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Library

Arnold Arboretum

Harvard University

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Volume XIV

1st August 1953—15th February 1955

To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore

Published by Authority

PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, SINGAPORE,

BY F. S. HORSLIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER

1955

CONTENTS

PAGE

Part 1: Ist August, 1953 (pp. 1-147).

HENDERSON, M. R.: A New Tristania from Johore

Ho.ttum, R. E.: Three New Orchids from Malaya . 2 -

Ho.trum, R. E.: A New Fern from Malaya .

MOLESWORTH-ALLEN, B. E. G.: Some Distributional Records of

Malayan Ferns and Fern Allies. 9

BurKILL, I. H.: Vegetables eaten with rice . : ; 17

SINCLAIR, J.: Additions to the Flora of Singapore 3 d 30

SINCLAIR, J.: Notes on Siamese Annonaceae . ‘ , 40

SINCLAIR, J.: Notes on Indian and Burmese Annonaceae 3 45

FURTADO, C. X.: The Genus Daemonorops in Malaya . j 49

Part 2: 15th February, 1955 (pp. 149-545).

SINCLAIR, J.: A Revision of the Malayan Annonaceae . e+ JA9

FURTADO, C. X.: Palmae Malesicae—XVIII, Two New Calamoid

Genera of Malaysia ; P 517

BurKILL, I. H.: William Farquhar’s Second Book of Drawings of

Malacca Plants ; ; : : Ee et

GARRARD, A.: The Germination and Longevity of Seeds in an

Equatorial Climate : : ; nn = 334

GSP PV QV PPP BAPAAAV AYA AAAAIUAU MAPA

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

APU

VV. BBP PQ BVBP QP AMAA AAMAS

Vol. XIV Ist August, 1953 Part |

BBVA AAO AAA 21ND?

PPMP AM

CONTENTS

PAGE

A New Tristania from Johore by M. R. HENDERSON . : 1

Three New Orchids from Malaya by R. E. Hotttum ‘ 4

A New Fern from Malaya by R. E. HoLttum . : ‘ 8

Some Distributional Records of Malayan Ferns and Fern

Allies by B. E. G. MOLESWORTH-ALLEN 3 ‘

Vegetables Eaten with Rice by I. H. BURKILL i ; 17

Additions to the Flora of Singapore by JAMES SINCLAIR . 30

Notes on Siamese Annonaceae by JAMES SINCLAIR . ; 40

Notes on Indian and Burmese Annonaceae by JAMES SINCLAIR 45

The Genus Daemonorops in Malaya by C. X. FURTADO , 49

eee

To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore

Price $10

Published by Authority

PRINTED AF THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, SINGAPORE,

BY R. D. GILLESPIE, ACTING GOVERNMENT PR a Re

PUPUPUPUPYVBUPUPUPU UUM UU YUPYUUPYYUPUBYUPUY\PUY(PUPYVYUPUPYUPUP YAU AIA AUDA

1953 oo <7

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THE

GARDENS BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

BPUPYV BYP YUP PUPAUAAUM’MA™IU™MUMA™’MA™AI—

Vol. XIV Ist August, 1953 Part I

UU U OVP PYPYUPYVUBYU(BPYOP VY VAYUPYUX PAULA

A New Tristania from Johore

By M. R. HENDERSON, F.L.S.

Tristania pontianensis Henderson, sp. nov.

Arbor; ramuli novelli sicci fere nigri, glabri vel apice

rubescente puberuli; ramuli seniores glabri, rubescentes vel

fere albi, interdum luteo maculati. Folia coriacea, late

oblanceolata vel obovata, apice breviter acuta vel subito.

acuta vel obtusa, basi longe cuneata, in petiolum utrinsecus

decurrentia, subtus pallidiores, 4-8 cm. longa, 2-45 cm.

lata; folia novella pilis densis cupreo-rufis mox deciduis

praedita, in sicco rubra vel brunnea; nervi primarii plures,

oblique ascendentes, supra inconspicui, subtus gracillimi

prominentesque, in nervum intramarginalem gracillimum

proxime margine situm exeuntes; petioli nonnihil graciles,

ad c. 1:5 cm. longi. Inflorescentia cymosa, axillaris, foliis

brevior, ad 6 cm. longa; pedunculus gracilis, glabre vel atro-

rufescente puberulus. Flores in ramulis ultimis dense siti;

calyx in tubo anguste campanulatus, 3-5 mm. longus, 3 mm.

diam., basin versus in pseudopedicellum 1 mm. longum

attenuates, externe pubescens, intus capillis densis pallidis

praeditus, lobis erecto-patentibus, carnosiusculis, triangul-

aribus, acutis vel subacutis, 15-2 mm. latis, 1 mm. altis.

Petala late obovato-orbicularia, c. 2 mm. diam., basi atten-

_uata, externis capillis cupreo-rubris dense praedita, intus

fere glabra. Stamina 3-5 per gregem distributa, unguibus 1

mm. longis, dense rufo-pilosis, filamentis liberis ad 1:5 mm.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

longis, glabris; anthera oblongo-globosa, c. 0-2 mm. diam.;

glandula connectivi conspicua sed haud prominens. Ovarium

media parte superius, apice dense rufo-pilosum, fere coni-

cale; stylum nonnihil crassum 2-2:5 mm. longum, basi in-

crassatum et rufo-pilosum, supra glabrum. Capsula ignota.

Tristania pontianensis. Henderson.

A tree, youngest twigs drying almost black, glabrous or

shortly reddish pubescent at apices, older twigs smooth,

reddish to almost white, with occasional orange patches.

Leaves coriaceous, broadly oblanceolate to obovate, apex

very shortly or abruptly pointed, or obtuse, long narrowed

to base and decurrent on petiole, buds and youngest leaves

Vol. XIV. (1953).

densely coppery red pubescent, soon becoming glabrous, dry-

ing reddish or brownish, lower surface paler than upper,

variable in size, from c. 4 cm. X 2 cm. toc. 8 cm. X 45 cm.;

primary nerves numerous (up to c. 20 pairs), 2-5 mm.

apart, obliquely ascending, inconspicuous above, very fine

below and raised, meeting in a fine intramarginal nerve

close to the margin; petiole rather slender, up to c. 1:5 cm.

long.

Cymes axillary, shorter than leaves, reaching c. 6 cm.

long, peduncle slender, compressed, nearly glabrous, or

minutely dark reddish pubescent, especially at apex and on

branches; flowers rather crowded at the apices of the

densely reddish pubescent ultimate branchlets; calyx tube

densely reddish pubescent without, densely pale reddish

hairy within, narrowly campanulate, much produced above

ovary, c. 3-5 mm. long and 3 mm. across mouth, base nar-

rowed into a stout pseudostalk c. 1 mm. long, lobes spread-

ing-erect, rather fleshy, triangular, acute or subacute, c.

15-2 mm. across at base and 1 mm. tall; petals broadly

obovate-orbicular, c. 2 mm. diam., narrowed to base, densely

coppery red pubescent outside, almost glabrous within;

staminal bundles with 3—5 stamens each, claws c. 1 mm.

long, broad, densely red pilose, free parts of filaments up to

c. 15 mm. long, slender, glabrous; anthers oblong globose,

c. 0-2 mm. diam., connective gland conspicuous but not

prominent; ovary half superior, apex densely red pilose,

somewhat conical; style rather stout, 2-25 mm. long,

-broadened and red hairy at base, glabrous above. Capsule

unknown.

JOHORE: Pengkalan Raja, in peat-swamp forest, altitude

low, S.F.N. 36659 (Ngadiman), TYPE collection, holotype

in Herb. Singapore; same locality, S.F.N. 36695 (Ngadi-

man); 15 mile, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, S.F.N. 31939

(Corner), a somewhat doubtful collection, the flowers being

in very young bud.

This species appears to be most nearly related to Tristania

obovata Bennett, from which it differs in flower characters,

in the coppery pubescence of the young leaves and in

habitat.

Three New Orchids from Malaya

By R. E. HOLTTUM, M.A., Sc.D., F.L.S.

Liparis viridicallus Holttum, sp. nov.

Pseudobulbi 3 cm. dissiti, c. 2 cm. longi, 1:5 em. lati,

vaginis obtecti; vaginae c. 4, vagina maxima 8 cm. longa;

folia 2, c. 24 cm. longa, 3—4 cm. lata, apice acuta; vagina

folii inferioris 2-5 cm., folii superioris 1:5 cm. longa; scapus

c. 26 cm. longus, basi leviter applanatus, cetera teres, brac-

teas steriles 6, 10-15 mm. longas, ferens; rachis inflorescen-

tiae 17 cm. longa, flores 20 ferens; bracteae 5-6 mm. longae,

angustae; pedicellus cum ovario 10-12 mm. longus (pedi-

cellus fructus 2 cm. longus) ; flores sursum aperti; sepalum

dorsale angustum, recurvatum, viride, 6 mm. longum, 1 mm.

latum; sepala lateralia infra labellum contigua; petala se-

palis aequilonga, angustiora, viridia; labellum pallide viride,

medio lineamento fusciore ornatum; basis labelli 3 mm.

longa gynostemio contigua; lamina labelli rectangulate

reflexa, 5 mm. longa, 5 mm. lata, fere orbiculata, margine

apicem versus denticulata, apice breve in sinu parvo ins-

tructa, basi callo parvo (haud 1 mm. alto) fusco ornata;

gynostemium 5 mm. longum, pallide viride, apice fuscior,

alis brevibus viridibus utroque latere munitum prope an-

theram.

TYPus: Fraser’s Hill, S.F.N. 39465 (leg. BRET. in

Herb. Hort. Bot. Singaporense.

In my Orchids of Malaya, p. 206, this species is briefly

described in English but not named; the description was

made from an imperfect dried specimen. I noted that the

species appeared to be related to L. torta from Burma,

which has one leaf and much larger flowers. The above

revised Latin description was made from a living plant.

Ceratostylis pulchella Holttum, sp. nov.

Caules conferti, caulis quisque vaginas tenues paucas et

folium unum ferens; folium c. 12-20 cm. longum, 5—7 mm.

latum, basin versus sensim angustatum; pedunculus albus,

hirsutus, 4 cm. longus; ovarium 7 mm. longum, bractea 3-5

mm. longa; flos albus, sepalis petalisque fragilibus translu-

centibus; sepalum dorsale 12 mm. longum, 2:5 mm. latum;

Vol. XIV. (1953).

sepala lateralia aequilonga, 3 mm. lata, basi unita et men-

tum fere globosum 2 mm. diametiente formantia; petala 11

mm. longa, 2 mm. lata, apicem versus sensim angustata;

lamina labelli 9 mm. longa, basi 3 mm. lata, apicem versus

sensim angustata, basi lobis lateralibus parvis et carinis

tribus parvis instructa; unguis labelli (in mento inclusus)

angustus curvatus; stigmata 2 mm. longa, quam anthera

elatiora.

TyPus: Fraser’s Hill, S.F.N. 39464 (leg. Holttum), in

Herb. Hort. Bot. Singaporense.

In my Orchids of Malaya, p. 491, this species is briefly

described in English, but not named. The above description,

made from a living specimen, gives somewhat larger dimen-

sions for the floral parts, doubtless due to the fact that the

former description was made from a dried specimen. This

is a pretty little plant, apparently not uncommon near the

path from Fraser’s Hill to Pine Tree Hill.

Sarcochilus alatus Holttum, sp. nov.

Sarcochilo berkeleyi Rchb. fil. affinis, differt: planta ma-

jore, inflorescentia multo longiore (30 em.) flores c. 25

ferente, floribus majoribus (sepalum dorsale 18 mm. lon-

gum, 12 mm. latum), petalis angustioribus (7-5 mm. latis).

Internodes of stem c. 10 mm. long; leaves fleshy, com-

monly 18 by 2-5 cm., tip usually bilobed with acute conver-

gent points 3-5 mm. long; scape 4—5 cm. long, rachis of

inflorescence pendulous, 30 cm. long, bearing 25 flowers

facing all ways, grooved at the insertion of each flower, the

sides of the groove raised as thin wings; bracts 4 mm. long

attached by a broad base; pedicel and ovary 3 cm. long,

slender; flowers fragrant, sepals and petals not widely

spreading; sepals greenish externally, white tinged with

yellow within and bearing c. 10 dark crimson spots 1-2 mm.

diameter ; petals similar with spots near base only, lip white

with purple marks on midlobe and small crimson spots on

cream external surface of spur; upper sepal 18 mm. long,

12 mm. wide, base concave, apex broadly rounded with a

thickened tip on the back; lateral sepals a little wider, at-

tached by a base 7 mm. wide to column-foot, bearing slender

appendage just below tip externally; petals 17 mm. long,

75 mm. wide, tip rounded and-asymmetric, edge towards

upper sepal inflexed; column-foot narrow, 11 mm. long,

distal part free from sepals with lip hinged to its tip; lip

17 mm. long, almost at right angles to the column-foot, its

~— sr ee

le?

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Sarcochilus alatus Holtt.

a, plant in flower; b, part of the inflorescence rachis; c, flower

from the front; d, flower from the side; e, lip and column from

the side; f, section through lip and column; g, upper part of

column showing the beak of the rostellum; h, pollinia.

mid-line slightly curved, ending in a cylindrical spur 7 mm.

long and nearly 3 mm. diameter; base of midlobe of lip ris- ,

ing vertically 7 mm. from spur, laterally flattened, bearing :

a small tooth facing the column; side-lobes 5 by 1:5 mm.,

each with a small tooth near the base facing the tooth on

Vol. XIV. (1953).

the midlobe; claw of lip 6 mm. long, deeply channelled,

marked with deep crimson; column 10 mm. high, pale green-

ish, rostellum with a slender beak nearly 5 mm. long which

is deeply bilobed after removal of pollinia; anther yellow;

stipes of pollinia narrow, slightly widened at tip, pollinia

slightly cleft on back.

TYPE: Fraser’s Hill, alt. 4,000 feet, on fallen tree in

forest; flowered in cultivation in Singapore; specimen in

Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium (S.F.N. 39467, leg.

Holttum).

This species closely resembles S. berkeleyi in the form

of its flowers, but is larger, and its long inflorescences with

grooved rachis appear to be peculiar. The inflorescences

grow to their full length before any flowers open; the

flowers then develop in groups of about three together in a

succession of flowerings. The flowers last a few days.

The original specimen of S. berkeleyi, brought from the

Nicobar Islands to Calcutta and flowered there, had spotless

flowers. A specimen from Gunong Panti in Johore, collected

by Corner in 1939, had spotted flowers but in habit of plant,

shape and size of flowers agreed closely with S. berkeleyi,

to which species I have referred it in Orchids of Malaya.

Hooker’s figure of S. berkeleyi (Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calcutta,

vol. 5, pl. 62) shows that the rostellum was long, and that

the general form of the lip was almost exactly as in the

present species. No other Sarcochilus plants with this floral

structure have been found in Malaya.

A New Fern from Malaya

By R. E. HOLTTUM, M.A., Sc.D., F.L.S.

Athyrium angustipinna Holttum, sp. nov.

A. cordifolio affine, differt: plantae juvenilis fronde in-

tegra multo angustiore, numquam fertile; pinnis fertilibus

angustioribus, 1:-4—2-8 cm. latis, basin versus angustatis,

basi angusta truncatis; rhachide non prolifera.

Habit of Athyrium cordifolium (Bl.) Copel.; young plants

bearing at first entire subcordate fronds to about 15 by 4

cm., never fertile; later fronds bearing an increasing

number of lateral pinnae below the apical lamina which is

progressively smaller; scales narrow, to about 8 by 1 mm.,

entire, medium brown, some larger ones with nearly black

firm margins; stipes to 30 em. long; fertile fronds to 40 cm.

long, the rachis not proliferous; pinnae 4—6 pairs below a

terminal leaflet of similar shape; largest fertile pinnae on

different fronds 10 by 1-4 to 18 by 2:8 cm., widest 1/3 from

the base, tapered evenly to the narrow apex and to the base

which is truncate on a stalk 1 mm. long; margins slightly

and irregularly sinuous; frond and rachises glabrous ex-

cept for very short hairs in groove of upper surface of

rachis, and small scales on bases of costae beneath; veins

anastomosing freely in outer 1/3 of each half of the lamina,

forking 2 or 3 times before anastomosing; one long double

sorus on the acroscopic branch of each first forking, reach-

ing from costa 2/3 towards the margin, also 1-8 short sori

on distal anastomosing vein-branches; indusia narrow, firm.

TYPE: Fraser’s Hill, S.F.N. 39461 (leg. Holttum), Dec-

ember, 1952.

This species was found in valley forest a short distance

below the golf course at Fraser’s Hill, at 4,000 feet altitude,

growing alongside typical A. cordifoliwm. In scales it ag-

rees exactly with A. cordifolium, and in the habit and vena-

tion, but it differs stikingly in the much narrower pinnae

which are narrowed to the base and in the small always

sterile fronds of young plants. One specimen in the Singa-

pore herbarium is also referable to this species, namely

King’s Collector no. 8026, from Gunong Batu Puteh

(Perak), alt. 2,000-3,000 feet. This specimen was distri-

buted from Calcutta as Asplenium (Anisogonium) lneo-

latum Mett.; perhaps not all specimens distributed under

this number are identical.

Some Distributional Records of Malayan

Ferns and Fern Allies

By B. E. G. MOLESWORTH-ALLEN

Athyrium angustisquamatum Holttum, G. B. 11: 273. 1947.

Known hitherto from one collection in Selangor. Found by

me at Fraser’s Hill, Pahang in January 1952 at approxi-

mately 3,900 feet (1727). Here, as before, only one plant

was found and although the adjacent area was searched, no

others were seen. The plant was well away from streams on

the floor of very tall primitive forest where undergrowth

was sparse.

A. Boryanum (Willd.) Tawaga, Acta Phytotax, 4. 1935.

(Ctenitis boryana (Willd.) Copeland, Genera Filicum,

123. 1947).

Collected once before in South Perak in 1881 at an alti-

tude between 1,000 and 1,500 feet. I found this species at

Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, on a northern slope of the north

ridge, in April 1952 at 4,000 feet (1972).

Four plants were seen, one being only a few inches in

height. They were growing on the steep forest floor amongst

rocks just above a stream, in a dark wet place. Growing

with them was A. accedens (Bl.) Milde, and Coniogramme

fraxinea (Don) Diels. The largest frond measured had

stipes 61 cm. long with lamina 90 cm. long. The sub-erect

rootstock was stout and fleshy, showing distinct marks of

old fallen stipe bases. The large lax fronds, olive-green in

colour and the transparent septate hairs on the lamina make

this a distinctive fern in the field.

A. japonicum (Thunb.) Copeland, Phil. Journ. Se. Bot. 3:

290. 1908.

This has, I believe, been found recently at Maxwell’s Hill

in Perak (Sinclair, no. S.F. 38794, Singapore Herbarium,

under A. petersenii [Kze.] Copel.). At Fraser’s Hill in

January 1952, I found a small patch of this fern with not

more than ten fronds, growing in the earth above a rock

drain. Three months later I found it had increased greatly

and also found other plants in the vicinity. These were on

Gardens Bulletin, S.

mossy rocks and on pathsides, in small clearings in the

forest, but never far from running water, just below the

4,000 feet contour. (1713).

I have referred this fern to A. japonicum for I can see

no difference between that species and the plant under

discussion. On Maxwell’s Hill I have found that it is extre-

mely variable in size and shape; those growing by streams

having a lamina commonly 22 cm. long and 10 cm. wide,

whilst large clumps growing on banks in short grass have

uniformly small fronds. The largest lamina of these mea-

sured 13 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, but are usually smaller.

Brainea insignis (Hooker) J. Sm., Cat. Kew Ferns, 5. 1856.

One plant was found by me at 5,800 feet on the summit

of Gunong Terbakar in the Cameron Highlands District of

Pahang, in February 1948 (1006). It was in a dry place

near Matonia pectinata R. Br., and had just escaped a fire

which had swept over the small summit. It was a stout

plant with a trunk of circa 100 cm. in height and diameter

of c. 70 em., yet was not fertile. I have seen this fern in

Northern Siam, on Doi Suthep, a mountain near Chiengmai,

at approximately 4,500 feet, on a ridge in dry soil. Here it

was not uncommon under light shade of medium-sized trees,

but where the undergrowth was sparse. Fertile fronds were

quite common, and in appearance it resembled a small stout

tree-fern. It has previously been found in Malaya on the

east coast of Johore and on an island off the west coast of

Perak, but not inland.

Christiopteris Copeland, Perkins Fragmenta, 188. 1905.

A new generic record for Malaya. According to Copeland,

p. 1784, there are four known species including a doubtful

one (C. Eberhardtii Christ). The distribution of this genus

is irregular. It is known from Sikkim, Annam, Philippine

Islands and from New Caledonia, so this Malayan record

fills in one of the many gaps.

C. tricuspis (Hooker) Christ, Journ. de Bot. 21: 273. 1908.

Before known only from Sikkim in the eastern Himalayas

and, if one includes C. Eberhardtui as a form of this spe-

cies, Annam. (See Copeland‘). Found in Malaya at Fraser’s

Hill, West Pahang, close to the Selangor border in 1951, at

altitudes between 3,600 feet and 4,100 feet (1191). These

specimens collected by me agree with Hooker’s original des-

cription under Acrostichum tricuspis®, except that in the

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Malayan specimens which I have examined, the mature

fronds are uniformly longer. (The stipes in sterile fronds

up to 59 em. long, commonly 48 cm.; lamina length to 38

cm. Lateral lobes to 24 cm. long and nearly 8 cm. wide;

intermediate lobes to 33 cm. long; however the width of

the lamina is usually less than that stated by Hooker. I have

been able to examine only two mature fertile fronds, both

of which are also longer). Holttum in litt., draws attention

to the round thin peltate scales on the lower surface of the

sterile fronds which may be significant. Living fronds have

a glaucous bloom on the lamina which is most character-

istic, but this rubs off very easily and does not appear to

be evident on dried material.

Bower? states that C. tricuspis is definitely terrestial, but

Copeland‘ in his description of the genus calls them epi-

phytic or casually terrestial ferns; and a specimen from

Indo-China in the Singapore Herbarium of C. tricuspis,

no. 1157, is labelled: ‘Epiphyte sous “le nid’ de Drynaria

coronans’. I am satisfied that at Fraser’s Hill, this plant is

most certainly an epiphyte, being terrestial only by acci-

dent. Bower also states that it is an upstanding species, but

I have found that it is always pendulous, even when terres-

tial; in fact the long thin stipe would appear to be incapable

of holding the lamina upright even in a small specimen.

I have not seen the type specimen nor any material from

Sikkim, but Professor Holttum and Mr. Alston have kindly

confirmed my identification. Eleven plant-masses of this

fern were seen, only one of these being terrestial, and this

was on a steep bank above a road in an open area. The plant

was against the sawn-off bole of a tall forest tree which

had evidently fallen from a ridge above, but was established

on a rock in rich humus.

The other ten plants, each of which comprised a large

plant-mass, were epiphytic and very uniform in their

habitats. They were in tall forest on northern slopes of the

high ridges and usually well away from streams. In each

case the fern clump was growing at the base of a very large

Aglaomorpha heraclea (Kze.) Copeland, which was perch-

ing high up on canopy trees, 50 to 80 feet from the ground.

This being just below the forest ceiling, the Christiopteris

received very little, if any, direct light. The bluish-green

pendulous fronds are most distinctive and when fertile,

their identity can be established easily with the aid of field

glasses. During October many new fertile fronds appeared

Gardens Bulletin, S.

on the epiphytic plants, and when examined in January of

this year, only the old withered remains were seen, no new

fertile fronds appearing. On the terrestial plant, however,

I have found only three fertile fronds in the nine months

I have had it under observation.

C. tricuspis is probably quite common at Fraser’s Hill,

but difficult to find on account of the great height at which

it perches. It is to be expected that it will be found in other

places on the Main Range, at least where similar conditions

exist, and perhaps may yet be found in Sumatra and Borneo

where Aglaomorpha heraclea also occurs.

Coniogramme fraxinea (Don) Diels, Nat. Pfl. 1, 1/4: 262.

1899.

Hitherto known only from the Taiping Hills in Perak.

I found this species at Fraser’s Hill in March 1951, at 4,000

feet (1115). It does not appear to be abundant here as it

is at Maxwell’s Hill; only two localities having been found,

both in tall forest on banks above streams. Dried material

has a strong musky smell; some collected in Borneo in 1931

still retains it faintly.

Cyclosorus unitus (L.) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Bot. 8:

192. 1938.

Penang Hill, October 1951, about 2,000 feet (1526). In

a dry grassy place. Semangkok Pass, Selangor/Pahang

border; April 1952 at 2,700 feet (s.n.). On a grassy bank

below the Gap Rest House, quite common. Previously re-

corded only from Singapore.

Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Beddome, Ferns Br. Ind. t. 314.

1869.

Although this fern is widely spread in Malaya, it has

not previously been collected in the State of Pahang. Here

I found that it was quite common on rock and concrete

walls which border the roads at Fraser’s Hill, and on

rotting wood on deserted dwellings. Although searched for,

it was not found in the same habitat as in other states,

namely as an epiphyte on old trees. (1080).

Dryopteris sparsa (Don) O. Kze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 813. 1891.

Recorded previously from both Maxwell’s Hill in Perak

and from Cameron Highlands in Pahang, so it is not sup-

rising that it has been found at Fraser’s Hill. In April 1951,

Vol. XIV. (1953).

I found two small plants of this fern on a path on the north

ridge at 4,000 feet (1324). They were both in open places

in tall forest in loose soil. Only one was fertile. Although

the adjacent area was searched then and later, no more

plants were found until the following July, when many

young plants were seen, again in loose soil along the sides

of the recently cleared paths and covered drains on the

same ridge. This year (1952) in April, these ferns were

fertile and seemed well established; also on other ridges at

Fraser’s Hill about the same elevation some more small

plants were found.

Microlepia puberula v.A.v.R., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. 2, xi: 17.

19138.

Hitherto collected three times in Malaya; once in Perak

and twice in Pahang. I have found it on several occasions

at Kepong Forest Reserve and at Sungei Buloh, Selangor

(1382, 1482). It is never common and appears to favour

loose soil especially on the jungle edges, where it is partially

shaded, but I have also found it on steep ground in jungle

where little direct light penetrates.

Pteridium esculentum (Forst.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 39:

108. 1925.

A common fern of the lowlands which I have found at

approximately 4,000 feet at Maxwell’s Hill in Perak, in an

exposed situation, on a grassy ridge (1777). It was locally

common and did not appear to be stunted, most of it being

about 150 cm. high. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn was also on

this ridge but not very near the former species.

Pteris asperula J. Sm., (nom. nud.) Hieron., Hedwigia, 5B:

302. 1914.

Although previously found in Selangor, it has been col-

lected only three times in Malaya. I have found that this

fern is not uncommon in forest clearings and on forest edges

at both Sungei Buloh and Kepong Forest Reserve. It is

usually in loose but moist soil, often tolerating much sun.

At Sungei Buloh it is frequently cut back to ground level,

where it grows on the edges of wide anti-malarial drains,

but appears to survive this and even increases. (1400, 1681,

1890).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

P. longipinnula Wall. (nom. nud.) Agardh, Recen. Gen. Pter-

id. 19. 1839.

This species has not been recorded from Selangor before.

A plant was found at Klang Gates in 1951 (1690). It is

smaller than the specimens in the Singapore Herbarium,

but was growing on rock.

Pyrrosia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching, Bull. Chin. Soc. 1: 67. 1935.

Previously found only north of Pahang. It is not un-

common at Batu Caves in Selangor, but I found it only as

an epiphyte here, on large Rain Trees, (Enterolobium

saman) at the entrance to the limestone and granite quarry,

in 1951 (s.n.). As these trees have been introduced into

Malaya, it is possible that this fern will be found in this

locality in the more usual habitat which is on limestone

rocks.

Thelypteris beddomei (Baker) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst.

Bot., 6: 308. 1936.

This species has not been previously recorded from

Malaya, but has been found in other parts of Malaysia. I

first collected this fern, which was identified by Professor

Holttum, on the steep grassy slopes above Maxwell’s Hill

Post Office in 1949, at just over 3,700 feet (1205). It grows

in large colonies here where the ground is moist, but well

drained owing to the steepness of the banks. This area,

no doubt an artificial one, must have been established for

many years as this hill station is the oldest in Malaya.

Beddome, p. 2391, states that T. beddomei is common in

swampy places, but specimens from Sumatra in the Singa-

pore Herbarium which closely resemble the Malayan mate-

rial, were collected in a ‘rather open place’. The specimens

from Maxwell’s Hill appear to be normal compared with

material in the herbarium, except that they are sparsely

hairy on the costules and almost glabrous on the under-

surface of the lamina.

T. brunnea (Wall.) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Bot., 6: 269.

1936.

Known previously from one collection from the Cameron

Highlands district in Pahang. This year I found one plant

at Fraser’s Hill, just below 4,000 feet (2010). It was grow-

ing on mossy rocks on a covered drain in a clearing in light

Vol. XIV. (1953).

forest. This plant, however, differs from the Cameron High-

land’s specimen, which was identified as var. glabrata

(Clarke) Ching, in that the undersurfaces of the fronds

are quite glabrous. As this is the character on which Ching

p. 25%, separates the above form from var. typica, the

Fraser’s Hill specimen must be referred to the latter, if

these varieties are maintained. There is, apart from the

hairiness, much similarity between the two specimens. The

fern would probably repay genetical investigation.

Psilotum triquetrum Sw. Syn. 117.

I found that this species occurs frequently at Fraser’s

Hill, between 3,900 and 4,000 feet, on trunks of large

Cyathea sp., (usually C. contaminans [Hk.] Copel.) on

forest edges and in forest where a great deal of light filters

through, yet which is damp. It is worth noting perhaps that

these plants are slender and lax, seldom having more than

two stems to a plant. I saw it growing terrestially at the

base of an introduced pine tree (Pinus sp.) on the roadside

here. It was short and erect and was accompanied by

Ophioglossum pedunculosum Desv., in short grass (1469).

In Singapore I have found it in the following places :—

Near Reformatory Road; terrestial, in poor soil. Rare. May

1952. On a concrete gate-post in Tanglin Road; on top and

sides, common (2071). On an island in the Sembilan group,

south west of Singapore; terrestial, on the tops of dry

hillocks, common; April 1949 (1248).

It is interesting to note that out of the seventeen ferns

and allies listed above, eight have been found in artificial

habitats of some sort and four which would appear also to

have been aided by biotic factors. Some of these increases

in distribution appear to have been established in their

habitats in the localities recorded, for many years, such as

Athyrium japonicum and Thelypteris beddomet, on Max-

well’s Hill where both are locally abundant; whilst others

would appear to be of recent origin as suggested by Dryop-

teris sparsa and Thelypteris brunnea. No doubt some have

been overlooked by collectors, but at least at Fraser’s Hill,

where five species under discussion have been found, much

field work has been done previously, especially on the con-

tour paths where four of the five occurred. (See Burkill &

Holttum, G.B.S.S., 3: 22. 1923.). Another indication of a

Gardens Bulletin, S.

recent arrival in a certain locality is given by Holttum®,

when recording the occurrence of Cystopteris tenuisecta

(Bl.) Mett. in Malaya. He states that the plants were found

growing abundantly on banks of a path through light forest

and although he had visited this locality before the path

was cut, no plants were seen.

It may be significant that eight of these twelve plants

favour clearings in the forest or forest edge, often in

loose soil. Some existed previously in isolated localities and

perhaps were also to be found in temporary clearings, such

as slips and Sakai gardens which would rapidly revert to

forest. At the hill stations the paths and open grassy areas

have been maintained, in some cases for many years thus

giving these kinds of ferns a chance to fulfil their life cycles

and to increase.

I wish to thank Professor Holttum for his valuable assist-

ance and Mr. Henderson for permission to use the Singa-

pore Herbarium and library. The numbers in brackets refer

to my own collections, duplicates of which are in the Singa-

pore Herbarium.

LITERATURE CITED

1. Beddome, R. H. .- Ferns of British India; 1892.

2. Bower, F. O. .. The Ferns; Vol. 3; 1928.

3. Ching, R. C. .. Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Bot.: 16; 1936.

4. Copeland, E. B. .. Genera Filicum; 1947.

5. Hooker, W. J. .. Species Filicum; 5: 272; 1864.

6. Holttum, R. E. .. Gardens Bulletin S.S.; 9: 122; 1987.

The Vegetables Eaten with the Rice in

Two Typical Malay Households of the

Neighbourhood of Telok Anson, Southern

Perak

By I. H. BURKILL, M.A., F.L.S.

AT a remote time Malaysia was tenanted throughout by

Negritos who cultivated nothing, living entirely by food-

gathering. Then came what may be likened to a leisurely

bombardment, as Austronesians, seeking new homes, came

out of Asia and made and maintained better establishments

by a greater ability than the Negritos had. Students of pre-

history suggest 2500 B.C. as a likely time for the beginning

of the bombardment; and it is certain that it had no precise

termination within the B.C. centuries. It brought habits of

tilling and a forethought for the food of the morrow, with

the raising of cultivated plants and domesticated animals.

We cannot feel that we know the order of their coming

without knowing what the Asiatic sources had to give at

any particular time; and it happens that we know very

little of this. Most certainly the early history of agriculture

and horticulture in Malaya is Indo-chinese. The Austyro-

nesians came by sea,—therefore from coastal villages,—and

set themselves to found new coastal villages. For routes

some might use convenient coasts, taking advantage of

those, the two sides of the Malay Peninsula, with north to

south trends to avoid the open sea; but sooner or later the

open sea had to be faced, and clearly was faced with a

confidence coming from the navigators having so perfected

their outrigger canoes as little to fear it. It is believed that

the outrigger canoe was perfected in rivermouths as those

of the Mekong and the mouths of rivers entering the Gulf

of Siam; and it has been postulated that there was a fringe

of sea-minded folk from the Irrawaddy to Tonkin who

provided the bombardment, some of them better mariners

than others. The essential proteins of the food of all came

from the fish that they caught; and after migration con-

tinued to catch. Their new locations had to resemble the

old in providing fish. Metals could not have reached these

people at 2500 B.C. and clearing forest would be a difficulty,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

neither in their original homes nor their new villages to be

faced lightly. Neolithic cultivators else where took advan-

tage of lake margins, silt of annually swollen rivers and

conditions generally that forbad tree-growth; but Nature

was grudging of conditions not favouring trees both in

Southern Indo-China and Malaysia, and neither the pre-

proto-Malays of 2500 B.C. nor the Proto-Malays who issued

from them can have had deep roots on land; but if they had

the habit of taking advantage of cultivable spots, that is

to say, if they had habits of cultivation, the advance that

they brought was tremendous, and one which could not

possibly be arrested at the adoption of a single plant. I

suggest that the first cultivation was a swamp-cultivation

with Colocasia deliberately transplanted and rice broadcast.

Then instead of the one hundred per cent food-gathering

of the Negritos there would be an 80 or a 70 per cent food-

gathering. It was my desire to know to what percentage it

has now been reduced that led me to the collection of the

information here given.

A belief that fisher folk came first does not preclude

theories that now and then landsmen joined themselves to

the fisher folk. Mohammed’s Arabs feared the sea and

Mohamed warned them against it; but when the Arabs had

subjugated the Persians they used persian sailors to bring

to them dominion of the Indian Ocean. Like associations

of similar opposites in the bombardment of Malaysia would

bring favourable racial admixtures to favourable not un-

healthy fertile spots, and account for the emergence of

Deutero-Malays out of Proto-Malays as well as for many

of the innumerable racial inequalities of the Islands.

My Malay householders belong to the Deutero-Malays

among whom the greatest reduction of the percentage of

food gathered is to be expected: of the vegetable foods eaten

with their two rice-meals of the day I find the percentage 16.

I began in the hope of contrasting town resources with

village resources; but I have not carried the first through.

The history of the research into the village resources is this.

By the kindness of Professor R. E. Holttum and Mr. E. J. H.

Berwick of the Agricultural Department two men were

found for me willing to make monthly returns of the food

that their households ate with rice at mid-day breakfast and

supper. Mr. E. F. Allen, who succeeded Mr. Berwick as

Agricultural Officer Perak South at Telok Anson, supervised

the men; and through his office I received their returns, .

Vol. XIV. (1953).

which had been kept in jawi characters, but were typed for

me in roman characters. It was for me to identify the plants

named and when a name puzzled me to ask for help which

I got most generously from Mr. Allen, Professor Holttum

and Mr. Henderson, the Director of Gardens, Singapore.

I offer my most grateful thanks to them and also to the two

Malays for their consistent patient recording. These do not

live under identical conditions. One cultivates 8 acres in a

typical Malay village. He has been to Mecca and has the

honoured title of haji. His household consists of nine persons

including himself. The other holds about 18 acres in an

irrigation settlement and has a market near by. His house-

hold is of 6, including himself; and it would seem that the

market, where Chinese traffic, is much used. There are

children in both families.

The returns gave date, the vegetable or vegetables by

their vernacular names, the amount that was brought into

the kitchen and the way in which it was prepared. Record-

ing began on 1st November, 1946 and was continued until

31st March, 1948, i.e. over seventeen months. As the list

below shows more than 100 different materials were used.

I have arranged them by the amounts of each that were

used. The reader will note, probably with surprise, the high

place that some outside his experience take. The different

circumstances of the two households appears here and

there. The first householder ate the wild Ipomoea reptans

which has a rose pink flower; but the second ate rather

freely the white flowered form cultivated by the Chinese,

i.e. he bought it in the market. The first frequently ate the

introduced American Limnocharis flava which has become

common where he lives; but the second did not eat it;

instead he ate more Amaranths. The first liked to eat the

Okro, Hibiscus esculentus; but the second did not. The first

had resort to the powerful flavour of Parkia speciosa,

Pithecellobium jiringa and Paederia foetida. To obliterate

individual preferences would require a large investigation ;

this the reader will note.

The list arranged by the amounts used :—

GROUP 1; more than 100 lb. of each of these was used.

1, terminal buds of banana inflorescences, Musa sapi-

entum L., chiefly of the race ‘pisang awak’ which

though not the most tasty is the commonest; served

in various ways, but chiefly in a piquant curry.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

2, nearly ripe fruits of the Egg-plant, Solanum melong-

ena L., ‘térong’, in several races; served as a rule

in a piquant curry and always served cooked.

3, nearly ripe cucumbers, Cucumis sativus L., ‘ménti-

mun’; in two or three races; usually eaten un-

cooked and often in a salad.

GROUP 2; between 50 and 100 lb. of each used.

4, stem-tubers and petioles of the aroid, Colocasia escul-

entum Schott., ‘kéladi’, in several races; almost

always eaten curried.

5, fresh leaves of the fern Diplazium esculentum Sw.,

‘paku tanjong’ or ‘p. panjang’ or ‘paku’ tout court;

served raw or cooked, but more usually raw than

cooked.

6, banana fruits in various stages of immaturity, Musa

sapientum L.; served as a rule in a piquant curry;

but sometimes in mixed vegetables.

7, flowering shoots and shoots just after flowering with

their immature fruits of Artocarpus heterophylla

Lamk., ‘nangka’; eaten in salad or in a piquant

curry.

8, pineapple fruits, Ananas comosus Merr., ‘nanas’, in

two or three different races; served usually in a

salad, or stewed or in a mixed curry.

9, vegetative parts of Ipomoea reptans Poir., ‘kang-

kong’, both the pink flowered wild plant and the

white flowered cultivated plant or ‘k. puteh’; eaten

cooked, usually soused.

10, legumes of Vigna sinensis Savi, ‘kachang panjang’ ;

almost always eaten cooked, generally in curry; and

available at all seasons.

tubers of the Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas Lamk.,

‘kéledek’, in two or more races; eaten as a rule

either curried or cooked with a little oil.

GROUP 3, of each of which between 40 and 50 lb. were eaten.

12, seedlings, 3-4 days old, of Vigna sinensis Savi,—a

food adopted from the Chinese and called ‘tauge’.

Vigna sinensis is used locally; elsewhere other

pulses are germinated to give ‘tauge kasar’ or

coarse tauge.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

13,

“

GROUP

“

fresh growth of the paiustral American alien Limno-

charis flava Buchenau, known locally as ‘paku

rawan’ as if it were a fern; eaten soused, with a

sweet sauce.

new leafy shoots of Sauropus androgynus Merr.,

‘asin-asin’ or ‘nénasin’ or ‘chékur manis’, plentiful

wild as well as in cultivation; eaten cooked in vari-

ous ways, undoubtedly a stand-by from the re-

motest times.

seedlings, 3-4 days old, of Phaseolus aureus Roxb.,

almost invariably of a green-seeded race, ‘tauge

halus’; cooked in various ways, commonly fried or

in a piquant curry.

vegetative parts of Hydrocotyle asiatica L. (Cent-

ella asiatica Urban), ‘pégaga’, obtained wild; gene-

rally eaten in salads.

ripening gourds of Momordica charantia L., ‘péria

gading’ or ‘péria katak’, etc., bitter but not un-

pleasantly so; usually eaten in a piquant curry;

sometimes fried; very rarely eaten raw.

ripening gourds of Luffa acutangula Roxb., ‘pétola

gélugor’ or ‘p. bélimbing’, in two or three races;

usually eaten in a piquant curry.

cabbage, Brassica oleracea L., var. capitata L.,

‘sayur kobeh’ or ‘lobak kobeh’, both home-grown

and imported from Java; usually served in a pi-

quant curry, but not seldom fried.

fruits of Okro, Hibiscus esculentus L., ‘kachang

bindi’ or ‘k. lendir’ or ‘k. tandok kambing’’; served

boiled or fried, in mixed vegetables or in a piquant

curry.

ripening gourds of Benincasa cerifera Savi, ‘labu

lémak’; eaten in a piquant curry (see also no. 54).

4, of each of which between 20 and 40 lb. were eaten.

potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., ‘ubi gantang’,

chiefly imported from Java; served as a rule in a

piquant curry.

leaves of Chinese Chives, Allium odorum L., ‘kucha’ ;

served either in a piquant curry or fried.

pumpkins, both Cucurbita pepo DC. and Cucurbita

moschata Duchesne, ‘labu manis’ and ‘l. bértukal’,

“

26,

27,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

frequently ‘labu’ tout court; eaten in a piquant :

curry.

green chillies, Capsicum anuum L., ‘chabai muda’;

served as a rule in a pickle and commonly with

cucumbers.

legumes of the French bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.,

‘kachang bin’ or ‘k. pin’ or ‘k. bunchis’ or ‘k. mun-

chis’; served in a piquant curry or in mixed vege-

tables.

all the tender parts of the papaya tree, Carica

papaya L., flowering shoots, and fruits of all ages

in more than one race, ‘bétek’; the tenderest parts

often raw in a salad, but more frequently cooked

before use.

GROUP 5, of each of which 10 to 20 lb. were eaten.

28,

29,

30,

35,

pods of Parkia speciosa Hassk., ‘pétai’; usually eaten

raw.

fresh leaves of the Aroid, Lasia spinosa Thwaites,

‘gégéli’ or ‘kéladi gégéli’ or ‘paku gégéli’; served

after the prickles have been scraped off in curries

which they acidify pleasantly.

the stem-bud or cabbage of the Coconut palm, Cocos

nucifera L., ‘umbut nyior’; served as a rule in a

piquant curry.

leafy shoots of Sesbania grandiflora Pers., ‘géti’;

served in piquant curry.

leafy parts of Amaranths, Amaranthus spp., ‘ba-

yam’, distinguished as red and as green; almost

always eaten in a piquant curry.

new shoots and flowering tops of Phaeomeria spe-

ciosa Koord., ‘kantan’; available twice in the year;

eaten raw or in a piquant curry.

leaves of an onion, Allium fistulosum L., ‘jambak’ ;

served fried or, but more rarely, in a piquant curry.

a seasonal toadstool, Collybia albuminosa Petch,

‘chéndawan busut’; served with piquant flavour-

ings.

flushes of the fern Stenochlaena palustre Bedd., of

which Professor Holttum says there are more than

one flush in the year,—‘paku midin’; usually served

in a sweet curry.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

oT,

“

41,

42,

“

44,

“

46,

47,

bamboo shoots, chiefly those of Dendrocalamus asper

Backer ; served pickled or in a piquant curry.

fruits of the wild species of Solanum, S. torvum

Sw., S. indicum L., and S. verbascifolium L., ‘térong

rimbong’, ‘t. asam’ and ‘t. pipit’, etc.; cooked in

various ways.

a fungus called ‘chéndawan tali’; served as a rule

with a sweet sauce.

fruits of Pithecellobium jiringa Prain, ‘buah jéring’ ;

eaten uncooked, but after a long preliminary soak-

ing. There is only one season in the year.

the Hymenomycete fungus Lentinus subnudus Ber-

kel., ‘chéndawan puteh’ or ‘ch. puteh mata’; served

in piquant or sweet curries.

immature fruits of Artocarpus integra Merr. (A.

chempeden Spreng), ‘chémpédak’, for which there

are two seasons in the north of the Peninsula,

though one only in the south; served as a rule in a

piquant curry, but sometimes in a sweet curry, or

sometimes fried, and cooked in other ways.

radishes, the tubers of the large variety of the

radish, Raphanus sativus L., raised from seed im-

ported from China, ‘lobak’; served in a piquant

curry.

the stem-bud or cabbage of the rattan, Daemonor-

hops sp., ‘umbut rotan gétah’; served in a piquant

curry.

inner parts of petioles of Colocasia gigantea Hook.

f., ‘kéladi lambok’, a plant which while not un-

common wild in some parts of the Peninsula is in a

somewhat dwarfed form in Perak gardens (teste

Mr. Allen). Its preparation for eating needs much

care; but when the inedible parts have been cut

away, that which is left is eaten raw, but is usually

served in a piquant curry.

very young female side shoots of the Maize, Zea

mays L., ‘putek jagong’; served in a curry, or boiled

and mixed with other vegetables.

radish leaves, Raphanus sativus L., (cf. No. 43

above), ‘lobak sawi’; served fried or in a piquant

curry.

23 -

“

49,

60,

Gardens Bulletin, |

vegetative parts of a Chinese cabbage, Brassica |

chinensis L., ‘kobeh china’ or ‘sawi puteh’; eaten —

fried or curried.

the Hymenomycete fungus Schizophyllum commune

Fries, which is never out of season, ‘chéndawan

sisir’ or ‘ch. kukor’; eaten in curry and commonly

associated with prawns.

flushes of the tree Pterococcus corniculatus Pax &

K. Hoffm., ‘pépina’; served as a rule with a sweet

sauce. :

new shoots of the Sweet cassava, Manihot utilissima

Pohl, ‘pokok ubi kayu’; never served uncooked, fre-

quently curried.

legumes of Dolichos lablab L., ‘kachang sépat’;

served in curry.

stem-bud or cabbage of the palm Caryota mitis

Lour., ‘umbut dudur’; eaten soused or in a piquant

curry.

extremely young gourds of Benincasa cerifera Savi,

(cf. No. 20 above), locally called ‘buah kuchi’; eaten

in a piquant curry.

onions, imported from India or Java, Alliwm cepa

L., ‘bawang’; eaten in mixed vegetables.

fruits of Spondias cytherea Sonn., ‘kédondong’; but

the name is not restricted to this fruit tree; eaten

as a relish.

legumes of Cajanus indicus Spreng., ‘kachang

parpu’; eaten as a rule in curry or in mixed vege-

tables.

flushes and young fruits of Barringtonia sp., such

as are recurrent in rainy weather, ‘pokok putat’;

eaten as salad.

new shoots of Claoxylon longifolium Miq., ‘puchok

salang’ or ‘sayur salang’; eaten soused for their

pleasantly acid flavour.

fresh fronds of the fern Helminthostachys zeylanica

Hook. f., ‘paku tunjok langit’ or ‘p. payang’; eaten

as a rule in a sweet curry.

immature durian fruits, Dwrio zibethinus L.; eaten

_ in a piquant curry. :

Vol. XIV. (1953).

62,

63,

64,

65,

66,

67,

68,

69,

70,

71,

72,

73,

74,

75,

76,

legumes of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC.; ‘ka-

chang kélisa’; usually eaten in curried mixed vege-

tables, and sometimes uncooked.

young leaves of the Cashew nut tree, Anacardiuwm

occidentale L., ‘pokok janggos’; eaten raw.

the stem-bud or cabbage of the Betel palm, Areca

catechu L., ‘umbut pinang’; eaten curried with a

piquant sauce.

stem ends of the Pumpkin, Cucurbita. pepo DC.,

‘puchok labu bértukal’; served soused.

immature mango fruits, Mangifera indica L.,

‘mangga muda’; made up into appetizers.

new leaves of Monochoria vaginalis Presl, ‘kéladi

agas’; eaten curried and soused and with a sweet

sauce, or sometimes fried.

shoots of Piper sarmentosum Roxb., ‘daun kadok’ ;

served soused.

rhizomes of Curcuma mangga Val. & van Zyp.,

‘temu pauh’; usually eaten raw.

vegetative parts of Gynura malasica Ridl., ‘sawi

enggang’ (a name of varying application) ; eaten

raw.

the stem-bud or cabbage of the palm Oncosperma

horrida Scheff., ‘umbut bayas’; eaten in a piquant

curry. .

the whole plant of Marsilea minuta L., a small but

not minute plant of ditches, ‘daun kémani’ or ‘d.

sémangga’; eaten fried or soused.

flushes of Premna foetida Reinw., ‘buas-buas’ ; eaten

soused.

new leaves of Clerodendron serratum Spreng., ‘daun

timba tasek’ (a name otherwise applied elsewhere) ;

the sour leaves as a flavouring.

legumes of one of the segregates of Mucuna utilis

Wall., possibly the subsp. M. aterrima Holland,

‘kachang pisang’; eaten curried, but after a pre-

liminary boiling and the throwing away of the

water used.

immature fruits of the Bread-fruit tree, Artocarpus

communis Forst., its seeded variety, ‘kélur’; eaten

in a piquant curry.

| =

> -

. 7

Gardens Bulletin, S.

pulse of the Indian Mung, Phaseolus aureus Roxb.,

‘kachang hijau’; mixed into a vegetable curry.

flushes of Morinda elliptica Ridl., ‘méngkudu hutan’

or ‘m. kéchil’; eaten soused.

leaves of Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe, ‘kenchur’; eaten

raw.

gourds of the Snake gourd, Trichosanthes anguina

L., ‘pétola ular’; eaten in various ways that mask

the bitterness.

leaves of Paederia foetida L., ‘sékéntut’; eaten raw

though its objectionabie smell is dispersed if cooked.

young gourds of Luffa cylindrica Roem. (L. aegyp-

tica Roxb.), ‘pétola manis’ or ‘p. buntal’; eaten

cooked, usually with a piquant sauce.

the stem-bud or cabbage of the Sugar palm, Arenga

pinnata Merr., ‘umbut kabong’; eaten in a piquant

curry.

the fungus known as ‘chéndawan tiong’; eaten

soused with a sweet sauce.

immature coconut, Cocos nucifera L., ‘kélapa muda’ ;

eaten as a direct supplement to the rice and mostly

in a piquant curry.

immature fruits of Passiflora foetida L., ‘buah

létup’; eaten with other vegetables, often raw.

, rhizomes of the Sacred Lotus, Nelumbium nelumbo

Druce, ‘tératai’ (a name elsewhere applied to Nym-

phaea) ; eaten with some convenient acid flavouring.

Group 6, plants of which less than 10 lb. were used.

’

89,

90),

91,

92,

tomatoes, Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. ‘térong

_bélanda’; eaten boiled.

leaves of Pluchea indica Less., ‘béluntas’; eaten raw.

ripe fruit of Mangifera foetida Lour., ‘macham’ or

‘machang’; eaten in very highly seasoned mixtures.

seeds of the Para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis —

Muell.-Arg., prepared with care by killing them

with hot water and then allowing fermentation to

follow, a tedious and elaborate process, ‘biji pokok

gétah’; served in a piquant curry.

young leaves of Eugenia aquea Burm., ‘daun jambu_

ayer’, available at two seasons of the year; eaten

raw.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

93,

“

100

“

101,

102

“

103,

104

“

105,

106

“

107,

108,

vegetative parts of a chinese Rape, a form of Bras-

sica rapa L., locally called ‘sawi pékan’ and in

cantonese ‘choy sam’ and ‘choy sam fah’; eaten in

a piquant curry.

acid fruits of a wild grape, Vitis sp., ‘ouah lakum’;

eaten in curry.

leaves of Cosmos caudatus H. B. & K., ‘ulam rajah’;

eaten raw.

flushes of Leucaena glauca Benth., ‘pétai-pétai

jawa’; eaten in curry.

leaves of an undetermined plant called ‘jarak lang’ ;

eaten cooked.

new shoots and young fruits of Gnetum gnemon L.,

‘bélinjau’; eaten boiled and with a piquant sauce.

young shoots of Melochia corchorifolia L., ‘lemak

kétam” (but the name is variously applied in the

Peninsula) ; eaten in a piquant curry.

pickled shoots of Cleome ciliata Sch. & Thonn., ‘jérok

maman’; soused before eating and eaten with a

piquant sauce.

dried Liliaceous flowers, chiefly of Hemerocallis

flava L., ‘obunga kim-chem china’; eaten cooked in a

piquant sauce.

peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., prepared as ‘timpil’,

i.e. crushed and partly fermented; eaten in a piqu-

ant curry.

young leaves of Oroxylon indicum Vent., ‘bonglai’ ;.

eaten soused.

leaves of Pouzolzia zeylanica Benn., ‘kérémak’ (a

name not strictly applied) ; eaten usually fried and

in mixed vegetables.

fresh shoots of a Mussaenda, probably M. glabra

Vahl., ‘akar kait-kait’; eaten raw.

young leaves of Evodia roxburghiana Benth., ‘daun

tenggek burong’ or ‘médang kétewang’ (the names

not strictly applied) ; eaten raw for an acidity which

they impart.

leaves of an unidentified plant called ‘sakanting-

sakanting’ ; served fried.

side shoots of Citronella grass, Cymbopogon citra-

tus Stapf, the race called ‘sérai sayur’; eaten raw.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

109, flushes of a fig, Ficus sp., similar to F. variegata

Blume, ‘kélépong’, a name used for several species;

eaten raw.

110, shoots of a forest shrub called ‘séntang’; eaten raw.

A BOTANICAL INDEX

Allium, bulbs, 34, 35; chives, 23.

Amaranthus 32.

Anacardium 63.

Ananas 8.

Arachis 102.

Areca 64,

Arenga 83.

Artocarpus 7, 42, 76.

Barringtonia 58.

Benincasa 21, 54.

Brassica, cabbage 19; Chinese 48,

Cajanus 57.

Capsicum 25.

Carica 27.

Caryota 53.

chandawan tali 39; ch. tiong 84.

Claoxylon 59.

Cleome 100.

Clerodendron 74.

Cocos, cabbage 30; nut 85.

Collybia 35.

Colocasia esculentum 4; gigantea

Cosmos 95.

Cucumis 3.

Cucurbita fruits 24; shoots 65.

Curcuma 69, 79.

Cymbopogon 108.

Daemonorhops 44.

Dendrocalamus 37.

Diplazium 5.

Dolichos 52.

Durio 61.

Eugenia 92.

Evodia 106.

ferns 5, 36, 60.

fern ally 72.

Ficus 109.

fungi 35, 39, 41, 49, 84.

Gnetum 98.

gourds 3, 17, 18, 21, 24, 54, 80, 82.

Gynura 70.

Helminthostachys 60.

Hemerocallis 101.

Hevea 91.

Hibiscus 20.

Hydrocotyle 16.

imports 19, 22, 55, 101.

Ipomoea reptans 9; Sweet potato

LKE

jarak lang 97.

Lasia 29.

legumes 10, 26, 52, 57, 62, 75.

Lentinus 41.

Leucaena 96.

Limnocharis 13.

Luffa 18, 82.

Lycopersicum 88.

Mangifera foetida 90; indica 66.

Manihot 51.

Marsilea 72.

Melochia 99.

Momordica 17.

Monochoria 67.

Morinda 78.

Mucuna 75.

Musa, fruits 6; vegetative 1.

Mussaenda 105.

Nelumbium 87.

Oncosperma 71.

Oroxylon 108.

Paederia 81.

palm cabbages 30, 44, 53, 64, 71,

Parkia 28.

Passiflora 86.

Phaeomeria 33.

Phaseolus, legumes 26; pulse 77;

seedlings 15.

Piper sarmentosum 68.

Pithecellobium 40.

Pluchea 89.

Pouzolzia 104.

Premna 738.

Psophocarpus 62.

Pterococcus 50.

pulse 77.

Raphanus, leaves 47; tubers 43.

sakanting-sakanting 107.

Sauropus 14.

Schizophyllum 49,

seedlings of Leguminosae 12, 15.

Sesbania 31. ©

Solanum melongena 2; tuberosum

22; wild 38.

Spondias 56.

Stenochlaena 36.

Trichosanthes 80.

Vigna, legumes 10; seedlings 12.

Vitis 94.

Zea 46.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

When the returns are analysed by the countries of origin

of the various plants this result is obtained :—

from species wild in Malaya .. .. 16 per cent

from species brought into cultivation in

Indo-China or Malaysia and therefore

resources of the Austronesians over and

above the resources of the Negritos .. 30 per cent

from species which in the course of time

came to Malaya by contacts direct or in-

direct with India and China . 23 per cent

from species of origin in the remoter axis

of the Old World, Africa for instance,

which reached Malaya after long diffu-

sion ae o, 12 per cent

from species of American origin inch

were brought to Malaya after 1500 A.D. 18 per cent

Within the 16 per cent indigenous, 5-6 per cent was by

resort to ferns and 2-6 per cent to fungi.

The figures are an illustration how far food-gathering

has been displaced by food raising and how impossible

survival would be to these, my Malay friends, should they

be compelled to attempt to find food for themselves in the

jungle. To live on it is not possible; POOR: habits cannot be

put back the distance required.

There are two stages in the building up of a feeding

system: the first is the adoption for eating and the second

the adoption of measures to secure the supply,—domestica-

tion, protection and cultivation. The Malays have adopted

some of the chinese cultivated plants for eating without

taking the further step to adopting them for cultivation.

To European readers who are in a very similar position,

the preferences as shown by the quantities eaten will seem

strange. Individual habit lies deep in that; and the order

would differ in another investigation. This one has been on

a scale quite inadequate for more than to suggest a line of

enquiry.

Additions to the Flora of Singapore and

New Localities in Singapore for some

Plants thought to be Extinct

By JAMES SINCLAIR, B.Sc.

THE following paper gives a list of thirty-seven species new

to the flora of Singapore. Twelve of these are new to the

flora of Malaya as well. Seventeen are native and twenty

are not native. Of the twelve new to Malaya, three are

native and nine are not.

Some of the species new to Singapore were not actually

obtained in the island itself but in the small islands situated

to the south which are included in the Colony of Singapore.

The nearest island to the coast of Singapore is Pulau

Samulun, roughly about one-eighth of a mile away. The

second nearest is Pulau Damar Laut, about a quarter of a

mile distant. The farthest, Pulau Pawai and P. Senang are

some eight and nine miles away. Of the thirty-seven species,

eleven were found in these islands and are not known to

occur in Singapore. A further four were found in these

islands but they also occur in Singapore. Of these fifteen

ten are native and five not.

The majority of these islands do not appear to have been

visited by botanists since there are no plant records from

them mentioned in Ridley’s Flora and further there are no

herbarium specimens preserved in the Herbarium of the

Singapore Botanic Gardens. This is probably the reason

why they have yielded such a large number of new records.

One of them, Pulau Busing where Cordia subcordata was

obtained, is a mere strip of uninhabited mangrove which

one might think scarcely worth while visiting.

In the flora of these islands we find some of the elements

of the east coast flora of Malaya and it is possible that seeds

of some of the species were carried by the sea from the

north.

This paper also deals with a few species which were

collected long ago and which are now probably extinct in

their former localities. New localities are given for them.

Finally there are four species which have been previously

recorded but there are either no exact localities or no her-

barium specimens preserved.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Polygala paniculata L. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 1154.

Kranji War Graves Cemetery, Singapore, G. H. Addison

14th November, 1950; 34-35th mile Tapah, Cameron High-

lands, M. Johnston, 8th May, 1948; Fraser’s Hill, J. Revd,

September 1950; Top of Penang Hill, Sinclair S.F.N. 39063,

15th November, 1950.

New to Malaya and Singapore, introduced. A herb with

pale lilac or white flowers.

Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. et Sch. Syst. 5

(1819) 406.

In drain behind shop at Choa Chu Kang, Singapore,

Sinclair S.F.N. 38589, 7th August, 1949.

Alien, new to Singapore. Other Malayan localities are

Maxwell’s Hill, Perak; Ulu Gombak and Ginting Simpah,

Selangor; Fraser’s Hill and Cameron Highlands, Pahang.

/ '

Portulaca pilosa L. Sp. Pl. 1 (1753) 445.

West Bukit Timah area, north of 1114 miles Jurong Road,

Singapore, Sinclair S.F.N. 39250, 9th June, 1951. Also seen

by me at Tuas, Singapore.

The only other Singapore specimen in the Herbarium was

obtained from a Chinese drug shop, locality unknown. There

are however specimens from Penang, Province Wellesley,

Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca and Johore.

Ridley in his Flora does not mention it from Singapore.

Olax probably rosea Ridley in Kew Bull. (1931) 33.

Near a quarry off 8th mile West Coast Road, Pasir Pan-

jang, Singapore, Sinclair S.F.N. 39238, 28th April, 1951.

Not previously recorded from Singapore. This is certainly

not the common Malayan Olax scandens and is more like

O. rosea than O. imbricata (Malacca) in which case it would

be also new to Malaya. The material was in fruit and

flowers are necessary for exact determination.

Crotalaria incana L. Sp. Pl. 2 (1753) 716.

Mata Ikan, Singapore, Sinclair S.F.N. 38882, 4th March,

1950; Siglap near seashore, Singapore, Sinclair S.F.N.

38874, 18th February, 1950. Telok Kurau, Singapore, Ridley

10633, date 1899, wrongly named C. striata.

Ridley in his Flora remarks—alien of American origin

and mentions Penang as the only locality.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Ormocarpum glabrum Teysm. et Binn. in Tijdschr. Ned. Ind.

27 (1864) 56.

Pulau Tekong, Singapore, Ridley 9496, August 1898;

Pulau Seraya, near kampong, Sinclair S.F.N. 38584, 1st

August, 1949.

I have also seen it at the mosque at Pulau Samulun where

I am told it was planted. This species is not mentioned in

Ridley’s Flora but Burkill says it is planted in Malaya.

Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 No. 2 (1768).

Syn.: T. and lL. Mant. 2 (Tia Zee.

Tanjong Spa, Pulau Ayer Chawan, Sinclair S.F.N. 38852,

20th November, 1949.

No previous records for Singapore. Ridley states that this

plant is cultivated by the Chinese but does not mention any

definite place.

I. uncinata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 382.

Syn.: I. Finlaysoniana Graham ex Ridl. F.M.P. 1 (1922)

581.

Tanjong Tanah Merah, Pulau Sakra Laut, Sinclair S.F.N.

38583, 31st July, 1949. ,

No previous records from Singapore, but there are speci-

mens from Lower Siam, Perlis, Kedah Langkawi, Pro-

vince Wellesley, Perak, Pahang and the Karimon Islands.

Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alst. Hand-book FI. Ceylon,

Suppl. (1981) 77.

Government Telecommunications enclosure, St. Michael’s

Road, Singapore, Sinclair S.F.N. 38868, 27th January, 1950.

No previous record for Singapore or Malaya, probably

introduced.

Pseudarthria viscida (L.) W. et A. Prodr. (1834) 209.

West side of Pulau Semakau, Sinclair S.F-.N. 38922, 31st

July, 1950.

No previous record for Singapore or Malaya, probably

introduced.

Caesalpinia crista L. Sp. Pl. 1 (1753) 380 pro parte.

Syn.: C. bonducella Fleming in As. Res. 11 (1810) 159.

South-east side of Pulau Senang, Sinclair S.F.N. 38886,

13th March, 1950. Also seen Pulau Seburus Luar, but not

collected, 14th April, 1952.

ee ™

Vol. XIV. (1953).

No previous record for Singapore. Other Malayan records

are Johore, Pulau Plandok, Holttuwm S.F.N. 24962; Penya-

bong, Foxworthy C.F. 1162. It also occurs in Langkawi,

Penang, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Selangor and Malacca.

Hedyotis coerulea W. et A Prod. (1834) 412.

Government Telecommunications enclosure, St. Michael’s

Road, Singapore, Sinclair, 27th January, 1950. West side

of Lim Chu Kang Road near 19th mile, Singapore, Sinclair

S.F.N. 39141, 23rd January, 1951.

Not previously recorded from Singapore but several

sheets wrongly named H. pinifolia belong to this species.

These are:—SINGAPORE: Bukit Mandai, Ridley, date 1891;

Macpherson Road, Ridley 8924; near Cottage, Government

Hill, Hullett 262; Seletar, Ridley, 1st April, 1889. JOHORE:

Sungei Tukong Estate, Spare 949.

Cordia subcordata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 421.

S.W. end of Pulau Busing, Sinclair S.F.N. 39128, 19th

December, 1950.

First record for Singapore. In Malaya this handsome

shrub with orange flowers is found on the rocky sea coast

of small islands. Pulau Tioman, P. Batang, P. Songsong,

P. Langkawi, P. Penang and P. Tikus near it, and on

Pangkore Island.

Bonamia semidig-yna (Roxb.) Hall. f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.

16 (1893) 528.

Climbing among trees at small kampong, rare. Tanjong

Tok, Pulau Merlimau, Sinclair S.F.N. 5926, 30th July, 1949.

Not mentioned from Singapore in Ridley’s Flora.

Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy in Mém. Soc. “Phys.

Geneve 8 (1838) 66.

Near Chinese shop at seashore. Kampong Ayer Bajau,

Singapore, Sinclair S.F.N. 38917, 21st May, 1950. Very

rare.

Occurs in Malaya but not mentioned by Ridley as being

found in Singapore.

Ipomoea tuba (Schlechtend) Don. Gen. Syst. 4 (1838) 27.

Pulau Samulun at west side of island near seashore and

close to a Chinese house, Sinclair S.F.N. 38844, 2nd October,

1949. Also seen by me near Tuas, Singapore but not

collected.

5 ts)

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Not mentioned in Ridley’s Flora. It has been found in

Perlis at Pulau Rabana, Henderson, S.F.N. 23112, Novem-

ber 1929 [recorded by van Ooststroom, Blumea, vol. 3 no. 3

(1940) 576].

I. illustris (Clarke) Prain, Beng. Pl. 2 (1903) 735. Tanjong

Gul, Singapore, Sinclair, 5th February, 1950.

First record for Singapore. Other Malayan records are

from Penang, Sinclair S.F.N. 39419, 4th November, 1951;

Curtis 1970, August 1889 and March 1890. A seashore

species resembling Stictocardia tilufolia but less pubescent;

thicker pedicels and more nerves to the leaves which are

not black-dotted beneath.

Staurogyne Kingiana Clarke in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 74,

part 2, (1908) 637.

Swamp forest, Seletar behind Nee Soon Village, Sinclair

S.F'.N. 38869, 2nd February, 1950.

First record for Singapore. Native.

Hemigraphis confinis T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9

(1865) 463.

Tuas-Blukang Road, Singapore, Sinclair S.F.N. 38865,

15th January, 1950, Pulau Semakau, Sinclair S.F'.N. 38926,

dist July, 1950.

No previous records from Singapore. The Singapore

Herbarium records are from Malacca, Pahang and Negri

Sembilan.

Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl. Enum. 1 (1804)

208.

Adam Road-Bukit Timah Road junction at bridge, Singa-

pore, Sinclair S.F.N. 38877, 25th February, 1950.

An alien new to Malaya. Not mentioned in Ridley’s Flora.

The only other herbarium specimen is from Ampang Road,

Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, J. A. Reid, 2nd July, 1948.

Leonotis nepetifolia R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 504.

Bukit Timah, entrance to Forest Reserve, Sinclair S.F.N.

29012, 14th October, 1950. Also 10th Mile Jurong Road by

vegetable gardens, Sinclair, 5th September, 1948. Specimen

in Herb. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh.

Ridley says that it is occasionally to be seen near gardens

but does not mention localities. ,

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. in Goett. Abh.

24 (1879) 36.

Stream near Potong Pasir off Serangoon Road, Singa-

pore, Sinclair S.F.N. 37928, 18th December, 1948. Quite

naturalized.

First record for Malaya. Native of Brazil, first found

near Batavia in Java in 1875.

A. ficoides (L.) R. Br. ex R. et S. var. bettzickiana (Nich.)

Backer in F]. Malesiana, series 1, vol. 4, part 2 (1949) 983.

West Bukit Timah Area, north of 11144 miles Jurong

Road, Sinclair S.F.N. 39251, 9th June, 1951.

Not mentioned in Ridley’s Flora. Native of Brazil.

Polygonum chinense L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 363.

Braddell Road, Singapore, in a hedge at Chinese kam-

pong, Sinclair, 3rd August, 1951; Geylang, Singapore, Z.

Teruya 1321, December 1930; Chinese drug shop, Furtado,

Ath April, 1924.

Not mentioned by Ridley from Singapore. I have found

it at Senai in Johore, Sinclair S.F.N. 39132 (not previously

recorded). It is not native in Singapore or Johore but is

known to be wild in Perak and Pahang in the mountains.

Cansjera zizyphifolia Griff. Notule 4 (1854) 360 t. 537 fig. 1.

Tanjong Berhala Kuda, Pulau Pawai, Sinclair S.F.N.

38899, 14th March, 1950; Bukit Timah Forest Reserve,

Corner, April 1943. |

It is not mentioned from Singapore by Ridley. There are

herbarium specimens from Pahang, Selangor, Malacca and

Johore (Pulau Tinggi).

Acalypha boehmerioides Mig. FI]. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) 459.

Syn.: A. fallax M.-Arg. in Linnaea 34 (1865-66) 43.

Siglap at seashore, Singapore, Sinclair S.F'.N. 38878, 26th

February, 1950; Rochore, Singapore, Ridley, date 1891;

Bajau, Ridley, date 1891.

_ Ridley in his Flora mentions it from Perlis only. There

are specimens from Penang, Pahang, Malacca and Johore.

Thalassia Himprichii (Ehreb.) Aschers. in Neumayer, An-

leit. Wiss. (1875) 361.

North end of kampong, Pulau Samulun in mud at low

tide, Sinclair S.F.N. 38581, 31st July, 1949.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

This is the first record for Singapore, the only other

Malayan record being from Pulau Tinggi, Johore, S.F.N.

900, 19th June, 1915.

Tacca pinnatifida J. et G. Forst. Char. Gen. (1776) 69 t. 35.

Pulau Semakau, Sinclair S.F.N. 38925, 31st July, 1950.

First record for Singapore. Other Malayan localities are

Kedah (Pulau Langkawi) Trengganu, Pahang, Malacca and

Johore. Sandy places near the sea.

Smilax Woodii? Merr. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 85

(1922) 162.

Tanjong Pasir Laba Road near its junction with Jurong

Road, Sinclair S.F.N. 38570, 10th July, 1949.

This is most probably S. Woodu which is found in Borneo.

It is certainly distinct from all the other Malayan species of

Smilax. I have not yet found it in flower or fruit although

I have visited the place several times.

Cenchrus echinatus L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1050.

Singapore, between Siglap and Bedok Point at seashore,

Sinclair S.F.N. 38881, 26th February, 1950.

Not native. This is the first record for Malaya.

Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Wats. in Atkin-

son’s Gazetteer of the North Western Provinces of India

(1882) 392.

Patterson Road Cemetery, Singapore, Sinclar S.F.N.

38927, 16th August, 1950; cultivated in the University of

Malaya, Holttum, February 1951.

Introduced. Not previously recorded from Singapore or

Malaya.

Eragrostis cambessediana Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 1 (1854)

269.

Marshy edge of reservoir. West end of Seletar Reser-

voir, Sinclair, 15th September, 1952. Specimens sent to

Leiden, Paris, Edinburgh and Dehra Dun.

This was determined by Dr. P. Jansen, Amsterdam. It

is new to Malaysia. It has been found in Trop. Africa, India

and Indo-China and is probably native in its Singapore

locality.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Hackelochloa granularis (L.) O.K. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891)

776.

Kampong Kelapa, Pulau Ayer Merbau, Sinclair S.F.N.

38600, 28th August, 1949.

New to Singapore. The only other Malayan record is

from Pulau Tawar, Pahang, Ridley 2134, 9th July, 1891.

Pogonantherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr.

12 (1906) 178.

Lermit Road, Singapore, Sinclair S.F.N. 39013, 16th

October, 1950.

Not previously recorded from Singapore. Common in

other parts of Malaya.

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongn. in Duper. Bot. Voy.

Coq. (1827) 127.

Syn.: S. glabrum Trin. Fund. Agrost. (1820) 176.

Nassim Road, Singapore, Md. Nur, 21st September, 1950.

Common. First record for Malaya.

Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) Ching, Bull. Fan. Mem. Inst.

Bot. 8 (1938) 184.

Pulau Damar Laut, Sinclair S.F.N. 38445, 1st November,

1948. Det. R. E. Holttum.

First record for Singapore, other Malayan provinces are

Perlis, Kedah and Pahang.

Psilotum triquetrum Sw. Syn. (1806) 117.

Kampong Java (Kampong Tumboh Opih) Pulau Merli-

mau, Sinclair, 1st August, 1949. (Specimens sent to Edin-

burgh, Bogor, Dehra Dun, Leiden and Paris). Kampong

Punggol, Singapore, Sinclair, 5th December, 1948.

In both localities the plants were growing at the base of

coconut palms. No specimens in the Singapore Herbarium

collected in Singapore but dried material from Perak,

Pahang, Selangor, Malacca and Johore.

The following species is new to Singapore and Malaya

but has been recorded already only recently in the Flora

Malesiana :—

Sonneratia ovata Backer Bull. J.B.B. 3, 2 (1920) 329;

Backer et van Steenis in Fl]. Malesiana, Ser. 1, vol. 4 part

3+(1951).. 285:

Mangrove off Tuas-Blukang Road, Singapore, Sinclair,

15th January, 1950. Also seen at Pulau Samulun.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Common in Singapore and also recorded from N. Sem-

bilan. Material in the Singapore Herbarium was wrongly

named S. alba Sm. and the material has now been sent for

correction.

New localities are now known for the following three

species. They have been recorded long ago but are probably

now extinct in their localities :—

Brownlowia lanceolata Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 5. Suppl.

2, (1861). 57.

Sungei Pandan, Singapore, about 114 miles north of the

9th mile West Coast Road, Singapore, Sinclair S.F'.N. 39245,

24th May, 1951.

This shrub was collected twice by Ridley in Singapore,

Kranji, Ridley 6294 and Geylang, Ridley 10850. It is pro-

bably now extinct at these two places. Other records for

Malaya are from Penang, Perak, Selangor and Johore. It

has not been previously recorded from Penang, where I

found it at Telok Bahang on 29th October, 1951, Sinclair

S.F'.N. 39385.

Artocarpus anisophylla Mig. Fl. Ind. Bot. Suppl. (1860) 422.

Syn.: A. superba Bece. Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902)

625.

In his Flora, Ridley gives the Singapore Gardens Jungle

and Malacca as the localities for this tree and there is a

herbarium sheet from each of these two places. I have not

seen any tree in the Gardens Jungle and it may be extinct

there but there is one tree (planted) on lawn Z. I have

however found a fine tree of it at the South side of the

Seletar Reservoir in the forest, Sinclair S.F.N. 39249, Tth

June, 1951.

Phymatodes longissima (Bl.) J. Sm. Cat. Cult. Ferns (1857)

10.

Pulau Semakau, Sinclair S.F.N. 38924, 31st July, 1950.

There is an old sheet from Singapore but it bears no

collector’s name or locality and is numbered a This spe-

cies has been cultivated in the Singapore Botanic Gardens.

There are herbarium specimens from Perak (King and

Scortechini).

Vol. XIV. (1953).

The following four species have been recorded from

Singapore but there are either no specimens or the speci-

mens have been obtained from a Chinese drug shop and are

without locality :—

Serianthes grandiflora Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 3

(1844) 225.

Pulau Serangoon, Sinclair S.F.N. 38596, 21st August,

1949; Tanjong Berhala Kuda, Pulau Pawai, Sinclair S.F.N.

38902, 14th March, 1950.

Ridley in his Flora gives the localities:—Bukit Timah,

Singapore and Pulau Besar, Malacca. There are no speci-

mens in the Singapore Herbarium from these localities.

The only other sheets are from Tanjong Sidili Ketchil,

Pasir Seruang, Johore, Corner S.F.N. 28089, 2nd April,

1943 and Expt. Station, Serdang, Selangor, Brown, 31st

August, 1939.

Fagaria indica Andr. Bot. Rept. (1807) t. 479.

Coronation Road off Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, Sin-

clair S.F.N. 38588, 6th August, 1949. Not native.

This species is mentioned in Burkill’s Dictionary p. 1036

as cultivated in Singapore but not in Ridley’s Flora. The

only other Singapore sheet is a specimen obtained from a

Chinese drug shop by Dr. C. X. Furtado, 3rd April, 1924.

There is one sheet from Johore.

Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. et Aschers. Ind. Sem. Hort.

Berol. App. (1867) 6.

Waste ground, Woodlands, Singapore, Sinclair S.F.N.

39237, 21st April, 1951.

The only previous Singapore specimen is one obtained

from a Chinese drug shop by Dr. Furtado, 4th April, 1924.

Ridley mentions Singapore, Kelantan and Johore in his

Flora but I have seen no specimens. There are specimens

from Lower Siam, Perlis, Kedah and Malacca.

Fagraea auriculata Jack in Malay. Misc. 2, N. 7 (1822) 82.

Pulau Pawai, Sinclair S.F.N. 28900, 14th March, 1950.

Pulau Sakijang Pelepah (seen but not collected, 14th May,

1951).

Ridley in his Flora mentions this tree from Pulau Ubin,

but there is no herbarium specimen. I have not seen it in

Singapore Island except two trees planted in the Botanic

Gardens.

Notes on Siamese Annonaceae

By JAMES SINCLAIR, B.Sc.

IN the course of a revision of Malayan Annonaceae, I have

at the same time for comparative purposes examined some

Siamese Annonaceae kindly lent to me by the Department

of Agriculture, Bangkok. As a result there are several new

records of species which are not listed in Craib’s ‘Florae

Siamensis Enumeratio’. Several new combinations and no-

menclatural changes also have to be made. The species

marked with an asterisk are new to Siam.

Anomianthus dulcis (Dunal) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Uvaria dulcis Dunal, Anon. (1817) 90 t. 138

non sensu Auctt. Syn.: Anomianthus heterocarpus Zoll in

Linnaea 29 (1857-58) 324; Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1 (1899)

96 t. 28. Uvaria pachychila Merr. in herbario.

Uvaria dulcis Auctt. is U. javana Dunal.

*Anaxagorea javanica Bl. var. tripetala Corner in Gard. —

Bull. Str. Settl. 10 (1939) 12.

Kerr 7605, Bentong, Pattani.

This number is quoted by Craib in Fl. Siam. Enum. P. 47

as Anaxagorea Scortechinu King.

*Cyathostemma viridiflorum Griff. Notulae 4 (1854) 707 et

Icon. 4 (1854) t. 650.

Kerr 14876 Kao Kalakiri, Patani.

*Drepananthus pruniferus Maing. in Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 56.

M.C. Lakshnakara 748, Kao Re Chan, Toh Moh.

*Desmos filipes (Ridley) Ridley in Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br.

75 (1917) 6.

Kerr 15448, Nakawn Sritamarat.

*Fissistigma minuticalyx (MacGregor et W. W. Smith)

Chatterjee in Kew Bull. (1948) 58.

Winit 1865, Chiengrai, Mé Fang.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

*Goniothalamus Scortechinii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 326.

M. C. Lakshnakara 640, Bukit Nasi, Toh Moh.

*“Meiogyne Maclurei (Merr.) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Fissistigma Maclurei Merr. in Philipp. Journ.

Se. 21 (1922) 342. Syn.: Fissistigma hainanense Merr. in

Journ. Arn. Arb. 6 (1925) 131. Desmos hainanensis (Merr.)

Merr. et Chun in Sunyatsenia 2 (1935) 229. Melodorum

Maclure: (Merr.) Ast in Supp. Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine

(1938) 111.

Kerr 9706, Chantabun.

Melodorum aberrans (Maingay) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Polyalthia aberrans Maingay in Hk. f. et Th.

F]. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 67; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 312 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. 4 (1893) 78

Pl. 109A. Syn.: Sphaerocoryne aberrans. Ridley in Journ.

Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 75 (1917) 8 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 61.

Craib Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 47, syn.: Pierreano excel.

M. fruticosum Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 351.

Syn.: M. clavipes Hance in Journ. Bot. 15 (1877) 328.

Sphaerocoryne clavipes Craib in Kew Bull. (1922) 168 et in

Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 47. Popowia Mesnyi Craib in

Kew Bull. (1914) 5. P. aberrans Pierre ex Finet et Gagnep.

in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. Mém. 4 (1906) 109 et Fl. L’Indo-Chine

(1907) 838. P. diospyrifolia Pierre ex Finet et Gagnep. in

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. Mém. 4 (1906) 53. Polyalthia siamensis

Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. (1899) 124 and 195 t. 69. Unona

Mesnyi Pierre Fl. For. Cochinch. 1 (1880) t. 17 pro parte.

Merrill in Philipp. Journ. Se. Bot. 15 (1919) 125 gives

very good reasons why Melodorum Lour. should be retained

for a species usually known as Sphaerocoryne clavipes

(Hance) Craib. However in quoting synonyms Merrill has

included two species under Melodorum fruticosum, the type

of Loureiro’s Melodorum. He does however suggest that

there may be more than one species included in his list of

synonyms. The other species included is Sphaerocoryne

aberrans (Maingay) Ridley = Polyalthia aberrans Maingay

which I now call Melodorum aberrans.

Loureiro’s other species of Melodorum, M. arboreum is

not congeneric with his M. fruticosum, the type of the genus

but is probably Mitrephora Thorelii Pierre. There is no

herbarium specimen of M. arboreum preserved.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Subsequent species of Melodorum added by Dunal, Hooker

f. and Thomson and later authors are not congeneric with

Loureiro’s Melodorum and most of them are now put in

Fissistigma.

Miliusa campanulata Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. (1881) t. 41.

Kerr 8824, L0i Pu Tong, quoted as M. campanulata by

Craib in Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 58 agrees with M.

longipes King. So also do Kerr 15041, Kao Kalakiri, Pattani

and Kerr 14828 Ban Pien, Songkla, not quoted by Craib.

Whether King’s species and Pierre’s are identical, I am not

prepared to say at present but this is a point for future

investigation.

Mitrephora laotica Finet et Gagnep. in Bull Soc. Bot. Fr.

(1907) 87; Fl. L’Indo-Chine (1907) 92 fig. 11.

Kerr 5455, Payap, Kun Yuam, Mé Hawng Sawn. Craib

quotes Kerr 5455: as this species but he adds ‘referred ex

description’. I have seen Kerr 5455 and it is a Goniotha-

lamus but I have not seen the type of Mitrephora laotica.

*Orophea enterocarpa sig 2 in Hk. f, et Th.’ F.L"Sre Sn

(1872) 92.

Kerr 13197; 18197A; 11989A; 11657; 14875; T5564;

77192, FUL to eUe made.

These are probably all O. enterocarpa. Winit 623 is quoted

by Craib as O. fusca. I should name it O. enterocarpa and I

do not think fusca is sufficiently distinct from O. enter-

ocarpa to be a separate species.

“Polyalthia asteriella Ridley in Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. 82

(1920) 169.

Kerr 14994, Kao Kalakiri, Pattani.

*P. bullata King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 313.

Kerr 15924, Kao Keo, Songkla.

*P, crassa Parker in Indian Forester 55 (1929) 375.

Kerr 11904, Tako, Langsuan. Kerr 11572, Ta Ngam,

Chumpawn.

P. debilis (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 53

Mém. 4 (1906) 96.

Basinym: Unona debilis Pierre, Fl. For. Coehineh. 1

(1880) t. 29. Syn.: Unona dubia Craib in Kew Bull. (1911)

10. Desmos dubius Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 38.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

The type of Craib’s Unona dubia, Kerr 1207 in Herb.

Kew, agrees with the two type sheets (also in Herb. Kew)

of Polyalthia debilis, Pierre 289 and 1765 from Cochinchina.

*P. Rumphii (Bl.) Merr. Enum. Philipp. Fl. Plants 2 (1923)

162.

Kerr 12602 and 12605, Kaw Samui, Surat. Kerr 19084,

Tarang. Kerr 1865, Tamban, Kao Panom, Krabi. Put 1242,

Kaw Pa-ngan, Surat.

*P. Motleyana (Hk. f.) Airy-Shaw var. glabrescens Airy-

Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 282.

M. C. Lakshnakara 747, Kao Re Chan, Toh Moh.

*Pseuduvaria multiovulata (Fischer) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Mitrephora multiovulata Fischer in Kew Bull.

(1926) 450.

Kerr 12292, Surat. Kerr 17264, Kao Pang-nga, Pang-nya.

This species has the flower structure typical of a Pseudu-

varia. ,

*P. rugosa (Bl.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. Botany 10

(1915) 255.

Syn.: Mitrephora trimera Craib in Kew Bull. (1913) 65.

Kerr 12603, Kaw Samui, Surat. Kerr 12084, Kao Nam Sao,

Langsuan. Kerr 18674, Panom Bencha, Krabi. Kerr 18828,

Tamban Kao, Panom Krabi. Kerr 5031, Nan Hui Kua.

Craib’s M. trimera and P. rugosa appear to be identical!

and I have put M. trimera as a synonym of P. rugosa.

*P. setosa (King) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea setosa King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No.

4 (1892) 329.

Kerr 15446, Nakawn Sritamarat.

This has unisexual flowers whereas Orophea has hermaph-

rodite ones. The flower structure is typical of a Pseuduvaria.

*Stelechocarpus cauliflorus (Scheff.) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Sageraea cauliflora Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Buit-

enz. 2 (1885) 5. Syn.: Stelechocarpus nitidus King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 253 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Cale. 4 (1893) 4 Pl. 2; Ridley F.M.P. 1 (1922) 24. S.

Schefferi Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 199 t. 71. Sageraea

nitida Finet et Gagnep. in Bull. age Bot. France 53 Mém.

4 (1906) 59.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Kerr 14906, Kao Kalakiri, Pattani, Rabil 342, Kao Wang,

Ampo Kao, Trang. Cauliflorus is an older name than niti-

dus, hence the new combination.

*“Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. var. flava (Teys. et Binn.) Sin-

clair, comb. nov.

Basinym: U. flava Teys. et Binn. in Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind.

25 (1863) 419. Syn.: U. purpurea BI. var. flava Scheff. in

Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. 31 (1869) 4.

Mrs. D. J. Collins 1680, Nong Khum, Sriracha Forest.

This is probably only a colour form.

U. Hahnii (Finet et Gapnep.) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Unona Hahnii Finet et Gagnep. in Bull Soc.

Bot. Fr. Mém. 4 (1906) 78 t. 13B. Syn.: Desmos Hahnu

Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. Bot. 10 (1915) 235 et Craib

Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 40.

Kerr 4171, Prachinburi, Sriracha, Nawng Nam Kio. Put

2701, Ban Pe, Rayawng. Mai Noe 53, Kao Saming, Korat.

This has all the characters of a Uvaria and not of a

Desmos.

*U. Hamiltonii Hk. f. et Th. var. Kurzii King, Mat. F.M.P.

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 263.

Winit 1733, Lampang Mé Sung, Weyri Forest.

This is probably var Kurzui. The flowers are greenish and

later yellowish.

*U. Lobbiana Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 100.

Kerr 11943, Langsuan.

Not previously recorded. Distribution: Burma, Malaya,

Sumatra and Borneo.

*Xylopia ferruginea (Hk. f. et Th.) Hk. f. et Th. in FI. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 85.

M. C. Lakshnakara 717, Kao Re Chan, Toh Moh.

Not previously recorded, common in Malaya.

“ye

Notes on Indian and Burmese Annonaceae

By JAMES SINCLAIR, B.Sc.

IN the course of a revision of the Malayan Annonaceae I

have at the same time for comparative purposes examined

a good many Indian and Burmese species. As a result of

this certain new combinations are necessary to bring the

nomenclature up-to-date. These new combinations as well

as some miscellaneous comments now follow.

Enicosanthum merguiensis (Chatterjee) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Uvaria merguiensis Chatterjee in Journ. Ind.

Bot. Soc. Vol. 19 (1940) 77.

The type, Po Khant 11394 in Herb. Calcutta and dupli-

cate in Herb. Dehra Dun were both examined. In the des-

cription and on the labels this species is stated to be a tree

30 feet high. Uvaria species are climbers and not trees and

further Chatterjee states that this is distinct from all the

Indian species of Uvaria. The flower structure is that of an

Encosanthum, the sepals being imbricate at the very base

and not valvate as stated. I have therefore transferred this

species to the genus Enicosanthum.

Goniothalamus macranthus (Kurz) Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1

(1899) 187.

Material examined:—C. E. Parkinson 676 and 614 from

Long Island, Andamans; King’s collector 1298, Andamans;

B. L. Proudlock 3, cultivated in Bot. Gardens, Calcutta.

These specimens have been wrongly described by Kurz

firstly as Unona macrantha Kurz, Andam. Report, Edit. 1

App. B (1867) 1, then as Pyramidanthe macrantha |. c.

Hdit. 2 (1870) 29 and finally as Melodorum macranthum

Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal Part 2 (1872) 291. King

figures Melodorum macranthum Kurz in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Cale. 4 (1893) Pl. 186. He expresses doubt as to

which genus it ought to belong (page 141). The drawing

is clearly that of a Goniothalamus. The axillary flowers, the

outer and inner petals of two sizes, the stamens with api-

culate connectives and the ovules, few in number, are all

Gardens Bulletin, S.

good characters for Goniothalamus. I have identified the

above specimens with G. macranthus. The following is also

a synonym: Fissistigma macranthum (Kurz) Merr. in

Philipp. Journ. of Sc. Bot. No. 15, Part 2 (1919) 133.

G. undulatus Ridley in Journ. F.M.S. Mus. 10 (1920) 81;

Craib Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 51.

Syn.: G. latestigma C. E. C. Fischer in Kew Bull. (1927)

204.

Having examined the types of G. undulatus and several

other sheets of this species in Herb. Singapore, I find they

are identical with Fischer’s G. latestigma which must now

be regarded as a later synonym of G. undulatus Ridley.

Melodorum Blanfordianum (C.E.C. Fischer) Sinclair, comb.

nov.

Basinym: Sphaerocoryne Blanfordiana C.E.C. Fischer in

Kew Bull. (1926) 451. ;

Material examined:—C. E. Parkinson 1677, Thebyu

Chaung, South Tenasserim. Date 7th February, 1926. Dupli-

cate of type in Herb. Dehra Dun.

Merrill in Philipp. Journ. Se. Bot. 15 (1919) 125 gives

very good reasons why Melodorum Lour. should be retained

for a species more usually known as Sphaerocoryne clavipes

(Hance) Craib. This Melodorum must not be confused with

Fissistigma. I follow Merrill and so place Sphaerocoryne

Blanfordiana in Melodorum.

Miliusa Roxburghiana (Wall.) Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855)

150.

Basinym: Hyalostemma Roxburghiana Wall. Catalogue

(18380) 6434 (gen. nov. Miliusiae prox. corolla valvato-

gamopetalae). Syn.: Uvaria dioica Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1832)

659. Guatteria globosa A. DC. in Mém Soc. Geneév. 5

(1832) 48.

Hyalostemma is validly published in Wall. Cat. (see above

Latin description). This species is common in Assam,

Chittagong and Burma and is well represented both in n Herb.

Dehra Dun and in Herb. Calcutta.

Mitrephora vulpina Fischer in Kew Bull. (1926) 449.

Material examined:—C. E. Parkinson 1698, Naungbwa,

Theinkun Chaung, S. Tenasserim. Herb. Dehra Dun.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

This is very similar to Craib’s M. Collinsae Kew Bull.

(1922) 168 and may be the same. Craib’s name is earlier.

Fischer also notes their similarity in his paper.

Oxymitra Maclellandi Hk. f. & Th., Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 70.

Syn.: Goniothalamus burmanicus C. E. C. Fischer in Kew

Bull. (1985) 572.

The type of Goniothalamus burmanicus C. E. C. Fischer

in Herb. Kew, collector Maung Ba Pe 9544 (not 8544 as

quoted on type sheet), North Toungoo, Burma, is Oxymitra

Maclellandi Hk. f. & Th.

Pseuduvaria multiovulata (Fischer) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Mitrephora multiovulata Fischer in Kew Bull.

(1926) 450.

Material examined:—C. E. Parkinson 1901, Mai nam

wat, Theinkun Chaung, South Tenasserim. Paratype. Date

12th February, 1926. Flowering specimens in Herb. Dehra

Dun.

This species is a Pseuduvaria and not a Mitrephora.

Fischer states that it resembles M. reticulata which is now

in the genus Pseuduvaria. The leaf and flower structure

are typical of Pseuduvaria.

P. rugosa (Bl.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Se. Bot. (1915) 225.

A new record for Burma. Material examined :—(1)

Maung Po 2941, Nabule Forest, Yebyu, Tenasserim, (2)

District Forest Officer 4367, South Tenasserim. (3) R.N.

Parker 2235, Zimba Valley, Tavoy. The three sheets are in

Herb. Dehra Dun.

Trivalvaria dubia (Kurz) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Popowia dubia Kurz For. Fl. Burma 1 (1877)

38. Syn.: Popowia Kurzu King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 61

Pt. 2 (1892) 96 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893)

122 Pl. 1638 excluding syn. Guatteria macrophylla Bl.

- This species is not a Popowia. King wrongly included

several Trivalvaria species in Popowia. For some reason he

was not properly acquainted with Popowia as defined by

Endlicher. Trivalvaria dubia must not be confused with the

Malayan and Malay Islands Trivalvaria macrophylla (Bl.)

Mig. which it closely resembles but differs in having slightly

Gardens Bulletin, S.

larger carpels. T. pumila (King) Sinclair comb. nov. (the

new combination is published here but a full description

will appear in my paper ‘A Revision of the Malayan Annon-

aceae’) is also similar to T. dubia and may be a form of it.

Trivalvaria pumila (King) Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Ellipeia pumila King, Mat. F. M. P. Vol. 1 No.

4 (1892) 276. et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. 4 (1893) 34

Pl. 32 Syn.: Popowia pumila Ridl. F. M. P. 1 (1922) 78;

Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 32.

The Genus Daemonorops in Malaya .

By C. X. FURTADO

Botanic Gardens, Singapore

DAEMONOROPS is a genus of rotans so closely allied to Cala-

mus that it was often regarded as a section of the latter.

This is because Calamus is comparatively a polymorphic

genus with sections having characters very near those of

Daemonorops. However the one character by which a Dae-

monorops species may be readily distinguished from that of

Calamus lies in the function of the spadices, which in

Daemonorops never serve as climbing organs. Consequently

the spadices are generally short, never show a tendency to

become long and whip-like or to produce a whip-like append-

age (flagellum) at the apex, nor bear on spathes or axes or

both, reflexed hooks which are the kind of spines which aid

a plant to climb. The spathes moreover all fall off excepting

the outermost one which in some cases persists for a long

time; even in these cases the persistent basal spathe splits

throughout its entire length on the ventral side.

In Calamus, on the other hand, even when the spadices

are short and bear no whip-like appendage, the spathes and

the axis of the spadix are armed with hooked claws; the

spathes are persistent and tubular at least at base. This

last character is specially useful in distinguishing from

Daemonorops the small species of Calamus which, being

acaulescent, may not show even the vestigial hooks and

appendices in spadices. In very rare cases, as in C. hypo-

leucus of India, this tubular base may not be conspicuous

because of the shortness of the basal tube and drying out of

the spathe; in such instances the fact that the seed albumen

is homogeneous also that the secondary spathes are tubular,

will clinch the species as of Calamus.

2. Daemonorops and Calamus

The entire set of characters that would distinguish a

Daemonorops from a Calamus, is well brought out by

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Beccari (Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII, 1911 p. 16). The

following is adapted from Beccari’s notes :—

ORGAN

Leaf-sheaths

Ocrea

Leaves

Leaflets

Spathes

Spadices

Spikelets, 2

Spikelets, 9

Involuc-

rophore

Involucre

DAEMONOROPS

Never flagelliferous; a few

provided with annular

crests.

Always very short; only in

D. ursinus; it is prolonged

into two long appendages.

The upper ones always

more or less cirriferous.

Generally narrow and acu-

minate; never rhomboidal

or premorse.

After flowering open, short

cymbiform or flat, decid-

ous, excepting the outer-

most in some cases per-

sistent; never armed

with claws.

Form a panicle, mostly a

very short one; no claws

on the axial parts.

Very rarely comb-like, most

having flowers imper-

fectly bifarous, with

seale-like or bracteiform,

not tubular spathels.

Provided almost always

with very short annular

spathels. (In D. longis-

pathus and D. ruptilis

funnel-shaped spathels).

Pedicelliform, truncate, and

almost without a limb.

Usually truncate, more

rarely cupular.

CALAMUS

Flagelliferous or not;

never with annular

crests.

Often greatly developed,

at other times short.

Cirriferous in some

whole groups, in others

not.

Variable; in a few spe-

cies rhomboidal, and

in one case premorse.

Always tubular and

tight-sheathing, at

least in basal half;

armed with more or

less claws in their

lower portions at least

in the climbing spe-

cies. In C. hypoleucus

almost open as in Dae-

monorops, but yet

there is a small basal

tube.

For the most part

greatly elongated and

flagelliferous; or if

panicled is set with

claws on the axial

parts (in. climbing

species).

Almost always perfectly

bifarous, with infun-

dibular spathels.

Provided with infundi-

bular spathels.

Either infundibular or

cupular.

Cupular.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Flowers .. Calyx truncate or superfi- Calyx deeply trilobed or

cially 3-dentate; corolla tripartite. Malecorolla

about twice as long as considerably longer

the calyx. than the calyx; female

corolla about as long

as the calyx, rarely

longer and in one case

shorter (in C. adsper-

sus) than the calyx.

Seed .. More or less always deeply In a few cases more or

ruminate; chalazal fovea less deeply ruminate;

indistinct, pit-like, or re- mostly homogeneous

duced to a narrow slit, with superficial intru-

very rarely in the form sions the chalazal fo-

of a canal penetrating vea distinct and deeply

the seed. channelled into the

albumen.

Embryo .. Always basal. Most often basal, but

‘sometimes lateral.

3. The Flowers

In my previous paper (Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX, 1937

p. 156) I supported Beccari’s views that different kinds of

spadices are not found on the same stem. On each stem and

even on the different stems of the same clump, the spadices

produced are all of one kind—all are either male or all are

fruit-producing. In the latter spadices however each female

is generally acolyted by one male flower which is much

smaller than those in a male spadix of the same species.

This acolyte flower often does not reach its full develop-

ment but falls off as the female flower begins to mature.

Most of these acolyte flowers appear to be sterile or neu-

tral, but some develop pollen. In D. Kunstleri no acolyte

flower seems to grow by the side of female flowers, or if

found, they fall off leaving no, or an inconspicuous, mark or

areola. Further, fruits and seeds develop in D. Kunstleri

even when the male plant does not occur in the vicinity to

provide pollen for fertilization of the female flowers. In

view of this it seems probable that most of the fruits of the

Daemonorops species develop parthenogenetically (without

the aid of the pollen from the male flowers), only a few

fruits being perhaps developed through the fertilisation by

pollen from the acolyte flowers or from the flowers of the

male plant in the vicinity.

Ants are commonly found visiting the flowers of Dae-

monorops species, and in this genus more than in Calamus

Gardens Bulletin, S.

the armature on some of the leaf-sheaths and spathes is

specifically favourable for the nesting of the ants. These

ants may be responsible for bringing pollen from younger

spadices to the respective female flowers of older spadices.

Winds may bring pollen from the neighbouring male plants.

4. Geographical Distribution

In its geographical distribution the genus Daemonorops

is much more restricted than Calamus. Though the centres

of the maximum development of both these genera are the

same, namely, a region comprising Sumatra, Malaya and

Borneo, Daemonorops, unlike Calamus, does not occur at all

in Africa, Himalaya, peninsular India, Ceylon, Australia,

New Guinea and the Fiji Islands. In each of the countries

which form so to say the outermost boundaries of the area

of its distributionm—Assam, Burma, Siam, Cochinchina,

South-China and the Aru Islands—the genus Daemonorops

is represented by only one species. Two species are known

from the Andamans, three from Java, five in Celebes,

two in the Moluccas, and seven in the Philippines. In all

there are about eighty-five known species of Daemonorops,

that is slightly less than one-third of the total number of

the species of Calamus. The areas so far not well investi-

gated are Sumatra, Borneo and the Lesser Sunda Islands,

and so a few more species may be added to this total

number.

5. The Malayan Species

The genus is represented in Malaya by thirty-two species.

Of these sixteen species belong to the section Cymbospatha,

and the other sixteen to the section Piptospatha. The four

new species described in this paper are D. Kiahi, D. lacinia-

tus, D. Nuruw and D. stipitatus. Hitherto D. macrophyllus

was known only from a sterile type specimen collected more

than sixty years ago in Perak; here descriptions of the

spadix and the fruit are given based on the collection made

by Corner in Kemaman. The following species have been

reduced here for the first time;—D. hygrophyllus to D.

angustifolius, D, microthamnus and D. petiolaris to D. cali-

carpus, D. vagans to D. Kunstleri, D. Curtisii to D, Lewis-

ianus, D. annulatus and D. pseudomirabilis to D. sabut, and

D. aciculatus to D. sepal.

Vol. XIV. (1953). :

Newer collections lead one to suspect that Beccari’s inter-

pretation of D. intermedius was based on a mixture as ex-

plained in my observations made under this species and

under D. laciniatus. After comparing the new and the old

material, I have adopted a new interpretation for D. inter-

medius. What I considered formerly to be this species has

been identified with D. monticolus. A part of D. intermedius

sensu Beccari appears to be D. laciniatus and the other

D. grandis. However D. intermedius, D. laciniatus and

D. monticolus require further study.

6. Key to the Sections

(A) Spadices short, before flowering more or less fusiform

and beaked, and completely enclosed by the outer-

most spathe; after flowering short-branched, densely

paniculate. The outermost spathe concave, cymbiform

when open, distinctly beaked, generally bicarinate

on the outerside Section CYMBOSPATHA.

(B) Spadices elongated; before flowering cylindraceous

(not fusiform nor beaked), only lower part being

enclosed by the outermost spathe; after flowering

diffusely branched. The outermost spathe not con-

tracted into an elongated beak, after anthesis elong-

ate-lanceolate or flat Section PIPTOSPATHA.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

A. Cymbospatha

la. Spadices crowded to the summit of the plant (Leaflets

51-20 mm. in width or less). Stems short, erect or

semi-erect (2¥,

1b. Spadices not crowded at the summit of the stem.

(Leaflets 15-20 mm. or much more broad). Stems

long, scandent (5).

2a. Stems short, erect, about 1-1:50 m. tall. Lamina of

the leaves axillant to the spadices considerably re-

duced or absent. Outermost spathes thickly covered

with subcriniform spines D. calicarpus.

2b. Stems longer, subscandent. Leaf lamina not so reduced

in the upper parts of the stem. Outermost spathe

armed remotely with laminar spines (3).

3a.

ob.

Aa.

Ab.

Da.

5b.

6a.

6b.

Ta.

7b.

Sa.

8b.

9a.

9b.

10a.

10b.

lla.

11b.

12a.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fruit scales yellow, straw-coloured, with a dark colour-

ed spot at the apex and lighter margins

D. Lewisianus.

Fruit scales tawny coloured with very dark margins

(4).

Leaf-sheaths armed with long spines at the mouth and

at the base of the petiole. Tobacco-coloured fluff pre-

sent in young stages of sheaths and spathes, deci-

duous later D. monticolus.

Leaf-sheaths not so armed. Tobacco-coloured fluff.

thickly persistent even on well developed leaves and

the spathes D. tabacinus

Leaflets broadly ensiform, usually 3 cm. or more in

width. (Fruit scales straw yellowish) D. grandis.

Leaflets 15-20 mm. rarely 25 mm. in width. (Fruit

scales straw or tawny coloured) (6).

Leaflets closely set, 15-8 cm. apart. (Fruit scales

tawny or straw coloured; spadices sessile or stalked)

(7.

Leaflets remotely set, 3 cm. or more apart. (Fruit

scales straw coloured; spadices sessile) (14).

Fruits obovate or obovate-elliptic or oblong. Fruiting

spadix often conspicuously stalked and bent down-

wards (8).

Fruit globose or ovate elliptic, nearly as long as broad.

Fruiting spadix not or obscurely stalked (12).

Fruit scales straw coloured with whitish margins, with

a fine dark yellow intramarginal line and a darkish

apex D. Nuru.

Fruit scales tawny brown, with conspicuous dark mar-

ginal lines (9).

Fruits obovate or turbinate, 20-25 mm. long (10).

Fruits oblong or elliptic, 25-30 mm. long (V4);

Fruit scales as long as broad D. Sepal.

Fruit scales broader than vertically long

D. Scortechinu.

Fruit scales as long as broad or longer (vertically)

D. imbellis.

Fruit scales broader than long _ D. Kiahir.

Fruit scales straw coloured D. pseudo-sepal (partly).

Vol.

12b.

13a.

13b.

14a.

14b.

$52.

15b.

16a.

16b.

la.

1b.

Za.

2b.

oa.

XIV. (1953).

Fruit scales tawny brown (ist.

External spathes covered densely with narrow, some-

times subcriniform spines; often the second spathe

also densely armed. The base of the leaf-sheath at

the point of the spadix insertion usually densely

armed with porrect spines D. melanochaetes.

External spathe remotely armed usually with broad,

triangular spines. Spadix base and the leaf-sheaths

at its insertion not densely armed

D. angustifolius.

Unopened spadix apparently short beaked. Spadix axis

very slender D. pseudosepal (partly).

Unopened spadix long beaked. Spadix axis stout

(15).

Unopened spadix very narrow, hardly ventricose; ex-

ternal spathe sparingly armed with solitary spines;

second spathe unarmed or almost so 2

D. angustispathus.

Unopened spadix thicker, ventricose; external spathe

more thickly armed (16).

Spines on the external spathe slender often joined

together in a short series. The second spathe some-

what densely armed towards the upper half. In-

volucrophore shortly pedicelliform

D. intermedius.

Spines on the external spathe often broad and laci-

niate; second spathe sparingly armed along the two

carinae. Involucrophore long, pedicelliform

D. laciniatus.

B. Piptospatha

Leaf-sheaths armed with isolated or confluent spines,

not with ring-like laminar crests (2).

Leaf-sheaths armed with spines united at their bases

to form laminar crests, either complete or incom-

plete, or both, horizontal or oblique (11).

Fruit not resiniferous (6).

Fruit resiniferous (resin red) (3).

Leaf-sheaths armed with feeble, deciduous, acicular

spines seated on wrinkles or warts

D. micracanthus.

3b.

Aa.

Ab.

5a.

5b.

6a.

6b.

Ta.

7b.

8a.

8b.

9a.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Leaf-sheaths armed at least partly with strong per-

manent flat and elongate spines, not wrinkled or

warted (4).

Leaflets lanceolate, geminate or grouped in some parts

of the leaf-rachis, and inequidistant in others. (Fruit

scales arranged in 12-15 vertical series)

D. didymophyllus.

Leaflets equidistant or almost so, ensiform. (Fruit

scales in 16-21 vertical series) (5).

Stem long, scandent. Leaflets 30-40 cm. long, 2-5-3

cm. broad. Fruit scales in 16-18 vertical series

D. propinquus.

Stems acaulescent or short. Leaflets 40-60 cm. long,

45-6 em. broad. Fruit scales in 18-21 vertical series.

D. brachystachys.

Spadices in flower not loosely paniculate, male always

cupressiform, strict. Spathes coriaceous or woody;

the outermost almost cymbiform, provided with two

obscure keels (8).

Spadices in flower diffuse, loosely paniculate. Spathes

elongate-lanceolate, thickly coriaceous, conspicuous-

ly bicarinate (7).

Leaflets in distinct groups of 2-8 in each. Stem long,

scandent. Leaf-sheaths conspicuously gibbous. Pe-

duncle often 30—40 em., or shorter, armed with flabby

spines D. periacanthus.

Leaflets not in conspicuous groups, inequidistant or

geminate. Stem short, erect or semi-scandent. Leaf-

sheaths not gibbous or obscurely gibbous. Peduncle

40-80 cm. long, unarmed D. longipes.

Leaf-sheaths coriaceous armed with long, flat, erect

spines at the mouth. Outer spathe coriaceous, not

woody (9).

Leaf-sheaths hard, woody, armed with short spines at

the mouth. Outermost spathe usually woody

D. leptopus.

Stem acaulescent, or short, erect or semi-scandent.

Leaf-sheaths slightly gibbous or not. Fruit spherical

or nearly so (10).

Vol.

o~™

9b.

10a:

10b.

Pia:

11b.

12a.

12b.

18a.

i3b.

14a.

14b.

15a.

ATV. (1953).

Stem long, scandent. Leaf-sheaths conspicuously gib-

bous. (Leaflets bristly on 3-5 nerves beneath). Fruit

long or elliptic (with its scales in 12-15 vertical

series ) D. hystriz.

Leaf-sheaths slightly gibbous or not, armed up to the

petiole base with unequal, criniform and laminal

spines, often united at base to form an interrupted

irregular series or row. Leaflets bristly on 3 nerves

beneath. Fruit 14-17 mm. in diam,, with scales

arranged in 15-18 vertical series D. Kunstlert.

Leaf-sheaths not gibbous, unarmed immediately below

the petiole base, but lower down armed with laminar,

solitary or subseriate spines. Leaflets setose on 5

nerves beneath. Fruit 20-25 mm. in diam., with its

scales in 13-15 vertical series D. lasiopathus.

Leaf-sheaths furnished with simple oblique, mem-

branous, spinulose crests. (Leaflets distinctly

grouped) D. geniculatus (partly).

Leaf-sheaths with horizontal, more or less laminate

crests oy.

Leaflets very broad, 50-60 cm. long, 8-12 cm. wide

D. macrophyllus.

Leaflets much narrower (#3).

Leaflets few, inequidistant or arranged in distinct

groups (14).

Leaflets numerous, equidistant (15).

Leaflets 10-13 in ail, not spreading in all directions,

arranged in distinct groups, 10-16 cm. long, 15—20

mm. broad digitate claws found even on the petiole

D. oligophyllus.

Leaflets 10-20 on each side, arranged in groups or

geminate or inequidistant in parts, in the basal

group usually spreading in all directions, 25-40 cm.,

15-38 cm. broad; digitate claws not found on the

petiole D. sabut.

Crests on leaf-sheaths horizontal, upturned and re-

flexed, two opposing crests forming sometimes com-

pletely closed galleries; the spines of the crests

mostly slender, criniform. Petioles up to 2 em. broad

or less, flat or slightly convex, with spines not point-

ing towards the median (16).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

15b. Crests on the leaf-sheaths never pointed upwards and

no galleries formed; spines of the crests mostly

broad, laminar, petiole 25-3 cm. broad, broadly

channelled armed with spines towards the median

D. geniculatus (partly).

16a. Involucrophore short, almost enclosed in the spathel.

The flat, triangular spines on the leaf-sheaths and

at its mouth light coloured or spadiceous

D. verticillaris.

16b. Involucrophore long, pedicelliform. Flat spines on the

leaf-sheath and at its mouth black or schistaceous

D. stimtatus.

8. Enumeration of the Species

A. SPECIES OF THE SECTION CYMBOSPATHA

Daemonorops angustifolius (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm.

III (1850) 329; Becc. in Hook. f., F. Brit. Ind. VI (1893)

464, et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 69 t.

18; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malay Pen. II (1907) 174, et Fl. Pen.

V. (1925) p.p.; Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX

(1937) 159.

D. carcharodon Ridl., Mat. cit. Il (1907) 178 et in Flora

cit. V. (1925) 40.

D. hygrophilus Griff. in Mart. Hist. cit. II] (1850) 204 et

328 t. 177 f., I1; Becc. in Hook. f. Fl. cit. VI (1893) 464;

Ridl., Mat. cit. II (1907) 178; Bece. in Ann. cit. XII (1911)

62 t. 13; Ridl., Fl. cit. V (1925) 40; Furtado in Gard. Bull.

cit. IX (1937) 167.

Calamus angustifolius Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.

(1844) 89 et Palm Brit. Ind. (1850) tt. 213 A and B.

C. hygrophilus Griff., Palms cit. (1850) 96 t. 213-C.

Stem tufted, scandent, about 10-15 m. long, with sheaths

2-3-5 em. in diam., often covered with deciduous, tobacco-coloured

fluff in sheaths and spathes. Leaf-sheaths gibbous above, armed

with many, flat solitary scattered or subseriate, triangular, un-

equal, ascendent spines up 2 cm. long, shorter spines in the

gibbous part and often a few longer at the mouth. Leaves long,

cirriferous; petiole about 8-12 cm. long, flattish above, convex

below, more or less densely armed on both surfaces, specially in

older plants, with unequal up to 1 cm. long, rigid, spreading,

ascendent or slightly reflexed spines; rachis in its lower portion

prickly on both surfaces like the petiole, but less armed in the ©

distal portions; the dorsal spines 3—5-nate in the terminal parts. —

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Daemonorops angustifolius (Nur 34,127).

A, Fragmentum petioli cum vaginae parte. B.C.: Fragmenta fron-

dis cum foliolis. D, Spadix fructiferus. E, Fructus. F, Semen.

G, Semen verticaliter discissum.

were maintained as two distinct species, but after a com-

parison of new material I have reduced the former to

a synonym of the latter. The armature on the spathes and

leaf-sheaths vary a good deal in this species, depending

perhaps on the age of the clump, and on the environments

in which it grows. In Griffith’s plates D. angustifolius is

more armed in leaf-sheaths and spathes, though the spines

are shorter, than D. hygrophilus, but Beccari identified the

latter with specimens having shorter but less spines—an

identification followed in my previous paper.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Leaflets numerous, equidistant, 10-15 mm. apart, about 20-35

cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad, more or less bristly in the three

nerves above and on the mid-costa below. Spadices male and

female externally similar, erect sessile or nearly so, fusiform

before anthesis, gradually narrowed into a long beak; outer

spathe cymbiform, bicarinate, armed with flat, triangular 1-3-5

cm. long, scattered or united in short interrupted series of 2-4

porrect when young, later somewhat reflexed, not callused at

the base spines; the second spathe often bicarinate, armed with

a few to many solitary, scattered spines or in some cases un-

armed altogether; other spathes unarmed. Female spadix with-

out spathes up to 25 cm. long, with 5-7 branches often sub-

divided again into secondary porrect branches; secondary spathes

similar, reduced to a ring extended on one side into broadly,

triangular acute limb. Involucrophore about 2 mm. long in flowers,

up to 5 mm. in fruits, expanded into an obliquely cupular apex;

involucre cupular, truncate, entire, with a tumescent, distinct

areola of the acolyte flower. Female flowers ovate, 5 mm. long;

calyx urceolate, obsoletely 3-denticulate, strongly striate; corolla

almost twice as long as the calyx with narrow segments. Fruit-

ing perianth explanate. Fruit globose, slightly longer than broad,

13-14 mm. in diam., 14-16 mm. in length, excluding the conical

beak; scales in 15-18 series, shining, slightly channelled, reddish

brown colour with darker margins when young, becoming with

age yellowish or straw-coloured on the intramarginal line with

whitish scariose margin and dark tip. Seed suborbicular, rather

flattened on two sides, 10-12 mm. in diam., 8-9 mm. thick,

deeply ruminate; embryo basal.

MALAYA: Perak, Temango (Ridley 14,719 male and female).

Pahang, Sungai Bera near Tasek Bera (Henderson 24,620).

Selangor, Telok? (Burkill 6,520); Batu Tiga (Ridley 11,983

partly; other part = D. grandis); Pataling (Ridley 17,880);

Sungei Tinggi at Kuala Selangor (Nur 34,127 as Rotan Getah).

Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Furtado 33,134). Johore, Danau by

Sungai Sedili (Corner in III-1932 as Rotan Tawar); Sungai

Semangat in Muar (Fox 11,299). Singapore, Choa Chu Kang

(Ridley in 1896); Bukit Panjang (Ridley 13,302); Selitar (Rid-

ley 6,279); Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 4,622 as Rotan Sepat);

Bukit Timah (Ridley in 1900); Bukit Mandai (Ridley on 21—X—

1900).

CULTIVATED: Singapore, Botanic Gardens (Ridley 5,123 partly;

other part = D. grandis); Lawn W. (Anderson in April 1913;

Furtado 30,662, male and female; Ridley 10,807; Burkill on

15—-V-1916).

JAVA: Botanic Gardens, Bogor (Furtado 30,901).

In my previous paper D. hygrophilus and D. angustifolius

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Daemonorops angustispathus Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits

Settl. IX (1937) 161.

Stem and leaf-sheath not known. Leaf apparently large;

petiole not known; leaf-rachis in the portion seen armed with

thin, short, very remote spines. Leaflets many, subequidistant,

4-5 em. apart, linear-lanceolate or ensiform, broadest below the

middle, 45 cm. long, 15-18 mm. broad, strongly narrowed into

an acuminate apex; in the upper surface the three nerves armed,

or sometimes the midnerve armed only towards the apex or

entirely unarmed; in the lower surface the midnerve alone closely

setulose. Inflorescence only one seen, female, sessile, very nar-

rowly fusiform when enclosed in the outermost spathe, 45 cm.

long with a beak as long as or slightly longer than the body;

spathes deciduous; the outermost spathe bicarinate, the space

between the carinae about 1 cm. broad, deciduously furfuraceous,

armed with a few, solitary or sometimes united, laminar or sub-

criniform, black up to 2-5 em. long spines, the second and the

third spathes broader, armed more or less with a few solitary

spines; others unarmed; primary branches, 4, porrect, up to 6

cm. long; spikelets 2-5 cm. long with 2-4 flowers on each side

and with a conspicuously flexuous axis. Involucrophore thick,

slightly longer than the spathel; involucre generally deeply cup-

shaped, rarely shallow; areola conspicuous. Fruiting perianth

explanate, corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx. Fruit only

immature seen ovate elliptic, about 18 mm. long, 10-12 mm. in

diam; scales whitish in the margins, straw-coloured in the centre

and a broad brownish intra-marginal line.

ee Province Wellesley, Bukit Juru (Ridley 7,002, Holo-

type).

Judged from the colour changes in the different fruits, it

looks as if the scales would all be straw-coloured in dry

matured fruits and will have a whitish margin and a thin

brownish intra-marginal line.

Owing to a printer’s error in the original description, the

spathes were described as being persistent when they are

all non-persistent (deciduous). It is possible that this is only

a poor specimen of D. angustifolius.

Daemonorops calicarpus (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill

(1850) 326 t. 175 f. VI.; Bece. in Hook f., Fl. Brit. Ind.

VI (1893) 446; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 174

p.p.; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 94

t. 483; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 37 p.p.; Furtado in

Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX (1937) 462.

D. Lewisianus sensu Furtado op. cit. p. 171 pp.

D. microthamnus Bece. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902)

221; Ridl., Mat. cit. II (1907) 175; Bece. in Ann. cit. IX

ert) 92 t. 32; Ridl., Fl. cit. V (1925) 27.

D. petiolaris Mart. op. cit. III (1850) 326 A-Z XVIII f.

3; Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 466 et in Ann.

cit. XII (1911) 90 t. 31.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

\ =

: _~

ve 5 See

~ SFA = < <<

“AL — ‘

eee - =

+ Ree

Seay,

Daemonorops angustispathus (Ridley 7,002).

A, Fragmentum frondis. B, Spadix fructiferus cum spathis pri-

mariis. C, Fructus.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

SAS

° SR

TES

Py Y Ae

A ZX

“. 4 van

—14

~~ : TmaN

—

oT |

- F783

coe

Daemonorops calicarpus (Furtado 33,131).

A, Fragmentum petioli ex fronde juvenile. B, Fragmentum frondis

juvenilis. C, Fragmentum caudicis fertilis apicale, ut spadices

= frondes apicales appareant. D, Spadix fructiferus. E,

ructus.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

D. petiolaris var. nudipes Becce. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II

419-2) 221.

D. sepal var. pahangensis Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits

Settl. X (1937) 179 p.p.

Calamus calicarpus Griff. in Cale. Journal. Nat. Hist. V

(1844) 92 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 99 tt. 215A-D et 216A

f. VI.

C. petiolaris Griff. in Cale. Journ. cit. V (61844) 93 et

Palms cit. (1850) 101 t. 216 f. VII.

Stem tufted, erect or subscandent, slender, 2-4 m. long with

sheaths up to 2 em. in diam. Leaf-sheaths deciduously rusty fur-

furaceous; those of the radical leaves open on the ventral side,

densely armed with almost complete, oblique circles of up to 3-4

cm. long, narrow, laminar ascendent spines, the ventral opening

of the petiole being lined with ocrea often armed like the sheath;

the sheaths of upper leaves very short, more or less gibbous.

Leaves: the radical ones about 2 m. long including a long petiole,

not cirriferous, gradually becoming smaller towards the apex of

the stem; upper leaves 20-80 cm. long petiole, or much reduced

at apex, shortly cirrate. Leaflets rather numerous, linear, equi-

distant, closely set, 5-25 cm. long, 3-12 mm. wide, (larger in

the radical leaves) bristly along the midrib beneath, and also

along the’ margins, bristles apparently deciduous, and often

absent except in the terminal parts of the leaflets of the reduced

leaves. Spadices very close to each other especially towards the

end of the stems, fusiform before flowering, shortly beaked,

erect, 10-30 cm. long or less, occasionally longer shortly pedun-

cled; outer spathes covered with deciduous dark brown scurf;

armed with more or less densely, solitary or confluent, criniform

to narrowly flat, triangular, 2-4 cm. long spines, varying in

colour from the pale straw-brown to blackish. F’emale spadix

short, 10-20 em. long, shorter in the apical parts of the stem,

divided into 2—4 branches, spikelets very short with 2-3 flowers

on each side, sometimes only one; secondary and tertiary spathes

bracteiform, amplectent, acuminate; spathels triangular. Jnvo-

lucrophore slightly longer than or as long as the spathel, cupular,

obconical, at apex one-sided, acute; involucre cupular, truncate,

often extended slightly on one side, longer than the involucro-

phore; areola conspicuous, tumescent. Female flowers 5 mm.

long; calyx striate; corolla about one and half times as long as

the calyx. Fruiting perianth almost explanate. Fruit spherical

to oblong when quite mature, ovoid or elliptic when young, 16-20

mm. long, 15-18 mm. in diam.; scales shining or somewhat dull-

brown to yellowish light brown in colour, channelled in the

middle, with a narrow darker intramarginal line and lighter,

not very distinct, erose margins, arranged in 15-18 series. Seed

ovate-globose, somewhat compressed on two sides, 10-12 mm.

long, 9-10 mm. in diam.; albumen white, deeply ruminate; emb-

ryo basilar. Male spadix a dense panicle, deciduously rusty

furfuraceous in every part; divided into 5-6 primary branches;

each branch being sub-divided in 5—7 alternate tertiary branches;

each tertiary branch bearing many small spikelets of 3-5 flowers —

on each side; involucre cupular, striate, 2-denticulate; male

flowers with calyx 2-3 times as long as the involucre and half

as long as the corolla.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

MALAYA: Perak, Pangkor (Ridley 17,897); Pulau Rumbia

(Seimund in 1925). Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3,160, male and

female); Tapah (Ridley, 14,115); Lumut in Dindings (Curtis

3,444 male and female, partly as Pokoh Chucho; Ridley 7,899) ;

Gunong Keledang (Curtis 3,351, male and female). Pahang,

Bentong by Sungai Kesar (Furtado 33,118 as Rotan Chuchok) ;

Fraser Hill (Nur 11,208). Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley in

1911); Dusun Tua (Ridley, 7,878). Malacca, Chenana Puteh

(Alvins 979, as Chucho Miniak); Bukit Sedenan (Derry 112, as

Rotan Sabut). Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Furtado 33,131).

Singapore, Botanic Gardens, cultivated (Furtado 30,661).

There is a great deal of variation in this species and

further studies are needed to clarify whether these varia-

tions are due to the age of the plant, soil or climate condi-

tions, or hereditary factors. Collectors have often mixed

the specimens of male and female plants on the belief that

these plants were specifically the same, though exhibiting

some differences in the armature of spathes, etc. This mix-

ture has added to the difficulty of a critical study. The leaf-

specimens from both the plants would have revealed better

the variation in vegetative characters. Nur 11,208 which

formed the basis of D. sepal var. pahangensis is a mixture

and the petiole and leaflets mounted with the spathe and

spadix do not apparently belong to the Cymbospathae, and

may represent some species of Calamus. I have reduced D.

petiolaris to this species, because some forms of D. cali-

carpus approach very near this. In colouration of fruit

scales and in the form of fruits, it appears possible to

distinguish more than one variety in this species, but owing

to variations in age and also owing to imperfect specimens

and many mixtures, I found it advisable not to separate the

varieties.

The form D. petiolaris certainly resembles very much D.

Lewisianus, a species also very imperfectly known. How-

ever D. petiolaris has tawny coloured scales or fruits,

whereas the scales in D. Lewisianus are straw-coloured.

Better specimens are needed to draw easy distinction bet-

ween the D. petiolaris form of D. calicarpus and D. Lewis-

zanus on vegetative characters so that even male specimens

might be easily distinguished.

Daemonorops grandis (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III

(1850) 327 t. 175 f. 9 et t. Z-XII f. 11; Becc. in-Hook.

f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 463; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Pen. II

(1907) 177 p.p.; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gar. Cale. XII

(1911) 58 t. 11; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 38 p.p.;

Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX (1937) 164.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

D. intermedius var nudinervis Becc. in Rec. Bot. Ind. II

(1902) nomen et in Ann. cit. XII (1911) 75 t. 21 et 22.

D. Kirtong Griff., Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 102 t. 216B.

D. malaccensis Mart. in Hist. cit. (1850) 327; Becc. in

Ann. cit. XII (1911) 61 p. parte typica. (ex altera parte =

D. melanochaetes).

C. acanthopis Griff., Palms cit. (1850) t. 2116B.

C. grandis Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V (1844) 84

et Palms cit. (1850) 91 tt. 210A, B and C. et. 216 (A) f, ITI.

Stem tufted, scandent, with sheaths 2-4 cm. in diam. Leaf-

sheaths strongly gibbous above, covered with deciduous, dark

scurf, armed with more or less dense, unequal, subseriate or not,

non-confiuent, laminar, brown or blackish, 2-3 em. long, (the

larger ones), horizontal or deflexed spines, with shorter ones

lined at the mouth and spread in the midst of the larger ones on

the sheath. Leaves very large about 3 cm. long excluding the

long cirrus; petiole up to 60 cm. long, subterete armed along the

margins on both surfaces with short rigid, unequal spines, and

along the centre of the dorsum with short solitary or two or

three closely set spines; rachis and cirrus armed with stout digi-

tate claws. Leaflets numerous, equidistant, alternate or sub-

opposite, ensiform, 40-50 cm, long, 2-3-3 cm. broad, pale or al-

most glaucescent beneath, gradually narrowed and _ suddenly

plicate at base, gradually acuminate or acute in non-bristly or

slightly bristly tip, smooth on both surfaces, or in the upper

surface the midnerve only or sometimes one lateral nerve on

each side also slightly bristly in the terminal third, and in the

lower surface the midrib alone setulose in the terminal half;

margins appressedly setulose. Female spadix fusiform before

flowering, 30-50 cm. long, erect; without spathes 15-20 cm. long;

outer spathe bicarinate beaked (beak often as long as the body),

more or less densely laminar, blackish, solitary or confluent,

reflexed, (often erect between the ridge and the margin), 2-5—3-5

cm. long, (rarely up to 5 cm.), spines; second spathe armed near

its apex and along the two carinae with a few similar spines at

apex and along the ridge; other spathes unarmed; flowering axis

stout, rigid, densely cupressiform, with 4—5 primary branches;

these sub-divided again into 5-7 cm. long (longest) spikelets with

5-6 distichous flowers on each side. Involucrophore pedicelliform,

sometimes 8 mm. long in the lowermost spikelets, much reduced

in the upper ones and nearly as long as the spathel, obconic,

gradually expanded into an oblique, or at one side acute, bractei-

form limb; involucre shallowly cupular, truncate, entire; areola

distinct, almost circular with tumescent border. Female flowers

ovate, 6 mm. long; calyx striate, slightly more than half of

corolla, Fruiting perianth explanate, calyx split almost to the

base in 3 parts. Fruit spherical, very shortly umbonate 18-20

mm. in diam.; scales in 15 longitudinal series, yellowish brown

or straw-coloured with margins dark in young fruits but pale

or white with dark spotted apex when old; seed globular, deeply

ruminate; embryo basilar. Male spadix externally like the

female, but more divided and more covered with deciduous scurf;

spikelets numerous, closely packed, with zigzag axis; flowers 6-8,

with a corolla twice as long as the calyx.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

MALAYA: Pahang, Bukit Chemaga (Henderson 19,484 as Rotan

Relang and Chongkak (Sakai); Tasek Bera (Henderson 24,063).

Negri Sembilan, Tampin (Burkill 1,372 and 2,551); Senaling

(Holttum 9,778); Bukit Sulu (Alvins 1,878 as Rotan Sunang).

Malacca, Chenana Puteh (Alvins 890 as Rotan Sunang); Bukit

Sedenan (Derry’s Collector 110, as Rotan Chichih Landak).

Selangor, Batu Tiga (Ridley 11,983). Singapore, Seletar (Ridley

3,506; 3,499 and 3,498; Goodenough X); Bidadari (Ridley

8,957); Ang Mo Kio (Ridley 6,672); Bukit Mandai (Ridley in

1890); Bukit Arang (Ridley 1,660); Changi (Mat. in 1894);

Bukit Timah (Ridley in 1890, 1898 and 1900; Goodenough in 1892

as Rotan Chinchin); Garden Jungle (Ridley 5,112; 5,123 and

5,124; Ahmad 593).

There is a good deal of variation in the armature of the

sheaths and leaflets, due to the position of the leaves and

the age of the stem. Some leaflets are quite smooth on both

surfaces, others have only small setae on the midrib in the

lower surface and still others the midrib and sometimes one

nerve on each side of the midrib are also setose in the upper

surface. It appears that the leaflets on the leaves situated

towards the base are more setose than those on the leaves

higher up. Beccari states that leaflets are quite smooth in

the upper surface, and smooth or slightly bristly in the

midrib only in the lower surface, but according to Griffith’s

original description the leaflets are sometimes setigerous

in the midvein on both sides. Ridley 3506 and 3499 have

been quoted by Beccari as the syntypes of D. intermedius

var. nudinervis, but in the duplicate of these numbers in

Singapore the leaflets are bristly in both surfaces.

D. grandis var. megacarpus Furtado v. nov.

A forma typica fructibus majoribus, squamis ejusdem magis

convexis perianthiis basi leviter collosis, subpedicellatis differt.

YA: Selangor, Ginting Simpah (Nur 34,286).

This variety is known only from the incomplete specimens

of the holotype collection. As no spathes are represented in

it, the comparison has not been easy. In fact better speci-

mens might show it to be a distinct species. Its leaf-sheaths

are more armed than in the typical D. grandis; fruits are

globose, mucronate, about 25 mm. long, 22 mm. in diam;

fruit scales arranged in fifteen vertical series, of light straw

colour having whitish margins and a thin, almost dark sub-

marginal line, strongly convex towards the base and deeply

channelled in the middle; the seed ovate or ovoid, 15-16

mm. long, 14 mm. broad, deeply ruminate, with a basal

embryo.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

“re

Daemonorops grandis var. megacarpus (Nur 34,286).

A, Fragmentum frondis ut petiolus, pars vaginalis et foliola appa-

rent. B, Fragmentum frondis medianum. C, Spadix fructi-

ferus. D, Fructus. E, Semen verticaliter discissum.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Daemonorops imbellis Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902)

220; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 179; Becc. in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 80 t. 26; Ridl.,

F]. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 41 inter species dubias.

D. sepal Bece. sensu Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl.

IX (1937) 179 quoad syn. D. imbellis.

Stem not known, presumably scandent, Leaf-sheaths not known.

Leaves known only from a portion of radical leaf; adult leaves

unknown. Female spadix stalked, nodding when in fruit, 20 cm.

long spathes unknown; main axis slender, bearing 3 branches in

the only specimen known, each about 8 cm. long with a few loose

spikelets; spathels bracteiform, amplectent, one-sided. Involucro-

phore short and thick, sub-conical, expanded at its apex into an

asymmetrical sub-cupular and unilaterally acute limb, callous at

its axilla; involucre cupular, truncate, entire, almost immersed in

the involucrophore; areola depressed, very conspicuously swollen.

Fruiting perianth subpedicelliform. Fruit large, ovoid-elliptical,

3 cm. long, by 2 em. across; scales not very shining, in 15 longi-

tudinal series, uniformly tawnybrown, with a sharp dark mar-

ginal line, deeply channelled along the centre, with a triangular,

non-produced tip. Seed globular slightly oblong or a little longer

than broad (18 mm. high, 15 mm. thick) slightly gibbous on one

ae not very deeply ruminate, embryo basal, slightly to one

side.

MALAYA: Perak loc. incert. (Scortechini).

I have not been able to distinguish between this and D.

sepal, except on the size and shape of the fruits, i.e. as

depicted by Beccari, for I have not been able to see the type

specimens. Kunstler (King’s Coll.) 4133 cited under D. sepal

had the fruit scales arranged in fifteen vertical series, and

the fruits which are young show a tendency to be oblong or

elliptic. Perhaps the specimens doubtfully cited under D.

sepal may be this species. Better specimens are needed to be

able to distinguish between these two species. At present it

looks as if D. imbellis is only a form of D. sepal having

larger fruits.

Daemonorops intermedius (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm.

III (1850) 327 t. 175 f. 8; Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.

VI (1893) 464 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII

(1911) 173 p.p.; Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX

(1937) 168 p.p.

Calamus intermedius Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1844) 86 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 93 t. 211 A and B.

D. grandis Mart. sensu Ridl. Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907)

177 et Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 38. p.p. e

Stem tufted, scandent, 4-7 m. long, with sheaths 2-5-3 cm. in

diam. Leaf-sheaths gibbous, armed with unequal spines, the larg-

est about 2-5 cm. long triangular, schistaceous, obliquely seated,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Daemonorops imbellis (ex tab. Beccarii delineata).

A, Frondis pars. B, Spadix fructiferus. C, Semen. D, Semen verti-

caliter discissum.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

solitary or arranged in interrupted, oblique series, the smallest

1 mm. or more long, almost rigid criniform. Leaves 1-2 m. long,

excluding about 60 cm. long cirrus; petiole about 30—40 cm. long,

longer on basa! leaves, armed along the margins on both surfaces

with short spines, as also in the gibbose base and slightly above

it, and with short solitary claws on the median of the dorsum, in

the upper surface flat or slightly channelled towards the base,

unarmed; rachis armed with 1-3-nate claws on the dorsum.

Leaflets numerous, equidistant, 3-5 cm. apart, 25-40 cm. long,

20-25 mm. wide, ensiform, gradually narrowed to an acute tip;

the three nerves more or less bristly above in the terminal half

or two-thirds, in the lower surface smooth or the mid costa

alone closely and deciduously spinulous. Female spadix erect,

sessile or almost so, fusiform, strongly ventricose, 25-40 cm.

long, including a long beak; external spathe bicarinate, cymbi-

form, covered with tobacco-coloured, deciduous scurf, armed

with numerous, very narrow, laminar or subcriniform, solitary

or united at base in short series; the second spathe armed rather

densely; the third and sometimes even fourth armed, though

sparingly; spadix without the spathes about 10-20 cm. long, 3-5-

branched; spikelets 2-5 flowered. Involucrophore slightly longer

than the spathel, obliquely cupular; involucre shallowly cupular,

truncate, often one side smaller than the other, slightly longer

than the involucrophoral cup; areola distinct, tumescent. F'ruit-

ing perianth almost explanate. Fruit spherical, 16-18 mm. in

diam. (with umbonate beak and abruptly acute base 20-21 mm.

long), oblong or oblong-elliptic when immature; scales arranged

mostly in 15, less often in 16, and occasionally also in 17, ver-

tical series, straw-coloured polished, deeply channelled, with

whitish margins and a faint, dark yellow intramarginal line and

a darkish dot at apex. Seed 15 mm. long, nearly as high as

broad, 12-13 mm. thick, flattened on one side, ventricose on the

other, deeply ruminate with a white core; embryo slightly on one

side, above the base, below the apex of the ventricose side,

deeply ruminate, with a white non-ruminate portion near the

embryo.

MALAYA: Perak, Kroh (Furtado 33,040-neotype).

Perhaps here belongs Furtado 33,022 and 33,038 collected

also in Kroh Perak. Alterations in the field numbers of

Furtado 33,020 (also from Kroh) make me suspect that

this collection has been mixed: a part with unaltered num-

bers show that it is identical with D. laciniatus while spa-

dices with altered numbers resemble those of Furtado 33,022

and 33,038 which appear more near to D. intermedius than

to D. laciniatus. These two species are separated with diff-

culty, and specimens of more adult stages are needed to

clarify their status. Most of the specimens collected under

these two species were from young plants in a secondary

jungle easily accessible to the village people. From D. laci-

niatus, D. intermedius is distinguished by more ventricose

spadices, more densely armed external and second spathes,

shorter involucrophores, shallower involucres, almost ex-

planate perianth, fruiting scales more shining and disposed

Gardens Bulletin, S.

i A Wa

—_———

Daemonorops intermedius (Furtado 33,040).

A-B, Fragmenta frondis. C, Pars caudicis, cum petiole et spadice.

D, Spadix ante anthesin. E, Fructus. F, Semen verticaliter

discissum. G, Ramus spadicis ut involucrophora involucraque

appareant.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

in 15-17 vertical series and the embryo remote from the

base.

Griffith noted that this species cannot be easily separated

from D. grandis except by its narrower leaflets and more

dense armature on the spathes. Martius noted that fruit

scales were yellowish and arranged in 15-16, occasionally

17, series (in D. laciniatus they are usually in 18 series,

rarely 17).

Perhaps the fruiting spadix described under D. tabacinus

belongs here.

Daemonorops Kiahii Furtado sp. nov.

A D. sepal cui valde affinis, differt fructibus obovato-

oblongis ; squamis fructus latioribus quam altis, foliolis bre-

vioribus.

Caudex scandens, cum vaginis 2-2-5 cm. in diam. Vagina

frondis deciduo fusco leprosa, aculeis inaequalibus, schistaceis

10-30 mm. etiam minoribus interpositis, laminaribus, solitariis

vel ad basin per series interruptas approximatis per totam super-

ficiem et secus margines apicales armata, infra petiolum gibbosa.

Frondes cirriferae; in parte pinnifera 50—70 cm., longa; petiolus

circa 50 cm. longus, in vagina superiore inermis, applanatus,

secus margines et secus dorsi medium aculeis brevibus, solitariis,

distantibus preditus; rachiis unguibus solitariis, apicem versus

1-5-natis, armata. F'oliola plura, aequidistantia, 2-2-5 cm. inter

se dissita, linearia, 20-25 cm. longa, 10-14 mm. lata, super secus

nervos tres setosa; subtus in nervo mediano tantum setis minutis

deciduis praedita, secus margines et apice setosa. Spadix femineus

cum pedunculo 3-5 cm. longo, bifaciato, secus margines et in

latere externali aculeolato, 40-45 cm. longus, ante anthesin fusi-

formis rostratus; spatha externalis bicarinata, deciduo fusco

leprosa, aculeis pluribus angustis, ad 3 cm. usque longis, apicem

versus subcriniformibus schistaceis, reflexis, subseriatim armata;

spatha secunda deciduo bruneo-furfuracea, aculeis ad 1:5 cm.

usque longis, nigrescentibus reflexis vel non, armata; alterae

spathae inermes; rami primarii 2-3, circa 6-9 cm. longi, 4-5

spiculis praediti; spathella amplectens, oblique truncata, ligulata.

Involucrophorum pedicelliforme, medio nonnihil constrictum

quam spathella longius oblique cupulare; involucrum alte cupu-

lare, truncatum; areola valde callosa, conspicue protrudens.

Perianthium fructiferum subpedicellatum. Fructus obovato-ob-

longus, apice abrupte rostratus, cum basi rostroque 26-28 mm.

longis, 15-20 mm. in diam; squamis per series 15-16 verticales

dispositis, latioribus quam altis, cinnamomiis, margine atro-

brunneis; semen orbiculare, in uno latere applanatum, 15 mm.

altum, 15 mm. latum, 12 mm. crassum, leviter ruminatum; em-

bryo subbasilaris. Spadix masculus consimilis; flores 5 mm. longi.

MALAYA: Trengganu, Gunong Padang, alt. 1,300 mm. (Kiah

and Moysey 31,047) holotypus 9; paratypus ¢.

This species belongs to the Cymbospathae Section having

pedunculate spadices which in fruit tend to nod. From D.

sepal this species differs in the shorter leaflets, the obovate-

oblong fruits and the fruit scales being broader than long

Gardens Bulletin, S.

spadice, B,

D, doteula. E,

C, Spadix fructiferus.

A, Cauidicis fragmentum cum fronde et

anthesin.

Daemonorops Kiahii (Kiah and Moysey 31,047).

Semen verticaliter discissum.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

(6-7 mm. X 5 mm.). In D. Scortechini the fruits are more

or less turbinate though their scales appear to be broader

than the vertical measurement. D. tmbellis is described with

fruits somewhat similar, but the leaflets and general shape

of the fruit scales appear to be different. In the type speci-

men of K. Kiahii both male and female spadices are found

mixed together in the same collection. Only the female

specimen with the fruit is the holotype, the other (male)

specimen being the paratype.

Daemonorops laciniatus Furtado sp. nov.

D. grandis Mart. sensu Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits

Settl. IX (1937) 164 p.p.

D. intermedius Mart. sensu Becc. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.

VI (1893) 464 et in Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 73 t.

20 p.p.

A D. grande cui affinissima differt aculeis in frondis

vagina inaequalibus, saepe angustioribus et pluribus; folio-

lis frondis angustioribus; aculeis in spatha externali pluri-

bus, angustioribus, saepe etiam laciniatisque; spadicibus

fructiferis minoribus, minus diffusis; squamis fructus per

series 17-18 dispositis, minus convexis aspectu generali D.

intermedio simillima; sed aculeis in spatha externali saepe

latioribus, magis rigidis, sed haud per series regulares inter-

ruptas dispositis; involucrophoris pedicelliformibus; fructi-

bus ellipticis; squamis fructus haud in 15 series dispositis,

dissimillima.

Stem tufted, scandent, 4-7 m. long, with sheaths 2-5-3 cm. in

diam. Leaf-sheaths gibbous, more or less covered with deciduous

tobacco-coloured scurf, armed with unequal, solitary or in inter-

ruptedly oblique series, 2-3 cm. long schistaceous spines, fre-

quently with much smaller, subcriniform spines in between the

series of the larger ones, the spininess gradually lessened with

the age of the plant. Leaves 1-2 m. long excluding 50-100 cm.

cirrus; petiole 30-60 cm. long, longer ones usually in the lower

leaves, armed along the margins on both sides with short un-

equal, divergent, straight, close or distant spines and along the

dorsum with a row of solitary spines, or the lower petiole of the

lower leaves irregularly armed in the dorsum; rachis armed with

1-5-nate claws. Leaflets numerous, equidistant, 3-5 cm. apart,

broadly linear-ensiform, 25-40 cm. long 20-25 mm. broad, gra-

dually narrowed into an acute or acuminate tip; the three nerves

more or less bristly above; the midcosta rather closely spinulous

in the lower surface, margins spinulous. Spadices erect, sessile

or obscurely stalked, 25-50 cm. long, beaked, fusiform, male and

female similar; the outer spathe bicarinate, cymbiform, covered

with tobacco-coloured, decidous scurf, armed externally with

numerous, narrowly laminar, or broad and laciniate, solitary or

confluent and shortly seriate, 2-4 cm. long spines; second spathe

Gardens Bulletin, S.

35cm

Daemonorops laciniatus (Furtado 83,045).

A, Frondis fragmentum. B, Petiolus cum vagina et spadice. C,

Spadix ante anthesin. D, Spadix post anthesin sine spatha

externale. E, Flos masculus.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

DIN]

i, fi

Si |

<4 ;

SS 6, |

‘

La te SS

RS)

XY WAZ) Wi

THOS

| Ye

dN) DS Ni SQN

Rey Sieg ND SS

v 4 YDS

Daemonorops laciniatus (Furtado 33,016).

A, Frondis fragmentum. B, Petiolus cum parte vaginali. C, Spadix

ante anthesin. C1, Spathis fragmentum externalis ut aculei

-laciniati vel seriati appareant. D, Spadix fructiferus. E, Spi-

cula. F, Fructus. G, Semen verticaliter discissum.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

slightly armed with narrow, blackish spines; the third and some-

times the fourth sparingly armed; spadix without spathes about

10-20 cm. long, 4-6 branched. Female spadix: spikelets 3-5

flowered. Involucrophore pedicelliform, obliquely subcupular; in-

volucre deeply cupular, truncate; areola distinctly tumescent.

Fruiting perianth almost explanate, or subpedicelliform at base.

Fruit about 20 mm. long, 16 mm. in diam., oblong, acute umbonate

at apex; scales in 17-18 longitudinal series, straw-coloured

whitish in margins, slightly dark-yellowish in the apex and along

the fine or obscure intramarginal line. Seed ovoid flattened on

the side, ventricose on the other, 13-15 mm. long, 12-14 mm.

wide, 10 mm. thick; albumen minute with non-ruminate, white

core; embryo basal. Male spadix: axis of the spikelets strongly

zig-zag sinuous, scabrid, deciduously rusty. Male flowers oblong,

obtuse, about 7 mm. long, 2-5 mm. broad; calyx tubular, 3-

toothed; corolla twice as long as the calyx.

MALAYA: Kedah, Baling near Reservoir (Furtado 33,045).

Perak, Kroh (Furtado 33,016, holotypus). Penang, Penang Hill

(Ridley 11,461).

Beccari’s description and plates of D. intermedius appear

to be a mixture of that species and of D. laciniatus and D.

grandis. In plate 20 the right hand specimen with the

detached spathe appears to be D. laciniatus, whereas the

other specimen and that depicted in pl. 21 appear to be

D. grandis. D. laciniatus resembles very much D. tnter-

medius, but the latter is distinguished by its finer spines on

the spathes, shorter involucrophores, more globose fruits

and the scales being arranged in 15-17 longitudinal series.

Daemonorops Lewisianus (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm.

III (1850) 327 t. 175—IV f. 1-7 excl. specimen Gaudichau-

dianum; Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 465;

Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 176 p.p.; Becc. in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. XII (1911) 87 t. 30 p.p.; Ridl., Fl.

Mal. Pen. V (1925) 38 p.p.; Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits

Settl IX (1937) 171 p.p. excl. syn. D. microthamnus

Becc., and D. petiolaris.

D. Curtisii Furtado in Gard. Bull. cit. IX (19387) 164.

D. monticolus var. pinangianus Becc. in Ann. cit. XII

(1911) 85 t. 20 p.p. (ex altera parte = D. tabacinus).

Stem erect to subscandent, with sheaths 2 cm. in diam. (pos-

sibly much thicker in the living state cf. Griffith’s picture). Leaf-

sheaths gibbous below the petiole, provided with an ocrea having

horizontally truncate wings at its apex, armed with a few, flat,

laminar, elastic 2-4 cm. long, solitary or almost obliquely con-

fluent at bases, spines, usually unarmed at the mouth and on the

geniculum. Leaves variable with age; the radical leaves 2-3 m.

long, almost as the stem, ecirrate at apex, long petioled having

regularly set leaflets in the rachis; other leaves shortly cirrate

25-75 em. long without the cirrus; petiole 6-25 cm. long terete,

Oe 5 Reine ley haw .>

Vol. XIV. (1953).

896; B. Ridley 7,900).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum spatha et folio. B, Caudicis fragmen-

Daemonorops Lewisianus (A and C. Ridley 7,

tum cum spadicibus. C, Fructus.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

armed along the margins with short spreading spines, and

along the upper part of the dorsum with short distant, solitary,

refiexed spines which continue also in the rachis. Leaflets in the

radical leaves numerous closely set, about 50 cm. long, nearly 2

cm. broad, bristly along the three nerves above, and only along

the middle nerve below; the leaflets of other leaves numerous,

closely set, equidistant, 10-20 cm. long, up to 10 mm, wide, 15-30

mm. apart, bristly in the main 3 nerves above, at least in the

upper portions, and often on the midvein below. Spadices usually

approximate at the summit of the stem, shortly stalked, fusi-

form or ventricose, beaked, erect, the largest about 25-35 cm.

long including the beak; outermost spathe cymbiform, decidu-

ously furfuraceous, two-keeled, with a beak half as long as the

body, armed with solitary or subseriate narrowly laminar or sub-

criniform, blackish spines; second spathe often spiny especially in

the apical portions and the two keels; other primary spathes

glabrous. Female spadix divided into a few, short, porrect bran-

ches, each with 2-3 spikelets; secondary spathes bracteiform,

annulate, ligulate; spathels annular, ligulate striate. Involucro-

rophore 2-5 mm. long expanded into a cupular, one-sided, ligu-

late-apex; involucre deeply cupular, truncate, entire or obsoletely

bidentate; areola almost orbicular, swollen. F'emale flowers ovate,

6 mm. long. Fruiting perianth explanate. Fruit globose to oblong,

suddenly beaked, 18-20 mm. long, 12-15 mm. in diam.; scales

arranged in 15 series, channelled, straw coloured, shining, with

broad, pale erose margin and a dark spot on the apex. Seed

ovate-oblong, 10 mm. in diam., 11-12 mm. long, deeply ruminate;

embryo basilar. Male spadices somewhat similar to the female;

spikelets numerous, 1-2 cm. long; involucre deeply cupular, trun-

cate. Male flowers 5 mm. long; perianth striate, corolla nearly

twice as long as the calyx.

MALAYA: Penang, Penang Hill (Ridley 7,034; 17,895; 7,896;

Abrams in June 1893); Balek Pulau (Ridley 17,900); Penara

Bukit (Curtis July 1893); loc. incert. (Curtis 2,282). Province

Wellesley, Bukit Juru (Ridley 7,003); Tasek Glugor (Curtis in

April 1904, Holotype of D. Curtisti). Perak, Kroh (Furtado

33,039).

Going through the Singapore herbarium specimens care-

fully, I was able to clear up some mixtures in mounting,

with the result that I have transferred some specimens

which I formerly referred here to D. calicarpus. There is

so much variation in these species that without fruits it is

often not easy to determine specifically; better specimens

are needed to discover vegetative characters that would

distinguish between these species. The drawing given by

Griffith does not appear to be accurate, and no specimen in

the Singapore Herbarium showed as thick a stem as rep-

resented by Griffith. Perhaps this picture is a representa-

tion based on the specimens, but altered to the measure-

ments given by Lewis of the base of the stem having the

radical leaves. Fruits of the type specimen were supplied

by Griffith to Martius who described and figured them as

having straw-coloured scales with pale whitish margins and

Vol. XIV. (1953).

a dark spot on the apex. This description has been confirm-

ed by Beccari who had examined the type-fruit attached

by Martius to the sheet of Gaudichaud’s specimen from

Penang; this sheet is preserved in the Paris herbarium.

This character of the fruit scales is very important in

separating it from D. calicarpus and D. tabacinus, which

have fruits with cinnamon brown scales. D. Curtisii is only

a depauperate form of D. Lewisianus.

Daemonorops melanochaetes Bl. in Roem. et Schult., Syst.

Veg. VII (1830) 1,333 exclu. syn.; Mart., Hist. Nat.

Palm. III ed. 1 (1836) 198 t. 117 f. II et ed. 2 (1850)

203 et 326; Kunth. Enum. Pl. III (1841) 202; Bl., Rum-

phia II (1845 ?) tt. 134 et 137 et III (1849) 3; Becc. in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Cale. XII (1911) 47; Furtado in Gard.

Bull. Str. Settl. [IX (1937) 137.

D. Schmidtianus Bece. in Schmidt, Fl., Koh Chang IX

(190) 330 et in Ann. cit. XII (1911) 52 t. 7.

Calamus melanochaetes (Bl.) Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat.

Hist. V. (1844) 86 et Palms cit. (1850) 92 in nota.

Stem scandent, apparently tufted, fruiting when quite small,

with sheaths about 3 cm. through. Leaf-sheaths rather elongate,

fugaciously furfuraceous, armed with flat, schistaceous or

blackish, unequal, more or less seriate spines, obliquely truncate

and often armed with long spines at the mouth. Leaves large,

cirriferous; petiole variable, 15-45 cm. long somewhat channelled

at the base above, more or less prickly on the dorsum below and

along the margins above. Leaflets numerous equidistant, linear-

ensiform, alternate or sub-opposite, 25-60 cm. long, 10-25 mm.

broad, central and the lateral veins bristly on the upper surface,

closely but deciduously bristly on the midcosta alone on under

surface or smooth, ciliate in the margins. Spadix male and female

somewhat similar, broadly or ventricosely fusiform, erect, more

or less peduncled; outer spathe cymbiform, covered with decidu-

ous dark or tobacco-coloured scurf, armed with long, very nar-

rowly triangular or subcriniform, often paler tipped, solitary or

united in short series at base, spreading in many directions,

spines; beak about as long as the body or shorter, often unarmed

towards its apex. The second spathe more or less spinous; the

third occasionally armed towards the apex only, but usually like

the subsequent ones. Female spadix with 4—7 branches, each bear-

ing a few spikelets at the base; spikelet axis sinuous with 5-7

distichous flowers. Involucrophorwm oblique, subconical; involucre

shallowly cupular, truncate entire; areola distinct, tumescent.

Fruiting perianth explanate. Fruit elliptic and beaked when not

fully mature, later globose, shortly umbonate, 15-17 mm. in

diam.; scales arranged in usually 18-21 vertical series, rarely

15-16, channelled along the middle, rather dull cinnamon brown,

with non-spotted apex and a darker uniform intramarginal line.

Seed irregular, ovoid, slightly broader than tall, 12 mm. in

height, 13 mm. broad, 10 mm. thick, deeply ruminate; embryo

Gardens Bulletin, S.

\ ONIN \

Bh NZ

NIN

we \AV

‘ NN

WAN WN

‘

mn:

Juin 0a, 5 cm

Daemonorops melanochaetes (Henderson 21,710).

A, Fragmentum petioli cum vagina. B, Fragmentum frondis. C,

Spadix fructiferus. D, Fructus.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

basal. Male spadix often larger than the female, densely pani-

cled, cupressiform, rusty-furfuraceous in every part; spikelets

many flowered 5-6 mm. long; corolla twice as long as the calyx.

MALAYA: Penang, Moniots Road (Ridley 9,466). Province Wel-

lesley, Bukit Juru (Ridley 7,100). Negri Sembilan, Gunong Tam-

pin (Holttum 9,561; Goodenough 1,857). Malacca, Bukit Dusun

Paya (Alvins 1,217 as Rotan Miniak). Johore, Bukit Soga

Ridley 11,205 partim) Serom (Ridley in 1900) Pulau Aor (Hen-

derson 18,358). Pahang on Pulau Tioman, Sedagong (Nur

18,891); Bukit Surin (Henderson 21,710); Joara Bay (Burkill

983 and 1,016).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Sumatra, Borneo and Java.

There are many forms and varieties of this species, but

better collections and field studies are needed to clear these

up. The size, shape and the armature of the spadix vary

considerably and many of these variations appear to be due

to age and environment. The Malayan form of D. melan-

ochaetes does not appear to be short-stemmed and so some-

what like the Javanese long stemmed form. Ridley 11,205

(male) and Ridley 9,466 represent D. melanochaetes as

interpreted by Beccari. Ridley 11,205 (female) is D. monti-

colus.

Daemonorops monticolus (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm III

(1850) 328 t. 175 f. V; Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.

VI (1893) 465; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 176

p-p.; Bece. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 84

p.p.; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V. (1925) 37 p.p.; Furtado in

Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX (1937) 176 p.p.

D. intermedius Mart. sensu Furtado op. cit. p. 168 p.p.

Calamus monticolus Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1844) 90 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850-97) tt. 214 A and B,

excl. C.

Stem tufted, erect or subscandent, 2-5 m. high, with sheaths

about 2-5 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths covered with deciduous

tobacco-coloured scurf, armed with long sub-equal, up to 3 cm.

long, flat, subulate, schistaceous, scattered or subseriate, usually

non-confluent thorns, obliquely truncate at the mouth, armed at

the base or the petiole, and sometimes a little below the marginal

rim of the mouth of the sheath, with long porrect spines. Leaves:

upper ones cirriferous; petiole about 25 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide,

slightly channelled above, gibbous at base, armed along the mar-

gins and in a dorsal row with long, distant spines with many

short ones toward the base, the dorsal claws becoming shorter as

the leaves approach the topmost summit of the stem; the claws on

the pinniferous rachis short, 1—3-nate. Leaflets equidistant, lin-

ear, alternate to opposite, numerous, 20-25 cm. long, 10-15 mm.

broad, in the upper surface bristly in the three nerves (less in

the midnerve than in the two lateral ones), on the lower surface

armed in the midvein alone with weak, brittle or deciduous

bristles; margin and apex bristly. Female spadix erect, fusi-

form shortly stalked, 30-40 cm. long, beaked; the outer spathes

Gardens Bulletin, S.

—>—

igen ¢- S. :

AIDS

Fae

Sie

Wy,

The":

—

Daemonorops monticolus (Ridley 11,205).

A, Caudicis fragmentum apicale. B, Frondis fragmentum juvenilis

cum vagina. C, Spicula. D, Fructus.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

covered with deciduous black scurf when young, bicarinate, armed

with weak, long, narrow, flat or subcriniform, deflexed, irregu-

larly scattered or subseriately arranged, blackish spines; the

second spathe armed towards the upper half with subcriniform

spines; branches 3-5; spikelets 3-5 cm. long, with sinuous axis.

Involucrophore short, broadly and obliquely cupular; involucre

shallowly cupular, slightly one-sided, lower than the apex of the

involucrophore on one side; areola distinctly swollen, especially

on the upper side, often sunk deep between the projecting mar-

gins of the involucral and the involucrophoral cups. Fruiting

perianth explanate. Fruit globose, conically beaked when young,

roundish umbonate when mature, 15 mm. in diam.; scales

arranged in 15 vertical series, cinnamon brown with dark intra-

marginal line and erose margins. Seed orbicular, flattened on one

side, as tall as it is broad, 11-13 mm. broad, 10 mm. thick,

ruminate, with embryo slightly above the base. Male spadix

unknown.

MALAYA: Johore, Bukit Soga (Ridley 11,205, partim—neo-

type); Gunong Pulai (Mat. 3,720).

The description given here is based on Ridley 11,205 (fe-

male) with the exception of that of the mature fruits which

is derived from Mat. 3,720. Though in general appearance

Ridley 11,205 seems to match Griffith’s 214B, some discre-

pancies are observed; Griffith’s plate and description repre-

sent the second spathe as unarmed, where it is armed in

Ridley 11,205. Both Martius and Beccari describe the fruit

as having the scales arranged in 18 vertical series, whereas

in both the specimens studied by me the scales are in 15

vertical series. From the English description and the plate

given by Griffith it is obvious that the first words of

Griffith’s Latin diagnosis should be ‘Spatha extima inter et

secus carinas duas’, the italicised words having been omit-

ted in the text apparently through an error. Perhaps

Griffith’s plate 214C represents the Penang specimen. Ac-

cording to Griffith the fruit scales in the Penang specimen

are ‘green with white margins and a brown intra-marginal

line’ a reason why I consider this Penang specimen as D.

Lewisianus. In his interpretation of D. monticolus, Martius

also had excluded the Penang specimen.

Daemonorops Nurii Furtado spec. nov.

A D., singalano cui affinissima, fructibus obovato-oblongis,

squamis fructus secus margines albescentibus, infra mar-

gines gracile atro-luteis vel brunnescentibus, apice fuscen-

centibus sat distincta.

Caudex scandens, cum vaginis 2-3 cm. in diam. Vagina frondis

fusco deciduo furfuracea, apice oblique truncata, infra petioli

basin geniculata, in geniculo breviter aculeata, secus margines

Spinis longis, erectis praedita, inter marginem et geniculum

utrinsecus nuda vel spinis brevibus armata; in altera parte spinis

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Daemonorops Nurii (Nur 32,853).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum spadice fructifero. B, Fragmentum

frondis. C, Fragmentum caudicis ut spadix ante anthesin

appareant. D, Fructus.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

inaequalibus, schistaceis reflexis, solitariis vel saepe basi oblique

approximatis vel subseriatim confluentibus, late laminaribus vel

etiam subcriniformibus, ad 3 cm. longis usque armata. F'rondes

cirriferi; 1-2 m. longi; petiolus 12-25 em. longi, supra appla-

natus, subtus convexus, secus margines in utra pagina spinis

robustis solitariis vel digitatis armatus, dorso (infima parte

basali magis armata excepta) aculeis solitariis reflexis praeditus;

rachis pinnatifera subtus unguibus solitariis vel digitatis armata.

Foliola alternata vel subopposita, aequidistantia, linearia, 25-30

em. longa, 12-16 mm. lata, apice subulato acuminata, supra in

costa primaria et duabus costis subprimariis setosa, subtus in

costa mediana tantum setis minutis, deciduis vel fragillimis et

in marginibus setis appressis praedita. Spadix femineus ante

anthesin fusiformis cum pedunculo 3-4 cm. longo, spinis bre-

vibus armato, et cum rostro corpori equilongo vel quam hoc

breviore, 30-35 cm. longus, cum fructibus nonnihil reflexus;

spatha externe bicarinata, deciduo fusca furfuracea, in corpore

spinis anguste laminaribus, subaequalibus, schistaceis, solitariis

dispersis, vel basi approximatis armata, in rostrum 10-14 cm.

longum inerme vel fere terminata; spathae alterae inermes;

spadicis axis sine pedunculo spathisque circa 15 cm. longa; rami

primarii 3—4, porrecti, 4-5 cm. longi, in spiculas 3-4, floribus

4-6 praeditas, 2-3 cm. longas, divisi. Involucrophorum breve,

quam spathella paulo longius, oblique truncatum, subcupulatum;

involucrum cupulare truncatum involucrophoro paulo brevius;

areola callosa. Flores feminei ovati, circa 8 mm. longi, basi trun-

cati; calyx cupularis, valde striatus, superficialiter 3-denticulatus,

quam corolla demidio brevior. Perianthium fructiferum pedicelli-

forme; calyx paulo divisus, cupuliformis. Fructus immaturi tan-

tum visi, obovato-oblongi, apice abrupti rostrati, sine rostro circa

18 mm. longi, 10-12 mm. in diam.; squamis in series verticales

15 dispositis stramineis, secus margines albescentibus, infra

margines gracillimo fusco-luteis vel obscuris, apice fuscescenti-

bus; Semen immaturum characteribus' permanentibus nondum

evolutis.

MALAYA: Pahang, Cameron Highlands, alt. 2,500 m. (Nur

32,853).

This resembles very much D. singalanus of Sumatra, but

differs from it by its obovate-oblong fruits, and fruit scales

having whitish margins. In the lower parts of the stems the

sheaths are long and the spines are arranged more or less

in oblique series, but this arrangement becomes less conspi-

cuous in the terminal parts of the stem. In the lower parts

of the stem the bare portion on either side of the geniculum

is not present and the petioles are longer.

Daemonorops pseudo-sepal Becc. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.

VI (18938) 465; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 180;

Bece. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 79 t. 25;

Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 40 inter species dubias;

Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX (1937) 177.

D. bakauensis Becce. in Ann. cit. XII (1911) 221. t. 100.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Stem scandent, 3-5 m. long, with sheaths 15-20 cm. in diam.

Leaf-sheaths covered with deciduous tobacco-coloured scurf, obs-

curely ridged longitudinally, armed with distant, unequal, 2-3

cm. sometimes longer, flat, more or less obliquely confluent,

schistaceous spines; unarmed at the mouth. Leaves about 1-50

m. long excluding the cirrus; petiole 35-50 em. long, armed

along the margins with short, scattered spines, and along the

dorsum with solitary claws along dorsum in the basal half and

with 2—5-nate claws in the terminal one, unarmed in the upper

surface. Leaflets numerous, equidistant, 3-5 cm. apart, opposite

or alternate, ensiform, 25-35 cm. long, 14-16 mm. broad, not

Daemonorops pseudosepal (Burkill 866).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum spadice fructifero. B, Frondis frag-

mentum apicale. C, Fructus. D, Semen verticaliter discissum.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

or very slightly bristly in one or all the three nerves above,

bristly only in the midcosta below or entirely smooth, appres-

sedly spinulous along the upper half of the margins. Female

spadix without external spathes 8-12 ecm. long, erect, shortly

peduncled, with 2-3 branches; external spathe not known; other

spathes smooth; involucrophore short, subcupular, one-sided; in-

volucre cupular, truncate, entire, almost immersed in the involuc-

rophore; areola distinctly swollen. Fruiting perianth almost

explanate. Fruit ovoid-elliptic to almost spherical, with a mucro-

nate beak; 17—22 mm. long and nearly as wide; scales arranged

in 15-16 series channelled, with dark intra-marginal line, and a

very dark tip. Seed somewhat flattened, suborbicular, almost

equally convex on both surfaces, about 10-12 mm. tall, as much

broad, 7-9 mm. thick, ruminate, with a basal embryo.

MALAYA: Johore, Pulau Tinggi (Burkill 866). ? Singapore,

Bukit Timah (Ridley in 1894),

This species may be a depauperate form of D. laciniatus.

Its syntypes were froni Perak where the species has not

been collected again. D. laciniatus has been found frequently

in Perak.

The external spathe of D. pseudosepal is not yet known

and without this it is not easy to decide precisely the affini-

ties between these two species. Ridley’s collection from

Singapore has been quoted here with some doubt; this was

quoted as D. grandis in Ridley’s Materials II (1907) and

his Flora V (1925). It differs from the Johore specimen

quoted above in that the stem, the spadix-axis and the spa-

dix-branches are much more slender in this than in the

Johore specimen, the fruit scales arranged in 16 series (15

in the type) and the leaflets are smooth on both surfaces

except for a few occasional bristles on the upper half of

the midnerve in upper surface. This specimen appears to

have been derived from a plant that just started to flower

and fruit for the first time.

Daemonorops Scortechinii Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Cale. XII (1911) 81 t. 27.

D. sepal var. sphaerocarpus Becce. in Rec. Bot. Surv. II

(1902) 220.

Stem unknown. Leaves cirriferous; petiole unknown; rachis

armed below in its upper parts with 2-3-nate claws. "Leaflets

numerous equidistant 15-18 mm. apart, linear or linear-lanceolate,

22 cm. in length, 11 mm. in width; the midcosta and one nerve on

each side of it bristly; beneath midcosta alone sparingly bristly;

margins finely and appressedly spinulous. Female spadix fusi-

form shortly beaked, 20 cm. long, stalked, nodding in fruit;

outer spathe almost equally narrowing towards both ends (beak

about 4 cm. long), armed with narrowly laminar, rather short

(5-10 mm.) feeble, deflexed, often seriate spines; inner spathes

unarmed; branches few, 6-7 cm. long with a few spikelets.

Involucrophore subconic, thick and short, callous at its axilla,

“av,

SUG

een

Daemonorops Scortechini (ex tab. Beccarii delineata).

A, Pars frondis. B, Spadix anthe anthesin. C, Spadix fructiferus.

D, Semen. E, Semen verticaliter discissum.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

unilateral, subcupular; involucre cupular, truncate, entire, al-

mostly entirely immersed in the involucrophore; areola depressed,

conspicuously swollen in the upper margin. Fruiting perianth

subpedicellate. Fruit obovoid glebular, 2 cm. in diam. narrowed

towards the base or subturbinate; scales in 15-16 vertical series,

tawny-brown, with a sharp, dark marginal line, deeply chan-

nelled along the centre, and with a slightly produced tip. Seed

or age 14-16 mm. in diam., not strongly ruminate; embryo

asal.

MALAYA: Perak, loc. incert. (Scortechini s.n.).

This species is known only from the type specimen. |

know this species only from Beccari’s description and plate.

Daemonorops sepal Becce. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893)

465 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 77 t. 24;

Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 36; Furtado in Gard. Bull.

Straits Settl. [IX (1937) 178. p.p.

D. aciculatus Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 176 et

Fl. cit. V (1925) 38. Syn. nov.

Stem scandent with sheaths 15-20 mm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths

gibbous above, covered with deciduous dark brown scurf, armed

densely but irregularly with narrow laminar, schistaceous, un-

equal, up to 3 cm. long, porrect or pointing in all directions,

scattered or disposed in short, interrupted, oblique series, spines.

Leaves 50-100 cm. long in the pinniferous part; cirrus short;

flattened above, more or less prickly on the upper surface,

especially along the margins; on the under surface variously

armed along the margins and the dorsum with solitary or ap-

proximate spines; the rachis armed on the lower surface with

solitary spines in the lower parts, 3—5-nate in the terminal one.

Leaflets numerous, equidistant, 15-20 mm. apart, linear or linear-

lanceolate, subtricostulate, all the three nerves bristly above,

the midcosta alone minutely bristly in the lower surface; margins

spinulous; longest leaflets 25-85 cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad.

Female spadix erect or nodding when in fruit, above 35 cm. long,

fusiform before anthesis with an obsolete or upto 5 cm. long,

bifaced, spiny edged, peduncle; outer spathe bicarinate, armed

with narrow laminar or subcriniform, upto 4 cm. long, scattered

or subseriate spines; inner spathes unarmed; primary branches

4-5, porrect, about 5-8 cm. long, with 5-6 short, upto 4 cm.

long spikelets, having sinuous axis; spathels bracteiform amplec-

tent, acute or acuminate. Involucrophore as long as or shorter

than, the spathel, one-sided, subcupular; involucre cupular,

truncate, as long as the involucrophore. Fruiting perianth

broadly obconical, or subexplanate, with corolla twice as long as

the calyx. Fruit obovate-elliptic, beaked, about 24-30 mm. long,

15-20 mm. broad; scales arranged in 15-18 series, tawny brown

with dark brown marginal line, dull or slightly shining, chan-

nelled with a triangular, not produced tip. Seed oblong 15 mm.

long, 12 mm. broad, 10 mm. thick, pitted in the outer surface;

albumen brownish white, ruminate; embryo basal. Male spadix

similar to female, with similarly armed spathes; the main axis

and of the branches fugaciously rusty-furfuraceous, the largest

primary branch being about 10 cm. long, with many up to 4 em.

long, branchlets; the lower branchlets often subdivided into short

Galtines Builetin, S.

about 10 mm. long spikelets, each with 2-3 flowers; higher up

the branchlets not divided, but with 8-10 flowers; flower bearing

axis zig-zag sinuous; spathels amplectent, deciduously rusty fur-

furaceous often hairy at apex; involucre nearly as long as the

spathel, often cupular, truncate, bidentate, with deciduously hairy

teeth. Male flowers oblong; calyx half as long as the corolla.

. >

‘

Whats

AAS

as, )

Daemonorops sepal (Ridley leg. in 1892).

A, Pars frondis. B, Spadix fructiferus. C, Fructus. D, Semen. E,

Semen verticaliter discissum.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

MALAYA: Perak, Gunong Hijau (Ridley in 1892, syntype of

D. aciculatus; Burkill and Haniff, 12,766) ; Maxwell Hill (Ridley

in June 1893, syntype of D. aciculatus); Sungai Mengkarau

(Anderson 166 and 176); Birch’s Hill (Burkill and Haniff

12,994). Selangor, Sempang Mines (Ridley 15,876); Sungai Ikan

at Ulu Telom (Dolman 27,631 as Rotan Baik); Fraser Hill

(Burkill and Holttum 7,785).

3cm

Daemonorops sepal (Ridley 15,876).

A, Frondis pars. B, Fragmentum caudicis. C, Spadix dum anthesin.

Cases Bulletin, S.

The following are cited here doubtfully :—

Pahang, Sungai Ikan (Dolman 27,631); Sungai Lenoi (Dolman

28,157). Perak, Larut (King’s Collector 4,133, syntype of D.

sepal). Gunong Hijau (Burkill and Haniff 12,763).

There seems to be some difference in the shape and size

of the fruits of D. sepal and D. imbellis, and those speci-

mens cited doubtfully here might be D. imbellis. The speci-

mens sometimes are mixed and in the most cases have young

fruits. King’s Collector 4,133 is one of the syntypes of D.

sepal, but its fruits which are oblong or elliptic in young

stages, have the scales arranged in 15 vertical series. Better

specimens are needed to distinguish between this and D.

imbellis.

D. aciculatus is identical with D. sepal.

Daemonorops tabacinus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 446, in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 222; et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 93 t. 33; omnino

quoad specimen masculum.

D. calicarpus (Griff.) Mart. sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. II (1907) 175 et Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 37 p.p.

D. Lewisianus Mart. sensu Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits

Settl. IX (1937) 171 p.p.

D. monticolus var. pinangianus Bece. in Ann, cit. XII

(1911) 85 p.p.

Stem apparently tufted erect or semi-scandent, up to 4 m.

long, with sheaths 2 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths thickly covered

with dark, tobacco-coloured scurf, armed with scattered, laminar,

subseriate but distinct spines, unarmed at the mouth and pro-

vided with a truncate ocrea. Leaves: radical 2 m. or more long,

non-cirriferous; petiole very long covered with tobacco-coloured

scurf, densely armed in the lower parts with long, flat, obliquely

seriate spines, less in the middle, and almost unarmed towards

the end except for a few spines along the centre of the dorsum;

petiole of the adult leaves 10-15 cm. long, gibbose at the base,

armed along the margins and often along the dorsal median

line with short, solitary, distant spines; rachis of the radical

leaves unarmed or armed with remote solitary spines; rachis of

adult leaves about 40 cm, long, armed dorsally with 1—3-nate

claws, terminating in a short cirrus. Leaflets in radical leaves

variable, some 40-50 cm. long, 25-28 mm. wide, other 30-45 cm.

long, 15 mm. wide apparently depending on the age of the clump

and the individual stem, in the i na surface the midnerve and

one on each side bristly, in the lower surface only the midrib

thus armed with smaller but closer spines; leaflets in adult leaves

closely set, 1-5-2 cm. apart, meey more apart just above the

base, linear, largest in the middle 15-20 cm. long, 1 cm. broad,

setose along the margins and in the three nerves above, in the

lower surface only the midnerve minutely and more closely setose.

Female spadices ventricose, fusiform, with a beak as long as or

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Daemonorops tabacinus (Burkill 376).

A, Petioli fragmentum juvenilis. B, Caudicis fragmentum apicale.

C, Fructus. D, Semen verticaliter discissum.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

shorter than the body; outermost spathe covered with dark

tobacco-coloured scurf, armed with numerous narrowly laminar

or subcriniform, darkish, 2-3 cm. long or sometimes longer,

solitary or subseriate spines; the second and third spathes spin-

ous near the apex, externally furfuraceous; branches very close,

all axial parts rusty furfuraceous; spathels obliquely obconical,

extended on one side; involucre cupular, truncate, slightly oblique,

slightly longer than involucrophore; areola distinct with a semi-

circular border on its upper part, female flowers 7-8 mm. long,

ovate with a truncate base; calyx striate, 2/3 as long as the

smooth corolla. Fruiting perianth not quite explanate, broadly

conical. Fruit not quite mature, globose ovoid gradually rounded

on both sides, abruptly beaked at apex, with beak 20 mm. long,

15-16 mm. in diam; scales in 15-16 vertical series; yellowish

brown, slightly channelled along the middle, with darker mar- :

gins, with no light margins or dark spot; seed orbicular, flattened —

on one side, 10 mm. high, 10 mm. broad, 7-8 mm. thick, deeply ’

ruminate; embryo basal, slightly to one side. Male spadix like

the female, in general appearance; panicle thyrsoid with 4-6

branches, longest about 7 em. long, each with many spikelets; the

axis and spikelets densely furfuraceous; involucre large cupular,

truncate, bidenticulate; corolla twice as long as the calyx or

slightly longer. :

MALAYA: Penang, Balik Pulau (Ridley 7,902); Waterfall —

(Burkill 376); Moniots Road (Curtis 764). :

King’s Collector No. 2,537 (the holotype) is a mixed

collection consisting of male and female spadices. D. taba-

cinus has been typified on the male spadix, while the fruit-

ing spadix in the type appears to be of D. intermedius or D.

laciniatus, both of which produce fruits bearing light mar-

gined scales having spotted tips.

Very near to this species are Alvins 1,217 (Malacca) and

Goodenough 1,857 (Negri Sembilan).

B. SPECIES OF THE SECTION PIPTOSPATHA

Daemonorops bracyhstachys Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits

Settl. VIII (1935) 344 t. 37.

D. propinquus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893)

467 quoad specimina perakensia dubie citata; Ridl., Mat.

Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 181 et Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 41

p.p.

Stem soboliferous, acaulescent or up to 1 m. high, erect with

sheaths 3-5—5 em. in diam. Leaf-sheaths short, coriaceous, thickly

covered with ferrugineous deciduous furfur, and armed with un-

equal, schistose, or yellowish, solitary or united at base, decidu-

ously furfuraceous spines, the larger spines up to 6 cm. long,

laminar somewhat sinuous in margins, strongly narrowed towa 3

the apex, the smallest ones 1 cm. long or even shorter, almost

criniform; ocrea small, triangular at the base of the petiole.

Leaves large with no or small rudimentary cirrus at the end;

petiole about 1 m. long, bifacial, in the lower surface cover

deciduously with ferrugineous furfur and armed with unequal

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Daemonorops brachystachys (Furtado 33,057).

A, Pars petioli. B, Pars frondis cum foliolis. C, Spadix. D, Flos

masculus. E, Flos apertus ut stamina appareant.

Juanon ver

Daemonorops brachystachys (Nur 12,076).

A, Pars frondis basalis. B, Fragmentum frondis apicale. C, Spadix.

D, Spadix cum fructibus. E, Fructus. F, Semen. G, Semen

verticaliter discissum.

Vol. XIV. (1953).

up to 1-15 cm. long spines, the larger spines along the margins

and dorsum of the base, the smaller ones towards the distal half;

the upper surface of the petiole somewhat concave or fiat, armed

in some cases with very small, rigid, pungent erect spines or

tubercles seated towards the margins; rachis 2-2-5 m. long,

armed with 1—3-nate claws, occasionally the claws in the basal

half small or obscure. Leaflets numerous, subequidistant, lanceo-

late or lanceolate-ensiform towards the basal half of the rachis,

others elliptic-lanceolate, broadest in the middle or near it,

broader and abruptly constricted in the lower half at the base,

gradually but arcuately narrowed towards the apex into an

oblique acuminate bristly point with the upper half of the blade

produced much beyond the apices of the midcosta and the lower

half of the blade, setose above in the terminal portions of the

midcosta and at times also of the two subprimary nerves and

below in the terminal portion of the midcosta, spinulous in the

margins, glabrous in other parts, longitudinally plicatulate; sub-

primary costae very slender; transverse nerves invisible; the

largest leafiets 40-60 cm. long, 4-5-6 cm. broad, the smaller ones

towards the apex, and the rudimentary ones in the small cirrus.

Female spadix: peduncle about 25 cm. long in one spadix seen,

1 cm. broad, 0-5 em. thick, reflexed, ancipitous on axial side,

flattened and, excepting a small unarmed portion, armed on the

surface and as also on the margins with solitary, digitate or

seriate spines up to 2 cm.-long, in the distal side somewhat con-

vex, glabrous or armed with a few short or obscure spines to-

wards the apex; the axis about 15 cm. long in one fruiting spadix

and 6 cm. in the other, in each the lower half being infertile;

primary spathes not seen; primary branches 2, about 3-4 cm.

long, each bearing 3-4 spikelets on each side; secondary spathes

short annular with a prolonged apex on one side; spikelets 2-3

cm. long, bearing 2-4 fruits on each side; spathels short annular

with a prolonged apex on one side. Involucrophore slightly longer

than the spathel; involucre obconical, slightly exsert on one side,

shallow at apex, asymmetric, with practically no lamina on one

side of the disc; areola broad, niche-like with acute margins and

almost disc-like scar. Fruiting perianth explanate. Fruit oblong-

elliptic, narrowed on both sides excluding the small, 2 mm. long

mucro about 23-15 mm. long, 16-20 mm. in diam.; scales chan-

nelled in the middle, of a uniform reddish brown colour, arranged

in 18-21 vertical series usually covered profusely with dark red

resin. Seed ovoid, obscurely angular, sometimes compressed on

one side, 12-15 mm. long, 12-15 mm. broad, 12 mm. thick. Male

spadix about a metre long, erect and cylindrical before flowering,

covered externally with deciduous ferrugineous furfur; peduncle

5-12 em. long, furfuraceous, biconvex armed more or less along

the two margins with a few short spines, or unarmed; primary

spathes woody or coriaceous, imbricately enclosing the unopened

inflorescence, cylindrical or slightly broader towards apex, obli-

quely truncate, acute or bifid at apex, later longitudinally opened,

strapshaped, and often revolute; the basal spathe persistent or

later deciduous, bicarinate, armed along the ridges and along the

margins with solitary, digitate or subseriate spines; the second

spathe glabrous or occasionally armed with a few spines; other

primary spathes unarmed; primary branches about 12-14, alter-

nate, porrect, cupressiform, the longest ones seated towards the

base and 8-12 cm. long, those at the apex shortest about 3-4 cm.

long, all producing spikelets or spikelet-bearing branchlets, the

axis in all divisions being angular and deciduously furfuraceous;

the secondary and the tertiary spathes, short, annular, obliquely

Gardens Bulletin, S.

truncate, ligulate, rarely developed into a large broad, ear-shaped —

structure; spathes very short, annulate, ligulate on one side.

Involuere small, disciform. Male flowers asymmetric, somewhat

sinuous, 4—5 mm. long; calyx very short, cyathiform, arcuately

3-apiculate; corolla 4—5 times as long as the calyx, striate.

MALAYA: Kelantan, Sungai Keteh at Batu Papan (Nur with

Foxworthy 12,076, Holotype, vern. name Atap Chuchur). Kedah,

Sungai Labong at Baling (Furtado 33,057). Perak, Upper Perak

(Wray 3,658). Selangor, Seminyih (Hume 8,113).

Since the fruits are congested on the spadices, the shape

of the fruit will depend on the space available for its

growth. Furtado 33,057 which was collected from a tufted

plant is a male specimen and much more robust than all the

others seen. Its leaflets have only the midnerves setose in

the upper side, with no setae in each of the subprimary

nerves on either side of the midrib; whereas in all other

specimens the setae are in the three nerves above. The des-

cription of the male spadix has been drawn mainly from

this Kedah specimen, as are also the details about the

petiole. The differences so far noticed in the Kedah speci-

mens did not justify their separation into a separate variety

or species.

The only other species having a short stem is D. graci-

lipes which has thinner stems, less armed sheaths, more or

less grouped and ensiform leaflets, and less series in the

fruit scales.

Daemonorops didymophyllus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.

VI (1893) 468; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 180;

Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XII (1911) 128; Ridl.,

Flor. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 41; Furtado in Gard. Bull.

Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 349.

D. cochleatus Teijsm. et. Binn. in Cat. Plant. Hort. Bogor.

Suppl. (1866) 381 nomen; Bece. in Malesia II (18) 77,

276-277 nomen.

Calamus cochleatus Miq., de Palm. Arch. Ind. (1868) 29

nomen.

Stem tufted, scandent, fruiting early, 10-20 m. long, with

sheaths 2-3-5 em. through. Leaf-sheaths obliquely truncate,

usually with no spines at the mouth, gibbose below the petiole,

suleate or broadly striate, covered with deciduous brownish fur-

fur, armed irregularly with unequal, scattered, solitary or sub-

seriate, laminar, broad-based, concave beneath, reflexed spines,

the largest of these being about 10-20 mm. long, nearly twice as

long and much less in the younger specimens. Leaves 2-3 m.

long excluding 60-100 cm. long cirrus; petiole 20-75 cm. long,

shorter in the upper leaves, biconvex, sprinkled above with short,

erect prickles; armed along the margins with longer spines, and

100 )

Daemonorops didymophyllus (F urtado 33,027).

A, Caudicis fragmentum ‘cum fronde et spadice masculo. B, Spatha

externalis.

102 J

Vol. XIV. (1953).

below along the dorsal median with solitary claws and with scat-

tered prickles at the base; rachis armed with short, scattered

prickles above, and with 1—3—5-nate claws beneath. Leaflets not

very numerous, solitary or in pairs, about 15-20 cm. apart on

each side, with the bases in the pairs almost touching each other,

elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-ensiform, gradually alternate to-

wards the base, arcuately or abruptly ending in a triangular,

sometimes shortly caudate apex, green, longitudinally plicate and

striate with many slender, sub-primary nerves, unarmed on both

surfaces, minutely and appressedly spinulous in the margins; the

largest leaflets 25-35 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, the basal ones

narrowest and the apical ones also the shortest. Female spadix

recurved; peduncle 2-15 cm. long, biconvex, slightly flattened on

the adaxial side, usually more or less armed in the upper half

with short, solitary or digitate spines along the margins, and

often with digitate or subseriate spines on one or both sides,

sometimes entirely unarmed; the fertile portion 10-15 cm. long,

sometimes longer, oblong-ellipsoid before flowering, very slightly

longer than the outermost spathe; primary spathes imbricate,

concave-cymbiform, ending with a broad triangular apex; the

outermost spathe more or less thickly armed with digitate or sub-

seriate spines; the second one slightly armed with digitate spines

near the apex only; others usually unarmed; main axis thickly

covered with furfuraceous indumentum as also the other parts;

primary branches 3-6, the lower ones bearing 5-6 spikelets; the

largest spikelets about 3-4 cm. long with 5-6 flowers in all;

spathels shortly annular with extended limb on one side. Involuc-

rophore short, thick, obconical, slightly angular, extended into a

triangular limb on one side, involucre slightly exsert, restricted

on one side to a slender margin round the disc and developed on

the other side into a long limb; areola niche-like, with small,

unswollen scar. Female flowers 6 mm. long; calyx cupular-obconi-

cal, with a truncate base, divided arcuately at apex into 3 super-

ficial lobes, finely striate; corolla slightly more than double the

length of calyx, striate, conical before opening. Fruiting perianth

quite explanate. Fruit broadly ovoid, narrowing into a conical,

mucronulate tip, 17-23 mm. long, 15-18 mm. broad; scales

arranged in 12-15 vertical series, occasionally in 16, channelled

in the centre, yellowish brown in colour, more or less tinged

blood red with a thin resinous coating, margins appearing darker

because of the thicker resinous accumulation. Seed 10-13 mm.

long, ovoid to globular, minutely pitted; albumen ruminate;

embryo basal. Male spadix cylindraceous, much longer than the

female, 25-45 cm. long, excluding short, slender, two-edged,

slightly armed at apex or entirely unarmed, 2-10 cm. long

peduncle; the spathes blunt or bidentate, usually less armed than

those in the female, much protruding from the enclosing lower

one; the 2nd and 3rd, sometimes also the 4th and even the 5th

spathes armed with a few spines; primary branches cupressi-

form, appressed, covered all over with rusty furfur; spikelets

1-2 cm. long with 4-7 flowers on each side; spathels small, brac-

teiform, acute. Involucre as long as the spathels, often with two

acute opposite lobes. Male flower 4 mm. long, with a corolla

three times as long as the calyx.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Ulu Bendong, alt. 150 m. (Corner 30,174

and 30,494). Kelantan, Sungai Keteh at Batu Panjang (Nur

12,118). Perak, Kroh (Furtado 33,027 and 33,028); Jor (Haniff

14,231 as Gum Chebor in Sakai); Tapah (Burkill and Haniff

13,450) ; Maxwell Hill, alt. 1,000 m. (Burkill and Haniff 12,681) ;

Taiping Hills (Ridley in February 1904). Penang, Penang Hill

103

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(Ridley 10,345). Selangor, Rawang (Ridley 7,885 as Rotan Tahi

Ayam); Bukit Enggong at Kajang (Symington 24,207 as Rotan

Kembong). Pahang, Tembeling (Henderson 24,532). Johore,

Tanjong Kopang (Ridley 6,285); Mount Austin (Ridley in

June 1904); Pulau Tinggi (Burkill 928 as Rotan Tawa) ; Sungai

Pelepah (Nur 20,045); Gunong Rawang (Ridley in Nov. 1900).

Singapore, Mandai (Ridley 10,487 in 1907 and on 22nd May,

1900; Holttum on 24th July, 1940); Changi (Ridley 6,273 and

s.n. 1894); Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 3,476 as Rotan Udang and

s.n. in 1892); Selitar (Ridley 6,277 and s.n. on 2nd April, 1894

and 9th December, 1890, and in 1892 as Rotan Udang); Garden

jungle (Ridley 9,851); Bukit Timah (Ridley 5,875 and 6,672;

s.n. in 1893; in February 1900; August 1892, and in 1895 as

Rotan Getah).

Daemonorops micracanthus (Griff.) Becc. in Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 467 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale.

(1911) 110 pl. 43; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907)

180 et Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 41 p.p.; Furtado in Gard.

Bull. Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 356.

D. draconcellus Becc., Nelle For. di Borneo (1902) 324,

590 et 608, et in Ann. cit. XII (1911) 108 pl. 42; Merr.,

Bibl. Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 78.

D. propinquus Becc. sensu Ridl., Mat. cit. Il (1907) 181

et Fl. cit. V (1925) 41 p.p.

Calamus micracanthus Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1844) 62 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 72; Mart., Hist. Nat.

Palm. III (1849) 339.

Stem scandent, 10-15 m. long, with sheaths 2—2-5 cm. in diam.,

young ones very much slender. Leaf-sheaths very short, 10-15

cm. long, gibbous above, transversely rugose; rugae_ short,

irregular, interrupted, later reflexed, formed by the union, at

base, of acicular, criniform or subsetiform, 4-15 mm. long, shin-

ing black or dull straw-coloured, black pointed spiculae; in

young specimens leaf-sheaths very much longer, covered with

minute, scattered or confluent or subseriate, spiculiferous tuber-

cles, or superficial ridges; ocrea short. Leaves 1-1-5 m. long

excluding about 60 cm. long cirrus; petiole 25-40 em. long,

biconvex, above obscurely ridged along the upper median, and

unarmed except along the margins, almost flat or slightly concave

at the very base, on the dorsal side armed with the spiculiferous

warts or ridges in the basal portion above the gibbosity, with

short spines along the margins, and with remote solitary claws

or unarmed along the centre; rachis armed above in the basal

half or along with short rigid prickles, and below with 1—5-nate

claws. Leaflets numerous, equidistant, about 2-2-25 cm. apart,

porrect alternate to nyt | sie, 30-35 em. long, 10-18 mm.

road, linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed on both ways from

the middle, ending upwards into a long acuminate, bristly tip;

midnerve setose on both surfaces in the terminal half of the leaf;

one sub-primary nerve on each side remotely bristly on both

surfaces. Female spadix 25-40 cm. long; peduncle 4—8 em. long,

bifaced, armed along the margins with short spines; primary

spathes deciduous, not seen; primary branches 3-5, porrect,

covered all over with ferrugineous deciduous tomentum, the

104

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Daemonorops micracanthus (A—C: Moorhouse 24—XII-1903; D: Ridley

10,952).

A, Fragmentum ut caudex juvenilis magis evolutum appareant.

B, Pars frondis ejusdem caudicis. C, Spica cum fructibus

juvenilibus. D, Fragmentum ut caudex juvenilis et frons cum

foliolis minus evoluti appareant.

105

——*

—

Daemonorops micracanthus (Moorhouse leg. in 1908).

A, Caudicis fragmentum adulti cum frondis petiolis et spadice. B,.)

Frondis pars cum foliolis. lees Sa

sci

106

Vol. XIV. (1953).

lowermost the largest measuring 8-12 cm. long, bearing 3-4

spikelets on each side, other branches gradually shorter and with

less spikelets; secondary spathes shortly annular; spikelets 3-5

cm. long, spreading when in fruit, angular in axis, each bearing

3-5 flowers on each side, shorter spikelets found in the upper-

most branches; spathels shorter, annular, acute on one side.

Involucrophore pedicelliform, angular, 4-6 mm. long, usually

much above the spathel, in fruit much callused in the axil,

spreading, truncate above with triangular apex on one side;

involucre more or less raised above the involucrophore, shortly

pedicelliform, flat-discoid at apex, edged by a short limb; areola

niche-like, sharply edged. Fruiting perianth shortly pedicellate

at base; corolla about twice as long as the calyx. Fruit ovoid-

ellipsoid beaked, 22-25 mm. long, 18-20 mm. in diameter; scales

arranged in 18-21 series, uniform yellowish brown in colour,

channelled in the middle, covered with incrustations of abundant,

blood-red, resinous secretion. Seed when divested of the dry crus-

taceous brittle integument 12-13 mm. long, 11 mm. broad, 7-8

mm. thick, ovate oblong, somewhat flattened on one side, ventri-

cose on the other, pitted on the surface, with the chalazal fovea

punctiform in the centre of the side with a fine channel below,

somewhat truncate at base; albumen ruminate; embryo basal.

Male spadix 45-50 em. long; primary spathes fallen in both the

specimens seen; primary branches 5-6, strict, cupressiform, 10

cm. long, shorter in the upper parts; spikelets representing

secondary branching 2—5 cm. long with 3-6 flowers on each side,

and those representing tertiary and quaternary branching 1-2

em. long, few flowered; spathels small, bracteiform. Involucre

minute, orbicular. Male flower only one seen, 3 mm. long, oblong,

asymmetric; calyx shallowly cupular at base, arcuately 3-toothed,

finely striate; corolla about 2% times as long as the calyx, finely

striate.

MALAYA: Kemaman, loc. incert. (Vaughan-Stevens in 1890, as

Rotan Jernang); Bukit Kajang (Corner 30,340 as Rotan Ulat).

Negri Sembilan, Bukit Senaling (Moorhouse as Rotan Jernang

on 24th December, 1903); Kuala Pilah (Moorhouse in 1903; 1904

as Rotan Jernang). Johore, Panchur (Ridley 10,952 as Rotan

Tai Ayam). Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley in 1900).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.

In the description given here I have not used any data

given by Beccari either under D. draconcellus or D. mic-

racanthus. Beccari had not seen any mature specimens from

Malaya; and D. draconcellus is based on a ‘specimen’ rep-

resenting two or three or perhaps even four collections. The

fruits are of two kinds representing two collections; and

neither of these, nor the female spadix in flowers could be

of the same collection as the male spadix with leaf-sheaths.

It is even possible that the portion of the leaf bearing leaf-

lets may be of another leaf. However my identification of

‘D. draconcellus is based entirely on the male specimen and

the leaflets. This species is described by Beccari as having

its main ribs smooth above. Otherwise the specimen does

not seem to merit a specific separation from D. micracan-

thus. The leaf-sheaths depicted in the plate represent the

107

stage when the spiculae are yet on; later these fall off and

their vestiges produce minute, reflexed wrinkles. :

In the male specimens the petiole and the rachis seem to

be more armed than those in the female. The plant is known

as Rotan Jernang because it produces Dragon’s Blood,

probably the best of its kind. It is called Rotan Tat Ayam

because the stems, principally the young stems, are rough

and appear variegated and Rotan Ulat because the acicular

spiculae sting like the hairs of bamboo sheaths.

Two specimens which were formerly cited by Ridley

(1907 and 1925) under D. propinquus were referred doubt-

fully by me (1935) under this species, but after a compara-

tive examination I find that they belong to D. Kunstleri.

The leaf in Ridley 10,783 (Bukit Timah) belongs to D.

hystriz.

Daemonorops propinquus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 467 p.p. et in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 224;

Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 181 p.p.; Becc. in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 11 p.p. t. 44;

Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 41 p.p.; Furtado in Gard.

Bull. Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 358.

D. draco Bl. sensu Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III 2nd Ed.

(1849) 205 p.p. t. 175 fig. 3-7.

Calamus draco Willd. sensu Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat.

Hist. V (1844) 65 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 75 tt. 201 A

and B.

Stem scandent, short (7). Leaf-sheaths not seen. Leaves

apparently large, terminating in a 75—100 cm. long cirrus; rachis

armed below along the dorsum with 1-—3—5-nate claws, unarmed

above. Leaflets numerous, alternate or sub-opposite equidistant,

3-5-6 em. apart, lanceolate-ensiform, ending gradually into a

subulate tip; the largest in the lower half of the leaf, 30-40 cm.

long, 2-5-3 em. broad, distinctly bicolorous; in the terminal part

of the leaf smaller, narrower, inequidistant, concolorous; pecans

above in the median and the two sub-primary nerves, and benea

only in the median, setulose in margins. Female spadix nodding,

cylindrical before opening, 40-50 cm. long; peduncle about 10 cm.

long armed with strong, digitate spines; primary spathes coriace-

ous or woody, deciduous after flowering; the outermost spathe

armed all over with digitate spines; two or more subsequent

spathes armed with a few digitate — arranged in a line on

the dorsum; primary branches 5—7, the longer ones 12—16 cm. in

length with 3-5 spikelets on each side, upper branches shorter;

spikelets 4 cm. long, angular in axis, with 5-9 subsecund flowers;

spathels short, annular, with an acute limb on one side. Involuc-

rophore pedicelliform, thick obconical, angular, truncate and flat

above, with a triangular limb on one side; involucre slightly

exsert and pedicelliform, orbicular discoid at apex, edged a

108

ees part

Gardens Bullen ae

’ .

Vol. XIV. (1953).

short limb produced on one side; areola niche-like, sharply edged.

Fruiting perianth explanate. Fruit 22-25 mm. long, 18-20 mm.

in diam., ovoid, gradually narrowed towards the apex, crowned

with the vestiges of stigma; scales arranged in 16-18 vertical

series, grooved along the centre, uniformly yellowish brown,

covered abundantly with dragon’s blood secretion. Seed ovoid,

with flattish base, 12-15 mm. long, 10-13 mm. broad, slightly

ventricose on raphal side, with pitted surface; albumen ruminate;

embryo basal. Male spadix not seen.

MALAYA: Perak, loc. incert. (Scortechini, lectotype). Selangor,

Ayer Kuning (Omar 9,933 as Rotan Jernang). Sungai Buloh

(Omar 9,916 as Rotan Jernang in Herb. Kepong). Pahang,

Plangai (Burkill and Haniff 16,792 as Rotan Jernang). Malacca ?

(Griffith 83, excluding fruits in Herb. Kew).

Daemonorops propinquus (Omar 9,933).

A, Frondis fragmentum medianum. B, Cirrus frondis. C—C1!: Spicae

fragmenta. D, Semen. E, Semen verticaliter discissum.

109

The leaflets of this species resemble very much those of

the lower leaves of D. brachystachys, but the latter is a on

short stemmed species and has similar fruit scales which ¥

are dark-brown and arranged in 18—21 vertical series. 2 ;

Griffith’s collection may have come from Malacca and the

fruit scales mounted with it do not belong to it. (cf. Furtado

op. cit. p. 360). Martius mentions both Lewes and Griffith

as having collected the specimens seen by him and does not ,

mention fruit scales fewer than in 15 series. I did not see ©

Scortechini’s specimen and so I have used Beccari’s plate in

identifying the species.

This appears to be one of the best species that yields

Dragon’s Blood.

Daemonorops geniculatus (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III

(1950) 329; Bece. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) :

470; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. I] (1907) 184; Bece. in |

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 186 tt. 81 & 82; |

Ridl. Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 44; Furtado in Gard. Bull.

Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 363 sub D. setigerus. |

D. setigerus Ridl., Flor. cit. V (1925) 45 partim.

Calamus geniculatus Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1845) 67 and Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 77 pl. 202 A & B.

Stem solitary or tufted, 8 m. long or more, 3—5 cm. in diam.

with sheaths. Leaf-sheaths not or obscurely gibbous above,

armed with several, subparallel, oblique, incomplete or some-

times complete rows of deflexed or spreading spines united at

their bases into membranous rings; spines unequal, 2—4 cm.

long, thinly laminar and blackish, in addition to slender, brittle

needle-like spiculae intermingling; very obliquely truncate at the

mouth, armed densely with long and narrow ascendent, up to

10-15 em. long, schistaceous or paler spines, Leaves large, 2-3

m. long, excluding about 1 m. long cirrus; petiole 60-100 cm. >

long shorter in the leaves of the older stems, armed along the

margins with unequal divergent, digitate spines, longer in the

basal portions, practically unarmed in the median of the dorsum,

but armed in the upper surface of the petiole with few minute

prickles, more in the basal portion; rachis armed beneath with

3-7-nate, black-tipped claws. Leaflets numerous, often arranged

in distinct, sub-opposite or alternate groups; groups about 3-15

cm. apart; leaflets in each p 5~7 in all, in one plane, 2-4 cm.

apart, green above, paler pate narrowly lanceolate or ensi-—

form, with caudate bristly tip, smooth, or remotely spinulous in-

the midnerve ahiovs, in the lower surface smooth, or very rtly

bristly in 1—5-nerves, remotely and minutely spinulous in the

margins; transverse veins inconspicuous. F’ spadiz 60-106

elongate, cylindrical before flowering, decompound, eg

- em. long, divided into 5-7 spikelet-bearing,

peduncle 30-60 cm, long, flattened, Se ana

110

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Daemonorops geniculatus (Kiah 35, 29a):

A, Petiolus. B, Spatha externalis. C, Spadix fructiferus. D, Fruc-

tus. E, Semen verticaliter discissum. G, Spicula spadicis

masculi. H, Spicula.

111

7 ‘ a

Gardens Bulletin,

edges with short, simple or digitate spines; primary spathes .

thin, exsuccous, deciduously furfuraceous when young; outer-

most spathe covered with several narrow, subspiny, weak, black

or brown bristles often arranged in short horizontal crests;

other primary spathes shorter, armed only in terminal portions

exposed before the anthesis; axial parts densely furfuraceous

when young, glabrescent later, unarmed; primary branches

erecto-patent, 12-20 cm. long, with 3-6 bifarious spikelets on

each side; secondary spathes bracteiform with a triangular,

acuminate point on one side; spikelets 8-12 cm. long, curvedly

sinuous in axis, with 4—7 distichous flowers on each side; spathels

loosely funnel-shaped, with a triangular apex. Jnvolucrophore

callused in the axilla, pedicelliform specially in the lower parts

of the spikelets, sessile, though exsert in the terminal parts,

cupular at apex, narrowed towards the base; involucre oblique,

cupular slightly exsert on one side; areola distinct, ovate niche-

like, with uncallused scar. Female flowers 6-7 mm. long, ovate;

calyx striate, 3-fid, nearly half as long as the corolla. Fruiting

perianth almost explanate with a slightly callused calyx-base.

Fruit globular-elliptic about 20 mm. excluding perianth and 2-3

mm. long mucro, 15-18 mm. broad; scales in 15 longitudinal

series, when young straw-coloured with dark brown, intra-

marginal line, and fine, white erose margins, later minute

splashed reddish in the body. Seed obscurely trigonal or globose

ventricose on one side; 15 mm, long, 15 mm. broad, 13-14 mm.

thick, ruminate; embryo basal. Male spadix like the female but

spura-decompound; male flowers arranged pectinately on the

spikelets produced on secondary branches.

MALAYA: Trengganu, Ulu Brang Tersat, + 1,000 m. (Kiah

and Moysey, 33,392). Kemaman, Bukit Kajang (Corner 30,463

and 30,466); Ulu Bendol at Kajang (Corner 30,074 and 30,078).

Kelantan, Sungei Keteh (Nur 11,927 as Rotam Dudoh); Gua

Musang (Henderson 22,712); Sungai Chalil (Henderson 29,544).

Kedah, Koh Mai (Kiah 35,223); Kedah Peak (Ridley in June

1893); Weng (Furtado 33,066). Perak, Kroh (Furtado 33,030

and 33,009 as Rotan Lilin); Larut Hills by Mengharan River

(Anderson 166 partim, male and female); Taiping Hills (Ridley

11,409); B.P. district (King’s Collector 7,849); Larut, alt.

600-1,200 m. (King’s Collector 2,735); Maxwell Hill (Burkill

and Haniff, 12,788); Dindings (Ridley 7,901 as Rotan Dudok) ;

Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9,811 and 9,813); Bukit Kapayang by

Sungai Siput (Ridley in 1907); Assam Kumbang (Wray 1,922).

Pahang, Kuala Lipis (Machado 11,635); Gunong Senyum

(Henderson 22,306); Rabu (Furtado 33,104); Tembeling

(Henderson 24,804 and 21,907); Bukit Chemaga (Henderson,

19,482); Sungai Telom (Kiah 24,006); Chegar Perah (Hender-

son 19,391); Gunong Sempang(Burn-Murdoch 13,300); Tahan

River (Mat. 21-IX-—39); Fraser Hill by Sungai Yet (Nur

11,131). Penang, Highland Hill (Haniff 9,145); Bukit Laksa-

mana (Curtis 1,746); Government Hill (Curtis 712 and 2,222).

Batu Feringgi (Fox’s Collector, vern. name as Rotan Landa).

Province Wellesley, Bukit Mertajam (Burkill 9,034). Selangor,

Pahang Track (Ridley 8,778); Semangko ag | in Au

1909); Ginting Simpak (Hume 9,463); Ginting Bidai (Ridley

7,892 as Rotan Segerah). Negri Sembilan, Gunong Tampin (Holt-

tum 9,569). Malacca, Bukit Sedenan (Bebas 106, as Rotan Jelu-

tong; Derry 959 as Rotan Kerai; Bebas 102, as Rotan Perpah and

111 as Rotan Tungal). Johore, Sungai Kayu Ara (Corner and

Furtado 29,483); Batu Pahat (Lake and Kelsall in 1892).

pore, cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor. XII. C. 84 (Furtado 30 ‘x

112 | -

‘a

Vol. XIV. (1953).

SUMATRA: Palembang cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor. XII C. 87

(Furtado 30,845).

BORNEO: cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor. XII. C, 123 (Furtado

30,807) cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor. XII. C. 9 (Furtado 30,822).

In the field note of Corner 30,466 it is stated that the

leaflets are not in groups; because of this and also because

the crests on the leaf-sheaths are horizontal and not oblique,

and the basal halves of the petioles are broadly channelled

and armed with triangular, 1-2 cm. spines which are point-

ing obliquely towards the median, I was inclined to make

this specimen, the type of a new species, even though in

other respects no material differences are lacking in it to

separate from D. geniculatus. But a careful comparison

shows that Corner 30,466 represents a vigorous growing

plant with a thick stem, and the leaf specimens, though long

and with a long cirrus at the end, show no geniculus, even

a faintly developed one—facts which show that the plant

which supplied the specimens was young. Some fragments

of the leaves showed a tendency to leaflet-grouping as in

D. geniculatus, a tendency noticed also in terminal parts.

In a young leaf of D. geniculatus the petiole was shallowly

channelled and was armed as in Corner 30,466.

As to their size, shape, texture and armature the leaflets

in Corner 30,466 are exactly as in D. geniculatus; the spa-

dix and the young fruits seen are also similar. In view of

this I have no hesitation to place the collection under D.

geniculatus, though in the keys I had to make a special

provision to include the specimens with equidistant leaflets

and horizontal crests—a description, as far as the specimens

examined by me, which applies only to some specimens in

the above cited Corner’s collection.

Daemonorops hystrix (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III

2nd ed. (1849) 205 et (1850) 328 pl. 176 f. IV 3-4; Mig.,

Fl. Ind. Bot. III (1855) 91; Bece. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit.

Ind. VI (1893) 469 et in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902)

226; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 183 p.p.; Becc.

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 135 t. 55; Ridl.,

Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 42.

D. hirsutus Bl., Rumphia II (1836) p. 135 et II (1845)

21 quoad folia tantum.

D. hirsutus var. brevifolia Bl., Rumphia III (1845) 21.

Calamus hirsutus (Bl.) Mig., De Palm. Arch. Ind. (1868)

28.

113

i y

C. hystrix Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V (18

Stem scandent, very variable in size, tufted 2-4 cm. in diam.

including sheaths. Leaf-sheaths gibbous armed conspicuously

with several erect, flat, narrow laminar, light-coloured, straight

or slightly sinuous spines; the spines on the sheaths usually 1-3

em. long, solitary or seriate, sometimes confluent, horizontal or

defiexed, and those at the mouth longer 3-8 cm. long, sometimes

20-30 cm. long, erect or oblique; ocrea very short. Leaves 1-2 m.

long excluding 50-100 cm. long cirrus; petiole 30-45 cm. long,

biconvex, slightly flattened at the base above, armed along the

edges with 1-2 cm. (or longer at base), spreading spines, min-

gled with minute ascendent spines on the upper part of margins,

usually smooth along the dorsum except for a few spines at the

base and Secaaiasniel at apex; rachis in the upper surface of

the basal portion remotely spinulous, along the dorsum 1-3-5-

clawed. Leaflets numerous, equidistant, 2-3 cm. apart, opposite

to alternate, linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate; in the upper

surface the 3 costae (one primary and two sub-primary) spar-

ingly bristly from the middle upwards; in the lower surface 3—5

costae armed very closely with small, appressed bristles; margins

spinulous; the largest leaflets about 30 em. long, 12-14 mm.

wide, rarely larger. Female spadix erect at first, 40-50 em. long,

sometimes longer; peduncle short, bifacial about 3-5 em. long,

more or less prickly at least on the edges; primary spathes coria-

ceous, tubular at first, obliquely truncate, usually bidentate at

apex, each protruding a good deal from below; the outermost

spathe long persistent, earshaped when opened, narrowed to-

wards the base, more or less armed externally with flat, short,

broad, solitary or confluent, seriate or digitate spines on the

back and sometimes with a few laminar spines on the edges at

the apex; inner spathes smaller, quickly deciduous, gradually

less spinose until the terminal ones quite unarmed; axial parts

thinly and deciduously rusty-furfuraceous; the main axis divided

into 5-10 primary spikelets bearing branches; the latter erect

at first spreading in fruits; the lowest primary branch 12-15

em. long, bearing 4-6 spreading spikelets on each side; other

primary branches gradually shorter and with fewer spikelets; |

the latter more or less angular and sinuous in axis, 4-8 cm.

long, spreading when in fruit, the largest with about 5-7

flowers on each side; spathels very short, annular with a tri-

angular acute point on one side. Involucrophore distinctly pedi-

celliform, about 2 mm. long, narrowed towards the base, sub-

trigonous, porrect in flower, spreading in fruit, with a distant

callus in the axil, truncate at apex with an acute limb on one

side; involucre flat, round or obscurely angular, disciform,

raised ‘above the involucrophore; areola punctiform. Fruiting

perianth obconical-campanulate, with the corolla lobes yore |

or deflexed. Fruit oblong or elliptic 15-17 mm. long, about 1

mm. in diam., rounded at both ends and mammillate at apex,

caudiculate at base; scales arranged in 12 vertical series, of a

uniform straw colour, with a narrow darker or lighter inter-

marginal line and whitish erose margins, grooved in the centre.

Seed oblong, rounded at both ends, 11-14 mm. long, 6—7 mm.

broad, finely pitted, irregularly wrinkled on raphal side; albumen

ruminate; embryo exactly basal. Male spas similar to the

female, but in the specimens seen shorter; branches and spikelets —

porrect; flowers soon caducous, none seen.

_ e nm eo ¢

114

et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 80 tt. 204 A, B & C.; Miq., De —

Palm cit. (1869) 28. ; 5

’

Vol. XIV. (1953).

SJuRAIM) DEL

Y -

Daemonorops hystrix (Holttum 32,994).

A, Pars caudicis. B, Fragmentum frondis. C, Fragmentum spadicis:

apicale. D, Fructus. E, Semen. F, Semen verticaliter discis-

sum.

115

Daemonorops hystrix (Ridley 11,984).

A, Frondis fragmentum. B, Spadix ante anthesin. C

lis. D, Spadix post anthesin.

’

. C, Spatha basa-—

“46

’

116

Vol. XIV. (1953).

MALAYA: Pahang, Kuala Lipis (Ridley 11,612). Perak, Dind-

ings (Ridley 8,404). Selangor, Batu Tiga (Ridley 11,984).

Malacca, loc. incert. (Alvins). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill

(Burkill 2,173); Bukit Kandong (Alvins 1,205 as Rotan Chi-

cheh); Beremban (Furtado 33,133). Johore, Pontian (Holttum

32,994); Sungai Tebrau (Ridley 11,514); Johore Lama (Ridley

on 14—X-1900). Singapore, Bukit Mandai (Ridley: 3,480 as

Rotan Sabote; 3,481; 3,486 as Rotan Machap Merah; Good-

enough 1,670 as Rotan Bakau); Jurong (Ridley on 15—X—1889) ;

Sungai Murai (Goodenough 3,485); Upper Mandai (Ridley

3,484); Garden Jungle (Ridley 5,876; Furtado 30,672); Selitar

(Goodenough 1,668); Bukit Timah (Ridley 10,782); Chan Chu

Kang (Ridley 1,664); Kranji (Goodenough 1,667 partly); Toas

(Ridley 3,479); Tanjong Gol (Ridley 3,483 as Rotan Sabote) ;

Yo Chu Kang (Ridley 11,295).

SUMATRA: Cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor X. E. 6 (Furtado 30,920).

This species varies a good deal in dimensions and spine-

scence of its different organs, some of the variations are no

doubt due to the age of the plant. The vernacular name

Rotan Bakau has been assigned by Ridley to D. leptopus

on the misidentification of Goodenough 1670 quoted here

by me.

Ridley 10,783 (Bukit Timah) which according to the

notes in the sheets, was cited under D. propinquus, does not

belong to that species, and is D. hystrix as far as the leaves

are concerned.

Daemonorops hystrix var. minor Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit.

Ind. VI (1893) 469 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII

(1911) 138 pl. 56; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 43.

Stem 0-4 m. high, erect, at first, but scandent later, 1-2 cm.

through. Leaf-sheaths as in the type, but with fewer spines,

slightly geniculate in the upper parts; spines at the mouth 6-10

cm. long. Leaves 60-90 cm. long including the petiole, ending in a

short or no cirrus; the latter up to 30 em. long. Leaflets 14-18

cm. long, 9-10 mm. broad, bristly as in the type. Spadix 12-40

em. long; peduncle short, unarmed or with a few lateral spines;

primary spathes feebly armed, often acute at apex. Fruit 10-14

mm. long, 8-10 mm. broad; the scales arranged in 15 vertical

series.

MALAYA: Kedah, Gunong Bintang on the borders of Perak

(Haniff 21,052 as Rotan Sini). Kemaman, Ulu Bendong (Corner:

30,070; 30,071 and 30,194).

This variety differs from the type in that it is a smaller,

erect form and that its fruit scales are arranged in 15 verti-

cal series. There are some variations in this variety too. In

the Kedah specimen the fruit is shorter than those in the

Kemaman specimens.

A young specimen collected in Kemaman (Corner 30,071)

shows a tendency to produce branches at the roots so as to

form tufts, but the collector’s notes state that the plant is

117

thas bl f

Daemonorops hystrix var. minor (A: Corner 30,194; B-D: Corner

30,070). — a

A, Caudicis fragmentum infertile. B, Caudicis fragmentum

spadicibus fructiferis, C, Fructus. D, Semen,

118

‘

: -

‘

: hy f

Wes

yy ‘ »

‘

Vol. XIV. (1953).

very common at Ulu Bendong, but it is always solitary

(perhaps excluding the short leafy stems around the roots).

The type specimen was collected in the Larut District of

Perak (not quoted above).

Daemonorops Kunstleri Bece. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 469 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911)

151 t. 61; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 43; Furtado in

Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. VIII (1985) 349.

D. elongatus Bl. sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907)

185, et Flora cit. V (1925) 48.

D. periacanthus Mig. sensu Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus.

IV (1909) 87.

D. vagans Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. cit. VI (1893) 465 et in

Ann. cit. XII (1911) 153 t. 62; Ridl. Fl. cit. V (1925) 43;

Furtado in Gard. Bull. cit. VIII (1936) 365 syn. nov.

Stem erect, later semi-scandent, 0-50-8 m. long, with sheaths

2-3 cm. in diam., considerably less in the upper parts of scan-

dent specimens. Leaf-sheaths split a long way on ventral side

and not gibbous in lower parts of the stem, obliquely truncate

at the mouth and gibbous in uppermost leaves, armed densely

with unequal, upto 2-5 cm. long more or less seriate, spines,

covered all over the lower leaves with dark scurf; spines distinct

or united at base to form interrupted, irregular crests, reflexed

but a few on ventral side porrect, in the upper leaves intermingled

with short, criniform black spiculae, but at the mouth with

ascendent up to 5-10 cm. long. Leaves about 2 m. long, paripin-

nate without a cirrus in the lower parts of the stem, gradually

shorter but provided with an accrescent cirrus in those of the

upper parts; petiole 30-50 cm. long, 1 em. broad, shorter in the

upper leaves, armed along the margins and the dorsal median

with short deflexed spines and with much larger spines on the

margins at the base; rachis armed with 1—-3—5-nate claws. Leaflets

numerous, equidistant, 2-4 cm. apart, concolorous 11-15 mm.

broad, shorter above, linear ensiform, sub-tricostate; on the

upper surface midcosta spinulous near the apex only, and one

nerve on each side of the costa bristly from near the base; on

‘the lower surface midcosta alone shortly bristly; margins

minutely and appressedly spinulous. Female spadix about 35-40

cm. long without peduncle, covered in every part with a decidu-

ous rusty tomentum, erect before opening, nodding when in

fruit; peduncle very variable in length and also in amature,

5-20 cm. long, more or less densely armed with unequal, small

fascicled or whorled, black to dirty yellow-brown spiculae and

flat spines; primary spathes thickly coriaceous, bidentate at the

apex; the outermost spathe more or less densely armed with

unequal spines and sometimes with spiculae also; the second

spathe, and sometimes the third also, armed with a few spines;

subsequent spathes usually unarmed; spines and spiculae on the

spathes concolorous with those on the peduncle; panicle divided

into 3-6 primary branches; the latter 3-4 cm. or less apart, 8-12

em. long, each with 3-6 bifarious, spreading spikelets each side;

119

Gardens Bulletin, Ss: |

— --—-

lcm

Daemonorops Kunstleri (Furtado 33,018).

A-B, Partes frondis. C, Pars vaginae, spadicem ferens. D, Spatha

externalis. E, Fructus. F, Semen. G, Semen verticaliter

discissum.

120

Vol. XIV. (1953).

spikelets axis sinuous, angular, the longest bearing 6—7 bifarious

flowers on each side; spathels annular, obliquely truncate, api-

culate. Involucrophore distinctly pedicelliform, 2-5 mm. long, angu-

lar, erectopatent, narrowed towards the base, flat and truncate at

apex, almost without limb; involucre on a level with the involucro-

phore, flat, discoid, orbicular almost without limb; areola, if

present, inconspicuous. Female flowers 6 mm. long; calyx shortly

cupular, with 3 superficial teeth; corolla 4—5 times as long as

the calyx, with the undivided cup often twice as long as the

calyx, and with abruptly narrowed segments. Fruiting perianth

broadly obconical, very shortly pedicelliform. F’ruit spherical or

slightly longer than thick sometimes slightly depressed 14-17

mm. in diam., or slightly less thick; scales arranged in 15-18

longitudinal series, of a uniform yellowish-brown or dirty straw

colour, with light-coloured margins, sometimes with an obscure,

dark spot at the apex. Seed irregularly globular, minutely tuber-

cled, 10-12 mm. in diam.; albumen ruminate; embryo basal.

Male spadix; primary spathes less armed; the primary and the

secondary branches and spikelets closely packed even after the

fall of the primary spathes; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, with 2-3

flowers on each side; involucre very shallow, inconspicuous;

flowers a few seen, 3 mm. long.

MALAYA: Kedah, Kedah Peak (Ridley VI-1893). Kemaman,

Ulu Bendong (Corner 30,075, male). Perak, Larut Hills (Rid-

ley 18—XII-1902); Taiping Hills (Fox in 1899); Maxwell Hill

(Burkill and Haniff: 12,646; 12,716; 138,192 and 13,196); Kroh

on Bukit Chong (Furtado 33,018); Bruas in Dindings (Curtis

in December 1903 as Rotan Dudok). Penang, Penang Hill (Rid-

ley 10,343); Government Hill (Curtis 2,150); Mount Elvira

(Haniff in IV-1901); Balik Pulau (Ridley 7,905). Pahang, Telom

(Ridley 13,915); Sungai Lemoi (Jaamat 28,190 as Rotan Kerez) ;

Fraser’s Hill (Holttum 21,526); Wray’s Camp (Ridley 16,291).

Selangor, Sempadang Gap (Burn-Murdoch 13,197); Bukit Kutu

(Ridley in V-1896); Kwang (Ridley 13,451); Semangko (Rid-

ley in VIII-1904). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga (Nur 11,835) ;

Gunong Angsi (Nur 11,671). Johore, Gunong Belumut (Holttum

10,610 and 10,748); Gunong Bechua (Holttum 10,839); Kota

Tinggi (Ridley 15,361); Kluang (Holttum 9,257); Kuala Tebrau

(Mat. in July 1892); Mount Austin (Ridley in 1904); Mawai

by Sungai Dohol (Corner 29,748). Singapore, Chan Chu Kang

(Ridley on 20—X-1889); Goodenough 1,667); Bukit Mandai

(Ridley in 1909); Selitar (Ridley on 9- XII-1890) ; Bukit Timah

(Ridley in 1894).

SUMATRA: Cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor, XII. C. 104 (Furtado

30,816, male).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo (fide Beccari).

_As shown in my previous paper (1935) there is a good

deal of variation in the number of the vertical series in

which the fruit scales are arranged. To a certain extent

there is some variation on the spinescence on the sheaths

and outermost spathes so that these characters are not use-

ful to separate D. vagans from D. Kunstleri. After com-

paring the habits of some semi-scandent species which

flower and fruit when the stem is young and erect, I have

come to the conclusion that D. vagans is based on specimens

of D. Kunstleri at the scandent stage, when it produces a

121

Gardens Bulletin, S. A

cirrus at the end of the leaves and a gibbosity at the base of

the petiole. The real D. elongatus Bl. has not been observed

in Malaya. The Singapore duplicates of Ridley 7,905

(Penang), which has been quoted by Beccari (1911 p. 141)

doubtfully under it, is D. Kunstleri.

Two collections of this species (Selangor, Istagoh in

Kuala Lumpur, and Selitar) were cited by Ridley (1907 and

1925) under D. propinquus; these were doubtfully referred

by me (1935) under D. micracanthus.

Daemonorops Kunstleri var. langkawiensis Furtado in Gard.

Bull. Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 350.

This differs from the type in having its fruit scales

arranged in 20 vertical series.

MALAYA: Langkawi Island, Gunong Raya (Haniff and Nur

7,119); Kesap (Haniff 15,911 vern. nom. Rotan Jeren); Burau

(Ridley 15,884).

Daemonorops lasiospathus Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits

Settl. VIII (1935) 351.

D. scapigerus Becc. sensu Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925)

43 p.p.

Stem solitary, acaulescent or up to 1-5 m. tall, erect, with

sheaths 3-3-5 em. through. Leaf-sheaths not gibbous, fugaciously

covered with tobacco-brown furfur, obliquely truncate at apex,

unarmed immediately below the base of the petiole in other parts

armed with laminar, straw-coloured, solitary or subseriately

approximate, 1-2-5 em. long spines. Leaves about 1-5-2 m. long

without any cirrus or with a tendency to form one, petiole 35-40

cm. long, ventrally channelled towards the base and flattened

higher up, dorsally convex and unarmed, along the margins

armed with up to 6 cm. long spines, the latter if seated towards

the base somewhat closer, longer and spreadingly porrect and if

seated towards upper half distant, about 1-2 em, long and re-

flexed; rachis about a metre or more long, armed below along

the two margins each with a row of small solitary, rarely digi-

tate, reflexed hooks, but the topmost portion of the rachis usually

unarmed, like the entire rachis in the upper surface. Leaflets

several, closely equidistant, 2-3 cm. apart, ensiform or lanceolate-

linear, 25-30 cm. long, 18-20 mm. broad, narrowed towards both

ends, contracted at apex into a long bristly tip, spinulose in the

margins; in the upper surface the median costa alone remotely

setose towards the apex, unarmed in other parts, median costa

and two sub-primary ones very prominent; in the lower surface

paler, all 7-9 costae very slender, 5 of which are closely and con-

spicuously setose, setae closer in the median costa than in the sub-

primary ribs. Female spadix: peduncle variable in length, 25-55

cm. long, biconvex, deciduously covered with ferrugineous fur-

fur, usually armed with up to 2-5 em. long, spreading or slightly

refiexed spines (those towards the base longer and sometimes

solitary, those towards the apex usually shorter, digitate or

seriate); the portion included in the spathes 5-15 cm. long,

122

a —

\7 y

Daemonorops lasiospathus (Corner and Furtado (29,482A).

A, Folium. B, Spadix femineus. C, Spadix fructiferus. D, Frag-

mentum spadicis floriferus. E, Flos masculus. F, Flos apertus

ut staminodia pistillumque appareant. G, Fructus. H, Semen.

I, Semen verticaliter discissum.

123

" PR y pe

Gardens Bulletin, Se

divided into 3-5 primary branches; primary spathes membran-

ous, scaphoid or strap-shaped when open, deciduous, 15 cm.

long or less, covered with soft, slender, capilliform, sinuous, up

to 2 ecm. long hairs arranged in short series and united at base;

the outermost armed also with occasional stiff spines seated in

the midst of the long hairs; the other spathes gradually shorter

and less hairy; primary branches 1-5-5 cm. long; secondary

spathes membranous, short, annular 5-10 mm. long, with a

broad, longer apex on one side; spikelets 2-3 on each primary

branch, each 10-15 mm. long, bearing 3-5 congested flowers;

spathels annular, obliquely truncate. Involucrophore sessile,

cupuliform, enclosed or a little exsert; involucre developed into

one-sided, auriculiform cup, truncate on the other side, some-

times deep to the torus disc. Female flowers ovate, 5-8 mm.

long; calyx half the length of the corolla, triparitite, striate;

corolla segments coriaceous, not striate. Fruiting perianth ex-

planate. F’'ruit spherical or ovate globose, gradually or abruptly

beaked at apex, without the beak 22-25 mm. long, 20-25 mm.

in diam., scales arranged in 13-15 vertical series, channelled in

the centre, dark with violet tinge when young, gradually turning

straw-coloured with broad, dark marginal lines. Seed ovoid,

17-18 mm. long, 15-17 mm. broad, 15-16 mm. thick; albumen

ruminate, with whitish homogeneous core; embryo basilar. Male

spadix: peduncle less armed or almost unarmed, slender. Male

flowers 6-8 mm. long, in calyx about 1/2-1/3 of the corolla.

MALAYA: Johore, Sungai Kayu Ara (Corner and Furtado

29,482A, type, and 29,494 male); Ulu Kahang (Holttum 10,920).

BORNEO: Sarawak, Siul (Ridley in September 1905); Matang

(Ridley in July 1905).

In many respects this species resembles D. scapigerus

Becc., but is easily distinguished from the latter in the ab-

sence of laminar crests on leaf-sheaths and smaller and more

armed leaflets. The primary spathes in D. scapigerus are

described to be quite unarmed, whereas in D. lasiospathus

all the primary spathes are provided with long acicular

hairs.

Daemonorops leptopus (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. II

2nd. ed. (1849) 206 et (1850) 329; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bot. III

(1855) 99; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 182 p.p.;

Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 128 pl.

52; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 42 p.p.; Furtado in

Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. IX (1937) 163 sub D. congestus.

D. congesta Ridl., Mat. cit. Il (1907) 179 et Flor. cit. V

(1925) 40.

D. propinquus sensu Ridl. in Jour. Roy. As. Soe. Str. Br.

33 (1900) 175.

Calamus leptopus Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1844) 73 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 82 pl. CCV A & B.

Stem high scandent, 20 m. or more long, with sheaths 2-6 cm.

through. Leaf-sheaths thick geniculate, woody, hard, dirty-straw

coloured, almost unarmed in older specimens excepting a few

124

Vol. XIV. (1953).

-— = ——= °

hel —r\

es s >

Z > oa «

ce o7e

Wik

an \ ae

——

= j /

——S” ;

A 4cm

Jukprn gcu

Daemonorops leptopus (Corner 30,195).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum spadice fructifero. B, Spatha exter-

nalis. C, Fragmentum folii. D, Fructus. E, Semen. F, Semen.

verticaliter discissum.

125

Gardens Bulletin, S.

rigid spines arranged in a line below the gibbosity, densely

armed in younger specimens with triangular rigid solitary or sub-

seriately united at base, reflexed spines arranged, on the gibbo-

sity and sometimes for a short length below it, in three rows

in line with the dorsum and the two margins of the petiole.

Leaves large, 2-5-3 m. long, excluding 80-125 cm. long cirrus;

petiole 50-80 cm. long, remotely armed in a line along the dorsal

median with usually solitary hooks, and along the margins with

short and occasionally long .spines, smooth usually in the upper

surface, but sometimes provided with tuberculiform spines;

rachis armed beneath with 3—5-nate claws towards the apex,

solitary towards the base. Leaflets numerous, equidistant alter-

nate or sub-opposite 3-7 cm. apart, slightly paler beneath, lan-

ceolate, gradually ending into an acuminate bristly tip, smooth

on both surfaces except for a few bristles in the midrib towards

the apex on both sides or in the upper surface only; spinulous

on the margins; the largest 40-50 cm. long, 2-5-8 cm. broad.

Female spadix spuriously axillary, about 80-100 cm. long, nod-

ding or recurved after flowering, divided into 4—7 main branches;

the outermost spathes bidentate, woody, long persistent, almost

smooth or more or less armed with short or tuberculiform,

solitary or digitate spines along the two ridges and occasionally

also along one of the margins; other primary spathes bidentate

or obscurely so, woody or thickly coriaceous, almost polished:

primary branches 8~20 cm. long, divided into 4—6 spikelets on

each side; spathels obliquely infundibuliform, acutely angular,

extended on one side into a triangular point. Involucrophore

obconical with a triangular apex on one side; involucre cupular

at first, very shallow later in fruit; areola with acute borders

and with a punctiform scar. Female flowers 5-6 mm. long; calyx -

striate; corolla 1/3 longer than the calyx. Fruiting perianth

almost explanate with a small, subcallous base. Fruit ovate-oblong

or oblong, 16-18 mm. long, about 11-12 mm. broad, rounded at

both ends, abruptly beaked; scales arranged in 12-15 longitu-

dinal series, dull, cinnamon-brown colour, broader than long,

narrowly channelled along the centre and having more or less

fine dark margins. Seed oblong ovate-oblong, slightly flattened,

11-14 mm. long, 9-10 mm. broad, 6—7 mm. thick, rounded at

both ends, rugose surface; albumen ruminate embryo basal. Male

spadix very slender, with cupressiform, porrect branches. Invo-

luecre enclosed within its spathel, semi-cupular, bidentate. Male

flowers linear, oblong, about 5 mm. long; corolla 2% to 3 times

as long as the calyx.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Ulu Bendong (Corner 30,195 and 30,196).

Perak, Tapah Hill (Furtado 33,093); Gopeng (Kunstler 5,919) ;

Larut Hills (Ridley in December 1902). Pahang, Bukit Chemaga

(Henderson 19,476 as Rotan Kanol in Sakai). Malacca, Sungai

Udang (Ridley and Goodenough 1,635). Negri Sembilan, Bukit

Kandong (Alvins 1,246 as Rotan Murusek). Johore, Sungai Kayu

(Kiah 32,412); Batu Pahat (Ridley 11,210); Kuala Tebing

Tinggi (Ridley 11,204); Sungai Tebrau (Ridley 11,519); Gunong

Pulai (Ridley 12,200). Singapore, Kranji (Goodenough in

7-X—1889); Bukit Mandai (Ridley in 1901; Goodenough 1,670

as Rotan Bakau; Mat. in 1894); Upper Mandai (Ridley 3,497) ;

Bukit Panjang at Stagmount (Ridley, type of D. congesta) ;

Jurong (Corner in XI-1932 and III-1933); Bukit Arang (Good-

enough 1,666); Ang Mo Kio (Ridley in 1894).

Some of the specimens (e.g. from Langkat) which Ridley

quoted under this species are excluded from here.

126

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Daemonorops longipes (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III,

2nd. ed. (1849) 205 & 329 pl. 174 fig. V. 23; Miq., Fl. Ind.

Bot. III (1855) 93; Bece. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 472; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 184;

Bece. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 202 tt.

92 & 93. Ridl. Fl. Mal. Pen. V. (1925) 44.

D. geniculatus (Griff.) Mart. sensu Ridl., Mat. cit. Il

(1907) 184 et Flora cit. V (1925) 44, partim.

D. strictus Bl., Rumphia III (1847) 19 pl. 163A; Migq., FI.

Ind. Bot. III (1855) 86 et Prodr. Fl. Sum. (1860) 255.

Calamus longipes Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1845) 68 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 78 (excl. Rumph’s

cit.) pl. CCIII A, B.

C. strictus (Bl.) Migq., De Palm. Arch. Ind. (1868) 28.

Stems tufted, semi-scandent, 3-4 m. long, with leaf-sheaths

3-3-5 ecm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths not gibbous at first, but obs-

curely in leaves produced late in life of the stem, very obliquely

truncate, armed with long, flat, obliquely seriate, schistaceous,

38-7 cm. long spines, sometimes mixed in the series with small,

dark criniform spiculae; spines fewer on the sheaths of the later

leaves, rather long at the base of the petiole, and shorter but

broader in the dorsum. Ocrea rather long along the margins

of the sheaths of the lower leaves, reduced to a short, semi-

annular margin in the later leaves, densely covered with minute,

black, criniform spiculae. Leaves 1-5—2-5 m. long below the cirrus;

the latter wanting in the lower leaves, present and strongly

clawed in the uppermost leaves; petiole almost polished, 30—60

em. long biconvex, somewhat flattened or obscurely ridged above

and broadly channelled at the very base, armed with long, irre-

gular decrescent spines at the very base and along the margins

with solitary spines in the median of the upper part of the

dorsum; rachis armed dorsally with 1—3—5-nate, black-tipped claws.

Leaflets numerous, more or less inequidistant, often geminate or

almost equidistant in some parts and 3-4 cm. apart, ensiform or

elongate-lanceolate, broadest below the middle, ending in a fila-

mentous tip, not distinctly 3-costulate; the midcosta bristly on

both surfaces, but the two sub-primary nerves (one on each side

of the midrib) usually bristly above and occasionally so below;

the largest 30-40 cm. long, 22-28 mm. broad; upper ones gra-

dually decrescent. Female spadix: peduncle 40-80 cm. long, flat-

tened, acutely two-edged, unarmed, 10-15 mm. broad; flowering

panicle 35-50 em. long, divided into 3—4 primary branches; axis

deciduously rusty furfuraceous primary spathes cinnamon-

brown colour, glabrous, unarmed; lower primary branches larg-

est, 18-25 cm. long, (longer in fruits) with 5-8 distichous

spikelets on each side; secondary spathes short, annular with a

triangular apex on one side; spikelets patent or erecto-patent, the

longer ones 5-10 cm. long (fruiting ones longer), with 5-10

flowers on each side; spathels shortly annular, with a triangular

apex. Involucrophore pedicelliform, 2—5 mm. long, obsoletely an-

nular, truncate with a short apex on one side; involucre shal-

lowly cupular, entire, immersed on one side, exsert on the other.

127

‘ 2 5 oP ee

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\ 4 . . i a7

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| Gardens Bulletin, S. _

' Unt |

TURAIM( De.

Daemonorops longipes (Furtado 30,831).

A, Frondis vagina. B, Pars folii. C, Spadices fragmentum masculus.

D, Spatha externalis. E, Flos. F, Flos apertus ut staminodia

appareant.

128

‘f

Vol. XIV. (1953).

C: For 11,297).

(A, B and D: Burkill 1,432

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum va

Daemonorops |

frondis. B, Frondis pars. C,

Spadicis floriferus cum spatha externale. D, Spica cum spi-

gina

E, Semen. F, Semen verticaliter discissum.

is fructiferis.

129

‘ Gardens Bulletin, S.

Female flowers 5-7 mm. long; calyx cyathiform, obsoletely 3-

toothed, striate; corolla twice as long as the calyx. Fruiting

perianth distinctly pedicelliform. Fruit oblong elliptic, abruptly

beaked, 15-18 mm. (23-25 mm. long including the beak and the

perianth), 13-15 mm. in diam.; scales in 15 longitudinal series,

dull, dirty yellowish or reddish-brown in colour, slightly darker

near the margin, whitish in the margins. Seed 15-17 mm. long,

9-11 mm. broad, 7-10 mm. thick, slightly fiattened on one side,

minutely pitted on the surface albumen deeply ruminate; embryo

basal. Male spadix divided into cupressiform branches, with spi-

kelets borne generally on the secondary branches, at least in the

lower primary branches, slightly longer than the female.

Involucre short, shallowly cupular, orbicular or obscurely biden-

tate. Male flowers, bifarous, closely packed at an angle of about

45° on the spikelets, 4-5 mm. long, with the corolla about twice

as long as the calyx.

MALAYA: Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill (Burkill 2,181).

Malacca, Bukit Sedenan (Holttum 9,661 as Rotan Dahan; Bebas

78 as Rotan Batu, and 79 as Rotan Kembong); loc. incert.

(Alvins 487 as Rotan Dudoh) ; China Puteh (Alvins 799 as Rotan

Sabot); Pulau Rumbia (Seimund); Selandan (Ridley 10,794) ;

Sungei Tebong (Burkill 1,482). Pulaw Tioman off Pahang,

Juara Bay (Burkill 1,134); Ayer Surin (Henderson 21,699) ;

Durian Sabak (Nur 18,833). Johore, Sungei Surnagah in Muar

(Fox 11,296 and 11,297 and 11,298); Tempayan River \ Ridley

13,296); Mount Austin (Ridley in 1906); Kangka Sedili

Kechil (Corner 28,598); Tanjong Kopang (Ridley 6,286); Cas-

tlewood (Ridley 11,614); Sungei Segal (Fox in 1901); Sungei

Tebrau (Ridley 11,516), Bukit Muar (Feilding). Singapore,

Selitar (Ridley 6,292); Bukit Timah (Ridley 6,902 and 9,143) ;

North Selitar (Ridley on 9. XII. 1890); Bukit Mandai (Ridley

3,491 as Rotan Sepah); Changi (Ridley 3,496 as Rotan Chochor,

and 6,276 partim); Chan Chu Kang (Ridley: 3,482; 3,490 as

Rotan Machap; 3,500; and 4,623; Goodenough 1,668).

SUMATRA: East Coast: cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor XII D. 4

(Furtado 30,831).

Daemonorops macrophyllus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.

VI (1893) 470 et in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1903) 227;

Ridl., Mat. Flor. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 187 as indetermin-

able; Bece. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 185

t. 80; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 46.

Stem scandent, about 15 m. long, 3 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths

strongly gibbous above, densely bristly-spinulous at the mouth,

furnished with several, membranous, spiculiferous reversed col-

lars, in the upper half with an equal number, smaller collars in

close proximity to the former but with spiculae turned upwards,

crossing spiculae of the opposing collar; often a small collar hav-

ing horizontal spiculae is interposed between these opposing

pairs; spiculae unequal, brittle, slender, criniform, blackish or

brownish, the longest ones about 6 cm. long. Leaves with 3-6

leaflets on each side, arranged in opposite or sub-opposite, rarely

alternate, groups of 2-3 each, sometimes only one leaflet on each

side in the group; cirrus about 1—1-20 m. long; petiole 40-60 cm.

long, longer in the juvenile specimens, with rounded edges, armed

along the margins and at the base with a few spines, higher up >

in the dorsum with small, solitary claws; rachis 30-75 cm. long,

130

Vol. XIV. (1953).

armed with small solitary or digitate claws. Leaflets elliptic lan-

ceolate, almost equally tapering on both sides, with triangular, or

sometimes contracted, bristly apex, 50-65 cm. long, 8-12 cm.

broad, 6-8 costate, smooth on both surfaces, minutely spinulous

along the margins; the leaflets towards the leaf-apex usually

smaller, 25-40 cm. long up to 5 ecm. broad, 3-5 costate. Female

inflorescence freed close to the axil of the axillant leaf, nodding,

Daemonorops macrophyllus (Corner 30,507).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum vaginis frondium, folio et spadicis

pedunclo. B, Caudicis fragmentum apicale, ut armatura ap-

pareant. C, Fructus.

131

Gardens Bulletin, S.

paniculate, about 75 cm. long, with 7-8 spikelet-bearing bran-

ches; unsheathed base of the peduncle bifacial, about 5 cm. long,

armed along the margins and occasionally on the dorsal side with

criniform spines, the dorsal spines often united at base to form

short, interrupted crests; primary spathes deciduous tubular be-

fore anthesis, obliquely truncate covered with long, unequal

blackish criniform spines, often arranged on short, interrupted

distant crests at the base; in young stages the space between the

crests covered by ants with special fluff to form galleries; primary

branches 10-18 cm. long, having 4~-7 bifarious, alternate spike-

lets on each side; axis of the primary branches and spikelets

nearly quadrangular, deciduously furfuraceous; secondary and

tertiary spathes reduced to very small annular rings. Involuc-

rophore pedicelliform 2-4 mm. long, angular, slightly thicker

towards the apex, truncate with an acute point on one side;

involucre very slightly exsert, truncate, surmounted with a slightly

narrower dise corresponding to the basal depression of the calyx

seated on it; areola depressed with a conspicuous scar. Fruiting

perianth pedicelliform, campanulate; corolla twice as long as the

calyx. Fruit only immature seen, oblong, shortly beaked at apex,

without beak and the pedicelliform perianth, 15 mm. long 10-12

mm. in diam.; scales yellowish-brown, slightly darker in the

margins, convex, channelled in the centre, rounded at apex,

arranged in 18 vertical series; seed not in its definitive stage

yet, ruminate.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Bukit Kajang (Corner 30,507 and 30,563,

as Rotan Lilin). This species was known only from the sterile

material collected by Scortechini in Perak. Corner 30,563 has

fruits and Corner 30,507 contains a young spadix enclosed in its

spathes.

In young ‘stages the spaces between the rows of spines on

the leaf-sheaths and the spathes are lined by ants with pecu-

liar fluff, excreted perhaps from their bodies, to form closed

galleries for their habitation. The spadix peduncle becomes

free soon after reaching the mouth of the axillant leaf-

sheath.

Daemonorops oligophyllus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.

VI (1893) 470, in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 227 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 182 pl. 78;

Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 358.

D. sabut Becc. sensu Ridley., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 27

pro parte.

Stem slender, scandent, with sheaths 9-12 mm. in diam. Leaf-

sheaths gibbous above, unarmed or almost so in the gibbous

portion and at the mouth, furnished below with 3-4 complete,

membranous, reflexed collars formed by the confluent bases of

numerous, very slender, needle-like, unequal, black or spadiceous,

shining spiculae, in addition to many, complete or more or less

interrupted, rows of similar, shorter, reflexed, confluent, ulti-

mately deciduous spiculae. Leaves small, 70-90 cm. long including

the petiole and the cirrus; petiole 20-32 cm. long, biconvex, armed —

along the margins with very small prickles and with solitary or ©

digitate claws along the dorsal median; pinniferous rachis short,

132

Vol. XIV. (1953).

| ilk

Tum DEs

Daemonorops oligophyllus (ex tab. Beccarii delineata).

A, Caudicis pars cum folio. B, Ibid. ut foliola basalia ad basin

valde approximata appareant.

133

Gardens Bulletin, S.

armed below with 3-5-nate claws. Leaflets 10-13 in all with 10-11

leaflets arranged in two remote, opposite or sub-opposite groups

9-13 cm. apart, the basal group having 3 leaflets on each side,

the best group with 3 leaflets on one side and 1-2 on the other,

the remaining leaflets very distant, solitary, towards the apex,

10-15 mm. apart in each group, papyraceous, concolorous on both

surfaces, elliptic-lanceolate or sub-oblanceolate, acute at their

bases and rather shortly, at times abruptly, acuminate into a

bristly tip, smooth except appressedly spinulous along the mar-

gins and sparingly in the midrib above; the largest leaflets in

the basal group, 10-16 cm. long 15-20 mm. broad; the terminal

solitary leaflets diminutive. Spadix: flowers and fruits not known.

MALAYA: Perak (Scortechini in Herb. Beccari.).

This species is known only from the type collection which

consists of two leaves with their sheaths. I have studied it

only from Beccari’s description and the plate, and have used

the latter to supplement the details in the description. There

is nothing that will approach this species except D. Forbesiu

from Sumatra, but the leaf-sheaths of the latter have col-

lars which are pointing both ways (some reflexed and some

porrect), whereas in D. oligophyllus the collars all point

downwards. Besides in D. Forbesii the leaf-sheaths are

armed at the mouth and the leaflets are also different; the

claws on the leaf-rachis and the petiole are solitary except

in the terminal half of the rachis where they are ternate or

5-nate.

Though Beccari has not given the exact type locality of

this species, Ridley (1925) states that it was collected on

Gunong Tambang Batak, Perak. Ridley was inclined to

think that D. oligophyllus is a juvenile form of D. sabut,

but the digitate claws on the petiole and the lower portion

of the leaf-rachis and the long cirrus at the end of each leaf

are Characters that lead me to keep this species quite dis-

tinct from D. sabut. Besides even in very young specimens

seen of D. sabut the leaflets are larger and those of the

lower-most group are divergent.

Daemonorops periacanthus Miq., Prodr. Fl. Sum. (1860)

256 et 593; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 229;

Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 185 quoad specimen

typicum tantum; Bece. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Cale. XII (1911)

197 tt. 88-90; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 44; Furtado

in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 351 sub. D. lasi-

ospathus. .

D. dissitophyllus Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902)

608 et in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 229; Ridl., Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. II (1907) 188.

134

Vol. XIV. (1953).

—

+ s———

D> wel y

CL FF ptt

GLA

<3) ()

v; uh, ¥e _

my ON GAZA

Ws 4

Ms ‘5

SS.

et: =

“Joram: DEL

Daemonorops periacanthus (A-C: Furtado 32,280; D-G: Corner

29,317).

A, Fragmentum petioli basale. B, Pars folii mediana. C, Spadix

ante anthesin. D, Fragmentum spadicis floriferum. E, Spadicis

spica fructifera. F, Semen. G, Semen verticaliter discissum.

135

Gardens Bulletin, S.

D. scapigerus Becce. sensu Ridl., Fl. cit. V (1925) 48.

Calamus periacanthus Miq., De Palm. Arch. Ind. (1868)

22 & 28.

Stem scandent, tufted, about 15 m. long, with sheaths 3-3-5 cm.

in diam. Leaf-sheaths slightly gibbose below the petiole, armed

with a few, large, light-coloured, flat, 2-4 cm. long, solitary,

spreading or deflexed spines scattered amongst numerous crowded,

ascendent, dark-brown, rigid, 10-15 mm. long or shorter spicu-

lae; at mouth truncate and armed with several, large, light-

coloured, porrect 8-10 cm. spines. Leaves large, about 2 m. long

or more with nearly equally long, powerfully clawed cirrus;

petiole about 60-80 cm. long, armed irregularly on both surfaces

and along with a few scattered, short and large, solitary or

shortly seriate spines (ascendent above, somewhat deflexed in the

lower surface); rachis about 1-1-50 m. long, armed above only

in the basal part, in the lower surface with 3-—5-nate claws.

Leaflets numerous, arranged in sub-opposite groups of 2—5 each,

almost equidistant and 4-5 cm. apart in each group, (each group

10-20 cm. apart), glossy green above, paler and dull beneath,

somewhat longitudinally plicate, ensiform or narrowly lanceolate,

broadest in the middle, gradually cuneate at base, acuminate,

subulate, slightly bristly at apex (one secondary nerve on each

side of the midnerve stronger than the others), smooth on both

surfaces, or occasionally spinulous in the midcosta near the apex,

in the margins setulose in the upper half, the largest about 50

cm. long and 4 em. broad. Female spadix straight, erect, slightly

sinuate and angular in axis, borne on a peduncle variable in

length but often 30-40 cm. long; the latter bifacial, flattened on

the axial side, slightly convex on the abaxial side, covered with

deciduous brown fluff, armed along the margins with a few fasci-

cles of flabby, light-coloured, black tipped, slender spines; pri-

mary spathes deciduous, the two basal spathes not seen, others

largest 15-28 cm. long, with 4—5 erecto-patent spikelets on each

side, others gradually decrescent, those at the apex being reduced

to a mere spikelet only; secondary spathes very small, annular,

produced on one side into a triangular point; spikelets callused

in the axil, sinuous in axis, the largest 5-7 cm. long with 5-6

distichous flowers on each side; spathels short, very loose, with a

triangular apex, Jnvolucrophore distinctly pedicelliform, 3-5 mm.

long, with short, obliquely infundibuliform apex; involucre shal-

lowly cupular, broader on the side of areola; the latter niche-like,

depressed. Female flowers 6 mm. long; calyx cupular, obsoletely

3-toothed, not striate, nearly half as long as the corolla. Fruiting

perianth almost explanate with a callused base. Fruit spherical

or nearly so, 15-18 mm. in diam., shortly beaked; scales in 15

vertical series, yellowish with suffused red or reddish-brown in

parts, darkened in the intramarginal line, paler in the margins.

Seed globular, or ovate very minutely tubercular and pitted, 9-14

mm. long, 9-12 mm. in cross diam., ruminate, with the basal

embryo. Male spadix similar but somewhat longer, covered with

deciduous, floccosely brown furfur in its axis and of the branches

and spikelets; outermost primary spathe splits longitudinally

along the entire ventral side, bicarinate on the back, more or less

armed along the keels and sometimes also on the ventral side,

with fascicles of soft, unequal, up to 2 cm, long spinules; the

136

Vol. XIV. (1953).

other primary spathes smooth, primary branches 7-10, spread-

ing, the lower ones 10-20 cm. long, with 3—5 secondary branches

on each side (each of the latter bearing 3-4 spikelets on each

side) ; the upper primary branches gradually shorter, each bear-

ing distichous spikelets the latter 1-5-2 em. long. Involucre

shallow cupular, orbicular, entire or almost so. Male flowers 5

mm. long; calyx slightly 3-denticulate, striate; corolla 2-5-3 times

longer than the calyx.

MALAYA: Johore, Sungai Kayu (Furtado 32,280); Kota Tinggi

(Corner 29,317); Ulu Madik (Holttum 10,636); Castlewood

(Ridley 11,617); Gunong Panti (Ridley in 1892); Tanjong Ko-

pang (Ridley 6,276 and 6,284 partim); Batu Pahat (Ridley

16,207). Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 3,492; 6,903; 9,205;

10,408; 10,813 and 10,814); Toas (Ridley s.n.); Bukit Mandai

(Ridley s.n.); Upper Mandai (Ridley s.n.).

BORNEO: Sarawak, Kuching (Hewitt in 1906, vern. name as

Empunot).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra (Type).

Ridley 6,284 is a mixture of D. periacanthus and D. longi-

pes. Ridley (1907) had cited it under D. longipes but prob-

ably because Beccari (1911) cited a duplicate of this number

under D. periacanthus, Ridley omitted it altogether in his

Flora (1925).

Daemonorops periacanthus Mig. var. macrocarpus Furtado

var. nov.

a forma typica differt foliolis minus coriaceis, subtus costam

secus primariam interdum magis armatis; fructibus majoribus,

22-25 mm. in diam., integumento multo carnoso praeditis.

MALAYA: Johore, Bukit Kuing (Corner 28,645, holotypus) ;

Gunong Lambak in Kluang (Holttum 9,365).

The fruits of this variety are very large and have a very

thick, fleshy coat on the seed. The scales are as in the type

as both to the coloration and to the number of the vertical

series. The seed is slightly smaller than in the type and has

a very irregular surface irregularly covered with a thick

layer of dried flesh. It is not possible to say that the texture

of the leaflets is a permanent feature of this variety.

Daemonorops sabut Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 469, in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 227, et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII (1911) 181 t. 77; Ridl.,

Mal. Pen. V (1925) 27 p.p.; Furtado in Gard. Bull.

Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 358.

D. annulatus Bece. in Rec. Bot. cit. II (1902) 226 et in

Ann. cit. XII (1911) 174 t. 72; Furtado in Gard. Bull. cit.

VIII (1935) 3438 syn. nov.

D. pseudomirabilis Bece. var. malayanus Furtado in Gard.

Bull. cit. VIII (1935) 361 syn. nov.

137

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Stem scandent, in clumps, 10 m. long, 2-3 cm. in diam, with

sheaths. Leaflets gibbous above, densely armed with spiculae at

the mouth, furnished on the body with several membranous, un-

equal, spiculiferous, reversed collars, nearly each one of which

being opposed by another similar but smaller collar turned up-

wards; often interposed between these pairs is another collar

having horizontal spiculae; spiculae shiny, slender, unequal, up

to 7 cm. long, narrow or criniform, dark to light brown in colour,

those of the opposing collars and the horizontal ones meeting and

crossing to form closed galleries. Leaves about 2 m. long.including

long cirrus at the end; petiole about 50 cm. long, biconvex,

slightly flattened at the base, armed at the back base with a few,

short ridges bearing criniform spiculae, with reflexed short, soli-

tary distant, black-tipped hooks along the margins and in the

middle of the dorsum towards the apex; pinniferous rachis 70-90

cm. long, abruptly narrowed from the petiole at the insertion of

the basal leaflets to become triangular in cross section, armed on

the back at first with solitary, but higher up with 3—5-nate claws.

Leaflets 10-20 on each side, arranged in 3-6 opposite or in upper

parts also sub-opposite to alternate groups; those in the lower-

most group 4-6 on each side, approximate at their base and

spreading in different directions; papyraceous green, sub-con-

colorous; narrowly lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate, broadest about

their middle, ending in a subulate, bristly tip; subtricostulate,

smooth on both surfaces, or sparingly spinulous on 1-3 costae

towards the apex, rarely also on .the midnerve below; margins

minutely spinulous; transverse veins sharp on both surfaces.

Female spadix rather a loose, nodding panicle arising just above

the axil of the leaf, about 80 cm. long; peduncle about 5 cm.

long, bifacial, armed usually along the two margins with the

criniform spiculae seated on short irregular crests, but some-

times also on both surfaces near the apex; on basal primary

spathe seen about 22 em. long, abruptly contracted apex, open

cymbiform after anthesis, armed densely with the black criniform

spiculae arranged on horizontal crests; these crests short inter-

rupted in the basal half, longer and in some cases almost com-

pletely annular in the upper half; other primary branches 5-7

in all, alternate, distant, 15-18 cm. long (the terminal ones

shorter), with angular axis bearing 4—6 bifarious, alternate spi-

kelets on each side; secondary spathes reduced to very short,

papyraceous ring having each a small triangular point on one

side; spikelet axis angular, 6-8 cm. long, callused in the axil

when in fruit, with 6-7 bifarous, alternate flowers on each side;

spathels very shortly annular, acute triangular tip on one side.

Involucrophore pedicelliform, 2-4 cm. long callused in the axil,

angular clavate, truncate at apex slightly produced on one side;

involucre slightly producing beyond the involucrophore, reduced

to a very narrow annular limb round the large, circular, abruptly

protruding scar of the fallen flower or fruit; areola-small in

the centre. Fruiting perianth shortly pedicelliform. Fruit sphe-

rical or ovate tending, when fully mature, to be oblong, conically

beaked when submature, later abruptly mucronate; scales ar-

ranged mostly in 15 longitudinal series, rarely 14-17, strongly

convex, channelled in the centre, yellowish brown, tinged red

often in fine streaks with fine, lighter coloured, scarious margins;

seed orbicular with a truncate base flattened on one side, 8—

mm. high 10 mm. broad, 7 mm, thick, deeply ruminate, with the

embryo seated at base.

138

Vol. XIV. (1953).

y a

x SISOS

YOY VeSe

NSBR

x SA Gy ) SS -

S s—

ARR “i AK Ds 25 rom

neg

Ne ; ‘4

Daemonorops sabut (Furtado 29,485). —

A, Fragmentum caudicis juvenilis, ut spinuli appareant. B, Frag-

mentum caudicis spinulis caducis.

139

Gardens Bulletin, S.

ADS e

. Po Ay Wx vA

LESS

Sere

wy S tabs

- IS ware

Aan

a teas ~~

on BAY

< S 59)

i a

‘ ie pet x

Sunaini pe.

Daemonorops sabut (Ridley 3,493).

A, Fragmentum caudicis cum spadice et fronde. B, Spica basalis

fructifera cum spatha externali. C, Fructus. D, Semen verti-

caliter discissum.

140

Vol. XIV. (1953).

MALAYA: Singapore, loc. incert. (Ridley 3,515, holotype of the

var. D. pseudomirabilis var. malayanus, and 3,507 as Rotan

Chochor) ; Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 3,493). Johore, Sungai Kayu

Ara (Corner and Furtado 29,485 and Furtado 29,486). Gunong

Pulai (Goodall) ; Castlewood (Ridley imJune 1909). Perak, Kroh

(Furtado sn. on 26th May, 1937).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.

Goodall’s specimen consists of a fruiting spadix only; its

fruits are larger and oblong (17-18 mm. long, and 16 mm.

in diameter), and the scales are of a more dirty brown

colour, with no reddish tinge in them. With the leaves and

the leaf-sheaths, I am not able to decide whether this should

be separated from the type as a separate variety.

After comparing the various specimens cited above and

comparing them with the descriptions and plates given by

Beccari, I conclude that D. sabut represents a very early

juvenile stage of the species of which D. pseudomirabilis

var. malayanus forms the adult stage. D. sabut was there-

fore described as having terete petioles. D. annulatus forms

an intermediate stage.

The collars on the leaf-sheaths of D. sabut have been des-

cribed to be either reflexed or horizontal, though a few

having spiculae pointing upwards may be seen even in the

plate given by Beccari.

In the type of D. annulatus spiculae have all fallen off

from the collars on the sheaths; the Sungai Kayu Ara spe-

cimens cited above, which were taken from two stems from

the same clump, show two stages in the juvenile develop-

ment, but agree very well with D. annulatus. Beccari’s state-

ment that the leaflets in D. annulatus are all in one plane

does not apply to the leaflets in the basal group, where they

spread out in different directions as shown in Beccari’s

plate 72. The leaflets in Fox 14 collected on Penang Hill

apparently belong to this species, though the spadix and

fruits mounted with these leaflets are of D. longipes.

A good deal of variation may be noticed in the armature

and the arrangement of the leaflets in this species; but so

far no leaflets have been noticed which are spinulous on all

the three principal nerves underneath. This was the reason

why the Malayan specimens were separated as a variety

from D. pseudonirabilis Becc.; but now that D. sabut has

to be adopted for the species on the grounds of priority,

the Sumatran material is named here as D. sabut Bece.

var. pseudomirabilis (Becc.) Furtado stat. nov (= D. pseu-

domirabilis Becc.).

141

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Daemonorops stipitatus Furtado sp. nov.

A D. verticillare cui affinissima, petiolis vaginisque fron-

dium cum aculeis nigrescentibus armatis; foliolis secus 3—5

nervos in pagina inferiore saepe setosis; pedunculo inflores-

centiae magis applanato et in marginibus magis acuto,

inermi vel obscure armato; involucrophoris exsertis, cons-

picue pedicellatis.

Caudex scandens, solitariis, circa 12 m. longus, cum vaginis

4-6 cm. in diam. Vaginae frondium spinis basi in annulos membra- :

naceos reversos unitis, 4-6 cm. longis applanatis, nigrescentibus,

vel interdum stramineis, margine sinuatis vel non, inter quas

spinis minoribus, criniformibus, nigris, politis, pluribus interposi-

tis, armatae; infra annulum singulum reversum duo annuli simi-

les sed porrecti cum spinis majoribus perpaucis vel carentibus,

spiculis criniformibus pluribus siti; infra petiolum geniculatae,

apice spinis ad 15 cm. usque longis nigrescentibus dense armatae.

Frondes magnae, sine cirro 1 m. longo, 2—3 m. longae petiolus 30—45

cm. longus, biconvexus, spinis in series obliquas circum aggre-

gatis, basi unitis, valde inaequalibus, majoribus secus margines

et in dorso basali sitis, dense armatus; rachis basin versus, sicut

apex petioli spinis brevibus, valde approximatis, interdum pecti-

natis vel in verrucas reductis, in altera parte unguibus valdis

apice nigrescentibus, digitatis subtus tantum armata. Foliola

numerosa, equidistantia infra medium latissima, apicem versus

sensim angustata, penicillata, 30-45 cm. longa, 15-20 mm. lata,

superne glabra vel in costa media apicem versus tantum parce

setosa; inferne secus costam mediam et secus 2—4 costas sub-

primarias conspicue setosa, marginibus setulosa. Spadix femineus

prope petioli basin liber, 85-150 ecm. longus, in 8-10 ramos pri-

marios spiculiferentes divisus; pedunculus 10-25 em. longus,

bifacialis, antice valde applanatus, postice convexus, inermis vel

secus margines obscure armatus; spatha basalis vetusta, delapsa,

tantum visa, circa 45 em. longa, spiculis criniformibus, in series

horizontalibus aggregatis, basi unitis, discoloratis, praedita;

alterae spathae primariae non visae; rami primarii 10-30 cm.

longi, 38-6 spiculis, alternatis, bifariis utrinsecus, praediti;

spathae secundariae basi tubulosae, in apicem triangularem

exeuntes; spiculae 8-12 cm. longae, primum porrectae, dein in

fructu fere patentes; spathellae deciduo-furfuraceae, infundibuli-

formes, apice in ligulam triangularem productae. Involucropho-

rum in spathella non immersum, conspicue pedicellatum, porrectum

vel horizontale, claviforme, apice obconicum, oblique truncatum;

involucrum in uno latere valde exsertum, in altero latere immer-

sum, apice cupulare, truncatum; areola concavo sublunata.

Perianthium fructiferum explanatum. Fructus globosus, circa

12 mm. in diam., apice umbonatus; squamis per series 15 verti-

cales dispositis, roseo-bruneo marmoratis, secus margines albido

erosis. Semen fere globosum, in latere raphali minus convexum,

9-10 mm. in diam., profunde ruminatum; embryo 'basalis. Spadix

masculus ignotus.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Ulu Bendong, alt. 150 m. (Corner 30,060,

holotypus); Bukit Kajang (Corner 30,465). Kelantan, Sungai

Chalil (Henderson 29,519).

This species is a very close ally of D. verticillaris from

which it is readily distinguished by its pedicelliform invo-

lucrophores, usually blackish thorns on the leaf-sheaths and

142

Vol. XIV. (1953).

ALAIN

UN\ A

Daemonorops stipitatus (A—B and E-H: Corner 30,060 and C and D:

Henderson 29,549).

A, Caudicis fragmentum. B, Frondis fragmentum medianum. C,

Spatha externalis. D, Spicula florifera. E, Spica fructifera.

F, Fructus. G, Semen. H, Semen verticaliter discissum.

143

Gardens. Bulletin, S.

petiole bases and the 3—5 nerves being usually setose in the

lower surface of the leaves. In Corner 30,060 there is an

abnormal female spadix which is reduced very much and its

basal primary spathes are still on the axis though the spadix

bears young fruits; all these spathes are moreover unarmed.

The scales of very young fruits are nearly straw-coloured

with broad dark-yellowish-brown intramarginal lines and

whitish, erose margins. The scales of the fully mature fruits

appear reddish-brown, but under a lens, colours of rose and

brown seem to be splashed, sometimes brown in prominence,

sometimes the other.

Daemonorops verticillaris (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm.

III, 2nd. ed. III (1850) 206 and 329 pl. 175 f. III, pl.

ZXII f. i & pl. ZXXII f. vi & vii; Bece. in Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 470; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II

(1907) 186 p.p.; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XII

(1911) 166 tt. 68 & 69; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 45

p.p.; Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. VIII (1935)

363.

D. periacanthus sensu Ridl., Mat. cit. Il (1907) 183 p.p.

D. setigerus Ridl., Fl. cit. V (1925) 45 p.p.

Calamus verticillaris Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1845) 63 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 73 pl. 200 A, B & C.

Stem scandent, solitary (?), 10-15 m. long, 3-5 cm. in diam.

Leaf-sheaths armed with usually complete spiniferous, horizontal,

reflexed or porrect collars formed by the united bases of large,

4—6 cm. long or shorter, flat, light-coloured sinuous or not, black-

tipped spines intermingled between the spaces with minute, black,

rigid, glossy, criniform spiculae; these collars arranged in pairs,

upper one deflexed downward and the lower pointing upwards to

form an annular hollow and harbouring gallery; the lower collar

often shorter than the upper one; between these there occurs

another collar with patent or slightly porrect spines; the mouth

of the sheath obliquely truncate, armed with several, very long,

up to 10 em. long or slightly longer erect, flat light-coloured,

black-tipped spines; ocrea indistinct. Leaves large, ]-50-2:50 m.

long excluding about 1 m. long, strongly clawed, cirrus; petiole

25-60 em. long, nearly biconvex, armed densely all round, at

short intervals with more or less complete rings of spines; these

usually larger ih the margins and in the lower surface towards

the base, sometimes minute, pectinate in the upper surface; rachis

in its basal portion armed on both surfaces with more or less

interrupted series of small, pectinate, sometimes tuberculiform

prickles, but in higher portions armed only in the lower surface

with strong, black-tipped digitate claws. Leaflets numerous,

equidistant, 3-4 cm, apart subconcolorous, narrowly lanceolate,

broadest a little below the middle, gradually narrowed into an

acuminate, subulate bristly tip, the largest 30-45 cm. long, 12-23

mm. broad; subtricostate; the midcosta above sharp, sparsely

144

Vol. XIV. (1953).

bristly or glabrous like the two sub-primary nerves; beneath the

midcosta closely bristly and sometimes one or two nerves spar-

ingly bristly; margins minutely setose. Female spadix cylindra-

ceous at first, later when opened simple-decompound, 1-2 m. long,

forming a large panicle, with 8-12 branches; peduncle 6-25 cm.

long, plano-convex, sparingly prickly along the edges; primary

spathes thinly coriaceous, easily detached; the outermost largest

40-50 cm. long, 3—4 cm. broad, dorsally keeled, armed externally

with innumerable needle-like brittle, criniform shining-black bris-

tles seated on short, transverse crests; in the subsequent spathes

only parts exposed before the opening armed with similar but

less spines or spiny crests; primary branches spreading in fruit

due to the formation of the axillary callus, 20-30 cm. long;

secondary spathes bracteiform, with a short tubular base and an

extended, triangular acuminate apex; spikelets patent, bifari-

ous, 5-8 on each side, 8-12 cm. long; spathels funnel-shaped,

striate, produced on one side into a membraneous, reddish acu-

minate limb, rusty-furfuraceous on their lower part. Jnvolucro-

phore cupular, almost reaching the apex of the spathel, obliquely

truncate; involucre cupular; areola roundish with sharply raised

borders. Female flowers ovoid, 3-5-4 mm. long. Fruiting perianth

cyathiform at base when young, later almost entirely explanate.

Fruit spherical, 10-12 mm. in diam.; scales arranged in 15 longi-

tudinal series, grooved along the centre, reddish-brown with fine

or obscure dark intramarginal line and with fine erose margins.

Seed globular, 6-8 mm. in diam., slightly wrinkled and less

rounded on the raphal side; albumen ruminate; embryo basal.

Male spadix like female but supra-decompound, cupressiform

panicle, more or less rusty furfuraceous; spikelets on the secon-

dary branches, 2-4 cm. long, with bifarous, closely set, pectinate,

4 mm. long flowers seated each on a cupular, truncate involucre.

MALAYA: Pahang, Kuala Lipis (Machado in May 1903, and

11,632, syntype of D. setigerus); Bukit Chemaga (Henderson

19,478); Bukit Soga (Nur 25,162). Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Rid-

ley 7,882 partim). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Senaling (Moorhouse

as Rotan Chin-Chin); Senaling Inas (Holttum 9,777 as Rotan

Chin-Chin). Malacca, Ayer Panas (Ridley 1,580 as Rotan Chu-

chor); Bukit Sidenan (Goodenough 1,420 as Rotan Chuchu;

Bebas as Rotan Kamanting, 103 as Rotan Duhan, and 107 as

Rotan Dureh; Holttum 9,664 as Rotan Ayer); Selandan (Ridley

10,795; Alvins 252 as Rotan Chin-Chin). Johore, Panchur (Ridley

10,953); Kuala Tebing Tinggi (Ridley 11,202 partim); Gunong

Muntahak (Nur 19,983 as Rotan Chuchor); Mawai (Corner

29,748) ; Sungai Kayu (Kiah 32,174); Gunong Belumut (Holttum

10,794); Sungai Kayu Ara (Corner and Furtado 29.484);

Gunong Panti (Holttum 37,394); Castlewood (Ridley 11,615).

LOWER SIAM: Kopah, Bukit Tinggi (Haniff and Nur 2,734).

SUMATRA: Siak (Ridley 9,093).

ANAMBA ISLANDS: Siantan (Henderson 20,178).

There are two kinds of fruits noticed in the specimens,

one having reddish-brown scales as described by Griffith in

the type taxon, and the other with straw-coloured scales

with dark intramarginal lines. These do not represent two

stages of the fruit development and so the var. stramineus

is established for the taxon having straw-coloured scales on

its fruits.

145

Gardens Bulletin, S.

LAN

Daemonorops verticillaris var. stramineus (Furtado 33,126).

A, Fragmentum frondis. B, Petioli fragmentum cum vagina. C,

Spatha externalis, D, Fragmentum spadicis, E, Spicula. F,

Fructus. G, Semen. H, Semen verticaliter discissum.

146

AN AERTS REISE SF:

it aa

Vol. XIV. (1953).

Daemonorops verticillaris var. stramineus Furtado var. nov.

A forma typica differt squamis fructus stramineis, secus

margines fusco lineatis.

MALAYA: Pahang, Kuala Lipis (Machado); Temerloh (Hen-

derson 10,511). Negri Sembilan, Beremban (Furtado 33,126 as

Rotan Dahan, Holotypus); Gemas (Nur 15,251).

The young fruit in type taxon has dirty yellowish scales

but the marginal line is not so defined and conspicuous as

in this variety. This dark marginal line disappears entirely

in the older fruits of the type taxon.

147

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roe

PUBLICATIONS OF. THE BOTANIC GARDENS

SINGAPORE

1. The Agricultural Bulletin of the Malay Peninsula (Old

Series) nos. 1-9, 1891-1900 (out of print).

2. The Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and F.MLS.

(Second Series, monthly issues) Vols. 1-10, 1901-1911.

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PUPVPOVPVPYPV AYU

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Vol. XIV 15th February, 1955 Part 2

PPI”

CONTENTS

PAGE

A. Revision of the Malayan Annonaceae by J. SINCLAIR . 149

Palmae Malesicae—XVIII, Two New Oe Genera of

Malaysia by C. X. FuRTADO ; 517

William Farquhar’s Second Book of casings of Malacca Plants

by I. H. BurKILL : 530

The Germination and eres of sapeds in an Equatorial Climate

by ANNE GARRARD 534

To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore

Price $10

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Published by Authority

PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, SINGAPORE.

By F. S. Horst, <> PRINTER

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1955

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THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

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VOD PPP BAA APAAAAAAA23—

Vol. XIV 15th February, 1955 Part 2

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A Revision of the Malayan Annonaceae

By JAMES SINCLAIR, B.SC.

INTRODUCTION

No MAJoR publications on the Malayan Annonaceae have appear-

ed after King and Ridley’s accounts. Since their time much her-

barium material has accumulated and it is now desirable to revise

the family. We should be grateful to these authors and to all the

other pioneers for their writings on the subject. We are now more

fortunate than they since this lapse of time has placed at our dis-

posal more facts, more material and new scientific concepts.

The present is another account but it cannot pretend to be

comprehensive. There are still too many disturbing and puzzling

questions to be solved but it is hoped to solve some of them in the

future. Where more information is required or where certain state-

ments appear to be doubtful, then such points are mentioned in the

notes after the description of the species. There are still some

imperfectly known species lacking either flower or fruit. A good

deal of living material has been seen and when such was available,

it was possible to add colour notes not mentioned in any of the

text-books or papers.

More material is still required. There are several species which

have only once been collected and it is essential to know more

about their distribution. Flowers are more important than fruits

for identification while sterile material is sometimes not of much

use. In some cases as is pointed out later, it is of no value.

149

Gardens Bulletin, S.

SUMMARY OF TRIBES, GENERA, SPECIES, NEW COM-

BINATIONS AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RIDLEY’S

FLORA AND THIS PRESENT REVISION

In the present revision there are 38 genera, 198 native and 5

cultivated, exotic species making a total of 203 species besides 17

varieties. Ridley has 30 genera, 180 native species and mentions 4

cultivated exotics making a total of 184 with 6 varieties.

The tribes used in the present revision are the same as those of

Ridley. The genera placed in each tribe agree in the main with

Ridley’s grouping but the following changes are noted: —

GENUS SINCLAIR RIDLEY

Kingstonia Uvarieae Miliuseae

Rauwenhoffia Uvarieae Xylopieae

Anaxagorea Xylopieae Unoneae

Sphaerocoryne Xylopieae (as Melodorum) Unoneae

Mezzettia Unoneae Miliuseae

Orophea Miliuseae Mitrephoreae

Reasons for these changes are given in the Systematic Part of

this revision under the sections dealing with these genera. Com-

parative lists are appended here of the tribes, genera and species in

Ridley’s and the present revision: —

Genera and Species in the Present Flora

TRIBE 1. UVARIEAE TRIBE 2. UNONEAE

Sageraea 2 Cyathocalyx 8

Stelechocarpus 1 Artabotrys 13 + 1 planted species

Kingstonia 1 Desmos 7 + 1 var.

Enicosanthum 7 Monocarpia 1

Trivalvaria 3 Oncodostigma 1

Uvaria 11 + 1 var. Meiogyne 1

Cyathostemma 7 Polyalthia 31 + 5 vars. + 1 planted

Rauwenhoffia 1 species

Ellipeia 1 Cananga 2 + 1 var.

—- Mezzettia 3

34 + 1 var. Disepalum 2 + 1 var.

71 + 8 vars.

TRIBE 3. XYLOPIEAE TRIBE 4. MILIUSEAE

Xylopia 8 + 1 var. Marsypopetalum 1

Anaxagorea 1 + 2 vars. Phaeanthus a:

Fissistigma 8 + 1 var. Miliusa 3

Pyramidanthe 1 Alphonsea 7

Mitrella 1 Platymitra 1

Melodorum 2 Orophea 8

21 + 4 vars 22

150

ere

Vol. XIV. (1955).

TRIBE. 5. MITREPHOREAE

Total

Pseuduvaria 8 + 3 vars.

Neo-uvaria 2

Goniothalamus 21

Oxymitra 12

Mitrephora 2

Popowia 7 + 1 var.

52 + 4 vars.

Genera 38

TRIBE 6. ANNONINEAE

Annona 3 (cultivated)

Species 198 native + 5 cultivated species = 203

Varieties 17

Genera and Species in Ridley’s Flora

TRIBE 1. UVARIEAE

Sageraea Z

Stelechocarpus 2

Griffithia 3

Uvaria 14 + 1 var.

Cyathostemma 4-4 1 var.

Uvariella 1

Ellipeia 1

27 + 2 vars.

TRIBE 3. MITREPHOREAE

Total

Goniothalamus 15 + 1 var.

Orophea 8

Oxymitra 7

Mitrephora 4

Popowia 10

44 + 1 var.

TRIBE 5. MILIUSEAE

Phaeanthus 2

Miliusa 3

Alphonsea 5 + 1 var.

Kingstonia 1

Mezzettia 3

14 + I var.

Genera 30

TRIBE 2. UNONEAE

Cyathocalyx Z

Drepananthus 3

Artabotrys 13 + 1 planted species

mentioned

Anaxagorea 2

Desmos 6 + 1 var.

Polyalthia 35

Canangium 4

Sphaerocoryne 1

Disepalum 1

68 + I var.

TRIBE 4. XYLOPIEAE

Xylopia 14

Melodorum 13 + 1 var.

Rauwenhoffia 1

28 + 1 var.

TRIBE 6. ANNONINEAE

3 cultivated species

mentioned only

Annona

Species 180 + 4 cultivated or planted species = 184

Varieties 6

151

Gardens Bulletin, S.

New Species and New Varieties

The following 18 are new species: —

Enicosanthum membranifolium, E. praestigiosum, Polyalthia

lateritia, P. brunneifolia, Alphonsea johorensis, A. Kingii, Pseu-

duvaria taipingensis, P. monticola, P. galeata, P. nervosa, P. cerina,

Goniothalamus Holttumii, G. calycinus, G. montanus, G. umbro-

sus, Oxymitra Kingii, O. alpina, O. argentea.

The following 4 are new varieties: —

Popowia tomentosa var. crinita, Pseuduvaria setosa var. major,

P. macrophylla var. sessilicarpa and var. cymosa.

New Records

The following 11 are new additions to the flora of Malaya and

are not recorded in Ridley’s Flora:—

Cyathostemma argenteum, see Sinclair in Sarawak Mus. Journ.

Vol. 5 No. 3 (1951) 599, Marsypopetalum pallidum, Pseudu-

varia rugosa, Orophea palawanensis, Platymitra siamensis, Gonio-

thalamus Macranii, G. tavoyensis (Lower Siam), Mitrephora vul-

pina, Oxymitra borneensis var. sumatrana, Desmos Teysmannii,

Polyalthia socia.

New Names

Polyalthia hirta Ridley becomes Polyalthia hirtifolia Sinclair and

the Philippine Saccopetalum longipes Vidal becomes Méiliusa

Vidalii Sinclair.

New Combinations

The following 18 are new combinations: —

Enicosanthum macranthum (King), Trivalvaria nervosa (Hk. f.

et Th.), Cyathostemma micranthum (A. DC.), C. excelsum (Hk.

f. et Th.), Cyathocalyx Ridleyi (King), C. pruniferus (Maingay

ex Hk. f. et Th.), C. pahangensis (Hend.), C. Scortechinii (King),

C. olivaceus (King), C. carinatus (Ridley), Polyalthia glabra }

(Hk. f. et Th.), Disepalum pulchrum (King), and var. angusti-

folium (King), Xylopia sub-dehiscens (King), Fissistigma lati-

folium var. ovoideum (King), Pyramidanthe prismatica (Hk. f. et

Th.), Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex Don) and Monocarpia

marginalis (Scheff. ).

The following receive new status: —

Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii (King), var. desmantha (Hk.

f. et Th.), var. Wrayi (Hemsl.), P. Motleyana var. oblonga

(King), Xylopia ferruginea var. oxyantha (Hk. f. et Th.).

152

Vol. XIV. (1955).

The following 8 new combinations relating to Non-Malayan

Annonaceae have been made during the course of this work: —

Cyathocalyx apoensis (Elm.), C. philippinensis (Merr.), Miliusa

tomentosa (Roxb.), M. longiflora (Hk. f. et Th.), M. unguiculata

(C. E. C. Fischer), M. arborea (Elm.), M. Koolsii (Kostermans),

Pseuduvaria Dielsiana (Lauterb.).

The following new genus has been made for Monocarpia sia-

mensis which is not a true Monocarpia:—Dasoclema.

Summary of main changes made in the present revision

Some of Ridley’s species have been reduced, or transferred to

other genera or entirely eliminated. Of his genera, Uvariella is eli-

minated and a few others are split into two or three. Drepananthus

is united with Cyathocalyx. The reasons for these changes will be

found in the systematic section. The following tabulation will

show the main changes in this revision: —

RIDLEY’S GENUS SINCLAIR’S TREATMENT AND CHANGES

Stelechocarpus .. One sp. P. punctatus eliminated. See systematic

notes. S. nitidus is made a syn. of caulifiorus.

Griffithia .. .. Enicosanthum used instead. Polyalthia congregata

and P. macrantha transferred to this genus.

Cyathostemma .. Uvaria micrantha and U. excelsa transferred to this

genus.

Uvaria = .. U. Ridleyi and U. astrosticta reduced to syns. of

U. rufa. U. sub-repanda is U. Lobbiana. 2 spe-

cies (see above) transferred to Cyathostemma.

The older names U. javana, grandiflora and cor-

data used for U. dulcis, purpurea and macro-

phylla respectively.

Uvariella .. .. The genus is eliminated and Uvariella leptopoda

transferred to Uvaria.

Cyathocalyx .. C. virgatus placed in Meiogyne. C. Maingayi placed

in Monocarpia.

Drepananthus .. United with Cyathocalyx.

Canangium .. The name Cananga used. C. Scortechinii reduced to

C. odorata. C. monosperma is placed in Onco-

dostigma. :

Polyalthia .. P, Wrayi, desmantha and Beccarii as vars. of P.

cauliflora. P. pycnantha reduced to cauliflora. P.

velutinosa a syn. of P. cinnamomea. P. oblonga

as a var. of P. Motleyana. P. Curtisii a syn. of

P. glabra. P. glomerata a syn. of P. clavigera. P.

macrantha and P. congregata transferred to Eni-

cosanthum. P. pulchra, transferred to Disepalum.

For P. Kunstleri, P. Scortechinii and P. ca-

nangioides see notes under P. Rumphii. P. hirta

Ridley becomes P. hirtifolia Sinclair.

Sphaerocoryne .. Transferred to Melodorum (see notes).

153

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Anaxagorea .. A. luzonensis not included, not found in seca

A. Scortechinii is a syn. of A. javanica.

Goniothalamus .. G. caudifolius and Kunstleri included in ‘emma

| lius.

G. pendulifolius included in G. uvarioides.

Orophea .. .. O. setosa transferred to Pseuduvaria. O. gracilis is

reduced to O. polycarpa.

Mitrephora .. Genus divided into Mitrephora and Pseuduvaria.

M. macrophylla transferred to Pseuduvaria, also

M. reticulata but true reticulata not found in

Malaya. M. crassipetala is Anaxagorea javanica.

Popowia .. .. P. ramosissima is syn. of pisocarpa. P. foetida

transferred to Neo-uvaria. P. nervifolia, P. ner-

vosa, P. pumila transferred to Trivalvaria.

Oxymitra .. .. O. affinis split into two species viz. O. affinis and

O. Kingii.

Melodorum .. The majority of species placed in Fissistigma. M.

elegans and pisocarpum = Mitrella Kentii. M.

prismaticum placed in Pyramidanthe. M. Main-

gayi and M. cylindricum reduced to syns. of

Pyramidanthe prismaticum (see notes).

Xylopia .. .. Several species transferred to Cyathocalyx e.g. X.

Curtisii, X. olivacea, X. Scortechinii and X. Rid-

leyi. One species X. dicarpa is Alphonsea Kin-

gii. X. pustulata is X. malayana. X. oxyantha

reduced to a var. of X. ferruginea.

Phaeanthus .. P. nutans is a syn. of P. ophthalmicus. P. lucidus

is a syn. of P. crassipetalus.

Alphonsea .. A. Maingayi var. elliptica is restored to specific

rank. A. sub-dehiscens is transferred to Xylopia.

From the foregoing tabulations one can see at a glance the main

changes which have been made and how this revision differs from

Ridley’s Flora.

GENERAL CHARACTERS

Habitat and Distribution

Annonaceae are confined mostly to moist tropical lowland

forests. They are more plentiful in the Old World than in the New.

They are not found in Europe. The only genus extending for any

distance into the temperate zone is Asimina which occurs in

Eastern America as far north as the Great Lakes. In Malaya

Annonaceae are abundant in the forests but become scarcer above

2,000 feet elevation. There are a few mountain species however

which are not met with in the lowlands. These are:—Disepalum

pulchrum (5,000 ft. or more), D. anomalum (1,500 ft.), Oxy-

mitra alpina (over 4,000 ft.), Goniothalamus Holttumii, (over

4,000 ft.), G. montanus (2,500 ft.), Pseuduvaria taipingensis

(4,000 ft.), and P. monticola (5,000 ft.).

154

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Xylopia, the second largest genus after Uvaria, is an example of

one of the few instances of inter-continental distribution. (Malayan

Region including Ceylon and N. Guinea, Africa, Central ana S.

America). As an example of disconnected distribution, Anaxagorea

occurs in Central and S. America and in the Malayan Region.

Uvaria and Artabotrys are common to Africa, Madagascar and the

Indo-Malayan Region. Annona is abundant and native in the New

World with a few species in Africa. There are three species only

in Malaya but they were introduced from America into cultivation

long ago by the Portuguese.

General Appearance and Morphology

The following Malayan genera are climbers: —

Uvaria, Cyathostemma, Rauwenhoffia, Ellipeia, Artabotrys,

Fissistigma, Pyramidanthe, Mitrella, Oxymitra.

The following are climbers or straggling shrubs: —

Desmos and Melodorum.

The remainder are shrubs or trees.

The tallest tree is Mezzettia leptopoda which may reach 40 m.

Other trees reaching 20 m. are:—Meiogyne, several species of

Polyalthia eg. P. Rumphii, pachyphylla, lateriflora, Hookeriana,

hypogaea, sumatrana, glauca and cinnamomea, Monocarpia, Cya-

thocalyx sumatranus, pruniferus and Scortechinii, Xylopia malay-

ana, magna, stenopetala and ferruginea, Goniothalamus Ridleyi

and giganteus, Platymitra, Alphonsea elliptica and johorensis.

The smallest Annonaceous shrub in Malaya is Polyalthia pumila

which is about 30 cm. high.

The division into climbing and non-climbing is an extremely

useful systematic character the value of which is often entirely

overlooked and innocently or ignorantly forgotten. This character

can be observed so easily in the field and if the collector would

only make a note of it on his field label, he could often give the

systematist a good deal of help. If the specimen sent for identifica-

tion is a climber and this information is stated then there are only

11 genera to choose from instead of 38. One reliable rule in

Malayan Annonaceae is that we never find arborescent species in

a climbing genus. For example Monocarpia marginalis is a

good medium-sized tree. Craib put another species, a climber

from Siam into the genus and called it Monocarpia siamensis.

This species, now Dasoclema siamensis does not in the slightest

resemble the former and was obviously wrongly placed. Another

155

Gardens Bulletin, S.

recent well known present-day botanist placed a certain species in

Uvaria when it was definitely stated on the label to be a tree. He

himself describes it as a tree. No wonder he added in his notes,

words to the effect that this is different from all the other Uvaria

species in our country.

After some acquaintance with the Annonaceae the student can

readily recognize some of the tree-species at a distance and pick

them out from other trees in the forest. Cyathocalyx (Drepanan-

thus) species are easily recognized by their slender, mast-like

trunks with a crown of branches at the top. The branches are

slender, rather distant like a Garcinia and often nearly horizontal

with leaves in two ranks. Cananga can also be recognized readily

at a distance but the branches are less regular and the trunk not so

straight.

Bark

The bark is usually smooth and entire, pale grey or buff to

brown. In Xylopia ferruginea it is orange-brown. Little inform-

ation is recorded by collectors on bark characters since these are

not popularly considered of use in diagnosis. I am inclined to

think that bark characters have been neglected and if studied more

fully will reveal astonishing results. There is also scanty inform-

ation on roots as they do not play any significant part in identifi-

cation. Xylopia ferruginea has stilt roots at the base of the tree,

visible above ground, while cork is obtained from the roots of

Annona palustris (Africa), now known as A. glabra.

Twigs

Young twigs are pubescent or tomentose, rarely glabrous. They

usually become glabrous sooner or later. In the case of Polyalthia

suberosa, the older twigs have a corky bark which cracks at inter-

vals. The Annonaceae are readily distinguished from other fami-

lies by the twigs alone, which often have lozenge-shaped striations

resembling a sort of trellis work. This is due to the arrangement of

the vascular bundles. Another good test is the septate pith with

fine horizontal lines of harder tissue (stone cells). Only in some

three cases, Artabotrys spinosus (Siam), Annona spinescens and

A. punicifolia (New World) do the twigs bear spines.

Buds

Buds are very minute and of no systematic value. Under the

very uniform conditions of climate in a moist forest there is no

need for large buds, thickened and protected by scales.

156

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Leaves

The leaves are always simple, alternate and entire without sti-

pules. They are membranous, stiffly membranous or coriaceous.

The base may be acute, rounded, emarginate, cordate or unequal-

sided. The apex is acute, acuminate or less often obtuse. It is

emarginate or retuse in Oxymitra calycina, O. excisa and Arta-

botrys spinosus. The midrib is sunk above and raised beneath but

in Stelechocarpus, Mezzettia, Cyathocalyx (sect. Eucyathocalyx),

Artabotrys and to a slight extent in Trivalvaria, the upper midrib

is flattened and rather broad, especially at the base; it is flush with

the surface of the leaf and not sunk. The veins may be straight and

nearly parallel or curved, running out to the edge. They often

however, anastomose with each other and form an intra-marginal

loop or there may be a double loop. Simple and sometimes stellate

hairs are present. Stellate hairs are found in Uvaria, Rauwenhoffia

(best seen in young leaves), Neo-uvaria, Cyathostemma excelsum

and in C. argenteum when very young, the other species of Cya-

thostemma are glabrous; Cyathocalyx (some of the species in

section Drepananthus, other species are glabrous), in Dasoclema

siamensis and Pachypodanthium (Trop. Africa).

In certain cases and sometimes in the keys in this revision, leaf

characters are used to distinguish species. If one is very familiar

with the Malayan Annonaceae through the constant handling of

herbarium sheets he can identify sterile specimens with a fair

degree of accuracy but there are a number of cases in which his

attempt will only be a guess. The leaves of certain species look

exactly alike and I defy any one to differentiate between leaves of

Goniothalamus giganteus and G. malayanus. Young leaves of

Uvaria grandiflora and U. javana look very much alike. The leaves

of Enicosanthum species, those of certain Polyalthia species such

as P. hypogaea, P. lateriflora, P. pachyphylla and P. sclerophylla

and Kingstonia all resemble each other and in such cases it is better

to wait until flowers and fruit are available. Polyalthia Rumphii

and P. Jenkensii resemble each other, similarly P. macropoda and

P. clavigera. More difficult still in the sterile state are P. sumatrana,

P. hypoleuca and P. glauca. Artaboirys has several species the

leaves of which look exactly alike. With the exception of A. Wrayi

it is better not to attempt to identify sterile material of this genus.

A. venustus and A. crassifolius are extremely troublesome. Oro-

phea is another genus which will present difficulties.

Annonaceous material with juvenile leaves has been sent to me

for identification. This is extremely difficult because specimens

with juvenile leaves are seldom preserved in herbaria and few

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botanists have even seen them. Young plants of Artabotrys sua-

veolens bear much narrower leaves than in the adult. I have not

seen juvenile leaves of the other Artabotrys species but most pro-

bably they bear elongated leaves of a similar kind. I have seen

Cyathostemma viridiflorum and C. Wrayi bearing on the same

plant two kinds of leaves, the one kind about four times larger

than the other.

Leaves then are useful in identification but will not alone serve

to identify all the species. They should be looked on as an aid and

not as an end to identification and when employed in conjunction

with some floral or fruiting character can be of immense value. A

combination of certain diagnostic characters plus some common

sense rather than a single character will achieve the most accurate

results in critical determinations.

The Inflorescence

Whether the inflorescence is axillary or extra-axillary is very

important, a character hitherto neglected or little stressed in the

identification of species. More attention should be paid to the posi-

tion of the inflorescence and this character if used in conjunction

with other characters, will be of immense value. If a genus has

axillary flowers then this character with respect to all its species is

constant and we rarely find any one member departing from this

condition. If so it has usually been placed in the wrong genus.

However one or two observations may be noted here as they may

have significance. Desmos has extra-axillary flowers while the

species in section Dasymaschalon have them axillary. This may be

a good reason for maintaining Dasymaschalon distinct from Desmos

as several botanists have done. I have not separated them for other

reasons (see systematic section). In Orophea the flowers can be

axillary or supra-axillary on the same plant but this is the

result of increased growth of the axis. In Miliusa they are axillary

but again by growth of the peduncles and axis they may appear

extra-axillary (see notes). It is not unusual to find several condi-

tions in the large genus Polyalthia, axillary, extra-axillary or cauli-

florous on both short or long shoots (subterranean in P. hypogaea

and in Geanthemum Trop. Amer.). In the case of cauliflory, the

pedicels probably arise in the axils of minute bracts or scales.

Cauliflory is found in several unrelated genera.

The solitary flower is very common in Annonaceae eg. Gonio-

thalamus, Miliusa, Desmos, Oxymitra, Pseuduvaria, and in several

species of Polyalthia etc. In other cases two or three subsequent —

flowers may arise but only one appearing at a time. When the ~

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Vol. XIV. (1955).

flower is not solitary, the inflorescence is most often a few-flowered

cyme, usually condensed, eg. Uvaria. True racemes appear to be

absent but we may get racemose-cymes or panicles as in Fissis-

tigma.

Both peduncles and pedicels may be present but usually pedi-

cels only. When present, peduncles are usually shorter than the

pedicels except in Cyathostemma viridiflorum. In Cyathocalyx the

peduncles are decurrent. In Artabotrys they are also decurrent but

much larger and are flattened, woody and hooked. By this means

the plant can also climb. Other genera having peduncles are

Cananga, Monocarpia, Alphonsea, Phaeanthus, Orophea, Mitrep-

hora, Miliusa (peduncles sometimes leafy) and some species of

Xylopia and Polyalthia (woody tubercles as peduncles in Polyal-

thia). Pedicels usually average 2—3 cm. in length but they are very

long and slender in Oxymitra filipes (7-5—10 cm.), Desmos cochin-

chinensis (10-16 cm.) and D. filipes (25—30 cm.). The longest

pedicels of all are found in Thonnera (Belgian Congo, 30-40

cm.). The flowers are sessile in Trivalvaria macrophylla and sub-

sessile (pedicels 2-3 mm. long) in Polyalthia hirtifolia, P. parvi-

flora, Meiogyne virgata, and Oxymitra discolor.

In fruit pedicels become stouter and may elongate slightly.

They usually bear 1—2 minute, basal, acute bracts with a further

similar median or sub-median one. If the pedicel is very short the

bract will appear at the base of the calyx. In Goniothalamus and

Alphonsea there are several imbricate, distichous bracts at the base

of the pedicel. In Artabotrys the bracts are caducous. In Uvaria

the bracts are sub-foliar, the largest being found in U. grandiflora

where they are 2—3 cm. long. The following list of axillary and

extra-axillary inflorescences is appended.

Flowers axillary or from axils of fallen leaves

Sageraea, Enicosanthum, Kingstonia, Oncodostigma, Meiogyne,

Desmos section Dasymaschalon, Polyalthia section Monoon except

cauliflorous species and part of section Eu-Polyalthia, Cananga,

Mezzettia, Xylopia, Pyramidanthe, Mitrella, Melodorum (often

terminal), Miliusa (or by growth sometimes appearing extra-

axillary), Pseuduvaria, Neo-uvaria, Goniothalamus, Platymitra,

Orophea (sometimes supra-axillary ).

Flowers extra-axillary, terminal or in terminal panicles

Trivalvaria, Uvaria, Cyathostemma, Rauwenhoffia, Ellipeia,

Cyathocalyx, Artabotrys (pedicels on woody, hooked peduncles),

Anaxagorea (often terminal), Desmos, Monocarpia, Polyalthia

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{part of section Eu-Polyalthia), Disepalum (terminal), Fissis-

tigma (terminal panicles), Marsypopetalum, Phaeanthus, Alphon-

sea, Popowia, Oxymitra, Mitrephora.

Flowers, Size and Scent

Among the Malayan species the smallest flowers occur in Popo-

wia pisocarpa (3—4 mm. in diam.), Xylopia caudata (5 mm.

long), Cyathostemma micranthum (5-8 mm. in diam.) and cer-

tain species of Orophea and Pseuduvaria (3-5 mm. long).

The majority however have medium sized flowers 2—4 cm. long.

Among the large flowered species, Goniothalamus giganteus has

petals 8-15 cm. long and 4-5-9 cm. broad. The flower of Uvaria

grandiflora is probably the most conspicuous; when fully expanded

it measures over 10 cm. across, the petals being deep red and the

stamens paie yellow. Flowers with long, linear, narrow petals are

found in several genera. Cyathocalyx Ridleyi and Xylopia magna

have petals 10 cm. long and 2 or 3 mm. broad. In Pyramidanthe

they are 5-8 cm. long while the Chittagong-Assam Desmos longi-

flora has ones 10-15 cm. long. Other genera with conspicuous

flowers are the West African Hexalobus and Monodora, some

species of which have petals 10 cm. long.

The size of flowers is often incorrectly stated in Ridley’s and

other floras. This is not accidental since in Annonaceae sepals and

petals unfold early and may spread slightly giving the false im-

pression that the flower is mature. This applies especially to dried

material. In actual fact at this stage the petals grow rapidly in

length and only reach their full size when the pistils and stamens

are ripe. They then fall rapidly and usually only last a day on the

ripening of the stamens. I have gathered specimens of Xylopia

ferruginea with mature and nearly mature flowers and placed

them in water at night with a view to making a drawing on the

following day. In the morning the petals had nearly all dropped

off. Fresh specimens intended for the herbarium should be poison-

ed at once to prevent the petals falling and measurements of ma-

ture petals should be taken from those fallen on the forest floor.

The Annonaceae are well known for their scented flowers but

more information on this subject is required. For the majority of

Malayan species nothing has been recorded. Collectors should in

future at least state whether the flower is scented or not. The exact

description of the odour does not matter so much as no two people

will describe an odour in the same terms. Perhaps the best known

species with fragrant flowers is Cananga odorata from which a

perfume is distilled. Cyathocalyx Ridleyi has a similar but more

refined odour.

160

Vol. XIV. (1955).

The following also have a sweet odour:—

Enicosanthum magnoliiflorum, E. cupularis, E. macranthum,

*Cyathostemma Hookeri, * Anaxagorea javanica, *Fissistigma ful-

gens, *F. manubriatum, Alphonsea elliptica, Xylopia malayana,

*X. ferruginea, *X. sub-dehiscens, * Artabotrys suaveolens, Oxy-

mitra filipes, *Goniothalamus tapis.

Sepals .

_ The sepals are not of much use as a diagnostic character except

when they are reduced to 2 in number or are imbricate. They are

normally 3 in number but sometimes are reduced to 2, following

a reduction in the number of petals.

The following Malayan Annonaceae have 2 sepals: —

Disepalum anomalum, Anaxagorea javanica var. dipetala. Tet-

rapetalum from Borneo has 2 sepals.

Imbricate sepals distinguish the following genera from the re-

maining which have valvate sepals:—Malaya, Stelechocarpus,

Sageraea, Enicosanthum, Kingstonia, Trivalvaria; Trop. America,

Malmea, Oxandra.

In shape the sepals are triangular, ovate-triangular, linear or less

often rotund. They may be free or united at the base, the apex

may be acute or obtuse. In Pyramidanthe they are connate and

form a collar, their apices vestigial or absent. In texture they are

membranous, coriaceous or fleshy. They are usually pubescent

or tomentose outside and glabrous inside. The entirely glabrous

state is less common. In Melodorum and Goniothalamus they are

persistent in fruit; in the latter genus they are often large and

membranous with a network of veins. They are usually smaller

than the petals but in Miliusa, Pheanthus and Marsypopetalum,

they are equal and similar to the petals.

Petals

(a) General

The petals are of greater diagnostic value in the Annonaceae

than any other organ. They show such a wonderful diversity in

size and form that it may be said the peculiarities of the family

are exhibited in its petals. In fact they are the main basis of classifi-

cation of the whole family. They divide the Uvarieae from the

other tribes since they are imbricate in that tribe and valvate in the

others. The presence normally of 2 whorls of 3 alike or unlike in

* Popowia fusca has a somewhat foetid odour. Those marked with a

star I have personally attested.

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size and form is extremely useful and from the combinations

resulting, the valvate forms can be grouped into the tribes:—

Unoneae, Miliuseae, Mitrephoreae and Xylopieae. Less often are

they reduced in number or is a whorl missing. This condition is

also used to advantage in classification as the following will

show :—

Disepalum anomalum (4), Anaxagorea javanica var. tripetala

(3), A. javanica var. dipetala (2), Desmos dasymaschalus (3),

D. filipes (2).

Other genera, non-Malayan with less than 6 petals are Tetrape-

talum (4)—Possibly this genus could be included in Uvaria since

Disepalum, Anaxagorea and Desmos which have a reduction also

have species with the normal number. In fact the typical form of

Anaxagorea javanica has the normal number.

Annona-Certain species—A. reticulata and A. squamosa (3) and

others

Enantia (3)—Petals are opposite the sepals _

Dennettia (3 )—Petals alternate with the sepals > Trop. Africa

Monanthotaxis (3) J

(b) Colour

The commonest colour of the petals is yellow. Yellow petals are

often greenish-yellow before they mature. They become black

when decayed or dried. White and green are also common. Uvaria

species are usually red or purple, also Miliusa and certain species

of Polyalthia. The petals of Monodora are striking yellow

mottled with red or yellow mottled with purple streaks. The texture

may be membranous but more often it is fleshy or coriaceous.

They may be glabrous, pubescent or tomentose. If pubescent or

tomentose they are usually glabrous at the base inside where i

touch the stamens or the outer whorl of petals.

The shape is very diverse indeed, ovate, triangular, oblong,

elliptic, linear, filiform, rotund, spathulate, strap-shaped or combi-

nations of some of these shapes. Both sets may be flat or as in

Anaxagorea and Mitrella, thickened and concave inside or triquet-

rous. In most species of Xylopia and Fissistigma the inner are tri-

quetrous and the outer triquetrous only at the tips. Some species

of Cyathocalyx and Artabotrys have the inner terete while A.

costatus and A. suaveolens have both sets terete. Filiform, linear

or narrowly lanceolate petals or those drawn out at the tips tend ©

to be slightly twisted eg. Goniothalamus tortilipetalus, Desmos

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Vol. XIV. (1955).

dasymaschalus, D. filipes, D. longiflorus, Pyramidanthe prismatica,

Xylopia magna, Cyathocalyx Ridleyi and Oxymitra filipes, or

slightly falcate as in Xylopia species with elongated petals.

The apex is usually acute but obtuse petals are also common,

eg. Uvaria Lobbiana and Ellipeia cuneifolia. In Alphonsea, Phae-

anthus and Miliusa, the inner petals have their apices slightly re-

curved. In Cyathostemma, Uvaria Hamiltonii, U. Hookeri and U.

narum both sets are incurved at the apex while in Popowia only

the inner set is incurved. The margins (of the inner set) are in-

rolled in Cymbopetalum and wavy or crispate in Hexalobus (both

sets), Monodora (outer set) and Mitrephora Maingayi (outer set).

(d) Blade and Claw

The most primitive type of petals where there is no distinction

between blade and claw is found in Uvaria, Ellipeia, Kingstonia,

Sageraea and Stelechocarpus. Other genera of the Uvarieae possess

a small claw or the petals are at least narrowed at the base, e.g.

Cyathostemma, Rauwenhoffia and Trivalvaria. In some species of

Enicosanthum especially in E. praestigiosum, the thick, fleshy

petals are geniculate but not clawed. The knee-like portion of the

inner is convex on the inside of the petal and concave on the out-

side or back. The knee of the outer petal fits into this concavity

while the knee of the inner presses over the sexual organs. This

condition is also seen in Desmos chinensis, D. cochinchinensis and

a few others and in some species of Polyalthia. It is seen in an

exaggerated degree in Artabotrys and Cyathocalyx where there

are distinct claws and where the petals of both series press much

more closely over the sexual organs. There is a resulting constric-

tion at the junction of the blade and the claw. The claws are orbi-

cular and on the inside they are concave. When the flower matures

the three inner petals fall as one piece. Cyathocalyx and Artabotrys

are probably the most advanced in the Unoneae. In a good many

species of Polyalthia there is still no distinction into blade and

claw but some do possess a small claw. Often the blade merges

gradually into the narrowed base. In Meiogyne the petals taper

from a broad base to the apex. There is no claw. In the remaining

Malayan Unoneae claws are absent or ill-defined generally. In the

Xylopieae there is quite often a clearer distinction between the two

portions especially in Fissistigma and still more in Xylopia.

The climax of development however is reached in the Mitre-

phoreae in genera such as Mitrephora and Pseuduvaria. Here the

claw of the inner petals is long and narrow and the blade hastate,

diamond-shaped (playing card) or spathulate. In Pseuduvaria the

vaulting of the inner petals into a dome is very distinct. The edges

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Gardens Bulletin, S.

of their blades adhere to give the dome effect while their pillar-like

claws are free. In Goniothalamus and Oxymitra the blades also

adhere but the arches beneath are not quite so high or distinct. In

Mitrephora and Orophea the blades are at first united but separate

later. The inner petals are often saccate at the base in Miliusa and

Alphonsea.

(e) Size

Size has been mentioned under the heading ‘Flowers, Size and

Scent”. In the Miliuseae the outer petals are of the same size and

are similar in form to the sepals. The inner are much longer.

(f) Spreading or erect

In the Uvarieae and Unoneae the petals usually expand and

spread but there are a few exceptions. Cyathostemma is separated

from Uvaria by the fact that the petals do not expand but form

globose flowers. In Ellipeia they remain erect while in Anomi-

anthus the inner are erect. In Cyathostemma and Artabotrys as

previously stated the inner connive over the sexual organs but the

greater part of the blades spread. In Desmos section Eu-Desmos,

the petals connive slightly over the sexual organs at first and later

spread. In Uvaria grandiflora and U. hirsuta the petals become

reflexed just before they fall. In Fissistigma and Xylopia the outer

petals are at first erect and spread slightly later. The inner remain

erect, touch each other and very seldom spread.

In the Miliuseae the outer spread, the inner are erect and adhere

at first by their edges but later are free or partially free.

(2) Appendages

Artabotrys petals have a projecting rim on the inside where the

blade joins the claw.

Rolliniopsis (Trop. Amer.) petals winged on the back.

Anomianthus (Siam) the inner have two glands at the base.

Monodora (Trop. Afr.) the inner with a pair of hairy lateral

appendages about the middle.

Rollinia (Cent. and Trop. S. Amer.) the outer have a thick

spreading appendage.

(1) Union of Petals

Popowia fusca (Malaya) both sets are united at the base and

the corolla falls as one piece.

Monodora (Trop. Afr.) both sets united at the base into a short

tube.

Rollinia (Cent. and Trop. S. Amer.) connate at the base.

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Vol. XIV. (1955).

Hexalobus (Trop. Afr., Madag.) connate at the base into a

distinct tube.

Papualthia (N. Guinea) connate at the base into a distinct

tube.

Asteranthe (E. Afr.) connate at the base into a distinct tube.

Cardiopetalum (Brazil) connate at the base into a distinct tube.

Stamens

Some undue stress has been placed on the stamens as an aid to

classification. Usually the expert botanist will have arrived at the

correct name for the genus long before he has looked at the

stamens.

Normally the stamens in Annonaceae are numerous, arranged

in spirals on a convex or slightly flattened torus. In the following

more advanced genera there tends to be a reduction in number:—

Miliusa ~ .. Stamens many to few

Orophea enterocarpa .. Stamens 6—12 Staminodes 6

O. maculata AG Se 6 ts 3

O. cuneiformis in e 6 Pf 3

O. hirsuta .. he - 6 a 0

O. polycarpa fy ag 6 e 0

O. hastata .. age 10 be 0

O. dodecandra "7 retiree ie a 0

O. palawanensis ia Nec see z 0

Bocagea aig * RR oe zs 0

The filament is very short, inconspicuous or absent. The re-

markable part of the stamen is the connective. Its apex may be

oblique, truncate, flat-topped, two-lobed with a little depression

in the middle, convex, conical or produced into a long point. The

4 extrorse pollen sacs are vertically elongated and lie in pairs dors-

ally or laterally on the main elongated body of the connective.

The commonest type of stamen found in most genera is the uvar-

toid where the connective hides the anther cells like the eaves of a

roof when viewed from above. In contrast to this we have the

other type, the miliusoid, found in the Miliuseae and in Orophea

where the connective does not hide the anther cells. Here it may

be slightly produced between the two anther lobes on each side of

it. In Popowia and Clathrosperma there may be forms intermedi-

ate between the two types.

In the primitive genus Sageraea, the massive, flat-topped con-

nectives are produced laterally and the relatively small pollen sacs

lie embedded in connective tissue.

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The connectives are of some diagnostic value for a few genera

besides the ones mentioned. It is useful to remember that they are

slightly apiculate in Alphonsea and in a good many species of

Goniothalmus. In Cananga they are produced to one third the

length of the stamen. A good diagnostic character for Oxandra,

Cardiopetalum and Xylopia is the transversely septate anther cells.

In the latter genus and in Goniothalamus the pollen grains are large

and their tetrads can be easily seen under a hand lens.

Staminodes are present in Fusaea, Anaxagorea and in some

species of Uvaria and Orophea. In Uvaria they are petaloid with a

narrow blade. As a rule it is the outer stamens which are thus

modified but in Anaxagorea it is the inner which have become

altered. Sageraea and Orophea sometimes have unisexual flowers

while Pseuduvaria always has. In the female flowers of the latter

I have noticed that the staminodes sometimes have one or two

fertile sacs.

Torus

In some species of Xylopia the torus may be slightly concave. It

is convex, conical or flattened slightly in all other Annonaceae.

Ovary, Style and Stigma

The ovaries are usually oblong, cylindric, terete or angled and

occasionally slightly falcate. They are flask-shaped in Mezzettia.

They are usually covered with a pubescent or tomentose indumen-

tum; rarely do we find them glabrous. They are glabrous in

Cananga. The style may be present or absent. When present it may

be short as in Sageraea, Monocarpia and Popowia or elongated

and slender as in Goniothalamus, Xylopia, Anaxagorea, Cananga,

Ellipeia and Enicosanthum. In Fissistigma the style passes grad-

ually into the stigmatic portion there being no clear differentiation

between the two. In Piptostigma (W. Afr.) the styles are united.

The style is absent in Uvaria, Cyathostemma, Meiogyne, Oncodos-

tigma, Alphonsea, Pseuduvaria, Platymitra and most species of

Polyalthia, The stigma is usually capitate, sub-capitate or clavate,

sometimes linear and bent slightly outwards. In Artabotrys it may

be rod-shaped or leaf-like. In Goniothalamus it is funnel-shaped.

In all genera the stigma is split or slightly grooved on the top with

the groove continuing down its inner, adaxial side, along the style

and down the ovary. If the stigma is fairly broad on top the groove

will appear like the letter U or a horse-shoe. The stigma as a result

is sometimes 2-lobed on its very top. If funnel-shaped the inner

side of the funnel will be split. The lips and the groove are often

obscured by copious stigmatic fluid which dries and hardens in

herbarium specimens.

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Vol. XIV. (1955).

In Meiogyne, Kingstonia, Cyathocalyx section Eu-cyathocalyx

and Monocarpia the stigma is peltate or disc-shaped. When more

than one stigma is present each appears as a separate disc. In

Cananga and Cyathocalyx section Drepananthus the stigmas are

agglutinated to form one disc. The disc in Cyathocalyx (both sec-

tions), Monocarpia and Cananga is lamellated. The capitate stig-

mas of Pyramidanthe prismatica are also minutely lobulate over

their entire surface.

Ripe Carpels

The fruit is of considerable importance in the separation of

genera but not of species.

In fact the Annonaceae are divided into two sub-families, the

Annonoideae and the Monodoroideae on the basis of the fruit

alone. In the Monodoroideae with its two genera Monodora and

Isolona, the carpels are united into a one-celled ovary with parietal

placentation and radiating stigmas. The remainder therefore belong

to the Annonoideae. While the great majority of these have apo-

carpous carpels we find a few genera in which the carpels are

united into a many-celled syncarp with erect stigmas. Some of

these I have put into a separate tribe the Annonineae with the

genera Ararocarpus, Annona, Raimondia and Rollinia. Hutchinson

makes this a sub-tribe of the Unoneae. The remainder might be

put into another tribe or sub-tribe but since they have valvate

petals I have left them in the Uvarieae. They are certainly a deri-

vative of the Uvarieae and the most advanced in that group. They

are Pachypodanthium, Annonidium and Fusaea.

In the apocarpus forms the carpels are usually stalked but there

are many which are sessile. In the genus Uvaria they are usually

stalked but in one species, U. sphenocarpa, they are sessile and

packed so closely together that the fruit looks like a syncarp. In

Goniothalamus Ridleyi they are also packed closely in a bunch

but there are spaces between most of the carpels. In Pseudannona

the carpels are free but sunk in the torus.

The commonest shape is globose or sub-globose but they may

be oblong, oblong-elliptic, cylindric, elongated or less often obov-

ate. They vary from the size of a pea to that of a large apple. The

pericarp is usually brightly coloured, orange, various shades of red

or purple and black. It may be fleshy as in Uvaria, Popowia,

Polyalthia or thin-walled as in Fissistigma rubiginosum, Mitrella

and Cyathostemma micranthum or hard, thick and stony as in

Mezzettia, Cyathocalyx, Kingstonia and Monocarpia. The carpels

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Gardens Bulletin, S.

are indehiscent except in the case of Anaxagorea, where the carpels

are follicles. In some species of Xylopia and Alphonsea there is a

kind of semi-dehiscence but the carpels do not open by well-

defined sutures.

Sometimes the carpel is slightly constricted between the seeds

but in Desmos the elongated carpels are torulose with one seed in

each joint. Carpels may be glabrous, pubescent or tomentose. They

may be smooth on the outside or tuberculate. The degree of tuber-

culation often varies a good deal; the same species may be only

slightly rough or entirely covered with warts, e.g.: Uvaria Lobbiana,

U. grandiflora and Pyramidanthe prismatica. In herbarium speci-

mens, e.g. Xylopia sp. the wrinkling often seen may be due to

shrinkage on drying.

The following Malayan Annonaceae have rugose or tuberculate

fruits :—

Uvaria grandiflora (slightly), U. Lobbiana, U. larep, U. lepto-

poda (slightly), U. javana, Cyathostemma excelsum, Alphonsea

Kingii, A. johorensis, Fissistigma Kingii (slightly), F. latifolia

(slightly), F. hypoglaucum, Pyramidanthe prismatica, Goniothala-

mus giganteus, Mitrephora vulpina (slightly), Pseuduvaria rugosa,

P. taipingensis (slightly).

The prickles on the fruit of Annona muricata are the styles of

fused carpels. In A. squamosa the fused carpels show as bulges.

Genera and species with carpels reduced to one are readily

identifiable. The following list is appended:—

Kingstonia, Cyathocalyx section Eu-cyathocalyx, Mezzettia,

Monocarpia carpels 1—3, Xylopia sub-dehiscens, Platymitra car-

pels 1-2, Neo-uvaria foetida 1-6.

The Seed

Like Myristicaceae and Menispermaceae the seeds of Annona-

ceae have ruminate albumen. The embryo itself is very small. An

aril is present in a good many species but here more observation is

required as to its occurrence since it may shrivel up in dried

specimens.

Normally there are several seeds in two rows. Double placenta-

tion seems to be the rule but if a single row is present as in

Desmos, this is probably regulated by the exigencies of space and

pressure during the swelling of the ovules after fecundation.

Seeds are not a great deal of help in systematic diagnosis and

it is only when they exhibit peculiarities or are reduced to one in

number that they are useful as a generic character. Sometimes the

168

EAS

Vol. XIV. (1955).

same species may have one or more seeds and this may be con-

fusing, e.g. Uvariella which is now eliminated. The following have

one seed per carpel, a few of them one or rarely two:—

Enicosanthum, Trivalvaria, Melodorum 1 occasionally 2, Mili-

usa amplexicaulis, Phaeanthus, Marsypopetalum, Popowia—not all

the species, P. pisocarpa, P. pauciflora, P. fusca, Neo-uvaria, Oxy-

mitra 1 rarely 2.

Most of the Goniothalamus species have 1 but some may have

several. This is useful to remember in distinguishing the rather

similar G. tapis 1-seeded, from G. malayanus 2—5 seeded.

Some Non-Malayan genera with one seed per carpel are Annoni-

dium, Enantia and 3 of the 4 genera in the Annonineae, Annona,

Raimondia and Rollinia.

The testa is usually thin and smooth, light to dark brown, rarely

black as in Anaxagorea and Mitrella. It is tuberculate in Cleistop-

holis and pitted in Mitrella and Popowia.

The seeds of Richella are triquetrous and winged.

CLASSIFICATION, RELATIONS OF TRIBES AND

EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS

The classification of the Annonaceae into tribes is a difficult

problem and I do not think there can ever be a satisfactory divi-

sion in spite of some admirable attempts. This present one should

not therefore be regarded as final. The Annonaceae form a very

uniform series and many of their morphological characters are

fairly constant throughout the family. The point to be borne in

mind always when determining an Annonaceous genus is not to

look for one character by which it will be identified but to depend

rather on a combination of characters. In the majority of cases the

genera are based on a petal character, variable, plus some other

more constant character. The petals in Annonaceae vary enorm-

ously, more so than any other organ and since there are two sets

of petals which may or may not be similar, there must be endless

combinations.

The main reason why division into tribes is difficult is best

shown by this example. Several genera may have a good many

characters in common and would seem to form a very good natural

group when unhappily the unity is broken by one of the genera

having the main diagnostic character common to a genus in an-

other group. Thus the Miliuseae are characterized by having a

particular type of stamen. The Mitrephoreae are based on the

inner petals being mitriform, their claws free and their blades

usually united to form a dome. Now Platymitra and Orophea in

169

Gardens Bulletin, S.

the Miliuseae have miliusoid stamens but mitriform corollas and

are links between the two tribes. This is unfortunate for those who

seek to divide the family up into neat divisions and systematists

should not be disappointed when they fail to find good divisions.

Nature is not out to create nice clear-cut tribes to suit the whims

of the tidy minded.

The Annonaceae are thus full of orderly progressions leading

from one group to another and it is difficult to find diagnostic

characters which one group has and which in the other are lacking.

The tribes therefore are somewhat ill-defined with overlapping

characters.

There are in the family very noticeable evolutionary trends

which have a bearing on classification. Since evolution proceeds

neither evenly nor at the same rate, we find genera advanced in

some characters and primitive with regard to others. There is a

tendency to proceed from simplicity to complexity, e.g. from simple

petals with no distinction between blade and claw to the complex

dome-shaped petals of the Mitrephoreae with their long narrow

claws and united blades; from the clumsy stamen with a great deal

of connective tissue to a more precise form with a filament and

greater development of the pollen sacs. There is a tendency for

reduction from many seeds in two rows to a single better nourish-

ed seed and also a union of parts to give more protection. The

petals become united and the stamens become fewer. The greatest

advance of all is where the carpels unite to form a 1-celled ovary

with parietal placentation and there is thus a division of the family

into two subfamilies, the Annonoideae (apocarpous forms mostly )

and the Monodoroideae with a 1-celled ovary, parietal placenta-

tion and gamopetaly (Jsolona and Monodora).

The family can also be divided into two groups, a smaller with

imbricate petals and the larger with valvate. (Let us call them

Imbricatae and Valvatae). The first group is the Tribe Uvarieae

which seems to be the most primitive. It is uniform and easily

defined. The remainder, the bulk of the Annonaceae, when we

take away from it the subfamily Monodoroideae, forms a very

difficult and heterogeneous assortment which we are obliged to

break up as best we may into a varying number of rather ill-defined

tribes. Most botanists agree about the Uvarieae but it is this re-

mainder (Valvatae) which gives trouble. I have used all Bentham

and Hooker’s tribes but have followed Hutchinson in Kew Bull.

(1923) 241 in his division into two subfamilies. Therefore I have

modified B. & H’s Mitrephoreae and Xylopieae removing some of

their genera. The two systems are here compared.

170

Vol. XIV. (1955).

HUTCHINSON SINCLAIR

Subfamily Annonoideae Subfamily Annonoideae

Tribe Uvarieae Tribe Uvarieae

Tribe Miliuseae Tribe Miliuseae

Tribe Unoneae Tribe Unoneae

Subtribe 1. Xylopineae Tribe Xylopieae

Series 1. Hexapetalae Tribe Mitrephoreae

Series 2. Tetrapetalae Tribe Annonineae

Series 3. Tripetalae

Subtribe 2. Annonineae

Subfamily Monodoroideae Subfamily Monodoroideae

It will be seen that I have made the Annonineae a tribe where

Hutchinson puts them into a subtribe. I have divided Hutchinson's

very large, rather cumbersome Unoneae into three, namely the

Unoneae proper, Xylopieae and Mitrephoreae. The latter two

seem to be offshoots of the Unoneae. It is in connection with these

three tribes that the divisions are most ill-defined. I do not like his

Series 2 and 3 as they are unnatural divisions containing forms

with reduced petals which can quite clearly be assigned to the

other tribes.

Very little can be said about the phylogeny of the family and of

the tribes. To say that one tribe is descended from a certain other

more primitive one is often wild surmise. We can only suggest

possible lines of descent but can not prove them. When genera

have several characters in common they are usually related and

we can often group them together. The possible relationships bet-

ween genera are discussed in the systematic part of this revision.

Let us now briefly consider the separate tribes in turn.

Tribe 1. Uvarieae

The Uvarieae are not such a difficult group as the Unoneae.

Some of them are more primitive than the Unoneae but they also

have genera which are just as advanced as any in the Unoneae

especially if the Annonineae also with united carpels are to be

considered as part of the Unoneae. The climax of evolutionary

trends is seen in the three genera Annonidium, Pachypodanthium

and Fusaea where the carpels have united but do not go so far as

in the Monodoroideae where the carpels are united into a one-

celled ovary with parietal placentation.

The Uvarieae are clearly separable into 2 divisions, one with

imbricate and the other with valvate sepals. The imbricate series

begins with genera like Sageraea and Stelechocarpus with many

seeds and primitive, clumsy stamens and ends with Enicosanthum

and Trivalvaria where the ovules are reduced to one and the

stamens more advanced. In the second series with the valvate

171

Gardens Bulletin, S.

sepals, the largest genus is Uvaria with many seeds. Offshoots of

Uvaria are Cyathostemma, Rauwenhoffia and Ellipeia. The latter

is probably the most advanced as the seeds are reduced to one.

The line of ascent continues and at the top of the tree we have

Annonidium with one ovuie and fused carpels. The diagram fig. 1

will give some indication of the evolutionary trends and the rela-

tionship of one genus to another.

Carpels united

ANNONIDIUM

Non -Malayan PACHYPODANTHIUM

FUSAEA

Below this line carpels free

Qvules one

—_—_——_—_

ELLIPEIA

Ovules one

NICOSANTHUM| ¢ TRIVALVAR lA |

Stamens more

advanced

UVARIA

Ovules~ several

vier.

L_£

Ovules 8

dde

in Connective tissue

Fig. 1. Relationships and evolutionary trends in the tribe Uvarieae. (Re-

lated genera are connected with lines having 2 arrows).

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Tribe 2. Unoneae

The Unoneae were probably derived from the Uvarieae but

from which genera and how, we can not say. They are a somewhat

heterogeneous set with Polyaithia as the main central group from

which various satellite genera arise. The petals are valvate and

flat and usually expand when the flower is mature. Polyalthia is

spread over a wide area and has many species so one might assume

that it is a fairly old genus. It seems to be the most primitive and

is the largest genus of the Unoneae. Its ovules are few or reduced

to one. Besides this basic genus there is another branch which

terminates with Artabotrys (ovules 2). Below Artabotrys on this

branch comes Cyathocalyx (ovules many). In these two genera

the petals are differentiated into blade and claw and there is often

a constriction at the junction of the blade with the claw. The petals

connive over the sexual organs giving them better protection.

\ Owles 2

\ J ARTABOTRYS

pOWYAL THA —

! :

MEZZETTIA

Fig. 2. Relationship in the tribe Unoneae.

173

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Monocarpia, Meiogyne and Oncodostigma with petals not quite so

well developed but aiming at this tendency, seem to be on this

same branch and not on the Polyalthia side of the fork. It is con-

jecture whether this branch terminating in Artabotrys came directly

from Polyalthia or not. I prefer to imagine that it came off at a

lower level on the tree, not direct from Polyalthia but from a

common stock. The diagram fig. 2 will show what may have

happened.

Tribe 3. Xylopieae

An offshoot of the Unoneae, this small tribe is based mainly on

petal characters. All the genera are to some extent related to each

Fig. 3. Relationships in the tribe Xylopieae.

The dotted lines indicate less distant relationships.

174

P-

—

Vol. XIV. (1955).

other. Fissistigma and Xylopia are the two largest genera. Melo-

dorum, Mitrella and Pyramidanthe seem to be more closely related

to Xylopia than to Fissistigma. Anaxagorea with 2-seeded, dehis-

cent carpels may be the most advanced. It has some affinity with

Xylopia. It is impossible to say whether the Xylopieae came from

Polyalthia stock or from the Cyathocalyx-Artabotrys branch or

from a root common to both. Cyathocalyx and Artabotrys like the

Xylopieae have narrow elongated petals but so do several Polyal-

thia species.

Tribe 4. Miliuseae

cee eews: |. 16—7o ( OROPHEA

_ MILIUSEAE | i<—__}———__—>| MITREPHOREAE

| <—\(puatwmrma! =

A small tribe, probably an offshoot of the Unoneae. All the six

Malayan genera are related to each other and they have in com-

mon one type of stamen although they are rather heterogeneous

as far as their petals go. The stamens of Marsypopetalum and

Phaeanthus are slightly different in that they have flat-topped con-

nectives but it seems to be that the stamen is still miliusoid since

the anther cells are not hidden by the connectives at least in the

early stages (see systematic notes).

As already pointed out Orophea and Platymitra are links bet-

ween the two tribes Miliuszae and Mitrephoreae but I have placed

them in the former on account of the stamens. The stamen is pro-

bably a better character than the corolla on which to base relation-

ship. Sexual organs are more stable and static and less liable to

variation over a long period than the perianth. If the tribe Mili-

useae is to be maintained we should look to the stamens rather

than the petals.

SUMMARY OF PETAL CHARACTERS

Outer petals similar and Both sets of petals equal Inner petals mit-

equal to sepals and longer than sepals riform

Marsypopetalum Alphonsea (both sets sac- Orophea

cate)

Phaeanthus Platymitra

Miliusa (inner petals sac-

cate)

Tribe 5. Mitrephoreae

They probably came from the Unoneae. They are characterised

by the development of a mitriform corolla. The diagram shows

the development and differentiation of such a corolla. Pseuduvaria

seems to be the most advanced where the inner petals are well

differentiated into claw and blade and the blades remain united to

form a dome.

175

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Outer petals slightly

clawed or not. Inner

larger, with very nar-

row claws, the blades

PSEUDUVARI A united forming a dome.

Outer petals slightly

or not clawed, spread-

ing. Inner _ slightly

shorter, with very nar-

M ITREPHOR A row claws, erect,

edges adhering, later

free.

Outer petals slightly

or not spreading.

Inner, smaller, claw-

ed, erect, connivent,

—} GONIOTHALAMUS | “*** Senn

Outer petals spread-

ing. Inner much

smaller, not clawed,

connivent, erect, their

OXYMITRA edges adhering.

Outer petals spread-

ing. Inner longer with

incurved apices, and

f rudimentary claw,

POPOWIA somewhat _connivent

and erect, united by

edges at first, later |

free. g

Petals subequal. Inner

with a_ rudimentary

iy claw, probably. adher-

ing by |

SS NEO-UYARIA | SS, Poni’ soem

spreading.

Fig. 4. Tribe Mitrephoreae. Tree based on development and differentiation

of corolla.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Tribe 6. Annonineae

These have been mentioned in this account before. Hutchinson

makes them a subtribe of the Unoneae. The carpels are united at

least in fruit so there is an advance over the apocarpous type. The

ovules are numerous in Ararocarpus but reduced to one in An-

nona, Raimondia and Rollinia. Note their counterpart in the Uva-

rieae, in the small group consisting of Pachypodanthium, Annoni-

dium and Fusaea which also have united carpels.

Subfamily Monodoroideae

They are as previously stated the most advanced of all having

the carpels united into a single ovary with parietal placentation.

What was their origin? Was it from the Unoneae or from a sepa-

rate common stock? No one can be sure.

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to the following institutions for the loan or ins-

pection of herbarium material: Forest Research Institute Kepong,

Malaya; Indian Botanic Garden, Sibpur, Calcutta; Forest Re-

search Institute, Dehra Dun; Department of Agriculture, Siam;

Sarawak Museum; Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia; Royal

Botanic Gardens, Kew; Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

SYSTEMATIC PART

The following abbreviations are used here: —

Mat. F.M.P. .. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula,

by Sir George King.

PMP .. Flora of the Malay Peninsula, by H. N. Ridley.

Sune. z .. Singapore Field Number.

CF: +. .. Conservator of Forests. (The material from

Forest Research Institute, Kepong now betier

designated as Kep.).

F.M.S. Mus. Herb. Federated Malay States Museums Herbarium.

F.R. 2 .. Forest Reserve.

S. yf .. Sungei (river).

G. ass Gunong (mountain).

The letters S., C., D.D., K., E., and Kew placed after collector’s

numbers in brackets mean that I have personally seen herbarium

sheets of the collector’s number from the Singapore, Calcutta,

Dehra Dun, Kepong, Edinburgh and Kew herbaria.

The measurements given for the length of the ovary except

where otherwise stated include the length of the style and stigma

as well since in many cases the style is wanting and the stigma is

minute.

177

Gardens Bulletin, S.

KEY TO THE GROUPS OF ANNONACEAE

a. Carpels free or if united forming a many-celled syncarp; stig-

mas erect Subfamily (1) ANNONOIDEAE

b. Carpels free or if slightly so, then always quite free in fruit

c. Sepals imbricate or valvate. Petals 2-seriate, one or both

series imbricate in bud. Stamens many, closely packed,

their anther cells concealed at the top by the connec-

tives. Indumentum of leaves often stellate or lepidote.

Seeds many to few Tribe (1) UVARIEAE

c. Sepals valvate. Petals all valvate either in two distinct

series or rarely in one series, usually 6, rarely 4, more

rarely 3, in the latter case either the inner or the outer

series missing

d. Petals, both sets similar or sub-similar, equal or sub-

equal, spreading in flower or the apices free, the outer

flat or concave at the base only, the inner flat, terete

or filiform, or concave or not at the base. Stamens

many, connectives flat-topped or convex, rarely api-

culate, the anther cells concealed by the connectives

Tribe (2) UNONEAE

d. Petals sub-equal or more often the inner shorter, the

outer orbicular, ovate, oblong but usually lanceolate,

spreading, often triquetrous, the inner nearly always

triquetrous, not often spreading but remaining erect

and touching each other, smaller than the outer. Sta-

men connectives slightly produced, the anther cells

concealed by the connectives

Tribe (3) XYLOPIEAE

d. Petals, one or both sets but usually the inner saccate or

at least broad at base, the outer small and like the

sepals, free, the inner larger, free or less often tend-

ing to adhere to some extent by the margin (both sets

sub-equal in Alphonsea). Stamens few, loosely imbri-

cate, anther cells not concealed by the flat-topped,

rounded or pointed connectives |

Tribe (4) MILIUSEAE

d. Petals, inner larger or smaller than the outer, less often

sub-equal, usually dissimilar, concave, connivent,

arching over the sexual organs and forming a dome,

if free their edges at first united for a short time,

clawed, the claw often long and narrow or vestigial

178

+ =e,

i. ae

Vol. XIV. (1955).

or absent. Stamens many, flat-topped or convex, the

connectives hiding the anther cells

Tribe (5) MITREPHOREAE

b. Carpels united into a fleshy mass, especially in fruit

Tribe (6) ANNONINEAE

a. Carpels united into a 1-celled ovary with parietal placentas,

stigmas radiating

(No examples in Malaya)

Subfamily (2) MONODOROIDEAE

Tribe 1. UVARIEAE

Sepals imbricate or valvate. Petals 2-seriate, one or both series

imbricate in bud. Stamens many, closely, packed, their anther cells

concealed at the top by the connectives. Indumentum of leaves

often stellate or lepidote. Seeds many to few.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE UVARIEFAE

a. Sepals imbricate, trees or shrubs

b. Ovules numerous, 6 or more

c. Carpels several

d. Midrib on upper surface of leaf sunk; flowers axillary

or in fascicles on woody tubercles from axils of fallen

leaves; anthers sunk in connective tissue which is

quadrate and truncate above; torus flat 1. Sageraea

d. Midrib on upper surface of leaf raised, 1-2 mm. broad;

flowers cauliflorous; anthers not embedded in the

connective tissue; torus conical or hemispheric

2. Stelechocarpus

c. Carpels 1 3. Kingstonia

b. Ovules 1

e. Flowers hermaphrodite on pedicles over 5 mm. long, axil-

lary or from axils of fallen leaves or on tubercles or

short leafless twigs on the main trunk near the ground;

style filiform or slender, stigma clavate

4. Enicosanthum

e. Flowers polygamous, extra axillary, sessile or on very

short pedicles, never longer than 5 mm.; style very short,

stigma sub-capitate 5. Trivalvaria

179

Gardens Bulletin, S.

a. Sepals valvate, climbers

f. Flowers extra-axillary, opposite the leaves or in pendulous

clustered cymes from the older stems. Petals sub-equal;

ovules more than one, ventral in two rows (1—2 in Uvaria

pauciflora); style short or absent

g. Inner petals with a broad base

h. Petals usually large, 1-4 cm. long, flower opening wide

when mature 6. Uvaria

h. Petals small, usually not more than 8 mm. long, in-

curved at apex, not expanding very much in mature

flower 7. Cyathostemma

g. Inner petals with narrow claws 8. Rauwenhoffia

}. Flowers in terminal panicles. Inner petals much smaller than

outer; carpels 1-seeded with lateral apiculus, the seed at-

tached slightly above the middle 9. Ellipeia

1. SAGERAEA Dalzell in Hk. Kew Journ. Bot. 3 (1851) 207.

Trees with shining, coriaceous, glabrous leaves and slightly

angled, glabrous twigs. Flowers small, globular in bud, expanding,

axillary or fascicled on woody tubercles from the axils of fallen

leaves, 1-2-sexual. Sepals orbicular to ovate, ciliate at margins,

imbricate. Petals 6, imbricate in two series, sub-equal, concave,

orbicular with ciliate margins. Stamens 6—21, imbricate in 2 or

more series, the anther cells dorsal, oblong, surrounded by thick

connective tissue which is produced laterally and is truncate and

quadrate above. Ovaries 3-8. Style 0 or very short; stigma capi-

tate. Ovules 6-8 in 2 rows. Torus flat. Carpels globose, thin-

walled, nearly sessile or stalked.

TYPE OF GENUS: S. laurifolia (Grah.) Blatter in Journ. Bomb, Nat.

Hist. Soc. 34 (1930) 294.

DIsTRIBUTION: Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, Burma to Malay Archi-

pelago and Philippines. Species about 9.

There are two species in Malaya but I have collected on Penang

Hill a specimen of what appears to be a third:—Sinclair S.F.N.

39035, 11th November, 1950. This was a shrub 12 feet high with

leaves only. The leaves are glabrous and oblong-oblanceolate in

shape, widest above the middle, rounded at the apex and abruptly

acute with an acute base. Flowers and fruit of this species are

required.

KEY

a. Leaves oblong, 18-30 cm. long, 6:5—9 cm. broad with rounded

base (1) S. elliptica

180

Vol. XIV. (1955).

a. Leaves lanceolate, 16-18 cm. Jong, 4 cm. broad with acute

base | | (2) S. lanceolata

(1) S. elliptica (A. DC.) Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 93; King

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 256 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 6 Pl. 34; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 25;

Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 28:

Basonym: Uvaria elliptica A. DC, in Mém. Soc. Genéve 5

(1832) 27; Wall. Cat. 6470 and 7421.

Synonyms: S. Hookeri Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. 1 (1879) T.

15. Bocagea elliptica Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 92;

Kurz, For. Fl. Burma (1877) 50. Diospyros ? frondosa Wall. Cat.

4125 (nom. nud.).

Tree. Twigs glabrous, angled, striate, lenticellate with numerous

leaf scars. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, both surfaces shining,

parchment-like in texture on the lower surface, oblong, bluntly

acute, often obtuse when old; base rounded, slightly cordate and

sometimes oblique with rigid, slightly recurved margins; midrib

depressed above, prominent and raised beneath; main nerves 14—

16 pairs, spreading and curved, faint, interarching near margin;

secondary nerves very faint and reticulations invisible; medium

brown when dry; length 18-39 cm., breadth 6-5—9 cm.; petiole 4

mm. long, very thick with faint rings. Flowers monoecious or her-

maphrodite, solitary and axillary or fascicled on tubercles in the

axils of fallen leaves, globular in bud, 1:5—1-8 cm. across when

expanded, yellow. Pedicels pubescent, 7 mm. long with one median

and several basal bracts. Sepals semi-orbicular, glabrous, tubercled,

ciliate round the margins, 4 mm. long, 5 mm. broad. Petals tuber-

cular outside, margins wavy and ciliate, 7 mm. long; the inner

similar, slightly smaller and narrower. Stamens numerous, | mm.

long and 1 mm. broad, with sub-quadrate, truncate connectives,

the anther cells small, extrorse, embedded in the thick connective

tissue. Ovaries 5-8, 2 mm. long, glabrous, nearly rectangular;

style Q; stigma capitate and faintly emarginate; ovules about 8.

Ripe carpels sub-sessile, globose, glabrous, thin-walled, 1-5-2: 5

cm. in diam. Torus flat, not enlarged. Seeds 4—5 in 2 rows, cres-

cent-shaped with one curved and two flat sides, brown, 1-3 cm.

long.

KEDAH: 48th mile Jeniang Road, Kiah S.F.N. 36168 (S., K., Kew).

PENANG: Porter Wall. Cat. 7421 (C., Kew).

es te Ulu Brang, Moysey and Kiah S.F.N. 33879 (S., K.,

ew |

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gunong Tampin, Burkill S.F.N. 3239 (S.).

181

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Ta Maingay 21 (C.); Bukit Tampin, Goodenough 1903

JOHORE: Muar at Biawak, Curtis 3624 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Siam, Borneo.

In the Singapore Herbarium this species has been confused

with Goniothalamus tapis, the leaves of which have a similar.

parchment-like texture but from which it is distinguished by the

paler, angular twigs, the more coriaceous leaves and the larger,

non-apiculate, several-seeded carpels. De Candolle and King state

that the flowers are monoecious but in the Bornean material which

I have examined they were found to be hermaphrodite.

(2) S. lanceolata Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Ludg.-Bat. 2 (1865) 10;

Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 25.

Tree. Twigs slender, striate, slightly angled. Leaves thin, coria-

ceous, shining, glabrous on both surfaces, lanceolate, shortly acute,

narrowed to the base, margin slightly recurved, greenish above and

medium brown beneath when dry, midrib and nerves as in elliptica

but fewer in number, about 8 pairs; reticulations not visible; length

16-18 cm.; breadth about 4 cm.; petiole 4-5 mm. long. Flowers

hermaphrodite, S—7 mm. across, axillary, single, or in tufts. Pedi-

cels up to 7 mm. long with one medial and several basal, pubes-

cent bracts. Sepals and petals as in the preceding species but

smaller, the respective lengths 1-1-5 mm. and 4 mm. Stamens

about 20, very short, linear-oblong, glabrous. Ovaries 3, ovoid,

scarcely longer than the stamens; ovules 10 in 2 rows. Ripe carpels

globose, glabrous, sessile, dark brown when dry, 2 cm. long and

2 cm. broad. Seeds about 1:2 cm. long, flat with rounded ends,

and reddish-brown testa.

PAHANG: Baloh, Kuantan, Yeop C.F. 831 (S., K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.

A rare species, distinguished from the former by the smaller

flowers and the smaller, lanceolate leaves with an acute base. No

‘etails of flower colour are available.

2. STELECHOCARPUS Hk. f. et Th., Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 94.

Trees with coriaceous, shining leaves and midrib raised on upper

surface. Flower buds globose. Flowers unisexual, fascicled on

tubercles on the trunk or on the older branches, remote from the

leaves. Sepals 3, elliptic to orbicular, imbricate. Petals 6 in 2

series, coriaceous, rounded, very concave, imbricate. Stamens in

male flowers many in several series, the anthers occupying most of

the stamen but not embedded in connective tissue, connectives

flat-topped and slightly lobed. Ovaries numerous, style 0, stigma

182

fe ere * foe” Se Nee eee

rt et Ty gh

Vol. XIV. (19355).

orbicular with several minute lobes. Ovules 6—8 in 2 rows. Torus

conical or hemispheric. Ripe carpels globose, sessile with 4-8

seeds in 2 rows.

ae OF GENUS: S. Burahol (Bl.) Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1885)

SYNONYM: Uvaria Burahol Bl. Bijdr. 1 (1825) 14; Fl. Javae 1

(1830) 48 T. 23 and 25c.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Malaya, Malay Archipelago to New Guinea.

Species 5.

A genus closely related to Sageraea in the structure of the flower

but differing in the cauliflorous habit, the rather different stamens

with anthers not embedded in connective tissue and the conical or

hemispheric torus. The raised midrib on the upper surface of the

leaf will at once separate it from Sageraea.

(1) S. cauliflorus (Scheff.) R.E. Fr. in Arkiv for Botanik, Band 3,

nr 2 (3rd July, 1953) 42.

Basonym: Sageraea cauliflora Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. 2

(1885) 5.

Synonyms: Stelechocarpus caulifiorus (Scheff.) J. Sinclair m

Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (August 1953) 43. S. nitidus King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 254 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc.

4 (1893) 4 Pl. 2; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 24. S. Schefferi Boerl.

in Icon. Bog. 1 (1901) 199 T. 71. Sageraea nitida Finet et Gag-

nep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53 Mém. 4 (1906) 59.

Tree 5—12 m. high with dark-coloured, slightly angled, glabrous

twigs. Leaves coriaceous, somewhat bullate, oblong-lanceolate,

acute, base acute, shining and glabrous on both surfaces, medium

brown when dry with minute, dark, punctate scales on lower sur-

face; main nerves 10—12 pairs, curved and interarching within the

margin, boldly impressed on the upper surface as is the midrib

and reticulations and still more prominent below; length 15-25

cm.; breadth 5—7 cm.; petiole S—10 mm. long. Flowers dioecious,

cauliflorous, globose in bud. Pedicels stout, broadening just below

the calyx, puberulous with one amplexicaul, obtuse, sub-medial

and two basal, pubescent bracts. Sepals coriaceous, connate at

base, puberulous or glabrous with age, orbicular, minutely warted

or rough, 5 mm. long and 8 mm. broad. Petals pale yellow, shortly

obovate-orbicular, minutely warted or rough, 1—1-3 cm. long, the

inner cucullate, glabrous and smaller. Stamens in male flowers

many, in several series, 25 mm. long. Ovaries 3 mm. long, nume-

rous, obscurely 3- angled, with adpressed hairs and sessile, orbi-

cular, minutely lobed stigmas. Torus hemispheric. Ripe carpels

broadly ovoid, obtuse, puberulous, dark brown, sessile, 4—5 cm.

in diam. Seeds 4—6 in 2 rows, 3 cm. long and 1-5-2 cm. wide.

183

Gardens Bulletin, S.

"av: PENANG:: Jungle -behind Waterfall. Gardens, Sinclair, 8th. Novem;

_ ber, 1950 (seen).

PERAK: Gunong Pondok, King 7629 and’ 8224 (ce Henderson

S.F.N. 23802: (S.).

-- \PAHANG:. Base. of Gunong Senyum, Henderson’S.F.N. 22368 (S., K.);

Tembelitar Henderson S.F.N. 21859 (S., K., D.D.) and Holttum

- S.F.N. 24207 «(S., K.); Sungei Nering, Temerloh, Henderson F.M.S.

Herb. 10721 (S. }:

- SELANGOR: . Bukit Hitam, Ridley 7279 (S.)..

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Sumatra.

King No. 7183 in Herb. Calcutta. collected ‘in Perak and des-

cribed by him as Stelechocarpus punctatus, consists of a leaf speci-

men with detached flowers. The leaves are those of Pseuduvaria

sp. They are thin and cordate at the base and do not have the

characteristic midrib of a Stelechocarpus. The flowers belong to

S. cauliflorus. |

Lobb’s record of S. Burahol from Singapore is an error and

this species has never been found there.

3. KINGSTONIA Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 93.

Monotypic genus. Tree. Pubescence of simple hairs. Leaves

with rather erect, parallel nerves recalling those of Enicosanthum.

Flowers fascicled in the axils of leaves or fallen leaves, hermaph-

rodite. Sepals persistent, imbricate. Petals, outer valvate?; imner

imbricate. Stamens about 9 with flat-topped connectives and with

filaments about same length as anthers. Ovary 1, strigose, angled;

stigma peltate, minutely lobed or crenate. Ovules several in two

rows. Torus hemispherical or conical. Ripe carpel one, sessile with

thick pericarp.

TYPE OF GENUS: Kingstonia nervosa Hk. f. et Th.

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula, Java. Species 1.

(1) K. nervosa Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 93; King,

Mat: F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 377 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 167 Pl. 216A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

100.

Tree 10-15 m. high. Young twigs dark brown, shortly pubes-

cent, not stellate, later glabrous. Young leaves bright red, pubes-

cent on midrib and veins, mature leaves sub-coriaceous, dark

green except on the sunk midrib above, oblong or oblong- lanceo-

Jate, acute at apex with rounded base; nerves about 12 pairs,

straight, nearly parallel, steeply ascending, impressed above, pro-

minent: beneath as is the midrib; line’ of interarching at margin

indistinct; reticulations forming a fine meshwork, visible on both

184

— Vol: XIV. (1955).

surfaces; 15—21 cm. long and 5-9 cm. broad; petiole stout, 8 mm.

—1-3 cm. long. Flowers several,. fascicled in the axils of leaves or

fallen leaves, with several imbricate, obtuse bracts at base of

pedicel and a similar one immediately below calyx (both about 1

mm. long). Pedicels rusty-pubescent, about 8 mm. long. Sepals 3

mm. long, ovate, obtuse, pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Petals

yellow, pubescent on both surfaces, obtuse, oblong-elliptic or

slightly strap-shaped, thickened at middle, 1-1-1 cm. long and 2

mm. broad; inner very slightly smaller. Stamens 9, over 1 mm.

long with flat-topped connectives; filament nearly as long as

anther. Ovary 2 mm. long, angled, strigose with a peltate, slightly

lobed or crenate stigma. Torus hemispheric or conical. Ripe carpel

single, globose, much wrinkled in the dried specimens, sessile, wall

hard, 5 mm. thick, 5-6-5 cm. long and 4 cm. broad. Seeds several

in 2 rows.

PERAK: Upper Perak, Wray 3376 (S., C., Kew); Kati, Kuala Kang-

sar, Haniff S.F.N. 14946 (S.).

PAHANG: Kemansul Reserve, Fores Guard, Forest Dept. 14083 (S.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungei Menyala, Port Dickson, South.and Sow

Nos. 64773 and 64475 (K.).

Matacca: Maingay 22 (C., Kew) type material; Ayer Panas, Good-

~ enough 1329 (S., Kew).

No author has mentioned the imbricate sepals. The outer petals

are stated to be valvate by Hooker fil. and Thomson but probably

they may be slightly imbricate. The inner certainly are. The nearest

ally seems to be Stelechocarpus as stated by Ridley and the imbri-

cate sepals unnoticed by him are further grounds for this assump-

tion. Enicosanthum is probably the second nearest. The leaves and

the pubescent petals, slightly thickened at the middle and: obtuse

at the apex recall this genus.

4. ENICOSANTHUM Beccari in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 3 (1871)

183.

~ Synonyms: Griffithia Maingay ex King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 8 non Wight et Arn. Griffithianthus Merr. in

Philipp. Journ. Sc. Bot. (1915) 231. Marcuccia Becc. in Nuov.

Giorn. Bot. Ital. 3 (1871) 181; Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939)

276.

Shrubs or trees up to 16 m. high. Leaves glabrous or pubescent

with prominent, rather straight, oblique, parallel nerves. Flowers

bisexual, axillary or on the older branches from axils of fallen

leaves or on tubercles or short leafless twigs on the main trunk

near the ground. Sepals imbricate. Petals imbricate in two series.

~ 185

Gardens Bulletin, S. —

thick, coriaceous, with numerous veins; the inner excavated at the

base and having a thickened convex portion higher up on the in-

side and with a corresponding depression on the outside (best seen

in fresh material). Stamens numerous, flattened, elongate, the

connectives truncate, not produced; the anther cells long, linear,

dorsal. Ovaries numerous; ovules solitary, basal; style filiform;

stigma broadly clavate. Ripe carpels ovoid to oblong, rather thin-

walled, stalked. Seed single, girdled longitudinally with a narrow

groove, filling the carpel.

TYPE OF GENUS: Enicosanthum paradoxum Becc. in Nuov. Giorn.

Bot. Ital. 3 (1871) 183 T. S.

DISTRIBUTION: Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Malaya, Borneo and Philip-

pines. Species about 16.

A number of species in the genus Polyalthia has recently been

transferred here. The general appearance and in particular the

seed recall Polyalthia but the flowers, with imbricate sepals, thick,

pubescent, imbricate petals and uvarioid stamens indicate a place

in the tribe Uvarieae. The genus contains about 16 species some

of which are rather closely allied.

A specimen in Herb. Singapore collected by Corner on the 8th

of November, 1935 from Bukit Kajang, Kemaman and labelled

Polyalthia species is probably an undescribed species of Enicosan-

thum. The leaves are tomentose on the lower surface and the

specimen is in fruit with large, oblong, stalked carpels. Flowering

material of this is wanted before describing it as a new species.

KEY

a. Flowers in the axils of leaves or fallen leaves

b. Fl. pedicels 7 mm.—1 cm. long

c. Leaves glabrous or glabrescent beneath

d. Petals 5 cm. long; fruit with a curved beak

(1) E. magnoliiflorum

d. Petals 2:5 cm. long; fruit not beaked (2) E. cupulare

c. Leaves usually pubescent beneath, occasionally glabres-

cent; petals 2:5 cm. long; fruit slightly apiculate

(3) E. fuscum

b. Fl. pedicels 25-5 cm. long

e. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lateral nerves 20-24 pairs;

sepals rigid, fleshy; petals 6 cm. long

(4) E. macranthum

186

Vol. XIV. (1955).

e. Leaves membranous, lateral nerves 13-15 pairs; sepals

thin; petals 3:5 cm. long (5) E. membranifolium

a. Flowers on woody shoots on the trunk

f. Shoots 10-40 cm. long, simple or little branched; leaves

pubescent beneath with an acumen 3-4 cm. long

(6) E. praestigiosum

f. Shoots 3-4 cm. long, cymosely branched; leaves glabrous

beneath, not acuminate (7) E. congregatum

(1) E. magnoliiflorum (Hk. f. et Th.) Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull.

(1939) 277.

Basonym: Polyalthia magnoliaeflora Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind.

1 (1872) 64; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 303.

Synonyms: Griffithia magnoliaepetala Maing. ex King in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 9 Pl. 218; Ridley, F.M.P. 1

(1922) 26. Griffithianthus magnoliiflorus (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr.

in Philipp. Journ. Sc. Bot. (1915) 231; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1

(1925) 29.

Tree 10-17 m. high. Young twigs striate, rusty-tomentose.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, obovate-oblong, apex acute or shortly

acuminate, the base rather broad, rounded or minutely cordate,

the upper surface glabrous except on the midrib and nerves, the

under surface at first pubescent, ultimately glabrous; nerves 15-20

pairs, oblique, rather straight, parallel, raised on lower surface as

is the midrib; reticulations distinct below, nearly parallel, between

the nerves and at right angles to them; length 20-30 cm.; breadth

6-12 cm.; petiole tomentose, 7 mm. long. Flowers large, white,

scented like a Magnolia, solitary, axillary, on a short, pubescent.

7 mm. long pedicel with one medial and two basal, pubescent, am-

plexicaul bracts. Sepals 8-10 mm. long and about 1-5 cm. broad,

coriaceous, imbricate, warted and tomentose outside, glabrous

inside, broadly ovate, spreading with an acute tip. Petals sub-

equal, coriaceous, imbricate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, sub-acute,

tomentose, minutely warted, with several indistinct veins, length

about 5 cm. when mature, breadth of outer about 1-5 cm. and of

inner 1 cm. Stamens with truncate connectives. Ovaries tomentose

with filiform styles. Torus conical. Ripe carpels 4 cm. long, shortly

stalked, oblong, tapering at each end, pubescent, the apex mucron-

ate. Seed grooved longitudinally, shining.

PERAK: King 10965 (C., Kew).

PAHANG: Rotan Tunggal, Raub, Kalong 20316 (S.).

187

Gardens Bulletin, S.

_. SELANGOR: Ginting Simpah, Hume F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 9289 (S.);

Strugnell 13004 (S.) and 13284 (S.).

MALACCA: Maingay 93 (C., Kew) type.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam?

A rare species, near to E. Hea ellos but distinguished from

it in flower by the very short pedicels and the acute apex of the

sepals. In macranthum the pedicels are 4-5 cm. long and the

sepals rounded at the apex. The leaves of the two species are very

similar. Large leaved specimens of fuscum especially if they are

nearly glabrous also come near to magnoliiflorum and may be

confused with it but the fully developed flowers of the latter are

larger and the fruit has a hooked beak.and not.a slightly apiculate

one. I have seen one sheet of Kerr’s 7668, E. magnoliiflorum from

Siam. It has flowers on woody tubercles and is more likely to be

E. congregatum but from the scanty material it is not possible to

be quite sure.

(2) E. cupulare (King) Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 277.

Basonym: Griffithia cupularis King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 9 Pl. 219; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 26.

Synonym: Griffithianthus cupularis (King) Merr. in Philipp.

Journ. Sc. Bot. (1915) 231.

Shrub or tree up to 17 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose

and with well-marked striations. Leaves membranous, oblong or

obovate, shortly acuminate, narrowed below the middle to the

slightly rounded, sometimes sub-oblique base; upper. surface

shining, glabrous except the slender sunk midrib; lower surface

paler, glabrous except on the midrib and the 12-16 pairs of

oblique, parallel, slender, pubescent nerves; lines of interarching

of the nerves faint, often obscure and 1 mm. from margin; reticula-

tions faint; length 15-23 cm. (average about 15 cm.) breadth

5-7:5 cm.; petiole 5-7 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers solitary,

axillary, sub-globose in bud, fragrant with the odour of Cananga,

the petals lengthening considerably as flower matures. Pedicels

tawny-pubescent, about | cm. long, thickened at point of attach-

ment of bracteole at base of flower and having two other sub-

orbicular, sheathing bracteoles, near the base. Sepals imbri-

cate, ovate-orbicular, slightly warted and softly tawny-tomentose

outside, glabrous inside, apex acute, length 8 mm., breadth 1-2

cm. Petals imbricate, adpressed-silky-tomentose on both sides

except a glabrous patch inside at the base, cream-coloured,. later a

tawny grey; outer broadly ovate, obtuse, about 2:5 cm. long; inner

shorter and thicker. Stamens numerous, outer compressed, the

filaments very short, the connectives truncate and not produced

188

Vol. XIV. (1955).

above the linear dorsal anthers, length 3=3-5-mm. Ovaries about

12, oblong, adpressed-pubescent with 1-2 basal ovules; style

slender, shorter than ovary with clavate stigma. Ripe carpels ovoid

or sub-globose, blunt at each end, tawny-tomentose, thin-walled.

2 cm. long; stalks 7 mm. long. Seed single with longitudinal groove.

Perak: King. 3856 (C.) type material; 5514 (C., pre type mate-

rial; 7630 (C., Kew) type material; Larut, King 6643 (S., C., E., Kew)

type material. ©

‘TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, Kemaman, Corner S.F.N. 30337 (S.);

S.F.N. 30343 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic.

‘Very near E. fuscum. After much deliberation I have refrained

from uniting them. In fuscum the leaves are thicker with stouter

veins and a broader, rounded base. They are usually more pubes-

cent beneath but the degree of pubescence is variable. The petals

are more ovate and obtuse in cupulare, see oe Le. Pi. 219 but

I have not seen fully expanded flowers. -

(3) E. hiaiaite (King) Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 277.

Basonym: Griffithia fusca King in Ann. oo Bot. Gard. Calc.

4 (1893) -10 Pl. 220; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 26.

Synonym: Griffithianthus fuscus (King) Merr. in Phillipp. J.Sc-

(1915) 231.

Tree 7-20 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose, striate.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, shortly

acuminate, the base rounded, upper surface glabrous except the

pubescent midrib, lower softly pubescent, varying in degree of

pubescence or becoming glabrescent; nerves 12—16 pairs as in the

preceeding species but stouter, interarching near the margin in a

similar fashion; length 15-20 cm.; breadth 4-5—6-5 cm.; petiole

5—6 mm. long, stout, tomentose. Flowers solitary, axillary, the

buds globular at first but elongating with age. Sepals as in the

preceding species. Petals cream-coloured, ovate-oblong, other de-

tails as in the preceding but sub-acute and longer, length 3-5 cm..

the inner slightly shorter and narrower. Stamens and ovaries as in

the preceding. Ripe carpels ovoid, slightly apiculate, densely and

minutely rusty-tomentose, 1.cm. long or longer.

PERAK: Ulu Bubong, King 10110 (C.) type material; 10039 (C.):

10404 (C., Kew) type material; 10130 (S., C., E., Kew) type mate-

rial; Gunong Bubu, King 8346 (C. ) type material: Gopeng, King 6027

(C.): Tapah, Wray 1432 (S., C.) type material.

PAHANG: Baloh Forest Reserve, Compt. 1, Md. Arif 17248 (K.):

Bukit Goh Forest Reserve, Compt. 2, block 25, Mahmud 17241 (K.):

Bukit Kajang Forest Reserve, ries Mahamud 20409 (K.); Tembe-

ling, Henderson S.F.N. 21883 (S., K., Kew); Tasek Bera, Henderson

S.F.N. 24064 (S., K.).

189

Gardens Bulletin, S.

SELANGOR: Kanching Reserve, Ahmad 6363 (K.); Weld Hill Reserve,

Ahmat C.F. 2498 (S.); Hamid C.F. 601 (S., Kew); Symington 43630

(K.); Woolley 10333 (S., E.).

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic.

See notes under preceding species.

(4) E. macranthum (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Polyalthia macrantha King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 303 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 Saas” 68 Pl. 93;

Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 58.

Synonym: Enicosanthum nitidum Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull.

(1939) 278 as to Malayan specimens only.

Tree 3—23 m. high with slender branches. Leaves thinly coria-

ceous, oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute, rather similar to those of

the preceding but somewhat narrower and longer proportionately

and not so wide at the middle, base rounded or minutely cordate,

both surfaces glabrous except the depressed midrib above; main

nerves about 20-24 pairs, oblique, parallel, slightly depressed

above and raised below; length 30—45 cm.; breadth 11-5—-19 cm.;

petiole 1 cm. long, stout. Flowers scented, solitary, axillary, on

glabrous 4-5 cm. long pedicels with a sub-orbicular bracteole

about the middle. Sepals thick, sub-orbicular, very obtuse, warted

and pubescent outside, glabrous inside, 1 cm. long and 1-5 cm.

broad. Petals whitish, thick and fleshy, similar to those of congre-

gatum, oblong-elliptic, acute, pubescent except at the base, with

several fine nerves; length about 6 cm.; breadth 2—2:5 cm. Stamens —

numerous, compressed, 4-5 mm. long with truncate connectives.

Ovaries oblong, puberulous with slender styles and capitate-trun-

cate stigmas. Ripe carpels 2:‘5—3 cm. long and 2 cm. in diam.,

elliptic-ovoid, sometimes oblique, glabrous, the apex beaked, at

least in the younger carpels. Seed ovoid, solitary, filling the carpel.

PERAK: Larut, King 6654 (C., D.D.) type material, and 2199 (C.,

Kew) type material; Scortechini 2048 (C.) type material; Relau Tu-

jor, Wray 2982 (S., C

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic. Rare.

The leaves of magnoliiflorum, congregatum and macranthum are —

very similar and in a sterile condition there will be difficulty in

distinguishing them. E. macranthum has somewhat proportionately

narrower leaves which are not so wide at the middle. The long

axillary pedicel, the obtuse sepals and glabrous ripe carpels will at

once separate it from the other two species.

In the treatment of this species I follow King, Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 83 who, after studying the type of Guatteria

nitida A. DC. (1832), Wallich 6439 Tavoy (Polyalthia nitida

190

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Bth. et Hk. f. (1872) in the Delessert Herbarium (leaf twig and

detached fruit) and its duplicates in Kew (leaf twig and attached

fruit) and Calcutta (leaf twig with flowers), came to the con-

clusion that G. nitida was a dubious species; its flower found in

the Calc. Herb. did not agree with Lobb’s specimen cited and

described by Hooker f. and Thomson under P. nitida. Now Airy-

Shaw, Kew Bull. (1939) 278 who considered P. nitida and P.

macrantha as identical has not offered any reasons for making this

decision and for rejecting King’s opinion. Apparently Airy-Shaw

has identified P. nitida on Lobb’s specimen only as is obvious

from the distribution he gives for the species. He quotes Burma

doubtfully whereas had P. nitida been identified on its type, Burma

should have been the type locality. I have seen Wallich 6439 at

Kew and it is certainly not King’s P. macrantha, nor is it identical

with Lobb’s specimen. I do not think either that Lobb’s specimen

is the same as King’s macrantha. It more closely resembles my E.

membranifolium and may be the same. Hence I exclude P. nitida

based on Tavoy specimens from Enicosanthum and make the new

combination to cover the Malay Peninsula specimens only.

(5) E. membranifolium J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Inter species cum floribus in axillis foliorum (delapsorum vel

non) orientibus, pedicellis 2‘5—4 cm. longis, sepalis tenuibus, foliis

membranaceis glabris cum nervis primariis 13—15 jugatis distin-

guitur.

Arbor 9-12 m. alta. Ramuli novelli minute pubescentes mox

glabri, striati nigricantes. Folia 16—25 cm. longa, 45-9 cm. lata,

membranacea, oblonga vel elliptica, utrinque nitidiuscula, glabra,.

apice acuta, basi cuneata vel leviter rotundata; nervi 13-15-jugati

in pagina inferiore pallidi, prominentes curvati adscendentes ali-

quando indistincte anastomosantes; costa supra immersa, subtus

elevata interdum basi duobus sulcis parvis striata, reticulationibus

tenuibus; petioli glabri numerosis annulis praediti, 5 mm. longi.

Flores 1-3 virido-flavidi in axillis foliorum delapsorum orti. Pedi-

celli 2-5-4 cm. longi pubescentes, bracteolam pubescentem am-

plexicaulem infra medium ferentes. Sepala imbricata late triangu-

laria tenuia acuta vel obtusiuscula, extus tomentosa, intus glabra

8-10 mm. longa. Petala (basi intus glabra excepta) tomentosa;

exteriora oblonga obtusa vel acuta basi lata, multinervata, 3-5 cm..

longa, 1:5 cm. lata; interiora paulo minora et angustiora, basi intus.

excavata ad medium intus tumida vel geniculata. Stamina nume-

rosa, 2‘5—3 mm. longa, connectivis truncatis. Ovaria pubescentia

infra stigmatem constricta, 3 mm. longa. Torus convexus pubes-

cens crassus. Carpella matura 2-3 cm. longa, ovoidea, pericarpio.

191

Gardens Bulletin, S.

tenui, breviter deciduo-tomentosa, in’sicco saepe rugosa; stipites

sulcati 2 cm. longi. Semen solitarium iret nitidum- canaliculo:

longitudinali cinctum.

LOWER SiAM: Ban Son, Haniff and Nur. S.F.N. 4232 (S: K).

KEDAH: Telok Apau, Langkawi, Hanif and Nur S.F. N. ‘sept: (S.,

Kew).

KELANTAN: Gua Panjang at Gua Ninik, echade S.F. N. 19522,

holotype (S., K., Kew); Bukit Rekeh, Walton 32826 (K.).

PENANG: Waterfall, Curtis 2277 (S., C., Kew); Haron, 22nd | Decem-

~ ber, 1905 (S.); Waterfall Valley, Nur. SF. N. 1248 -(S.):

‘ SELANGOR: Sungei Lalang Forest anew Kajang, Symington 22658

(K;, Kew). - :

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula.

The leaves of this species are thinner than in the other ciemhees

of the genus and quite glabrous while the flowers are less fleshy.

King had seen this species but did not take it up owing to lack of

material. This species is very near to E. merguiensis (Chatterjee)

J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 45 [Uvaria mergui-

ensis Chatterjee].and may be the same but I have seen only one

sheet, Po Khant 11394, Mergui, a duplicate of the type. The leaves

on this sheet are more rounded at the base and the sepals are

longer.

(6) E. praestigiosum J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

-Inter species caulifloras ponenda, sed surculis floriferis: tones

oribus, foliis subito acuminatissimis distinguenda. E. erianthoideo

Airy-Shaw et E. congregato (King) Airy-Shaw haec species nonni-

hil similis, a priore floribus majoribus ab miteno foliis pubeseeney

bus dissimilis. .

Arbor 15 m. alta. Ramuli novelli rallies striati.

Folia 22-38 cm. longa, 7-5—-14 cm. lata, tenuiter coriacea, ob-

longo-obovata, in acumine 3—4 cm. longo cuspidata, basi rotun-

data vel cuneata; supra glabra praeter nervos et costam depres-

sam, non nitida; subtus pallido-fusca, costa nervisque reticulationi-

busque prominentibus pubescentibus; nervi primarii 16-18-jugati,

obliqui fere paralleli in marginali nervo interrupto indistincte

anastomosantes; petioli 1-1-5 cm. longi crassi tomentosi. Flores

omnino fusco-tomentosi lacteo-flavidi vel albescentes, in surculis

lignosis caulifloris 10-40 cm. longis, fere 10-15 cm. supra solum

orientes. Pedicelli rigidi, pallido-fusco-tomentosi, 2‘5—3 cm. longi.

Bractea unica, late ovata, alabastrum juvenile tegens, supra glabra,

subtus tomentosa, prope basin calycis sita. Sepala imbricata tri-

angularia acuta, obscure 5-nervata, 25-3 cm. longa, 2—2-5 cm.

lata. Petala imbricata subaequalia crassa coriacea, obscure pluri-

nervata; exteriora oblongo-elliptica, basi intus leviter excavata; 8

192

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Fig. 5. Enicosanthum praestigiosum J. Sinclair.

A, Leaf. B, Flowering twig. C, Outer petal. D, Inner petal. E, Stamen,

front view. F, Stamen, back view. G, Gynoecium. H, Sepals and

' young carpels. I, Twig bearing carpels. J, Single carpel. K, Cross

section of carpel. L; Seed with part of carpel attached.

193

Gardens Bulletin, S.

cm. longa, 4 cm. lata; interiora angustiora, paullo infra medium

leviter constricta, basi intus excavata, ad medium intus gibbosa

extus concavo-foveata. Stamina 5 mm. longa, interiora connectivis

truncatis, exteriora obliquis praedita. Ovaria numerosa 5—6 mm.

longa, stigmatibus clavatis glabris. Carpella matura obtusa tomen-

tosa, 6 cm. longa, 3 cm. lata; stipites 5-10 mm. longi. Semen

solitarium nitidum, canale levi longitudinaliter praeditum. Fig. 5.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32017, holotype (S.); Corner

S.F.N. 32237 and 32765 (S.); Mawai-Jemaluang Road 144 mile, Cor-

ner S.F.N. 28449 (S., Kew); Mersing Road, Holttum S.F.N. 36392

(S23:

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic.

A rare species of the fresh water swamp forest, with large

creamy white petals.

(7) E. congregatum (King) Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 277.

Basonym: Polyalthia congregata King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No.

4 (1892) 310 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 76 PI.

107; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 60.

Tree 13-20 m. high with spreading branches. Young twigs

rusty-tomentose and striate, soon becoming glabrous and dark

coloured. Leaves thinly coriaceous, shining green, oblong-elliptic,

slightly obovate, broadest near the middle, bluntly acute or obtuse

when old, slightly narrowed to the rounded or minutely cordate

base, glabrous above except on the depressed midrib, glabrous

below; nerves about 23 pairs, slender above but distinct, promi-

nent below as is the midrib, oblique, slightly curved; length 30-40

cm.; breadth 12-18 cm.; petiole 7-9 mm. long, stout. Flowers

large, on woody 3—4 cm. long cymes from the trunk near its base.

Pedicels 3-45 cm. long, glabrescent with a single, sub-orbicular,

clasping bracteole below the middle. Sepals thick, ovate-triangular,

spreading, warted outside, glabrous inside, often reflexed, 7 mm.

long. Petals thick, white, ovate-elliptic, subacute, hoary-puberulous,

except at the base inside, outer 4-7-5 cm. long and 1-5—2°5 cm.

broad, the inner narrower. Stamens numerous, 3—4 mm. long,

the connectives truncate, oblique, granular. Ovaries numerous,

oblong, strigose, with a basal ovule and oblong pubescent stigma.

Ripe carpels about 2:5 cm. long, elliptic, beaked, hoary-pubescent,

narrowed at the base into the thick, short stalk. Seed pale brown,

grooved, filling the carpel.

PERAK: Gopeng, Kinta, King 4831 (S., C., D.D., Kew) type mate-

rial; Larut, King 7613 (C., Kew) type material; Scortechini 1926 (C.)

type material.

SELANGOR: Bukit Lagong Reserve, Kepong, Pawanche 14667 (S.,

K.); Gua Batu, Ridley, 24th June, 1889 and December 1896 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic.

194

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Rare, Distinguished from macrantha by the cymose inflorescence

on woody tubercles on the trunk, and the puberulous fruit.

5. TRIVALVARIA Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865)

+9.

Shrubs or small trees. Nerves of leaf decurrent on upper surface

where they join the midrib. Upper midrib slightly verrucose.

Flowers polygamous, extra-axillary, sessile or on very short pedi-

cels. Sepals imbricate. Petals imbricate or slightly imbricate, tomen-

tose; outer shorter than inner; both sets spreading or inner set

erect and adhering by edges, inner shortly clawed. Stamens nume-

rous with convex connectives. Ovaries elongate, angled; style very

short, stigma sub-capitate. Ripe carpels thin-walled. Seed 1, large

with a circumferential, longitudinal groove.

TYPE OF GENUS: JT. macrophylla (Bl.) Mig. in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-

Bat. 2 (1865) 19.

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Siam, Malaya, Java, Borneo and Sumatra.

Species five not including T. Stymannii Scheff. and T. carnosa Scheff.

which are probably only varieties of T. macrophylla.

Ridley has wrongly placed the species of this genus in Popowia.

King also wrongly assigned one of the species to Popowia and

two to Ellipeia. The sepals are imbricate, very markedly so in T.

macrophylla but less noticeable in the others. The petals also are

imbricate or slightly so. In T. macrophylla they appear to be im-

bricate in the very young stages only. From the arrangement of the

sepals and petals the systematic position of Trivalvaria must be

near Enicosanthum. This is further borne out by the carpels and

the large single seed with the longitudinal circumferential groove.

Both are similar to those of Enicosanthum.

KEY

Flowers and fruits

a. Inner petals thick, erect, adhering by edges at top, longer than

outer (outer — 7—8 mm. long and inner — 1-1-3 cm.); car-

pel stalks 3 mm. long (1) T. macrophylla

a. Inner petals thin, spreading, only slightly longer than outer

(outer — 8 mm. long and inner — 9 mm.); carpel stalks

2—2:5 cm. long (2) T. nervosa

a. Inner petals thin, spreading, slightly longer than outer (outer

= 5 mm. long and inner = 8 mm.); carpel stalks 4—5 mm.

long (3) T. pumila

Leaves only (sterile)

a. Upper surface dull when dry

195

Gardens Bulletin, S.

“OB: ‘Reticulations® ‘very’ ‘faint or not visible, meshes close Bri

es . (1) T. macrophylla

b. Reticulations ween meshes very close (3) T. pumila

a. Upper surface shining when dry ras Nhe |

; b. _Reticulations distinct, raised on both surfaces, meshes very

; _open ie (2) T. nervosa

(1) T. aerophyila (B1.) Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2

(1865) 19: Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1 fasc. 2 (1899) 143 Tab. 48

figs. 1-18.

Basonym: Guatteria macrophylla Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 19 et FI.

Jav. Anon. 1 (1830) 96 Tab. 47.

Synonyms: G. brevipetala Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 381.

G. imbricata Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 94. Popowia nervifolia

Maingay ex Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 69; King, Mat. F.M.P.

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 344 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 121 Pl. 164; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 77. Goniothalamus

imbricatus (Bl.) Koorders in Exkursions Fl. Java 2 (1912) 252

in clavi. G. costulatus Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 372.

Tree 3-13 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose, later dark

coloured, glabrous and striate. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceo-

late, oblanceolate or elliptic-oblong, apex shortly acuminate, base

acute, upper surface shining, glabrous, lower sparsely rusty-pubes-

cent, becoming glabrous with age; nerves 10-13 pairs, oblique,

straight, thin and slightly raised above, decurrent to the midrib,

prominent beneath, running out to the edge, not or scarcely in-

terarching; reticulations scalariform, very oblique, faint or not

visible; length 16-22 cm.; breadth 4-5-8 cm.; petiole 8 mm.—1-:2

cm. long, rusty-pubescent. Flowers extra-axillary, polygamous, 1—3

in groups, sessile, with several tomentose bracts. Sepals imbricate,

broadly ovate-triangular to suborbicular, acute, slightly smaller

than the outer petals, softly whitish-yellow, tomentose outside and

glabrous inside as are the-petals, 5 mm. long. Petals coriaceous

slightly imbricate in the bud; outer 7-8 mm. long, broadly ovate.

acute; inner 1—1-3 cm. long, rhomboid, concave inside, not appear-

ing to open or remaining closed for a long time (dried material).

base with a short, narrow, incurved claw. Stamens 2 mm. long

with convex connectives. Ovaries 2.5 mm. long, elongate, angled,

strigose, style very short, stigma sub-capitate, pubescent. Ripe

carpels numerous, cylindric-ovoid, apiculate, narrowed to the stalk,

thin-walled, thinly pubescent, 1-5-2 cm. long and 1 cm. in diam.:

stalks strigose, 3 mm. long. Seed 1, pale with a longitudinal cir-

cumferential groove.

196

Vol: XIV. (1955).

KepaH: Koh Mai F.R.,: Kiah S.F.N. 35170 (S.,-K.,- Kew); Baling.

Kiah S.F.N. 35393 (S., K., Kew).

KELANTAN: Bukit Batu Papan, S. Lebir, Henderson S.F.N. 29520

(S., Kew); S. Merah, Sow 46021 (K.).

PENANG: Pass to Telok Kumbar, Curtis 893 (S., Kew); Pulau Boe-

tong, Curtis 2140 (S.); Moniot Road, East, Sinclair S.F.N. 39350 (S.).

Perak: Gopeng, King 5943 (S., C., Kew); 5889 (S., C., D.D., E.):

raking King 7498 (C., Kew); 4297 (C.); Upper Perak, "Wray 3472

(S., C.); Dengong to Kampar Road, Hanif} S.F.N. 14317 (S., K.,

cay).

PAHANG: Temerloh, Ridley, 12th July, 1891 (S.); Tanjong Antan,

Ridley 2427 (S.,C.); 8 mls. south of Kuala Lipis, Burkill and Hanifi

S.F.N. 17062 (S., K.); Ayer Surin, Pulau Tioman, Henderson S.F.N.

27721.(S... E); Joara Bay, Pulau Tioman, Burkill S.F.N. 1015 (S., C..

_ Kew).

SELANGOR: Batu Caves, Symington 30781 (K.); Burkill S.F.N. 6342

(S., Kew); Ridley 8246 (S.); Kuala Lumpur, Curtis, February 1890

(S.); Klang Gates, Hume F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 7070 (S.); Gua Batu,

Ridley 8628 (S.).

Ma acca: Maingay 53 (C., Kew) type of Popowia nervifolia; Alvins

2273 and 2277 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Ridley, no exact locality or date. No recent Seeeemtions,.

DISTRIBUTION: Java, Borneo, Sumatra.

The sepals are distinctly imbricate and overlap more than they do

in T. nervosa.

(2) T. nervosa (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Ellipeia nervosa Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1

(1872) 52; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 276 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 35 Pl. 33.

Synonym: Popowia nervosa Ridl. F.M.P. 1 (1922) 78.

Tree up to 13 m. high. Young twigs slightly puberulous, soon

glabrous, dark coloured and striate. Leaves coriaceous, shining.

elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, base acute, glab-

rous and dark green above, beneath sparsely strigose or glabrous

and paler green; nerves 10-16 pairs, oblique, rather straight.

slender and raised above, very prominent below; reticulations dis-

tinct and raised on both surfaces, scalariform, nearly horizontal;

length 18-33 cm.; breadth 5-10 cm.; petiole 1—1:3 cm. long.

Flowers polygamous, solitary, extra-axillary. Pedicels 3-4 mm.

long, rusty-pubescent, with about 3 minute, amplexicaul, acute:

bracts. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, imbricate at the very base.

whitish-yellow, strigose outside, glabrous inside, 2—3 mm. long.

Petals imbricate, white, tomentose, puberulous at the base inside.

thin, obtuse, the outer 8 mm. long, broadly ovate-oblong, the inner

about 9 mm. long, narrower with a very short claw. Stamens 2

mm. long with convex connectives. Ovaries numerous, curved (not

seen by me). Ripe carpels obtuse at both ends, wine-red, changing

197

Gardens Bulletin, S.

to black when ripe, glabrous, thin-walled, 2—2-5 cm. long and

1-3-1:5 cm. in diam.; stalks 2—2:'5 cm. long, wine-red. Seed 1,

with a circumferential longitudinal groove, filling the carpel.

KEDAH: Hulu Bakai Reserve, Boswell 12591 (K.).

KELANTAN: Chaning Woods, Ridley, February 1917 (S., Kew); Scor-

techini 494 (C., D.D.).

PERAK: Blanda Mabok, Larut, Wray 3948 (S., C., Kew); Larut,

King 5302 (C., D.D., E., Kew); Waterloo, Curtis 1278 (S., Kew).

PAHANG: Bukit Goh, Kuantan, Yeop C.F. 3151 (S., K.); Belengo

F.R., Mentakab, Henderson F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 10770. (S.).

MaLacca: Maingay 47 (C., Kew) type material; Alvins 737 (S.);

Sungei Udang, Alvins 12 (S.).

JoHorE: Bukit Tinjau Laut, Ngadiman, 3rd August, 1939 (S.) and

Corner S.F.N. 37070 (S., K.); 14th mile Mawai-Jemaluang ’ Road,

Corner S.F.N. 29032 (S., C., K., Kew); Gunong Panti, Ridley, Decem-

ber 1892 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known outside Malaya.

The midrib on the upper surface of the leaf of this species is

broader at the base than in T. macrophylla and the punctate or

verrucose markings as well as the reticulations are more distinct

when dry. The leaves also are more glossy and often glabrous

beneath. The petals spread while the inner in T. nervifolia appear,

at least in dried material, not to do so but to remain erect and

adhere to each other. In both species the inner ones are shortly

clawed but they are thinner in 7. nervosa. The ripe carpels are

larger in T. nervosa with longer stalks. In both species the seeds

have a circumferential, longitudinal groove.

(3) T. pumila (King) J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore 14

(1953) 48.

Basonym: Ellipeia pumila King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 276 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 34 Pl. 32.

Synonym: Popowia pumila Ridl. F.M.P. 1 (1922) 78; Craib,

Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 32.

Shrub, 2—3 m. high. Young twigs minutely yellowish-brown

pubescent, later glabrous, dark coloured and striate. Leaves coria-

ceous oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, apex acuminate,

base acute, minutely granular on both surfaces when dry, upper

surface glabrous, lower sparsely adpressed-pubescent, becoming

glabrous; nerves 9-13 pairs, slender and raised above, prominent

below, oblique, rather straight; midrib minutely warted above and

below; reticulations visible on both surfaces, a scalariform set and

a second set with very close meshes; length 12—20 cm.; breadth

4-5—7 cm.; petiole 3—8 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers polygamous,

solitary or in pairs, extra-axillary; buds globose. Pedicels 2—3 mm.

long with two minute bracts. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, strigose

198

Vol. XIV. (1955).

outside, glabrous inside, 2 mm. long. Petals white, imbricate,

lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, adpressed-pubescent out-

side, glabrous at base inside; the outer 5 mm. long; the inner 8

mm. long. Male flowers: stamens numerous, 2 mm. long with

transversely elongate, convex, pubescent connectives; ovaries none.

Female flowers like the male but with fewer stamens. Ovaries

about 10, pubescent, stigma short, flat, pubescent (not seen by

me). Ripe carpels 4-5, cylindric, tapering at each end, minutely

granular, thickly pubescent, 1:5 cm. long and 8 mm. broad; stalks

4-5 mm. long. Seed 1, pale.

LowER SIAM: Pulau Tebun, Punga, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 3571 (S.,

Kew); Punga, Curtis 2946 (S., Kew).

PERAK: Scortechini 198 b (S., C., Kew) type material; King 10616

(C.); Ulu Bubong, King 10052 (S., C.) type material; Larut, King

5636 (C., Kew) and 5710 (C., D.D.); Tapah, Ridley 14098 (S.).

TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, Corner S.F.N. 30384 (S.) and 4th Nov-

ember, 1935 (S.).

PAHANG: Gunong Raka, Bentong, Best S.F.N. 14136 (S.).

SELANGOR: Dusun Tua, Ridley, May 1896 (S.); Kepong, Symington

23014 (S.); 27056 (K.); and 22109 (K.); Ja’amat 17029 (K.); Sungei

Lalang, Kajang, Symington 22904 (S., K.); Batu Caves, Ridley, August

1908 (S.); Rantau Panjang, Carrier 24940 (K.); Rawang, Ridley, May

1896 (S.); Ulu Langat, Kloss, February 1912 (Kew).

Ma acca: Sungei Ujong, Alvins 3310 (S.).

JOHORE: Gunong Janeng, Lake and Kelsall, 20th October, 1892 (S)-

DISTRIBUTION: Siam and Malaya.

The leaves although smaller are very similar to those of T.

macrophylla. The flower too is smaller, the petals being more

imbricate. The inner petals are much thinner and spreading.

T. pumiia however is closer to T. dubia (Kurz) Sinclair than

to any of the other species and may only be a form of it. The

leaves of T. pumila are more closely reticulate; the flower has

longer pedicels, the petals are more acute and less tomentose. In

T. dubia the petals are sub-equal. The carpels are similar to those

of T. macrophylla but are slightly larger.

6. UVARIA Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 536.

Scandent or sarmentose shrubs usually with stellate pubescence.

Flowers usually conspicuous, in terminal or leaf-opposed, few-

flowered cymes, sometimes solitary but not axillary. Bracts two, a

basal and another which is usually medial on the pedicel or some-

times at the base of the calyx. Sepals 3, valvate, often connate.

Petals 6, imbricate in two series, expanding and spreading as

flower matures, orbicular, oval or oblong, sometimes connate at

the base. Stamens many, the outer sometimes sterile and leaf-like,

199

Gardens Bulletin, S.

the fertile flattened, connectives produced and oblique, ovoid-

oblong; or sub-foliaceous, sometimes truncate, rarely capitate.

Ovaries indefinite, linear or cylindric with: many ovules in two

rows, rarely 1—3 ovules; style very short or inconspicuous, stigma

horse-shoe or funnel-shaped with a slit down the inner side. Torus

depressed, pubescent.or tomentose. Ripe perpen ary or sueenl ei

often sweet and edible.

TYPE-OF GENUS: U. zeylanica Linn. Sp. PL. (1753). 536.

DISTRIBUTION: Mainly tropical Asia with some African and a few

Australian species. Over 100 species.

A large genus usually with showy, red or brownish flowers. In

the past a good many species wrongly placed in Uvaria have been

removed to other genera and probably several more will be re-

moved in the course of time. Two species, U. pauci-ovulata and

U. Scortechinii, are rather aberrant in having few ovules but their

other characters are of this genus which does also include species

with few ovules. Uvaria differs from Anomianthus in the absence

of glands at the base of the inner petals.

U. sphenocarpa from Ceylon has sessile carpels packed very

closely together forming a sub-globose fruit, recalling Annona but

the carpels are free and not united. The Malayan | species have

stalked carpels, the longest stalks being found in U. leptopoda

(S—8 cm. long) but U. lurida, a Sikkim species has stalks up to

15 cm. long.

KEY

a. Flowers solitary or in short terminal or lateral cymes opposite

the leaves. Carpels several-seeded. Connectives oblique, leaf-

like and usually produced

b. Calyx entirely covering the petals in flower bud up to the

time of opening

c. Diameter of expanded flower over 5 cm. usually 9-5— 10:5

cm. — (1) U. grandiflora

c. Diameter of expanded flower 4-5-5 cm.

d. Petals red. Leaves with stiff, ferrugineous hairs 2-3

mm. long | | (2) U. hirsuta

d. Petals white or greenish yellow. Leaves with softer

hairs less than 1 mm. long | (3) U. Curtisii

b. Calyx not entirely covering the pattie in flower bud, the tips

of the petals visible

e. Stamens’7 mm. long with much produced connectives, the

outer staminodes | (4) U. cordata

e. Stamens 2—4 mm. long, the outer staminodes or not

200)

Vol. XIV. (1955). -

f. Leaves glabrous beneath except a sparse or on

the nerves

2. areas oval, blunt, warted, red, 8-10 mm. long

(5) U. Lobbiana

Q. Petals UiIEtibeolate, sub-acute, not warted,

yellow, 1:5—1-°8 cm. long (6) U. larep

f. Leaves tomentose beneath occasionally glabrescent with

age

h. Petals obtuse, ovate-rotund or broadly oblong, 1—1:2

cm. long. Tomentum of leaves not rubbed off very

easily

i. Leaves on upper surface harsh to touch. Stamens

Aa mm. i bic the outer staminodes

| (7) U. rufa

a EADS on upper surface not harsh to touch. Sta-

mens smaller,.2 mm. long, the outer fertile

(8) U. leptopoda

h. Petals sub-acute, oblong-lanceolate, 1-8—2 cm. long.

Tomentum of leaves floccose, easily rubbed off

(9) U. javana

a. Flowers terminal in cymes on short zig-zag shoots, the lateral

branches of which are often reflexed. Carpels 1—3-seeded.

Connectives capitate or peltate, little produced

j. Adult leaves glabrous beneath except on nerves, reticulations

not prominent (10) U. pauci-ovulata

]. Adult leaves tomentose beneath, reticulations prominent

(11) U. Scortechinii

KEY TO FRUITING SPECIMENS

_ Note. -—Fruit of U- Curtisii and U. Scortechinii as yet unknown.

a.. Carpels several-seeded |

b. Fruits elongate, cylindric, 3-6 times as mt as broad

e ‘Tomentum of fruit short, dense, brown, uniform ~

d. Fruit straight, at times slightly tuberculate, apex slightly

acute (1) U. grandiflora

d. Fruit falcate, markedly tuberculate, apex acute

(6) U. larep

c. Tomentum short, asta: mixed with stiff, brown hairs 2-3

mm. long, apex of carpels obtuse - (2) U. hirsuta

201

Gardens Bulletin, S.

b. Fruit globose or sub-globose or not more than 24 times as

long as broad

e. Fruit glabrous and not tuberculate (4) U. cordata

e. Fruit with short tomentum and not tuberculate

(7) U. rufa

e. Fruit with short tomentum and tuberculate or rough

f. Carpel stalks 2-5 cm. long, about as long as fruit

(9) U. javana

f. Carpel stalks 4-5 cm. long, carpels spherical or ovoid,

tuberculate or rough (5) U. Lobbiana

f. Carpel stalks 5-8 cm. long, carpels slightly spherical,

more often oblong, slightly tuberculate with irregular

bulges due to the seeds (8) U. leptopoda

a. Carpels 1-3 seeded, sub-globose, brown-tomentose, often with

lateral apiculus (10) U. pauci-ovulata

(1) U. grandiflora Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1824) 665; Wall. PI. Rar. As.

2 (1830) T. 121. ae

Synonyms: U. purpurea Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 11 et Fl. Jav. Anon.

(1830) 13 T. 1 et T. 13A; Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 95;

Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 47; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol.

1 No. 4 (1892) 266 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) |

21 Pl. 12; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 31. U. platypetala Champ. ex

Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. 3 (1851) 257. U. rhodantha Hance in

Walp. Ann. 2 (1851) 19. Unona grandiflora DC. Prod. 1 (1824

90. |

Climbing shrub much branched from the base. Young twigs

brown, stellate-tomentose. Leaves thickly membranous, dark green

and shining above, glabrous except the midrib, paler green beneath

and stellate-pubescent to stellate-tomentose in varying degrees,

oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, sometimes slightly obovate,

acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded and slightly cordate;

main nerves 14-17 pairs, slightly depressed above, prominent

beneath, rather straight, interarching near margin; reticulations

visible on both surfaces; length 11-23 cm., sometimes up to 28

cm.; breadth 6—9-5 cm.; petiole 3—7 mm. long, tomentose. Flowers

solitary, about 9:-5—10-5 cm. in diameter when expanded, slightly

fragrant, opposite the leaves with green tomentose leaf-like bracts,

one basal and one medial, peduncle about 5 mm. long and pedicel

2—3:8 cm. long. Sepals 2—2:5 cm. long, rather papery, yellowish or

brownish-green, broadly triangular, sub-concave, very shortly

tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals 3-5-4 cm. long, ver-

miJion-red, turning purplish as they become older, pale at base

202

Vol. XIV. (1955).

inside and outside, oblong to obovate, obtuse, glabrous with

several indistinct veins, slightly reflexed at the margin. Stamens

numerous, 7 mm. long, all fertile, pale yellow, later darkening;

connectives produced and oblique. Ovaries 7 mm. long, ripening

before the stamens, pubescent with funnel-shaped stigmas which

are slit down the inner side (the nature of the opening is often

obscured in dried specimens by the copious nectar which dries on

them); stigmatic surface pale yellow turning black when stamens

ripen. Torus hemispheric, tomentose. Ripe carpels 4—5-5 cm. long,

oblong, cylindrical, obtuse, girdled by a faint longitudinal groove,

slightly tuberculate, minutely rufous-tomentose, sometimes slightly

constricted; stalks 1-3—2:5 cm. long, rufous-tomentose. Seeds

numerous in two rows, pale brown, flat, oval. Fig. 6.

Numerous records from all over the Malay Peninsula except Johore

but doubtless also there. Lowland forest.

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Siam, Indo-China, Borneo, Sumatra, Java,

and the Philippines.

var. tuberculata King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 267 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 21; Ridley, F.M.P. 1

C9922) 31.

Fruit prominently tuberculate.

PERAK: Sungei Nyah, King 960 (C.) type material; Larut, King

4786 (C., Kew) type material.

Quite often Annonaceae with tuberculate fruits show varying

degrees of roughness of the pericarp in the same species. This may

not always be a good character on which to make a new variety.

The carpels of such tuberculate species tend to be more tuberculate

with age. U. grandiflora, a handsome species with its large red

flowers is certainly allied to U. hirsuta and Curtisii chiefly in the

form of the calyx. The single flowers though several times larger

are alike in structure and the carpels too are cylindric like those of

U. hirsuta although the tomentum is different. U. grandiflora often

varies in the degree of pubescence of its leaves as does U. cordata.

(2), U. hirsuta Jack in Malay. Misc. 1 No. 5 (1820) 46; Hooker,

Bot. Misc. 2 (1831) 87; Blume, Fl. Jav. Anon. 1 (1830) 22

T. 5; Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 99; Hk. f. et Th. in FI.

Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 48; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 267 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 22 Pl.

14; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 31.

Synonyms: U. trichomalla Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. 1 (1830) 42 T.

18. U. velutina Bl. (non Roxb.) Bijdr. (1825) 13. U. pilosa

Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 665.

203

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Woody climber 5-15 m. high. Young twigs, midrib, margins

and both surfaces of leaves thinly covered with stiff, ferrugineous,

erect hairs, simple and stellate, 2-3 mm. long. Leaves dark green

above, sometimes with a. bluish tinge, paler beneath, elliptic-

oblong, rarely obovate-oblong, apex acute, sometimes’ with a fili-

form acumen | cm. long, base narrowed and rounded, emarginate

Fig. 6. Uvaria grandiflora Roxb.

A, Flowering twig. B, Side view of flower. C, Stamen, back view. D,

Stamen, front view. E, Gynoecium. F, Group of stigmata viewed

from above.

204

Vol. XIV. (1955).

or slightly cordate; lateral nerves 10-13 pairs, distinct on both

surfaces, curving and interarching about 4 mm. from the margin;

length 10-18 cm.; breadth 6-5—9 cm.; petiole 5 mm. long. Flowers

opposite the leaves or extra-axillary, solitary or a rudimentary

second present; peduncle 2 mm. long and pedicel 1-8-2 cm. long,

hairy, with a minute basal and a somewhat leafy upper :bract, 7

mm. long, buds globose, hairy, slightly apiculate. Sepals 2—3, very

thin and papery, ovate-triangular, acute, outside covered with the

same brownish hairs described above, glabrous inside, 1-5 cm.

long. Petals dark red, reflexed in mature flowers, elliptic, several-

veined, acute, both sets sub-equal, sometimes slightly pubescent

but often glabrous, diameter of expanded flower about 4-5-5 cm.

Stamens white at first, then turning darker, 4 mm. long, 4-angled

when dehisced, connectives truncate. Ovaries 4-angled, 4 mm.

long, pubescent, stigma funnel-shaped with a horse-shoe-like open-

ing at the top and a slit down the side next the centre of the flower;

copious nectar present. Torus hemispheric. Ripe carpels orange,

cylindric, blunt, sometimes once or twice constricted, 2—3:5 cm.

long, tomentum dense, ferrugineous, mixed with stiff hairs; stalks

2-4 cm. long with similar hairs. Seeds several in 2 rows, ovoid,

plano-convex. Fig. 7. )

PENANG: Waterfall, Curtis 1212 (S., Kew); Wall. Cat. Porter 6458

(C., Kew) and 6458B (C.).

PERAK: Dindings, Ridley, s.n., date 1899 (S.); Curtis s.n., date 1900

(S.); Larut, King 5920 (S., C.); 3890 (S., C., Kew); 6463 (C., E.);

4597 (C., D.D.); Ulu Bubong, King 10041 (C., Kew); Gunong Bubu,

King 8350 (C., Kew); Sungkai, King 743 (C., Kew); Gopeng, King

676 (C., D.D.); Scortechini 720 (C.).

TRENGGANU: 36th mile Trengganu-Besut Road, Sinclair S.F.N.

39940 (S.).

’- PAHANG: Gali near Raub, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16807 (S., C.).

SELANGOR: Sungei Buloh, Ja’amat 44949 (K.); Klang, Fox 2122

(S.): Kuala Lumpur, (Ridley) Native collector 2124 (S., Kew); Bu-

kit Kuda, Ridley, s.n., 22nd June,-1889 (S.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Ulu Rembau, Nur S.F.N. 11771 (S., Kew).

Ma.acca: Maingay 26 (C., Kew).

JOHORE: Pulau Tinggi, Burkill S.F.N. 872 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Bedok, Ridley, date 1897 (S.); Changi, Ridley, Feb-

ruary 1894 (S.); Cantley, no locality, 10th December, 1882 (S.);

Anderson 8, no locality (C., Kew); Kurz, no details (C.); Botanic

Gardens, Lawn Z, Furtado S.F.N. 35456 (S. Gardens’ Herb., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Burma and Malay Islands.

_ This species is not uncommon in the MacRitchie Reservoir

jungle, Singapore.

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Gardens Bulletin, S.

(3) U. Curtisii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 268 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 23 Pl. 24A; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 32.

Large climber. Young twigs densely rusty-stellate-tomentose.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate or slightly oblanceolate, apex acute,

narrowed to the rounded base, rusty-stellate-tomentose on the sunk

midrib above and sometimes or less so on the depressed nerves,

TURAN DEL

Pig. 27, Uvaria hirsuta Jack.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower bud. C, Stamen, side view. D, Stamen,

back view. E, Gynoecium.

206

Vol. XIV. (1955).

thinly tomentose beneath on the entire surface and on the margins,

the hairs rather soft and short, less than 1 mm. long, usually about

0:5 mm.; nerves 11-14 pairs, prominent beneath, curving and

interarching about 2-3 mm. from margin; reticulations faint above,

raised beneath; length 10—23 cm., breadth 4-5-8 cm.; petiole 3-5

mm. long, rusty-tomentose. Inflorescence and shape of flower-buds

as in U. hirsuta but flowers often 2. Sepals also similar but with

shorter and softer tomentum. Petals white or greenish-yellow,

slightly narrower than in U. hirsuta and more tomentose, tomen-

tose on both surfaces, acute, several-veined, not reflexed in the

sheets examined. Stamens sessile, 3—4 mm. long, connectives trun-

cate. Ovaries numerous, stellate-tomentose, 4 mm. long; stigma

funnel-shaped as in U. hirsuta with copious nectar; ovules several

{about 12, King) in 2 rows. Ripe carpels not seen.

PENANG: Eper. Nursery and Government Hill, Curtis 1415 (S., Kew)

type material.

PERAK: Ulu Kerling, King 8543 (C.) type material.

PAHANG: Jerantut, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16071 (S., K.).

JOHORE: Muar at Biawak, Curtis 3623 (S., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Kruing Path, Bukit Timah F.R., Sinclair S.F.N. 39652

(S., Kew, E., L., Par., Bog. D.D., Man.).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Malay Peninsula.

Certainly close to U. hirsuta but the shorter and softer hairs

less than 1 mm. long give it a different general appearance. The

petals are white or greenish-yellow and not red but the structure

of the flower and the inflorescence is in general very similar. It

also recalls U. grandiflora in flower structure but the flowers are

smaller and not red. Sinclair S.F.N. 39652 collected on 27th May,

1953 is the first and only record for Singapore.

(4) U. cordata (Dunal) Alston, Hand-Book Fl. Ceylon Part 6

Suppl. (1931) 4.

Basonym: Guatteria cordata Dunal, Anon. (1817) 129 T. 30;

DC. Prod. 1 (1824) 93.

Synonyms: Uvaria cordata Wall. Cat. (1832) No. 6486, nomen

nudum. U. macrophylla Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1824) 663; Wall. PI.

As. Rar. 2 (1830) T. 122; Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 97;

Hk. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. (1872) 49; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 265 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 19 PI.

10; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 30.

Climber. Young twigs dark brown, stellate-pubescent, later

glabrous, black and very striate. Leaves coriaceous, variable in

shape, elliptic-oblong to broadly oblong or oval, apex rounded and

then shortly acute or nearly obtuse, base rounded and generally

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Gardens Bulletin, S.

slightly cordate, stellate-pubescent on the midrib and nerves above

and below or nearly glabrous to glabrous; midrib and 10-14 pairs

of rather oblique nerves depressed above and prominent beneath;

reticulations scarcely distinct above, prominent beneath; length

13-23 cm., average 17 cm.; breadth 8-13 cm., average 9 cm.;

petiole 1 cm. long, pubescent. Flowers about 4, clustered in short,

extra-axillary cymes; pedicels 8 mm.—1 cm. long, tomentose with

a small basal and a medial, tomentose, clasping bract. Sepals

broadly ovate-rotund, obtuse, rusty-tomentose on both surfaces,

connate more than half way, 7 mm. long and 1 cm. broad. Petals

dark red, coriaceous and slightly warted, sub-rotund, obtuse, about

1:2 cm. long, diam. of expanded flower about 4 cm. Stamens

(outer ones. being staminodes 7 mm. long) the fertile stamens a

little shorter with oblique, much produced connectives. Ovaries 5

mm. long, tomentose with truncate stigmas. Ripe carpels nume-

tous, orange, glabrous, globose to oblong, obtuse, 2—3 cm. long

with stout stalks 1-1-3 cm. long. Seeds several in two rows, dark

brown, shining, oval. . | |

A common species found throughout the Peninsula in lowland forest.

_ The localities are very numerous. The pubescence and shape of the

leaves vary considerably.

DISTRIBUTION: India, Burma, Ceylon, Siam, Indo-China, Java, Phi-

lippines, New Guinea.

Alston: in Hand-Book FI. Ceylon Part 6 Suppl. (1931) 2 4 Cia

attributed the combination Uvaria cordata (Dunal) to Wallich.

Unfortunately Wall. Cat. 6486 has the following note “Uvaria

cordata Dunal (sub Uvariis)’’ which cannot be accepted because

it has no basonym. Had it been “sub Guatteriis’” the combination

would have been validly published, because Dunal had actually

published the binomial Guatteria cordata. Possibly “sub Uvariis”

was an error for “sub Guatteriis’’. ‘}

(5) U. Lobbiana Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 100 et in FI. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 49; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

264 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 19 Pl. 9;

Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 30.

Synonym: U. ptychocalyx Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2

(1865) 4; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale, 4 (1893) 31 Pl.

ae. U, sub-renanda Wall. Cat. 6483..

Climber 30-50 m. high. Young twigs sparsely stellate

cent, soon becoming glabrous and dark coloured. Leaves some-

what coriaceous, dark glossy:green above, medium green. beneath, -

oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or bluntly acute with rounded

base, sometimes slightly emarginate, glabrous above and with a

208.

Vol. XIV. (1955). ~

few scattered stellate hairs on the midrib beneath and sometimes

but very sparsely on the 14—18 pairs of nerves; reticulations visible

and fairly distinct on both surfaces; length 11-18 cm.; breadth

4-6-5 cm.; petiole 7 mm. long with a number. of rings, stellate-

pubescent. Inflorescence of 2-3 nearly sessile flowers in leaf-

opposed or extra-axillary cymes with a small basal and larger

median (5—7 mm. long) amplexicaul, tomentose bract. Sepals

connate, tomentose outside, minutely pubescent inside, broadly

ovate, obtuse, about 6 mm. long. Petals red, the centre of the

flower yellow (Nur); flower red with white petals (King’s collec-

tor); flower red (Ridley), coriaceous, tomentose, distinctly verru-

cose on both surfaces, broadly oval or obovate, very obtuse, 8-10

mm. long. Stamens 2 mm. long with compressed, oblique or trun-

cate connectives. Ovaries 4-angled, pubescent except the truncate.

lobulate stigma. Ripe carpels numerous, ovoid or spherical, tuber-

cled, or only slightly rough, pubescent, 2—2:5 cm. long; stalks

slender, 4-5 cm. long, pubescent. Seeds plano-convex, smooth, 10

in 2 rows of 5 in one carpel examined.

PENANG: Waterfall, Curtis 1234 (S.);-near the Spout, Curtis 841

(S., C., Kew); Government Hill, Curtis s.n. May 1898 (S., Kew); Road

to Spout, Curtis 1408 (S., C.); Pulau Boetong Reserve, Curtis 2744

(S., C., Kew); Moniot Road, East, Sinclair S.F.N. 39351 (S., Kew)-

Perak: Larut, King 11787 (S., C.); Gopeng, King 4787 (Kew).

PAHANG: Pulau. Tioman, Nur S.F.N. 18876 (S.).

SELANGOR: Jackson’s Estate, Gua Batu, Ridley 8247 (S.); Ampang

Catchment Area, Hamid C.F. 1050 (K.). :

Matacca: Bukit Bruang, Derry 429 (S.); Maingay Q7 ic Kew)

and 30 (C., Kew) both type material; Griffith, date 1845 (Kew) type

material; Griffith 434 (Kew) type material, and 435 (Kew) type ma-

terial. :

SINGAPORE: Gardens’ Jungle, Ridley 9211 (S., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Siam, Sumatra, Borneo.

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 32 states that

Curtis 1408 agrees with Wall. Cat. 6483, U. sub-repanda, as to

the leaves and branches but he hesitates to identify it with U. sub-

repanda. Ridley in F.M.P. 35 under U. sub-repanda quotes the

Curtis Pulau Boetong specimens but he also states that he does not

think they belong to a Uvaria at all.

I have identified Curtis 1408 and 2744 as U. Lobbiana and

have seen Wallich’s specimen 6483 in the Herbarium at Calcutta

and Kew, which is also U. Lobbiana. The Kew specimen Wallich

6483 has an immature flower placed in a capsule and on the

capsule is written—“the flower was taken for the analysis of a

plate for Dr. King’s Annonaceae in the Annals of the Calcutta

209

Gardens Bulletin, S..

Garden. It is in this capsule.” One can see the exact place on the

leaf specimen where the flower has been removed. This is indi-

cated with a cross. With the flower-pedicel a continuous thin, stalk-

like portion of bark has been removed giving a false impression

of the length of the pedicel. There is then a slight gaping wound

on the stem which has become opened out. The leaf mounted close

at this point does not belong there, and the flower, although it

looks at first sight axillary and was figured as such by King in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 4 (1893) Pl. 177, is not really so but

in the normal position.

The leaves of U. Lobbiana bear some resemblance to those of

Cyathostemma Hookeri but those of the latter are never emargin-

ate at the base while its flowers are many times smaller, have

longer pedicels and minute bracts. U. Lobbiana is not likely to be

confused with any Malayan Uvaria. Korthals’ type of U. ptycho-

calyx, Sumatra, (specimen in Herb. Kew) and Krukoff 4126

named U. ptychocalyx (specimen in Herb. Sing.) are identical

with Lobbiana. Also Miquel’s description and King’s plate agree.

(6) U. larep Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 370; King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 262 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 16. Pl. 4; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 29.

Woody climber 7-14 m. long with minutely pubescent twigs,

becoming glabrous when old. Leaves light green, membranous,

elliptic to obovate-elliptic, glabrous above except the pubescent

midrib, pubescent beneath with stellate hairs, becoming glabrous

when old, base rounded or slightly emarginate, apex acute; midrib

and 12-14 pairs of nerves prominent beneath, the latter less pro-

minent above or slightly sunk and interarching near the margin;

reticulations distinct beneath, forming a loose network; length

12-16 cm.; breadth 5-5—7:5 cm.; petiole 3-5 mm. long, stellate-

pubescent. Inflorescence opposite the leaves or extra-axillary, 1-2

flowered, one of the flowers often abortive. Pedicels 1-8—2 cm.

long, stellate-pubescent with a minute basal and median bract;

flower buds globular. Sepals connate at base, broadly ovate, acute,

densely and minutely pubescent on both surfaces, 4-5 mm. long.

Petals pale yellow, spreading, sub-equal, the inner slightly nar-

rower, oblong-lanceolate, acute, pubescent on both surfaces like

the sepals, 1-8-2 cm. long and about 6 mm. broad at the middle.

Stamens numerous, 3 mm. long, connectives truncate and slightly

produced. Ovaries numerous, 3 mm. long, angled, puberulous,

with a few, long, projecting hairs near apex. Torus sub-globose,

minutely hairy. Ripe carpels several, cylindric-oblong, falcate,

210

Vol. XIV. (1955).

densely and minutely pubescent in dried specimens, surface wrink-

led, apex slightly pointed; length 4-5-5 cm.; breadth 1-1-3 cm.;:

stalks stout, about 3 cm. long, pubescent like the carpels. Seeds

several.

PERAK: Taiping, Ridley 11916 (S., Kew); Wray 1826 (S., C., Kew);

Larut, King 4011 (S., C., Kew); Padang Rengas Reservoir, Haniff

S.F.N. 14971 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra.

A little-collected species best distinguished from the other

Malayan ones by its falcate carpels. The rather narrow, elongated

petals resemble those of U. javana but the leaves of that plant are

much more tomentose beneath with a marginal fringe of fluffy

tomentum.

(7) U. rufa Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 19 T. 4, 13C; Finet et Gag-

nep. in Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine 1 (1907) 51; Merr. Enum.

Phillip. Pl. 2 (1923) 156; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. (1931) 31.

Synonyms: U. astrosticta Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 370

et Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 8; King, Mat. F.M.P.

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 272 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 30 Pl. 27A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 34. U. Ridleyi

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 268 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 23 Pl. 24B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 32.

U. Branderhorstii Burck in Lorentz, Nova Guinea 8 (1911) 427.

Climber. Young twigs rusty-stellate-tomentose, slowly becoming

glabrous, lenticels numerous. Leaves rather variable in size and

shape, sub-coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong, apex bluntly

acute or shortly acuminate, base slightly cordate or emarginate;

upper surface scabrid, due to very short, harsh, stellate hairs, dry-

ing silvery, less often dark, pubescent on the midrib and nerves;

lower surface densely to thinly stellate-tomentose, tomentum obs-

curing the reticulations; nerves 10-13 pairs, distinct on both sur-

faces, thin like those of U. leptopoda but the interarching more

distinct; length 7-5-13 cm.; breadth 3-6 cm., average 4:5 cm.;

petiole 5-7 mm. long, tomentose. Inflorescence a cyme of 3-4

flowers, opposite the leaves or below them by growth of the stem;

peduncles about 2 mm. long and pedicels about 7 mm. long with

a medial, obtuse, tomentose bract, 3-4 mm. long; buds globose.

Sepals nearly orbicular, obtuse, rusty-stellate-tomentose on both

surfaces, joined above base, 3 mm. long and 4 mm. broad. Petals

dull reddish-purple, spreading, about 1:2 cm. long, broadly oblong,

obtuse, minutely pubescent on both surfaces; inner slightly nar-

rower, with a very short claw; the outer not clawed. Stamens 2-4

211

Gardens Bulletin, S.

‘mm. long, larger than in U. leptopoda, the outer staminodes; con-

nectives of the fertile truncate and much produced (about + length

of the whole stamen). Ovaries 4 mm. long, quadrate, pubescent,

Stigma truncate, its groove obscured in herbarium material by

copious nectar secretions. Torus with bristle-like stellate hairs.

Ripe carpels few, about 6, ovoid to oblong, obtuse, scabrous-

pubescent as are the stalks, about 2:5 cm. long; stalks stout, 2-5-3

cm. long. Seeds many in 2 rows, oval, reddish-brown, smooth,

shining.

LOWER SIAM: Kampengpet, Kiah S.F.N. 24351 (S., K., Kew); Setul,

Ridley 15181. (S., C., Kew).

PERLIS: Mata Ayer, Henderson S.F.N. 23046 (S.).

KepDsH: East of Langgar, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 13332 (S.).

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Tasek Glugor, Curtis, April 1902 (S.).

PERAK: King 1773 (C.); Scortechini 37 (C.); 121 b (Kew).

PAHANG: Pekan, Ridley, August 1889 (S., C., Kew) and Burkill and

Haniff S.F. Nos. 17226 (S.) and 17236 (S.); Ridley 115 (S., C.);

Kalambalai River, Ridley August 1891 (S.); Kuala Brok, Ridley, date

1891 (S.); Sungei Chenei, Fox 5019 (S., C., E., Kew); Kuala Sg.

Kinchan Chini, Kuantan, Lambak C.F. Field No. 2709 (S., K., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Java, Sumatra, Indo-China, Philippines, New

Guinea.

Easily distinguished from U. leptopoda by the scabrid upper

surface of the leaves, the larger stamens, and the carpels with

shorter stalks, 2-5-3 cm. long as against 5—8 cm. in U. leptopoda.

Type of U. rufa from Java in Herb Kew.

(8) U. leptopoda (King) R.E. Fries in Arkiv for Botanik, Band 3,

nr 2 (1953) 40. |

Basonym: Ellipeia leptopoda King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 274 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 33 Pl. 30.

Synonym: Uvariella leptopoda Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 35.

Climber 15—20 m. high or more. Young twigs densely stellate-

brown-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, obovate-oblong or elliptic,

apex rounded and then obtuse or bluntly acute, narrowed below

to the rounded, emarginate base; upper surface pubescent on the

midrib and slightly on the depressed nerves, smooth to the touch,

‘drying silvery or dull brown with a sort of metallic lustre; lower

surface covered with a buff, floccose, stellate tomentum which

tends to rub off with age (tomentum not so copious nor rybbing

Off so easily as in U. javana), margins rigid and very slightly

revolute; nerves about 10 pairs, distinct but thin, ascending, run-

ming out to margin, line of interarching very faint and most often

not visible; reticulations very faint on upper surface and not

visible beneath if copious tomentum is present; length 7-15 cm.,

212

Vol. XIV. (1955).

average 9 cm.; breadth 4-5—6:5 cm.; petiole tomentose, 5—7 mm.

long. Inflorescence opposite the leaves or below them, not axillary,

consisting of 2—4 flowers in cymes with basal and medial, tomen-

tose, clasping bracts, pedicels about 5 mm. long, tawny-tomentose.

Sepals semi-orbicular, obtuse, joined at the base, stellate-tomentose

on both surfaces, 7 mm. long and about 6 mm. broad. Petals about

1 cm. long, dark crimson, ovate-rotund, very obtuse, coriaceous,

slightly pubescent on both surfaces, inner slightly narrower and

clawed, outer not. Stamens 2 mm. long with oblique, pubescent,

spoon-shaped, much-produced connectives. Ovaries 2-3 mm. long,

pubescent with truncate stigmas and copious nectar. Ripe carpels

numerous on a hemispherical torus, brownish-purple to brown,

oblong, occasionally nearly globose, very shortly tomentose, with a

slightly tuberculate surface and irregular bulges and furrows due

to the seeds; stalks 5—8 cm. long, stout, tomentose with several

grooves. Seeds 5—8 in 2 rows in the best developed carpels but

often one in under-developed carpels on the same torus, dark-

brown, shining, smooth.

PERAK: Larut, King Nos. 7566 and 2935 and December 1894 (C.)

type material; Tupai, Wray 2439 (S., C.).

Ma.acca: Cantley 37 (S.).

JOHORE: Muar, Curtis 3617 (S.); Castlewood, Tebrau River, Ridley

12215 (S.); Sedili River, Kostermann, August 1938 (S.); Kangka,

Sedili Kechil, Corner S.F.N. 28580 (S., K., Kew); Mawai, Corner

S.F.N. 28443 (S., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Jurong, 15th mile, Corner, 13th November, 1932 (S.);

Jurong,’ Corner S.F.N. 26153 (S., C., Kew); Bukit Mandai, Ridley

4708 (S., C.) type material; and 5822 (S., C.) type material; Toas,

Goodenough 2124 (S., C.); Kallang Valley Forest, Burkill S.F.N. 7834

(S.); Cluny Road, Murton 5 (S.); off 8th mile West Coast Road, Pasir

Panjang, Sinclair S.F.N. 39431 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Malay Peninsula.

There has been great confusion between Uvaria leptopoda and

U. rufa, (syn. U.. Ridleyi) and even U. javana (syn. U. dulcis)

has been confounded with them. In Ridley’s time there would

have been only two fruiting sheets of Uvaria leptopoda in the

Singapore Herbarium. His own sheet 5822 he wrongly named

Uvaria Ridleyi. It is a good specimen with numerous,. mostly

several seeded carpels while one or two under-developed ones have

only one seed. The other Wray 2439 is named Ellipeia leptopoda

and Uvariella leptopoda. Unfortunately this sheet has two under-

_ developed carpels with one seed in each. They are in a packet and

not attached to the specimen. Of the flowering sheets he names

Ridley 4708, Ellipeia leptopoda and the remainder Uvaria Ridleyi

and Uvaria sp.

213

Gardens Bulletin, S-

Fig. 8. Fruits of Uvaria.

A, U. Lobbiana Hk. f. et Th. B, U. javana Dunal. C, U. larep Miq-

D, U. grandiflora Roxb. E, U. cordata (Dunal) Alston.

214

Vol. XIV. (1955).

JuRAM: DEL

Fig. 9. Fruits of Uvaria.

hirsuta

215

A, U. leptopoda (King) R. E. Fries. B, U. rufa Bl. C,

Jack. D, U. pauci-ovulata Hk. f. et Th.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

King obviously did not understand the genus Ellipeia as typified

by E. cuneifolia Hk. f. et Th. when he included two species of

Trivalvaria in it (see discussion under Trivalvaria). Ridley appa-

rently after further examination was not satisfied with King’s

placing of this species in Ellipeia, but unfortunately he was misled

by the one seeded, under-developed carpels and by insufficiency of

material and he created the unnecessary genus Uvariella [F.M.P. 1

(1922) 35].

(9) U. javana Dunal, Anon. (1817) 91 T. 14.

Synonym: U. dulcis sensu Auctt. non Dunal; King, Mat. F.M.P.

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 263 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 18 Pl. 8; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 30, omnino pro parte.

A climber up to 33 m. high. Young twigs with a floccose, stellate

pubescence. Leaves rather variable in size and shape, elliptic,

elliptic-obovate or oval, base rounded, often unequal-sided, apex

abruptly acute or sub-acute; upper surface thinly stellate-pubes-

cent, lower surface with a floccose, light brown, stellate tomentum

which rubs off easily with the fingers, the margins and upper

midrib densely covered by this tomentum; nerves 9-12 pairs,

curving slightly, depressed above and prominent beneath, inter-

arching at the very margin; length 11-19 cm., breadth 6-9 cm.:

petiole 5—~7 mm. long. Flowers 1—2, opposite the leaves or extra-

axillary on pedicels 1-4-1:8 cm. long with a minute basal and

slightly larger upper or median bract (2 mm. long); buds ovoid-

globose, tomentose. Sepals ovate, acute, densely tomentose on

both surfaces, connate at the base, slightly reflexed, about 6 mm.

long. Petals spreading, oblong-lanceolate, sub-acute, more or less

equal, tomentose on both surfaces, 1-8-2 cm. long. Stamens

numerous 2 mm. long with oblique, much produced connectives.

Ovaries numerous, tomentose, 2 mm. long. Torus depressed,

hemispheric, with a few erect hairs. Ripe carpels numerous, ovoid

to nearly spherical, often oblique, blunt at apex, unequally tuber-

culate, densely and loosely rusty-stellate-tomentose, 1-8-2 cm.

long; stalks 2:5 cm. long with similar tomentum. Seeds several.

PENANG: Pantai Achie; Ayer Etam; Muka Head, Curtis, all num-

bered 729 (S.); Moniots Road, Curtis 1414 (S., Kew).

PERAK: Larut, Gopeng, King 5945 (S., C., D.D., Kew); Dindings.

ata 8600 (S., Kew); Ulu Bubong, King 10539 (C., Kew):

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Senaling Inas, Symington 42970 (K.).

MALACCA: Alvins 2182 (S.); Selandor, Goodenough 1822 (S., C.):

Maingay 25 (C., Kew); Griffith 426 (Kew).

JOHORE: Mt. Austin, Ridley 12574 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Java.

216

Vol. XIV. (1955).

This plant must not be confused with Uvaria dulcis Dunal-which

it resembles and which is now called Anomianthus dulcis (Dunal)

Sinclair—See Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 50. Synonyms are:

A. heterocarpus Zoll. in Linnaea 29 (1857-58) 324; Boerl. m

Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 96 T. 28 and Uvaria pachychila Merr. in

herbario. In Anomianthus the inner petals have two basal glands

which in dried material are not always obvious. Dunal makes no

mention of this and his descriptions of both U. dulcis and U.

javana ate practically in the same words. He did not see fruiting

specimens. Boerlage in Icon. Bogor. 38 (1899) 96-97 shows how

U. dulcis is separated from Anomianthus and I follow him. Uvaria

javana, leptopoda and rufa resemble each other somewhat in leaf

characters but the first may be separated from the other two by

the fringe of floccose tomentum present on the leaf margins as

well as the felt on the leaves themselves, if it has not been rubbed

off. The upper surface of the leaf of leptopoda is smooth and in

dried specimens often darker, while in rufa it is harsh and often

silvery; javana is somewhat intermediate but not harsh. The leaf

base of rufa is emarginate or slightly cordate and not unequal-

sided as in javana. U. javana has the smallest median flowering

bract (2 mm. long), rufa comes next (3—4 mm.) while leptopoda

has the largest (S—6 mm.). If flowers and fruit are present there

should be no difficulty in identification.

(10) U. pauci-ovulata Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 51:

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 269 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 25 Pl. 16; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

32:

Stout climber with rusty-brown, stellate-pubescent, striate twigs.

Leaves coriaceous, varying much in size, those on flowering bran-

ches 4-5 times smaller in area than the rest (they may become

larger later), elliptic-oblong, obtuse or bluntly acute with slightly

cordate base, glabrous, dark green and shining above, medium

green and sparsely stellate-pubescent beneath on the midrib and

nerves, becoming almost glabrous; nerves 10—14 pairs, impressed

above, prominent beneath, rather close together, oblique, the line

of interarching often broken, reticulations close, visible on both

surfaces but not prominent; average length of leaves on sterile

shoots 11-12 cm.; average breadth 4—5-5 cm.; average length on

flowering shoots S—7 cm. and breadth 3-5 cm.; petiole 3 mm. long.

rusty-tomentose. Inflorescence (different from the other species)

terminal on short zig-zag, scurfily-pubescent shoots, the peduncles

or lateral branches of which are often defiexed at an angle of 45‘

to the main axis, the flowers in cymes of 2-4 on the peduncles.

217

Gardens Bulletin, S.

pedicels 5-7 mm. long, rusty-tomentose, each flower with a bract

immediately below the calyx and another at base of pedicel. Sepals

rusty-stellate-tomentose outside, less so inside, ovate-orbicular,

sub-acute, connate below, 6—7 mm. long. Petals 1-7—2:5 cm. long,

rusty, yellow-brown, stellate-tomentose outside, glabrous inside

except on the upper third, sub-connivent, with several indistinct

veins, the outer ovate-rotund, the inner slightly narrower. Stamens

(different from the other species) 1—1:5 mm. long with capitate,

little-produced connectives. Ovaries 3 mm. long, stellate-pubescent

with funnel-shaped stigmas having a slit down the inner side, 1—3

ovules. Ripe carpels sub-globose with a short apiculus, often

lateral, recalling those of Ellipeia cuneifolia, minutely brown-

stellate-tomentose, 1—1:5 cm. long; stalks 1-1-5 cm. long with

similar pubescence. Seeds 1-2 only, dark brown, shining.

PENANG: Highlands, Curtis 825 (S., C.).

PERAK: Larut, King 6748 (C.).

SELANGOR: Sungei Buloh, Foxworthy 17051 (S., K.).

MaLacca: Maingay 104 (C., Kew) type material.

JOHORE: Gunong Pulai, Ridley 12178 (S., Kew); Sungei Kayu, Kiah

S.F.N. 32128 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ngadiman S.F.N. 36432 (S.); Botanic Gar-

dens, Cluny Road, Haniff, Gardens’ Herb., 22nd June, 1925. (S.,

Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Malay Peninsula.

Differs from the other Uvaria species in the few seeds, the

stamens with capitate, little-produced connectives and in the in-

florescence described above, but agrees in other characters. It is

closely allied to U. Scortechinii which has been collected once and

in flower only.

(11) U. Scortechinii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 269

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 25 Pl. 17; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 33.

A sarmentose flexuose shrub. Young branches and petioles

densely covered with rusty, floccose, rufous tomentum. Leaves

coriaceous elliptic to elliptic-rotund, obtuse, very slightly or not at

all narrowed to the rounded or minutely cordate base; upper sur-

face shining, glabrescent or glabrous, the deeply impressed midrib

and nerves tomentose, transverse veins depressed when dry; under-

surface minutely and softly rufous-pubescent especially on the

midrib, nerves and reticulations which are all bold and promi-

nent; main nerves 10-12 pairs, spreading below, sub-ascending

above, forming double arches within the edge; length 10-18 cm.;

breadth 65-10 cm.; petiole 4-9 mm. long. Flowers 3-8 cm. in

218

Vol. XIV. (1955).

diameter, either in terminal umbels of 2—3, or in many-flowered

lateral panicles 10 cm. in length; peduncles 1-:2—1-:8 cm. long,

bracts numerous, but chiefly towards the apices of the peduncles,

ovate-orbicular, covered with short, rufous, flocculent tomentum

as are the branches and axes of the panicles. Sepals fleshy, tri-

angular, sub-acute, connate in the lower third, concave, spreading,

minutely pubescent. Petals fleshy, about 2:5 cm. long, connivent;

the outer 3 ovate-rotund, very obtuse, tomentose-pubescent on

both surfaces; the outer surface with some small superficial scales,

the inner with a round, glabrous spot at the base; inner 3 petals

obovate, narrowed at the base, pubescent outside, glabrous inside,

except a broad pubescent band near the apex. Anthers sessile,

angled, the connective projecting beyond the apex, broadly trun-

cate, almost peltate. Ovaries several with a few stellate hairs, 2-3-

ovuled; style cylindric, curved, glabrous. Fruit unknown.

PERAK: Scortechini 1990 (C., Kew) type.

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Malaya.

The description is taken from King. This species has only been

collected once. The form of the inflorescence and stamens is very

similar to that of U. pauci-ovulata. Both have few ovules and in

this respect differ from other Uvaria species. U. Scortechinii has

larger leaves more densely covered with tomentum which is slightly

floccose. The inner petals are more narrowed at the base than

those of U. pauci-ovulata. It is desirable that one should see more

material of both species to determine their relationship.

7. CYATHOSTEMMA Griffith, Notulae 4 (1854) 707 et Icones

Pl. 4 (1854) T. 650.

Woody climbers mostly with simple hairs, sometimes stellate.

Flowers globose or nearly globose in pendulous or clustered cymes

from the old wood or extra-axillary. Sepals valvate. Petals valvate

at base, imbricate at tips, coriaceous, convex outside, not expand-

ing or reflexed, only a small opening 3—5 mm. in diameter at the

top oi the bud, the outer with thickened base not or scarcely

clawed, the inner shortly clawed and slightly narrower. Stamens

numerous, sessile with oblique incurved connectives. Ovaries many,

pubescent, with U-or horse-shoe-shaped stigma, split down the

inner side. Ovules many to few in two rows.

TYPE OF GENUS: C. viridiflorum Griff. Notulae 4 (1854) 707 et

Icon. 4 (1854) T. 650.

DISTRIBUTION: Mostly confined to Malay Peninsula but one species

C. micranthum (Uvaria micrantha) Burma to New Guinea. Species 8.

219

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A genus very close to Uvaria but differing in the globose

flowers, the petals of which do not expand and are imbricate at

the tips only. The reticulations on the leaves form a very close

network.

KEY

a. Flowers all hermaphrodite

b. Flowers dark purple (1) C. argenteum

b. Flowers yellow, greenish or white

c. Leaves glabrous on lower surface; ripe carpels glabrous

d. Ripe carpels large, more than 1:5 cm. long, thick-walled

with stalks more than 2 mm. thick

e. Flowers in ferrugineous, pendulous cymes on the

older twigs and wood; peduncle several centimetres

long, its branches with distichous, 5 mm. long

bracts; leaves drying greenish or silvery

(2) C. viridiflorum

e. Flowers in short erect cymes opposite the leaves;

peduncle 1-2 mm. long, bracts not distichous, less

than 5 mm. long; leaves drying black or rusty

brown (3) C. Hookeri

d. Ripe carpels small, less than 1:5 cm. long, thin-walled

with slender stalks less than 2 mm. thick

f. Leaves 16-29 cm. long and 6-10 cm. broad; drying

dark-greenish to blackish; flower buds about 1 cm.

in diam. (4) C. Wrayi

f. Leaves 6-14 cm. long and 2-3-5 cm. broad; drying

black or rusty-brown; flower buds about 5 mm. in

diam. (5) C. micranthum

c. Leaves stellate-pubescent on the lower surface sometimes

becoming glabrous; ripe carpels tawny-stellate-tomen-

tose (6) C. excelsum

a. Flowers dimorphous, some female (7) C. acuminatum

(1) C. argenteum (BI.) J. Sinclair in Sarawak Mus. Journ. Vol. 5

No. 3 (1951) 599. |

Basonym: Uvaria argentea Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. 1 (1830) 24 T.

6 and 13 D.

Synonyms: U. bracteata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 660. U.

Gomeziana A. DC. Mém. Soc. Phys. Geneve 5 (1832) 203.

220

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Climber. Young twigs minutely rusty-pubescent, later glabrous

and finely striate, reddish-brown. Leaves membranous to sub-

coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, green above

and slightly silvery-grey beneath, apex acute, base gradually nar-

rowed and rounded, minutely puberulous with stellate hairs when

very young, later glabrous except for the rusty-pubescent midrib

above; nerves 12-14 pairs, slightly prominent on both sides,

curving and ascending and interarching in a faint broken line near

margin; reticulations visible on both surfaces forming a close net-

work. Flowers extra-axillary, cymose, 1-3. One obtuse, leaf-like

bract 7 mm. long at base of pedicel and a smaller obtuse one

higher up. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, 2 mm. long.

Petals sub-equal, about 5 mm. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, inflexed

at the apices, thick, dark purple, inner more concave. Stamens

numerous, pale brown, 2—2:5 mm. long. Ovaries 15-20, rufous-

pubescent, elongated, 3 mm. long, stigma deeply cleft on the

adaxial side. Ripe carpels oblong, slightly apiculate, minutely

tomentose, slightly constricted with rough surface, walls hard, 5

mm. thick, 4 cm. long and 2:3 cm. broad, stalks stout, 4 cm. long..

Seeds several in two rows, smooth.

PAHANG: Raub, Kalong 20243 (S., K.).

SELANGOR: 8th mile Ulu Gombak, Strugnell 13390 (S., K.); Ke-

pong, Symington 24521 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: East Bengal, Burma, Sarawak Clemens 21341, Java.

I have included Uvaria bracteata Roxb. as a synonym, the type

of which, Wall. Cat. 6468, is in Herb. Kew.

(2) C. viridiflorum Griff., Notulae 4 (1854) 707 et Icones Pl. 4

(1854) T. 650; Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 57;

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 257 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 11 Pl. 37; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

Zi.

Climber 15—25 m. high, often in swampy forest. Young twigs

slightly pubescent, older nearly black and conspicuously striate.

Leaves coriaceous, oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, medium

green above and paler green beneath when fresh, when dry bluish-

grey on the upper surface and somewhat silvery-grey beneath,

glabrous; apex acute, base rounded and emarginate; nerves 10-13

pairs, distinct above and prominent on the lower surface, curving

rather irregularly, ascending steeply and interarching near the

margin in a broken line; reticulations visible but not prominent:

length 12-17 cm. (sometimes up to 27 cm.); breadth 5-5—8 cm.:

petiole 5-7 mm. long, pubescent. Inflorescence of dichotomous

cymes arising on long, slender, rusty-tomentose peduncles from the

221

Gardens Bulletin, S.

thicker stems (1 or several arising from the same place), the

distichous bracts often persisting after the flowers have fallen,

producing a zig-zag appearance, one basal, tomentose bract at —

each bifurcation and one about the middle of each pedicel; buds

globose, apiculate, opening slightly at the top but the petals not

expanding. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, connate, rusty-tomentose,

often reflexed, 3 mm. long and 5 mm. broad. Petals 5 mm. & 5

mm., greenish-yellow, coriaceous, ovate, acute, convex on outer,

concave on inner surface, slightly pubescent; outer with a thick

rudimentary claw or incurved base, the inner slightly narrower

with a similar thick but more distinct claw. Stamens numerous,

white, 2 mm. long, connective truncate, slightly incurved. Ovaries

4 mm. long, ripening before stamens, tomentose with U-shaped

or horse-shoe-shaped, brownish stigma, split on the inner side;

style absent. Ripe carpels oblong-ovoid, obtuse, glabrous, with

irregular bulges due to the seeds, thick-walled, 2:‘5—4 cm. jong;

stalks stout, 2 cm. long. Seeds 5—6 in 2 rows.

PeERLIS: Kaki Bukit, Kiah S.F.N. 35304 (S., K., Kew).

PERAK: Larut, King 5857 (S., C., Kew), quoted by King as C. Scor-

techinii; Scortechini 5000 (S., C.), also quoted by King as C. Scor-

techinii.

PAHANG: Kota Glanggi, Ridley, August 1891 (S.); Sungei Tras near

Raub, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16865 (S.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gunong Tampin, Burkill S.F.N. 3163 (S.); Bukit

Plangi, Nur S.F.N. 2540 (S.).

MaLacca: Maingay 35 (Kew) type; Maingay 36 (Kew); Cantley’s

collector 329 (S.).

JOHORE: S. Kayu Ara, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N.

29460 (S., C., Kew); Kampong Simpai, Lake and Kelsall, 5th Novem-

ber, 1892 (S.); Panchur, Johore River, Ridley, date 1900 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Bidadari, Ridley, date 1898 (S.); Bukit Timah, Ridley,

date 1891 (S.) and 2112 (S., C., Kew) quoted as C. Scortechinii;

Seletar, Ridley, date 1894 (S.); North side of Seletar Reservoir at 114

mls. Mandai Road, Sinclair S.F.N. 39246 (S.); Jurong, Ridley, 22nd

May, 1893 (S.); Pulau Ubin, Ridley, February 1894 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Malaya.

C. Scortechinii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 269

and in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 12 Pl. 38 is reduced

to a variety by Ridley, F.M.P. (1922) 27. The leaves are supposed

to be larger and more obovate, the calyx less deeply cut and the

fruit on shorter stalks. The quoted specimens are to be found in

the above list. The specimens are hardly different from C. viridi-

florum and J include them in this species. I have noted that the

leaves of Cyathostemma even on the same plant are very variable,

especially in size.

222

Vol. XIV. (1955).

(3) C. Hookeri King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 259 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 13 Pl. 40; Ridley, F.M.P.

= €8922) 28.

Synonym: Uvaria parviflora Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)

103; Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 51 non U. parviflora

A. Rich. in Guill. et Perr. Fl. Seneg. Tent. 1, 9 (1830-31) T. 3

Fig. 1.

Climber 10-25 m. high. Twigs and leaves glabrous except the

very youngest which have some simple and a very few scattered,

stellate hairs; older twigs brownish-black with numerous, small

lenticels. Leaves elliptic or oblong, glossy on both surfaces but

darker green above, apex acute, base cuneate or slightly rounded,

never emarginate; nerves about 12 pairs, distinct on both surfaces, —

curving and interarching about 3 mm. from the margin, the line

of interarching broken and indistinct; reticulations faint but not

raised; length 12-19 cm.; breadth 5-5-8 cm.; petiole 1-1-8 cm.

long. Inflorescence of 3—4 sub-globose flowers in short cymes

opposite the leaves or by growth between them, never axillary,

peduncle very short, 1-2 mm. long; pedicels 8 mm.—1 cm. long,

sparsely pubescent with a minute, basal and slightly larger median

bract (1 mm. long). Sepals ovate, acute, sparsely pubescent, free

to the base, convex on outside, concave on inside, 3 mm. long.

Petals waxy-yellow, not expanding but forming a globular flower

with a small opening at top, (diameter of opening 3-4 mm.) ovate

to rotund, acute, convex outside, concave inside, very shortly

pubescent, with a sweet odcur, 4-5 mm. long and 4-5 mm. broad,

the inner clawed, the outer with a rudimentary claw. Stamens

numerous, 2 mm. long, yellow, nearly sessile with connectives

truncate, slightly produced and incurved. Ovaries 4-angled, green,

2-2-5 mm. long with bi-lobed brownish-stigma with copious nectar

and pubescent at union of stigma and ovary. Ripe carpels several,

glabrous, oblong to ovoid, slightly tuberculate, 3-4 cm. long and

2 cm. broad, stalks glabrous, 2-5—4:5 cm. long. Seeds 5—6 in 2

rows.

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtis 1213 (S., Kew) type material:

Ayer Etam, Haniff S.F.N. 3678 (S., Kew); King 1356-(C., D.D.); 1665

and 1666 (C., Kew); 2 sheets Phillips ex Herb. Hookerianum (Kew)

type of Uvaria parviflora.

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Krian, Ridley 9429 (S.).

PerAK: Larut, King 4047 (C., E., Kew) type material; 6482 (S., C..

Kew); Taiping, King 8526 (C., Kew) type material; Batu Togoh, Tai-

xing, Wray 2145 (S.) type material.

SINGAPORE: Gardens’ Jungle, Ridley 4790 (S., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.

223

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(4) C. Wrayi King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 258 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 12 Pl. 39; Ridley, F.M.P.

41922) -27:

Climber 6-20 m. high. Young twigs minutely pubescent, be-

coming glabrous, dark and distinctly striate. Leaves of a papery

texture, glabrous except for a few hairs on the midrib above, upper

surface dull, lower shining, oblong-obovate or broadly oblanceo-

late, acuminate with acumen 2-3 cm. long, narrowed below to the

rounded or emarginate base; nerves 10-14 pairs, curving but not

evenly, impressed above, prominent beneath, interarching distinctly

about 5 mm. from the margin; reticulations distinct on both sur-

faces, especially on the lower, forming a very close network but

not raised like the main nerves; length 16—29 cm.; breadth 6-10

cm.; petiole 5 mm. long, pubescent. Inflorescence cymose on

peduncles up to 2 cm. long, (much shorter than in C. viridiflorum)

arising from tubercles on the older wood or opposite the leaves;

pedicels about 1 cm. long with bracts as in C. Hookeri; buds

globose. Sepals ovate, acute, rufous-pubescent outside, glabrous

inside, free nearly to the base, 3 mm. long and 4 mm. broad.

Petals waxy-yellow, coriaceous and slightly warted, not expanding,

convex on outer, concave on inner surface, minutely puberulous;

outer ovate-orbicular, sub-acute, 8 mm.—l cm. long and 1 cm.

broad, with an incurved base or rudimentary claw; inner narrower

with a more distinct claw. Stamens sessile, 1:5 mm. long with trun-

cate, slightly incurved connectives. Ovaries 2 mm. long, pubes-

cent; stigma U-shaped, split down the inner side. Ripe carpels

reddish, ovoid, glabrous, 1—1:5 cm. long, thin-walled, stalk

slender, about 1 cm. long. Seeds 2—3 in 2 rows, (probably more in

young ovaries) plano-convex, pale brown, shining. 3

Be ag S1AM: Sapli Limestone Hill, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 4269 (S..

Cw).

PENANG: Path behind Waterfall Road leading to quarry next Water-

fall Gardens, Sinclair S.F.N. 39341 (S., Kew).

PERAK: Scortechini 131 b (S., C., Kew) type material; Larut, King

4207 (S., C.) type material; Waterfall, Taiping, Wray 3283 (S., C.)

type material; Dengong, Telok Anson, Haniff S.F.N. 14189 (S., Kew):

Gopeng, King 4635 (Kew) type material.

PAHANG: Kuala Tembeling, Mat, date 1893 (S.); Dong near Raub,

Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16917 (S.); Kuala Tembeling, Henderson,

July, 1929 (S.); Gali near Raub, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16218 (S.).

SELANGOR: Weld Hill Reserve, Hashim C.F. Field No. 4936 (S., K..

Kew); Bukit Tarik Reserve, Yeob 5128 (K.); Jackson’s Estate, Gua

Batu, Ridley, December 1890 (S.); Sungei Buloh, Ridley, 14th De-

cember, 1920 (Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Malay Peninsula.

224

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Differs from C. viridiflorum in the shorter peduncles and the

fine reticulations of the leaves and resembles C. micranthum in the

ripe carpels with thin walls and slender pedicels.

(5) C. micranthum (A. DC.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Guatteria micrantha A. DC., Mém. Anon. (1832)

42.

Synonyms: Uvaria micrantha Hk. f. et Th., Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)

103; Hk. f. et. Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 51; Kurz, For. Fl. Br.

Burma 1 (1877) 29; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 270

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 26 Pl. 18; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 33; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 30. U.

sumatrana Kurz, Andam. Report (1870) 29. Anaxagorea sumat-

rana Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 382. Cyathostemma sumat-

rana Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 Fasc. 3 (1899) 171 T. 58. Polyal-

thia fruticans A.DC. Mém. Anon. (1832) 42. Popowia nitida

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 341 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 118 Pl. 165 B.

Climber. Young branches at first rusty-brown-tomentose, after-

wards glabrous, finely striate, dark coloured and with pale lenticels.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute,

base shortly cuneate or rounded, glabrous except the midrib which

is rufous-pubescent above and sometimes sparsely pubescent be-

neath; nerves 10—15 pairs, curving often irregularly, faint on both

surfaces. sometimes scarcely distinguishable among the faint reti-

culations, interarching near margin; length 6-14 cm.; breadth 2—

3:5 cm.; petiole 3 mm. long. Inflorescence a 2—5-flowered cyme,

opposite the leaves or terminal; pedicels 6 mm. long, rusty-brown-

tomentose with a basal and a medial, clasping, orbicular bract;

flower buds globose, apiculate, not appearing to expand completely

(only a small opening at the top). Sepals sub-rotund, obtuse, pubes-

cent outside, glabrous inside, 2—2:5 mm. long. Petals 3 mm. by

3 mm., greenish-yellow, tomentose, broadly ovate, sub-obtuse,

convex outside, concave inside, the inner slightly clawed, the outer

with a rudimentary claw. Stamens numerous, 1 mm. long with

truncate appendages. Ovaries pubescent, 1 mm. long with stigma

bilobed and split on the inner side. Ripe carpels about 1 cm. in

diam., numerous, glabrous, globose or with irregular bulges due to

the seeds; stalks slender, glabrous, 2—2-5 cm. long. Seeds 2-7 in

2 rows, plano-convex, smooth, medium brown.

LOWER SIAM: Pulau Terutau, Haniff S.F.N. 1068 (S., Kew).

KEDAH: Pulau Langkawi, Curtis 2808 (S., Kew); s.n., September

1890 (S.).

PENANG: Bukit Erskine, Curtis 3015 (S., Kew); Telok Bahang, Cur-

tis 3505 (S., Kew); Wall. Cat. 6474 B Porter (C., Kew).

225

Gardens Bulletin, S.

PERAK: Tea Gardens, Taiping, Ridley 2984 (S., C.) quoted by King

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Caic. as Popowia nitida; Lubok Merbok,

Kuala Kangsar, Haniff S.F.N. 16010 (S.).

PAHANG: Jerantut, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16075 (S., K.); Kuala

Tembeling, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 15840 (S.).

Matacca: Maingay 29 (C., Kew).

JOHORE: Muar, Curtis s.n., April 1901.

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Siam, Malay Islands to New Guinea.

The flowers of this species so closely resemble those of Cyathos-

temma Hookeri and C. viridiflorum that I have removed it from

Uvaria and placed it in the above genus. The globose flower buds,

the shape of the petals and the fact that they do not appear to

expand, all suggest that it is a Cyathostemma. However I do not

think the genus is very far removed from Uvaria. Boerlage has

also placed this species in Cyathostemma.

(6) C. excelsum (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Mitrephora excelsa Hk. f. et Th., Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)

114; Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 77; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

fot CRI Oe

Synonyms: Uvaria excelsa Wall. Cat. 6477 (1832) nom. nud.;

King, Mat. F.M.P. 4 (1892) 271 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 30 Pl. 26; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 34. Uvaria

confertiflora Merr. in Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 15 (1929) 61.

Woody climber 10-30 m. high. Young twigs brown-pubescent,

later becoming glabrous and black, striations well marked. Leaves

coriaceous, oblong-obovate, acute, slightly narrowed to the emar-

ginate or slightly cordate base, shining, glabrous above except for

the pubescent, sunk midrib, greyish when dry, beneath stellate-

brownish-pubescent, the degree of pubescence varying with age;.

nerves 8—11 pairs, curving and ascending rather crookedly, promi-

nent beneath, reticulations forming a close network, visible on both

surfaces, especially on the lower; length 9-22 cm., average 16

cm.; breadth 4-10 cm., average 6 cm.; petiole 4-5 mm. long,

pubescent. Inflorescence of clustered cymes on the older twigs

below the leaves; pedicels about 5 mm. long with one tomentose

clasping bract below the middle or medial and several at the base

of the cyme, probably one to each flower; buds globose, not ex-

panding in flower, the maximum opening 5 mm. across. Sepals 4

mm. long and 6 mm. broad, semi-orbicular, sub-acute, coriaceous,

brown-tomentose on both surfaces but less so on the inner. Petals

5—6 mm. long and 5—6 mm. broad, the inner slightly narrower,

broadly ovate, acute, whitish, imbricate at the tips, tomentose like

the sepals, convex on outside, concave on inside, the inner slightly

clawed. Stamens 2—2:5 mm. long with oblique, slightly incurved

226

Vol. XIV. (1955).

tomentose connectives. Ovaries 3 mm. long, stellate-pubescent

with bilobed stigmas. Ripe carpels sub-globose, densely stellate-

tawny-tomentose, tuberculate, 2—2-6 cm. long and 2-2-3 cm. in

diam.; stalks with similar tomentum, stout, about 3 cm. long.

Seeds several (about 14) in 2 rows, nearly oval, flat, smooth,

brown.

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtis 50 (S., C., Kew) and 1059 (S.,

C.) and 1443 (S., C.); Wall Cat. 6477 (Kew) type material; King

5210 (C., E., Kew) Maingay 36 (Kew).

PERAK: Scortechini 1540 (S., C.); 121b (C.); King 8131 (C.); 8777

(C.); 1476 CC.) Larut, ‘Perak, 598f-(C., 'D-D., Kew); 5257 (C.,

Kew).

PAHANG: Sg. Bilut For. Res., Raub, Osman 28429 (K.).

SELANGOR: Petaling, Ridley 10203 (S.); Damansara Road, Kuala

Lumpur, Ridley, December 1920 (S., Kew).

SINGAPORE: No data (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.

King and Ridley both state that this plant does not have the

typical flower of a Uvaria in that the petals are imbricate at the

tips. Hooker f. and Thomson are also doubtful of the correct

genus and although they put it in Mitrephora with a query, they

suggest Uvaria. The globose flower buds not expanding, the im-

bricate petals, together with the bi-lobed stigma and general

characters all suggest that this plant is a Cyathostemma, if that

genus is to be maintained distinct from Uvaria.

{7) C. acuminatum King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 259

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 13 Pl. 41; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 28.

Climber. Branches pale brownish, the youngest slender, dark-

coloured, rufous-puberulous. Leaves membranous, oblanceolate to

oblong, caudate-acuminate, base acute, both surfaces glabrous,

shining and minutely reticulate; midrib depressed above and

puberulous, prominent beneath; nerves 10-11 pairs, spreading,

curved, depressed above, prominent beneath; length 20-23 cm.;

breadth 5-5—6:5 cm.; petiole 4 mm. long, tomentose. Cymes of

hermaphrodite flowers 10-15 cm. long; pedicel about as long as

the branches, the latter with numerous distichous, oblong, nervose

bracts. Flowers 1-1-3 cm. in diam. on short pedicels. Sepals tri-

angular, blunt, spreading. Petals as in C. Scortechinii; connective

of stamen forming a thick incurving point at the apex. Ovaries as

in C. Scortechinii but with conical stigmas. Cymes of female

flowers much shorter than those of the hermaphrodite, dichotom-

ous, few-flowered, about 3-8 cm. long (of which peduncle is 2:5

cm. long), bracts few, lanceolate. Flowers about 1 cm. in diam.

oat

Gardens Bulletin, S.

when open; buds conical. Sepals broadly triangular, cordate, acute, _

spreading, pubescent. Petals coriaceous, granular-pubescent, con-

cave; the outer broadly ovate-triangular, the apex sub-acute, n-

curved in the bud; the inner row smaller, narrower, erect, conni-

vent. Stamens absent. Ovaries as in the hermaphrodite, but the

stigma larger and not conical. ;

Type: Upper Perak, Wray 2468. :

Of this species there are no specimens in the Singapore Her- :

barium or Kew and I have not seen Wray 3468. The description

given is taken from King, and from it and the plate, the genus is

certainly Cyathostemma. The leaves in the plate are very similar

to those of C. Wrayi and also the detached fruit. However the

presence of two kinds of flowers is unique. It would be useful to

see more and fresh material of C. Wrayi and study its variations.

The leaves of C. Wrayi are extremely variable on the same plant.

8. RAUWENHOFFIA Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. 2 (1885)

21; Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1, fasc. 2 (1899) 197 T. 70; Diels in

Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 124; Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull.

(1939) 279.

Scandent shrubs. Leaves with stellate hairs. Flowers opposite

the leaves, extra-axillary. Sepals 3, valvate, united at the base.

Petals 6 in 2 series, imbricate, the outer flat, the inner slightly __

smaller with a narrow claw. Stamens as in Uvaria with convex _

connectives. Ovaries as in Uvaria with funnel-shaped stigma having *

an opening on the inner side and a groove continuing down ovary

from the opening; style absent. Seeds several in 2 rows.

TYPES OF THE GENUS: R. siamensis Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. 2

(1885) 23 and R. Leichhardtii (Muel.) Diels in Journ. Arn. Arbor. 20

(1939) 74 = [R. uvarioides Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. 2 (1885)

23}.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Indo-China, Malaya, New Guinea. 5 species.

(1) R. siamensis Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. 2 (1885) 21; Boerl.

in Icon. Bog. 1, fasc. 2 (1899) 197 Tab. 70; Ridley, F.M.P. 1

(1922) 89; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. (1925) 45; Ast in Fl. Gén.

de L’Indo-Chine Suppl. 1 (1938) 104.

Synonyms: Uvaria Godefroyana Finet et Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. —

Bot. Fr. Mém. 4 (1906) 71 T. 12A; Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine 1

(1907) 55 Pl. 7. Melodorum Schefferi Pierre ex Finet et Gagnep.

in Bull. Soc. Bot. in Fr. Mém. 4 (1906) 134 T. 19A; FI. Cine

L’Indo-Chine 1 (1907) 99.

228

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Scandent shrub. Young twigs brown-pubescent, later striate and

with numerous pink lenticels. Leaves coriaceous oblong to oblong-

lanceolate, bluntly acute with rounded emarginate base, shining

and glabrous above, except for the sunk midrib when young, lower

surface slightly pubescent with stellate hairs, becoming glabrous;

nerves about 10 pairs opposite or alternate, secondaries also pre-

sent, faint or indistinct above, faint below; reticulations very faint

and close; length 8—22 cm.; breadth 2-5—S cm.; petiole 5 mm. long,

pubescent. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves on pubescent, 1

cm. long pedicels with a small clasping, pubescent, obtuse bract 2

mm. long at the base or below the middle. Sepals coriaceous,

minutely brown-pubescent, connate at the very base, ovate-orbi-

cular, obtuse, 5 mm. long and 4 mm. broad. Petals yellowish,

coriaceous, minutely tomentose on both surfaces except at base

inside, outer 1 cm. long and 8 mm. broad; inner 8 mm. long,

narrower and shortly clawed at base. Stamens 2 mm. long, nume-

rous, with convex connectives and very short filaments. Ovaries

3-4 mm. long, brown-stellate-tomentose, linear-oblong, slightly

curved, stigma large, funnel-shaped with split down the inner side.

Ripe carpels about 6, cylindric, obtuse with a small apiculus,

minutely brown-stellate-pubescent, transversely furrowed, 1-2 cm.

long and 8 mm.—1 cm. in diam.; stalks 5 mm. long, stellate-pubes-

cent. Seeds 5-7 in 2 rows, flat on one side, convex on the other,

brown, shining, 7 mm. long and 4 mm. wide.

Lower SiAM: Pak Raw, Annandale S.F.N. 1600 (S., Kew); Sapli,

Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 4265 (S.).

KELANTAN: Kampong Kota Bahru, Ridley, February 1917 (S..

Kew); Kota Bahru, Corner, 24th April, 1987 (S.).

Perak: Grik, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 12339 (S.).

PAHANG: Ulu Rompin, Yeob C.F. 3185 (S., K., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Malaya and Indo-China. Type, Pierre 1788.

Indo-China in Herb. Kew (Unona Schefferi).

It is rather surprising that Scheffer who created this genus placed

it next to Fissistigma (Melodorum). King, Ridley and others follow

him without comment placing it next to Melodorum in the Xylo-

pieae. Finet and Gagnepain, Diels and Airy-Shaw have correctly

placed it in the Uvarieae.

The genus is extremely close to Uvaria the only difference being

that the inner petals have narrow claws while they do not in

Uvaria. The petals are imbricate at the tips and not valvate as the

majority of authors state. They were probably misled by this fact

and did not examine the aestivation. It seems hardly worth while

maintaining Rauwenhoffia as a genus distinct from Uvaria since

there is only the one difference. However this is a small point and

I leave it as Rauwenhoffia.

229

Gardens Bulletin, S.

9. ELLIPEIA Hk. f. et Th. Ind. 1 (1855) 104.

Climbers. Inflorescence a terminal panicle. Sepals 3, valvate.

Petals 6 in 2 series, imbricate, the outer larger than the inner, the

inner not much larger than the sepals. Stamens many, connectives

oblique, peltate, slightly produced. Ovaries numerous with a rather

elongate style. Carpels 1-seeded with lateral apiculus, the seed

ventral, attached slightly above the middle.

TYPE OF GENUS: E. cuneifolia Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 104.

DISTRIBUTION: Malaya, Borneo, Sumatra. Species about 5, some of

them imperfectly known.

A genus related to Uvaria but differing in the single ovule

attached ventrally above the middle of the carpel and in the inner

petals being much shorter than the outer. A few species later des-

cribed under this genus by Hk. f. et Th. and by King have been

removed to Trivalvaria and Uvaria as they do not in the least

agree with the characters of this genus as typified by the original

species E. cuneifolia.

E. cuneifolia Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 104; Hk. Icones Plant.

(1867) T. 1025;. Hk. £et: Th. in' Fl. Br. Ind. 1oCta72 ee

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 274 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 32 Pl. 29; Boerlage in Icon. Bog. |!

(1899) 97; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 35.

Climber 30-50 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose, soon

glabrous and striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glossy and glab-

rous above except on the sunk midrib, very shortiy and closely

buff-stellate-tomentose below, tending to become uO ee

with age, narrowly obovate-oblong, apex rounded, abruptly ‘and

shortly acuminate, base rounded and emarginate, sometimes

slightly unequal-sided; nerves 15-19 pairs, rather straight, im-

pressed above, prominent beneath, line of interarching broken and

faint; reticulations faint above, more distinct below; length 12—20

cm., average 13 cm.; breadth 4-5—7-5 cm.; petiole 4-7 mm. long,

tomentose. Inflorescence terminal, ultimately cymose in a much

branched short panicle with a basal and a median clasping, obtuse,

tomentose bract to each flower; pedicels about 1:5 cm. long.

Sepals ovate-triangular, nearly obtuse, coriaceous, brown-tomen-

tose outside and inside, 5 mm. long. Petals yellow, fleshy, conni-

vent, outer 1:‘5—2 cm. long, tomentose on both surfaces except at

the base inside, oblong-rotund, very obtuse, inner similar in tomen-

tum but much smaller, about 7 mm. long. Stamens 2 mm. long

with oblique, peltate slightly-produced connectives. Ovaries ob-

long, 2 mm. long, pubescent with a slightly elongated style and

capitate stigma. Torus small, sub-globose. Ripe carpels oval,

230

Vol. XIV. (1955).

obtuse at both ends with a lateral apiculus, very shortly brown-

tomentose, about 2 cm. long; stalks 1-5 cm. long. Seed one, dark

brown, ventral, attached above the middle of the carpel and filling

it.

PERAK: Gopeng, Larut, King 6045 (S., C.); 5319 (S., C.); 7825

(C.. D.D.); 4054 (C., D.D.); 4623 (C., E.); 5844 (C., E.); Perak,

10293 and 7868 (C., D.D.); Maxwell’s Hill, Wray 642 (C.): Tapah.

1339 (S., C., E.); Relau Tujor, 2888 (S., C.).

SELANGOR: Gap, Curtis 3760 (S.).

Matacca: Maingay 31 (C.); Griffith, s.n. type collection (C., D.D..

E.); Jasin Road, Ridley, 15th June, 1892 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Reservoir Woods, Ridley 5082 (S., D.D.); Gardens”

Jungle, Ridley 4919 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.

Tribe 2. UNONEAE

Petals valvate or open in bud, both sets similar or sub-similar,

equal or sub-equal, spreading in flower or the apices free; outer

flat or concave at base only; the inner flat, terete or filiform, con-

cave or not at the base. Stamens many, connectives flat-topped, or

convex, rarely apiculate (Cananga), the anther cells concealed by

the connectives.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE UNONEAE

a. Petals spreading above, often constricted at junction of blade

and claw; claws orbicular, concave, conniving and closely

J pressed over the sexual organs; blades linear or filiform,

oblong, flat or terete; the three inner petals separating at

base but falling as one piece

b. Trees with extra-axillary decurrent peduncles bearing the

pedicels; carpels 1 or several, ovules several in two rows

10. Cyathocalyx

b. Climbers with extra-axillary decurrent hooked woody pedun-

cles (rarely spines), bearing the pedicels; carpels few to

many, ovules 2, erect, collateral 11. Artabotrys

a. Petals flat, more or less spreading from the base (adhering by

the edges in Desmos section Dasymaschalon) not constricted

above the claw and not closely pressed over the sexual

organs; the inner three not adhering in one piece when they

fall

c. Flowers trimerous, sepals 3, petals 3 + 3

d. Carpels more than one; anthers dorsal, extrorse

231

Gardens Bulletin, S.

e. Fruit moniliform with several seeds in a single row

12. Desmos

e. Fruit not moniliform

f. Carpels hard and thick-walled, 5-7 mm. thick, (2

mm. only in Oncodostigma) sessile or sub-sessile;

stigma disc-shaped or pileate, lobed

g. Flowers extra-axillary, petals obovate, obtuse (car-

pels 3 sometimes 1) 13. Monocarpia

g. Flowers axillary, petals gradually tapering to an

acute apex from a broad base

h. Petals with thick edges; nerves of leaf faint, not

prominent, not straight, secondary nerves pre-

sent; seeds 3—5 14. Oncodostigma

h. Petals not thick at edges; nerves of leaf pro-

minent, straight, oblique, no secondary nerves;

seeds 8-10 15. Meiogyne

f. Carpels thin-walled about 1 mm. thick when dry and

not so hard, mostly stalked but sometimes sessile;

stigmas globose, rectangular or irregularly shaped

i. Stamen connectives flat-topped or convex; flowers

axillary, extra-axillary or tubercled on woody

out-growths of the trunk, scented or not; seeds

1-5, usually 1-2 16. Polyalthia

i. Stamen connectives apiculate, erect; flowers axil-

lary, strongly scented; seeds 2—12 usually more

than 5 in two rows 17. Cananga

d. Carpels 1; anthers ventral, introrse; flowers in axillary fas-

cicles (Carpels sometimes 1 in Monocarpia but anthers

dorsal and flowers extra-axillary) 18. Mezzettia A

«. Flowers dimerous usually 2 sepals and 4 petals but often not

constant, e.g. sepals 2—3, petals 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8

j. Mountain plants; flowers terminal, petals united at base or

free; carpels 1—2-seeded, stalked, thin-walled, numerous,

not moniliform 19. Disepalum

j. Not mountain plants; flowers axillary, petals 2-3 adhering

by edges; carpels moniliform with seeds in a single row

12. Desmos section Dasymaschalon

Zoe

Vol. XIV. (1955).

10. CYATHOCALYX Champion in Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1

(1855) 127 including Drepananthus Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.

FI. Br: Ind. 1 (1872) 56.

Monopodial trees with mast-like trunks and a crown of bran-

ches near top. Leaves two-ranked. Flowers extra-axillary, usually

opposite the leaves, fragrant. Peduncles decurrent. Sepals valvate,

free or united into a 3-lobed cup. Petals 6, valvate, in two series,

sub-equal, the claws orbicular, concave, conniving and closely

pressed over the sexual organs, the inner three petals not separat-

ing when they fall, slightly constricted or bent at the junction of

the blade; blades linear, filiform, oblong, flat or terete. Stamens

indefinite, the connectives flat-topped, concealing the anther cells,

filament short. Ovaries 1—several, oblong or cylindric, stigmas

discoid, peltate, pileate and lamellate, convex, often agglutinated;

ovules several in two rows. Ripe carpels large or small, sessile or

shortly stalked.

TYPE OF GENUS: C. zeylanicus Champion in Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind.

4. (1858) 322.

DISTRIBUTION: India, South-East Asia, New Guinea and Philip-

pines. Species about 38.

Section Eucyathocalyx Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit. 2

(1881) 6.

Midrib and nerves raised or flush with upper surface of leaf as

in Artabotrys, the midrib rather broad at the base. Leaves glab-

rous or pubescent. Ovary 1, glabrous.

Section Drepananthus Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit. 2

(1881) 6.

Midrib and nerves on the upper surface of leaf always sunk.

Leaves tomentose, pubescent, puberulous or entirely glabrous

beneath. Stellate and simple hairs present in the non-glabrous

species. Ovaries 2 to several, pubescent with sericeous hairs.

There are two syntypes of Drepananthus viz. pruniferus and ramuli-

florus Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 56.

I agree with Scheffer, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit. 2 (1881) 6 and

Boerlage, Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 114 that Drepananthus should

be united with Cyathocalyx. I have examined a large number of

flowers from both genera and in all cases their position and struc-

ture is so uniform that I cannot feel they are different.

The differences that do exist (1) the single carpel and (2) the

midrib and nerves raised or flush with the upper surface of the

leaf, found in Eucyathocalyx, seem rather trivial and not sufficient

to permit separation into two distinct genera.

233

Gardens Bulletin, S.

The species which fall into the section Eucyathocalyx are fewer

than in the other section, C. sumatranus being the only one found

in Malaya.

There is a very close resemblance to Artabotrys especially in

the flower with the petals closely pressed over the sexual organs.

Both have fragrant flowers. The decurrent, sometimes slightly bent

peduncle of Cyathocalyx suggests an incipient hook. Hooked

peduncles are usual in Artabotrys but there are some species in

which the hook at the end of the peduncle is very much reduced

or absent, e.g. A. speciosus.

The leaf in Artabotrys has the upper midrib raised and is very

similar to that of the Cyathocalyx species in the Eucyathocalyx

section. The growth habit is different however. Artabotrys species

are climbers, not trees. Also their ovules are reduced to two.

REY.

Section Eucyathocalyx

a. Midrib and nerves raised or flush with upper surface of leaf.

Carpel 1 (1) C. sumatranus

Section Drepananthus

a. Midrib and nerves sunk on upper surface. Carpels 2-several

b. Petals filiform, 7-10 cm. long (2) C. Ridleyi

b. Petals filiform, linear or oblong but less than 7 cm. long

c. Blade of outer petals 7 mm.—1 cm. wide

d. Pedicels 2 cm. long; sepals 2 cm. long; ripe carpels ses-

sile (3) C. pruniferus

d. Pedicels 5 mm. long, sepals 8—9 mm. long; ripe car-

pels with stalks 4 mm. long (4) C. pahangensis

c. Blade of outer petals narrow, linear or filiform 1-4 mm.

wide

e. Sepals broadly orbicular, obtuse (5) C. carinatus

e. Sepals ovate, acute

f. Carpels 2. Leaves glabrous (6) C. olivaceus

f. Carpels more than 2

g. Peduncles sessile on minute, woody tubercles;

flowers densely clustered on the older branches;

petals 1:3-1:5 cm. long; carpels sessile; leaves

*omentose (7) C. ramuliflorus

234

Vol. XIV. (1955).

g. Peduncles 5 mm. long, flowers nearer the tips of

the branches; petals 3-5 cm. long; carpels

stalked; leaves glabrous or puberulous beneath

(8) C. Scortechinii

KEY No. 2

Section Eucyathocalyx

a. Midrib and nerves raised or flush with upper surface of leaf.

Carpel 1 (1) C. sumatranus

Section Drepananthus

a. Midrib and nerves sunk on upper surface of leaf. Carpels 2-

several

b. Leaves tomentose beneath (sometimes nearly glabrous except

on veins in C. pruniferus)

c. Base of leaf rounded, sub-cordate or unequal-sided

d. Flowers in dense clusters on older wood; blade of outer

petals 2 mm. wide. Carpels rusty-pubescent

(7) C. ramuliflorus

d. Fiowers on the tips of the branches; blade of outer

petals 7 mm. wide. Carpels glabrous

(3) C. pruniferus

c. Base of leaf cuneate

e. Sepals ovate, acute; petals filiform 7-10 cm. long

(2) C. Ridleyi

e. Sepals broadly orbicular, obtuse; petals linear, flat, 2—3

cm. long ; (5) C. carinatus

b. Leaves pubescent, puberulous or glabrous beneath

f. Leaves scabrid-pubescent beneath, nerves curving, reticula-

tions prominent beneath; petals 2-3 cm. long, blade 1

cm. wide (4) C. pahangensis

f. Leaves puberulous on nerves, becoming glabrous, nerves

very straight, reticulations rather faint beneath; petals

3-5 cm. long, blade 1 mm. wide (8) C. Scortechinii

f. Leaves entirely glabrous, nerves 6—8 pairs, boldly curving,

reticulations not visible beneath; petals 3-5—4 cm. long,

blade 3 mm. wide (6) C. olivaceus

2a3

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(1) C. sumatranus Scheff. in Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., ser. 7,

vol. 2 (1873) 388.

Synonym: Xylopia Curtisii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 365 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 147 Pl.

192A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 90. Including X. tembelingensis

Henderson in Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 7 (1933) 89 Pl. 16.

Tree 10—23 m. high with a crown of spreading branches at top.

Twigs stout and striate bearing leaves in two ranks. Leaves coria-

ceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous and shining above,

lower surface dull, covered with a very short mealy pubescence

which rubs off easily and is eventually shed, apex acute, base

cuneate, midrib above flush with surface of leaf and very broad at

base, 2—2-5 mm. broad, much narrower at apex; raised beneath,

nerves about 20 pairs, straight and oblique, prominent on both

surfaces especially on the lower; reticulations transverse; length

14-28 cm.; breadth 5—7:5 cm.; petiole 1 cm. long, stout, chan-

nelled. Flowers 2-3, extra-axillary on stout, woody, decurrent

peduncles, slightly fragrant. Pedicels rusty-pubescent, 3-5 mm.

long with an amplexicaul basal bract. Sepals about 1 cm. long,

broadly ovate, acute, tomentose on both surfaces, connate at base,

reflexed. Petals tomentose, greenish with pale pink, glabrous claws,

the claw orbicular, pressed over the sexual organs, sub-equal,

3-5-6 cm. long, length depending on age, 7-9 mm. broad, strap-

shaped, obtuse, keeled outside. Stamens numerous, 1—2 mm. long

with flat-topped or oblique connectives concealing the anther cells.

Ovary single, cylindric, fluted, about 3 mm. long with a disc-like,

pileate stigma. Ripe carpel ovoid, sessile, with many seeds in two

rows, surface dull, wall thick and stony, 7:5 cm. long and 6:5 cm.

in diam.

KELANTAN: Bukit Bubong, Mohamed 33306 (K.).

PENANG: Waterfall, Curtis 1569 (S., C., Kew) type material; Nur

S.F.N. 7571 (S., C., Kew), cultivated in Botanic Gardens.

PERAK: Scortechini, no details (S.).

PAHANG: Tembeling, Henderson S.F.N. 24533 (as type of tembelin-

gensis (S., D.D., Kew); Kemansul F.R., Symington 49834 (K.); Bu-

kit Beserah F.R., Kuantan, Abdul Majid 31867 (K.).

SINGAPORE: Liane Road, Botanic Gardens’ Jungle. One tree still here

at time of writing. Gardens’ Herb., Corner 5th ni aye 1943 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Malaya.

This species belongs to the Section Eucyathocalyx, i.e. those spe-

cies having a large single carpel and the non-grooved, flat midrib

flush with the upper surface of the leaf. It is nearer to C. martab-

anicus than to C. zeylanicus the type of the genus. Both differ

from C. zeylanicus in the deeply divided calyx.

236

Vol. XIV. (1955).

On comparing C. martabanicus and C. sumatranus, the leaves of

C. martabanicus are wider at the middle and have about 12 pairs

of curving nerves while those of C. sumatranus have about 20

pairs of much straighter nerves which are more closely spaced. The

petals in C. martabanicus are more fleshy and the fruit is more

elongate and not ovoid.

Two other species with one carpel fall in this section. C. glo-

bosus from the Philippines and C. annamensis from Annam, Indo-

China. I am unable to separate tembelingensis from sumatranus.

(2) C. Ridleyi (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Xylopia Ridleyi King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 370 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 152 PI.

- 199; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 95.

Small tree with pole-like trunk and crown of branches at top.

Young twigs densely rusty-tomentose. Leaves in two ranks, coria-

ceous, dark green above, paler beneath, obovate-elliptic, apex

abruptly and very shortly cuneate; base cuneate, occasionally

rounded, upper surface glabrous except for the sunk midrib and

nerves, lower softly rusty-tomentose with stellate and simple hairs;

nerves 12-14 pairs, prominent below, oblique, interarching near

margin; reticulations parallel to each other and at right angles to

main nerves, often obscured by the tomentum; length 15-25 cm.;

breadth 7:5—9-5 cm.; petiole 1-5-2 cm. long; tomentose. Flowers

extra-axillary, usually opposite the leaves, fragrant like Cananga.

Peduncles decurrent, about 5—7 mm. long bearing several tomen-

tose pedicels, 6-8 mm. long. Sepals free to the base, rusty-pubes-

cent outside, glabrous inside, ovate, acute, 8 mm. long. Petals

10-10-5 cm. long, sub-equal, blade filiform, 1 mm. wide, pubes-

cent, greenish-yellow, pink at base, the orbicular claws pressed

closely over the stamens. Stamens numerous, 2 mm. long with

flat-topped connectives. Ovaries obliquely ovoid, densely sericeous,

4-5 mm. long; stigmas agglutinated, pileate, slightly elongated.

Ripe carpels 6-10, cylindric, obtuse with a glaucous, waxy bloom,

sparsely rusty-pubescent, slightly constricted between the seeds,

the constrictions seen to advantage in the dried carpels when they

undergo shrinkage; a faint furrow running down the inner side of

the fruit; length 2-3 cm.; br. 1-3—1-5 cm.; stalks pubescent, 5 mm.

long with several minute furrows. Seeds 2—7, testa smooth, shining,

nearly circular, flattened on both sides. Fig. 10.

PAHANG: Tasek Bera, Henderson S.F.N. 24148 (S., K.).

JoHoRE: Ulu Kahang, Holttum S.F.N. 10852 (S.); Sungei Kahang,

Watson 5868 (S., K., Kew); 54 mile Kota Tinggi-Mawai Road. Cor-

ner S.F.N. 21817 (S., K., Kew).

237

Gardens Bulletin, S-

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah Forest Reserve, Sinclair S.F.N. 38449 (S.,

E.) and 37930 (S., E.); Ngadiman S.F.N. 37013 (S., K., Kew); Rid-

ley 3466 (S.) type material; Changi, Ridley 4711 (S., C., Kew) type

material; north-east end of MacRitchie Reservoir, Sinclair S.F.N. 37929

(S.); Cantley 127 (Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.

1mm

Fig. 10. Cyathocalyx Ridleyi (King) J. Sinclair.

A, Flowering twig. B, Leaf. C, Sepals and outer petals. D, Inner

petals. E, Stamen, back view. F, Stamen, front view. G, Gynoe-

cium. H, Fruit. I, Carpel, longitudinal section.

238 | |

Vol. XIV. (1955).

This species resembles C. apoensis (Elmer) J. Sinclair, comb.

nov. and C. philippinensis (Merr.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in the

stalked, constricted fruits and hairy leaves. (New combinations

made here.) It resembles the glabrous leaved C. Havilandii Boerl.

in having long narrow filiform petals. C. Scortechinii also has

stalked fruits but the leaves are glabrous or nearly so. The petals

are also linear to filiform but not quite so long.

Cyathocalyx apoensis (Elmer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Drepananthus apoensis Elmer, Leafil. Philip. Bot. 5

(1913) 1708.

Cyathocalyx philippinensis (Merr.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Drepananthus philippinensis Merr. in Philip. Journ.

Sc. Bot. 3 (1908) 137.

(3) C. pruniferus (Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb.

nov.

Basonym: Drepananthus pruniferus Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.

Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 56; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

287 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 48 Pl. 65; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 37; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya 1 (1940)

133 Text-Fig. 34.

Monopodial tree 13-23 m. high with a crown of horizontal or

spreading branches. Young twigs chocolate-brown-tomentose.

Leaves coriaceous, two-ranked, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, apex

rounded and blunt or slightly acute, base sub-cordate and unequal-

sided, the upper surface glabrous except the veins and sunk mid-

rib, the lower occasionally glabrous, mostly shortly rusty-stellate-

pubescent; nerves 17—19 pairs, straight, nearly parallel and oblique

as in C. Scortechinii with similar reticulations; size variable, length

15—40 cm.; breadth 9-15 cm.; petiole stout, channelled, 1-7—2-5

cm. long. Flowers in extra-axillary clusters opposite the leaves or

mostly lower down on the stouter branches. Peduncles very short,

woody and decurrent; pedicels rusty-tomentose, about 2 cm. long

with a median, acute, amplexicaul bract. Sepals 2 cm. long, thick,

spreading, ovate-triangular, obtuse, connate at the thickened base,

tomentose on both surfaces except the base inside. Petals coria-

ceous, about 2:3 cm. long, inner smaller, about 1-8 cm. long, claw

about 1 cm. long, blade (of outer) boat-shaped, convex outside

with a concavity inside, obtuse, both sets rusty-tomentose on both

surfaces when dry except the glabrous base inside, blade of inner

nearly orbicular. Stamens numerous with flat hexagonal or rounded

tops forming a close pattern and concealing the anther cells when

239

Gardens Bulletin, S.

viewed from above, 2—2:5 mm. long, filament about 4 length, of

stamen. Young ovaries numerous, about 5 mm. long, oblong,

sericeous, stigma rather compressed due to crowding, pileate and

lamellate, the top flat or convex and narrowed. Carpels globose

or slightly pear-shaped, sessile, glabrous, surface dull or slightly

rough, thick-walled, 3 cm. long and about 2:7 cm. in diam. Seeds

about 10 in 2 rows, shining.

KEDAH: Koh Mai F.R., Kiah S.F.N. 35221 (S., K., Kew).

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtis 1417 (S., C., Kew); Nauen, 13th

August, 1940 (S.); Western Hill, Haniff S.F.N. 9127 (S., K., Kew).

PERAK: Scortechini 2072 (C.); 1698 (Kew); Larut, King 6710 (C.,

D.D., E., Kew); 6789 (C., D.D.); Sungei Larut, Wray 2301 (S., C.);

Gopeng, King 6125 (C., D.D., Kew); Ulu Bubong, King 10037 (C.)

and 10516 (S., C.); Bubu F.R., Arnot 30666 (K.); Kuala Saiang Re-

serve, Arnot 33773 (K.).

TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, Kemaman, Corner, November 1935

(S:):

SELANGOR: Weld Hill, Ahmad 5132 (K.); Omar 8539 (S., K., Kew);

i9th mile Ulu Gombak, Strugnell 11235 (S., K.); Ginting Simpah,

Nur S.F.N. 34314 (S., K., Kew); Rantau Panjang, Symington 14487

and 40650 (K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungei Menyala, Port Dickson, Wyatt-Smith and

Sow 64489 (K.).

MaLacca: Maingay 90, type (C., Kew); Ayer Panas, Goodenough

1315 (S.); Sungei Udang, Derry 474 (S., C.); Jus, Alvins 704 (S.)-

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Malaya.

In Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2 (1881) 5—8 Scheffer in pro-

posing to place Maingay’s two species of Drepananthus in the

genus Cyathocalyx made the formal combination for one of them

viz. C. ramuliflorus but did not mention the other by name.

Accordingly I am here obliged to make the formal combination

for C. pruniferus.

(4) C. pahangensis (Hend.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Drepananthus pahangensis Hend. in Gard. Bull. Str.

Settl. 4 (1927) 49-50; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya 1

(1940) 133 Text-Fig. 33.

Small tree 3-10 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose. Leaves

membranous, dark green above, paler beneath, elliptic or elliptic-

oblong, glabrous above except on the nerves and sunk midrib,

sparsely scabrid-pubescent beneath with stellate and simple hairs,

apex acute, base rounded and unequal-sided, often sub-cordate,

less often narrowed; nerves 12-16 pairs, oblique, curving more

than in C. pruniferus, ramuliflorus and Scortechinii, anastomosing

near the margin in clear curves; reticulations prominent on lower

surface, parallel to each other and at right angles to the nerves,

(scalariform) also others forming an open, loose network between

240

Vol. XIV. (1955).

the parallel components; length 17-29 cm.; breadth 7-12 cm.;

petiole 5—7 mm. long, rusty-tomentose. Peduncles mostly confined

to the tips of the branches, extra-axillary and usually opposite the

leaves, 5—6 mm. long, decurrent, bearing 2—4 rusty pedicels about

5 mm. long with an ovate, acute bract near their base. Sepals

oblong-ovate, somewhat obtuse, free almost to the thickened base,

pubescent on both sides except the base inside, 8-9 mm. long.

Petals creamy yellow, outer oblong, obtuse, pubescent on both

surfaces except base inside, 2—3 cm. long, clawed, blade about

1 cm. wide, as broad as claw; inner slightly smaller, pressed over

the stamens, the blade only 5 mm. across. Stamens as in C. pruni-

ferus and ramuliflorus. Ovaries 15—17, oblong, angled, densely

sericeous, 5 mm. long, stigma discoid or compressed owing to

crowding, convex, pileate and very lamellate. Carpels (probably

not quite mature) spherical and slightly oblique, with a few brown

hairs round base of persistent style, drying black, 7 mm. in diam.;

stalks slender, 4 mm. long. Seeds 2—3, pale brown, slightly longer

than broad, 7 mm. across.

TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, Kemaman, Corner S.F.N. 30455 (S..

Kew) and 30505 (S.).

PAHANG: Baloh Reserve, Kuantan, Lambak 3141 (S.) type material:

also Yeop 0830 (S., Kew) type material; Pulau Manis F.R., Kuantan,

Mohamud 0824 (S.) type material; Bukit Segu, Henderson S.F.N.

25079 (S.); Rumpin River, Fox, 23rd April, 1893 (S.); Bukit Saup.

Ja’amat 16520 (S., K.); Kuala Baloh, Soh 15082 (S., K.); Kuantan.

Burn-Murdoch, May 1904 (S.) type material.

JOHORE: Sungei Sedili, Corner, 7th July, 1940 (S.) also Ngadiman

S.F.N. 36855 (S., K., Kew); 14th and 134 mile Mawai-Jemaluang

Road, Corner S.F.N. 29014 (S., K., Kew); and 29432 (S.. K., Kew);

Sungei Kayu, Corner S.F.N. 29198 (S., K.); Kiah S.F.N. 32080 (S..

K., Kew); Gunong Panti, Abdul Kadir 18059 (S.); Holttum, 11th

April, 1925 (S.) type material; Sungei Buloh. Kasap, Mawai-Jema-

luang Road, Corner S.F.N. 29982 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula.

A smaller tree with thinner leaves than C. ramuliflorus or pruni-

ferus. It resembles C. pruniferus most especially in the flowers.

the petals of which are of the same shape. The blade of the petals

above the claw is broad and not linear or filiform as in C. Ridleyi,

ramuliflorus and Scortechinii. The flowers too are fragrant but

they are at the tips of the branches and not on the older and

thicker parts. The lower surface of the leaves has a harsh and not

the silky touch of C. pruniferus. Moreover, the fruit is smaller and

not sessile.

(5) C. carinatus (Ridley) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Drepananthus carinatus Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

38; Henderson in Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 4 (1928) 215.

241

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tree. Young twigs rusty-tomentose. Leaves sub-coriaceous,

broadly oblong to ovate, margin slightly revolute, apex rounded

and abruptly acute, base cuneate, sometimes slightly rounded,

upper surface glabrous except the nerves and the sunk midrib,

lower softly tomentose with stellate and simple hairs; nerves about

13 pairs, prominent beneath, oblique, curving slightly, anastomos-

ing near the margin, reticulations between them at right angles to

them, best seen on the lower surface; length 12-16 cm.; breadth

6-7 cm.; petiole 1-2 cm. long, tomentose. Sepals broadly orbi-

cular, almost reniform, nearly free to the thickened base, obtuse,

pubescent on both surfaces, about 7 mm. long, persistent in fruit.

Petals 2-3 cm. long and 3 mm. wide, linear, blunt, pubescent, the

blade flat, the claw orbicular, 5 mm. long, vaulted over the sta-

mens. Stamens numerous, 1—1-:5 mm. long, connectives flat-topped

or with a small depression on the top in dried material, the outline

circular or 5—6 angled. Ovaries 3 mm. long, cylindric, sericeous;

stigmas disc-shaped, pileate, lamellate, agglutinated. Carpels about

5, globular, hairy, 1-2 cm. diam; stalks 3 mm. long. Seeds several.

PERAK: Telok Anson, Calomb 24816 (S., K.).

SELANGOR: Sepang, Denny, November 1941 (S.); Sungei Buloh. Sy-

mington 49927 (K.); Abu 2263 (S., Kew) type material; Rantau Pan-

jang Reserve, Strugnell 12691 and 13969 (S., K.); Klang Water

Catchment area, Burkill S.F.N. 6843 (S., Kew) type material; Bukit

Tunggol Forest Reserve, Kiai 8365 (K.); Sungei Tinggi, Symington

44042 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: The variety deltoideus Airy-Shaw from Borneo. Kew

Bull. (1939) 288.

This species resembles C. biovulatus Boerl. (Xylopia rotundata

Ridley) in its orbicular calyx. The petals of C. biovulatus are

slightly narrower and acute, not obtuse. Further its leaves are

quite different. They are glabrous and much more rounded.

(6) C. olivaceus (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Xylopia olivacea King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 368 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 150 PI.

196; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 94.

Small tree. Twigs pubescent at the tips, glabrous lower down,

striate, brown. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong or slightly obov-

ate, closely two-ranked, glabrous, dull on both surfaces when dry,

the lower paler brown and of parchment-like texture, shortly and

abruptly acuminate, base cuneate, the margins slightly revolute,

midrib sunk above, raised and slightly verrucose beneath; nerves

6-8 pairs, slightly raised above, bold beneath, curving and inter-

arching 3=4 mm. from margin; reticulations loose and faint above,

242

Vol. XIV. (1955).

not visible below; length 9-21 cm.; breadth 5-8-5 cm.; petiole 8

mm. long, ringed. Flowers 1-2, extra-axillary, usually opposite

the leaves, arising from a very short decurrent peduncle, 3-4 mm.

long. Pedicels 1-1-5 cm. long, rusty-puberulous and with an am-

plexicaul median bract about 2 mm. long. Sepals ovate, acute, free

caul median bract about 2 mm. long. Sepals ovate, acute, free

nearly to the thickened base, puberulous on both surfaces, 4—5

mm. long. Petals sub-equal, greenish-yellow, minutely tomentose.

on both surfaces, linear, acute, 3-5—4 cm. long and 3 mm. broad,

claw orbicular, concave, closely pressed over the stamens. Stamens

numerous, 2—3 mm. long with flat-topped or oblique connectives

hiding the anther cells; short filament about 4 length of whole

stamen. Ovaries 2, oblong, angled, sericeous, 3 mm. long with a

pileate disc-shaped or slightly convex stigma. Ripe carpels 2,

globular with an imperfect lateral ridge, minutely tawny-tomen-

tose, minutely apiculate, 1-4 cm. in diam., nearly sessile; stalks

about 1 mm. long. Seeds 4-5 in 2 rows, discoid, pale brown,

shining, separated by imperfect dissepiments.

PERAK: Scortechini 469b (C.); Larut, King 6653 (C., D.D., Kew);

5463 (C.); 4946 (C., D.D., Kew); 3853 (C., Kew); 2179 (C., E.):

6666 (C., Kew); 2835 (C.); 3382 (C., Kew); Waterfall Hill, Wray

2054 (S., C.); Briah, Larut, Wray 4207 (S., C.); Maxwell’s Hill, Wray

2818 (S., C., Kew); Curtis 1992 (S., C.); Sungkai, Bikum Reserve,

Burn-Murdoch 367 (S., Kew); Taiping Hills, Ridley 11925 (K.) and

August 1904 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Perak. Type material = King, Scortechini and Wray-

This species is best distinguished from the others by the follow-

ing combination of characters:—the glabrous leaves with widely

curving veins, the linear, acute petals and the two tawny, sessile

carpels.

(7) C. ramuliflorus (Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.) Scheff. in Ann.

Bot. Jard. Buitenzorg 2 (1881) 7.

Basonym: Drepananthus ramuliflorus Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.

Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 56; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

288 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 49 Pl. 66; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 38; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya 1 (1940)

133 Text-Fig. 35; Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 288.

Tall monopodial tree, branches spreading or horizontal at the

top. Young twigs rusty-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, two-ranked,

dark green above, paler green beneath, oblong, apex rounded and

obtuse or slightly acute, base sub-cordate or unequal-sided, glab-

Tous above except the sunk midrib, tomentose indumentum of

stellate and simple rufous hairs (4+ mm. long) beneath on the

entire surface; nerves about 18 pairs, prominent, straight, oblique,

243

Gardens Bulletin, S.

nearly parallel, interarching close to the thickened revolute mar-

gin; reticulations on the lower surface between the main veins

parallel to each other, prominent; length 16-33 cm. or more;

breadth 8-13 cm.; petiole stout, pubescent, channelled. Flowers

in dense clusters, extra-axillary on the older branches, the pedun-

cle represented by a decurrent tubercle. Pedicels 7 mm. long,

rusty-pubescent, with an amplexicaul bract 2 mm. long. Sepals

about 5 mm. long, ovate, acute, free nearly to the base, rusty-

pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Petals sub-equal, 1-3—1-5 cm.

long with orbicular, vaulted claws and linear, terete, obtuse blades

about 2 mm. thick, tomentose except at base inside. Stamens 2

mm. long, connectives as in C. pruniferus. Ovaries 4 mm. long,

oblong, sericeous, 5—8; stigmas discoid, pileate and lamellate or

rather compressed owing to crowding. Ripe carpels ovoid, slightly

oblique, sessile, somewhat rusty-pubescent, the hairs rubbing off

easily, a very shallow groove sometimes present down the inner,

anterior sides, two rows of hairs along each side of the groove,

length, about 2 cm.; diam. 1-8 cm. Seeds 8-10 in 2 rows. Fig. 11.

MALAcca: Maingay 91 (Kew) type; Alvins 1215 (S.); Ayer Panas,

Hervey, date 1890 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Jurong, Corner S.F.N. 26162 (S., K., Kew); Kranji,

Ridley 6176 (S.); Bukit Timah, Corner 15th November, 1937; Gar-

dens’ Jungle, Ngadiman S.F.N. 34508 (S., Kew); Ridley 4454 (Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo and Sumatra.

The leaves resemble those of C. pruniferus but they are much

more tomentose beneath with longer hairs and feel harsh when

rubbed. Those of pruniferus feel like silk when rubbed. The

margin is thicker and revolute and the intramarginal curves

where the veins join are more prominent than in pruniferus. The

dimensions of the petals too are quite different. |

(8) C. Scortechinii (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Xylopia Scortechinii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 367 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 149 PI.

195; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 94.

Tree 15-23 m. high. Young twigs minutely rusty-tomentose.

Leaves elliptic-oblong, slightly coriaceous, dark green, glabrous

except the sunk midrib above and the raised midrib beneath and

occasionally on the veins which may be minutely puberulous with

stellate hairs, apex rounded, shortly and bluntly acuminate, base

unequal-sided, rounded, rarely acute, margins slightly revolute;

nerves 12-15 pairs, very straight and nearly parallel, oblique,

prominent on lower surface; reticulations best seen below, parallel

244

Vol. XIV. (1955).

to each other and at right angles to the nerves; length 12-5—23

cm.; breadth 6-5-8 cm.; petiole 1-1-3 cm. long, pubescent. Pedun-

cles extra-axillary usually opposite the leaves, 5 mm. long, woody,

decurrent, bearing 2—3 flowers on very short 3—5 mm. long pedi-

cels, each flower with an amplexicaul bract at the base of the calyx.

Sepals 4-5 mm. long, broadly ovate, acute with refiexed tips,

Fig. 11. Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus (Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.) Scheff.

A, Fruiting twig. B, Fruits.

245

Gardens Bulletin, S :

nearly free to the thickened base, rusty-tomentose outside, almost

‘glabrous inside. Petals greenish-yellow; sub-equal, 3—5 cm. long,

linear, obtuse, minutely pubescent except inside on the glabrous

claws which are slightly keeled, orbicular and closely vaulted

over the sexual organs, the inner three adhering (even when they

fall) at the junction of the claw and the blade. Stamens 1-5—2 mm.

long with oblique connectives; filament about 4 of the whole sta-

men. Ovaries 3 mm. long, about 12, sericeous, oblong, angled;

stigmas oblong and somewhat tongue-shaped, closely agglutinated.

Ripe carpels ovoid, blunt, glabrescent, 2 cm. long and 1-4 cm. in

diam. Seeds about 4, discoid, pale brown, shining.

PERAK: Kuala Depang, King 8241 (S., C., Kew) type material; Scor-

techni 1781 (C., Kew) type material; Dengong to Kampar Road,

Haniff S.F.N. 14318 (S., K., Kew); Telok Anson, Calomb 24813 (S.,

K., Kew).

PAHANG: Kuala Tahan, Seimund F.M.S. Museum No. 919 (S.);

Mentigi F.R., Cameron Highlands, Md. Tasi 34115 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: So far only recorded from the above localities.

This species may be known from the others by the following

combination of characters:—the very straight parallel veins, the

glabrous or almost glabrous leaves and the linear petals.

11. ARTABOTRYS R. Brown in Bot. Register (1820) T. 423.

Climbers or scandent shrubs. Midrib (as in Cyathocalyx section

Eucyathocalyx), raised on upper surface of leaf or flush with it.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or fascicled, white or yellow, often

fragrant. Peduncles extra-axillary, opposite the leaves, reflexed,

flattened and hooked, bearing the pedicels. Bracts small, often

caducous. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6 in two series, valvate, the

blade flat, oblong, ovate-lanceolate or linear and terete; claws.

distinct, orbicular often with a projecting rim on the inside where

the blade joins it, connivent, closely adpressed over the sexual

organs as in Cyathocalyx, the inner three petals remaining attached

at their bases when they fall. Stamens with flat-topped or convex

connectives concealing the dorsal anthers. Torus flat or concave.

Ovaries few to many; stigma elongated, rod-like or leaf-like in

which case it may be lobed, the lobe often bent, a slight groove

running down its adaxial side to base of ovary, sometimes seen as

a faint line in the mature fruit. Seeds 2, erect, collateral.

TYPE OF GENUS: A. uncinatus (Lamk.) Baill. Hist. Pl. 1 (1867) 232;

Merr. in Philip. Jour. of Sc. 7 (1912) 234; Fl. Manila (1912) 206;

Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 150. Synonym: A. odoratissimus R. Br. in Bot.

Reg. (1820) T. 423.

DISTRIBUTION: Tropical Africa and Eastern Asia. Over 100 species.

246

Vol. XIV. (1955).

This genus is easily recognized by its hooked, flattened pedun-

cular branches, by which the plant climbs. In A. speciosus Kurz

the peduncles are not hooked during flowering but during fruiting

they become bent. In one species A. spinosus Craib from Siam,

short spines are present and the leaves are obovate and retuse at

the apex. Spines are very unusual in Annonaceae and this is the

only example of Old World species I can quote. In the New World

Annona spinescens and A. punicifolia have spinescent branches.

KEY

a. Platypetala—Petals both sets broad, flat, lanceolate

b. Sepals 1-2 cm. long or more, densely yellow-brown, tomen-

tose with hairs 1-2 mm. long

c. Leaves sub-bullate above when dry, pubescent or tomen-

tose beneath; veins and reticulations bold and promi-

nent beneath; carpels minutely tawny-tomentose

(1) A. Wrayi

c. Leaves not bullate above, slightly pubescent when young

only; veins and reticulations only slightly prominent

beneath; carpels glabrous (2) A. crassifolius

b. Sepals 4-8 mm. long, glabrous or only slightly pubescent

d. Flowers 3-5 cm. long or over

e. Petals 3-5-4 cm. long; flowering pedicels 7 mm.—1

cm. long. Leaves black when dry

(3) A. oxycarpus

é. Petals 4-5-5 cm. long; flowering pedicels 1-2—1-8 cm.

long. Leaves not black when dry

(4) A. Lowianus

d. Flowers 2:5 cm. long or less

f. Anther connective acute at top; fruit with several

faint ridges, stalked, stalk 1 cm. long

(5) A. pleurocarpus

f. Anther connective flat-topped, fruit without ridges,

sessile (not seen in Scortechinii)

g. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 9-15 cm. Xx

5—7 cm.; flowers 1-8—2:5 cm. long

(6) A. venustus

g. Leaves ovate-lanceolate 7-8 cm. * 2:8-—3 cm.;

flowers 1:-4-1-8 cm. long (7) A. Scortechinii

247

Gardens Bulletin, S.

b. Sepals 5-8 mm. long, tomentose or slightly rufous-pilose

with hairs less than 1 mm. long

h. Leaves 19-30 cm. & 8-11 cm. Flowers 2 cm. long

(8) A. grandifolius

h. Leaves 165-23 cm. & 6:5—7:5 cm. Flowers 3-5 cm. long

(9) A. oblongus

a. Angustipetala—Petals narrow, linear or cylindric especially the

inner

i. Outer and inner petals with terete blades

j. Leaves strongly ribbed; length 9-23 cm.; ripe carpels 7:5

< ‘13cm. (10) A. costatus

j. Leaves not strongly ribbed; length 5—13 cm.; ripe carpels

1214-2°> <7 a (11) A. suaveolens

i. Outer petals flat, very little diminution in breadth where

blade joins claw

k. Fruit with several ridges; outer petals 9 mm.—1 cm. long

(12) A. gracilis

k. Fruit without ridges; outer 1-3-1‘5 cm. long

(13) A. Maingayt

(1) A. Wrayi King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 286 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 48 Pl. 64; Ridley, F.M.P.

1 (1922) 40.

Climber. Young twigs rusty-tomentose, later glabrous and dis-

tinctly striate. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-elliptic to elliptic, apex

acute or acuminate, base acute or rounded, glabrous above and

sub-bullate, pubescent beneath in the Perak specimens, densely

rusty-tomentose beneath in those from Johore and Singapore, mar-

gins slightly revolute, midrib above flat, not grooved, the 10-12

pairs of opposite or alternate nerves above raised but also set in

depressions, below prominent; reticulations scalariform between

the nerves, with a second set forming a loose, open network;

length 18-28 cm.; breadth 6—12-5 cm.; petiole 5 mm. long, stout,

pubescent, grooved on upper surface. Peduncles hooked, pubes-

cent; pedicels 1-1-3 cm. long, gradually thickened upwards, rusty-

tomentose with an amplexicaul, acute, 7 mm. long, basal bract.

Flowers 2°5 cm. long. Sepals 1-2—-1:7 cm. long, rusty-tomentose

on both sides except base inside, (hairs 1-2 mm. long), ovate,

acute, edges slightly revolute. Petals coriaceous, pale yellow, sub-

equal, ovate-oblong, sub-acute, keeled, contracted at the claw,

softly adpressed-sericeous except the claws inside which are glab-

rous and pink. Stamens 2—3 mm. long, with flat-topped or oblique

248

Vol. XIV. (1955).

connectives. Ovaries numerous 3—4 mm. long, pubescent; style

linear or rod-shaped, acute at tip and slightly bent. Ripe carpels

shortly tawny-tomentose, up to 20, pink-carmine, obovoid, sessile,

apex rounded and slightly mucronate; length 3-3-4 cm.; diameter

1-8—2 cm. Seeds 2, testa shining.

PERAK: Waterfall, Larut, Wray 4006 (S.) and King 3615 (C., Kew)

type material; 2663 (S., C.) type material; Relau Tujor, Wray 2234

(S.) type material.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Corner S.F.N. 32301 (S., K., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Cluny Road, Ridley 6051 (S., C.) now extinct; Bukit

Mandai, Ridley 3630 (S., C.); Bukit Timah, Ngadiman, 3rd March,

1938 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: As above.

Easily recognized by its large leaves, pubescent or tomentose

beneath and the yellow sericeous-tomentose petals. Seems to be

near A. lanuginosus Boerl. but I have seen no specimens of

Boerlage’s plant. Also closely allied is Merrill’s A. trichopetalus

from Borneo but its leaves are nearly glabrous beneath except for

the midrib and further they are not bullate.

(2) A. crassifolius Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 54; Kurz,

For. Flora Burma 1 (1877) 30; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1

No. 4 (1892) 282 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893)

42 Pl. 51; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 40.

Stout climber. Young branches very shortly rusty-tomentose,

later glabrous and striate. Leaves coriaceous, glossy, dark green

and glabrous on both surfaces, the midrib on lower surface some-

times sparsely adpressed-pilose, oblong or narrowly oblong, apex

acute or shortly acuminate, base acute; midrib and 9-12 pairs

of curving, ascending nerves raised on both surfaces, the midrib

flat on the upper surface; reticulations forming a loose, open net-

work; length 13-18 cm.; breadth 5-9-5 cm.; petiole stout, 5—6

mm. long, grooved, soon glabrous. Peduncles much hooked, bear-

ing several, short, rusty-tomentose pedicels S—7 mm. long with an

amplexicaul bract near base of flower. Flowers c. 3-8 cm. long

when mature. Sepals 8 mm.—1:5 cm. long (average 1-2 cm.) den-

sely yellow-brown or rusty-tomentose with hairs 1-2 mm. long,

ovate, lanceolate, acute. Petals coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, den-

sely yellow-tomentose on both surfaces except base inside, sub-

acute 25-3 cm. long; the inner slightly shorter when young,

equalling the outer when mature, their bases glabrous and rose-

pink on both sides. Stamens 2:5—3 mm. long with pink filaments

1/3 the length of the entire stamen; connectives round-topped or

249

Gardens Bulletin, S.

convex, projecting beyond the anthers. Ovaries numerous, narrow-

ly ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, pubescent; stigma clavate or sub-cylin-

dric, constricted where it joins ovary. Torus sub-globose. Ripe

carpels about 8, sessile, sub-ovoid to ovoid, shortly beaked, glab-

rous, 2-5—4:3 cm. long, diameter 2—3 cm.; pericarp thick. Seeds 2,

collateral, oblong, compressed, 2:3 cm. long and 1:3 cm. broad.

PERAK: Taiping, King 8384 (C., Kew).

TRENGGANU: Kemaman, Symington 26969 (K.); Ulu Bendong, Ka-

jang, Kemaman, Corner S.F.N. 30175 (S., Kew).

PAHANG: Kuantan, Sow 15075 (S., K.); Tasek Bera, Henderson

S.F.N. 24437 (S., Kew).

SELANGOR: Kuala Lumpur, Curtis 2314 (S., C., D.D.).

MALACCA: Maingay 32 (C., Kew); Hervey, date 1891 (S.); Merli-

mau, Alvins, 20th April, 1886 (S.); Bukit Tampin, Goodenough 1867

(S.); Griffith 426 (Kew) type material.

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ridley, 10853 (S., Kew); Sinclair S.F.N.

38845 (Ss. E.).

DISTRIBUTION: Burma.

The short pedicels distinguish it from A. venustus while the

sepals are more tomentose than in A. grandifolius or oblongus.

(3) A. oxycarpus King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 283 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 44 Pl. 56; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 41.

Climber 20-25 m. long. Young twigs very slender, glabrous

and finely striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-

lanceolate, caudate-acuminate with acute base, shining, glabrous

on both surfaces, black when dry; main nerves 8—9 pairs, curving

deeply and rather widely spaced, interarching some distance from

the margin, slender but distinct on both surfaces; reticulations

forming a loose, open network; length 7-14 cm.; breadth 3-4 cm.;

petiole 3-5 mm. long, glabrous. Peduncles opposite the leaves,

hooked, glabrous, slender. Pedicels 7 mm.—1 cm. long, glabrous,

thickened upwards as in A. Lowianus. Flowers 4-4-4 cm. long.

Sepals coriaceous, ovate, acute, glabrous, 4-5 mm. long. Petals

pale yellow, adpressed-pubescent, coriaceous, rather erect, 3-5—4

cm. long with flat blade, 1-2 cm. broad; inner slightly smaller.

Stamens 2 mm. long with rounded connectives. Torus with serice-

ous, erect hairs. Ripe carpels numerous, sessile, glabrous, narrowly

elliptic, tapering to each end; length 2-5-3 cm.; diameter 1 cm.

Seeds 2, plano-convex, compressed, 6 mm. long.

PERAK: Larut, King 5605 (C., Kew) and 5150 (C., D.D., Kew)

both type material; Relau Tujor, Wray 3286 (S., C., Kew) also type

material.

DISTRIBUTION: Only known from the above.

250

Vol. XIV. (1955).

A rare species. It bears some resemblancé to A. Lowianus but

in Lowianus the petals are longer as are also the sepals and the

pedicels. In the herbarium material of A. oxycarpus the leaves

have dried black but they are brownish in A. Lowianus.

(4) A. Lowianus Scortechini ex King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 283 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 43 PI.

54; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 41.

_A stout climber. All parts, except the flowers glabrous; young

branches slender, dark coloured, closely striate. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, shortly caudate-acuminate, the base

cuneate; both surfaces shining, minutely reticulate; main nerves

8-10 pairs, spreading, interarching 4 mm. from margin; length

9-15 cm.; breadth 3-3-4:5 cm.; petiole 7 mm. long. Peduncles

2-3 flowered, glabrous, hooked; pedicels thickened upwards, 1-2-

1:8 cm. long, glabrous. Sepals triangular, acute, glabrous, 6-7 mm.

long, enlarging a little with the fruit. Petals fleshy, adpressed

puberulous, elliptic-lanceolate above the concave base, obtuse; the

outer three 4:5 cm. long, the inner smaller. Anthers with a rounded

apical process from the connectives. Ovaries many, glabrous;

stigma linear, acute. Carpels (quite young) sessile, ovoid, apicu-

late; ripe carpels unknown.

PERAK: Scortechini 2012 (S., C., Kew) type material.

A rare species about which more information is required. The

above description is taken from King and in the absence of suffi-

~ cient material I can not improve or elaborate on his description.

(5) A. pleurocarpus Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

54; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 281 et in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 41 Pl. 49; Ridley, F.M.P. 1

P1922) 39.

Climber. All parts glabrous except the flowers. Young branches

lenticellate, striate, dark coloured. Leaves sub-coriaceous, lanceo-

late-oblong, caudate-acuminate, the base much narrowed, glab-

rous; both surfaces shining, and reticulate; main nerves 8-10

pairs, spreading, slender; length 10—16-5 cm.; breadth 4-6-5 cm.;

petiole 7 mm. long, thick. Peduncles flat, stout, much hooked,

bearing several ebracteolate pedicels 1:2 cm. long, densely pubes-

cent (bracts probably fall off soon as in certain other species of

Artabotrys), Flowers about 2.5 cm. long. Sepals broadly ovate,

obtuse. Petals flat, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, pubescent on both sur-

faces; the outer 2:5 cm. long; the inner smaller. Anthers with api-

culate connectives (probably only the outer stamens, semi-sterile,

251

Gardens Bulletin, S.

are apiculate). Ovaries many, slender with linear stigmas. Ripe

carpels broadly ovoid, mammillate, obscurely grooved, 25 cm.

long, narrowed into a stalk 1 cm. long. Seeds 2 with hard testa.

KepaH: Yan, Ridley, June 1893 (S.) fruiting specimen.

PERAK: Scortechini 331 and 1632 (C.).

MaALacca: Maingay 34 (Kew) type.

DISTRIBUTION: As above.

A rare species of which there is only one sheet (fruiting) in the

Singapore Herbarium. The above description is taken from King

with slight additions. The narrow leaves and the stalked carpels

are good diagnostic characters.

(6) A. venustus King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 281 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 41 Pl. 50; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 40. Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 36.

Climber 10-25 m. long. Young twigs rather slender, minutely

puberulous at first, soon glabrous and striate. Leaves coriaceous,

elliptic-oblong or broadly elliptic, abruptly and shortly acuminate,

base rounded or slightly acute, glabrous, upper surface shining,

lower yellowish-brown when dry; main nerves 7—10 pairs, thin but

raised on both surfaces, curving, ascending and interarching 3-5

mm. from margin; reticulations open and loose; length 9-15 cm.;

breadth 5—7 cm.; petiole 5 mm.—1 cm. long, glabrous. Peduncle

hooked, rather slender, slightly puberulous bearing several slender,

glabrescent pedicels 1—2:5 cm. long with a minute caducous bract

at base. Flowers green to pale yellow, 1:8—2:5 cm. long. Sepals

coriaceous, puberulous outside, glabrous inside, triangular, acute,

free nearly to base, often reflexed, 4-5 mm. long. Petals coriace-

ous, minutely tomentose, oblong-lanceolate, acute, about 7 mm.

broad, inner narrower. Stamens 1:5—2 mm. long with flat-topped,

orbicular connectives. Ovaries about 10, oblong, glabrous; stigma

elongated, tongue-like. Ripe carpels about 6, sessile, narrowly

ovoid, apiculate, sessile, at first puberulous, later glabrous, 4 cm.

long, diameter 2 cm. Seeds 2, oblong, plano-convex, smooth,

about 2:5 cm. long and 1-3 cm. broad.

PERAK: Larut, King 6499 (S., C., Kew); 6968 (C., Kew); 3725 (S.,

C., Kew); Gopeng, Kinta, King 4392 (C., Kew) King’s four numbers

type material; Ulu Tupai, Wray 2693 (S., C.); Tea Gardens, Curtis

1993 (S., C.); Taiping Hill, Haniff S.F.N. 13202 (S.); Maxwell’s Hill,

Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 12958 (S., K.).

PAHANG: No. 4 Camp, Cameron Highlands, Henderson F.M.S.

Museums Herbarium 11671 (S.); Fraser Hill, Pahang-Selangor border,

Nur S.F.N. 11316 (S.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Bukit Sutu, Alvins 2085 (S.).

252

Vol. XIV. (1955).

MaLacca?: Cantley 193 (S.).

JoHoRE: Sungei Kayu Ara, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner, 24th

June, 1935 (S.); Sungei Endau, Holttum S.F.N. 24938 (S., C.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

Very similar and difficult to distinguish from A. crassifolius

when in leaf only. Crassifolius usually has leaves longer in propor-

tion to their breadth with acute: bases. The bases of A. venustus

can be acute or rounded. I should hesitate to name sterile material

of these two species. In flower there is no difficulty; the much

shorter, thicker pedicels and the longer, densely tomentose sepals.

and petals will at once distinguish A. crassifolius from venustus.

The slender, longer pedicel of A. venustus alone is a very good

character.

(7) A. Scortechinii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 281 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 40 Pl. 48; Craib, FI.

Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 34; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 39.

A. climber; all parts except the flower and possibly the fruit,

glabrous; young branches slender, dark coloured. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, the base cuneate;

upper surface shining; the lower dull when young, very minutely

scaly, afterwards glabrous; main nerves 9-11 pairs, spreading,

interarching 2 mm. from edge, slender but rather prominent be-

neath; length of blade 7-8 cm.; breadth 2-8-3 cm.; petiole 3—4

mm. long. Peduncle rather slender, 3—4 flowered; pedicels 1:7 cm.

long, thickened upwards, puberulous, with a small ovate bracteole

at the very base. Flowers 1-4—1-8 cm. long. Sepals very coriaceous,

triangular, acuminate; the apices slightly reflexed, conjoined at the

base only, rugulose and adpressed-pubescent externally, 5 mm.

long. Petals coriaceous, broadly-lanceolate, acuminate, tomentose

on both surfaces; the inner three smaller than the outer three.

Anthers with broad connectives. Torus rather flat, sericeous.

Ovaries glabrous. Fruit unknown.

KepaH: Langkawi, Curtis 2644 not seen by me.

PERAK: Scortechinii 488 (S., C.) type.

DISTRIBUTION: Not recorded elsewhere.

See note under A. Maingayi.

(8) Artabotrys grandifolius King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

280 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 39 Pl. 46;

Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 39. |

Climber 20-25 m. long. Young branches pale, glabrous, with

well-marked «striations. Leaves: coriaceous, glossy green above,

253

Gardens Bulletin, S.

duller beneath, elliptic-oblong, glabrous on both sides, apex broad,

obtuse or abruptly sub-acute, base cuneate; midrib on upper side

raised or flush with surface, broad at base, 10-13 pairs of alter-

nate or opposite nerves also raised on upper surface, fine, more

prominent beneath, reddish in dried material, curving and inter-

arching 5—6 mm. from margin; reticulations prominent on both

surfaces, forming a loose, open network; length 18-30: cm.;

breadth 8-11 cm.; petiole 5 mm. long, stout. Peduncles stout,

hooked, with 2—3 main branches bearing a number of rusty-tomen-

tose pedicels about 2 cm. long with a minute, ovate-lanceolate,

caducous, basal bract. Sepals 5 mm. long, ovate, acute, rusty-

tomentose. Petals cream to pale green, coriaceous, densely and

minutely rusty-tomentose when dry except the concave bases in-

side; the outer broadly elliptic, sub-acute, 1-8-2 cm. long and 7

mm.—1 cm. broad; the inner slightly shorter with incurved apices,

the blade 4-5 mm. broad. Stamens numerous, 2 mm. long, fila-

ment short, connective hiding anther cells. Young ovaries 3 mm.

long, glabrous; style linear. Ripe carpels numerous, glabrous,

elliptic-obovoid, apex mammillate, base narrowed gradually into

a pseudo-stalk, pericarp hard; length 3-7:cm.; diam. 2:5 cm. Seeds

2, large, placed side by side ee Bis ede 2 Bake testa

shining. ae amen

KEDAH: ‘Koh ‘Mai E.R., ‘Kiah S.F.N. 35146 (S.).

PERAK: Gopeng, King ie | Maoh Kew) type material; King ‘4577

(C.); Scortechini 1608 (S., C.) type material; Larut, King 7222 (S.,

C., E.); Kuala Depang, probably Ridley, September 1892(S.)3: Gu-

nong Keledang, Ridley, date 1898 (S.).

PAHANG: Tembeling, Henderson S.F.N. 21811; 4 miles South me

Kuala Lipis, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 17175 (S., K., Kew). ©

DIsTRIBUTION: Confined to the Malay Peninsula.

ULae

(9) A. oblongus King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 282 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 42 Pl. 52; Ridley, —

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 41.

A climber 15—23 m. long, ultimately all oes except the in-

florescence, glabrous; young branches slender, rufous-pubescent;—

the bark dark coloured when very young, afterwards rather pale,

striate. Leaves when adult coriaceous, oblong, shortly acuminate,

the base acute; both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining, the | wer

dull, sparsely pubescent along the’ midrib when young;

nerves 10—12 pairs, inconspicuous on the upper, slightly pro

nent on the lower surface, spreading, forming two or three’ seri

of arches within the margin; length 16-5—23 cm.; breadth 6-5—7:5 »

cm.; petiole 1 cm. long. Peduncles stout, pubescent when young, —

254

Vol. XIV. (1955).

bearing 3—4 pedicels. Flowers 3-5 cm. long; pedicels about 2-5

cm. long, pubescent, slightly thickened upwards. Sepals coriaceous,

triangular, acute, concave, spreading, rufous-pilose on both sur-

faces, slightly conjoined at the base, 6-7 mm. long. Petals coriace-

ous; the portion above the saccate base lanceolate, sub-acute,

strigosely tomentose on both surfaces; the claw partly glabrous

and partly covered with minute white hairs. Anthers compressed,

with oblong, obliquely truncate, flattened heads. Ovaries few,

oblong, glabrous; the stigmas broad, oblique. Fruit unknown.

PERAK: Larut, King 6524 (C., Kew) type.

The above description is taken from King. The sepals of this.

and A. grandifolius are about the same length, tomentose or

rufous-pilose (hairs less than 1 mm. long) but never densely so as.

in A. Wrayi or crassifolius.

(10) A. costatus King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 286

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 47 Pl. 63; Ridley

in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 78 et F.M.P. 1 (1922)

43.

Climber 5—25 m. long. Young branches minutely dark brown-

pubescent, later glabrous, dark and striate. Leaves thinly coriace-

ous, medium green, elliptic-oblong, rather constant in breadth

from the acute base to the shortly acuminate apex, glabrous, the

midrib beneath at base occasionally puberulous; midrib rather

broad at base, flush with upper surface or slightly raised; nerves.

12-15 pairs, alternate or opposite, slender but distinct, raised on

both surfaces, ascending and interarching in two series of curves,

(1) a bold one 5 mm. from margin (2) a faint one 2 mm. from

margin; reticulations prominent, one series at right angles to the

nerves and between them, the second a loose, open network; size

variable, small and large leaves present on the same twig; length

- 9-23 cm.; breadth 4-8-5 cm.; petiole 5 mm. long. Peduncles small,

the hook dark brown, puberulous and much branched, the bran-

ches bearing two rows of minute bracts 1 mm. long. Pedicels

slender, 1-1-5 cm. long, arising from these bracts. Flowers similar

to those of A. suaveolens, about 1 cm. long. Sepals 3 mm. long,

ovate, acute, spreading, free except at very base, slightly pubes-

cent. Petals creamy-white, tomentose, 1 cm. long, blade 7 mm.

long, terete, claw 2—3 mm. long, inner a little smaller, tomentose

except the claws inside, Stamens numerous, 1 mm. long or less

with a flat-topped connective. Ovaries 2—5, usually 3, sessile, glab-

rous, 1 mm. long, globular to ellipsoid. Torus pubescent. Carpels

y i

Gardens Bulletin, S.

2-5, sessile, blunt at each end, glabrous (unripe 2:5 cm. long and

7 mm. in diam-). Seeds 2, elliptic.

PERAK: Gopeng, Kinta, King 4291 (S., C., Kew) and Ulu Bubong,

10184 (C., Kew) both type material.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Bukit Tampin. Quoted by Ridley in his Flora but

no specimen in Herb. Singapore.

SINGAPORE: Mandai, Ridley 10921 (S., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak, Borneo.

A very distinct species. The flowers are very similar to those of

A. suaveolens having the blade of the petals terete. The leaves

however are usually quite large, the midrib and nerves being

conspicuous. Not likely to be confused with any other species.

There are no recent collections from Singapore and this species

should be looked for again in the Mandai forest.

(11) A. suaveolens (Bl.) Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 62 T. 30, and

31D; Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 129 et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1

(1872) 55; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 285 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 46 Pl. 61; Boerl. in Icon.

Bog. 1 (1899) 120; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 42; Craib, Fl.

Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 35.

Basonym: Unona suaveolens Bh. Bijdr. (1825) 17.

Climber. Young branches glabrous or slightly pubescent, finely

striate and dark coloured. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceo-

late, shape rather variable, both surfaces shining, the upper usually

retaining some of the green colour when dry, the apex acute or

shortly acuminate, base acute; main nerves 6—8 pairs, much cur-

ved and sometimes nearly horizontal, anastomosing in two series

(1) with each other about 1 cm. from margin and (2) with the

reticulations 2-3 mm. from the margin; reticulations forming a

very loose network, visible on both surfaces; length 5-13 cm.;

breadth 2:3—5 cm.; petiole, grooved, 5 mm. long. Peduncles slen-

der, hooked, much branched, pubescent or glabrous, bearing

numerous slender, sparsely adpressed-pubescent pedicels 8 mm.—

1 cm. long with a minute, ovate bract at base. Flowers about 1

cm. long, creamy-white, fragrant. Sepals broadly ovate, acute,

joined at the base, sparsely adpressed-pubescent outside, glabrous

inside, 2~3 mm. long. Petals 7. mm.—1 cm. long, minutely tomen-

tose, the claws glabrous inside, orbicular, 3—4 mm. broad, the

limbs narrow, terete, 1-2 mm. thick with an obtuse, slightly in-

curved apex, those of the outer petals joining the claw dorsally, a

short distance from its margin so as to leave a slight ridge. Stamens’

1 mm. long, rather broad, scarcely any filament, the connectives

256

Vol. XIV. (1955).

flat-topped. Torus pubescent. Ovaries about 7, ovoid, 2 mm. long,

glabrous, grooved down the inner side; style linear, bent at the

rather flattened, two-lobed, leaf-like stigma. Ripe carpels few,

ellipsoid, obtuse, glabrous, 1-1-2 cm. long and 7 mm. in diam.

Seeds 2. Figs. 12 and 13.

3em

Fig. 12. Artabotrys suaveolens (Bl.) BI.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower. C, Flower with petals detached. D,

inner petals. E, Stamen, front view. F, Stamen, side view. G, Sta-

men, back view. H, Gynoecium.

257

Gardens Bulletin, S.

The commonest species of Artabotrys. There are numerous gather-

ings from all the states of Malaya except Perlis, Kelantan and Treng-

ganu. It doubtless occurs there also.

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Assam, Siam, Malay Islands and the Phi-

lippines.

There is a similarity to A. corniculatus (Blanco) Merr. Syn. A.

Rolfei Vidal from the Philippines but in that species the sepals are

5 mm. long and more acute, the pedicels shorter and stouter and

the petals have a filiform limb 2 cm. or more long.

A. suaveolens when young has very narrow lanceolate, acumin-

ate leaves 1-2-2 cm. broad. Probably some of the other species

have similar leaves in their juvenile stages.

(12) A. gracilis King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 284 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 46 Pl. 60; Ridley in

Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 77 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 42.

Climber 20-25 m. long. Young branches dark coloured, glab-

rous, finely striate. Leaves slightly coriaceous, very similar to those

Fig. 13. Artabotrys suaveolens (Bl.) BI.

A, Flowering and fruiting twig. B, Flower. C, Fruit.

258

Vol. XIV. (1955).

of A. suaveolens and hardly distinguishable, from them, ovate-

lanceolate, less variable in shape, often slightly more acuminate;

main nerves 8-10 pairs instead of 6-8; length of blade 6—10 cm.;

breadth 3—4 cm.; petiole 5-7 mm. long with the leaf blade slightly

decurrent on it. Peduncles slender, hooked, glabrous, bearing

several, slender, glabrous pedicels 1-1-5 cm. long with a minute,

obtuse, basal bract. Flowers yellow, about 1 cm. long. Sepals coria-

ceous, broadly ovate, acute, glabrous or nearly so with rough sur-

face, 2—~3 mm. long. Petals fleshy, minutely tomentose, obtuse, 9

mm.—1 cm. long, the inner slightly smaller; the outer with flat

blade, the inner more or less triquetrous; both sets but especially

the outer having no sharp contraction at the union of blade and

claw as in A. suaveolens, the claw passing into the blade without

decrease in breadth. Stamens as in A. suaveolens but filaments

more distinct. Ovaries 3-4, oblong, glabrous with a groove down

the inner side; stigma expanded into a discoid, lobed structure as

in A. suaveolens but slightly. broader. Torus pubescent. Ripe

carpels 3—4, sessile, ovoid, glabrous with several vertical ridges;

length 2 cm.; diam. 7 mm. Seeds 2, compressed, shining.

PERAK: Larut, King Nos. 4987 (S., C., Kew); &726-(5.-C., Kew);

7548 (3S... Kew) all type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak, Borneo.

I should not attempt to distinguish sterile. material, of this from

A. suaveolens. The blades of the outer petals are flat and not tri-

quetrous as in A. suaveolens and further there is no sharp distinc-

tion or at least no diminution in breadth where the blade joins the

claw. The ridged carpels will also distinguish ‘it ioe A. sua-

veolens. "A

(13) A. Maingayi Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 55; King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 284 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 45 Pl. 58; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 42.

Climber 13-25 m. long. Young branches ‘slightly pubescent

when young, soon glabrous, striate and black. Leaves thinly coria-

ceous, dark green, shining, glabrous, elliptic with cuneate base

and shortly caudate apex; main nerves about 9 pairs, rather thin,

curving boldly and interarching about 5 mm. from margin; reti-

culations a loose, open network; length 8-12 cm.; breadth 4-5-6

cm.; petiole 5-7 mm. long. Peduncles short or long and slender,

glabrous or adpressed-pubescent; pedicels 1-1-2 cm. long, glab-

rous with a small bract at base. Flowers green at first, then creamy-

yellow, changing to dark yellow when the petals fall. Sepals 4 mm.

long, ovate, acute, slightly pubescent and slightly reflexed. Petals

reddish-purple at base, sub-equal, 1-3-1-5 cm. long, minutely

259

Gardens Bulletin, S-

pubescent, outer linear-oblong, flat, 5-6 mm. broad at base, no

diminution in breadth where claw joins blade, bluntly acute, the

inner narrower and terete above claw; the limb about 2 mm. broad.

Stamens numerous, 2 mm. long, white with broad, flat-topped,

pink connectives. Ovaries 6—7, glabrous, 2 mm. long. Ripe carpels

sessile, elliptic-globose, mammillate, thick-walled, glabrous, 3-4

cm. long and 2-3-5 cm. in diameter. Seeds 2, plano-convex. Fig..

14.

PERAK: Larut, King 7733 (C., Kew).

MALACCA: Maingay 34 (C., Kew) type.

SINGAPORE: Gardens’ Jungle, Ridley, 14th August, 1899 (S.); Mac

Ritchie Reservoir, Sinclair 4876 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the above.

A common species in the MacRitchie Reservoir Jungle, Singa-

pore but very poorly represented in herbaria. King’s A. Scor-

techinii which is represented by a single miserable specimen (the

petals are not present, only sepals) in the Singapore Herbarium

Fig. 14. Artabotrys Maingayi Hk. f. et Th.

A, Flower, outer petals and sepals. B, Inner petals. C, Stamen, front

view. D, Stamen, back view. E, Gynoecium.

260

Vol. XIV. (1955).

and by similar scanty material collected by Scortechini in the

Calcutta and Kew herbaria and of which the fruit is unknown, may

be the same as A. Maingayi. I am unable to prove this now but

this is a problem for future investigation. The description of A.

Scortechinii given here is taken from King and I am not, for the

lack of better material, able to improve on it.

Cultivated Species

Mention must be made here of A. uncinatus (Lam.) Merr.,

syn.: A. odoratissimus R. Br., a scandent shrub, native of Ceylon

and South India, sometimes cultivated in parks and gardens in

Malaya. The leaves are glabrous and narrowly oblong-lanceolate.

The peduncles bear 1—2 very fragrant, yellow flowers on pedicels

1:8 cm. long with a caducous bract at the base. The sepals are

glabrous and reflexed, about 8 mm. long. The petals are 4-4-5

_ cm. long, very minutely pubescent, appearing.glabrous when, fresh,

“the apices are incurved and the claw projects on the inside where

the blade joins it. The elongate, rod-like stigmas are as long as the

ovaries and have a faint groove on their anterior surface which is

continued down the inner side of the ovary. The ripe carpels hang

in dense clusters of about 20 in each, are closely pressed against

each other, glabrous, mammillate at the apex and narrowed at the

base but sessile.

This species is allied to A. oxycarpus and A. Lowianus in hav-

ing large petals and narrow glabrous leaves. From the former it

differs in the leaves not turning black on drying and in the carpels

not being narrowed at the apex. It is nearer the latter but has

slightly smaller petals and reflexed sepals.

12. DESMOS Loureiro Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 352.

Shrubs or scandent shrubs. Leaves sometimes glaucous beneath.

Flowers often fragrant, extra-axillary, opposite the leaves or axil-

lary. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals valvate in two series or reduced to

one series, clawed at the base. Stamens numerous, connectives

convex, concealing’the extrorse anther’ cells. Ovaries numerous;

stigma oblong, ovoid or clavate, bent, with a U-shaped opening

and a groove continued down the inner adaxial side of ovary.

Torus small. Ripe carpels moniliform with 1—8 segments. Seeds

l-seriate, a seed in each segment.

SYNTYPES OF GENUS: D. chinensis Lour. and D. cochinchinensis

Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 352.

DISTRIBUTION: India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Indo-China, Malay Is-

lands and Philippines. Species about 25 or more.

261

Gardens Bulletin, S.

_ Section Eudesmos Dun. ex DC. Syst. Veg. 1 (1818) 493; Hk.

f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1.(1855) 131 (as a section of Unona.)

Petals 6 in two series, spreading, the apices free. Inflorescence

extra-axillary or axillary.

Section Dasymaschalon Hk. £..et Th. Fl. Ind: 20ciesa eee

a section of Unona.

Petals 4-3 or 2. Inner series absent. The edges of the petals

cohering, later sometimes free. Inflorescence axillary.

Dasymaschalon, first proposed by Hooker f. and Thomson as a

section of Unona was raised to generic rank by Torre and Harms

in 1901. [See Merrill in Philipp. Journ. of Sc. Bot. (1915) 235].

Several authors have followed them. I do not see any advantage

gained by keeping Desmos and Dasymaschalon separate although

it is not wrong to do so. Both have moniliform fruits, a character

unique in Annonaceae.

Dasymaschalon is considered separate on account of the inner

series of petals missing, the outer being 3 or 2 in number and

their edges cohering. I do not consider that this reduction counts

for very much as I have often found 4 petals in D. dasymaschalus

as well as 3 showing that the reduction is not absolute. The union

of the petals and their modified shape is a direct result of reduc-

tion. In those species with 6 petals, there is adequate protection

‘to the sexual organs. The claws of the petals surround them and

the limbs are free. But where the petals are reduced to 3 and 2

the petals will have ‘to be modified in size and shape in order to

cover the sexual organs and hence we find the margins adhering

to give better protection. In D. longiflorus the petals separate at

the base for some distance upwards when the sexual organs are

ripe. Apart from the petals, the stamens, carpels and pci, inh

the two sections are very soa and constant.

io) in

a. Section Eudesmos—Petals 6 in 2 rows

_b. Veins of leaf not very distinct, slender; flowers axillary or

opposite the leaves

c. Flowering pedicels 8 mm.—1 cm. long; dena axillary

(1) D. Dunalii

c. Flowering pedicels 3-6 cm. long; flowers opposite the

leaves (2) D. Teysmannii —

262

Vol. XIV. (1955).

b. Veins of leaf distinct and prominent; flowers opposite the

leaves or extra-axillary

d. Flowering pedicels 10-15 cm. long; petals not narrowed

at the base; leaves glabrous, hardly glaucous beneath

(3) D. cochinchinensis:

d. Flowering pedicels 2-4-5 cm. long; petals narrowed at the

base

e. Leaves glabrous and glaucous beneath or very slightly

adpressed-pubescent (4) D. chinensis:

-e. Leaves hairy and sometimes glaucous beneath

(5) D. dumosus:

a. Section Dasymaschalon—Petals 3 or 2

f. Petioles 4-6 mm. long; flowering pedicels 2-10 cm. long;

flowers 2—5 cm. broad at middle, 3-flanged

(6) D. dasymaschalus:

f. Petioles 1-1-5 cm. long; flowering pedicels up to 30 cm.

long; flowers 5 mm. broad at middle, terete

(7) D. filipes:

(1) D. Dunalii (Hk. f. et Th.) Safford in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 39

(1912) 506; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 45.

Basonym: Unona Dunalii Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 131

exl. Concan plant et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 58; Wall. Cat. 6425;

Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 pt. 1 (1858) 41; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1

No. 4. (1892) 292 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893)

54 Pl. 71.

Climber 20-30 m. long. Young twigs slender, glabrous, striate

and with numerous pink lenticels. Leaves sub-coriaceous, elliptic-

oblong to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or with a few hairs on the

lower midrib, slightly glaucous beneath, drying pale brown on the

upper surface, apex acute or sub-obtuse, base rounded or slightly

acute; main nerves 11-13 pairs, very fine and faint on both sur-

faces, scarcely distinct from the secondary ones, curving widely

and at times nearly horizontal; reticulations fine like the nerves;

length 6-13 cm.; breadth 3-5-5 cm.; petiole 5-7 mm. long.

Flowers fragrant, axillary or terminal, 3-3-5 cm. long, arising

singly or in pairs on a short peduncular axis 2-3 mm. long; pedi-

cels 8 mm.—1 cm. long, minutely adpressed-pubescent with a basal

bracteole. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, puberulous, reflexed 5-7

mm. long. Petals greenish-yellow, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, sub-

acute, puberulous to glabrous, 2-5—3-2 cm. long; the inner smaller..

263

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Ripe carpels numerous, glabrous 1-3—3-5 cm. long, 1—5 monili-

form segments; stalks 2-5-3 cm. long.

PENANG: Muka Head, Curtis 727 (S., Kew); Wall. Cat. 6425 Por-

ter (C., E., Kew) type material.

PERAK: Trong, Wray 2759 (S., C.); Larut, King 4579 (C.); Gopeng,

Kinta, King 4483 (C., D.D., Kew); without loc. King 10765 (C.,

Kew).

PAHANG: Beserah F.R., Kuantan, Soh 15062 (K., Kew).

MALACCA: Maingay 38 (C., Kew); Griffith 451 (Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Chittagong, Borneo.

Distinguished from the other Malayan species except D. Teys-

mannii by its very fine nearly horizontal nerves. It is peculiar in

having an axillary as well as a terminal inflorescence. The flower-

ing material in herbaria is very scanty and old and I have not seen

fresh material.

(2) D. Teysmannii (Boerl.) Merr. in Philippine Journ. Sc. Bot.

Vol. 10°(1915) 235.

Basonym: Unona Teysmannii Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1 (1899)

163:

Climbing shrub. Young twigs slender, dark coloured, lenticellate,

minutely pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves as in D. Dunalii with

very fine, faint nerves but membranous, not sub-coriaceous.

Flowers also somewhat similar to those of D. Dunalii but on long,

slender, straight pedicels. Pedicels opposite the leaves, 3—6 cm.

long with a minute 1-2 mm. bract just above the base. Sepals 3-4

mm. long, triangular, acute. Petals greenish-yellow, puberulous,

thin, lanceolate 6—7 cm. long and 1-1-2 cm. broad at the middle,

slightly narrowed at the base, apex obtuse. Ripe carpels monili-

form. |

PERAK: Waterloo near the Bungalow, Curtis 2705 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo. Type in Herb. Kew, legit Teysmann. Teys-

mann 185, Soengei Landak.

Not previously recorded for Malaya. Nearest to D. Dunalii re-

sembling it in the leaves but differing in the long slender pedicels

opposite the leaves. Perhaps best grouped with chinensis, cochin-

chinensis and dumosus on account of the position of the flower.

(3) D. cochinchinensis Lour. Fl. Coch. 1 (1790) 352; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 45; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 38;

Ast, Suppl. Fl. Gén. L’ Indo-Chine 1 Fasc. 1 (1938) 66.

Synonyms: Unona cochinchinensis A. DC. Prod. 1 (1824) 91.

U. desmos Raeusch. Nomencl. ed. 3 (1797) 161; Dunal, Monog.

Anon. (1817) 112; Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 134 et in FI.

264

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 59; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 Pt. 1 (1858) 42; Kurz,

For. Fl. Burma 1 (1877) 34; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 293 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 55 PI.

73. U. pedunculosa A. DC. Mém. Anon. (1832) 28. U. pedun-

cularis Wall. Cat. 6240 e.

Climber or scandent shrub. Young branches minutely pubescent,

soon glabrous, brown with numerous lenticels. Leaves sub-coriace-

ous, medium green above, pale green beneath, oblong to oblong-

elliptic, apex acute or slightly obtuse, base rounded, often emargin-

ate, occasionally sub-acute; glabrous, the upper midrib occasion-

ally pubescent; nerves 13-16 pairs, faint above, thin but promi-

nent beneath, oblique, curving slightly; reticulations above forming

a fine network; sometimes not visible, scalariform on lower surface,

fine and sometimes not visible; length 10-22 cm.; breadth 5—10

cm.; petiole 7 mm. long, glabrous. Pedicels extra-axillary, slender

10-16 mm. long, wine-red, glabrous or minutely adpressed-pubes-

cent with a sub-median linear bract about 4 mm. long. Sepals 7

mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely adpressed-pubes-

cent outside, glabrous inside. Petals coriaceous, first greenish-

yellow, then yellow, both sets pink at base inside, about 4 cm.

long, broadly ovate at middle, base not abruptly narrowed as in

D. chinensis and D. dumosus, sparsely adpressed-pubescent on

both sides. Stamens numerous, yellow, 1 mm. long, the connectives

convex at top. Ovaries 2 mm. long, brownish, hirsute; stigma cla-

vate with U-shaped groove as in D. chinensis which runs down

adaxial side of ovary. Ripe carpels numerous, 2:‘5—3 cm. long,

jointed with 2—S glabrous segments, the terminal one apiculate;

stalks 7 mm.—2 cm. long.

LOWER SIAM: Pungah, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 3888 (S.); Jalor, L.

Siam border, Gwynne-Vaughan 544 (C., Kew); Bang Son, Haniff and

Nur S.F.N. 4244 (S., Kew).

KEDAH: Baling, Best S.F.N. 21250 (S.).

KELANTAN: Camposa, Ridley, August 1889 (S.); Kampong Kota,

Gimlette, March 1914 (Kew); Kota Bahru, Ridley, 14th February,

1917 (Kew).

PENANG: West Hill to Batu Ferengy, Curtis 1413 (S., C.); Reserve

line, B. Ferengy, Curtis 807 (S., C., Kew); stone quarry, Waterfall,

Haniff S.F.N. 3701 (S.); Sinclair S.F.N. 39339 (S., Kew).

PERAK: Larut, King 4182 (S., C., D.D.); 4857 (C., Kew); 482

(Kew); Pulai, Henderson S.F.N. 23762 (S., K.).

PAHANG: Temerloh, Hashim C.F. 681 (S., K., Kew); Kuala Se-

mantan, Ridley 2426 (S., C., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Assam, Burma, Siam, Indo-China.

This has thicker leaves than D. chinensis. The pedicels are

much longer and more slender and the petals of a different shape,

broad, not narrowed abruptly at the base. The inner have a knee,

265

Gardens Bulletin, S.

conniving over the sexual organs at first but later spreading. D.

cochinchinensis is not likely to be confused with the other species.

The flower has no scent.

(4) D. chinensis Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 352; Ridley, F.M.P.

1 (1922) 46.

Synonym: Unona discolor Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2 (1791) 63 T.

36; Dunal, Anon. (1817) 111; DC. Prod. 1 (1824) 91; Roxb. Fi.

Ind. 2 (1832) 669; Hk. f. et Th. FI. Ind. 1 (1855) 132 et in Fl.

Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 59; Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 1 (1877) 34; King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 293 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 56 Pl. 74. U. Dunalii Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855)

131 (the Concan plant); Dalz. et Gibs. Fl. of Bombay (1861) 3

non Wall. U. Amherstiana A. DC. Mém. Anon. (1832) 28. U. big-

landulosa Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 16. U. Lessertiana Dunal, Anon.

(1817) 107 T. 26; DC. Prod. 1 (1824) 90.

-Scandent shrub with straggling branches. Young twigs siender,

striate, dark coloured, the tips slightly pubescent, glabrous lower

down. Leaves thin, oblong, glabrous, glaucous on lower surface,

apex acute or rounded and then abruptly, bluntly acute, base

rounded, sometimes emarginate; nerves 8—i0 pairs, oblique,

rather straight and nearly parallel, faint above, prominent beneath,

reticulations very faint or not visible; size variable, 6-13 cm. long

and 3-6 cm. broad; petiole 5 mm. long, slender. Pedicels extra-

axillary, usually opposite the leaves, 3-5 cm. long, slender, glab-

rous or slightly adpressed-pubescent with a median, acute bract

3 mm.—1 cm. long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous,

5 mm.—1 cm. long. Petals greenish-yellow, narrowly lanceolate,

4-8 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely adpressed-pubescent, 3-5-

veined, spreading and curving inwards, canaliculate, concave on

the outer surface, convex on the inner surface, abruptly narrowed

where blade joins claw, 4-5 mm. broad there, 1-2 cm. broad at

the middle of the blade. Stamens closely packed, oblong, clumsy,

1 mm. long with flat-topped connectives. Ovary oblong, 2 mm.

long with hairs 2 mm. long; stigma clavate with a U-shaped groove

which is continued down the inner side of the ovary. Torus not

massive. Ripe carpels numerous, 2—6 jointed, 3—4 cm. long, glab-

rous or minutely pubescent, the terminal joint slightly apiculate;

stalks 1-1-4 cm. long. Testa medium brown, shining. Fig. 15.

DISTRIBUTION: Very wide. Base of Eastern Himalayas right down

Malay Peninsula to the Malay Islands, China and the Philippines.

There are numerous records from Malaya in herbaria but it has not

been collected from the following States: Perlis, Province Wellesley

and Johore. There is one record from Singapore without any data or

collector’s name. It is cultivated in the Botanic Gardens but I have not

seen it wild in the island.

266

Vol. XIV. (1955).

With such a wide distribution it is not surprising that this is a

variable plant. There are four varieties described in the Fl. Br. Ind:

Of these varieties var. pubescens has the leaves pubescent beneath.

This variety. may not be far removed from D. dumosus if not a

Fig. 15. Desmos chinensis Lour.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower with petals detached. C and E, Stamen,

front view. D, Stamen, back view. F, Gynoecium.

267

Gardens Bulletin, S.

form of it with smaller leaves. Having seen very little of this variety

I am not able to decide. The segments of the carpels in D. dumo-

sus are larger than those of D. chinensis. The leaves of the former

are pubescent beneath and the twigs stouter, usually brownish and

not black. The fruiting pedicels are shorter and stouter.

(5) D. dumosus (Roxb.) Safford in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 39

(1912) 506; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 46; Craib, Fl. Siam.

Enum. | (1925) 39.

Basonym: Unona dumosa Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1832) 670; Hk. f.

et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)° 131 et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 294 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 57 Pl. 76.

Synonyms: Desmos subbiglandulosus (Miq.) Merr. in Philipp.

- Journ. of-Sc. 10 (1915) 235. Unona subbiglandulosa Miq. Ann.

Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 11. Oxymitra monilifera Merr.

in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 73.

Scandent straggling shrub. Young twigs tomentose, later glab-

rous, brown, stout, striate, with numerous lenticels. Leaves mem-

Oranous, medium green, variable in shape, size and pubescence,

broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, apex slightly acute or obtuse, base

sub-cuneate to rounded and emarginate, sparsely pubescent on the

sunk midrib and nerves of the upper surface, rusty-tomentose to

pubescent below; nerves 10—12 pairs, rather straight, prominent

beneath; reticulations between them faint above but prominent on

the lower surface, scalariform; length 6-17 cm.; breadth 4~—7 cm.;

petiole 7 mm.—2 cm. long, rufous-tomentose, Flowering pedicels

about 2 cm. long, tomentose with a minute, sub-median bract,

shorter and stouter than in D. chinensis. Flowers similar to those

of D. chinensis but the petals densely pubescent at first, less go

when old, not sericeous, the inner row smaller than the outer, the

base above claw much narrowed. Ripe carpels 2—3 cm. long,

numerous, glabrous, joints 2—4; stalks 1-1-5 cm. long, pubescent.

Seeds shining with medium brown testa.

KELANTAN: Chaning Woods, Ridley, February 1917 (Kew).

PERAK: Larut, King 5520 (S., C.); 5461 near Ulu Kerling (C.,

D.D., E., Kew); Gopeng, Kinta, King 4592 (C., D.D., E., Kew); Tai-

ping, King 8381 (C.); Perak, King 7772; 10028 (C., Kew); 8617 (C.);

Relau Tujor, Wray 2619 (S., C.,. Kew).

PAHANG: 8 miles south of Kuala Lipis, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N.

17061 (S., Kew); Lumut, Dindings, Ridley 10315 (S., Kew).

SELANGOR: Ginting Simpah, Ridley, Robinson and Kloss, March

1917 (Kew).

268

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Matacca: Maingay 42 and 43 (C., Kew); Cantley 356 (S.) Merli-

mau, Ridley 1586 (S.); Ayer Panas, Goodenough 1313 (S., C.) and

UTERO oa cossece 1632 (C.).

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32145 (S., K., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Jurong, 15th mile, Corner, 19th October, 1932 (S.);

Cluny Road, Ridley 6305 (S., C.); MacRitchie Reservoir, Sinclair

(seen).

DISTRIBUTION: Assam, Siam, Borneo.

A somewhat variable species. Craib describes a variety glabrior

from Siam with leaves less pubescent than the typical form. The

Assam plant has more oblong leaves than the Malayan. There are

forms from Assam that look intermediate between D. dumosus and

D. chinensis. Type in Herb. Kew is Wall. Cat. 6429 from Assam.

(6) D. dasymaschalus (Bl.) Safford in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 39

(1912) 507; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 46.

Basonym: Unona dasymaschala Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1828) 55

eeree, tik. ft. ett FL Ind. 1 (1855) 155 et m: FL Br. Ind. 1

(1872) 61; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 296 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 59 Pl. 81.

Synonyms: Unona coelophloea Scheff. in Flora 52 (1869) 300.

U. cleistogama Burck ex Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 127,

201 T. 72. Dasymaschalon Blumei Finet et Gagnep. in Bull. Soc.

Bot. Fr. Mém. 4 (1906) 143; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sc. 10

(1915) 237; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 40. D. coelophi-

oeum (Schefi.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sc. 10 (1915) 237. D.

cleistogamum (Burck) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sc. 10 (1915) 237.

A bushy shrub up to 8 m. high or developing scandent branches

if in dense shade. Young branches softly rusty-pubescent, later

glabrous except in the variety. Leaves rather variable, thinly coria-

ceous, medium green, dull above, slightly glaucous beneath, ellip-

tic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apex acute or shortly acuminate,

base narrowed, rounded and emarginate, glabrous or sometimes

pubescent on the upper and lower midrib and on the nerves

beneath; nerves 12-16 pairs, oblique, straight or curving, brownish

when dry; reticulations only visible beneath, very faint, scalari-

form; length 8—22 cm.; breadth 4—8-5 cm.; petiole 4—6 mm. long,

part of it concealed by the emarginate leaf base. Pedicels axillary

or terminal, varying a great deal in length (2—10 cm.) pendutous,

seated on a small peduncular protuberance 2 mm. long with a

minute bract and a minute bud. Sepals 3-5 mm. long, fleshy, tri-

angular, minutely and sparsely pubescent. Petals 3—4 (inner row

absent) cream coloured, fleshy, ovate, acute to lanceolate-acumin-

ate, 4-13 cm. long, 3-flanged due to the united edges, minutely

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Gardens Bulletin, S.

adpressed-pubescent outside, later glabrous, glabrous inside, the

blade broad where it joins the claw, the claw with a concavity

inside. Stamens numerous, 2-5-3 mm. long with convex, pink con-

nectives. Ovaries densely villous, 4 mm. long; stigma clavate with

a U-shaped groove on the inner side. Ripe carpels moniliform,

bright red with waxy bloom, fleshy pericarp, joints 2—6, the ter-

minal apiculate; stalks 4-5 mm. long. Seeds smooth. Fig. 16.

DISTRIBUTION: Numerous records, collected from all the states in

Malaya. Burma, Siam, Java, Sumatra, Sarawak.

var. Wallichii (Hk. f. et Th.) Ridley F.M.P. 1 (1922) 47.

Unona dasymaschala Bl. var. Wallichii Hk. f. et Th. Fi. Ind. 1

(1855) 135 et m FI. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 62; King, Mat) PoRir?

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 296 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 60.

Fig. 16. Desmos dasymaschalus (Bl.) Safford.

A, Fruiting twig. B, Flower. C, Young carpels. D, Calyx, back view..

E, Stamen, front view. F, Stamen back view. G, Gynoecium.

270

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Branches brown-tomentose. Leaves densely pubescent, glau-

cous-purple beneath.

PeERLIs: Bukit Ketri, Henderson S.F.N. 23120 (S.).

KELANTAN: Sungei Keteh, Henderson S.F.N. 19662 (S., K.) identi-

fication doubtful.

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Bukit Juru, Curtis 2426 (S., Kew).

PERAK: Larut, Wray 3949 (S., C., Kew); Gopeng, Kinta, King 4564

(S., C., Kew); 4359 (C., D.D., Kew); Ulu Temango, Ridley 14594

(S.).

TRENGGANU: 38th mile Trengganu-Besut Road (West), Sinclair

S.F.N. 39962 (S.).

PAHANG: Kuantan, Sow 15083 (S., K.) identification doubtful; Raub,

Strugnell 22258 (S., K.).

JOHORE: 124 mile Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N. 28682

(S., Kew); Tanjong Bunga, Ridley 6347 (S., C., Kew); Tebrau, Ridley

13512 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Wall. Cat. 6421a type material (Herb. Kew) quoted as

6241 in Fl. Br. Ind.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

The northern material of this variety is not quite the same as

the southern and may prove to be a distinct species.

(7) D. filipes (Ridley) Ridley in Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. 75 (1917)

6; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 47.

Basonym: Unona filipes Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 41

(1913) 287.

Shrub 3-6 m. high. Young branches glabrous, striate. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glaucous, beneath,

apex acute, base rounded; nerves 14-18 pairs, curving and ascend-

ing, prominent; reticulations forming a loose network, visible on

both surfaces; length 16-28 cm.; breadth 6-9-5 cm.; petiole 1—1-:5

cm. long, ringed. Pedicels axillary, slender, filiform, 25-30 cm.

long with a minute bract at base. Sepals ovate, acute, glabrous, 2

mm. long. Petals 2, red, glabrous, linear, acuminate, coriaceous,

adhering by their edges, gaping at base, 2 cm. long. Stamens nume-

rous with convex connectives. Ovaries villose. Carpels 1-5—2:5 cm.

long, segments 1—2, mostly 1, ovoid, apiculate, glabrous; stalks

about 2 cm. long.

PERAK: Taiping Hill, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 2500 (S.); Maxwell’s

Hill, Wray 609 (S., Kew); Larut, King 5291 (S., C., D.D., Kew);

2712 (S., C.); Scortechini 342 (S., C., Kew).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Bukit Tangga, Nur S.F.N. 11787 (S.).

SELANGOR: Menuang Gasing, Ulu Langat, Kloss, February 1912

(Kew) type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

271

Gardens Bulletin, S.

King confused this species with the Indo-Burmese D. longi-

florus (Roxb.) Saff. which has similar leaves but shorter pedicels,

larger flowers and the segments of the carpels more elongated and

not ovoid.

13. MONOCARPIA Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865)

Tall tree. Hairs simple, not stellate. Leaves with prominent,

straight veins which form an intramarginal loop; midrib sunk

above. Flowers large, extra-axillary. Sepals 3, valvate, joined at

base. Petals 6, valvate, sub-equal, spreading with short claws, not

conniving over the sexual organs as in Cyathocalyx, nor inner

three falling in one piece. Stamens as in Cyathocalyx. Ovaries 1-5,

usually 3, adpressed-pubescent; style short, stigma large disc-

shaped or pileate, lobed and slightly concave above. Torus con-

cave at the insertion of the carpels. Ripe carpels sub-globose,

sessile, thick-walled. Seeds about 10 in 2 rows.

TYPE OF GENUS: M. euneura Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2

(1865) 12, which is a synonym of M. marginalis (Scheff.) J. Sinclair,

comb. nov.

Bo pr igny ae tt Siam, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra. Spe-

cies I.

Monocarpia is separated from Cyathocalyx by the spreading

petals not conniving over the sexual organs and the inner three

not falling in one piece. The midrib is not flush with the upper

surface of the leaf nor raised as in tht section Eucyathocalyx. The

petals resemble those of Polyalthia but the stamens and ovaries

are those of Cyathocalyx. From Meiogyne it is separated by its

extra-axillary flowers. The petals in Meiogyne are also spreading

but taper gradually from a broad warted base and are densely

tomentose or sericeous-tomentose.

I have compared the Malayan specimens of Cyathocalyx Main-

gayi with Korthals 9164 the type of Monocarpia euneura and find

them in close agreement. I have therefore made Cyathocalyx

Maingayi which was doubtfully referred to the genus Cyathocalyx

by Hooker fil. and Thomson, a synonym of Monocarpia. euneura.

Dr. A. J. Kostermans has informed me that he has compared

Cyathocalyx Maingayi with the type of C. marginalis and finds

them similar. I therefore use the older name marginalis and make

the combination Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) J. Sinclair.

Craib in Kew Bulletin (1924) 81 has described a second

species of Monocarpia, M. siamensis. On examination of the type

Kerr 6087, I find this is not a Monocarpia at all and differs in

many ways from Miquel’s Monocarpia. Craib’s plant is not a tree

272

Vol. XIV. (1955).

but a climber with stellate hairs on the sepals, petals and young

twigs. I have placed it in a new genus Dasoclema, the systematic

alliance of which is with Uvaria. It has flowers opposite the leaves

and the pedicels have a minute deciduous bract at the base (there

are usually several non-deciduous ones in Uvarid). It differs from

Uvaria in having the inner petals narrower than the outer and in

the single ovary with a disc-shaped stigma. :

Dasoclema J. Sinclair, gen. nov.

Genus novum affine Uvariae sed petalis interioribus angustiori-

bus, ovario singulo, stigmate disciformi differt.

Planta lignosa scandes. Ramuli foliaque novelli pilis parvis

brunneis stellatis parce instructi, mox glabri. Flores foliis oppositi.

Pedicelli 2-3-5 cm. longi, basi bracteam minutam deciduam feren-

tes. Sepala valvata, etiam petala pilis stellatis instructa. Petala

probabiliter imbricata, interiora exterioribus aequilonga sed angus-

tiora. Stamina connectivis truncatis. Ovarium unum, plurisulca-

tum; stigma disciforme, latere adaxiali fissum. Ovula circiter 8.

Carpellum maturum breve-stipitatum.

TYPE OF GENUS: Dasoclema siamensis (Craib) J. Sinclair, comb.

nov. Kerr 6087. Herb. Kew and Herb. of Agricultural Dept. Bangkok.

BASONYM: Monocarpia siamensis Craib in Kew Bull. (1924) 81.

(1) M. marginalis (Scheff.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Cyathocalyx marginalis Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Bot.

Buitenz. 2 (1855) 6.

Synonyms: Monocarpia euneura Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. 2 (1865) 12; Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913)

76. Cyathocalyx Maingayi Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

53; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 278 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 38 Pl. 45; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

37; Craib, Fl: Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 33.

Tree 15-20 m. high. Young branches yellowish-brown-pubes-

cent, later glabrous, dark coloured and striate. Leaves thinly coria-

ceous, dark glossy green above, slightly pale beneath, turning black

or dark brown when dry, elliptic to oblong, slightly obovate,

shortly caudate-acuminate, base rounded or slightly cuneate, upper

surface glabrous, the sunk midrib occasionally puberulous, lower

surface at first puberulous, later glabrous; nerves 13-15 pairs,

oblique, straight, bold on both surfaces, slightly depressed above,

interarching near edge, the line of interarching often continuous

right round margin, reticulations fine, the main ones scalariform,

the others forming a very close network between the main ones;

273

Gardens Bulletin, S.

length 18-25 cm.; breadth 5—8 cm.; petiole 5-7 mm. long, pub-

erulous. Flowers 5—7 cm. in diam., solitary or 2—3 together on

older twigs, extra-axillary, odourless. Peduncles woody, 5 mm.—

I cm. long, bearing 1-3 pedicels, about 1:5 cm. long. Bracts two,

one at base of pedicel linear, acute, about 3 mm. long, the other

below base of calyx or sub-median, rotund to oblong, amplexicaul,

4—8 mm. long. Sepals spreading or sub-reflexed, ovate, obtuse or

sub-acute, united at middle or at base, puberulous on both sur-

faces, about 1 cm. long. Petals 3-4 cm. long and about 2 cm.

wide at middle, greenish-yellow with a reddish-yellow spot near

base inside, thin, sub-equal, obovate or broadly obovate-lanceo-

late, obtuse, the base narrowed into a short canaliculate glabrous

claw, thinly pubescent on both surfaces except the base which is

densely pubescent outside and nearly glabrous inside. Stamens

numerous, cuneate, 1-5 mm. long, connectives flat-topped and

slightly oblique. Ovaries 3-5, oblong-ellipsoid, adpressed-pubes-

cent, 25-3 mm. long; style short, stigma disc-shaped or pileate

and slightly depressed in the centre, pubescent, the edges slightly

lobed. Ripe carpels 1—3, sub-globose, 4—6:5 cm. in diameter,

minutely pubescent, rough on the outside, sessile, the walls hard,

stony, about 5 mm. thick. Seeds about 10 in 2 rows, elongated,

compressed.

TYPE MATERIAL: Malacca, Maingay 94 (Kew) is type of Cyatho-

calyx Maingayi. Korthals 9164 (Kew and Bogor) is type of Mono-

carpia euneura. Teysmann, Bangka (Bogor) is type of C. marginalis.

DISTRIBUTION: Records from all the Malayan states except Perlis,

Province Wellesley and Singapore. Numerous localities in Kedah,

Perak, Pahang, Negri Sembilan and Selangor. Outside Malaya it is

found in Siam, Borneo and Sumatra.

14. ONCODOSTIGMA Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 143.

Trees. Twigs pale. Leaves papery or slightly coriaceous, with

slender primary nerves. Flowers axillary, sub-sessile or shortly

stalked. Petals 6, valvate, shortly triangular-lanceolate or ovate,

often very thick with flattened edges; inner excavate at base inside,

the concave base being warted and glabrous, both sets diverging

as in Meiogyne. Stamens numerous, connectives flat-topped, orbi-

cular. Carpels 2—3 (numerous in O. monosperma); ovules nume-

rous in 2 rows; stigma sessile, truncate, sub-conical or discoid.

Ripe carpels very shortly stalked, tomentose or becoming glabrous. —

Seeds 3-5.

aire OF GENUs: O. leptoneura Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912)

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra and New Guinea.

Species 3.

274

Vol. XIV. (1955).

There is a close alliance with Meiogyne. The pale twigs, the

axillary flowers, the arrangement of the petals diverging from the

base, the rugose patch at the base of the inner series, the stamens

with discoid connectives, the discoid stigma and the sub-sessile

carpels all recall this genus. The leaves however are quite different

and do not have the characteristic texture or the straight promi-

nent veins of Meiogyne. Further all the known species of Meio-

gyne are very constant in having the same type of leaf and it is on

account of the leaf characters that I have not put the Malayan

plant formerly doubtfully known as Cananga monosperma into

Meiogyne.

Guamia and Oncodostigma both have claims on it. [See Merrill

in Philipp. Journ. Sc. 10 C (1915) 243], but I am not sure if and

how far these two genera are distinct, not having seen enough

material of each. Cananga monosperma differs from the two

Oncodostigma species in having more carpels. In this respect it is

similar to Guamia but the carpels are sub-sessile and not stalked

as in Guamia. It may be that these two genera are similar so I put

C. monosperma into Oncodostigma which was created first.

(1) O. monosperma (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair in Sarawak Mus.

Journ. Vol. 5 No. 3 (1951) 605.

.Basonym: Cananga monosperma Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1

(1872) 57; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 291; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 44.

Synonyms: Unona conchyliata Ridley in Kew Bull. (1912)

384. U. purpurata Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913)

79. Desmos conchyliata (Ridley) Merr. in Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br.

C1924) 2256.

Tree 8-16 m. high. Young twigs pale, striate. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate to broadly elliptic, varying consider-

ably in breadth, glabrous on both surfaces, shining, light brown

when dry, apex shortly and bluntly acuminate, base cuneate, occa-

sionally slightly rounded; primary nerves about 9 pairs, rather

fine, the secondary scarcely distinguishable from the primary;

reticulations faint but visible; length 95-16 cm.; breadth 3-5—7

cm.; petiole stout, glabrous, grooved on upper side, transversely

ringed, 0:5—1-:5 cm. long. Flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels ad-

pressed-brown-pubescent, often decurved, slightly thicker towards

the top, about 1 cm. long, bi-bracteate at the base or one bract

appearing midway on the pedicel, the bracts obtuse, pubescent.

1—2 mm. long, the upper slightly longer than the lower. Sepals

v8 i)

Gardens Bulletin, S.

broadly ovate, triangular, obtuse, pubescent outside, glabrous in-

side, 2-3 mm. long. Petals at first greenish-white, later purplish,

pubescent on both surfaces, lanceolate, obtuse, veined, sub-equal,

varying considerably in size according to the age of the flower,

2-5 cm. long in young flowers, 3:5—4 cm. in mature flowers, 8—9

mm. broad. Stamens numerous, 1 mm. long with orbicular con-

nectives. Ovaries numerous, cylindric or angled, pubescent; stigma

discoid. Torus with setose hairs. Ripe carpels numerous, oblong

or cylindric, minutely and densely tawny-pubescent at first, the

pubescence rubbing off easily and finally glabrous, smooth and

brown, obtuse or slightly apiculate, 1-4 seeded with slight dep-

ressions ‘between the seeds, not:,constricted as in Desmos.

KEDAH: Koh Mai F. Reserve, Nur S.F.N. 35169 (59; 48th mile

Jeniang Road, Nur S.F.N. 36155 (S.).

PERAK: Jor, Batang Padang, Haniff S.F.N. 14243 (S.); Larut, King

3844 (C.); Bikinu Reserve, Burn-Murdoch 364 (Kew).

SELANGOR: 18th mile Ginting Simpah, Strugnell 12136 (S., K.,

Kew).

MALACCA: Maingay 100 type (C., Kew); Selandor, Alvins 396 (S.);

Bukit Besar, no collector’s name, December 1898 (S.).

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32160 and 32133 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Malaya, Borneo and Sumatra.

The epithet monosperma is misleading as there are 1—4 seeds

in the ripe carpels.

15. MEIOGYNE Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865)

12; Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 123 Pl. 41; Merr. in

Philip. Journ. of Sc. 10 (1915) 240.

Trees or shrubs with pale straw coloured twigs. Leaves mem-

branous with prominent, often steeply ascending veins on lower

surface. Flowers axillary, medium to large. Sepals 3, valvate, con-

nate at the base. Petals 6, valvate in two series, tapering gradually

from a broad base upward and diverging, densely tomentose or

sericeous-tomentose; the inner slightly shorter in length with a

warted patch at base inside. Stamens numerous with flat-topped,

somewhat oblique connectives, concealing the anther cells when

viewed from above. Torus convex. Ovaries 2—5 with several ovules

in 2 rows; stigma discoid, sessile. Carpels thick-walled, sessile or

sub-sessile.

TYPE OF GENUS: M. virgata (Bl.) Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. 2 (1865) 12.

DISTRIBUTION: Western India in Concan and Travancore, Siam,

Malaya, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Hainan and the Philippines. Species

7, probably one or two undescribed from Borneo.

276

Vol. XIV. (1955).

I agree with Merrill and Boerlage that this is quite a distinct

genus from Cyathocalyx. The texture of the leaves is different; the

flowers are axillary and not extra-axillary or opposite the leaves.

Further the arrangement of the petals diverging from a broad base,

not clawed and constricted and the base not closely adpressed

over the stamens, are other features of difference. The warted

base of the inner petals is unusual. The stamens and stigmas are

of the same type as is met with in Cyathocalyx. Meiogyne recalls

Polyalthia with its spreading petals, the stamens are similar but

the large number of seeds and the sessile, discoid stigma keep it

apart. Other species recently transferred by me from Unona and

Polyalthia respectively are M. pannosa (Dalz.) Sinclair and M.

eriantha (Ridley) Sinclair, see Sarawak Mus. Journ. Vol. 5 No. 3

(1951) 604 and from Fissistigma, M. Maclurei (Merr.) Sinclair,

see Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 41.

(1) M. virgata (Bl.) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865)

12; Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 123 Pl. 41; Merr. in

Philip. Journ. of Sc. 10 (1915) 240.

Basonym: Unona virgata Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 14; Miq. Fl. Ind.

Bat. 1 (1858) 42.

Synonyms: Uvaria virgata Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 43 T. 19,

25B. Cananga virgata Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 57.

Cyathocalyx virgatus King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 277

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 37 Pl. 44; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 36.

Tree 13-20 m. high with smooth, grey bank Twigs glabrous

except the youngest, pale straw coloured and closely striate. Leaves

variable in size, membranous, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,

shining above, duller and pale beneath, apex shortly and obtusely

acuminate, base acute or rounded, glabrous above except the mid-

rib, slightly and thinly pubescent on the midrib and nerves below;

nerves 10=12 pairs, visible above, prominent below, curving and

ascending steeply; reticulations close, scalariform, visible on ‘both

surfaces; length 10-20 cm.; breadth 3-5—7 cm.; petiole 7 mm.—

| cm. long, pubescent. Flowers 1-3, scentless, axillary, sub-sessile

with 2 or 3 bracts adpressed to base of flower. Sepals tomentose

outside, slightly hairy inside, broadly ovate, somewhat obtuse,

4—5 mm. long. Petals 1-5—2:5 cm. long, tapering, acute, triangular-

lanceoleate, varying a good deal in width, inner slightly shorter_in

length, greenish-yellow or pink, reddish at base, both surfaces

‘densely tomentose, the concave bases. of the inner glabrous and

277

Gardens Bulletin, S.

warted. Stamens numerous, pink, 1 mm. long with flat-topped,

slightly oblique connectives. Ovaries 2-4, usually 3, oblong, 2

mm. long, setose-hairy like the torus; stigma discoid, sessile. Ripe

carpels cylindric or oblong, very shortly dark brown-tomentose,

obtuse, sessile, thick-walled, 4—5 cm. long and 2-5-3 cm. in diam.

Seeds 8-10 in 2 rows. Fig. 17.

Fig. 17. Meiogyne virgata (Bl.) Miq.

A, Flowering twig. B, Fruiting twig. C, Outer petal, D, Inner petal. E,

Stamen, front view. F, Gynoecium. — |

278

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Perak: Larut, King 5399 (D.D., C., Kew); 7312 (C.,-E.); Gopeng,

King 6177 (D.D., C.).

~PaHANG: Ayer Besar, Pulau Tioman, Nur S.F.N. 18865 (S., K.).

MaLacca: Maingay 92 (C., Kew); 95 (Kew).

JoHoRE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah, 7th October, 1930 (S.); Pulau dts

Henderson S.F.N. 18360 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ridley 4457 (S., C.); 8116 (S., Kew);

Hullett 576 (S.); Sinclair S. FN. 39472 (S., Kew, E.); Bukit Panjang,

Ridley, sine num. (S.); Stagmount, Ridley, date 1904 also 11254 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java and Sumatra.

Rather variable in the size of the leaves and the breadth of the

petals.

16. POLYALTHIA BI. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 68.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves glabrous or with simple hairs. Flowers

hermaphrodite, axillary, extra-axillary, opposite the leaves or

below them, on tubercles or woody outgrowths on the older bran-

ches or on the trunk or rarely on subterranean, special, woody

twigs. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in two series, sub-equal,

often quite large and showy, coloured, red, orange, yellow, green-

ish or white, spreading, flat, variously shaped, linear, strap-shaped,

lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or obovate, the inner occasionally

slightly vaulted, spreading later. Stamens usually numerous, cune-

ate, with flat-topped or slightly convex, orbicular or rhomboid

connectives. Ovaries numerous or few, oblong, cylindric or angled,

with 1 ovule or with 2—5 ovules, basal or superposed; style nearly

always absent; stigma rectangular, globose or irregularly shaped

with a faint groove on inner side running down the inner, adaxial

side of ovary. Torus convex. Ripe carpels few to many, stalked

or sub-sessile. Seeds 1-5 with a longitudinal circumferential

groove, best seen in the species of section Monoon.

Section 1. Eu-Polyalthia Bl. Type of genus: P. sub-cordata (Bl.) BI.

Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 71 T. 33 and 36B. Basonym: Unona sub-cor-

data Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 15. Ovules 2 or more. Seeds 1-2, sometimes up

to 5.

Section 2. Monoon Migq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 15.

Several species there described. Ovules 1, usually erect, basal. (Con-

tains most of the large leaved species and the taller trees.

DISTRIBUTION: Tropics of the Old World but especially numerous in

S.E. Asia. The genus is one of the largest in the family and contains

over 100 species. It is not easy to give an exact number of species

without examining all Polyalthia species since many described as be-

longing to that genus have been incorrectly placed there and a certain

F ‘number assigned to other genera must go to Polyalthia.

“The genus is a large one but very uniform. It is one of the most

successful in the family and is large because of its wide distribu-

tion. It is probably, too, one of the oldest Beperay . Hence we expect

279

Gardens Bulletin, S.

to find quite a lot of groups in it having similar characters, e.g. such

as axillary flowers, extra-axillary flowers, the cauliflorous habit,

sessile and stalked carpels etc. and containing species. differing

very little from each other. This is exactly what we do get. If any

one species has a wide distribution, e.g. P. cauliflora then we find

it has a number of varieties and also one or two very closely re-

lated species such as P. socia and P. lateritia. Other examples of

species related to each other are seen in these groups: 1. P. sumat-

rana, P. hypoleuca, P. glauca and P. longifolia. 2. P. macropoda

and P. clavigera. 3. P. stenopetala, P. angustissima and P. cinna-

momea. 4. P. dumosa, P. suberosa and P. evecta. 5. P. parvifiora

and P. hirtifolia. 6. P. lateriflora and P. sclerophylla. 7. P. simia-

rum and several species centred round it such as P. asteriella, P.

viridis and P. jucunda. 8. P. Jenkensii, P. Rumphii and P. flava.

10. P. Motleyana and several species centred round it and so on.

Polyalthia may be tooked on as the central genus of the Unon-

eae. Tagged on to it are various genera with a greater or less

degree of relationship. Desmos and Cananga are offshoots. These

two have spreading petals similar to Polyalthia. Disepalum is

another near relative; the style has elongated, the stamens are not

cuneate but linear and there has been a reduction in size and

number of the petals: It is most logical therefore to regard the

large genus Polyalthia as the central or basic one in the Unoneae

and these others given here as offshoots or satellites of Polyalthia.

. KEY

Section Eu-Polyalthia

a. Ovules 2 or more. Seeds 1—2 sometimes to 5

b. Flowers cauliflorous, axillary or from the axils of fallen

leaves |

c. Carpels sub-sessile, stalks 2-5 mm. long, pedicels short, 2

mm.—1 cm. long; petals narrow linear or filiform, 2:5-—

8 cm. long and 1—7 mm. broad

d, Leaves 5—23 cm. long, brown when dry; petals 4—8 cm.

long

e. Petals 1-2 mm. broad; ripe carpels pubescent be-

coming glabrous !

f. Ripe carpels 2—3 cm. long by 1:5—2:5 cm. broad;

leaves 9—23 cm. long (1) P. stenopetala

f. Ripe carpels 1-1-5 cm. long by 7-8 mm. broad;

leaves 5:5—8-5 cm. long (2) P. angustissima

280

Vol. XIV. (1955).

e. Petals 7 mm —I cm. broad; ripe carpels brown-to-

mentose (3) P. cinnamomea

d. Leaves 19—28 cm. long, pale grey when dry, elliptic to

oblanceolate with rounded and slightly cordate base;..

petals 2:5—2-7 cm. long (4) P. pumila

c. Carpels with stalks 1-5—2-5 cm. long, pedicels 1-4 cm.

long, petals of various lengths and shapes but not nar-

row in proportion to length

g. Petals only 7 mm. long, margins revolute, fruit spheri-

cal not apiculate, brown when dry (5) P. obliqua

g. Petals 2 cm. long or over, margins not revolute, fruit

ovoid, usually apiculate, black when dry

h. Main nerves 10-14 pairs, leaves entirely glabrous

beneath; pedicels 1-1-3 cm. long

i. Leaves pale grey on both surfaces when dry; petals

4—4:5 cm. long (6) P. lateritia

i. Leaves pale grey above, greyish-brown beneath

when dry; petals 2—3 cm. long (7) P. socia

h. Main nerves 8—10 pairs; leaves glabrous or pubes-

cent beneath, brownish when dry, length and

breadth variable; pedicels usually over 1:3 cm.

(8) P. cauliflora and its vars.

j. Leaves average breadth 2 cm., glabrous or spar-

ingly pubescent beneath var. Beccarii

j. Leaves average breadth 5—7:5 cm.

_k. Petals 8 cm. long var. Wrayi

k. Petals 3-5—S-5 cm. long

1. Lower surface of leaves glabrous or slightly

pubescent; carpels 1 cm. long and 7 mm.

in diam. smooth, apiculate, 1-2 seeded with

slender stalks 1-5 mm. thick

} cauliflora typica

1. Lower surface of leaves tomentose on midrib

and nerves; carpels 1-1-5 cm. long and 1

EPO cm. in diam., wrinkled when dry, not api-

“ eulate, 1-3 seeded, stalks 2:5 mm. thick

meester uk) var. desmantha

281-

Gardens Bulletin, S.

b. Flowers opposite the leaves or slightly below them or ap-

pearing terminal

m. Petals 6 mm.—1 cm. long; pedicels slender when present

n. Flowers on slender pedicels 1-3 cm. long; ripe carpels

shortly stalked

o. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate;

twigs dark brown or black, glossy, glabrous or

with a few erect hairs (9) P. dumosa

o. Leaves oblong obtuse, twigs dark brown with nu-

merous pink lenticels or sometimes corky out-

growths

p. Style present, stigma a triangular blade, connec-

tives less than 1 mm. in diam.

(10) P. suberosa

p. Style absent, stigma capitate, connectives 1 mm.

in diam. or over (11) P. evecta

n. Flowers sessile or sub-sessile; ripe carpels sessile (sessile

? in P. hirtifolia)

q. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, blunt apex, glabrous;

petals coriaceous, fleshy (12) P. parviflora

q. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent on midrib

below; petals thin (13) P. hirtifolia

m. Petals 2—2:5 cm. long; pedicels stout when present

r. Leaves deeply cordate, auricled at base; young twigs

covered with golden, erect 2-3 mm. long hairs

(14) P. bullata

r. Leaves not or slightly cordate, not deeply so, not auri-

cled; young twigs brown-pubescent or glabrous

s. Colour of leaves dark brown when dry, shining,

glabrous; carpels stalks only 3-4 mm. long

(15) P. brunneifolia

s. Colour of leaves not dark brown when dry, not shin-.

ing, but glabrous or pubescent; carpels stalks 7

mm.—1-8 cm. long !

t. Pedicels with a large rusty-tomentose bract 1-8-2

cm. long; ripe carpels 1-7 « 1-7 cm., obovate,

lanose with hairs 5—6 mm. long, not apiculate

(16) P. chrysotricha’

282.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

t.. Pedicels with 1—2 minute bracteoles; ripe carpels

about 1 cm. long, ovoid, spherical, pubescent or

subglabrous, apiculate

| (17) P. Motleyana and its vars.

u. Pedicels 2-8 cm. long, average 4—5 cm.; leaves

often minutely cordate at base var. oblonga

u. Pedicels 1 cm. or under, average 5—8 mm.;

leaves narrower at base and scarcely or sel-

dom cordate _ var. glabrescens

u. Flowers sessile or nearly so; leaves pubescent

beneath, becoming glabrous var. typica

Section Monoon

a. Ovule solitary, usually basal, erect

v. Veins prominent, not parallel, not evenly curving but often

crooked and interarching some distance from the margin.

Flowers axillary. Carpels small, 5 mm.— “1 cm. long, 1-

seeded, slightly apiculate

w. Sepals sub-orbicular, slightly obtuse, 3 mm. long

(18) P. Jenkensii

w. Sepals triangular, acute 6 mm.—1:5 cm. long

(19) P. Rumphii

v. Veins prominent, nearly parallel, slightly curved or straight,

and running out to the margin with interarching or line of

interarching broken or indistinct. Flowers axillary or in

fascicles on the older wood or on leafless twigs at base of

trunk. Carpels large, 2 cm. long or more, oblong or cy-

lindrical, 1-seeded.

x. Carpels oblong with an obtuse apex

y. Carpels sub-sessile (20) P. pachyphylla

y. Carpels stalks 2-5 cm. long

z. Petals narrow, linear, strap-shaped, 2 mm. broad

(21) P. asteriella

z. Petals strap-shaped, linear oblong or oblong-lanceo-

late, no distinction between blade and claw, 5

mm.—1 cm. broad

aa. Leaves, average length 30 cm. or over, coriace-

ous, oblong to elliptic-oblong with rounded or

sub-cordate base; petals oblong-lanceolate 3-5—

45 cm. long and 7 mm.—1 cm. broad

(22) P. lateriflora

283

a Gardens Bulletin, S.

aa. Leaves, average length 15-20 cm., coriaceous,

oblong-ovate, with cuneate or rounded base;

petals linear-oblong 4-45 cm. long and 5-8

mm. broad (23) P. sclerophylla

z. Petals obovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, broadest

above middle, blade and claw present

bb. Leaves obovate-elliptic or oblanceolate, reticula-

tions not distinct above, nerves ascending,

rather straight _. (24) P. Hookeriana

bb. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, both surfaces

very Closely reticulate, nerves curving

(25) P. glabra

x. Carpels cylindrical with a narrowed and pointed apex

cc. Flowers on long subterranean runners, or above the

soil on runners, leaves rounded at base 20-36 cm.

long; ripe carpels tomentose (26) P. hypogaea

cc. Flowers on short woody twigs or tubercles on mai1

stem, leaves acute at base, 13—23-5 cm. long; ripe

carpels glabrous, wrinkled when dry

dd. Flowers on short woody twigs; petals 4—4:5 cm.

long; carpel stalks 5 mm. long

(27) P. macropoda

dd. Flowers on tubercles; petals 2—2:5 cm. long; car-

2 pel stalks 2-3-5 cm. long (28) P. clavigera

v. Veins fine and faint, numerous, secondary not distinct from

primary. Flowers axillary, single or in fascicles in the axils

of fallen leaves. Carpels large, 1-seeded, from 1:5—3 cm.

long |

ee. Petals 3:5—4 cm. long and 3—4 mm. broad. Carpels

ovoid, tapering to each end, slightly ridged when dry

(29) P. sumatrana

ee. Petals 8 mm.+2 cm. long and 1—4 mm. broad. Carpels

spherical, oblong or ovoid, obtuse at apex, not ridged

ff. Leaves sub-coriaceous, glaucous beneath

gg. Pedicels 2-5 mm. long. Carpels elliptic-oblong

(30) P. hypoleuca

gg. Pedicels 15-4 cm. ‘Tong. Carpels spherical

: (31) P. glauca

ff. Leaves, a 9 not glaucous beneath

: (32) P. longifolia

284

Vol. XIV. (1955).

(1) P. stenopetala (Hk. f. et Th.) Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc.

Str. Br. 75 (1917) 6 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 50 including P.

crinita (Hk. f. et Th.) Ridley l.c.

Basonym: Unona stenopetala Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)

136; Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 60; King, Mat. F.M.P.

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 298 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 61 Pl. 85. ;

Synonym: Unona crinita Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

61; King. Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 297 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 61 Pl. 84.

Tree 6-10 m. high. Young twigs densely rusty-tomentose, later

glabrous, striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-obovate or

oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed below to the slightly

cordate and oblique base, red when young, later dark green and

shining above, drying brown, glabrous above except the midrib,

rusty-pubescent on midrib and nerves beneath, the pubescence

varying a good deal; main nerves 8—16 pairs, sunk above, raised

beneath, curving, anastomosing doubly at margin; reticulations

faint above, visible below, forming a loose open network; size

rather variable even on the same twig, 9-23 cm. long, average

length 14-18 cm.; breadth 45-7 cm.; petiole 3-4 mm. long,

rusty-tomentose. Flowers densely fascicled from woody tubercles

on the branches and trunk. Pedicels 6-7 mm. long, rusty-pubes-

cent with a minute, acute, basal bract. Sepals 1-1-5 cm. long,

membranous, narrow-lanceolate with broad base, sub-erect, pubes-

cent on both surfaces, one prominent mid-vein and several smaller

shorter laterals present. Petals red or brownish, linear, acute, sub-

equal, 8—9-5 cm. long and 2 mm. broad, keeled, sparingly pubes-

cent. Stamens 1:5—2 mm. long, rather broad with flat-topped or

slightly convex connectives. Ovaries 4-7, 3 mm. long, angled,

villose with sessile, obovoid stigma having a lateral groove on

inner side. Ripe carpels red, sub-globose, often flattened at the

apex, sometimes constricted between the seeds, rusty-tomentose,

the tomentum varying in quantity and becoming less with age;

length 2—3 cm.; breadth 1:5—2-5 cm.; stalks 2-5 mm. long. Seeds

1-5, bi-convex with grooved edge.

DISTRIBUTION: Records from all the states except Perlis, Penang.

Province Wellesley and Singapore. There is only one sheet from Jo-

hore, Holttum S.F.N. 24932 in Herb. Singapore and it is rather doubt-

ful. The type in Herb. Kew is Lobb 414 and of Unona crinita, Main-

gay 41. This small tree is especially common in Perak, Pahang and

Selangor. It is also found in Siam.

285

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(2) P. angustissima Ridley in Journ. Roy. AS. Soc. Str.. Br. 54

(1910) ‘11 et F.M.LP. 1 (1922). a

Slender tree up to 7 m. high. Twigs slender, striate, aguas and

shortly pubescent when young, glabrous when old. Leaves thin,

papery, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, broadest

across the middle, base rounded and unequal-sided, glabrous on

both surfaces except for the sunk, pubescent midrib above, spar-

sely pubescent beneath on midrib and later glabrous, lower surface

punctate with minute scales; nerves 8 pairs, indistinct above, faint

below, interarching 3.mm. from edge; length 5-5—8-5 cm.; breadth

2—3:5 cm.; petiole 3 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers solitary, axil-

lary or from the axils of fallen leaves. Pedicels 2 mm. long, pubes-

cent with 1-2 minute pubescent bracts at the base. Sepals linear-

lanceolate, acute, tawny-pubescent, 2-4 mm. long. Petals pink,

linear, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, dilate at the base, 4-5

cm. long and 1-1-5 mm. broad. Stamens 1 mm. long, few, top of

connectives convex. Ovaries few, pubescent, stigma swollen, slight-

ly pubescent. Ripe carpels slightly pubescent becoming glabrous,

obtuse at both ends, 1—4 seeded with small constrictions indicating

the number of seeds, 1-1-5 cm. long and 7—8 mm. in diam.; stalks

3-4 mm. long. Seeds pale brown. Fig. 18.

JOHORE: Sungei Semandan, Corner, 16th June, 1934 re 3 ala

Sembrong, Lake and Kelsall 4047 (S., C.) type material.

. SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ridley 8050 (S., Kew) type material;

Changi, Ridley 5917 (S., C.) type material; Gardens’ Jungle, Ridley

4813 (S., Kew) type material; Ridley 13465 (S., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Johore and Singapore.

A small tree in deep shade. Several trees in the Botanic Gardens’

Jungle and occasionally met with in the MacRitchie Reservoir

Forest, Singapore. It seems to be confined to Johore and Singapore.

(3) P. cinnamomea Hk. f. et Th. FI. Ind. 1 (1855) 138 et in FI.

Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 65; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

315 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 81 Pl. 114;

Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 pt. 1 (1858) 44; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

51; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 42.

Synonyms: Guatteria cinnamomea Wall. Cat. 6444 nomen

nudum non G. multinervis Wall. Cat. 6445 (1832) = P. Mot-

leyana var. glabrescens Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 282.

Unona cauliflora Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 137 et in FI.

Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 60. P. velutinosa Ridley in Journ. Roy. As.

Soc. Str. Br. 59 (1911) 64 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 56; Craib, FI.

Siam. Enum. (1925) 45.

286

Vol. XIV.. (1955).

Tree 8-20 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose, later glab-

rous, coarsely striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate,

acute or acuminate with rounded often unequal-sided base, glab-

rous and shining above, rusty-tomentose beneath on the midrib

and pubescent on the nerves; main nerves 12-14 pairs, curving

and leaving the midrib at nearly right angles, ascending gradually

and anastomosing doubly at the margin, fine and sunk above,

Fig. 18. Polyalthia angustissima Ridley.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower with petals detached. C, Stamen, front

; view. D, Stamen, back view. E, Gynoecium.

287

Gardens Bulletin, S.

prominent beneath; reticulations faint or not visible above, form-

ing a loose, open network beneath; length 12—27 cm.; occasion-

ally up to 39 cm.; breadth 3:5—9 cm.; petiole rusty-tomentose,

2-7 mm. long. Flowers 1-3 from short woody tubercles on the

older twigs or from axils of fallen leaves. Pedicels 3-5 mm. long,

rusty-tomentose, bracteolate at the base. Sepals erect, membran-

ous, several-veined, broadly ovate, acute, rusty-tomentose outside,

puberulous to glabrous inside, 1:1 cm. long and 9 mm. broad.

Petals dull red, coriaceous, linear, acute, slightly narrowed at the

base, sub-equal, 5—9-5 cm. long and 7 mm.—1 cm. broad, chan-

nelled, having the edges inrolled, several-veined, pubescent except

at the base inside. Stamens 1 mm. long, as in P. stenopetala.

Ovaries 3 mm. long, similar to those of P. stenopetala. Ripe

carpels densely clustered, pyriform, obtuse, 2—2:5 cm. long and

1-2—1-:5 cm. in diam., rusty-tomentose; stalks 2-3 mm. long. Seeds

2-3, plano-convex.

LOWER SIAM: Banang Sta, Kiah S.F.N. 24318 (S., K., Kew).

KEDAH: Gunong Raya, Langkawi, Haniff 15552 (S., Kew) = Rid-

ley’s type of P. velutinosa; Corner S.F.N. 37880 (S., Kew); Haniff and

Nur S.F.N. 7141 (S., C., Kew); Langkawi, Dolman 21487 (S., Kew);

48th mile Jeniang Road, Kiah S.F.N. 36000 (S., K., Kew); Koh Mai

oes Kiah S.F.N. 35168 (S., K., Kew); Perangin F.R., Awang 20683

KELANTAN: Sungei Keteh, Nur and Foxworthy 11994 (S., K., Kew);

Bukit Kwang, Walton 29090 (K.).

PENANG: Pulau Boetong Reserve, Curtis 2470 (S., C., Kew).

Ps edie 36th mile Trengganu-Besut Road, Sinclair S.F.N. 39939

PAHANG: Bibut F.R., Raub, Syed Ali 23553 (K.); Kemansul, F.

Guard Browne 40736 (K.); Titi Bungor, Temerloh, Henderson F.M.S.

Mus. 10635 (S.).

SELANGOR: 12th mile Ginting Simpah, Strugnell 13079 (K.); Weld

Hill Reserve, Hashim 284 (K.); Symington 43629 (K.); Hamid (Cu-

bitt’s collector) C.F. 888 and C.F. 68 (S., K.); Abdul Raman C.F. 604

(K.); Sungei Lalang, Kajang, Symington 24226 (S., K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sri Menanti, Charter 21408 (S., K.).

MALACCA: Maingay 37 (C., Kew); Selandor, Alvins 466 (S.); Mer-

limau, Derry 898 (S., C.).

JoHoRE: Pulau Aor, Henderson S.F.N. 18216 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam and Malaya.

A species resembling P. stenopetala in several points. The sta-

mens and ovaries are very similar but the petals are much broader,

7 mm.—1 cm. instead of only 2 mm. The carpels are pyriform,

more numerous and slightly smaller. Regarding the leaves, con-

fusion is likely to arise in sterile material. The leaves of P. cinna-

momea are generally larger and narrower, not cordate at the base

and less unequal-sided. When dry they have a silvery-brown

colour beneath while those of P. stenopetala are a medium brown.

288

Vol. XIV. (1955).

The type of P. velutinosa Ridley, Haniff 15552 is identical with

P. cinnamomea so it has been reduced. Nur 11127 from Bukit

Fraser, 28th August, 1923 mentioned by Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull.

(1939) 282 as an additional record of P. velutinosa is P. chry-

sotricha Ridley. Type of P. cinnamomea in Herb. Kew is Lobb,

Wall. Cat. 6444.

(4) P. pumila Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 54 (1910)

2 et F.M.P: (1922) 53:

Shrub only about 30 cm. tall. Young twigs at first densely dark

brown-tomentose, later striate, glabrous, dark coloured. Leaves

coriaceous, broadly elliptic to oblanceolate, acuminate, broadest

across the middle, narrowed to the rounded, slightly cordate and

unequal-sided base, upper surface smooth, glabrous but midrib

sometimes slightly pubescent at the base, lower surface pale when

dry, minutely punctate with brown circular scales, visible under a

lens, glabrous with a few scattered hairs on the midrib and nerves

when young; nerves about 15 pairs, sunk above, prominent be-

neath, rather straight, interarching about 5 mm. from the margin,

the line of interarching prominent; reticulations indistinct and not

raised, rather close; length 19-28 cm.; breadth 6-5—10 cm.; petiole

3—5 mm. long, stout, tomentose. Flowers axillary; pedicel 4—5

mm. long, stout, brown, pubescent, decurved with 2 minute pubes-

cent bracts at the base. Sepals 1-1-2 cm. long, thin, broadly tri-

angular, acute, brown-pubescent on outside, slightly pubescent

inside. Petals orange, outer 2—2:7 cm. long and 5 mm. broad,

Strap-shaped, acute, pubescent on the outside, glabrous on the

inside, inner slightly longer and narrower, 2:5—-3-8 cm. long.

Stamens 2 mm. long with convex-topped connectives, not very

numerous. Young ovaries 3 mm. long, about 15, silky-pubescent

with pubescent stigma. Carpels immature, ovoid, apiculate, pubes-

cent; stalk very short, 2 mm. long.

Perak: Telok Sera, Dindings, Ridley 7996 (S., Kew) type material.

JOHORE: Gunong Janing, Lake and Kelsall, 20th October, 1892 (S.)

type material.

DISTRIBUTION: No other records.

Distinct. Rare. The smallest Malayan Annonaceous plant. In

the American genus Annona there are however several species

which do not reach a metre in height. Annona pygmaea from

Brazil is a dwarf shrub 10 cm. or less high. A. campestris from

Paraguay is 10-50 cm. high. Other dwarf members are A. auran-

tiaca, Brazil 30 cm., A. glaucophylla, Brazil and Paraguay 30—50

cm., A. crotonifolia, Brazil and Paraguay 50-60 cm. and A.

paraguayensis, 60-80 cm.

289

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(5) P. obliqua Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 138 et in Fl. Br. Ind.

1 (1872) 67; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 Pt. 1 (1858) 44; King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 312 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 77 Pl. 100 B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 55.

Slender tree 7-10 m. high. Young twigs reddish, with numerous

lenticels, minutely pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves thinly coria-

ceous, oblong-lanceolate, shining above, dull beneath, drying sil-

very-green, edges very slightly revolute, apex acute, base narrowed

and unequal-sided; main nerves 11—14 pairs, faint above, promi-

nent beneath, curving and leaving the midrib at a wide angle,

anastomosing doubly; reticulations prominent below with a loose

net-work; length 11-20 cm.; breadth 4—7 cm.; petiole very short,

3—5 mm. long, swollen. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of ieaves or fallen

leaves. Pedicels about 1 cm. long, pubescent with 2 minute bracts,

one basal and the other medial. Sepals broadly triangular, slightly

obtuse, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, 2 mm. long. Petals

white, the inner with a rosy flush at the base, oblong, obtuse, the

‘edges revolute, pubescent outside, glabrous and rough on the in-

side, 7 mm. long. Stamens 1 mm. long with flat-topped or convex

connectives. Ovaries 155 mm. long, angled, pubescent; stigma

pubescent. Ripe carpels glabrous, spherical, thin-walled, 2 cm.

long; stalks 1:5 cm. long. Seeds 2.

KELANTAN: Gua Ninik, Henderson S.F.N. 19649 (S., K.); Bukit Batu

Papan, S. Lebir, Henderson S.F.N. 29554 (S., K., Kew).

PAHANG: Bukit Goh F.R., Kuantan, Foxworthy C.F. 3135 (S.); Tem-

beling, Henderson S.F.N. 24809 (S., K., D.D., Kew) and 21799 (S.,

K.); Holttum S.F.N. 24706 (S., K.); Belingoo, Temerloh, Awang Lela

2669 (S.); Jerantut, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16052 (S., Kew); Sim-

pam River near Raub, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16810 (S.); Sungei

Bibut F.R., Raub, Osman 28422 (K.); Rotan Tunggal, Raub, Osman

29280 (K.).

SELANGOR: Bukit Enggang, Kajang, Symington 24197 (S., K.).

Matacca: Alvins 2375 (S.); Griffith 416 (C., Kew) type material;

Maingay 44 (C., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Chittagong Hill Tracts. Borneo.

Easy to recognize by the subsessile leaves. P. subsessiliflora

Bak. f. from Sumatra resembles the present species but its pedicels

are much shorter.

(6) P. lateritia J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Haec species in floribus P. caulifloram Hk. f. et Th. revocat

sed pedicellis brevioribus, foliis omnino glabris basi emarginatis,

nervis pluribus, petiolis brevioribus recedit. P. obliqua Hk. f. quae

folia basi emarginata etiam habet, petalis multo brevioribus et Jate

oblongis differt. :

290

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Frutex vel arbor parva ad 3-13 m. alta. Ramuli pallido-grisei,

glabri cum lenticellis numerosis. Folia 9-26 cm. longa, 3-5—7:5

cm. lata, chartacea, pallido-grisea in sicco, utrinque omnino glabra,

elliptica. vel. oblongo-elliptica, acuminata, basi. emarginata,. saepe

paulo inaequilateralia; nervi 10-14 pares, curvati.arcuatim: ad-

scendentes, 5 mm. a margine anastomosantes, nitidi, supra leviter

depressi, subtus elevati; reticulationes laxae; petioli breves, 2—3

mm. longi. Flores axillares vel ex tuberculis ramulis veterioribus

orti. Pedicelli 1 cm. longi, tenuiter pubescentes, apicem versus

sensim crassiores, basi minute bracteolati. Sepala 4 mm. longa,

ovata, acuta, extus et margine pubescentia. Petala 4-4-5 cm. longa,

7-8 mm. lata, subaequalia, oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, coriacea in

colore lateritia vel flavo-rubra, extus leviter pubescentia, intus

glabra. Stamina 2 mm. longa, numerosa; connectiva apicibus

convexa. Ovaria numerosa, pubescentia, angulosa, 2 mm. longa.

Fructus non visus. | 3

KELANTAN: Sungei Keteh, Batu Bow, Nur and Foxworthy S.F.N.

12063 (S.).

PERAK: Waterloo New Road, Curtis 2704 holotype (S.); Ipoh, Cur-

tis 3173 (S.); Gopeng, Kinta, King 7105 (C., Kew); King 10964 (C.).

PAHANG: Tahan River, Mat, 29th March, 1893 (S.).

Ma.acca: Sungei Ujong, no data (S.); Maingay 51 Som.

DISTRIBUTION: Not known outside the Peninsula.

The leaves dry a silvery grey. They are emarginate at the base

as in P. obliqua but the flowers resemble those of P. cauliflora.

I have not seen any fruit.

(7) P. socia Craib in Kew Bull. (1925) 10; Fl. Siam. Enum. 1

(1925) 44.

Tree about 5 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, reddish, closely

striate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, apex a short

point, somewhat obtuse, base rounded, emarginate, papery, glab-

rous, drying silvery above and greyish-brown beneath; main nerves

11-14 pairs, fine and not very distinct above, slightly prominent

beneath, anastomosing at margin; reticulations faint on both sur-

faces; length 12-16 cm.; breadth 3-5—6 cm.; petioles 4 mm. long,

stout, dark coloured. Flowers pale green (ex Kerr et Kiah quoad

spec. Siam.), axillary?, arising on short tubercles; pedicels 1-1-3

cm. long, rough, thicker towards the base of calyx. Sepals deltoid,

shortly acuminate, ciliate 1-25 mm. long and 2:5 mm. broad. Petals

sub-equal, lanceolate, acute, about 2—3 cm. long and 6 mm. broad,

finely veined (about 5 veins), these being more prominent on the

outside, a few sparse adpressed hairs outside, glabrous inside and

291

Gardens Bulletin, S.

slightly rough at base. Stamens 1:75 mm. long, connectives flat-

topped and rhomboid by compression. Ovaries 1:5 mm. long,

adpressed-pilose, with two ovules. Ripe fruit not seen.

LowER SIAM: Pattani, Kerr 7101 (Herb. Bangkok) type; Prit 3637

(Herb. Bangkok); Bacho,. Kiah S.F.N. 24291 (S., K., Kew).

Nur and Kiah S.F.N. 7773 from Gunong Pulai, Johore is very

similar to P. socia and probably is the same. The leaves however

are narrower at the base and not emarginate. The flowers are

yellow outside and red inside.

P. socia is distinguished from P. cauliflora by having more

nerves, 11-14 pairs instead of 8-10. The flowers are not cauli-

florous and the petals are shorter.

(8) P. cauliflora Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 138 et in Hk. f.

F.B.I. 1 (1872) 66; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 84 Pl. 116; Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. ed

(1917) 6; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 51; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1

(1925) 41; Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 282.

Synonyms: Uvaria cauliflora Wall. Cat. 6476 (1832) nomen

nudum. Unona pycnantha Hk. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 60;

Polyalthia pycnantha King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

316 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 83 Pl. 116 Bis.

Guatteria Teysmannii Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 378.

Monoon Teysmannii (Mig.) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat.

2 (1865) 19. Guatteria ? palembanica Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.

(1861) 379 teste Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865)

19. Polyalthia macrorhyncha Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2

(1865) 13; Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1 (1899) 108.

Shrub or small tree. Twigs slender, pale cinereous, glabrous

except the young ones, lenticellate. Leaves slightly coriaceous,

glabrous above, shining, slightly pubescent on the midrib and

nerves beneath, becoming glabrous, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or

broadly elliptic, acuminate, base acute or slightly rounded; nerves

8—10 pairs, slightly depressed above, prominent beneath, curving

and forming a double series of arches near margin; reticulations

faint above but prominent and forming a loose network on lower

surface; length varying from 9-20 cm. but average about 15 cm.;

breadth also variable 4—8 cm., average 5—6 cm.; petiole 5—7 mm.

long, pubescent. Flowers arising mostly from woody tubercles on

the trunk and branches, less often from the axils of fallen leaves.

Pedicels 2—4 cm. long, slender, varying in length according to age,

adpressed-pubescent, minutely bracteolate at the base, woody

when bearing fruit. Sepals triangular or ovate-triangular, slightly

292

Vol. XIV. (1955).

pubescent outside and on the margins, 6-7 mm. long. Petals cream

to pinkish-brown, varying in colour and size with age; outer when

mature 3-5—5:5 cm. long and 8 mm.—1 cm. broad; inner slightly

longer; both sets coriaceous, apices acute, curving inwards, slightly

channelled on upper surface, minutely adpressed-pubescent out-

side, the degree of pubescence varying, glabrous inside. Stamens

numerous, 1-5—2 mm. long; filaments a quarter the length of whole

stamen; connectives flat-topped, hexagonal. Ovaries numerous,

closely packed, 1-2 mm. long, pubescent, slightly angled, grooved

on inner surface; stigma pubescent, sessile, slightly angled or sub-

globose. Ripe carpels numerous ovoid, glabrous or slightly pubes-

cent, granular, slighty mucronate, 1 cm. long and 7 mm. in diam;

stalks slender, adpressed-pubescent, 2—2:5 cm. long. Seeds 1-2

Fig. 19.

4cm

Tucawy

Fig. 19. Polyalthia cauliflora Hk. f. et Th.

A, Leafy twig. B, Flowers and Fruit. C, Outer petal. D, Inner petal.

E, Stamen, front view. F, Stamen, back view. G, Gynoecium.

293

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Perak: Pulau Pankore, Curtis 1645 (S.); Ridley 7989 (S., Kew);

Lumut, Curtis 1383 (S., Kew) and Raley, July 1898 (S. js Telok Sera,

Dindings, Ridley 7995 (S.).

PAHANG: Ulu Serau, Osman 28306 (S.; K.); Tahan River, Ridley,

August 1891 (S.) and Mat, date 1893 (S.); Sungei Telom, Kiah and

Strugnell S.F.N. 24016 (S., K.); Bukit Baserah, Soh 15078 (S., Ke:

SELANGOR: Senawang F.R., Holttum S.F.N. 3957 (S.); Bukit Sutu,

‘Alvins 1598 (S.); Perhentian Tinggi, Ridley, December 1898 (S.).

Ma acca: Panchor, Goodenough 1746 (S.); Brisu, Derry 401 (S.);

Selandor, Alvins 438 (S.).

JoHorE: Gunong Panti, Ridley, 8th December, 1892 (S., K.); Bu-

kit Tinjau Laut, Corner S.F.N. 36941 (S., K., Kew) and S.F.N. 37069

(S.); Sednak, Ridley 18515 -{(S., -G., Kew) and 13517 (S., Kew); Ten-

garah, Lake and Kelsall, 27th October, 1892 (S., K.); Kuala Sem-

brong, Lake and Kelsall 4045 (S.,

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ridley ares (S.) and 8113 (S., Kew);

Goodenough, 12th August, 1889 (S.); Bukit Panjang, Mat, date 1894

(S.); Toas, Ridley, date 1894; Changi, Ridley 5980 (S., C.); Chan Chu

Kang, Ridley 6231 e co) and 4710 (S., C.); Goodenough, 15th

February, 1893 (S.,

The above description ae to the species in the sensu stricto.

P. cauliflora is of: wide distribution in Malaya but is less common

in the north. In the broad sense it is very variable, which owing

to its wide distribution is to be expected. I agree with Airy-Shaw

in including certain-other species in it but here have made some

of them varieties. Those included are var. Beccarii, var. desmantha

and var. Wrayi which formerly were species.

P. cauliflora var. Beccarii (King) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Polyalthia Beccarii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

314 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 81 Pl. 110 B;

Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1 No. 3 (1913) 80 et F.M.P. 1

(1922) 50. Included in P. cauliflora by Airy-Shaw, Kew Bull.

(1939) 282.

Leaves narrower than in typical P. cauliflora, 8-13 cm. long

and 1-3-5 cm. broad, average breadth 2 cm., glabrous beneath but

sometimes slightly pubescent on the midrib and larger veins; reti-

culations often but not always less prominent. Petals varying in

length, average 3 cm. Fruit as in the typical form.

KELANTAN: Sungei Keteh, Nur and Foxworthy S.F.N. 12010 (S., K.,

Kew); Gua Ninik, Henderson S.F.N. 19672 (S.) somewhat inter-

mediate between type and var. Beccarii.

PERAK: Scortechini Nos. 2108 (S., C., Kew); 1882 (S., C.); 886 (S.,

C.); King 7803 (C., Kew); Sungkai, King 3026 (S., C., Kew); Gopeng,

Kinta, King 4522 (C., D.D., Kew) and 793 (C., Kew); Larut, King

4403 (C., E., Kew); Tapah, Wray 495 (S., C., Kew) and 181 (C., E.);

14099 probably collected by Ridley (S., Kew); Lumut, Ridley Nos.

3094 (S.); 10320 (S.) somewhat intermediate; Kota Lama, Kuala

Kangsar, Haniff S.F.N. 16046 (S.); Murah F.R., Dindings, SenER

27090 (K.) intermediate form.

294

Vol. XIV. (1955).

TRENGGANU: Sungei Nipah by Jeram Gajah, Kemaman, Corner,

20th November, 1935 (S.); Ulu Bendong Kajang, Kemaman, Corner

S.F.N. 30015 (S.); Sungei Paka, Symington 26845 (K.).

PAHANG: Rompin, Soh 15457 (S., K.); Chini Reserve, Watson 3177

(S., K., Kew) somewhat intermediate; Gunong Tapis, Kuantan, Sy-

mington and Kiah S.F.N. 28912 (S., K.); Temerloh, Burn-Murdoch

154 (S.); Ulu Pekin, Ja’amat 16540 (K.); Bukit Kajang F.R., Raub,

Strugnell 22309 (K.) intermediate; Trasang F.R., Raub, Strugnell

22302 (K.); Batu Talam, Raub, Kalong 20492 (K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gemas, Burkill S.F.N. 6384 (S., Kew) and S.F.N.

4967 (S., Kew); Gunong Angsi, Nur S.F.N. 11672 (S., C., K.); 2136

probably Alvins, no exact loc. (S.) intermediate form.

Matacca: Bukit Sedanan, Holttum S.F.N. 9684 (S., K.).

JoHORE: Gunong Janing, Lake and Kelsall, date 1892 (S.); Tebing

Tinggi, Ridley 11057 (S.); Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32069 (S.); 14th

mile Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N. 29026 (S., K., Kew) ap-

proaching typical P. cauliflora; Gunong Panti, Holttum S.F.N. 17490

(S.); Ridley, December 1892 (S.) somewhat intermediate with narrow

and broad leaves.

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ngadiman S.F.N. 34933 (S., K., Kew)

somewhat intermediate. The typical P. cauliflora occurs in B. Timah.

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo and Sumatra. Type material = Perak speci-

mens, Wray, King and Scortechini; Beccari 401 Sumatra and Motley

743 Borneo.

I have separated from the broader leaved typical P. cauliflora

the sheets here quoted. They include the sheets of King, Scortechini

and Wray collected in Malaya and agree with King’s description

and plate of P. Beccarii [Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893)

Pj. 110 B]. The majority of the sheets have much narrower leaves

than P. cauliflora but there are several with leaves intermediate

between the two forms while sometimes the same twig may have

broad and narrow leaves. I agree with Airy-Shaw that P. Beccarii

is not specifically distinct from P. cauliflora but these narrow

leaved forms are recognizable and I prefer for convenience in

grouping to give them varietal rank, reducing P. Beccarii to a

variety of P. cauliflora.

P. cauliflora var. desmantha (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Unona desmantha Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 61;

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 297 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 60 Pl. 83. Desmos desmanthus Safford in

Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 39 (1912) 508. Polyalthia desmantha Ridley

in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 75 (1917) 6 et F.M.P. 1 (1922)

49; Airy-Shaw Kew Bull. (1939) 282 included in P. cauliflora.

Young twigs densely brown-tomentose. Leaves as in P. cauli-

flora with the base slightly more rounded but differing chiefly i in the

more tomentose midrib and veins of the lower surface; veins and

295

Gardens Bulletin, S.

reticulations very distinct and raised on lower surface; average

breadth of leaf 6-7-5 cm. Flowers as in the type. Ripe carpels

larger than in P. cauliflora, 1—-1:5 cm. long and 1 cm. in diam.

not apiculate, the surface very much wrinkled when dry; 2-3

seeded; stalks stouter than in the type and the other varieties.

LOWER SIAM: Kopah Bankrap, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 2722 (S., C.,

Kew).

PENANG: Penang Hill, Ridley 7022 (S.).

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Tasek Glugor, Burkill S.F.N. 6534 (S., K.,

Kew).

PERAK: Telok Sera, Pankore, Curtis 1644 (S.); Larut, King 7617

(C., Kew) and 3113 (C., Kew); Piah F.R., Ja’amat 39314 (K.); Up-

per Perak, Wray 3870 (D.D.).

PAHANG: Near Sungei Teku, Kiah S.F.N. 31771 (S., K., Kew);

Kuala Rompin, Seimund F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 967 (S.); Buloh Telang,

P. Tioman, Nur S.F.N. 18585 (S., K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Bukit Plangi, Tampin, Nur S.F.N. 2542 (S.);

Tampin Hill, Nur S.F.N. 794 (S.).

Matacca: Alvins 2220 (S.); Maingay 48 (C., Kew) type of des-

mantha and a duplicate sheet is type of pycnantha; Ayer Panas, Good-

enough 1588 (S.).

JOoHORE: Bukit Lenggor, Holttum S.F.N. 24926 (S., K., Kew); 12th

mile Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N. 28684 (S., K., Kew);

Mawai, Ngadiman S.F.N. 34739 (S., K.); Kangka, Sedili Ketchil, Cor-

ner S.F.N. 28600 (S., Kew) and S.F.N. 28601 (S., K., Kew); Sungei

Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32101 (S., K., Kew) and S.F.N. 32125 (S., K.,

Kew); North of Gunong Belumut, Holttum S.F.N. 10603 (S.); Sungei

Rhu Reba, Jason Bay, Corner S.F.N. 28503 (S., K., Kew); Sungei Be-

rassau, S. Sedili, Corner S.F.N. 25978 (S., K., Kew); Pantai F.R.,

Compt. 1, Symington 35754 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Borneo and Sumatra.

I have sorted out the above quoted series with longer wrinkled

fruits and more pubescent leaves but do not reckon them to be

distinct enough from P. cauliflora to be a separate species so re-

duce them (P. desmantha) to P. cauliflora var. desmantha. Guat-

teria Teysmannii Miq. is probably P. cauliflora var. desmantha

rather than P. cauliflora sensu stricto.

P. cauliflora Hk. f. et Th. var. Wrayi (Hemsl.) J. Sinclair, stat.

nov.

Unona Wrayi Hemsl. in Hk. f. Icon. Pl. 16 (1887) T. 1553;

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No..4 (1892) 296 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 60 PI. 82; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 49.

Leaves pubescent on the midrib and veins below as in var.

desmantha but slightly less so and the base more rounded. Flowers

296

Vol. XIV: (1955).

cauliflorous with petals 8 cm. long. Ripe carpels pinkish, ovoid or

oblong, about 2:5 cm. long; stalks glabrous, 1:5 cm. long.

PERAK: Upper Perak, Wray no number quoted, 2 sheets. (S.) type

material; Ulu Kenering, Wray 560 (S., Kew) type material.

This differs from P. cauliflora and its other varieties by the

much longer petals. It is nearest to var. desmantha but I have

kept it separate owing to the very limited number of sheets at my

disposal.

(9) P. dumosa King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 301 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 64 Pl. 86A; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 54.

_ Shrub. Young twigs slender, dark red, with a few sparse, erect

1 mm. long hairs, soon glabrous and finely striate. Leaves rather

crowded, thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acu-

minate, base rounded and minutely emarginate, glabrous, the

lower midrib occasionally sparsely pubescent, both surfaces dull,

drying greyish; main nerves about 12 pairs, very fine, faint above,

more distinct beneath, leaving the midrib at nearly right angles,

anastomosing 3 mm. from margin; reticulations not visible above,

faint and lax beneath; length 7-13 cm.; breadth 1:5—4-5 cm.;

petiole 2 mm. long. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves on a

slender, glabrous 1-1-3 cm. long pedicel with a small lanceolate

bract about the middle. Sepals ovate, acuminate, spreading, 3-4

mm. long. Petals orange, leathery, sub-equal, 8 mm. long, oblong-

lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous outside, puberulous inside. Sta-

mens 1 mm. long, numerous, the connectives rhomboid, slightly

convex hiding the anther cells. Ovaries few, oblong, pubescent

with broad sessile, pubescent stigma. Ripe carpels 1-2, ovoid-

globose, glabrous, red, 1 cm. long and 8 mm. in diam., rough;

stalks 2 mm. long. Seeds 1-2.

PERAK: Waterfall Hill, Wray 2628 (S., C.) type material; Maxwell’s

Hill, Wray 2978 (S., Kew) type material; Scortechini 601 (S., C.,

Kew) type material.

TRENGGANU: Gunong Padang, Moysey and Kiah S.F.N. 33947 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known as yet from other localities.

A rare species. The leaves recall those of P. cauliflora var.

Beccarii but they are proportionally longer and narrower. The

flower is totally different being opposite the leaves. P. dumosa is

near P. suberosa but the venation is different, the carpels fewer

and the bark not hypertrophied.

297

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(10) P. suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites, Enum. (1864) 398; Hk. f. et

Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 65; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 64 Pl. 77B; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925)

44; Ast in Suppl. Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine T. 1 fas. 1 (1938)

74.

Basonym: Uvaria suberosa Roxb. Cor. Pl. 1 (1795) 31 T. 34.

Synonym: Guatteria suberosa Dunal, Monog. Anon. (1817)

128; Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 140.

Shrub. Young twigs rusty-pubescent, later glabrous, dark red and

with pink lenticels, the old ones with corky ridges. Leaves mem-

branous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, the base narrowed

and slightly unequal-sided, glabrous above, slightly pubescent

beneath on the midrib and veins, grey above or pale brown be-

neath when dry; main nerves about 8-10 pairs, spreading, faint

on both surfaces as are the lax reticulations; length somewhat

variable, 5-11 cm.; breadth 2-4 cm.; petiole 1-3 mm. long.

Flowers solitary, extra-axillary, opposite the leaves or slightly

below them, on slender 7 mm.—2-5 cm. long, puberulous pedicels

with a minute, acute bract near base. Sepals ovate, acute, pubes-

cent outside, glabrous inside, 2-2-5 mm. long. Petals reddish-

brown, coriaceous, slightly pubescent outside, glabrous inside, the

outer oblong-lanceolate, acute, slightly reflexed, 6 mm. long; the

inner oblong, obtuse, erect 1 cm. long. Stamens numerous 1 mm.

long with convex connectives. Ovaries 2 mm. long, pubescent;

style present widening into a thick triangular, blade-like, glabrous

stigma. Ripe carpels glabrous, spherical, 5 mm. in diam.; stalks

slender, 8 mm.—1 cm. long. Seeds 1-2 with a longitudinal circum-

ferential band.

LOWER SIAM: Banglapham, Keith 35 (S.).

KELANTAN: Banchok, Corner S.F.N. 33522 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Bengal, Burma, South India, Ceylon, Siam, Indo-

China and Hainan.

A rare species in Malaya but common in India. Very near P.

evecta (See notes under that species). Type in Herb. Kew is Wall.

Cat. 6437, Burma.

(11) P. evecta (Pierre) Finet et Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.

Mém. 4 (1906) 91 et Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine 1 (1907) 69;

Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. (1925) 42; Ast in Suppl. FI. Gén. de

L’Indo-Chine T. 1 fas. 1 (1938) 74.

Basonym: Unona evecta paeiee Fl. For. Cochinch. (1880) T.

oi:

This species if sterile or in fruit is very similar to P. shea,

The chief and distinguishing character is found in the flower. The

298

Volk. X1V = (1955). _

stigma is sessile and capitate while in P. suberosa a definite style

and a triangular blade-like stigma are present. In P.-evecta the

stamens are fewer and longer, 1-5 mm. long and they have a

larger, orbicular flat-topped connective (1 mm. in diam.). The

inner petals are slightly shorter, 6-8 mm. long. The petioles and

midrib tend to be more pubescent but not always. Whether P.

evecta has the corky hypertropied bark of P. suberosa on its older

branches, I do not know but I have seen no sign of this on herba-

rium sheets examined. .

LowER SiAM: Bang Son, Haniff and Nur 4393 (S., Kew); Koh Lak,

Lajburi, South-west Siam, Hamid C.F. 3802 (S., K., Kew); Hat Sunu-

hor, Lajburi, Hamid C.F. 3820 (S.).

_DISTRIBUTION: Siam and Indo-China. Type in Herb. Kew is Pierre

824, Cambodia.

(12) P. parviflora Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 61

(1912) 46; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 54 pro parte; Craib, Fl. Siam.

“Enum. 1 (1925) 43. [Altera pars see page 323, and Craib page

43].

Synonym: P. rufa’Craib in Kew Bull. (1924) 82.

Small tree. Young twigs minutely pubescent, becoming glabrous,

dark coloured, striate. Leaves thin, elliptic-lanceolate, apex blunt,

the base narrowed, rounded and unequal-sided, glabrous except

the petiole; nerves 8-10 pairs, scarcely visible above but distinct

beneath, curving first, then ascending steeply, anastomosing 5 mm.

from margin; reticulations faint and lax; length 7-11 cm.; breadth

2-5-4 cm.; petiole pubescent. Flowers subsessile, on a hairy, 2

mm. long pedicel. Sepals ovate, acute, 3 mm. long with hairs 1

mm. long at margins and apex. Petals 6 mm. long and 2 mm.

broad, white, oblong-lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, fleshy, hairy

outside, hairs 1 mm. long, glabrous inside. Stamens numerous 1

mm. long with flat-topped connectives. Ovaries 1 mm. long, pubes-

cent. Ripe carpels sessile, about 12, obovoid, minutely apiculate,

with a tuft of adpressed hairs round the apiculus, length 8 mm.;

diam. 5-6 mm. Seeds 1-2.

Peruis: Kaki Bukit, Kiah S.F.N. 35269 (S.).

KepAH: Pulau Tengah, Langkawi, Ridley 15893 (S., Kew) type ma-

terial; Langkawi at Kuala Malacca, Curtis 2533 (S., C.) type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

The sessile flowers and carpels are the best diagnostic characters.

299

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(13) P. hirtifolia J. Sinclair, nom. nov.

Synonym: P. hirta Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 82

(1920) 168; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 54 non P. hirta (Miq.) Diels in—

Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 132.

Small tree. Young branches pubescent with dark brown, 1 mm.

long, erect hairs at right angles to them, later glabrous and dark.

coloured. Leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded, glab~

rous above, pubescent below on the midrib and nerves with scat-

tered adpressed, 1 mm. long hairs; main nerves 8-10 pairs not

visible above but prominent beneath, interarching 3 mm. from

margin; reticulations forming a loose network; length 7-12 cm.;

breadth 1-8—2-5 cm.; petiole 1-2 mm. long, hairy. Flowers solitary,

sub-sessile, opposite the leaves. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute,

hairy outside, glabrous inside, 7 mm. long. Petals triangular-

lanceolate, thinly hairy outside with dark brown, 1 mm. long hairs.

Stamens 1 mm. long with broad, orbicular, flat-topped connectives.

Ovaries 6 with a short but distinct hairy style; stigma broad, sub-

orbicular. Ripe carpels sessile, ovoid, setose with 3 mm. long

brown hairs, length 7 mm., diam. 5 mm.

PENANG: Pulau Boetong Reserve, Curtis 2745 (S., Kew) type.

DISTRIBUTION: Only known from this record.

Very rare. The subsessile flowers recall P. parviflora but the

leaves are longer and acuminate, not blunt. No flower colour is

noted by Curtis or Ridley.

There are three sheets of a species, probably new, resembling

P. hirtifolia in Herb. Sing.—Curtis, December 1902 and February

1910 and Ridley, date 1899 all from Lumut, Dindings, Perak.

The flowers are sessile and the leaves are broader.

(14) P. bullata King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 313 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 79 Pl. 111; Ridley,

F.M.P: C1922 7553,

Shrub 2-3 m. high. Young twigs covered with golden, erect 2

mm. long hairs. Leaves papery or thinly coriaceous, bullate, me-

dium green and shining above, paler beneath, drying silvery-grey,

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the sides nearly parallel, apex

acute, base deeply cordate and auricled, nearly sessile, glabrous

except the sunk midrib, sparsely hirsute below on the nerves and

especially the midrib, the hairs similar to those on the young

twigs; main nerves 25—40 pairs, sunk above, prominent beneath,

the secondary also numerous and prominent, both sets leaving the

midrib at nearly right angles, curving gradually and anastomosing

in a bold and continuous line round the margin; reticulations

300

Vol. XIV. (1955). >

prominent and very lax; length 28-37 cm.; breadth very variable,

3-12 cm.; petiole 3-5 mm. long, stout. Pedicels solitary or 2—3

arising together, slender, erect, terminal, opposite the leaves, 2:5

cm. long. Sepals lanceolate, spreading, obtuse, sparsely pubescent

outside, glabrous inside, 5-7 mm. long. Petals 2:5 cm. long,

-Narrow-linear, sub-equal, sub-concave, sparsely pubescent. “Sta-

mens numerous, connectives slightly convex, orbicular. Ovaries

few, oblong, pubescent, the stigma sub-capitate, truncate, puberul-

ous. Ripe carpels sub-globose, puberulous, 1 cm. in diam.; stalks

slender, 5 mm. long. Seeds 2, plano-convex, pale, rugose.

PERAK: Gopeng, Kinta, King 4729 and 4804 (C., Kew) both type

material.

PAHANG: Kemansul F.R., Ja’amat 40870 (K.).

SELANGOR: Semenyih, Hume F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 8151 (S.); Dusun

Tua, Ridley, May 1896 (S.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gunong Angsi, Nur S.F.N. 11673 (S.).

_ Matacca: Alvins, 1st October, 1885 (S.); stream by Kemendor fac-

tory, Burkill S.F.N. 4465 (S.).

- JoHORE: Sungei Sedili, Mersing Road, Corner, 30th September, 1936

~ (S.); Ulu Tiram, Corner, 18th September, 1932.

SINGAPORE: Cantley, no data. Doubtful if from Singapore.

‘DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

There is quite a similarity between this Polyalthia and the

Bornean P. insignis (Hk. f.) Airy-Shaw, especially in the leaves

which are cordate and auricled. at the base in both species but

P. insignis is quite glabrous and has much larger flowers. Most

collectors state that P. bullata is a shrub 2—3 m. high but Corner

states on the label of the Ulu Tiram plant, a climber about 30

feet long, evidently a sarmentose shrub when young. The leaves

of P. bullata vary considerably in width. The specimens from

Semenyih, Selangor and Gunong Angsi, N. Sembilan have leaves

2—4 cm. wide. The Malacca and Johore specimens vary from 6—12

cm. wide. There is no information on the colour of the flower.

(15) P. brunneifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Haec species foliorum aspectu et colore (castaneo in sicco) P.

stenopetalam revocat sed propter flores extra-axillares vel foliis

oppositos apud P. parviflorum, P. hirtifoliam et P. Motleyanam

ponenda. A duabus illis petalis longioribus, foliis longioribus et

latioribus, ab hac floribus minoribus, foliis pauci-nervatis minori-

bus castaneis differt.

Frutex 2-4 m. altus. aan coals as A atro-fusco-tomen-

tosi, deinde glabri.. Folia 14-17 cm. longa, 3-5-6:5 cm. lata,

301

Gardens Bulletin, S.

coriacea, oblongo-elliptica vel oblongo-lanceolata, nitida, utrinque

glabra, in sicco atro-brunnea, apice acuta, basi rotunda et in-

aequilateralia; nervi 8-9 pares, supra obscuri et depressi, subtus

prominentes, curvati, 3-4 mm. prope marginem anastomosantes;

reticulationes obscurae et laxae; petioli 3-5 mm. longi, pubes-

centes. Flores 1-2 oppositi foliis vel paullo infra dispositi. Pedi-

celli 4-5 mm. longi, pubescentes, basi bracteolati. Sepala 5 mm.

longa, triangularia, acuta, atro-brunnea, extus pubescentia, intus

glabra. Petala subaequalia, 2-2-5 cm. longa, 6 mm. lata, alba vel

albo-rosea, lanceolata, acuta, extus leviter pubescentia. Stamina

numerosa, 2 mm. longa, connectivis convexis. Ovaria 2 mm. longa,

pubescentia. Carpella fere 6, globosa, primum minute pubescentia,

deinde glabra, rosea, 8 mm.—1-5 cm. longa; stipites 3—4 mm. longi.

Semina 1-2. |

PERAK: King 7946 (C.); Larut, King 5702 (C.).

PAHANG: Tahan River, Mat, date 1893 (S.).

SELANGOR: Bukit Enggang, Kajang, Symington 24179 (S., Kew)

holotype; Sungei Lalang Reserve, Kajang, Symington 22962 (S., Kew);

Dusun Tua, Ridley 7281 (S., C.); Sungei Buloh F.R., Abu 3347 (K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gunong Angsi, Nur S.F.N. 11759 (S., Kew).

JOHORE: 134 mile Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner, 18th May, 1935

(S.); S. Kayu Ara, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner, 10th February,

1935, (84

DISTRIBUTION: These are the only localities.

The leaves when dry are a rich nut-brown colour, hence the

name brunneifolia.

(16) P. chrysotricha Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 57.

Tree 10 m. high. Young twigs densely rusty-tomentose; older

reddish and rough or wrinkled. Leaves chartaceous, obovate-

lanceolate to oblanceolate, gradually narrowed to the rounded and

slightly cordate or emarginate base, nearly sessile, apex abruptly

and bluntly acute, glabrous above, rusty-pubescent beneath on the

midrib and on the nerves and numerous lax reticulations; nerves

13-15 pairs, faint and sunk above, prominent beneath, curving,

ascending and interarching at the margin; length 19-34 cm.;

breadth 4-11 cm.; petiole 3 mm. long, rusty-pubescent. Flowers

2—3 together, opposite the leaves or slightly below, subtended by

a linear, acute 1-8-2 cm. long bract which is tomentose on the

lower and glabrous on the upper surface. Pedicels 1:2 cm. long,

stout and densely rusty-tomentose. Sepals 1-3 cm. long, ovate,

acute, densely rusty-tomentose on the outside as are the petals,

both glabrous inside. Petals ovate-triangular, acute with a broad

base, 2:5 cm. long or more, 1:3 cm. broad at base; inner narrower.

302

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Stamens numerous with orbicular convex connectives. Ovaries

numerous, densely tomentose. Ripe carpels lanate with brown,

5—6 mm. long hairs, obovate, obtuse, shrinking on drying, 1-7 cm.

long and 1-7 cm. in diam.; stalk 7 mm. long, thin. Seeds 2.

PAHANG: Sungei Yet, Bukit Fraser, Nur S.F.N. 11127 (S., K., Kew);

Henderson F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 11421 (Kew); Tahan River, Mat, 23rd

September, 1893 (S.).

SELANGOR: Bukit Kutu, Ridley, June 1890 (S.); Menuang Gasing,

Ulu Langat, Kloss (Kew) type.

DISTRIBUTION: Probably Sumatra.

Comes near P. Motleyana var. glabrescens but the leaves of P.

chrysotricha are much more hairy and the base is cordate. In P.

chrysotricha also the bract of the inflorescence is much larger,

1-8—2 cm. long and the carpels lanose.

(17) P. Motleyana (Hk. f.) Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 280.

Basonym: Oxymitra Motleyana Hk. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 23

(1860) 155; Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. i No. 3 (1913) 88.

Small tree 3-4 m. high. Young twigs rusty-brown-tomentose,

becoming glabrescent. Leaves oblanceolate, to elliptic-oblanceo-

late, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex rounded or very

shortly cuspidate-acuminate, chartaceous, drying greyish above,

brown beneath, slightly hairy above, the sunk midrib being tomen-

tose, pilose beneath, especially on the raised midrib and veins

with a tendency to become glabrous; main nerves 15-20 pairs,

spreading, ascending and anastomosing near margin; reticulations

faint above, prominent and lax beneath; length 10—30 cm.; breadth

3—10 cm.; petiole 3-7 mm. long, rusty-tomentose. Flowers extra-

axillary, between the leaves or opposite them, sessile or on a

densely tomentose pedicel up to 5 mm. long (rarely 1 cm. long).

Sepals ovate-deltoid, 8-9 mm. long and almost as broad, acute,

densely tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Exterior petals broadly

lanceolate, about 1-5 cm. long and 7—8 mm. broad, obtuse or

acute, the interior oblong-elliptic, about 1-5 cm. long and 5-6 mm.

broad, somewhat obtuse, both sets densely sericeous, tomentose

outside, glabrous inside. Stamens numerous, cuneiform, 2-5 mm.

long, connectives flat-topped, thomboid by compression. Ovaries

hirsute. Fruit not seen.

(ghia Bukit Kuala Bintang, Gunong se Haniff S.F.N. 21084

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo and Riouw Aarhiatetngs.

This specimen agrees with Airy-Shaw’s description and with

Richards 1408 from Dulit, Sarawak but the flowering pedicel is

8 mm. long. It is therefore somewhat intermediate between typical

303

Gardens Bulletin, S.

P. motleyana and P. motleyana var. glabrescens. Bunnemeyer

5908 from the Riouw Archipelago has sessile flowers, the younger

leaves are sparingly pubescent while the older ones are glabrous.

Haviland, Sarawak, date 1891 is similar with densely sericeous,

sessile flowers but the leaves are nearly glabrous. It seems there-

fore that the character of the sessile, densely sericeous flowers is

a better one than the pubescence of the leaves which is variable.

P. oblonga King has two vars., one with a short pedicel and the

other with a much longer pedicel. Airy-Shaw has called the one

with the shorter pedicel P. Motleyana var. glabrescens Airy-Shaw

[Kew Bull. (1939) 282]. I can not see that the form with the

longer pedicels is a different species so I have made that a variety

of P. Motleyana and have called it P. Motleyana var. oblonga

(King) Sinclair.

Very closely allied too is P. microtus Miq. with glabrous petals

and smaller leaves.

P. Motleyana var. oblonga (King) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Synonym: P. oblonga King pro parte, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1. No. 4

(1892) 314 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 80 PI.

113; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 57.

Differs from var. glabrescens in having the flowering pedicels

2-8 cm. long, average length 4-5 cm. and the leaves often

minutely cordate at the base. King’s plate 113 of P. oblonga is

correct for P. Motleyana var. oblonga (King) Sinclair.

Since no description of the fruit of P. Motleyana is given by

Airy-Shaw, the following description is appended and is meant

for the var. oblonga. Ripe carpels 10—20, ovoid to orbicular, api-

culate, about 1 cm. long, pubescent or subglabrous; stalks slender,

1-5—-1-8 cm. long. Seeds 1-2, ovoid and plano-convex.

PERAK: Relau Tujor, Wray 1808 (S., C.) and 2191 (S., C.); Max-

well’s Hill, Wray 2805 (S., C.); Harom, Scortechini 660 (S., C.); Larut,

King Nos. 7671 (S., C., D.D., Kew); 6465 (C., Kew); 4099 (C.,

D.D., E., Kew); 3399 (C., D.D., E.); 5733 (C., Kew); 1944 (C.);

2261 (C., Kew); 5141 (C., Kew); 6358 (C.); Ulu Bubong King

10198 (C.); Waterloo, Curtis 2703 (S., C.); and 1281 (S., Kew);

Temoh near Tapah, Ridley, November 1908 (S.); Bujong Malacca,

Ridley, September 1898 (S.); Gunong Keledang, Ridley 9678 (S.).

” paar Ulu Gombak, Hume F.M.S. Mus. Nos. 8478; 87382; 8720

(S.). ala eae. 'S¢ Ek. Cheat

P. Motleyana is a polymorphic species with several varieties.

There are forms intermediate between these varieties and that! .

most likely due to its wide distribution. |

304

Vol. XIV. (1955).

P. Motleyana var. glabrescems Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939)

282.

Synonyms: P. oblonga King pro parte Mat. F.M-.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 314 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. 4 (1893) 80:

Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 57. Guatteria multinervis Wall. Cat.

6445 (1832).

Leaves glabrous on both sides except the sometimes slightly

pubescent midrib and lateral nerves which at length become glab-

rous, more narrowed at the base, less cordate and often smaller

than in the var. oblonga. Pedicels 1 cm. long or under, average

length 5—8 mm. The pubescence of the petals is variable as m

the var. oblonga.

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Bukit Mertajam, Burkill SF.N. 9017 (S.):

Bukit Juru, Curtis, June 1890 (S.).

PENANG: Penang Hill, Holttum S.F.N. 37352 (S.); Pulau Boetong.

Curtis 1409 and Government Hill 7409 (S.. Kew): Moniot Road, Pe-

nang Hill, Sinclair S.F.N. 39345 (S.): Chendroh F.R.. Ja’amat 39207

(S., K.); Kledang Saiong F.R., Ja’amat 23925 (K.) and Symington

25622 (K.); Bubu F.R., Arnot 30661 (K.); Hermitage, Curtis 1277

(S., Kew).

SELANGOR: Sungei Lalang F.R., Kajang, Symington 24216 (K.).

JoHORE: Gunong Janing, Lake and Kelsall, 20th October, 1892 (S.)-

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Sarawak.

The type sheet in Herb. Kew in Lobb “Singapore” (Herbarium

Hookerianum). Singapore is an error. ~

(18) P. Jenkensii (Hk. f. et Th.) Hk. f. et Th. in Fi. Br. Ind. 1

(1872) 64; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 305 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 70 Pl. 96 pro parte quoad

Maingay 46 and 45 in part.

Basonym: Guatteria Jenkensii Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)

pro parte 141.

Synonyms: Polyalthia andamanica Kurz Andam. Report (1870)

29. P. Havilandii Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 107 T. 66. P.

Cumingiana Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 71.

Unona agusanensis Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 5 (1913) 1743.

Polyalthia agusanensis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sc. Bot. 10 (1915)

250. Polyalthia Rumphii (Bl.) Merr. Enum. Philip. Fl. Plants 2

(1923) 162 sensu Merr. non sensu BI.

Tree 10-20 m. high with slender drooping branches. Tips of

young twigs minutely rusty-pubescent, soon glabrous, rather pale,

striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, apex acute,

base acute or slightly rounded, often sub-oblique, glabrous, drying

pale green, upper surface shining; main nerves 9—12 pairs, slightly

305

Gardens Bulletin, S.

pubescent when young, soon glabrous, fine above, prominent

beneath, curving deeply, anastomosing some distance from margin;

reticulations faint above, forming a distinct and close network

below; length 10—22 cm.; breadth 3-5—7-5 cm.; petiole 5—8 mm.

long. Pedicels axillary, solitary, 1-2 cm. long, adpressed-rusty-

tomentose with several minute rounded bracts near the base and

occasionally a median one. Sepals very small, 3 mm. long, sub-

orbicular, obtuse, pubescent outside, often reflexed. Petals sub-

coriaceous, spreading, greenish, changing to yellow, broadly

lanceolate or elliptic, sub-acute or obtuse, broadest at the middle,

the base much narrowed, puberulous or glabrous, 3:5—4 cm. long.

Stamens numerous, 1 mm. long; connectives fiat-topped or con-

vex. Ovaries 1 mm. long, pubescent with a globose, faintly grooved

stigma. Ripe carpels numerous, glabrous, oblong, slightly apicu-

late, 9 mm.—1-1 cm. long; stalks slender, 1-5 cm. long. Seed 1,

smooth.

KEDAH: Langkawi, Curtis, September 1890 (S.).

PENANG: Pulau Boetong Reserve, Curtis 2775 (S., Kew).

PERAK: Waterloo, Curtis 2717 (S., C., E.); Binbang Kijau Reserve,

Durant 12195 (K., Kew); Larut, King 3910 (S., C., D.D., Kew).

PAHANG: Jahit Btg., Ahmad 4069 (K., Kew).

Ma.acca: Maingay 46 (C., Kew) and 45 in part (Kew) type ma-

terial of G. Jenkensii; Griffith, sine num. (C.) type material of G.

Jenkensii; Machap, Goodenough 1778 (S.); Alvins 440 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ngadiman S.F.N. 34691 (S., K., D.D.,

Kew).

_DIsTRIBUTION: Assam, Indo-China, Malaya, Malay Islands, Philip-

pines.

See notes under P. Rumphii.

(19) P. Rumphii (BI.) Merr. Enum. Philip. Fl. Plants 2 (1923)

162 Tab. 5, quoad icones Rumphianas non. sensu Merr.

Basonym: Guatteria Rumphii Bl. in Henschel Vita Rumph.

(1833) 153 (Arbor nigra parvifolia Rumph. Herb. Amb. 5: 10,

E.4y ks 2s SY,

- Synonyms: Guatteria Jenkensii Hk. f: et Th. FI. Ind. 1 (1855)

141 pro parte. Polyalthia Jenkensii Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1

(1872) 64 pro parte quoad Maingay 45. Guatteria canangioides

Reichb. f. and Zoll. in Linnaea 29 (1857) 328. G. parveana Miq.

Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. 1 Pt. 1 (1858) 48. Monoon canangioides Migq.

in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 18. Polyalthia canangi-

oides (Miq.) Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 105. P. Scortechinii

King, Mat. F.M. P. Vol. 1.No. 4 (1892) 305 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

306:

-Vol--XIWV. (1955)-

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 69 Pl. 95; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 56. P.

Kunstleri King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 304 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 69 Pl. 87B; Ridley, F.M.P.

1 (1922) 55. P. glandulosa Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sc. 10 (1915)

247. 7

Tree 5-15 m. high. Young branches minutely rusty-pubescent,

soon glabrous. Leaves as in P. Jenkensii, rather variable but the

main nerves more prominent on the lower surface and the reti-

culations not quite so close. Pedicels also similar but median

bract rather larger, 5 mm. long, rusty-pubescent with recurved

edges. Sepals triangular, acute, pubescent on both surfaces, 6 mm.

-1-5 cm. long, average length 1 cm. Petals as in P. Jenkensii,

rather variable in shape, edges often wavy, 3-5-5 cm. long.

Stamens, ovaries and carpels more or less as in P. Jenkensii.

KEDAH: Jerai Reserve, Mat 17947 (S., K.); Gunong Jerai, Meh

10156 (S., K.); Babut, Katunbah, Meh 8914 (K.); 19th mile B. Se-

lambau, Meh 8982 (K., Kew).

PERAK: Scortechini 1500 (S., C.); 206B (S., C., Kew); Larut, King

4270 (S., C., Kew); 6125 (C., D.D., Kew); 6845 (C., Kew); 3767

(C., D.D., Kew); Gopeng, Kinta, King 4531 (C., D.D.); Ulu Bu-

bong, King 10010 (C.); King sine loc. exact. 10975 (C.); 10807 (C..

Kew); Relau Tujor, Wray, 3142 (S., C.).

TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, Corner 30278 (S.) Probably. Immature

flowers.

PAHANG: Temerloh, Awang Lela C.F. Field No. 4522 (S., K.); Bilur

F.R., Syed Ali 23490 (K.); Putat F.R., Baba 10774 (K.).

SELANGOR: Sungei Buloh, Hamid 2418 (S., K.); Ja’amat 15305 (S..

K.); Sepang, Denny, February 1948 (S.); Public Gardens, Kuala Lum-

pur, Ahmad C.F. No. 4926 (S., K., Kew) and C.F. No. 3883 (Kew).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungei Menyala, Port Dickson, Wyatt-Smith and

Sow 64606 (K.); Gunong Angsi F.R., Tachon 23743 (S., K.).

Matacca: Griffith 413 (C., Kew); Selandor, Ridley 10764 (S.):

Ayer Panas, Goodenough 1981 (S., C., Kew); Maingay 45 (Kew).

JOHORE: Mount Austin, Ridley 11993 (S.); Sungei Pulai Dua, Nur

and Kiah, S.F.N. 7738 (S., Kew); Gunong Panti, Ridley 4182 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Gardens’ Jungle, Ridley 3863 (Kew) and 6526 (Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Amboina, Philippines.

The problem of nomenclature for species 18 and 19 is an

‘extremely difficult and complex one. Both are closely related and

have a wide area of distribution hence the numerous synonyms.

The only satisfactory method of distinguishing one from the other

seems to be by the sepals. There are two groups:— |

(1) triangular, acute and long, 6 mm.—1-5 cm., the average

length being 1 cm.

(2) more rotund or orbicular, obtuse, short, about 3 mm.

long.

307

Gardens Bulletin, S.

At Kew I examined the various types and grouped them under

(1) and (2). It was then found that some of the synonyms were

not under the same species as former authors had placed them.

I have used P. Rumphii as the name for the species with the

long sepals since it was typified by Merrill on Guatteria Rumphii

Bl. in Henschel. The figure T. 5 in Rumphius Herb. Amb.,

although not a good one clearly shows the long acute sepals. Un-

fortunately however the specimens distributed from the Philip-

‘pines by Merrill under the name P. Rumphii (Bl.) Merr. have the

short rotund sepals so they have to be excluded from P. Rumphii

sensu Bl. and referred to P. Jenkensii.

For the species with the short sepals I have used the same P.

Jenkensii. Unfortunately also the original type material (Guatteria

Jenkensii) consisted of two parts (1) with long and (2) with

short sepals. King has made this clear in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 70. The part with the long sepals is the type of

P. Jenkensii and the other is placed in P. Rumphii.

In Ridley’s Flora P. Jenkensii is to be found under species 22,

P. canangioides Boerl. but the type of P. canangioides as typified

on Guatteria canangioides has long sepals. P. Rumphii in Ridley’s

Flora would include species 17, P. Kunstleri and species 21, P.

Scortechinii. The following species distributed as P. Kunstleri, I

have reduced to P. Rumphii.

PERAK: Scortechini 2001 (S., C.); King 7937 (S.); 7984 (C., D.D.,

Kew); 7951 (C., Kew); 3767 (Kew).

MALAccaA: Jasin Road 15th mile, Burkill S.F.N. 2189 (S., Kew).

King says the leaves and fruit are exactly the same as P. Scor-

techinii but the flowers are different. He quotes as type material,

King’s collector, Scortechini and Wray. The flowers of the mate-

rial examined by King were immature and therefore much smaller.

There is no other difference.

(20) P. pachyphylla King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. I No. 4 (1892) 315

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 82 Pl. 115; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1°(1922) 59.

Tree 15-30 m. high. Twigs rather coarsely striate. Leaves

coriaceous, dark glossy-green above, pale beneath, glabrous, ellip-

tic-oblong,. apex acute, base acute; nerves 11—12 pairs, rather

Straight, prominent above, more prominent beneath, running out

to edge and not or only slightly interarching; midrib sunk above,

raised below; reticulations forming a close network on both sur-

faces; length 115-19 cm.; breadth 45-9 cm.; petiole stout, 7

mm.—1-2 cm. long. Flowers about 3-8 cm. long ‘in fascicles from

tubercles on the older branches; pedicels 5 cm. long, tomentose

with a median, obtuse bract. Sepals nearly orbicular, reflexed,

308

Vol. XIV. (1955).

tomentose, 2 mm. long. Petals coriaceous several-veined, pale

green, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, sub-acute or obtuse,

pubescent on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface, the outer

set slightly shorter and narrower than the inner, 2-4—3-7 cm. long

and 7 mm.—1 cm. broad. Stamens numerous, compressed, apex of

connectives truncate. Ovaries numerous, stigma sessile, truncate.

Ripe carpels numerous, crowded and densely covered with pale

tomentum; when mature narrowly obovoid, blunt, narrowed to a

short thick stalk or nearly sessile, 4-5 cm. long and about 2:5 cm.

in diam.; pericarp thick, fleshy. Seeds 1.

PERAK: Larut, King 7516 (S., C., Kew); King 6655 (C., D.D.) both

type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Not known from elsewhere.

The most distinctive feature of this species is the very short

stalked carpels. The here-mentioned are the only records and the

material at my disposal is very scanty and fragmentary. I can

only find one seed per carpel although King states two.

(21) P. asteriella Ridley in Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. 82 (1920)

169; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 53.

Synonym: P. simiarum (Hk. f. et Th.) Hk. f. et Th. var. parvi-

folia King’ pro parte (mixtum compositum) Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1

No. 4 (1892) 307 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893)

73; Ridiey F.M.P. 1 (1922) 61.

Tree 10-12 m. high. Branchiets minutely puberulous becoming

glabrous, finely striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, acu-

minate with acute base, shining above, duller but of a pale straw

colour beneath, glabrous except for the petiole and the basal

portion of the midrib below which is sometimes minutely and

sparsely puberulous; nerves 11-15 pairs, slightly raised above,

prominent beneath, rather straight, ascending steeply; reticulations

forming a fine network, not prominent; length 12—20 cm.; breadth

3-5-6 cm.; petiole 5-8 mm. long. Flowers in fascicles of 2 or 3

on short, pubescent, 3 mm. long peduncles in the axils of the

leaves or mostly of fallen leaves; pedicels 3—4 cm. long, slender,

adpressed-pubescent with a minute, oblong, pubescent bract at

base. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, pubescent, 1 mm. long. Petals

spreading, pale green, fleshy, linear, strap-shaped, acute, slightly

expanded at base, sparsely adpressed-pubescent on both surfaces,

2—2:3 cm. long and 2 mm. broad, inner slightly smaller. Stamens

numerous, 1 mm. long with flat-topped connectives. Ovaries about

309

Gardens Bulletin, S.

1 mm. long, pubescent. Torus pubescent. Carpels 6-12, oblong,

obtuse at apex, glabrous, black when dry, 2 cm. long and 8 mm..

—1 cm. broad (may be slightly immature); stalks 2:5 cm. long.

KepAH: Gunong Lang, Kiah S.F.N. 35043 (S., K., Kew).

PERAK: Scortechini 592b (S., C.); Maxwell’s Hill, Ridley 2986 (S..,

C., Kew) type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

This is very close to P. simiarum but the leaves have a more

glossy appearance above and they do not dry that pale yellow-

green colour associated with P. simiarum. Also they are much

narrower and not rounded at the base nor broad across the middle

as in P. simiarum. The petals too are much narrower. P. simiarum

is common in India and Burma but has not been found in Malaya

sO it is better to foilow Ridley and keep P. asteriella separate.

There are several species very close to P. simiarum differing only

slightly from it. These are P. viridis, P. jucunda and P. Thorelii.

King’s P. simiarum var. parvifolia is a mixtum compositum.

Some of the sheets named so by him are P. asteriella but his

3850 from Larut, Perak, is P. Hookerianum and he has other

species included (Ridley F.M.P. 61).

(22) P. lateriflora (Bl.) King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

307 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 73 Pl. 102;

Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1 (1899) 105; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

59.

Basonym: Guatteria lateriflora Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 20 et Fi. Jav.

Anon. (1830) 100 T. 50 and 52D; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 Pt. 1

(1858) 47.

Synonym: Monoon lateriflorum Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Ludg.-

Bat. 2 (1865) 19.

Monopodial tree 6-20 m. high. Bark greyish-brown, finely

cracked, with horizontal ridges. Twigs coarsely striate. Young

leaves a beautiful scarlet; mature coriaceous, dark green, shining

above, medium green beneath, glabrous, oblong to elliptic-oblong,

acute or shortly acuminate, slightly narrowed to the rounded or

sub-cordate base; nerves 12-20 pairs, prominent, oblique and

nearly straight, running out to margin; midrib sunk above, bold

beneath with two lateral furrows, reticulations close but often not

quite so distinct as in P. sclerophylla; length 20-40 cm.; breadth

6:5—13 cm.; petiole 7 mm.—1-5 cm. long, stout, glabrous. Flowers

in fascicles from tubercles on the stem and larger branches; pedi-

cels 6-5—10 cm. long, pubescent, sometimes flattened upwards with

one obtuse, amplexical, sub-median bract. Sepals coriaceous, ovate-

orbicular, slightly obtuse, minutely tomentose outside, 4-5 mm.

310

Vol. XIV. (19535).

Jong. Petals coriaceous, greenish-yellow with various tinges of red

especially at the base, oblong-lanceolate, gradually tapering to the

sub-acute apex, several-veined, minutely pubescent especially on

the outer surface, 3-5—4:3 cm. long and 7 mm.—1 cm. broad, the

inner slightly smaller. Stamens 1-5 mm. long, fiat-topped or con-

vex. Ovaries 1-5 mm. long, pubescent. Ripe carpels red, crowded

and numerous, ovoid-elliptic, blunt, glabrous, 3-3-5 cm. long and

about 1-7 cm. broad, pericarp thin, fleshy; stalks stout, 3—5 cm.

Jong. Seed as in P. sclerophylla with circumferential groove.

PERAK: Gunong Pondok, Henderson, 7th June, 1930 (S.); Sungei

Larut, Wray 2419 (S.); King 7694 (D.D., Kew); Ulu Bubong, King

10447 (E., Kew); 6530 (Kew); Pulau Jarak, Wyatt-Smith, Kepong

Field Number 71080 (S., K.).

PAHANG: Kemansul F.R., Temerloh, Hamid C.F. Field No. 4794 (S.,

K.).

SELANGOR: Bukit Cheraka F.R., Walton 28388 (S., K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Triang Reserve, Jelebu, Yassim 4492 (S., K.).

MaALacca: Alvins 521 probably (S.); Maingay 96 (Kew).

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32169 (S.) and S.F.N. 32033

(S., K., Kew); Sungei Sedili, Corner 28th August, 1932 (S.); Gunong

~ Lambak, Sinclair S.F.N. 38944 (S., E.).

SINGAPORE: Mandai Road, Corner S.F.N. 33141 (S., Kew); Kiah

12th August, 1940 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Java and Sumatra.

Very close to P. sclerophylia in the flowers and fruit but with

thicker pedicels. The best distinguishing feature is the much larger

leaf—30 cm. long or over while the average length for P. sclero-

phylla is 15—20 cm. In P. lateriflora the leaves are also broader

and the base is rounded or sub-cordate and rarely acute. The

reticulations too are usually less marked.

(23) P. sclerophyila Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 65;

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 308 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Caic. 4 (1893) 74 Pl. 103; Ridley, F.M.P. 1

(1922) 58.

Synonyms: P. purpurea Ridley in Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. 82

(1920) 168. P. lateriflora var. Kallak Boerl. in Cat. Hort. Bog.

(1899) 19 et in Icon. Bog. 1 (1899) 105.

Tree 5-16 m. high. Bark greyish-black. Twigs glabrous except

the youngest parts, rather coarsely striate. Leaves scarlet when

very young; mature coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate

with acute or rounded base, apex acute, shining on both surfaces,

turning a medium brown when dry; nerves 10-12 pairs, spreading

slightly, distinct on both surfaces; midrib distinct, raised below

with 1-2 shallow grooves at base on lower surface; reticulations

311

Gardens Bulletin, S-.

very distinct and close on both surfaces giving the leaf a charac-

teristic appearance; length 15-20 cm.; breadth 4—6-5 cm.; petiole

5 mm.—1:2 cm. long, stout, black when dry. Flowers in fascicles.

from small tubercles on the branches, 5 cm. in diam., odourless;.

pedicels 2-5—-3-7 cm. long, stout, pubescent, becoming glabrous,

with a sub-median, orbicular, 2 mm. long bract. Sepals ovate,

obtuse, minutely pubescent outside, glabrous mside, 3 mm. long.

Petals linear-oblong, acute or slightly obtuse, the base slightly

concave, slightly puberulous on both surfaces, greenish-yellow

when young, later brownish-red with a darker brown blurr at the

base inside, 4-4-5 cm. long and 5-8 mm. broad, the inner slighily

smaller. Stamens 1-5 mm. long with flat-topped or convex connec-

tives. Ovaries 3-5 mm. long, pilose; style cylindric; stigma small,

obtuse, pubescent, pinkish-white. Carpels at first red and then

black when quite ripe, succulent, numerous, elliptic-oblong, apex

obtuse, 2:5—3-7 cm. long, glabrous; stalks 2-5—3-7 cm. long. Seed

oblong with a longitudinal groove running completely round it.

Fig. 20.

PERAK: Lumut, Dindings, Ridley 3105 (S.); Lubok Merbau, Kuala

Kangsar, Haniff S.F.N. 14923 (S., Kew); Bubu F. Reserve, Symington

29940 (K.); Pulau Tioman, Henderson S.F.N. 21717 (S., K., Kew).

PAHANG: Kuantan, Soh 15114 (S., K., Kew); Pulau Duchong, Cor-

ner S.F.N. 29858 (S., K., Kew).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungei Menyala, Port Dickson, Wyatt-Smith

64725 (K.).

Matacca: Maingay 101 (S., C., Kew) type of P. sclerophylla.

JOHORE: Bagan Limau, Sungei Sedili, Corner S.F.N. 23894 (S.);

Mawai, Corner S.F.N. 25862 (S., K., C., Kew); Seduak, Ridley 13505

(S.); Sungei Sedili, Corner S.F.N. 32799 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Mandai Road, Kiah, 20th August, 1940 (S.); cultivated

in Bot. Gard. Singapore, Ridley 12014 (S., K.) type material of P.

purpurea.

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Krukoff 4101. This has narrower leaves

than Maingay 101 but otherwise is similar.

This species is very closely allied to P. lateriflora. Boerlage

makes several varieties of P. lateriflora but I have kept P. sclero-

phylla separate until more information is available. For differences

see under P. lateriflora.

(24) P. Hookeriana King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 306

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 71 Pl. 97; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 58.

Tree 10-25 m. high. Young twigs tawny-pubescent, later glab-

rous, rather coarsely striate. Leaves membranous, shining, obo-

vate-elliptic or oblanceolate, apex acute, base narrow and sub-

cuneate or sometimes rounded, glabrous except for the midrib

312

Vol. XIV. (1955).

above and below; nerves 10-12 pairs, visible above, prominent

beneath, nearly straight and running out to the edge; reticulations

rather fine and lax; length 10-20 cm.; breadth 4—7-5 cm.; petiole

5—7 mm. long, tomentose. Pedicels pubescent, about 2:5 cm. long

Fig. 20. Polyalthia sclerophylla Hk. f. et Th.

A, Leafy twig. B, Flower. C, Flower bud. D, Stamen, front view. E.

Gynoecium. F and G, Fruit.

313

Gardens Bulletin, S.

with an amplexicaul bract near base. Sepals ovate, acute, tomen-

tose outside, glabrous inside, 3-4 mm. long. Petals pale yellow,

sub-equal, obovate-oblong, obtuse, puberulous except at the base

inside, slightly narrowed above base, 2-7-3 cm. long and 1-2 cm.

wide at broadest part. Stamens 1—-1:5 mm. long, numerous, with

an orbicular top. Ovaries oblong, puberulous; stigma obovate

with sub-truncate apex. Ripe carpels red, ovoid-oblong, glabrous,

obtuse, 2—2:5 cm. long with stalks 3-5-4 cm. long. Seed one with

longitudinal circumferential groove. Fig. 21.

Lower SIAM: Kopah, Janjau Hill, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 2089 (S.,

Kew).

KEDAH: Batas Tinggi, Gunong Bintang, Haniff S.F.N. 21004 (S.);

Koh Mai Forest Reserve, Kiah S.F.N. 35220 (S.); Ulu Sungei Merah,

Sow 46049 (K.).

PERAK: Larut, King Nos. 5550 (C., Kew); 7501 (C., D.D., Kew);

5495 (C.); 3850 (C.; DD... Kew); 7814 (C., Kew)s 0527

Kew) King’s numbers type material; Wray 3944 S., C.) type material;

Hermitage Hill, Ridley, March 1892 (S.).

2cm ) ,

Fig. 21. Polyalthia Hookeriana King.

314

Vol. XIV. (1955).

TRENGGANU: Ulu Brang, Moysey and Kiah S.F.N. 33751 (S.).

PAHANG: Bukit Goh Reserve, Kuantan, Mahamud C.F. 2800 (K.,

Kew).

JOHORE: Sungei Sedili, Negadiman S.F.N. 36859 (S., K., Kew);

Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner, 7th June, 1937 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Fern Valley, Bukit Timah, Sinclair S.F.N. 39149 (S.)-

DISTRIBUTION: Not known elsewhere.

Recalls Phaeanthus crassipetalus but the under surface of the

leaf is not black on drying and the fruit is not beaked.

(25) P. glabra (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Ellipeia glabra Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

52; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 275 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 34 Pl. 27B.

Synonym: Polyalthia Curtisii Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc.

Str. Br. 54 (1910) 11 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 59.

Tree 10-13 m. high. Young twigs yellowish-pubescent, later

glabrous and striate. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic-oblong,

acute at apex with acute or slightly rounded base; nerves 8-9

pairs, prominent on both surfaces, curving and running out to

margin; reticulations distinct on both surfaces and forming a close

network; length 8—18 cm.; breadth 3-5-5 cm.; petiole 5—7 mm.

long, pubescent. Flowers 3—5 together in a cyme on the twigs,

pedicels slender, yellow-pubescent, 2—2:5 cm. iong with a median,

amplexicaul, acute bract. Sepals triangular, acute, yellow-pubescent

outside, glabrous inside, 5—6 mm. long. Petals obovate-lanceolate,

puberulous, slightly obtuse, narrowed above the base, 3-3-5 cm.

long, the inner slightly smalier. Stamens 1 mm. long with flat-

topped connectives. Ovary strigose. Ripe carpels sub-globose, 1-5—

1-7 cm. long with slender stalks 1-8—3-2 cm. long; pericarp thin.

Seed one, oblong, pale with a longitudinal circumferential groove.

PENANG: Telok Bahang, Curtis 3664 (S., Kew) type material.

Matacca: Maingay 66 (C., Kew) type material.

DISTRIBUTION: These are the only records and it has not been col-

lected again.

This is certainly not an Ellipeia. It resembles Polyalthia Jen-

kensii and P. sclerophylia in the reticulations. The fruit is smaller

than in P. sclerophylla and the carpel stalks more slender.

(26) P. hypogaea King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 311 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 77 Pl. 108; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 61.

Tree 3—30 m. high. Young twigs softly tawny-tomentose, later

glabrous, striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, dark green and shining

above, pale green beneath, glabrous, oblong or oblong-obovate,

315

Gardens Bulletin, S.

apex rounded and then acute, base narrowed and rounded; nerves

18-23 pairs, slightly sunk above, raised beneath, nearly straight

and parallel, interarching at the very edge but the lines often

broken or faint; midrib sunk above, very prominent beneath and

faintly warted, reticulations distinct on both surfaces; length 20-36

cm.; breadth 7-5-14 cm.; petiole 5-7 mm. long, stout, tomentose.

Flowering branches at the base of the trunk, free or entering the

soil and emerging, bearing the flowers, 30 cm.—2:5 m. long, rufous-

pubescent. Pedicels 2—4 cm. long, rusty-pubescent, usually with a

lanceolate, tomentose bracteole near the middle and a second

sub-orbicular, acuminate one close to the flower—both about 3

mm. long. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, brownish-tomentose out-

side, glabrous inside, 5-7 mm. long. Petals pale yellow, 2-5-3

cm. long, coriaceous, narrowed from above the base upwards,

acute, pubescent outside, glabrous inside or slightly pubescent.

Stamens 3 mm. long with slightly convex tops. Ovaries oblong,

pubescent; stigma large, ovoid, sessile. Ripe carpels elongated,

elliptic-cylindric, densely and shortly chocolate-tomentose, total

length 4:5—5:5 cm., including the 5 mm. long beak; breadth 1-5-

2-3 cm.; stalks about 1:5 cm. long. Seed one with a longitudinal,

circumferential furrow, filling the carpel.

KEDAH: Sama Gajah, Gunong Bintang, Haniff S.F.N. 21010 (S.).

PERAK: Briah, Larut, Wray 4206 (S., C.); Wray 994 (S., C., Kew);

Larut, King 2437 (C., Kew) type material; Gunong Lanoh near Batu

Gajah, Mills and Henderson S.F.N. 15075 (S.); Hermitage Hill, Rid-

ley, March 1892 (S.).

TRENGGANU: Ulu Kajang, Corner, 16th November, 1935 (S.).

PAHANG: Fraser’s Hill, Henderson F.M.S. 11373 (S.).

SELANGOR: Semenyih, Selangor, Hume F.M.S. 8391 (S.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Galok Reserve, Seremban, Symington 32696 (K.);

Bukit Tangga, Ridley, December 1920 (Kew).

JOHORE: Gunong Beridong, Holttum S.F.N. 10977 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known outside Malaya.

This species is remarkable for its hypogeal flowering shoots.

Air breathing roots are also present.

(27) P. macropoda King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 309

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 74 Pl. 104; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 60.

Tree 5-15 m.-high. Twigs pale, glabrous, striate and angled.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, shining, glabrous, acuminate, lanceolate,

winged just above the petiole; nerves 9-10 pairs, fine but raised

316

Vol. XIV. (1955).

on both surfaces, oblique and ascending steeply, line of inter-

arching faint, broken or absent in parts; midrib with 2 fine fur-

rows on lower surface; reticulations faint; length 13-23 cm.;

breadth 3-5 cm.; petiole 5 mm.—1 cm. long, glabrous. Flowers

cauliflorous on short, leafless, woody, cymosely branched twigs

which measure up to 8 cm. long. Pedicels rough or slightly

warted, 2—2:5 cm. long with a number of pubescent bracts at base

and one obtuse, pubescent, amplexicaul bract above the middle.

Sepals 1-1-3 cm. long, triangular, acute, connate at base, outer

surface. slightly. rough,.glabrous except for a few short hairs along

the margin. Petals green, later yellowish, then white and finally

darkening, mature ones 5-5 cm. long, pubescent on the margins.

and apex, outer oblong or oblong-elliptic, blunt, 2 cm. broad

across the broadest part, spreading and slightly narrowed above

the base, the narrowed part being concave on the outer surface

and bent knee-fashion; the inner slightly narrower, spreading,

similarly concave and bent at the narrowed part. Stamens 2 mm.

long with flat-topped connectives. Ovaries 2 mm. long, numerous,

glabrous, 4-angled; stigma sessile, pubescent, 4-angled. Ripe

carpels oblong-ovoid, tapering to the apex, 4-6 cm. long, gradually

narrowed into the 5 mm. long stalk; pericarp fleshy, orange,

smooth when fresh but much wrinkled in the process of drying.

Seed 1 with the characteristic circumferential groove.

PENANG: Richmond Valley, Government Hill, Haniff S.F.N. 15550

(S., Kew).

PERAK: Sungei Siput, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 6957 (S., Kew); Ulu

Kal, King 10756 (D.D., Kew) and Gopeng, King 4279 (Kew) both

type material.

PAHANG: Cheroh, Raub, Strugnell 20483 (K.).

SELANGOR: 16th mile Ulu Gombak, Strugnell 12697 (S., K.); Ulu

Gombak Reserve, Talib C.F. 3036 (S.); Bukit Cheraka Reserve, Strug-

nell 13021 (S., K.); Weld Hilk’Reserve, Ahmad 9924 (S., K.); Cu-

bitt’s collector C.F. 800 (S.); Ahmad 12131 (K.);. Symington 45816

(K.); Baba C.F. 1782 (K.); Semenyih, Hume 8178 (S.); Ginting Sim-

pah, Hume 8904 (S.).

JoHorE: Gunong Pulai,. Nur and Kiah S.F.N. 7766 (S.); G. Panti,

Corner S.F.N. 26168 (S., K., Kew); Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32067

(S., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Seletar, Ridley 429 (S., Kew) type material; South side

of MacRitchie Reservoir, Sinclair S.F.N. 38860 (S., E.); Reservoir

Jungle, Corner 19th March, 1940 (S.); Bukit Timah, Henderson S.F.N.

35906 (S., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Malaya.

This is quite separate from P. clavigera King. See notes under

that species. .

317

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(28) P. clavigera King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 309 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 75. Pl. 105.

Synonym: P. glomerata King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

310 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 75 Pl. 106;

Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 59.

Tree 10-15 m. high. Young twigs very slightly pubescent, soon

pale as in P. macropoda. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceo-

late or oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, base acute or rounded,

shining above, glabrous except for the pubescent midrib on upper

surface; nerves 8-11 pairs, similar to those of P. macropoda;

reticulations fine but visible on both surfaces; length 10-18 cm.;

breadth 4:5—6:5 cm.; petiole 5-9 mm. long, slightly pubescent.

Flowers cauliflorous, numerous on short 5~7 mm. long tubercles.

Pedicels slender, 3-5—5 cm. long, puberulous with an ovate-lanceo-

late, pubescent bract about the middle. Sepals 3-4 cm. long, ovate,

acute, connate at base, puberulous. Petals at first green, then

yellow, coriaceous, linear-oblong, sub-erect, slightly narrowed

above base, pubescent except at the base inside, 2-2-5 cm. long

and 6—7 mm. broad at broadest part; the inner slightly smaller.

Stamens numerous, 2 mm. long with truncate connectives. Ovaries

2 mm. long, pubescent with sessile, oblong, pubescent stigma.

Ripe carpels yellow, ovoid-oblong, tapering at each end, glabrous,

smooth when fresh but much wrinkled in the process of drying,

5-6 cm. long; stalks 2-3-5 cm. long. Seed 1 with groove as in P.

macropoda.

PENANG: Road from Government Hill to Penara Bukit, Curtis 2444

(S., C.) type material, fruiting only.

PERAK: Waterfall Hill, Wray 2075 (S., C., Kew) type material, fruit-

ing only; Maxwell’s Hill, Wray 505 (S., C.) flowering material; Sun-

gei Kulim, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 13806 (S.); Larut, King 3817

(Kew) type material of P. glomerata, flowering.

PAHANG: Jahit Forest Reserve, Raub, Pendah 0799 (S.).

SELANGOR: Bangi F.R., Kajang, Kiai 8375 (K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Kuala Pilah, Holttum S.F.N. 9810 (S., Kew);

Perhentian Tinggi, Ridley 10038 (S., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah Fern Valley, Ridley 5851 (S.); Stagmount,

Ridley, date 1907 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Lower Siam, Malaya. Probably Borneo and Sumatra.

P. clavigera King was described from fruiting material while P.

glomerata King was from flowering material. They were both pub-

lished simultaneously in Mat. F.M.P. They are one and the same

species but King failed to connect them. I have chosen the name

P. clavigera as the one to be used and P. glomerata to be a syn- —

onym of it. Ridley unfortunately further confused P. clavigera

318

Vol. XIV. (1955).

with P. macropoda F.M.P. 1 (1922) 60 and made it a synonym

of P. macropoda but recognized the flowering specimens as P.

glomerata.

Although P. clavigera and P. macropoda resemble each other

especially when sterile yet they can be distinguished quite readily.

P. clavigera is separated from P. macropoda by:—

(1) The long stalked carpels and smaller torus.

(2) Flowers smaller and borne on short, woody swellings,

not on longer, woody twigs 5 cm. long or more; the

pedicels more slender and the petals more pubescent.

(3) The leaves are more rounded at the base, broader at the

middle and are usually pubescent at the base of the

midrib on the upper surface.

(29) P. sumatrana (Mig.) Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 43/2

(1874) 53 pro parte basonymica tantum; King, Mat. F.M.P.

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 302 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 66 Pl. 89; Merrill in Journ. St. Br. Roy. As. Soc.

(1921) 258; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 52 Fig. 6; Airy-Shaw

in Kew Bull. (1939) 280.

Basonym: Guatteria sumatrana Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.

(1861) 380.

Synonym: Monoon sumatranum Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. 2 (1865) 19. P

Tree 10-20 m. high with light grey bark. Twigs glabrous, pale,

sometimes with a brownish tinge, striate. Leaves coriaceous, glab-

rous, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong-

lanceolate, acute or acuminate, base acute; main nerves very fine,

numerous, not distinct from the secondary, close together, rather

crooked; midrib in dried specimens slightly reddish on lower

surface; reticulations very fine on both surfaces; length 12-20

cm.; breadth 3—6:5 cm.; petiole 5-7 mm. long, stout, glabrous.

Flowers 1-3 in axils of fallen leaves on the younger branches.

Pedicels 1 cm. long, slightly furrowed, glabrous with a minute

bract near base. Sepals very small, 2 mm. long, slightly orbicular,

obtuse, minutely pubescent outside. Petals greenish, linear, star-

shaped, spreading, sub-acute or slightly obtuse, minutely pubes-

cent on both surfaces, 3-5-4 cm. long and 3—4 mm. broad, the

inner slightly smaller. Stamens 1-1-5 mm. long, connectives flat-

topped or convex, filaments minute. Ovaries 2 mm. long, slightly

puberulous, angled with a groove running down from the pubes-

cent stigma. Ripe carpels few, red, glabrous, ovoid, tapering to

Gardens Bulletin, S.

each end, slightly ridged when dry, 3 cm. long and 1-7 cm. in

diam.; stalks 1-1:5 cm. long; wall 3 mm. thick. Seed single,

slightly pitted and with longitudinal ridge.

DISTRIBUTION: Numerous records from Perak, Pahang and Selangor.

It has been collected in Trengganu, Negri Sembilan, Johore and Sin-

gapore. There are no specimens from the remaining northern states

and Malacca but it is likely to be found in some of them. Its range

extends to Borneo and Sumatra, but not Burma and the Andamans as

stated by Kurz. His plant was ‘probably P. Parkinsonii.

P. sumatrana is distinguished from P. hypoleuca and P. glauca by its

larger flowers and by the ovoid carpels tapering to each end and

slightly ridged when dry.

(30) P. hypoleuca Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 63; King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 301 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 66 Pl. 88; Merrill in Journ. Str. Br. Roy.

As. Soc. (1921) 257; Ridley, F.M-P. 1-(1922) 33;

Tree 8-15 m. high. Twigs pale, glabrous and striate. Leaves as

in P. sumatrana but on the average smaller, more elegant, the

veins closer together and the petioles more slender. Flowers 1

cm. long, axillary or from the axils of fallen leaves. Pedicels

stout, furrowed, pubescent, 3-5 mm. long with 2 cucullate, pubes-

cent bracts near base. Sepals very small, 1 mm. long, pubescent,

deciduous. Petals light yellow, coriaceous, pubescent, linear-

oblong, edges of outer slightly reflexed, 8 mm.—1:2 cm. long.

Stamens 1 mm. long with flat-topped connectives. Ovaries about

6, angled, pubescent, 1:3 mm. long with a groove on the inner side,

running down from the pubescent, sessile stigma. Ripe carpels

2-3, often solitary, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, not pointed at apex,

glabrous, black when ripe, 1:5 cm. long by 1 cm. in diam.; stalks

5 mm. long. Seed one, transversely pitted and with a longitudinal

circumferential ridge. 7

PENANG: Batu Ferengy, Curtis 3597 (S., Kew).

PERAK: Scortechini 152 (Kew); Gopeng, Kinta, King 4702 (S., C.,

Kew); King 6183 (E., Kew); Larut, King 5310 (S., C., Kew).

PAHANG: Bukit Kajang F.R., Raub, Jinal 20351 (S., K.); Bibut F.R.,

teat Syed Ali 238492 (K.); Putat F. R., Baba Nos. 10755 and 10793

SELANGOR: Telok F.R., Klang, Nur S.F.N. 34023 (S., K., Kew);

Telok, 8th mile Klang, Hamid and Yeob C.F. 3267 (S., K,, Kew); Sy-

mington 45808 (K.); Telok Bahru F.R., Hamid 28833 (K.); Bukit

Changgang, Klang, Nur S.F.N. 33955 (S., K., Kew); Olar Limpit,

Klang, Lela and Jantan 4169 (K.); Symington 43676 (K.); Kim Chin

Hoe s.h. Klang, Sudin 41882 (K.).

NeGRI SEMBILAN: Sungei Menyala F.R., Wyatt-Smith 64739 and

64695 (K.).

Matacca: Merlimau Reserve, Forest Guard 25201 (K. a Maingay

50 (Kew) type.

320

Vol. XIV. (1955).

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32189 (S., K., Kew); Pengkalan

Raja, Pontian, Ngadiman Nos. S.F.N. 36644 (S., K.. Kew); 36690 (S.,

K.); 326697 (S., K., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Sungei Jurong, Corner S.F.N. 26163 (S., K., C.. Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo and Sumatra.

When not in flower or fruit this species may be confused with

P. sumatrana and P. glauca. It has smaller leaves with closer veins

and the petioles are more slender. See notes under these species.

There are three sheets of the type material, Maingay 50, in Herb.

Kew, but unfortunately portions of P. sumatrana have been

mounted on these sheets as well as P. hypoleuca.

(31) P. glauca (Hassk.) Boerl. in Cat. Hort. Bog. Feb. (1899) 18

et in Icon. Bog. 1 September (1899) 104.

Basonym: Uvaria glauca Hassk. in Beibl. Flora oder allgem.

botan. Zeitung 2, No. 1 (1842) 31 et in Hoev. et de Vriese

Tijdskr. Vol. 10? (1843) ? et in Diag. Nov. 127 (1843?) et in

Cat. Hort. Bog. (1844) 175 et in Walp. Rptr. 5 (1845) 14.

Synonyms: Guatteria glauca Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. 1 Part 1

(1858) 49; Monoon glaucum Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2

(1865) 15; Unona Merrittii Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. 1 (1906) Suppl.

190; Polyalthia Merrittii Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. 10 (1915) Bot.

250 et in Enum. Phil. Fl. Plants 2 (1923) 160.

Tree 13-25 m. high with smooth, light grey bark. Twigs glab-

rous, pale, coarsely striate. Leaves as in P. sumatrana but usually

more coriaceous, very often not distinguishable from them.

Flowers fragrant, in fascicles of 3—10 on tubercles from the axils

of fallen leaves; pedicels slender, glabrous 1-5-3 cm. long. Sepals

pubescent outside, glabrous inside, the lobes orbicular, 1-2 mm.

long. Petals linear-oblong, slightly narrowed towards the obtuse

apex, puberulous, 1-6—2 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, Stamens 1 mm.

long, the connectives flat-topped. Ovaries many, glabrous, oblong;

stigma elliptic-ovoid equalling the ovary. Ripe carpels dull-red,

later black with a soft, juicy, sweetish pulp, spherical, glabrous,

1:3 cm. X 1:3 cm.; stalks thin, 1:3—1-5 cm. long, glabrous. Seed

1, surface wrinkled or slightly pitted, a groove round the circum-

ference.

SELANGOR: Klang River, Symington 44012 (K.).

JoHorE: Sungei Kayu, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner, 14th April,

1935 (S.); Sungei Sedili, Corner S.F.N. 29274 (S., K., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Mandai Road, Holttum S.F.N. 37706 (S.); Kiah S.FN.

37120 (S.); Corner S.F.N. 34448 (S.); Jurong, Corner S.F.N. 26099

(S., K., C., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Philippines and New Guinea.

321

Gardens Bulletin, S-

A tree of the swamp forest. It is distinguished from P. sumat-

rana by the smaller flowers and the spherical carpels with thinner

stalks and pedicels. In most cases it is hardly possible to distin-

guish the two from leaf characters only but the leaves of P. glauca

are sometimes slightly more coriaceous. P. hypoleuca resembles: it

too but the carpels of hypoleuca are elliptic-oblong, the flowers

slightly smaller and the pedicels shorter, 2-5 mm. long. The leaves

are smaller and the venation finer.

P. Parkinsonii from the Andamans also falls into this group.

The leaves are similar to P. sumatrana, glauca and hypoleuca by

having the secondary veins as thick as the primary ones. The

carpels are globose and the petals linear, tomentose and obtuse at

the apex.

(32) P. longifolia (Sonnerat) Thwaites, Enum. (1864) 398; Hk. f.

et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 62; King in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 72 Pl. 99; Trimen, Hand-Book, FI.

Ceylon 1 (1893) 24; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya 1

(1940) 135 Text-Fig. 37, Vol. 2 Pl. 18.

Basonym: Uvaria longifolia Sonnerat, Voyage aux Indes Vol. 2.

(1782) 233 T. 131; Lamk. Encycl. (1785) 597; Vahl, Symbolae

Bot. 3 (1794) 72; Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1832) 664.

Synonyms: Guaiteria longifolia Wall. Cat. 6442 (1832);

Thwaites Enum. (1858) 10; Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 139.

Unona longifolia Dun. Anon. (1817) 109.

Tree about 15 m. high with a straight trunk. Twigs glabrous.

finely striate and dark-coloured. Leaves stiffly membranous, dark

glossy-green above, paler beneath, glabrous, narrowly lanceolate,

acuminate, the base cuneate, the edges wavy; main nerves 20-35.

pairs, fine on both surfaces, gradually ascending; reticulations.

visible with a lens; length 11—20 cm.; 2-3-8 cm. broad just above

base; petiole 4-7 mm. long. Flowers not scented, usually very

numerous in fascicles or on short peduncles from the axils of

leaves or fallen leaves; peduncles 1-1-5 cm. long, pedicels slender,

2—2:5 cm. long with a median, obtuse, pubescent bract 1 mm.

long. Sepals broadly triangular, 3 mm. long, connate at base,

pubescent, apex acute or slightly obtuse, reflexed. Petals greenish-

yellow, sub-equal with broad base, 1:3—1:5 cm. long, spreading,

tapering gradually to the acute apex, puberulous on both surfaces

except base inside. Stamens 1 mm. long with convex-topped con-

nectives. Ovaries 1-5 mm. long, glabrous, angled, stigma rectan-

gular or oblong, pubescent, sessile with a groove on inner side

322

Vol. XIV. (1955).

which is continued down inner side of ovary. Ripe carpels numer-

ous, stalked, ovoid, obtuse at both ends, glabrous, ripening yellow-

ish, then reddish and finally black, 2 cm. long and 1:4 cm. in

diam.; stalk stout, 0-8-1 cm. long. Seed pale brown, filling the

carpel, having the usual longitudinal groove.

PENANG: Cemetery, Corner, 19th July, 1936 (S.).

SELANGOR: Kuala Lumpur, Hamid C.F. 2588 (S.); Selangor Club,

Kuala Lumpur, Ahmad C.F. 4927 (S., K., Kew); Hamid C.F. 2842

(K.); Kuala Lumpur, Symington 30766 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Native in India and Ceylon. Often planted as a

shade tree. Not native in Malaya. Type in Herb. Kew is Wall. Cat.

6442.

Excluded Species

P. montana Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 41 (1913) 288;

EMP. 1,{1922) 55.

I have failed to trace Ridley’s type, Kloss, Ulu Langat, Selangor,

sine numero, in Kew, Calcutta or Singapore. However a specimen

in Herb. Kew labelled Polyalthia parviflora, collected by C. B.

Kloss in Ulu Langat Selangor is Trivalvaria pumila. Ridley pro-

bably intended this to be Polyalthia montana but the name P.

montana is not written on this sheet. There may be a duplicate

yet to be traced in some other herbarium bearing the name P.

montana. My reason for thinking that he meant this sheet to be

P. montana is as follows. In his published description he says

nearest to P. dumosa, which the Kew sheet superficially resembles.

He also states that most of the flowers on the specimen appear

to be unisexual and male having no pistils, a condition which we

do find in Trivalvaria.

17. CANANGA Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 130 non Pande

(nom. conserv. ).

Trees. Flowers large, greenish-yellow, fragrant, on short or very

short axillary peduncles. Sepals 3, ovate or triangular, valvate.

Petals 6, valvate, flat, strap-shaped, several-veined, spreading, the

inner series sub-equal or slightly smaller. Stamens linear, about 3

mm. long, the connective produced to about one third the length

of the stamen and apiculate; anthers lateral or sub-introrse.

Ovaries many, oblong; style slender, stigmas agglutinated, forming

a pileate, convex, lamellate disc, each separate stigma club-shaped,

with a U-shaped groove continued down the inner side of ovary;

ovules indefinite. Ripe carpels oblong, pulpy, stalked. Seeds seve-

Tal in 2 rows, pitted, sending spinous processes into the albumen. |

TYPE OF GENUS: Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1

(1855) 130.

DISTRIBUTION: Tropical Asia to’ N. Australia. Species 2.

323

Gardens Bulletin, S.

This genus is allied to Polyalthia and Desmos. A similarity is.

found in the spreading strap-shaped petals which surround the

sexual organs but do not press closely over them all the time as in

Cyathocalyx and Artabotrys. The outstanding characters are its

apiculate stamens and the pitted seeds. The several seeds in 2

rows suggest alliance with Cyathocalyx and probably to a less

extent with Artabotrys which has 2 collateral seeds. The agglu-

tinated, lamellate stigmas united to form a pileate disc recall what

is found in Cyathocalyx. In all four genera the groove running

down the inner side of the ovary from the stigma is well-marked. .

KEY

a. Leaves. oblong to broadly elliptic, rounded or cuneate at base,

pubescent on the veins beneath or nearly glabrous. Flowers.

on leafless, 2-3 cm. long, axillary shoots (peduncles)

(1) C. odorata

a. Leaves sub-rotund or broadly ovate-oblong, base shallow-cor-

date, densely tomentose beneath. Flowers on longer leafy

axillary shoots (peduncles) (2) C. latifolia.

(1) C. odorata (Lamk.) Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 130 et in

Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 56; Ast in Suppl. Fl. Générale de L’Indo-

Chine 1 Fasc. 1 (1938) 69; Sinclair in Sarawak Mus. Journ..

5/3 (1951) 598.

Basonym: Uvaria odorata Lamk. Encycl. 1 (1785) 595.

Synonyms; Canangium odoratum King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No.

4 (1892) 290 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 51 Pl.

67; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 43; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1

(1925) 36; Corner in Gardens’ Bull. Str. Settl. 10 (1938) 13 et

in Wayside Trees of Malaya (1940) 131. C. Scortechinii King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892).291 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 51; Corner in Gardens’ Bull. Str. Settl. 10 (1938)

14; Unona odorata Baill. Hist. des Plantes 1 (1868) 213 et

English Edit. 1 (1871) 202.

Tree 6-33 m. high with pale grey bark, the branch scars pro-

minent, the branches all at the top of the tree, drooping or slightly

erect with dangling leaf-twigs. Young twigs minutely pubescent,

later glabrous, dark-coloured and striate. Leaves membranous,

in two ranks, often drying black, oblong to broadly elliptic, the

324

Vol. XIV. (19535).

edges nearly parallel, base rounded, often unequal-sided, less

often cuneate, apex acute or acuminate, pubescent on the veins

and midrib above and below; midrib slightly raised or flush with

the upper surface, prominent below; main nerves 8-9 pairs,

straight, ascending very steeply, prominent on both surfaces; reti-

culations fine but visible on both surfaces; some scalariform and

others forming a loose network; length 10-20 cm.; breadth 4-9

cm.; petiole 1—1-5 cm. long, pubescent. Flowers very fragrant,

pendulous, several in racemes on short, woody, axillary, 2-3 cm.

long peduncles. Pedicels 3—5 cm. long, pubescent with 2 minute,.

deciduous bracts, one sub-medial and the other basal. Sepals 7

mm. long, ovate, acute, united at the base, .apex reflexed,+pubes-*

cent on both sides. Petals linear, strap-shaped, green at first, then

yellow with a purple-brown spot at base inside, 5-7-5 cm. long

and 5—7 mm. broad, acute, several-veined, minutely pubescent on

both sides, claw small, tomentose. Stamens numerous, 3 mm. long

with lateral anthers and apiculate connectives produced 1 mm.

beyond the anthers. Young ovaries 4 mm. long, oblong, glabrous;

stigmas club-shaped, lamellate, fused with a U-shaped groove on

inner side running down to base of ovary to form a convex, pileate

disc. Ripe carpels, oblong-obovoid, 1-5—2:3 cm. long, glabrous,

nearly black when ripe, pulpy; stalks 1:2—1-8 cm. long. Seeds 2—12

in 2 rows, pale brown with pitted surface.

DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Tropics from India to North Queensland

and Philippines. Throughout Malaya.

Corner states that this species occurs in two forms in Malaya,

a wild state and the cultivated. The wild is common in the forests

from Negri Sembilan to Kedah and Kelantan and differs from the

cultivated in having rather rank-smelling flowers and apparently

smaller fruiting carpels containing fewer seeds and more numer-

ous carpels to the flower. In leaf, flower, bark, fruit and seed.

structure the wild and the cultivated forms are identical.

C. odorata var. fruticosa (Craib) J. Sinclair in Sarawak Mus-

Journ. Vol. 5 No. 3 (1951) 599.

Synonyms: Canangium fruticosum Craib in Kew Bull. (1922)

166. Canangium odoratum var. fruticosum (Craib) Corner in

Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 10 (1939). 15.

A dwarf cultivated variety reaching about 2 m. only. It often

has supernumerary petals and never sets fruit. Not known in the

wild state. Kerr 3219 and 4435. from Siam as type material in

Herb. Kew.

325

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(2) C. latifolia (Hk. f. et Th.) Finet et Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot.

Fr. Mém. 4 (1906) 84 et Fl. L’Ind.-Chine (1879) 64 Fig. 9;

Ast in Suppl. Fl. L’Ind.-Chine 1 Fasc. 1 (1938) 69.

Basonym: Unona latifolia Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

60; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 58 Pl. 78.

Synonyms: U. Brandisana Pierre Fl. For. Cochinch. (1880)

T. 19. Canangium Brandisanum Safford in Bull. Torr. Bot.. Club

39 (1912) 504. C. latifolium Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 44; Craib,

Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 36.

Tree 10-20 m. high. Young twigs tomentose, later aanteetoite

and striate. Leaves membranous, sub-rotund or broadly ovate-

oblong, base broad and shallow-cordate, apex obtuse or mucron-

ate, upper surface adpressed-pubescent on the nerves, tending to

become glabrous, lower cinereous-tomentose; main nerves 10-11

pairs, straight, steeply ascending, prominent on ‘both sides; reti-

culations prominent on lower surface, some scalariform, others

forming a loose network; length 9-15 cm.; breadth 8-5—12 cm.;

petiole 1-1:5 cm. long, tomentose. Flowers fragrant, borne on

short, leafy, axillary branches, but their pedicels are below the

leaves on these, not axillary (the leafy branches may represent the

shorter woody peduncles found in C. odorata). Pedicels 1-5-2

cm. long, tomentose with a median bract. Sepals 1-2 cm. long,

oblong-ovate, acute, connate at base, reflexed, tomentose. Petals

greenish, 5 cm. long and 1-5—1-:7 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate,

several-veined, tomentose, blade narrowed at junction with claw,

spreading. Stamens 3 mm. long with apiculate connectives. Ovaries

numerous, glabrous, oblong, 4 mm. long; stigmas agglutinated,

shape as in C. odorata. Ripe carpels glabrous, slightly oblique,

oblong, 1-4 cm. long; stalks 1 cm. long. Seeds 2—4 in 2 rows.

PerRLIs: Besih Hangat, Ridley 15170 (S., C., Kew).

KEDAH: Trutow, Langkawi, Curtis 2807 (S., C.; Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Siam and Indo-China. .

Confined to the extreme north of Malaya. This species is easily

distinguished from C. odorata by its silvery, tomentose leaves. It

also differs from C. odorata in having the leafy, axillary flowering

shoots longer (peduncles). The shoots in C. odorata are leafless

but much shorter. The connectives of the stamens in A odorata

are more finely pointed.

The leaves of Miliusa velutina and M. tomentosa ( Saccope-

talum) at times look very like those of C. latifolia especially those

of the former when they are cordate at the base. The distinguish-

ing characters of C. latifolia however are the silvery colour of the

tomentum and the many, regular, scalariform reticulations.

326

Vol. XIV. (1955).

18. MEZZETTIA Beccari Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 3 (1871) 187

including Lonchomera Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

93.

Tali trees. Leaves coriaceous, with midrib broad and flat above,

flush with upper surface and prominent beneath. Flowers small,

greenish, axillary, fasciculate or umbellate. Sepals 3, valvate,

small. Petals 6, valvate, opening late and accrescent, spreading,

flat, linear, the inner smaller than the outer. Stamens 9-12 with

introrse anthers, the connectives truncate and concealing the

anther cells from above. Torus small, slightly concave, pubescent.

Ovary single, flask-shaped, tapering into the stigma; stigma flat

on top, horse-shoe-shaped with a lateral groove running down

ovary to its base. Ovules 2, superposed. Carpel elliptic or globose

with hard walls. Seeds 2, large, compressed.

TYPE OF GENUS: M. umbellata Becc. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 3

(1871) 187.

DISTRIBUTION: Malaya and Borneo. Species 7.

Probably an off-shoot of Polyalthia. There is some similarity

also to Cananga. Ali three genera have spreading petals. Mezzettia

differs in having a single carpel.

KEY

a. Leaves coriaceous. Petals about 1 cm. long

5. Outer petals linear, acute (1) M. leptopoda:

b. Outer petals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse (2) M. Herveyana

a. Leaves thinly coriaceous. Petals about 7 mm. long or less

(3) M. Curtisit

(1) M. leptopoda (Hk. f. et Th.) Oliv. in Hook. Ic. Pl. (1887) T-

1560; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 378 et in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 168 Pl. 216B; Ridley, F.M.P.

1 (1922) 100.

Basonym: Lonchomera leptopoda Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1

(1872) 94.

Tall monopodial tree 25-40 m. high without buttresses, bark

dark grey, smooth, crown conical, occupying about a fifth of the

tree. Young twigs glabrous, striate and with transverse, slit-like

lenticels. Leaves coriaceous, dark green, glossy, with revolute mar-

gins, elliptic or oblong, acute at the apex and base, glabrous; mid-

rib broad and flattened above, flush with the upper surface, beneath

raised and prominent, main nerves about 9 pairs, fine but raised

on both surfaces, nearly horizontal, joining with each other and

327

Gardens Bulletin, S.

with the reticulations some distance from the margin; reticulations

as distinct as the nerves; length 9-11 cm.; breadth 4-5 cm.;

petiole 7 mm. long, passing gradually into the blade. Flowers

greenish-yellow in axillary fascicles of 2—6. Pedicels pubescent,

1—1-5 cm. long with a minute, basal, obtuse bract. Sepals broadly

ovate, minutely pubescent on both sides, 2 mm. long, acute with

reflexed tips, free almost to the base. Petals linear, acute, 1-1-2

cm. long and 1-5-2 mm. broad, increasing in length as sexual

organs ripen, inner shorter in length, tomentose on both surfaces

except at the very base inside. Stamens 9-15, introrse, 1 mm.

long or less, connectives flat-topped, covering the anther cells

above. Ovary single, flask-shaped, about 2 mm. long, passing

gradually into the neck-like stigma which is flat and horse-shoe-

shaped on top with a lateral groove running down ovary to its

base; ovules 2. Torus flat. Fruit globose with a resinous odour,

pulpy, about 6 cm. in diameter, black when dry with hard, thick

wall, sessile. Seeds 2, about 3 cm. long, ovoid, oblong, with flat

inner surface. Fig. 22.

PERAK: Kroh F.R., Compt. 26, Durant 28727 (K.); Symington

381045 (K.); D.F.O. Btg. Padang 33952 (K.).

PAHANG: Bukit Kajang, Corner S.F.N. 30569 (S.); Pamah Guntil,

Kuantan, District Forest Officer 15646 (S., K.); Bukit Goh F.R., Is-

mail 17325 (K.).

SELANGOR: Ulu Gombak, Shamoudin 18246 (S., K., Kew); Hume

9689 (S.); 21st mile Ulu Gombak-Kuala Lumpur road, Ja’amat and

Sow 37300 (K.); Sungei Buloh, Ja’amat 15262 (K.); Rantau Panjang

F.R., Rawang, Comp. 9, Ngah 24935 (K.); Compt. 13, Carrier 24947 |

and 24948 (K.); Block 8, C area, Md. Yusus 28910 (K.); Compt. 14,

Neah 32319 (K.); Compt. 10b, Symington 32662 (K.); 29th mile,

Symington 43275 (K.); Desch 32294 (K.); Jeram Padang, Symington

43529 (K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: S. Menyala F.R., Port Dickson, Wyatt-Smith

64847 and 64809 (K.).

MALACCA: Maingay 102 (C., Kew) type material.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32073 (S., K., Kew); 18th mile

and 134 mile Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N. 32986 (S., K.)

and 29417 (S., C., K., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Mandai Road, Corner S.F.N. 33147 (S., K., C., Kew);

Bukit Timah, Negadiman S.F.N. 34623 (S., Kew); 36199 (S., K., Kew);

36461 (S., K., Kew); Bajau, Ridley, date 1894; Garden Jungle, Ridley

4409 (S.) and 5992 (S., C., Kew); Cantley, no exact locality or date

fS:)

DISTRIBUTION: Malaya and Borneo.

(2) M. Herveyana Oliv. in Hook. Ic. Pl. (1887) T. 1560; King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 378 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 168 Pl. 217A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

101. !

Tree. Young branches rather stout, nodose, glabrous. Leaves

coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, the base cuneate;

328

Vol. XIV. (1955).

both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining; main nerves about 10

pairs, spreading, interarching within the margin, faint; length 6-5—

7:5 cm.; breadth 2-5-3 cm.; petiole 7-9 mm. long. Flowers 1 cm.

long, rather crowded in sessile, axillary fascicles of 3—8; pedicels

7 mm. long, puberulous, ebracteolate. Sepals broadly ovate,

obtuse, connate at the base, pubescent like the petals. Outer petals

ovate, obtuse, flat; the inner smaller, broadly elliptic, obtuse, the

tips incurved. Anthers about 12, sessile, obovate-quadrate. Ovary

@ b.

2mm

Fig. 22. Mezzettia leptopoda (Hk. f. et Th.) Oliver.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower. C, Calyx. D, Outer petal. E, Inner

petal. F, Stamen, front view. G, Gynoecium.

329

Gardens Bulletin, S.

oblong, tapering gradually into the style; ovules 2, superposed.

Ripe carpels unknown.

MALAcca: Hervey (C., Kew) type.

There is no material of this rare tree in the Singapore Herbarium

and it does not appear to have been collected again. In leaf it

closely resembles M. Curtisii but the ovate petals are distinct.

(3) M. Curtisii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 378 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 168 Pl. 217B; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922)7108:

Tree 10-16 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, striate. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base acute,

glabrous, black when dry, upper surface shining, lower dull; mid-

rib and the 10 pairs of sub-horizontal nerves as in M. leptopoda;

length 6:5—12-5 cm.; breadth 1:2—3-8 cm.; petiole 5-7 mm. long.

Flowers 5—7 mm. long in axillary fascicles of 5-10. Pedicels

slender, pubescent, about 1 cm. long with a minute, obtuse bract

at base. Sepals 1 mm. long, semi-orbicular with reflexed sub-acute

apices, tomentose on both surfaces and connate at the very base.

Outer petals ligulate, acute, tomentose on both surfaces except

inside at the base, about 5 mm. long, probably longer, inner

similar but more obtuse and shorter, 3 mm. long. Stamens 10-12,

1 mm. long or less with connectives as in M. leptopoda. Ovary

single, similar to that of M. leptopoda. Ripe carpels sessile, sub-

globose with a waxy bloom, 3-7-5 cm. in diam. Seeds 2, oblong,

sub-compressed, about 2:5 cm. long.

KEDAH: Koh Mai F.R., Awang 47818 (K.).

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtis 2266 (S., C., Kew) type material;

Sinclair S.F.N. 39049 (S., E., Kew).

SELANGOR: Bukit Lagong, Sow and Motan Nos. 52125; 51983 (K.)-

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Malaya.

Rare. Differs from M. leptopoda in the thinner and narrower

leaves and in the shorter petals.

19. DISEPALUM Hk. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 23 (1862) 156 T.

20A.

Shrubs, usually on mountains. Twigs reddish-brown. Leaves

recalling those of Anaxagorea, glabrous, the margins slightly re-

volute and the midrib sharply angled on the lower surface. In-

florescence on terminal pedicels. Flowers hermaphrodite, fragrant,

red, or yellow tinged with red. Sepals valvate, 2—3, often reflexed.

330

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Petals valvate, normally 6 or 4 but sometimes abnormally 5, 7,

8, or 10, acute or obtuse, spathulate, linear or elliptic, free to the

base or united into a deep or.a shallow cup; the corolla sometimes

separated from the calyx by a short stalk or constriction. Stamens

numerous, rather elongated or linear with convex, orbicular con-

nectives. Ovaries numerous, pubescent, 4-angled; style 4-angled,

about as long as ovary with a faint groove running to base of

ovary; stigma minute, convex, slightly pubescent. Torus massive,

woody. Ripe carpels numerous, ovoid-oblong, thin-walled; stalks

obliquely clavate where they join the carpels. Seeds 1-2, dark

reddish-brown, shining. F

TYPE OF GENUS: D. anomalum Hk. f. Trans. Linn. Sac. 23 (1862)

156. T..20A.

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra. Species 6.

When making a key for Polyalthia | found owing to the in-

florescence, structure of the fiower and other details great diffi-

culty in finding a place for Polyalthia pulchra. On closer examina-

tion it was found that the essential parts of the flower, the stamens

and ovaries, were exactiy similar in detail to those of Disepalum

so the logical place for it was in this genus. Airy-Shaw in Kew

Bull. (1939) 290 is also of the opinion that there is a relationship.

The leaves of this species are very similar to D. anomalum

although they are larger and the venation is more pronounced.

The fruit too is very similar, the carpel stalks being a little stouter

—D. pulchrum is a mountain plant found at high elevations in

Malaya, 4,000 feet and over, while D. anomalum has been found

on the top of Gunong Panti in Johore 1,580 feet.

D. anomalum differs in the reduction of the sepals to 2 and

the petals to 4 and in the union of the latter into a cup. |

This reduction however is in an unstable state and reversion to

the normal Annonaceous floral formula does take place. D. coro-

natum Becc. illustrates this case very well. D. coronatum nor-

mally has 2 sepals and 6 petals but the following herbarium sheets

in the Kuching Museum, Sarawak, exhibit an interesting set of

conditions.

(1) Hewitt, September 1907, Baram DB; 18:6 has 3 sepals

and 7 petals.

(2) Garai (Haviland) sei This sheet has 3 flowers each

with 2 sepals but one flower has 5 petals instead of 6.

_,1987.

(3) Garai Bie One flower has 2 sepals and 8 petals.

331

Gardens Bulletin, S.

In Herb. Kew the type sheet of D. coronatum, Beccari 1722

has 2 sepals and 10 petals. Similar instances of incipient reduction

tending to revert to the normal are found in Desmos dasymas-

chalus. See notes under Desmos. Regarding union of petals into a

cup, D. coronatum is intermediate between the free condition of

D. pulchrum and the deep cup of D. anomalum. D. coronatum

has linear, acute petals which are free far down, eventually uniting

to form a cup but it is much shallower than that of D. anomalum.

The choice of the word Disepalum is therefore rather an un-

happy one since three as well as two sepals occur in the genus.

Disepalum is an offshoot from Polyalthia. See notes under Poly-

althia. ,

KEY |

a. Sepals 2. Corolla with 4 spathulate lobes united in a cup at

base. Carpels 1:2 cm. long, their stalks 1-1-5 mm. thick.

Leaves 9—-10:5 cm. long and 3—4 cm. wide

(1) D. anomalum

a. Sepals 3. Corolla lobes 6 free to base. Carpels 1:7—2:3 cm.

long, their stalks 2-3 mm. thick. Leaves 13—18 cm. long and

4-8 cm. wide.

b. Petals 2:5—3-8 cm. long. Width of leaf 5-5-8 cm.

(2) D. pulchrum typical form

b. Petals 5 cm. long. Width of leaf 4—5 cm.

pulchrum var. angustifolium

(1) D. anomalum Hk. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 23 (1862) 156 T. 20A;

Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 83; Merrill in

Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. pans 258; Ridley, F.M.P. 1

(1922) 63 Fig. 7.

Synonym: D. longipes King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

318 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 86 Pl. 118B.

Tree or shrub 5-10 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, dark red-

dish-brown, striate. Leaves rather similar to those of Anaxagorea

javanica, membranous, glabrous, oblong to oblong-obovate, acute

or slightly acuminate, the actual tip blunt c.f. Anaxagorea, the

base acute, and slightly winged down to the petiole, the edges

slightly revolute as in Anaxagorea and the lower midrib similarly

sharp-angled and roughened; main nerves also of the pattern of

Anaxagorea but less distinct, 7-10 pairs, fine on both surfaces,

sub-horizontal, anastomosing 5 mm. from the margin, the secon-

dary slightly shorter and often not distinct from the primary; reti-

culations most often not visible; length 9-10-5 cm.; breadth 3-4

332

Vol. XIV. (1955).

cm.; petiole slightly verrucose as in Anaxagorea, 7 mm. long.

Pedicels terminal, solitary or up to 5, slender, ebracteolate, glab-

rous, 5—6 cm. long. Sepals 2, coriaceous, glabrous, reflexed, con-

cave inside, convex outside, ovate-rotund, blunt, faintly 3-veined,

1 cm. long. Petals fleshy, red, glabrous, united at base into a cup

which holds the stamens and ovaries, 4-lobed above cup, the

lobes remote, linear-spathulate, obtuse, 6 mm. long and 1 mm.

broad, the cup 5—6 mm. long. Stamens red, numerous, 1:‘5—2 mm.

long, slightly elongated and not cuneate as in Polyalthia, the

connectives convex, orbicular and granular. Ovaries 2:5 mm.

long, 4-angled, pubescent; style 4-angled, about as long as ovary

with faint groove running down to base of ovary, stigma very

small on»the»top,~ slightly pubescent. Ripe carpels red, numerous

up to 50, ovoid, glabrous, thin-walled, obtuse, 1:2 cm. long, the

sepals and the petals often persisting with the fruit; stalks 4-5-5

cm. long, glabrous, obliquely clavate where they join the carpels.

Torus massive. Seeds 1—2, dark reddish-brown, smooth, shining.

> hr eesgy Road to Sungei Ratan, Bruas, Dindings, Curtis 3437 (S.,

cw).

JOHORE: Gunong Panti, 1,500 feet to summit, Corner S.F.N. 26170

(S., K., Kew); Corner, 24th January, 1937 (S.); Holttum S.F.N. 18071

(S.); Ridley 4183 (S., C.); King 231 type of D. longipes (Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak and N. Borneo. Type of D. anomalum in

Herb. Kew, Lobb, Sarawak, ex Herb. Hookerianum.

The leaves recall those of Anaxagorea javanica in several ways

as indicated in the description but those of Anaxagorea are larger

in proportion, more rounded at the base and the nerves are more

distinct.

(2) D. pulchrum (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Polyalthia pulchra King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 304 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Caic. 4 (1893) 68 Pi.

94; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 57.

Small tree. Young twigs glabrous, dark reddish-brown as in D.

anomalum, closely striate. Leaves as in D. anomalum but larger

in proportion and the venation and reticulations more prominent;

the midrib beneath sharply angled and muriculate as in P. ano-

malum and Anaxagorea javanica; length 13-18 cm.; breadth 5-5-

8 cm.; petioles 5-7 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers fragrant, ter-

minal, solitary on 3-5—6.cm. long-pedicels-which- have a-caducous,

1-7 cm. long, foliaceous bract at base. Sepals 3, ovate, acute or

somewhat blunt, several-veined, 1-5-2 cm. long. Petals 6, yellow

or reddish-yellow, shading to red at base with a dark purple-red

blotch at base inside, coriaceous, sub-equal, elliptic, sub-acute,

333

Gardens Bulletin, S.

very minutely pubescent outside, glabrous inside, 2:5—3:8 cm.

long. Stamens and connectives as in D. anomalum, but 3 mm.

long, numerous in several rows. Ovary, style and stigma as in D.

anomalum but a little longer, 3 mm. long. Ripe carpels numer-

ous, On a massive woody torus, elliptic-ovoid to oblong, sparsely

pubescent, later glabrous, thin-walled, red, 1-7—2:3 cm. long by

1 cm. broad; stalks stout, pink, obliquely clavate at point of attach-

ment of carpels, 45-5 cm. long. Seeds 1—2, shining, dark reddish-

brown.

PERAK: Scortechini 824 (C., Kew) type material; Gunong Kerbau,

Robinson, June 1913 (S., Kew).

PAHANG: Teku River, Ridley 16012 (S., Kew); Cameron Highlands,

Henderson S.F.N. 23288 (S., K.) and F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 11157 (S.);

Batten-Pooll, November 1939-—January 1940 (S.); near Tanah Rata,

Cameron Highlands, Henderson, S.F.N. 17736 (S.); Ja’amat and Sow

36179 (K.); Mentigi Nursery, Cameron Highlands, Durant 28734

(K.); Sungei Terla, Holttum S.F.N. 31316 (S., K., Kew); Fraser Hill

upon the Selangor Border, Burkill and Holttum S.F.N. 8533 (S.); Sun-

gei Terolak, Ja’amat 77574 (S., K.); Ulu Sungei Lemoi, Ja’amat 28116

Co... Mere

SELANGOR: Gunong Mengkuang, Robinson, 4th January, 1913 (S.)-

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Malay Peninsula on mountains.

var. angustifolium (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Syn: Polyalthia pulchra var. angustifolia King, Mat. F.M.P.

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 304 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 69; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 57.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate scarcely muri-

culate on lower midrib; breadth 4-5 cm. only. Petals lanceolate

or narrowly oblong-lanceolate; length often 5 cm.; sepals, length

1-8 cm.

PERAK: Gunong Bubu, Wray 3867 (S., C., Kew) type.

Tribe 3. XYLOPIEAE

Sepals and petals valvate. Flower buds triquetrous or cylind-

rical. Petals thick, coriaceous, usually lanceolate but also orbi-

cular or ovate-oblong, concave at the base, the outer sometimes

triquetrous, spreading, the inner nearly always triquetrous, not

often spreading but remaining erect and touching each other,

smaller than the outer. Stamen connectives slightly produced.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE XYLOPIEAE

a. Trees. Flowers axillary, anthers with large pollen grains visible

with naked eye, appearing septate. Carpels several-seeded,

indehiscent or rarely semi-dehiscent 20. Xylopia

334

— Sl

Vol. XIV. (1955).

a. Trees. Flowers opposite the leaves or terminal (Asiatic species),

anthers not appearing septate, pollen grains not visible with

naked eye. Carpels two-seeded, dehiscent (follicles)

21. Anaxagorea

a. Climbers. Anthers not appearing septate, pollen grains not visi-

ble with naked eye

b. Flowers in terminal cymes or branched panicles, reticula-

tions scalariform at right angles to nerves; secondary

nerves absent 22. Fissistigma

b. Flowers axillary, reticulations not scalariform; secondary

nerves present

c. Petals linear-lanceolate, 5—8 cm. long, the inner ovate, 1

cm. long, calyx a circular or obscurely 3-angled collar,

persistent in fruit; stigma capitate, multi-lobed

23. Pyramidanthe

c. Petals ovate, orbicular or oblong, not elongate, 8 mm.—

1:2 cm. long only, the inner slightly smaller; calyx a

3-angled, connate cup, persistent; style not expanding

into a stigmatic swelling

d. Seeds black, pitted 24. Mitrella

d. Seeds smooth, shining 25. Melodorum

20. XYLOPIA Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 1250 including Habze-

lia A.DC. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genév. 5 (1832) 207.

Shrubs or trees. Flowers hermaphrodite, axillary, solitary,

cymose or fascicled, often fragrant; buds triquetrous or conic.

Sepals 3, valvate, connate at base. Petals 6, valvate, in two series,

linear, often elongated or ovate and not much longer than broad,

the outer when linear, flat, 1-veined, concave at base, the inner

nearly as long, narrower, triquetrous, concave at base. Torus flat

or hollow enclosing the carpels. Stamens elongated, the anther

transversely septate with large pollen grains, the connective pro-

duced, obtuse or pointed. Ovaries 1 or more, style filiform, stigma

clavate, narrowly clavate or not broader than style. Ripe carpels

elongated, cylindric or ovoid, oblong or obovoid. Seeds several

(rarely 2), 1-2 seriate. .

TYPE OF GENUS: Xylopia glabra Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 1250.

DISTRIBUTION: Tropics of Old and New World, numerous in Africa.

About 100 species.

Xylopia is related to Fissistigma. Both have triquetrous or

cylindric flower buds and the connectives of the stamens are pro-

duced in both. However there are a good many differences and

335

Gardens Bulletin, S.

the relationship is not so very close. There is also some affinity

with Anaxagorea (see notes under it).

The Malayan species are not difficult to distinguish. X. caudata .

has smaller leaves and flowers than any of the others. X. malayana

has glabrous leaves and so has X. sub-dehiscens but in the latter

they may be slightly puberulous when young. Further there is only

one carpel in X. sub-dehiscens. Several species tend to have pubes-

cent leaves but the pubescence wears off in old or mature leaves.

The leaves of X. ferruginea are covered with a rusty-pubescence

beneath which also tends to disappear in old leaves. X. ferruginea

and X. stenopetala are recognized from the others by. their long,

cylindric fruits, and from each other by the more slender pedicels

and flowers of X. stenopetala. X. magna has very long petals

up to 10 cm. and its fruit resembles that of X. fusca but the

leaves of fusca are of a beautiful, golden, shining colour beneath,

at least when young. X. sub-dehiscens has ovate petals with thick

edges, not the usual linear type of the Malayan species but this

form is seen in some African and American species. Each species

therefore has its own good distinguishing characteristics. The

stamens and ovaries are remarkably uniform and vary little. The

septate anthers and the filiform styles should distinguish this genus.

from others. Probably all the Malayan species have fragrant flowers.

although odour is not recorded by collectors for some of them.

KEY

a. Outer petals much longer than broad; carpels several

b. Leaves not glaucous beneath; carpels oblong, ovoid or obo-

void but not narrow-elongate, length not more than 5 cm.

usually less

c. Leaves golden sericeous, pubescent beneath, obtuse,

usually obovate (1) X. fusca

c. Leaves not golden-sericeous beneath, acute or acuminate

d. Petals 8-10 cm. long (2) X. magna

d. Petals much less, usually not over 3 cm.

e. Leaves average length 3-5-5 cm. and breadth 1-8-2

cm. Petals 7-8 mm. long (3) X. caudata

e. Leaves much larger in area, 5-14 cm. long and 2-5-3

cm. broad. Petals 1-5—2 cm. long

f. Leaves glabrous, oblong-elliptic, widest at middle;

pedicels 3 mm. long (4) X. malayana

336 -

Vol. XIV. (1955).

f. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath, elliptic, not

widest at middle; pedicels 2 mm. long

(5) X. elliptica

b. Leaves glaucous or glaucescent beneath. Carpels elongate,

cylindric 5—12-5 cm. long

g. Ripe carpels not moniliform when dry, 1-2 cm. in diam.;

pedicels slender, 1-5—2 cm. long; petals 2 mm. broad

(6) X. stenopetala

g. Ripe carpels sub-moniliform when dry, 6 mm. in diam.;

pedicels stout, 8 mm.—1-5 cm. long; petals 3-5 mm.

broad

h. Leaves narrow-oblong, acute, 3-5—4-5 cm. across with

ferrugineous tomentum beneath, becoming almost

glabrous (7) X. ferruginea

h. Leaves elliptic, ovate or oblong, 65-8 cm. across,

slightly ferrugineous becoming glabrous

ferruginea var. oxyantha

a. Outer petals not much longer than broad, ovate; carpels 1

(8) X. sub-dehiscens

(1) X. fusca Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 83;

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 365 et m Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 146 Pl. 190B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1

(1922) 92; Sinclair in Sarawak Mus. Journ. Vol. 5 No. 3

(1951) 609.

Synonyms: X. obtusifolia Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

83; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 368 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 150 Pl. 197A. X. Havilandii Ridley

in Kew Bull. (1912) 388 et in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913)

95.

Tree 20-30 m. high, with trunk about 55 cm. in diameter.

Young twigs, glabrous, dark red, stout, buds silky. Leaves coria-

ceous, elliptic to oblong-obovate, obtuse with cuneate base, dark

glossy-green above, at first covered with golden, closely adpressed,

shining hairs beneath, later darker and glabrous; main nerves

8-9 pairs, oblique, faint on both surfaces as are the lax reticula-

tions; length 5-10 cm.; breadth 2—4-5 cm.; petiole 5 mm. long.

Flowers 1-3 axillary. Peduncle 3-5 mm. long; pedicels 3-5 mm.

long with a minute, caducous bract at base. Sepals 3 mm. long,

ovate, acute, united at middle to form a cup, adpressed-pubescent

outside, glabrous inside. Petals slightly curved in bud, 1-7-2 cm.

long, sub-equal, yellow, adpressed-sericeous, outer flat with a

337

—s

Gardens Bulletin, S.

central midrib, obtuse, 4 mm. broad; inner triquetrous, sub-acute,

1-5-2 mm. broad. Stamens 3 mm. long, elongate, septate with

large grains, the connectives produced, obtuse or slightly pointed.

Ovaries 2—3, about 4 mm. long with adpressed, silky hairs; style

filiform not broadening into the stigma. Ripe carpels 2—3, oblong-

cylindric with a blunt point, reddish-brown, 3-3-3 cm. long and

1 cm. in diam.; stalk thick, only 3 mm. long. Seeds 3-4 in 2 rows,

globular. |

PERAK: Larut, King 2816 (S., Kew) type material of X. obtusifolia. :

PAHANG: Sungei Bera near Tasek Bera, Henderson S.F.N. 24120 (S.., :

K.); Kuantan, Soh 15131 (S., K.). |

SELANGOR: Bukit Changgang sawmill, Klang, Nur S.F.N. 33972 (S., :

MALAcca: Griffith 386 (C.) type material of X. obtusifolia; Main-

gay 86 (C., Kew) type material of X. fusca.

JOHORE: Sungei Sedili, Ngadiman S.F.N. 36868 (S., K., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Jurong, Corner S.F.N. 26096 (S., K., Kew); 14th mile

Jurong Road, Baker, 4th November, 1917 (S.); Mandai Road, Corner

S.F.N. 37115: (S.) and; Sa AN. 32531. (S., Kew?

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak.

There should be no difficulty in recognizing this species by the

golden lustre of the undersurface of the leaves. It grows by

streams and in fresh water swamp forest.

(2) X. magna Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 84;

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 369 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 151 Pl. 197B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1

(1922) 93.

Tree 13-20 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose, later dark,

glabrous and with numerous lenticels. Leaves coriaceous, minutely

hyaline-punctate, ovate-oblong or elliptic, obtuse or bluntly acute,

base rounded, the edges slightly revolute when dry, upper surface

dark green, shining, glabrous except the slightly pubescent midrib,

the lower medium green, sparsely pubescent, drying a dark brown;

main nerves 10 pairs, faint above, more prominent beneath, obli-

que, anastomosing about 5 mm. from margin; reticulations fine

and rather close; length 8—12 cm.; breadth 4—5:3 cm.; petiole 5—7

mm. long, pubescent. Flowers 8-10 cm. long, solitary or in pairs,

axillary. Pedicels stout, tomentose 4 mm. long with an ovate,

acute, amplexicaul bract at base. Sepals coriaceous, ovate, acute,

forming a shallow cup, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, 3—4

mim. long. Petals 8-10 cm. long, linear, sub-equal, slightly ex-

panded and concave at base, pale yellow, minutely tomentose —

except base inside, outer flat, 2 mm. broad, inner triquetrous, 1 |

mm. broad. Stamens 2:5 mm. long, elongate, septate, connectives —

338

Vol: XIV. (1955).

obtuse, produced. Ovaries 4 mm. long, about 15, narrowly obli-

que, hairy, style filiform with narrow-clavate stigma. Ripe carpels

obovoid, obtuse at apex, minutely tomentose, with a2 ridge down

one side, 2:‘5 cm. long and 1-8 cm. in diameter; stalks 5 mm. long,

stout. Seeds about 4 in 2 rows.

KEDAH: Peranginan F.R., Awang 31323 (K.).

PERAK: Scortechini 2112 (S., C.); Larut, King 3712 (S., C., Kew).

PAHANG: Kemansul F.R., Temerloh, Hamid 10083 (S., K.).

SELANGOR: Pahang Track, Ridley, July 1897 (S.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: S. Menyala F.R., Port Dickson, Wyatt-Smith

64728 (K.).

Matacca: Maingay 83 (C., Kew) type material; Bukit Bruang F.R.,

Compt. 13, Saamin 14194 (K.); Selandor, Ridley, date 1890 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Taban Path, Bukit Timah F.R., Sinclair S.F.N. 39690

(S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Not recorded outside the Peninsula.

A good distinct species not likely to be confused with any other.

The very long, linear-petals will at once identify this species.

(3) X. caudata Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 125 et in FI. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 85; Mig. Fl: Ind. Bat. 1 pi. 1 (1858) 38; King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 366 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 148 Pl. 193B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

93; Sinclair in Sarawak Mus. Journ. (1951) 608.

Synonym: X. Tooropiana Scheff. in Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 32

(1871) 392.

Tree up to 16 m. high. Young twigs very slender and numerous,

spreading, minutely pubescent, soon glabrous, reddish-brown and

with numerous lenticels. Leaves thin but slightly coriaceous, ellip-

tic-lanceolate, caudate but the extreme tip obtuse, base acute, glab-

rous above except the minutely pubescent midrib, sparingly ad-

pressed-pubescent below, becoming glabrous; main nerves about

10 pairs, extremely fine and faint as are the reticulations and only

distinguishable from the secondary nerves under a lens; length

3—6:5 cm.; breadth 1-8-2 cm.; petiole 2 mm. long. Pedicels 1-3,

axillary, very short, about 1 mm. long, the flowers appearing

almost sessile with 3 unequal, sub-orbicular, obtuse bracts at their

base. Sepals ovate, slightly obtuse, pubescent outside, glabrous

inside, united above base, 2 mm. long. Petals 7-8 mm. long, pale

yellow, linear, adpressed-pubescent, glabrous at the concave base

inside; outer flat, 1-5 mm. broad, the inner triquetrous, 0-8 mm.

broad with 2 swellings at base where claw meets blade. Stamens

1 mm. long, connectives obtuse, pollen grains large. Ovaries 3,

pubescent, 2 mm. long; style linear, stigma clavate. Ripe carpels

339

Gardens Bulletin, S.

2-3, sub-globose or ovoid, pubescent, slightly wrinkled when dry,

1-2 cm. long, the apex lateral and obtusely pointed; stalks 2 mm.

long. Seeds 2.

PAHANG: Temerloh, Hamid C.F. 4857 (S., K., Kew); C.F. 3735

(S., K.); C.F. 5457 (S., K.); Kemansul F.R., Hamid 10577 (S., K

E., Kew).

SELANGOR: Rantau Panjang, Tachon 23235 (S., K.).

MAaLacca: Maingay 79 (C., Kew); Maingay 80 (Kew); Griffith

3861/1 (Kew) type material; Sungei Udang, Goodenough 1375 (S.);

Bukit Danau, Alvins 587 (S.); Machap, Derry 1173 (S., C.).

JOHORE: Bukit Piatu, S. Sedili, Ngadiman S.F.N. 36881 (S., K.,

Kew); Ma’okil F.R., 5 miles south of Labis, Sinclair S.F.N. 38993 (S.,

E.); 134 miles Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N. 29413 (S., K.,

Kew); S. Kayu, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N. 28729 (S., K.,

Kew).

SINGAPORE: Jurong 15th mile, Corner S.F.N. 26030 (S., Kew);

Bukit Timah, Corner S.F.N. 34679 (S., K., D.D., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo and Sumatra.

A distinct species. Flowers smaller than in the other Malayan

species. Common in Johore.

{4) X. malayana Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 125 et in Fl. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 83; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 364

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 145 Pl. 187B;

Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 93 et F.M.P. 1

(1922) 91; Merrill in Journ. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. (1921)

266.

Synonyms: X. Maingayi Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

85; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 364 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1892) 146 Pl. 191A. X. dicarpa Hk. f. et

Th. quoad specimen Maingay 84 tantum non King 7097. X.

mucronata Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 122 and 207 T. 75. X.

pustulata Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 85; King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 365 et in.Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc.

4 (1893) 146 Pl. 191B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 91. Parar-

tabotrys sumatrana Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 374; Scheffer

in Nat. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. 31 (1869) 15.

Tree 10-20 m. high with greyish-white bark. Young twigs often

smooth, glabrous and with numerous lenticels. Leaves thinly coria-

ceous, glabrous, shining, oblong-elliptic, apex acute, base acute,

drying brown; main nerves about 8 pairs, slender and faint, scar-

cely distinct from the secondary, interarching 4 mm. from margin;

midrib sharply angled on lower surface; reticulations faint above,

fine and lax beneath; length 85-14 cm.; breadth 3-5—6:3 cm.;

petiole glabrous, dark-coloured, ringed, 7 mm.—1 cm. long.

Flowers fragrant, 1-3, axillary with a 2 mm. long, amplexicaul,

sub-orbicular bract and a 1 mm. long, lanceolate one both at the

340

Vol. XIV. (1955).

base; pedicels 3 mm. long, often two, seated on 1 mm. long pedun-

cle. Sepals broadly ovate, sub-acute, coriaceous, brown-pubescent

outside, glabrous inside, united at base, 4 mm. long and 2:5 mm.

broad. Petals 1-5—2-:2 cm. long and 2—2:5 mm. broad, pale yellow,

reddish inside at base, sub-equal, coriaceous, erect, later spreading

slightly at apex, shortly pubescent except the glabrous, slightly

concave base, sub-acute, the outer flat, linear, faintly keeled, the

inner triquetrous. Stamens numerous, 2‘5 mm. long, the anthers

red, septate with large pollen grains, the connectives much pro-

duced, oblique, white, slightly pointed. Ovaries 2—6, densely serice-

ous, oblong-linear, 4 mm. long, the style as long as ovary, pro-

_jecting above stamens; stigma narrow-clavate, white, slightly bent

outwards, a faint groove running to base of ovary from top of

stigma. Torus very small. Ripe carpels 3—4, pink, minutely brown-

pubescent, ridged, wrinkled when dry, oblong-obovate, obtuse,

2—2:3 cm. long; stalks stout, 3 mm. long. Seeds 2—7 in 2 rows.

PERAK: Ulu Kal, King 10727 (Kew).

PAHANG: Sungei Perting, Bentong, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16519

(S., D.D.); Pekan, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 17247 (S.); Ulu Chi-

neras, Kuala Lepis, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 17079 (S.).

SELANGOR: Sepang, Denny, 27th November, 1941 (S.); Sungei Pelek,

Sepang, Denny 116 (S.); Weld Hill F.R., Symington 43632 (K.);

Hamid C.F. 715 (S., K.); Kepong Plantations, Hamid 16412 (S., K.);

Sungei Buloh, Compt. 12, Symington 44729 (K.).

MALacca: Griffith sine num. (C., Kew) and Griffith 387 (Kew)

both as type material; Maingay 81 (C., Kew); Maingay 82/2 (C.,

Kew) type of X. pustulata; Maingay 84 (Kew) type of X. dicarpa;

Brisu, Derry 34 (S., C.); Merlimau, Derry 942 (S.); Bukit Bruang,

Curtis 2501 (S., Kew); Ridley 3532 (S.); Chirana Puteh, Alvins 854

(S.); Ayer Panas, Goodenough 1286 (S.).

JOHORE: Muar, Curtis 3611 (S., Kew); Sungei Kayu. Kiah S.F.N.

82403 (Kew).

SINGAPORE: Maingay 84 (Kew); Mandai Road, Kiah S.F.N. 37140

(S., K.) and 27147 (S., K., Kew): Corner, 25th July, 1940 (S.); Liew

S.F.N. 37744 (S., K., Kew); Changi, Ridley 5921 (S.); Bukit Arang,

Ridley, date 1894 (S.); Chan Chu Kang, Ridley 6759 (S.); Bukit

Timah, Ridley 9838 (S., Kew); Ngadiman S.F.N. 36125 (S., Kew);

S.F.N. 37003 (S., K., Kew); S.F.N. 36457 (S.); S.F.N. 37006 (S.,

K.); Kiah S.F.N. 36499 (S., K., Kew); Jurong, Goodenough 3866

(S., C., Kew); 15th mile, Jurong, Corner, 21st February, 1933 (S.);

— 26098 (S., Kew); Lornie Road, Corner S.F.N. 36953 (S., K.,

ew).

DIsTRIBUTION: Sarawak, North Borneo and Sumatra.

Maingay 82/2, type of X. pustulata, is merely X. malayana. It is

also numbered 1320 and is not to be confused with Maingay 82

also numbered 2376 which is the type of Xylopia elliptica. In-

cluded also here is X. dicarpa Hk. f. et Th. but not the fruiting

specimen of King 7097 which is Alphonsea Kingii. (See notes

under Alphonsea).

341

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(5) X. elliptica Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

86; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 366 et in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 147 Pl. 193A; Ridley, F.M.P.

bef 1992) BZ;

Tree 8-10 m. high. Young twigs dark-coloured, pubescent, wiih

numerous lenticels, later glabrous. Leaves membranous, elliptic

with nearly parallel sides, obtusely acuminate, the base rounded

or slightly acute, glabrous above, minutely adpressed-pubescent

below; main nerves 6—7 pairs, oblique, scarcely distinct from the

secondary, faint on both surfaces; reticulations scarcely visible

above, faint beneath; length 65-8 cm. and 2:5—3 cm. broad;

petiole 7 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers axillary 1-2 with a minute,

amplexicaul bract at base of calyx. Peduncle 3 mm. long; pedicels

2 mm. long (the peduncle 1 mm. long and the pedicels 3 mm.

long in X. malayana). Flower parts as in X. malayana but smaller,

the sepals and petals less coriaceous. Sepals 3 mm. long, pubes-

cent outside, glabrous inside. Petals greenish-yellow, 2 cm. long

when mature. Stamens 2 mm. long, elongate, septate, the connec-

tives produced, rounded or slightly pointed. Ovaries 3, 2 mm.

long, sericeous-pubescent; style linear, stigma clavate, grooved on

one side. Ripe carpels oblong, 4 cm. long and 3-2 cm. in diameter,

blunt at apex, thin-walled, somewhat asymmetrical, resembling

those of X. magna but larger, sessile or stalked; stalks 2 mm. long.

Seeds few in two rows with hard bone-like testa, 2 cm. & 1:2 cm.

KEDAH: Peranginan F.R., Awang 42444 (K.).

PENANG: Sungei Penang, Curtis 2482 (S., C., Kew) type material.

PERAK: Upper Perak, Wray 3562 (S., C., Kew); 3194 (S., C.) type

material.

PAHANG: Raub, 20309 no collector’s name (K.) fruit.

SELANGOR: Bernam River, Yeob 5037 (K.) fruit.

MaALacca: Maingay 82 (C., Kew) type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Malaya.

This species is very close to X. malayana especially in the a

flowers, but they are smaller in all their parts. The peduncle is

longer in X. elliptica and the pedicels shorter. The young twigs —

are pubescent and the leaves are narrower and not widest at the ©

middle and are pubescent on the lower surface. The fruit is like

that of X. magna but larger.

(6) X. stenopetala Oliv. in Hook. Icon. Plant. (1887) t. 1563;

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 367 et in Ann. Roy. —

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 148 Pl. 194A; Ridley in Sarawak

Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 93; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 92.

Tree 16-20 m. high. Young twigs glabrous or very slightly

pubescent, dark reddish or black and lenticels numerous. Leaves

342

Vol. XIV. (1955).

thinly coriaceous, glabrous, sometimes very sparsely adpressed-

pubescent on lower surface, shining on upper, glaucous or glauces-

cent on lower surface, elliptic-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate,

base sub-cuneate; main nerves 10-12 pairs, fine but raised on

both surfaces as are the lax reticulations, oblique; midrib flush

with upper surface or slightly raised, sharply-angled below; length

9-12 cm.; breadth 3-5-5 cm.; petiole 3-5 mm. long. Flowers in

fascicles arising from minute 1-2 mm. long peduncles or swellings

in the axils of the leaves or fallen leaves; pedicels slender, rusty-

puberulous, 1-5—2 cm. long with a minute obtuse bract below the

middle. Sepals triangular, acute, forming a shallow cup, pubescent

outside, glabrous inside, 2 mm. long. Petals linear, slightly ex-

panded at the concave base, minutely tawny-pubescent, 2:8 cm.

long and 2 mm. broad, the inner 1 mm. broad. Stamens 2—2.5 mm.

long, connectives produced, obtuse or slightly pointed. Ovaries

numerous, 3 mm. long, pubescent; style filiform, stigma sub-

clavate. Ripe carpels cylindric, slightly falcate, obtuse, pericarp

fieshy, much wrinkled longitudinally when dry, 5—10 cm. long

and 1-2 cm. in diam.; stalks 8 mm. long, stout. Seeds several.

PENANG: Government Hill. Curtis 857 (S.. C.. Kew) type material:

Curtis 880 (S., C., Kew) type material; Tunnel Road, Henderson

S.F.N. 21425 (S.): Government Hill Road. Haniff S.F.N. 3706 (S..

Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak, Sumatra.

(7) X. ferruginea (Hk. f. et Th.) Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. I

(1872) 83: King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 369 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 151 Pl. 198; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 93; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya 1

(1940) 136 Text-Fig. 38. |

Basonym: Habzelia ferruginea Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)

| we a

Synonym: Artabotrys malayanus Griff. Notul. 4 (1854) 713

non X. malayana Hk. f. et Th.

Tree 10-20 m. high, bark reddish-brown, tending to crack in

small circular or hexagonal portions, wood white, stilt-roots pre-

sent. Young twigs rusty-pubescent, later glabrous, dark reddish-

brown, striate. Leaves coriaceous, shining and glabrous above,

glaucous and purplish-brown-pubescent beneath, narrowly obiong,

acute, base rounded or unequal-sided; nerves 12—14 pairs, raised

on both surfaces, fine above, more prominent below, curving and

anastomosing 3-5 mm. from margin, reticulations fine on both

343

Gardens Bulletin, S.

surfaces, lax; length 9-16 cm.; breadth 2:7—-5 cm.; petiole 5 mm.

long, channelled. Flowers 1-3, axillary, fragrant. Peduncle 2-3

mm. long; pedicels 8 mm.—1:5 cm. long, rusty-pubescent with a

small lanceolate bract near middle. Sepals 5 mm. long, broadly

ovate, acute, rusty-pubescent outside, glabrous inside, united at

base forming a shallow cup. Petals 5—6 cm. long, linear, ferru-

gineous-pubescent outside, cinereous-puberulous inside, glabrous

on the concave base inside; outer flat, 3-5 mm. broad, 1-veined,

inner 1—1:5 mm. broad, triquetrous. Stamens 2:5 mm. long with

red, obtuse connectives 4 length of stamen. Ovaries 3—4 cm. long,

elongate, rusty-pubescent; style filiform tapering to the non-ex-

panded stigma. Torus stout, hemispherical. Ripe carpels numerous,

elongate, cylindric, becoming glabrous, acute at apex, sub-monili-

form with longitudinal folds when dry; 5—12:5 cm. long and 6 mm.

broad. Seeds several, oblong, rugose, 7 mm. long. Fig. 23.

DISTRIBUTION: Numerous dried specimens collected from all the

provinces except Perlis, Penang, and Province Wellesley. Occurs in

Siam, Borneo and Sumatra.

Fig. 23. Xylopia ferruginea (Hk. f. et Th.) Hk. f. et Th.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower with petals detached. C, Stamen, front

view. D, Stamen, back view. E, Gynoecium. F, Fruit.

344

Vol. XIV. (1955).

var. oxyantha (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basonym: Habzelia oxyantha Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)

124.

Synonyms: X. oxyantha Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

83; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 363 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 144 Pl. 188. Uvaria oxyantha Wall.

nomen nudun, Cat. 6478.

Leaves elliptic-ovate or oblong, 6-5—8 cm. across, slightly ferru-

gineous-puberulous beneath, becoming glabrous.

PAHANG: Kemansul F.R., Forester 14099 and 14094 (S., K.).

SELANGOR: Rantau Panjang, Symington 14482 and 40649 (K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Selaru, Ludin 1875 (S., K., Kew).

JOHORE: Sungei Sedili, Ngadiman S.F.N. 36853 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Wall. Cat. 6478 (C., Kew) type material; Sungei Mo-

rai, Ridley 4558 (S., C.) and 3952 (S., C.); Changi, Mat, date 1894

(S.); Seletar, Ridley 6351 (S., C.).

I do not consider XY. oxyantha distinct enough from X. ferru-

ginea to be a species and have given it varietal rank here. X.

ferruginea resembles X. stenopetala but the ripe carpels are not

so broad nor so stout as in the latter. The outer petals are longer

and broader in X. ferruginea and the pedicels stouter. Also the

carpels are sub-moniliform when dry while those of X. stenopetala

are not.

(8) X. sub-dehiscens (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Alphonsea sub-dehiscens King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1

No. 4 (1892) 375 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 164

Pl. 213; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 98.

Shrub 5—7 m. high. Young twigs minutely pubescent, soon glab-

rous, striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, medium green, shining on

the upper surface, oblong to elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate,

base rounded or sub-cuneate, glabrous above except the puberul-

ous midrib, glabrous or sparsely puberulous beneath; main nerves

9-10 pairs, oblique, slender but visible on both surfaces, anas-

tomosing doubly at margin; reticulations fine and lax on both sur-

‘faces; length 10—20 cm.; breadth 4—7 cm.; petiole 5—7 mm. long.

Flowers axillary 1—2, nearly sessile, fragrant with the odour of

ripe bananas, triquetrous in bud. Pedicel 2 mm. long with 3, sub-

orbicular, pubescent bracts. Sepals coriaceous, ovate-orbicular,

sub-acute, spreading, united to form a very shallow cup, pubescent

outside, glabrous inside, 2-5 mm. long. Petals 8 mm.—1 cm. long,

coriaceous, with thickened edges, ovate, acute, concave and glab-

rous at base inside, sericeous-pubescent outside, one-veined; outer

cream-coloured with a brownish tinge, 6 mm. broad across middle;

345

Gardens Bulletin, S.

the inner of the same colour but pink at base inside, slightly nar-

rower. Stamens 2 mm. long, pink, septate, the connectives pro-

duced and obtuse. Ovary single, 2‘5 mm. long, on a pyramid-like

torus; style elongate and stigma club-shaped. Ripe carpels minu-

tely tawny-pubescent, elongate with a ridge down one side, apex

acute; length 2-5-4 cm.; diam. 1-2 cm.; stalk with several faint

grooves, 1 cm. long. Seeds several in two rows with bony testa.

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtis 1054 (S.); July 1889; July 1890;

July 1893 (S.).

PERAK: Ulu Bubong, King 10079 (S., C.) type material; 10818 (C.)

type material; Larut, King 5312 (E.) type material; Maxwell’s Hill,

Sinclair S.F.N. 38830 (S., E., Kew); Lumut, Ridley 9434 (S.); also

date 1899 (S.); Telok Seru, Pangkore, Curtis 1624 (S.).

PAHANG: Benta Road, Soh 15090 (S., K.).

SELANGOR: Weld Hill Reserve. Kuala Lumpur, Hamid 10464

(Kew).

JOHORE: Kampong Simpai Ulu, Batu Pahat, Lake and Kelsall, Octo-

ber 1892 (S.); Bukit Kuing, Sedili Ketchil, Corner, 23rd June, 1934

(S.); Bukit Tana Abang, Lake and Kelsall, date 1892 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known outside Malaya.

Distinguished from the other Malayan species by the single

carpel which resembles those of XY. vielana (Indo-China) and by

the shape of the flower buds which resemble the African X.

ajricana. King wrongly placed this species in Alphonsea but the

stamens, carpel and axillary flowers are those of Xylopia.

21. ANAXAGOREA St. Hillaire in Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris

(1825) 91 including Rhopalocarpus Teysm. et Binn. ex Miq.

Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 22 T. 2 fig. B et Ebu-

ropetalum Becc. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 3 (1871) 181; Sinclair in

Sarawak Mus. Journ. Vol. 5 No. 3 (1951) 598.

Small trees or shrubs. Flowers terminal and extra-axillary

(axillary in American species). Sepals 3 or 2, valvate, cohering

below. Petals 6, valvate in two series or reduced to 3 or 2, spread-

ing, thin or thickened especially round the edges; the inner sub-

equal or slightly smaller. Stamens many, anthers extrorse, those

next the carpels sterile or not, the connectives produced, slightly

bent outwards, obtuse. Ovaries few or many; style of variable

length, sometimes narrow and elongated, sometimes swollen and

bent, having a U-shaped opening at the stigmatic part with a

groove on anterior side. Carpels clavate follicles, stalked, dehis-

cing. Seeds 1-2, smooth, black, shining, collateral, basal or one

slightly above the other, pointed where they taper into the stalk.

TYPE OF GENUS: A. javanica BI. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1828) 66 T. 32

and 36A.

DISTRIBUTION: About 26 species mostly Central and South Ameri-

can, a few Asiatic, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Indo-China, Borneo, Java,

Sumatra and the Philippines.

346

Vol. XIV. (1955).

The unique character is the dehiscent, follicular fruit. Sometimes

in Xylopia we find a kind of semi-dehiscence. The shape of the

carpel in Xylopia often recalls that of Anaxagorea, also the slender

style, clavate or narrowly clavate at the stigmatic portion. The

stamens with connectives slightly produced are similar in both but

appear septate in Xylopia with large pollen masses. The petals of

Anaxagorea recall those of some species of Xylopia, but the

majority of the Xylopia species have the narrow, linear type. Both

Xylopia and Anaxagorea are found in the Old and New Worlds.

There seems to be a less apparent relationship with Polyalthia.

I have reduced Eburopetalum to Anaxagorea. [See Sarawak

Museum Journal (1951) 598]. A. luzonensis of wide Asiatic

distribution has not been found in Malaya.

A. javanica Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 66 T. 32 and 36A; Boer-

lage in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 109; Corner in Gard. Bull. Str.

Settl. 10 (1939) 12 et Wayside Trees of Malaya 1 (1940) 129

Text-Fig. 32.

Synonym: A. Scortechinii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 317 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 85 PI.

119; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 62.

Shrub or small tree 4-6 m. high. Bark greyish. Young twigs

green, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong,

acute or acuminate, base slightly acute, glabrous, dark green

above, medium green beneath; main nerves 8—10 pairs, fine, pro-

minent in older leaves, curving, interarching some distance from

midrib; midrib on lower surface often slightly verrucose; reticula-

tions not visible above in fresh leaves, faint in dried material,

prominent beneath, forming a loose network; length 14-21 cm.;

breadth 5—11 cm.; petiole 5 mm.—i cm. long, glabrous, verrucose

in dried material. Flowers fragrant, 1-4, terminal and opposite the

leaves with 2 minute bracts at base of pedicel and one obtuse

amplexicaul one near base of calyx. Pedicels 1 cm. long, thickened

from below upwards, seated on a short peduncular axis. Sepals

glabrous or minutely puberulous, 7 mm. long, oblong, obtuse,

thick with membranous edges, adpressed to the petals. Petals

glabrous or minutely puberulous outside, spreading, the edges

very thick especially near apex, acute; outer, 1:8—2 cm. long,

elliptic with a broad base, greenish outside, white inside; inner

1-5 cm. long, white with narrow claw and rhomboid blade. Sta-

mens numerous, 4 mm. long, spathulate, filaments 1 mm. long,

connectives produced, obtuse, bent outwards slightly; an inner

whorl of narrow staminodes 6 mm. long next the carpels and bent

over them. Ovaries 8-9, angled, 3 mm. long; stigma cone-shaped

347

ras

a Ae

Gardens Bulletin, S.—

with U-shaped opening on top and groove on the inner side. Ripe 5

carpels 4—8 clavate follicles, gradually narrowed into a stalk, total

length 2-5-3 cm., dehiscing. Seeds 2, black, shining, lying side by _

side, concave-convex, compressed with hilum at pointed end.

Fig. 24.

Herbarium specimens from all provinces in Malaya except Perlis and

Penang. In Singapore recorded only from the Botanic Gardens’ Jungle-

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo and Java.

Fig. 24. Anaxagorea javanica Bl.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower bud, opening. C, Flower. D, Stamen,

front view. E, Stamen, side view. F, Staminode. G, Torus with

ovaries. H, Single ovary. I, Ripe fruit. J, Seeds.

348

Vol. XIV. (1955).

var. tripetala Corner in Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 10 (1939) 12.

Inner petals absent.

KEDAH: Gunong Jerai, Meh 9043 (K., Kew).

PERAK: Gunong Pondok, Henderson S.F.N. 32788 (S., Kew) type;

Larut, King 2375 (C., D.D.); Upper Perak, Wray 3400 (S., Kew);

Sungei Siput, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 6951 (S., K.); Kuala Kenering,

Ridley 14734 (S., C., Kew); Bubu, Ulu Kangsar, Symington 40789

(K.); Piah F.R., Ja’amat and Tachun 29365 (K.); Kledang, Symington

25822 (K.).

TRENGGANU: Belara F.R., 23rd mile Trengganu-Besut Road, Sin-

clair S.F.N. 39928 (S.).

SELANGOR: Semenyih, Hume F.M.S. Museums Herb. 8290 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Borneo.

var. dipetala Corner in Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 10 (1939) 12.

Sepals 2. Petals 2.

JOHORE: Sungei Berassau, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N.

28972 (S., K., Kew) type; S. Kayu Ara, Corner S.F.N. 29464 (S., K.,

Kew): 14th mile Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner 9th February, 1935

(S.); 15th mile Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N. 21932 (S.,

Kew).

No records as yet outside Johore.

22. FISSISTIGMA 1Griffith, Notul. 4 (1854) 706.

Synonym: Melodorum Hk. f. et Th. et Auct. non Lour.

The species included here are those of Melodorum section

Eumelodorum Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 115 but excluding

Pyramidanthe prismatica (Melodorum prismaticum).

Climbers. Leaves, pedicels, flowers and carpels usually pubes-

cent or tomentose, sometimes copiously so. Secondary veins of

leaf absent; reticulations when visible scalariform, at right angles

to the nerves. Flowers terminal in cymes or in branched panicles

opposite the leaves but sometimes a part of the inflorescence

appearing axillary due to branching low down between the main

axis and the leaf. Sepals 3, valvate, united at the very base. Petals

valvate in two series, coriaceous and with thickened edges, usually

elongated, lanceolate but sometimes ovate or oblong; the outer

erect or spreading, flat; the inner slightly shorter, triquetrous and

_ concave at base inside. Stamens numerous, connectives slightly

produced, oblique, obtuse or slightly apiculate. Ovaries pubescent,

slightly curved, grooved on inner side; style present, sometimes

Narrowly clavate at the stigmatic tip but usually not enlarging, the

stigmatic portion being very short and not differentiated clearly

349

Gardens Bulletin, S-

from the style. Carpels usually large, 2 cm. or more in diam.;

spherical, ovoid or oblong, thick-walled; stalked (nearly sessile

in F. lanuginosum). Seeds several in 2 rows, smooth, shining.

TYPE OF GENUS: Fissistigma scandens Griff., Notul. 4 (1854) 706.

DISTRIBUTION: Africa, East India to South Yunan, Malay Islands to

North-East Australia. The genus is absent from Ceylon. Species over

fifty.

I have excluded from Fissistigma and retained as distinct genera

Pyramidanthe Mig. and Mitrella Mig. (See notes under these

genera). The species remaining in Fissistigma (i.e. section Eume-

lodorum Hk. f. et Th. of Melodorum) then form a very natural

and uniform series. Merrill in the Phil. Journ. of Science Bot. 15

(1919) 125-130 gives very good reasons why the name Fissis-

tigma Griff. should be used for the Malayan species enumerated —

here and for certain others not in Malaya and how Melodorum —

Loureiro has nothing to do with them. He however includes —

Mitrella and Pyramidanthe in Fissistigma. 7 )

He has after his researches retained Melodorum of Loureiro as.

a distinct genus since he found that the type of that genus is the

plant which is usually called Sphaerocoryne aberrans (Maingay

ex Hk. f. et Th.) Ridley and which Loureiro called Melodorum

fruticosum Lour. Dunal added subsequent species to the genus

Melodorum, the first of these being Melodorum latifolium (Dunal)

Hk. f. et Th. He however regarded Melodorum as a section of

Unona. Hooker fii. and Thomson then considered this section as

a genus namely Melodorum. They admit that Loureiro’s Melo-

dorum fruticosum was different from M. latifolium and their other

species and excluded it from Melodorum. Subsequent authors

have been content to follow them and Loureiro’s original concep-

tion of the genus seems to have been forgotten. The name Fissis-

tigma is available for the subsequent species and excludes Lou-

reiro’s two species Melodorum fruticosum and arboreum. (There

is NO specimen preserved of the latter).

The most probable affinity is with Xylopia (see notes under

Xylopia and Mitrella). There are however a good many points of

difference.

in- seat wane

KEY

a. Leaves whitish or glaucous beneath; reticulations on under-

surface not visible or extremely faint

b. Rusty-pubescence present on midrib and nerves beneath

(1) F. litseaefolium:

Vol. XIV. (1955).

b. Rusty-pubescence not present on midrib and nerves beneath

(2) F. hypoglaucum

a. Leaves not whitish or glaucous beneath

c. Reticulations of lower surface very faint or invisible, hidden

by tomentum

d. Tomentum or pubescence very short, adpressed, golden,

shining beneath; outer petals 1:2—1:5 cm. long; carpel

stalks 1:8 cm. long (3) F. fulgens

d. Tomentum thick, shining, adpressed; outer petals 2—2-3

cm. long; carpel stalks 1:5—7:5 cm. long

(4) F. manubriatum

c. Reticulations of lower surface very distinct

e. Sepals 1—1:5 cm. long; carpel stalks 5 mm. long or sub-

sessile; tomentum of leaves very copious, rufous-lanate,

not shining (5) F. lanuginosum

e. Sepals 2-3 mm. long; carpel stalks more than 5 mm. long;

tomentum of leaves copious or not but never lanate

f. Tomentum dark chocolate-coloured; outer petals 1-5-2

cm. long; carpels spherical (6) F. Kingii

jf. Tomentum copious, rusty or brown, not chocolate-

coloured; leaves coriaceous; outer petals 1—1:2 cm.

long, carpels thick-walled, 3—4 mm. thick

. Carpels spherical (with harsh, erect, rusty-brown

wie)

tomentum) (7) F. latifolium

g. Carpels ovoid, slightly verrucose, minutely brown-

tomentose _.- Var. ovoideum

f. Tomentum not copious, sparsely pubescent only; leaves

thinly coriaceous; outer petals 3-5 cm. long; carpels

smooth, thin-walled, not over 1 mm. thick

(8) F. rubiginosum

(1) F. litseaefolium (King) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. 15 (1919)

133:

Basonym: Melodorum litseaefolium King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. |!

No. 4 (1892) 352 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893)

132 Pl. 173; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 83.

Climber. Young twigs minutely rusty-tomentose, afterwards

glabrous and rough with numerous lenticels as in F. hypoglaucum.

Leaves as in F. hypoglaucum but midrib and nerves beneath rusty-

pubescent. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered panicles opposite a

leaf. Pedicels 7-9 mm. long, rufous-tomentose with a single, small,

351

Gardens Bulletin, nf

median bracteole. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, united at the base,

rusty-tomentose outside, 2 mm. long. Petals broadly ovate-oblong,

acute, coriaceous; outer 5—8 mm. long, slightly concave and glab-

rous at the base inside, rusty-tomentose outside; inner shorter,

puberulous except the glabrous pitted concavity at base inside.

Stamens numerous, connectives broad, produced and bluntly tri-

angular. Ovaries few, oblong, oblique, rusty-pubescent, 4-ovuled.

Ripe carpels unknown.

PERAK: Larut, King Nos. 4986 (S., C.) type material; 4063 (C.,

Kew) type material.

TRENGGANU: 38th mile Trengganu-Besut Road, west side, Sinclair

S.F.N. 39950 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known from elsewhere.

This species differs from F. hypoglaucum in having the midrib

and veins of the lower surface of the leaf covered with a rusty-

pubescence.

(2) F. hypoglaucum (Miq.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. 15 (1919)

130.

Basonym: Melodorum hypoglaucum Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 36; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

355 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 136 Pl. 180A;

Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 86.

Large creeper with main stem 15-20 cm. in diam. Youngest

twigs slender, minutely rusty-tomentose, soon glabrous and rough

with numerous lenticels, brownish. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glab-

rous above except the midrib, minutely puberulous or glabrous

below, dull, medium green above, glaucous beneath, elliptic-

oblong, acute, base sub-acute or rounded, edges very slightly re-

volute; nerves 10-12 pairs, oblique, running out to edge, visible

above, prominent below; reticulations faint on both surfaces;

length 6-11 cm.; breadth 3-5—4 cm.; petiole 5—8 mm. long, rusty-

pubescent. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, opposite a leaf,

cymosely branched, rusty-pubescent. Pedicels 1-1-5 cm. long with

2 bracts about 1-5 mm. long, one at base of pedicel and the other

mid-way or at base of flower. Sepals 2 mm. long, ovate, acute,

rusty-pubescent outside, slightly less so inside, free except at the

very base. Petals coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, broad and

concave at the base and for some distance upwards, the tips tri-

quetrous, rusty-tomentose outside and slightly less so inside, the

outer 1—1-2 cm. long and 5 mm. broad at base, the inner 8 mm.

long and 2:5 mm. broad at base. Stamens 1 mm. long, the con-

nectives slightly produced, oblique and rather broad. Ovaries 2

mm. long, pubescent, elongated, straight on the inner and curved

352

Vol. XIV. (1955).

on the outer side, gradually narrowed into the style, the stigmatic

tip of which is slightly bent outwards. Torus conical. Ripe carpels

globose to ovoid, tubercled, rusty-pubescent to glabrescent, 2 cm.

in diam. with stalks 3-3-5 cm. long. Seeds 4-5, oval, compressed,

smooth, brown, shining, in 2 rows.

PERAK: Scortechini 1970 (C.); Gopeng, Kinta, King 4465 (C..

D.D.); Larut, King 5060 (C.): 4199 (C.); Gopeng, Larut, King 5806

(S., C., D.D., Kew); Ulu Bubong, King 10522 (S., C., E.); King 7924

(C., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra.

See notes under F. litseaefolium.

(3) F. fulgens (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. 15

(1919) 130.

Basonym: Melodorum fulgens Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)

120 et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 82; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No.

4 (1892) 353 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 132 Pl.

174; Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 90; F.M.P. |

(1922) 83.

Synonyms: Uvaria fulgens Wall. Cat. 6482 nomen nudum.

Myristica Finlaysoniana Wall. Cat. 6793 nomen nudum.

Large climber. Young twigs minutely tawny-pubescent, terete,

soon glabrous, dark-coloured and striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous.

oblong-lanceolate, acute, sometimes acuminate, base rounded or

slightly acute, upper surface glabrous except midrib, dark green,

dull, lower paler, minutely scaly with orange-brown pubescent

midrib and veins; veins 13-18 pairs, oblique, running out to edge,

faint above, prominent beneath, reticulations very faint or not

visible; length 7-5—15 cm.; breadth 3—S cm.; petiole 7-10 mm.

long, orange, pubescent. Flowers with a faint sweet odour, ter-

minal in few-flowered cymes opposite the leaves. Pedicels 5-10

mm. long, thickening towards base of flower, adpressed-tawny-

pubescent, with a linear-lanceolate acute bract at base and a

median, broadly ovate, acute bract. Sepals broadly ovate, sub-

acute, united at the very base, tawny-pubescent outside, glabrous

inside, 1-2 mm. long. Petals thick, orange, the outer ovate-oblong,

acute, pubescent outside, glabrous at the base inside, 1-2—1-5 cm.

long, erect at first, then spreading and finally recurving when the

inner drop off; inner concave at base, warted slightly, glabrous

except near apex outside, 7 mm. long. Stamens numerous, dark

red, 2 mm. long, connectives produced and pointed, nearly as long

as the fertile part, filaments very short. Ovaries elongate, 3 mm.

long, pubescent, brownish, passing gradually into the pointed style,

stigma not distinct from style. Ripe carpels 3—4 cm. long and 2:3

353

Gardens Bulletin, S.

cm. in diam., globose to oblong, obtuse, walls hard, stony, 7 mm.

thick, surface minutely shining, tawny-tomentose as are the 1:8

cm. long stalks. Seeds several in two rows, oblong, brown, shining.

Fig. 25.

KELANTAN: Kuala Krai, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 10098 (S., K.).

PERAK: Scortechini 1123 (S., C.); 1549 (C.); Larut, Scortechini

1671 (C.); King 7048 and 6201 (C., D.D.); Nos. 2654 (K., Kew);

782 (C.); 5453 (C., Kew); Gopeng, Kinta, King 4583 (C.); Tupai,

Wray 2441 (S., C.); Matang, Wray 2715 (S., C.); Taiping, Wray 2093

(S., C.); Kati, Kuala Kangsar, Haniff S.F.N. 14955 (S.); Tapah,

Wray 1331 (Kew).

TRENGGANU: Ulu Bendong, Kajang, Kemaman, Corner S.F.N. 30146

(S., Kew).

PAHANG: Temerloh near Rest House, Hashim C.F. 692 (S., K.);

Raub, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16875 (S., K.).

SELANGOR: Ginting Simpah, Hume F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 9822 (S.);

22nd mile Ginting Simpah, Strugnell 13002 (S., K.); Bukit Kutu,

Goodenough 10608 (S., Kew); Garawang, Kuala Lumpur, Mahamot

2116 (S., C.); below Gap, Semengko, Curtis 3756 (S., Kew).

TuRAINI Del.

Fig. 25. Fissistigma fulgens (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower. C, Flower with petals detached. D, Sta-

men, front view. E, Stamen, back view. F, Gynoecium.

354

2 aa " Cea

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Matacca: Griffith (C., Kew) type material; Maingay 73 (C., Kew);

Bukit Kupayang, Alvins 2153 (S.); Bukit Tumiyeing, Alvins 2225 (S.):

Merlimau, J.W. and M., June 1886 (S.); Sungei Udang, Derry 520 (S..,

Kew).

JOHORE: Nongchie 4417 (S., C.): Mount Austin, Ridley, date 1890

(S.); Mawai, Corner, 21st May, 1934 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Anderson 5 (C., E.); Sungei Loyang, Ridley, no no.

or date (S.); Bukit Timah, Ridley 2115 (S.): Hullett 575 and 895

(S., C.); Bukit Mandai, Ridley 3641a (S.. C.): Goodenough, 14th

April, 1890 (S.); Toa Payoh, Ridley 1823 (S., C., Kew); Sungei Ten-

geh, Goodenough 3905 (S.); Chan Chu Kang, Goodenough 5079 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines. Seems to be

absent from Siam and North Malaya.

A common species in the South of Malaya. Easily recognized

by the shining leaves with minute, adpressed, tawny-pubescence on

the lower surface. Many sheets of F. fulgens in the Singapore

Herbarium have been wrongly labelled Melodorum cylindricum.

I have seen Maingay 78 in Herb. Calcutta and Kew, the type of

Melodorum cylindricum. It is a synonym of Fissistigma prismati-

cum (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr. which I call Pyramidanthe prismatica.

(4) F. manubriatum (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc.

15 (1919) 134.

Basonym: Melodorum manubriatum Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. i

(1855) 118 et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 79; King, Mat. F.M.P.

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 353 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 134 Pl. 176; Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1 Fasc. 2 (1899) 132

Tab. 43E, Fig. 1; Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 88:

Merr. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. (1921) 262: Ridley, F.M.P.

1 (1922) 84.

Synonyms: Uvaria manubriatum Wall. Cat. 6456 nomen

nudum. Melodorum bancanum Scheff. Nat. Tijds. 31 (1870) 343.

et in Flora 53 (1870) 244. M. Korthalsii Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bat.

Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 37.

Stout climber up to 30 m. or over. Young twigs rusty-tomentose,

tardily becoming glabrous, striate, dark coloured and with nume-

rous lenticels. Leaves thinly .coriaceous, dark green above, often

greyish when dry, beautiful golden, shining, adpressed-tomentose

beneath, the tomentum becoming dark brown or blackish in older

leaves and often less in quantity, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acu-

minate, base rounded; nerves 12—18 pairs, oblique, running out to

edge, faint above, prominent beneath; reticulations obscured by the

tomentum; length 5—13-5 cm.; breadth 2—4-5 cm.; petiole 7 mm.

long, rusty-pubescent. Flowers with a faint melon odour, terminal.

1—3, opposite a leaf. Pedicels 1 cm. long, rusty-tomentose, slightly

thickened at base of flower, bearing 2 bracts, one caducous, basal,

355

Gardens Bulletin, S.

and one median. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, faintly 3-nerved,

softly tawny-tomentose outside, glabrous inside, united at the base,

7 mm. long. Petals coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, thickened

at the edges; outer 2—2-3 cm. long and 1 cm. broad at base, tawny-

tomentose outside with hairs 1 mm. long, puberulous inside and

glabrous at the base; inner slightly smaller, red when young, grey-

ish when older, falling before the outer, concave at base and glab-

rous except at the tips. Stamens 2 mm. long, red, the connectives

produced, oblique and obtuse. Ovaries 3 mm. long, elongate,

angled, covered with long erect hairs, stigma sessile, minutely

notched. Ripe carpels numerous, ovoid-globose, rusty-tomentose

like the stalks, 2-5-3 cm. long; stalks 1-5-7:5 cm. long. Seeds

about 8 in 2 rows. Fig. 26.

DISTRIBUTION: Herbarium specimens from all the Malayan states

except Perlis, Kelantan, Province Wellesley and Trengganu. It is how-

ever likely to occur in some of these. It is also found in Sarawak,

Dutch Borneo and Bangka. Type is in Kew Wall. Cat. 6456 Porter,

Penang.

Fig. 26. Fissistigma manubriatum (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower. C, Flower with petals detached. D,

Stamen, front view. E, Stamen, side view. F, Gynoecium.

356

hal rd Lee a, eet -<

Vol. XIV. (1955).

This species resembles the Assam-Burma species F. bicolor

but the carpels stalks are much longer, not 5 mm. long to sessile,

the petals not so broad and the leaves more tomentose beneath

than in F. bicolor. It recalls the Malayan species F. lanuginosum

but F. lanuginosum has much longer petals, shorter carpel-stalks

and the reticulations are visible on the lower surface of the leaf

whereas they are obscured by tomentum in F. manubriatum.

(5) F. lanuginosum (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc.

1>( 1999) 152.

Basonym: Melodorum lanuginosum Hk. f. et Th. FI. Ind.

(1855) 117 et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 79; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1

Part 1 (1858) 35; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 357

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 138 Pl. 182; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 86.

Synonym: Uvaria tomentosa Wall. Cat. 6454 nomen nudum.

Climber. Young iwigs rusty-tomentose, tardily becoming glab-

tous and with numerous lenticels. Leaves coriaceous, dark green

and glossy above, often drying a silvery-grey, oblong or obovate-

oblong, acute or less often slightly acuminate, base rounded, edges

and midrib above rusty-pubescent, entire lower surface densely

tufous-lanate but not shining as in F. manubriatum; nerves 12-22

pairs, oblique, interarching close to edge, faint above, prominent

beneath; reticulations forming a close network beneath, very faint

above; 9-21 cm. long and 4—8 cm. broad; petiole 1-1-5 cm. long.

stout, tomentose. Flowers 1—4 in cymes, terminal and opposite to

a leaf. Pedicels stout, 1 cm. long, rufous-lanate with 2 amplexicaul,

acute, lanate bracts. Sepals 1-1-5 cm. long, very similar. to those

of F. manubriatum but of larger dimensions, rufous-lanate like the

outer petals. Petals coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, sub-acute, also

like those of F. manubriatum; outer 3—3-5 cm. long, thickened at

the edges; inner slightly smaller, glabrous or glabrescent, pink,

concave at the base and triquetrous above. Stamens numerous, 2

mm. long, connectives oblique, produced. Ovaries 3 mm. long,

slightly obovoid, curved on the outer side, densely hairy as in F.

manubriatum but styles longer, up to 1 mm., glabrous. Ripe carpels

sub-globose, slightly narrowed to the base, 2 cm. in diam., densely

clustered, sub-sessile or with stalks 5 mm. long. Seeds 4-6 in 2

rows, shining, dark brown.

DISTRIBUTION: Specimens from all states in Malaya except Perlis,

Kelantan, and Province Wellesley. Common in Perak. Also found in

Indo-China. Type is in Kew Wall. Cat. 6454 Porter, Penang.

357

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A close relative of F. manubriatum (see notes under that spe-

cies) but a more handsome plant. Tomentum more in quantity

but that on the underside of the leaves not shining as in F. manu-

briatum.

(6) F. Kingii (Boerl.) Burkill in Kew Bull. (1935) 317 et Dict.

Prod. Mal. Penins. 1 (1935) 1021.

Basonym: Melodorum Kingii Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899)

134; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 85; Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939)

287.

Synonym: M. parviflorum sensu King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No.

4 (1892) 356 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 137

Pl. 181 non Scheff.

Climber. Young twigs dark chocolate-brown-tomentose, later

glabrous, striate and with numerous lentice!s. Leaves coriaceous,

glossy, upper surface drying yellowish green, elliptic, acute, base

rounded, glabrous above except sometimes for the sunk midrib,

lower surface shortly dark chocolate-tomentose, becoming less

tomentose or occasionally glabrous with age; nerves 11-15 pairs,

oblique, nearly parallel, faint above, raised below, interarching

near the edge; reticulations not visible above, prominent and

scalariform beneath; length 7-12 cm.; breadth 3-5—5-5 cm.; petiole

1 cm. long, tomentose. Inflorescence opposite a leaf, terminal,

branched, cymose, dark chocolate-tomentose (often branched at

base so that one branch may appear axillary). Pedicels 8 mm.—

1:3 cm. long with one minute, basal and one medial bract. Sepals

2—3 mm. long, triangular, acute, united at the very base, tomentose

outside, glabrous inside, the tomentum the same colour as that of

the leaves, pedicels, petals and ripe carpels. Flower buds triquet-

rous. Outer petals 1-‘5—2 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous,

acute, concave inside; inner slightly smaller, triquetrous, less

tomentose and glabrous at the base inside. Stamens 1-1-3 mm.

long, connectives oblique and obtuse. Ovaries 2 mm. long, elong-

ate, curved, densely tomentose; style elongate, narrowly clavate

at the stigmatic tip, grooved. Ripe carpels spherical, rough or

slightly verrucose, 2-5-3 cm. in diam.; stalks stout, 3—3-5 cm. long.

Seeds dark brown, shining, in 2 rows.

PERAK: Larut, King 5344 (S., C., E., Kew); 4070 (C., Kew) and

7276 (C.); Waterfall, Wray 1965 (S., C.); Sungei Larut, Wray 3064

(S., C.); Taiping, King 8366 (C., E.) and 8375 (C., D.D.); Ulu Bu-

bong, King 10275 (Kew).

PAHANG: Tembeling, Henderson S.F.N. 21802 (S., C., Kew).

SELANGOR: Kampong Kerling, Goodenough 10th October, 1899 (S.).

Ma.acca: Selandor, Alvins 609 (S.); Ayer Panas, Derry 496 (S.).

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32197 (S., C., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo, Sarawak and Bangka.

358

Vol. XIV. (19335).

Airy-Shaw, Kew Bull. (1939) 287, describes several varieties

none of which has yet been found in Malaya. This species has

angled, triquetrous flower buds as in F. hypoglaucum but they are

larger in F. Kingii. It is at once distinguished from F. hypoglau-

cum which has the leaves glaucous beneath without the distinct

scalariform reticulations. From F. /Jatifolium it is distinguished by

the sparser, dark chocolate-brown tomentum which is present on

the undersurface of the leaves, pedicels, flowers and carpels.

(7) F. latifolium (Dunal) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. 15 (1919)

132.

Basonym: Unona latifolia Dunal, Monog. Anon. (1817) 115.

Synonyms: Uvaria longifolia Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 13. U. latifolia

Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 37 T. 15. Melodorum mollissimum

Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 374. M. latifolium Hk. f. et Th.

Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 117 et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 79; King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 354 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 135 Pl. 178 and 179; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922

85.

Typical form

Leaves softly pubescent above, tomentose beneath; nerves |8—

20 pairs, very oblique, the reticulations on the lower side not

very weli marked. Carpels spherical.

PERAK: Kinta, King 7053 (Kew); Gopeng, King 8230 (S.): Max-

well’s Hill, Wray 3224 (S.).

These sheets are the nearest to typical Fissistigma latifolium.

The carpels are spherical and both they and their stalks are cover-

ed with short reddish, rather harsh tomentum. Unfortunately nei-

ther the type sheet of Uvaria latifolia nor any of the Java sheets

in the Kew Herbarium have ripe fruit. The common form. of

latifolium in Malaya is the var. ovoideum and there should be no

difficulty in recognizing it. Merrill raises it to specific rank but

this seems hardly justifiable.

var. ovoideum (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nev.

Basonym: Melodorum latifolium var. ovoideum King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 355 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 135 Pl. 179.

Synonym: Fissistigma ovoideum (King) Merr. in Philipp.

Journ. Sc. 15 (1919) 134.

Large climber. Young twigs rusty-tomentose, tardily becoming

glabrous and dark coloured. Leaves coriaceous, dark green and

dull above, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apex rounded and slightly

359

Gardens Bulletin, S.

acute, base rounded, slightly pubescent above on the midrib and

nerves, softly and minutely brown-tomentose beneath; nerves 16-

22 pairs, oblique, nearly parallel, fine and sunk above, prominent

beneath, interarching near edge; reticulations faint above, prominent

and scalariform beneath, forming a close network; length 8-19

cm.; breadth 4-6-5 cm.; petiole 1-1-5 cm. long, tomentose, Inflo-

rescence terminal, branched, racemose-cymose, opposite the leaves.

Pedicels about 1 cm. long, brown-tomentose with 2 minute, 1-2

mm. long, lanceolate, acute bracts, one basal and one sub-median.

Sepals 3 mm. long, ovate-triangular, acute, brown-tomentose on the

outside like the petals, glabrous inside, united at the base. Petals

coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, concave inside resembling those

of F. fulgens but larger; outer 1—1-2 cm. long, spreading, inner glab-

rous, slightly smaller, falling before the outer. Stamens 1-5-2 mm.

long, the connectives produced, triangular, acute. Ovaries 2-2-5

mm. long, densely hairy with erect hairs, slightly curved, oblong;

style short and stigmatic part not enlarged or differentiated from it.

Ripe carpels oblong, obtuse or slightly apiculate, densely and

minutely brown-tomentose, often slightly verrucose, thick-walled,

3-5—4:8 cm. long and 2-5—3 cm. in diam.; stalks stout, tomentose,

3-4 cm. long. Seeds 4—6 in 2 rows, dark brown, shining.

DISTRIBUTION: Very common in Perak and Singapore. I have not

seen specimens from Perlis, Province Wellesley, Kedah, Kelantan or

Pahang but it doubtless occurs in some of these. It is found in Siam

and Indo-China. Other forms of F. latifolium are found in Java, Bor-

neo and the Philippines.

Fissistigma latifolium is a very variable species and has a wide

distribution. Melodorum mollissimum Mig. from Sumatra, legit

Teysmann, is similar to Blume’s Uvaria latifolia but I hardly think

Melodorum (Uvaria) sphaerocarpa can be included here. It is

certainly a Fissistigma with spherical, nearly glabrous carpels but

the material on the type sheet in Kew is too scanty and inadequate

to come to a definite conclusion.

The Sarawak material of latifolium is distinct in having the

under surface of the leaf markedly reticulate with soft reddish

tomentum and verrucose spherical carpels.

The North Bornean form from Sandakan and Tawao is also

very reticulate but there are more nerves on the leaf, up to 20 as

against 13-15 and the tomentum is yellowish-brown not reddish.

The carpels are also spherical.

Ridley’s Fissistigma breviflorum from Sumatra might very

well rank as another variety of F. latifolium. The leaves are

densely reticylate beneath but the tomentum on the leaves and

flowers is yellow. The petals are shorter than in the type and other

forms and the carpels are spherical.

360

ot. on™ mn gem |e

Vol. XIV. (1955).

There is also a narrow leaved form from Mount Kinabalu.

Whether these are subspecies or varieties is a difficult question

and a chromosome analysis may help to solve the problem.

(8) F. rubiginosum (A. DC.) Merrill in Philipp. Journ. Sc. 15

(1919) 135.

Basonym: Uvaria rubiginosa A. DC. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Geneve

5 (1832) 202.

Synonyms: Uvaria nervosa Wall. Cat. (1832) No. 6479 nomen

nudum. Uvaria fulva Wall. Cat. 6427 nomen nudum. Melodorum:

rubiginosum Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 116 et in FI. Br. Ind.

1 (1872) 79; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 138

Pl. 183 (including var. oblonga); Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 88:

Craib. Fl. Siam. Enum. (1925) 57.

Climber. Young twigs rusty-pubescent, later glabrous, striate-

dark coloured. Leaves thinly coriaceous or almost membranous.

oblong to elliptic, obtuse, minutely cuspidate or acute, rounded or

sub-cordate at the base, glabrous above except for the sunk midrib.

lower surface pubescent or sparsely pubescent, the degree of pubes-

cence varying; nerves 13—19, usually about 16 pairs, oblique and

nearly parallel, sunk above, raised beneath, prominent, interarching

near margin; length 13—22 cm.; breadth 4-9 cm.; petiole 9 mm.—1:4

cm. long, stout, tomentose. Flowers terminal, opposite the leaves.

solitary or in 3-5-flowered cymes. Pedicels brown-pubescent, 2 cm.

long with a minute basal and a submedian bract. Flower buds elong-

ate, terete, tapering from a bulbous base. Sepals 2—3 mm. long.

broadly triangular, acute, tomentose outside, glabrous inside, united

at the base. Petals coriaceous, acute; outer 3-5 cm. long when ma-

ture, elongate-lanceolate, spreading or reflexed, brownish-tomentose

outside, pale pink and glabrous inside; inner slightly shorter, pale

pink, triquetrous, concave, glabrous and yellow at the base inside.

Stamens 2:5 mm. long, pink, connectives produced, oblique and

apiculate. Ovaries 3 mm. long, pubescent with erect hairs, slightly

falcate; style elongate, obtuse at the stigmatic portion, grooved.

_ Ripe carpels oblong, obtuse, brown-pubescent, thin-walled, 2-5-3

cm. long with stalks 1-2-2 cm. long. Seeds several in 2 rows, dark

brown, shining.

ee Langkawi, Curtis 25232 and 2524 (S., C.); Tan, Ridley 5366

PENANG: Edge of Waterfall Gardens, Burkill S.F.N. 1227 (S.):; Sin-

clair S.F.N. 39030 (S., E., Kew); Nur S.F.N. 1365 (S., Kew): King

5082 (C.); Curtis 8432 (Kew).

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Kubu Gardens, Ridley 7018 (S.): Tasek

Sei Burkill S.F.N. 6549 (S.); Bukit Juru, Ridley, December 1895

361

Gardens Bulletin, S.

PERAK: Road to Batu Kurau, Curtis 843 (S., C.); Gopeng, Kinta,

King 4496 (S., C.) and 5837 (C., Kew).

PAHANG: Pekan, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 17295 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Sylhet to Chittagong, Tenasserim, Siam, Indo-China,

Borneo and Sumatra.

This species slightly resembles F. latifolium but has thinner

leaves which are never thickly tomentose as in F. latifolium. The

petals are longer in F. rubiginosum and the carpels are smooth and

have much thinner walls. Other Malayan species in section Eume-

lodorum have thick-walled carpels. |

23. PYRAMIDANTHE Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2

(1865) 39; Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1 (1899) 130 T. 43 f, D.

usually included in Fissistigma (Melodorum) section Pyrami-

danthe Kurz.

Climber. Leaves coriaceous with secondary veins; reticulations

rather loose, not scalariform. Flowers axillary. Sepals 3, valvate,

united in a flat collar-like disc. Petals 6, valvate, the outer tri-

queétrous, much longer than the inner. Stamens as in Fissistigma,

the connectives slightly shorter. Ovaries 5-6 with a capitate,

minutely multi-lobed stigma. Seeds several in 2 rows, smooth.

TYPE OF GENUS: P. rufa Mig. (1865) which is a synonym of P.

prismatica (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Malaya, Borneo and Sumatra. One species.

Other species included in Fissistigma section Pyramidanthe by

Kurz, King and Ridley do not belong here but should go in the

section Eumelodorum of Fissistigma. (i.e. if the three sections of

Fissistigma are to be maintained). F. macranthum (Kurz.) Merr.

in Phil. Journ. Sc. Bot. 15 (1919) 133, synonym: Melodorum

macranthum Kurz is a Goniothalamus, G. macranthus (Kurz)

Boerl.

P. prismatica (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Melodorum prismaticum Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1

(1855) 121 et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 81; King, Mat. F.M.P.

Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 358 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 140 Pl. 185; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 87; Craib, Fl. Siam.

Enum. 1 (1925) 57.

Synonyms: M. Maingayi Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

80; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 358 et.in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Cale. 4 (1893) 139 Pl. 184A. M. cylindricum in Hk.

f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 80. ? M. rigidum Ridley in Kew

Bull. (1912) 386. Uvaria rufa Wall. Cat. 6455 nomen nudum.

Pyramidanthe rufa Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865)

362

Vol. XIV. (1955). {

39; Boerl. in Icon. Bog. 1 (1899) \130 T. 43 f, D. Oxymitra

bassiaefolia Teysm. et Binn. in Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 25

(1863) 419. Fissistigma prismaticum (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr. in

Phil. Journ. Sc. Bot. 15 (1919) 135. ? F. rigidum (Ridley) Merr.

in Philip. Journ. Sc. Bot. 15 (1919) 130; Sinclair in Sarawak Mus.

Journ. 5/3 (1951) 600. F. cylindricum (Maingay ex Hk. f. et

Th.) Merr. in Phil. Journ. Sc. Bot. (1919) 131.

Climber. Young twigs very shortly rusty-pubescent, soon dark

coloured, striate and with numerous lenticels. Leaves shining, dark

green above, drying dark brown, lower surface glaucous, drying

medium brown, oblong to elliptic-oblong, apex acute, base round-

ed, glabrous on both surfaces or sometimes minutely and sparsely

rusty-pubescent on the lower surface, especially in young leaves.

main nerves 12—18 pairs, having equally prominent shorter second-

ary ones between them, oblique, faint above, more distinct on

lower surface; reticulations not scalariform, forming a rather loose

network; length 11—26 cm.; breadth 4—-8-5 cm.; petiole 1—2 cm.

long. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or in pairs, odourless:

buds triquetrous, tapering from a bulbous base. Pedicels 7 mm.—!

cm. long, rufous-tomentose with 2 minute, obtuse bracts at base

and a larger, obtuse, sub-median one. Sepals connate in a flat.

circular or obtusely 3-angled disc, 5-7 mm. broad, pubescent

outside, glabrous and tubercled inside. Outer petals coriaceous.

linear-lanceolate, acute 5—8 cm. long when mature, triquetrous.

rusty-tomentose outside, puberulous inside and pale yellow; inner

1 cm. long only, ovate, sharply acute, ridged down the middle

outside, puberulous except the much excavated base inside, yellow.

Stamens 3 mm. long, the connectives slightly produced and obtuse.

Ovaries 6, elongate, tomentose, 4 mm. long; style short, stigma

capitate, minutely lobulate over entire surface. Ripe carpels ob-

long, slightly narrowed at base and apex, tuberculate, (sometimes

only slightly rough) pubescent, becoming sub-glabrous, 3—5 cm.

long, about 2:5 cm. in diam.; stalks 2:5 cm. long. Seeds in 2 rows.

dark brown, shining.

KepbAH: Koh Mai F.R., Kiah S.F.N. 35218 (S.).

PENANG: Back of West Hill, Curtis 1046 (S., Kew): Bukit Padre.

Curtis 1275 (S., Kew); Maingay 108 (Kew) type of Melodorum

Maingayi.

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Nibong Tebal, Curtis, July 1900 (S.): Wall.

Cat. 6455 (C.); Scortechini, no data (Kew).

PERAK: Gunong Batu Puteh, Wray 1112 -(S., C., Kew); Tupai, Wray

2447 (S.,.C., Kew); Larut, King 5137 (S., C., Kew); 3922 (S., C.):

3932 (S., C.); 6496 (C., Kew); 5610 (C.); Gopeng, Kinta, King 5810

(S., C.); 4596 (C., Kew); 4384 (C., E.); Waterfall Hill, Wray 2086

(S., C.); roadside near Swimming Club, foot of Maxwell’s Hill, Sin-

clair S.F.N. 38820 (S., E., Kew).

363

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Maacca: Maingay 78 (type of Melodorum cylindricum) (C.,

Kew); Maingay 74 (C., Kew); Bukit Senggeh, Goodenough 1458 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Chan Chu Kang, Ridley 5078 (S., C., Kew); Kranji,

Ridley 6344 (S.); Bukit Timah. Goodenough, 10th March, 1896 (S.);

Jurong, Corner S.F.N. 26152 (S., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Borneo and Sumatra.

This species has been kept in Fissistigma (Melodorum) by most

workers. It has been placed in the section Pyramidanthe by Kurz,

King, Ridley and others. I felt that here there are too many

differences for this plant to be kept in Fissistigma and I have

followed Miquel and Boerlage in considering Pyramidanthe as a

distinct genus and not merely a section of Fissistigma. The chief

points of difference are:—

(1) Leaves have secondary nerves: the reticulations are not

scalariform.

(2) The flowers are axillary, an important point.

(3) The sepals are united into a flat, spreading, collar-like

disc with the three lobes absent or vestigial.

(4) The inner petals are very much shorter than the outer.

(5) The connectives of the stamens are slightly shorter than

those of Fissistigma.

(6) The stigmas are capitate and minutely lobed over their

entire surface. This difference coupled with the axil-

lary flowers peceeray. gives the best grounds for

separation.

Pyramidanthe is closer to Mitrella than to Fissistigma. It is

probably also closer to Xylopia than to Fissistigma.

I have seen Maingay 78 type of Melodorum cylindricum in Kew

and Calcutta herbaria. It is identical with P. prismatica, Many

specimens labelled F. cylindricum are F. fulgens.

I can see no difference between F. Maingayi Hk. f. et Th. and

P. prismatica and so reduce the former.

F. rigidum (Ridley) Merr. is probably the same as P. pris-

matica (see Sinclair in Journ. Sarawak Mus. Vol. 5 No. 3 (1951)

600.

24. MITRELLA Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 38;

Boerl. in Icon. Bog. Fasc. 2 (1899) 129; Diels in Engl. Jahrb.

49 (1912) 149 et 52 (1915) 183. Usually included in Fissis-

tigma (Melodorum) section Kentia Hk. f. et Th.

Climbers. Leaves with faint veins, a secondary one present bet-

ween the two main ones, reticulations close, not scalariform.

Flowers axillary. Sepals 3, valvate, persisting in fruit and sepa-

rated from the carpel stalks by a short interval of torus. Petals 6,

364

Vol. XIV. (1955).

valvate, in two series, coriaceous; the outer ovate or oblong-ovate

with thickened edges and concave at the base; the inner much

shorter, thickened, triquetrous above, concave at base. Stamens

numerous, filaments about half as long as the anther cells, con-

nectives orbicular, obtuse, slightly produced. Ovaries with 2-8

ovules in 2 rows, glabrous; style sub-terete, not expanded at stig-

matic portion. Seeds black, pitted.

TYPE OF GENUS: M. Kentii (Bl.) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat-

2 (1865) 39.

DISTRIBUTION: Malaya. Borneo, Sumatra and New Guinea. Five

species.

I have followed Miquel. Boerlage and Diels in keeping this

genus separate from Fissistigma to which it is related. Mitrella is

included in the section Kentia of Melodorum by King, Ridley and

others and by Merrill in Fissistigma. It is closer to Pyramidanthe

than anything else but I have not united them. It agrees with

Pyramidanthe in having secondary veins and the reticulations not

scalariform and axillary flowers with the inner petals much shorter

than the outer. It however differs in the shape of the petals, the

glabrous ovary, the non-capitate stigma and the pitted seeds.

There is a distant affinity with Xylopia which, too, has second-

ary nerves present between the main ones, axillary flowers, and

the inner petals triquetrous. The sub-terete style of Mitrella re-

sembles that of some of the Xylopia species. The ovate petals of

some species of Xylopia recall those of Mitrella. Xylopia is pro-

bably closer to Mitrella and Pyramidanthe than to Fissistigme

(Melodorum section Eumelodorum).

M. Kentii (Bl.) Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 39:

Boerl. in Icon. Bog. Fasc. 2 (1899) 130.

Basonym: Unona Kentii Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 16.

Synonyms: Polyalthia Kentii Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 77 T-

38, 52A. Melodorum Kentii Hk. f. et Th. Fi. Ind. 1 (1855) 116.

Fissistigma Kentii (Bl.) Merr. in Phil. Journ. Sc. Bot. 15 (1919)

132. Fissistigma mabiforme (Griff.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc.

Bot. 15 (1919) 13. Uvaria mabiformis Grifi. Notul. 4 (1854)

709. Melodorum pisocarpum Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 123

et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 82; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 361 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 142 Pi-

187A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 88. Fissistigma elegans (HK. f.

et Th.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. Bot. 15 (1919) 131i. Melo-

dorum elegans Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 122 et in Fi. Br-

Ind. (1872) 82; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. 1 Pt. 1 (1858) 36; King.

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 360 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) i4i Pl. 184B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 88.

365

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fig. 27. Mitrella Kentii (Bl.) Miq.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower with petals detached. C, Stamen, front —

view. D, Stamen, side view. E, Gynoecium.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Climber. Young twigs very minutely rusty-puberulous, soon

glabrous, dark coloured, finely striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous,

variable in shape, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, sometimes

obovate, drying dark brown or sometimes a greyish metallic col-

our, glabrous except the minutely adpressed-pubescent lower mid-

rib, apex acute or acuminate, base rounded or slightly acute, main

nerves 12-14 pairs, very faint on both surfaces; reticulations very

faint or not visible above, faint, below, rather close but not scai-

ariform; length 3-5—11 cm.; breadth 3-3-5 cm.; petiole 5 mm.— 1

cm. long, minutely pubescent. Flowers solitary, axillary or 2—3 in

a fascicle. Pedicels slender, 1-1-2 cm. long, minutely rusty-ad-

pressed-pubescent, often deflexed, with 2—3 minute, basal bracts.

Sepals ovate, acute, united at base, rusty-pubescent outside, glab-

rous inside, 3 mm. long. Petals coriaceous, outer ovate-oblong

with a prominent mid-vein, acute, the edges thick, orange, tomen-

tose outside, pubescent inside (grey when dry) with a glabrous

patch at the concave base inside, 1-1-2 cm. long; inner only 4—5

mm. long, triquetrous and pubescent above, concave and glabrous

at the base inside. Stamens 1-5 mm. long with filaments half as

long as the anther cells, connectives obtuse, slightly produced.

Ovaries 2 mm. long, narrowly oblong; glabrous, slightly curved,

grooved from the stigma downwards, tapering into the terete style,

not enlarged or capitate at the minute stigmatic portion; ovules

1—8 in 2 rows. Ripe carpels ovoid to spherical, obtuse, glabrous,

7 mm.—1 cm. in diam.; stalks slender, 1-1-2 cm. long. Seeds 1-5

depending on size of carpels, black, pitted, circular, 5-6 mm.

across. Fig. 27.

PENANG: Porter, Wall. Cat. 6474A (C., E., Kew) type material of

Uvaria elegans; King 1371 (S., C., E.); Government Hill, Curtis 730

(S., Kew). .

PERAK: Scortechini 1877 (C.); 865 (C.); Larut, King 6819 (C.):

6236 (C., D.D., E.); 6432 (C., D.D.); 5369 (C., D.D., E.); 6411 (C.,

D.D., Kew); 5209 (D.D.); 3344 (S., C., Kew); 5258 (S., C., D.D.):

Ulu Bubong, King 10602 (C., D.D., E., Kew); Batu Togoh, Wray

2149 (S., C.); Relau Tujor, Wray 2889 (S., C., Kew); Waterfall Hill.

Wray 1823 (S.); 1079 (C.); Sungei Larut, Wray 3065 (S., C., Kew):

Changkat Serdang, Wray 731 (S., Kew); Tapah, 11th mile toward

Jor, Haniff S.F.N. 14267 (S., K.). .

SELANGOR: Klang Gates, Hume F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 7261 (S.); Sy-

mington 39393 (K.); 19th mile Ginting Simpah, Strugnell 12678 (S.):

13th mile G. Simpah, Strugnell 13608 (S.); Bukit Kutu, Kuala Kubu.

Osman 23856 (S., K.); Sungei Buloh, Hamid C.F. 2580 (S.); 33rd

mile Rantau Panjang, Ja’amat 12782 (S., K.).

Ma.acca: Maingay 75, 76 and 77 (C., Kew); Griffith 389 (Kew)

type material of Uvaria mabiformis; Griffith 442 (Kew); Selandor,

Alvins 628 (S.); Sungei Ujong, Alvins 2164 (S.); Sedanan F.R., Holt-

tum S.F.N. 9665 (S., K.); Bukit Rejang, Derry 926 (S.); Kemandor,

Burkill S.F.N. 2510 (S., K., Kew).

367

Gardens Bulletin, S.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32005 (S.); S. Sedili, Ngadiman

S.F.N. 36820 (S.): S.F.N. 36893 (S., K., Kew); Sedenak, Ridley

13516 (S., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Mandai Road, Holttum, 28th November, 1934 (S.);

Bukit Mandai, Ridley 2117 (S.) and 2114 (S., C.); Chan Chu Kang,

Ridley 256 (S.); Jurong, Corner S.F.N. 26157 (S., C., K., Kew); Toas,

Ridley 295 (S.); Bukit Timah, Ridley 6345 (S., C.) and 6770 (S.);

Reservoir Jungle, Corner S.F.N. 31478 (S., K., Kew); edge of forest

Rifle Range behind Nee Soon Forest, Sinclair, 17th June, 1950

(Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Java, Sumatra and Borneo.

This species is rather variable as regards its leaves. Some are

narrower and longer while others are broader and shorter but

there are also intermediate forms. The number of ovules is not a

reliable character as far as I can see. The number depends on

the size of the carpel and the amount of nourishment it has

had, so I cannot maintain the two Malayan species given by

Ridley and King as separate. Further I have examined type mate-

rial of Mitrella Kentii in Kew and the Malayan plants do not seem

to be different from it. Hence I have used the oldest name Mitrella

Kentii.

25. MELODORUM Loureiro FI]. Cochinch. (1790) 351 non auct.

Synonym: Sphaerocoryne Scheff. in Boerlage Icon. Bogor.

(1899) 195.

Shrubs or climbing shrubs. Leaves glabrous with primary and

secondary veins. Flowers solitary, axillary or terminal. Sepals 3,

valvate, connate, persistent in fruit. Petals 6, valvate, coriaceous,

concave inside, the outer spreading; the inner remaining for a long

time closed over the sexual organs, slightly smaller. Stamens with

linear anthers, flat-topped connectives, large pollen grains and

short filaments. Ovaries narrowly oblong with short, grooved style

not expanded at the stigmatic tip. Torus convex or depressed in

centre. Carpels numerous on slender stalks. Seeds 1, or less often

2, smooth, shining.

TYPE OF GENUS: M. fruticosum Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 351.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Indo-China and Malaya. 2 or 3 species.

Merrill in Philipp. Journ. Sc. Bot. 15 (1919) 125 gives very

good reasons why Melodorum Lour. should be retained for a

species more usually known as Sphaerocoryne clavipes (Hance)

Craib. However in quoting synonyms Merrill has included two

species under M. fruticosum, the type of Loureiro’s Melodorum.

He does however suggest that there may be more than one species

included in his list of synonyms. The other species included is

368

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Sphaerocoryne aberrans (Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.) Ridley =

Polyalthia aberrans Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th. which J call Melo-

dorum aberrans.

Loureiro’s other species of Melodorum, M. arboreum is not

congeneric with his M. fruticosum the type of the genus but is

probably Mitrephora Thorelii Pierre. There is no herbarium speci-

men of M. arboreum preserved.

Subsequent species of Melodorum added by Dunal, Hooker f.

and Thomson and later authors are not congeneric with Loureiro’s

Melodorum and most of them are now put in Fissistigma. (See

my notes under Fissistigma). The systematic position of the genus

Melodorum of Lour. is not at first sight clear and has given much

trouble to authors who have attempted to find a place for it. it

does in fact resemble several genera, some more than others and

hence the long list of synonyms. Merrill thinks it is most closely

related to Popowia but I can not see much relation there. It does

resemble Polyalthia especially in the fruit and seeds and aiso in

the stamens. The petals however are rather different and the inner

ones are not spreading.

I venture to place it in the Xylopieae. It may be one link

between the Xylopieae and the Unoneae. It resembles Mitrella in

having secondary veins, axillary flowers, concave petals and a

similar style. The carpels too are rather similar but the most

striking resemblance is found in the connate sepals, persistent in

fruit with an interval of torus between them and the carpe! stalks.

The relation to Xylopia is evident but more remote. The charac-

ters in common are the secondary veins in the leaves, the axillary

flowers and the large pollen grains. The fruit in Xylopia however

is different.

KEY

a. Ovaries glabrous; torus not depressed in centre

(1) M. aberrans

a. Ovaries tomentose; torus depressed in centre

(2) M. fruticosum

(1) M. aberrans (Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair in Gard.

Bull. Singapore 14 (1953) 41.

Basonym: Polyalthia aberrans Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 67; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 312

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 78 Pi. 109A.

Synonym: Sphaerocoryne aberrans Ridley in Journ. Roy. As.

Soc. Str. Br. 75 (1917). 8 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 61; Craib, FI.

Siam. Enum. (1925) 47 syn, Pierreano excl.

369

Gardens Bulletin, S-

Climbing shrub. Young twigs slender, glabrous, black, finely

striate. Leaves membranous, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acumin-

ate, base slightly cuneate, glabrous, shining above, glaucous be-

neath; main nerves 14-18 pairs, fine, the secondary quite as well

marked; reticulations rather lax, fine on both surfaces; length 9-12

cm.; breadth 3-5—4:5 cm.; petiole 5—7 mm. long. Flowers solitary.

axillary or terminal. Pedicels slender, glabrous but slightly rough.

somewhat thickened below calyx, 3-3-5 cm. long, lengthening in

fruit, bearing 2—3 minute bracts at base and another slightly below

the middle. Sepals orbicular-triangular, acute, connate in a 3-

angied, glabrous cup 7 mm. in diam.; persistent in fruit and sepa-

rated from the petals by a 2-3 mm. interval of torus. Petals coria-

ceous, yellowish, ovate-orbicular, acute, 1-veined, spreading, con-

cave inside; the outer 8 mm.—1 cm. long, minutely tomentose on

both surfaces except the base inside, inner slightly smaller and

more concave, puberulous outside, glabrous at base inside. Sta-

mens numerous with linear anthers and short filaments, the con-

nectives flat-topped. Ovaries narrowly oblong, glabrous, 1-2

ovuled; style as long as ovary, stigmatic portion small but not

swollen. Torus convex. Ripe carpels ovoid, slightly apiculate.

glabrous, 8 mm. long and 7 mm. in diam.; stalks slender, glabrous.

1-8—2:5 cm. long. Seeds 1, occasionally 2, pale brown, smooth,

shining.

PERAK: Scortechini 1946 (S., C.); Upper Perak, Wray 3633 (S., C.,

fie 38487 (S., C.); Wray 3437 (E.); near Ulu Selangor, King

PAHANG: Tembeling, Henderson S.F.N. 24541 (S., C.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Bukit Kangong, Alvins ? 1047 (S. ) (Figure cf not

clear).

SINGAPORE: One sheet, no locality, probably Ridley. No recent col-

lections (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Lower Siam.

I have not seen this species in Singapore.

(2) M. fruticosum Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 351.

Synonyms: M. clavipes Hance in Journ. Bot. 15 (1877) 328.

Sphaerocoryne clavipes Craib in Kew Bull. (1922) 168 et in Fi.

Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 47. Popowia Mesnyi Craib in Kew Bull.

(1914) 5. P. aberrans Pierre ex Finet et Gagnep. in Bull. Soc.

Bot. Fr. Mém. 4 (1906) 109 et Fl. L’Indo-Chine (1907) 83. P.

diospyrifolia Pierre ex Finet et Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.

Mém. 4 (1906) 53. Polyalthia siamensis Boerl. in Icon. Bogor.

(1899) 124 and 195 T. 69. Unona Mesnyi Pierre Fl. For. Co-

chinch. 1 (1880) T. 17 pro parte.

370

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Shrub. Twigs as in M. aberrans. Leaves as in M. aberrans, pale

brown beneath in herbarium material. Flowers solitary, axillary or

terminal. Pedicels 2 cm. long, thickened below calyx; bract as in

M. aberrans. Sepals broadly triangular, connate 3-4 mm. long,

puberulous or glabrous outside, glabrous inside. Petals coriaceous,

nearly orbicular, acute with broad base, tomentose outside, pub-

erulous inside except the base, concave inside; outer about | cm.

long and 1-1 cm. broad, the inner slightly smailer, thicker and

more concave. Stamens 2 mm. long, connectives flat-topped, pollen

grains large, visible under a lens. Torus depressed in centre.

Ovaries 2 mm. long, elongate, tomentose, with short style, grooved

on the inner side from the stigmatic portion downwards, stigma

small, not thickened, expanded or distinct from style. Ripe carpels

as in M. aberrans.

wee SIAM: Chantaboon, Vesterdal 4V (S.); Poongah, Curtis 2957

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-China.

This species differs from Melodorum aberrans in the tomentose

ovaries and the depressed torus.

Tribe 4. MILIUSEAE

Sepals valvate. Petals valvate, sometimes broad at the base or

saccate, the outer like the sepals in size and shape, free, the inner

larger or about the same size, free or tending to cohere by the

margins or cohering in a mitriform fashion over the sexual organs.

Stamens few, loosely imbricate, anther cells not concealed by the

connectives; connectives flat-topped or pointed.

KEY

a. Inner petals not mitriform, or vaulted over the sexual organs

b. Stamens truncate; carpels 1-seeded

c. Secondary nerves present, primary interarching in a pro-

minent line 5-6 mm. from the margin; inner petals sub-

terete and acuminate in the upper part

26. Marsypopetalum

c. Secondary nerves absent, primary not or interarching in a

broken indistinct line 2—3 mm. from margin; inner petals

flat or slightly triquetrous, obtuse or acute

27. Phaeanthus

5. Stamens with a pointed or rounded projecting connective;

carpels 1-several seeded

371

Gardens Bulletin, S-

d. Sepals and outer petals equal and alike; inner petals sac-

cate or not at the base; flowers axillary or by growth ap-

pearing extra-axillary; style present, elongate; 1-several

seeds 28. Miliusa

d. Sepals and outer petals dissimilar in size and appearance,

both sets of petals sub-equal, saccate at the base and

apices, the apices usually reflexed; flowers extra-axil-

lary; style absent; seeds several 29. Alphonsea

a. Inner petals mitriform, vaulted over the sexual organs so that

3 arches or spaces are present at the base of the petals, the

blades cohering or at least cohering at first

e. Claw long and narrow, blade deltoid, hastate or trapezoid but

distinct from claw; carpels 3—5, globose or narrow-elong-

ate, thin-walled. 1-2 mm. thick 30. Orophea

e. Claw not distinct from blade which is narrowed at base; car-

pels 1-2, globose with a hard, thick wall, 5 mm. thick

31. Platymitra

The inner petals of Platymitra and Orophea, especially the latter

are like those of the Mitrephoreae but the stamens are miliusoid.

These two genera seem to stand half way between the Miliuseae

and Mitrephoreae.

26. MARSYPOPETALUM Scheffer in Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 31

(1870) 342 et in Flora 53 (1870) 243.

Monotypic genus. Shrub. Leaves coriaceous, nerves forming a

well-marked line where they anastomose. Flowers solitary, extra-

axillary. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals in two series, valvate; the outer

smaller and not much larger than the sepals; the inner thick and

concave at the base, not clawed, enclosing the sexual organs, sub-

terete, apex acute, recurved. Stamens numerous with truncate

connectives not concealing the pollen sacs. Carpels numerous;

stigma capitate, pilose. Torus not much enlarged in fruit, depress-

ed, somewhat globose. One erect basal seed.

M. pallidum (Bl.) Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. New Ser. Part 2,

Vol. 43 (1874) 201.

Basonym: Guatteria pallida B\. Bijdr. (1825) 20 et in FI. Jav.

Anon. 97 (1830) Pl. 48 (non. Hk. f. et Th.).

Synonyms. M. ceratosanthes Scheff. in Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 31

(1870) 343 et in Flora 53 (1870) 244. M. pallidum (B\.) Baker

in Schoolflora voor Java (1911) 36.

Shrub about 10 feet high. Bark of young twigs dark brown,

pubescent and closely striate. Leaves coriaceous, dark green

372

Vol. XIV. (1955).

above, paler beneath, somewhat shining and yellowish when

dry, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute at base and apex, glab-

rous above and sometimes thinly pubescent below on midrib

and veins, becoming glabrous; midrib and 8-10 pairs of nerves

slightly depressed above, raised below, the line of interarching

prominent and 3—5 mm. from the slightly recurved margin; second-

ary nerves and reticulations present; length 12—20 cm. —(33 cm.),

breadth 4-6 cm. —(10 cm.); petiole rough, pubescent, becoming

glabrous, 1 cm. long. Flowering peduncles 1 cm. long with 1-2

minute bracts at base. Flower buds developing slowly and re-

maining dormant for one year, opening the next. Sepals very small,

ovate, acute, adpressed strigose. Petals 1-5-3 cm. long, adpressed-

pubescent. Stamens numerous with truncate connectives. Ripe

carpels red, black when dry, oblong, narrowed at both ends, rough

and minutely pubescent, 1-5-2 cm. long by 7 mm. broad; stalks

1-7-2 cm. long, slender, rough and pubescent. Seeds elongate,

filling the carpel, reddish-brown.

Matacca: Base of Gunong Mering, Ridley, June 1892 (S.) with

larger leaves than the Johore and Java specimens.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N.

382469 (S.); Sungei Segun, Gunong Panti, Corner S.F.N. 30729 (S.)

_ in swampy forest.

DISTRIBUTION: Java, Borneo.

This species has not been recorded previously from Malaya.

Nearest affinity is with Phaeanthus but it differs in leaf texture and

venation and also in the inner petals being thick and concave at

base and sub-terete and acuminate in upper part.

27. PHAEANTHUS Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 146.

Small trees or shrubs. Leaves with rather straight, obliquely

ascending nerves; no secondary nerves present. Flowers hermaph-

rodite, extra-axillary, solitary or 2—3 on a very short, bracteolate

peduncle which bears the pedicels. Sepals and outer petals more

or less similar, much smaller than the inner petals. Inner petals

flat or triquetrous, coriaceous, veined or not. Stamens several, the

ends of the pollen sacs obtuse, connectives flat-topped, not con-

cealing the pollen sacs, filaments about the same length as the

anthers. Ovaries cylindrical with distinct style and elongated club-

shaped stigma, one-seeded, the ovule inserted slightly above the

base. Torus small, not enlarged. Ripe carpels several, stalked,

thin-walled.

TYPE OF GENUS: P. nutans Hk. f. et Th. (1855) which is a synonym

of P. ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex Don) J. Sinclair.

DISTRIBUTION: South India, Lower Burma, Cambodia, Malay Penin-

sula to New Guinea and Philippines. Species about 20.

aro

Gardens Bulletin, S.

KEY

a. Leaves softly pubescent, nerves 15—19 pairs; inner petals flat,

2—2:5 cm. long, 5-veined; ripe carpels 1-5 cm. long

(1) P. ophthalmicus

a. Leaves glabrous, nerves 8—11 pairs; inner petals triquetrous, c.

1-2 cm. long, not veined; ripe carpels 2—2:4 cm. long

(2) P. crassipetalus

The stamens are miliusoid though this is not at first sight readily

apparent. Young stamens with unopened pollen sacs should be

examined. The filament occupies one third to over one half of the

whole stamen, the sacs are dorsal with obtuse, rounded ends and

are not sunk in the connective but stand out well from its surface.

The top of the connective is flat-topped and has an anterior pro-

jection which does not hide or project over the pollen sacs.

The nearest related genus is probably Marsypopetalum.

(1) P. ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex Don) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Uvaria ophthalmicus Roxb. ex Don, Gen. Syst. |

(1831) 93.

Synonyms: U. tripetala Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 667. Phae-

anthus nutans Hk. f. et Th. Ind. (1855) 147 et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1

(1872) 72; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 Pt. 1 (1858) 51; King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 371 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc.

4 (1893) 152 Pl. 200A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 95.

Small shrub. Young twigs rusty-tomentose. Leaves papery, turn-

ing black on drying, oblong-lanceolate or slightly obovate-elliptic,

base acute, apex acuminate, glabrous above except the midrib,

pubescent on the nerves and midrib beneath; nerves 15—19 pairs,

straight, oblique and nearly parallel, interarching in a faint line

close to the margin; reticulations indistinct on upper surface but

visible below; length 125-23 cm.; breadth 3-5—9 cm.; petiole 7

mm. long, tomentose. Flowers extra-axillary, usually solitary but

sometimes 2 on a short 5 mm. long peduncle with about 4 linear,

2-5 mm. long bracts at the base; pedicels 3-5—4 cm. long, tomen-

tose. Sepals and outer petals similar, about 5 mm. long, filiform, —

brownish-pubescent on both surfaces. nner petals much larger, —

2—2:5 cm. long and 1-5 cm. broad at middle, green, flat, minutely

pubescent, S5-veined, acute, oblong with broad base. Stamens

nearly 2 mm. long, green, anther cells white, connectives flat- —

topped and slightly incurved. Ovaries c. 2-5 mm. long, cylindrical,

pubescent; stigma somewhat club-shaped, slightly elongated with

a distinct stylar portion. Torus hemispherical, not massive. Ripe

374

Vol. XIV. (1955).

carpels numerous, pubescent, becoming glabrous, thin-walled,

ovoid to oblong, apex shortly apiculate; length 1:5 cm. Seed 1,

filling the carpel, pale brown. Fig. 28.

A common shrub in shady forests. There are numerous records

from the following states in Malaya:—Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selan-

gor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore and Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Java.

2am 2 mm

2mm

Fig. 28. Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex Don) J. Sinclair.

A, Leafy twig. B, Flowering twig. C, Flower. D, Part of flower show

ing stamens and carpels. E, Stamen, front view. F, Stamen, side

view. G, Stamen, back view. H, Gynoecium.

375

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(2) P. crassipetalus Becc. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. 3 (1871) 191.

Synonym: P. lucidus Oliver in Hook. Icon. Pl. (1887) T. 1561;

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 371 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 153 Pl. 200B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 96.

Small tree. Young twigs rusty-pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves

thickly membranous, slightly black in dried specimens, shining

and glabrous on both surfaces except occasionally the puberulous

midrib, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, nerves

8—11 pairs, prominent below; straight and obliquely ascending as

in the previous species, also interarching close to margin; reticula-

tions visible only on lower surface; length 11-22 cm. and breadth

3-6 cm.; petiole 5 mm. long. Flowers solitary, occasionally in

pairs or threes, extra-axillary on a very short peduncle about 4

mm. long with a few minute bracts; pedicels 2—4 cm. long, minu-

tely pubescent. Sepals and outer petals similar, triangular, acute,

about 2 mm. long, pubescent. Inner petals forming a triquetrous

bud, thick, coriaceous, oblong-ovate, acute, pubescent, greenish-

yellow c. 1-2 cm. long and 8 mm. broad at middle. Stamens 1-5

mm. long with flat-topped connectives and the filaments nearly as

iong as the anthers. Ovaries 2-5 mm. long, pubescent, cylindrical,

not quite straight; stylar portion distinct ending in the club-shaped

stigma. Torus small as in previous species. Ripe carpels several,

oblong, apiculate, thin-walled, nearly glabrous, 2—2-4 cm. long and

| cm. in diameter; stalks c. 2 cm. long. Seed single.

KEDAH: Yan, Ridley, date 1893 (S.).

PENANG: Penara Bukit, Curtis 839 (S., C., Kew) type material of

P. iucidus; Waterfall, Curtis 1407 (S., C., Kew) type material of P.

lucidus; Penang Gardens, Ridley 14149 (S., Kew); Sinclair S.F.N.

39031 (S., E., Kew).

PERAK: Tupai, Wray 3300 (S.): 3096 (S., C.); Upper Perak, Wray

3507 (S., C.); Ulu Bubong, King 10044 (S., Kew); Larut, King 7275

(C., Kew).

PAHANG: Bentong, west side, Burkill and Haniff, S.F.N. 16556 (S.,

Kew).

SELANGOR: Public Gardens, Kuala Lumpur, Ahamad C.F. 2485 (S.,

K., Kew); Foxworthy 5021 (K., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo, Sumatra.

After examining type material of P. crassipetalus Becc. in Kew

I failed to see how P. lucidus differs from it and have been com-

pelled to make P. lucidus a synonym.

P. crassipetalus does not appear to be as common as the pre-

ceding species. There are no records from Singapore or Johore.

It is easily distinguished from the preceding species by its glabrous

leaves with fewer nerves, the smaller flowers, the inner petals being

triquetrous but not 5-veined and the larger carpels.

376

Vol. XIV. (1955).

28. MILIUSA Leschenault in A. DC. Mém. Soc. Genév. 5 (1832)

36 including Saccopetalum Bennett, Pl. Rar. Jav. (1840) 165.

Shrubs or small trees. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, occa-

sionally dioecious or polygamous, solitary, in twos or threes, or in

cymose fascicles often with slender pediceis, axillary or im the

axils of fallen leaves in which case they may appear extra-axillary

owing to the development of young leaves or shoots on their

peduncles. Sepals and outer petals valvate, similar, equal, or about

the same length. Inner petals valvate, always larger, thickened,

fleshy or saccate in various degrees at the base, cohering at their

edges at first, later free. Stamens few or numerous with distinct

filaments, connectives not concealing the anther cells and apiculate

or rounded above. Ovaries slightly elongated and curved with a

globose or elongated club-shaped stigma. Ovules 1 to about 10.

Torus not enlarged, pubescent. Ripe carpels thin-walled, stalked,

occasionally sub-sessile.

TYPE OF GENUS: M. indica Lesch. in A. DC. Mém. Soc. Genév. 5

(1832) 36 Pl. 3.

DISTRIBUTION: India, Burma, Ceylon, Siam, Malaya. Indo-China.

Borneo, Java, Australia. About 40 species.

od “Sra ee aie . as

_ This genus resembles Phaeanthus in having the outer sepals and

petals alike with the much larger inner petals but differs im the

stamens having apiculate or rounded, not truncate connectives.

k The type of the genus, M. indica has the inner petals saccate at

_ the base. The drawing in De Candolle’s Mémoires shows this

clearly. There are two ovules. The genus Saccopetalum Bennett

was based on S. Horsfieldii which also has saccate petals and 6-10

ovules. Later other species with several ovules and saccate petals

were described and assigned to Saccopetalum. However the saccate

_ character and the number of ovules do not seem to be related as

_ the following will show:—M. longipes is saccate with 1—2 ovules,

_M. saccata, saccate with one ovule; similarly M. elongata and M.

_ cuneata are slightly saccate with one ovule and M. glandulijera,

with one ovule, is thickened and semi-circular at the base. Several

species have 1—2 ovules and are not saccate, eg. M. amplexicaulis

and M. andamanica. M. parviflora is not saccate but has 2-6

ovules while a few others placed in Saccopetalum have several

ovules and are saccate.

Most of the species placed in Saccopetalum have flowers in the

axils of fallen leaves but the flowers and especially the fruit appear

to be extra-axillary because young shoots from the junction of the

‘peduncle and pedicels open and expand their leaves. However

M. velutina (a species in which the leaves and fruits very much

377

Gardens Bulletin, S.

resemble S. tomentosum) also shows this state but its petals are

non-saccate and it only has 1-2 ovules. So there seems to be no

relation between the number of ovules and saccate or non-saccate

character. .

The genus Saccopetalum was reduced by Baillon [Hist. des

Plantes (1871) 244] to Miliusa and this view is followed by Ast

in Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine. I cannot see any usefulness therefore

in retaining Saccopetalum as distinct from Miliusa.

It is opportune now to make the following five new combina-

tions and one new name in respect of transfer from Saccopetalum

(o Miliusa of the following species: —

1. Miliusa longiflora (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Saccopetalum longiflorum Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1

(18355) 132

2. Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Uvaria tomentosa Roxb. Pl. Corom. 1 (1795) 31 T.

35.

Synonym: Saccopetalum tomentosum Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1

(183533}.155

3. Miliusa unguiculata (C.E.C. Fischer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Saccopetalu:n unguiculatum C.E.C. Fischer in Kew

Bull. (1926) 454.

4. Miliusa arborea (Elmer) J. Sinclair, comb. noy.

Basonym: Saccopetalum arboreum Elmer, Leafl. Philip. Bot. 5

(1913) 1739.

5. Miliusa Koolsii (Kostermans) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Saccopetalum Koolsii Kostermans in Reinwardtia

Vol. 1 Pt. 4 (1952) 459. Fig. 1.

6. Miliusa Vidalii J. Sinclair, nom. nov.

Basonym: Saccopetalum longipes Vidal, Rey. Pl. Vasc. Filip.

(1886) 43 non Miliusa longipes King (1892).

KEY

Leaves narrowed to base 7

Length of leaves 12—23 cm.; inner petals 1-2 cm. long, several-

veined; stalks of carpels 2—2-5 cm. long, 1 rarely 2-seeded

(1) M. longipes

378

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Length of leaves 5—9 cm.; inner petals 4-5 mm. long, not

veined; stalks of carpels 4 mm. long, seeds 3-6

; (2) M. parviflora

Leaves sub-sessile, unequally bilobed at base

(3) M. amplexicaulis

(1) M. longipes King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 373 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 157 Pl. 204; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 96.

Shrub or tree up to 10 m. high. Young twigs glabrous and

striate. Leaves membranous; oblong-lanceolate or slightly obovate-

lanceolate, glabrous, cuneate at base, apex rounded and then acu-

minate; midrib sunk above, rather sharply angled beneath; main

nerves about 12 pairs, faint above, prominent beneath, curving

and interarching 5 mm.—1 cm. from margin; reticulations forming

a loose open network below, not very prominent; length 12-23

cm.; breadth 4-5-7 cm.; petiole grooved on the upper, conspicu-

ously ringed on the under surface, 3—4 mm. long. Flowers axillary,

solitary, pendulous on slender, glabrous pedicels 2-4 cm. long

with about 4 minute, lanceolate, imbricate bracts at base. Sepals

and outer petals sub-equal, c. 1 mm. long, ovate, sub-acute with

ciliate edges. Inner petals greenish-yellow outside, dark red inside,

about 5-veined, thin in texture, ovate-oblong, obtuse, much in-

flated at base, 1-2 cm. long and 7 mm. broad. Stamens about 18

intermixed with hairs, often bent, 0-5 mm. long, connectives not

concealing the anther cells, apiculus broad and shallow. Young

ovaries numerous, elongate, 1 mm. long, slightly curved with sub-

globose stigma. Torus not enlarged or massive. Ripe carpels glo-

bular, glabrous, thin-walled, girdled with an oblique furrow, about

8 mm. in diam.; one, rarely two seeded; stalks slender, 2—2:5 cm.

long.

KepaH: Yan, Ridley, June 1893 (S.); Gunong Lang, Kiah S.F.N.

35049 (S., K., Kew).

Perak: Chanderiang, King 5734 (S., C., E.); Larut, King Nos. 7162

(C., Kew) and 7352 (C., Kew); Perak, no exact locality, Scortechini

Nos. 710 (S.) and 80 (C.); Gua Badak, Lenggong, Henderson S.F.N.

23841 (S.).

PAHANG: Sungei Pekin, Ja’amat 16501 (S., K.); Bukit Chintamani,

Bentong, Henderson S.F.N. 25038 (S., C.) and S.F.N. 25020 (S.); F.

Reserve, Temerloh, Hamid 10617 (K.).

SELANGOR: Ulu Langat, Kloss, February 1912 (Kew).

Matacca: Lubok, Kedondong, Ridley, June 1892.

res Bukit Timah, Ridley Nos. 8450 (S., Kew) and 4709

(S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula and Siam. Type material Scorte-

chini and King’s numbers.

379

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Kerr 8824, identified by Craib, ex descr. as M. campanulata

Pierre, agrees with King’s longipes. I have named Kerr 14828 and

15041 from Siam, M. longipes. Certainly M. longipes is near

campanulata if not the same, but I have not seen Pierre’s type

specimen of campanulata. M. campanulata is an older name than

M. longipes. |

(2) M. parviflora Ridley in Journ. Roy. Asiatic Soc. Str. Br. 59

(1911) 65 et FMEP:.1 (1922): 97.

Small tree with grey bark. Young twigs minutely pubescent,

soon glabrous. Leaves membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous,

often slightly acuminate, the actual apex obtuse, base acute to

slightly rounded, usually unequal-sided; nerves about 10 pairs,

very fine on both surfaces, curving and interarching about 3 mm.

from edge; reticulations not visible above, few and faint beneath;

length 5—9 cm.; breadth 1-8—3-5 cm.; petiole very short, 1-2 mm.

long, conspicuously ringed. Flowers axillary, solitary or in twos on

a short 2-10 mm. long peduncle with a few minute bracts at

junction of pedicel; pedicel about 1:2 cm. long with a median,

lanceolate bract 1 mm. long. Sepals and outer petals similar,

minute, about 1 mm. long, ovate, acute, pubescent. Inner petals

4-5 mm. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, greenish, pubescent outside.

Stamens few, 1-5 mm. long, filament about half the length of

anther, apiculus prominent. Young ovaries 2 mm. long, pubescent

with elongate, club-shaped stigmas. Torus small, not swollen, hairy.

Ripe carpels thin-walled, granular, glabrous, oblong, slightly api-

culate and constricted, 7 mm.—1:8 cm. long; stalks 4 mm. long.

Seeds 3-6 in 2 rows.

PERLIS: 1. Bukit Lagi, Ridley 15239 (S.); 2. Tebing Tinggi, Ridley

15340 (S., Kew); Basih Hangat, Ridley, March 1910 (S.) 1 & 2 type

material.

KEDAH: Batu Ayam, Langkawi, Corner 19th November, 1941 (S.);

yon Ayam, Selat Panchor, Langkawi, Henderson S.F.N. 28949 (S.,

ew.).

DISTRIBUTION: No other localities as yet except these two states

where it is found on limestone.

(3) M. amplexicaulis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 54

(1910) 13 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 97 excluding Polyalthia sub-

cordata Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 71.

Small tree. Young twigs dark brown-tomentose, becoming glab-

rous and striate. Leaves membranous, nearly sessile, elliptic-ovate,

acuminate, base broad, unequally bi-lobed, amplexicaul, glabrous

above, pubescent on midrib and nerves; main nerves 12—16 pairs,

380

Vol. XIV. (1955).

rather crooked forming a loop with each other some distance from

edge, faint above, fine below but distinct; reticulations a loose and

open network, faint on both surfaces; length 11-20 cm.; breadth

5-9 cm.; petiole 3 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers axillary, single

or 2—3 on a short peduncle 2—4 mm. long with several imbricate,

minute, ciliate bracts; pedicels 1-1-3 cm. long with a sub-median

similar bract. Sepals and outer petals similar, ovate, acute, glab-

rous but ciliate at the margins, 1 mm. and 1:5 mm. long res-

pectively. Inner petals broadly ovate-triangular, fleshy, obtuse,

glabrous except the ciliate margins, 3 mm. long. Stamens in three

whorls, curved, about 1 mm. long, filament as long as anther,

apiculus of connective rather rounded. Young ovaries 2 mm. long,

glabrous with club-shaped stigma. Torus small with setose hairs

about 1 mm. long. Ripe carpels 7 mm. long, numerous, glabrous,

sub-globose, girdled with a vertical groove, stalks 7 mm. long,

glabrous; one-seeded.

KEDAH: Coah (Kwah), Pulau Langkawi, Curtis 3205, (S., Kew) type

material; Gunong Baling, Kiah S.F.N. 35363 (S., K., Kew).

PERAK: Ipoh, Ridley, February 1904 (S.); Lenggong, Larut, Ridley

14646 (S., C., Kew); Larut, King 2373 (C., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Kedah and Perak.

Ridley, F.M.P. 97 quotes Polyalthia sub-cordata Bl. as a syn-

onym of Miliusa amplexicaulis. King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 80 describes P. sub-cordata and quotes King’s

collector 2373 as this species. King 2373 is not the same as P.

sub-cordata but is actually Miliusa amplexicaulis. King’s descrip-

tion and his figure, Pl. 112, do not agree with M. amplexicaulis.

The inner petals are described as smaller than the outer and the

drawing also shows this. His description and drawing agree with

P. sub-cordata so Ridley was wrong in regarding this Polyalthia

as a synonym of Miliusa amplexicaulis. He followed King’s error.

The type, Curtis 3205 has the midrib and nerves on the under-

side pubescent while the other material quoted has glabrous nerves

and midrib. In other respects the sheets are quite similar.

29. ALPHONSEA Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 153.

Tall trees or shrubs. Leaves usually coriaceous, shining, mostly

glabrous, the margin very slightly revolute. Peduncles 1-several,

fasciculate, extra-axillary, bearing several pedicels. Flower buds

conical. Sepals 3, valvate, several times smaller than the petals.

Petals 6, valvate in two series, bases saccate and apices reflexed,

the inner set about the same length as outer but slightly narrower.

381

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Torus cylindric or hemispheric. Stamens indefinite, miliusoid, the

connectives apiculate, produced, not concealing the dorsal anther-

cells. Ovaries few, 1—8, stigma sessile, U- or horse-shoe-shaped

with a slit down the adaxial side; ovules 4-10 in 2 rows. Carpels

subsessile or stalked, with thick walls, glabrous, tomentose or

verrucose.

TYPE OF GENUS: A. lutea (Roxb.) Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855)

153 non Teysm. et Binn. (1870). Basonym: Uvaria lutea Roxb. Cor.

Pl. 1 (1795) T. 36 et Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 666.

a DISTRIBUTION: India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Indo-China, China,

Malay Islands to N. Guinea. Species about 30.

The Malayan species apart from A. elliptica and Maingayi seem

to be of very local distribution and are quite rare. At least they

are poorly represented in the Singapore Herbarium. A. lucida has

not yet been found in fruit. The genus itself has a wide distribution

in South-East Asia but species also tend not to spread outside their

areas. For example Siam has a number of local species but the

only Malayan ones found there are A. elliptica and A. cylindrica.

There is evidence that there are some undescribed species from

Siam and also from Malaya. Kiah S.F.N. 35235 from Kaki Bukit,

Perlis is probably a new species: The specimen is in fruit. Also

there is another gathering of a species of Alphonsea in fruit only

viz. Nur S.F.N. 32831, Boh Plantation, Cameron Highlands,

Pahang. There are no flowers and the material is insufficient for

the purpose of describing it as a new species. More material is

wanted.

Alphonsea has some degree of alliance with those genera of the

miliusoid stamen series i.e. Miliusa, Orophea and Platymitra. Fur-

ther, the nearest affinity probably lies with Miliusa, the genus

having the inner petals saccate at the base while Alphonsea has

both sets saccate. However Alphonsea differs from it in the very —

small sepals not equal in length to the outer petals. From Orephea,

Alphonsea departs in not having the mitriform inner petals but it —

may have some further affinity with Platymitra in respect of the ‘

thick, hard walls of the carpels found in both genera.

KEY

a. Leaves pubescent on midrib below. Fruit if present not ver-

rucose

b. Ovaries 8. Reticulations of leaves prominent below

(1) A. Maingayi

b. Ovaries 3. Reticulations of leaves very faint below

(2) A. cylindri

382

Vol. XIV. (1955).

ZING

WYK YS

MAS

Tamme Der

Fig. 29. Leaves of Alphonsea sp.

Al and A2, A. elliptica. B, A. johorensis. C1 and C2, A. lucida, upper

and lower surface. D, A. Curtisii. E, A. Maingayi. F, A. Kingii.

G, A. cylindrica. All drawings except C! show lower surface of

leaf.

383

foe eS ae

Gardens Bulletin, S.

a. Leaves glabrous. Fruit verrucose

c. Reticulations on lower surface of leaf forming a very close

network (3) A. Kingii

c. Reticulations on lower surface of leaf forming a loose net-

work (4) A. johorensis

a. Leaves glabrous. Fruit not verrucose

d. Veins depressed above, prominent beneath (fruit unknown)

(5) A. lucida

d. Veins not depressed above

e. Leaf drying black. Reticulations forming a loose open net-

work. Ovaries 5—6 (6) A. elliptica

e. Leaf not drying black. Reticulations forming a fine close

network. Ovaries 3 (7) A. Curtisii

(1) A. Maingayi Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 90; King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 374 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 161 Pl. 205B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

98.

Tall tree. Young twigs dark brown-pubescent, soon glabrous,

dark and striate. Leaves slightly coriaceous, oblong or elliptic,

acuminate, base acute or rounded and unequal-sided, glossy and

glabrous above except the basal part of the midrib, rusty-pubes-

cent below on midrib and nerves; nerves 9—12 on each side of

midrib and mostly alternate, curving and interarching 5-7 mm.

from the slightly revolute edge, reticulations visible above, raised

beneath; length 10-17 cm.; breadth 4—5-5 cm.; petiole 5 mm.

long, tomentose. Flowers opposite the leaves or slightly below in

cymose clusters with 1-3 tomentose peduncles about 5 mm. long

and pedicels similar, about 5 mm. long. Sepals broadly ovate to

sub-orbicular, obtuse, tawny-tomentose outside, glabrous inside,

3 mm. long. Petals rather similar in shape and arrangement as

those described for A. elliptica, having reflexed tips and saccate

bases with the concavity below where the pedicel joins the calyx,

yellow, tomentose outside and on the exposed reflexed tips, glab-

rous inside, ovate, about 1:3 cm. long, the inner slightly narrower.

Stamens numerous, miliusoid. Ovaries 8, cylindrical, tomentose 3

mm. long; stigma glabrous. Ripe carpels, oblong or cylindrical,

obtuse at both ends, tawny-tomentose, 1-2-5 cm. long; stalks

about 5 mm. long. Seeds many, smooth.

PERAK: Lumut, no collector stated, July 1858 (S.).

SELANGOR: Weld Hill, Burn-Murdoch 41 (S.); Ahmad C.F. 2497

e. Sates C.F. 806, tree no. 64 (K.); Hashim 471 (K., Kew) and

41 ;

384

Vol. XIV. (1955

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungei Menyala F.R., Port Dickson, Wyatt-Smiti,

atl and 64560 (K.); Senawang Reserve, Yahim C.F. 528 (S., K..

ew).

Ma.acca: Maingay 98 (C., Kew) type material.

JOHORE: 7th mile, Jalan Mersing, Holttum S.F.N. 9288 (S., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Chan Chu Kang, Ridley 6758 (S.); Gardens’ Jungle,

Ridley 12194 (Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula.

(2) A. cylindrica King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 376 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 164 Pl. 211B; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 99.

Synonym: A. pallescens Craib in Kew Bull. (1925) 14.

Tree 7-13 m. high. Tips of young branches hirsute with hairs

up to 1 mm. long, soon glabrous and striate. Leaves elliptic or

elliptic-lanceolate, shortly and bluntly acuminate, base sub-cune-

ate, occasionally slightly rounded, rather rigid, glabrous except the

midrib above and below, margins sometimes slightly revolute:

nerves about 10 pairs not or scarcely visible above, faint below,

interarching 2-3 mm. from margin; reticulations not visible above,

very faint below; length 6:5—9-5 cm.; breadth 3-4 cm.; petiole 4

mm. long, hirsute. Peduncle extra- -axillary, opposite the leaves,

3-5 mm. long, pubescent, pedicels about 5 mm. long. Flowers

about 1 cm. long (very few flowers, mostly flower buds available).

Sepals semi-orbicular, connate at base, tomentose outside, glab-

rous inside, reflexed when flower is open, 1:5 mm. long. Petals

subequal, oblong-ovoid, base sub-saccate, tomentose outside,

pubescent inside except the glabrous base, apices not appearing

Teflexed as in the other species (flowers examined, rather young).

Stamens 1 mm. long with a short apiculus. Young ovaries 3, ob-

long, densely pale-sericeous, 4 mm. long, stigma sessile, with

opening down inner side; ovules several in two rows. Ripe carpels

oblong, rounded at each end, minutely tawny-pubescent, thick-

walled, 5—5-5 cm. long and 3-2—3-7 cm. in diameter.

KEDAH: Perangin F.R., Awang 20678 (K.).

PERAK: Ulu Bubong, King 10633 (S., C., D.D., Kew), type material;

Dindings, road from Bruas to Sungei Rotan, Curtis, February 1900

(S.); fxteey King 7100 (C.); Bikun Reserve, Sungkai, Hashim 375

(K., Kew).

apa Bukit Enggang F.R., Kajang, Symington 24126 (S., K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula and Siam.

The carpels in the type material and in Symington 24126 are

galled and are similar to the galled fruit found in Goniothalamus

_Macranii. They are elongate, terete, tapering at the apex, slightly

curved, brown-tomentose on stalks 2 mm. long. The normal ones

_are oblong and rounded at each end.

385

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(3) A. Kingii J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Synonym: Xylopia dicarpa King quoad specimen King 7097

tantum, in Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 363 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) Pl. 189A (plate only); Ridley, F.M.P.

1 (1922) 91 non Xylopia dicarpa Hk. f. et Th. (1872).

Arbor parva, 6-8 m. alta. Folia 8-5-12 cm. longa, 3-5-4 cm.

lata, mediocre-viridia, tenuiter coriacea, elliptico-lanceolata, paullo

falcata, glabra, utrinque acuta; nervi primarii 8-10 pares utrinque

obscuri; reticulationes tenuissimae, densissimae dispositae; petioli

5 mm. longi. Carpella matura 1—5, cylindrica, medio leviter vel

non constricta, verrucosissima, apice obtusa, 3-4-5 cm. longa et

1-5-2 cm. lata; stipites 1 cm. longi. Semina 7—8 in series duas

disposita, compressa, cum testa pallida squamosa.

PERAK: Kinta, King 7097 (C., D.D., Kew) holotype; Perak, Scorte-

chini, no number or date, wrongly determined as Polyalthia aberrans

(S.).

DISTRIBUTION: No other records.

A rare species with cylindrical, very verrucose carpels. The

very close reticulations of the leaves too are a good guide to identi-

fication. There is a tiny flower bud on the Scortechini specimen.

A. Kingii is not found in Singapore and is not the same as

Maingay’s Xylopia dicarpa which is a synonym of X. malayana.

There are two sheets of Maingay 84 in Herb. Kew, locality Singa-

pore. One is the type of Xylopia dicarpa and bears also the

writing X. malayana. The other bears only the writing X. malayana

but both are X. malayana. King’s plate 189A in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) is good one of Alphonsea Kingii but it is

labelled X. dicarpa.

(4) A. johorensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Folia eis A. ellipticae similia sed minora, magis acuminata et in

sicco brunnea non nigra; fructus verrucosus.

Arbor monopodialis, 20 m. alta, cortice nigro-grisea, praeter —

inflorescentiam omnino glabra. Folia 6-12 cm. longa, 2-5-5 cm. )

lata, sub-coriacea, nitida, fusco-viridia, in sicco brunnea, elliptica

vel oblongo-elliptica, apice acuminato-obtusa, basi acuta; nervi

c. 10 pares, tenues, supra obscuri, subtus visibiles, obliqui, irre-

gulariter curvati, duplo anastomosantes; reticulationes supra fere —

obscurae, subtus laxe dispositae; petioli 5 mm.—1 cm. longi. Pedun-

culus brevissimus, 2—3 mm. longus, extra-axillaris, foliis oppositus,

senectute lignosus, 3—4 bracteas minutas utrinsecus ferens. Pedi-

celli brevissimi, 2—3 mm. longi, fulvo-tomentosi, crassiusculi.

386

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Sepala 1 mm. longa, late ovata vel subrotunda, obtusa, extus

fulvo-tomentosa, intus glabra. Petala 5-8 mm. longa, virido-alba,

ovato-oblonga, apice sub-acuta vel obtusa et leviter reflexa, basi

saccata, extus fulvo-tomentosa, intus in apicibus expositis pube-

rula; interiora consimilia sed paullo angustiora. Stamina 1 mm.

longa in series tres disposita, cum connectivis perspicue productis.

Ovaria 7, 2:5 mm. longa, cylindrica, fulvo-setosa; stigma sessilia

U-formata cum fissura adaxiali; ovula plura in series duas dis-

posita. Carpella probabiliter non matura fulvo-tomentosa, globosa

vel oblonga, verrucosissima, 1:5 cm. longa, 1 cm. lata cum peri-

carpio crasso; stipites 5-7 mm. longi.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32139 holotype (S., E.); Corner

- S.F.N. 30864 (S.); Sungei Berassau, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner

S.F.N. 29934 (S., K.); S. Kayu Ara, Corner S.F.N. 29375 (S., K.,

Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Only known so far from the above localities.

A rare species. It is possible that the carpels have not reached

their full dimensions in the material examined. The leaves in dried

specimens are a medium brown and not black like A. elliptica.

(5) A. lucida King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 375 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 163 Pl. 212; Ridley,

F.M.P: 1 (1922) 98.

Shrub 2—3 m. high. All parts glabrous except flower. Young

twigs slender and dark coloured. Leaves thinly coriaceous, broadly

elliptic, shortly, abruptly and rather obtusely acuminate, base

cuneate; main nerves 7—8 pairs, oblique, curving, depressed on

upper surface, bold and prominent on lower; reticulations faint

above, more marked below; length 11-5—14 cm.; breadth 4-5—6:5

cm.; petiole 7 mm. long. Flowers extra-axillary, 2—3 in fascicles;

peduncles short, pedicels shorter, puberulous 7-10 mm. long.

Sepals triangular-ovate, connate at base, reflexed, puberulous out-

side, glabrous inside. Petals yellowish-white, sub-equal, (the inner

narrower) the base saccate and the tips reflexed as in A. elliptica

and A. Maingayi, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, thin in tex-

ture, about 1:2 cm. long. Stamens several, miliusoid, i.e. connective

with short apiculus not concealing anther cells. Ovaries 4-5 ad-

pressed-tawny-pubescent, cylindrical 2 mm. long with several

ovules in two rows; stigmas sessile, horse-shoe-shaped on top with

slit down the inner side. Ripe carpels unknown.

PERAK: Larut, King 5387 (C., D.D., Kew) type material.

PAHANG: Ulu Baloh, Awang 29602 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula.

387

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A very rare species, the fruit of which is as yet unknown. Apart

from King 7119 and 7516 also type material, quoted in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. p. 164, which I have not seen, the numbers

quoted here are the only records of this species. It is desirable that

more information should be gained about it. There is no specimen

in the Singapore Herbarium at the time of writing.

(6) A. elliptica Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 90; King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 374 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 163 Pl. 211A; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1

(1925) 62; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya (1940) 128

Text-fig. 31 and Pl. 221.

Synonym: A. Maingayi var. elliptica Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

98.

Tree up to 25 m. with dense, bushy, conical crown, trunk fluted

at base, bark dark grey, slightly fissured. Young twigs glabrous,

coarsely striate and angled. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, glossy,

dark green, metallic greyish-black when dry, margins slightly

revolute, elliptic, less often broadly oblong, apex shortly acuminate

but the tip blunt, base acute; nerves 7—11 pairs, fine and slender

but visible on both surfaces, rather crooked, interarching some

distance from the margin; reticulations faint above, distinct below;

length 9-18 cm.; breadth 3-5-7 cm.; petiole glabrous, ringed, 4—5

mm. long. Flowers sweet-scented, (like Cananga) pale greenish-

cream, drooping, extra-axillary. Peduncles short, 3-5 mm. long,

l-several arising from one point, lengthening and becoming woody,

multi-bracteate. Pedicels slender, 1-1-5 cm. long, pubescent with a

median, minute bracteole. Sepals very small in proportion to the

petals, 1 mm. long, sub-orbicular, obtuse, tomentose outside, re-

curved when flower is open. Petals, both sets saccate at base, there

being a circular cavity 3—4 mm. deep where pedicel meets calyx,

apices bluntly acute and strongly recurved, subequal in length,

about 2 cm. long when flattened and the inner slightly narrower,

adpressed-pubescent outside, glabrous inside except the exposed

tips. Stamens many, just over 1 mm. in length, filaments about

half the length of the anthers, connectives produced but not con-

cealing the anthers. Ovaries 2-5 mm. long, oblong, shortly tomen-

tose, 5—6; stigma sessile, sub-capitate and horse-shoe-shaped on

the top having a slit down the inner adaxial side. Torus conical.

Ripe carpels 2—6, oblong, blunt at each end, minutely tomentose,

4-7-5 cm. long and 2-5-5 cm. broad, green, then yellow with an

388

a ee

WEFT IMAG TT

Vol. XIV. (1955).

edible pulp; stalks 1-2—2:5 cm. long. Seeds 6-7 in 2 rows, flat-

tened, pale brown.

TRENGGANU: Kuala Trengganu, Corner S.F.N. 33475 (S., Kew);

Holttum S.F.N. 15167 (S., Kew); Sinclair S.F.N. 39820 (S.).

PAHANG: Permatang Lima, District Forest Officer 15640 (S., K.);

Berserah Road, Kuantan, Yeob C.F. Field No. 3644 (S.,. K., Kew);

Kuantan, Sow 15136 (S., K.); Menchali Road, Rompin, Yeob 3256

(S., K.); Kemansul Reserve, For. Dept. 14085 (S., K.); Joara Bay,

Pulau Tioman, Burkill S.F.N. 1001 (S., C., Kew).

SELANGOR: Weld Hill, Abdul Rahman C.F. 2832 (K.) and Forest

Dept. C.F. 0347 (S., K.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungei Menyala F.R., Port Dickson, Wyatt-Smith

64798 (K.).

MALAccA: Maingay 107 (C., Kew) and 99 (Kew) type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam and Malay Peninsula.

(7) A. Curtisii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 376 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 166 Pl. 215B; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 99.

Tree. Young twigs shortly pubescent, soon glabrous and striate.

Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, base

acute, glossy and glabrous on upper surface, glabrous beneath

except for the slightly puberulous midrib, margins slightly revo-

lute; main nerves 12—15, faint on both surfaces, sub-horizontal;

reticulations very close and fine on both surfaces; length 9-15

cm.; breadth 3-5—-4:5 cm.; petiole 5 mm. long. Peduncles extra-

axillary, opposite the leaves, 4-5 mm. long, bearing 3-4 tawny-

tomentose pedicels 5 mm. long, each with a minute amplexicaul,

median bract. Flowers about 1-2 cm. long. Sepals ovate-triangular,

acute, tawny-tomentose outside, glabrous inside and slightly re-

flexed when flower is open. Petals of the same general form and

arrangement as in A. elliptica and A. Maingayi with saccate base

and concavity and reflexed tips; oblong-ovate, sub-acute, sub-

equal, the inner narrower, the outer tawny-pubescent on both sur-

faces except at the base, the inner also tawny-pubescent but glab-

rous inside. Stamens numerous, 1 mm. long, connective with a

small apical process concealing the dorsal anther cells. Ovaries

3, oblong, tomentose, 3 mm. long with broad sessile stigmas. Ripe

carpels 2-3, oblong, with uneven surface in the dried material,

obtuse with hard, thick walls, length 4—5 cm. and diameter 3 cm.;

stalks 5 mm. long and 4 mm. thick. Seeds several in two rows.

PENANG: Muka Head, Curtis 1410 (S., C., Kew) type material;

Pulau Boetong Reserve, Curtis 2746 (S.).

PAHANG: Pahang River, Ridley 2423, (fruiting specimen) (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: These are the only collections.

389

carte a >

(Eve

_ eo

Gardens Bulletin, S.

30. OROPHEA Blume, Bijdr. 1 (1825) 18.

Shrubs or small trees. Flowers small, usually between 4 mm.

and 2 cm. in diam., hermaphrodite, supra-axillary or axillary.

Peduncles slender, bearing 1-several pedicels. Inflorescence cymose

or fascicled. Sepals 3, valvate, smaller than the outer petals.

Petals 6, valvate; the outer ovate, shorter than the inner; the inner

with narrow claws, the limbs broader, usually cohering by their

margins into a mitriform cap (vaulted) or sometimes not, the

apices then being free. Stamens definite, 6-12 miliusoid, i.e. re-

sembling those of Miliusa, the dorsal anther cells not obscured at

their tips by the connective; connective slightly prolonged beyond

them in a conical point or not, never truncate. Staminodes 0 or

3-6. Ovaries 3—5; stigma sessile, slightly elongate or rod-shaped

and bent to one side. Ripe carpels 1-several-seeded, globose or

elongate.

SYNTYPES OF GENUS: O. hexandra BI. Bijdr. 1 (1825) 18. O. enne-

andra BI. Bijdr. 1 (1825) 18.

DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Asia, Malay Islands and Philippines. About

60 species.

Hutchinson, [Kew Bull. (1923) 206] without any reasons gives

O. zeylanica Hk. f. et Th. as the type of the genus although the

above two species are published under Blume’s original description

of the genus.

The genus itself is easily recognized but the separation of indivi-

dual members presents some difficulty as many of them closely

resemble each other. In the genus there are to be found two types

of carpels—the globose as in O. polycarpa, gracilis, hastata, zey-

lanica, dodecandra and palawanensis and the elongated, often

moniliform type exemplified by O. hexandra, maculata, entero-

carpa and cuneiformis. These distinguishing characters of the

carpels are not co-related with other varying ones.

Orophea is related to Mitrephora and Pseuduvaria as well as

to the Miliuseae and a table of differences is here given. In fact it

seems to be a link connecting the two tribes Mitrephoreae and

Miliuseae.

Burkill S.F.N. 12488, South of Lawin, upper Perak (S.), ©

Kiah s.n. 7th May, 1938, Gunong Baling, Kedah (S.) and Scor-

techini 106b, Perak (D.D.) all represent a species of Orophea not —

mentioned in Ridley’s Flora. It is probably new but the material —

at present is too scanty to describe as good flowers are lacking. —

390 -

Vol. XIV. (1955).

The carpels, 1-2 m number, are sessile and oblong-cylindric with

several seeds in two rows. The leaves, up to 20 cm. im length, are

glabrous with 9—10 pairs of veins.

Mitrephora

Flowers |

1. Position _ Extra-axillary

2. Size Large, average

2-4 cm. diam.

3. Sex | Hermaphrodite

4. Proportion of Outer petals

length of outer longer than

petals to inner | inner

er |

Stamens | Uvarioid,

| numerous

Carpels | Globose or

oblong, never

marrow or

| elongate

Stigma Sub-capitate,

Pseuduvaria Orophea

_ Axillary Supra-axillary or

axillary

Small, average Small, average

under 2 cm. under 2 cm.

- Unisexual Hermaphrodite

| Outer petals Outer petals

shorter than shorter than inner

inner

Uvarioid, Mihusoid, few

numerous

Globose _Globose or narrow

and elongate

| gos ee

Sessile, sub- _ Sessile, slightly

| capitate, elongate or rod-

' fleshy, shaped, bent not

_ discoid erect

KEY

a. Fruit elongate, cylindric, inner petals distinctly vaulted, the

limbs coherent by their edges

b. Leaves glabrous, ripe carpels glabrous

b. Leaves pubescent, ripe carpels thinly pubescent

c. Flower buds acute, outer petals about 1 cm. long, inner

1-S—2-5 cm. long; leaves abruptly narrowed from middle

to base

(1) O. enterocarpa

(2) O. maculata

c. Flower buds globose, outer petals about 3 mm. long, inner

7 mm. long; leaves not abruptly narrowed from middle

to base

391

(3) O. cuneiformis

Gardens Bulletin, S.

a. Fruit globose, inner petals vaulted, scarcely vaulted or not

d. Stamens 6

e. Inner petals vaulted. Leaves rusty-hirsute below

(4) O. hirsuta

e. Inner petals slightly vaulted. Leaves glabrous below.

(5) O. polycarpa

d. Stamens 10-12 (Inner petals not vaulted)

f. Limb of inner petals hastate, smooth, not recurved, stalks

of ripe carpels 7 mm. long (6) O. hastata

f. Limb of inner petals linear, smooth, recurved, stalks of

ripe carpels 2—2:3 cm. long (7) O. dodecandra

f. Limb of inner petals oblong, very papillose, recurved,

stalks of ripe carpels 1-3-1:5 cm. long

(8) O. palawanensis

(1) O. enterocarpa Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

92; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 331 et in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 106 Pl. 148A; Ridley, F.M.P.

1 (1922) 70.

Small tree or shrub 2-10 m. high. All parts glabrous except the

inflorescence. Young twigs slender, dark, striate. Leaves dark

glossy green above, medium green beneath, membranous, variable

in size and shape on the same twig, ovate to elliptic or obovate-

lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, base acute, sometimes slightly

rounded; nerves 6—7 pairs, prominent beneath, less distinct above,

arching and following the margin some distance before anastomos-

ing; reticulations very fine and faint; length 6-12 cm.; breadth

3-5 cm.; petiole ringed, 3 mm. long. Peduncles slender, slightly

pubescent; supra-axillary, occasionally axillary, 5 mm.—1 cm. long,

1-3-flowered; pedicels 1-3 cm. long with a basal and a medial,

linear bract 2 mm. long. Flower buds acute with one flower open-

ing at a time. Sepals ovate, acute, adpressed-pubescent outside, 3

mm. long. Outer petals thin, ovate, acute, several-veined, not

clawed, puberulous, cream-coloured, 1-1-5 cm. long; inner slightly

longer, coriaceous, cream-coloured, reddish-purple outside and

inside at the base of the blade, the claw very narrow, yellow, the

blade trapezoid. Staminodes 6. Stamens 6-12 with broad, non-

apiculate connectives. Ovaries 6, cylindric, 1 mm. long, pubescent,

2-7 ovuled; stigma small, sessile. Carpels 4—6, glabrous, elongate-

cylindric, shrinking a good deal when dry, the walls closely ad-

hering to the seeds, 7-13 cm. long, and 4 mm. broad; stalks thick,

about 7 mm. long. Seeds elongate, 1-8-2 cm. long.

392

Vol. XIV. (1955).

KELANTAN: Sungei Keteh, Gua Ninik, Nur S.F.N. 12128 (S., K.,

Kew); Gua Panjang at Gua Ninik, Henderson S.F.N. 19516 (S.); Gua

Musang, Henderson S.F.N. 22699 (S.).

PERAK: Larut, King 7462 (S., C., Kew) and 7695 (S., C.); Kuala

Kangsar, Martin 8302 (K.); Taiping, King 8397 (C., D.D., E., Kew):

no exact locality, Scortechini 2189 (S., C., D.D.).

TRENGGANU: Compt. 11A, Bukit Bauk F.R., 524 ml. Dungun-Paka

Road, Sinclair S.F.N. 39897 (S.).

PAHANG: Ulu Gali, Raub, Kalong 20276 (S., K.); Jerantut, Holttum

S.F.N. 24753 (S.); Sungei Nering, Temerloh, Henderson F.M.S. Mu-

seums Herbarium 10712 and 10716 (S.); Bukit Chintamani, Bentong,

Henderson S.F.N. 25040 (S.); Tahan River, Mat, 22nd September.

1893 (S.).

SELANGOR: Enggang F.R., Kajang, Symington 24174 (K.): Batu

Caves, Ridley 13387 (S., Kew); Ginting Simpah, Hume F.M.S. Mu-

seums Herb. 8745 (S.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gemas, Burkill S.F.N. 6389 (S., K.).

MaLacca: Alvins, 4th October, 1885 sine num. (S.); Maingay 8&8

(C.); Maingay 89 (Kew) type material.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32058 (S., K., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

(2) O. maculata King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 331 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard Calc. 4 (1893) 106 Pl. 148B; Ridley,

PvE (1922) 71.

Shrub 3-7 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose, later dark

and striate. Leaves membranous, elliptic-oblanceolate, narrowed

from the middle to the emarginate, slightly unequal-sided base,

glabrous above, rusty-pubescent on the midrib and nerves beneath,

apex acuminate; main nerves 10-12 pairs, faint above, prominent

below, oblique and anastomosing near margin; reticulations faint

above, more distinct below; length 8-18 cm.; breadth 4-5-5 cm.;

petiole 3 mm. long, ringed and rusty-tomentose. Peduncles supra-

axillary, sometimes axillary, slender, pubescent, 2-3-flowered, 1:5

cm. long; pedicels similar but only 5 mm. long with filiform rusty-

pubescent bracts and a similar one near base of calyx. Calyx and

corolla segments all membranous and pubescent on both surfaces.

Sepals linear, acuminate, 2-5 mm. long. Outer petals ovate, acu-

minate, 4-veined, cream-coloured, mottled with red, about 1 cm.

long; inner 1-5—2-5 cm. long with lanceolate, acuminate, pink limb

and long, narrow, yellow claw. Stamens 6, not apiculate, hairy at

the base; staminodes 3, orbicular. Ovaries 3—6 cylindrical, very

hirsute, 6—7 ovuled; stigma sessile. Carpels elongate-cylindric,

moniliform as in O. enterocarpa but pubescent. Seeds also similar.

PAHANG: Jerantut, Holttum S.F.N. 24749 (S., K.); Bukit Cheras,

Henderson S.F.N. 25217 (S., C.); Base of Kota Glanggi, Henderson

S.F.N. 22485 (S.) and Ridley 2428 (S.); Pulau Chengei, Ridley 2632

(S.).

393

Gardens Bulletin, S.

PERAK: Kuala Depang, Ridley 9621 (S., Kew) and Curtis 3113 (S.,

Kew); Gunong Lanoh near B. Gajah, Mills and Henderson S.F.N.

15076 (S.); Ipoh-Gopeng Road, 4th mile, Burkill S.F.N. 6270 (S., K..,

Kew); Bubu Forest Reserve, Tachun 29853 (S., K.); Gunong Tungal,

Ridley, March 1896; Perak, Scortechini 1771 (S., C.) type material;

106b (C.) type material; Gopeng, King Nos. 4578 (S., C., D.D.,

Kew); 484 (S., C., D.D., Kew); 5874 (C., Kew); Larut, King 7652

(C., D.D., Kew); and Wray 2469 (S., C.); King’s numbers type

material.

SELANGOR: Bukit Batu, Kanching, Henderson 43281 (K.).

The distribution does not appear to be as wide as that of O.

enterocarpa but in both cases there is a preference for thick woods

with a limestone substratum. This species resembles O. entero-

carpa but has pubescent fruit, the leaves have more veins and are

rusty-pubescent on the midrib and veins beneath and never glab-

rous. The young twigs are rusty-tomentose. There are also some

minor differences in the flower—thé inner petals are membranous

and not thick as in O. enterocarpa.

(3) O. cuneiformis King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 333 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 108 Pl. 150B; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 72.

Tree or shrub 7-13 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose,

later glabrous, dark and striate. Leaves as in O. maculata but

usually less acuminate and slightly firmer in texture and less

abruptly narrowed from the middle to the base. Peduncles 4-5-

flowered, supra-axillary or sometimes axillary, about 1:2 cm. long,

rusty-pubescent as are the 3-5 mm. long pedicels. Bracts as in O.

maculata. Flower buds globose. Calyx and corolla pubescent out-

side but glabrescent or glabrous inside. Sepals ovate, acuminate,

2 mm. long. Outer petals ovate, acute, membranous, 5-veined, 3

mm. long; inner about 7 mm. long with a cuneiform, thickened

limb and narrow claw. Stamens 6 with broad, flat connectives not

produced at apex. Staminodes 3, sub-orbicular, fleshy. Ovaries

about 6, oblong, densely pubescent, 2—3 ovuled; stigma sessile,

broad. Ripe carpels 2-4, sessile, cylindric, tapering a little at each

end, puberulous, 3:5—S cm. long ard about 7 mm. in diam. Seeds

2, oblong.

LOWER SIAM: Bukit Rajah Wang, Setul, Ridley 15342 (S., Kew);

Gunong Texai, Tongkah, Curtis 2929 (S., C.).

PERAK: Scortechini 1584 (S., C., D.D.); 101b (S.); 1754 (S., C.);

Gopeng, King 551 (S., C., Kew); 5832 (C., D.D., E.); 4568 (C.,

D.D., E., Kew); Kuala Depang 8250 (C., Kew); 8284 (C., Kew);

Larut, King 2869 (C., Kew); Kampong Kota, Wray 3338 (S., C.);

Gunong Pondok, Haniff S.F.N. 10335 (S., K.); Chenderoh F.R.,

Jaamat 39206 (S., K.). Scortechini and King’s numbers type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

394

Vol. XIV. (1955).

A limestone species. Very close to O. maculata but distinguish-

ed from it by the globular flower buds, the much smaller flowers

and the cuneiform limb of the inner petals. The leaves are very

similar but slight differences are given in the description. Wray

reports the colour of the flower to be pink. I have not seen fresh

material. The description of the fruit is taken from King. The

carpels are smaller and fewer-seeded than in O. maculata.

(4) O. hirsuta King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 330 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 104 Pl. 146A; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 70.

Shrub 3-4 m. high. Young twigs densely covered with erect,

rusty-brown, 1 mm. long hairs, later becoming glabrous. Leaves

elliptic, often slightly obovate, bright green, glossy and glabrous

above, rusty-hirsute on the margins and beneath on the midrib and

veins, apex shortly and bluntly acuminate, base rounded, emargin-

ate and unequal-sided; nerves 8—9 pairs, arching and anastomosing

2-3 mm. from margin, faint on both sides; reticulations also faint;

length 6-8 cm.; breadth 2:8—3-8 cm.; petiole very short, 2 mm.

long. Peduncles very slender, rusty-hirsute, supra-axillary or some-

times axillary, about 1 cm. long. Pedicels 4-5 mm. long with

several minute bracteoles. Flowers 1:2 cm. in diam. Sepals broadly

ovate, acute, hirsute outside, glabrous inside, 1 mm. long. Outer

petals broadly ovate, blunt, sparsely pubescent outside and on the

edges, glabrous inside, 3 mm. long; inner petals 7 mm. long,

vaulted, limb trapeziform, rather thick, glabrous outside, pubescent

inside, the claw very narrow, longer than the limb. Stamens 6 in

a single row, curved, with broad dorsal anthers, not concealed by

the connectives. Ovaries about 6, ovoid, glabrous, 1-2-ovuled with

sessile stigma. Carpels 4—5 globular, dark-brown when dry, thin-

walled, sparsely hirsute, 1 cm. in diam.; stalks 2 mm. long.

PERLIS: Kaki Bukit, Kiah S.F.N. 35276 (S., K., Kew).

KeEpDAH: Gunong Baling, Kiah S.F.N. 35402 (S., K., Kew).

PERAK: Gopeng, Kinta, King 4283 type (S., C., Kew); Padang Ren-

gas, Burkill S.F.N. 13578 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Malay Peninsula.

A limestone species, little collected. Burkill states on the label

of S.F.N. 13578 that the sepals are rose and the petals green with

a rose line outside. King states that the flower is red and lower

part white.

(5) O. polycarpa A. DC. Mém. Anon. (1832) 39 T. 4; Hk. f. et

Pie Pb ind to) fll et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 91

Specimina Andamanica excl.; Craib in Kew Bull. (1915) 434

395

Gardens Bulletin, S.

et in Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 60; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1

No. 4 (1892) 334 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893)

109 (descr. et tab. excl.).

Synonyms: O. anceps Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. (1881) T. 46.

O. undulata Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. (1881) T. 45. O. poly-

cephala Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. (1881) T. 46. O. gracilis King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 332 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 107 Pl. 149A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 71.

Slender tree 7-10 m. high, densely covered with leaves. Young

twigs at first minutely tomentose, soon glabrous and dark coloured.

Leaves variable in size on the same twig, slightly coriaceous, glab-

rous, shining, lanceolate, acuminate with an obtuse point, base

acute; nerves 5—6 pairs, faint and slightly raised above, prominent

below, interarching 3-4 mm. from margin; reticulations visible

below; length 5-10 cm.; breadth 2—3-5 cm.; petiole 2 mm. long,

ringed. Peduncles 2—6 cm. long, supra-axillary or axillary, very

slender, glabrous with 3—5 alternate, subulate, pubescent, 1 mm.

long bracts; pedicels about 3 mm. long. Flowers 1-2, greenish-

white, the margins of the inner petals pink. Sepals broadly ovate,

obtuse, connate at the base, pubescent on the outside and on the

edges, | mm. long. Outer petals ovate, acute, 2-3 mm. long,

several-veined, both surfaces glabrous, edges pubescent; inner

petals 4-5 mm. long, slightly vaulted, limb thick, deltoid with

pubescent edges, claw narrow, not so long as limb. Stamens 6,

the connectives produced above the dorsal anther cells. Ovaries

12, oblong, glabrous with a short, thick, slightly bent style; ovules

2. Ripe carpels globose, glabrous, dark brown when dry, 1-1-5

cm. in diam.; stalks 5 mm. long. Seeds 1—2 with a transverse

groove.

LoweER SIAM: Pungah, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 3989 (S., K.).

PERLIS: Kaki Bukit, Kiah S.F.N. 35228 (S., K., Kew).

PERAK: King 8257 (K.); Gunong Kerbau, Haniff 14737 (S., Kew)

and 16312 (S., Kew); Gopeng, King 5851 (S., C., D.D., Kew) and

4340 (S., C., Kew); Ipoh, Burkill S.F.N. 2557 (S.); Perak, Scortechini

167 and 164b (C.).

PAHANG: Kota Glanggi, Henderson S.F.N. 22443 (S., Kew); Ridley

2649 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Burma, Indo-China.

A limestone species. Craib explains how this species was con-

fused with O. monosperma [Craib Fl. Siam. Enun. 1 (1925) 61].

In King’s monograph [Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 109

Pl. 151A] the plate and description are those of O. monosperma

and not O. polycarpa. I reduce his gracilis to polycarpa.

396

Vol. XIV. (1955).

(6) O. hastata King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 332 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 107 Pl. 149B; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 71.

Tree 7-13 m. high. All parts glabrous except the inflorescence.

Young twigs dark coloured and striate. Leaves coriaceous, shining,

brown above and pale below in the dry state, elliptic to elliptic-

oblong, shortly acuminate, base cuneate; main nerves 6-8 pairs,

slightly raised above, very distinct below, curving and at times

slightly crooked, interarching near the margin; reticulations visible

on both surfaces; length 9-14 cm.; breadth 4—6 cm.; petiole stout,

ringed, 4-5 mm. long. Peduncles supra-axillary or axillary, 5-6

mm. long with 3—4 uni-bracteolate pedicels near apex. Flowers

1 cm. long. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, pubescent outside, glab-

rous inside as are the outer petals. Outer petals twice as long as

the sepals, broadly ovate, acute. Inner petals 8—9 mm. long, the

limb hastate, triquetrous, thickened with ciliate edges and base,

the claw half as long, glabrous. Staminodes 0. Stamens 10 in 2

rows, curved, slightly apiculate, the anther cells prominent. Ova-

ries about 10, obliquely oblong, curved, pubescent, 2-ovuled:

stigma small, capitate, sessile. Ripe carpels 5—6, globular, glabrous,

dark brown in the dry condition, 1 cm. in diam., stalks 7 mm.

long. Seed solitary.

PERAK: Upper Perak, Wray 3697 (S., C.) and 3531 (C.); Larut,

King 7323 (C., Kew); Ulu Kerling, King 8847 (C.); Ulu Slim, King

Nos. 10682 (C., Kew); 10666 (C., D.D., Kew); 10939 (C.) all type

material.

SELANGOR: Bukit Payong Road, Kajang, Symington 24250 (S., K.).

? SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ridley 8119 (S.). This may be O. pala-

wanensis.

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Malaya.

(7) O. dodecandra Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 25:

King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 333 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. (1893) 108 Pl. 150A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1

(1922) 72.

Tree 7-13 m. high. Young twigs sparsely adpressed-pubescent,

later glabrous, dark coloured. Leaves slightly coriaceous, elliptic,

shortly acuminate, base cuneate, upper surface glabrous, shining,

the lower paler with a few scattered, adpressed hairs, becoming

glabrous; main nerves 5-6 pairs, faint and slightly raised above,

bold beneath, curving and interarching near margin; length 9-14

cm.; breadth 1-8—5:5 cm.; petiole 5 mm. long, stout, ringed.

Peduncles axillary, about 3-4 mm. long, rusty-pubescent, bearing

397

Gardens Bulletin, S.

several pedicels about 1 cm. long with acute, linear, basal, pubes-

cent bracts and a similar bract below calyx. Flowers 1:2 cm. long.

Sepals ovate, acute, joined at the base, slightly tubercular outside,

glabrous inside. Outer petals broadly ovate, acuminate, narrowed

at the base, 4 mm. long; inner petals thick, linear-oblong, blunt,

puberulous outside, slightly arched below the middle, the apices

divergent and recurved, c. 1 cm. long. Staminodes 0. Stamens 12

in 2 rows, connectives produced beyond the apices of the dorsal

anthers. Ovaries 6-8, oblong, curved, oblique, glabrous, 2-ovuled .

with oblong, sessile stigma. Ripe carpels ovoid or slightly obovoid,

blunt, glabrous, 2 cm. in diam.; stalks 2—2:3 cm. long. Seeds soli-

tary, sub-rotund or oblong with rugose, pale, scaly testa.

PERAK: Near Gunong Bubu, King 7386 (S., C., Kew); Larut, King

7667 (C., Kew) and 7451 (C., Kew); Kuala Depang, King 8246 (C..,

D.D., Kew); Lumut, Dindings, Ridley 10287 (S.); Perak, Scortechini

2186 (C., D.D., E.); 1764 (S., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: S. Borneo (Korthals).

(8) O. palawanensis Elmer in Leaflets of Philippine Botany 5

(1913) 1721.

Small tree 10-16 m. high. Main branches divaricate forming an

elongate crown above the middle. Bark dark with white patches.

Leaves sub-coriaceous, dark-green above, paler beneath, a rich

brown when dry, base cuneate to slightly rounded, apex rounded

and then suddenly shortly and bluntly acuminate, glabrous except

for a brown, adpressed pubescence on the midrib and nerves be-

neath; nerves about 10 pairs, distinct above and bold beneath,

curving and ascending, interarching near margin; reticulations lax

and visible on both surfaces; length 16-24 cm.; breadth 8-9 cm.;

petiole 7 mm. long, ringed, grooved on upper side. Inflorescence

axillary. Peduncles 1-3 clustered, branched from below the mid-

dle, subtended by olive-pubescent bracts, branchlets divaricate, sub-

tended by similar pubescent bracts, one bract near base of flower,

acute, 1 mm. long. Sepals triangular, acute, 2 mm. long, rusty-

pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Outer petals 3—4 mm. long,

cordate-ovate, acute, veined, pubescent outside, glabrous inside;

inner petals thick, greenish, clawed at base, constricted at middle,

limb oblong, rounded at apex, much warted and strongly reflexed,

about 6 mm.—1 cm. long and 3:5 mm. broad. Stamens 12, 1-1-5

mm. long, subsessile, connectives only slightly produced at top.

Ovaries 12, glabrous, curved with a sessile bilobed stigma. Ripe

carpels globose, thin-walled, glabrous 1:5—2 cm. in diam.; stalks

1-3-1-5 cm. Seed one with pale brown testa.

398

Vol. XIV. (1955).

PaHANG: Gunong Senyum, Henderson, 20th July, 1929 (S.).

Matacca: Batang Malacca F.R., Kiah S.F.N. 37239 (S.); Bukit

Klanna, Alvins 1271 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Palawan and Borneo.

The material in the Singapore herbarium agrees very well with

O. palawanensis Elmer Nos. 20752 and 20948 from Borneo and

Edano 77721 from Palawan. This species has not been previously

recorded from Malaya. Its inner petals are intermediate in shape

between those of O. hastata and O. dodecandra; they are broader

than in the latter but not quite so long. They are scarcely hastate

as in the former. They differ in that they are very papillose and

reflexed. Probably palawanensis comes nearest to dodecandra,

both species having 12 stamens. It is also certainly near Ridley’s

Mezzettiopsis Creaghii which is an Orophea. I could only find 7

stamens in the following two sheets of M. Creaghii—Clemens

20245 and Haviland and Hose 13th April,-1895, Tinkayo. Ridley

says stamens about 20 for Creaghii.

O. hastata, dodecandra and palawanensis are certainly very

closely related and may prove to be forms of one variable species.

The dried material of the first two species available for examin-

ation was very scanty and poor as regards flowers and fruit.

The texture and shape of the leaves are similar in all three

and it is not easy to distinguish them by leaves alone. However

the leaves of O. palawanensis are larger and have about 10 pairs

of veins. Those of the other two are more similar but generally

hastata seems to have 6-8 pairs of veins and dodecandra 5-6

pairs.

31. PLATYMITRA Boerl. in Cat. Pl. Phanerogam. Hort. Bog. 1

(1899) 33 et in Icon. Bog. 1 (1899) 179 T. 62.

Tall trees. Leaves glabrous with faint nerves. Flowers small,

fascicled in the axils of fallen leaves. Sepals 3, valvate, connate at

base forming a three-lobed cup. Petals 6, valvate; exterior set ses-

Sile, ovate, spreading as flower matures; inner about same size,

Narrow and diverging at base but not clawed, cohering in a mitri-

form fashion over the stamens and carpels. Stamens indefinite, 20

or more, miliusoid. Ovaries 2—3, ovules about 10 in two rows;

Stigma sessile, horse-shoe-shaped (slightly bilobed.) Ripe carpels

large, globose or ovoid, solitary or 2, sessile with a hard, thick

wall, many-seeded.

TYPE OF THE GENUS: P. macrocarpa Boerl. in Cat. Pl. Ph. Hort.

Bog. 1 (1899) 33 et in Icon. Bog. 1 (1899) 179 T. 62.

DISTRIBUTION: P. macrocarpa in Java; P. siamensis Siam and Malay

Peninsula.

399

Gardens Bulletin, S.

P. siamensis Craib in Kew Bull. (1912) 145 et in Fl. Siam. Enum.

C1925) “54;

Tall tree. Glabrous except inflorescence. Bark of the twigs

brown or dark brown, striate and with scattered lenticels. Leaves

rather stiff, shining above, lanceolate, apex obtuse, base cuneate;

nerves about 12 pairs faint and thin on both surfaces, interarching

within the margin; length 5-13 cm.; breadth 1-5—2:5 cm.; petiole

about 5 mm. long, ringed below and channelled above. Flowers in

fascicles arising from the axils of fallen leaves. Buds flattened, glo-

bose, adpressed-pubescent, pedicels 1 cm. long, somewhat thick

with a small bract at base and another near apex. Sepals 1:5 cm.

long, rounded, obtuse, ferrugineous-pilose outside, glabrous inside.

Outer petals rather thick, ferrugineous-tomentose outside, glabrous

inside, about 3 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. Stamens about 20,

one mm. long with short, apiculate connectives. Ovaries 4, tawny-

pubescent, 1 mm. long. Ripe carpels about 2, sessile, pale brown

with thick, stony wall, (recalling those of Cyathocalyx sumatranus),

4—7 cm. long and 5 cm. in diam. Seeds several in two rows.

SELANGOR: Sungei Lalang, Kajang, Symington 22768 (S., K.); Bukit

Taku, Kanching, Symington 43776 (K.).

Not mentioned by Ridley and the above are the only Malayan

records as yet. Craib says it differs from P. macrocarpa in its

longer, narrower leaves, cuneate or subobtuse at the base, the

thicker pedicels, the anthers and filaments longer and the carpels

ovoid. This genus stands close to Orophea and Pseuduvaria. It

resembles the former in the miliusoid stamens, both in the mitri-

form inner petals and the latter in the horse-shoe-shaped, sessile

stigma.

Tribe 5. MITREPHOREAE

Sepals valvate. Petals valvate, inner larger or smaller than outer,

less often sub-equal, usually dissimilar, concave, connivent, arch-

ing over the sexual organs and forming a dome, if free, their edges

at first united for a short time, clawed, the claw often long and

narrow or vestigial or absent. Stamens many, flat-topped or con-

vex (uvarioid).

KEY

a. Flowers axillary

b. Flowers unisexual 32. Pseuduvaria

b. Flowers hermaphrodite

c. Petals sub-equal; stellate hairs present on leaves and

young twigs 33. Neo-uvaria

400

Vol. XIV. (1955

c. Inner petals much smaller than outer; no stellate hairs

34. Goniothalamus

a. Flowers extra-axillary

d. Inner petals shorter than outer or equal to them

e. Climbers. Inner petals not clawed

35. Oxymitra

e. Trees. Inner petals with long narrow claws 1 mm. broad

or less 36. Mitrephora

d. Inner petals longer than outer with a vestigial claw, the

edges at first united, later free, apices incurved; sometimes

both sets united at base 37. Popowia

BEY. Wo. 2

a. Petals sub-equal

Young twigs and leaves with stellate hairs; stamens uvarioid;

carpels 1-seeded 33. Neo-uvaria

a. Inner petals shorter than outer

b. Trees. Inner petals clawed

c. Flowers axillary; inner petals coriaceous, connivent into a

cone but not vaulted; seeds 1-2 (rarely 4)

34. Goniothalamus

c. Flowers extra-axillary; inner petals thin, vaulted; seeds

several (4—8) in two rows 36. Mitrephora

b. Climbers. Inner petals not clawed; flowers extra-axillary

' 35. Oxymitra

a. Inner petals longer than outer

d. Flowers hermaphrodite; inner petals with a short or rudi-

mentary claw, the ts adhering at first, later free, apices

incurved 37. Popowia

d. Flowers unisexual; inner petals mitriform, the blades united

to form a dome, the claws long and narrow

32. Pseuduvaria

32. PSEUDUVARIA Miquel, FI. Ind. Bat. 1 Part 1 (1858) 32;

Merrill in Philipp. Journ. Science 10 (1915) 254.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves with well-marked, straight and nearly

parallel veins. Flowers small, unisexual, solitary or fascicled in the

axils of leaves or fallen leaves. Sepals 3, valvate, membranous.

Petals valvate; outer 3 like the sepals but slightly larger; inner

larger with narrower, linear claws, the blades usually hastate or

401

Gardens Bulletin, S.

diamond-shaped, united at the top forming a mitriform hood,

glands sometimes present on the inner surface of the blades.

Stamens numerous, very small, cuneate with flat-topped connec-

tives which project over the anther cells at the top. Ovaries in

male flowers absent. Female flowers often with a ring of stami-

nodes; sometimes one or two fertile or reduced stamens (i.e. with

2 pollen sacs only) may be present. Ovaries tomentose, slightly

elongated and incurved. Stigma sessile, sub-capitate with a U-

shaped split on top and also a groove on the inner side. Ripe

carpels densely and minutely tomentose, stalked or sessile, smooth

or warted, 1-several seeded.

TYPE OF GENUS: P. reticulata (Bl.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 Vol. 1 Part 1

(1858) 33; Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. Bot. Vol. 10 No. 4 (1915)

254.

BASONYM: Uvaria reticulata Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 50 T. 24.

SYNONYMS: Orophea reticulata Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2

(1865) 23. Mitrephora reticulata Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

77; King Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 336 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 113 Pl. 156A; Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899)

139; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 73.

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Indo-China, Malaya, Malay Islands and Phi-

lippines. About 17 species.

This is quite a distinct genus and I agree with Merrill [Philip-

pine Journ. Science 10 (1915) 254] and Airy-Shaw [Kew Bull.

(1939) 290] in maintaining it separate form Mitrephora to which

it has many similarities. It also has affinities with Orophea and I

have removed one species namely O. setosa King and placed it in

Pseuduvaria since its flowers are unisexual and have all the charac-

ters of a typical Pseuduvaria. Pseuduvaria differs from both Mit-

rephora and Orophea in having unisexual flowers but often sta-

minodes are present in female flowers approaching the condition

in Orophea where there are in some species six stamens and six

staminodes in the normal flowers. Both the stamens of Mitrephora

and Pseuduvaria have flat-topped connectives, uvarioid as in most

Annonaceae while those of Orophea are miliusoid i.e. the anther

cells at the top are not hidden by the connective which in the

first two projects over them.

Other differences are found in the table on page 391 but one

chief difference is that Pseuduvaria and Orophea have axillary

flowers (also supra-axillary in Orophea) while Mitrephora has

extra-axillary flowers. The tops of the inner petals in Orophea

usually cohere as in Pseuduvaria but sometimes they are free.

In this account I give eight species and three varieties while —

Ridley and King give only three and they place two of them under —

Mitrephora and one under Orophea. However one of their species, —

402

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Pseuduvaria (Mitrephora) reticulata is not admitted here and |

have no evidence yet that this plant at all occurs in Malaya. I have

seen a large number of specimens of true P. reticulata (lent to me

from the Herbarium Bogoriense) from Java, Borneo and Bali and

I have seen nothing in Malaya quite the same.

In the Singapore, Kepong, Calcutta and Siam herbaria I found

a very heterogeneous assortment of material labelled both mac-

rophylla and reticulata. Many of the macrophylla sheets with

smaller leaves were called reticulata. Many sheets named reti-

culata have turned out to be other species. There were several

unnamed sheets.

P. rugosa is recorded here for the first time while the following

are new species:—galeata, nervosa, taipingensis, monticola and

cerina. The three new varieties are P. setosa var. major; P. mac-

rophylla vars. sessilicarpa and cymosa.

The Siamese material of so-called reticulata, Kerr 7184 is P.

monticola and the Tenasserim specimens which I have seen in the

Dehra Dun Herbarium are P. rugosa. It is opportune to make one

other new combination here for a New Guinea species.

Pseuduvaria Dielsiana (Lauterb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basonym: Goniothalamus Dielsianus Lauterb. in Lauterb. u.

K. Schum. Nachtr. Fl: D. Schutzgeb. Siids. (1905) 266.

Synonym: Orophea Dielsiana (Lauterb.) Diels in Engler, Bot.

Jahrb. (1913) 159.

I have examined the following five sheets sent on loan from the

Rijksherbarium, Leiden:—K. Gjellerup Nos. 34 and 260 from

New Guinea; H. J. Lam Nos. 433 and 492 from Mamberamo

River, New Guinea and v. Lieuwen 911 from Albatros Bivak,

New Guinea and the type, Schlechter 14509 from New Guinea,

on loan from Berlin.

KEY No. 1

a. Carpels sessile

b. Leaf margins, midrib and nerves thinly covered with erect

2—3 mm. long hairs, leaf base notched (1) P. setosa

b. Leaves more or less glabrous or hairs if present very short

and confined to midrib

c. Base of leaf rounded and unequal-sided

(2) P. taipingensis

c. Base of leaf acute, rarely round but not unequal-sided

403

Gardens Bulletin, S.

d. Leaves 12:5-19 cm. long, carpels few, globose

(3) P. monticola

d. Leaves 16-46 cm. long, carpels about 10, obovate

(4) P. macrophylla var. sessilicarpa

a. Carpels stalked !

e. Carpels rough with numerous almost spine-like warts

(5) P. rugosa

e. Carpels smooth .

f. Leaf margin, midrib and nerves thinly covered with erect

2—3 mm. long hairs (1) setosa var. major

f. Leaves glabrous or pubescent, the hairs never so a as

2-3 mm., not present on the margins

g. Leaves 9-17 cm. long; inner petals 1-8 cm. long

(6) P. galeata

g. Leaves 14-32 cm. long; inner petals about 7 mm. long

h. Flowers 1—2 not cymose; leaf base rounded or acute

(4) P. macrophylla

h. Flowers cymose; leaf base rounded

(4) P. macrophylla var. cymosa

a. Ripe carpels not seen

i. Leaves with 20-21 pairs of nerves and ending in a long acu-

men, tomentose on midrib and pubescent on the nerves

(7) P. nervosa

i. Leaves with 6-8 pairs of nerves, acuminate, entirely glabrous

(8) P. cerina

KEY No. 2° =

a. Flowers numerous, fascicled (5) P. rugosa

a. Flowers 1—2 or cymose

b. Flowers large, inner petals 1-8 cm. long (6) P. galeata

b. Flowers about 3 times smaller, inner petals 4-8 mm. long

c. Nerves 6-8 pairs (8) P. cerina

c. Nerves usually not less than 12

d. Leaf margins, midrib and nerves thinly covered with

erect 2-3 mm. long hairs

e. Carpels sessile; leaves 11-16 cm. long

(1) P. setosa

e. Carpels stalked; leaves up to 22 cm. long

(1) P. setosa var. major

404

Vol. XIV. (1955).

d. Leaves glabrous or pubescent but margins never setose-

hairy and hairs less than 2-3 mm. long

e. Leaves densely pubescent beneath, the caudate tip 3

cm. long or more; nerves 20-21 pairs, midrib to-

mentose below (7) P. nervosa

e. Leaves never densely pubescent beneath, if acumi-

nate the tip never longer than 2 cm.; nerves 12—24

pairs; midrib glabrous (tomentose in some forms

of macrophylla)

f. Mountain plants, elevation 4,000—5,000 ft.; leaves

10-18 cm. long, nerves 12-13 pairs; carpels

sessile or nearly so

g. Base of leaf rounded and unequal-sided, petiole

3 mm. long (2) P. taipingensis

g. Base of leaf acute, rarely rounded, not unequal-

sided; petiole 5—7 mm. long

(3) P. monticola

f. Plants of lowland forest, elevation much below

4,000 feet; leaves 14-16 cm. long, nerves 14—24

pairs, texture of leaf thicker; carpels stalked

except in macrophylla var. sessilicarpa

h. Flowers 1-2, each with pedicel, not in cymes

i. Leaves rounded or acute at the base, usually

pubescent beneath, sometimes glabrous;

carpels stalked (4) P. macrophylla

i. Leaves acute at base, glabrous beneath and

occasionally pubescent; carpels sessile

(4) P. macrophylla var. sessilicarpa

h. Flowers in cymes; leaf base rounded

(4) P. macrophylla var. cymosa

(1) P. setosa (King) J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull: Sing. 14: 1 (1953) 43.

Basonym: Orophea setosa King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 329 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 102 Pi.

131B. Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 70.

Shrub 2-3 m. high. Young twigs, petioles, leaf margins, lower

midrib and veins of lower surface covered with yellowish-brown,

erect, 2-3 mm. long hairs. Leaves membranous, oblong to oblong-

oblanceolate, apex shortly acuminate, base rounded, emarginate

and equal-sided; nerves 12-13 pairs, faint above, prominent be-

neath, oblique and interarching near edge; midrib pubescent above;

405

Gardens Bulletin, S.

reticulations faint above, distinct below, a few scalariform and the

rest forming a loose open network; length 11-16 cm.; breadth

4-5-7 cm.; petiole 1-2 mm. long. Flowers unisexual, solitary, axil-

lary on slender, pubescent pedicels 1-8-2 cm. long with a minute

sub-medial bract. Sepals sub-orbicular, obtuse, pubescent outside,

2 mm. long. Petals white with pink bases; outer longer than the

sepals, broadly ovate, sub-acute, pubescent outside, glabrous in-

side; inner 6 mm. long, vaulted, the limb trapezoid-sagittate; the

claw narrow, shorter than the limb. Male flowers with numerous

stamens, connectives convex. Ovaries sub-globose, slightly curved

inwards, style absent, stigma sub-capitate, grooved adaxially. Ripe

carpels 1—6, sessile, globose, greyish-yellow, tomentose, 1-8-2 cm.

in diam. Seeds 1 rarely 2; testa pale, rather rough, albumen dense.

KEDAH: Mohamed 17571 (S., K.).

KELANTAN: Gua Lambok, S. Betis, Henderson S.F.N. 29713 (S.,

K., Kew); Chaning Woods, Ridley 12th February, 1917 (S., Kew);

Bukit Bubong, Mohamed 3305 (K.).

PERAK: Scortechini no number (C., Kew) type material; Gopeng,

King 687 (S., C.) type material; Gunong Pondok, King 8285 (S., C.,

D.D., Kew) type material.

PAHANG: Sungei Nering, Henderson S.F.N. 10711 (S.); Jerantut,

Holttum S.F.N. 24754 (S., K.); Sungei Bibut F.R., Raub, Osman

28402 (K.); Raub, Ismail 20306 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

This species has been misplaced by King. It has all the charac-

ters of Pseuduvaria.

var. major J. Sinclair, var. nov.

A typo foliis majoribus, carpellis stipitatis differt.

Folia usque ad 22 cm. longa, 7-8 cm. lata. Carpella matura

1—8; stipites 5-7 mm. longi quam pedicelli crassiores.

PAHANG: Tembeling, Henderson S.F.N. 21793 (S.).

(2) P. taipingensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Haec species P. setosae carpellis sessilibus proxima sed foliis

nec setosis nec oblanceolatis nec basi aequilateralibus differt.

Arbor parva. Ramuli novelli pilis fulvis erectis 1 mm. longis

sparse tecti, mox glabri et nigri. Folia papyracea, oblonga vel —

oblongo-lanceolata, apice acuminata, basi rotundata et inaequi- —

lateralia, 10-17—(30) cm. longa, 45-10 cm. lata; costa subtus

infra medium pilis paucis 1 mm. longis praedita excepta, glabra; —

nervi 12~13 pares, obliqui, supra graciles, subtus prominentes;

reticulationes utrinque visibiles, laxae; petioli 3 mm. longi pubes-

centes. Flores 1—2 axillares. Pedicelli tenues 1-8 cm. longi, pubes-

centes cum duabus bracteis minutis, una basali, altera mediana.

406

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Sepala ovata, acuta, extus pubescentia, intus glabra, 1 mm. longa.

Petala extus pubescentia, intus glabra; exteriora ovata, acuta,

straminea, 2:5 mm. longa; interiora mitriformia, acuta, brunneo-

purpurea, 6 mm. longa. Stamina 1 mm. longa, connectivis apice

planis. Ovaria 0. Flores feminei non visi. Carpelia matura 1-3,

sub-globosa 1-8—2 cm. in diam., sessilia, minute cinereo-tomentosa,

interdum rugulosa et in uno latere longitudinaliter saepe carinata.

Semina plura. Fig. 39.

PERAK: Above Taiping, Anderson 128 (S.); Maxwell’s Hill, Wray

806 (S., C.); Curtis 1991 (S.) holotype; Ridley, date 1892 (S.); North

side of Birch’s Hill (Maxwell’s Hill), Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 13028

(S.) K.):

DISTRIBUTION: No other records.

2cm

Fig. 30. Pseuduvaria taipingensis J. Sinclair.

Twig with leaves and fruit.

407

"Fe

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Burkill and Haniff give the elevation as 4,200 feet. The above

sheets have in the Singapore herbarium either been named P. reti-

culata or species aff. rugosa. Both P. reticulata and P. rugosa have

stalked carpels and the fiowers several in fascicles not generally

single or in pairs as in P. taipingensis. Further the leaves are not

notched at the base as in P. taipingensis and the petioles are longer

with a tuft of erect hairs 1 mm. long.

(3) P. monticola J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

P. reticulatam foliis dense reticulatis nonnihil revocat sed flori-

bus non fasciculatis, carpellis fere sessilibus differt. A P. setosa

et P. taipingense quae carpella sessilia habent, foliis glabris basi

acutis raro rotundatis nunquam emarginatis recedit.

Arbor parva 3-5 m. alta. Ramuli. novelli deciduo-pubescentes.

Folia papyracea, oblongo-lanceolata nitida, apice acuta basi cune-

ata raro rotundata, supra secus costam puberula, subtus glabra,

12:5-19 cm. longa, 4—6 cm. lata; nervi 12—13 pares, supra dis-

tincti, subtus prominentes, obliqui, recti, paralleli, prope marginem

anastomosantes; reticulationes densae, subtus distinctae; petioli

5—7 mm. longi. Flores 1, raro 2, axillares, in alabastro sub-globosi.

Pedicelli 8 mm.—1 cm. longi pubescentes, bracteis 2—3 basilaribus

et una sub-mediana praediti. Sepala ovato-orbiculata sub-acuta

puberula, 2 mm. longa. Petala alba vel rosea, marginibus pubes-

centia, intus glabra; exteriora orbiculata obtusa, 3 mm. longa;

interiora coriacea, mitriformia, 6 mm. longa ungue brevi 2-3 mm. —

longo, lamina 3 mm. longa. Flores masculi:—stamina numerosa ~

| mm. longa, connectivis apice planis. Flores feminei:—stamino-

dia pauca; ovaria circiter 10, oblonga, tomentosa; stigmatibus ses- |

silibus. Carpella matura globosa, minute tomentosa, 2 cm. diam.,

fere sessilia cum stipitibus 2-3 mm. longis. Semina plura. Fig. 31.

PAHANG: Cameron Highlands, Holttum S.F.N. 31399 (S.) holotype; —

Symington 20831 (S., K.).

SELANGOR: Ginting Bidai, Ridley, May 1896 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Bachaw, Pattani, Kerr 7184.

A mountain species with almost sessile carpels and closely reti-

culate leaves. In the Cameron Highlands it grows at 5,000 feet.

(4) P. macrophylla (Oliv.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. of Sc. Bot.

Vol. 10 No. 4 (1915) 225.

Basonym: Mitrephora macrophylla Oliv. in Hook. Icon. 16

(1887) T. 1562; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 336 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 114 Pl. 157; Ridley

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 74; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 52. |

408

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Small tree. Young twigs densely yellow-brown tomentose, be-

coming glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, varying a good deal in

size and shape, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obovate, apex acute

or shortly acuminate, base rounded, both surfaces slightly pubes-

cent, especially the lower, later sometimes glabrous; nerves 14-20

pairs, oblique, prominent, interarching close to margin, reticula-

tions distinct, lax, some of them scalariform; length 14-32 cm.:

breadth 5-12 cm.; petiole 5 mm.—1 cm. long, swollen, tomentose.

Flowers solitary or less often in pairs, axillary. Pedicels about 2

cm. long, pubescent with a minute median bract. Sepals broadly

ovate, sub-acute, puberulous outside and on the edges, glabrous

inside, 2 mm. long. Petals red, outer like the sepals but 3 mm.

long; inner 7 mm. long, thick, mitriform, sagittate, puberulous

outside and pubescent along the united edges, glabrous at base

inside, claw narrow. Male flowers: stamens numerous, short, cune-

ate with flat-topped connectives. Ovaries 3 or more, rudimentary.

Female flowers: staminodes present. Ovaries about 12, ovoid-

cylindrical, slightly curved, pubescent, stigma sessile, sub-capitate.

2cn

Fig. 31. Pseuduvaria monticola J. Sinclair.

A, Flowering twig. B, Fruiting twig.

e. 409

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Ripe carpels globose, densely and minutely tawny-tomentose, 1-6

cm. in diam.; stalks 1 cm. long. Seeds 2, compressed, wrinkled,

obliquely longitudinally grooved. "

DISTRIBUTION: Siam. Herbarium material from all the Malayan

states except Perlis, Province Wellesley, Johore and Singapore. Type

material from Penang (Maingay and Curtis). Also found in Sumatra.

var. cymosa J. Sinclair, var. nov.

A typo inflorescentia cymosa, foliis minus pubescentibus vel.

glabris differt.

Cymae breves circiter 2 cm. longae. Bractae pedunculares

plures, bifariae, alternatae imbricatae. Pedicelli bractea minuta

mediana praediti. Fig. 32.

PERAK: Larut, Scortechini 1514 (S., C.); Temango, Ridley 14601

(S.); Tea Gardens, Ridley 2985 (S., C.); Upper Perak, Wray 3502

(S.); Maxwell’s Hill, Ridley 5377 (S.); Wray 2942 (S., C.); Leng-

gong, Ridley 14600 (S.); Waterloo. Curtis 1279 (S., Kew).

SELANGOR: Batu Caves Estate, Ridley 8248 (S., Kew) holotype.

Oe / /| a (Z,

o | LA .

| | Fig. 32. Pseuduvaria macrophylla vat. —

2? cymosa J. Sinclair. :

v Leafy twig and flowers.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

I have given this form with the cymose inflorescence a name.

King includes it in P. macrophylla but he states ‘In the specimen

figured by Professor Oliver (Hook. Ic. Pl. 1562), the flowers are

in axillary pairs; but in the majority of the Perak specimens they

are in cymes.’ [Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 144].

Fig. 33. Pseuduvaria macrophylla var. sessilicarpa J, Sinclair.

A, Twig with flower and fruit. B, Flower. C, Stamen.

Gardens Bulletin, a

var. sessilicarpa J. Sinclair, var. nov.

A typo carpellis sessilibus obovatis, foliis basi acutis majusculis

differt.

Folia 16—46 cm. longa, 6—14 cm. lata, glabra, costa supra inter-

dum puberula; nervi 18-24 pares. Flores 1—2, axillares vel ex

axilla foliae delapsae orti. Fig. 33.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah, 3rd October, 1936 (S.) holotype; S.

Kayu, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner, 11th October, 1436 (S.); 134

mile Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N. 29438 (S., Kew): S.

Buloh Kasep, Corner, 5th November, 1936 (S.); 54 mile Kota Tinggi-

Mawai Road, Corner S.F.N. 21316 (S., K., Kew); North of Gunong

Belumut, Holttum S.F.N. 10611 (S., K.); Gunong Panti, Ridley 4189

(S., C.); Kuala Kahang, Lake & Kelsall, 29th October, 1892 (S.).

The upper surface is a dull medium green and the lower slightly

paler. The young twigs and petioles are velvety, greyish-pubescent

but becoming black and striate lower down. The sepals and petals

are purple, the knobs on the inside of the latter are brownish. The

stamens are pinkish white.

Moysey and Kiah S.F.N. 33766, collected at Ulu Brang in

Trengganu is probably also this variety and has large leaves, acute

or sub-acute at the base with numerous parallel nerves.

(5) P. rugosa (Bl.) Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. 10 Bot. (1915)

fm i.

Basonym: Uvaria rugosa BI. Bijdr. (1825) 12 et Fl. Jav. Anon.

(1830}.47 °F 223

Synonyms: Orophea rugosa Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 Part 1 (1858)

26. Mitrephora rugosa Boerl. in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 140.

Mitrephora trimera Craib in Kew Bull. (1913) 65 et Fl. Siam.

Enum. 1 (1925) 53.

Tree 5—7 m. high. Young twigs very slender, minutely puberul-

ous, soon glabrous, striate and dark coloured. Leaves membranous

or papery, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, apex acute or acu-

minate, base acute and narrowed, rarely rounded, both surfaces

glabrous; nerves about 14 pairs, slender above and below, promi-

nent below, oblique and straight, leaving the midrib at an acute

angle (20°—30°) and running up some distance before reaching

the margin, usually not but occasionally anastomosing, reticula-

tions very fine on both surfaces; length 12—20 cm.; breadth 4-5-

65 cm.; petiole 7 mm.—1 cm. long. Flowers several in axillary

fascicles. Pedicels slender, adpressed-pubescent, 1-1:5 cm. long

with minute, obtuse bracts, 2 basal and one sub-median. Sepals —

broadly ovate, sub-acute, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, 1

412

Vol. XIV. (1955).

mm. long. Outer petals ovate-orbicular, pubescent outside, glab-

rous inside, reflexed, 1-5 mm. long. Jnner petals pubescent on both

surfaces, total length about 7 mm., blade 4-sided, 2-3 mm. long

without glands on the inside, claw very slender, 4 mm. long.

Stamens numerous, 0-5 mm. long. Ovaries not present in male:

flowers. Female flowers:—1 whorl of about 6 staminodes of which

one or two are fertile but more reduced than the normal stamens

(i.e. having 1-2 pollen sacs). Ovaries 1-5 mm. long, oblong,

Fig. 34. Pseuduvaria rugosa (Bl.) Merr.

A, Fruiting twig. B, Flowering twig.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

slightly curved inwards, tomentose; stigmas sessile with U-shaped

opening on top and split adaxially. Ripe carpels globose, minutely

pale yellowish-brown-tomentose, verrucose with a longitudinal

ridge on one side, 1:5 cm. in diam.; stalks 8 mm. long, tomentose.

Seeds 1-4. Fig. 34.

KELANTAN: Kota Bahru, Ridley, February 1917 (S.).

PENANG: Pulau Boetong Reserve, Curtis, March 1892 (S.).

PERAK: Kuala Depang, King 8238 (S., C.) ?; King 10977 without

exact locality (S., D.D., Kew); Waterloo, Curtis, May 1890 (S.);

Kati, Kuala Kangsar, Haniff S.F.N. 14959 (S.).

PAHANG: Titi Bungor, Temerloh, Henderson F.M.S. Mus. Herb.

10554 probably (S.); Sungei Nering, Temerloh, Henderson F.M.S.

Mus. Herb. 10595 (S.).

Ma acca: Bukit Sidenan, Pengulu Bebas Nos. 120; 132 and 135

A i

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Siam, Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

Most of the above material has been named P. reticulata in the

Singapore Herbarium but true P. reticulata is not found as yet in

Malaya. P. rugosa was not previously recorded. P. rugosa, P. reti-

culata and P. Diepenhorstii resemble each other by having their

flowers in axillary fascicles and not singly or in pairs. The flowers

and pedicels of P. reticulata are densely tomentose and not pubes-

cent as in P. rugosa. The pedicels are much stouter too than

those of P. rugosa. In P. Diepenhorstii. the flowers also resemble

those of P. reticulata in that they are tomentose but the petals and

sepals are smaller than those of P. reticulata, being about the same

size as those of P. rugosa. The very verrucose carpels of P. rugosa

with the almost spiny warts will at once separate it from the

smooth ones of P. reticulata while the Sumatran P. Diepenhorstii

has slightly verrucose carpels but the projections are rounded.

P. reticulata has thicker twigs than P. rugosa. Its leaves too are

thicker in texture, often slightly falcate, the base usually rounded

and not narrowed so much, the nerves and midrib are thicker and

never as straight. The reticulations stand out in bold relief on the

lower side and are not so fine as those of P. rugosa. It has been

found in Java, Borneo and Bali.

The leaves of P. Diepenhorstii recall those of P. rugosa but the

reticulations are bolder, being more like those of P. reticulata.

(6) P. galeata J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Ab alteris speciebus malayanis floribus fere triplo-maioribus

differt. |

Arbor 6-8 m. alta. Ramuli novelli petiolique primum pilis fulvis

erectis dense tecti, deinde glabri et nigri. Folia papyracea, ob-

longo-lanceolata vel oblanceolata, in costa utrinque pubescentia,

414

‘

Vol. XIV. (1955).

9-17 cm. longa; 3—6:5 cm. lata; apice acuta vel breviter acumin-

ata; basi rotundata; nervi 12-16 pares, obliqui, prominentes subtus

pubescentes, prope marginem anastomosantes; reticulationes utrin-

que visibiles densae; petioli 4-5 mm. longi. Flores 1-2 axillares.

Pedicelli 1-3-1-8 cm. longi penduli, dense pubescentes, bracteis

duabus, una apud basin altera in apice praediti. Sepala late ovato-

iriangularia, sub-acuta, 4-5 mm. longa, basi conjuncta, extus

pubescentia, intus glabra. Petala rosea vel purpurea 8 mm. longa,

extus pubescentia, intus glabra, sub-rotunda, apice obtusa, versus

basin aliquantum angustata; interiora 1-8 cm. longa mitriformia,

duobus glandibus flavis intus praedita. Stamina in floribus mas-

Jan

eS ate alt ©

Fig. 35. Pseuduvaria galeata J. Sinclair.

A, Flowering twig. B, Fruit. C, Flower. D, Stamen. E, Gynoecium. F,

Flower of P. macrophylla var. sessilicarpa for comparison.

415

Gardens Bulletin, S.

culis numerosa, 1 mm. longa, connectivis apice planis; staminodia

in floribus femineis pauca (interdum partim fertilia). Ovaria 2

mm. longa, oblonga, angulata, pubescentia, incurvata; stigma ses-

sile, sub-capitatum, latere adaxiali sulcatum. Carpella matura

globosa, dense et breviter tomentosa, 1-3—1-5 cm. in diam.; stipites

7 mm. longi tomentosi. Semina c. 5, rugulosa. Fig. 35.

JOHORE: 14th mile Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N. 29022

(S., K., C., Kew) holotype; S. Berassau, Mawai-Jemaluang Road,

Corner S.F.N. 29933 (S., K., Kew); S. Kayu Ara, Mawai-Jemaluang

Road, Corner S.F.N. 29194 (S., Kew) and S.F.N. 29337 (S., Kew).

Ridley 73552 from Telom, Pahang is probably this species.

According to Corner (field label notes on holotype) the flowers

are pendulous and a drop of honey collects in the inverted dome

of the inner petals.

This species is distinct from the rest of the Malayan ones in

the large size of its flowers. P. grandiflora from the Philippines

has slightly larger flowers. Its leaves are also larger with acute

not rounded bases. The midrib is less pubescent and the pedicels

are longer and more slender.

(7) P. nervosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Haec species P. calliuram Airy-Shaw foliis longe-caudatis re-

vocat sed foliis basi cordatis, nervis pluribus differt.

Arbor. Ramuli novelli dense hirsuti. Folia 23-30 cm. longa,

6-10 cm. lata, papyracea, oblongo-lanceolata, marginibus fere

parallelis, apice caudato-acuminata, basi cordata, nervis costaque

Supra pubescentibus subtus hirsutis; nervi 20-21 pares, obliqui,

paralleli, marginibus anastomosantes supra visibiles, subtus pro-

minentes; reticulationes scalariformes; petioli 5 mm. longi, tumidi,

hirsuti. Flores feminei solitarii, axillares; masculi non visi. Pedi-

celli hirsuti, graciles, 2 cm. longi cum duabus bracteis minutis, una

basali, altera mediana. Sepala triangularia, acuta, extus hirsuta,

intus glabra 3 mm. longa. Petala albo-rosea; exteriora ovata, acuta,

extus hirsuta, intus glabra, 4 mm. longa; interiora 8 mm. longa,

pvbescentia mitriformia, unguibus angustis, 3 mm. longis. Stamina

pauca in uno circulo disposita, 0-5 mm. longa, late cuneata, con-

rectivis apice planis. Ovaria 2 mm. longa, pubescentia, aliquantum

incurvata 4-angulata; stigma sessile, oblique-capitatum, apice et

latere adaxiali sulcata. Fig. 36.

PRENGGANU: Viu Brang-Tersat, Moysey and Kiah S.F.N. 33613 (S.)

liolotype. free growing on hillside near stream. Elevation 2,500 feet.

416

Vol. XIV. (1955).

“oe wet a

Ju gayeru

: Der

Fig. 36. Pseuduvaria nervosa J. Sinclair.

Flowering twig.

Gardens Bulletin, S. ;

rn heaped ree a LR PELLET IIE

fig. 37. Pseuduvaria cerina J. Sinclair.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower. C, Stamen, tront view. D, Stamen, back :

view. E, Gynoecium.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

(8) P. cerina J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Inter species malayanas foliis ramulis omnino glabris distin-

guitur. Facie foliorum praecipue cum nervis valde obliquis et reti-

culationibus densis P. monticolam haec species revocat sed nervis

paucioribus et floribus minoribus recedit.

Frutex monoicus, 5 m. altus. Ramuli glabri, pallido-straminei,

Striati. Folia tenuiter coriacea, omnino glabra, supra atro-viridia

nitida, subtus fere concoloria minute punctata, lanceolata vel ellip-

tico-lanceolata, apice acuminata, basi acuta in petiolo leviter de-

currentia; 8-15 cm. longa; 3—5.5 cm. lata; petioli 6 mm.—1 cm.

Fig. 38. Pseuduvaria reticulata (Bl.) Mia.

A, Flowering twig. B, Fruit.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

longi, glabri; nervi 6—8 pares supra graciles impressi, subtus ele-

vati, oblique angulo 30°—40° adscendentes, prope marginem ar-

cuati; reticulationes tenues densissimae. Pedicelli graciles 1—2-5

cm. longi, axillares, solitarii, medio vel supra bractea 1 cm. longa

acuta pubescenti praediti. Flores masculi: sepala late triangularia,

obtusa, viridia, extus pubescentia, intus glabra, 1 mm. longa;

petala exteriora viridia, ovato-rotunda, obscure i-nervosa, obtusi-

uscula, circiter 2 mm. longa a similimodo utrinque pubescentia;

petala interiora 4-5 mm. longa, cerea lutea, indumento consimili,

in laminas 2 mm. longas et ungues filiformes 2 mm. longos divisa;

stamina numerosa 0-5—0:7 mm. longa, connectivis truncatis. Flores

feminei: tepala masculis similia; ovaria tomentosa, oblonga, leviter

angulata, 1-5 mm. longa; stigmata sub-capitata sessilia; staminodia

pauca circum ovariorum basin, annulata. Fructus non visus. Fig.

Ji.

TRENGGANU: Bukit Bauk F.R., 54 mile Dungun-Paka Road, Sinclair

S.F.N. 39907 (S.) holotype.

A\ B 2

Fig. 39. Al, Lower surface, A2, upper surface of leaf of Pseuduvaria ru-

gosa. B!, lower surface, B2, upper surface of leaf of Pseuduvaria —

reticulata.

420

Vol. XIV. (1955).

The entirely glabrous twigs and leaves with 6-8 very oblique

nerves and the yellow, waxy, inner petals should distinguish this

from the other Malayan species.

33. NEO-UVARIA Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 278.

Trees. Young twigs and leaves with stellate hairs. Flowers axil-

lary, 1—3 in fascicles. Sepals valvate, Petals valvate, coriaceous,

sub-equal, spreading, (the inner adhering by the edges at first ?);

outer keeled on the inside, the inner with a circular, concave or

triangular patch at the base inside, the apices very thick and slight-

ly incurved, the bases narrowed into a rudimentary claw so that

three arched spaces show as in the Mitrephoreae. Stamens 20-30,

very short with broad, convex, truncate connectives. Ovaries 4—12,

oblong-ovoid, pubescent, the stigma clavate, glabrous, bent out-

wards slightly, ovules 1-2. Ripe carpels 1—6, sessile or nearly so,

tomentose, the walls rather hard. Seed 1, filling the carpel.

TYPE OF THE GENUS: N. foetida (Maing. ex Hook. f. et Th.) Airy-

Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 278.

DISTRIBUTION: Malaya, Borneo, Sumatra and the Philippines. Two

species.

The nearest affinity is probably with Popowia and not Uvaria.

In fact I can see little resemblance to Uvaria (climbers) except

that both have stellate hairs. The leaves recall in texture those of

Popowia. The inner petals too are similar with their concave bases,

and thickened, slightly incurved apices. They differ since they

spread but is probable that they are erect to begin with and adhere

by their margins and apices. They are narrowed at the base and

three spaces can be seen with stamens showing when the outer

are removed. This is similar to what is found in Goniothalamus,

Oxymitra and the other Mitrephoreae and is not observed in

Uvaria. The fruit of P. fusca and P. tomentosa, wrinkled when dry

and although very much smaller, resembles that of N. acuminatis-

sima. The number of the ovules 1-2 is also in keeping with that

of Popowia. Most species of Uvaria have several ovules in two

rows. Neo-uvaria differs from Popowia in having axillary flowers.

KEY

a. Leaves densely and uniformly tomentose below; soft to touch

beneath, flower-buds sub-globose; ovules generally 2; fruiting

carpels very large, 6-8 cm. long by 3:5—4 cm. in diam.

(1) N. foetida

. 421

ay ae

Gardens Bulletin, S.

a. Leaves never so densely tomentose, often merely pubescent or

almost glabrous between the nerves; harsh to the touch be-

neath; flower-buds oblong; ovule 1, fruiting carpels much

smaller, 1:5-3-7 cm. long by 7 mm.—2-6 cm. in diam.

(2) N. acuminatissima

(1) N. foetida (Maing. ex Hk. f. et Th.) Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull.

(1939) 278. )

Basonym: Popowia foetida Maing. ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind.

1 (1872) 69; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 342 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 119 Pl. 161A; Ridley. |

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 76. f

Large tree. Young twigs tawny-tomentose, angled, the older ‘

glabrous and with numerous permanent leaf scars. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, shortly caudate-acuminate, the base

acute, upper surface glabrous except the midrib, lower densely

covered with yellow-grey tomentum; nerves 11-18 pairs, curving

and ascending, interarching near the margin, prominent beneath;

reticulations scalariform, visible above, prominent beneath; length

15-22 cm., breadth 4-10 cm.; petioles tomentose, swollen, 5—7

mm. long. Flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels 5 mm. long, tomen-

tose. Sepals ovate, obtuse, 2 mm. long. Petals coriaceous, the outer

ovate-elliptic, obtuse, yellow, the inner concave, apiculate with

thick margins. Stamens about 30, the connectives large. Ovaries

about 6, strigose, 2-ovuled; style rather slender. Torus stout, hemis-

pheric. Ripe carpels 1-6, large, 6—8 cm. long and 3-5—4 cm. in

diam., oblong-ovoid, obtuse, sessile, densely and shortly yellowish-

tomentose. Seed solitary oblong with bony testa.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Kuala Pilah, Yassim 4500 (S., K.).

MaLacca: Maingay 55 (Kew); 1055 (Kew): 1349 (Kew); 1349A

(Kew) Maingay’s numbers type material; Sungei Udang, Holmburgh

756 (S., C.); Derry 6 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak and N. Borneo.

I have seen fruits of this species but no flowers. King cites

Curtis 2768, Penang for this species but this number is really N.

acuminatissima. This species is distinguished from N. acumina-

tissima by having larger fruits and the leaves beneath are soft to

the touch, not scabrid.

(2) N. acuminatissima (Mig.) Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 279.

Basonym: Uvaria acuminatissima Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot.

Ludg.-Bat. 2 (1865) 6; Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3

(1913) 74.

422

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Synonyms: Mitrephora jferruginea Merr. in Gov. Lab. Publ.

(Philipp.) 17 (1904) 16 excl. descr. fi. et in Phil. Journ. Sc. 1

Suppl. (1906) 54 non Boeri. Mitrephora Merrillii C. B. Rob. in

Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 35 (1908) 67. Mitrephora viridifolia Elm.

Leafl. Phil. Bot. 5 (1913) 1716. Griffithianthus Merrillii (C.B-

Rob.) W. H. Brown ex Merr. in Phil. Journ. Sc. 10 (1915) 231;

Merr. in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 74.

Tree 10-15 m. high. Twigs as in N. foetida. Leaves as in N.

joetida but scabrid to the touch beneath, often caudate-acuminate.

Flowers axillary or from the axils of fallen leaves in fascicles of

2—3 but only one flower developing at a time. Pedicels 5 mm. long,

densely rusty-pubescent with 3 small ovate pubescent bracts above

the middle. Sepals broadly ovate-triangular obtuse to sub-acute,

pubescent on both surfaces, 3 mm. long and 3:5 mm. wide. Petals

creamy white, obtuse, the outer narrow-oblong, slightly keeled

inside, very shortly and densely tomentulose, about 1-1-5 cm.

long and 4 mm. wide; the inner sub-equal or: slightly smaller,

arched in the bud, tomentulose, the apices and margins very thick

with a basal excavated, circular or triangular patch inside. Stamens

about 25, rather crowded, 1:8 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, the con-

nectives broad, thin, flat-topped, the filaments as long as the

anthers. Ovaries 8-12, ovoid-linear, pubescent, 2 mm. long, style

very short, stigma thickened, cylindric, slightly falcate, split on

the inner side; ovule one. Ripe carpels 4-6 densely and shortly

stellate-tomentose, oblong, obtuse, sessile, 3—4 cm. long and 1-7-

2-5 cm. in diam.; wall 2 mm. thick. Seed filling the carpel, longi-

tudinally grooved all round.

- PENANG: Pulau Boetong, Curtis 2768 (S., C., Kew).

PAHANG: Rotan Jungle Reserve, Raub, Osman 28526 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines. Type Dusun River,

Borneo (Korthals), Herb. Kew.

34. GONIOTHALAMUS Hk. f. et Th FI. Ind. 1 (1855) 105.

Polyalthia section Goniothalamus Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830)

71 and 79.

Shrubs or smail trees. Leaves coriaceous or membranous; nerves

prominent, oblique, straight and parallel with scalariform reti-

culations or very fine, sometimes scarcely distinct, not straight or

parallel but with a lax network of reticulations, not scalariform.

Flowers usually axillary, sometimes terminal and axillary or cauli-

florous. Pedicels with several minute, lanceolate, distichous bracts

at the base. Sepals valvate, large or small, usually membranous,

423

Gardens Bulletin, S.

several-veined and reticulate, free or forming a cup, often persis-

tent in fruit. Petals valvate, coriaceous; outer flat or nearly so, one-

veined, slightly clawed or truncate at base; inner smaller, half as

long or less, clawed, cohering above to form a vaulted cap over

the stamens. Stamens many, linear-oblong, pollen grains large,

visible under a hand lens, connectives apiculate or convex. Ovaries

numerous, cylindrical, pubescent or glabrous; style linear, grooved

on the anterior side; stigma funnel-shaped or narrowly so, split

down the inner side, often two-lobed, rarely cylindrical and trun-

cate. Carpels stalked or sessile; 1-2 seeded (4 in G. uvarioides).

TYPE OF GENUS: G. macrophyllus (Bl.) Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1

(1855) 109 in nota.

DISTRIBUTION: S. and E. India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Indo-China,

Malaya to N. Guinea and the Philippines. About 114 species.

A large genus well represented in Malaya. I have sorted the

species into two groups:—those with apiculate stamen connectives

and those with convex. This is useful but may be somewhat artifi-

cial as the following will show:—

Several species with apiculate connectives have numerous, pro-

minent, parallel and straight veins with scalariform reticulations.

Belonging to this group are G. calycinus, Curtisii, Ridleyi, Scor-

techinii, uvarioides and Wrayi. Now G. fulvus has the same type

of leaves and venation but cannot be placed here on account of the

convex connectives.

Several species have very coriaceous leaves with fine, slender,

rather wavy, non-parallel veins. There are usually 1—3 secondary

veins between the main veins and these are quite as prominent as

the main ones. The reticulations are open and lax but not scalari-

form. One might expect the species with this type of leaf all to

have the same kind of connectives but this is not so. G. giganteus

and malayanus have convex ones while in G. tapis and tortili-

petalus they are apiculate.

The Malayan species are distinct and not difficult to identify

except for a small group with thin leaves. Included here are G.

tenuifolius, rotundisepalus and undulatus. G. tenuifolius is espe-

cially troublesome as it varies considerably. 1 have ventured to

lump G. Kunstleri and caudifolius under it as I can not see any

constant character by which to distinguish these three.

Goniothalamus seems to be nearest Oxymitra especially in the

structure of the flower. Oxymitra differs however in having extra-

axillary flowers and the inner petals are not clawed. Further all the

species of Oxymitra are climbers.

424

Vol. XIV. (1955).

KEY

a. Stamen connectives flat-topped or convex

b. Stigma cylindrical and truncate, not funnel-shaped; nerves of

leaf very faint (1) G. subevenius

b. Stigma funnel-shaped, often lobed; veins distinct or not

c. Outer petals linear-lanceolate, tapering to a long slender

apex, 2-3 mm. broad at middle; nerves very prominent

below, oblique and nearly parallel (2) G. fulvus

c. Outer petals much broader than 2—3 mm. and not taper-

ing to a long slender apex; nerves indistinct, faint or

slightly prominent, but usually less straight and not

parallel

d. Leaves coriaceous or thinly coriaceous; secondary veins

often numerous and nearly as prominent as the pri-

mary

e. Nerves very faint or scarcely visible; leaves elliptic-

lanceolate; flowers often terminal; carpels 1-seeded:

a mountain species (3) G. Holttumii

e. Nerves fine but distinct; leaves oblong to elliptic-

oblong; flowers axillary; carpels more than l-

seeded

f. Carpels sessile; young twigs rusty-tomentose, under

surface of leaves pubescent becoming glabrous

(4) G. Macranii

f. Carpels stalked; young twigs glabrous, undersur-

face of leaves glabrous

g. Outer petals 8-15 cm. long and 45-9 cm.

broad; pedicels 2-5—4-5 cm. long, stout, 3 mm.

thick in dried specimens; ripe carpels oblong.

elongated, warted, 3-4-5 cm. long; stalk 1 cm.

-long, 1-2 seeded (5) G. giganteus

g. Outer petals 3-8 cm. long and 1:5-2:5 cm.

broad; pedicels 1—1-8 cm. long, slender, 1-5-2

mm. thick when dry; ripe carpels oblong.

elongated, smooth 2:5—3:5 cm. long; stalks 5

mm. long, 2—5 seeded (6) G. malayanus

d. Leaves membranous; secondary nerves few and less pro-

minent than the primary

h. Petals 1 mm. thick, coriaceous, leaf margin undulate:

carpel stalks 1 cm. long (7) G. undulatus

425

Gardens Bulletin, S.

h. Petals less than 1 mm. thick, thinly coriaceous; leaf

margin slightly or not undulate; carpel stalks 4-5

mm. long

i. Sepals broadly ovate, acute or acuminate; leaves

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; pedicels 5 mm.—

2 cm. long (8) G. tenuifolius

i. Sepals rotund; leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong to

ovate-oblong, texture granular like parchment;

pedicels 4-5 mm. long (9) G. rotundisepalus

d. Leaves membranous or sub-coriaceous, secondary and

primary nerves very faint on both surfaces

(1) G. subevenius

a. Stamen connectives apiculate

j. Flowers cauliflorous

k. Leaves coriaceous, drying brown below, veins slender;

pedicels 3 cm. long; outer petals 8-8 cm. long, slightly

twisted; ripe carpels globular (10) G. tortilipetalus

k. Leaves firmly membranous, drying greenish below, veins

prominent, oblique and parallel; pedicels 9-13 cm. long;

outer petals 4-45 cm. long, not twisted; ripe carpels

obovoid in dense clusters (11) G. Ridleyi

j. Flowers not cauliflorous but often on the older branches

!. Leaves firmly membranous with numerous parallel, obli-

que, prominent main nerves (16—36 pairs); reticulations

scalariform

m. Carpels usually 1-seeded, walls thin 0-25—-5 mm. thick

n. Sepals small, 5-7 mm. long and 3—4 mm. broad;

petals not more than 5 mm. broad; leaves 3-5-6

cm. broad (12) G. Wrayi

n. Sepals larger, membranous, forming a cup, 1:5-2:6

cm. long and 1:5—2:4 cm. broad; petals 1-1-8 cm.

broad; leaves over 6 cm. broad

o. Leaves with dark brown pubescence on petioles

and veins beneath; base rounded

(13) G. Curtisii

o. Leaves glabrous beneath, base acute to sub-acute

p. Pedicels 2—3 cm. long, slender, pendulous; leaves

oblong to obovate-oblong with line of inter-—

arching of nerves very bold and continuous

(14) G. calycinus —

426

Vol. XIV. (1955).

p. Pedicels 1:5 cm. long, stout, decurved; leaves

oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; line of in-

terarching of nerves not very bold

| (15) G. Scortechinii

m. Carpels 4-seeded with walls 2 mm. thick

(16) G. uvarioides

1. Leaves coriaceous or thinly coriaceous, nerves faint and

fewer not more than 16 pairs, not parallel and straight

but wavy and often curving; reticulations not scalariform

q. Pedicels 3-5-5-3 cm. long, slender, often terminal

(17) G. montanus

q. Pedicels 5 mm.—1-4 cm. long, stouter, axillary

r. Nerves 14-16 pairs, faint, oblique with 1—3 secon-

dary ones between the main ones

s. Carpels sessile, leaves coriaceous, oblong with

rounded, less often acute base (18) G. tapis

s. Carpels with stalks 8 mm.—1 cm. long, leaves mem-

branous or thinly coriaceous, lanceolate with

acute base (19) G. umbrosus

r. Nerves 10-12 pairs, slightly more prominent, curving

with occasionally one secondary nerve between the

main ones (20) G. tavoyensis

1. Leaves stoutly coriaceous, drying grey beneath, main

nerves distinct below, raised, oblique, 16—20 pairs, tex-

ture granular like parchment; reticulations not or seldom

visible (21) G. macrophyllus

(1) G. subevenius King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 320 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 89 Pl. 121B; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 64; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 51.

Shrub or small tree. Young branches slender, puberulous, or

sub-coriaceous, later glabrous and striate. Leaves membranous,

glabrous, narrowly oblong, apex acute, base acute, upper surface

shining, drying pale green, the lower paler, dull; main nerves 10—

12 pairs, sub-horizontal, faint on both surfaces; reticulations not

visible above, very faint below, length 8—11 cm.; breadth 2-5—4-5

cm.; petiole 5 mm. long, glabrous. Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedi-

cels 1-1-3 cm. long, ebracteate. Sepals broadly ovate, bluntly acu-

minate, 3-nerved, minutely pubescent on both surfaces, 5-7 mm.

long. Petals thinly coriaceous, puberulous except towards the base

inside, lanceolate, sub-acute, 1-8—2:3 cm. long, the inner half as

427

Gardens Bulletin, S.

large. Stamens with broad orbicular, sub-convex connectives. Ova-

ries narrowly oblong; style cylindric, curved; stigma subulate en-

_tire (may not be fully developed). Ripe carpels ovoid to oblong,

obtuse, tapering very little at the base, glabrous, 1-3—1-8 cm. long;

stalks 1-1-2 cm. long.

PERAK: Kuala Depang, King 8260 (S., C.) type material; Gopeng,

Kinta, King 4559 (D.D., Kew) type material; G.D., King 8225 (S.,

C., Kew) type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

The material of this species is rather scrappy and inadequate

and the flowers young. Close to G. tenuifolius, especially the forms

with small sepals but the leaves are more coriaceous and the veins

much less distinct than in G. tenuifolius.

(2) G. fulvus Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 75; King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 323 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 95 Pl. 134; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 68.

Shrub. Young twigs dark coloured, at first slightly pubescent,

soon glabrous. Leaves firmly membranous, dark green and dull

above, paler green beneath, oblong to oblanceolate, glabrous, apex

rounded and abruptly acute or slightly acuminate, base cuneate,

main nerves 14—21 pairs, distinct above, prominent beneath, nearly

parallel, oblique, interarching in a bold line near edge, 18—26 cm.

long and 6—11 cm. broad; petiole 7 mm.—1 cm. long, glabrous.

Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedicels 5-7 mm. long, adpressed-rusty-

pubescent with 3 minute, basal bracts. Sepals broadly ovate, ob-

tuse, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, connate at base, 5 mm.

long. Petals yellowish-red, densely sericeous except at the glabrous

base inside, outer linear-lanceolate, tapering to a long slender

apex, 1-veined outside, 6—7 cm. long, 5-6 mm. broad at base and

2—3 mm. broad at middle, reddish-pink at base inside; inner ovate,

acute 5-6 mm. long, reddish-pink at base inside and outside.

Stamens numerous, 1-5—2 mm. long with very convex connectives.

Ovaries 3—4 mm. long, oblong, pubescent, style slender, stigma

split down inner side. Carpels (probably not quite mature) nar-

row-cylindric, tapering at each end, dark brown, smooth, glabrous,

thin-walled, 3 cm. long and 1 cm. in diam.; stalks 7 mm. long.

Seeds 1 rarely 2, pointed at each end, testa hairy.

TRENGGANU: S. Nipa by Jeram Gajah, Kemaman, Corner, 20th No-

Nps 1935 (S.); Sri Bangun near Bukit Besi, Sinclair S.F.N. 39865

PAHANG: Rompin, Soh 15403 (S., K.); Yeob C.F. Field No. 3176

(S., K., Kew); Mahamod C. F. Field No. 3723 (S., K.).

MALAcca: Griffith 400 (C., Kew) type material.

JOHORE: Penyabong, Foxworthy F.M.S. No. 1189 (S., K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known elsewhere.

428

Vol. XIV. (1955).

The stamen connectives are very concave. G. fulvus is easily

distinguished from the others when not in flower by the dark

almost black wood of the twigs and the cuneate base of the leaf.

It is common in Trengganu in the forest along the Trengganu-

Besut Road.

(3) G. Holttumii J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

G. montanus Sinclair qui hanc speciem in facie foliorum revo-

cat, nervos pauciores, connectivos apiculatos, carpella non sessilia

habet.

Arbor 7-10 m. alta. Ramuli novelli glabri, striati. Folia tenuiter

coriacea, oblongo-lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceolata; breviter acu-

minata, basi acuta, glabra, supra nitida, 12-15 cm. longa, 3—4:5

cm. lata, petioli 7 mm. longi, glabri; nervi 12—15 pares, tenuissimi.

obliqui, interdum vix visibiles; reticulationes fere obscurae. Flores

solitarii, terminales vel axillares. Pedicelli rigidi, 1-2-2 cm. longi.

versus apicem sensim crassiores, basi bracteis pluribus minutis

praediti. Sepala membranacea, oblongo-rotundata, obtusa, glabra.

reticulata, 1-8 cm. longa, 1-5 cm. lata. Petala coriacea; exteriora

oblongo-lanceolata acuminata, puberula, basi truncata, 4:5 cm.

longa; interiora ovata, praesertim in marginibus pubescentia, bre-

viter unguiculata, 1-2 cm. longa. Stamina 2:5 mm. longa, con-

nectivis convexis. Ovaria 5-6 mm. longa, cylindrica; stylus fili-

formis; stigma anguste-infundibuliforme, in latere adaxiali fissum.

Carpella matura nigro-brunnea, oblongo-ovoidea, fere obtusa.

glabra, 1:8 cm. longa; stipites 1 mm. longi. Semen 1.

PAHANG: Fraser Hill upon the Selangor Border, Burkill and Holttum

S.F.N. 8896 (S., Kew) holotype and S.F.N. 7809 (S., K.); Fraser Hill,

South ridge, Nur S.F.N. 11341 (S., Kew).

A mountain species, elevation 4,000—4,370 feet.

(4) G. Macranii Craib in Kew Bull. (1922) 167 et Fl. Siam.

Enum. (1925) 51; Ast in Suppl. Fl. Gén. L’Indo-Chine (1938)

98.

Small tree 3—7 m. high. Young twigs shortly rusty-tomentose.

soon becoming puberulous and finally glabrous. Bark brownish

with a few scattered lenticels. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong.

apex shortly and bluntly acuminate, base acute or sub-acute.

glabrous above except the brown-pubescent midrib, slightly rusty-

pubescent below on the midrib and nerves, becoming almost glab-

rous; main nerves 9-18 pairs, often sub-horizontal, fine, curving

and anastomosing some distance from the midrib; reticulations

very faint or invisible; length 11-15 cm.; breadth 4-8 cm.; petiole

429

Gardens Bulletin, S.

7 mm.—1 cm. long, rusty-pubescent. Flowers solitary, axillary.

Pedicels about 1:5 cm. long, rusty-pubescent with a few minute

deciduous bracts at base. Sepals ovate, acute, rusty-pubescent out-

side, glabrous inside, 6 mm. long and 5:5 mm. broad. Petals

greenish-yellow, 1-veined, coriaceous, outer oblong, acute, rusty-

pubescent, claw rather broad, 3-5 cm. long and 1-3 cm. broad;

inner sparsely pubescent outside, glabrous inside, 1-1 cm. long.

Fig. 40. Goniothalamus Macranii Craib.

A, Twig with leaves, shaded leaf is a lower surface view. B, Bunch c

fruit. C, Carpel. é

430

;

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Stamens 1:5 mm. long with rounded, convex, pubescent connec-

tives. Ovaries 3 mm. long, cylindrical, glabrous; style linear, stigma

funnel-shaped, bilobed. Ripe carpels orange in sessile clusters of

6-12, obovoid, sparsely brown-pubescent, the pubescence dis-

appearing with age, thin-walled, 2-3 cm. long and 1-4-1-7 cm.

broad. Seeds 2. Fig. 40.

PAHANG: Sungei Kenchin, Mahamud 15550 (Kew).

SELANGOR: Sungei Lalang F.R., Kajang, Symington 24165 (K.,

Kew); Bukit Layang F.R., Ulu Sungei Jinjany, Compt. 17, Wyarr-

Smith 65530 and 65129 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

This species resembles G. velutinus (Borneo) and G. tamiren-

sis (Indo-China). The former has much larger leaves with more

veins. The latter has slightly smaller leaves which are entirely

pubescent on the lower surface except the tomentose midrib. Its

petals are smaller and acuminate. G. Macranii has not previously

been recorded for Malaya. It may be that G. Macranii is only a

form of G. tamirensis, that species being somewhat polymorphic

but I have not yet decided as this point requires further study.

(5) G. giganteus Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 109 et in FI. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 75; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 322

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 93 Pl. 130; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 65; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 50.

Tree 10-23 m. high. Young twigs pale, glabrous, striate. Leaves

coriaceous, oblong, shortly acuminate, edges slightly recurved,

glabrous, upper surface shining, dark brown or with a greenish

tint when dry, lower dull; midrib depressed above, sharply angled

on lower surface; main nerves 10-14 pairs, fine, raised on both

surfaces, interarching 5 mm. from margin and having 1—3 secon-

dary nerves between two main nerves; reticulations faint, forming

a loose network; length 16-26 cm.; breadth 4-6 cm.; petiole 7

mm.—1:5 cm. long, deeply channelled. Flowers from axils of fallen

leaves. Pedicels 2-5—4:5 cm. long, stout, 3 mm. thick, pubescent,

becoming glabrous, 2 minute bracts at the base. Sepals ovate,

acute, spreading or recurved, pubescent outside, glabrous inside,

1 cm. long. Petals coriaceous, yellow tinged with green; outer

broadly ovate to ovate-oblong with a dark, thick, triangular spot at

base, acute, minutely pubescent, with 1 main vein and several

lateral arising from the base, 8—15 cm. long and 4-5-9 cm. broad,

increasing in size as flower opens; inner ovate, acute, shortly

clawed, golden-tomentose outside and on the thickened edges.

glabrous at the concave base inside, 1-5-2 cm. long. Stamens 3

mm. long with flat-topped or convex connectives. Ovaries elongate,

431

Gardens Bulletin, S.

rusty-tomentose, 6-7 mm. long, including the slender style; stigma

coiled, 2-lobed and slit down inner side; ovules 2. Ripe carpels

glabrous, oblong, apiculate, tapering into stalk, granular or warted

with several faint ridges when dry, 3—4:5 cm. long and 1:5 cm.

in diam.; stalks 1 cm. long. Seeds 1—2 oblong.

LOWER SIAM: Chawng, Kiah S.F.N. 24380 (S., K., Kew).

KEDAH: Gunong Raya, Langkawi, Curtis, September 1890 (S., C.);

Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 7169 (S., C., Kew).

PENANG: Curtis 2162 (C., Kew); Wall. Cat. 6469A Porter (C., Kew)

as type in Kew.

PERAK: Scortechini 578b (S.): King 10708 (C.); Ulu Kerling, King

8441 (C., Kew).

PAHANG: Near the Gap towards Raub, Addison, September 1940

(S.); Ulu Chineras, Kuala Lipis, Burkill & Haniff S.F.N. 17093 (S.,

K., Kew).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gunong Angsi F.R., Shaw 23745 (S., K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Sarawak, Sumatra.

Wwe hee

Thee 1: Pa me aha Ds

le ie

This fine species can easily be recognised by its large flowers

and the slightly warted elongate carpels. The leaves are identical

with those of G. malayanus.

(6) G. malayanus Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 107 et in Fl. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 75; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

323 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. 4 (1893) 94 Pl. 128B;

Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 84 et F.M.P. 1

(1922) 66.

Synonyms: G. dispermus Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2

(1865) 34. G. Slingerandtii Scheff. in Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. 31

(1870) 341.

Tree or shrub 4-16 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, pale, with

well-marked striations. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to elliptic-

oblong, shortly acuminate, base slightly cuneate, edges recurved,

glabrous, upper surface shining, dark green, lower dull and paler;

midrib sunk above and sharply angled below; main nerves about

16 pairs, faint, raised on both surfaces, anastomosing about 5 mm.

from margin, with 1-3 secondary nerves between two main nerves; —

reticulations faint and lax; length 8-16—(25) cm.; breadth 3-7

cm.; petiole 5 mm.—1 cm. long, deeply channelled. Flowers solitary,

axillary or from the axils of fallen leaves. Pedicels pubescent, 1—-1:8

cm. long, slender 1:‘5—2 mm. thick when dry, 3 mm. thick when ~

fresh, bi-bracteolate at base. Sepals ovate-triangular, 3-5 mm. |

long, connate, pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Petals coria-

ceous, greenish-yellow, lengthening as flower matures; outer,

oblong-ovate, acute, minutely pubescent on both surfaces with a

"gg

432

Vol. XIV. (19535).

triangular glabrous basal spot on the inside, l-veined, 3-8 cm.

long and 1-5—2:5 cm. broad; inner ovate, acute, shortly clawed,

sericeous outside, glabrous and concave inside, 1:2 cm. long.

Stamens as in G. giganteus but shorter, 1-5-2 mm. long. Ovaries,

style and stigmas as in G. giganteus; total length of ovary and

style 6-7 mm.; style white. Ripe carpels oblong, apiculate, tapering

to each end, glabrous, not warted, 2:5—3:5 cm. long and 1-2-1:5

cm. in diam.; stalks 5 mm. long. Seeds 2—5, ovoid, shining, brown.

PERAK: Scortechini, no data (S., C.); Gopeng, Kinta, King 4746 (S..

C., D.D., Kew): 4722 (C.); Larut, King 7139 (C., Kew); Batang

Padang, King 8088 (C.).

PAHANG: Kuantan, Yeob C.F. Field No. 3620 (S., K., Kew); S.

Riau, Kuantan, Mahamud 2797 (K.).

SELANGOR: Kuala Lumpur, native collector, date 1890 (S.); Bukit

Cheraku, Symington 40756 (K.): Bikum Reserve, Sungkai, Hashim

364 (K.); Kwang, Ahmad 13386 (S.); Sungei Tinggi, Kuala Selangor,

Nur S.F.N. 34061 (S., K., Kew).

MaLacca: Maingay 63 (C., Kew): Griffith 402 (Kew) type mate-

rial; Merlimau, Alvins, 12th December, i885 (S.); Alvins 121, no

exact loc. (S.); Sungei Udang, Goodenough 1264 (S., C.); Ridley and

Goodenough 1643 (S.); Ayer Panas, Goodenough 1291 (S.); Bukit

_Bruang, Derry 534 (S.).

JoHORE: S. Sedili Ketchil at Kangkar, Corner, 1st April, 1934 (S.);

Corner S.F.N. 28604 (S., K., C., Kew); Danau, S. Sedili, Corner, 27th

March, 1932 (S.); Pengkalan Raja, Pontian, Ngadiman S.F.N. 36775

(S.); 54 miles, Kota Tinggi-Mawai Road, Corner S.F.N. 29307 (S..,

K., Kew); Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32156 (S., K., Kew); S. Beras-

sau, Mawai-Jemulang Road, Corner S.F.N. 28739 (S., K., Kew):

Kuala Sembrang, Lake and Kelsall 4039 (S., C.); Sednak, Ridley,

August 1908 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Seletar, Ridley, April 1894 (S.). Not uncommon in

Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Sarawak, Borneo, Bangka.

This species is close to G. giganteus. I am not able to separate

the two if only leaves are present. In G. giganteus the pedicels

are longer and thicker, the calyx is more deeply cleft, often to the

very base and less connate than in G. malayanus. The petals are

much longer and broader and the stamens twice as long. The

carpels of G. giganteus are tuberculate and not smooth and have

longer stalks (1 cm. long against 5 mm.). The seeds are not

flattened and are less shining.

I agree with Airy-Shaw, Kew Bull. (1939) 284-285, in his

characters for separating G. malayanus from G. tapis and find

that the following additional character for their separation is

reliable: —

Connectives of stamens apiculate in G. tapis and flat-topped to

convex in G. malayanus.

433

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(7) G. undulatus Ridley in Journ. Fed. Mal. States Mus. 10

(1920) 81; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 51.

Synonym: G. latestigma Fischer in Kew Bull. (1927) 204 Fig.

in text.

Shrub 2-6 m. high. Youngest branches dark brown-pubescent,

older dark, glabrous, striate. Leaves membranous, oblong or

oblong-lanceolate, shortly and bluntly acute, base acute, margin

undulate, glabrous except the pubescent midrib beneath; main

nerves 11-15 pairs, faint or indistinct above, fine beneath, ascend-

ing, not very straight, interarching 5-7 mm. from margin, reticula-

tions faint and lax; length 12—16 cm.; breadth 4-5-5 cm., not

varying much in width along the entire length; petiole 7 mm.—l

cm. long, pubescent. Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedicels 5 mm.—t

cm. long, brown, pubescent, with several deciduous bracts at base.

Sepals ovate, acute, membranous, rusty-pubescent outside, glab-

rous inside, 7 mm. long. Petals coriaceous, greenish-yellow, acute,

1-veined, pubescent; outer ovate-lanceolate, clawed, 2:°5 cm. long

and 1:2 cm. broad; inner half as long, triangular. Stamens nume-

rous, 2 mm. long with convex or flat-topped connectives. Ovary

4 mm. long, pubescent; style linear, stigma funnel-shaped, bi-lobed,

split on the inner side. Ripe carpels ovoid, apiculate, glabrous,

thin-walled, 1—-1:5 cm. long; stalks 1 cm. long. Seeds 1, occasion-

ally 2.

Lower SIAM: Tasan, Kloss F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 6836 (S., Kew) type;

Tasan Champlon, Hamid C.F. 3855 (S., K., Kew); Chantaboon, Ves-

terdal 4-2 (S.); Huay Mut, Kiah S.F.N. 24399 (S.. K., Kew); Hngop,

Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 4037 (S., C., Kew).

KELANTAN: Bukit Bayor, Hamid 33457 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Lower Burma.

This species is close to G. tenuifolius but the leaves are usually

more undulate along the margins than the latter. The petals are

much thicker in G. undulatus, the sepals not quite so large or

broad as in the typical forms of G. tenuifolius. The carpel stalks

are longer in G. undulatus.

(8) G. tenuifolius King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 320 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 89 Pl. 122A; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 64.

Synonyms: G. Kunstleri King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892)

322 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 90 Pl. 124; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 67. G. caudifolius Ridley in Kew Bull. (1914)

324 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 65.

434

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Shrub or small tree 2—7 m. high. Young twigs slender, pubes-

cent, later glabrous and striate. Leaves membranous, varying con-

siderably in shape and size, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, acu-

minate, base acute, rarely rounded, the margins sometimes slightly

undulate, glabrous or pubescent on the midrib and veins beneath;

main nerves 8—11 pairs, fine, curving and interarching 5 mm. from

margin; reticulations faint and lax; length 8—18-5 cm.; breadth

2-6 cm.; petiole 5-8 mm. long, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers

solitary, axillary, pendulous. Pedicels 5 mm.—2 cm. long, glabrous

or pubescent with 2—3 minute bracts at base. Sepals ovate, acute

or acuminate, membranous, several-nerved and reticulate, per-

sistent, varying much in size, 7 mm.—2:7 cm. long and 6 mm.—2:2

cm. broad. Petals yellowish to pinkish, thinly coriaceous, pubes-

cent, outer broadly lanceolate, acuminate, much contracted at the

base, varying much in length with age, 2-3 cm. long, inner ovate,

acuminate, 1 cm. long or less. Stamens 2 mm. long, numerous

with flat-topped or convex connectives. Ovaries about 3 mm. long,

narrow; style filiform, stigma funnel-shaped, split down the inner

side. Ripe carpels ovoid, slightly apiculate, pubescent or glabres-

cent, 1-1-2 cm. long; stalks 4-5 mm. long. Seeds 1 rarely 2.

DISTRIBUTION: Herbarium specimens from all states except Perlis,

Malacca, Johore and Singapore. Not known outside Malaya.

A variable species with regard to length of pedicels, sepals and

petals and to breadth and pubescence of leaves. There are forms

with very short pedicels, 5 mm. long or less, some with inter-

mediate pedicels and others with pedicels up to 2 cm. long. Those

with long pedicels usually have large sepals but this is not always

the case. They may have very small ones. The length of the petals

depends mostly on the age of the flower. The presence or absence

of the pubescence on the lower surface of the leaves does not bear

any relation to length of sepals or pedicels.

King’s G. Kunstleri tends to have very short pedicels and small

sepals and I can not see that is really a distinct species. On account

of the variability of the pedicels and sepals and the fact that their

lengths are not co-related with each other, I have meantime in-

cluded G. Kunstleri and G. caudifolius in G. tenuifolius.

(9) G. rotundisepalus Henderson in Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. Vol. 4

No. 1 (1926) 48.

Shrub 1-2 m. high. Youngest twigs slightly reddish, pubescent,

soon glabrous, dark coloured and striate. Leaves membranous,

oblong, elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminate, base

acute, glabrous, dull when dry; main nerves 7-9 pairs, very faint

above, more distinct beneath, curving, interarching 5—7 mm. from

435

Gardens Bulletin, S.

margin; reticulations indistinct; length 14-23 cm.; breadth 4-5-

8-5 cm.; petiole 8 mm.—1:3 cm. long, glabrous. Flowers solitary,

axillary. Pedicels 4-5 mm. long (fruiting about 8 mm.) slender,

reddish-puberulous with 4 ovate, acute, red, pubescent bracts 2-3

mm. long. Sepals rotund or obtusely pointed at the apex, per-

sistent, glabrous or sparsely pubescent outside, 4-5 mm. long.

Petals thinly coriaceous, pale green, slightly reddish, pubescent on

both sides, outer broadly lanceolate, acute, narrowed to the trun-

cate base, 1-veined, 2-5 cm. long and 1 cm. broad; inner ovate.

clawed, more pubescent than the outer, 1-2 cm. long and 7 mm.

broad. Stamens numerous, 2 mm. long with orbicular, convex,

pubescent connectives. Ovaries 3 mm. long, linear-oblong, red-

dish-pubescent; style linear, stigma funnel-shaped with 2 thick

lobes, split down the inner side. Ripe carpels globular to ovoid,

slightly apiculate, black when dry, 1-seeded, 9 mm. long and 7

mm. in diam; stalks 3—4 mm. long.

KELANTAN: Sungei Renong, Nur and Foxworthy S.F.N. 12157 (S..

Kew) type material; Chaning, Ridley, January 1917 (S., Kew); Gu-

nong Stong, Symington 37608 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: No other localities. y

This species is very close to G. tenuifolius especially the forms

with small sepals and short pedicels. The leaves are not undulate

at the margins as they sometimes are in G. tenuifolius and they

are of a more granular, parchment-like texture. The rotund sepals

provide the best distinguishing character. The fruit of both is very

similar.

(10) G. tortilipetalus Henderson in Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. Vol. 7

No. 2 (1933) 88 Pl. 15.

Tree about 6 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, dark coloured,

striate. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to oblong-ovate or slightly

oblong-obovate, shortly and bluntly acuminate, base cuneate,

edges slightly recurved, glabrous, greenish-brown and _ shining

above when dry, pale brown below, both surfaces with minute pale

brown or black glandular dots; main nerves about 15-20 pairs,

slender, raised on both surfaces, anastomosing about 5 mm. from

margin; reticulations with wide meshes, more distinct above than

below; length up to 33 cm.; breadth 9-5—10-5 cm.; petiole stout, 1-

1:3 cm. long. Flowers single or in groups from woody tubercles on

the main stem. Pedicels 3 cm. long, thickening towards base of

calyx, glabrous, with 3—4 minute, obtuse bracts at the base. Sepals

3 cm. long and 2:8 cm. broad, triangular-ovate, slightly coriaceous,

united at the very base, nearly glabrous except for a few glandular |

hairs on the margins and apex. Petals greenish, coriaceous, outer _

436

Vol. XIV. (1955).

8-8 cm. long and 3-1 cm. broad, lanceolate, tapering gradually

and ending in a blunt point, slightly twisted, both surfaces with a

few minute glandular hairs, one main vein and several faint lateral

ones arising from base; inner 2 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, coria-

ceous, united by the margin above the claws. Stamens 4 mm. long,

incurved with apiculate connectives. Ovaries linear-oblong, ad-

pressed-tomentose with filiform style tapering to a fine point; total

length about 7 mm. Carpels numerous, globular, thin-walled, blunt,

slightly granular, 1:5 cm. long and 1-2 cm. in diam.; stalks 7 mm.—

1 cm. long. Seed 1, pale brown, smooth, filling the carpel.

LowER SIAM: Bacho, Kiah S.F.N. 24290 (S., K., Kew).

PERAK: Kota Lama, Kuala Kangsar, Haniff S.F.N. 15552 (S.): Lu-

mut, Ridley, date 1899 (S.).

PAHANG: Tembeling, Henderson S.F.N. 24542 (S., Kew) type; Ro-

tan Tunggal Res., Raub, Osman 28540 (K.); Kemansul F.R., Ahmad

40406 (K.).

Matacca: Batu Tiga, Goodenough 1392 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: No other collections at the time of writing.

This species like G. Ridleyi is cauliflorous but the latter is easily

distinguished from it by the much thinner leaves with very promi-

nent oblique veins and the very different flowers and fruits. The

larger petals recall those of G. giganteus but in G. giganteus they

are larger still with the sepals only 1 cm. long and not 3 cm. long

with a distinct network of veins as in the present species. The

anther connectives are apiculate while they are flat-topped or con-

vex in G. giganteus.

(11) G. Ridleyi King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 325 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 98 Pl. 138; Merrill in

Journ. Roy. As. Soc. St. Br. (1921) 260; Ridley F.M.P. |

(1922) 68.

Synonyms: G Prainianus King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 321 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 90 PI.

123.

Tree 7-23 m. high. Young twigs slightly pubescent, dark brown,

later paler and glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves firmly membranous,

oblong or oblong-obovate, apex rounded and then acute or shortly

and abruptly acuminate, base acute, upper surface glabrous, the

lower slightly pubescent becoming glabrous; nerves 16-24 pairs,

Opposite or alternate, parallel, oblique, prominent on both sur-

faces; interarching 3'mm. from’ margin; reticulations lax, one

series scalariform but often not very straight; the second less dis-

tinct, interspersed irregularly among the first series; length 15-30

cm.; breadth 5-8-5 cm.; petiole 1-5-2 cm. long, slightly pubescent,

stout, grooved. Flowers in fascicles from warty tubers at base of

- 437

Bits

Gardens Bulletin, S.

trunk. Pedicels 9-13 cm. long, with several minute, obtuse bracts

at base. Sepals coriaceous, glabrous, greenish-yellow outside,

pinkish inside, broadly ovate-elliptic, obtuse, several-nerved, unit-

ed only at the very base, 2:3—2:5 cm. long and 1:2 cm. broad.

Petals coriaceous; outer elliptic-oblong, slightly obtuse to acute,

the edges slightly inrolled, greenish-yellow outside, yellowish-pink

inside, glabrous or slightly puberulous, with one main vein and

several finer ones, pink in colour, clawed at base, 4-4-5 cm. long:

inner obovate, apiculate, pink, with a narrow claw, the edges

closely adhering, length about 2:3 cm. Stamens yellow, 2—3 mm.

long with apiculate connectives. Ovaries oblong, glabrous, 2 mm.

long; styles white, linear 3 mm. long; stigmas funnel-shaped, split

on inner side, the groove continued down the style. Ripe carpels

very numerous, obovoid, tapering slightly into the short stalk,

glabrous, thin-walled, 2-4 cm. long and 1-8—2 cm. in diam.; stalk

5 mm.—1 cm. long. Seed single, pale brown, slightly hairy.

KeEpDAH: B. Blakang Parang, Gunong Bintang, Haniff S.F.N. 21042

(S.).

PERAK: Scortechini 1576 (C.); Piah F.R., Ja’amat and Tachun

39297 (S., K.); Gunong Tungul, Ridley 7997 (S., C.); Chanderiang.

King 5745 (S., C., Kew); Gunong Bubu, King 8348 (S., C., Kew):

Upper Perak, Wray 3454 (S., C., Kew); Batu Kurau, (S., C.); Jor,

Haniff S.F.N. 14210 (S., Kew); Kati, Kuala Kangsar, Haniff S.F.N.

14938 (S.); Gunong Tungul, Ridley 7997 (S., C.); Ulu Temango.

Ridley 14597 (S.); Batu Kurau, Curtis 2893 (K.).

TRENGGANU: Ulu Brang, Moysey and Kiah S.F.N. 33346 (S., K..

Kew).

PAHANG: Bukit Goh F.R., Kuantan, Foxworthy C.F. 31381 (K.):

Ulu Liang, Raub, Strugnell 20443 (K.).

SELANGOR: 15th mile Pahang Track, Ridley 8781 (S.).

Macacca: Sungei Udang, Derry 100 (S.).

JoHoRE: Ulu Segun, Gunong Panti, Corner S.F.N. 30869 (S., K.,

Kew); Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32345 (S., K., Kew).

SINGAPORE: Mandai Forest, Corner, 26th January, 1930 and 14th

September, 1930 (S.); Bukit Timah, Ridley 4456 (S., C.); 6853 (S.,

C.); Nur S.F.N. 24636 (S., C., K., Kew); Sungei Buloh, Ridley 6227

(S., C.); Chan Chu Kang, Ridley, date 1892 (S., C.); Sungei Murai,

Goodenough 2118 (S., C., Kew) type material.

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak and Borneo.

This cauliflorous species is not likely to be confused with any

of the other Malayan species.

(12) G. Wrayi King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 327et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 99 Pl. 142; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 65.

Shrub 1-4 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, pale, closely striate.

Leaves firmly membranous, lanceolate to oblanceolate, drying pale —

grey-green, glabrous, shortly and bluntly acuminate, base cuneate, —

main nerves 14—20 pairs, oblique, spreading, slender, faint above,

438

Vol. XIV. (1955).

distinct below, reticulations faint on both surfaces; length 10-27

cm.; breadth 3:5—6 cm.; petiole 7 mm. long. Flowers solitary,

axillary. Pedicels pubescent, decurved, 7 mm.—1 cm. long with

3-5 minute bracts arranged in two rows. Sepals membranous,

faintly nerved, ovate, acuminate, puberulous outside, glabrous in-

side, united at base, persistent, 5-7 mm. long. Petals coriaceous,

greenish-yellow, puberulous; outer lanceolate, acuminate, the base

not clawed, 1:5—2 cm. long; inner ovate, acuminate, clawed, about

1 cm. long. Stamens 2-5 mm. long with apiculate connectives.

Ovaries narrowly cylindric, rusty-pubescent; style pubescent, fili-

form; stigma funnel-shaped; total length of style and stigma 3

mm. Ripe carpels obovoid to oblong, apiculate, narrowed into the

short stalk, glabrous, 1-2 cm. long; stalks 3-4 mm. long. Seeds 1,

rarely 2.

PERAK: Scortechini 36 (S., C.); Wray 157 (S.); King 10512 (C.,

E., Kew): 10768 (C.); Ulu Kerling, King 8753 (S., C.); Larut King

3083 (C.); 4202 (C.); 7537 (C., E.); 1826 (C., D.D.); Relau Tujor,

Wray 2906 (S., C.); Gunong Batu Puteh, Wray 437 (S., C.); Wray

987 (S.); Wray 1017 (Kew); Taiping, Wray 1822 (S.); Tapah, Rid-

ley 14095 (S., C.).

SELANGOR: Kanching F.R., Cubitt 11204 (S., K., Kew); Semenyih,

‘Hume’ 7829 (S.); Ulu Gombak, Hume 8510 (S.); S. Lalang F.R.,

Kajang, Symington 22801 (K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra. Type material Perak, Wray, Scortechini and

King’s numbers.

This species has narrow petals like G. fulvus but the pale twigs

will at once distinguish it. The pale colour of the leaves when dry,

the small sepals and the apiculate stamens are also good diagnostic

characters.

(13) G. Curtisii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 324 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 96 PI. 135; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 68.

Small tree 6-10 m. high. Young twigs dark chocolate-tomentose,

older glabrous and pale, closely striate. Leaves firmly membran-

ous, narrowly oblong to obovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, slight-

ly narrowed to the rounded base, shining and glabrous above ex-

cept the puberulous midrib, the lower sparsely pubescent, dark

chocolate-tomentose on the midrib; main nerves 28-36 pairs,

sub-horizontal, parallel, prominent forming a conspicuous and

continuous line of interarching round margin; reticulations faint

above, distinct below, some of them scalariform, length 27-50

cm.; breadth 7—16-5 cm.; petiole tomentose like the midrib.

Flowers solitary in the axils of fallen leaves. Pedicels pubescent,

decurved, 1 cm. long with 3 minute, basal bracts. Sepals leaf-like,

green, several-nerved, broadly ovate, sub-acute, united in a cup at

439

Gardens Bulletin, S.

the base, minutely pubescent, persistent, 1-5-2 cm. long and 1:5

cm. broad. Petals thinly coriaceous, velvety-tomentose, yellowish

tinged with red, outer lanceolate, acuminate, 1-veined, narrowed

to a small claw, 3-45 cm. long and 1:3 cm. across the middle;

inner ovate, acute, about 1 cm. long. Stamens 4 mm. long with

pubescent apiculate connectives; pollen grains large. Ovaries 4

mm. long, elongate, cylindric, pubescent, styles filiform, glabrous,

stigma funnel-shaped and split down inner side, two-lobed, the

lobes obtuse and slightly pubescent. Ripe carpels obliquely ovoid,

acute at apex, rufous-pubescent, 1:8 cm. long; stalks 3 mm. long.

Seed single.

PERAK: Scortechini 660b (S., C.) type material; near Ulu Kerling.

King 8639 (S., C., Kew); Ulu Bubong, King 10548 (C., D.D.) type

material; Trolak F.R., Tachun 43467 (K:).

PAHANG: Fraser Hill on Selangor Border, Nur S.F.N. 11191 (S., K..,

Kew); Bentong, Ahmad C.F. Field No. 5051 (S., K., Kew); Karak

F.R., Bentong, Best S.F.N. 13895 (S.).

SELANGOR: Ulu Gombak, Strugnell 12135 (S., K.); Hume 9088 (S.)

and 9257 (S.); Ridley F.M.S. Museums Herb., 20th December, 1920

(S.); Batu Caves Estate, Ridley 8276 (S., Kew); 15th mile Pahang

Track, Ridley 8627 (S.); Kuala Lumpur, Curtis 2316 (S.) type mate-

rial; Mat 2120 (S., C., Kew); Gua Batu, Curtis 310 (S., C.) type

material; Kampong Kerling, Ridley 10625 (S.); Ginting Simpah,

Symington 29811 (K.); Nur S.F.N. 34277 (S.); Kepong Plantations,

Sow 17031 (K.); Sungei Lalang F.R., Symington 22611 (K.); Ulu

Langat, Kloss February 1912 (Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known outside the Peninsula.

This species has the large sepals of Scortechinii and calycinus

but the tomentose midrib on the lower surface of the leaves at once

distinguishes it from these. G. calycinus has longer pedicels than

Curtisii.

(14) G. calycinus J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Haec species G. Curtisio King et G. Scortechinio King affinis,

sed differt ab utroque pedicellis longioribus; a priore foliis minori-

bus et glabris, ramulis non nigro-brunneis, nervis paucioribus et

magis obliquis; ab altera foliis oblongo-obovatis a medio latioribus,

linea anastomosanti nervorum magis distincta.

Arbor parva, 5—7 m. alta. Cortex pallidus, pustulatus. Ramuli

novissimi rubro-pubescentes, mox glabri. Folia valde membrana-

cea, oblonga vel oblongo-obovata abrupte et breviter acuminata,

basin versus acutam sensim angustata, glabra 19-34 cm. longa,

85-12 cm. lata; petioli 1-1-2 cm. longi, puberuli vel glabrescentes;

nervi 20-25 pares, paralleli, obliqui, supra aliquando depressi

subtus prominentes, in linea conspicua et integra prope marginem

anastomosantes; reticulationes inter nervos scalariformiter dis- —

positae. Flores penduli, solitarii, axillares. Pedicelli 2-3 cm. longi.

440

Vol. XIV. (1955).

tenues, nitidi pubescentes, 4—6 bracteis minutis.lanceolatis acutis

ordinibus duobus basi praediti. Sepala late-ovata, membranacea,

pluri-nervata, obtusa, persistentia, marginibus sparse pubescentia,

a basi conjuncta, 1:5-1-8 cm. longa, 1:5—1-8 cm. lata. Petala

virido-flava, coriacea, pubescentia acuta, 1-nervosa, exteriora

ovato-oblonga vel oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, 3-3-6 cm. longa,

1-1-8 cm. lata; interiora ovata, 1:5 cm. longa. Stamina 4 mm.

longa, connectivis apiculatis pubescentibus. Ovaria 5—6 mm. longa,

cylindrica, pubescentia; stylus filiformis glaber; stigma infundibuli-

forme, bilobatum, pubescens, latere adaxiali fissum. Carpella

matura ovoidea, apiculata, primum puberula, deinde glabra, 1:5—

1:7 cm. longa, 9 mm. diam.; stipites 3-5 mm. longi. Semen unum.

TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, Kemaman, Corner S.F.N. 30317 (S.)

holotype; Corner S.F.N. 25939 (S., Kew); Ulu Bendong, Bukit Ka-

jang, Corner 30128 (S.); Ulu Brang, Moysey and Kiah S.F.N. 33741

(S.) and S.F.N. 33642 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known so far from any other locality.

The longer flowering pedicels at once distinguish this species

from G. Curtisii and G. Scortechinii but the leaf-like, several-

veined calyx is rather similar.

(15) G. Scortechinii King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 326

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 99 Pl. 141; Ridley,

FMP: 1. '€1922) 67.

Shrub or small tree 2-7 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, pale,

closely striate. Leaves firmly membranous, oblanceolate or oblong-

oblanceolate, apex rounded and then very shortly acuminate, base

acute, glabrous on both surfaces, the upper surface drying pale

green, the lower pale brown; main nerves 18-24 pairs, promi-

nent, oblique, straight; nearly parallel, interarching near margin

but the line of interarching less distinct than in G. Curtisii; reti-

culations faint above, fine beneath, some of them scalariform;

length 18-34 cm.; breadth 6-9 cm.; petiole 1-1-5 cm. long, glab-

rous. Flowers mostly solitary from the axils of fallen leaves but

occasionally in pairs. Pedicels about 1:5 cm. long, thickened at

base of calyx, decurved, with 3 minute bracts at base. Sepals leaf-

like, orbicular-ovate, sub-acute, with several nerves, united at

base, persistent, 1-8-2-6 cm. long and 1:4—2-4 cm. broad across

the middle. Petals coriaceous, dull pink, puberulous, the outer, -

oblong, acute with short claws, one-veined, 2-3-3 cm. long, the

inner ovate, acute, clawed, 1:2 cm. long. Stamens 4—5 mm. long

with apiculate, pubescent connectives. Ovaries 4 mm. long, cylind-

Tic, rusty-pubescent; style filiform, stigma funnel-shaped with a

split down inner side, 2-lobed. Ripe carpels ovoid-oblong, apicu-

late, glabrous, thin-walled, narrowed to the stalk, 1-5—1-8 cm. long

441

Gardens Bulletin, S.

and 8 mm.—1 cm. in diameter; stalks 5 mm.—1 cm. long. Seeds

1-2, pale, smooth.

KELANTAN: Bukit Batu Papan, S. Lebir, Henderson S.F.N. 29522

(S., K., Kew).

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtis 3563 (S., Kew).

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Bukit Juru, Curtis, June 1890 (S.).

PERAK: Scortechini 1151 (C.); Waterloo, Curtis 2706 (S.); Kertai

Reserve, Temango, Ridley 14596 (S.); Kati, Kuala Kangsar, Haniff

S.F.N. 14944 (S.); Gunong Kerbau, Haniff 4006 (S.); Grik, Burkill

and Haniff S.F.N. 138764 (S.); S.F.N. 12349 (S.) and S.F.N. 13753

(S.); Upper Perak, Wray 3801 (S., C.); 3749 (S., D.D., Kew); 3685

(S., C.); Larut, King 7448 (C., Kew); 5228 (C., D.D.); Gunong

Pondok, King 8292 (C., Kew); Gopeng, Kinta, King 7079 (C.); Bukit

Kamuning, Ridley, February 1904 (S.); B. Kapayany, Ridley, Feb-

ruary 1904 (S.); Gunong Tungal, Ridley 7994 (S.).

PAHANG: S. Jelei, Machado, May 1903 (S.); Kuala Teku F.R., Sow

41045 (K.); Ulu Lemoi, Ja’amat 28286 (K., Kew) and Dolman

28287 (K., Kew).

SELANGOR: Ginting Bidai, Ridley 7282 and 7283 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam. Type material, Perak, Scortechini, King and

Wray’s numbers.

The colour of the leaves when dry recalls those of G. Wrayi :

which however has smaller leaves. The large leaf-like sepals re- :

semble those of G. calycinus and G. Curtisii both of which have :

large leaves with numerous nearly parallel veins. In calycinus the :

leaves are oblong-obovate, much wider especially at the middle

while the line of interarching of the veins is much more distinct.

The flowering pedicels too are much longer, up to 3 cm. and the

petals are more pubescent. G. Curtisii is at once recognized by the

dark chocolate pubescence of the young twigs and lower midrib,

the more numerous and sub-horizontal nerves with their very

distinct line of interarching. Further the leaves of both these

species do not turn pale when dry. There should be no difficulty

in distinguishing these three species.

(16) G. uvarioides King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 327 et

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 100 Pl. 143; Ridley in

Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 85 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 69;

Merrill in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. (1921) 261.

Synonym: G. pendulifolius Ridley, F.M.P. 5 (1925) 287.

Shrub 3-5 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, pale, striate. Leaves

firmly membranous to subcoriaceous, oblong to slightly obovate, |

apex acute, base slightly acute to rounded, both surfaces glabrous;

main nerves 25-33 pairs, nearly parallel, oblique, prominent on

both surfaces, interarching near edge, reticulations faint above, —

lax beneath, some scalariform; length 25-47 cm.; breadth 7:‘5-15 _

cm.; petiole 1 cm. long, stout, glabrous. Flowers solitary from —

442

Vol. XIV. (1955).

axils of fallen leaves on the older branches. Pedicels recurved,

stout, glabrous, 7 mm. long with 2—3, minute, basal bracts. Sepals

coriaceous, semi-orbicular, blunt, glabrous or with a few scattered

hairs on the edges, several-veined, united above base, 1:2 cm.

long and 7 mm. broad. Petals coriaceous, yellow, outer oblong-

lanceolate, acute, thickened and truncate at base, minutely pubes-

cent, 4:5 cm. long; inner oblong-elliptic, pubescent, clawed, 2 cm.

long. Stamens 4-5 mm. long with apiculate, pubescent connec-

tives. Ovaries 2 mm. long, rusty-pubescent; style 3. mm. long,

linear, grooved; stigma funnel-shaped, split down inner side. Ripe

carpels oblong, apiculate, the base narrowed, glabrous, 4—5-3. cm.

long and 1-8 cm. in diam.; stalks 2:5 cm. long. Seeds 4—5, pale

brown.

KepaH: Gunong Lang near Baling, Kiah S.F.N. 35023 (S.).

PERAK: Chenderoh F.R., Ja’amat 39202 (S., K.); Ulu Slim, King

10664 (Kew., C.) type material, fruiting; Ulu Bubong, King 10126

(C.) type material, fruiting.

PAHANG: Kelau State Land, Raub, Osman 28471 (K.); 6 miles

north of Bentong, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16501 (S., Kew) type

of Ridley’s G. pendulifolius.

SELANGOR: Sungei Lalang, Kajang, Symington 22713 (S., K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak and Borneo. Motley 960 from Borneo type

material, flowering. °

I cannot distinguish between Ridley’s G. pendulifolius and this

species and so have united them.

(17) G. montanus J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Inter species malayanas connectivis staminum apiculatis prae-

ditas haec species pedicellis terminalibus longissimis tenuissimisque

differt. G. Holttumii Sinclair qui hanc specimen in facie foliorum

revocat, connectiva convexa habet.

Frutex vel arbor 7 m. alta. Ramuli novelli glabri, striati. Folia

tenuiter coriacea, oblongo-lanceolata, breviter acuminata, basi

acuta, glabra, 12-17-5 cm. longa, 3-5—5-5 cm. lata; petioli 7 mm.—

1 cm. longi, glabri; nervi 8-9 pares, utrinque non prominentes,

fere obscuri. Flores solitarii, axillares vel terminales. Pedicelli

glabri tenues, 3:5—5-5 cm. longi bracteis pluribus minutis bast

praediti. Sepala ovata, acuta, omnino libera, extus minute pubes-

centia, 4-5 mm. longa. Petala tenuiter coriacea, sub anthesin

longitudine crescentia; exteriora lanceolata, acuminata, minute

pubescentia 1-nervosa, breviter unguiculata, post anthesin 3:5 cm.

vel plus longa, circiter 1 cm. lata; interiora praesertim in margini-

bus pubescentia, 1 cm. longa. Stamina 2:5 mm. longa, connectivis

apiculatis. Ovaria 3 mm. longa, cylindrica, pubescentia; stylus

443

w oat

te :

Gardens Bulletin, S. |

filiformis; stigma infundibuliforme, latere adaxiali fissum. Carpella

matura oblonga, obtusa, glabra, 1-8 cm. longa, 1-4 cm. in diam.;

stipites 8 mm. longi. Semen 1.

TRENGGANU: Ulu Brang, Tersat, Moysey S.F.N. 33627 (S.) holo-

type.

titi Cameron Highlands, Ulu Wi, Ja’amat 35949 (K.) and

37520 (K.).

A mountain species, elevation 2,500 feet.

(18) G. tapis Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1 (1861) 371 et in Ann.

Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 35; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1

No. 4 (1892) 326 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 99

Pl. 140; Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 84 et

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 67; Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. (1939) 284;

Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya 1 (1940) 134 Text-fig. 36.

Tree or shrub 3-10 m. high with smooth grey bark. Young

twigs glabrous, brownish or pale, striate. Leaves coriaceous, oblong

to elliptic-oblong, abruptly, shortly and bluntly acuminate, base

rounded or slightly cuneate, edges recurved when dry, both sur-

faces dull, glabrous, brown when dry; midrib sunk above, terete,

prominent beneath and slightly rough; main nerves about 16 pairs,

slender and faint but raised on both surfaces, spreading with 1-3

secondary nerves between the main ones; reticulations faint and

lax; length 15—27 cm.; breadth 6-12 cm.; petiole 5-7 mm., stout,

channelled. Flowers solitary, occasionally in pairs, axillary, frag-

rant. Pedicels with 3—4, minute, basal bracts, stouter than in CG.

malayanus, broadening towards calyx, 5 mm.—1 cm. long. Sepals

green, sometimes tinged with purple, ovate, acute, free to base,

pubescent outside, glabrous inside, 5-6 mm. long. Petals coria-

ceous, pubescent to glabrous, greenish, later creamy-white, often

tinged with pink, outer ovate-lanceolate, sharply acuminate, con-

tracted and thickened at base, one-veined outside, 3—5 cm. long;

inner ovate, acute, clawed, 1—-1:7 cm. long. Stamens 2:5 mm. long

with apiculate connectives and large pollen grains. Ovaries 3 mm.

long, elongate, tomentose; style filiform, stigma funnel-shaped with

the two lobes of the funnel-mouth split down the inner side.

Carpels ripening red, then purple and finally black, ellipsoid, api-

culate, glabrous, thin-walled, sessile, 1-1-2 cm. long, 1-seeded.

KELANTAN: Kota Bahru, Corner S.F.N. 33403 (S.); Gimlette, 7th

May, 1913 (S.).

PENANG: West Hill, Curtis 302 (S., Kew); ravine on hillside above

Telok Aling, Sinclair S.F.N. 39381 (S.).

PERAK: Scortechini, no data (S., C.); Scortechini 172b (Kew): Go-

peng, Kinta, King 4334 (S., C.); 4626 (S.); Larut, Wray 2415 (S.

C.); 3996 (S., C.); King Nos. 8699 (C., E.); 6527 (C., Kew); 19

(C., ‘DD. Kew): 5882 (C.); 5105 (Kew); Assam Kumbong, Wr

444

Vol. XIV. (1955).

2926 (S., C.); Pengkalan Bahru, Pangkore, Curtis 1634 (S., Kew):

44th mile, Bruas, Burn-Murdoch 254 (S.).

TRENGGANU: Ulu Bendong, Kajang, Kemaman, Corner S.F.N. 30018

éS.):

JoHORE: 6th mile Mawai Road, Corner, 15th April, 1936 (S.); Gu-

nong Pulai, Nur and Kiah S.F.N. 7774 (S.); S. Kayu Ara, Mawai-Je-

meluang Road, Corner, 11th May, 1935 (S.); Muar, Curtis, April

1901 (S.); Biawak, Curtis 3624 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Woodlands, Ridley, date 1900 (S.); Chan Chu Kang.

Ridley, April 1894 (S.); Bukit Timah, Ridley 8405 (S.); Pulau Damar,

Ridley 6757 (S.); Seletar, Mat, date 1894 (S.); Jurong, Mat, date

1894 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak, Sumatra.

This species is easily distinguished from G. malayanus by its

_ broader leaves, shorter pedicels, the more acute petals, the apicu-

late connectives of the stamens and the one-seeded, ellipsoid

carpels. See notes under G. malayanus and also see Airy-Shaw in

Kew Bull. (1939) 284. G. tapis is often seen flowering when only

_ 3-4 feet high.

(19) G. umbrosus J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

_ Foliis angustioribus, lanceolatis, magis coriaceis basi magis

acutis, carpellis stipitatis a G. tape differt.

Frutex ad 3 m. altus. Ramuli graciles, glabri, albo-grisei,

_ minute striati. Folia 14-18 cm. longa, 4-5 cm. lata, lanceolata,

: glabra, membranacea, supra nitida, atro-viridia, subtus pallidiora,

apice acuta vel acuminata, basi acuta; nervi 14-16 pares graciles

et obscuri, secondariis inter primarios dispositis; petioli graciles,

_ profunde canaliculati, 8 mm. longi. Flores flavo-virides. Pedicelli

6 mm. longi, tribus bracteis basi praediti. Sepala triangularia,

acuta, glabra, 3 mm. longa, Petala exteriora 4-45 cm. longa, 1:2

cm. lata, lanceolata, acuta, glabra, distincte unguiculata, 1-ner-

- vosa; petala interiora 1:2 cm. longa, oblongo-lanceolata, acuta,

Fi unguiculata, marginibus pubescentia. Stamina 3 mm. longa, con-

“fectivis apiculatis terminata. Ovaria c. 3 mm. longa, tomentosa,

-Carpella (vix matura) rosea, oblonga, leviter apiculata, 1-3—1:5

em. longa; stipites 8 mm.—1 cm. longi. Semen 1.

t PENANG: Jungle behind No. 2 Plant House, Waterfall Gardens, Sin-

¢ clair S.F.N. 39356 (S., E., Kew) holotype.

cy KELANTAN: Kampong Kota, Gimlette, 7th May, 1913 (S.).

_ TRENGGANU: Kampong Ladang, Kuala Trengganu, Holttum S.F.N.

17675 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo probably.

This seems to be the same as Airy-Shaw’s G. sp. aff. G. malay-

anus Hk. f. et Th. et aff. G. tapis Miq.; [Kew Bull. (1939) 285]

collected at Dulit by Richards, Richards 2305. Airy-Shaw states

445

Gardens Bulletin,.S.

that this specimen might well be placed in either species but this

is not the case since it has apiculate stamens which G. malayanus

never has. )

G. umbrosus comes nearest G. tapis which also has apiculate

stamens but differs from tapis having stalked and not sessile car-

pels. The leaves are more lanceolate, less coriaceous and more

acute at the base. In tapis they tend to have a rounded base but

less frequently the base can be acute. The species (holotype) is

common in the forest surrounding the Waterfall Gardens at

Penang. True tapis is also found in Penang.

(20) G. tavoyensis Chatterjee in Journ. Ind. Bot. Soc. 19 (1940)

77 Text-fig. 2.

Small tree 4 m. or more high. Young branches dark brown, glab-

rous, striate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic or narrowly elliptic,

apex bluntly acuminate, base acute, glabrous, margin slightly revo-

lute; main nerves 10—12 pairs, faint above, slightly more promi-

nent beneath, oblique but not very straight, interarching 5-7 mm.

from margin; reticulations very faint and lax or not visible; length

10-24 cm.; breadth 3-5—6:5 cm.; petiole 5 mm.—1 cm. long.

Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedicels 5 mm. long with a few minute,

rous, persistent, 4 mm. long. Petals coriaceous, outer ovate-lanceo- —

late, acuminate, rusty, 8 mm. long and 4 mm. broad at base; |

inner shorter. Stamens numerous, 1-5 mm. long with apiculate —

connectives. Ovaries 7-8, narrowly cylindrical, glabrous; style fili- —

form; stigma funnel-shaped. Ripe carpels 4—8, ellipsoid, apiculate,

glabrous 1-4-1-8 cm. long and 8 mm.—1 cm. broad; stalks 2—3 |

mm. long. Seed solitary, white or light yellow, shining, slightly —

compressed.

Lower SIAM: Khaw Pok Hill, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 3928 (S., K.); |

Kopah Bau, Krah, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 2746 (S., K.).

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, type, Russel 2025 (C.).

Resembles G. tapis but differs in having smaller, less coriaceous §J

leaves, drying greenish beneath and not brown.

(21) G. macrophyllus (Bl.) Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 109

in nota et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 74; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 pt.

1 (1858) 28 et Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 35; King, §

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 325 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 97 Pl. 132; Ridley in Sarawak Mus. —

Journ. 1/3 (1913) 4 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 66.

Basonym: Unona macrophylla Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 17... |

446

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Synonym: Polyalthia macrophylla Bl. Fi. Jav. Anon. (1830) 79

fT; 39. |

Shrub 3-5 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, angled, pale or dark

coloured, older with well-marked striations. Leaves coriaceous,

oblong-lanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, acute, slightly narrowed

to the sub-acute or rounded base, glabrous, texture dull, parch-

ment-like. (composed of minute elevations*and depressions when

viewed under a lens); main nerves 16—20 pairs, opposite or alter-

nate, oblique, interarching near edge, faint and impressed above,

more prominent beneath, midrib sunk above, smooth terete, and

very prominent beneath; reticulations very faint or not visible;

length 22-30 cm., sometimes over 50 cm.; breadth 6-11 cm.;

petiole 1-3 cm. long, stout. Flowers solitary, axillary, or on the

older branches. Pedicels 1-1-2 cm. long with 2—3 minute bracts at

base. Sepals oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, acute,

purplish, united at base, 1-5 cm. long. Petals greenish, coriaceous;

outer 3-3 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, almost glabrous,

concave inside; inner 1:8 cm. long, clawed, the blades rhomboid,

acute, cohering by their edges. Stamens 3 mm. long with short

filaments, anthers linear with large pollen grains and apiculate

connectives. Ovaries 6 mm. long, glabrous, narrow, elongate,

passing into the long, slender, slightly pubescent style; stigma U-

shaped, split down the inner side. Ripe carpels red, glabrous, glo-

bose-ovoid, thin-walled, slightly apiculate, sessile, 1-2 cm. long

and 1 cm. broad. Seed single, pale brown. |

Numerous records from all the states in Malaya except Perlis and

Province Wellesley.

DISTRIBUTION: Siam, Borneo, Java and Sumatra.

A common shrub best recognized by the parchment-like texture

of its leaves. a

pik Tieser Cl1Sla e ur }

35. OXYMITRA Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 145. Polyalthia

section Oxymitra Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. 1 (1830) 71 T. 35, 36D,

37.

Woody climbers. Leaves with oblique, rather straight veins

which do not anastomose at the edge in distinct loops but form

broken or indistinct ones; reticulations scalariform. Flowers extra-

axillary. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate; the outer large, long.

flat or triquetrous and narrow, more or less spreading in mature

flower; the inner much smaller, ovate-lanceolate, oblong or nar-

row, conniving over the stamens and ovaries, their edges adhering,

the base not clawed or occasionally forming a rudimentary claw.

Stamens numerous, with oblique, flat-topped or slightly convex

447

Gardens Bulletin, S.

connectives. Ovaries oblong or cylindric, pubescent; style short,

stigma sub-capitate or compressed-capitate, slightly falcate, usually

pubescent and split on the top and on the inner side. Ripe carpels

ovoid or oblong, thin-walled, usually stalked. Seeds 1, pale brown,

rarely 2, sub-basal.

TYPE OF GENUS: O. cuneiformis (Bl.) Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1885)

45.

DISTRIBUTION: Assam, Burma, Malaya, Siam, Indo-China, Malay

Islands, Philippines, Trop. West Africa. Species over 60.

The nearest related genus to Oxymitra is Goniothalamus. The

outer petals of the two genera are similar especially in those

species which have flat petals. The sepals too are often membran-

ous and recall to a less extent those of Goniothalamus. The inner

petals connive and arch over the sexual organs in the same way as

in Goniothalamus and are united by their edges. There are three

spaces at the base of the petals where the stamens can be seen.

The inner petals are not however distinctly clawed as in Gonio-

thalamus; there may be a rudimentary claw. The leaves with rather

straight veins and scalariform reticulations recall some species of

Goniothalamus. Other significant differences are:—the flowers are

extra-axillary, not axillary as in Goniothalamus and all the species

are climbers.

The climbing habit and extra-axillary flowers have some signifi-

cance as these characters show a link with Fissistigma. Certain

Oxymitra species with terete or nearly terete flower buds such as

O. latifolia, O. calycina and O. excisa resemble certain Fissistigma

species, especially F. rubiginosum. The leaves of these three men-

tioned Oxymitra species with their scalariform reticulations cer-

tainly recall those of Fissistigma. Oxymitra may therefore be one

connecting link between the Mitrephoreae through relation to

Goniothalamus and the Xylopieae through Fissistigma.

The genus in Malaya is not an easy one on account of certain

species closely resembling each other or having intermediate forms.

For example as is pointed out in the notes under individual species

it is not easy to separate O. Kingii, fornicata and desmoides. More

information is required about their distribution and fruiting. It is

essential to collect flowers and fruit from the same plants. Then

again O. Biswasiana Chatterjee is not distinct from O. discolor

Craib and I have made it a synonym. The remaining Malayan

species should not be so difficult to distinguish if flowers and fruit

are available.

The name Oxymitra Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) will probably

be retained for this genus but it is antedated by the Ricciaceous

genus Oxymitra Bischoff ex Lindeb. Syn. Hepat. Eur. (1829)

448

Vol. XIV. (1955). -

124. See van Steenis in Bull. Bot. Jard. Buitenzorg, Serie 3, Vol.

17, Part 4 (May 1949) 458. The proposed name Friesodielsia

has not so far been accepted.

KEY

a. Sepals large, conspicuous, 7 mm.—1-3 cm. broad, ovate to orbi-

cular, several-veined

b. Texture of sepals coriaceous, tomentose, veins very distinct

and raised

c. Leaves up to 6 cm. broad, rarely obovate, the apex acute

or acuminate, glaucous, pubescent to nearly glabrous

below (1) O. affinis

c. Leaves 6-14 cm. broad, often obovate, the apex blunt,

rounded, truncate or retuse, pubescent or tomentose

below

d. Undersurface of leaf glaucous, rusty-pubescent, reticu-

lations prominent but rather lax (2) O. calycina

d. Undersurface of leaf densely rusty-tomentose, entirely

and densely covered with prominent reticulations

(3) O. excisa

6b. Texture of sepals membranous, slightly pubescent, veins not

raised (4) O. Kingii

a. Sepals smalier, up to 6 mm. broad, average 2-3 mm., not orbi-

cular, veins usually 1, if more never prominent or raised

e. Pedicels longer than the flowers

f. Pedicels 8-10 cm. long; flowers about 8 cm. long; base of

leaf rounded and emarginate (5) O. filipes

f. Pedicels 2:8 cm. long; flowers 1:5 cm. long; base of leaf

rounded but not emarginate (6) O. alpina

€. Pedicels shorter than flowers (sometimes equal to them, O.

glauca)

g. Leaves 6-14 cm. broad, apex very blunt and rounded,

sometimes emarginate; flower buds terete

(7) O. latifolia

g. Leaves usually up to 6 cm. wide, the apex acute or acu-

minate; flower buds triangular or otherwise, not terete

in cross-section.

h. Petals thin, flat, 6-7 mm. broad

i. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces; flower subsessile

(8) O. discolor

449

Gardens Bulletin, S-

i. Leaves rusty-tomentose on midrib above, rusty-pu-

bescent beneath; flowers with rusty-tomentose pedi-

cles 5 mm.—1 cm. long

(9) O. borneensis var. sumatrana

h. Petals thickened, coriaceous, triangular or thickened in

cross-section not flat, 4 mm. broad

j. Leaves when fresh golden, shining beneath, carpels.

j. Leaves when fresh glaucous beneath, less coriaceous

k. Carpels glabrous, black when dry, globose, stalks

8 mm.—1 cm. long; petals 2 mm. broad

(11) O. glauca

k. Carpels rusty-pubescent when dry, ellipsoid, stalks

1-5—1-:8 cm. long; petals 4—5 mm. broad

(12) O. argentea

(1) O. affinis Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 70; Craib, FI.

Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 48.

Climber. Young twigs densely rusty-tomentose, later black,

striate, slowly becoming glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong

Fig. 41. Oxymitra fruits.

A, O. biglandulosa. B, O. Kingii. C, O. affinis. D, the same, a single

carpel. E, O. glauca. F, the same, a single carpel.

450

Vol. XIV. (1955).

or obovate-oblong, obtuse or sub-acute, slightly cordate, upper

surface puberulous, lower glaucous and rusty-pubescent; nerves

9-12 pairs, oblique, visible above, prominent beneath as are the

scalariform reticulations; length 10-15 cm.; breadth 4—5-5 cm.;

petiole 5 mm. long, rusty-pubescent. Flowers extra-axillary, nod-

ding, solitary, 2-5 cm. long. Pedicels 7 mm. long with a median,

orbicular, 3 mm. long bract. Sepals 8-9 mm. long and about 1

cm. broad, orbicular-ovate, acute, several-veined, rusty-tomentose.

Outer petals 2-5 cm. long, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, triquet-

rous when young in bud (it appears that they will become flat

when mature) with a distinct central vein, acute, excavated at the

base, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; inner rather shorter,

acute with a very short claw. Ovaries 1-ovuled. Ripe carpels

numerous, 1—1:2 cm. long, oblong-ovoid, apiculate, rusty-pubes-

cent; stalks 8 mm. long, rusty-pubescent.

PENANG: 3160 no data (S.).

PERAK: Simpang, Wray 3044 (S., C.) and Wray 3013 (S.); Larut,

King 6558 ? (E.).

MaLacca: Maingay 59 (C., Kew) type; Selandor, Cantley 531 (S.).

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Mawai-Jemaluang Road, Corner S.F.N.

32494 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak, Beccari 5371 and 232 (Kew).

Some of the above quoted numbers may possibly not all be true

affinis but they certainly closely resemble Maingay 59 which is a

very distinct plant. Craib points out in Fl. Siam. Enum. Page 48

that Maingay 59, the type of O. affinis, belongs to the concave

petal group while plants referred to affinis by King and Ridley

have flat petals and not concave ones. O. affinis sensu Ridley and

King I have here called O. Kingii. It is quite a different plant

having different sepals and different fruit but Craib’s remarks about

the petals being concave may not be altogether correct. The flowers

on the type material are rather young and are certainly triquetrous

in the bud. It looks as if they would flatten out later as is the case

with the near related O. borneensis var. sumatrana. It however

differs from O. affinis in the narrow, acuminate sepals and the

narrower leaves.

(2) O. calycina King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 348 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 125 Pl. 168; Ridley,

PMP: 1, (1922).81.

Climber 10-13 m. high. Young twigs rusty-tomentose with

short, harsh hairs, later black, glabrous and striate. Leaves coria-

ceous, cuneiform-oblong, apex very broad and blunt, often emar-

ginate, base narrowed, rounded and cordate, glossy green above,

451

Gardens Bulletin, S.

black when dry, glabrous but the midrib rusty-pubescent, lower

surface glaucous and rusty-pubescent on the midrib and nerves;

nerves 8-14 pairs, impressed above, prominent beneath, curving

slightly, interarching at the very margin in a broken and indistinct

line; reticulations scalariform, faint above, prominent below;

length 25—30 cm.; breadth 12-14 cm. at middle; petiole 5-7 mm.

long, rusty-tomentose. Flowers solitary, extra-axillary. Pedicels

1:5—2:5 cm. long, rusty-tomentose with a pubescent, acute bract

about 6 mm. long above the base. Sepals free, 1:5 cm. long, 1-1-3

cm. broad, elliptic, sub-acute, several-veined, rusty-tomentose on

both surfaces. Petals coriaceous, yellow, lanceolate, 1-veined, cau-

date-acuminate, pubescent outside, both sets glabrous inside; outer

2-3 cm. long; inner cohering by edges except at very base, 1-4

cm. long. Stamens 1-5-2 mm. long with flat-topped, oblique con-

nectives. Ovaries 2 mm. long, densely rusty-pubescent, cylindrical:

style very short; stigma capitate-falcate, oblique, slightly grooved.

Ripe carpels elliptic, apiculate, slightly pubescent, 7 mm.—1-3 cm.

long; stalks 5 mm. long, pubescent. Seed 1.

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtis 767 (S., Kew) type material.

PERAK: Scortechini 853 (C.); Ulu Bubong, King 10604 (S., C..

D.D., Kew) type material; Larut, King 4272 (C.); 7522 (C.); 3193

(C., Kew); 6780 (S., C., Kew); Relau Tujor, Wray 1806 (S., C., E.):

2597 (S., C.); Sungei Siput, Haniff and Nur. S.F.N. 6971 (S., K.).

SINGAPORE: Cantley, no data, (S.). [Not seen recently in Singapore].

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Malaya.

(3) O. excisa Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 32:

Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 89.

Climber. Young twigs rusty-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous,

broadly oblong-obovate, apex retuse, base rounded and slightly

cordate, upper surface slightly pubescent, tomentose on the mid-

rib, lower surface rusty-tomentose, sub-glaucous; nerves 10-12

pairs, oblique and curving slightly, sunk above, prominent beneath,

running out to margin; reticulations scalariform, very numerous.

and close together, prominent; length 15—20 cm.; breadth 9-13

cm.; petiole tomentose, 1-1-2 cm. long. Flowers solitary, extra-

axillary. Pedicels tomentose, 5 mm. long with an ovate bract at

base of calyx. Sepals ovate, obtuse, about 8-veined, tomentose

except at base inside, 1 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Petals coria-

ceous, yellow; outer lanceolate, triquetrous at the apex, acute,

rufous-tomentose outside, pubescent inside except at the base,

about 1:8 cm. long; inner puberulous outside, glabrous inside, 9

mm. long. Stamens many, connectives sub-rhomboid, truncate. ;

452

; a

‘ Zi

wee

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Ovaries tomentose; style very short, stigma sub-capitate, com-

pressed, pubescent. Ripe carpels ellipsoid, slightly tomentose, api-

culate, 1-4 cm. long and 8 mm. in diam.; stalks 1 cm. long, tomen-

tose. Seed 1.

SINGAPORE: Sungei Sembawang, Ridley 6428 (S., C.).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Bangka, Sarawak.

A rare species. There are no recent collections and this species

is probably now extinct in Singapore. It is not mentioned in

Ridley’s Flora. The shape of the petals in bud and the leaves and

habit recall Fissistigma. It is distinguished from O. latifolia and

calycina by the leaves being densely tomentose beneath and the

scalariform reticulations more numerous.

(4) O. Kingii J. Sinclair sp. nov.

O. affinis sensu King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 347 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 124 Pl. 166A; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 79 (non O. affinis Hk. f. et Th.).

O. fornicatae Hk. f. et Th. proxima sed sepalis persistentibus,

stipitibus carpellorum longioribus haec species differt.

Frutex scandens. Ramuli primum pubescentes dein glabri, nigri,

striati. Folia tenuiter coriacea, oblonga, 12-19 cm. longa, 4-8

cm. lata, apice rotundata breviter acuta, basi rotundata, supra

glabra, subtus ferrugineo-adpresso-pubescentia vel glabra; nervi

12-16 pares, obliqui, supra tenues, subtus prominentes; reticula-

tiones scalariformes; petioli 7 mm. longi, pubescentes. Flores soli-

tarli, extra-axillares. Pedicelli 7 mm. longi, ferrugineo-pubescentes.

Sepala membranacea, late ovata, utrinque pubescentia, sub-acuta,

in fructu persistentia, 8 mm.—Il cm. longa; 8 mm.—1 cm. lata.

Petala pallido-flava, pubescentia; exteriora plana oblongo-lanceo-

lata, sub-acuta, 4 cm. longa, nervo mediano et pluribus lateralibus

nervibus praedita, interiora ovata, brevissime unguiculata, 8 mm.

longa. Stamina 2 mm. longa, connectivis planis vel convexis.

Ovaria 2 mm. longa, cylindrica, pubescentia; stylus brevis; stigma

sub-capitatum falcatum, latere adaxiali fissum. Carpella matura

cylindrica, utrinque rotundatis, ferrugineo-pubescentia 1-5-2 cm.

longa; stipitis 6 mm.—1 cm. longi. Semen pallido-brunneum.

PERAK: Larut, King 5126 (S., C., D.D., Kew) holotype; King Nos.

1915 (C., Kew); 2806; (C.); 7472 (C., Kew); 4010 (C.); Gopeng,

King 4618 (C.); Kampong Kota, Wray 3339 (S., C., E.); Upper

Perak, Wray 3386 (C., S.); Tupai, Wray 3083 (S., C.); foot of Max-

well’s Hill, Sinclair S.F.N. 38819 (S., E.).

PAHANG: Sungei Tahan, Ridley August 1891 (S.).

we Pulau Aor, Henderson S.F.N. Nos. 18235 (S.) and 182432

DISTRIBUTION: Probably Burma and Siam.

453

Gardens Bulletin, S.

King and Ridley confused this species with true O. affinis. See

notes under that species. O. Kingii is extremely like O. fornicata

and may be the same. I have had little material of the authentic

fornicata with which to compare it but it appears to have sessile

carpels while they are stalked in O. Kingii. O. desmoides of Craib

too, is very near this species. Craib unfortunately did not describe

the fruit.

Sinclair S.F.N. 38851 cultivated in the garden of Mr. Tan Hoon

Siang, 4 Leonie Hill Road, Singapore collected 15th November,

1949 is probably O. desmoides. The shrub has recently been cut

down and destroyed. The flowers are on very short pedicels and

resemble closely those of King 5726, the holotype of O. Kingii.

No fruits have as yet been collected from this cultivated species.

Mr. Tan does not know the origin of it but he admitted it was not

a local species and had been planted in his garden. There is an-

other sheet of O. desmoides, Ridley 14725 in the Singapore

Herbarium. On the label is stated:—‘Origin Siam. Cultivated in

Singapore by Saheb’.

(5) O. filipes Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 71; King, Mat.

F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 348 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 4 (1893) 125 Pl. 167; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 80

Fig. 8.

Climber. Young twigs pubescent, later glabrous, dark coloured,

striate, lenticellate. Leaves membranous, oblong-lanceolate to ob-

long-obovate, apex acute, base rounded and emarginate or sub-

cordate, glabrous above except the midrib and nerves, pubescent

and glaucous below, tending to become glabrous with age; nerves

12-16 pairs, oblique, curving, faint above, prominent beneath,

running out to margin with a broken or indistinct line of anas-

tomosing; reticulations faint above, distinct below, scalariform

but not very straight; length 12-22 cm.; breadth 4:5-—7:5 cm.;

petiole 3—7 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers faintly scented, extra-

axillary on long slender pedicels 8-10 cm. long with a lanceolate

bract 4-8 mm. long near middle. Sepals 7-9 mm. long, 4 mm. —

broad, ovate, acute, pubescent on both surfaces. Petals yellow, —

outer very long and slender, about 8 cm. long and 2 mm. broad, —

triquetrous, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, expanded and con-

cave at base inside; inner glabrous, 1 cm. long, lanceolate with a

caudate-acuminate apex. Stamens about 1:5 mm. long with flat-

topped, oblique connectives. Ovaries 2 mm. long, cylindrical,

rusty-pubescent; style very short, stigma faintly grooved; obliquely

454

Vol. XIV. (1955).

capitate. Ripe carpels slightly oblong-ovate, apiculate, softly pubes-

cent, thin-walled, 1-2 cm. long and 7 mm. in diam.; stalks 8 mm.

long, pubescent. Seed 1, pale.

KELANTAN: Sungei Keteh, Nur and Foxworthy S.F.N. 11973 (S.).

Perak: King 10982 (C., E.); 10778 (C., Kew); Gopeng, King 513

(C., Kew); 820 (C.); 1112 (C., Kew); Ulu Bubong, King 10014 (C..,.

D.D., Kew).

PaHANG: Ulu Chineras, Kuala Lipis, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N.

17085 (S., K., Kew).

SELANGOR: Ulu Gombak, Hashim 120 (K.).

Ma.acca: Maingay 60 (C., Kew) type.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 31962 (S.); Corner, 27th Octo-

ber, 1936 (S.); S. Sedili, Corner, 13th April, 1935 (S.); Sungei Segun,

Gunong Panti, Corner S.F.N. 30692 (S.); 134 mile Mawai-Jemaluang

Road, Corner S.F.N. 29435 (S., C., K., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known outside Malaya.

Easily distinguished by the long slender pedicels and filiform

petals.

(6) O. alpina J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Haec species montana ad sectionem cum petalis concavis per-

tinet. Flores eis in O. latifolia minores sed pedicellis longioribus.

suffulti. Folia O. affinis forma aliquanto similia sed glabra.

Fig. 42. Oxymitra alpina J. Sinclair.

A, Flowering twig. B, Fruiting twig.

455

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Frutex scandens. Ramuli glabri, nigri, striati. Folia. tenuiter

coriacea, lanceolata, 8-S—13 cm. longa, 3—4 cm. lata, costis superi-_

oribus puberulis exceptis glabra; nervi 12—14 pares, obliqui, erec-

tiusculi, tenues, subtus prominentes; reticulationes scalariformes,

tenues, interdum indistinctae; petioli 6-8 mm. longi. Flores extra-

axillares vel terminales, in alabastro teretes. Pedicelli 2:8 cm.

longi, glabri; bractea media linearis acuta 4 mm. longa. Sepala 4

mm. longa et 4 mm. lata, acuta, extus pubescentia, intus glabra.

Petala coriacea lanceolata, acuta, extus minute pubescentia, intus

concava, glabra; exteriora 1:5 cm. longa; interiora 7 mm. longa.

Stamina 1 mm. longa, connectivis obliquis convexis. Ovaria ferru-

gineo-tomentosa 2:5 mm. longa; stylus brevis; stigma capitato-

compressum, pubescens. Carpella matura 1-3—1:5 cm. longa, cylin-

drico-oblonga, glabra, apice acuta, basi sensim in stipitem brevem,

4 mm. longum angustata. Semen 1 pallido-brunneum. Fig. 42.

PERAK: The Box, Maxwell’s Hill, Yeob, Forest Dept. F.M.S. 1451

(S.) type. One sheet only. Altitude 4,076 feet.

A mountain species, apparently rare. Only one sheet in Herb.

Sing.

(7) O. latifolia Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 145 et-in Fl. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 70; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4

(1893) 126 Pl. 166B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 81; Craib, Fl.

Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 49.

Climber 6-20 m. long. Young branches rusty-tomentose, later

glabrous, dark-coloured and striate. Leaves usually large, varying

in size, thickly membranous, oblong-ovate, slightly obovate, ob-

tuse, truncate or less often retuse or bluntly acute, base rounded

and slightly cordate, dark green above, rather dull, glabrous except

the rusty-pubescent midrib, lower surface greenish white or sub-

glaucous, softly rusty-pubescent; nerves 10-16 pairs, oblique,

rather straight, prominent beneath, interarching at the very edge;

reticulations scalariform, prominent and numerous beneath; length

17-28 cm.; breadth 6-12 cm.; petiole 1:2—1:5 cm. long, rusty-

tomentose. Flowers solitary, extra-axillary. Pedicels 5 mm.—| cm.

long, rusty-tomentose with an ovate or oblong bract 5 mm. long

near the base or sub-median. Sepals coriaceous, sub-orbicular or

broadly triangular, obtuse, rusty-pubescent outside, glabrous in-

side, 4 mm. long and 4—6 mm. wide. Petals creamy white turning

brown when old, coriaceous, outer ovate-lanceolate, tips trique-

trous, bluntly acute, very slightly tomentose outside, glabrous in-

side, 2:‘5—4 cm. long; inner 1-8—2:7 cm. long, broadly ovate, acu-

minate, adhering at the tips. Stamens 1:5 mm. long, white, con- |

nectives convex. Ovaries 2-5 mm. long, oblong, pubescent; style

456

‘ +» <

Vol. XIV. (1955).

very short, stigma falcate-capitate, pubescent, split down the inner

side. Carpels oblong-ovoid, apiculate, slightly pubescent, brownish

and slightly granular when dry, 1:5 cm. long and 7 mm. in diam.;

stalks 15-2 cm. long. Seed solitary, pale, shining.

PENANG: 2 sheets as type in Herb Kew, stamped Herbarium Hooke-

rianum (1) Dom. Phillips, date 1824 and (2) bears the writing “Uva-

ria grandifolia 3136”, no collector’s name or date (S.).

PERAK: King 8681 (C.); 8841 (C.); Larut, King 5562 (C., D.D.,

Kew); 4016 (C., D.D., Kew); 4974 (S., C.); 6879 (S., C.); 6026 (S.,

C., E.); Tapa, Wray 1379 (S., C.); 188 (S., C.); Relau Tujor, Wray

1833 (S., C., Kew); Ulu Bubong, King 10258 (Kew).

TRENGGANU: Ulu Bendong, Kajang, Kemaman, Corner S.F.N. 30159

(S., Kew).

PAHANG: Gali near Raub, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16224 (S.).

SELANGOR: Ridley, August 1904 (S.); Klang Gates, Sinclair, 12th

November, 1953 (S.).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sungei Menyala F.R., Port Dickson, Sinclair

S.F.N. 40146 (S.).

Ma.acca: Maingay 57 (C., Kew); Selandor Forest near Tebong,

Burkill S.F.N. 1339 (S.); Bukit Bruang, Curtis, May 1901 (S.).

JOHORE: Muar, Curtis, April 1901 (S.); 134 mile, Mawai-Jemaluang

Road, Corner S.F.N. 29434 (S., Kew); Sungei Kayu, Corner, 14th

April, 1935 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Chan Chu Kang, Goodenough, date 1893 (S.); Garden

Jungle, Ridley 10809 (Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Malaya.

This species is not uncommon in Singapore in the MacRitchie

Reservoir forest and the Botanic Gardens’ jungle but it seldom

flowers. It recalls O. calycina but that species has cuneiform,

oblong leaves which are usually much more emarginate or retuse

at the apex. The spaces between the veins are wider, there being

fewer veins. The leaves of O. latifolia dry brownish-green above

and not black. Also they are less glaucous beneath. The sepals of

O. calycina are much larger and are several-veined while the petals

have a prominent mid-vein which appears to be lacking in O.

latifolia. The carpels of O. calycina are ovoid and shorter.

The shape of the petals and the venation of the leaves superfi-

cially recall Fissistigma rubiginosum.

(8) O. discolor Craib in Kew Bull. (1925) 11 et Fl. Siam. Enum.

I (1925) 49.

Synonym: O. Biswasiana Chatterjee in Journ. Ind. Bot. Soc. 19

(1940) 2.

Woody climber. Stem and branches terete, black, lenticellate.

Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, base acute, rarely

rounded, glabrous on both surfaces, glaucous beneath; nerves 8-13

457

Gardens Bulletin, S.

pairs, ascending, conspicuous below as are the scalariform reti-

culations; length 7-5-16 cm.; breadth 2:5—6 cm.; petiole 4-6 mm.

long. Flowers solitary, extra-axillary, subsessile, pyramidal. Bract

solitary, ovate-lanceolate, situated at the base of calyx. Sepals

broadly deltoid, granular, faintly several-veined, glabrous inside,

minutely pubescent outside, 4-7 mm. long and 4-5 mm. broad.

Petals ovate-lanceolate, entire, acute, minutely pubescent on both

sides, outer somewhat flat, 1:2-3-5 cm. long, 6 mm. broad; inner

slightly shorter, 9 mm. long. Stamens numerous, linear, cuneate

with large, convex connectives. Torus convex. Ovaries 8-10, nar-

rowly elliptic, densely pubescent, 1-5 mm. long; stigma compress-

ed, pubescent. Ripe carpels 5—6, ovoid, rusty, 11-12 mm. long

and 8—9 mm. broad; stalks 4 mm. long. Seed solitary, ovoid, red-

dish-brown, shining with a median, longitudinal depression.

KepAH: Pulau Adang, Ridley 15904 (S., Kew); Langkawi, Holttum

S.F.N. 15143 (S., Kew).

MALAccA: Maingay 3397 (Kew distribution No. 61) (Kew) named

O. Biswasiana.

DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Heinze Chaung Camp. 550 m., P.T. Russell

2095 type and co-type of O. Biswasiana (C.) and 1814 (C.) 4 sheets

seen by me; Siam, Kerr 6910 (Kew) type of O. discolor.

This seems to be a rare species in Malaya. It is similar to O.

Kingii but differs in having glabrous, very thin leaves, smaller

flowers and smaller carpels. The Pulau Adang specimen, Ridley

15904 is quoted as O. fornicata var. glabra in Ridley’s Flora.

(9) O. borneensis Mig. var. sumatrana Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 31.

Climber. Young twigs densely ferrugineous-tomentose, later

glabrous and black. Leaves also at first covered with a rusty pubes-

cence, especially on the midrib and nerves, slowly glabrescent,

glaucous beneath, narrow-oblong, apex bluntly obtuse or some-

times apiculate, base emarginate; nerves 13-15 pairs, visible

above, prominent beneath; reticulations scarcely visible above,

scalariform, prominent beneath, length 14-17 cm.; breadth 3-6

cm.; petiole 5 mm. long. Pedicels extra-axillary, 5 mm.—1l cm.

long, rusty-tomentose with a median, linear, rusty-tomentose bract

2 mm. long. Sepals rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous inside, tri-

angular at base, narrowed into an acuminate apex, 1-veined, 5

mm. long and 3 mm. broad at base. Outer petals thin, flat, ribbon-

like, rusty-pubescent outside, puberulous inside, 1-veined, 5-6

cm. long, and 6-7 mm. broad. Inner petals glabrous, 1:3—1:5 cm.

long, tapering from the base to a narrow needle-like apex. Carpels

458

Vol. XIV. (1955).

(not mature) ellipsoid-globose, slightly pubescent, probably be-

coming glabrous, 8 mm. long with stalks 1 cm. long (probably

larger when mature).

JOHORE: Batu Pahat, Ridley, date 1900 (S.).

SINGAPORE: King 1195 (Kew); Bukit Timah, Ridley 6343 (S.);

Chua Chu Kang, Ridley, date 1894 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Type, Korthals (Kew) Sumatra.

Not previously recorded from Malaya. At first I thought that

the above quoted specimens might be O. affinis but they differ

from it and from O. borneensis in the narrow, acuminate sepals.

The broadly ovate sepals of O. affinis resemble those of O. caly-

cina and are several veined, in contrast to the one prominent vein

in O. borneensis var. sumatrana.

This variety differs from borneensis proper in having narrower,

less hairy leaves. The base is not quite so markedly emarginate

and the undersurface is glaucous with shorter hairs becoming

glabrous. The pedicels are shorter, the sepals narrowed towards the

acuminate apex. The carpels are less pointed at the apex and are

not hirsute.

(10) O. biglandulosa (Bl1.) Scheff. in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 31

(1870) 341; King, F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 349 et in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 127 Pl. 170; Ridley in Sara-

wak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 88 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 81.

Basonym: Guatteria biglandulosa Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830)

102 T. 51; Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 143.

Synonym: Polyalthia biglandulosa Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind.

1 (1872) 65.

Climber 15—33 m. high. Young twigs slender, minutely serice-

ous, soon dark coloured and glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic

or elliptic-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, the edges slightly

recurved when dry, base rounded or slightly cuneate, upper sur-

face glabrous, lower glabrous or slightly puberulous and of a

golden shining tint; main nerves 8-13 pairs, oblique, curving

slightly, running out to the edge, faint and raised above, prominent

beneath; reticulations fine, faint, scalariform. Flowers solitary,

extra-axillary. Pedicels 1-2 cm. long, angled, slender, with a

minute, subulate bract at middle. Sepals S—6 mm. long, and 2-3

mm..br., coriaceous, ovate, acuminate, adpressed-rusty-pubescent

on both surfaces. Petals yellow, coriaceous; outer lanceolate-ob-

long, obtuse, expanded and concave inside in the lower third,

459

7, 4s ae,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

rusty-adpressed-pubescent, (nearly glabrous inside), the midrib

prominent, 2:5—3-2 cm. long and 6-7 mm. broad, inner acute

with broad bases, 1-veined, 5 mm.—1 cm. long, pubescent outside,

glabrous inside. Stamens 1-1-5 mm. long with flat-topped and

slightly oblique connectives. Ovaries 2 mm. long, rusty-pubescent,

oblong, slightly curved, style short and slender, stigma sub-capi-

tate-falcate, grooved on the top and on the inner side. Ripe carpels

oblong, blunt at each end or slightly or not apiculate at apex,

puberulous or glabrous, 1-3—1:5 cm. long, 7-8 mm. in diam.;

stalks 1-1-5 cm. long. Seeds 1, occasionally 2.

PERAK: Ulu Kerling, King 8746 (S., C., Kew); Larut, King 2873

(C., D.D.); Taiping, King 8389 (E.); Kinta, King 3009 (Kew); Go-

peng, King 5899 (Kew) and King 6049 (S., E., Kew).

SELANGOR: Kuala Lumpur, Curtis, no date or number (S.).

MALACCA: Griffith 456 (Kew); Maingay 49 (Kew).

SINGAPORE: Sungei Jurong, Ridley, date 1896 (S.); Seletar Forest

behind vegetable gardens at Nee Soon, Sinclair S.F.N. 38870 (S., E.)-

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo and Sumatra.

The golden colour of the undersurface of the leaves is probably

a good diagnostic character. It may not always be seen in dried

specimens.

(11) O. glauca Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 146 et in FI. Br.

Ind. 1 (1872) 71; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 pt. 1 (1858) 50; King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 350 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 128 Pl. 171A; Ridley in Sarawak Mus.

Journ. 1/3 (1913) 88 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 82.

Climber. Young branches slender, minutely tomentose, soon

glabrous, striate and black. Leaves thinly coriaceous, varying a

good deal in shape, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, acute or

acuminate, base rounded or acute, upper surface dark green, dull

and glabrous, lower glabrous or often very slightly pubescent on

midrib and nerves, glaucous (this character tending to disappear

in old leaves); nerves 9—14 pairs, oblique, straight or curving

slightly, faint above, prominent beneath, running out to the mar-

gin; reticulations faint, close together, scalariform; length 9-21

cm.; breadth 4—6 cm.; petiole 7-8 mm. long. Flowers solitary,

extra-axillary on slender pedicels 1-8—2-8 cm. long with a median,

minute, subulate bract. Sepals ovate, acuminate adpressed-pubes-

cent, 4 cm. long and 2~3 mm. broad. Outer petals yellow, linear-

lanceolate, sub-acute, minutely pubescent outside, glabrous inside,

midrib prominent, 1-8—2-8 cm. long and 4 mm. broad; inner

shorter, about 5 mm.—1 cm. long, yellow, glabrous, the base broad

and the apex acuminate. Stamens as in O. biglandulosa. Ovaries

460

Vol. XIV. (1955).

as in O. biglandulosa but slightly smaller. Carpels numerous, glo-

bose, slightly apiculate, glabrous to slightly pubescent, 1 cm. long

and 7 mm. in diam.; stalks 8 mm.—1 cm. long. Seed 1, pale.

PENANG: “Prince of Wales Island” Phillips, Herb. Hooker, type

material (Kew).

KEDAH: Kedah Peak, Haniff and Nur S.F.N. 5166 (S.).

KELANTAN: Sungei Ketil, Henderson S.F.N. 24815 (S., C., Kew)

probably O. glauca.

PERAK: Gunong Batu Puteh, Wray 482 (S.) leaves long in propor-

tion to breadth; Relau Tujor, Wray 2899 (S.) leaves long in propor-

tion to breadth; Ulu Bubong, King 10606 (C., D.D., E., Kew) and

10464 (C., D.D.); Gopeng, Kinta, King 4401 (Kew); King 4451 (C.);

King 4454 (Kew); Ulu Kerling, King 8833 (C., D.D., Kew) and

10192 (C.); Larut, King 4151 (C.).

PAHANG: Jerantut, Burkill and Haniff S.F.N. 16095 (S., Kew) nearer

to biglandulosa especially in the fruit. The leaves are smaller than

normal. Merapoh, Henderson S.F.N. 23201 (S.) somewhat inter-

mediate between glauca and biglandulosa.

Ma.acca: Maingay 58 (C., Kew); Merlimau, Alvins, 17th April,

1886 (S.); Selandor, Alvins 446 (S.).

JOHORE: Sungei Tebrau, Ridley, March 1908 (S.); Kuala Sembrong,

Lake and Kelsall 4048 (S., C.); S. Kayu, Kiah S.F.N. 32044 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Jurong, Corner S.F.N. 26151 (S., Kew) approaching O.

biglandulosa.

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo and Sumatra.

This is a variable and difficult species. There may be more than

one plant included in glauca or there may be hybrids between it

and biglandulosa. O. bigiandulosa and O. argentea are near to it.

The leaves of biglandulosa are more coriaceous and of a golden

shining brown below, not glaucous. The flowers too are slightly

larger, the pedicels shorter, and the ripe carpels more elongated

with longer stalks than in glauca. For other differences see under

O. argentea.

(12) O. argentea J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Haec species adhuc QO. glauca et O. biglandulosa confusa est.

Ab ea pedicellis floriferis crassioribus, carpellis ellipsoideis rufo-

pubescentibus longioribus stipitatis, ab hac foliis glaucis carpellis

non oblongis distinguitur.

Frutex scandens. Ramuli novelli minute fulvo-pubescentes,

deinde nigricantes, glabri striati. Folia tenuiter coriacea, supra

atro-viridia non nitida, secus costam pubescentia demum glabra,

subtus valde glauca, oblongo-vel elliptico-lanceolata, apice acu-

minata, basi acuta; 12-17 cm. longa; 4-6 cm. lata; petioli 8 mm.—

1 cm. longi minute pubescentes; nervi 11-13 pares obliqui, supra

depressi, subtus valde elevati; reticulationes utrinque graciles,

scalariformes. Flores foliis oppositi, in alabastro triquetri; pedicelli

461

Gardens Bulletin, S- 3

crassi, minute pubescentes, 1 cm. longi (in fructu ad 2 cm. longi)

medio vel infra bractea 2 mm. longa acuta praediti. Sepala tri-

angularia, acuminata, 1-nervosa, 5 mm. longa, extus minute fulvo-

pubescentia, intus glabra. Petala exteriora coriacea, 1-nervosa,

E . URW JER

- lem

Fig. 43. Oxymitra argentea J. Sinclair.

A, Flowering twig. B, Fruiting twig. C, Outer petal. D, Inner petals.

E, Flower with petals removed. F, Stamen, front view. G, Stamen,

side view. H, Gynoecium. :

icm

462

Vol. XIV. (1955).

extus fulvo-pubescentia, intus glabra, triquetra, saepe torta, 3-5

cm. longa, 4-5 mm. lata, basi concava, apicem versus sensim

angustata; interiora 6 mm.—l cm. longa, glabra vel puberula,

apice aciculata. Ovaria elongata, dense hirsuta, 2 mm. longa.

Stylus brevis. Stigmata clavato-infundibuliformia. Carpella matura

ellipsoidea, apiculata, rufo-pubescentia, 1-1-2 cm. longa; stipites

graciles 1:5—1-8 cm. longi, apice paullo crassiores. Semen 1.

Fig. 43.

Pe heel Gua Panjang at Gua Ninik, Henderson S.F.N. 19594

PERAK: Waterfall Hill, Wray 2082 (S.).

TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, Kemaman, Corner S.F.N. 30457 (S.,

ee holotype; Sri Bangun near Bukit Besi, Sinclair S.F.N. 39871

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak, Mount Dulit, Richards 1217 (S., Kew)

distributed as O. biglandulosa.

Named O. argentea from the glaucous, silvery undersurface of

the leaves. It has been confused with O. glauca and O. biglandu-

losa. The carpels stalks are longer than those of O. glauca and

about the same length as those of O. biglandulosa. The carpels of

both dry black and are glabrous but in argentea they are pubescent

and of a rusty colour. The shape of the carpels in argentea is ellip-

soid; they are more globose in glauca and oblong in biglandulosa.

The flower buds are thicker and stouter with stouter pedicels than

those of glauca. The colour of the flower is brownish yellow while

it is yellow in glauca. The golden colour of the lower surface of

the leaves of biglandulosa should distinguish it.

36. MITREPHORA Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 112. Uvaria

section Mitrephorae Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 13.

Tree or shrubs. Leaves with nearly parallel nerves and fine reti-

culations. Flowers hermaphrodite, extra-axillary, opposite the

leaves. Sepals valvate. Petals valvate, outer spreading, narrowed

slightly to base; inner slightly shorter, mitriform, cohering by their

edges above, free below with very narrow claws. Stamens nume-

rous with flat-topped connectives. Ovaries numerous with sub-

capitate stigmas. Torus hairy, not very massive in fruit. Ripe

carpels stalked or sessile; seeds about 4—8 in 2 rows.

SYNTYPES OF GENUS: M. obtusa (BI.) Hk. f. et Th.; M. humilis

(Bl.) Mig.; M. polypyrena (Bl.) Miq.

DIsTRIBUTION: India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Indo-China, Borneo,

Java and Philippines.

Quite a distinct genus from Pseuduvaria which Bentham,

Hooker, King and Ridley included in Mitrephora. The texture of

the leaves is quite different from Pseuduvaria and the flowers are

463

Gardens Bulletin, S-

extra-axillary and not axillary as in Pseuduvaria. There is a close

alliance however and a similarity in the flower parts and their

arrangement but the flowers of Pseuduvaria are unisexual and the

exterior petals are shorter than the interior. Two species are des-

cribed here but there are two sheets Kiah S.F.N. 35382 and Best

S.F.N. 21207 from Kedah in the Singapore herbarium which pro-

bably belong to a third undescribed species. These resemble M.

Maingayi in the foliage. However the carpels are not ferrugineous

but pale buff-tomentose and have more seeds. As these are in fruit

only it is better not to give a name at this stage but to wait for

flowering material. The Malayan material included by Hooker f.

and Thomson under M. obtusa is not that species but M. Main-

gayi.

KEY

a. Leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath, base acute to

slightly rounded, nerves 6—12 pairs; pedicel bracts 1 mm.

long (1) M. Maingayi

a, Leaves rusty pubescent beneath, base rounded to cordate, ner- _

ves 18-20 pairs; pedicel bracts 5-6 mm. long

(2) M. vulpina

(1) M. Maingayi Hk. f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 77; King,

Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 335 et in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 112 Pl. 154; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922)

73.

Synonyms: M. obtusa Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 113 excl.

type. M. Teysmannii Scheff. in Flora 52 (1869) 302.

Tree 10-15 m. high with spreading branches. Youngest twigs

rusty-pubescent, soon becoming black and glabrous. Leaves deep

green, coriaceous, shining and glabrous on upper surface, the

upper midrib occasionally rusty-pubescent, rusty-pubescent on the

midrib and nerves below, soon glabrous, rather variable in shape,

elliptic, oblong-elliptic to elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate, base

acute or slightly rounded and often a trifle unequal-sided; nerves.

6-12 pairs, prominent on both surfaces, curving and ascending,

anastomosing at margin in a very broken line; reticulations form- :

ing a fine network, visible on both surfaces; length 10-15 cm.; |

breadth 4—6 cm.; petiole 7-8 mm. long. Peduncles extra-axillary,

opposite the leaves, 1-5-3 cm. long bearing up to 5 flowers (one

opening at a time) alternately in two ranks, each flower in the axil

of an acute bract, 1 mm. long. (Normally only one flower persists

to set fruit, the rest drop off). Pedicels about 2 cm. long, rusty-

tomentose with a medial clasping bract 1 mm. long. Sepals 2-3

464

Vol. XIV. (1955).

mm. long, ovate-triangular, acute, free at the base, rusty-tomentose

outside, glabrous inside. Outer petals pale yellow, mottled with

red, 1:3—2 cm. long, orbicular' or obovate, rounded at apex and

suddenly shortly mucronate, narrowed to the base with a claw 3-5

mm. broad, rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous or slightly puberul-

ous inside with erose margins, inner darker yellow, mottled with

red, about 7 mm. long, pubescent on both surfaces, vaulted, blade

cordate to rhomboid, the claw very narrow, 1 mm. or less in

breadth. Stamens numerous, 1 mm. long with flat-topped connec-

tives. Torus not massive, short hairs present among ovaries. Ova-

ries about 1 mm. long, angled, stigma sub-capitate, discoid. Ripe

carpels broadly ovoid, blunt at each end, densely rusty-tomentose

as are the stalks, the tomentum wearing off with age, length 2:5

cm.; diameter 1-8 cm.; stalks about 1-8 cm. long. Seeds 4—5 in 2

rows, compressed.

TyPE: Malacca, Maingay 65 (C., Kew).

A common species well represented in herbaria from the follow-

ing states:—Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca but rarer

in Negri Sembilan and Johore and not found in Singapore. The

variety Kurzii King occurs in Burma and has the underside of the

leaves more pubescent than in the type.

(2) M. vulpina C.E.C. Fischer in Kew Bull. (1926) 449.

Twigs at first densely rusty-pubescent soon becoming glabrous,

lenticels few. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong or sub-elliptic,

shortly acute, base rounded and slightly cordate, glabrous and

shining on upper surface except the rufous-pubescent midrib, lower

surface softly fulvous-pubescent with adpressed pubescence on

midrib and veins and shortly ciliate on the margins; nerves 18—20:

pairs, nearly parallel, oblique, some of them interarching about 1

mm. from margin, the line of interarching, faint, indistinct and

broken; reticulations on upper surface very close and faint, on

lower surface more open but faint; length 14-16 cm.; breadth

7:5—10-5 cm.; petiole 5 mm.—1 cm. long, rusty-tomentose. Flowers

2-ranked on a short, tomentose, multi-bracteate axis (peduncle)

about 3—4 cm. long which arises opposite the leaves. Pedicels with

tomentum like the peduncle, 1-2—1:5 cm. long with an amplexi-

caul, acute bract, 5-6 mm. long just below calyx; bract glabrous

on the upper adaxial side. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, densely

rusty-pubescent outside, glabrous inside, 5 mm. long. Petals

yellow, outer acute, oblong-lanceolate with slightly undulate mar-

gins, tomentose outside, glabrous inside, 1:5 cm. long and 0-5 cm.

broad; inner narrower, clawed, vaulted and cohering at top,

465

Gardens Bulletin, S.

slightly pubescent outside and glabrous inside but not rusty-pubes-

cent like the outer sepals and petals, slightly smaller than the outer

petals. Stamens numerous, 1 mm. long or less with broad, fiat,

smooth tops. Ovaries few, elongate, pubescent, 1 mm. long. Ripe

carpels globose or oblong, obtuse, thick-walled, slightly rugose,

shortly and densely rusty-tomentose, 2—2:3 cm. long and 1-6-2

cm. in diameter, several-seeded; stalks stout, 3—4 cm. long, rusty-

tomentose.

PERAK: Gunong Kerbau, King 4788 (C.).

SELANGOR: 16th mile Ulu Gombak, Strugnell 12466 (S., K., Kew).

DISTRIBUTION: Siam.

This species has not been previously recorded from Malaya. It

is very close to M. Collinsae Craib [Kew Bull. (1922) 168] but

I have not seen enough material of both to make a definite state-

ment. The tomentum is reddish brown in M. vulpina but more

yellowish in Collinsae.

Mitrephora crassipetala Ridley, Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br.

54 (1909) 13 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 74 is Anaxagorea javanica

Bl.

37. POPOWIA Endl. in Walp. Repert. 1 (1842) 74.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves granular or subgranular in texture,

glabrous, pubescent or tomentose. Flowers rather small, single or

in fascicles, opposite the leaves. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, val-

vate, thick; outer small, spreading, slightly larger than the sepals;

inner larger than the outer, concave inside, somewhat connivent

and erect, their edges at first adhering, later free, their apices often

incurved, base shortly clawed, sometimes the outer and inner

united at the base forming a sympetalous corolla. Stamens cuneate

with broad, flat-topped or slightly concave connectives. Ovaries

few, ovoid to oblong; style very short; stigma sub-capitate or

wedge-shaped, grooved on the top and down the inner side. Ripe

carpels globose or ovoid, sub-sessile or stalked. Seeds 1—4, rugose

or pitted and with a circumferential ridge.

Liye OF GENUS: P. pisocarpa (Bl.) Endl. in Walp. Repert. 1 (1842)

DISTRIBUTION: Species about 90 but when properly examined many

of these will probably be found to belong to other genera. Majority

from Tropical Africa. The remainder, Madagascar, S. India, Burma,

Siam, Malaya, Indo-China, Malay Islands to Australia.

This genus is probably nearest to Pseuduvaria, Mitrephora and

Neo-uvaria. Its systematic position has been much disputed by the

and Scheffer and place it in the Mitrephoreae. The inner petals —

466

Vol. XIV. (1955). .

are shortly clawed as in Neo-uvaria and are slightly connivent.

They differ however in not having the long narrow claws of

Pseuduvaria and Mitrephora but they certainly have the three

basal arch-like spaces and do adhere by their edges for some time

before they separate. All four genera have similar stamens with

flat-topped connectives. Also the style is usually short and the

stigma capitate or sub-capitate. Neo-uvaria and Pseuduvaria have

axillary flowers while Popowia and Mitrephora have extra-axillary

ones. There is a less degree of resemblance to Orophea in which

the inner petals too are mitriform, cohering by their edges with

long free claws but the stamens are very different (miliusoid).

Orophea in this respect seems to be a connecting link between

the Mitrephoreae and Miliuseae.

The genus Popowia in Malaya is not altogether an easy one.

P. pisocarpa is a variable species and the more pubescent forms

of it are liable to be confused with other species. P. pauciflora is

very rare and the material I have seen of it is fragmentary, more

material is required as the description is not quite complete. P.

velutina is very close to P. fusca and may have to be included in

it. P. perakensis should not give the systematist any trouble. P.

tomentosa is nearest to P. hirta from Sumatra. I have made a new

variety of P. tomentosa, namely vat. crinita whieh may be specifi-

cally distinct.

A Popowia from Pulau Tioman, Burkill S.F.N. 1148 and Nur

S.F.N. 18854 appears to be a new species but the material is in-

adequate to describe it as such. There are also in the Singapore

Herbarium several unnamed sheets of Popowia species from

Borneo. Some of these are probably new but again the material

is inadequate.

KEY

a. Reticulations not visible in adult leaves; inner petals about

3 mm. long; seed 1 (1) P. pisocarpa

a. Reticulations visible in adult leaves except in pauciflora; inner

petals over 3 mm. long; seeds 1 or more

b. Seeds 1; carpel stalks 2-8 mm. long

c. Inner petals 3 times as long as outer

\ (2) P.. pauciflora

c. Inner petals less than 3 times as long as outer

d. Leaves pubescent beneath with thickened pubescent

edges; nerves 8-11 pairs (3) P. fusca

d. Leaves pubescent to tomentose beneath and less oval

than P. fusca; nerves 6—7 pairs (4) P. velutina

467

Gardens Bulletin, S.

b. Seeds more than 1; carpels stalks 8 mm.—1 cm. long

e. Leaves pubescent beneath; inner petals 4 mm. long; ripe

carpels 1-1-5 cm. long (5) P. perakensis

e. Leaves tomentose beneath; inner petals 7 mm. long; ripe

carpels 2—2:3 cm. long

f. Nerves 12 pairs, tomentum of leaf short and dense with

hairs 1 mm. long, apex acute or shortly acuminate

(6) P. tomentosa

f. Nerves 16—18 pairs, tomentum of leaf less dense, setose

hairs 2 mm. long, apex caudate-acuminate

(7) P. tomentosa var. crinita

(1) P. pisocarpa (Bl.) Endl. in Walp. Repert. 1 (1842) 74; Koord.

et Val. in Meded. Lands Plantent. 61 (1903) 339; Boerl. in

Icon. Bogor. 1 Fasc. 2 (1899) 144; Ridley in Sarawak Mus.

Journ. 1/3 (1913) 87; Merr. Enum. Phil. Fl. Plants 2 (1923)

164; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 47; Ast in Suppl. FI.

Gén. L’Indo-Chine 1 (1938) 90.

Basonym: Guatteria pisocarpa Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 2.

Synonyms: Bocagea pisocarpa Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 90

T. 45. B. polyandra Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2 (1835) 77. Guatteria

ramosissima Wall. Cat. (1832-47) Nos. 7294 and 8006, nomen

nudum. Popowia ramosissima Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 105

et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 68; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4

(1892) 341 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 117 PI.

159B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 75. P. polyandra Merr. in Philip.

Journ. Sc. 3 (1908) Bot. 224. P. rufula et P. affinis Miq. in Ann.

Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 20. P. rufescens Ridley in Kew

Bull. (1926) 59.

Shrub or small tree 3—7 m. high with spreading, slender, pliant

branches. Young twigs rufous-pubescent, the older dark coloured,

glabrous, striate and with numerous leaf scars. Leaves membran-

ous, elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes slightly obovate, shortly

acuminate, base narrowed and slightly rounded, unequal-sided,

both surfaces minutely granular like parchment, the upper glab-

rous except the sunk and slightly pubescent midrib, the lower ad-

pressed-rufous-pubescent on the midrib and veins (the degree of

pubescence varying); nerves 6-10 pairs, curving, then rather

straight, ascending steeply and running close to edge some distance

before terminating; reticulations only visible in the youngest leaves,

scalariform, soon quite obscure; length rather variable, 5-5-14

cm.; breadth 2-5-7 cm.; petiole 2~5 mm. long. Flowers 5 mm. in

diam., extra-axillary and leaf-opposed, single or in small fascicles. —

468

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Fig. 44. Popowia pisocarpa (Bl.) Endl.

A, Flowering twig. B, Leaf, upper surface. C, Flowers. D, Flower,

petals removed. E, Stamen, back view. F, Stamen, front view. G,

Stamen. side view. H, Gynoecium.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Pedicels 4-7 mm. long, rufous-tomentose with one basal and one

medial, acute, pubescent bract, each about 1-5 mm. long. Sepals

triangular-ovate, acute, spreading, nearly as large as the outer

petals, rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous inside, 2 mm. long.

Petals creamy white, coriaceous, densely pubescent outside, glab-

rous inside, rotund, concave; the outer 2 mm. long; the inner

slightly longer up to 3 mm., incurved at the apex, lighter in colour,

connivent, with a rudimentary claw and three basal spaces where

they do not touch as in the Mitrephoreae. Stamens short, 1 mm.

long, broad, the connectives truncate, flat-topped or slightly con-

cave. Ovaries 5—6, pubescent with white hairs, style very short,

stigmas wedged-shaped to sub-capitate, grooved at the top and

adaxially, the surface rough but glabrous, usually adhering to form

a disc. Ripe carpels globose, granular, slightly pubescent, choco-

late-brown when dry, 1 cm. long and 8 mm. in diam.; stalks 2 mm.

long. Seed 1, pitted and with a longitudinal circumferential ridge.

Fig. 44.

DISTRIBUTION: In all the Malayan states, Siam, Indo-China, Bor-

neo, Java, Sumatra, Philippines.

A common species, somewhat variable in length of leaves and

degree of pubescence. I have reduced Ridley’s P. rufescens from

Sumatra to this species. It seems to be only a more pubescent form.

(2) P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

69; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 341 et in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 117 Pl. 159A; Ridley, F.M.P.

1 (1922) 75.

Tree. Young branches slender, dark-grey, strigose. Leaves

membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, granular

on both surfaces, the upper glabrous, the lower sparsely adpressed-

pilose on the midrib and nerves; nerves 9—10 pairs, very oblique;

reticulations faint, scalariform but not very straight; length 12-5—

15 cm.; breadth 4-5 cm.; petiole 5 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers

extra-axillary, solitary or in pairs, 7 mm. in diam. Pedicels 3-7

mm. long, rusty-strigose, with a basal bract. Sepals minute, ovate.

Outer petals small and like the sepals, pubescent outside, glabrous

inside; the inner three times as large, sub-orbicular, concave with

inflexed apices. Stamens with flat-topped connectives. Ovaries

about 6, strigose; style slightly.elongated, stigma sub-capitate. Ripe

carpels subsessile, globular, glabrous, purple. Seed 1 rugose, erect.

Matacca: Maingay 56 (C., Kew) type.

Very rare and not collected again. The above description is

taken from the Flora of British India. More details are required.

470

Vol. XIV. (1955).

_ (3) P. fusca King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 343 et in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 120 Pl. 162A; Ridley, F.M.P.

1 (1922) 76.

Shrub or tree 5-15 m. high. Young twigs dark rusty-tomentose,

later glabrous and striate and with numerous leaf scars. Leaves

slightly coriaceous, thicker than in P. pisocarpa, dull, minutely

granular on both surfaces, oval-oblong, obtuse or sub-acute, the

base rounded and slightly unequal-sided, the upper surface puberul-

ous, the midrib rusty-pubescent, the lower surface pubescent with

thickened pubescent edges; nerves 8—10 pairs, prominent, curving,

Fig. 45. Popowia fusca King. ag

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower and flower bud. C, Outer and inner

petals. D, Stamen, front view. E, Stamen, back view. F, Gynoe-

cium. G, Carpel. H, Longitudinal section of carpel.

471

Gardens Bulletin, S.

ascending rather steeply; reticulations fine but usually visible on the

lower surface, scalariform; length 8-5-11:5 cm.; breadth 3-5—5-5;

petiole 3-4 mm. long, tomentose. Flowers slightly foetid, extra-

axillary in fascicles on very short bracteate tubercles. Pedicels

rusty-tomentose, about 5 mm. long with a sub-median minute

bract. Sepals ovate, obtuse, tomentose outside, glabrous inside,

persistent, 2 mm. long. Petals cream coloured, tomentose, broadly

ovate; the outer 2‘5—3 mm. long; the inner 3-5-4 mm. long with

incurved apices; both sets united at base in one piece. Stamens 1

mm. long, the connectives flat-topped, red. Ovaries about 6,

oblong, slightly falcate. 1 mm. long, thinly pubescent; style very

short, a mere constriction, stigma wedge-shaped, grooved on the

top and on the inner side. Ripe carpels 1-4, giobose-falcate,

asymmetrical, pubescent, 1-5-2 cm. long, 1 cm. in diam.; stalks

3-8 mm. long. Seed solitary, tuberculate, ridged. Fig. 45.

PERAK: Ulu Kerling, King 8602 (S., C., Kew) type.

PAHANG: Sungei Teku, Kiah S.F.N. 31923 (S., K.).

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Nur, 8th October, 1917 (S.); Sinclair

S.F.N. 38444 (S., E.); Ngadiman S.F.N. 36364 and 34622 (S., K.,

Kew); North-east end of Mac Ritchie Reservoir, Sinclair S.F.N. 379389

(S., E.); Bajau, Ridley, date 1894 (S.); Botanic Garden Jungle, Ridley,

date 1907 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Not known elsewhere.

The leaves are thicker and less shining than in P. pisocarpa

and have thickened pubescent edges; also the reticulations are

visible below. The degree of pubescence varies a good deal. See

notes under P. velutina King, a species which may not be distinct

from this one.

(4) P. velutina King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 343 et in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 120 Pl. 162B; Ridley,

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 77.

Very similar to P. fusca but leaves shorter, more pubescent

beneath, nerves fewer, 6—7 pairs.

PERAK: Gopeng, Kinta, King 4418 (S., C., Kew) and 4546 (C.,

Kew) both type material.

DISTRIBUTION: This is the only material known.

This species is extremely close to P. fusca and I do not think it

is specifically separate. There are three sheets only in Herb. Sing.

King says nerves 6—7 pairs for this species and 8—12 for P. fusca.

However one of these sheets has a large leaf with 8 pairs, the other

leaves, it is true are smaller but they may be young. Specimens

of P. fusca from Bukit Timah, Singapore are every bit as pubes- —

cent and in P. fusca the pubescence varies a lot.

472

Vol. XIV. (1955). :

Although the two species are close and probably the same yet

the material at my disposal is too insufficient for any one to come

to a definite conclusion so I have refrained from making a re-

duction.

(5) P. perakensis King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 343 et

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 120 Pl. 161B; Ridley,

ob. 1 £1922) 76.

Shrub or small tree 2-5 m. high. Young twigs dark rusty-tomen-

tose, older glabrous, dark and coarsely striate. Leaves membran-

ous, dull, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, very shortly and rather abrupt-

ly acuminate, base slightly narrowed and unequal-sided, both sur-

faces sub-granular, the upper glabrous except the nerves and

midrib, the lower pubescent; nerves 8—10 pairs, curving at the

midrib, then oblique, running out to the edge, prominent; reti-

culations slender, faint above, more prominent beneath, some

scalariform, the rest a network between the scalariform ones;

length 10-12—(21-5) cm.; breadth 4~-6-(9-5) cm.; petiole 3—4

mm. long, tomentose. Flowers extra-axillary in pairs but not con-

temporaneous, 5-8 mm. in diam. Pedicels 7 mm.—1 cm. long,

lengthening after flowering to about 1-5 cm., rather fleshy, strigose

with dark, rusty hairs, one minute medial bract and one basal

present, each about 1 mm. long. Sepals smalier than the petals,

ovate-triangular to nearly orbicular, acute, several veined, shaggy-

tomentose outside like the pedicels, glabrous inside, persistent, 2-5—

3 mm. long. Petals coriaceous, ovoid-orbicular, densely whitish

shaggy-tomentose outside, glabrous and concave inside; the inner

slightly larger, about 4 mm. long, connivent, shortly clawed with

3 basal spaces as in the Mitrephoreae. Stamens numerous, 1-1-5

mm. long, broadly cuneate with flat-topped or concave connectives

(concave due to shrinking when mature or dry). Ovaries 10-12,

glabrous, elongate; style a mere constriction, stigma sub-capitate,

grooved on top and on the inner side. Ripe carpels ovoid to ob-

long, slightly apiculate, glabrescent to glabrous, wine red, chang-

ing to purple when dead ripe, taste sweetish, slightly horizontally

ridged when dry, 1—1:5 cm. long; stalks brittle, rather fleshy, 8

mm.—1 cm. long. Seeds 2—4 with a horizontal circumferential

ridge.

PERAK: Maxwell’s Hill (Taiping Hill or Waterfall Hill), Wray 3233

(S., C.); 2055 (S., C., Kew); 2825 (S., C.); Curtis 1990 (S.); Haniff

and Nur S.F.N. 2390 (S., Kew); Henderson F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 10472

(S.) and F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 10020 (S.); Sinclair S.F.N. 38827 (S.,

E., Kew); Larut, King Nos. 5603 (C.)}; 2329 (C., Kew); 3206 (C.,

Kew); 2922 (C., D.D.); 4145 (C., D.D., E.).

DIsTRIBUTION: Not known outside Perak. Type material King and

Wray’s numbers.

473

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Resembles P. pisocarpa slightly but the flowers are larger, also

the carpels. They have up to 4 seeds instead of 1. The leaves are

larger, more uniformly pubescent on the lower surface, the texture

is less granular and the reticulations are visible in adult leaves

whereas in P. pisocarpa they are never visible in adult leaves but

are seen occasionally in the very young leaves. P. hirta Miq. bears

some resemblance but its leaves are much more hairy and the fruit

is larger and globose. .

(6) P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872)

70; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 344 et in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 121 Pl. 163A; Ridley in Sara-

wak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 87 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 77.

Tree. Young twigs softly and densely tomentose with chocolate-

brown, 1 mm. long, erect hairs, later glabrous, striate and dark.

Leaves membranous, oblong-elliptic to elliptic, acute or shortly

acuminate, base rounded and unequal-sided, both surfaces espe-

cially the margins and midrib densely and softly tomentose with

yellowish-brown, erect, 1 mm. long hairs; nerves 12 pairs with an

occasional secondary one, curving evenly and running out to

margin, prominent; reticulations faint, scalariform but not very

straight; length 11-18 cm.; breadth 4—6—(9) cm.; petiole 2-3

mm. long, tomentose. Flowers 1 cm. in diam., extra-axillary in

small fascicles. Pedicels 1 cm. long or more, shaggy-tomentose

with a minute basal and medial bract. Sepals broadly ovate, acute,

tomentose outside like the pedicels, glabrous inside, 5 mm. long.

Petals cream-coloured, thick, united at the base, villous outside,

glabrous and concave inside; outer ovate, 6 mm. long, the inner

larger, oblong, connivent, 7 mm. long. Stamens 1-5 mm. long with

flat-topped connectives. Ovaries 7-9, oblong, pubescent, about 2

mm. long; style a mere constriction, stigmas sub-capitate. Ripe

carpels globose, slightly pubescent, 2—2:3 cm. long and 1:7 cm.

in diam.; stalks 1 cm. long. Seeds 2—4 orbicular, convex on one

side and slightly concave on the other, pitted, with a circumferen-

tial ridge.

PENANG: Moniot Road and Telok Bahang, Curtis 648 (S., C., Kew);

King 1510 (C., Kew); Government Hill, Burkill S.F.N. 773 (S.);

Tiger Hill, Sinclair S.F.N. 39280 (S., Kew).

PerAK: Gunong Tungul, Ridley 8003 (S.); Pondok Tanjong, Tai-

ping, Yeob 1123 (S., K.).

MaLacca: Maingay 54 (C., Kew) type; Ayer Panas, Goodenough

1325 (S.); Brisu, Holmburgh 862 (S.).

SINGAPORE: Mandai Road at edge of Seletar Reservoir, Sinclair

S.F.N. 39540 (S.); Gardens’ Jungle, Ridley 4916 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo and Sumatra.

474

Vol. XIV. (1955).

More hairy than any of the other Malayan species and with

larger flowers. Nearest to P. hirta from Sumatra.

P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair, var. nov.

A typo foliis longe acuminatis, pluri-nervatis, setosis differt.

Folia elliptica, acuminata vel caudato-acuminata, 13-—18-(28)

cm. longa, 5—8-5 cm. lata, pilis c. 2 mm. longis, utrinque et in

marginibus petiolisque setosa; ramuli noveili pilis eodem modo

obtecti; nervi 16-18 pares.

PERAK: Ulu Bubong, King 10058 (S., C., D.D., Kew) holotype:

King 10397 (S., C., Kew); near Ulu Kerling, King 8540 (Kew).

_ TRENGGANU: Ulu Brang, Moysey and Kiah S.F.N. 33812 (S., Kew).

SELANGOR: Ginting Simpah, Hume F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 8918 (S.);

Semenyih, Hume F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 8188 (S.).

NeEGRI SEMBILAN: Bukit Danan, Cantley’s collector 591 (S.).

DISTRIBUTION: Note known outside Malaya.

The pubescence is less dense than in the type. The hairs are

longer, about 2 mm. and are setose. The specimens in the Singa-

pore Herbarium were formerly placed partly under the type of the

species and partly under Pseuduvarvia setosa (Orophea setosa) to

which there is a certain resemblance but the flowers of the latter

are axillary on slender pedicels and the base of the leaf is cordate

and not unequal-sided.

Tribe 6. ANNONINEAE

Note. Since the three species of Annona found in Malaya are

not native but cultivated they are only briefly mentioned here.

38. ANNONA Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 536; Safford, Classification

of the genus Annona in Contr. United States Nat. Herb. Vol. 18

(1914) 1; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya Vol. 1 (1940)

130.

Flowers extra-axillary, sometimes cauliflorous, never axillary.

Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6 or the inner whorl very small or absent,

coriaceous with thick edges and concave at base inside, valvate,

inner sometimes imbricate. Stamens with convex or apiculate con-

nectives, filament short. Style club-shaped, stigma muriculate.

Ovaries with 1 basal ovule, free at first or united from the begin-

ning into a fleshy syncarp, the surface covered with knobs, bulges,

spines or less often smooth.

TYPE OF GENUS: A. muricata Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 536.

DIsTRIBUTION: Mostly Tropical America. Also Trop. Africa. Widely

cultivated in the Tropics. Over a hundred species.

475

Gardens Bulletin, S.

KEY

a. Fruit oblong, dull green covered with prickles; petals 6

(1) A. muricata

a. Fruit round, not prickly; inner petals very small or absent

b. Fruit nearly smooth, reddish brown; leaves sharply acute or

acuminate . (2) A. reticulata

b. Fruit with knobby, separable bulges, light green; leaves

rather blunt (3) A. squamosa

Fig. 46. Annona muricata L.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower, petals detached. C, Stamen, front view.

D, Stamen, back view. E, Gynoecium. F, Fruit.

476

Vol. XIV. (1955).

A. muricata Linn., a shrub 10-15 feet high seems to be com-

moner in Malaya than the others. It is known as the Durian

Belanda or Soursop. The edible fruit is often used to flavour milk

puddings such as custard. A. reticulata Linn., the Custard Apple

or Bullock’s Heart and A. squamosa Linn., the Sweet Sop or Sugar

Apple are also cultivated for their edible fruits. Fig. 46.

LIST OF COLLECTORS’ NUMBERS

ABDUL MaJsip—31867 Cyathocalyx sumatranus.

ABDULLA—32936 Xylopia ferruginea.

ABU—2263 Cyathocalyx carinatus; C.F. 2922 Desmos chinensis:

C.F. 3340 D. dasymaschalus; 3347 Polyalthia brunneifolia.

AFFRIN—8902 Xylopia ferruginea.

AHMAD, AHMAT, AHAMAD or AHMOD—(variants of spelling )—

1213 Polyalthia macropoda; C.F. 2485 Phaeanthus crassi-

petalus; C.F. 2497 Alphonsea Maingayi; C.F. 2498 Enicos-

anthum fuscum; C.F. 2922 Desmos chinensis; C.F. 3883

Polyalthia Rumphii; 4069 P. Jenkensii; C.F. 4742 Xylopia

ferruginea; C.F. 4926 Polyalthia Rumphii; 4927 P. longi-

folia; 5051 Goniothalamus Wrayi; C.F. 5056 Desmos chinen-

sis; 5132 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; C.F. 5196 Polyalthia cinna-

momea; C.F. 6363 P. sumatrana; C.F. 6363 Enicosanthum

fuscum; 9924 Polyalthia macropoda; 13386 Goniothalamus.

malayanus; 40406 G. tortilipetalus (some of these not marked

may have C.F. prefixed).

ALVINS—12 Trivalvaria nervosa; 23 Xylopia ferruginea; 148

Desmos chinensis; 165 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 212 Uvaria

grandiflora; 396 Oncodostigma monosperma; 438 Polyalthia

cauliflora; 440 P. Jenkensii; 446 Oxymitra glauca; 466 Poly-

althia cinnamomea; 521 Polyalthia probably lateriflora; 587

Xylopia caudata; 609 Fissistigma Kingii; 628 Mitrella Kentii;

704 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 737 Trivalvaria nervosa; 854

Xylopia malayana; 917 Artabotrys crassifolius; 1176 Orop-

hea palawanensis; 1215 Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus; 1271

Orophea palawanensis; 1598 Polyalthia cauliflora; 1884

Uvaria grandiflora; 1967 Desmos chinensis; 1982 Artabotrys.

suaveolens; 2016 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 2025 Desmos.

chinensis; 2085 Artabotrys venustus; 2139 Xylopia ferru-

ginea; 2153 Fissistigma fulgens; 2164 Mitrella Kentii; 2182

Uvaria javana; 2220 Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha;

2225 Fissistigma fulgens; 2273 and 2277 Trivalvaria mac-

rophylla; 2375 Polyalthia obliqua; 3310 Trivalvaria pumila.

477

Gardens Bulletin, S.

AANDERSON—5 Fissistigma fulgens; 6 Desmos dasymaschalus; 7

Fissistigma lanuginosum; 8 Uvaria hirsuta; 98 Popowia piso-

carpa; 128 Pseuduvaria taipingensis.

AANNANDALE—S.F.N. 1600 Rauwenhoffia siamensis; S.F.N. 1670

Uvaria grandiflora.

ARIF, MOHAMED—17248 Enicosanthum fuscum; 29604 Mono-

carpia marginalis.

ARNOT—20548 Uvaria grandiflora; 30661 Polyalthia Motleyana

var. glabrescens; 30666 and 33773 Cyathocalyx pruniferus.

AWwANG—20678 Alphonsea cylindrica; 20683 Polyalthia cinna-

momea; 29602 Alphonsea lucida; 31323 Xylopia magna;

42444 X. elliptica; 47818 Mezzettia Curtisil.

AWANG LELA—2669 Polyalthia obliqua; C.F. 4522 P. Rumphii.

BAaBA—C.F. 1781 Polyalthia stenopetala; C.F. 1782 P. macro-

poda; C.F. 1784 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 10755 Polyalthia

hypoleuca; 10774 P. Rumphii; 10784 Monocarpia margi-

nalis; 10793 Polyalthia hypoleuca; 10797 Monocarpia mar-

ginalis.

BEBAS—120; 132; 135 Pseuduvaria rugosa.

BELL—13207 Desmos dasymaschalus.

Best—All numbers preceded by S.F.N.—13890 Monocarpia

marginalis; 13895 Goniothalamus Curtisii; 14136 Trivalvaria

pumila; 21250 Desmos cochinchinensis; 21262 Pseuduvaria

macrophylla.

BOSWELL—12591 Trivalvaria nervosa.

BROWNE—40703 Xylopia ferruginea; 40736 Polyalthia cinna-

momea.

BURKILL—AIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—480 Uvaria grandi-

flora; 773 Popowia tomentosa; 872 Uvaria hirsuta; 1001

Alphonsea elliptica; 1015 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 1122

Uvaria grandiflora; 1159 Desmos chinensis; 1227 Fissistigma

rubiginosum; 1339 Oxymitra latifolia; 1376 Xylopia ferru-

ginea; 2170 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 2189 Polyalthia

Scortechinii; 2197 Artabotrys suaveolens; 2288 Uvaria cor-

data; 2510 Mitrella Kentii; 2557 Orophea polycarpa; 3163

Cyathostemma viridiflorum; 3239 Sageraea elliptica; 3252

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 3393 Uvaria grandiflora; 3511

Artabotrys suaveolens; 4462 Fissistigma manubriatum; 4465

Polyalthia bullata; 4967 P. cauliflora var. Beccarii; 6270

Orophea maculata; 6342 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 6380

Orophea enterocarpa; 6384 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii;

478

a Pan. * d

—— © *:

Vol. XIV. (1955).

6423 Fissistigma manubriatum; 6424 Xylopia ferruginea;

6534 Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha; 6542 Artabotrys

suaveolens; 6549 Fissistigma rubiginosum; 6600 Desmos

dasymaschalus; 6843 Cyathocalyx carinatus: 7834 Uvaria

leptopoda; 9017 Polyalthia Motleyana var. glabrescens; 9152

Uvaria grandiflora; 13578 Orophea hirsuta.

BURKILL and HANIFF—AlIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—12339

Rauwenhoffia siamensis; 12349 Goniothalamus Scortechinii;

12414 Uvaria cordata; 12502 Cananga odorata; 12958 Arta-

botrys venustus; 13023 Pseuduvaria taipingensis; 13332

Uvaria rufa; 13738 Uvaria grandiflora; 13764 Goniothalamus

Scortechinii; 13806 Polyalthia clavigera; 15824 Uvaria cor-

data; 15840 Cyathostemma micranthum; 16052 Polyalthia

obliqua; 16071 Uvaria Curtisii; 16073 U. cordata; 16075

Cyathostemma micranthum; 16095 intermediate between

Oxymitra biglandulosa and O. glauca; 16098 Enicosanthum

membranifolium; 16218 Cyathostemma Wrayi; 16224 Oxy-

mitra latifolia; 16225 Uvaria grandiflora; 16501 Goniothala-

mus uvarioides; 16519 Xylopia malayana; 16556 Phaeanthus

crassipetalus; 16719 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 16807

Uvaria hirsuta; 16810 Polyalthia obliqua; 16865 Cyathos-

temma viridiflorum; 16875 Fissistigma fulgens; 16914 Arta.

botrys suaveolens; 16915 Xylopia ferruginea; 16917 Cyathos-

temma Wrayi; 17061 Desmos dumosus; 17062 Trivalvaria

macrophylla; 17079 Xylopia malayana; 17085 Oxymitra

filipes; 17093 Goniothalamus giganteus; 17175 Artabotrys

grandifolius; 17226 and 17236 Uvaria rufa; 17246 U. grandi-

flora; 17247 Xylopia malayana; 17295 Fissistigma rubigino-

sum; 17298 F. lanuginosum; 17622 and 17626 Desmos chin-

ensis.

BurkILL and HOLTTUM—AIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—7809

Goniothalamus Holttumii; 8507 G. macrophyllus; 8533 Dis-

epalum pulchrum; 8896 Goniothalamus Holttumii; 8957 G.

macrophyllus.

BURN-Murpocu—41 Alphonsea Maingayi; 114 Polyalthia sumat-

_rana; 154 P. cauliflora var. Beccarii; 180 and 194 Gonio-

.. thalamus tenuifolium; S.F.N. 197 Desmos dasymaschalus;

254 Goniothalamus tapis; 268 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 269

Polyalthia stenopetala; 364 Oncodostigma monosperma; 367

Cyathocalyx olivaceus;. 370 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 390

_ Xylopia ferruginea; 14441 Polyalthia cinnamomea.

CaLOMB—24813 Cyathocalyx Scortechinii; 24816 C. carinatus.

479

Gardens Bulletin, S.

CANTLEY—37 Uvaria leptopoda; 127 Cyathocalyx Ridleyi; 128

Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 193 Artabotrys venustus; 245

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 329 Cyathostemma viridiflorum;

356 Desmos dumosus; 531 Oxymitra affinis; 591 Popowia

tomentosa var. crinita; 2137 Uvaria cordata; 2268 Phaean-

thus ophthalmicus; 2339 Fissistigma manubriatum.

CARRIER—24939 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 24940 Trivalvaria

pumila; 24942 Monocarpia marginalis; 24947 and 24948

Mezzettia leptopoda. |

CHARTER—21408 Polyalthia cinnamomea.

CORNER—AIll numbers preceded by S.F.N.—17490 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. Beccarii; 21316 Pseuduvaria macrophylla var.

sessilicarpa; 21317 Cyathocalyx Ridleyi; 23894 and 25862

Polyalthia sclerophylla; 25939 Goniothalamus calycinus;

25978 Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha; 26030 Xylopia

caudata; 26096 X. fusca; 26098 X. malayana; 26099 Polyal-

thia glauca; 26151 Oxymitra glauca, somewhat intermediate

approaching biglandulosa; 26152 Pyramidanthe prismatica;

26153 Uvaria leptopoda; 26157 Mitrella Kentii; 26162 Cya-

thocalyx ramuliflorus; 26163 Polyalthia hypoleuca; 26168

Polyalthia macropoda; 26170 Disepalum anomalum; 28070

Polyalthia sumatrana; 28443 Uvaria leptopoda; 28449 Eni-

cosanthum praestigiosum; 28490 Goniothalamus macrophyl-

lus; 28499 Desmos dasymaschalus; 28500 Fissistigma manu-

briatum; 28503 Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha; 28518

Desmos dasymaschalus; 28554 Goniothalamus macrophyl-

lus; 28580 Uvaria leptopoda; 28600 and 28601 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. desmantha; 28604 Goniothalamus malayanus;

28646 Fissistigma manubriatum; 28682 Desmos dasymas-

chalus var. Wallichii; 28684 Polyalthia cauliflora var. des-

mantha; 28720 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 28729 Xylopia

caudata; 28739 Goniothalamus malayanus; 28972 Anaxago-

rea javanica var. dipetala; 29014 Cyathocalyx pahangensis;

29022 Pseuduvaria galeata; 29026 Polyalthia cauliflora var.

Beccarii; 29032 Trivalvaria nervosa; 29194 Pseuduvaria gale-

ata; 29198 Cyathocalyx pahangensis; 29274 Polyalthia glau-

ca; 29307 Goniothalamus malayanus; 29330 Polyalthia

sumatrana; 29337 Pseuduvaria galeata; 29375 Alphonsea

johorensis; 29413 Xylopia caudata; 29417 Mezzettia lep-

topoda; 29432 Cyathocalyx pahangensis; 29434 Oxymitra

latifolia; 29435 O. filipes; 29438 Pseuduvaria macrophylla

var. sessilicarpa; 29460 Cyathostemma viridiflorum; 29464

480

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Anaxagorea javanica var. dipetala; 29858 Polyalthia sclero-

phylla; 29933 Pseuduvaria galeata; 29934 Alphonsea joho-

rensis; 29982 Cyathocalyx pahangensis; 30015 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. Beccarii; 30018 Goniothalamus tapis; 30024

Desmos dasymaschalus; 30029 Goniothalamus tenuifolius;

30029A and 30034 Popowia pisocarpa; 30128 Goniothala-

mus calycinus; 30130 Desmos dasymaschalus; 30146 Fissis-

tigma fulgens; 30159 Oxymitra latifolia; 30175 Artabotrys

crassifolius; 30215 Anaxagorea javanica; 30278 Polyalthia

probably Rumphii; 30317 Goniothalamus calycinus; 30325

G. macrophyllus; 30337 Enicosanthum cupulare; 30341

Polyalthia sumatrana; 30343 Enicosanthum cupulare; 30349

Anaxagorea javanica; 30358 Popowia pisocarpa; 30363

Monocarpia marginalis; 30382 Xylopia ferruginea; 30384 Tri-

valvaria pumila; 30400 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum;

30416 Anaxagorea javanica; 30455 Cyathocalyx pahang-

ensis; 30457 Oxymitra argentea; 30505 Cyathocalyx pahang-

ensis; 30569 Mezzettia leptopoda; 30692 Oxymitra filipes;

30729 Marsypopetalum pallidum; 30864 Alphonsea johoren-

sis; 30869 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 31478 Mitrella Kentii;

31526 Desmos chinensis; 31639 Cananga odorata; 31680

Anaxagorea javanica; 31932 Anaxagorea javanica var. di-

petala; 32156 Goniothalamus malayanus; 32237 Enicosan-

thum praestigiosum; 32301 Artabotrys Wrayi; 32466 Popo-

wia pisocarpa; 32469 Marsypopetalum pallidum; 32494 Oxy-

mitra affinis; 32497 Artabotrys suaveolens; 32765 Enicosan-

thum praestigiosum; 32799 Polyalthia sclerophylla;. 32986

Mezzettia leptopoda; 33141 Polyalthia laterifiora; 33147

Mezzettia leptopoda; 33475 Alphonsea elliptica; 33522 Poly-

althia suberosa; 33532 Cananga odorata; 34448 Polyalthia

glauca; 34531 Xylopia fusca; 34537 X. ferruginea; 34679 X.

caudata; 34827 Cananga odorata; 36941 Polyalthia cauli-

flora; 36953 Xylopia malayana; 36979 Polyalthia sumatrana;

37069 P. cauliflora; 37070 Trivalvaria nervosa; 37115 Xylo-

pia fusca; 37880 Polyalthia cinnamomea.

CUBITT’s COLLECTOR—C. F. 800 Polyalthia macropoda; C. F.

987 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 1123 Popowia tomentosa;

2201 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; Forest Dept. 11204 Gonio-

thalamus Wrayi.

CUMMING—2339 Fissistigma manubriatum.

CuRTIs—26 Artabotrys suaveolens; 50 Cyathostemma excelsum;

157 Mitrephora Maingayi; 234 Uvaria grandiflora; 262 U.

cordata; 302 Goniothalamus tapis; 310 G. Curtisii; 648

481

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Popowia tomentosa; 727 Desmos Dunalii; 729 Uvaria javana;

730 Mitrella Kentii; 767 Oxymitra calycina; 797 Fissistigma

lanuginosum; 807 Desmos cochinchinensis; 813 Pseuduvaria

macrophylla; 825 Uvaria pauci-ovulata; 839 Phaeanthus

crassipetalus; 841 Uvaria Lobbiana; 843 Fissistigma rubigino-

sum; 857 and 880 Xylopia stenopetala; 893 Trivalvaria mac-

rophylla; 1014 and 1035 Monocarpia marginalis; 1046 Pyra-

midanthe prismatica; 1054 Xylopia sub-dehiscens; 1059

_Cyathostemma excelsum; 1195 Fissistigma lanuginosum;

1196 F. latifolium var. ovoideum; 1212 Uvaria hirsuta; 1213

Cyathostemma Hookeri; 1234 Uvaria Lobbiana; 1275 Pyra-

midanthe prismatica; 1277 Polyalthia Motleyana var. glabres-

cens; 1278 Trivalvaria nervosa; 1279 Pseuduvaria macro-

phylla var. cymosa; 1281 Polyalthia Motleyana var. oblonga;

1383 Polyalthia cauliflora and also Fissistigma lanuginosum;

1407 Phaeanthus crassipetalus; 1408 Uvaria Lobbiana; 1409

Polyalthia Motleyana var. glabrescens; 1410 Alphonsea

Curtisii; 1411 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum; 1412

Uvaria cordata; 1413 Desmos cochinchinensis; 1414 Uvaria

javana; 1415 Uvaria Curtisii; 1416 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus;

1417 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 1422 Artabotrys suaveolens;

1443 Cyathostemma excelsum; 1540 Goniothalamus tenui-

folius; 1547 and 1553 Mitrephora Maingayi; 1569 Cyatho-

calyx sumatranus; 1577 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 1624

Xylopia sub-dehiscens; 1634 Goniothalamus tapis; 1644

Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha; 1645 P. cauliflora;.

1647 Desmos dasymaschalus; 1990 Popowia_perakensis:

1991 Pseuduvaria taipingensis; 1992 Cyathocalyx olivaceus;.

1993 Artabotrys venustus; 1994 Popowia pisocarpa; 2140

Trivalvaria macrophylla; 2162 Goniothalamus giganteus;

2234 Artabotrys suaveolens; 2266 Mezzettia Curtisii; 2277

Enicosanthum membranifolium; 2313 Xylopia ferruginea;

2314 Artabotrys venustus; 2316 Goniothalamus Curtisii;

2426 Desmos dasymaschalus var. Wallichii; 2444 Polyalthia

clavigera; 2447 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 2452 Desmos.

dasymaschalus; 2470 Polyalthia cinnamomea; 2482 Xylopia

elliptica; 2501 Xylopia malayana; 2505 Goniothalamus pro-

bably tenuifolius; 2510 Popowia pisocarpa; 2523; 2524 and

2527 Fissistigma rubiginosum; 2533 Polyalthia parviflora;

2538 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 2576 Desmos chinensis;

2644 Anaxagorea javanica; 2703 Polyalthia Motleyana var.

oblonga; 2704 P. lateritia; 2705 Desmos Teysmannii; 2706.

Goniothalamus Scortechinii; 2717 Polyalthia Jenkensii; 2744

Uvaria Lobbiana; 2745 Polyalthia hirtifolia; 2746 Alphonsea.

482

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Curtisii; 2768 Neo-uvaria acuminatissima; 2775 Polyalthia

Jenkensii; 2807 Cananga latifolia; 2808 Cyathostemma mic-

ranthum; 2891 Fissistigma manubriatum; 2893 Goniothala-

mus Ridleyi; 2929 Orophea cuneiformis; 2946 Trivalvaria

pumila; 2957 Melodorum fruticosum; 3015 Cyathostemma

micranthum; 3113 Orophea maculata; 3119 Desmos chinen-

sis; 3173 Polyalthia lateritia; 3205 Miliusa amplexicaulis;

3437 Disepalum anomalum; 3505 Cyathostemma micran-

thum; 3562 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 3563 G. Scor-

techinii; 3597 Polyalthia hypoleuca; 3611 Xylopia malayana;

3617 Uvaria leptopoda; 3623 Uvaria Curtisii; 3624 Sage-

raea elliptica and Goniothalamus tapis; 3664 Polyalthia

glabra; 3756 Fissistigma fulgens; 3760 Ellipeia cuneifolia.

DENNY—116 Xylopia malayana.

DERRY—6 Neo-uvaria foetida; 22 Uvaria cordata; 34 Xylopia

malayana; 50 Uvaria grandiflora; 100 Goniothalamus Rid-

leyi; 139 Fissistigma manubriatum; 141 Xylopia ferruginea;

320 Uvaria grandiflora; 401 Polyalthia cauliflora; 413 Des-

mos dasymaschalus; 429 Uvaria Lobbiana; 474 Cyathocalyx

pruniferus; 496 Fissistigma Kingii; 520 F. fulgens; 534

Goniothalamus malayanus; 546 Desmos chinensis; 898 Poly-

althia cinnamomea; 926 Mitrella Kentii; 942 Xylopia malay-

ana; 1146 Fissistigma manubriatum; 1173 Xylopia caudata.

DESCH—32294 Mezzettia leptopoda.

DOLMAN—6628 Polyalthia sumatrana; 21487 P. cinnamomea;

28287 Goniothalamus Scortechinii.

DURANT—12195 Polyalthia Jenkensii; 28727 Mezzettia lepto-

poda; 28734 Disepalum pulchrum.

EvAaNs—F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 13267 and F.M.S. Mus. Herb. 13268

Desmos dasymaschalus.

Fox—2122 Uvaria hirsuta; 3818 Desmos dasymaschalus; 5019

Uvaria rufa. |

FoxworTHY—C.F. 1172 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; C.F. 2576

and C.F. 2874 Polyalthia stenopetala; C.F. 3131 Goniothala-

mus Ridleyi; C.F. 3135 Polyalthia obliqua; Forest Dept.

1189 Goniothalamus fulvus; Forest Dept. 5021 Phaeanthus

crassipetalus; Forest Dept. 17051 Uvaria pauci-ovulata.

FuRTADO—S.F.N. 31188 Cananga odorata; S.F.N. 35456 Uvaria

hirsuta.

GANI, MAT—9783 Cananga odorata.

483

Gardens Bulletin, S.

GOODENOUGH—1286 Xylopia malayana; 1288 Desmos chinensis;

1291 Goniothalamus malayanus; 1297 Uvaria grandiflora;

1305 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum; 1313 Desmos

dumosus; 1315 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 1325 Popowia

tomentosa; 1329 Kingstonia nervosa; 1364 Goniothalamus

malayanus; 1366 Xylopia ferruginea; 1375 X. caudata; 1392

Goniothalamus tortilipetalus; 1394 Desmos chinensis; 1429

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 1452 Xylopia ferruginea; 1458

Pyramidanthe prismatica; 1459 Uvaria cordata; 1495 U.

cordata; 1532 U. grandiflora; 1538 Polyalthia cauliflora var.

desmantha; 1666 Desmos chinensis; 1710 Fissistigma manu-

briatum; 1734 Uvaria grandiflora; 1746 Polyalthia cauliflora;

1778 Polyalthia Jenkensii; 1822 Uvaria javana; 1867 Arta-

botrys crassifolius; 1903 Sageraea elliptica; 1924 Uvaria

grandiflora; 1955 U. cordata; 1981 Polyalthia Rumphii;

2124 Uvaria leptopoda; 2125; 2126 and 2130 U. cordata;

3866 Xylopia malayana; 3905 Fissistigma fulgens; 3952

Xylopia ferruginea var. oxyantha; 5079 Fissistigma fulgens:

10491 Desmos chinensis; 10607 Polyalthia stenopetala;

10608 Fissistigma fulgens.

GRIFFITH—385 Xylopia ferruginea; 386 X. fusca; 387 X. malay-

ana; 388 Fissistigma fulgens; 389 Mitrella Kentii; 393 Fissis-

tigma manubriatum; 395 F. latifolium var. ovoideum; 396

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 400 Goniothalamus fulvus; 402 G.

malayanus; 413 Polyalthia Rumphii; 414 Goniothalamus

macrophyllus; 416 Polyalthia obliqua; 417 Desmos chinen-

sis; 420 Desmos dasymaschalus; 426 Artabotrys crassifolius;

429 A. suaveolens; 434 and 435 Uvaria Lobbiana; 439 U.

cordata; 442 Mitrella Kentii; 451 Desmos Dunalii; 453

Fissistigma manubriatum; 456 Oxymitra biglandulosa.

GWYNNE-VAUGHAN—544 Desmos cochinchinensis.

HaMiIpD—C.F. 68 Polyalthia cinnamomea; C.F. 601 Enicosanthum

fuscum; C.F. 604 Polyalthia cinnamomea; C.F. 715 Xylopia

malayana; C.F. 806 Alphonsea Maingayi; C.F. 888 Polyal-

thia cinnamomea; C.F. 983 Popowia pisocarpa; C.F. 1050

Uvaria Lobbiana; C.F. 1553 Desmos chinensis; C.F. 1597

Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 1753 Desmos dasymaschalus;

C.F. 2580 Mitrella Kentii; C.F. 2588 and C.F. 2842 Poly-

althia longifolia; C.F. 2895 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; C.F.

2909 Polyalthia stenopetala; C.F. 3340 Desmos dasymas-

chalus; C.F. 3735 Xylopia caudata; C.F. 3802 and C.F.

3820 Polyalthia evecta; C.F. 3855 Goniothalamus undulatus;

C.F. 4794 Polyalthia lateriflora; C.F. 4857 Xylopia caudata;

484

Vol. XIV. (1955).

C.F. 4975 Polyalthia stenopetala; C.F. 5457 Xylopia caudata.

The following Forest Dept. Nos. 987 Phaeanthus ophthal-

micus; 2418 Polyalthia Rumphii; 10244 Monocarpia margi-

nalis; 10464 Xylopia sub-dehiscens; 10577 Xylopia caudata;

10617 Méiliusa longipes; 10683 Xylopia magna; 16412

Xylopia malayana; 28832 Cananga odorata; 28833 Poly-

althia hypoleuca; 33402 Desmos dasymaschalus; 33457

Goniothalamus undulatus.

Hamip and YEoB—C.F. 3267 Polyalthia hypoleuca.

HAMZAH—11354 Monocarpia marginalis.

HANIFF—AIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—1052 Desmos chin-

ensis; 1068 Cyathostemma*mieranthum; 3486 Uvaria grandi-

flora; 3678 Cyathostemma Hookeri; 3701 Desmos cochin-

chinensis; 3706 Xylopia stenopetala; 3712 Desmos chinensis;

3719 Uvaria cordata; 6987 U. grandiflora; 9127 Cyatho-

calyx pruniferus; 9141 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum;

10319 Artabotrys suaveolens; 10335 Orophea cuneiformis;

13202 Artabotrys venustus; 14152 Xylopia ferruginea; 14189

Cyathostemma Wrayi; 14198 Pseuduvaria macrophylla:

14210 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 14243 Oncodostigma monos-

perma; 14267 Méitrella Kentii; 14318 Cyathocalyx Scor-

techinii; 14737 Orophea polycarpa; 14923 Polyalthia sclero-

phylla; 14938 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 14944 Goniothalamus

Scortechinii; 14946 Kingstonia nervosa; 14955 Fissistigma

fulgens; 14959 Pseuduvaria rugosa; 14971 Uvaria larep;

14979 Artabotrys suaveolens; 15550 Polyalthia macropoda;

15552 Goniothalamus tortilipetalus; 16010 Cyathostemma

micranthum; 16034 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 16035 Gonio-

thalamus macrophyllus; 16046 Polyalthia cauliflora var.

Beccarii; 16312 Orophea polycarpa; 17062 Trivalvaria mac-

rophylla; 21004 Polyalthia Hookeriana; 21010 P. hypogaea;

21027 Uvaria cordata; 21042 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 21084

Polyalthia Motleyana probably typical form.

HANIFF and NUR—AIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—2085 Anax-

agorea javanica; 2089 Polyalthia Hookeriana; 2317 Fissis-

tigma manubriatum; 2351 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 2390

Popowia perakensis; 2500 Desmos filipes; 2722 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. desmantha; 2746 Goniothalamus tavoyensis;

2928 Desmos dasymaschalus; 3571 Trivalvaria pumila; 3841

Artabotrys suaveolens; 3845 Desmos dasymaschalus; 3888

D. cochinchinensis; 3928 Goniothalamus tavoyensis; 3939

Orophea polycarpa; 3972 Miliusa amplexicaulis probably;

485

Gardens Bulletin, S.

4037 Goniothalamus undulatus; 4232 Enicosanthum mem-

branifolium; 4244 Desmos cochinchinensis; 4265 Rauwen-

hoffia siamensis; 4269 Cyathostemma Wrayi; 4376 Desmos

dasymaschalus; 4393 Polyalthia evecta; 5166 Oxymitra

glauca; 6942 Monocarpia marginalis; 6951 Anaxagorea java-

nica var. tripetala; 6957 Polyalthia macropoda; 6971 Oxymitra

calycina; 7096 Enicosanthum membranifolium; 7100 Uvaria

cordata; 7141 Polyalthia cmnamomea; 7169 Goniothalamus

giganteus; 7549 Uvaria grandiflora; 10098 Fissistigma

fulgens. |

HANIFF and SAAH—S.F.N. 13261 Fissistigma manubriatum.

HasHiM—41 Alphonsea Maingayi; 72 Xylopia ferruginea; 93

Polyalthia stenopetala; 120 Oxymitra filipes; 269 Polyalthia

stenopetala; 284 P. cinnamomea; 364 Goniothalamus malay-

anus; 375 Alphonsea cylindrica; 390 Xylopia ferruginea; 471

Alphonsea Maingayi; 681 Desmos cochinchinensis; C.F. 685

D. dasymaschalus; 692 Fissistigma fulgens; C.F. 1172 Phae-

anthus ophthalmicus; C.F. 4936 Cyathostemma Wrayi.

HENDERSON—The following numbers are preceded by F.M.S.

Mus. Herb.—10020 and 10472 Popowia perakensis; 10524

Goniothalamus macrophylius; 10554 Pseuduvaria probably

rugosa; 10563 Popowia pisocarpa; 10575 Polyalthia steno-

petala; 10585 P. sumatrana; 10595 Pseuduvaria rugosa;

10635 Polyalthia cinnamomea; 10656 Anaxagorea javanica;

10692 Popowia pisocarpa; 10711 Pseuduvaria setosa; 10712

and 10716 Orophea enterocarpa; 10721 Stelechocarpus cauli-

florus; 10722 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 10770 Trival-

varia nervosa; 10771 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii;

11157 Disepalum pulchrum; 11373 P. hypogaea probably;

11421 Polyalthia chrysotricha; 11671 Artabotrys venustus;

The following numbers are preceded by S.F.N.—17062 Tri-

valvaria macrophylla; 17736 Disepalum pulchrum; 18216

Polyalthia cinnamomea; 18235 and 18243 Oxymitra Kingii;

18360 Meiogyne virgata; 18457 Desmos dasymaschalus;

19398 Anaxagorea javanica; 19516 Orophea enterocarpa;

19522 Enicosanthum membranifolium; 19594 Oxymitra

argentea; 19596 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 19609 Meiogyne

virgata; 19649 Polyalthia obliqua; 19662 Desmos dasymas-

chalus var. Wallichii; 19672 intermediate between Polyalthia

cauliflora and var. Beccarii; 21425 Xylopia stenopetala;

21717 Polyalthia sclerophylla; 21721 Trivalvaria macro-

phylla; 21793 Pseuduvaria setosa var. major; 21799 Poly-

althia obliqua; 21802 Fissistigma Kingii; 21811 Artabotrys

486

Vol. XIV. (1955).

grandifolius; 21844 Polyalthia stenopetala; 21859 Stelecho-

carpus cauliflorus; 21883 Enicosanthum fuscum; 21993 Des-

mos dasymaschalus; 22112 Polyalthia sumatrana; 22309

Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 22368 Stelechocarpus cauli-

florus; 22443 Orophea polycarpa; 22483 Anaxagorea java-

nica; 22485 Orophea maculata; 22699 O. enterocarpa; 23046

Uvaria rufa; 23120 Desmos dasymaschalus var. Wallichii:

' 23201 intermediate between Oxymitra biglandulosa and O.

glauca; 23288 Disepalum pulchrum; 23762 Desmos cochin-

chinensis; 23788 Anaxagorea javanica var. tripetala; 23802

Stelechocarpus cauliflorus; 23841 Miliusa longipes; 24064

Enicosanthum fuscum; 24120 Xylopia fusca; 24148 Cya-

thocalyx Ridleyi; 24437 Artabotrys crassifolius; 24533 Cya-

thocalyx sumatranus; 24540 Monocarpia marginalis; 24541

Melodorum aberrans; 24543 Goniothalamus tortilipetalus;

24809 Polyalthia obliqua; 24815 Oxymitra probably glauca;

24841 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 25020 Miliusa longipes;

25038 Miliusa longipes; 25040 Orophea enterocarpa; 25079

Cyathocalyx pahangensis; 25217 Orophea maculata; 28949

Miliusa parviflora; 29520 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 29522

Goniothalamus Scortechinii; 29534 Anaxagorea javanica;

29539 Popowia pisocarpa; 29554 Polyalthia obliqua; 29664

Cananga odorata; 29713 Pseuduvaria setosa.

_ HOLMBURG—756 Neo-uvaria foetida; 862 Popowia tomentosa;

875 Desmos chinensis.

HoLTTUM—AIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—1766 Desmos

dasymaschalus; 3957 Polyalthia cauliflora; 9288 Alphonsea

Maingayi; 9665 Mitrella Kentii; 9679 Popowia pisocarpa;

9684 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 9810 P. clavigera;

9827 Desmos chinensis; 9957 Polyalthia cauliflora; 10603

Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha; 10611 Pseuduvaria

macrophylla var. sessilicarpa; 10769 Goniothalamus mac-

rophyllus; 10852 Cyathocalyx Ridleyi; 10977 Polyalthia

hypogaea; 15143 Oxymitra discolor; 15167 Alphonsea ellip-

tica; 15186 Desmos dasymaschalus; 17490 Polyalthia cauli-

flora var. Beccarii; 17666 Desmos dasymaschalus; 17675

Goniothalamus umbrosus; 18071 Disepalum anonialum;

19852 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 20529 Anaxagorea

javanica; 24706 Polyalthia obliqua; 24707 Stelechocarpus

cauliflorus; 24749 Orophea maculata; 24753 O. enterocarpa:

24754 Pseuduvaria setosa; 24926 Polyalthia cauliflora var.

desmantha; 24932 P. probably stenopetala; 24938 Artabotrys

487

Gardens Bulletin, S.

venustus; 31316 Disepalum pulchrum; 31399 Pseuduvaria

monticola; 36393 Enicosanthum praestigiosum; 37352 Poly-

althia Motleyana var. glabrescens; 37706 P. glauca. |

HULLETT—31 Cananga odorata; 344 Uvaria cordata; 575 Fissis-

tigma fulgens; 576 Meiogyne virgata; 895 Fissistigma fulgens.

HuUME—AIl numbers preceded by F.M.S. Mus. Herb.—7070 Tri-

valvaria macrophylla; 7261 Mitrella Kentii; 7829 Goniothala-

mus Wrayi; 8151 Polyalthia bullata; 8178 P. macropoda;

8188 Popowia tomentosa var. crinita; 8207 Popowia piso-

carpa; 8390 Anaxagorea javanica var. tripetala; 8391 Poly-

althia hypogaea; 8398 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 8448 Gonio-

thalamus Curtisii; 8463 Polyalthia stenopetala; 8478 Poly-

althia Motleyana var. oblonga; 8487 Popowia pisocarpa;

8510 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 8720 and 8732 Polyalthia Mot-

leyana var. oblonga; 8745 Orophea enterocarpa; 8754 Pseu-

duvaria macrophylla; 8800 Popowia pisocarpa; 8904 Poly-

althia macropoda; 8907 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 8918

Popowia tomentosa var. crinita; 9023 Fissistigma lanugino-

sum; 9070 Popowia pisocarpa; 9085 Pseuduvaria macro-

phylla; 9088 Goniothalamus Curtisii; 9174 Artabotrys sua-

veolens; 9247 Polyalthia stenopetala; 9257 Goniothaiamus

Curtisii; 9289 Enicosanthum magnoliiflorum; 9331 and 9376

Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 9684 Mezzettia leptopoda; 9822

Fissistigma fulgens.

IsSMAIL—17325 Mezzettia leptopoda; 20306 Pseuduvaria setosa.

JA’AMAT—12782 Mitrella Kentii; 14925 Xylopia ferruginea;

15305 Polyalthia Rumphii; 15262 Mezzettia leptopoda;

16501 Miliusa longipes; 16520 Cyathocalyx pahangensis;

16540 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 17029 Trivalvaria

pumila; 17455 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 23925 Polyalthia

Motleyana var. glabrescens; 27574 and 28116 Disepalum

pulchrum; 28286 Goniothalamus Scortechinii; 35949 G.

montanus; 39202 G. uvarioides; 39206 Orophea cuneiform- ;

is; 39207 Polyalthia Motleyana var. glabrescens; 39314 P. ‘

cauliflora var. desmantha; 39446 Xylopia ferruginea; 40870

Polyalthia bullata; 43162 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 44949

Uvaria hirsuta.

JA’AMAT and Sow—36179 Disepalum pulchrum; 37300 Mezzettia

leptopoda.

JA’AMAT and TACHUN—39297 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 39365

Anaxagorea javanica var. tripetala.

JINAL—20351 Polyalthia hypoleuca.

488

Vol. XIV. (1955).

KALONG—20243 Cyathostemma argenteum; 20276 Orophea

enterocarpa; 20279 Cananga odorata;.20316 Enicosanthum

magnoliifiorum; 20468 Artabotrys suaveolens; 20492 Poly-

althia cauliflora var. Beccarii.

KASSIM and JA°AMAT—15344 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus.

KEITH—35 Polyalthia suberosa.

KERR—7101 Polyalthia socia.

KIAH—AI/l numbers preceded by S.F.N.—24283 Pseuduvaria

macrophylla; 24290 Goniothalamus tortilipetalus; 24291

Polyalthia socia; 24318 P. cinnamomea; 24351 Uvaria rufa;

24358 Desmos chinensis; 24380 Goniothalamus giganteus;

24398 Desmos chinensis; 24399 Goniothalamus undulatus:

31771 Polyalthia caulifiora var. desmantha; 31907 P. ste-

nopetala; 31923 Popowia fusca; 31962 Oxymitra iflipes;

31969 Artabotrys suaveolens; 31971 Uvaria cordata; 31985

Xylopia ferruginea; 32017 Enicosanthum praestigiosum;

32033 Polyalthia lateriflora; 32044 Oxymitra glauca; 32058

Orophea enterocarpa; 32067 Polyalthia macropoda; 32069

P. caulifiora var. Beccarii: 32073 Mezzettia leptopoda;

32080 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 32101 and 32125 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. desmantha; 32128 Uvaria pauci-ovulata;

32133 Oncodostigma monosperma; 32139 Alphonsea joho-

rensis; 32145 Desmos dumosus; 32156 Goniothalamus

malayanus; 32160 Oncodostigma monosperma; 32169 Poly-

althia lateriflora; 32189 P. hypoleuca; 32197 Fissistigma

Kingii; 32199 F. lanuginosum; 32320 Monocarpia marginalis;

35115 Popowia pisocarpa; 35127 Desmos dasymaschalus;

35146 Artabotrys grandifolius; 35168 Polyalthia cinna-

momea; 35170 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 35179 Cananga

odorata; 35218 Pyramidanthe prismatica; 35220 Polyalthia

Hookeriana; 35221 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 35238 Orophea

polycarpa; 35269 Polyalthia parviflora; 35276 Orophea hir-

suta; 35304 Cyathostemma viridiflorum; 35363 Miliusa am-

plexicaulis; 35393 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 35402 Orophea

hirsuta; 35970 Artabotrys suaveolens; 35984 Monocarpia

marginalis; 36000 Polyalthia cinnamomea; 36162 Polyalthia

stenopetala; 36168 Sageraea elliptica; 36499 Xylopia malay-

ana; 36941 Polyalthia caulifiora; 37120 Polyalthia glauca;

37140 and 37147 Xylopia malayana; 37239 Orophea pala-

wanensis.

KIAI—8365 Cyathocalyx carinatus; 8375 Polyalthia clavigera.

489

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Kinc—( Usually as King’s collector, Kunstler) —118 Fissistigma

lanuginosum; 231 Disepalum anomalum; 305 Desmos dasy-

maschalus; 425 D. dasymaschalus; 478 Uvaria grandiflora

var. tuberculata; 482 Desmos cochinchinensis; 484 Orophea

maculata; 513 Oymitra filipes; 551 Orophea cuneiformis;

676 Uvaria hirsuta; 687 Pseuduvaria setosa; 692 Goniothala-

mus tenuifolius; 743 Uvaria hirsuta; 793 Polyalthia cauli-

flora var. Beccarii; 820 Oxymitra filipes; 838 Phaeanthus

ophthalmicus; 906 Polyalthia stenopetala; 947 Desmos chin-

ensis; 960 Uvaria grandiflora var. tuberculata; 1004 Phae-

anthus crassipetalus; 1076 P. ophthalmicus; 1087 Fissistigma

lanuginosum; 1112 Oxymitra filipes; 1168 Uvaria cordata;

1182 Artabotrys suaveolens; 1195 Oxymitra borneensis var.

sumatrana; 1356 Cyathostemma Hookeri; 1371 Miéitrella

Kentii; 1409 Uvaria grandiflora; 1476 Cyathostemma excel-

sum; 1510 Popowia tomentosa; 1665 and 1666 Cyathos-

temma Hookeri; 1668 Uvaria cordata; 1669 Phaeanthus

ophthalmicus; 1773 Uvaria rufa; 1826 Goniothalamus Wrayi;

1837 Uvaria cordata; 1915 Oxymitra Kingii; 1944 Polyalthia

Motleyana var. oblonga; 1973 Goniothalamus tapis; 1976

and 2002 Polyalthia stenopetala; 2179 Cyathocalyx olivaceus;

2199 Enicosanthum macranthum; 2259 Pseuduvaria mac-

rophylla var. cymosa; 2261 Polyalthia Motleyana var. ob-

longa; 2329 Popowia perakensis; 2373 Miliusa amplexicaulis;

2375 Anaxagorea javanica var. tripetala; 2437 Polyalthia

hypogaea; 2450 Artabotrys suaveolens; 2476 Fissistigma

manubriatum; 2622 Uvaria cordata; 2654 Fissistigma ful-

gens; 2712 Desmos filipes; 2779 Polyalthia stenopetala; 2781

Popowia pisocarpa; 2806 Oxymitra Kingii; 2816 Xylopia

fusca; 2835 Cyathocalyx olivaceus; 2869 Orophea cunei-

formis; 2873 Oxymitra biglandulosa; 2922 Popowia perak-

ensis; 2935 Uvaria leptopoda; 3009 Oxymitra biglandulosa;

3019 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 3026 Polyalthia cauliflora

var. Beccarii; 3050 Popowia pisocarpa; 3064 Fissistigma

Kingii; 3083 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 3113 Polyalthia cauli-

flora var. desmantha; 3160 P. stenopetala; 3193. Oxymiira

calycina; 3206 Popowia perakensis; 3257 Desmos dasymas-

chalus var. Wallichii; 3292 Uvaria cordata; 3303 Artabotrys

suaveolens; 3341 A. suaveolens; 3344 Mitrella Kentii; 3382

Cyathocalyx olivaceus; 3395 Mitrephora Maingayi; 3399

Polyalthia Motleyana var. oblonga; 3615 Artabotrys Wrayi;

3621 Polyalthia sumatrana; 3624 Artabotrys suaveolens;

490.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

3699 Goniothalamus tapis; 3712 Xylopia magna; 3725 Arta-

botrys venustus; 3731 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 3746 Arta-

botrys gracilis; 3767 Polyalthia Rumphii; 3817 Polyalthia

clavigera; 3844 Oncodostigma monosperma; 3850 Polyalthia

Hookeriana; 3853 Cyathocalyx olivaceus; 3856 Enicosan-

thum cupulare; 3873 Monocarpia marginalis; 3890 Uvaria

hirsuta; 3910 Polyalthia Jenkensii; 3919 Goniothalamus

tenuifolius; 3922 and 3932 Pyramidanthe prismatica; 3943

Popowia pisocarpa; 3999 Pheanthus ophthaimicus; 4010

Oxymitra Kingii; 4011 Uvaria larep; 4016 Oxymitra lati-

folia; 4047 Cyathostemma Hookeri; 4054 Ellipeia cuneifolia;

- 4063 Fissistigma litseaefolium; 4070 F. Kingii; 4099 Poly-

althia Motleyana var. oblonga; 4145 Popowia perakensis;

4154 Oxymitra glauca; 4164 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 4182

Desmos cochinchinensis; 4199 Fissistigma hypoglaucum;

4202 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 4207 Cyathostemma Wrayi;

4270 Polyalthia Rumphii; 4272 Oxymitra calycina; 4279

Polyalthia macropoda; 4283 Orophea hirsuta; 4291 Arta-

botrys costatus; 4297 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 4299 Desmos

dasymaschalus; 4318 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 4334 Gonio-

thalamus tapis; 4340 Orophea polycarpa; 4350 Pseuduvaria

macrophylla; 4359 Desmos dasymaschalus var. Wallichii;

4367 Polyalthia sumatrana; 4384 Pyramidanthe prismatica;

4385 Fissistigma manubriatum; 4392 Artabotrys venustus;

4397 Desmos chinensis; 4401 Oxymitra glauca; 4403 Poly-

althia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 4418 Popowia velutina; 4451

Oxymitra glauca; 4454 O. glauca; 4465 Fissistigma hypo-

glaucum; 4477 Artabotrys grandifolius; 4483 Desmos

Dunalii; 4488 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum; 4496

F. rubiginosum; 4508 Anaxagorea javanica; 4522 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. Beccarii; 4531 P. Rumphii; 4546 Popowia

velutina; 4547 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 4559 Goniothala-

mus subevenius; 4564 Desmos dasymaschalus var. Wallichii;

4568 Orophea cuneiformis; 4577 Artabotrys grandifolius;

4578 Orophea maculata; 4579 Desmos Dunalii; 4581 Fis-

sistigma lanuginosum; 4592 Desmos dumosus; 4596 Pyra-

midanthe prismatica; 4597 Uvaria hirsuta; 4598 U. grandi-

flora; 4618 Oxymitra Kingii; 4623 Ellipeia cuneifolia; 4626

Goniothalamus tapis; 4635 Cyathostemma Wrayi; 4664

Cananga obovata; 4701 Mitrephora Maingayi; 4702 Poly-

althia hypoleuca; 4722 Goniothalamus malayanus; 4729

_ Polyalthia bullata; 4744 Fissistigma manubriatum; 4745

Polyalthia sumatrana; 4746 Goniothalamus malayanus; 4752

G. macrophyllus; 4787 Uvaria Lobbiana; 4788 Mitrephora

491

Gardens Bulletin, S.

vulpina; 4804 Polyalthia bullata; 4831 Enicosanthum con-

gregatum; 4857 Desmos cochinchinensis; 4877 D. dasymas-

chalus; 4883 Fissistigma fulgens; 4885 F. lanuginosum; 4930

Uvaria cordata; 4946 Cyathocalyx olivaceus; 4948 Fissis-

tigma manubriatum; 4974 Oxymitra latifolia; 4985 Fissis-

tigma lanuginosum; 4986 F. litseaefolium; 4987 Artabotrys

gracilis; 5040 Desmos dasymaschalus; 5060 Fissistigma

hypoglaucum; 5073 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 5082 Fissis-

tigma rubiginosum; 5105 Goniothalamus tapis; 5126 Oxy-

mitra Kingii; 5137 Pyramidanthe prismatica; 5141 Polyalthia

Motleyana var. oblonga; 5150 Artabotrys oxycarpus; 5160

Popowia pisocarpa; 5186 Fissistigma manubriatum; 5209

Mitrella Kentii; 5210 Cyathostemma excelsum; 5221 Fissis-

tigma manubriatum; 5228 Goniothalamus Scortechinii; 5242

Mitrephora Maingayi; 5258 Mitrella Kentii; 5268 Mitrephora

Maingayi; 5291 Desmos filipes; 5302 Trivalvaria nervosa;

5310 Polyalthia hypoleuca; 5312 Fissistigma lanuginosum;

5313 Xylopia sub-dehiscens; 5319 Ellipeia cuneifolia; 5344

Fissistigma Kingii; 5356 Monocarpia marginalis; 5369 Mitrella

Kentii; 5387 Alphonsea lucida; 5399 Meiogyne virgata; 5451

Cyathostemma excelsum; 5453 Fissistigma fulgens; 5461

Desmos dumosus; 5463 Cyathocalyx olivaceus; 5495 Poly-

althia Hookeriana; 5514 Enicosanthum cupulare; 5520 Des-

mos dumosus; 5544 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 5550 Poly-

althia Hookeriana; 5562 Oxymitra latifolia; 5603 Popowia

perakensis; 5605 Artabotrys oxycarpus; 5610 Pyramidanthe

prismatica; 5636 Trivalvaria pumila; 5696 Cananga odorata;

5702 Polyalthia brunneifolia; 5710 Trivalvaria pumila; 5712

Desmos dasymaschalus; 5733 Polyalthia Motleyana var.

oblonga; 5734 Miliusa longipes; 5745 Goniothalamus Rid-

leyi; 5754 and 5776 Uvaria cordata; 5806 Fissistigma hypo-

glaucum; 5810 Pyramidanthe prismatica; 5815 Goniothala-

mus tenuifolius; 5817 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum;

5825 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum; 5832 Orophea

cuneiformis; 5837 Fissistigma rubiginosum; 5844 Ellipeia

cuneifolia; 5851 Orophea polycarpa; 5857 Cyathostemma

viridiflorum; 5874 Orophea maculata; 5882 Goniothalamus.

tapis; 5889 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 5899 Oxymitra biglan-

dulosa; 5920 Uvaria hirsuta; 5940 Fissistigma lanuginosum;

5943 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 5945 Uvaria javana; 5962:

Fissistigma manubriatum; 5979 Uvaria grandiflora; 5981

Cyathostemma excelsum; 5984 Desmos chinensis; 5991

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 6026 Oxymitra latifolia; 6027

492

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Enicosanthum fuscum; 6045 Ellipeia cuneifolia; 6125 Polyal-

thia Rumphii; 6135 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 6177 Meiogyne

virgata; 6183 Polyalthia hypoleuca; 6201 Fissistigma ful-

gens; 6206 Mitrephora Maingayi; 6236 Mitrella Kentii;

6293 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum; 6358 Polyalthia

Motleyana var. oblonga; 6370 Mitrephora Maingayi; 6411

Mitrella Kentii; 6416 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum;

6432 Mitrella Kentii; 6463 Uvaria hirsuta; 6465 Polyalthia

Motleyana var. oblonga; 6482 Cyathostemma Hookeri; 6496

Pyramidanthe prismatica; 6498 Fissistigma latifolium var.

ovoideum; 6499 Artabotrys venustus; 6508 Mitrephora

Maingayi; 6513 Uvaria cordata; 6524 Artabotrys oblongus;

6527 Goniothalamus tapis; 6530 Polyalthia lateriflora; 6531

Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum; 6547 Polyalthia Hooke-

riana; 6551 P. sumatrana; 6558 Oxymitra affinis; 6643 Eni-

cosanthum cupulare; 6653 Cyathocalyx olivaceus; 6654

Enicosanthum macranthum; 6655 Polyalthia pachyphylla;

6666 Cyathocalyx olivaceus; 6710 C. pruniferus; 6748

Uvaria pauci-ovulata; 6780 Oxymitra calycina; 6789 Cya-

thocalyx pruniferus; 6819 Mitrella Kentii; 6845 Polyalthia

Rumphii; 6879 Oxymitra latifolia; 6968 Artabotrys venustus;

6981 Mitrephora Maingayi; 7048 Fissistigma fulgens; 7053

F. latifolium typical form; 7079 Goniothalamus Scortechinii;

7097 Alphonsea Kingii; 7100 A. cylindrica; 7105 Polyalthia

lateritia, 7139 Goniothalamus malayanus; 7162 Méiliusa

longipes; 7222 Artabotrys grandifolius; 7275 Phaeanthus

crassipetalus; 7276 Fissistigma Kingii; 7318 Meiognye vir-

gata; 7323 Orophea hastata; 7352 Miliusa longipes; 7353

Polyalthia sumatrana; 7382 Monocarpia marginalis; 7386

Orophea dodecandra; 7448 Goniothalamus Scortechinii;

7451 Orophea dodecandra; 7460 Artabotrys suaveolens;

7462 Orophea enterocarpa; 7472 Oxymitra Kingii; 7498

Trivalvaria macrophylla; 7501 Polyalthia Hookeriana; 7516

Polyalthia pachyphylla; 7522 Oxymitra calycina; 7534

Monocarpia marginalis; 7537 Goniothalamus Wrayi,; 7543

Artabotrys gracilis; 7544 Uvaria cordata; 7547 Mitrephora

Maingayi; 7566 Uvaria leptopoda; 7582 Monocarpia margi-

nalis; 7613 Enicosanthum congregatum; 7617 Polyalthia cauli-

flora var. desmantha; 7629 Stelechocarpus cauliflorus; 7630

Enicosanthum cupulare; 7652 Orophea maculata; 7658 Poly-

althia stenopetala; 7667 Orophea dodecandra; 7671 Polyal-

thia Motleyana var. oblonga; 7694 Polyalthia lateriflora;

7695 Orophea enterocarpa; 7720 Popowia pisocarpa; 7733

493

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Artabotrys Maingayi; 7743 Popowia pisocarpa; 7765 Fissis-

tigma lanuginosum; 7772 Desmos dumosus; 7803 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. Beccarii; 7814 P. Hookeriana; 7816 Desmos

chinensis; 7822 Fissistigma fulgens; 7825 Ellipeia cuneifolia;

7829 Xylopia ferruginea; 7832 Fissistigma manubriatum;

7868 Ellipeia cuneifolia; 7890 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 7924

F. hypoglaucum; 7937 Polyalthia Rumphii; 7946 P. brunnei-

folia; 7951 P. Rumphii; 7984 P. Rumphii; 7995 Popowia

pisocarpa; 8088 Goniothalamus malayanus; 8119 Fissistigma

latifolium var. ovoideum; 8131 Cyathostemma excelsum;

8224 Stelechocarpus cauliflorus; 8225 Goniothalamus sub-

evenius; 8230 Fissistigma latifolium typical form; 8233 Mit-

rephora Maingayi; 8234 Orophea cuneiformis; 8238 Pseudu-

varia ? rugosa; 8241 Cyathocalyx Scortechinii; 8246 Orophea

dodecandra; 8250 Orophea cuneiformis; 8257 O. polycarpa;

8260 Goniothalamus subevenius; 8285 Pseuduvaria setosa;

8292 Goniothalamus Scortechinii; 8346 Enicosanthum fus-

cum; 8348 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 8350 Uvaria hirsuta;

8352 Fissistigma manubriatum; 8366 and 8375 Fissistigma

Kingii; 8381 Desmos dumosus; 8384 Artabotrys crassifolius;

8389 Oxymitra biglandulosa; 8397 Orophea enterocarpa;

8441 Goniothalamus giganteus; 8453 Phaeanthus ophthal-

micus; 8526 Cyathostemma Hookeri; 8540 Popowia tomen-

tosa var. crinita; 8543 Uvaria Curtisii; 8585 Mitrephora

Maingayi; 8602 Popowia fusca; 8617 Desmos dumosus; 8620

Mitrephora Maingayi; 8631 Melodorum aberrans; 8635

Xylopia ferruginea; 8639 Goniothalamus Curtisii; 8670

Xylopia ferruginea; 8681 Oxymitra latifolia; 8746 O. big-

landulosa; 8753 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 8761 Polyalthia

sumatrana; 8777 Cyathostemma excelsum; 8833 Oxymitra

glauca; 8841 O. latifolia; 8843 Desmos chinensis; 8847

Orophea hastata; 10010 Polyalthia Rumphii; 10014 Oxy-

mitra filipes; 10028 Desmos dumosus; 10037 Cyathocalyx

pruniferus; 10039 Enicosanthum fuscum; 10041 Uvaria hir-

suta; 10044 Phaeanthus crassipetalus; 10053 Trivalvaria

pumila; 10058 Popowia tomentosa var. crinita; 10079 Xylo-

pia sub-dehiscens; 10100 Cananga odorata; 10101 Desmos

chinensis; 10110 Enicosanthum fuscum; 10118 Fissistigma

latifolium var. ovoideum; 10126 Goniothalamus Wrayi;

10130 Enicosanthum fuscum; 10133 Artabotrys suaveolens;

10136 Popowia pisocarpa; 10149 Polyalthia sumatrana;

10184 Artabotrys costatus; 10192 Oxymitra glauca; 10198

Polyalthia Motleyana var. oblonga; 10258 Oxymitra latifolia;

10275 Fissistigma Kingii; 10293 Ellipeia cuneifolia; 10359

494

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Mitrephora Maingayi; 10397 Popowia tomentosa var. crinita;

10404 Enicosanthum fuscum; 10405 Xylopia ferruginea;

10418 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum; 10420 Mitre-

phora Maingayi; 10447 Polyalthia lateriflora; 10464 Oxy-

mitra glauca; 10512 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 10516 Cyatho-

calyx pruniferus; 10517 Artabotrys suaveolens; 10522

Fissistigma hypoglaucum; 10539 Uvaria javana; 10548

- Goniothalamus Curtisii; 10602 Mitrella Kentii; 10604 Oxy-

mitra calycina; 10606 Oxymitra glauca; 10616 Trivalvaria

pumila; 10633 Alphonsea cylindrica; 10663 Phaeanthus

ophthalmicus; 10664 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 10666; 10682

Orophea hastata; 10708 Goniothalamus giganteus; 10727

Xylopia malayana; 10756 Polyalthia macropoda; 10765 Des-

mos Dunalii; 10768 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 10778 Oxymitra

filipes; 10807 Polyalthia Rumphii; 10818 Xylopia sub-dehis-

cens; 10874 Uvaria javana; 10875 U. cordata; 10878 U.

cordata; 10880 Xylopia ferruginea; 10939 Orophea hastata;

10964 Polyalthia lateritia; 10965 Enicosanthum magnolii-

florum; 10975 Polyalthia Rumphii; 10977 Pseuduvaria

rugosa; 10982 Oxymitra filipes; 11787 Uvaria Lobbiana,

13578 Orophea hirsuta; 32005 Mitrella Kentu.

KinsEY—C. F. 1863 Monocarpia marginalis.

KLOoss—6836 Goniothalamus undulatus.

LAKE and KELSALL—4039 Goniothalamus malayanus; 4045 Poly-

althia cauliflora; 4047 P. angustissima; 4048 Oxymitra

glauca.

LAMBAK—C.F. 2709 Uvaria rufa; C.F. 2722 Cananga odorata;

C.F. 3141 Cyathocalyx pahangensis.

LELA and JANTAN—4169 Polyalthia hypoleuca.

LiEw—37744 Xylopia malayana.

LupIN—1875 Xylopia ferruginea var. oxyantha.

MAHAMAD, MAHAMUD, MAHMUD, MoHAMUD, MOHMUD—<( Var'i-

ants of spelling—The numbers are taken consecutively but

there may be more than one collector involved.) 824 Cyatho-

calyx pahangensis; 2116 Fissistigma fulgens; 2123 Uvaria

cordata; 2797 Goniothalamus malayanus; 2800 Polyalthia

Hookeriana; 3305 Pseuduvaria setosa; C.F. 3723 Goniothala-

mus fuscus; C.F. 3747 Desmos dasymaschalus; 14958 D.

dasymaschalus; 15550 Goniothalamus Macranii; 17161

Popowia pisocarpa; 17241 Enicosanthum fuscum; 17571

495

Gardens Bulletin, S. :

Pseuduvaria setosa; 20409 Enicosanthum fuscum; 23360

Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 33306 Cyathocalyx sumatranus

(Some of these may have C.F. prefixed).

MAINGAY—22 Kingstonia nervosa; 23 Uvaria grandiflora; 24 U.

cordata; 25 U. javana; 26 U. hirsuta; 27 U. Lobbiana; 29

Cyathostemma macranthum; 30 Uvaria Lobbiana; 31 Ellip-

eia cuneifolia; 32 Artabotrys crassifolius; 33 A. suaveolens;

34 A. Maingayi and A. pleurocarpus; 35 Cananga odorata

and another sheet 35 type of Cyathostemma viridiflorum; 36

Cyathostemma excelsum and another sheet C. viridifiorum;

37 Polyalthia cinnamomea; 38 Desmos Dunalii; 39 D. chin-

ensis; 40 D. dasymaschalus; 41 Polyalthia stenopetala; 42

and 43 Desmos dumosus; 44 Polyalthia obliqua; 45 P. Rum-

phii in part, other part is P. Jenkensii; 46 Polyalthia Jenken-

sii; 47 Trivalvaria nervosa; 48 Polyalthia cauliflora var.

desmantha; 49 Oxymitra biglandulosa; 50 Polyalthia hypo-

leuca; 51 P. lateritia; 52 Popowia pisocarpa; 53 Trivalvaria

macrophylla; 54 Popowia tomentosa; 55 Neo-uvaria foetida;

56 Popowia pauciflora; 57 Oxymitra latifolia; 58 O. glauca;

59 O. affinis; 60 O. filipes; 61 O. discolor; 62 Goniothalamus

macrophyllus; 63 G. malayanus; 64 Pseuduvaria macrophylla;

65 Mitrephora Maingayi; 66 Polyalthia glabra; 67 Phaeanthus £

ophthalmicus; 68 and 69 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoid-

eum; 70 Fissistigma manubriatum; 71 F. lanuginosum; 72 F. Py

manubriatum; 73 F. fulgens; 74 Pyramidanthe prismatica; 75;

76 and 77 Mitrella Kentii; 78 Pyramidanthe prismatica; 79

and 80 Xylopia caudata; 81 X. malayana; 82 X. elliptica;

83 X. magna; 84 X. malayana; 85 X. ferruginea; 86 X. fusca;

88 and 89 Orophea enterocarpa; 90 Cyathocalyx pruniferus;

91 C. ramuliflorus; 92 Meiogyne virgata; 93 Enicosanthum

magnoliiflorum; 94 Monocarpia marginalis; 95 Meiogyne vir-

gata; 96 Polyalthia lateriflora; 98 Alphonsea Maingayi; 99

A. elliptica; 100 Oncodostigma monosperma; 101 Polyalthia

sclerophylla; 102 Mezzettia leptopoda; 104 Uvaria pauci-

ovulata; 105 Anaxagorea javanica; 107 Alphonsea elliptica;

108 Pyramidanthe prismatica; 109 Desmos chinensis; 1053;

1349; 1349A Neo-uvaria foetida.

MARCAN—729 Uvaria rufa.

Mat—2120 Goniothalamus Curtisii; 2123 Uvaria cordata; 17947

Polyalthia Rumphii.

MeAD—32700 Polyalthia stenopetala.

496

Vol. XIV. (1955).

MEH—8914 and 8982 Polyalthia Rumphii; 9043 Anaxagorea

javanica var. tripetala; 10156 Polyalthia Rumphii; 17861

Xylopia ferruginea; 17870 Monocarpia marginalis.

MILLs—S.F.N. 21422 Cananga odorata.

MILLs and HENDERSON—S.F.N. 15075 Polyalthia hypogaea;

S.F.N. 15076 Orophea maculata.

Mou—10195 Monocarpia marginalis.

MONGCHIE—4417 Fissistigma fulgens.

Moysrty—S.F.N. 33627 Goniothalamus montanus.

Moysey and KiaH—All numbers preceded by S.F.N.—33346

Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 33607 G. macrophyllus; 33613

Pseuduvaria nervosa; 33627 Goniothalamus montanus;

33642 G. calycinus; 33722 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 33740

Polyalthia sumatrana; 33741 Goniothalamus calycinus;

33751 Polyalthia Hookeriana; 33759 P. sumatrana; 33766

Pseuduvaria macrophylia var. sessilicarpa; 33812 Popowia

tomentosa var. crinita; 33879 Sageraea elliptica; 33941

Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 33947 Polyalthia dumosa.

MurTON—S5 Uvaria leptopoda.

NGADIMAN—AIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—34508 Cyatho-

calyx ramuliflorus; 34604 Xylopia ferruginea; 34622 Popo-

wia fusca; 34623 Mezzeitia leptopoda; 34691 Polyalthia

Jenkensii; 34739 Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha; 34933

somewhat intermediate between P. cauliflora and var. Bec-

caril; 35583 P. sumatrana; 36125 Xylopia malayana; 36199

Mezzettia leptopoda;. 36364 Popowia fusca; 36432 Uvaria

pauci-ovulata; 36457 Xylopia malayana; 36461 Mezzettia

leptopoda; 36644; 36690 and 36697 Polyalthia hypoleuca;

36775 Goniothalamus malayanus; 36820 Mitrella Kentii;

36853 Xylopia ferruginea var. oxyantha; 36855 Cyathocalyx

pahangensis; 36859 Polyalthia Hookeriana; 36868 Xylopia

fusca; 36881 X. caudata; 36893 Mitrella Kentii; 37003 and

37006 Xylopia malayana; 37013 Cyathocalyx Ridleyi.

NGAH—24935 Mezzettia leptopoda.

Nur—AIll numbers preceded by S.F.N.—794 Polyalthia cauliflora

var. desmantha; 1243 Enicosanthum membranifolium; 1365

Fissistigma rubiginosum; 2540 Cyathostemma viridiflorum;

2542 Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha; 2644 Artabotrys

uncinatus; 7571 Cyathocalyx sumatranus; 11047 Goniothala-

mus macrophyllus; 11127 Polyalthia chrysotricha; 11191

Goniothalamus Curtisii; 11316 Artabotrys venustus; 11341

497

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Goniothalamus Holttumii; 11591 Pseuduvaria macrophylla;

11672 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 11673 P. bullata;

11718 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 11759 Polyalthia brunnei-

folia; 11771 Uvaria hirsuta; 11787 Desmos filipes; 11818

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 11918 Polyalthia stenopetala;

12128 Orophea enterocarpa; 18585 Polyalthia cauliflora var.

desmantha; 18865 Meiogyne virgata; 18876 Uvaria Lobbiana;

19986 Cyathocalyx pahangensis; 24636 Goniothalamus Rid-

leyi; 32586 Artabotrys suaveolens; 33955 Polyalthia hypo-

leuca; 33972 Xylopia fusca; 34023 Polyalthia hypoleuca;

34040 Mitrephora Maingayi; 34061 Goniothalamus malay-

anus; 34277 G. Curtisii; 34312 Fissistigma latifolium var.

ovoideum; 34314 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 35169 and 36155

Oncodostigma monosperma.

Nour and FoxwortHy—All numbers preceded by S.F.N.—11954

Anaxagorea javanica; 11955 Goniothalamus macrophyllus;

11973 Oxymitra filipes; 11994 Polyalthia cinnamomea;

12010 P. cauliflora var. Beccarii; 12063 P. lateritia; 12157

Goniothalamus rotundisepalus.

Nur and KIAH—AIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—7738 Poly-

althia Rumphi; 7766 P. macropoda; 7773 P. socia probably;

7774 Goniothalamus tapis.

OMAR—8523 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 8539 Cyathocalyx pruni-

ferus; 8548 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 8854 Xylopia ferru-

ginea; 9974 and 13009 Artabotrys uncinatus.

OsMAN—( Forest Dept.) 23856 Mitrella Kentii; 28306 Polyalthia

cauliflora; 28334 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 28359 Poly-

althia stenopetala; 28402 Pseuduvaria setosa; 28407 Gonio-

thalamus tenuifolius; 28422 Polyalthia obliqua; 28429

Cyathostemma excelsum; 28431 Uvaria cordata; 28464

Anaxagorea javanica; 28471 Goniothalamus uvarioides;

28526 Neo-uvaria acuminatissima; 28540 Goniothalamus

tortilipetalus; 29280 Polyalthia obliqua.

PAWANCHE—13796 Polyaithia sumatrana; 14667 Enicosanthum

congregatum.

PENDAH—799 Polyalthia clavigera.

PUT—3637 Polyalthia socia.

RAMAN, ABDUL—C.F. 604 Polyalthia cinnamomea; C.F. 2832

Alphonsea elliptica.

RIDLEY—295 and 356 Mitrella Kentii; 429 Polyalthia macropoda;

439 Artabotrys suaveolens; 1056 Xylopia ferruginea; 1078

Desmos chinensis; 1115 Uvaria rufa; 1380 U. cordata; 1563 —

498

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Desmos chinensis; 1565 Cananga odorata; 1586 Desmos du-

mosus; 1823 Fissistigma fulgens; 2112 Cyathostemma viridi-

florum; 2114 Mitrella Kentii; 2115 Fissistigma fulgens; 2117

Mitrella Kentii; 2121 Desmos dasymaschalus; 2124 Uvaria

leptopoda; 2423 Alphonsea Curtisii; 2426 Desmos cochin-

chinensis; 2428 Orophea maculata; 2429 Phaeanthus oph-

thalmicus; 2632 Orophea maculata; 2649 O. polycarpa; 2984

Cyathostemma micranthum; 2985 Pseuduvaria macrophylla

var. cymosa; 2986 Polyalthia asteriella; 3094 intermediate

between P. cauliflora and var. Beccarii; 3100 Pseuduvaria

macrophylla; 3105 Polyalthia sclerophylla; 3106 Fissistigma

lanuginosum; 3286 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 3466 Cyatho-

calyx Ridieyi; 3532 Xylopia caudata; 3630a Artabotrys

Wrayi; 3641la Fissistigma fulgens; 3847 F. lanuginosum:

3863 Polyalthia Rumphii; 3952 Xylopia ferruginea var. oxy-

antha; 4182 Polyalthia Scortechinii; 4183 Disepalum ano-

malum; 4189 Pseuduvaria macrophylla var. sessilicarpa:

4409 Mezzettia leptopoda; 4454 Cyathocalyx ramulifiorus;

4456 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 4457 Meiogyne virgata; 4558

Xylopia ferruginea var. oxyantha; 4587 Fissistigma fulgens;

4708 Uvaria leptopoda; 4709 Miliusa longipes; 4710 Polyal-

thia cauliflora; 4711 Cyathocalyx Ridleyi; 4712 Fissistigma

manubriatum; 4790 Cyathostemma Hookeri; 4806 Artabot-

rys suaveolens; 4808 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum:

4813 Polyalthia angustissima; 4916 Popowia tomentosa:

4919 Ellipeia cuneifolia; 5078 Pyramidanthe prismatica;

5082 Ellipeia cuneifolia; 5099 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 5366

F. rubiginosum; 5371 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 5374 and

5375 Desmos chinensis; 5377 Pseuduvaria macrophylla var.

cymosa and Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 5822 Uvaria lep-

topoda; 5835 Artabotrys suaveolens; 5851 Polyalthia clavi-

gera; 5917 P. angustissima; 5921 Xylopia caudata; 5980

Polyalthia cauliflora; 5992 Mezzettia leptopoda; 6051 Arta-

botrys Wrayi; 6052 A. suaveolens; also Fissistigma lanugi-

nosum; 6176 Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus; 6227 Goniothalamus

Ridleyi; 6228 Desmos dasymaschalus; 6231 Polyalthia cauli-

flora; 6305 Desmos dumosus; 6343 Oxymitra borneensis var.

sumatrana; 6344 Pyramidanthe prismatica; 6345 Mitrella

Kentii; also Fissistigma manubriatum; 6346 Desmos dasy-

maschalus; 6347 D. dasymaschalus var. Wallichii; 6348

Polyalthia sumatrana; 6349 Goniothalamus macrophyllus;

6351 Xylopia ferruginea var. oxyantha; 6352 X. ferruginea;

6353 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 6428 Oxymitra excisa; 6482

499

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Popowia pisocarpa; 6526 Polyalthia Rumphii; 6757 Gonio-

thalamus tapis; 6758 Alphonsea Maingayi; 6759 Xylopia

malayana; 6760 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 6770 Mitrella

Kentii; 6812 Desmos dasymaschalus; 7018 Fissistigma rubi-

ginosum; 7020 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 7022 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. desmantha; 7279 Stelechocarpus cauliflorus;

7280 Polyalthia cauliflora; 7281 P. brunneifolia and Popo-

wia pisocarpa; 7282 and 7283 Goniothalamus Scortechinii;

7283 also Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 7284 Polyalthia steno-

petala; 7361 Desmos chinensis; 7964 Goniothalamus tenui-

folius; 7989 Polyalthia cauliflora; 7994 Goniothalamus

Scortechinii; 7995 Polyalthia cauliflora; 7996 P. pumila;

7997 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 8001 Mitrephora Maingayi;

8002 Popowia pisocarpa; 8003 Popowia tomentosa; 8050

Polyalthia angustissima; 8113 P. cauliflora; 8116 Meiogyne

virgata; 8117 Polyalthia cauliflora; 8119 Orophea ? hastata;

8246 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 8247 Uvaria Lobbiana; 8248

Pseuduvaria macrophylla var. cymosa; 8251 Phaeanthus

ophthalmicus; 8276 Goniothalamus Curtisii; 8290 Gonio-

thalamus tenuifolius; 8394 Popowia pisocarpa; 8405 Gonio-

thalamus tapis; 8450 Miliusa longipes; 8600 Uvaria javana;

8627 Goniothalamus Curtisii; 8628 Trivalvaria macrophylla

and Cananga odorata; 8629 Mitrephora Maingayi; 8630

Popowia pisocarpa; 8781 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 8783 Fis-

sistigma manubriatum; 8784 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 9211

Uvaria Lobbiana; 9383 U. cordata; 9429 Cyathostemma

Hookeri; 9434 Xylopia sub-dehiscens; 9438 Phaeanthus

ophthalmicus; 9442 Anaxagorea javanica; 9621 Orophea

maculata; 9655 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 9678 Polyalthia

Motleyana var. oblonga; 8938 Xylopia caudata; 10033 Fis-

sistigma manubriatum; 10038 Polyalthia glauca; 10055 Arta-

botrys suaveolens; 10195 Polyalthia stenopetala; 10203

Cyathostemma excelsum; 10287 Orophea dodecandra; 10315

Desmos dumosus; 10320 intermediate between Polyalthia

cauliflora and var. Beccarii; 10625 Goniothalamus Curtisii;

10639 Xylopia ferruginea; 10764 Polyalthia Rumphii; 10809

Oxymitra latifolia; 10853 Artabotrys crassifolius; 10921 A.

costatus; 11057 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 11254

Meiogyne virgata; 11916 Uvaria larep; 11925 Cyathocalyx

olivaceus; 11993 Polyalthia Rumphii; 12178 Uvaria pauci-

ovulata; 12215 U. leptopoda; 12572 Desmos dasymaschalus;

12574 Uvaria javana; 13387 Orophea enterocarpa; 13389

Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 13464 Popowia pisocarpa; 13465 |

Polyalthia angustissima; 13505 Polyalthia sclerophylla;

500

Vol. XIV. (1955).

13514 Desmos dasymaschalus var. Wallichii; 13515 Polyal-

thia cauliflora; 13516 Mitrella Kentii; 13517 Polyalthia

cauliflora; 14047 Popowia pisocarpa; 14092 Pseuduvaria

macrophylla; 14093 Polyalthia stenopetala; 14094 Gonio-

thalamus tenuifolius; 14095 G. Wrayi; 14098 Trivalvaria

pumila; 14099 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 14149

Phaeanthus crassipetalus; 14592 Polyalthia stenopetala;

14594 Desmos dasymaschalus var. Wallichii; 14595 Polyal-

thia stenopetala; 14596 Goniothalamus Scortechinii; 14597

G. Ridleyi; 14598 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 14599 Pseudu-

varia probably macrophylla; 14600 and 14601 P. macro-

phylla var. cymosa; 14646 Miliusa amplexicaulis; 14725

Oxymitra desmoides; 14734 Anaxagorea javanica var. tripe-

tala; 15177 Cananga latifolia; 15178 and 15179 Desmos

dasymaschalus; 15180 Uvaria grandiflora; 15181 U. rufa;

15239 and 15340 Miliusa parviflora; 15342 Orophea cunei-

formis; 15688 and 15759 Goniothalamus macrophyllus;

15783 Desmos dasymaschalus; 15893 Polyalthia parviflora;

15904 Oxymitra discolor; 16012 Disepalum pulchrum.

RIDLEY and GOODENOUGH—1643 Goniothalamus malayanus;

2118 G. Ridleyi.

ROBINSON—6297 Desmos dasymaschalus.

- SAAMIN—14194 Xylopia magna.

SAMSUDIN—Forest Dept. 18246 Mezzettia leptopoda.

SCORTECHINI—18b Uvaria grandiflora; 36 Goniothalamus Wray};

69b Cananga odorata; 80 Miliusa longipes; 88b Polyalthia

cauliflora var. Beccarii; 101b Orophea cuneiformis; 106b O.

maculata; 121b Uvaria rufa; 131b Cyathostemma Wrayi; 137

and 137b Popowia pisocarpa; 152b Polyalthia hypoleuca;

164b and 167 Orophea polycarpa; 172 Goniothalamus mac-

rophyllus; 172b G. tapis; 182b Polyalthia stenopetala; 198b —

Trivalvaria pumila; 206b Polyalthia Rumphii; 320 Popowia

pisocarpa; 326 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 331 Artabotrys

pleurocarpus; 342 Desmos filipes; 469b Cyathocalyx olivaceus;

471b Desmos dasymaschalus; 488 Artabotrys Scortechinii;

494 Trivalvaria nervosa; 566b Polyalthia stenopetala; 578b

Goniothalamus giganteus; 592b Polyalthia asteriella; 601 P.

dumosa; 618b Desmos chinensis; 660 Polyalthia Motleyana

var. oblonga; 660b Goniothalamus Curtisii; 693 Monocarpia

marginalis; 710 Miliusa longipes; 720 Fissistigma lanuginosum

and Uvaria hirsuta; 824 Disepalum pulchrum; 853 Oxymitra

calycina; 865 Mitrella Kentii; 907 Uvaria grandiflora; 1123

501

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fissistigma fulgens; 1328 Artabotrys suaveolens; 1364 Des-

mos dasymaschalus; 1500 Polyalthia Rumphii; 1514 Pseudu-

varia macrophylla var. cymosa; 1540 Cyathostemma excel-

sum; 1549 Fissistigma fulgens; 1576 Goniothalamus Ridleyi;

1584 Orophea cuneiformis; 1608 Artabotrys grandifolius;

1632 A. pleurocarpus; 1671 Fissistigma fulgens; 1698 Cya-

thocalyx pruniferus; 1725 Mitrephora Maingayi; 1754

Orophea cuneiformis; 1764 O. dodecandra; 1771 O. macu-

lata; 1781 Cyathocalyx Scortechinii; 1800 Polyalthia sumat-

_rana; 1803 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 1877 Mitrella Kentii;

1882 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 1925 Cananga

odorata; 1926 Enicosanthum congregatum; 1946 Melodorum

aberrans; 1959 Xylopia ferruginea; 1970 Fissistigma hypo- —

glaucum; 1990 Uvaria Scortechinii; 2001 Polyalthia Rum-

phii; 2012 Artabotrys Lowianus; 2048 Enicosanthum

macranthum; 2072 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 2108 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. Beccarii; 2112 Xylopia magna; 2115 Phaean-

thus ophthalamicus; 2182 Polyalthia stenopetala; 2186 Oro-

phea dodecandra; 2189 O. enterocarpa; 4116 Desmos

dasymaschalus; 5000 Cyathostemma viridiflorum; 5001

Popowia pisocarpa; 5002 Pseuduvaria macrophylla.

SEIMUND—AIl numbers preceded by F.M.S. Mus. Herb.—493

and 494 Polyalthia stenopetala; 919 Cyathocalyx Scortechi-

nii; 967 Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha.

SHAM—23745 Goniothalamus giganteus.

SHAMSUDIN—18246 Mezzettia leptopoda.

SINCLAIR—AIl numbers preceded by §.F.N.—37298 Desmos dasy-

maschalus; 37929 and 37930 Cyathocalyx Ridleyi; 37937

Popowia fusca; 38249 P. pisocarpa; 38444 P. fusca; 38449

Cyathocalyx Ridleyi; 38819 Oxymitra Kingii; 38820 Pyra-

midanthe prismatica; 38827 Popowia perakensis; 38828

Polyalthia sumatrana; 38830 Xylopia sub-dehiscens; 38845

Artabotrys crassifolius; 38851 Oxymitra desmoides; 38860

Polyalthia macropoda; 38870 Oxymitra biglandulosa; 38944

Polyalthia lateriflora; 38993 Xylopia caudata; 39030 Fissis-

tigma rubiginosum; 39031 Phaeanthus crassipetalus; 39049

Mezzettia Curtisii; 39149 Polyalthia Hookeriana; 39226 P.

cauliflora; 39246 Cyathostemma viridiflorum; 39247 Uvaria

grandiflora; 39248 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 39280 Popowia

tomentosa; 39339 Desmos cochinchinensis; 39341 Cyathos- |

temma Wrayi; 39345 Polyalthia Motleyana var. glabrescens;

39350 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 39351 Uvaria Lobbiana;

39356 Goniothalamus umbrosus; 39381 G. tapis; 39431

502

Di tiie %,

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Uvaria leptopoda; 39472 Meiogyne virgata; 39478 Xylopia

ferruginea; 39525 Trivalvaria nervosa; 39534 Xylopia fusca;

39540 Popowia tomentosa; 39576 Xylopia caudata; 39621

Polyalthia hypogaea; 39623 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 39628

Polyalthia bullata; 39652 Uvaria Curtisii; 39664 Artabotrys

Wrayi; 39690 Xylopia magna; 39820 Alphonsea elliptica;

39865 Goniothalamus fulvus; 39871 Oxymitra argentea;

39874 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 39897 Orophea entero-

carpa; 39907 Pseuduvaria cerina; 39920 Polyalthia sumat-

rana; 39928 Anaxagorea javanica var. tripetala; 39939

Polyalthia cinnamomea; 39940 Uvaria hirsuta; 39950 Fis-

sistigma litseaefolium; 39956 Monocarpia marginalis; 39965

Artabotrys probably crassifolius; 39980 Goniothalamus

macrophyllus.

SOH or Sow—(Forest Dept.) 15062 Desmos Dunalii; 15075 Arta-

botrys crassifolius; 15078 Polyalthia cauliflora; 15082 Cya-

thocalyx pahangensis; 15083 Desmos dasymaschalus var.

Wallichii; 15090 Xylopia sub-dehiscens; 15105 Polyalthia

sumatrana; 15114 P. sclerophylla; 15131 Xylopia fusca;

15136 Alphonsea elliptica; 15403 Goniothalamus fulvus;

15457 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 17031 Goniotha-

lamus Curtisii; 34646 Anaxagorea javanica; 41045 Gonio-

thalamus Scortechinii; 46010 Monocarpia marginalis; 46021

Trivalvaria macrophylla; 46049 Polyalthia Hookeriana;

66038 P. stenopetala.

SoH and MoTAN—51983 and 52125 Mezzettia Curtisii.

SOMMERVILLE—29222 Xylopia ferruginea.

SouTH and SoH—64475 and 64773 Kingstonia nervosa.

SPARE—AIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—3742 Goniothalamus

tenuifolius; 33296 Artabotrys suaveolens; 34479 Uvaria cor-

data; 36042 Desmos chinensis; 36049 Artabotrys suaveolens.

SPELDEWINDE—5394 Monocarpia marginalis.

STRUGNELL—10537 Uvaria cordata; 11225 Polyalthia sumatrana;

11235 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 11246 and 12120 Mono-

carpia marginalis; 12135 Goniothalamus Curtisii; 12136 On-

codostigma monosperma; 12140 Uvaria grandiflora; 12466

Mitrephora vulpina; 12666 Polyalthia stenopetala; 12678

Mitrella Kentii; 12688 Xylopia ferruginea; 12691 Cyatho-

calyx carinatus; 12697 Polyalthia macropoda; 12728 P. ste-

nopetala; 12785 and 12859 Xylopia ferruginea; 13002 Fis-

sistigma fulgens; 13004 Enicosanthum magnoliifiorum; 13021

503

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Polyalthia macropoda; 13058 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoi-

deum; 13079 Polyalthia cinnamomea; 13085 Uvaria cordata;

13376 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 13379 Monocarpia margin-

alis; 13384 Enicosanthum magnoliiflorum; 13390 Cyatho-

stemma argenteum; 13608 Mitrella Kentii; 13969 Cyatho-

calyx carinatus; 20201 Polyalthia stenopetala; 20443 Gonio-

thalamus Ridleyi; 20483 Polyalthia macropoda; 22258

Desmos dasymaschala var. Wallichii; 22309 and 27090

intermediate between Polyalthia cauliflora and var. Beccarii;

27302 P. cauliflora var. Beccarii; 31812 Cananga odorata.

SUDIN—41882 Polyalthia hypoleuca.

SyED ALI—23360 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 23447 Xylopia

ferruginea; 23490 Polyalthia Rumphii; 23492 P. hypoleuca;

23553 P. cinnamomea.

SYMINGTON—14482 Xylopia ferruginea var. oxyantha; 14487

Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 16962 Desmos chinensis; 18162

Polyalthia sumatrana; 20169 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 20519

Desmos chinensis; 20831 Pseuduvaria monticola; 22109

Trivalvaria pumila; 22611 Goniothalamus Curtisii; 22645

Popowia pisocarpa; 22658 Enicosanthum membranifolium;

22713 Goniothalamus uvarioides; 22717 Popowia pisocarpa;

22755 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum; 22768 Platy-

mitra siamensis; 22801 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 22904 and

23014 Trivalvaria pumila; 22962 Polyalthia brunneifolia;

23105 Anaxagorea javanica; 24122 Mitrephora Maingayi;

24126 Alphonsea cylindrica; 24165 Goniothalamus Mac-

ranii; 24174 Orophea enterocarpa; 24179 Polyalthia brunnei-

folia; 24197 P. obliqua; 24216 P. Motleyana var. glabres-

cens; 24226 P. cinnamomea; 24250 Orophea hastata; 24357

Mitrephora Maingayi; 24430 Anaxagorea javanica; 2452]

Cyathostemma argenteum; 24522 Anaxagorea javanica;

25455 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 25622 Polyalthia Motley-

ana var. glabrescens; 25822 Anaxagorea javanica var. tri-

petala; 26781 Desmos dasymaschalus; 26845 Polyalthia

cauliflora var. Beccarii; 26969 Artabotrys crassifolius; 27056

Trivalvaria pumila; 29811 Goniothalamus Curtisii; 29893

Popowia pisocarpa; 29940 Polyalthia sclerophylla; 30766 P. —

longifolia; 30781 Trivalvaria macrophylla; 31054 and 32662 —

Mezzettia leptopoda; 32696 Polyalthia hypogaea; 35754 P.

cauliflora var. desmantha; 37608 Goniothalamus rotundi-

sepalus; 37640 G. macrophyllus; 37915 Desmos chinensis;

39393 Mitrella Kentii; 39455 Mitrephora Maingayi; 40534

504

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Desmos chinensis; 40641 Xylopia ferruginea; 40649 X. fer-

ruginea var. oxyantha; 40650 Cyathocalyx pruniferus;

40756 Goniothalamus malayanus; 40789 Anaxagorea java-

nica var. tripetala; 42970 Uvaria javana; 43275 Mezzettia

leptopoda; 43528 Monocarpia marginalis; 43529 Mezzettia

leptopoda; 43531 Mitrephora Maingayi; 43629 Polyalthia

cinnamomea; 43630 Enicosanthum fuscum; 43632 Xylopia

malayana; 43634 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus; 43676 Polyalthia

hypoleuca; 43694 Cananga odorata; 43776 Platymitra sia-

mensis; 44012 Polyalthia glauca; 44042 Cyathocalyx carina-

tus; 44729 Xylopia malayana; 45808 Polyalthia hypoleuca;

49834 Cyathocalyx sumatranus; 49927 C. carinatus.

SYMINGTON and KIAH—AlIl numbers preceded by S.F.N.—28827

Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 28912 Polyalthia caulifiora var.

Beccarii; 28921 Goniothalamus tenuifolius.

SYMINGTON and SoH—45817 Polyalthia stenopetala.

TACHUN—23235 Xylopia caudata; 23743 Polyalthia Rumphii:

43467 Goniothalamus Curtisii.

TACHUN and Sow—16867 Xylopia ferruginea; 17034 Monocarpia

marginalis.

TALIB—C.F. 3036 Polyalthia macropoda.

Tasi, Mp.—34115 Cyathocalyx Scortechinii.

VESTERDAL—4v Melodorum fruticosum; 4z Goniothalamus un-

dulatus.

WALL and CAaTALOGUE—6416; 6416a; 6416b Artabotrys suaveo-

lens; 6420 and 642la Desmos dasymaschalus; 6425 D.

Dunalii; 6454 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 6455 Pyramidanthe

prismatica; 6458 and 6458b Uvaria hirsuta; 6469a Gonio-

thalamus giganteus; 6474 Cyathostemma micranthum; 6474a

Mitrella Kentii; 6477 Cyathostemma excelsum; 6478 Xylopia

ferruginea var. oxyantha; 6481 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus;

6484 Mitrephora Maingayi; 6485; 6485b; 6485c; 6485f

Uvaria grandiflora; 6486 U. cordata; 6487a U. cordata; 6488

U. grandiflora; 7294 Popowia pisocarpa; 7421 Sageraea

elliptica; 8006 Popowia pisocarpa.

WALTON—28388 Polyalthia lateriflora; 28394 Xylopia ferruginea;

29090 Polyalthia cinnamomea; 32826 Enicosanthum mem-

branifolium.

_WatTson—C.F. 3234 Polyalthia stenopetala; For. Dept. 3177

somewhat intermediate between P. cauliflora and var. Bec-

carii; 5868 Cyathocalyx Ridleyi; 23941 Desmos chinensis.

505

Gardens Bulletin, S.

WHITBY—24456 Anaxagorea javanica.

WooLLEY—10333 Enicosanthum fuscum.

WraY—157 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 181 Polyalthia caulifiora var.

Beccarii; 184 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 188 Oxymitra lati-

folia; 437 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 482 Oxymitra glauca; 495

Polyalthia cauliflora var. Beccarii; 505 P. clavigera; 534

Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 558 Polyalthia stenopetala;

560 Polyalthia cauliflora var. Wrayi; 572 Desmos dasymas-

chalus; 609 D. filipes; 642 Ellipeia cuneifolia; 727 Mono-

carpia marginalis; 731 Mitrella Kentii; 806 Pseuduvaria tai-

pingensis; 987 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 994 Polyalthia hypo-

gaea; 1017 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 1079 Mitrella Kentii;

1112 Pyramidanthe prismatica; 1293 Polyalthia stenopetala;

1311 P. sumatrana; 1331 Fissistigma fulgens; 1339 Ellipiea

cuneifolia; 1354 Pseuduvaria macrophylla; 1378 Fissistigma

manubriatum; 1379 Oxymitra latifolia; 1416 Xylopia fer-

ruginea; 1432 Enicosanthum fuscum; 1806 Oxymitra caly-

cina; 1808 Polyalthia Motleyana var. oblonga; 1822 Gonio-

thalamus Wrayi; 1823 Mitrella Kentii; 1826 Uvaria larep;

1833 Oxymitra latifolia; 1837 U. cordata; 1965 Fissistigma

Kingii; 2054 Cyathocalyx olivaceus; 2055 Popowia perak-

ensis; 2075 Polyalthia clavigera; 2082 Oxymitra argentea;

2085 Fissistigma manubriatum; 2086 Pyramidanthe pris-

matica; 2093 Fissistigma fulgens; 2145 Cyathostemma Hook-

eri; 2149 Mitrella Kentii; 2191 Polyalthia Motleyana var.

oblonga; 2194 Polyalthia stenopetala; 2234 Artabotrys

Wrayi; 2236 Goniothalamus tenuifolius; 2298 Desmos dasy-

maschalus; 2301 Cyathocalyx pruniferus; 2307 Phaeanthus

ophthalmicus; 2415 Goniothalamus tapis; 2419 Polyalthia

lateriflora; 2427 Desmos dasymaschalus; 2439 Uvaria lepto-

poda; 2441 Fissistigma fulgens; 2447 Pyramidanthe pris-

matica; 2469 Orophea maculata; 2568 Fissistigma lanugi-

nosum; 2596 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum;

2597 Oxymitra calycina; 2619 Desmos dumosus; 2622

Uvaria cordata; 2628 Polyalthia dumosa; 2640 Fissistigma

manubriatum; 2663 Artabotrys Wrayi; 2693 A. venustus;

2715 Fissistigma fulgens; 2726 Goniothalamus tapis; 2732 G.

tenuifolius; 2748 Anaxagorea javanica; 2759 Desmos Du- |

nalii; 2805 Polyalthia Motleyana var. oblonga; 2818 Cya- i

thocalyx olivaceus; 2825 Popowia perakensis; 2877 Mono-

carpia marginalis; 2888 Ellipeia cuneifolia; 2889 Mitrella

Kentii; 2892 Enicosanthum macranthum; 2899 Oxymitra

506

Vol. XIV. (1955).

glauca; 2906 Goniothalamus Wrayi; 2909 Polyalthia stenope-

tala; 2926 Goniothalamus tapis; 2942 Pseuduvaria macro-

phylla var. cymosa; 2972 Fissistigma lanuginosum; 2978

Polyalthia dumosa; 2987 Goniothalamus macrophyllus; 3013

and 3044 Oxymitra affinis; 3065 Mitrella Kentii; 3083 Oxy-

mitra Kingii; 3096 Phaeanthus crassipetalus; 3109 Mitrep-

hora Maingayi; 3142 Polyalthia Rumphii; 3173 Popowia

pisocarpa; 3194 Xylopia elliptica; 3224 Fissistigma latifolium

typical form; 3222 Popowia perakensis; 3252 Goniothalamus

tenuifolius; 3253 Fissistigma latifolium var. ovoideum; 3283

Cyathostemma Wrayi; 3286 Artabotrys oxycarpus; 3292

Uvaria cordata; 3300 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus and one

sheet with P. ophthalmicus and P. crassipetalus together;

3303 Artabotrys suaveolens; 3338 Orophea cuneiformis;

3339 Oxymitra Kingii; 3352 Uvaria grandiflora; 3365 Anax-

agorea javanica; 3376 Kingstonia nervosa; 3379 Goniothala-

mus tenuifolius; 3382 Mitrephora Maingayi; 3386 Oxymitra

Kingii; 3400 Anaxagorea javanica var. tripetala; 3427 Popo-

wia pisocarpa; 3437 Melodorum aberrans; 3441 Artabotrys

suaveolens; 3454 Goniothalamus Ridleyi; 3461 Phaeanthus

ophthalmicus; 3468 Cyathostemma acuminatum; 3472 Tri-

valvaria macrophylla; 3487 Melodorum aberrans; 3502

Pseuduvaria macrophylla var. cymosa; 3507 Phaeanthus

crassipetalus; 3531 Orophea hastata; 3558 Goniothalamus

tenuifolius; 3562 Xylopia elliptica; 3569 Phaeanthus ophthal-

micus; 3633 Melodorum aberrans; 3685 Goniothalamus

Scortechinii; 3697 Orophea hastata; 3749 and 3801 Gonio-

thalamus Scortechinii; 3867 Disepalum pulchrum var. an-

gustifolium; 3870 Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha; 3944

P. Hookeriana; 3948 Trivalvaria nervosa; 3949 Desmos

dasymaschalus var. Wallichii; 3963 Fissistigma lanugincsum;

3989 Monocarpia marginalis; 3996 Goniothalamus tapis;

4006 Artabotrys Wrayi; 4172 A. suaveolens; 4182 Phaean-

thus ophthalmicus; 4206 Polyalthia hypogaea; 4207 Cyatho-

calyx olivaceus; 4210 Artabotrys suaveolens.

WyYATT-SMITH—Kepong Field Nos.—64560 Alphonsea Maingayi;

64603 Xylopia ferruginea; 64725 Polyalthia sclerophylla:

64728 Xylopia magna; 64798 Alphonsea elliptica; 64809

Mezzettia leptopoda; 64833 Alphonsea Maingayi; 64847

Mezzettia leptopoda; 65139 and 65530 Goniothalamus Mac-

ranii; 71080 Polyalthia lateriflora.

WYATT-SMITH and SoH—Kepong Field Nos.—64489 Cyathocalyx

pruniferus; 64606 Polyalthia Rumphii.

507

Gardens Bulletin, S.

YAKIM, Mp.—C.F. 512 Xylopia ferruginea; C.F. 528 Alphonsea

Maingayi.

YASSIN—4492 Polyalthia lateriflora; 4500 Neo-uvaria foetida.

YEOB or YEOP—C.F. 830 Cyathocalyx pahangensis; C.F. 831

Sageraea lanceolata; C.F. 841 Cananga odorata; C.F. 3141

Cyathocalyx pahangensis; C.F. 3144 Goniothalamus tenui-

folius; 3151 Trivalvaria nervosa; C.F. 3158 Mitrephora

Maingayi; C.F. 3176 Goniothalamus fulvus; 3185 Rauwen-

hoffia siamensis; C.F. 3620 Goniothalamus malayanus; C.F.

3644 Alphonsea elliptica; C.F. 5128 Cyathostemma Wrayi;

Forest Dept.—830 Cyathocalyx pahangensis; 1123 Popowia

tomentosa; 1451 Oxymitra alpina; 3234 Polyalthia steno-

petala; 5037 Xylopia elliptica; 5889 Goniothalamus mac-

rophyllus; 12189 Uvaria cordata.

Yusus Mp.—28910 Mezzettia leptopoda.

ZIN Mp.—27741 Xylopia ferruginea.

508

INDEX

New species, new varieties, new names, new combinations in bold-faced

type, synonyms in italics. Species occurring in Malaya have the author’s

name appended. Species marked with a star are illustrated.

Abbreviations, 177.

Acknowledgements, 177.

Alphonsea, 381.

*Curtisii King, 389.

*cylindrica King, 385.

*elliptica Hk. f. et Th., 388.

Lowianus King, 251.

malayanus, 343.

*Maingayi Hk. f. et Th., 259.

oblongus King, 254.

odoratissimus, 246, 261.

oxycarpus King, 250.

*johorensis J. Sinclair, 386. pleurocarpus Maingay ex Hk. f. et

*Kingii J. Sinclair, 386. Th. 251.

*lucida King, 387. Scortechinii King, 253.

lutea, 382. speciosus, 234, 247.

*Maingayi Hk. f. et Th., 384. spinosus, 247.

var. elliptica, 388. *suaveolens (BI.) Bl., 256.

pallescens, 385. trichopetalus, 249.

sub-dehiscens, 345. uncinatus (Lamk.) Baill.. 246, 261.

Anaxagorea, 346. venustus King, 252.

*javanica BI., 347. Wrayi King, 248.

var. dipetala Corner, 349. Asimina, 154.

var. tripetala Corner, 349. Asteranthe, 165.

luzonensis, 347. Axillary flowers, 159.

Scortechinii, 347.

sumatrana, 225. Bark, 156.

Annona, 289. Bocagea, 165.

aurantiaca, 289. elliptica, 181.

campestris, 289. pisocarpa, 468.

crotonifolia, 289. polyandra, 468.

glabra, 156. Buds. 156.

glaucophylla, 289.

*muricata L., 477.

palustris, 156.

paraguayensis, 289.

punicifolia, 247.

pygmaea, 289.

reticulata L., 247.

Cananga, 323.

latifolia (Hk. f. et Th.) Finet et

Gagnep., 326.

monosperma, 275.

odorata (Lamk.) Hk. f. et Th., 324.

var. fruticosa (Craib.) J. Sinclair,

spinescens, 247. _ * 325.

squamosa L., 477. virgata, 277.

Annonaceae Canangium, 324.

General introduction, 149-177. Brandisanum, 326.

Key to the groups of, 178. fruticosum, 325.

Systematic part, 177-477. latifolium, 326.

Annonidium, 167, 169, 171, 172. odoratum, 324.

Annonineae, 167, 177, 475-477. var. fruticosum, 325.

Annonoideae, sub-family, 167, 171. Scortechinii, 324.

Anomianthus Cardiopetalum, 165, 166.

dulcis, 164, 217. Carpels, 167.

heterocarpus, 217. Climbers, 155. :

Ararocarpus, 167, 177. Collectors’ numbers, 477-508.

Artabotrys, 246. Cyathocalyx, 233.

costatus King, 255. annamensis, 237.

crassifolius Hk. f. et Th.. 249. apoensis comb. nov., 239.

gracilis King, 258. biovulatus, 242.

grandifolius King, 253. carinatus (Ridley) J. Sinclair, 241.

lanuginosus, 249. globosus, 237.

509

Maingayi, 272, 273.

marginalis, 273.

martabanicus, 236, 237.

olivaceus (King) J. Sinclair, 242.

pahangensis (Hend.) J. Sinclair, 240.

philippinensis comb. nov., 239.

pruniferus (Maingay ex Hk. f. et

Th.) J. Sinclair, 239.

*ramuliflorus (Maingay ex Hk. f. et

Th.) J. Sinclair, 243.

*Ridleyi (King) J. Sinclair, 237.

sumatranus Scheff., 236. '

Scortechinii (King) J. Sinclair, 244.

virgatus King, 277.

zeylanicus, 233, 236.

Cyathostemma, 219.

acuminatum King, 227.

argenteum (BI.) J. Sinclair, 220.

excelsum (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair,

226.

Hookeri King, 223.

micranthum (A. DC.) J. Sinclair,

225.

Scortechinii, 222.

sumatrana, 225.

viridiflorum Griff., 221.

Wrayi King, 224.

Cymbopetalum, 163.

Dasoclema

siamensis comb. nov., 273.

Dasymaschalon, Section, 262.

Blumei, 269.

cleistogamum, 269.

coelophloeum, 269.

Dennettia, 162.

Desmos, 261.

*chinensis Lour., 266.

var. pubescens, 267.

cochinchinensis Lour., 264.

conchyliata, 275.

*dasymaschalus (BI.) Safford, 269.

var. Wallichii (Hk. f. et Th.)

Ridley, 270.

desmanthus, 295,

dumosus (Roxb.) Safford, 268.

Dunalii (Hk. f. et Th.) Safford, 263.

filipes (Ridley) Ridley, 271.

longiflorus, 262, 271.

subbiglandulosus, 268.

Teysmannii (Boerl.) Merr., 264.

Disepalum, 330.

anomalum Hk. f., 332.

coronatum, 331, 332.

longipes, 332.

pulchrum (King) J. Sinclair, 333.

var. angustifolium (King)

J. Sinclair, 334.

Drepananthus

apoensis, 239.

carinatus, 241.

510

Gardens Bulletin, S.

pahangensis, 240.

Philippinensis, 239.

pruniferus, 239.

ramuliflorus, 243.

Eburopetalum, 346, 347.

Elathrosperma, 165.

Ellipeia, 230.

cuneifolia Hk. f. et Th., 230.

glabra, 315.

leptopoda, 212.

nervosa, 197,

pumila, 198.

Enantia, 162, 169.

Enicosanthum, 185.

congregatum (King) Airy eae 194.

cupulare (King) Airy-Shaw, 188.

fuscum (King) Airy-Shaw, 189.

macranthum (King) J. Sinclair, 190.

magnoliifiorum (Hk. f. et Th.) Airy-

Shaw, 187.

membranifolium J. Sinclair, 191.

merguiensis, 192.

nitidum, 190.

paradoxum, 186.

*praestigiosum J. Sinclair, 192.

Eudesmos, Section, 262.

Evolutionary trends, 169.

Extra-axillary flowers, 159.

Fissistigma, 349,

bicolor, 357.

breviflorum, 360.

cylindricum, 363.

elegans, 365. .

*fulgens (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr., 353. 7

hypoglaucum (Migq.) Merr., 352.

Kentii, 365.

Kingii (Boerl.) Burkill, 358.

lanuginosum (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr.,

357.

latifolium (Dunal) Merr., 359.

var. ovoideum (King) J. Sinclair,

359.

litseaefolium (King) Merr.,

mabiforme, 365.

macranthum, 362.

*manubriatum (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr.,

355.

ovoideum, 359.

prismaticum, 355, 363.

rigidum, 363.

rubiginosum (A. DC.) Merr., 361.

scandens, 350.

Flowers, 160.

Fusaea, 167, 171.

351.

Geanthemum, 158.

Goniothalamus, 423.

calycinus J. Sinclair, 440.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

caudifolius, 434. pisocarpa, 468.

costulatus, 196. ramosissima, 468.

Curtisii King, 439. Rumphii, 306.

Dielsianus, 403. suberosa, 298.

dispermus, 432. . sumatrena, 319.

fulvus Hk. f. et Th., 428. Teysmannii, 292.

giganteus Hk. f. et Th., 431. ' Shan «hy \

Holttumii J. Sinclair, 429. Habitat and distribution, 154.

imbricatus, 196. Habzelia, 335,

Kunstleri, 434. ferruginea, 343.

latestigma, 434. oxyantha, 345. :

*Macranii Craib, 429. Hexalobus, 160, 163, 165.

macranthus, 362. Hutchinson’s classification, 171.

macrophyllus (Bl.) Hk. f. et Th.,

446. Inflorescence, 158.

malayanus Hk. f. et Th., 432. Isolona, 167.

montanus J. Sinclair, 443.

pendulifolius, 442. Keys

Prainianus, 437. Key to the groups of Annonaceae.

Ridleyi King, 437. 178. a

rotundisepalus Hend., 435. Key to the genera of the Miliuseae.

Scortechinii King, 441. 371.

Slingerandtii, 432. Key to the genera of the Mitre-

subevenius King, 427. phoreae, 400.

tamirensis, 431. Key to the genera of the Unoneae.

tapis Mia., 444. 231. ; ;

tavoyensis Chatterjee, 446. Key to the genera of the Uvariae.

tenuifolius King, 434. 179. ;

tortilipetalus Hend., 436. Key to the genera of the Xylopieae.

umbrosus J. Sinclair, 445. Ki 334.

undulatus Ridley, 434. ingstonia, 184.

uvarioides King, 442. nervosa Hk. f. et Th., 184.

velutinus, 431. L

Wrayi King, 438. eaves, 157. z

Griffithia, 185. Lonchomera, 327.

cupularis, 188. leptopoda, 327.

fusca, 189.

magnoliaepetala, 187. rar a

Griffithianthus, 185. Marcuccia, 19).

Marsypopetalum, 372.

ceratosanthes, 372.

pallidum (BI.) Kurz, 372.

cupularis, 188.

fuscus, 189.

magnoliiflorus, 187.

Merrillii, 423. Monee. ce

Guamia, 275 eriantha, 2//.

7 AS OE Maclurei, 277.

pannosa, 277.

biglandulosa, 459. ee: ak i

brevipetala, 196. be eratheaes Rs fan

canangioides, 306. arboreum, 350, 369.

cinnamomea, 286. aberrans (Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.)

cordata, 207. J. Sinclair, 369.

glauca, 321. bancanum, 355.

imbricata, 196. clavipes, 370.

Jenkensii, 305, 306. cylindricum, 362.

lateriflora, 310. elegans, 365.

longifolia, 322. fruticosum Lour., 350, 370.

macrophylla, 196. fulgens, 353.

micrantha, 225. hypoglaucum, 352.

multinervis, 286. Kentii, 365.

palembanica, 292. Kingii, 355.

pallida, 372. Korthalsii, 357.

parveana, 306. lanuginosum. 54,

511

latifolium, 359.

var. ovoideum, 359.

litseaefolium, 351.

Maingayi, 362.

manubriatum, 355.

mollissimum, 359.

_parviflorum, 358.

pisocarpum, 365.

prismaticum, 362.

rigidum, 362.

rubiginosum, 361.

var. oblonga, 361.

Schefferi, 228.

sphaerocarpa, 360.

Mezzettia, 327.

Curtisii King, 330.

Herveyana Oliv., 328.

*leptopoda (Hk.

Miliusa, 377.

amplexicaulis Ridley, 380.

andamanica, 377.

arborea comb. nov., 378.

campanulata, 380.

cuneata, 377.

elongata, 377.

glandulifera, 377.

indica, 377.

Koolsii comb. nov., 378.

longiflora comb. nov., 378.

longipes King, 379.

parviflora Ridley, 380.

tomentosa comb. nov., 378.

unguiculata comb. nov., 378.

velutina, 377.

Vidalii nom. nov., 378.

Miliuseae

General remarks, 175.

Systematic, 371-400.

Mitrella, 364.

*Kentii (Bl.) Miq., 365.

Mitrephora, 463.

Collinsae, 466.

crassipetala, 466.

excelsa, 226.

ferruginea, 423.

humilis, 463.

macrophylla, 408.

Maingayi Hk. f. et Th., 464.

Merrillii, 423.

obtusa, 463.

obtusa, 464.

polypyrena, 463.

reticulata, 402.

rugosa, 412.

Teysmannii, 464.

trimera, 412.

viridifolia, 423.

vulpina C. E. C. Fischer, 465.

Mitrephoreae

General remarks, 175.

Systematic, 400-475.

Monanthotaxis, 162.

512

f. et Th.) Oliv., 327.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Monocarpia, 272.

euneura, 272, 273.

marginalis (Scheff. ) J. Sinclair, 273.

siamensis, 272, 273.

Monodora, 160, 162, 163, 164, 167.

Monodoroideae, sub-family, 167, 171,

Monoon

canangioides, 292.

glaucum, 321.

lateriflorum, 310.

sumatranum, 319.

Teysmannii, 392.

Morphology, 155.

Neo-uvaria, 421.

acuminatissima (Miq.) Airy-Shaw,

422.

foetida (Maingay ex Hk. f. et*Th.)

Airy-Shaw, 422.

New combinations, Malayan, 152.

New combinations, non-Malayan, 153.

New names, 152.

New records, 152.

New species, 152.

New varieties, 152.

Oncodostigma, 274.

leptoneura, 274.

monosperma (Hk. f. et Th.)

J.. Sinclam, 775:

Orophea, 390.

anceps, 396.

cuneiformis King, 394.

Dielsiana, 403.

dodecandra Miq., 397.

enterocarpa Maingay ex Hk. f. et

Th., 392

gracilis, 396.

hastata King, 397.

hexandra, 390.

hirsuta King, 395.

maculata King, 393.

monosperma, 396.

palawanensis Elmer, 398.

polycarpa A. DC., 395.

polycephala, 396.

reticulata, 402.

rugosa, 412.

setosa, 405.

undulata, 396.

zeyJanica, 390.

es 166. sa

Oxandra, 161, i

Oxymitra, 447. = nein ee

*affinis Hk. f. et Th., 450. ay

*alpina J. Sinclair, 455.

*argentea J. Sinclair, 461.

bassiaefolia, 363.

*biglandulosa (BI.) Scheff., 459.

Biswasiana, 457

borneensis, 459.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

var. sumatrana Miq., 458.

calycina King, 451.

cuneiformis, 448.

desmoides, 448, 454.

discolor Craib, 457.

excisa Miq., 452.

filipes Hk. f. et Th., 454.

fornicata, 448, 453.

var. glabra, 458.

*glauca Hk. f. et Th.. 460.

*Kingii J. Sinclair, 453.

latifolia Hk. f. et Th., 456.

monilifera, 268.

Motleyana, 303.

Pachypodanthium, 157, 167, 171.

Papualthia, 165.

Parartabotrys sumatranus, 340.

Pedicels, 159.

Petals, 161.

appendages, 164.

blade, 163.

claw, 163.

colour, 162.

erect, 164.

general, 161.

scent, 160.

shape, 162.

size, 160, 164.

spreading, 164.

union of, 164.

Phaeanthus, 373.

crassipetalus Becc., 376.

lucidus, 376.

nutans, 374.

*ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex

J. Sinclair, 374.

Piptostigma, 166.

Platymitra, 399.

macrocarpa, 399.

Siamensis Craib, 400.

Polyalthia, 279.

aberrans, 369.

agusanensis, 305.

andamanica, 305.

*angustissima Ridley, 286.

asteriella Ridley, 309.

Beccarii, 294.

biglandulosa, 459.

brunneifolia J. Sinclair, 301.

bullata King, 300.

canangioides, 306.

*cauliflora Hk. f. et Th., 292.

var. Beccarii (King) J. Sinclair,

stat. nov., 294.

var. desmantha (Hk. f. et Th.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov., 295.

var. Wrayi (Hemsl.) J. Sinclair,

stat. nov., 296.

chrysotricha Ridley, 302.

cinnamomea Hk. f. et Th., 286.

Don)

513

clavigera King, 318.

congregata, 194.

crinita, 285.

Cumingiana, 305.

Curtisii, 315.

desmantha, 295.

dumosa King, 297.

evecta (Pierre) Finet et Gagnep.,

298.

flava, 280.

fruticans, 225.

oie (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair,

315.

glandulosa, 307.

glauca (Hassk.) Boerl., 321.

glomerata, 318.

Havilandii, 305.

hirta, 300.

hirtifolia J. Sinclair, nom. nov., 300.

*Hookeriana King, 312.

hypogaea King, 315.

hypoleuca Hk. f. et Th., 320.

insignis, 301.

Jenkensii (Hk. f. et Th.) Hk. f. et

Th., 305.

Jenkensti, 306.

jucunda, 280.

Kentii, 365.

Kunstleri, 307, 308.

laterifiora (Bl.) King, 310.

lateriflora var. Kallak, 311.

lateritia J. Sinclair, 290.

longifolia (Sonnerat) Thwaites, 321.

macrantha, 190.

macrophylla, 447.

macropoda King, 316.

magnoliaeflora, 187.

Merrittii, 321.

microtus, 304.

montana, 323.

Motleyana (Hk. f.) Airy-Shaw, 303.

var. glabrescens Airy-Shaw, 305.

var. oblonga (King) J. Sinclair,

obliqua Hk. f. et Th., 290.

oblonga, 304, 305.

pachyphylla King, 308.

Parkinsonii, 320, 322.

parviflora Ridley, 299.

pulchra, 333.

var. angustifolia, 334.

pumila Ridley, 287.

purpurea, 311.

rufa, 299.

Rumphii (BI.) Merr. sensu Rum-

phius, 306.

Rumphii, 30S.

*sclerophylla Hk. f. et Th., 311.

Scortechinii, 306.

siamensis, 370.

simiarum, 310.

var. parvifolia, 309.

socia Craib, 291.

i (Hk. f. et Th.) Ridley,

sub-cordata, 279, 380.

suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites, 298.

subsessiliflora, 290.

sumatrana (Miq.) Kurz, 319.

velutina, 286.

Viridis, 280.

Wrayi, 289.

Popowia, 466.

aberrans, 370.

affinis, 468. .

diospyrifolia, 370.

foetida, 422.

*fusca King, 471.

hirta, 467.

Mesnyi, 370.

nervifolia, 196.

nervosa, 197.

nitida, 225.

pauciflora Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.,

470.

perakensis King, 473.

*pisocarpa (BI.) Endl., 468.

polyandra, 468.

pumila, 198.

ramosissima, 468.

rufescens, 468.

rufula, 468.

tomentosa Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.,.

474.

var. crinita J. Sinclair, 475.

velutina King, 472.

Pseudannona, 167.

Pseuduvaria, 401.

calliura, 416.

*cerina J. Sinclair, 419.

Dielsiana comb. nov., 403.

*galeata J. Sinclair, 414.

grandiflora, 416.

macrophylla (Oliv.) Merr., 408.

* var. cymosa J. Sinclair, 410.

* var. sessilicarpa J. Sinclair, 412.

*monticola J. Sinclair, 408.

*nervosa J. Sinclair, 416.

*reticulata, 402, 403.

*rugosa (Bl.) Merr., 412.

setosa (King) J. Sinclair, 406.

var. major J. Sinclair, 406.

*taipingensis J. Sinclair, 406.

Pyramidanthe, 362.

prismatica (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair,

362.

rufa, 362.

Raimondia, 167, 169, 177.

Rauwenhoffia, 228.

Leichhardtii, 228.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

siamensis Scheff., 228.

uvarioides, 228.

Relations of tribes, 169.

Rhopalocarpus, 346. -

Rollinia, 164, 167, 169, 177.

Rolliniopsis, 164. —

Saccopetalum, 377, 378.

arboreum, 378.

Horsfieldii, 377.

Koolsii, 378.

longiflorum, 378.

longipes, 378.

tomentosum, 378.

unguiculatum, 378.

Sageraea, 180.

caulifiora, 183.

elliptica (A. DC.) Hk. f. et Th., 181

Hookeri, 181.

lanceolata Miq., 182.

nitida, 183.

Seeds, 168.

Sepals, 161.

Shrubs, 155.

Sphaerocoryne, 368.

aberrans, 369.

clavipes, 370.

Stamens, 165.

Stelechocarpus, 182.

Burahol, 183.

cauliflorus (Scheff.) R. E. Fr., 183

cauliflorus, 183.

nitidus, 183.

Schefferi, 183.

Stigma, 166.

Style, 166.

Thonnera, 159.

Torus, 166.

Trees, 155.

Trivalvaria, 195.

carnosa, 195,

dubia, 199.

macrophylla (Bl.) Miq., 196.

nervosa (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair

197.—:: .

pumila (King) J. Sinclair, 198.

Stymannii, 195.

Twigs, 156.

Unona

agusanensis, 305.

Amherstiana, 266.

biglandulosa, 266.

Brandisana, 326.

cauliflora, 286. .

cleistogama, 269.

cochinchinensis, 264.

coelophloea, 269.

conchyliata, 275.

514 |

Vol. XIV. (1955).

crinita, 285.

dasymaschala, 269.

var. Wallichii, 270.

desmantha, 295.

desmos, 264.

discolor, 266.

dumosa, 268.

Dunalii, 263, 266.

filipes, 271.

grandiflora, 202.

Kentii, 365.

latifolia, 326, 359.

Lessertiana, 266.

longifolia, 322.

macrophylla, 446.

Merrittii, 321.

Mesnyi, 370.

odorata, 324.

pedunculosa, 265.

purpurata, 275.

pycnantha, 292.

suaveolens, 256.

subbiglandulosa, 268.

subcordata, 279.

stenopetala, 285.

Teysmannii, 264.

virgata, 277.

Wrayi, 296.

Unoneae

General remarks, 173.

Systematic, 231-334.

Uvaria

acuminatissima, 422.

argentea, 220.

astrosticta, 211.

bracteata, 220.

Branderhorstii, 211.

Burahol, 183.

cauliflora, 292.

confertiflora, 226.

cordata (Dunal) Alston, 207.

Curtisii King, 206.

dulcis, 216, 217.

elliptica, 181.

excelsa, 226.

fulgens, 353.

fulva, 361.

glauca, 321.

Godefroyana, 228.

Gomeziana, 220.

*grandiflora Roxb., 202.

var. tuberculata King, 203.

Hamiltonii, 163.

*hirsuta Jack, 203.

*javana Dunal, 216.

*lJarep Miq., 210.

latifolia, 359.

*leptopoda (King) R. E. Fries, 212.

515

*Lobbiana Hk. f. et Th., 208...

longifolia, 322, 359.

lurida, 200.

mabiformis, 365.

macrophylla, 207.

manubriatum, 355,

micrantha, 225.

nervosa, 361.

odorata, 324.

ophthalmicus, 374.

oxyantha, 345.

pachychila, 217.

parviflora, 223.

hace pean Bk f. 0: Thi The

pilosa, 203.

platypetala, 202.

ptychocalyx, 208.

purpurea, 202.

reticulata, 402.

rhodantha, 202.

Ridleyi, 211.

rubiginosa, 361.

*rufa BI., 211.

rufa, 362.

rugosa, 412.

Scortechinii King, 218.

sphenocarpa, 200.

suberosa, 298.

sub-repanda, 208.

tomentosa, 357, 378.

trichomalla, 203.

tripetala, 374.

velutina, 203.

virgata, 277.

Zeylanica, 200.

Uvarieae

General remarks, 171.

Systematic, 179-231,

Uvariella

leptopoda, 212.

Xylopia, 335.

africana, 346.

caudata Hk. f. et Th., 339,

Curtisii, 236.

dicarpa, 340, 386.

elliptica Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th...

342.

*ferruginea (Hk. f. et Th.) Hk. f. et

“5 SOX

var. oxyantha (Hk. f. et Th.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov., 345.

fusca Maingay ex. Hk. f. et Th.,

Fa pe

glabra, 335.

Havilandii, 337.

magna Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th..

338.

Maingayi, 340.

malayana Hk. f. et fh., 340.

mucronata, 340.

obtusifolia, 337.

olivacea, 242.

oxyantha, 345.

pustulata, 340.

Ridleyi, 237.

rotundata, 242.

PALMAE MALESICAE—XVIII*

Two New Calamoid Genera of Malaysia

By C. X. FURTADO

WHILE STUDYING specific affinities in the genus Calamus with the

view to revising the Malayan material in the Singapore herbarium,

a few species were noticed to be so anomalous as to justify their

separation from Calamus; and as they do not form a uniform

group, two new genera have been proposed here, namely CORNERA

and SCHIZOSPATHA. The first genus is named after Dr. E. J. H.

Corner of the University of Cambridge, England, who, when

Assistant Director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, contributed

much to our knowledge of the Malayan vegetation in general; the

second name has been coined to emphasize the fact that in this

calamoid genus the spadix branches emerge by puncturing the

spathes. |

The species in both these genera are climbing and their spadices

are much abbreviated, in Cornera terminating each in a short

filiform appendix. None of the species are cirriferous, but one

species in Cornera (C. conirostris) produces a short cirrus which

however bears also abbreviated leaflets to make the leaves sub-

cirriferous in the terminology adopted for describing rattans. The

primary spathes, though in texture and armature reminding one

of Daemonorops and of its relatives, are conspicuously tubular at

least in part, the leaf-sheaths are flagelliferous and the female

calyx is as nearly as long as the corolla—three characters that

show the clear affinities of these two genera with Calamus.

The primary spathes in Cornera are armed, coriaceous, ventri-

cose or inflated towards the apex which in each spathe terminates

often in an ear-shaped limb having a long or short beak. The

primary branches of the spadix have each a stout axis which,

growing in a straight line with the main axis below, appears as it

it were the continuation of the latter, while the main axis above

is so much more slender than the branch-axis that it appears to

be a true branch—characters not known to occur in any other

calamoid genus. The axes of the spikelets which are short and

congested in each spadix-branch, are also thick; and the flowers

* The previous paper entitled THE GENUS DAEMONOROPS OF

MALAYA, published in this Bulletin XIV Part 1 (1953) 49-147, should

have borne also the general title as follows: PALMAE MALESICAE—

XVII.

517

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(male and female) and the fruit are also very much larger than in

any other rattan genus. The fruit scales are not channelled in the

middle. Ms

The spadices in Schizospatha are much more abbreviated than

those in Cornera and do not have a filiform appendix at the end.

The primary spathes are papyraceous, often fragile, imbricate,

longer than the included internode and the axillary branch, and

gradually shorter towards the end of the spadix; this means that

each spathe covers partly or entirely the one above, and that the

longest internode and the largest spathe are the lowermost in the

spadix, and the shortest are at the apex. Often the terminal portion

of the spadix is abnormal; this may contain two or more spathes

which though amplexicaul at the base, are open and cymbiform,

each subtending in its axil an abortive or fertile spikelet. This en-

tire abnormal part is wholly enclosed, before anthesis, in a large cym-

biform, amplexicaul spathe. The tubular primary spathes do not

dehisce but remain closed so that the spadix branches with their

spikelets emerge by puncturing their respective axillant spathe on

its dorsal side, a mode of orientation for spadix branches not

known in any other rattan genus. Later, as the spikelets develop

and the spadix bends, the spathes become torn and appear to have

dehisced naturally, but the basal spathes will often reveal the true

mode of emergence of the spadix branches. The spathes may be

entirely unarmed or occasionally the lowermost spathe is armed

at the base and obscurely so in the lamina.

CORNERA Furtado gen. nov.

Palmae scandentes, dioicae, flagelliferae. Frondes paripinnatae, sub-

imparipinnatae vel subcirriferae. Spadices parvi, frondibus breviores

vel eis aequilongi, in parte basali valde crassi, apice in appendiculum

brevi unguiculatum exeuntes, feminei masculis similes sed minores, 1-3

ramis arrectissimis in axis directione principalis productis, crassis prae-

diti. Spathae primariae persistentes, aculeatae, basi tubulares, apicem

versus gradatim dilatatae, auriculiformiter explanatae, summo trian-

gulariter truncatae vel acuminatae, vel longe rostratae. Spiculae breves,

axi crassae, congestae. Flores feminei, neutri et masculi maximi, 5-10

mm. longi, ut in Calami speciebus dispositi. Involucrophora cupulifor-

mia vel infundibuliformia; involucra conformia. Perianthium fructi-

ferum campanulatum, ad basin fere usque divisum, haud pedicellatum.

Fructus elliptici vel ovato-oblongi, inter species calamoideas maximi,

2-5—4 cm. alti, 2 cm. in diam.; squamis secus dorsum haud canalicu-

latis. Semina alte ruminata vel homogenea.

DIsTRIBUTIO: Species hujus generis adhuc tres cognitae, in Malaya

et in Borneo incolunt.

Species Typica: C. pycnocarpa Furtado.

518

Vol. XIV. (1955).

KEY TO THE SPECIES

(a) Leaflets mealy white beneath (Seed deeply ruminate)

C. Lobbiana (Becc.) Furtado.

(aa) Leaflets not mealy white beneath

(b) Leaves 2—3 m. long, subcirriferous. Leaflets many, equi-

distant except in apical part of the leaf. Leaf-sheaths

armed with many spines especially at the mouth. Fruit

dark; seed deeply ruminate

C. conirostris (Becc.) Furtado.

(bb) Leaves + 50 cm. long or less, almost as long as the

spadices, paripinnate or rarely subimparipinnate, not

subcirriferous. Leaflets few, 6—8 in all, imequidistant, 4

terminal approximate, the two central in the terminal

group of leaflets being shortly united at base; other

leaflets seated towards the base. Leaf-sheaths armed

with a few small thorns, mouth unarmed. Fruit with

brownish scales; seed homogeneous

C. pycnocarpus Furtado.

Enumeration of the Species

1. Cornera conirostris (Becc.) Furtado comb. nov.

Calamus conirostris Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893)

461; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 205; Becc. in Ann. Roy.

Gard. XI (1908) 480 t. 220., Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 60:

Basinym

C. brachystachys Becc. sensu in Ann. cit. (1908) 485 t. 222

quoad frondem tantum; Merr., Bibl. Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 73

pro parte (ex altera parte — C. Lobbiana).

Stem scandent, tufted 6-10 m. long, 2-5-3-5 cm. thick including

leaf-sheaths. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, armed with unequal, spread-

ing, somewhat deflexed, straw-coloured, laminar spines, largest ones

being 2-5 cm. long, those near the mouth being erect, narrower,

linear, up to 18 cm. long. Leaves 2-5—3 m. long (including the 30—50

cm. long yellowish petiole), ending in a short, stout, strongly clawed

cirrus bearing diminutive inequidistant leaflets. Leaflets ensiform, 1-3

costate, equidistant for. the most of the lower part, 2-6 cm. apart,

opposite or subopposite, largest 40-45 cm. long, 2-5-3 cm. broad.

Spadix 40-60 cm. long including a short appendix, with one or two

flower-bearing branches; the lower branch stout, arrect bearing on

each side about 7 reflexed, 2-5—3-5 cm. long spikelets. Fruit large about

3 cm. long, 2 cm. in diam., ovoid, conic, long beaked, covered with

15 series of black, shining scales, sometimes yellowish at base.

MALAYA: Perak, Tapah (Furtado 33,095; Ridley 14,113).

BORNEO: Sarawak, loc. incert., probably Kuching (Hewitt in 1906,

vern. nom. Rotang Tedong); Mount Matang (Beccari leaf in t. 222).

519

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Wy *:

» Ax

©,

—=—-s

1. Cornera conirostris (Furtado 33,095).

A, Petioli pars basalis cum vagina et flagello. B, Frondis fragmentum

medianum. C, Frondis cirrus cum foliolis diminutis. D, Spadix.

El, Spiculae pars ut dispositio involucrophori involucrique appar-

eant. E2, Involucrum ut ejusdem dispositio in involucrophoro ap-

pareat. F!, Flos femineus ad anthesin. F2, Fructus. G, Semen

verticaliter discissum.

520

Vol. XIV. (1955).

This species was not recorded from Borneo, BECCARI having

referred the Bornean sterile material of this species to Calamus

brachystachys. Hewitt’s collection has a fruiting spadix and repre-

sentative portions of a leaf which shows that Cornera conirostris

does occur in Borneo.

BeEccarI had apparently intended to include Scortechini's collec-

tion from Gopeng, Perak, among the syntypes of the basinym of

this species, but this collection was not cited in the original publica-

tion by. HoOoKER who, while condensing BECCARIS descriptions

for his Flora of British India, saw in the Kew herbarium only

Kunstler’s specimen and none from Scortechini’s collection. The

plate given by Beccari (1908) is based entirely on Scortechini’s

specimens.

2. Cornera Lobbiana (Becc.) Furtado comb. nov.

Calamus Lobbianus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893)

462; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 204; Becc. in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 482 t. 221; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V

(1925) 59: (Basinym.).

C. brachystachys Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. IT (1902) 215;

et in Ann. cit. (1908) 485 t. 222 quoad spadicem tantum (quoad

frondem =— C. conirostris): sym. nov.

C. melanocarpus Ridl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. II (1893)

392.

Stem short, solitary, 1-1-5 m. long, 2-5—3 cm. through with sheaths,

scandent or semi-scandent. Leajf-sheaths sometimes fiagelliferous es-

pecially when old and climbing, densely armed with unequal ascend-

ing or spreading. light coloured spines. the largest being 2-5 cm.

Leaves non-cirriferous, 1-25-2 m. long. Leaflets paripinnate,

ensiform, equidistant, conspicuously white beneath, 3-costulate, some-

times caudiculate at apex, 3—5 cm. apart, opposite or subopposite,

the largest ones about 40-45 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, the two ter-

minal shortly connate at base.

Spadix 40-60 cm. long including the appendix, usually divided

into 1-3 erect branches bearing short congested spikelets, the female

spadix being shorter and less branched; primary spathes long-beaked,

spiny. Fruit large, 3 cm. long, 2 cm. in diam., ovoid conic, beaked,

covered with black, yellowish at base, shining scales arranged in 15

MALAYA: Kelantan, Sungai Keteh (Nur 11,987). Pahang, Bukit

Kuman in Raub (Burn-Murdoch, comm. sub Ridley’s no. 13.298):

Tahan River (Mat on 21—IX—i893, vern. nom. Rotan Chin Chin):

Pulau Tawar (Ridley on 10-VI-1891, Holotype of C. melanocar-

pus); Kuala Lipis at Ulu Chimeras (Burkill & Haniff 15,685). Negri

Sembilan, Beremban by Sungai Bendol (Furtado 33,123, vern. nom.

Rotan Ayer, both male and fruiting under the same number): Gu-

nong Angsi, alt. 670 m. (Nur 11.598). Johore, between Gunong Belu-

mut and Gunong Bechua, alt. 750 m. (Holttum 10,845): Castlewood

(Ridley in VI-1904); Sungai Kayu Ara (Corner & Furtado 29.493):

521

Gardens Bulletin, S.

ne LTS

a Po

4 Y, T .

2. Cornera Lobbiana (A-G: Furtado 33,123; H-J: Furtado 33,1238a; K—M:

Ridley s.n.).

A, Pars petioli. B, Fragmentum frondis apicale. C, Spatha primaria

basalis. D, Spadix sine spatha basali. E, Spicula. F, Eadem spicula

verticaliter discissa ut dispositio involucrophori involucrique appa-

reat. G, Flos masculus. H, Fructus. I, Semen. J. Semen verticaliter

discissum. K, Spicula feminea. L, involucrophorum cum spathella

et involucro verticaliter discissum. M, Flos femineus cum calyce

paulo longiore quam corolla.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

. Mawai-Jemaluang Road (Corner on 1-IX—1940); Batu Pahat (Ridley

* in IX-1900); Ulu-Batu Pahat at Kampong Chin Chin (Lake & Kelsall

_ in 1892, vern. nom. Rotan Manana); Gunong Panti (Ridley on

9—XTI-1892): Ulu Sungai on Gunong Panti, alt. + 100 m. (Nur

(20,013). Selangor, Ginting Simpah (Hume 9,476): Petaling (Ridley

on 5—VII-1889); Pahang Track (Ridley 8,776). Simgapore, Selitar

(Goodenough on 3-1-1889 and on 12-VIII-1890, spadices only;

Ridley 1,665, leaves only); Bukit Timah (Ridley 8,961 and in 1890

& in 1907); Chan Chu Kang (Ridley in Nov. 1889); Pulau Damar

(Mat in 1894).

BORNEO: Sarawak, Bau (Ridley 11,820): Matang (Ridley in VII-

1903 & in VII—1905).

C. melanocarpus Ridl. was published with a meagre description

in English in November 1893, that is, about a month and a half

after the publication of C. Lobbianus Becc., so that the latter

binomial has the priority. C. brachystachys Becc. was based on a

fully developed fruiting spadix coliected in Kuching in Sarawak,

and as a fully developed fruiting spadix of C. Lobbianus was not

available for him and as this species was not then recorded from

Borneo, BECcARI thought that this Kuching material represented

a new species. Later he completed the description of C. dbrachy-

stachys by adding to it the description of the leaf which he thought

to be of the same species but which really belongs to C. coniros-

tris Becc. = Cornera conirostris (Becc.) Furtado.

The male flowers show some variations; some develop and

shed their pollen when the perianth is well opened, while others

shed pollen when the perianth is closed. In some neutral flowers a

few pollen grains may be seen and so it is possible that these grains

are able to fertilise the female flowers from the same spadix.

Female spadices sometimes also show various grades of ab-

normalities and the secondary spathes may be ligulate instead of

being truncate as shown in the plate.

The syntypes of C. Lobbiana were collected in Singapore by

Lobb and on Gunong Panti in Johore by King’s collector.

5. Cornera pycnocarpa Furtado spec. nov.

Ab alteris hujus generis speciebus haec differt: aculeis vaginae

frondalis minoribus paucioribus; petiolis basi minus aculeatis;

foliolis paucioribus et minoribus, duobus apicalibus basi conspicue

connatis; inflorescentiis partialibus spiculisque minoribus; fructibus

obscure brunnescentibus, haud nigris politisque; albumine homo-

geneo vel superficialiter ruminato.

Caudex gracilis, scandens, caespitosus, 15 m. usque longus, cum

vaginis circa 1-5 cm. in diam. Vaginae frondium flagelliferae, striatae,

aculeis basi tumescentibus apicem versus valde angustatis, summo at-

rescentibus vel non, ascendentibus vel horizontalibus, solitariis vel

interdum confiuentibus, maximis 10 mm. longis, minimis 1 mm. usque

523

3. Cornera pycnocarpa (Corner 30,292).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum folio et s

involucro et spathella. C, Fructus.

padice. B, Involucrophorum cum

D, Semen verticaliter discissum

(inversum).

524

Vol. XIV. (1955).

longis armatae, apice oblique truncatae, infra petiolum geniculatae,

in geniculo valde striatae parce aculeolatae vel non. Ocrea brevissima.

Frondes subsessiles vel breviter petiolatae, 40 cm. longae, basin versus

utrinsecus 1-2 foliolis suboppositis praeditae, apice in foliola 4 aeq-

uialta (duo centralia basi connata, altera inferiora libera) terminatae,

secus rachidis dorsum aculeis reflexis 5 mm. longis armatae. Foliola

circa 30 cm. longa, 3 cm. lata, lanceolata, 3—4 costulata, utrinque

inermia, supra nervis transversalibus conspicuis subtus inconspicuis

ornata apice penicillata.

Spadix femineus in appendicem flagelliformem brevem exeuns, in-

florescentiam partialem unicam gerens, in parte pedunculari circa 20

cm. longus. Spathae primariae: basilaris unica fertilis, tubulosa, acu-

leolata, apice fissa, elongato-auriculiformis, summo abrupte acumi-

nata; alterae spathae primariae infertiles, tubulares. IJnflorescentia

partialis 6 cm. longa, in latere dorsali scorpioideo reflexa floribus

carens, in altero latere spiculis abbreviatis vel apicem versus fioribus

per circa 6 series congestis praedita. Spathae secundariae annulares

vel in uno latere haud crescentes, apice truncatae scariosae; spathellae

brevissimae vix visibiles. Jnvolucrophorum cupuliforme; involucrum

conforme. Perianthium fructiferum late campanulatum vel fere ex-

planatum; segmenta calycis quam segmenta corollae latiora sed aeq-

uialta. Fructus elongato-ovoideus, apicem versus sensim attenuatus

conoideus, circa 4 cm. longus, 2-5-3 cm. in diam.; squamis brunnes-

centibus, secus margines atrescentibus scariosis, dorso haud canali-

culatis, per series verticales 15-18 dispositis. Semen ambitu ovale,

applanatum, circa 12 mm. longum, 10 mm. latum, 8 mm. crassum;

albumen aequabile vel superficialiter ruminatum; embryone basilare.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Ulu Bendong prope Kajang, alt. circa 150 m.

(Corner 30,293).

This species is easily distinguished by its short leaves which are

scarcely longer than the axillary spathes; by having 6-8 almost

equal but inequidistant leaflets to each leaf, the four terminal

leaflets forming a group; by having the two topmost leaflets shortly

connate at the base; and by its homogeneous or superficially

ruminate seeds.

In the specimens examined the spikelets are so small that the

flowers appear to be seated directly on the axis of the branch. The

male spadix has not yet been collected.

SCHIZOSPATHA Furtado gen. nov.

Palmae scandentes, flagelliferae, monoicae vel masculae. Folia ecir-

rifera, paripinnata. Spadices foliis paulo breviores, haud appendicu-

lati, pauciramosi. Spathae primariae imbricatae, papyraceae, saepe

inermes, indehiscentes, apice exsuccae, fragiles, loriformes. /nflores-

centiae partiales breves, sessiles, spiculis paucis brevisque praeditae,

spathis axillantibus breviores, basi spathae perforata exserentes. Flo-

res in plantis monoicis uniquique feminei cum singulis masculis in

eodem involucrophoro siti; flores masculi in plantis monoicis quam

ei ex plantis masculis nonnihil minores. Perianthium fructiferum ex-

planatum. Fructus squamiferentes, cum semine homogeneo.

DisTRIBUTIO: Genus adhuc monotypicum in Nova Guinea incolit.

SPECIMEN TyYPICUM: Carr 13,123 (Herb. Singaporense).

525

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Contrary to the rules I have indicated here a type specimen ;

for the genus, instead of mentioning a binomial that would include ~

the type specimen. The reason for adopting this procedure is that

for the generic group represented by this type specimen an older

specific epithet has the right of priority under this genus. The

holotype of Calamus setigerus Burret is Carr 13,123, the dupli-

cates of which are found mixed in Singapore. Should there be

found any specific or generic differences between the specimen

seen by Burrett and the one seen by me, the generic name will

have to retained for the holotype studied by me in making the

genus. a

Burret does not note the peculiar emergence of the spadix

branches in C. setigerus, while C. anomalus, which he says to be

a close ally, appears to be a true Calamus species. .

Schizospatha setigera (Burret) Furtado comb. nov.

Calamus setigerus Burrett in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin XII

(1936) 320 (basinym).

Caudex gracilis, scandens, probabiliter caespitosus, foliis exceptis

omnino deciduo fusco-furfuraceus, circa 2 m. longus, cum vaginis 7-8

mm. in diam. Vaginae frondales flagelliferae, aculeolis minutis, 1—5

mm. longis, solitariis, numerosis, patentibus vel porrectis, atrescentibus,

basi tumidis armatae, apice oblique truncatae, infra petioli basin geni-

culo inermi praeditae. Ocrea brevissima, coriacea, aculeolis conformi-

bus paulo longioribus dense armata. Folia sessilia, ecirrifera, 25—33

cm. longa, paripinnata vel rarissime imparipinnata, utrinsecus foliolis

4 per greges 2 dispositis; 2 foliola in gregi basilari inter se valde ap-

proximata, opposita, longissima, 20-25 cm. longa, 15-22 mm. lata, |

anguste lanceolata, sub-3-costulata, utrinque inermia, secus margines |

tantum remote setosa; reliqua foliola omnino 4, rarissime 5, apice

folii dense juxtaposita, basalibus breviora, conformia, circa 15-17 cm.

longa, 15-22 mm. lata, dua (vel rarissime tria) centralia basi breviter

connata; nervis folioli transversalibus utrinque conspicuis; rachides

inter foliola basilaria et apicalia nudae, subtus aculeis solitariis redun-

cis armatae.

Spadix monoicus gracilis, folio paulo brevior, sed rachide folii lon-

gior, 20-30 cm. longus, in pedunculo aculeolatus, ceterus inermis vel

rarissime apicem versus in axi obscure aculeolatus, ramos 3—4 (praeter

apicales ramos diminutos) gerens. Spathae primariae 4—6 imbricatae,

plerumque in apicem loriformem primum involutam dein explanatam

exeuntes (in parte spadicis abnormali apicali spathae primariae minu-

tae, cymbiformes, apertae, basi amplectentes, ante anthesin in unica

spatha cymbiforme longa saepe inclusae); basalis spatha fertilis ven-

tricosa, vel infertilis indundibuliformis haud ventricosa, basin versus

coriacea inermis vel aculeolata, superne exsuccosa, plerumque inermis,

rarissime aculeis paucis, obscuris armata, alterae spathae (apicalibus

minutis abnormalibus exclusis) imbricatae, ventricosae, gradatim mi-

nores, exsuccosae, inermes, saepe fragiles. Rami primarii omnino dense

fusco furfuracei, axi angulares, breves, sessiles, 3—4, basi spathae per-

forata exserti, reflexi; basilares alteris longiores, ad 2—5 cm. usque

longi, utrinsecus 3—4 spiculis alternatis axi flexuosis angularibus prae-

diti (rami in parte spadicis abnormali in spathis cymbiformibus

526

Vol. XIV. (1955).

4. Schizospatha setigera (Carr 14,421 &@ ).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum foliis et spadice masculo. B, Infiorescentia

_ partialis. C, Flos masculus. D, Idem apertus ut staminum dispositio

appareat.

327

Gardens Bulletin, S.

ABTS

5. Schizospatha setigera (A—D: Carr 12,123; E—K: Carr 14,422)

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum foliis spadiceque. B, Inflorescentia partialis

cum fructu immaturo. C, Fructus maturus. D1, Semen. D2, Idem

verticaliter discissum. E, Spicula ut flores feminei et masculi ap-

pareant. F, Flos femineus. G, Sepala ejusdem. H, Flos femineus

apertus ut petala et staminodia appareant. I, Ovarium ejusdem. J,

Flos masculus ex eadem (E) spicula. K, Flos idem apertus ut

petala et stamina appareant.

528

Vol. XIV. (1955).

manentes). Spathae secundariae breves, stricte tubulares, apice ligu-

latae; spathellis conformibus. Jnvolucrophorum calyculiforme, biden-

tatum; involucrum conforme, irregulariter 2—3 lobatum, interdum ad

basin imbricatum. Areola floris masculi lunata. Flores feminei circa

3—3-5 mm. longi, 1-5 mm. in diam., elongato-ovati; calyx quam corolla

paulo brevior, in lobis striatis, ovato rotundatis, mucronatis divisus:

corolla 3-partita, cum lobis striatis; staminodia membranacea, 6, basi

3-connata. Flores acolyti masculi, ante femineorum anthesim pro ma-

jore numero maturi, 3-3-5 mm. longi, 1-5 mm. in diam., elliptici:

calyx quam corolla 3-brevior, lobis ellipticis striatis praeditus; corollae

lobi lato lineares; stamina 6, basi 4-connata. Perianthium fructiferum

explanatum. Fructus oblongus, sine rostro minuto 14 mm. altus, 10-12

mm. in diam.; squamis per series 14-15 verticales dispositis, obscure

stramineis, infra margines luteo-lineatis, secus margines et apice atres-

centibus, dorso canaliculatis. Semen 11-12 mm. altum, 9-10 mm.

latum, 6-7 mm. crassum, cum fovea lanceolata; albumine homogeneo;

embryone basilari.

Spadix masculus femineo similis, sed gracilior. Spathellae anguste

ligulatae. Involucrum minutum, vix exsertum, concavulum, lobis acu-

tis 3 praeditum. Flores masculi circa 3 mm. longi; calyx striatus, 3-

lobatus, 1/3 brevior quam corolla; lobi corollae striati elliptici vel

elongato ovati, apice acuti; stamina 6, basi breviter connata.

NOVA GUINEA: Papua, Boridi, circa alt. 1500 m. (Carr 14,42]

male, & 14,422 monoecious, & 13,123 male and fruiting mixed).

The collector remarked that the stamens in the monoecious

spadix were smaller than those in the male spadix, and that they

were always white in the fresh state.

529

William Farguhar’s Second Book of wren of

Malacca Plants

By I. H. BURKILL, M.A., F.L.S.

A SHORT ACCOUNT was given in 1949 (this Bulletin 12, pp. 404—-

407) of a book of illustrations of Malacca medicinal plants pre-

sented in 1827 to the Royal Asiatic Society by Lieut.-Col. William

Farquhar. A second book exists and is the subject of this note.

William Farquhar, it will be remembered, was the first Resident

and Commandant of Singapore; he had been Resident of Malacca

previously and while there had employed a Chinese artist to make

for him illustrations of useful plants in an attempt to learn to know

them. His second book may be divided into three sections; the

first rattans, the second the results of an ascent of Mount Ophir,

and the third trees valuable for their timber or resins. I have

attempted to identify his plants portrayed as there is an interest

in knowing on what jungle produce Malacca was living. The artist

excelled in painting foliage; and twigs must have been brought

to him for the purpose. Some of the trees he may have known in

the forest but he did not attempt to paint them from life; instead

he drew and coloured trunks and branches in what may be called

diagrams. There is only one representation of a flower and that

erroneous and three of the fruit. A Malay wrote in arabic charac-

ters the plant names except where I indicate this below. These

names and the foliage are in truth all that a botanist has to guide

him in determinating the plants.

Farquhar was proud of his attempt and took the drawings with

him in December 1818 when he went under instructions to join

Raffies at Penang; and William Jack was shown them, who com-

mented to Wallich in a letter that ‘they are deficient in many

essential points .... but will be extremely useful as a guide, by

taking the native names .... and making enquiries accordingly’.

Farquhar showed them later to Wallich who made some shots at

naming a few. This would be in 1822 in which year Wallich re-

sided for a short time in Singapore. Someone, probably Farquhar

himself, shewed them to Lindley whose handwriting is against one.

This would be in London and just before they were given to the

Asiatic Society.

530

oe! a

Vol. XIV. (1955).

I report on them, by their numbers.

1, retan pérachit. A rattan, if not Daemonorops angustifolius

Mart., then near it. The word pérachit, indicating the shrub

Ervatamia, suggests that this particular rattan supplied sap

used along with the juice of Ervatamia on the darts of the

blow-pipes of the Mantera. The name rotan pérachit has

not been recorded elsewhere; and it may be that the Man-

tera having gone, the use and with it the name have gone.

2, rotan batu. The illustration is satisfactory for Calamus

insignis Griff. and the malay name is right for it.

rotan jérénang. Daemonorops sp., doubtless one of those

which yield Dragon’s Blood, as the malay name indicates.

4, rotan séga badak. Calamus ornatus Griff. Griffith figured the

same from Malacca, his editor erroneously passing the

misprint ruga for séga.

rotan kértang. Daemonorops grandis Mart., the commonest

rattan in the Malay Peninsula.

6, rotan sémut. Korthalsia scaphigera Mart. The malay name is

not exactly distinctive, being given to several species where-

on ants frequently nest.

7, rotan tunggul. A reasonable figure for Plectocomiopsis

geminiflorus Becc. Griffith used the same name for the

same plant.

8, rotan manau. Plectocomia griffithii Becc. The application

of the name rotan manau varies, but covers this species.

9, rotan kémangdong. A species of Calamus.

10, rotan dahanan. Korthalsia rigida Blume. Again the malay

name is not absolutely distinctive; it refers to the branching

of the inflorescence.

11, rotan sémambu. Calamus scipionum Lour. The malay name

covers more than one species; but only those which give

the most excellent canes.

12, rotan sisir. Possibly Calamus griffithianus Matt.

13, rotan gélam (by error for gélang). The plant drawn has

the characters of Daemonorops verticillaris Mart.

14, rotan pinang-pinang. Pinanga disticha Blume. The possi-

bility of using the stem to furnish a walking stick is the

only reason for calling it a ‘rotan’. Pinang-pinang is a well

known name.

wy)

—"

Gardens Bulletin, S.

15, rotan gétah. A Daemonorops very like no. 1 above. The

malay name indicates similar uses.

_ 16, rotan séga. Flageilaria indica Linn. The stem of this plant

is smooth (séga); but rotan séga is a name reserved as a

rule for the large stemmed rattans, while this is rotan dini.

The stem is used for sewing ataps.

SERIES 2—The plants from Mount Ophir.

17, (without a name). Dacrydium beccarii Parl.

18, (in latin characters mesullon). Leucopogon malayanus

Jack. Wallich on seeing the figure recognized it. Farquhar’s

artist misrepresented the flowers but knew that they should

be white. Wilkinson’s Dictionary holds the name mensalang

for an unidentified plant.

19, (without a name). Matonia pectinata Br. Wallich wrote

against the figure “?Aspidium Farquharianum—Wail. mss’.

20, the outline of a drawing of Leucopogon.

21, altogether unrecognizable.

SERIES 3—forest trees; in general the earlier are sources of timber

and the later of resins.

22, mérbau. /ntsia bakeri Prain, or Malacca teak, a valuable

timber.

23, kélat merah. Eugenia, probably E. chlorantha Duthie, the

flowers of which have crimson stamens.

24, pétaling. Ochanostachys amentacea Masters. This tree

seems to have very great value in the country behind

Malacca, the Benua using it for their houses and only one

other kind of timber besides (see Newbold, Brit. Settlem.

in Malacca 2, p. 27; 1839).

25, pénaga. Mesua ferrea Linn., a very hard timber.

26, Kélat puteh. Eugenia sp., near E. pendens Duthie.

27, dali-dali. Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc., a very valuable

timber tree.

28, kémeyan. Styrax benzoin Dryand., the source of benzoin.

29, sugu. A tree with foliage such as Adinandra dumosa Jack

has. No name such as sugu is recorded.

30, médang buaya. A tree with opposite leaves which cannot be

determined from the drawing.

532

Vol. XIV. (1955).

31, médang séminyak. A tree with narrowly ovate leaves,

32,

ao;

34,

36,

37,

38,

39,

40,

41,

42,

rounded at the apex, which cannot be recognized. The

malay name is attributed elsewhere to Ehretia, possibly

erroneously.

médang kétanahan. A Lauracea and possibly a species of

Dehaasia.

bilian. A Sapotacea, but not Payena utilis RidlL, it might be

a Madhuca.

gaharu. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.

bintangor bunga. Calophyllum sp., probably C. pulcher-

rimum Wall.

kempas. Unrecognized.

péndarahan. One of the several species of the Myristicaceae

that occur in Malacca. It is impossible to say which of

them.

labelled ‘chengai batoo’. The mdividual leaves are like those

of an Alstonia but not disposed properly to represent it.

tembusu. Fagraea fragrans Roxb.

labelled ‘minja croomg’ i.e. minyak keruing. Dipterocarpus

baudii Korth.

labelled “dammar batoo’. It seems to be a species of Hopea.

labelled “‘damar batoo’. A different species of Hopea.

533

The Germination and Longevity of Seeds in an

Equatorial Climate

By ANNE GARRARD Ph.D.

Department of Botany,

University of Malaya

Introduction

SINGAPORE IS situated 1° 17” North in latitude on the South side

of Singapore Island. It has very uniform temperature, high humi-

dity and copious rainfall (Colony of Singapore Annual Report).

The mean temperature of the coolest month (December) is only

3°F lower than the hottest (May). The absolute minimum is 70°F

and the absolute maximum 93°F, but these are rarely reached.

The normal range is 75°—80°F on a wet day and 74°-89°F on a

dry day. (Holttum, 1953). The rainfall is between 85 and 118

inches per year. Its distribution varies from year to year, but there

is a maximum fall in the months December—January and gene-

rally a short period of drier windy weather in late January or

February. However, a month in which less than 2-5” rainfalls is

rare, and occurs about every two years in the February—March or

the July-September periods.

Crocker and other workers at the Boyce Thompson Institute

have made extensive investigations on the conditions most favour-

able for the storage of seeds and have found that most seeds re-

quire a low temperature and a low moisture content. (Crocker,

1948). The climate of Singapore may be expected to be un-

favourable since the temperature and humidity are relatively high.

Moreover, Singapore is characterised by having a continuous

growing season. During the whole year the conditions are favour-

able for germination. The ability for seeds to undergo a period of

dormancy during unfavourable conditions (as in temperate or

monsoon climates) is not an essential feature for the survival! of

plants grown here. However, a large number of locally grown

plants have been imported from other more seasonal climates and

have seeds which normally undergo a resting period before germi-

nation takes place. Some such seeds may require a period of ‘after- —

ripening’ before germination can occur. It may be that the climate —

534

Vol. XIV. (1955).

is not suitable for this to take place and seed propagation of such

plants cannot occur here.

It is probable that the majority of seeds germinate shortly after

they reach the ground, but it is interesting to investigate the sur-

vival period of those which may have fallen in a place unfavour-

able for germination. Such results are also interesting from the

horticultural point of view since a gardener may not find it con-

venient to plant freshly gathered seed immediately. Seeds which

do not degenerate under Singapore conditions in storage can be

safely stored until required.

Experiments

Ripe seeds of various local and imported tropical plants were

collected and carefully dried by exposure to the air. The percent-

age germination of the sample was obtained by placing a number

(which varied from 20-150 according to the availability of the

seed) on filter paper in a petri dish. The filter paper was kept

moist throughout the experiment with distilled water. Certain

seeds showed a tendency for mould infection and these were first

washed with 2 per cent saturated mercuric chloride for two minutes

and then in running water. The final washing was in distilled water.

The seed samples were stored in glass specimen tubes with ughtly

fitting corks. At monthly intervals a number of seeds was removed

from each sample and the percentage germination found as before.

An equal number was scarified by scraping the testa with a

scalpel and these were placed in another germinator.

Results

1. Percentage Germination/ Age

The total percentage germination was taken to be the percentage

of the total number of seeds employed which germinated in a

reasonable period of time. In general, germination was complete

in a few days, but SO days were necessary for fresh seeds of

Asclepias curassavica L. and a longer time was required for fresh

seeds of Dianella ensifolia Red. (108 days). These two cases

illustrate the need for a dormant period by some fresh seed. The

time required for germination of older samples kept a few months

in storage was much shorter.

There is no significant difference between the results for un-

scarified and scarified seeds, hence the long time required for

germination is not due to slow permeability of the seed coat. The

seeds as collected were not ready for immediate germination and

required a period of after-ripening.

535

Gardens Bulletin, S.

TABLE I

Age of Sample 0 month} 1 month! 2 months | 3 months

Asclepias curassavica L |

No. of days before ger- |

mination begins 5 25 21 15 10

No. of days for total per |

cent germination .. 50 30 21 | 15

Total percentage germina-

tion és ‘> 100 100 100 100

Dianella ensifolia Red.

No. of days before ger- |

mination begins Be 108 ae oa 35 | —

No. of days for total per ; |

cent germination 108 | 65 42 Sg =

- Total eee germina- |

tion } ey ee | 100 26 —

The results for scarified seeds in the case of Asclepias curas-

savica L. were as follows: —

TABLE II

Age of Sample 0 month | 1 month; 2 months 3 months

“No. of days before germi- .

nation begins oa 36 19 13 9

No. of days ‘for total per rf

' cent germination 48 ~ 27 ‘ 25° 20

Total percentage germina- if : es

tion j 4 100 100 100 100

It was not possible to obtain results for. scarified seeds in the

case of Dianella ensifolia Red. since scratching of the coat seemed

‘to interfere with the normal process of germination, causing dis-

torted growth. It is interesting to note that the total period required

+536

Vol. XIV. (1955).

for germination to take place whether the seeds are kept in the

wet germinator or dry in storage is roughly the same. However,

dry storage is unfavourable, and after 2 months storage the

percentage germination was reduced to 26. After 3 months none

of the seed was viable.

TABLE III

Period required for germination of Dianella ensifolius Red.

ORY WET TOTAL

| | ae

| 0 + 108 | 108 days

31 + 65 | mG ~;,

| : |

62 + 42 / 104,

It seems that these seeds require a considerable period of after-

ripening before they can germinate. If the dry storage is too long

there is degeneration. For best results these seeds should be

planted not later than a month after they have been gathered.

The following table gives the total per cent germination of

various species after certain periods of storage. The seeds in each

case were gathered from the fruiting plant as far as could be judged

immediately prior to the normal dispersal time. Unless all seeds

germinated immediately samples were left at least 50 days in the

germinator before the total per cent was calculated. In the foilow-

ing table the percentage germination of scarified seeds is only

given if it differs significantly from the unscarified results.

A largé number of species which show an initial high percentage

germination degenerate rapidly on storage in the Singapore climate.

The seeds of Melastoma malabathricum, Muntingia calabura,

Fagraea fragrans, Nepenthes gracilis and Nephelium malaiense

will not remain viable after a month in dry storage. The first

four named possess very small seeds which may not be able

to withstand such conditions of imposed dormancy. In the case of

Nepenthes gracilis seeds kept for only 14 days failed to germinate.

Nephelium malaiense is, on the other hand, a tree of Malayan

origin, and climate makes it possible for immediate germination

of the seeds. The seeds lack the ability to remain dormant over

even a short period of time, but possession of such a character

would have no particular selective advantage.

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538

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Note:—The. seeds of Fagraea fragrans Roxb. failed to germinate

unless supplied with fresh fruit sap. All the other seeds were tested

in the absence of any fruit sap. In the case of Melastoma mala-

bathicum L. and Muntingia calabura L. extra washing was re--

quired, since the presence of a low concentration of the fruit sap

may modify the results. This will be the subject of a further com--

munication.

The following table gives the time required for the whole:

sample to become inviable.

TABLE V

Time for Complete Degeneration

0-1 month | 1-2 months 2-3 months

Melastoma malabathri- Achras zapota 9 Abroma augusta L.

cum L. ‘Cooperanthes’ Basella rubra L.

Muntingia calabura L. | _ Calliandra haematoce-

Nepenthes gracilis Korth. phala Hassk.

Nephelium malaiense _ Gossypium arboreum L-

Griff. _Carapa sulphureus Cav.

Fragraea fragrans Roxb. : _ Dianella ensifolia Red.

Zephyranthes tubispatha

Herb.

3—4 months 4-5 months 5—6 months

Hippeastrum equestre Allium odorum L. - Cassia mimosoides L.

Herb. Bixa orellana L.

Ocimum basilicum L.

6—7 months | 7-8 months 9 months and over

Pithecolobium affine Cordia subcordata Asclepias curassavica L.

Baker. | . Lam. Adenanthera pavonina L.

Quamoclit pinnata Boj.

Ricinus communis L.

_Spathodea campanulata

Beauv.

Urena lobata L.

{

Seeds of Asclepias curassavica L. can be kept for at least 10

months without any degeneration of the seed (100 per cent germi-

nation after 10 months storage). In the case of Adenanthera

pavonina L. the seeds also remain viable but become irreversibly

impermeable with time, and if they are more than 8 months old

do not germinate at all unless the testa is cracked. This may be

the reason why Guppy (1912) states that these seeds are im-

permeable, and that Corner (1949) emphasises the importance of

strong-beaked birds, such as parrots, in cracking the hard red coat

prior to germination. However, not all fresh seed of Adenanthera

is impermeable. Some seeds will germinate immediately, and others

539

Gardens Bulletin, S.

will germinate at varying intervals over a long period which may

exceed 6 months—the period between the production of one crop

of seed and the next.

Quamoclit pinnata Boj. does not give a good initial germination

(24 per cent) but at 9 months 15 per cent of the seed is still

viable. Ricinus communis L. parallels Asclepias curassavica L. in

its behaviour. Scarified seeds germinate more quickly, but the final

percentage germination is the same. The testa of Ricinus communis

L. is ‘slowly permeable’ and scratching of it reduced the time re-

quired for germination. Spathodea campanulata Beauv. shows 100

per cent germination initially but after 10 months only 15 per

cent is obtained. Urena lobata L. remains viable but the testa

becomes impermeable. Such change in permeability of the testa is

a very good adaptation to this climate in which permeable seeds

degenerate rapidly (most of those listed above are permeable).

Seeds which are initially permeable can germinate rapidly if the

conditions are suitable, but if this is not the case the testa may

become impermeable which will enhance the keeping properties of

the seed.

TABLE VI

AGE IN MONTHS

Name — ——— ee

Sa ac | 10

0 | ; ae ay 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sa

e | Af ee

Abroma augusta L. 8 7 9

Achras zapota L. 3 a ‘en a ee

Adenanthera pavonina L, . (not™|

scarified) anes 2 1 1 1 24 1 Pa Gea

(scarified) 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 l 1

Allium odorum L. me . 3 2 Z Ses ae he |

Asclepias curassavica ' a2 1 12b.)| 13.) 39 8 9} 10 7! 10 8

Basella rubra L. (not scarified) TE Ne a a i bs,

(scarified) I ie , mA

Bixa orellana L. (with aril) 3 2 4 2 3

(without aril) 3 2 4 5 3

Calliandra haematocephala Hassk. 2 1 2 s.

Carapa guianensis Aubl. 14 | 12 | 14 se

Cassia mimosoides L.. wees Se he 1 2

‘Cooperanthes’ |. 6 6 ie

Cordia subcordata Lam. (not scari-

fied) had feds 10 RT Ta eee va

(scarified) oof £64015. | 18.) 44 | 426) 28 bb PR 20a ‘3

Cosmos sulphureus Cav. be 5 2 pet aad Moun Ul Semehainnsle ata

Dianella ensifolia Red. ve {4081 61 | 35 ooh bel fee Lhe te

Fagraea fragrans Roxb. ps a ae ye A r ee eis A

Gossypium arboreum L. Yi 3 3 2 : AW wee hae: & in

Hippeastrum equestre Herb. oe | ee AL | 10 | 80 | ce ee) ee ey

Melastoma malabathricum L. ee ok oo, UN ene ; sponse pies ee

Muntingia calabura L. it 2 rn rr cree fos) Se ’

Nepenthes gracilis Korth. Be) co ESS eee 2 ee F he pall ae ete AS

Nephelium malaiense Griff. Yh ce | eos] atigs Mt ace Oh capac ie] a ie

Ocimum basilicum L. | % 2 4 3)) he ea ee a ae ite

Pithcelobium affine Baker | 41 4| 3) 4). 4) 4). 206000 -

Quamoclic pinnata Boj ao Pee 3 2 4 5 5 2 3 3 3 3

Ricinus communis L. -+ | 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Spathodea campanulata Beauv 4 2 5 4 6 6 6 6 5 6 6

Urena lobata L. | 8| 5| 4| 4| 4] 4] 4] 5| 4] 4] 4

Zephyranthes tubispatha Herb. | a) 10.) 183... a PP ea he | ab

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Cordia subcordata Lam. may be placed im a class of ‘variably

permeable’ (Guppy 1912). It seems that 30-40 per cent of the

seeds gathered are permeable and germinate without scarifying

the endocarp, about 30 per cent are impermeable but viable, and

about 40 per cent are inviable.

2. Time taken for Germination/ Age

Two times were recorded in each instance—(a) the time taken

after the seed is placed in the germinator before germination

begins; (b) the time for all viable seeds to germinate.

(a) The time in days before Germination begins /age of Seed

Except for Asclepias curassavica L. and Dianella ensijolia Red.

which have been described previously, provided some seeds remain

viable storage does not affect the time taken for germination to

begin. Table VII gives the time from planting for all viable seeds

to germinate.

(b) The time for total percentage Germination (Table IV)

Age of Seed

TABLE VII

AGE IN MONTHS

Name ) é 1.

|; o|! 2 3); 47353 | 6)7 8 | 9 | mnths.

Abroma augusta L. .. a, S| 2 a Ps

Achras zapota L. oy “ie: 4 a |

Adenanthera pavonina L. (not | | |

scarified) ot «. 436 |101 | 72 | 53 | 21 | 10; 3} 4

(scarified) 3) #| 4) 5| S| 4] 4] 3

Allium odorum L. 16 16 | 18 | 16 ft .. /

Asclepias curassavica L. 50 | 30 21 | 15] .-- |

Basella rubra L. a 23 | 2) 14 .. | -- )

Bixa orellana L. (with aril) 7 5 | ae |

(without aril) a a ee ee 5i S|

i Hassk. J 6 3S a hee

Carapa guianensis Aubl. (not scari- |

an Fro AS) oe

(scari 24?

Cassia mimosoides L. 4 +) 4). 4 4 4 )

thes” | 6! 6 “oe oe

Cordia subcordata Lam. (not scari- | | )

-- 2) 15 | 20 | 20 | 10 | 16 | 21) ..

(searified) 17 | 22 | 19 | 21 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 21

Cosmos sulphureus Cav +. eg ae ee eee ee

Dianella ensifolia Red. .- {108 | 6S | 42 |

Fagraea fragrans Roxb. (with fresh

ee hei ieee. | acccs.-| 2 Pes PC. |

Gossypium arboreum L. 3) 4) 4] Fe Pe

Hippeastrum equestre Herb ae jae | 04) 17 |... 7 ef ee

Melastoma L. CS a ee ee oe

Muntingia calabura L. os ee ee ee

Nepenthes gracilis Griff. Se ee ee eee

Ocimum basilicum L. a ee Oe ee es |

Goanineiit planate bet si Si 413i 61 7| «| 3|-31 61 3

Pithcelobium affine Baker | ; F |

ices cient L. oh ie Oo ee ee eee eee eo

Spathodea campanulata Beauv. .. | 13 | 10 11 13 14 W il 6 rie 11

Urena lobata L. (mot scarified) .. 18 | 12| 6) 4, 3; 4, 4) 4) 4) 3 4

(scari . ee S12) S| ee 474) 3) 4 Ss

Zephyranthes tubispatha Herb. ee Pail ees Fa Pee po .

Gardens Bulletin, S.

In general, storage does not alter the time required for all viable

seeds to germinate. A change in the time period required appears

to be due to two factors. The fresh seeds may be immature, e.g. —

Asclepias curassavica and Dianella ensifolia, or there may be a

change in the permeability of the seed coat, e.g. Adenanthera

pavonina and Urena lobata. When a large sample of Adenanthera

seeds is collected from the fruiting tree and 100 or so seeds are

placed in the germinator, they do not all germinate immediately

as the following data shows.

Percentage germination of fresh Adenanthera seeds/time in

days.

TABLE VIII

After 1 day 1% germination After 50 days 60% germination

ig 2 days 3% a4 z fA 66% ¥.

‘ Si todas 4% ‘0 B7 - + sy: 1, 169% "id

a ee 5% 4 ap SO aos 2 ee ‘

fa yon ay 8% a hae ge 2 ee i

- 7. 7h §26 90 i. a ase ae eee "h

he $.., 19% 5. er 154... 868

9 “32: 20% , fe TA be Aree | 3

gt Bags Ee * . . 269 .., oa ~

PE 2 Re a ye OR ee 93

a Idea os a iad | Gere vr

on. 1& "2 Te pat v9 i) 10 LS, ts ee +

26 ,, 39% p of) ADS 4: 99

28 , 41% " ae.) Sa 93

>. pl. er Se Pe ei) eats adel 9

op 4a at ts ee r 5 2) 382. x, Sate

oy nt AOS lps a Pa wi 6s6) 3° Tete 9%

og Be ee

3°

If however, 100 seeds are scarified and placed in the germinator

all germinate in 4 days. It seems that a sample of freshly gathered

Adenanthera seeds consists of about 5 per cent immediately per-

meable seeds, but the other seeds will become permeable in damp

conditions. In this way the time of germination of any one crop of

Adenanthera seeds is spread over a long period of time even if the

seeds fall immediately on ground suitable for germination. If the

seeds are cracked by strong-beaked birds, etc., they will germinate

immediately. In dry storage however, the seeds become irrever-

sibly impermeable but not inviable (since they germinate when

scarified). The time needed for the few seeds which can still be-

come permeable even if not scarified to germinate is reduced.

Fresh seeds of Wet conditions Dry conditions

Adenanthera

(impermeable ) All germinate with time. Will not germinate after 8

(become permeable) months,

(become impermeable)

542

Vol. XIV. (1955).

The testa of Carapa guianensis is not impermeable but is sufh-

ciently thick to hinder germination. The unscarified fresh seed

takes 20 days to germinate whereas the scarified ones can be

induced to germinate in 7 days. Urena lobata is like Adenanthera

in its behaviour. The seed-coat tends to become impermeable in

dry storage, and after 10 months only 35 per cent unscarified seed

will germinate. The seed-coat of fresh seed causes some delay in

immediate germination (18 days is required as compared with

two in the scarified sample), and as with Adenanthera dry storage

tends to cause the coat to become irreversibly impermeable.

Discussion and Conclusions

Akamine (1951) conducted an interesting series of experiments

on the seeds of Tristania conferta. As a result he was able to plot

graphs of per cent germination against.years of storage at 3

different temperatures (45°F, 59°F and 75°F), coupled with 3

different humidities (30 per cent, 75 per cent and 90 per cent).

He showed clearly that the seeds kept best at the lowest tempera-

ture, but the keeping capacity was greatly reduced at high humidi-

ties. The results for 75°F need only concern us here, although the

temperature of storage of the seeds described above was rarely as

low as this. At 30 per cent humidity 2/3 of the originally viable

seeds germinated after 4 years storage; at 75 per cent humidity

nearly all the seeds failed to germinate; and at 90 per cent humi-

dity germination failed to occur if the seeds were kept for only

9 months. The last conditions (90 per cent humidity and 75°F)

can be compared with the conditions normally present in Singa-

pore. For the greater part of a 24 hour period the humidity is

well above 90 per cent and is only reduced to 60 per cent for a

few hours on a hot, sunny day.

The results above indicate that in the high humidity and high

temperature conditions of Singapore the seeds of most species

tested failed to remain viable after a nine months period of sto-

rage. It may be inferred from the results of previous workers that

under more favourable climatic conditions the seeds would remain

viable for a longer period. However it is to be noted that a number

of the species tested are plants of an equatorial climate in which

there is a continuous growing season. In such a climate there is

no selective advantage of seeds which can remain ungerminated

for long periods of time. It may be that such seeds cannot be

stored ungerminated even under conditions of lowered tempera-

ture and humidity. On the other hand the physiological activities

543

Gardens Bulletin, S.

of the seed may be so slowed down that the seed accidentally pos-

sesses the property of longevity. Such conditions of low tempera-

ture and humidity will never occur in the plants’ natural environ- ,

ment and natural selection has played no recent part in the acquire-

ment of this character.

Summary

1. [The percentage germination of 28 species of locally grown

plants was determined immediately after collection and after

storage at monthly intervals up to 10 months.

. The high humidity and relatively high temperature conditions

were unfavourable for the storage of seed. Only 6 species

had seed which remained viable until the end of the 10

month period. There was rapid degeneration in small seed

and seed of trees of Malayan origin.

tod

. The seeds of Dianella ensifolia Red. and Asclepias curassavica

L. were not fully mature when collected and required a

period of after ripening.

4. The permeability of the seeds of Adenanthera payonina L.

and Urena lobata L. decreased under storage in air but the

viability of the seed did not decrease since there was no

change in the percentage germination of scarified seed.

. When seeds of Adenanthera pavonina L. are placed in a germi-

nator they do not all germinate immediately and may re-

quire a period exceeding a year before they have all germi-

nated. Scarified seed all germinate within 4 days. The damp

conditions render the testa more permeable in unscarified

seed but the time before this occurs varies from seed to

. seed,

References

Akamine, E.R. 1951 .. Viability of Hawaiian Forest Tree

Seed in Storage at various Tem-

peratures and Humidities. Pacific

Sci. 5: 40.

Colony of Singapore .. Annual Report, 1951, page 151.

Government Printing Office,

Singapore.

Corner, E. J. H. 1949 .. The Durian Theory or Origin of the

Modern Tree. Ann. Bot. 13: 367.

Crocker, W. 1948 .. Growth of Plants. Reinhold Pub-

lishing Co., New York.

544

Vol. XIV. (1955).

isoceer, W.. and L. V.

Barton. 1953 .. Physiology of Seeds. Chronica Bota-

nica Co., Waltham, Mass. U.S.A.

Guppy, H. B. 1912 .. Studies in Seeds and Fruits. William

and Norgate, London.

Holttum, R. E. 1953 .. Evolutionary Trends in an Equa-

torial Climate. Symp. Soc. Exp.

Biol. No. VII: Evolution.

Acknowledgements

The writer gratefully acknowledges the assistance received from

Professor R. E. Holttum and colleagues on the Staff of the Depart-

ment of Botany, University of Malaya, during the course of the

investigation.

545

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

INDEX TO VOLUME XIV

New species, new varieties and new combinations are printed in bold-faced

type. synonyms in italics. Species marked with a star are illustrated. For

botanical names in Sinclair’s paper, “A Revision of the Malayan Annon-

aceae.”” see separate index page 509.

Acalypha

boehmerioides, 35.

fallax, 35.

Aglaomorpha

heraclea. 11.

Alternanthera

ficoides var. bettzickiana, 35.

philoxeroides, 35.

Anaxagorea

javanica var. tripetala, 40.

Scortechinii, 40.

Aniseia

martinicensis, 33.

Anomianthus

dulcis (Dunal) Sinclair, 40.

heterocarpus, 40.

Asplenium

lineolatum, 8.

Athyrium

accedens, 9.

angustipinna Holttum, 8.

angustisquamatum, 9.

Boryanum, 9.

cordifolium, 8.

japonicum, 9.

Petersenii, 9.

Bonamia

semidigyna, 33.

Brainea

insignis, 10.

BurRKILL, I. H.

Names of Malayan vegetables eaten

with rice, 17.

William Farquhar’s

drawings ~. of

Malacca plants. 530.

Daesalpinia

honducella, 32.

crista, 32.

Calamus

acanthopis, 66.

angustifolius, 58.

brachystachys, 519, 521.

calicarpus, 64.

cochleatus, 100.

conirostris, 519.

draco, 108.

geniculatus, 110.

grandis, 66.

hirsutus, 113.

hygrophilus, 58.

hystrix, 114.

intermedius, 69.

leptopus, 124.

Lobbianus, 521.

longipes, 127.

melanocarpus, 521.

melanochaetes, 81.

micracanthus, 104.

monticolus, 83.

periacanthus, 136.

petiolaris, 64.

setigerus, 526.

strictus, 127.

verticillaris, 144.

Cansjera

zizyphifolia, 35.

Cenchrus

echinatus, 36.

Ceratostylis

pulchella Holttum, 4.

Christiopteris, 10.

tricuspis, 10.

Coniogramme

fraxinea, 9, 12.

Cordia

subcordata, 33.

Cornera Furtado, 518.

*conirostris (Becc.) Furtado, 519.

*Lobbiana (Becc.) Furtado, 521.

*pycnocarpus Furtado, 523.

547

Ctenitis

boryana, 9.

Cyathostemma

viridiflorum, 40.

Cyclosorus

interruptus, 37.

unitus, 12.

Cymbopogon

flexuosus, 36.

Cymbospatha, Section of Daemono-

rops, 53.

Cystopteris

tenuisecta, 16.

Daemonorops

Key to the sections of, 53.

Key to the species of, 53.

aciculatus, 91.

*angustifolius, 58.

*angustispathus, 61.

annulatus, 137.

bakauensis, 87.

*brachystachys, 96.

*calicarpus, 61.

calicarpus, 94.

carcharodon, 58.

cochleatus, 100.

congesta, 124.

Curtisii, 78.

*didymophyllus, 100.

dissitophyllus, 134.

draco, 108.

draconcellus, 104.

elongatus, 119.

*geniculatus, 110.

geniculatus, 127.

grandis, 65.

var. megacarpus Furtado, 67.

grandis, 66.

hirsutus, 113.

var. brevifolia, 113.

hygrophilus, 58.

*hystrix, 113.

* var. minor,

*imbellis, 69.

*intermedius, 69.

intermedius, 75, 83.

var. nudinervis, 66.

*Kiahii Furtado, 73.

Kirtong, 66.

*Kunstleri, 119.

var. langkawiensis, 112.

*laciniatus Furtado, 75.

*lasiospathus, 122.

*leptopus, 124.

*Lewisianus, 78.

Lewisianus, 61, 94.

*longipes, 127.

*macrophyllus, 130.

malaccensis, 66.

*melanochaetes, 81.

PLY.

Gardens Bulletin, S-

*micracanthus, 104.

microthamnus, 61.

*monticolus, 83.

var. pinangianus, 78, 94.

*Nurii Furtado, 85.

*oligophyllus, 132.

*periacanthus, 134.

var. macrocarpus Furtado, 137-

periacanthus, 119, 144.

petiolaris, 61.

var. nudipes, 64.

*propinquus, 108.

propinquus, 96. 104, 124.

pseudomirabilis

var. malayanus, 137.

*pseudo-sepal, 87.

*sabut, 137.

sabut, 132.

scapigerus, 122, 136.

Schmidtianus, 81.

*Scortechinii, 89.

*sepal, 91.

sepal, 69, 75.

var. pahangensis, 64.

var. sphaerocarpus, 88.

setigerus, 110, 144.

stipitatus Furtado, 143.

strictus, 127.

*tabacinus, 94.

verticillaris, 144.

* var. stramineus Furtado, 147.

Desmos

dubius, 42.

filipes, 40.

Hahnii, 44.

hainanensis, 41.

Drepananthus

pruniferus, 40.

Drymaria

cordata, 31.

Drynaria

rigidula, 12.

Dryopteris

sparsa, 12.

Ellipeia

pumila, 48.

Enicosanthum

mersuiensis (Chatterjee) Sinclair, 45.

Eragrostis

cambessediana, 36.

FARQUHAR, WILLIAM

Drawings of Malacca plants identi-

fied by I. H. Burkill, 530.

Fissistigma

548

hainanense, 41.

Maclurei, 41.

macranthum, 46.

minuticalyx, 40.

Vol. XIV. (1955).

Furtabo, C. X.

The genus Daemonorops in Malaya.

Two new Calamoid genera of

Malaysia. 517.

GARRARD, ANNE

Germination and longevity of Seeds

in an equatorial climate. 534.

Goniothalamus

burmanicus, 47.

latestigma, 46.

macranthus, 45.

Scortechinii, 41.

undulatus, 46.

Guatteria

globosa, 46.

macrophylla, 47.

Hackelochloa

granularis. 37.

Hedyotis

coerulea, 33.

Hemigraphis

confinis, 34.

HENDERSON, M. R.

A new Tristania from Jonore. 1.

Ho.ttum, R. E.

A new fern from Malaya, 8.

Three new Orchids from Malaya. 4.

Hvalostemma

Roxburghiana, 46.

indigofera

anil, 32. .

Finlaysoniana, 32.

suffruticosa. 32.

uncinata, 32.

Ipomoea

illustris, 34.

tuba. 27.

Leonotis

nepetifolia. 34.

Liparis

torta. 4.

viridicallus Holttum. 4.

Matonia

pectinata. 10.

Melodorum

aberrans (Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.)

Sinclair, 41.

arboreum, 41.

Blanfordianum

46.

clavipes, 41.

fruticosum, 41.

macranthum, 45.

Microlepia

puberula, 13.

(Fischer) Sinclair.

Miliusa

campanulata. 42.

longipes. 42.

Roxburghiana. 46.

Mitrephora

Collinsae. 46.

laotica. 42.

multiovulata, 43. 47.

Thorelii. 41.

trimera, 43.

vulpina. 46. .

NIOLESWORTH-ALLEN. B. E. G.

Some _ distributional records of

Malayan ferns and fern allies. 9.

Olax

rosea. 31.

Ophioglossum

pedunculosum. 15.

Ormocarpum

glabrum. 32.

Orophea

enterocarpa. 42.

setosa, 43.

Oxymitra

Maclellandi. 47.

Piptospatha. Section of Daemono-

rops. 53.

Pogonantherum

paniceum, 37.

Polyalthia

aberrans, 41.

asteriella, 42.

bullata, 42.

crassa. 42.

debilis, 42.

Motleyana

var. glabrescens. 42.

Rumphii, 42.

siamensis, 41.

Polygala

paniculata. 31.

Polygonum

chinense. 35.

Popowia

aberrans, 41.

diospyrifolia, 41.

dubia, 47.

Kurzii, 47.

Mesnyi, 41.

pumila, 48.

Portulaca

pilosa L., 31.

Pseudarthria

viscida, 32.

Pseuduvaria

multiovulata

43, 47.

rugosa, 43, 47.

setosa (King) Sinclair. 43.

(Fischer) Sinclair.

549

Psilotum

triquetrum, 15, 37.

Pteridium

aquilinum, 13.

esculentum, 13.

Pteris

asperula, 13

longipinnula, 14.

Pyramidanthe

macrantha, 45.

Pyrrosia

stigmosa, 14.

Sarcochilus

*alatus Holttum. 5.

Berkeleyi, 7.

Sageraea

caulifiora, 43.

nitida, 43.

Schizospatha Furtado. 525.

*setigera (Burret) Furtado, 526.

SINCLAIR, J.

Additions to the flora of Singapore.

Malayan Annonaceae. a_ revision

of. 149. Nore all species and

synonyms in a_ separate index

page, 509.

Indian and Burmese Annonaceae.

notes on, 45.

Siamese Annonaceae. notes on. 40.

‘Smilax

Woodii, 36.

Sonneratia

ovata. 37.

S phaerocoryne

aberrans, 41.

Blanfordianum, 46.

clavipes, 41.

‘Stachytarpheta

cayennensis, 34.

‘Staurogyne

Kingiana, 34.

550

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Stelechocarpus

cauliflorus, 43. | oy wey

nitidus, 43.

Schefferi, 43.

Stenotaphrum

dimidiatum, 37.

glabrum, 37.

Stylosanthes

fruticosa, 32.

Tacca

pinnatifida. 36.

Thalassia

Himprichii, 35.

Thelypteris

Beddomei, 14.

brunnea, 14.

Tristania

*pontianensis Hend.. 1.

Trivalvaria

dubia (Kurz) Sinclair, 47.

pumila (King) Sinclair, 48.

Unona

debilis, 42.

dubia, 42.

Hahnii, 44.

macrantha, 55.

Mesnyi, 41.

Uvaria

dioica, 46.

flava, 44.

grandiflora Roxb. var. flava (Teys.

et Binn.) Sinclair, 44. _

Hahnii (Finet et Gagnep.) Sinclair,

44. :

Hamiltonii var. Kurzii, 44.

Lobbiana, 44.

merguiensis, 45.

purpurea var. flava, 44.

Xylopia

ferruginea, 44.

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PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS

SINGAPORE :

1. The Agricultural Bulletin of the Malay Peninsula (Old

Series) nos. 1-9, 1891-1900 (out of print).

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Most numbers are available, price 50 cents each or $5

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CSE Ts Ae ar Rae Ri AEA URGE OI wah Me Ale ke TON SS ane ae

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