuraceous in axis and spathes, diffusely divided into short

branches; primary spathes 8-20 cm. long, shortly tubular at

base, ventrally opened into a broad, boat-shaped, acuminate

limb; spike cylindrical, 4-10 cm. long, stalked, produced on

primary, secondary or tertiary branches, exserted fully

from its own spathe, glabrous outside or very nearly so.

Female spadix slightly shorter and less branched than the

male; spikes 7-13 cm. long, 2—2.25 cm. wide, externally

glabrous or very slightly squarrose; the female flower large,

8 mm. long, accompanied by a smaller neuter flower. Fruit

pyriform, 4—5 cm. long, 3-4 cm. in diam., gradually nar-

rowed towards the base, abruptly contracted into a beak

5-10 mm. long, or longer in young fruits, covered with scales

having upturned points; seeds 2-3 (when two semi-oboval) ;

embryo opposite to the apical pit, slightly above the basal

point.

MALAYA: Trengganu, Ulu Brang, Tersat, alt. 1000 m.

(Moysey and Kiah, 33,395). Kemaman, Ulu Kajang

(Corner, 30,495). Pahang, Tahan (Ridley 3,141); Kuala

Lipis ( Machado sub Ridley num. 11,613) ; Gunong Senyum

(Henderson, 22,224, as Zalak Utan) ; Pelangai or Manchis

(Burkill and Haniff, 16,791, as Buah Salak). Penang,

Balek Pulau, alt. circa 660 m. (Curtis in June 1890) ; Telok

Bahang (Curtis’s Collector, as Choechae) ; Government Hill

Gardens Bulletin, S. :

eS a

—_—_

Fig. 3. S. glabrescens, ¢. (Nur 11,965).

Ail. Frondis pars cum foliolis. A2. Spadicis pars.

C. Flos apertus ut staminum insertio appareat.

transversa. LE. Petioli pars.

Vol. XII. (1949).

B. Alabastrum.

D. Spicae sectio

‘

Per Otro ts ese th

ote

el tel

Se oe A Oat Mb a ARE a

wig. ae glabrescens, 9. (A and B: Curtis 2,435; C-G: Henderson

Al. Pars rhacheos e basali frondis parte resecta, cum foliolis. AZ.

Ramus spadicis fructiferus. B. Fructus immaturus. C. actu:

maturus. D. Sectio fructus transversa ut dispositio seminum

appareat. E. Semina dua ex fructu singulo. F. verti

discissum. G. Semen integrum. a

Gardens Bulletin, S$

393

«Ridley in Feb. 1892); Penara Bukit, alt. circa 660 m.

(Curtis 2,435); Moniot’s Road (Curtis in April 1890).

Perak, Sungai Gepai, Bidur (Corner, 31,484 and 31,485) ;

Bukit Chong, Kroh (Furtado, 33,017 as Buah Kumbah) ;

Padang Chong, Kroh (Furtado, 33,006 as Pokok Kumbah).

Selangor, Sempang (Ridley in Aug. 1909); Ulu Selangor

(Goodenough in 1899); Kuala Lumpur (Ridley, 3,142

partim). Singapore, Garden Jungle, probably cultivated

(Furtado 29,207).

This is easily distiguished by its sigmoid, grouped and

concolorous leaflets, and by its spikes being externally

glabrous or almost so, and also by its fruits being abruptly

contracted into a long beak.

The shape of the fruits depends largely on whether they

are congested or not; when congested, the fruits do not get

space enough for the full development of the base and so

become pyriform, gradually cuneate to the base. In young

fruits, the beak is very long and gradually narrowed towards

the apex; and it is therefore quite possible that the fruits,

when given space, will develop at the base so as to become

globose as described by HOOKER (FI. Brit. Ind. VI, p. 474).

Fruits with 4 seeds are also seen.

-4, Salacca (Z) Rumphii Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. II (1832)

tt. 222-3 and 224 and Index; Bl., Rumphia II (1843)

161.

Z. Beccari Hook. f., Fl]. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 474 quoad

fructus.

Z, edulis Reinw. sensu Wall. op. cit. II] (1832) 14 text;

Griff., in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V (1844) 8 et Palms Brit.

Ind. (1850) 10, t. 175 (spadix only) ; Curtis in Journ. Roy.

' Asiat. Soc. Str. Branch XXV (1894) 151.

Z. macrostachya Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1844) 18; Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III 2a. ed. (1849) 202;

Griff., Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 15, t. 178 A, B and C; Becc.

in Malesia III (1886) 66.

Z. Wallichiana Mart., op. cit. III, ed. la (1838) 201, tt.

118, 119 et 136, et ed. 2a. (1849) 200, et (1850) 325; Kurz

- in Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. XX VII (1864) 214, et For. FI.

Brit. Burma II (1877) 511; Bece., Malesia III (1886) 66;

Becc. et Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 473; Ridl., Mat.

Fl]. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 170; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Cale. XII, 3 (1918) 83, tt. 50, 50A, et 51; Ridl., FI.

Malay Pen, V (1925) 33; Blatter, Palms Brit. Ind. and

Ceyl. (1925) 265, pl. 50.

_ Stem tufted, trailing or almost absent above ground.

Leaves very large; petiole 1.50-2.50 m. long, armed with 4-8

cm. long spines arranged in oblique rows or rings; lamina

Vol. XII. (1949).

Fig. 5. S. Rumphii, . (Furtado 33, 025; Fructus tantum: Furtado 33, 017).

A. Spadix apice folia parvula ferens. B. Frondis pars. C. Sectio

spicae transversa. D. Fructus immaturus. E. Spathella apice cum

paleis barbae. F. Sectio alabastri verticalis. G. Bracteola annulata.

H. Flos apertus cum staminibus. pak

395

2.75-3.50 m. long, armed along the dorsum of the rachis

with shorter spines which are approximate in the lower

regions, solitary and distant in the upper. Leaflets in

groups of 2-4 each, divergent, oblong-lanceolate, slightly

falcate or sigmoidly so towards the apex, slightly paler

beneath, abruptly acuminate, often ending in a filiform tip,

smooth except occasionally for spinules above in the apical

portion of the midcosta; margins setose; mesial leaflets

largest, 60-80 em. long, 7—9 cm. wide; apical leaflets shortest,

basal narrowest. Male spadix deciduously rusty furfurace-

ous in axis and in spathes, 30-80 cm. long, divided into

several secondary and tertiary pendulous spike-bearing

branches; primary spathes lacerate longitudinally; spikes

cylindrical, solitary, distant, shorter than the axillant

spathe, covered with brown wool surrounding the male

flowers. Female spadix larger than the male, similarly

divided and covered with deciduous rusty furfur; the spike

tomentose even externally; female flowers larger than the

males, each accompanied by one neuter flower. Fruit

obovate pyriform, or somewhat oblong, 7—8 cm. long, 4 cm.

across, covered with light-coloured or fulvous scales; seeds

3, embryo basal being exactly opposite to the apical pit.

SIAM: cult. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Furtado 31,148).

MALAYA: Perlis, Ginting Kabok (Ridley 15,362).

Pahang, Tahan (Ridley 3,142 partim). Perak, Bukit

Chong in Kroh (Furtado 33,017B) ; Ayer Panas in Kroh

(Furtado 33,025). Province Wellesley, Permatang Bertam

(Ridley 7,003); Bukit Juru (Ridley, sub. nom. vern.

Kombar). |

DISTRIBUTION: Burma and Sumatra.

The change in nomenclature above indicated is needed

because there is evidence that WALLICH issued the plates

and the Index to Pl. Asiat. Rar. III (1832) earlier than the

text, so that even in the Index (to the plates), WALLICH

retained the name S. Rumphii for his species. In the text,

however, WALLICH changed the name to S. edulis, which

he did apparently on the advice of MARTIUS (see also

BLUME’s manner of citing the synonym under S.

Rumphii) ; and referred to the prior publication of the plate

under the other name. BLUME’s remark (op. cit. p. 158

in Observatio) that S. Rumphii Wall. has a “jus prioritatis”’

over S. Wallichiana Mart. corroborates this conclusion.

GRIFFITH (op. cit. sub Z. edulis) and the editors of Index

Kewensis also imply that S. Rumphii was published by

WALLICH.

This species was based on male specimens from a

Sumatran plant cultivated in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta,

and on female fruiting specimens collected by WALLICH in

396

Burma. The species is common in Malaya, though seldom

collected. It has perhaps disappeared from some places like

Penang and Singapore, where it was formerly reported to

occur. The species is sometimes confused with S. glabres-

cens which has sigmoid leaflets and externally glabrous

spikes. When CURTIS stated that S. edulis as described by

GRIFFITH did not occur wild anywhere in the Malay

Peninsula, it is obvious that he was speaking of the real

S. edulis, and not of the plants described by GRIFFITH

under that name.

_ The spadix of this species often produces a leafy sucker

at its end.

B. Section LEIO-SALACCA (Leiozalacca) Becc.

Female flowers solitary; ovary smooth; fruit-scales

without any pungent tips; seeds 1-3.

5. Salacea (Z) affinis Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1844) 9 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 12, t. 176 A, B and

C; Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III (1849) 202, t. XXXI f.

iv; Becc., Malesia III (1886) 67; Becc. et Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 169; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen.

II (1907) 169 partim, et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 32

partim.

Stem short, tufted, hardly above ground. Leaves 3-4

m. long; petiole armed with light-coloured, unequal, 3—6 cm.

long, mostly approximate, deflected or ascendent spines

which become gradually shorter and geminate or solitary on

the rachis; lamina 1.75-2.50 m. long. Leaflets in one plane,

in groups of 2-8 or 4 on each side of the rachis, oblanceolate-

sigmoid with a slightly falcate point, often ending with a

filiform apex, 3-costate, smooth on both surfaces, spinulous

along the margins towards the apex; mesial leaflets 35-45

cm. long, 6-10 cm. wide; lower leaflets smaller, apical ones

often united. Male spadix 50-100 cm. long, having short

branches which bear spikes either solitary or in groups of

2 or more; spathes longer than the spikes, lanceolate, |

acuminate, more or less lacerate, thinly covered with a q

deciduous rusty furfur outside; spikes 4—6 cm. long, 8-12 !

mm. in diam., tomentose outside, bearing two male flowers

at each spathel. Female spadix shorter, 30-50 cm. long,

covered with a long split and lacerate spathe; branches

shorter than the primary spathes, 5-10 cm. long; secondary

spathes shorter but similar, bearing in their axils spikelets

each up to 3 cm. long and bearing a few solitary female

flowers; in the upper half of the spadix the spikelets are

borne directly on the main axis. Fruit ovoid, sometimes

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(Furtado 31,149).

Fig. 6. S. affinis, 3.

eee C. Frondis pars

los post anthesin. G. Flos

pars

B. Petioli

E. Spica cum spatha.

D. Spadix.

apertus.

A. Petioli pars adulti.

Vol. XII. (1949).

398

Tunis DEL

5m 3cm

Fig. 7. S. affinis, 9°. (Furtado 33,058).

A. Spadicis ramus. B. Ramulus spadicis cum fructibus maturis.

C. Petioli pars. D. Frondis pars cum foliolis. HE. Semina tria

ut in pericarpii involucro disposita. F. Semen integrum.

G. Semen verticaliter discissum.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

599

obovoid or irregular in shape, tapering both ways, mammil-

late at apex, covered with smooth scales disposed in 22-24

series (24—26 according to Beccari) ; seeds 3 or less, embryo

basal exactly, opposite to the apical pit.

MALAYA: Kedah, Sungai Labong at Baling (Furtado

* 33,058 as Buah Salak) ; Dindings, Gunong Tungal (Ridley

in II-1890). Malacca, Selandor (Alvins, 332 as Pokok

Ramgam) ; Batu Tiga (Goodenough, 1,419 as Salak Utan).

Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley in 1898) ; Chan Chu Kang

(Ridley 4,421 partim, as Salak Hutan).

SUMATRA: cult. Hort. Bot. Bogor., probably Palembang

(Furtado 31,149).

5-b. Salacea affinis var. borneensis Furtado stat. nov.

Z. borneensis Becc., Malesia III (1886) 68 et in Ann.

Bot. Gard. Cale. XII, 3 (1918) 94, t. 59B.

A typica differt fructus squamis per series 18 dispositis.

This differs from the type in having the scales of the

fruit disposed in 18 vertical series.

BORNEO: Sarawak, Kuching (Beccari).

So far known only from the type collection. There is

a great deal of variation in the number of series of scales;

all the Malayan fruits I examined show 22-24 series, whereas

_ Beccari reports that in the Malayan specimens he examined

there were 24—26 series.

C. Section ELEIODOXA Becc.

Female flowers each accompanied by a neuter flower;

ovary smooth ; fruit-scales without any pungent tips; seed 1. ,

6. Salacca (Z) conferta Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1844) 16; Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III, ed. 2a (1849)

201, tt. 173 et 174; Griff., Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 19,

tt. 180 A, B and C; Becc. in Malesia III (1886) 67;

’ Becc. et Hook. f. in Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 473; Ridl.,

Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 169; Bece. in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII, 3 (1918) 95, t. 60; Ridl., Fl.

Mal. Pen. V (1925) 32.

Z. affinis Griff. sensu Ridl. op. cit. II (1907) 169 et FI.

cit. V (1925) 32 partim.

Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff). Burret in Notizbl. Bot.

Gart. Berlin XV (1942) 734.

E. orthoschista Burret in Notizbl. cit. XV (1942) 735.

Stem tufted, short or hardly above ground. Leaves

large, 5-6 m. long or more including 2.5-3 m. long decidously

rusty furfuraceous petiole; the latter covered with white-

coloured black-tipped narrow spines 4—5 cm. long usually

united at base into short oblique or transverse series; the

spines on the dorsum of the rachis of the lamina shorter,

Vol. XII. (1949).

Fant Dewy

Fig. 8. S. conferta. (Furtado 37,923).

A. Spadicis ramus. B and C. Petioli particulae. D. Semen verticaliter :

peeing pp _ E. Semen integrum. F. Fructus. G. Frondis pars”

cum foliolis. m

A401

often slenderer and fewer. Leaflets numerous, equidistant,

alternate or subopposite, gradually narrowed nearly to a

straight, slightly unequal base, almost ensiform, slightly

unequal at apex, more or less spinulous in the costae above,

smooth below, setose along the margins; the mesial largest,

50-70 em. long, 4-5 cm. wide; the two terminal leaflets

slightly connate at base and at times also laterally united

with the next pair below. Male spadix erect, about 25—40

cm. long, congested, outermost spathe not seen; spikes borne

on axis and on primary branches which are at times as long

as the primary spikes or slightly longer, the basal spathes

partly lacerate, gradually narrowed to an acuminate point;

secondary spathes entire or very often so, shorter, frequ-

ently narrowed suddenly to an acuminate point; spikes

bifarous, almost glabrous outside, almost equal except the

terminal ones which are often smaller; male flowers in pairs

at each spathel. Female spadix similar to male, but shorter,

erect, congested to an oblong, ovoid mass, with very short

primary, palmate branches, each branch being again divided

into many smaller branchlets each bearing 1-2 or more

spikes; outermost spathe 60 cm. long, tubular at base, with

a long lanceolate acuminate limb, armed outside with long

white black-tipped spines, deciduously rusty furfuraceous,

soon lacerate, fibrous; secondary spathes lacerate and in

fruiting spadix often fibrous; larger spikes 10-15 cm. long,

about 2 cm. through; flowers usually a neuter and a female

at each spathel, equal in size, but sometimes two female

flowers without any acolyte neuter or with a neuter between

the two female may be found. Fruits crowded, very

irregular in shape but tending to become turbinate, convex

or flat and shortly mucronate at apex, 4 cm. long, 2—3.5 cm.

wide, with straw coloured smooth scales arranged in 21-24

series; seed solitary, surrounded with a fleshy integument,

compressed longitudinally, two or three times as broad as

high, nearly circular or reniform, 4—5 cm. high, 12-15 mm.

broad (Beccari noticed one seed 10 mm. high, 22 mm.

eb aia , with a broad shallow cavity at apex, and embryo at

ase.

MALAYA: Kelantan, Kota Bahru (collect. ignot.).

Dindings, Lumut (Ridley in IJ-1892; Ridley and Curtis in

III-1892). Malacca, loc. incert. (Alvins). Johore, Gunong

Pulai (Best, 8,322 as Asam Paya). Singapore, Chan Chu

Kang (Ridley 3,143 as Asam Payah; 3,502; 4,421 partim, as

26,200: isotype of E. orthoschista; . Furtado 37,923;

Ngadiman 37,933 and 37,934).

Fig. 9. S. conferta. (Ngadiman 37,933). |

A. Spadicis ramus. B. Spatha prima, universalis. D. Flores (neuter

femineusque) ut in axilla spathellae siti. HE. Flos femineus post

anthesin. F-G. Bracteolae. H. Spathella. J. Flos neuter. —

J. Ovarium. K. Corolla floris feminei aperta cum staminodiis.

D. Floris corolla neutri aperta cum staminodiis. >

403

BORNEO: British North Borneo, Jesselton at Lumot

(Cuadra, A1,338, as Asam Kolambi in Brunei language).

DISTRIBUTION: Reported to occur also in Rhio and

Bangka Islands. :

There is a good deal of variation in this species as to

size of its fruit as well as in the size and spinescence of the

leafiets. BURRET has established Eletodoxa orthoschista

as distinct from E. conferta (S. conferta) but on the

material available in Singapore, which lacks good specimens

from Malacca (the type locality of S. conferta), I hesitate to

admit his separation. S. conferta was apparently very

widely spread in Singapore and its fruits were even sold in

local bazaars by Malays (cf. Ridley in Journ. Roy. Asiat.

Soc. Straits Settl XXXIII, 1900, p. 176). RIDLEY has

confused some material of this species with S. affinis.

7. Salacea (Z) Scortechinii Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Gaic, Ai; 31919) 97, t. Gt.

Stem apparently similar in habit to S. conferta, but

smaller. Leaves about 3-4 m. long including 1.5 m. petiole;

spines few, distant, solitary, rarely united into lines or

series, 10-15 mm. long on petiole becoming smaller and more

distant on the rachis. Leaflets numerous, equidistant, dis-

tinctly sigmoid, 3—costate, smooth on both surfaces, spinul-

ous along margin; mesial 45 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide.

Female spadix like that of S. conferta, but smaller, with

shorter and narrower spikes. Fruit globose-turbinate, 2—2.5

cm. in diam.; seed discoid.

MALAYA: Perak, loc. incert. (Scortechini as Udang).

This species is known only from the type collection,

which perhaps is the reason why RIDLEY has ignored it.

I have not seen the type and there is nothing in the Singapore

herbarium which would match the plate given by BECCARI.

It differs from S. conferta by its small, mostly solitary

spines on the petiole and by its falcate-sigmoid leaflets.

From the plate the species looks like a mixture consisting

of a young leaf of S. affinis and a spadix of S. conferta; but

without any comparative study, it is unsafe to make this

reduction.

404

WILLIAM FARQUHAR’S DRAWINGS OF MALACCA

PLANTS

By I. H. BURKILL.

The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

possesses a volume of paintings of plants, 55 in all, wine

was given to it in 1827 by Lieut.-Col. William Farquhar of

the Engineers, the first Resident and Commandant of Singa-

pore. In Farquhar’s handwriting on the fly-leaf is written

“Medicinal plants, etc., of Malacca” and his name. It is

obvious that the paintings are part of the “very large

collection of drawings and subjects of Natural History”

which Jack said Farquhar had made in Malacca (see Jack’s

letters to Wallich (Jour. Straits Branch Roy. As. Soc. 73,

p..1513°1916) 3;

In 1818 Raffles was instructed by the Marquess of

Hastings to seek a settlement to the eastward of Malacca,

and, sailing from Calcutta in December with William J ack:

-as his personal physician, reached Penang on the 31st;

Farquhar who had been in Malacca since 1803, had been put

under Raffles’ orders and had arrived in Penang on the 30th

bringing all or part of that collection with him. Jack in the

letter cited wrote “I have just had an opportunity of examin-

ing his (Farquhar’s) drawings of Malacca plants. Most

unfortunately from want of scientific acquaintance with the

subject they are deficient in many essential points of

dissection; but they will be extremely useful as a guide by

taking the native names .... and making inquiries.”

Wallich says that Farquhar employed a Chinese artist. The

pictures would be his work; and there is no reason to think ~

that they are not all by one hand. Some of this artist’s

brush-work is very beautiful; some of his drawing is conven-

tional and unreal; half of the pictures represent no more |

than the vegetative parts. Of course, Jack, now for the first "

time in Malaya, would feel it hopeless to put botanical names ;

without flowers; and his criticism was just.

Under each picture (with seven exceptions) the Malay

name is written in Arabic characters; one hand wrote the

names under the first 25 pictures and numbered them;

another wrote the names under the rest, but did not number

them. Doubtless Farquhar used Malays on his staff for

this; and there is none of his own handwriting anywhere;

but it is clear that from somewhere there was a directionin —

the choice of subjects, because in the time of the first clerk _

Zingiberids were favoured: in the time of the second,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A405

esculent roots had some favour. Pencilled numbers are

present also, and this numbering shows that two paintings

that were numbered 9 and 47 were removed before the rest

were bound. The volume was bound by a book-binder in

Paternoster Row, London; and a numbering in ink at the

tops of the pages appears to have been done at the time of

binding: this numbering takes no notice of the missing two

After the binding had been done, someone transcribed the

Malay names into English characters, first in pencil and

then inked them; and the same hand added a few notes, the

longest of which is on the use of Croton seeds among the

Tamils. This hand sometimes introduced mistakes—for

instance, wrote rambaga (for rémbega) on the illustration

of Abutilon indicum to which it does not belong, and, faced

by a picture of the race of Zingiber officinale known as halia

padi, though properly so named in Malay, wrote aliea bara

which belongs to a different race.

Scattered on the pages are various attempted deter-

minations, sometimes wild, in other hands, all assuredly

written after the volume left Farquhar’s possession.

Disregarding them, I have made the following inventory by

the numbers in ink :-—

1. sérunai laut—Wedelia biflora DC.

2. ketuwir—Derris trifoliata Lour. (D. uliginosa

Benth.).

3. balek angin—Mallotus paniculatus Muell—Arg.

4A, a adap—Mussaenda, probably mutabilis Hook.

5. lénggundi—Vitex trifolia Linn., an unusual form

with simple leaves.

6. hujan panas—Phyllanthus pulcher Wall.

7. tulang-tulang—probably one of the Rubiaceae.

8. géendarusa—Gendarussa vulgaris Nees.

9. (without a name)—Abutilon indicum Don.

10. jéringau—Acorus calamus Linn.

“11. tutup bumi—Elephantopus scaber Linn.

12. kénchur—Kempferia rotunda Linn.

13. lémpoyang wangi—dZingiber aromaticum Valeton.

14. lénjuang—Cordyline fruticosa Goeppert.

15. bongélai—Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.

16. aliya bara—dZingiber officinale Linn., a pungent

race of ginger.

17. . temu kunchi—Gastrochilus panduratum Ridl.

18. léengkuas—Languas galanga Stuntz.

19. lénguas ranting—Languas melanococca Burkill.

20. temu pauh—Curcuma mangga Valeton & van Zyp.

21. temu gajah—Curcuma probably zanthorrhiza Roxb.

Vol. XII. (1949).

aes",

tee | q

406

haliya padi—Zingiber officinale Linn., a somewhat

acrid race.

nara pusi—Voandzeia subterranea Thouars.

rumput kéményan—Salomonia sp., agreeing with

no known species.

ati-ati—Coleus atropurpureus Benth.

pokok jarak—Ricinus communis. Linn., the Castor

oil plant.

(without a name)—Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn., the

Rozelle.

pokok sireh—Piper betle Linn., the Betel pepper

plant.

tuba darat—Derris ivitobane Lour. as regards the

fruit; but D. heptaphylla Merr. as regards the

flowers.

rembega—Calotropis gigantea R. Br.

don tumboh duan—Bryophyllum pinnatum Kurz.

ubi téropong—Dvoscorea esculenta Burkill, the

Lesser Yam.

kéledek puteh—Ipomoea batatas Lam., a rather

curious race.

ubi Jawa—Dvioscorea alata Linn., probably Rox-

burgh’s D. atropurpurea.

(without_a name)—an epiphytic orchid.

(without a name)—another epiphytic orchid.

ubi Ch ace anithot utilissima Pohl, the Tapioca

plant.

penggaga—Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn.

kéladi puar—Typhonium trilobatum Schott.

ane vewrns oo tigium Linn., the Croton oil

plant

mies Ri is domestica’ Valeton, the Turmeric

plant

kéladi séminyak—Colocasia esculentum Schott, a

pink skinned race.

kéladi bélanda—the same, a pale brown skinned

race.

kéladi Jawa—the same, a deep violet skinned race.

kéladi sérakeh bénuwa—the same, with very

numerous daughter tubers (probably the same

race now known as kéladi rakit).

nasi-nasi—Psychotria sp.

balam—Madhuca malaccensis H. J. Lam.

sunti—Adinandra, probably A. acuminata Korth.

pinang utan—Pinanga sp. |

chengkoh—Mesua ferrea Linn.

bidara pahit—Eurycoma longifolia Jack.

(without a name)—Hibiscus abelmoschus Linn.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

407

53. (without a name)—Clerodendron paniculatum

Linn.

54. kéchubong puteh—Datura metel Linn.

55. (without a name)—Connarus ferrugineus Jack.

It is obvious that most of the plants came from gardens

in Malacca; others would be found in the untidy ground

which surrounded the port and was kept partly cleared that

unwelcome visitors might not approach unseen. Only four

are actually trees. It is interesting to read a note which

calls the Tapioca the best tuber available in Malacca. Of

the four races of kéladi (nos. 42—45) local tradition, as

incorporated in the names, attributed one to Java and a

second to importation by the Dutch. The Greater Yam

seems to have attracted less interest; and the Lesser Yam

(no. 32) seemed to the writer of the notes to need this

comment—‘“a most excellent vegetable partaking of the yam

and sweet potato”—as if it were unfamiliar. Only one race

of the Sweet potato is figured and that a curious one. Of

‘greens’, penggaga alone obtained a picture. The pictures of

the Zingiberids are praiseworthy representations of flower-

less, and, in general, not fully grown plants; and Jack would

be helpless in face of them. The plants of magic in

medicine,—géndarusa (no. 8), tutup bumi (no. 11), lénjuang

(no. 14) and Clerodendron paniculatum (no. 53)—are

pictured, the first in its dark form, because the dark is

reputed to be the more powerful; so too lénjuang is figured

in its deep claret form. It is interesting to observe tutup

bumi drawn as if from garden soil, whereas tutup bumi in

order to possess the pentacle of Solomon’s seal should be

grown on sun-dried hard soil. Of medicines that every

Malay uses without any harm to himself, sérunai laut

(no. 1), lénggundi (no. 5), ati-ati (no. 25), hujan panas

(no. 6) and balek angin (no. 3) are figured; and so are

potent drugs as Croton and Datura. Farquhar’s title

‘Medicinal plants etc.’ is justified.

The use of sunti for Adinandra is unexpected. The

name nara pusi appears in R. J. Wilkinson’s Malay-English

Dictionary (1932, pp. 165 and 292) as of an unidentified

plant. It is now possible with reasonable certainty to equate

it with Voandzeia subterranea, the Bambara Groundnut,

though the Chinese artist did not draw the secondary vena-

tion in the leaves correctly, made the runners unduly thick

and had neither flowers nor the characteristic pods which

the plant buries in the soil. Arab traders probably brought

the seeds to Malacca, and Zanzibar was a likely source.

- Vol. XII. (1949).

408

FLORA MALESIANA

This promises to be the greatest undertaking of its kind

ever achieved. The number of species of higher plants to

be described in the whole Malaysian region is estimated at

25,000 to 30,000. The largest comparable work previously

accomplished was the Flora of British India, which included

about 14,000 species.

The sample part already published gives indications of

the scope of the whole. First we have the beginning of the

essay on general considerations which is to introduce Vol. 4.

This is headed with the remark “we should endeavour to

determine how few, not how many species are comprised in

the Malaysian Flora”. Copious quotations are given from

Hooker’s introductory essay to his Flora Indica, as Dr. van ~

Steenis believes that the considerations there presented by

Hooker still largely hold good today. In particular, Dr. van

Steenis emphasizes the great need for monographic treat-

ment of all groups, without which no proper judgement of

individual species can be made. He goes on to survey

variation among Malaysian plants, its many causes and

manifestations; first variations induced by the environment

and then those bound to the genotype are discussed. He is

strongly of opinion that a narrow concept of species is

neither in accordance with the modern genetic viewpoint

nor with the best practical interests of taxonomy.

Next come the first 39 pages of taxonomic revisions,

beginning the text of Volume 4. The two-column arrange-

ment for the individual descriptions of species, in smaller

type than the main family and generic headings which cross

the whole page, is convenient and excellently set up. The

details of the arrangement are to be standardized for all

families, and provide necessary information compactly and

adequately. One would like to see some more brief notes on

the probable affinities of small families to larger ones, such

as that given by Dr. van Steenis himself for Ancistroclada-

ceae; also notes on the basis of classification within the

larger families. The illustrations are good and excellently

reproduced, but in a few cases details of flowers are not

given. It is most desirable that small drawings to show

floral structure should be given in at least one species in each

genus. Drawings to show details of floral parts would for

example be a helpful supplement to the excellent line

drawings showing external form of plants in Burmanni-

aceae.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

409

The publication concludes with brief samples of

treatment of Volume 1 (Malaysian Plant Collectors and

Collections, a Cyclopedia of botanical exploration in

Malaysia), Volume 2 (Malaysian Plant Life) and Volume

3 (Malaysian Plant Geography). These three volumes

together will form a most comprehensive introduction to

the study of the Malaysian flora.

This great work could only be accomplished by co-opera-

tion of many botanists in many different countries. But

it needs also a co-ordination of design for which one person

must in the main be responsible. The whole work is

largely due to the vision of Dr. C. G. G. J. van Steenis, and

it is fortunate that he has also been enabled to undertake

the co-ordinating work of General Editor. To his unremitt-

ing labour no less than to his breadth of knowledge is due

the successful launching of this great enterprise. To the

Government of Indonesia also much credit is due in these

difficult times for undertaking a long-term project, and for

recognition of its great importance as a survey of the plant

life of the Malayan region.

The Malay Peninsula, which is included in the area

covered by Flora Malesiana, will also benefit from this work.

We are at present helping by loan of specimens from the

Singapore herbarium, so that monographers may have an

up-to-date local knowledge of available data concerning the

plants they are studying. We hope also that some mono-

graphic study may be undertaken in Singapore.

We welcome the appearance of the first issue of Flora

Malesiana, which is an outstanding event in the history of

tropical botany, and express our congratulations to the

Eas and our good wishes for the future success of his

efforts. -

Vol. XII. (1949).

i OS i i Bel ee ¢

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

INDEX TO VOLUME XII

New Binomials are printed in Bold-faced type and synonyms in

italics.

Abutilon indicum Don, 405.

Acorus calamus L., 405.

Adinandra acuminata KorTHu., 406.

aliya bara, 405.

asam kolambi, 403.

asam paya, 401.

Asplenium septentrionale, 305.

ati-ati, 406.

balam, 406.

balek adap, 405.

balek angin, 405.

Belvisia MIRBEL, 305.

Belvisia spicata, 305.

Betel pepper, 406.

bidara pahit, 406.

bongélai, 405.

Botanical Literature Published be-

fore 1753, Status of, 307.

Bromheadia alticola, 295, 301.

Bromheadia Finlaysoniana,

garious Flowering of, 295.

Bryophyllum pinnatum Kurz, 406.

buah kumbah, 393.

buah salak, 390, 399.

BuRKILL, I. H.: William Farqu-

har’s Drawings of Malacca

Plants, 404.

Gre-

Calotropis gigantea R. Br., 406.

chémékian, 406.

chengkoh, 406.

chooche, 390.

Clerodendron paniculatum L., 407.

Coleus atropurpureus BENTH., 406.

Colocasia esculentum ScuHotTt, 406.

Connarus ferrugineus JACK, 407.

Cordyline fruticosa GOEPPERT, 405.

Croton oil plant, 406.

Croton Tiglium L., 406.

Ctenopteris (BLUME) KUNZE, 306.

eee venulosa (BL.) KUNZE,

Curcuma domestica VALETON, 406.

mangga VALET. & v. Zyp, 405.

xanthorrhiza Roxs., 405.

Vol, XII. (1949).

Datura metel L., 407.

Dendrobium crumenatum, 295, 301.

Derris heptaphylla MErrR., 406.

trifoliata Lour., 405, 406.

Dioscorea alata L., 406.

esculenta BURKILL, 406.

den tumboh duan, 406.

Drawings of Malacca

William Farquhar’s, 404.

Plants,

Eleiodoxa conferta (GRIFF.) BUR-

RET, 399

orthoschista BURRET, 399.

Elephantopus scaber L., 405.

Eugenia (Myrtacez), The Genus

in Malaya, 1.

Index, 289.

Key to Sections of, 17.

List of Collectors Numbers, 274.

Notes on Seed Structure of Some

Exotic Species, 272.

Section Syzygium,

Groups, 17.

Section Syzygium, Key to Spe-

cies, 18.

Eurycoma longifolia JAcK, 406.

Key _ to

Ferns, The Selection ‘of Type-

Species of Some Old Genera of,

308.

Flora Malesiana, Review, 408.

FurtTapo, C. X.: A Further Com-

mentary on the Rules of Nomen-

clature, 311.

Palme Malesice-X, The Mala-

yan Species of Salacca, 378.

And Houttum, R. E.: The Sta-

tus of Botanical Literature

Published before 1753, 307.

Further Commentary on the Rules

of Nomenclature, 311.

Gastrochilus panduratum RIDL.,

405

géndarusa, 405.

412

Gendarussa vulgaris NEES, 405.

Gregarious Flowering of the Ter-

restrial Orchid Bromheadia Fin-

laysoniana, 295.

haliya padi, 406.

HENDERSON, M. R.: The Genus

Eugenia (Myrtacez) in Malaya,

Hibiscus abelmoschus L., 406.

sabdariffa L., 406.

HoutttumM, R. E.: Gregarious

Flowering of the Terrestrial Or-

chid Bromheadia Finlaysoniana,

295.

The Selection of Type-Species of

Some Old Genera of Ferns,

303.

And Furtapo, C. X.: The Status

of Botanical Literature Pu-

blished before 1753, 307.

hujan panas, 405.

Hydrocotyle asiatica L., 406.

Hymenolepis CASSINI, 505.

Hymenolepis KAULF., 305.

Ipomoea batatas LAM., 406.

jéringau, 405.

Kempferia rotunda L., 405.

kéchubong puteh, 407.

kéladi bélanda, 406.

Jawa, 406.

puar, 406.

rakit, 406.

séminyak, 406.

sérakeh bénuwa, 406.

kéledek puteh, 406.

kénchur, 405.

kétuwir, 405.

kombar, 95.

kunyit, 406.

Languas galanga STUNTZ, 405.

melanococca BURKILL, 405.

lémpoyang wangi, 405.

lénggundi, 405.

léngkuas, 405.

lénguas ranting, 405.

lénjuang, 405.

Madhuca malaccensis H. J. L., 406.

Mallotus paniculatus, M. A., 405.

Manihot utilissima POHL, 406. .

Mesua ferrea L., 406.

Mussenda mutabilis

405,

Hook. F.,

nara pusi, 406.

nasi-nasi, 406.

Palme Malesice—X, The Malayan

Species of Salacca, 378.

péenggaga, 406.

Phyllanthus pulcher WALL., 405. 3

pinang utan, 406. =

Pinanga sp., 406.

Piper betle L., 406.

pokok jarak, 406.

kumbah, 393.

ramgam, 399.

sireh, 406.

Polypodium trichomanoides, 306.

Psychotria sp., 406.

Pteropsis DEsv., 304.

Pteropsis piloselloides, 304.

scolopendrina, 304.

rembega, 406. ete

Review, Flora Malesiana, 408.

Ricinus communis L., 406.

Rotan Zalak RUMPHIUS, 384.

Rozelle, 406.

Rules of Nomenclature, A Further

Commentary on; 311.

rumput kemeényan, 406.

Salacca:

affinis GRIFF., 396. :

var. borneensis FURTADO, stat.

nov., 399.

conferta GRIFF., 399.

edulis REINW., 384.

flabellata FURTADO, sp. nov., 387.

glabrescens GRIFF., 390. :

Key to the Species, 383. 2

Malayan Species of, 378.

Rumphii WALL., 386, 393.

Section Eleiodoxa BEcc., 399.

Section Eu-Salacca, 384.

Section Leio-Salacca BEcc., 396.

Scortechinii BrEcc., 403.

sumatrana BEcc., 384.

vermicularis, 387.

salak chabang, 389.

salak utan, 399, 401.

Salomonia sp., 406.

sérunai laut, 405.

Status of Botanical Literature

Published before 1753, 307.

sunti, 406.

Tapioca plant, 406.

tému gajah, 405

kunchi, 405.

pauh, 405. ;

Gardens Bulletin, S.

413

Thelypteris SCHMIDEL, 305.

dioscoridis, 305.

palustris non ramosa, 305.

non ramosa SCHMIDEL, 305.

Trichomanes L., 304.

crispum, 304.

scandens, 304.

tuba darat, 406.

tulang-tulang, 405.

Turmeric plant, 406.

tutup bumi, 405.

Type-Species of Some Old Genera

of Ferns, Selection of, 303.

Typhonium trilobatum SCHOTT,

406.

ubi Benggala, 406.

Jawa, 406.

téropong, 406.

udang, 403.

Vandenboschia COPEL., 304.

Vitex trifolia L., 405.

barre pies subterranea THOUARS,

Vol, XII. (1949).

Wedelia biflora DC., 405.

William Farquhar’s Drawings of

Malacca Plants, 404.

Zalacca, 378.

affinis GRIFF., sensu RIDL., 399.

Beccarii Hook. F., 393.

Blumeana MART., 384.

Blumeana MART. sensu RIDL.,

390.

borneensis BECC., 399.

edulis REINW. apud BLUME, 384.

edulis REINW. sensu BECC., 390.

edulis REINW. sensu WALL., 393.

edulis var. amboinensis BECC.,

384.

macrostachya GRIFF., 393.

Wallichiana MArRtT., 393.

zalak utan, 390.

Zingiber aromaticum VALETON,

A405.

cassumunar Roxs., 405.

officinale L., 405, 406.

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SINGAPORE Hie sl ea ot a *

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