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Harvard University

THE

GARDENS [BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XV, 20th November, 1956

Published by Authority

PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, SINGAPORE,

BY A. G. BANFIELD, GOVERNMENT PRINTER

1956

d20f \isdmsvo hOx

~ at Day

ae Oe

CONTENTS

SINCLAIR, JAMES: Croton hirtus, an Alien New to Malaya

SINCLAIR, JAMES: Notes on New Guinea Annonaceae—Part I

SINCLAIR, JAMES: Miscellaneous Notes on Annonaceae

SINCLAIR, JAMES: Two New Malayan Species, Justicia johorensis and

Petraeovitex wolfei

SINCLAIR, JAMES: Additions to the Flora of Singapore and New Loca-

lities in Singapore for some Plants thought to be Extinct—Part II .

SINCLAIR, JAMES: A Note on Embelia ridleyi King and Gamble

FurtTapo, C. X.: Palmae Malesicae, XIX—The Genus Calamus in

the Malayan Peninsula

Jacoss, M.: A New Malaysian record in Lindernia (Ilysanthes)

(Scrophulariaceae)

HoLTTuM, R. E.: Racemobambos, a new genus of Bamboos

Ho.ttuM, R. E.: Two new Bamboos from the Malay Peninsula

GARRARD, ANNE: The effect of fruit sap on the germination of four

species of Tropical Plants .

HENDERSON, M. R. & J. WyAttT-SMiTH: Calophyllum Lin. .

Book REvIEW: Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Pro-

ducts by F. G. BROWNE

PAGE

a &: Pare SS ess ate es an

_ Harvard University

“OAPR-AS 1955

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GPP BBA YUP PUPAUPUPAUUIPVUV PUPP PUPUPV)

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

PPADPm

AADAMAAAAABAMABAAMAMAAOAMIAOOMLw

Vol. XV 20th November, 1956

BPP BPP. QPP MAMMA OMe

CONTENTS

PAGE

SINCLAIR, JAMES: Croton hirtus, an Alien New to Malaya ; 1

SINCLAIR, JAMES: Notes on New Guinea Annonaceae—Part I i 4

SINCLAIR, JAMES: Miscellaneous Notes on Annonaceae . ney |

SINCLAIR, JAMES: Two New Malayan Species, Justicia jlo and

Petraeovitex wolfei : 18

SINcLar, James: Additions to the Flows of Singapokt and New Does:

lities in Singapore for some Plants thought to be Extinct—Part II. 22

BPYPULPYV\PVPYPMPUPVPVPVY\PVAPAVPAVUPUV

SINCLAR, JAMES: A Note on Embelia ridleyi King and Gamble eer

Furtapo, C. X.: Palmae Malesicae, XIX—The Genus Calamus in

the Malayan Peninsula . 32

Jacoss, M.: A New Malaysian record in Linieenia (llysanthes)

(Scrophulariaceae) j 266

HoLttuM, R. E.: Racemobambos, a new genus of Rasatuas oan

Ho.ttTuM, R. E.: Two new Bamboos from the Malay Peninsula . 274

GARRARD, ANNE: The effect of fruit is on the ee of four

species of Tropical Plants . . 276

HENDERSON, M. R. & J. Wyatt-Smrru: Cuisshviteni Lin. . 285

Book REvIEWw: Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Pi.

ducts by F. G. BROWNE . : ‘ ; ET, 9 :

To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore

Price $20; $21 outside Malaya

Published by Authority

PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, SINGAPORE,

BY A. G. BANFIELD, GOVERNMENT PRINTER

1956

LO ARHOn SS

RECEIVED “?en

PP APUPVD UV VPV\AVUPVAVA? Als Te eg PrSZ

FEB 4 1957

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Sater aks | ie

THE

GARDENS BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

BAYA AYAAAAAA AAA AAA MAM AIA A

VOL. XV 20th November, 1956

BUPUPUPYUPAAUBAUAAAAAAAIM AA AMAA’ AA™—

Croton hirtus an Alien New to Malaya

By JAMES SINCLAIR

I FIRST FOUND Croton hirtus, an alien of Tropical America, in

Johore on 20th August, 1954, growing by the roadside (172 mile

Johore-Kota Tinggi Road) among grass but not in any quantity.

On 21st November, 1954, I again found it, this time in abundance

by the Kelantan River near Kota Bahru in sweet potato patches

on the sandy river bank. The specimens were sent to Kew and

identified by Mr. Lewis L. Forman.

In April 1955, I received specimens of Croton hirtus from

Selangor, sent by Mr. P. R. Wycherley of the Rubber Research

Institute of Malaya for identification. He informs me that it was

' first collected by Dr. E. D. C. Baptist on 7th July, 1954 at Bukit

Rajah Estate, Klang. That specimen is retained by the Rubber

Research Institute in their herbarium but subsequent material col-

lected by Wycherley from Bukit Rajah Estate on 22nd April is

now preserved in Herb. Singapore. Wycherley states that Croton

hirtus is frequent throughout many acres here and appears to be

spreading as its seeds freely and regenerates in bare areas under

rubber on the coastal flats. In fact sodium arsenite has been used

to spray it and other vegetation under rubber with effect. He again

found it on Midlands Estate near Klang. The material in Herb.

Singapore from Sungei Buloh was collected on 10th March, 1955

by Mr. V. K. Bhaskaran Nair while making a survey of vegetation

at the Rubber Research Institute Experiment Station. Here it was

fairly frequent in sandy soil in association with Tricholaena rosea,

Mimosa pudica, Centrosema pubescens, Passiflora foetida, Cyperus

compressus and Borreria latifolia.

Croton hirtus occurs in Java and has been there for many years.

There is evidence that it was in Malaya much earlier than the

‘

Gardens Bulletin, S.

above records indicate. There is one sheet in Herb. Singapore,

stamped 30th April, 1936. The label has no data except Croton

sp. and the printed heading “Herbarium Rubber Research Institute

of Malaya”.

As Croton hirtus is likely to spread and to appear in the other

states of Malaya, it would be interesting to know of any further

distribution. Since the work in which the original description ap-

peared is available to very few botanists in the region and since

none of the Malayan floras mentions it, a description and drawing

made from living plants are here appended.

Croton hirtus L’Héritier, Stirpes Nov. 1 (1875) 17 t. 9.

Synonym: C. glandulosus L. var. hirtus M.-Arg. in DC. Prodr.

15, 2 (1866) 684.

Erect herb, annual or short-lived, 5—30 cm. high. Stems terete,

green or often brownish-yellow, sparsely covered with stellate,

hispid, 1-2 mm. long hairs. Leaves dull and medium green above,

paler green beneath, deltoid, ovate-deltoid or slightly rhomboid,

Fig. 1. Croton hirtus L’Herit.

A, Upper portion of plant with flowers. B, Inflorescence with male and

female flowers. C, Bract and prophylls of male flower. D, Male

perianth, inside view, stamens removed. E, Stamens and glands.

Vol. XV. (1956).

pubescent above and below with stellate, hispid hairs 0-5 mm.

long, margins doubly crenate-serrate; nerves 5 pairs; length 2:5-6

cm.; breadth 2—5:5 cm.; petiole 1:5—2 cm. long with a pair of

filiform, 5 mm. long stipules at the base. Inflorescene spike-like,

hispid-stellate hairy, the male flowers at the top and female at the

base. Male flowers 4—5 mm. in diam. in the axil of a trifid, 1-2

mm. long bracteole and two lateral stipular prophylls, the median

axis of the bracteole filiform, green, slightly longer than the 2 side

branches which are modified as glands, their stalks terete, greenish-

white, their glandular heads ampulliform, greenish-yellow; the pro-

phylls 1 mm. long or less, their median axes rudimentary, their

two lateral axes similar to those of the bracteole; perianth of 5

outer greenish sepals with a minute gland at the base of each in-

side, and 5 inner, white, membranous petals; stamens 11, 5 outer,

5 inner and 1 central, 1-2 mm. long; filaments and anthers white.

Female flowers each on a 1 mm. long stalk, surrounded by 5, un-

equal, green, foliar, linear-spathulate, laciniate, acute, 4-5 mm.

long perianth segments; ovary green, covered with stellate-hispid

hairs, subglobose, 5~6 mm. in diam.; style 1-1-5 mm. long,

branched at the base into 3 linear segments, the segments again

each divided close to the base into 2 linear, brick-red stigmas.

Seeds 2 mm. in diam., greyish-brown, with a dull, puncticulate

surface. Fig. 1.

KELANTAN: Kampong Pasir Pekan, Kota Bahru, Sinclair S.F.N.

40515 (SING, KopBae. BZF).

SELANGOR: Rubber Research Institute Experiment Station, Sungei

Buloh, Bhaskaran Nair, 10th March, 1955 (SING); Bukit Rajah Es-

tate, Klang, Wycherley, 22nd April, 1955 (SING).

JOHORE: 174 mile Johore-Kota Tinggi Road, Sinclair S.F.N. 40349

(SING, K, L).

Notes on New Guinea Annonaceae, Part I

By JAMES SINCLAIR

THIS PAPER is the result of the examination of some of Carr’s New

Guinea Annonaceae and certain other type specimens of Annona-

ceae kindly sent on loan from the Botanisches Museum, Berlin.

Four new species are described here, namely Artabotrys arach-

noides, Pseuduvaria lignocarpa, P. nova-guineensis and P. sessili-

folia while eleven new combinations are made.

These combinations include two Orophea species transferred to

Alphonsea, seven Orophea species transferred to Pseuduvaria and

two Mitrephora species transferred to Pseuduvaria. The result

now, is that every single species in Orophea mentioned by Diels

in Engler’s Botanische Jahrbiicher volume 49 (1912) pages 157-

161 has been transferred to other genera, two to Alphonsea and

the rest to Pseuduvaria. It should be noted that Orophea auran-

tiaca Mig. has already been removed to Pseuduvaria by Merrill

[see Philipp. Journ. Sc. Bot. 10: 4 (1915) 255] and O. dielsiana

to Pseuduvaria by me [see Gardens’ Bull. Singapore 14 (1955)

403].

The differences between Orophea and Pseuduvaria are clearly

defined in the table on page 391 of the Gardens’ Builetin, Singa-

pore, volume 14. Orophea has 6—12 miliusoid stamens while in

Pseuduvaria the stamens are uvarioid and numerous. It is quite

obvious, therefore, that something is wrong when Diels states in

his key on page 157——“stamens much more than 15.” This state-

ment suits Pseuduvaria admirably but is absurd for Orophea.

Apart from the stamens, the other distinguishing characters of

Diels’ so-called Orophea species were in complete agreement with

those of the genus Pseuduvaria and so the transfer to this genus of

these Orophea species is effected.

On examining Orophea stenogyna and O. ovata it was also

found they are misfits in the genus Orophea and must go into

Alphonsea. They cannot be placed in Orophea since the petals

are saccate at the base, and the inner are not mitriform; the sta-

mens too, have apiculate, produced connectives. These are all

distinguishing features of Alphonsea.

Thanks is due to the Director of the Botanisches Museum,

Berlin for the loan of certain types. It is hoped at a later date to

publish part 2 of this series but more material has yet to be

studied.

Vol. XV. (1956).

SYSTEMATIC PART

Alphonsea ovata (Scheffer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea ovata Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. 1

(1876) 3; Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 158.

Specimen, sine numero, collected by Teijsmann, examined (Herb.

Berlin).

A. stenogyna (Diels) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea stenogyna Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49

(1942) 157.

Type, Schlechter 17653 examined (Herb. Berlin).

Artabotrys arachnoides J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Ab adhuc speciebus cognitis e Nova-guinea (i.e. A. inodorus,

A. camptopetalus et A. desmidanthus) haec species petalis longis-

simis linearibus differt.

Frutex scandens. Ramuli nigrescentes glabri, juniores parce et

minute pubescentes. Folia coriacea, elliptica, 7-11 cm. longa,

3-5—5 cm. lata, apice et basi acuta in petiolum brevem decurrentia;

costa subtus minute adpresso-pubescentes demum glabra; nervi c.7

pares, a costa fere horizontaliter abeuntes, sensim adscendentes,

margine duplo-arcuato-conjuncti, graciles sed utrinque conspicul;

reticulationes supra distantes paucae subtus densiores. Pedicelli

2 cm. longi, glabri. Sepala 4-5 mm. longa, ovata, extus parce

pubescentia, intus glabra, apice reflexa. Petala subaequalia, linea-

Tia, plana, apice angustata, basi ferrugineo-tomentosa latiora, in

lamina pubescentia, 5-6 cm. longa et 2-3 mm. lata; exteriora 1-

nervata. Stamina numerosa, 1 mm. longa. Ovaria cylindrica,

glabra, 1 mm. longa; stigma virgatum leviter falcatum, 1 mm.

longum. Fructus ignotus. Fig. 1.

Nova-GuINEA: Isuarava, Carr 15159 holotypus (Herb. Sing). Forest

about 1,530 m. altitude. “Flower yellow-green”; Lala River, Carr

15992 (Herb. Sing.). About 1,660 m. altitude. “Flowers yellow”.

Named A. arachnoides from the long, narrow petals which look

like a spider on the herbarium sheet.

Mitrephora cilindrocarpa Burck in Nova Guinea 8: 3 (1911) 433

Tab. 69 fig. 1a, b; Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 156.

Mitrephora ? Valeton in Bull. Dép. Agric. Ind. Néerl. 10 (1907)

13:

This is certainly not a Mitrephora and I am not sure in which

genus it should be placed. Flowers are needed. Diels was also of

the opinion that it is not a Mitrephora.*

* T now find that M. cilindrocarpa Burck has been revised by Backer in

Blumea 5 (1942) 492 to Polyaulax cylindrocarpus (Burck) Back.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Artabotrys arachnoides J. Sinclair.

A, Leafy twig. B, Flowers.

Fig.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Pseuduvaria beccarii (Scheffer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea beccarii Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. 2

(1885) 18; Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 160.

Type, Beccari 881 examined (Herb. Berlin).

P. costata (Scheffer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea costata Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. 2

(1885) 19; Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 158.

Beccari 1872 examined (Herb. Berlin).

P. dolichonema (Diels) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea doilichonema Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 52

(1915) 184.

Type, Ledermann 8754 examined (Herb. Berlin and Singapore).

P. filipes (Lauterb. et K. Schum.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea filipes Lauterb. et K. Schum. in Fl. D.

Schutzgeb. Siids. (1901) 319; Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49

(1912) 159.

Type, Lauterbach 1127 examined (Herb. Berlin).

P. grandifolia (Warb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Stelechocarpus grandifolia Warb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.

13 (1890) 306; Lauterb. et K. Schum. in Fl. D. Schutzgeb. Suds.

(1901) 315.

Synonym: Mitrephora grandifolia (Warb.) Diels in Engl. Bot.

Jahrb. 49 (1912) 155.

Type, Warburg 20084 examined (Herb. Berlin).

P. lignocarpa J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Inter species Nova-guineenses haec et P. versteegii carpella

maxima habent. P. lignocarpa carpellis minoribus (35-45 cm.

diam.) globosis, floribus multo minoribus, pedicellis brevioribus,

foliis multo minoribus distinguitur.

Arbor 8-10 m. alta. Ramuli graciles, striati, nigro-brunnei, mox

glabri. Folia membranacea, glabra, lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceo-

lata, apice acuminata, basi cuneata, 8-17 cm. longa, 25-5 cm.

lata; nervi 10-12 pares oblique adscendentes, margine obscure

conjuncti, supra tenues, subtus valde prominentes; costa subtus

minute verrucosa; reticulationes utrinque tenues; petioli 5 mm.-1

cm. longi. Flores axillares, 1-4 fasciculati. Pedicelli 1 mm. lorgi

medio minute unibracteati. Flores masculi minuti, (probabiliter non-

dum maturi) fusco-brunneo-tomentosi. Sepala ovata, acuta, 0 5--0-8

mm. longa. Petala exteriora subrotundata, obtusa, 1-5—1-8 mm.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

—_—

aly

3 cm

Fig. 2. Pseuduvaria lignocarpa J. Sinclair.

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower. C, Inner petals. D, Petals removed,

showing stamens. E, Stamen. F, Fruit. G, Fruit, longitudinal

section.

Vol. XV. (1956).

longa; interiora mitriformia, breviter unguiculata, 15-2 mm.

longa. Stamina 0-5 mm. longa, 15—20, connectivis truncatis ter-

minta. Flores feminei ignoti. Fructus cum carpello unico, globosus,

minute tomentosus, scabridus vix verrucosus, 3-5-4-5 cm. diam.,

breviter stipitatus; pericarpium 4 mm. crassum, durum, lignosum-

Semina c.8 in seriebus duabus disposita. Fig. 2.

Nova-GuIngea: Isuarava, Carr 15504 holotypus (Herb. Sing.).

“Flowers dull brownish olive outside, deep crimson inside.” Altitude

c.1,500 m.; Boridi, Carr 14508 (Herb. Sing.). “Fruit olive green.” Allti-

tude c.1,500 m.; Boridi, Carr 14204 (Herb. Sing.). “Flower dark

brown.” Altitude c.1,330 m.

The distinguishing features of this species are the small flowers,

the large, globose, several-seeded, single carpel with hard woody

pericarp, borne on a stalk 5 mm. long and the oblique, steeply as-

cending nerves of the leaf. The male flowers are probably not quite

mature and may become slightly larger. I have not seen female

flowers but the fruit has only one carpel.

The fruit is the second largest in the known New Guinea spe-

cies, that of P. versteegii being probably the largest in the genus.

The latter measures 6-7 cm. long and 45—5-5 cm. broad, but is

cylindrical in shape, not globose. There are several described spe-

cies from New Guinea the fruit of which is as yet unknown.

P. mollis (Warb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Goniothalamus mollis Warb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 13

(1890) 306.

Synonyms: Mitrephora mollis Lauterb. et K. Schum. in Fl. D.-

Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1901) 320. Papualthia mollis (Warb.) Diels

in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 142.

P. nova-guineensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Inter species cum pedunculis plus quam 5 cm. longis haec po-

nenda est sed pedunculis crassioribus, foliis basi leviter cordatis

differt.

Frutex 3 m. altus. Ramuli novelli cum pilis 2 mm. longis dense

obtecti. Folia tenuiter coriacea, oblonga, apice obtusa, basin cor-

datam versus paullo angustata, 18—30 cm. longa, 5-8 cm. lata,

costa excepta, glabra; costa supra pubescens, insculpta, subtus

prominens, parce pilosa; nervi 20-25 pares, supra leviter elevati,

tenues, subtus prominentes, a costa angulo 70—90° abeuntes, sen-

sim adscendentes, prope marginem arcuato-conjuncti; reticula-

tiones utrinque distinctae; petioli 3-5 mm. longi, setosi. Pedunculi

Gardens Bulletin. S.

6—7 cm. longi, axillares, extremo in 2-3 pedicellos, 2-3 cm. !on-

gos, medio minute uno-bracteatos divisi. Flores hermaphroditi (an

semper?). Sepala 2-3 mm. longa, triangularia, acuminata, extus

pubescentia, intus glabra. Petala exteriora 7 mm. longa, membra-

nacea, ovata, reticulata, apice acuta, basi angustata vix ungui-

culata, marginibus pubescentia; petala interiora 1 cm. longa,

coriacea, mitriformia, brevissime unguiculata, extus puberula, in-

tus fibrillis succulentis glandulosis obtecta. Stamina 0-5 mm. longa,

apice plana. Ovaria 3, dense strigosa, 1 mm. longa, stigmatibus

sessilibus terminata. Fructus ignotus. Fig. 3.

Nova-GuINEA: Kokoda, Carr 16186 holotypus (Herb. Sing.).

“Flowers dark brown.” Altitude c.400 m.

A large leaved species with long peduncles. P. dolichonema, P.

filipes, P. sessilifolia and the present species have longer peduncles

than any of the other New Guinea species. Those of P. dolicho-

nema are the longest in the genus, 20-30 cm. long or even more,

those of P. sessilifolia 7-10 cm., the present species 6—7 cm., and

P. filipes about 5 cm. In P. nova-guineensis the leaves are slightly

cordate at the base. The flower is larger than in most New Guinea

species and the inner petals have numerous short, thread-like

glands. Only one mature flower was available for examination and

it was found to be hermaphrodite. It had numerous fertile stamens

and three ovaries. Usually Pseuduvaria has pistils in one flower

and stamens in another but often there are staminodes or one or

two partially fertile stamens in a female flower.

P. puichella (Diels) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea pulchella Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49

(1912) 159.

Type, Schlechter 17057 examined (Herb. Berlin).

P. rhytidophyila (Diels) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea rhytidophylla Diels in Journ. Arn. Arb. 20

(1939) 74.

Type examined, Brass 6736 (Herb. Berlin).

P. sessilifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

In Nova-guinea duae species tantum cum pedunculis longissi-

mis adhuc cognitae sunt, scilicet P. dolichonema et P. sessilifolia

sed ab hac cum pedunculis 20—30 cm. longis, ab illa (P. sessilifolia)

pedunculis 7-10 cm. longis, foliis caudatis sessilibus differt.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 3. Pseuduvaria nova-guineensis J. Sinclair.

Flowering twig

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fig. 4. Pseuduvaria sessilifolia J. Sinclair.

Flowering and fruiting twig.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Frutex 3 m. altus. Ramuli graciles, flexiles, juventute pilis fulvis

erectis 0-5 mm. longis tecti, mox glabri, nigrescentes. Folia mem-

branacea, lanceolata, sessilia, apice acuta, basi rotundata emargi-

nata, subtus secus costam tantum parce pilosa, in altera parte

glabra, 9-14 cm. longa, 2—3-5 cm. lata; nervi 10-12 pares sensim

adscendentes, 3-5 mm. margine arcuato-conjuncti, supra tenues,

subtus conspicui; reticulationes subtus tantum conspicui, laxae

dispositae. Pedunculus 7-10 cm. longus, pedicellis duobus 5 mm.

longis terminatus. Flores masculi: sepala membranacea, ovata,

vix 1 mm. longa; petala exteriora membranacea, rotundata, minute

puberula, 2 mm. diam., petala interiora coriacea, mitriformia, un-

guiculata in partibus cohaerentibus pubescentia, 4 mm. longa;

stamina 0-5 mm. longa, vertice plana. Flores feminei: petala et

sepala ut in masculo; stamina pauci partim fertilia; ovaria 3-4,

strigosa, 1-3 mm. longa, stigmatibus subcapitatis. Fructus juve-

nilis: carpella 3-4; unum carpellum tantum maximum, 6 mm.

diam., minute incano-tomentosum, breviter stipitatum, altera car-

pella minima, conformia, probabiliter cauduca. Fig. 4.

Nova-GulINnEA: Isuarava, Carr 15762 holotypus (Herb. Sing.). Alti-

tude c.1,160 m.

The fruit is very young but it seems that one carpel will develop

at the expense of the rest which will fall. There were several par-

tially fertile stamens and one or two which had larger connec-

tives and looked almost normal in the female flower dissected.

P. silvestris (Diels) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Orophea silvestris Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49

(1912) 160.

Type, Schlechter 17450 examined (Herb. Berlin).

Miscellaneous Notes on Annonaceae

By JAMES SINCLAIR

IN THIS short paper I make one new combination, Meiogyne sub-

sessilis (Ast), one new name, Mitrella dielsii, and one new variety,

Goniothalamus macrophyllus var. siamensis. These concern An-

nonaceae from Indo-China, Borneo and Siam respectively.

Meiogyne subsessilis (Ast) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basinym: Cyathocalyx subsessilis Ast in Suppl. Flore Générale

de L’Indo-Chime Fasc. 1 (1938) 90.

I have examined Poilane 10600, type of Cyathocalyx subsessilis

Ast, locality massif de Dong-che, Annam. The specimen was kindly

loaned from the Museum National D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

The appearance of the leaves and structure of the flower show

that it is not a Cyathocalyx but a Meiogyne.

Mitrella dielsii J. Sinclair, nom. nov.

Synonym: Melodorum beccarii Diels in Notizblatt 11 Nr. 102

(1931) 85 non Melodorum beccarii Schefi. in Ann. Jard. Buiten-

zorg 2 (1885) 24 — Méitrelia beccarii (Schefi.) Diels m Engl.

Bot. Jarb. 49 (1912) 149.

Climber. Twigs at first minutely dark chocolate-puberulous,

later glabrous and biack, finely striate. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic

or oblong, minutely puberulous above, tomentulose beneath, apex

acuminate, base rounded; midrib sunk above, prominent beneath;

main nerves 10-11 pairs, with secondary pairs between them,

very faint above, fine but visible beneath; reticulations not visible

above, fine and faint beneath, forming a close network; length

7-17 cm.; breadth 3-5—6-5 cm.; petiole 1—1-7 cm. long. Pedicels

4 mm. long with a basal and median bract. Sepals connate-iri-

angular, apiculate, dark rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous inside,

3—4 mm. in diam. Outer petals 2-5 cm. long and 3—4 mm. broad,

similar in tomentum to the sepals, broadly ovate to rotundate,

with a central vein, best seen from the inside and a shallow cavity

at the base inside; inner petals 4-5 mm. long and 3-4 mm. broad.

Stamens 2-5 mm. long. Ovaries 2-5 mm. long, glabrous. Carpels

(not mature) very verrucose, oblong, minutely dark rusty-tomen-

tose, 2-2-5 cm. long and 1-5 cm. broad; stalk 5 mm. long or over.

Fig. 1.

Borneo: Sarawak prope fi. Igan, Beccari 3899 (FI.) holotype.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 1. Mitrella dielsii J. Sinclair.

A, Flowering and fruiting twig. B, Outer petal. C, Calyx and inner

petals. D, Stamen, front view. E, Stamen side view. F, Gynoecium.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

é)

Fig. 2. Goniothalamus macrophyllus (B\.) Hk. f. et Th. var. siamensis

A, Leafy twig. B, Fruit.

Sinclair.

16.

Vol. XV. (1956).

The name Melodorum beccarii has already been used for a

New Guinea species and cannot be used for the present if one is

to place Beccari 3899 in Mitrella. The flowers of M. dielsii are

like those of M. kentii but larger. The leaves and fruit are like

those of Pyramidanthe prismatica.

Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Bl.) Hk. f. et Th. var. siamensis J.

Sinclair, var. nov.

A typo foliis elongato-oblongis, angustioribus, interdum falca-

toideis differt.

Folia basi obtusa, 16—22 cm. longa, 2-5—4-5 cm. lata. Fig. 2.

SIAM: Nakawn, Sritamarat, etre I T. Smitinand 821 (BKF.),

altitude 800 m., ‘2nd August,

Shrub 2-3 m. high. Common on slope in evergreen jungle, fruit

oblique, obconical, ripening red-orange. A medicinal plant locally

used for indigestion. Also numbered Royal Forest Dept., Flora

of Thailand 7292.

Two New Malayan Species, Justicia johorensis and

Petraeovitex wolfei

By JAMES SINCLAIR

Justicia johorensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Species ex affinitate J. pubiflorae Cl. a qua foliis pubescentibus

minoribus, bracteis apice acutis (nec rotundatis nec retusis)

differt.

Herba c.60 cm. alta ad nodos radicans. Radices graciles 6-9

cm. longae. Caules teretes minute adpresso-pubescentes cum in-

ternodis 6—10 cm. longis. Folia membranacea ovata vel ovato-

oblonga, supra atro-viridia, subtus griseo-viridia utrinque molliter

pubescentia, apice acuta, basi rotundata vel acuta, saepe imaequi-

lateralia; 5-10 cm. longa, 2—3-5 cm. lata; nervi 8-9 pares valde

curvati, margine conjuncti, supra levissime visibiles, subtus pro-

minentes; reticulationes supra non distinctae, subtus laxae et

prominentes; petioli 1-3 cm. longi, pubescentes supra canaliculati.

Spicae laterales axillares, 7-10 cm. longi. Bracteae foliaceae late

ovato-orbiculares utringue molliter pubescentes, laxe reticulatae,

basi angustatae, apice abrupte acutae, 1-5 cm. longae, 9 mm. latae

cum costa prominenti, purpurea. Bracteolae pubescentes ciliatae

acutae 6 mm. longae. Sepala linearia acuta ciliata 5 mm. longa.

Corolla 1-5 cm. longa alba extus pubescens, labrum posticum 3-

nervatum minute bidentatum, labrum anticum purpureo-guttatum

tridentatum, dente mediano obtuso, alteris dentibus acutis. Sta-

mina 4, duo imteriora 4 mm. longa, duo exteriora 6 mm. longa.

Stylus albus filiformis 1 cm. longus supra glaber basali tertia parte

ciliatus; stigma bifidum. Ovarium 2 mm. longum elongatum, basi

leviter tumidum. Fig. 1.

JoHORE: Sungei Ayer Hitam Besar, Gunong Pulai, Sinclair S.F.N.

39619 (SING., K.) holotype; Gunong Pulai, Md. Nur S.F.N. 7771

(SING.); Sedenak Ridley 12486 (SING.); Kukub on the Tempayang

River, Ridley 13211 (SING.); Sungei Buloh Kasap, Mawai-Jemaluang

Road, Corner, 5th January, 1936 (SING.).

A herb in shade in lowland forest.

Petraeovitex wolfei J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Species ex affinitate P. scortechinii et P. bambusetorum; a priore

foliis glabris inflorescentiae bracteis omnino simplicibus distin-

guitur; ab altera calyce duplo longiore latioreque recedit.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 1. Justicia johorensis J. Sinclair.

A, Flowering stem. B, Longitudinal section of flower. C

Inflorescence

bract. D, Calyx and bracteoles. E, Lower lip of corolla.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Planta lignosa scandens. Folia membranacea, glabra trifoliolata;

petioli 6 cm. longi; foliola elliptica, 9-17 cm. longa, 4-8 cm. lata,

basi acuta, apice acuminata; nervi 4-6 pares, patentes, supra pro-

minuli, subtus prominentes; reticulationes laxae utrinque distinc-

tae; petioluli 6 mm.—1-8 cm. longi. /nflorescentia speciosa, omnino

aurea, pendula, ad 50 cm. longa; ramuli decussati 2-5 cm. longi,

in cymis dichotomis terminati; bracteae foliaceae 8 mm.—3 cm.

longae; pedicelli 3 mm. longi. Calyx 1-8—2 cm. longus, puberulus,

leviter falcatus in 5 lobis 2/3-partitus; lobi post anthesin accres-

centes, patentes, reticulati, mucronulati. Corolla falcata, mox

decidua, quam calyx bracteaeque pallidior, 25 cm. longa, apice

5-lobata; lobi obtusi 4—S mm. longi, unus lobus antice, duo postice

dispositi. Stamina 4, a corollae tubo non exerta, duo 1:2 cm.

longa, duo 1 cm. longa. Stylus filiformis, 2 cm. longus, stigma

bilobatum. Ovarium viride puberulum oblongum, 3 mm. altum,

primum apice obtusum deinde 4-lobatum. Fig. 2.

KepDaH: Selambau, Jeniang Road. 103 milestone, Wolfe and Kadir

S.F.N. 21452 (SING.) holotype; 48th mile Jeniang Road, Kiah S.F.N.

35972 (SING.).

TRENGGANU: Bukit Bauk Forest Reserve, Dungun, Sinclair S.F.N.

39901 (SING.).

Named after Dr. E. D. B. Wolfe, Deputy Director, Medical

Services, Federation of Malaya.

It was introduced into the Botanic Gardens, Singapore by Mr. J.

W. Ewart in 1939 who obtained the plant from Dr. Wolfe. It still

fiourishes in the Gardens and is a handsome climber, free-flower-

ing, with long, pendulous, yellow inflorescences.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 2. Petraeovitex wolfei J. Sinclair.

A, Leaf. B, Inflorescence. C, Older inflorescence with enlarged calyx.

D, Young calyx. E, Enlarged calyx section shewing ovary. F,

Corolla. G, Corolla in longitudinal section.

Additions to the Flora of Singapore and New

Localities in Singapore for some Plants thought

to be Extinct—Part II

By JAMES SINCLAIR

THIS PAPER is a continuation of a previous one with the same title,

published in the Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore, Vol. 14, Part 1,

August 1953. In the present one, eighteen species are listed as

new to Singapore. Five of these are new to Malaya as well,

namely :—Halorrhagis chinensis, Stemodia verticillata, Cymodocea

isoetifolia, C. rotundata and C. serrulata. Halorrhagis is very

probably native, Stemodia is introduced and the three Cymodocea

species are native. Of the eighteen, twelve are at least native and

the other six introduced.

Singapore island has been well explored botanically for many

years and it is somewhat surprising that we should still find twelve

more native species, seven of which are forest plants. It is not sur-

prising to record six introduced plants and more can be expected

to arrive in future years with the ever-extending cultivation.

On the other hand many of our native plants must disappear,

unfortunately, as more and more land is used for building houses,

aerodromes, military barracks, quarries and factories. A consider-

able area has been cleared of vegetation and built on since Part I

of this paper was written. It is gratifying, however, that the few

plants, mentioned in the second part of this paper are not yet

extinct and though rare, are still part of our local botanical

heritage.

A new name, Ardisia rudis J. Sinclair, is given for the Malayan

A. ferruginea Mez, there being already another plant called A.

ferruginea H. B. & K.

I—New Records for Singapore

Shorea collina Ridley in Agric. Bull. Straits & Fed. Malay States

9} 34910) “182. :

Kruing Path, Bukit Timah Forest Reserve, Sinclair S.F.N.

39650, 27th May, 1953.

A young tree, sterile, determined by J. Wyatt-Smith, Forest Re-

serve Institute, Kepong. Not previously recorded for Singapore but

known from Trengganu, Pahang and Johore.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Waltheria indica L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 673.

Sandy seashore by path, Changi, Sinclair S.F.N. 40016, 5th

September, 1953. Native. Very rare.

Not previously recorded from Singapore. In Malaya this plant

grows on sandy sea coasts so it is not surprising that it should

occur at Changi.

Dapania scandens Stapf in Hooker’s Icon. Pl. (1891) T. 1997.

Kruing Path, Bukit Timah Forest Reserve, Sinclair S.F.N.

39648, 27th May, 1953; 15th mile Jurong, Corner s.n., Novem-

ber 1932.

Not previously recorded from Singapore. The plant is probably

extinct now in its Jurong locality where the forest has been cleared.

It still flourishes in Bukit Timah but is very rare. The Singapore

Herbarium contains specimens collected in Kelantan, Perak,

Trengganu, Selangor, Pahang and Johore.

Desmodium laburnifolium DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 337.

In coco-nut plantations between Tuas and Tanjong Gul,

Sinclair 7438, 21st May, 1953; Kampong Melayu, Jalan Eunos,

Corner s.n., July 1944.

Not native. The only other record for Malaya is Ridley 15434,

Kota Tinggi, Johore.

Pygeum griffithii Hk. f., F.B.I. 2 (1878) 322.

Pipeline, Seletar Forest, Sinclair S.F.N. 39615, 9th May, 1953;

Nee Soon Rifle Range, Seletar Forest, Sinclair S.F.N. 40263, 23rd

April, 1954.

Not previously recorded for Singapore but is found in Johore,

Malacca and Selangor.

P. lanceolatum Hk. f., F.B.I. 2 (1878) 319.

~ Seletar Forest beyond No. 2 rifle range, Sinclair S.F.N. 40272,

Ist May, 1954.

Not previously recorded for Singapore although there is a spe-

cimen, Cantley, Singapore, without date, locality or number in

Herb. Sing. The plant is widely distributed throughout lowland

forests in Malaya, so again it is not surprising to find it in

Singapore.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Halorrhagis chinensis (Lour.) Merr. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. nas.

24 (1935) 290.

Synonym: H. scabra (Koenig) Benth. var. elongata Schindl. in

Engl. Pflanzenreich 23 (1905) 28.

Sri Taman, opposite Pulau Sarimbun, Sinclair S.F.N. 40276,

4th May, 1954.

First record for Singapore and for Malaya. Professor C. G. G.

van Steenis, who saw my specimens, S.F.N. 40276, thinks that this

plant is native and not introduced. It is a small herb, easily over-

looked and hence rarely collected. It occurs throughout Malaysia,

though the localities are wide apart. It should be looked for in

other parts of Malaya.

Ardisia rudis J. Sinclair, nom. nov.

Synonym: A. ferruginea Mez in Pflanzenreich 4, 236 (1902)

108.

Swamp forest in deep shade. Off road leading to No. 1 rifle

range, Nee Soon, Seletar Forest, Sinclair $.F.N. 40278, 8th May,

1954. Apparently rare.

Not previously recorded for Singapore. It has been found in

several places in Johore in swampy forest. The name A. ferruginea

cannot be used on account of the earlier A. ferruginea H. B. & K.,

Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3 (1818) 244.

Lindernia sessiliflora (Benth.) Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Naturl.

Pflanzenfam. 4, 3b (1891) 79.

Government House Domain, G. H. Addison s.n., 1st July, 1949;

Botanic Gardens, M. R. Henderson s.n., 12th December, 1940-

J. W. Purseglove 4022, 7th February, 1955.

Not previously recorded for Singapore and not in Ridley’s Flora.

It is mentioned by Henderson as a weed in grass in gardens,

Malayan Wild Flowers 2 (1950) 333 but no localities are given.

Since the above specimens were collected, it is now widespread

over the island. There is one record in Herb. Sing. from Selangor

and doubtless it can now be found throughout Malaya. ©

Stemodia verticillata (Mill.) Boldingh, Zakfl. Landbouwstr. Java

(1916) 165.

Nursery, Botanic Gardens, G. H. Addison s.n., 24th January,

1941; Assistant Botanist’s Quarters, C. X. Furtado, 3rd June,

1942; Director’s Garden, Botanic Gardens, J. W. Purseglove

4023, 7th February, 1955.

Vol; V. (1956).

A veed in the Botanic Gardens, new to Singapore and Malaya.

It hs been known for some time but the records have not been

publshed and it is not mentioned in Ridley’s Flora. _

Andrographis paniculata Nees, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3 (1832) 116.

Private garden Changi Road, B. K. Sahib s.n., 7th June, 1926;

Pulau Damar Laut, Sinclair, 1st November, 1948.

Also a weed in the Botanic Gardens, but not previously recorded

from Singapore. There are specimens from Penang, Province Wel-

lesley and Perak in Herb. Sing.

Litsea gracilipes Hk. f., F.B.I. 5 (1886) 159.

Path leading to rifle range, Nee Soon, Seletar Forest, Sinclair

S.F.N. 40274, 1st May, 1954.

No previous record for Singapore but has been found in peat or

fresh water swamp forest in Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Pahang and

Johore. ©

Quercus sundaica Bl. in Verh. Bat. Genoots. 9 (1825) 216.

114 miles Mandai Road, Sinclair S.F.N. 40203, 20th February,

1954. Sterile. One tree seen.

First record for Singapore although widely distributed in Malaya

and caieocing to Java, Sumatra and Borneo.

Cymodocea isoetifolia Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin

(1867). 3.

Sandy, muddy substratum near low water, Tanah Merah Besar,

Sinclair S.F.N. 39509, 14th March, 1953 and S.F.N. 40537, 6th

‘March, 1955.

_ New record for Singapore and Malaya. Determined by M.

Jacobs, Leiden. Growing in association with Cymodocea serrulata,

C. rotundata, Thalassia hemprichii and Halophila spinulosa. Fig.

-1C and D.

C. rotundata (Ehrb. & Hempr.) Aschers. & Schweinf. in Sitzb.

Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. (1870) 84.

Seashore below half tide, Telok Paku, Sinclair S.F.N. 40527,

17th February, 1955 and seen at Tanah Merah Besar, 6th March,

1955. At Telok Paku in association with St a eee

and Enhalus acoroides.

Gardens Bullén, S.

Fig. 1. A, Cymodocea serrulata leafy shoot. B, Leaf tip magnified. C,

Cymodocea isoetifolia, leafy shoot. D, Leaf tip magnified. E, Halophila

~ spinulosa, leafy shoot. F, Leaf magnified.

Vol. XV. (1956).

New record for Singapore and Malaya. Confirmed by M. Jacobs,

Leiden. Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Cymodocea rotundata (Ehrb. & Hempr.) Aschers & Schweinf.

Leafy shoot.

C. serrulata (R. Br.) Aschers. & Magnus in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr.

Berl. (1870) 84.

Tanah Merah Besar, Sinclair S.F.N. 39508, 14th March, 1953

and S.F.N. 40536, 6th March, 1955; north end of Kampong

Pulau Samulun, Sinclair S.F.N. 38581, 31st July, 1949.

New record for Singapore and Malaya. Determined by M.

Jacobs, Leiden. The Pulau Samulun specimen, Sinclair S.F.N.

38581 was wrongly determined as Thalassia hemprichii and re-

corded in Gardens’ Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 35. Thalassia hempri-

chii however does occur in Singapore and is common at Telok

Paku, Sinclair S.F.N. 40526, 17th February, 1955, determined by

M. Jacobs and was also seen at Tanah Merah Besar in associa-

tion with the other Cymodocea species and Halophila spinulosa.

Fig. 1A and B. and Fig. 3.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fig. 3. Thalassia hemprichii Aschers.

Leafy shoot.

Cyperus sanguineolentus Vahl ssp. cyrtostachys (Mig.) Kern in

Reinwardtia 3, 1 (1954) 57.

Marshy ground at fish ponds, off 9 mls. Changi Road (north

side), Sinclair S.F.N. 40538, 10th March, 1955.

First record for Singapore. Previous records are from Kedah,

Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Negri Sembilan. A weed of

cultivation.

Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitch. in Lign. Sci. Journ. 7 (1929)

249.

By canal at 6th mile between Bukit Timah Road and Dunearn

Road, Sinclair S.F.N. 40373, 24th September, 1954.

Not previously recorded for Singapore. Introduced, now spread-

ing and in quantity.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Ii—Rare Plants thought to be Extinct

Barclaya motleyi Hk. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 23 (1862) 157, T. 21.

In stream, road between No. 1 and No. 2 rifle ranges, Nee Soon,

Seletar Forest, Sinclair S.F.N. 40337, 17th July, 1954.

Recorded in Ridley’s Flora from Bukit Timah, date 1892. It

has not been seen in Bukit Timah for many years. There is an-

other record, Ridley, date 1894 from Ang Mo Kio.

Brownlowia lanceolata Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 5, Suppl. 2

(1861) 57.

This was mentioned in Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 38 as being

rare in Singapore and that it was probably extinct at Kranji

(Ridley 6294). 1am glad to say now that I have found it in quan-

tity in Kranji Nature Reserve in 1954. It does not often flower

and is easily overlooked. There is yet another record from Sungei

Seletar, about 4 mile east of Nee Soon, Sinclair 39692, 27th June,

1953.

Ardisia villosa Roxb. in Carey & Wall., Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1824)

274; Ridley, F.M.P. 2 (1923) 251.

Synonym: A. vestita Wall. in Carey & Wall., Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2

(1824) 274 in obs. (1923) 251.

Seletar Forest beyond No. 2 rifle range, Sinclair S.F.N. 40273,

Ist May, 1954.

Although common in parts of Malaya, there is a single sheet in

Herb. Singapore, Ridley 2809 from Pulau Ubin and no specimen

from Singapore Island. Ridley mentions the Pulau Ubin specimen

in his flora.

Alstonia spathulata Bl. Bijdr. 2 (1826) 1037.

Marshy ground by fish ponds, off 93 miles Changi Road (north

side), Sinclair 40541, 10th March, 1955. Recorded in Ridley’s

Flora from Tanglin but there is no specimen in Herb. Singapore.

Tanglin area has long since been well drained and it is extremely

unlikely to occur there now. Three trees were seen at Changi

Road. These are very old and have long ago been cut down to

near the base of the trunk which is obscured by many coppice-

shoots. What remain now are dense bushes up to 4 m. high, so

the efforts of those trying to exterminate this last record from

Singapore have not been entirely successful.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Artocarpus anisophylla Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 422.

More localities in Singapore for this tree have been noted since

Part I of this paper was written Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1953)

38 and it seems now to be not uncommon. It can still be found

in the Gardens’ Jungle. Other records are Bukit Timah Forest

Reserve at the Fern Valley and in the MacRitchie Reservoir oft

Lornie Road.

Halophila spinulosa (R. Br.) Aschers. in Neumayer, Anleit. Wiss.

Beob. (1875) 368.

Creeping in sandy, muddy substratum near low water, Tanah

Merah Besar, Sinclair $.F.N. 40535, 6th March, 1955. Rare.

The only previous record is from near Pulau Tekong, Henderson

and Corner s.n., 16th June, 1929. In 1-8 metres below tide level

on muddy bottom. Fig. 1E and F.

Rhynchospora glauca Vahl var. chinensis (Boeck.) C.B.CL in Hk.

f., F.B.I. 6 (1893) 672.

Telok Bahru, Sinclair S.F.N. 40523, 17th February, 1955. Very

rare. There are no recent collections in Herb. Singapore. It was

collected by Ridley near the above locality in 1890 (Ridley 1722).

Other localities in Singapore with dates are Balestier Plain, Rid-

ley 9144, date 1898; Changi Beach, Ridley, date 1892. Blakan

Mati, Ridley 5791, date 1892. It has been found in Perlis, Kedah,

Trengganu, Pahang and Johore.

Cyathea glabra (Bl.) Copel. in Phil. Journ. Sci. 4C (1909) 35.

In swamp forest beyond target end of No. 1 rifle range, Nee

Soon, Seletar Forest, Sinclair S.F.N. 40270, 19th September,

1954, rare.

It has not been collected in Singapore since 1907. The previous

records are from Stagmount, Bukit Mandai and Bukit Timah.

A Note on Embelia ridieyi King and Gambie

By JAMES SINCLAIR

By CHANCE, when examining some Embelia species in the Singa-

pore Herbarium, I was surprised to see that Embelia ridleyi King

and Gamble was not an Embelia at all but a species of Horsfteldia,

namely Horsfieldia canarioides (King) Warb., synonym H. race-

mosa (King) Warb.

Embelia ridleyi King and Gamble was published in “Materials,

Flora Malayan Peninsula” volume 4 no. 17 (1905) 112. It is also

mentioned in Ridley’s “Flora of the Malay Penisula” volume 2

(1923) 234. The type, Ridley 6324, is from Bukit Mandai, Sin-

pore. There is one more sheet from Chua Chu Kang, Singapore,

Ridley, date 7th May, 1895. Both are deposited in the Singapore

Herbarium. King and Gamble state, “Climbing shrub ? Calyx

lobes 4-5, ovate, gland-dotted, very small. Corolla and rest not

seen.” Ridley says that it is a large climber at the edges of woods,

very rare and not seen again, probably extinct.

In Horsfieldia canarioides the perianth lobes are split nearly to

the base and open wider than in most other species of Horsfieldia.

The usual number is three but there are often four and sometimes

five. There is only one whorl of lobes and no separate corolla.

The leaves superficially recall those of Embelia coriacea. Perhaps

for these reasons King, Gamble and Ridley were misled. There

are, however, no climbing species in the genus Horsfieldia. At

Mandai Road, the bases of the tree trunks in the forest, being at a

lower level than the road, are often obscured with undergrowth

_and it might be quite easy to mistake a tree for a climber in this

way. H. canarioides also found at Bukit Timah has not been col-

lected in Singapore for many years and is now probably extinct.

It occurs, however, in Johore, Malacca, Selangor, Perak, Penang

and Kedah.

10.

12.

13.

14.

aS.

16.

il ade a al le age ee

PALMAE MALESICAE—XIX

The Genus Calamus in the Malayan Peninsula

By C. X. FURTADO

Botanic Gardens, Singapore

CONTENTS

Introduction :

Morphology of Calamus Species

Calamus differentiated from Daemonorops

Distribution

Sections .

Summary

Clavis Sectionum .

Sectio Podocephalus

Key to the Species

Enumeration of the Species

Sectio Macropodus

Key to the Species

Enumeration of the Species

Sectio Rhombocalamus

Key to the Species

Enumeration of the Species

New, Non-Malayan Species

Sectio Phyllanthectus subsect. Phyllanthectus

Key to the Species :

Enumeration of the Species

Sectio Phyllanthectus subsect. Cirruliferus

Key to the Species

Enumeration of the Species

Sectio Platyspathus

Key to the Species

Enumeration of the Species

Sectio Coleospathus subsect. Coleospathus

Key to the Species

Enumeration of the Species

List of Collectors’ Numbers . :

Index to Sections, Species and Varieties

Index to Vernacular Names .

1. Introduction

THIS PAPER is an outcome of a study of the Peninsular material of

Calamus in the Singapore herbarium. With the aid of specimens

having all their components numbered carefully in the field by

Mr. E. J. H. Corner and myself, it was possible to detect a good

many mixtures in the herbarium and to clarify the systematic

status of some species hitherto obscure or confused. Some large

solitary stemmed species are not yet well represented in the her-

barium, either because they are confused with others in the field,

or because the paucity of flowers or fruits on each plant deters one

from spending much time and labour needed in felling forest trees

to get specimens from such large rattans. Collections from such

species are best made at a time when the forestry department is

removing useful timber from felling areas. On the other hand col-

lectors do not seem to recognise readily the specific distinctions

existing in smaller rattans that are common on mountains, so that

the insufficient material in herbaria suggests that the collectors

have been afraid of making unnecessary duplicates; sometimes

material from different plants of these species is also found mixed,

a little from each, obviously with the intention of showing the male

and the female flowers, fruit or other relevant parts of what col-

lectors considered as representing the same species. Carefully

numbered specimens of these rattans are, therefore, still required

to clarify their status and affinities, and to show the range of varia-

tion within each species.

To be useful for critical studies, a rattan specimen should have

the following parts; leaf-sheaths to show the armature and the

presence or absence of a flagellum (see below) and of the knee-

like swelling (geniculum) at the base of the petiole; a portion to

show the size of the petiole and its armature; portions of leaf-

lamina to show the variation and the arrangement in leaflets and

the way the leaf terminates; the peduncle to show its size and

armature; parts of the spadix to show the variation and armature

in its different parts and also to show the way it ends; and por-

tions of the juvenile or the radical leaf to show its deviations from

the normal adult leaf. Since large specimens cannot be mounted in

the herbarium, they should be cut into convenient sized portions,

but every bit from the same plant (or clump) should have a tag

bearing a common number of the collection, letters being added to

the number to indicate any deviation from the normal adult form.

Field notes should include all information needed for the correct

Gardens Bulletin, S.

sorting and labelling of the different parts of the specimen. It would

be however of great benefit to include in the notes particulars con-

cerning the size, habit, habitat, and any other peculiarity that

characterises the plant in the field but which cannot be observed

in small bits of herbarium specimens. It is important never to mix

specimens taken from two distinct individuals (or clumps) even

when these two individuals (or clumps) appear to be specifically

identical in the field. Without proper clues it is not easy for syste-

matics to sort such mixtures in the herbarium, and so many taxo-

nomic confusions have been the result.

Foresters will also prefer to have three or four samples of canes,

each about 40—S0 cm. long bearing the number of the collection;

these will help to coordinate the economic data of the canes under

their botanical names.

2. Morphology of Calamus Species

Calamus species are palms belonging to a class commonly

known as rattans (malacca canes), which are members of a still

larger group characterised in having their fruits scaly on the out-

side and known botanically as Lepidocaryeae. A great majority

of the species of Calamus are climbing, some are known to attain

the length of 500 feet; but erect or stemless species are also known,

though only a few in the genus. The individual stems may be

solitary or in clumps.

Like other rattans, Calamus species bear spines in many of their

vegetative and reproductive parts, and the nature of these spines

varies according to their location or function. Possibly the spines

act as a protection for Calami against grazing or being trampled

or damaged in other ways by animals, or are vestiges to show that

these plants needed such protection during the course of their

evolution. However, some spines are specially adapted to enable

the plants to climb by fixing the spines on the neighbouring trees.

These last mentioned spines have a thickened base and a sharp,

curved tip, reminding one of a cat’s claws; hence the term “claws”

(ungues) has been generally employed to describe these spines,

though this term bears a different meaning when applied in des-

cribing non-palmaceous plants. The parts with which these claws

are most associated are the lower surface of the leaf-rachis, and

the whip-like structures that give many climbing species support

on distant trees and branches; the claws are often joined laterally

so as to make them 3—5 digitate in the leaf-rachis, and whorled or

nearly so in the whips.

Vol. XV. (1956).

(A)

Terminal portion of a leaf to show a cirrus

Gardens Bulletin, S.

These whips may be classified in two categories according to

their origin, though both have the same function, namely, as

climbing aids. In one category the whip represents a continuation

of the leaf-rachis, and is termed a cirrus. In the other category the

whip is either a sterile spadix or the long end of a fertile spadix;

this has been called by Beccari a flagellum.* As a rule one does

not find a very long cirrus on plants which are flagelliferous; but

Calamus ornatus as represented in Malaya (var. horridus) pro-

duces, when young, leaves having a long cirrus which gradually

disappears when the plant has been flowering for some time, so

that in the earlier stages of flowering one may find both flagelli-

form spadices and long-cirrused leaves on one and the same plant.

However, in adult plants of many species a short, reduced cirrus

may be associated with a long flagellum, while a short, flagelliform

appendix may be present on spadices of plants producing a long

cirrus. Neither of these whips would be found on non-scandent

species. The presence or the absence, and the length of these whips

form therefore a good diagnostic character for classifying the

species into sections.

The leaves are generally pinnate, bearing ensiform, linear or

elliptic leaflets, occasionally rhomboidal or flabelloid, but never

falcate or sigmoid. The leaflets are usually narrowed to a bristly

point where the principal veins meet, but in rhomboidal leaflets

the longitudinal nerves end at different lengths, only the central

nerve reaching the apex. One species, Australian, is known to

have praemorse elliptic leaflets.

The number of main nerves (costae) on each leaflets is often an

important diagnostic character, as also the presence or absence of

setae on these nerves. Setae are also present along the margins of

the leaflets, though they may fall early during the leaflet’s develop-

ment. The leaflets may be arranged in groups, or may be equidis-

tant or subequidistant, or there may be a mixed arrangement. The

apex of leaf may terminate in a single leaflet or a pair of leaflets,

or, as already stated above, in a short or long whip-like rachis

without any leaflets. In the climbing species, leaves growing from

the base or the rhizome (radical leaves) are generally different

from those on the climbing stem; the former are never cirriferous.

The petiole varies a good deal in length according to the species,

being almost absent in some cases; but in leaves borne in the juve-

nile parts of the climbing stem and in the radical leaves, the petiole

* The descriptive terms adopted here are those proposed by Beccari in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) Part 1. The species of Calamus.

This work should be consulted for a more detailed account of the mor-

phology of Calamus.

Vol. XV. (1956).

is often very much longer than on the leaves borne in adult parts.

In climbing species, a swelling (geniculum) is present just below

the petiole of the leaf; it appears to be due to a contraction or

shortening of the tissues at the base of the petiole, and apparently

serves to hook the claws of the leaf-rachis on to the bark of sup-

porting plants and thereby obtain a firm support. This gibbosity

does not occur in the leaves produced at non-climbing stages.

The leaf-sheath (vagina) is enlarged below the base of the

petiole to form a complete tube covering the entire internode and

also a portion of the next internode above; only in the leaves of

non-climbing species or produced at a non-climbing stage the leaf-

sheaths are more or less open ventrally. At the mouth of the leaf-

sheath tube, at the point where the sheath passes into the petiole,

there is the ligule (ocrea) which is tubular, membranous or char-

taceous in young stages, but lacerate, usually shrivelling and be-

coming deciduous later. In some species from New Guinea and in

all the African ones, the ocrea is extraordinary large, more or less

persistent, and has many other peculiarities. In the Indo-Malayan

species the ocrea is generally reduced and deciduous. The arma-

ture on the leaf-sheath and of its rim, and the length of ocrea,

afford clues of very great value to distinguish between the species.

Where the leaf-sheath is open, ocrea may occur on the margins.

The mode in which spadices arise in Calamus is very peculiar

and is not found in palms outside rattans. Normally the spadix is

axillary in palms, though in some cases the axillary spadix-bud

does not develop until long after the fall of the axillant leaf. In

many monocarpic palms where the stem terminates its vegetative

growth by producing an apical spadix, one notices that the actual

apical bud has aborted and the branches of the so-called terminal

spadix arise each in the axil of a reduced bract. In palms which

have coriaceous and tubular leaf-sheaths and which do not belong

to the rattan group, the spadix may be borne in one of the two

ways; it may emerge by puncturing the base of the sheath still

attached to the stem or it may develop between the leaf-sheath

and the stem until the leaf-sheath falls off to enable the spadix to

attain its full growth. Neither of these procedures occurs in the

genus Calamus, where the spadix is inserted outside on the leaf-

sheath just by the side of, or opposite to, the petiole, though often

at a level slightly lower than that of the petiole’s insertion on the

same sheath. However from the ridge of fibro-vascular bundles

that passes down the sheath into the internode below, the conciu-

sion seems that at an early stage of evolution, when the genus was

still plastic, the protective tight covering of the leaf-sheath did not

Gardens Bulletin, S.

a, sheath; b, geniculum; c, ocrea; d, petiole; f, flagellum.

Vol. XV. (1956).

allow the primordial axillary spadix to differentiate itself until

there were no obstacles in the way of its free development; and so

the spadix, though axillary in origin, grew within the tissue only

to appear externally on the leaf-sheath of the following leaf.

Male spikelet. a, spathel; b, involucre; c, male flower.

Spadices vary in length and may be classed into four categories

as follows:—

(1) The spadix is very long, flagelliform, much longer than

the leaves, which are non-cirriferous, or subcirriferous;

(2) The spadix is nearly as long as the leaf which may be

shortly cirriferous;

(3) The spadix with its abortive flagellum (if any present) is

much shorter than the leaf which is provided with a

very long cirrus; and

(4) The spadix is very much shorter than the leaf which is

imparipinnate, paripinnate or subcirriferous (separated

as a new genus Cornera).

These characters combined with those of the spikelets and in-

volucrophores (vide infra) are of great use in grouping the species

in a given section according to their affinities and in distinguishing

between the species that are likely to be confused in the field.

The primary branches on a spadix are called partial inflores-

cences; and these may themselves bear flowers or be subdivided

again to bear secondary branches, and so on, so that the flowers

Gardens Bulletin, S.

may be borne on secondary, tertiary or quaternary branches. As a

rule primary branches are long, distant and pendulous in the first

category of spadices mentioned above, slender, nearer to each

other and shorter in the second category, stouter and much closer

in the third, and congested and short in the fourth (Cornera).

Often the axis on which the branches are inserted is so developed

that each branch appears to arise at the mouth of its axillant

spathe, or much outside it; in a few groups of species the base of

the branch is long and remains inserted within its axillant spathe

and is said to be pedicellate. One calamoid species from New

Guinea (Schizospatha setigera) has been separated from Calamus

because the primary branches of the spadix emerge by puncturing

the primary spathes—a phenomenon not seen in other calamoid

species (Furtado in Gard. Bull. Singapore, XIV, 1955 p. 525).

The spadix may be either seed-bearing or male. A seed-bearing

spadix produces female flowers each of which is usually accom-

panied by a male flower. However, this male flower, though it

may develop and bear pollen, is often without pollen or falls off

long before it is mature, and so, as in Daemonorops, the precise

function of this flower is not yet very clear. Following the termi-

nology of Beccari, this acolyte flower has been termed neuter and

the seed-bearing spadix female. The male spadices, on the other

hand, have only male flowers. As in Daemonorops, it is enough to

examine one spadix or even a spikelet to know the sex of all the

spadices that were produced or will be produced on the same

individual plant and on all the individual stems if they grow in the

same clump; for both kinds of spadices are not known to be pro-

duced on the same plant or in the same clump. However there are

Female spikelet. a, spathel; b, involucrophore; c, involucre; d, areola; e,

female flower.

Vol. XV. (1956).

occasional abnormalities; thus a female spadix may be found bear-

ing only male flowers in its apical spikelets, but this is not a

characteristic of the species.

Spathes are essentially tubular and nearly as long as the in-

cluded internode, or sometimes even longer. In its peduncular

parts, the spadix may bear one or two spathes which are usually

bicarinate, and differ from the others in armature. Spathes on the

main axis of the spadix are primary, while those on the primary

and secondary branches are termed respectively secondary and

tertiary spathes.

Flowers are never borne on the main axis of the spadix, but on

its ultimate branches (spikelets) which, as said above, may be

primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary branches. Usually only

one spikelet grows in the axil of a spathe, but in rare instances

(e.g. C. polystachys) 2—3 spikelets may arise from the axil of a

spathe (as a result of the abbreviation of the axis of the branch

bearing the spikelets). The lower spikelets are always larger than

the upper ones, and some of lower ones may have short lateral

branches.

The flowers arise each in the axil of a small spathe (spathel).

In the female spikelets, the spathels are tubular or somewhat fun-

nel-shaped; only in rare cases the spathel is reduced to an annular,

bracteole-like structure. The stalk of a female flower is somewhat

complex. Its lowermost part (involucrophore) is short and has a

cup-shaped apex. Moulded into this apex is another cup-shaped

pedicel called an involucre. The involucrophore is inserted at the

mouth of its axiliant spathel or above it, or even at the base of it,

and may be sessile or conspicuously stalked. The involucre bears

a female flower, but on the outer side of the flower there is an-

other niche-like dent (areola) which bears the neuter flower. In

some species, two female flowers each with its separate involucre

and acolyte neuter flower are found on one involucrophore. The

facts that the involucrophore bears sometimes two flowers, each

with its own separate involucre, and that it reproduces many

characteristics inherent in the higher subdivisions of the spadix

show that the involucrophore is an abbreviate spikelet axis.

The male spikelet is shorter but bears flowers more densely.

The spathels, which are bifariously disposed, are much expanded

on the side of the flower, so that they look like boat-shaped bracts.

Inside the spathel is the involucre on which is inserted the male

flower. Occasionally in some species male flowers may be found

Gardens Bulletin, S.

in groups of two or more, each with its own reduced spathel, the

entire group being inserted in the axil of a primary spathel.

The female flower is usually short and stout, having a cupular

or subcampanulate calyx, more or less deeply three toothed. The

corolla which has segments usually more deeply divided and nar-

rower than those of the calyx, is, as a rule, nearly as long as, or

slightly longer than, the calyx; but in a few cases the corolla is

much longer. The ovary is globular, oblong, ovaie or obovate, and

is covered like the ovaries of the other Lepidocaryeae with imbri-

cate scales. The style is divided into three short stigmata, each

corresponding to a loculus below; but out of these three loculi,

only one generally develops to make the fruit one-seeded.

Female spikelet (vertical section). a, spathel; b, involucrophore; c, involucre.

The perianth formed of calyx and corolla persists till the fruit

is fully developed. After the fertilisation of the ovary, the perianth

will sometimes become thick and hard and acquire a special shape

so as to offer a good diagnostic character, two main classes being

based on whether the perianth on the fruit is deeply divided and

flattened, or pedicelliform.

The fruit is covered with scales arranged in definite longitudinal

series (orthostichies). This number of scale-series offers a good

diagnostic character, since the numerical variation in scales in a

given species or variety is very limited. The range of variation in

the series for the whole genus is 12—27, and the species having

less than 18 vertical series vary less than those with more. Under-

neath the scales and surrounding the seed is a fleshy edible integu-

ment which being pleasant to taste makes the large fruits

marketable. The seed is usually bifacial being depressed on one

side (chalazal side), and differs in shape and size and in rumina-

tion according to the species. In some species the ruminations are

very superficial and then the fruit is described as having a homo-

geneous albumen; in other cases the ruminations are very deep;

Vol. XV. (1956).

but there are also gradations between these two extremes. The

embryo is basal or lateral, or near to the centre of the undepressed

side of the seed.

The male flower is longer and more slender than the female, the

longest being about 1 cm. The calyx is tubular and slightly 3-lobed;

the corolla is much longer than the calyx and divided nearly to

the base. The stamens are 6 in number arranged in one or two rows

round an abortive ovary.

The neuter flower is very like the male, but smaller, and usually

provided with undeveloped anthers; but developed anthers may

be occasionally found. Hence the term “neuter” may not be appro-

priate to characterize these flowers, but so far it has helped to

avoid many confusions in specific descriptions. The flower is

inserted in a special niche (areola) on the outer side of the in-

volucre bearing the female flower.

Fruit. a, perianth; b, fruit; c, seed showing the depression (fovea) (d);

e, seed vertically cut to show the fovea (d) and embryo (f).

Three Malayan species (one of which is new) have been re-

moved from Calamus to Cornera. This genus is characterized by

ecitriferous or subcirriferous, leaves short, non-flagelliform spadi-

ces, primary spathes which are tubular at base but somewhat

dilated upward ending in an auriculiform apex; short primary

spadix branches, each having the appearance of being the elonga-

tion of the main axis, while the continuation of the main axis

looks like a branch; short spikelets; congested, large, secund or

subsecund flowers, and large fruits with unchannelled scales.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

3. Calamus differentiated from Daemonorops

The morphological characters in the preceding section may be

summarized thus:

Dioecious, or sometimes androgynous, polycarpic plants, with

slender, long or dwarf, climbing, erect or almost acaulescent stems;

often provided with long whips, each representing a prolongation

of a fertile or sterile spadix (flagellum) or of a leaf-rachis (cirrus);

variously armed in different parts of spadices usually elongated

and as long as, or longer than the pinniferous portion of the leaf,

but sometimes considerably shorter; spathes persistent, tubular but

sometimes expanded in the broad, entire or lacerate lamina in the

terminal part; flowers unisexual, with bifarious or quadrifarious

arrangement on the spikelets; the female spadices having male or

neuter flower accompanying the female flower; the involucrophore

and involucre of the female flower usually cup or saucer-shaped

at apex; female calyx more or less deeply 3-lobed, nearly as long

as, or shorter than, the corolla; fruit covered with scales; albumen

homogeneous, or slightly or deeply ruminate; embryo basal or

lateral.

The genus Daemonorops is very like Calamus, but never has the

following characters; flagelliferous leaf-sheaths; persistent spathes

tubular at the base; strong claws on the spathes and spadix-axis;

funnel-shaped tubular female spathels; involucrophore with a cup

—or saucer-shaped apex; a deeply lobed female calyx, the latter

nearly as long as the corolla, homogeneous albumen and lateral

embryo. All these characters are found in Calamus, though not

all in the same species, only the characters marked in italics being

common to all the Malayan Calami. By means of these characters,

even imperfect specimens of Calamus (or of Cornera and Schizos-

patha) may be distinguished from those of Daemonorops.

4. Distribution

The centre of development of the genus Daemonorops is Malaya,

Sumatra, and Borneo, and to a diminished extent in the Philip-

pines, Celebes and Java, though a few species may be found in the

neighbouring regions: Eastern Bengal and Assam, Andamans,

Burma, Siam, Cochin-China, Lower China and the Aru Islands.

‘The centre of the development of the genus Calamus is, however,

much wider, extending from Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java,

Philippines, Celebes to New Guinea in the East, and Cochin-

China, Siam, Burma and Bengal in the North, and Ceylon, and

Malabar in the West. Some Calami also occur in Australia,

Southern parts of China and Japan, in the Himalayas, and in West

Africa.

Vol. XV. (1956).

5. Sections

There have been some attempts in the past to divide the genus

into sections on the persistency of the primary spathes, and on the

nature of their upper half (Griffith, 1844), and on the origin and

the presence of the whip-like structures (Ridley, 1907), or on a

compromise of these two systems (Martius, 1850). Beccari, to

whom much credit is due for clearing up the confusion that existed

in the generic and specific identity of many rattans, subdivided

Calamus in sixteen groups, but did not name them botanically;

these were based on the characters of spathes and the stalks of

spikelets, the shape of leaflets, and the presence or absence of the

whip-like structures at the end of the leaves or on the leaf-sheaths.

These characters, plus the comparative length of the spadix in

relation to the leaves, have been found to afford a good means of

grouping the species according to their affinities. Hence the genus

has been divided here into seven sections. One section Afrocala-

mus is restricted entirely to Africa. There is an evidence that many

of the New Guinea species would form a section or a subsection

by themselves, but the material at my disposal is not sufficient for

a conclusive decision.

6. Summary

In Ridley’s Flora Malay Pen. V (1925) which is the latest ex-

tensive treatment of the Malayan species of Calamus, only 46

species have been treated under the genus, including the one (C.

Griffithianus) which has been reduced to a variety of C. castaneus.

In the present treatment there are 72 not including the three

Malayan species (two old and one new) that have been transferred

to Cornera (Furtado in Gard. Bull. Sing. XIV, 1955 pp. 518-

525). Ridley’s Plectocomiopsis ferox which was excluded from

that genus being a species of Calamus (Furtado in Gard. Bull.

Sing. XIII, 1951 p. 338 t. 14) has been recognised as C. concin-

nus; there is some doubt as to the leaf-sheath, but the possibility

that the species produces such leaf-sheaths in older stage is not

excluded. The results may be summarised as follows:—

(a2) NEW SPECIES (recorded by their specific epithets only;

balingensis, belumutensis, benomensis, chibehensis,

Corneri, distichoideus, flabelloideus, Hendersonii,

Holttumii, kemamanensis, Koribanus, mawaiensis,

Moohousei, oreophilus, padangensis, pandanosmus,

peregrinus, riparius, speciosissimus, spectatissimus,

Tanakadatei, tumidus; and two non-Malayan: penibu-

kanensis and Slootenii. .

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(b) NEW VARIETIES: C. castaneus var. Griffithianus (C.

Griffithianus), C. ciliaris var. peninsularis, C. Diepen-

horstii var. kemamanensis, C. javensis var. laevis, C.

Oxleyanus var. montanus, C. perakensis var. gracilis,

and C. siamensis var. malaianus.

thus, C. Oxleyanus var. obovatus, and C. Manan.

(d) SYNONYMS REVIVED: C. bubuensis and C. multira-

meus.

(e) SPECIES UNACCOUNTED: C. pacificus Ridl. (= C.

Diepenhorstii? ).

(f) SPECIES TYPIFIED: C. longispathus and C. elegans.

In order to clarify the affinities of the species and facilitate

identification, the genus has been divided into seven Sections and

four Subsections. It was found that five new sectional and two

new subsectional names had to be coined, the rest being given old

names created by Griffith (1845). These sections do not include

the Calami separated to form the new genera, Cornera and Schi-

zospatha (Furtado in Gard. Bull. Singap. XIV, 1955 pp. 517-

329).

NEW SECTIONS: 1. Podocephalus, 2. Macropodus, 3. Airo-

calamus, 4. Phombocalamus, 5. Phyllanthectus subsect.

Phyllanthectus, 6. Phyllanthectus subsect. Cirruliferus,

7. Platyspathus, 8. Coleospathus subsect. Caryotoideus,

9. Coleospathus subsect. Coleospathus.

Of these, the Section 3 is exclusively of African species, and the

Subsection 8 is wholly Australian (monotypic).

7. CLAVIS SECTIONUM

la. Spiculae valde pedicellatae, infra apicem vel prope basin

spatharum orientes. (Species scandentes cirriferae vel ecir-

riferae; unica species, C. Flagellum, flagellifera)

1. PODOCEPHALUS Furtado.

(Beccari’s Groups I, IIB, & XIV).

Ib. Spiculae haud pedicellatae, prope spatharum apicem

Co | VE a eres ee wes oe (2)

2a. Involgegapherasipedieciiata 2.0... ... SRS P SE oe ci: (3)

2b. Involwerepuora sessilia vel. fere. .-. ...0..stueemecd «ee = soe (4)

Vol. XV. (1956).

3a. Involucrophorum pedicellatum exsertum, prope spathellae

apicem oriens. Perianthium fructiferum pedicelliforme.

Ocrea in latere axiali elongata. (Species omnes Asiaticae

non-Africanae)

2. MACROPODUS Furtado.

(Beccari’s Groups VII, Vill, & XII).

3b. Involucrophorum pedicellatum, haud exsertum, prope spath-

ellae basin oriens. Perianthium fructiferum explanatum.

Ocrea in latero abaxiali liguliformiter producta (Species

omnes Africanae)

3. AFROCALAMUS Furtado.

(Beccari’s Group III)

(Typus: C. deeratus Mann & Wendl).

4a. Foliola linearia vel elliptica, haud rhomboidea, cum costis

primariis vel subprimariis omnibus eorum apicem attin-

gentibus, vel in unica specie apice praemorsa ........ (5)

4b. Foliola utrinque attenuata, rhomboidea, costa primaria me-

diana tantum ad apicem attingente, alteris costis altitudine

diversa evanescentibus. (Species flagelliferae, cirro brevi

vel abortivo praeditae).

4. RHOMBOCALAMUS Furtado.

(Beccari’s Group XI).

Sa. Species scandentes figagelliferae; non-scandentes non-flagelli-

ferae. Spadices frondibus multo longiores. Frondes apice

surbcirriferac.. VigkeeeeeMMSEAG As \..< bans swe sions ee we wa we (6)

Sb. Species non-flagelliferae. Spadices frondibus plerumque mino-

res. Frondes ex speciebus scandentibus conspicue cirriferae,

ex speciebus erectis vel semi-scandentibus ecirriferae, sub-

cirriferae aut imparipinnatae.

5. PHYLLANTHECTUS Furtado... .(A).

(Beccari’s Group XY).

Aa. Frondes sine cirro quam spadices multo longiores.

Spadices crassi, robusti, unguibus valdis armati,

breviter pedunculati. Caudices plerumque crassi,

scandentes

Phyllanthectus subsectio Phyllanthectus.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Ab. Frondes ecirriferae vel subcirriferae vel breviter cir-

riferae, sine cirro spadiciebus fere aequilongae.

Spadices graciles unguibus debilibus armati vel

inermes, erectiusculi vel funiformes, pro rata longe

pedunculati. Caudices plerumque graciles vel

acaulescentes

Phyllanthectus subsectio Cirruliferus Furtado.

6a. Spathae primariae basi tantum stricte tubulares, apicem versus

laminares vel loriformes vel fissae, interdum laceratae.

(Frondes ecirriferae)

6. PLATYSPATHUS Griff.

(Beccari’s Groups HA & VI).

6b. Spathae primariae per totam longitudinem stricte tubulares

7. COLEOSPATHUS Griff... .(B).

Ba. Foliola praemorsa (dua apicalia basi connata)

subsectio Caryotoideus Furtado.

(Beccari’s Group V Species No. 43)

(Species unica: C. caryotoides All. Cunn).

Bb. Foliola haud praemorsa, apice acuta vel acuminata.

(Frondes ecirriferae vel subcirriferae.

subsectio Coleospathus.

(Beccari’s IV, V, IX, & XIII}

I. Sectio PODOCEPHALUS Furtado sect. nov.

Vaginae frondium non-fiagelliferae. Frondes cirriferae vel ecirriferae.

Spadices haud fliagelliformes, frondibus minores. Spathae tubulares.

Spiculae pedicellatae, pedicellis prope spatharum basin axillanthium

orientibus. Involucrophora sessilia vel subpedicelliformia, haud exserta.

Perianthium fructiferum explanatum. Albumen seminis ruminatum vel

aequabile.

DISTRIBUTIO: Species hujus sectionis paucae, in Ceylona, Nico-

baria, Andamania, Malaya, Java, Celebesia et Nova Guinea incolunt.

SPECIES TYPICA: C. aquatilis.

The species of this section are distinguished by having pedicel-

late spikelets. Beccari’s Groups I, IIB & XIV are therefore in-

cluded here. The leaves may be ecirriferous, or cirriferous, and the

involucrophores are short, sessile or subpedicelliform, not exsert

nor conspicuously pedicelliform.

In this section some species belonging to Beccari’s Groups I &

IIB, have large flowers and fruits as in the genus Cornera, but the

spikelets are not congested, the flowers are bifarious and the fruit

scales are channelled in the middle.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Key to the Malayan Species

(a) Leaves not cirriferous. Stems small, erect or trailing, never

climbing. Leaf-sheaths armed with brownish, solitary, flat,

triangular spines.

C. castaneus Griff. and its var.

Griffithianus (Mart.) Furtado.

(aa) Leaves strongly cirriferous. Stems, long, climbing. Leaf-

sheaths armed with blackish, often criniform spines.

(b) Spines on the leaf-sheaths criniform and laminar mixed,

reflexed, often confluent at the base into horizontal

rows, or generally incomplete rings. The geniculum

not densely armed except at the very base. Spikelets.

one at each spathe.

C. aquatilis Rid.

(bb) Spines on the leaf-sheaths criniform, thickly set,

generally seated on broad membranous reversed

(decussate) complete rings. Geniculum thickly cover-

ed with spines. Spikelets 2-3 at each spathe, some-

times only one in the upper parts of infiorescence

branches.

C. polystachys Becc.

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES

1. Calamus castaneus Griff. In Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V (1845)

20 var. B., and Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 37 var. B. tt. CLXXXV

A, B. & C; Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm III (1850) 331 and I (1849)

Z.VIill f. XXII, Z.XXI FI, & Z.XXII f. XV; Becc. in Hook.

f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 440; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II

(1907) 211 partly; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

(1908) 145 t. 16; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 63 partly.

(a) var. castaneus

Stem acaulescent or about 1-5 m. long, 4-6 cm. in diam., tufted

(suckers trailing when young ?). Leaves very long, non-cirriferous,

with a petiole about 1-2 m. long and a lamina about 1-5 to 2-5 m.

long. Leaf-sheaths armed with many unequal, light brown, mostly as-

cending, solitary (sometimes confluent at base) spines, the largest up

to 6 cm. long, 5 mm. broad at base. Leaflets numerous, ensiform, the

largest about 70 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, paler beneath, with bristles

on 3 nerves on the lower surface. Spadices rather short, 30-45 cm.

long, produced just near the base; male spadices being longer and

more branched; spikelets pediceilate. Fruiting perianth deeply split,

not pedicellate. Fruit large, 20-24 mm. long, oblong, distinctly beaked,

with uniform chestnut-brown scales arranged in 24—27 longitudinal

series; albumen equable.

LOWER SIAM: Singgora, Kampong Bukit (Kiah 24,258).

MALAYA: Penang, Western Hill (Haniff 9,110), Pahang, Sungai Yu

(Nur 11,924 as Rotan Chuchur); Bukit Senai (Henderson 19,427, as

Rotan Chuchoh). Malacea, Gadek (Burkill 2,163).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

This type form was described by Griffith as var. B. of the spe-

cies. The syntypes were from Malacca. Beccari described the

undersurface of the leaflets of this species as having bristles only

on the midnerve, but in all the specimens examined by me the

three nerves are bristly. The only way I have been able to separate

these specimens from the var. Griffithianus is by the number of

the longitudinal rows of the scales on the fruit, the specimens with

fruit-scales in more than 24 series being cited here. I have not

been able to separate the male specimens, and so they are all

cited under the var. Griffithianus.

(b) Calamus castaneus Griff. var. Griffithianus (Mart.) Furtado

stat. noy.—t. 1.

C. Griffithianus Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III (1850) 332 & I

(1849) t. Z. XVII f. XXVII & Z. XXI f. XIV; Becc. in Hook.,

f., Fl. Brit. Ind. Vi (1892) 440; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. XI (1908) 147 t. 17; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 64 —

basinym.

C. castaneus Griff. var. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. IV (1845)

29 and Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 38; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II

(1907) 211 partly.

A forma typica differt squamis fructus per series 18-24 verticales

dispositis.

MALAYA: Kedah, Baling at Ayer Turjang Valley (Furtado 33,051

& 33,052). Kelantan, Sungai Lebir, end of Bukit Batu Papan (Hen-

derson 29,636 & 29,583). Pahang, Tahan (Ridley “A”); Gunong Sen-

yum (Henderson 22,221); Sungai Tekal Besar in Temerloh (Henderson

F.M.S. Mus. No. 10,732); Kuala Lipis (Machado in 1898). Perak,

Temango (Ridley 14,707); Lumut (Ridley 7,903 & 9,467; Curtis 3,454);

Tapah (Ridley 14,114); Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9,810); Kroh in

Pahang Chong Forest Reserve (Furtado 33,0112 & 33,010> vern. nom.

Rotan Udang); Temengor (Schebesta 9, et s.n. vern. nom. Chucho in

Malay and Kuku in Sakai). Selangor, Semenyih (Hume 8,199); Bukit

Kudah (Ridley 3,478); Kuala Lumpur (Ridley’s collector 3,477; Ridley

on 27—VI-1889); Langat (Ridley on 1—VII-1889); Kwang (Ridley

13,450). Negri Sembilan, Tampin (Nur 1,307). Johore, Serom (Ridley

in 1900). Malacca, Selandan (Holmberg 842); loc. incert. (Alvins 583,

vern nom. Kayu Magajar, & 287, vern nom. Pokok Chuchoo); Ayer

Panas (Goodenough 1,397; Hervey in 1890); Nyalas (Goodenough

1.7243:

This plant is just like the type, but is distinguishable from it

only by its fruits which have the scales arranged in 18—24 vertical

series. The fruiting specimens included here bear the scales in 18,

19-20, 20, 20—22, 21—23, 22, 22—23, or 24 series.

Judging from the specimens cited here, this variety seems to be

more common in Malaya than the type form, but Ridley (op. cit.

1907 & 1925) notes that the type form is the commoner of the

two. Ridley also notes that this variety is a larger plant of the two,

but according to Beccari (1908) this is smaller of the two.

Vol. XV. (1956).

\ \

\\y |

Tab. 1. Calamus castaneus var. Griffithianus (Furtado 33,051).

A, Frondis pars cum petiolo. B, Ejusdem pars apicalis. C, Spadicis

fragmentum cum flioribus. D, Spicula verticaliter discissa. E, Spadicis

ramus cum fructibus juvenilibus. F, Ejusdem ramus cum fructibus

maturis. G, Fructus. H, Semen. I, Idem verticaliter discissum ut

Truminatio superficialis et dispositio embryonis appareant.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Beccari notes that the leaflets in this variety are “distinctly dis-

posed in large groups and probably in C. castaneus [the type

form] are equidistant,” observing at the same time that he had not

the opportunity of seeing an entire leaf of the type form. However

in all the specimens quoted under this variety and under the type

form, the leaflets are equidistant, and Martius described the leaf-

lets of this variety as equidistant. All my collections that were

studied in the field have also leaves with equidistant leaflets, not

in groups. However in Henderson 29,583 (Kelantan) there are

leaf-bases which show a slight grouping of leaflets, but this appears

to be only at the base; the leaflets higher up do not show such a

grouping. It is possible that such a grouping of leaflets occurs in

the young stages.

Father Schebesta reports that terminal young part of the stem

(umbot in Malay) is eaten by Sakais and that the leaves are used

for thatching. The vernacular names given by collectors as Rotan

Atap Chuchur or Rotan Chuchur also suggest that the leaves are

used for thatching, a use also noted by some collectors in Malacca.

Beccari notes that the stem of this variety creeps in young stages.

2. Calamus aquatilis Ridl., in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits

Branch XLI (1903) 43, and Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 210;

Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 393 tt. 168

and 169; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V. (1925) 63; Merr. in Univ.

Calif. Publ. Bot. XV (1929) 22.—+. 2.

Stem scandent, 5-10 m. long, 2-5—3 cm. thick. Leaf-sheaths densely

covered with criniform, refiexed bristles more or less confluent at base.

Leaves large, about 2 m. long, with a long cirrus at the end; petiole

15-20 cm. long. Leaflets many, linear, ensiform, equidistant, 3-5—5

cm. apart, largest about 30-35 cm. long, 2-5-4 cm. broad; setose on

the lower surface along the nerves and sprinkled with small rusty

scales. Male spadix large and diffuse; partial inflorescence 40-60 cm.

long; ultimate spikelets 10-15 cm. long, with 8-10 closely-disposed

male flowers. Female spadix panicled with partial inflorescences up to

about 50 cm. long, each with about 20-25 alternate, 5-10 cm. long,

spikelets; each of the longer spikelets bearing about 20 flowers on

each side. Fruit globose, about 8-10 mm. in diam.; scales in 12 series,

having dark brown margins, channelled in the middle; albumen

equable.

MALAYA: Pahang, Kuala Brawas (Ridley 577, syntype ?). Selangor,

Port Swettenham (Burkill 1,511). Johore, Batu Pahat, swampy place by

sea (Ridley 11,216, syntype, male and female under this No.). Singa-

pore, Pongol Road (Fox. comm. Ridley’s No. 11,304, syntype ?);

Gardens’ Jungle (Furtado on 10—XI—1932); Holland Road (Burkill

2,037); Changi (Ridley 6,275, syntype, vern. nom. Rotan Bakau); loc.

incert (Ridley 11,220).

BORNEO: British North Borneo, Tawao (Elmer 20,612: Cuadra

A2,435, vern. nom. Rotan Bakau); Sandakan at Kabili-Sepilok (Enggoh

7,433, vern. nom. Rotan Bakau).

Vol. XV. (1956).

Se i a ne

%, -

0 ett a _

ed ad a ee

Tab. 2. Calamus aquatilis (A—D = Ridley 11,220; E = Ridley 11,216).

A, Frondis vagina et petiolus. B, Ejusdem fragmentum. C, Spadicis

fragmentum fructiferentis. D, Fructus. E, Spadicis pars masculi cum

spiculis.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

This rattan is common in saline swamps. The Garden specimen

may have been from a cultivated species.

Ridley described this species on the assurance from Beccari in

litt. that it was new, and Beccari had seen the duplicates of Ridley

11,216 & 11,304. The latter is perhaps the specimen cited by

Ridley as being from the vicinity of Serangoon Road to which

Pongol Road is joined.

3. Calamus polystachys Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Calc. XI (19038)

383 t. 162 et in Suppl. (1914) 77; Furtado in Straits Settl.

Gard. Bull. VIII (1935) 256.—+.t. 3 & 3a.

Stems tufted, 15 m. long, 3-4 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths provided

at intervals with complete, membranous, reversed rings fringed with

blackish, criniform bristles. Leaves large, about a metre long, terminat-

ing in a long cirrus, about 1-5—2 m. long, armed with strong, digitate

claws. Leaflets numerous, equidistant, ensiform, up to 50 cm. long, 2

cm. broad, 3-costulate. Spadix non-flagelliform, apparently shorter than

the leaves, about 1 m. long, having 3—5 partial inflorescences. Spikelets

2-3 at each of the lower spathes in the partial inflorescences, pedi-

cellate, 5-8 cm. long, with 14-16 flowers on each side. Involucrophore

cupular. Fruiting perianth explanate, deeply divided. Fruit + 15 mm.

long, 7-10 mm. in diam.; scales darkish at margins, in 12 vertical

series; albumen homogeneous.

MALAYA: Pahang, Pulau Tioman at Juara Bay (Burkill 990, vern.

nom. Rotan Belukar).

BORNEO: British North Borneo, Sandakan (Ramos 1,400 & 1,788

in Kew Herb.); loc. incert. (in Hort. Bogor, sub. Num. XII. C. 92

culta, leg. Furtado 30,815, probably clonotype).

This is the first record of the species from Malaya. Beccari

(1914) believed the species to be native of Sumatra, but it has

already been shown that much reliance cannot be put on the clues

which led Beccari to this conclusion (Furtado, 1935 p. 256). The

holotype specimen was derived from a plant cultivated in the

Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg (Bogor). In 1936, in trying to locate

in the Gardens the plants from which Beccari had obtained mate-

rial for his descriptions of rattans, I found only one clump from

which Beccari could have obtained the type material for C. polys-

tachys, namely, the clump XII. C. 92, from which specimens

were distributed by me under the Singapore Field No. 30, 815.

An inquiry into the origin showed that the clump was raised from

seeds obtained from Borneo.

I had no access to Ramo’s collections while preparing this work;

but they were examined while preparing my earlier notes (Furtado

1935); and the present description of the fruit is based on those

notes.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 3. Calamus polystachys (Burkill 990 9°).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum vaginis. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale.

C, Spadicis fragmentum cum ramo primario.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tifa

UY) i,

= <2

S Be

Tab. 3a. Calamus polystachys (Furtado 30,815—clonoty pus? ).

A, Frons cum vagina, petiolo et foliolis basalibus. B, Spadicis pars

feminei.

Vol. XV. (1956).

II. Sectio MACROPODUS Furtado sect. nov.

Vaginae frondium flagelliferae. Frondes ecirriferae vel subcirriferae.

Spathae tubulares, coriaceae, rarissime apice partim laminares, marces-

centes laceratae. Spiculae haud pedicellatae. Involucrophorum cons-

picue pedicellatum, exsertum. Perianthum fructiferum pedicelliforme.

Albumen seminum variabile, aut profunde vel superficialiter ruminatum,

aut homogeneum.

DISTRIBUTIO: Species hujus sectionis in India, Cochin-China,

Malaya, Borneo, Java, Celebesia et Nova-Guinea incolunt.

SPECIES TYPICA: C. peregrinus.

This section, which includes Beccari’s Groups VII, VIII, X &

XII, is characterized by the involucrophores being conspicuously

pedicellate and exsert, while the spikelets are sessile and the fruit-

ing perianth pedicelliform. The leaf-sheaths are flagelliferous in

climbing stems, while the leaves are ecirriferous or subcirriferous

(with a short cirrus bearing irregularly-placed diminutive leaflets).

Key to the Species

(A) Leaves about 40-100 cm. long. Leaflets narrow, up to 15

mm. broad, 1-3 cm. apart, bristly on the primary and

secondary costas on one or both surfaces.

(B) Leaves 40—60 cm. long, rarely longer. Hairs, or their

rough bases, present on the leaf-sheath, petiole,

and spadix (Leaflets 10-20 cm. long, 10 mm.

broad, 10-15 mm. apart, bristly on both surfaces).

(a) Fruit oblong; scales with dark margins.

C. exilis Griff.

(aa) Fruit round or globose; scales straw coloured,

concolorous, or paler in the margins.

C. ciliaris Bl. var.

peninsularis Furtado.

(BB) Leaves 50-100 cm. long. Hairs, or rough bulbous

bases, absent on the leaf-sheath, petiole and

spadix. (Leaflets bristly usually on one surface).

(b) Leaflets 15 cm. long, 8 mm. broad, 10-15

mm. apart, setose on the 3—5 costae above,

unarmed beneath. Leaves 50-60 cm. long.

C. padangensis Furtado.

(bb) Leaflets 20-35 cm. long, 15 mm. wide, 2-3

cm. apart, setose on the lower surface,

Gardens Bulletin, S.

unarmed on the upper surface or bristly on

the three principal nerves in the terminal

parts. Leaves 60-100 cm. long.

C. spectatissimus Furtado.

(AA) Leaves large, 2.5—-5 m. long. Leaflets 2.5-4 cm. broad, 3-7

cm. apart, smooth on both surfaces, or occasionally

bristly above along the primary nerves only.

on both surfaces. Primary spathes _ strictly

tubular. Fruit fusiform.

C. longispathus Ridl.

(cc) Leaves not cirriferous. Leaflets equidistant, smooth

on both surfaces, or occasionally bristly above

along the principal nerves and along the margins.

Primary spathes marcescent and lacerate in apical

aparts. Fruit oblong or globose.

C. peregrinus Furtado.

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES

4. Calamus exilis Griff., Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 51 t. 186 f. IV;

Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 454; Ridl. Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. II (1907) 204; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc.

XI (1908) 330 t. 130 et Appendix (1913) 55; Ridl., Fl. Mal.

Pen. V (1925) 54.—+. 4.

C. ciliaris Bl. sensu Ridl. op. cit. (1907) 203 pro majore parte.

C. Curtisii Ridl. op. cit. (1907) 204 et (1925) 54.

Stem tufted, very slender, 1-2 cm. thick including leaf-sheaths,

10-15 m. long. Leaf-sheaths very scabrid, sometimes interpersed with

large spines, usually brownish when dry. Leaves not cirriferous, 50-75

cm. long, sometimes 1—1-25 m. long, including 12—20 cm. long petiole;

rachis bristly. Leaflets many, regularly set, 12-20 cm. long, 10-15 mm.

broad, hairy on both surfaces. Spadices flagelliform, scabrid. Fruit

oblong elliptic, 15—16 mm. long, 8 mm. in diam.; scales straw-coloured

with brownish margins; seed oblong; albumen plicate-cerebriform.

MALAYA: Penang, Penang Hill, alt. 650 m. (Nauen 38,068). Ke-

maman, Ulu Bendong in Kajang, alt. 150 m. (Corner 30,069 & 30,152).

Pahang, Telom (Ridley 13,914). Perak, Taiping Hills, alt. 800 m. (Rid-

ley in Dec. 1908); Larut Hills (Anderson in III—1911); Maxwell’s Hill

(Burkill & Haniff 12,771). Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Curtis 2,392, syn-

type of C. Curtisii); Semangkok Pass (Ridley in Aug. 1904, syntype of

C. Curtisii); Ginting Simpah (Hume 8,509); Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7,883

as Rotan Semiang, syntype of C. Curtisii); Klang (Nur 8,343). Malacca,

above Padang Batu on Mount Ophir (Ridley 10,118); Gunong Ledang

(Ridley in 1892). Johore, Sungai Buloh Kasap (Corner 29,999); Sungai

Sidili in Mawai (Corner 31,446 as Rotan Lilin); Mount Austen (Ridley

in June 1904); Castlewood (Ridley in 1904); Gunong Pulai (Ridley

12,201).

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 4. Calamus exilis (A: Corner 29,999; B—E; Burkill & Haniff 12,771;

F: Corner 30,069).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum spadice 9° et folio. B, Spicula fructigerens.

C. Fructus. D, Semen. E, Idem verticaliter discissum. F, Spadicis ¢

ramus cum spiculis.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

The holotype of this species was collected in Gunong Ledang in

Malacca under the vernacular name Rotang Gonum, a name not

recorded again. Ridley (1925) says that the species is known as

Rotan Paku.

The leaflets in the mountain collections are usually less hairy

and more coriaceous than those in the low-land collections, and

according to the description given by Beccari (1908) such moun-

tain specimens appear to be typical of C. exillis. In the Materials

(1907) Ridley has quoted such specimens under C. exilis and C.

Curtisii, transferring to C. ciliaris all the specimens having papy-

raceous, much more bristly or hairy leaflets. However, as there are

variations which are midway between these two extremes, I have

not ventured to separate these forms into varieties. True C.

ciliaris is a different species with globose fruits (vide infra).

Semangkok (Selangor) and Pahang specimens have more spines

on the leaf-sheaths; otherwise they are typical.

From the notes made by the collectors the species appears to be

abundant in low wet places. It flowers when very young.

5. Calamus ciliaris Bl. var. peninsularis Furtado var. noy.—t. 5.

C. ciliaris Bl. sensu Ridl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. III (1893) 392,

et Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 203 quoad specimen tahanense

infra citatum.

A forma typica javanensi differt foliis foliolisque majoribus et

latioribus. Forma frondium C. exili similes sed fructu globoso hoc

taxon dissimillimum.

Stem tufted, very slender, about 1 cm. thick, 5—7 m. long. Leaf-

sheaths hairy, scabrid (occasionally with spinules ?). Leaves not cirri-

ferous, 35—60 cm. long; rachis very bristly above. Leaflets many, regu-

larly set, 8-12 cm. long, 8-10 mm. broad, conspicuously bristly on

both surfaces. Spadix flagelliform, scabrid. Fruit roundish, 10-12 mm.

in diam.; scales straw-coloured, paler along the margins; seed sub-

globose, plicate-cerebriform.

MALAYA: Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley in 1891).

This record definitely shows that a form of C. ciliaris occurs in

the Peninsula. Ridley (1907) cited under the species a number of

other specimens all of which belong to C. exilis. Beccari (Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard, Calc. XI Appendix, 1913 p. 55), who had an

opportunity to examine many specimens of Ridley’s C. ciliaris,

did not see the above quoted specimen and so reduced the whole

of C. ciliaris sensu Ridley to C. exilis. In his Flora (V, 1925 p.

54) Ridley was not able to distinguish this Pahang specimen from

the others cited under C. exilis and so he followed Beccari’s reduc-

tion. A specimen purported to be from Castlewood, Johore, but

collected in 1905 from a plant cultivated in the Botanic Gardens

in Singapore, appears to be this species, but the material is very

imperfect.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 5. Calamus ciliaris var. peninsularis (Ridley sn: Holotypus).

A, Fragmentum caudicis cum folio et spadice. B, Flos femineus cum

involucrophoro conspicue pedicellato ut involucrum et areola

appareant. C, Idem apertus ut staminodia appareant. D, Ovarium.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

6. Calamus padangensis Furtado spec. nov.—t. 6.

A C. exili et C. ciliari, quibus valde affinis, haec species differt:

vaginae spatio interaculeari, ocrea, folii petiolio rachideque, pagi-

nis foliolorum inferioribus, et axi spadicis, et spathis primariis

haud hispidulis nec asperis.

Caudex gracilis, caespitosus (?), cum vaginis circa 10 mm. in diam.

Vagina striata, apice geniculata, in geniculo inermis, infra geniculum

aculeis solitariis, remotissimis, 6-12 mm. longis, reflexis, basi superne

tumescentibus, apicem versus valde angustatis armata, inter aculeos

laevis, supra aculeos aculeiformiter sculpta. Ocrea brevissima, inermis.

Frons circa 50 cm. longa; petiolus 7-16 cm. longus, deciduo furfura-

ceus, semi-teres, supra canaliculatus et inermis, subtus secus dorsum

marginesque aculeis solitariis, reflexis, maximis circa 4 mm. longis

remote praeditus; rachis deciduo furfuracea, supra inermis, subtus in

dorso aculeis conformibus, reflexis, solitariis, remotis, basi interdum

etiam secus margines ornata. Foliola equidistantia, aequalia vel fere,

elliptico-linearia, subconcoloria viridia, usque ad 15 cm. longa, circa 8

mm. lata, 10-15 mm. inter se remota, subtus inermia et basi fusco

furfuracea, supra secus costam medianam et 2-4 alteras costas sub-

primarias remote setulosa, secus margines inermia vel deciduo setulosa;

duo foliola apicalia libera, valde divergentia. Spadix masculus unicus

visus, filiformis, quam frondes minor (semper ?), in ramos duo

divisus; axi et in spathis primariis aculeatus, haud hispidulus nec

asperus.

Stem tufted (?), slender, about 10 mm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths gib-

bose at apex, armed remotely with 6-12 mm. long, reflexed, triangular

spines, smooth and striate in the space between the spines, and with

depressions to show the position occupied by the spines when enclosed

by the lower sheath. Ocrea short, smooth, with no signs of roughness

or hairs whatsoever. Leaves about 50 cm. long; petiole 7-16 cm. long,

deciduously furfuraceous, channelled and unarmed above, armed along

the dorsum and the margins with small, remote, upto 4 mm. long soli-

tary, reflexed spines; rachis deciduously furfuraceous unarmed on the

upper surface, provided on the dorsum with a row of small, solitary,

remote spines becoming smaller in the distal portion, and with a few

solitary spines also along the margins at the base. Leaflets many, equi-

distant, equal or almost so, up to 15 cm. long, about 8 mm. broad,

10-15 mm. apart, unarmed below, setose above on the midvein, and

on one or more subprimary veins on each side of the midvein; margins

unarmed or deciduously setose. Male spadix only one seen, shorter

than the leaves, filiform, divided in 2 branches.

MALAYA: Trengganu, Gunong Padang meridionalis, + 1300 m.

alt. (Kiah & Moysey 33,376).

This species is a very close ally of C. exilis and C. ciliaris, more

akin to the latter than to the former; but it is readily distinguished

by the absence of any hairs or rough bulbous bases on leaf-sheaths,

ocrea, petiole, spadix and spathes. The leaflets also do not show

any hairs in the lower surface.

The plant may have been tufted, for the terminal ends of the

two stems are represented in the collection, though both are very

imperfect. The flagella develop when the plants are very young.

A, Caudicis fragmentum. B, Folii pars. C, Spadicis ramus masculi.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

7. Calamus spectatissimus Furtado spec. nov.—t. 7.

A C. exili et C. ciliari, guibus proxima ut videtur, haec species

differt frondibus longioribus, vagina frondali pilis vel setis carenti,

foliolis multo majoribus utrinque inermibus vel paulo armatis. A

Grege 10 Beccariano differt spathis apicem versus apertis, semi-

coriaceis, aculeatis, in apicem triangularem abrupte terminatis vel

bilobatis.

Caudex soboliferus, scandens, circa 6 m. altus, cum vaginis 10—15

mm. in diam. Vagina frondium aculeis altitudine variabilibus, maximis

15 mm. triangularibus reflexis, basi superne tumescentibus, inferne con-

caviusculis, minimis 1-3 mm. longis conformibus, horizontalibus vel

reflexis, omnibus solitariis vel rarissime basi confiuentibus armata,

epice oblique truncata secus margines aculeis majoribus paucis remotis

praedita, infra petiolum valde geniculata. Frondes cum petiolo 65-100

cm. longae, foliolis pluribus equidistantibus oppositis vel suboppositis

circa 3 cm. inter se dissitis praeditae, dorso rachidis aculeis solitariis

remotis reflexis armatae; petiolus 20-30 cm. longus, semiteres, secus

margines aculeis 5-15 mm. remotis et in dorso aculeis solitariis remo-

tissimis praeditus. Foliola 1-3 costulata, ensiformia, apicem versus

sensim attenuata, 15—35 cm. longa, 10-15 mm. lata (duo apicalia inter

minora libera) secus margines setosa, supra inermia vel interdum api-

cem versus secus costas primarias setosa, subtus secus costas primarias

alterasque setosa. Spadix masculus 30-45 cm. longus, haud flagellifor-

miter appendiculatus, in ramis simplicibus vel compositis spiculifer-

entibus circa 6 divisus; rami 7—12 cm. longi, apicales simplices minores,

basales compositi etiam in ramis secundariis divisi, omnes scorpioideo

reflexi. Spathae primariae semi-coriaceae, plus minusve armatae, spadi-

cum internodiis duplo vel sesquiplo longiores, basi laxiter tubulosae,

supra apertae, in apicem triangularem abrupte terminatae vel breviter

bilobatae; spathae secundariae tertiariaeque laxae, infundibuliformes,

inermes, semi-coriaceae, usque ad 15 mm. longae. Spiculae usque ad

2 cm. longae, supra spatharum apicem axillantium remote orientes;

spathellae infundibuliformes, inermes ligulatae. Involucrum cupuli-

forme paulo pedicellatum; flores masculi circa 10 mm. longi; corollae

calycibus triplo longiores. Spadix femineus ignotus. |

Stem scandent, tufted, about 6 m. long, 10-15 mm. in diam. Leaf-

sheaths armed with scattered unequal spines, the longest 15 mm. long,

and the shortest 1-3 mm. long. Leaves 65—100 cm. long including the

20-30 cm. long, petiole. Leaflets many, ensiform, equidistant, about 3

cm. apart, the largest 15-35 cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad. Spadix, male

only seen, 30-45 cm. long, divided in about 6 spiculiferous, 7-12 cm.

long branches. Primary spathes armed with scattered spines, longer

than the internodes. Spikelets about 2 cm. long, arising above the axil-

lant spathes; spathels unarmed; male flowers about 10 mm. long.

MALAYA: Perak, prope Kroh, in silvis Padang Chong dictis (Fur-

tado 33,007, nom. vern. Rotan Semut).

This appears to belong to Beccari’s Group X, but it is remark-

ably different because of the numerous long spines on the leaf-

sheaths, aculeate and lax spathes which, moreover, have their

limb extended much beyond the base of the axillary spadix-bran-

ches and which also terminate abruptly into a triangular apex.

Female spadix and fruits are required before its affinity can be

definitely settled. It is distinguished from C. exilis and C. ciliaris,

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 7. Calamus spectatissimus (Furtado 33,007—holoty pus).

A, Caudicis fragmentum. B, Vagina apicalis cum petiolo et spadice.

C, Spadicis fragmentum apicale. D, Fragmentum folii apicale. EB,

Spadicis ramus secundarius. F, Flos masculus. G, Idem apertus ut

dispositio staminum appareat.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

to which it appears to be near, in that it has longer leaves, no

hairs or setae on the leaf-sheaths, and its leaflets are longer and

either armed on both sides or slightly armed beneath. The spadix

is much smaller than in C. peregrinus and C. longispathus.

8. (Calamus longispathus (longispatha) Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.

II (1907) 209 pro parte (ex altera parte — C. peregrinus &

C. pallidulus Becc.); emend. Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. XI Appendix (1913) 134 t. 78; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V

(1925) 63 p.p.—t. 8.

Stem scandent, about 7-10 m. long, 3—5 cm. in diam., solitary (?}.

Leaf-sheaths obliquely truncate at mouth, light-coloured, armed with

stout, scattered, solitary, reflexed spines about 5-8 mm. long. Leaves

2-50-3 m. long, usually ending in a short cirrus. Leaflets smooth on

both surfaces, lanceolate-ensiform, acuminate, remote, 7 cm. or more

apart, inequidistant, the largest 40-50 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad,

smallest and the narrowest towards the leaf apex. Spadix 2-2-5 m.

long, not flagelliform, ending in a short, not unguiculate appendix,

divided in about 4 spiculiferous, scorpioid, 14-20 cm. long branches.

Primary spathes tubular, practically unarmed or armed with a few

scattered, small spines. Fruit fusiform, not mature, 25 mm. long in-

cluding 5 mm. long pedicelliform perianth, 8-10 mm. in diam; scales

light coloured with brown margins.

MALAYA: Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track near Semangkok Pass

(Ridley 8.777 lectotype). Pahang, Gunong Sempang near Gap (Burn-

Murdoch, sub Ridley No. 13,299, male). Kemaman, Ulu Bendong near

Kajang, alt. 150 m. (Corner 30,076).

Ridley’s original description of this species was based on more

than one element; from the remarks made by Ridley, it looks as if

the Gunong Keledang syntype should have been chosen as the

lectotype of the species, but the main body of the description was

from the other syntypes also, and so I have followed here Bec-

cari’s typification of the species. In Flora cit. Ridley has adopted

Beccari’s typification and description of the species. The remarks

attributed by Ridley to Beccari that the fruiting scales were obs-

curely channelled, referred to the Perak syntypes of Beccari’s C.

pallidulus, under which Ridley (1925) cites the specimens again

without realising that he had made these also the syntypes of his

C. longispathus.

9. Calamus peregrinus Furtado spec. noy.—t. 9.

C. longispatha Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 209 pro

parte non typica.

C. ornatus sensu Ridl., Mat. cit. (1907) 195 et Fl. Mal. Pen.

V (1925 53 quoad specimina Moorhouseana infra citata.

- Inter omnes species majores ad sectionem Macropodum perti-

nentes spadicibus flagelliformibus longissimus; spathiis primariis

Vol: XV: (1956).

Calamus longispathus (A-C: Corner 30,076; D: Burn-Murdoch

si fd:299).

Tab.

ginis et spadice imperfecto. B

~~ A, Caudicis fragmentum cum va

, Frag-

padicis ~~ fructiferentis apicale.

D, Spadicis fragmentum masculi ut spiculae appareant.

, -Fragmentum s

mentum frondis:~ C

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 9. Calamus peregrinus (Furtado 33,035; holotypus).

A, Caudicis fragmentum. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale. C, Spadicis

fragmentum. D, Fructus. E, Ejusdem semen. F. Idem verticaliter

discissum ut ruminatio et embryo appareant.

Vol. XV. (1956).

longis ultra ramorum bases axillarum longe productis mox mar-

cescentibus et longitudinaliter fissis; fructibus inter majores

ponendis circa 2:5 cm. in diam., globosis; haec species sat distincta.

Ad Gregem VII Beccarianum pertinet.

Caudex solitarius, scandens, plus quam 20 m. longus, cum vaginis.

circa 3 cm. in diam. Vagina graminea, aculeis solitariis vel interdum

lateraliter confluentibus triangularibus, usque ad 2 cm. longis, reflexis,

subtus concaviusculis, apicem versus atrescentibus praedita, apice obli-

que truncata, infra petiolum valde geniculata. Ocrea brevissima mox

decidua vix visibilis. Frondes magnae, longe petiolatae, cum petiolo

4—5 m. longae; petiolus gramineus, 1—1-75 m. longus, semiteres, superne

applanatus, secus margines aculeis solitariis vel interdum binis ad 5

mm. longis, rarissime -majoribus, reflexis, 1-5-3 cm. inter se remotis,

subtus convexus, prope margines aculeis conformibus vel crassioribus.

per series 1—3 dispositis, in medio dorsi aculeis solitariis remotis, 3—7

cm. inter se dissitis ornatus; lamina 2-5-3 m. longa, in rachidi subtus.

unguibus per series 3 irregulares dispositis, solitariis vel interdum basi

confluentibus, apicum versus nigrescentibus armata. Foliola numerosa

equidistantia vel fere, opposita vel subopposita, 2:5-4 cm. inter se:

remota, ensiformia, apicem versus sensim attenuata, circa 50 cm. longa,

ad usque 3-5 cm. lata, 1-3 costulata (apicalia minora), secus margines

setosa, utrinque inermia vel supra in costis duabus lateralibus et subtus

in costa mediana apicem versus tantum setosa, nervis transversalibus

conspicuis. Spadix femineus in appendicem flagelliformem ungiculatam

longam exeuns, in ramis primariis, spiculiferentibus, 3-6, deciduo fur-

furaceis, 20-25 cm. longis divisus, parte pedunculare ad ramum infi-

mum usque ad 25-50 cm. longus. Spathe primariae tubulosae, ultra

ramorum bases axillarum multo productae apice laminares, omnino vel

pro majore parte marcescentes, fissae vel laceratae; basilaris spatha

bicarinata, secus carinas et in altera parte dorsale praecipue in limbo

aculeolata; alterae spathae basi cylindrinae fere inermes, in limbo acu-

leolatae; spathae secundariae cylindricae vel elongato infundibulifor-

mes, 1-2 cm. longae, deciduo furfuraceae, apice truncatae, ligulatae.

Spiculae usque ad 6 cm. longae, horizontales vel reflexae in axilla

paulo callosae, floribus utrinsecus 6-8 praeditae; spathellae circa 4 mm.

longae, ligulatae. Involucrophorum exsertum, pedicellatum, superne in

axilla callosum rimatumque; involucrum pateriforme, vix exsertum;

areola semi-circularis. Perianthum fructiferum conspicue pedicellatum,

cum corollis quam calyces sesqui-longioribus. Fructus sine rostro 3—4

mm. longo et sine perianthio circa 30 mm. longus, 25 mm. latus;

squamis per series verticales 17-18 dispositis, in juventute brunneis,

Serius partim flavescentibus, dorso canaliculatis, secus margines atres-

centibus. Semen globosum, circa 16 mm. in diam., ruminationibus

radiatim linearibus, usque ad 5 mm. profundis praeditum, in centro

homogeneum. Spadix masciulus in ramos secundarios spiculiferentes

divisus, alioquid femineo similis.

Stem solitary, scandent, 15—25 m. long, 3 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths

light straw-coloured, armed with scattered, upto 2 cm. long spines.

Leaves non-cirriferous, 4-5 m. long including 1-1-75 m. long petiole.

Leaflets many, equidistant, 2-5—4 cm. apart, ensiform, the largest 50

cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad; claws on the rachis solitary or sometimes

united at base, darkish at the apex, arranged in 3 irregular series.

Spadix long, flagelliform; female divided in about 3-6 spiculiferous,

20-25 cm. long branches; male decompound bearing spikelets on

secondary branches; primary spathes tubular with a long, laminar apex,

later decomposing and splitting. Fruit about 30 mm. long, 25 mm. in

diam.; scales brown when young, straw-coloured when old, with dark

margins, channelled in the middle; seed globose, about 16 mm. in

diam., radiately ruminate with a broad homogeneous centre.

Gardens Bulletin, S,

MALAYA: Ke Weng. (Furtado 33,063); Weng in colle Bukit Seb-

_ lah (Furtado 33,064); Baling prope Sungai Labong (Furtado 33,061);

Langkawi Islands ‘(Batten-Poell i in II—1940). Perak, Bukit Merbau Balong

prope Kroh (Furtado 33,035 femineus, holotypus, et 33,0352 mascu-

lus); in silvis Padang Chong dictis, prope. Kroh (Furtado 33,013, nom.

vern. Rotan Manau Tikus); Gunong Keledang (Ridley in [X—1898, syn-

typus C. longispathi). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Senaling prope Kuala

Pilah (Moorhouse, 24—XTI—1903, vern. nom. Rotan manok,); Kuala

Pilah (Moorhouse in 1907); Gunong Tampin (Burkill 2,536).

C. peregrinus has conspicuously pedicellate involucrophores and

fruiting-perianths, and its spathe limb is long and lacerate and ex-

tends much beyond the base of the axillary spadix-branches,

characters which would make the species fall in Beccari’s Group

VII which so far consisted of two Indian species only; but the

seed of these two species apparently has only superficial rumi-

nations.

The holotype specimen does not have any fully developed fruits

and so the above-given description of the fruit is derived from

Moorhouse’s specimen collected in 1903.

Sectio TI. RHOMBOCALAMUS Furtado sect. nov.

Caudices caespitosi (semper?), scandentes, flagelliferi. Folia ecirri-

fera vel cirro abortivo brevissimo praedita. Foliola rhomboidea, ple-

rumque bicoloria, pluricostulata, cum costa mediana tantum ad apicem

folioli attingente, alteris costis altitudine diversa evanescentibus.

Spadices flagelliformes, quam folia nonnihil longiores, in ramos flori-

ferentes secundarios vel tertiarios divisi. Spathae primariae et alterae

stricte tubulares. Spiculae sessiles. Involucrophora sessilia, Perianthium

fructiferum pedicelliforme or subpedicellatum. Semen superficialiter vel

profunde ruminatum.

DISTRIBUTIO: In Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Peninsula Malayana et in

Indo-China incolunt.

SPECIES TYPICA: C. mawaiensis.

This section is equivalent to Beccari’s Group XI, and includes

only the species of Calamus having rhomboidal leaflets. As in the

section of Coleospathus, the species of this section bear flagella on

the leaf-sheaths, no cirrus or only an abortive cirrus at the apex

of each leaf, tubular primary spathes, and sessile spikelets and

involucrophores. The fruiting perianth is subpedicellate or pedi-

celliform.

The species of this section of Calamus are not well represented

in the herbarium collections and so are very imperfectly known.

Most of the species appear to be tufted, and from the observations

made on the clumps at the Botanic Gardens, Bogor, Java, and

also in the jungle, the species do not appear to flower freely. Good

collections are needed to show also the range of variation within

each species.

‘Vol. XV.-(1956). -

Sterile specimens of this section of Calamus may be readily

recognized from the rhomboidalFleafiet_ bearing species of Kor-

thalsia by the flagelliferous leaf-sheaths and geniculated petiole-

bases, two characters not found in the species of Korthalsia.-The

species of the genus Ceratolobus which have rhomboidal leaflets

and geniculated petiole-bases are recognized, in the sterile stages,

by the long cirrus at the-end of the leaves, whereas a long cirrus

is not found in any of the ‘Calamus species having rhomboidal

leafiets.

Key to i ieicies

A. Leaflets 7-9 costate, not ansate (pseudo-stalked) or obscurely

ansate. (Ocrea large, 4-5 cm. long). Leaf-sheaths, leaf-

rachis and spadix-axis densely floccose, drying yellowish.

(Fruit globose or ovate).

C. tomentosus Becc.

AA. Leaflets 5—7 costate, conspicuously ansate. (Ocrea 1 cm.

long or less). Leaf-sheaths, leaf-rachis and spadix axis

thinly scaly, and often covered with tobacco coloured

deciduous scurf, drying darkish.

B. Fruit globose or ovate. (? Leaf-sheaths armed with

sharp spines with mammiform bases. Ocrea...... ).

C. Blumei Becc.

BB. Fruits oblong-obovate. (Ocrea 4-5 mm. long. Leaf-

sheaths provided with mammiform warts without

sharp spines).

C. mawaiensis Furtado.

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES

10. Calamus tomentosus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VL

(1893) 455 and in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 338

t. 135; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 52 pro parte (ex altera

parte — C. Blumei), (non C. tomentosus sensu Becc. in Ann.

cit. XI Suppl. (1913) 61 t. 31 = cf. C. Slootenii).—+. 10.

C. Blumei Becc. sensu Becc. in Ann. cit. Suppl. (1913) 63 t.

332%

C. rhomboideus Bl. sensu Ridl., Mat. FI. Malayan Pen. II

(1907) 194 pro parte (ex altera parte — C. Blumei).

Stem tufted (?), scandent, 10-15 m. long, 1-5—2-5 cm. in diam.

Leaf-sheaths densely yellowish floccose, armed with very short mam-

miform warts having at their apices sharp, ascendent spines, gibbose

Gardens Bulletin, S.

———

<69 4

tec x

es mf,

- ‘

~ es y

4 - = ws

. : f

Tab. 10. Calamus tomentosus (Ridley 11,410).

Spadicis pars masculi.

A. Frondis fragmentum basale. B, Frondis fragmentum mesiale. G

Vol. XV. (1956).

below the petiole-base, flagelliferous. Leaves apparently not very long,

non-cirriferous or terminating in a very short abortive, about 1 cm.

long cirrus; petiole 12-40 cm. long, sparsely armed with scattered,

black-tipped, solitary claws, densely floccose-tomentose; rachis similarly

floccose, armed underneath with ternate claws. Leaflets opposite or

subopposite, remote, 8-15 cm. apart, broadly-elliptic, rhomboidal, or

sometimes slightly ovoid, 20-35 cm. long, 12-18 cm. broad, with 7-9

divergent costae. Female spadix long, flagelliform, armed with strong

claws, densely yellowish, floccose tomentose in the axis and spathes,

with 20—50 cm. long branches, each branch bearing 5—6 cm. long spike-

lets. Fruits sphaerical, 20-22 mm. in diam., beaked; scales uniform,

amber brown, arranged in 18 series with darker margins. Seed with

deeply ruminate albumen. Male spadix ultra-decompound, male flowers

borne on the secondary and tertiary branchlets.

MALAYA: Perak, Taiping Hills, above Maxwells Hill (Ridley

11,410, male spadix).

BORNEO: Liang-gagan (Hallier 2,786).

This species was based on the syntypes collected in Perak. The

description of the fruit is from the Bornean specimen quoted by

Beccari under C. Blumei. Ridley 11,410 is the basis of the des-

cription of the male spadix given here. The indumentum consists

of yellowish scales arranged very thickly on leaf-sheaths, petiole

and leaf-rachis.

11. Calamus Blumei Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 209

(nomen), in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 340 t. 137

haud in Ann. cit. Supl. (1913) 63 7. 33; Merr., Enum. Born.

PE (1921) 73.—t. 1

C. rhomboideus Bl. segmentis rigidioribus Bl., Rumphia III

(1847) 60.

C. rhomboideus Bl. sensu Mig., Anal. Bot. Ind. I (1850) 6;

Ridl., Mat. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 194 pro parte.

C. tomentosus sensu Becc. in Ann. cit. Suppl. (1913) 62 t. 32.

C. tomentosus Becc. var. korthalsiaefolius Becc. in Rec. Surv.

Ind. II (1902) 209 (nomen), in Ann. cit. XI (1908) 340 t. 136;

Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 52: syn. nov.

? C. tomentosus Becc. var. intermedius Becc. in Ann. cit. XI

(1908) 340; Ridl., Fl. cit. V (1925) 52.

Stem tufted, scandent, 10-15 m. long, 8-12 mm. in diam. Leaf-

sheaths glabrous or thinly covered with deciduous scales which are

often confluent (when young also covered with dark brown deciduous.

scurf), armed very sparingly with small ascendent spines with tuber-

culiform bases, gibbous below the petiole. Leaves about 60 cm. long

and petiole about 10 cm. long; rachis armed with solitary. or geminate

claws beneath; cirrus abortive or none; both rachis and petiole darkish

when dry, glabrous or partially covered with deciduous scales and

sometimes brownish scurf. Leaflets 17-19 cm. long, 7-9 cm. broad,

5-7 costate, with no (deciduous?) cilia in margins or apex. Spadix

female only known, with one spikelet bearing branch about 30 cm.:

larger spikelets about 6-7 cm. long; secondary spathes 3-3-5 cm. long,

Gardens Bulletin, S.,

33cm

Tab. 11. Calamus Blumei (Alvins 2,253).

A, Frondis fragmentum apicale. B, Spadicis pars cum fructibus. C,

Semen. D, Idem verticaliter discissum ut ruminatio et embryo

appareant.

Vol. XVi(1956): -

tubular, deciduously scaly. Involucrophore cupular with no callus in

the axil between it and the upper spathel. Fruiting perianth pedicelli-

form. Fruit globose or ovoid, without the beak and _ perianth 18-19

mm. long, 16-17 mm: in diam.; scales dull brown, with slightly paler

» margins, arranged in 18 series. Seed deeply ruminate.

MALAYA: Negri Sembilan, in. Sungei Ujong, probably at Bukit

Tumiyang (Alvins 2,253, vern. nom. Rotan Tai Ayam). 4

BORNEO: prob. Dunsun River (Korthals).

I have not seen the type of this species which is the above

quoted Korthals’ specimen, but there is a good plate and descrip-

tion given of it by Beccari.-The Negri Sembilan specimen, col-

lected by Cantley’s collector Alvins (duplicate of it has been

cited and figured by Beccari (1913) under C. tomentosus) agrees

well with C. Blumei. Perhaps the Malayan specimens were re-

ferred by Beccari to C. tomentosus on geographical grounds and

so there was a need for making the varieties. The leaflets in the

latter are hardly ansate and bear 7—9 costae, and its leaf-sheaths,

leaf-rachis and spadix dry yellowish and densely floccose. The

leaflets in C. Blumei are 5—7 costate and -distinctly ansate, and

the leaf-sheaths, leaf-rachis and spadix are thinly scaly and tend

to be dark, when dry. Also the leaflets and the fruits are appa-

rently smaller in the latter.

Apparently here belongs also Teijsmann’s specimen Beccari

(1913, p. 61) described in the observations made under C.

tomentosus. —

12. Calamus mawaiensis Furtado spec. nov.—t. 12.

C. tomentoso valde affinis, sed verrucis vaginae mammiformibus,

haud acutis; foliolis conspicue ansatis brevioribusque; fructibus

oblongo-obovatis maioribus; involucrophoris superne_ callosis;

vaginis, petiolis, frondium rachidibus, et axibus spadicum in sicco

atrescentibus haec species sat distincta.

Caudex scandens, caespitosus (?), circa 10 m. longus, circa 15 mm.

in diam. Vaginae frondales lepidibus gracilibus albescentibus deciduis,

furfuro deciduo fusco, verrucis mammiformibus haud pungentibus

praeditae, infra flagellum (circa 1 m. longum) carinatae. Ocrea coria-

cea, inermis, 4-5 mm. longa, oblique truncata, margine scariosa.

Frondes cum petiolo circa 10 cm. longo, supra canaliculato, inermi vel

secus dorsum marginesque verrucis conformibus armato, circa 45 cm.

longae, foliolis in specimine viso utrinsecus 5; rachis similimodo lepi-

dota, dorso unguibus 1-3 digitatis apice fuscis praedita: Foliola in

rache ‘utrinsecus 5; duo apicalia opposita, minima, ambitu irregulariter

rhomboidea; altera tria majora, subopposita, majora, ad 17 cm. longa,

9 cm. lata, rhomboideo-elliptica, utrinque sensim attenuata, apice

acuto-acuminata, basi ansata, supra cinereo viridescentia, subtus brun-

nescentia, utrinque polito-levigata, inermia, secus margines undulata

haud setosa, nervis“5—7. Spadix femineus-in specimine viso -metralis

cum~ pedunculo..30 cm: longo; in appendicem 25 cm. longum termi-

natus, in axi unguibus basi tumidis solitariis vel 2-3 digitatis armatus;

inflorescentiae partiales 4, in axilla callosae, porrectae 30-60 cm.

longae, spiculis utrinsecus 3-6 praeditae. Spathae primariae tubulosae,

oP)

Gardens Bulletin, S.

‘Tab. 12. Calamus mawaiensis (Kiah s.n.—holotypus).

A, Caudicis pars ut vaginae, petiolus et foliola appareant. B, Spadix

cum fructibus. C, Fructus.

Vol. XV. (1956).

lepidotae, aculeatae, apicem versus imermes vel parce aculeolatae,

oblique truncatae, ligulatae; spathae secundariae 3-4 cm. longae, elon-

gato-infundibuliformes, ligulatae, lepidotae, imermes vel parcissime

aculeolatae. Spiculae exsertae, in axilla valde callosae, horizontales vel

deflexae, 10-15 cm. longae, utrinsecus floribus 10-14; spathellae 6-7

mm. longae, infundibuliformes, ligulatae. Involucrophorum cupuli-

forme, aliquantulum infra spathellae apicem oriens, superne ad spathel-

lam superiorem adnatum, plerumque in axilla callosum; involucrum

cupuliforme, in uno latere paulo exsertum; areola lunata. Perianthium

fructiferum pedicelliforme. Fructus immaturi obovato-oblongi vel

obovato-elliptici (sine rostro 3 mm. longo) circa 25 mm. longi, 16

mm. in diam.; squamis per orthostichies 18-20 dispositis, sordido-

stramineis, concoloribus. Semen immaturum oblonge-obovatum, pro-

funde ruminatum ut videtur.

Stem tufted (?), scandent, about 10 cm. long, about 1-5 cm. in diam.

Leaf-sheaths thinly covered with deciduous confluent scales, and pro-

vided with blunt, mammiform warts. Leaf only one seen, 45 cm. long

with 10 cm. long petiole, armed in the lower surface of the rachis with

1-3 digitate claws; scaly in the petiole and the rachis. Leaflets 5 on

each side, rhomboidal or rhomboidal-elliptic, 5—7 costate, ansate, the

terminal two pairs opposite, the other three sub-opposite, the largest

about 17 cm. long, 9 cm. broad. Spadix, only one female seen, flagelli-

form, about a metre long, divided into 4 spikelet-bearing branches,

each about 30-60 cm. long. Spathes, primary and secondary strictly

sheathing, scaly; spikelets 10-15 cm. long. Fruit immature, obovate-

oblong or obovate-elliptic, about 25 mm. long (without 3 mm. beak),

16 mm. in diam.; scales concolorous, dirty straw coloured, arranged in

18—20 series; seed not in a definitive stage, probably deeply ruminate.

; can Johore, prope Sungai Kayu in loco paludoso (Kiah 12-

In the characters of its leaves and spikelets, this species appears

to be a very close ally of C. tomentosus as interpreted here, but

the absence of thick tomentum and of the sharp spines on the leaf-

sheaths, the ansate leaflets, the longer spikelets, the callosity in

the upper axil of the involucrophore, and larger obovate fruits

distinguish C. mawaiensis from that species. C. Blumei which has

5—7 costate leaflets and which dry blackish like C. mawaiensis has

smaller, globose fruits, conspicuously sharp spines on the leaf-

sheaths (apparently), and no callosity in the upper axil of the

involucrophore. C. Slootenii, which has also oblong fruits, differs

from C. mawaiensis in the sharp spines on the leaf-sheaths, more

elongate elliptic leaflets, shorter spikelets ovoid oblong fruits

having more series of scales, and tobacco coloured deciduous

scurf on the surface of leaf-sheaths, leaf-rachis and spadix.

Species non-Malayanae novae

The following two new non-Malayan species belonging to this

section are based on the specimens found in the Singapore

herbarium.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 12 (a). Calamus penibukanensis Pe eS 40,520—holoty pus).

Aj; Caudicis pars cum folio et spadice masculo. B,

geniculus et flagellus appareant.

Caudicis pars ut folii

Mie ge Gardens Bulletin, S.

12. (a) Calamus penibukanensis Furtado spec. nov.—t. 12 (a).

C. rhomboideo cui valde affinis, haec species differt omnino

deciduo fusco furfuracea, frondium vaginis magis armatis, ocreis

longioribus, petiolis brevioribus, foliolis conspicue ansatis.

Leaf-sheaths striate, not scaly, armed with distant ascendent spines

having swollen bases. Ocrea 1-1-5 cm. long. Leaf without petiole 55-

60 cm. long; petiole 5-6 cm. long. Leaflets 9-12 costate, distinctly

ansate. Male spadix 1 m. long, ultra-decompound, weakly clawed in

the axis, ending in a short clawed appendix; primary branches 5-6,

flowers borne on secondary and tertiary branchlets. Primary spathes

prickly on the dorsal side.

Leaf-sheaths, petiole, leaf-rachis and spadix with its spathes decidu-

ously covered with tobacco coloured scurf, under which the parts dry

greenish yellow.

BORNEO: Mt. Kinabalu, prope Penibukan, alt. + 1250 m. (Cle-

mens 40,520).

t. 12 (b).

C. Blumei et C. mawaiensi proxima, a quibus haec species rece-

dit: vaginis frondium et rachidibus valde scabridis, foliolis utrinque

arcuatim attenuatis; a C. Blumei differt etiam ocreis minoribus, et

a C. mawaiensi aculeis vaginae pungentibus, filiolis majoribus,

involucrophoris in axilla supra haud callosis.

12. (b) Calamus Slootenii Furtado spec. nov.

Stem caespitose, + 10 m. long, 2:5 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths sca-

brid, covered with whitish scales and deciduous tobacco-coloured scurf

over the scales, armed with ascendent short, sharp thorns with large

tuberculiform bases. Ocrea 1—2 cm. long, deciduous. Leaves rachis

70-80 cm. long, including 20-25 cm. long petiole, scabrid, covered

with whitish scales and with tobacco-coloured deciduous scurf over

them, armed with strong, 1—3 digitate claws. Leaflets bicoloured, elliptic,

20-25 cm. long, 7-8 cm. wide, distinctly ansate at base, acuminate

and ciliate at apex, dark-furfuraceous when young. Female spadix

long, flagelliform, 2—3 branched, ending in a flagelliform appendix;

peduncle + 80 cm. long, branches 18-20 cm. apart, 25-35 cm. long,

with 6—7 alternate spikelets one each side.

All the parts tend to become dark when dry.

BORNEO: in Horto Botanico Bogoriense sub XII. C. 114 culta

(legit Furtado sub numero 30,906).

Here apparently belongs Hewitt’s specimen described by Bec-

cari under C. tomentosus in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI Suppl.

(1913) 61 t. 31, whose fruits are described to be broadly ovoid,

26—28 mm. long, 23 mm. broad, having the scales arranged in 21

vertical series. Teijsmann’s specimen described by Beccari (1913)

in the observation made under the same species is apparently C.

Blumei. Here may also belong Cuadra A250, a sterile specimen

collected at Masuri near Ulu Segama in Lahad Datu district of

British North Borneo.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 12 (6). Calamus Slootenii (Furtado 30,906—holoty pus).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum petioli geniculo. B, Fragmentum caudicis

apicale cum folio et spadice femineo.

Vol. XV. (1956).

The species is named after the late Dr. D. F. Van Slooten who,

as the Director of the Botanic Gardens, Bogor, Java, had given

me facilities to make specimens of the palms cultivated in the

Gardens. The species was cultivated as Korthalsia and probably

many specimens have been distributed under the name. The dup-

licates of my collection have been distributed as C. Blumei.

IV. Sectio PHYLLANTHECTUS Furtado sectio nov.

Phyllanthectae Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 190 et FI.

Mal. Pen. V (1925) 49 pro parte.

Calamoxleya H. A. Barttett (subgen.) in Pap. Mich. Sci. Arts

Lett. XXV (1939) 7.

Frondes l\onge vel breviter cirriferae, sine cirro spadicibus longiores

vel eis aequilongae. Vaginae frondium non flagelliferae. Spadices ramis

distantibus praediti, interdum breviter appendiculati. Spathae primariae

stricte tubulares. Spiculae sessiles. Involucrophora sessilia.

DISTRIBUTIO: Indo-Malesia (Sikkim in Himalayas, Andamans,

Nicobar, Burma, Indochina, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philip-

pines, Celebes, Moluccas, up to New Guinea).

This section includes all the species which are characterised by

their sessile spikelets and involucrophores, tubular spathes, non-

flagelliform spadices, non-flagelliferous leaf-sheaths, and in climb-

ing plants conspicuously cirriferous leaves. The spadices in the

species of this section are erect or almost so, and are generally

shorter than the leaves, and have no special hooks adapted for

climbing. Int some species, especially of the subsection Cirruliferus

the cirrus may not be properly developed and instead the leaves

may be imparipinnate, subcirriferous or shortly cirriferous.

This section corresponds to Beccari’s Group XV.

(a) Subsectio: PHYLLANTHECTUS.

Caudex crassus. Frondes longae, spadicibus multo longiores, longe

cirriferae, foliolis fasciculatis vel non, praeditae. Spadices crassi,

robusti, unguibus validis armatissimi, pro rata breviter pedunculati.

Perianthium fructiferum pedicelliforme vel subpedicelliforme, rarissime

explanatum.

DISTRIBUTIO: Indo-Malesia.

SPECIES TYPICA: C. palustris.

Key to the Species

_A. Sheathed stems slender, less than 3 cm. thick. (Petiole long

or obsolete. Leaflets linear and fascicled, or inequidistant,

or pluricostulate, equidistant, inequidistant, or geminate,

in one species glaucescent. Fruiting perianth pedicelliform

or explanate).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

B. Petiole long, 15-60 cm. long. (Fruiting perianth pedi-

celliform).

(a) Leaf-sheaths thickly armed with long black

spines, some as long as 3 cm. Petiole 30—60

cm. long. Leaflets 3— costate, setose above,

less than 2 cm. wide, ensiform, often in

groups, sometimes equidistant. Stems short.

Fruits small, about 10 mm. in diam. ~

(b) Fruits round or globose; scales yellow

C. Oxleyanus T. & B. var. Oxleyanus.

(bb) Fruits obovate-oblong; scales yellow

C. Oxleyanus var. obovatus Becc.

(bbb) Fruits ovate or oblong; scales dark brown

C. Oxleyanus var. montanus Furtado.

(aa) Leaf-sheaths armed with brown, distant up to 2

cm. long spines. Petiole 12-25 cm. long.

Leaflets pluricostulate, elliptic, unarmed,

more than 4 cm. wide, never in groups, but

inequidistant. Stems long. Fruit large, about

3 cm. long and 2 cm. in diam.

C. simplex Becc.

BB. Petiole in adult leaves obsolete, or when present less

than 10 cm. long.

and flat in the upper surface and also armed

with erect spines. (Fruiting perianth subpedi-

celliform or almost so).

C. palustris var. malaccensis Becc.

(cc) Petiole and rachis base deeply channelled and

unarmed above (except along the margins).

(d) Fruiting perianth conspicuously pedicel-

late.

(e) Leaflets whitish beneath, inequidis-

tant, often arranged in distant

pairs. (Involucrophore exsert,

almost subpedicelliform).

C. caesius Bl.

Vol. XV, (1956). -

> fee) Leaflets not whitish beneath, equi-

distant or inequidistant, but not

in distinct pairs in the lower half

of the leaf. (Involucrophore

flattish, not subpedicelliform).

__C. pallidulus Becc.

(dd) Perianth deeply divided, not pedicellate.

(f) Leaflets distant, solitary in the

lower half, inequidistant or often

geminate in the upper (Involucre

deeply cup-shaped. Fruiting

perianth broadly companulate

in the undivided base).

C. axillaris Becc.

(ff) Leaflets inequidistant and often

geminate in the lower half of

the leaf also.

(g) Involucre deeply cup-shap-

ed. Fruiting perianth

companulate, divided al-

most to the base, at least

on one side. Fruit scales

in 23-26 vertical series.

C. Hendersonii Furtado.

(gg) Involucre shallow, saucer-

shaped. Fruiting perianth

urceolate with truncate

base. Fruit scales in 15-

16 vertical series.

C. riparius Furtado

AA. Sheathed stems more than 4 cm. in diam. (Petiole 640 cm

long. Leaflets large, pluricostulate, sometimes fascicled, or

_ almost regularly placed, glaucescent beneath. Fruiting

_perianth pedicelliform, or not?).- |

B. Leaf-sheath unarmed at the mouth, otherwise armed

with distant, solitary, woody, brownish «spines;

_ abruptly swollen into a semi-annular geniculum.

-Petiole unarmed above. except. along the margins.

Leaflets inequidistant, often geminate even in basal

Gardens Bulletin, S.

half of the leaf. Involucre obliquely cupular, includ-

ed (sessile); areola horizontally developed slightly

exsert. a

C. tumidus Furtado.

BB. Leaf-sheath strongly armed all over with blackish,

often confluent spines, as also at the mouth and in

the geniculum; the latter swollen in a V-shaped

gibbosity. Petiole armed above. Leaflets subsequi-

distant, not in groups. Involucre shallow, exsert;

areola laterally excavate.

(a) Leaf-sheaths brownish, thickly armed with ap-

proximate or confluent spines. Leaflets often

adpressedly spinulose along the margins.

Involucrophore exsert.

C. Manan Mia.

(aa) Leaf-sheaths yellowish, armed with a fewer,

practically non-confluent spines. Leaflets not

spinulous along the margins. Involucrophore

almost included. J

C. giganteus Becc.

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES

13. Calamus Oxleyanus Teysm. et Binn., Cat. Pl. Hort. Bogor.

(1866) 75 nomen tantum; Miq., De Palmis Archip. Ind. Obs.

Nov. (1868) 17 et tab.; Becc. in Hook., f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 458; Ridl., in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits Br. 33

(1900) 175; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 214;

Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 208; Becc. in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 450 t. 203 et Suppl. (1913)

112 t. 63; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 62 pro parte —

(var. Oxleyanus ).

C. diffusus Becc. in Hook., f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 447 as

to the male spadix only, and in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902)

206; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 209 pro parte;

Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 248 (as to the

female spadix only; the leaf — C. Diepenhorstii var. singapo-

rensis).

C. Fernandezii H. Wendl. in Kerch., Les Palm. (1878) 236.

Daemonorops fasciculatus Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm III (1850)

330; Migq., Fl. Ind. Bot. III (1856) 101.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Rotan Pajare Griff. in Calc. Journ. V (1845) 89 et Palms Brit.

Ind. (1850) sub C. angustifolius Obs. p. 95.

Stem scandent or semi-scandent, with sheaths 2—3-5 cm. in diam.,

4-6 m. long. Leaf-sheaths straw-coloured, non-flagelliferous, slightly

gibbous above, very obliquely truncate, densely armed all over with

unequal reflexed, blackish or schistaceous, spines, the smallest variable

in size up to 5 mm. long, the medium 2-3 cm. long, and the largest

up to 6 cm. long; along the margins of the mouth with slender, brittle,

2-4 cm. long spines. Ocrea bordering on the mouth of the sheath

brittle, deciduous, armed with narrow, unequal, black, ascendent or

reflexed spines. Leaves about 1-5-2-5 m. long, excluding the long cir-

rus; petiole 30-60) cm. long, porrect, armed along the margins with

more than one row of shorter spines, the dorsum in the basal part

being unarmed, polished, yellow, and marbled nearly as far down as

the geniculum but armed with solitary distant, brown-tipped claws in

the upper half; rachis armed along the margins with one or two series

of spines on each side and with solitary claws along the middle, the

marginal spines becoming fewer and the claws digitate in the distal

portions. Leaflets numerous, fascicled, all in one plane (each fascicle of

4—10 leaflets, equidistant, 15-20 mm. apart in each fascile, the groups

being 15-25 cm. apart), papyraceous, green on both sides, glabrous,

3-5 costate, with a few bristles in the 3 middle costae above,

occasionally also in the other two; all merves naked beneath; mar-

gins spinulous. Female spadix about 1 m. long, clawed on the axis,

divided into 5—7 branches, not flagelliform, ending in a small filiform,

clawed appendix; primary spathes tubular, 6-12 cm. long, unarmed or

very sparingly prickly, ending in a narrow auriculiform, acuminate

apex; the basal spathe bicarinate, others with only one ridge. Primary

branches spreading, inserted at the mouth of the .axillant spathes,

about 20-50 cm. long, with 4-8 spikelets on each side; secondary

spathes 1-5—2-5 cm. long, tubular, unarmed, finely striate, acute at

apex. Spikelets vermicular, the largest 15—20 cm. long, with 18-22

flowers on each side, gradually shorter in upper parts and with fewer

flowers; spathels tubular, glabrous, striate, with a deflexed apex. Invol-

ucrophore very shallow, orbicular, exsert; involucre circular, saucer-

shaped. Female flowers 4 mm. long, nearly 1 cm. apart; calyx deeply

lobed, slightly shorter than the corolla. Fruiting perianth shortly pedi-

celliform with a callous base. Fruit nearly globular, 10-12 mm. long,

8-10 in diam., mucronate; scales in 12—13 longitudinal series, straw-

coloured, with red brown margins; seed globular, much wrinkled;

albumen homogeneous with a few superficial ruminations; embryo

basal. Male spadix similar but slender; the spikelets 4-6 cm. long, in

the secondary branches usually shorter.

MALAYA: Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 11,473 male and female;

11,619; Sinclair 39,991; Holttum and Furtado 19,786); Toas (Ridley

6,283); Botanic Gardens (Ridley 11,338 & 10,816). Johore, Gunong

Pulai (Mat sub Ridley n. 3,719); Batu Pahat (Ridley 11,215 as to the

spadix only; leaves = C. Diepenhorstii var. singaporensis); Malacca,

loc. incert. (Griffith in Herb. Kew and Brit. Mus.).

DISTRIBUTION: Island of Bangka (type locality).

Though this appears to have been collected very early in the

Peninsula, it remained for a long time unnamed. It is not a very

long rottan, and restricted usually to secondary growth. The

petiole makes an acute angle with the stem, a reason why the

gibbosity is not well marked and the mouth of the sheaths re-

semble that of the non-climbing species, being long and oblique.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Griffith named the-species as Rotan Pajare, while Ridley stated

that Rotan Pujare was the name on the ticket of the specimen in

the British Museum. Martius recorded as Pusare as an alternative

to Pajare. As Pajare, Pujare and Pusare are not Malay words, I

quote here the following notes made after comparing the Kew

peamess a0. 1238

~The name on the Kew specimens is entered as Rotang Pussare

and Macere. the first s in Pussare being long resembling

the manuscript f or j, an old practice of writing the letter s that

precedes another s. The word Pajare must have been therefore

a result of mistaking u for a and the double ss for j. Further, I

think the u should be read as in but, and are as in fare, so that

the name should be read as Rotan Passer. Thus pronounced the

fame may stand either for Rotan Pasir, meaning “sand loving

rotan’, “sandy rotan” or “a rotan whose markings suggest its

being sandy” or for Rotan Pasiare meaning “Walking Stick” from

Pasiare ot Passear in Portuguese meaning “to go for a walk.” The

word Passear was apparently used in Malacca Malay and is men-

tioned in Wilkinson’s Malay Dictionary.

More than one specimen in the Singapore herbarium collections

has a spadix of this species mixed with the leaves of another, and

Ridley 11,215 is such a mixture. After a careful comparison I find

that the spadix m Ridley 11,215 is not flagelliform and corres-

ponds exactly with C. Oxleyanus. But the leaf, which has a gib-

bous petiole and no cirrus, could not belong to this species; it

agrees very well with those of C. Diepenhorstii var singaporensis.

I have not had an access to Lobb’s specimen to determime the

identity of the leaf described under C. diffusus, but from the des-

cription it may also be of C. Diepenhorstii or of its variety. (Its

male spadix has been identified by Beccari as C. Oxleyanus).

(a) Calamus Oxleyanus Mio. var montanus Furtado var. nov.—

& is.

Ab alteris hujus speciei taxis haec varietas foliolis in pagina

superiore secus nervos duos parce setosis, fructibus ovoideis vel

oblongis, squamis atro-brunneis postice flavo sufjusis, secus mar-

gines atriore lineatis sat distincta.

Leafiets 3-merved, sparingly setose above in the upper parts of the

pies becca er gpa deciduously setulose or smooth

along the margins, bristly at ps, longest about 30-38.cn dong and

3 cm. broad. Spadix about ae. long, unarmed except-in the apical

parts, 4 branched. Fruit ovoid or shortly oblong, 13-14 mm. ane

(slightly longer with the beak). 7-3 mm. in diam; scales 2

12 vertical series, dark. income sulEuned. widh-selieeent Gealiemee aden

along the margins. _

MALAYA: Trengganu, Gunong Padang, = 1200 m. alt, (Kiah &

Moysey 31,891).

Vol. XV. (1956).

Hh) |

“ 4

\S Wal tf

j > I im

4 a

. Q

1 a «jit =

[

j | /

q ws,

g — r

f J

7 ie

7 a ‘fy

~ %

J > i=

SF |

Sli it

. os ae

Tab. 13. Calamus Oxleyanus var. montanus (Kiah & Moysey: 31,891—

holoty pus).

A, Petioli pars ut armatura ejusdem et forma appareant. B, Frondis

fragmentum apicale. C, Caudicis fragmentum cum spadice fructi-

ferenti. D, Fructus. E, Semen. F, Idem verticaliter discissum ut

embryonis dispositio appareat.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

The portion of a leaf collected on the same mountain (Gunong

Padang) by Hislop in July 1952 belongs apparently to this variety.

The leaf is cirriferous and has grouped leaflets which agree well

with the type of this variety. However this specimen consists of

only a terminal portion of a leaf without its petiole and leaf-sheath.

(b) Calamus Oxleyanus Mig. var. obovatus Becc. in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. XI Suppl. (1913) 112 t. 63.

Differs from the type in being much more robust in all its parts and

in having larger, obovate fruits about 18 mm. long, including the

beak and the perianth, and 11-12 mm. through. The field notes on the

sheets cited below are to the effect that the inflorescence is nearly 2

metres long and the leaf with its armed tip measures 3 m. or over in

length.

MALAYA: Johore, Kluang at 10th mile Batu Pahat Road (Holttum,

9.488).

DISTRIBUTION: Bangka (Type locality).

This is the first record for the variety in Malaya.

14. Calamus simplex Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893)

456, Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. IT (1902) 211, et m Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 428 pl. 190.—+. 14.

Stem slender, scandent, with sheaths 1-2 cm. through. Leaf-sheaths

non-flagelliferous, gibbous, strongly armed with unequal, elastic, hori-

zontal or slightly deflexed, up to 2 cm. long spines. Leaves 100-150

cm. long in the pinniferous part, terminating in a long cirrus; petiole

15—20 cm. long, armed on the acute margins with a few strong hori-

zontal spines; rachis armed along the sides beneath with a few solitary

claws, digitate in the upper part of the rachis. Leaflets few, about 5 on

each side, papyraceous, inequidistant, up to 30 cm. apart, solitary,

alternate or sub-opposite, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute at the

base, shortly acuminate at the apex. 5—6 or more costate, smooth on

both surfaces as also along the margins, sometimes provided with one

or more polished lines near the lower margins of the basal leaflets; the

largest up to 60 cm. long, 10 cm. wide, in less vigorous specimens

about 30 cm. long, 5—6-5 cm. wide, the lower ones usually the largest.

Female spadix much shorter than the leaves, 40-50 cm. long, more or

less covered with a rusty-furfuraceous indumentum, erect, quite un-

armed or nearly so, terminating in a small, flattened, tail-like, smooth

or sharpingly spinulous appendix, divided into 2—3 spikelets on each

side. Primary spathes 4-6 cm. long in the sheathing part, suddenly

narrowed at the base into a flattened and unarmed axial portion; the

basal spathes two edged, the edges smooth or sparingly spinulous.

Spikelets inserted at the mouth of the axillant primary spathe, arched,

the lowest 6-7 cm. long with 5—6 flowers on each side, others smaller;

spathels infundibuliform, truncate, acute at one side. Jnvolucrophore

very short, subcupular; involucre cupular, almost entire. Fruiting

perianth pedicelliform, rather thick; calyx callous at the base, divided

to about midway down into three large, ovate lobes; corolla as long as

the calyx. Fruit large, about 3 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, globose-ovoid,

with a short mucro at the apex, and a short caudiculum at the base;

scales in 24 series, yellowish-brown near their. base, darkening towards

the point with an almost black marginal line;-seed globular, about 15

mm. in diam., with albumen deeply ruminate and embryo almost basal.

Vol. XV. (1956)..

f- iD

Y Vi /

Tab. 14. Calamus simplex? (Wyatt-Smith 66,590).

A, Caudicis fragmentum sterilis. B, Pars folii.

Gardens Bulletin, ¥

Male spadix similar, but longer, 85 cm. long, with 4-5 alternate spike-

lets on each side, and the lowest spikelet having a small secondary

spikelet at its base. Primary spathes armed with a few scattered

prickles, but not armed in the axial part. Spikelets arched, flexuous,

12-13 cm. long, with 15-16 remote, bifarious flowers on each side;

spathels funnel-shaped, sprinkled with brown scales.

MALAYA: Perak, Gunong Tambang Batak, alt. 1,900 M. (Scorte-

chini, 432b in herb. -Becc.).

This very distinct species, which is easily recognised by its

simple spadices having spikelets borne directly on the main axis,

is known only. from the type collections taken from male and

female plants. Beccari has an excellent plate to illustrate the

species. For unaccountable reasons Ridley ignored this species

altogether in both his floristic works (1907 & 1925). Sterile speci-

mens collected by Wyatt-Smith (No. 66,590) and Henderson

(18,021), both on Cameron Highlands, Pahang, approach very

near to C. simplex but in the absence of flowering or fruiting

material it is not easy to determine the specimens accurately.

15. Calamus palustris Griff. var. malaccensis Becc. in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 405 et Suppl. (1913) 86.—+. 15.

C. dumetorum Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 211 et

Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 63.

C. palustris Griff. sensu Ridl., Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 206

et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 61 pro parte.

Stem scandent, 6 m. long, 2-5—3 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths gibbous,

armed with numerous very unequal, laminar, 1 cm. to 3 cm. long,

more or less ascendent or horizontal spines, the larger ones absent in

the geniculum. Ocrea not seen. Leaves cirriferous, long; petiole in Rid-

ley’s specimen cited below, about 12 cm. long, the basal part of the

rachis densely armed above with short erect, sharp-pointed, subequal

spines, but armature considerably less below; the mesial parts of the

rachis armed above with a few small prickles, and below with 1 cm.

long spines distantly placed along the margins and the median terminal

parts not seen. Leaflets solitary or in pairs or ternate on each side of

rachis, subopposite, 5—7 costate, slightly plicate, lanceolate, narrowed

on both sides, naked on both surfaces or spinulose on the midcosta

above, distinctly and closely spinulose on the margins and bristly on the

apex; the largest 30-33 cm. long and 3-4 cm. broad. Male spadix

shorter than the leaves, non-flagelliform, 60-100 cm. long, terminating

in a short spadix; primary spathes loose, chartaceous, ligulate,

sparsely aculeate on one side only, 7-12 cm. long. Primary branches

15-30 cm. long, sometimes bearing secondary branches or spikelets;

secondary spathes loose, smooth, 1-1-5 cm. long; secondary branches

10—15 cm. long; tertiary spathes similar, but smaller. Spikelets 2-4 cm.

long; spathels bracteiform, concave, one-sided, apiculate, striate; in-

volucre cupular. Male flowers all immature, still enclosed in the calyx,

2-3 mm. long.

MALAYA: Perak, loc. incert. (Scortechini, 50b); Lahat near Ipoh in

open country (Ridley, 11,988).

Tab. 15. Calamus palustris var. malaccensis (Ridley 11,988).

Vol. XV. (1956).

pars. C, Spadix sine parte basali. D,. Spicula

B. Folii

~-ejusdem ampliata.

A. Petiolus.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Beccari, who compared the type of C. dumetorum (Ridley,

11,988) with the type of this variety (Scortechini 50b), found no

material difference between these two specimens. I have not seen

Scortechini’s specimen, and so have followed Beccari’s disposition.

Ridley has not recognised this variety nor has he accepted Bec-

cari’s reduction of C. dumetorum.

The type form of the species came from Tenasserim in Burma

and has not been found in Malaya. Ridley was apparently con-

fused as to the length of the petiole, because the lower leaflets

have been partly removed in the type of C. dumetorum and so he

stated that the petiole was over 30 cm. long. In the young stages

of plants of this type, the petioles are longer but gradually they

become shorter and finally obsolete.

I have not seen Alvins’ collection from Bukit Sulu, Negri Sem-

bilan, cited by Ridley under C. palustris.

16. Calamus caesius B1., Rumphia III (1849) 57; Mart. Hist.

Nat. Palm. III (1850) 340; Migq., Fl. Ind. Bat. III (1856) 129;

Becc. in Hook., f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 456 et in Rec. Bot.

Surv. Ind. If (1902) 211; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. I

(1907) 205; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908)

426 tt. 188A et 189, et Suppl. (1913) 105; Ridl., in Journ.

Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits Br. 68 (1915) 14 et Fl. Malay Pen. V

(1925) 60.—+. 16.

C. glaucescens Bl. Rumphia III (1849) 65, et al.

Stem tufted, scandent, slender, 15-20 m. long, with sheaths 13-20

mm. in diam., non-flagelliferous. Leaf-sheaths gibbous above, covered

with deciduous furfur, when young splashed white, brown later, striate,

armed with unequal, horizontal or reflexed, scattered, solitary, 1-2 cm.

long broad-based spines, intermingled with very minute tuberculiform,

sharp or obtuse, ascendent spines, the latter practically absent in young

plants. Ocrea very short. Leaves 60-80 cm. in the pinniferous part,

terminating in a long cirrus; petiole wanting or obsolete; rachis armed

with solitary claws along the margins and the middle of the dorsum,

becoming digitate and half-whorled in the distal half and on the cirrus.

Leaflets 16-25 in all, 7-13 on each side, irregularly set, usually in

pairs, but often three on one side at the base, and a solitary leaflet at

the apex on the base of the cirrus, and occasionally also a solitary

leaflet in the middle (the pairs subopposite or alternate), glaucous

beneath, 4-6 costate, obovate or oblong-elliptic, gradually cuneate to-

wards the base, unarmed on both surfaces, spinulose in the margins

and at apex; sometimes one or more shining limes along the lower

margin; the mesial leafiets largest, 25-30 cm. long, 4-5—5-5 cm. wide;

the narrowest at the base. Female spadix 90-150 cm. long, deciduously

brown furfuraceous, not flagelliform, divided in 5-6 branches, ter-

minating in a short, weak up to 30 cm. long appendix armed with

claw-like simple spines. Primary spathes 7-20 cm. long, tubular, obli-

quely truncate, acuminate, the basal one bicarinate, unarmed or armed

with a few, small prickles; the second spathe above the first, unicari-

nate, more armed than the one at the base, others cylindrical and more

armed. Primary branches 50-75 cm. long, with 6-10 spikelets on each

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 16. Calamus caesius (Furtado 30,923).

A, Caudicis pars cum folio et spadice. B, Spiculae pars ut spathella,

involucrophorum et involucrum appareant. C, Fructus cum peri-

~ anthio. D, Semen. E, Idem verticaliter discissum.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

side; secondary spathes 2-5-4-5 cm. long, obliquely truncate, shortly

apiculate, usually’ unarmed, but occasionally slightly armed. Spikelets

slightly outside the. axillant spathe, reflexed, 6-12 cm. long with 9-16

flowers on each side; spathels funnel-shaped, truncate, fugaciously

brown-furfuraceous. Jnvoicrophore slightly exsert, cupular; involucre

similar. Fruiting perianth pedicelliform, shortly lobed, calyx as long as

the corolla. Fruit ellipsoid,. 18-22 mm. ‘long including beak and the

cyathiform. perianth, 10-13 mm. broad; scales concolorous, yellow,

disposed in 16—21° series; seed -with deeply ruminate albumen and

supra-basal embryo. Male spadix more slender, up to 2-5 m. long,

but often shorter. Spikelets on primary branches none or few, up to

2 cm. long, usually on secondary branches and then up to 1-1-5 cm.

long with 4-6 closely packed male flowers on each side with an odd

flower at the apex. Secondary spathes armed or not; tertiary spathes

3—4 mm. long, funnel-shaped, long, apiculate. Male flowers 3-4 mm.

long, oblong, yellowish; corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx.

MALAYA: loc. incert., cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor. X.E. 8 (Furtado

30,922). Perak, loc. incert. (Scortechini 456). Johore, Batu Pahat (Rid-

ley 11,382, as Rotan Segar; Machado sub Ridley’s no. 11,382, as Rotan

Segar); Muar (Pears sub Ridley’s no. 10,716 as Rotan Segah).

SUMATRA: loc. incert., cult. in Hort. Bot. Sing. (Burkill 592); cult.

in Hort. Bot. Bogor. X.E. 11. a. (Furtado 30,923).

BORNEO: Sandakan, Sapagaya (Clemente and Puasa 4,942 as Rotan

Sega).

Means loc. incert. cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor. XII.C. 96. a. (Furtado

As this species has been widely spread through cultivation by

the jungle tribes, it is doubtful whether any of the above given

records is from wild plants. The species was established on a

sterile specimen from Borneo, and, despite its wide distribution in

Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo and Java and its use in wicker work,

its identity had for a long time remained obscure. Fortunately

Beccari was able to gain access to the original fragmentary mate-

rial and to work out its specific identity by comparing it with

Scortechini’s collection from the Malay Peninsula. The species

shows some variations, perhaps as a result of wide and long

cultivation.

Since the plant is tufted, it can be harvested periodically for its

canes. It appears that the species may be propagated by suckers.

Scortechini’s specimen cited above is known to me only through

Beccari’s plate which agrees very well with the leaf in Pears

10,716 (Muar) which is accompanied by fruits.

17. Calamus pallidulus Becc. in Hook., fi., Fl., Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 457, and in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908)

447 t. 200; Ridl., in Journ. (1907) 209; Becc. in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. XI Appendix (1913) 109; Ridl., Flor. Mal.

Pen. V (1925) 62; (Sphalmate C. pallidus).—+. 17.

C. Diepenhorstii Mig. sensu Ridl., Flor. cit. V (1925) 55 pro

parte.

Vol. XV. (1956).

ys ft,

LM Ld

Tab. 17. Calamus pallidulus (Ridley 6,281). )

j _ Caudicis fragmentum ut vaginae, folium, spadix fructiferens appareant.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

C. longispathus (longispatha) Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II

(1907) 209 pro parte (ex altera parte — C. longispathus Ridl.,

emend Becc., et C.. peregrinus).

C. singaporensis Becc. sensu Ridl., Mat. cit. II (1907) 199 pro

parte.

Stems slender, solitary; about 2 cm. in diam., 6-10 m. long. Leaf-

sheaths straw-coloured, gibbose above, armed with short reflexed, sub-

equal spines placed on swollen bases, sometimes the swollen warts not

provided with prickles. Leaves sessile, with 13-18 leaflets on each side;

the latter very closely set in the lower half, reflexed, the basal ones

amplexicaul, in the upper half inequidistant or even obscurely fasci-

culate (the juvenile leaves petiolate or not, and often conspicuously

‘fasciculate in the upper parts); rachis unarmed above, but with many

solitary or digitate black-tipped claws beneath. Leaflets 1-3 nerved,

ensiform, or elliptic ensiform, slightly plicate, usually smooth on both

surfaces, rarely provided with a few setae on the margins and tips,

and very rarely also in the midnerve beneath, abruptly narrowed at

the apex; the largest mesial 15—18 cm. long, 2—2-5 cm. wide, or slightly

larger. Female spadix somewhat erect, bearing simple or compound

branches. Primary spathes and others armed or scabrid, ciliate, palea-

ceous at the margin of the mouth, sometimes deciduously pubescent.

Spikelets patent, borne on primary or secondary branches; spathels

scabrid, ciliate at the mouth. Jnvolucrophore exsert, not deep; involucre.

shallow. Fruiting perianth pedicelliform. Fruit sphaeric, 18 mm. in

diam. acute at both ends; scales straw-coloured, brownish along the

margins, arranged in 15—19 vertical series; seed deeply ruminate. Male

spadix apparently decompound, deciduously furfuraceous. Spathes pri-

mary and others deciduously puberulous, less spiny and scabrid than

the female ones. Spathels concave, bracteiform, long-apexed, scabrid,

deciduously puberulous. Jnvolucre semi-cupular, truncate nearly to the

base on the anticous side, extended on the side next to the axis into a

long, erect, two keeled, wing. Male flowers not known.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Bukit Kajang (Corner 30,561, juvenile, vern.

nom. Rotan Ria). Kedah, Sungei Labon, Baling (Furtado 33,059, juve-

nile); Bukit Seblak, Weng (Furtado 33,067, juvenile). Perak, Taiping

(Wray 2,392, syntype); Simpang (Wray 3,017, syntype). Selangor, Bukit

Enggang, Kajang (Symington 24,206, vern. nom. Rotan Tunggal).

Negri Sembilan, Senawang (Holttum 9,944, vern. nom. Rotan Tunggal);

Sungei Ujong (Alvins s.n.). Singapore, Jalan Bray (Ridley 6,281); Bukit

Timah (Goodenough in 1892; Ridley in 1907, juvenile); Bukit Mandai

(Ridley in 1907, juvenile). |

The species produces long petioled leaves when young, but the

petiole gradually decreases in size as the plant gets older, and in

climbing plants the leaf-sheaths are gibbose at the apex. There

may be seen other variations too. Thus the leaf-sheaths in Corner

30,561 (Kemaman) bear no spines and the leaves are much

longer than in the type; further the leaf-sheaths, leaf-rachis, and

leaflets are greenish when dry. Furtado 33,059 and 33,067

(Kedah) which have yellowish sheaths, leaf-rachis, and leaflets,

have shorter leaves, and the sheaths are with or sometimes with-

out spines. Holttum 9,944 (Negri Sembilan) bears fruiting spike-

lets on the secondary branches, the spikelets being about 2-4 cm.

long, so that they look very much like those in the male spadix;

Vol. XV. (1956).

its primary and other spathes are also very much woody. Syming-

ton 24,206 (Selangor) has a weak female spadix, and the spathes

are less woody, but, as in the type, the spikelets are 5—8 cm. long

borne on the’ primary branches. The male specimen (Alvins from

Negri Sembilan) is old, showing slight traces of decomposition,

and so the spathes may have lost their paleae and spines; the lower

part of the spadix is also wanting.

The syntype Wray 3,017 has fewer leaflets and Beccari states

that they are 4-5 on each side. But both the Singapore herbarium

duplicates and Beccari’s plate show marks that the leaflets have

been torn off; the only distinction that one notices in the syntypes

is that some of the leaflets are larger and broader, and the leaf-

sheath and the leaf-rachis are more densely armed. The fruit

scales in the syntypes are 15-16, while in Holttum 9,944 and

Symington the scales are 18—19 series.

Both the syntypes were transferred by Ridley to his C. longi-

spathus, while C. pallidulus was reserved for a new specimen from

Singapore (Ridley 6,281). Later Ridley included these two syn-

types under C. pallidulus, but without realizing that these were the

specimens he had cited previously under C. longispathus. Hence

in 1925 he made under the latter species the following remarks:

“T think it better to exclude the Perak plants I added formerly to

this species until I can examine them again.”

This species has been very much confused as the distribution of

the following specimens shows: Bukit Mandai (Singapore leg.

Ridley) under C. penicillatus; Bukit Timah (Singapore leg. Rid-

ley) under C. Diepenhorstii (— C. singaporensis); and Sungei

Ujong (leg. Alvins) under Plectocomiopsis Scortechinii. The spe-

cies seems to be widely distributed in Malaya; but being slender

its stems are probably useful as a cane, and, being solitary, it runs

the risk of extermination since it would be cut when it just begins

to flower. Probably its value as a cane is also the reason why the

species is rarely found in fiower or fruit.

18. Calamus axillaris Becc. in Hook. f., Fl., Brit. Ind. VI (1893)

456, in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 211 et in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 414 t. 181.—+. 18.

Stems scandent, 2 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths gibbose at the apex,

irregularly armed with horizontal or slightly reflexed, unequal, rigid

spines up to 10 mm. long, which are swollen at base above, concave

below, often slightly obliquely placed. Leaves about 1 m. long in the

pinniferous part; petiole obsolete or up to about 4 cm. long; rachis

unarmed above, channelled in the lower portion, provided or not with

a few short, distant spines along the margins towards the base and with

a few obscure minute prickles below the petiole, armed upwards in

the lower surface with simple or digitate claws. Leaflets about 18 on

each side, unequal, inequidistant, alternate but not distinctly fascicled

Gardens Bulletin, S.

ALPS

IIReeTy

()

Tab. 18. Calamus axillaris (Furtado 33,0302).

A, Caudicis fragmentum ut vaginae, petioli obsoleti, et spadicis dis-

positio appareant. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale. C, Spadix fructi-

ferens. D, Spiculae pars verticaliter discissa ut dispositio spathellae,

involucrophori et involucri appareat. E, Fructus cum perianthio.

F, Semen. G, Idem verticaliter discissum.

Vol. XV. (1956).

in the lower half, often in distant geminate fascicles on each side to-

wards the summit, lanceolate or nearly ensiform, 3—5 costate, unarmed

in the female, indistinctly spinulose along the margins in the male

(Beccari); the largest mesial, 32-38 cm. long, 2—3-5 cm. wide. Male

spadix apparently axillary, in one specimen 1-4 m. long, terminating in

a spikelet, not in an appendix, divided into 6 large branches, excluding

the terminal ones each of which is a spikelet. Primary spathes fugaci-

ously furfuraceous, striate, the lower ones flattened, others cylindric,

unarmed or with a prickle near the summit in the upper spathes.

Primary branches 12—20 cm. apart, the lower ones 20-25 cm. long,

upper ones smaller, attached at the mouth of their own spathes; secon-

dary spathes long-funnel-shaped, loosely sheathing in their upper part,

deciduously furfuraceous, ciliate at the mouth. Spikelets 2-2-5 cm.

long; arched, with 6—12 flowers on each side; spathels short, bractei-

form, striate, concave, ciliate at the margin. Involucre half-cupular,

bidentate; male flowers immature. Female spadix arising 8 cm. above

the axil of the leaf, 1 m. long, ending in a spikelet, divided into 5

spikelet-bearing branches, the other 3 terminal branches being each a

solitary spikelet. Primary spathes tubular, slightly split on one side,

sparsely prickly; secondary spathes tubular, unarmed, usually carinate

on one side. Spikelets 3—S cm. long; spathels broadly funnel-shaped,

obliquely truncate, deciduously furfuraceous. Involucrophore cupular,

almost entirely included in the spathel: involucre similarly shaped,

often two or three angled. Fruiting perianth deeply divided with a

shallow companulate undivided base corresponding to the portion in-

cluded in the involucre. Fruit oblong, shortly beaked, about 10 mm.

long, 8 mm. in diam.; scales straw-coloured with lighter marginal lines,

sometimes brownish tinged at the tips and in some parts of the margins,

arranged in 23 series; seed 7 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, convex and pitted

on one side, flattened on the side of the chalazal fovea; albumen

equable; embryo basal.

MALAYA: Perak, loc. incert. (Scortechini, male type); Kroh (Fur-

tado 33,0304, female).

So far this species was known only from the male type collec-

tion, and despite Beccari’s excellent plate of the type, Ridley has

persistently ignored it. The female specimen is described for the

first time here. As in the male, the female leaf examined has also

18 leaflets on each side; and unlike C. Hendersonii which has

distant fascicled leaflets even in the lower half of the leaves, C.

axillaris tend to produce grouped (geminate) leaflets only in the

distant end of the leaf.

— C. axillaris, C. Hendersonii and C. riparius seem to form a

group of closely allied species and it is necessary to study varia-

tions within each to see whether any of these is merely a form of

the other. Both C. Hendersonii and C. riparius do not produce,

in the specimens seen, simple spikelets as primary branches in the

terminal portions of the spadix; whereas in C. axillaris such simple

spikelets seem to be common in the apical portions of both male

- and female spadices (see also remarks under C. riparius and C.

Hendersonii).

Gardens Bulletin, S.

19. Calamus Hendersonii Furtado spec. noy.—t.t. 19 & 19a.

Inter species ad Sectionem Phyllanthecti pertinentes ponenda,

sed differt: petiolis obsoletis; foliolis obovato-ellipticis etiam

petioli basin versus fasciculatis, per fasciculos binis, haud glauces-

centibus; inflorescentiis partialibus multas spiculas ferentibus;

spathis laxiusculis. Aspectu generali C. caesio et C. axillari simil-

lima, sed a priore petiolis obsoletis, foliolis in pagina inferiore

haud glaucescentibus, perianthiis fructiferis ad basin fere fissis

(haud pedicelliformibus) et a C. axillari foliolis etiam petioli basin

versus conspicue fasciculatis, dissimilima.

Caudex scandens, cum vaginis circa 2-2-5 cm. crassus. Vagina fron-

dium haud flagellifera, spinis dimensione variabilibus, maximis ad 1-5

cm. longis, basi superne nonnihil tumescentibus, inferne concaviusculis,

apicem versus arcuatim attentuatis, horizontaliter vel interdum oblique

sitis, reflexis vel ascendentibus, minimis conformibus 3-4 mm. longis

vel verruculosis armata, lutea fugaceo furfuracea, apicem versus gib-

bosa. Ocrea brevis, marcescens, decidua. Frons sessilis vel obsoleto

petiolata, ultra metralis ut videtur; in cirrum longum terminans; rachis

dorso unguibus basin versus solitariis per series 3 irregulares dispositis,

apicem versus digitatis armata. Foliola lutea, subconcoloria, conspicue

geminata, alterna vel rarissime opposita, obovato-elliptica, porrecta,

4-6 nervosa, untrinque inermia, secus margines obscure spinulosa,

apice obscure setosa vel inermia, subaequalia, 25-30 cm. longa, 4-5

cm. lata. Spadix femineus metralis, breviter pedunculatus, fronde minor,

in appendicem circa 8 cm. longam unguiculatum terminatus, in 7-8

ramis paulo infra spatharum apicem orientibus ad 25 cm. usque longis

spiculiferentibus divisus. Spathae primariae tubulosae nonnihil laxae,

apice marcescentes, striatae, oblique truncatae, unguibus solitariis bre-

vibus armatae, 10-15 cm. longae; spathae secundariae 1—2-5 cm. longae,

inermes, truncatae, paulo ligulatae, late infundibuliformes, laxae deci-

duo furfuraceae. Spiculae 7-10 cm. longae, floribus congestis utrinsecus

8-15 distichis; spathellae late infundibuliformes, ligulatae, striatae,

laxiusculae. Involucrophorum cupuliforme; involucrum conforme. Peri-

anthium fructiferum fere ad basin divisum, explanatum; calyce corolla

aequilonga. Fructus immaturus tantum visus, oblongus, apice rostra-

tus; squamis flavis secus margines leviter brunnescentibus, dorso cana-

liculatis, per series verticales 22—26 dispositis; albumine superficialiter

ruminato et profunde fossato.

Stem climbing, 2-2-5 cm. in diam., not flagelliferous. Leaf-sheaths

gibbous, straw-coloured, deciduously furfuraceous, armed with un-

equal, slightly ascendent or refiexed, -5S—1-5 cm. long spines, the smaller

ones sometimes reduced to mere warts. Leaves sessile or obsoletely

petioled, apparently a metre long excluding the long cirrus at the end;

rachis armed with solitary claws in the basal portions, digitate in the

distal parts. Leaflets straw-coloured, geminate, alternate, rarely oppo-

site, obovate-elliptic, 4-6 costate, 25-30 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad,

naked on both surfaces, obscurely spinulose along the margins, often

armed at apex. Female spadix shorter than the leaves, non-fiagelliform,

divided into 7—8 branches. Primary spathes 10-15 cm. long, aculeate,

lax, marcecent at apex. Primary branches up to 25 cm. long, arising a

little below the mouth of the axillant spathes, rarely bearing secondary

branches at the base, usually producing 6-10 spikelets on each side;

secondary spathes unarmed, 1-3 cm. long, lax funnel-shaped, fugaci-

ously furfuraceous. Spikelets 7-10 cm. long, with 8-15 distichous

100

——

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 19. Calamus Hendersonii (Henderson 22,119 holotypus).

A, Caudicis fragmentum ut vagina, petiolus obsoletus, foliolorum dis-

positio appareant. B, Frondis fragmentum mesiale. C, Frondis frag-

mentum apicale.

101

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 19 (a). Calamus Hendersonii (Henderson 22,119—holotypus).

Spadix fructiferens. B. Fructus cum perianthio. C, Semen.

102

Vol. XV. (1956).

flowers on each side; spathels ligulate, striate, lax, unarmed. Fruiting

perianth explanate, divided almost to the base, with the calyx as long

as the corolla. Fruit immature, oblong, rostrate; scales yellowish with

brown margins, disposed in 22—26 vertical series.

MALAYA: Pahang, Sungei Pertang, prope fluminis originem Malaice

Ulu Tembeling dictam (Henderson 22,119).

Were it not for its concolorous leaflets, non-pedicelliform, split

calyx of the fruiting perianth and the somewhat loosely sheathing

primary and secondary spathes, this species might have been easily

confused with C. caesius. The last two characters also distinguish

it from C. riparius.

C. Hendersonii is also very closely allied to C. axillaris, but the

latter species does not have conspicuously fasciculate leaflets in

the lower half of the leaves. Further in C. Hendersonii the calyx

which, even in undeveloped fruits, has a deeply split, base at least

on one side, whereas in C. axillaris the fruiting calyx is undivided

and campanulate at the base. The seeds in C. Hendersonii appear

to be also more ruminate.

t. 20.

A C. caesio cui affinissima, aculeis vaginalibus longioribus, fron-

dibus conspicue petiolatis, foliolis subtus haud glaucescentibus

apice longe acuminatis, spadicibus erectiusculis, inflorescentibus

partialibus multo brevioribus, spathis secundariis et spiculis bre-

vioribus differt. A C. Hendersonio, cui aspectu generali haec

species simillima aculeis vaginalibus et petiolaribus longioribus

angustioribusque, frondibus conspicue petiolatis, spadicis axibus,

spathis et spiculis gracilioribus, involucris pateriformibus, perian-

thio fructus pedicelliforme urceolato basi truncato, squamis fructus

paucioribus dissimillima.

20. Calamus riparius Furtado spec. nov.

Caudex soboliferus (?), scandens, circa 15-18 m. longus, cum vagi-

nis 2—2:5 cm. in diam. Vaginae frondium deciduo furfuraceae, infra

petiolum gibbosae, apice oblique truncatae, aculeis majoribus subae-

qualibus, 1-5—2-5 cm. longis, angustis facile fragilibus, solitariis inter-

dum approximatis, verticaliter remotis, alteris multo minoribus paucis

intermixtis armatae, verticaliter striatae, haud flagelliferae. Ocrea 1 cm.

longa, mox marcescens decidua. Frondes in parte pinnifera 75-100 cm.

longae, in cirrum longum terminatae; petioli 6-7 cm. longi, secus

margines aculeis variabilibus, conformibus, subtus minoribus pauciori-

busque armati; rachis secus margines et dorsum aculeis minoribus

reflexis solitariis remotis armata, in parte terminali unguibus digitatis.

Foliola in folii rache utrinsecus 8-12, basalia angustiora, infima utrin-

secus solitaria vel geminata, duo apicalia solitaria, minima, altera

geminata subaequalia subopposita, obovato lanceolata, basin versus

sensim cuneata, apicem versus arcuato angustata, longe acuminata, 4-6

costata, in medio secus costas duas majores laterales supra tantum

paulo aculeolata vel inermia, subtus et secus margines inermia, apice

deciduo setosa, interdum secus marginem inferiorem 1-2 lineis politis

103

Gardens Bulletin, S.

a cf

A g

~ a

yy cs

, ce =

[

v) 4

-” aN, 4

\ yy

as &

A J

, el

re Citic

i acl cae

Pe LI

Tab. 20. Calamus riparius (Kiah 32,310—holoty pus).

A, Caudicis pars cum vagina et folio. B, Caudicis fragmentum cum

spadice fructigerenti. C, Fructus immaturus.

104

Vol. XV. (1956).

notata (maxima 25-32 cm. longa 4-5—5-3 cm. lata), subtus pallidius-

cula, geminis 10-25 cm. inter se remotis. Spadix femineus erectiusculus,

80-120 cm. longus, in appendicem 6-15 cm. longam, unguiculatum

terminatus, in ramos 6 divisus. Spathae primariae 8-20 cm. longae,

deciduo furfuraceae, striatae, aculeis brevis robustis refiexis armatae;

spatha basalis bicarinata, secus carinas aculeis angustissimis rectis ad

2 cm. usque longis praedita; alterae spathae cylindricae. Rami primarii

spiculiferentes pyramidales, paulo supra spatharum apicem orientes,

6-20 cm. longi; spathae secundariae 5-15 mm. longae, striatae, late

infundibuliformes, apiculatae, secus margines fimbriatae. Spiculae 2-5

cm. longae, untrinsecus floribus 6-12; spathellae bracteiformes, con-

cavae, apiculatae, striatae. Involucrophorum paulo exsertum, cupulare;

involucrum pateriforme. Perianthium fructiferum cyathiforme basi

truncatum; calyx corollae aequilongus, ad medium partitus. Fructus

vixdum ex perianthium exsertus, minime evolutis; squamis luteis secus

margines brunnescentibus, per series 15—16 dispositis ut videtur.

Stem scandent, 15-18 m. long, 2-2-5 cm. through. Leaf-sheaths

gibbous, deciduously furfuraceous, striate, armed with unequal spines,

the longer ones 1-5—2-5 cm. long, the smaller ones minute and inter-

mingled with others. Leaves 75-100 cm. in the pinniferous parts, ending

in a long cirrus; petiole 6-7 cm. long, sparsely armed on the margins

and on the lower surface; claws on the rachis a few, solitary at first,

digitate in the distal portion. Leaflets 8-12 on each side of the rachis,

usually arranged in groups of two, though often solitary at the base,

subopposite or alternate. obovate, gradually cuneate at the base. long

acuminate at the apex, 4-6 costate, somewhat paler beneath, unarmed

all over excepting a few spinules in the middle of the rib on each side

of the main nerve and a few deciduous setae at the apex; the largest

leaflets 25-32 cm. long, 4-5—5-3 cm. broad. Female spadix 80-120 cm.

long, subdivided in 6 unequal branches, and ending in a small 6—15 cm.

long, clawed appendix. Primary spathes 8-20 cm. long, tubular,

striate, armed with short, robust claws; the basal spathe bicarinate, the

spines along the carinae few and straight; secondary spathes 5-15 mm.

long, striate, fimbriate at margins. Spikelets 2-5 cm. long with 6—12

distichous flowers on each side. Fruiting perianth pedicelliform. Fruit

quite immature, scales appearing to be yellow with brownish margins

and to be arranged in 15-16 series.

MALAYA: Johore, Sungai Kavu (Kiah 32.310).

From C. Hendersonii this differs in having longer spines on the

leaf-sheaths, a flat, saucer-shaped involucre, the fruiting calyx

truncate at base, and the fruit scales (as counted from the small

developing fruits) in 15 series. From C. axillaris it differs also in

having fewer leaflets (8—12 on each side of the rachis) which are

arranged in groups even in the lower-half of the leaf.

21. Calamus tumidus Furtado spec. novy.—t.t. 21 & 22.

C. giganteus Becc. sensu Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc.

XI (1908) 441 pro parte.

C. ornatus Griff. sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

195 et Fl. Malay Pen. (1925) 53 pro parte.

A. C. Manan, cui affinissima, haec species minus armata, secus

vaginae margines et in superficie petioli superiore inermis; vaginae

aculeis lignosis fere non-elasticis; foliolis fasciculatis, saepissime

105

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Sr » Ss

Eee eR

7 « i<¢ G

Tab. 21. Calamus tumidus (Ridley 11,203 partim).

A, Fragmentum caudicis cum vagina et geniculo. B, Frondis frag-

mentum. C, Spadicis fragmentum (an C. tumidus?) D, Ejusdem

fructus.

106

Vol. XV. (1956).

[}

Tab. 22. Calamus tumidus (Corner & Furtado 29,474—holoty pus).

A, Caudicis fragmentum ut vagina et geniculum appareant.

A, Frondis

lae pars ut spathella, involucrophorum et in-

F, Idem verticaliter discissa.

fragmentum mesiale. C, Frondis fragmentum apicale. D, Spadicis

pars feminei. E, Spic

volucrum appareant.

107

Gardens Bulletin, S.

geminatis sat distincta. A C. palustri cui in frondium facie simil-

lima, geniculo vaginali basi abrupte inflato rotundato, in petiolum

sensim exeunte, foliolis bicoloribus haec species dissimillima.

Caudex solitarius scandens, circa 20-30 m. longus, cum vaginis circa

4 cm. in diam. Vagina lignosa, aculeis triangularibus, inaequalibus ad

3 cm. longis, distantibus, saepe minoribus, oblique fere sitis praedita,

ad petioli basin subito valde gibbosa et infra horizontaliter semi-annu-

lata, petiolum versus rotundato cuneata. Ocrea brevissima, lignosa,

decidua. Frondes in parte pinnifera metrales vel longiores, in cirrum

longum unguibus atris digitatis armatum terminatae; petiolus usque ad

40 cm. longus, basi 2—2-5 cm. latus, secus margines tantum armatus;

rachis triangularis, secus margines dorsales tantum unguibus solitariis

vel digitatis armata. Foliola numerosa, fasciculata, saepissime geminata,

paulo divergentia subopposita, 12-20 cm. inter se remota, elongato-

elliptica, untrinque sensim cuneata papyracea, longitudinaliter plicatula,

subtus glaucescentia (in juvenilibus secus marginem inferiorem linea

polita una vel magis notata), untrinque inermia, apicem versus deciduo

setosa, 7-11 costata, apicalia minima, altera subaequalia, maxima 40—

50 cm. longa, 6—7 cm. lata. Spadix femineus haud flagelliformis, cras-

sus, frondibus multo brevior, in appendicem brevem exeuns, breviter

pedunculatus, unguibus solitariis validis in appendice digitatis, in ramis

primariis 4-5 divisus. Spathae primariae basales duae, bicarinatae 4-8

longae, secus carinas aculeatae; alterae spathae 7-15 cm. longae cylin-

dricae, basin versus angustatae, unguibus solitariis armatae, apice

oblique truncatae ligulatae. Rami primarii ad 25 cm. longi, utrinsecus

spiculas alternas ferentes, ad spathae apicem orientes; spathae secun-

dariae conformes, 2-4 cm. longae, inermes vel paulo aculeatae. Spi-

culae 8-10 cm. longae, fioribus utrinsecus circa 10 distichis; spathellae

infundibuliformes, apice truncatae. ligulatae, striatae. Involucrophorum

cupulare; involucruin oblique cupulare, immersum; areola semilunaris,

ad involucrophori marginem attingens. Fructus floresque ignoti.

Stem solitary, climbing, 20-30 m. long, about 4 cm. through. Leaf-

sheaths woody, armed with stout, usually solitary, somewhat oblique,

unequal 1-3 cm. long, spines, smooth and unarmed at the mouth,

swollen abruptly into a horizontal and semi-annular geniculum,

rounded and then merging gradually into the petiole. Ocrea short,

deciduous. Leaves very long, terminating into a long cirrus; petiole

about 40 cm. long, perhaps shorter in older leaves, stout armed along

the margins only; claws on the pinniferous rachis simple and marginal,

but digitate in terminal parts of the leaf and in cirrus. Leaflets many,

fasciculate, often geminate, almost opposite, elongate-elliptic, papery,

longitudinally plicatulate, whitish below, 7—11 costate, setose along the

margins at apex, terminal smallest; others subequal, the largest 40—50

cm. long, 6-7 cm. broad. Female spadix much stouter than the leaf-

rachis or petiole, ending in a short appendix, divided in 4—5 branches

or more; the two basal spathes bicarinate, 4-8 cm. long, aculeate along

the ridges: other primary spathes 7-15 cm. long, cylindrical, narrowed

towards the base, armed with solitary claws, obliquely truncate and

ligulate at apex. Primary branches up to 25 cm. long, arising at the

mouth of the spathe, bearing 4—5 alternate spikelets on each side;

secondary spathes similar, 24 cm. long, armed or unarmed. Spikelets

8-10 cm. long, with about 10 distichous flowers on each side; spathels

funnel-shaped, ligulate, striate. Involucrophore deeply cupular; invo-

lucre obliquely cupular, immersed; areola semi-lunar, reaching to the

surface of the involucrophore. Flowers and fruits unknown.

MALAYA: Johore, Sungai Kayu Ara (Corner & Furtado 29,474 sub

nom. vern. Rotan Manau Liki, holotypus); Kuala Tebing Tinggi (Rid-

ley 11,202 et 11,203 partim).

108

—_ ss ——

Vol. XV. (1956).

This species is easily distinguished by its geniculum (gibbosity

on the sheath) being abruptly and almost uniformly swollen,

giving the appearance of a horizontal, semi-circular ring at the

base of the petiole; and by its leaflets being whitish underneath.

It is quite common at Sungei Kayu Ara, but it was rarely seen in

flower. The difficulties of getting it in flower, and also the fact that

the species is confused with others, might be the reasons why col-

lections of the species are so few and meagre. In the specimen

collected by Corner and myself, the spadix was already dead and

it was not possible to get it in a way to show its full details. It was

noticed that the petioles tend to be shorter in the leaves produced

in higher parts of the stem.

In certain respects this species has the characters of C. palustris

which, according to Beccari, varies considerably though it is

sparsely represented in herbaria. In order to provoke further

studies it has been named here as a distinct species on account of

the peculiar gibbosity of the sheath. From C. ornatus, with which

this species has been confused, C. tumidus differs in the long cirrus

of the leaves and short, non-flagelliferous spadices; from C. Manan

of which C. giganteus appears to be a subspecies or a variety,

C. tumidus differs in its fascicled bicolored leaflets, its peculiar

shaped geniculum, and fewer spines on the sheaths. I have not

seen any other large Malayan species which has a geniculum

shaped similar to this, but C. formosanus from Formosa (Taiwan)

is depicted by Beccari with a similar shaped geniculum.

Ridley 11,203 (leaf only) belongs here. Another sheet contain-

ing a portion of spadix with small immature fruits bears the same

number. In the general appearance of its spikelets and spathes,

this latter specimen may be easily confused with that of C. gigan-

teus; but the fruit-scales are distinctly yellow with dark margins,

and this despite the fact that the fruits in the specimens are

smaller than those available of C. giganteus. The fruit scales are

disposed in 12—13 vertical series. The involucre is developed and

exsert. Could it be that the involucre which is hollow and included

im the type of C. tumidus develops later and becomes exsert as in

Ridiey 11,203? Better specimens are needed to settle this problem.

I have therefore not quoted Ridley 11,203 (spadix) as a syntype

of C. tumidus.

22. Calamus Manan Mig. in Journ. de Bot. Neerl. I (1860) 28

et Prodr. Fl. Sum (1860) 256 et 595; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv.

Ind. If (1902) 211; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

196 pro parte typica; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

(1908) 438 t. 196 et Suppl. (1913) 109; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen.

V (1925) 53 pro parte typica.—t. 23.

109

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Stem scandent, solitary, about 15 m. long, and 7-9 cm. in diam.

Leaf-sheaths strongly gibbous, strongly armed with numerous spines

which are laminar, unequal, up to 2:5 cm. long, slightly reflexed or

ascendent, blackish, irregularly margined, solitary or approximate in

irregular rows; along the margins the spines are short and oblique,

often broader than long. Ocrea fibrous, extending all along the mar-

gins, deciduous. Leaves very long, terminating in a very long, stout

cirrus; petiole short, 6—10 cm. long, armed in the lower part and often

also above with short, laminar approximate spines; rachis gradually

becoming almost triangular or nearly cylindrical in the terminal part,

armed like the petiole in the basal portion, armature disappearing in

the upper surface, but in the lower, claws simple in the basal part,

digitate and half-whorled in the distal parts and in the cirrus. Leaflets

numerous, unequal, subequidistant, 6-10 cm. apart, drooping, papyra-.

ceous, elongate-elliptic, broadly lanceolate, glaucous beneath, plicate

many nerved, unarmed on both surfaces; transverse nerves conspicu-

ous; margins remotely and adpressedly spinulous in the lower half,

unarmed in the upper except for the setae towards the apex and at its

summit; the largest leaflets mesial, 50-70 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide.

Female spadix shorter than the leaves, non-flagelliferous with robust

axis, 3—4 m. long, divided into many primary branches 15-25 cm.

apart. Primary spathes short, coriaceous, basal one bicarinate, others

cylindrical, somewhat funnel-shaped, armed densely with solitary claws.

Primary branches 80-85 cm. long, with 8—9 spikelets on each side, ter-

minating into a small appendix; secondary spathes coriaceous, slightly

funnel-shaped, closely sheathing, armed with solitary or confluent

spines, truncate, shortly ligulate, ligule marcescent. Spikelets up to 25

cm. long with 15-16 bifarous, remote flowers on each side; spathels.

shortly tubular, funnel-shaped, unarmed, slightly ligulate at the mouth.

Involucrophore almost exsert, shortly cupular, bidentate; involucre

cupular, entire or bidentate. Female flowers 5-6 mm. long. Fruiting

perianth distinctly pedicelliform; calyx polished, nearly as long as the

corojla. Fruit ovoid-elliptic, 30-35 mm. long, 20-22 mm. broad,

equally rounded at both ends, shortly beaked; scales in 15—18 series,

straw-coloured with dark marginal line; seed with deeply ruminated

albumen and lateral embryo. Male spadix about a metre long, covered

all over with deciduous brown scurf, ending in a 40-50 cm, long

prickly appendix. Primary spathes: the basal one and the one above

the first branch bicarinate, 8-15 cm. long; other primary spathes sub-

equal, cylindrical, all ligulate at the apex, all stoutly armed with claw-

like solitary prickles. Primary branches 4—5, each arising at the mouth

of its own spathe, 30-50 cm. long, each divided into 15—17 secondary

branches; secondary spathes 2—3 cm. long, broad funnel-shaped, striate,

unarmed, with a marcescent ligule and scariose margins. Secondary

branches, if florigerous 3—4 cm. long, but usually spiculiferous and

then 10-15 cm. long; tertiary spathes 6-8 mm. long broadly funnel-

shaped, striate, apiculate on one side. Spikelets flattened, 1-5-2 cm.

long, with 8-12 closely packed, distichous flowers on each side; spa-

thels bracteiform, concave, extended and apiculate on one side; invo-

lucre half enclosed in the spathel, cupular. Male flowers 4-5 mm.

long; calyx striate, half as long as the corolla, the latter not striate.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Bukit Kajang, alt. circa 150 m. (Corner

30,468, male as Rotan Manau).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra and Bangka.

This is a first definite record, I think, of the occurrence of this.

species in the Peninsula. The specimens referred by Ridley to this

species are C. giganteus which Beccari has kept separate, though

admitting that it might be considered as a variety of C. Manan. .

Ridley seems to have confused these species with C. ornatus.

110

Vol XV. (1956).

The description given by Beccari was based on a female spe-

cimen from a plant growing in Buitenzorg Gardens, but it was

compared with the type material extant in the herbaria of Leyden,

Utrecht and Calcutta. Like the other solitary stemmed species in

this group, this does not bear flowers and fruits profusely at any

one time, a reason why such solitary stemmed species are very

poorly represented in herbaria. The male plant is described for

the first time here.

23. Calamus giganteus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (189)

460 in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 215, in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 440 pl. 197 pro parte, et Suppl. (1913)

109 p.p. (ex altera parte = C. tumidus).

C. ornatus Bl. sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

196 et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 53 pro parte.

C. Manan Mig. sensu Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 53 pro

parte.

Stem solitary, 20-30 m. long, 6-9 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths gibbous,

armed with very unequal, up to 3 cm. long, laminar, broad- based

blackish spines that are solitary or approximate in interrupted series;

the larger spines usually deflexed, the very small ones ascendent. Ocrea

fibrous, marcescent, extending all along the rim of the sheath, decidu-

ous. Leaves 3-4 m. long terminating in a 3-4 m. long cirrus; petiole

15—22 cm. long, about 3—5 cm. broad at the base, armed with short

robust spines in the upper and the lower surfaces; rachis robust, armed

with solitary, distant, black-tipped claws on both surfaces towards the

basal end, but only on the lower surface in the distal end, where the

claws become digitate or half-whorled as in the cirrus. Leaflets numer-

ous, whitish beneath, drooping, unequal, and subequidistant, papyrace-

ous, elongate-elliptic or lanceolate-ensiform, 5—11 costate, smooth on

both surfaces and along the margins, but deciduously bristly at the

apex; the largest mesial, 50-60 cm. long, 6—7-5 cm. wide; transverse

veinlets not very conspicuous. Female spadix shorter than the pinni-

ferous part of the leaf, terminating in a short aculeate appendix,

deciduously dirty brown furfuraceous in all parts. Primary spathes

closely sheathing, tubular; the first two flattened, bicarinate, sparsely

armed, 10-15 cm. long, others elongate funnel- -shaped, densely armed

with scattered robust prickles, dorsally keeled. Primary branches 40-70

cm. long, 20-30 cm. apart, terminating in a short aculeate appendix,

each branch bearing on each side 6-10 distichous spikelets; secondary

spathes 2-5-4 cm. long, irregularly armed, apiculate, marcescent on

the margins. Spikelets 10-15 cm. long, with 14-18 distichous flowers

on each side, spathels broadly funnel-shaped, furfuraceous, striate, un-

armed. Involucrophore cupular; involucre slightly exsert, cupular.

Fruiting perianth distinctly pedicelliform; calyx nearly as long as the

corolla. Fruit 28 mm. long, ovoid-elliptic, immature; scales yellowish

probably brown with almost black margins arranged in 15 vertical

series; seed immature. Male spadix covered on all parts with dirty

brown deciduous furfur, 1-1:75 m. long, divided into 6—7 primary

branches, terminating with an obscure appendix; peduncle about 15

cm. long. Primary spathes one or two on the peduncle, flattened, bica-

rinate; others cylindrical, all armed with stout prickles, marcescent at

the apex. Primary branches 50-70 cm. long, divided into about 8

111

Gardens Bulletin, S.

NaHS

\ L ‘R

Tab. 23. Calamus Manan (Corner 30,468).

pareant. B, Frondis

fragmentum mesiale. C, Spadicis fragmentum basale masculi. D,

A, Caudicis fragmentum ut vagina et geniculum ap

Spicula ut dispositio florum appareat.

112

Vol. XV. (1956).

alternate, secondary branches on each side; secondary branches 10-25

cm. long, bearing alternate spikelets about 1-5 cm. apart; tertiary

spathes about 8 mm. long, apiculate, striate; spathels bracteiform,

concave, extended and apiculate on one side. Male flowers about 5

mm. long; calyx obscurely striate, arcuately short-lobed, nearly half as

long as the calyx.

MALAYA: Pahang, Sungai Kessar at Bentong, alt. 600 m. (Furtado

33,107 male). Perak, loc. incert. (Scortechini, Herb. Becc. Holotype).

Negri Sembilan, Bukit Senaling in Kuala Pilah (Moorhouse as Rotan

Manok or Rotan Kilikek). Singapore, Botanic Gardens, cultivated ?,

(Ridley 13,338).

I have not seen Scortechini’s specimen which is the type of the

~ species, so I have followed the description and the author’s excel-

lent plate of the type. I have not seen Moorhouse’s specimen cited

by Ridley as Rotan Manor Telor under C. Manan, but Moor-

house’s specimen from the same locality cited under C. ornatus

apparently belongs here, and Ridley has combined the two verna-

cular names Rotan Manok and Rotan Kilikek or Kelicket as

Rotan Manok Kelichet. As noted by Beccari, C. giganteus may be

considered as a variety of C. Manan, but I think it is advisable to

keep this form distinct until better specimens of both these species

enable us to study the range of the variation under each. Other-

wise the closely allied species and varieties of this group might

not receive due attention from the botanical collectors. Apparently

all these large species are of some commercial importance and

there may be some corresponding difference also in the commercial

value of the canes. The fruits available are all young and have

black scales which are yellowish at the base.

(b) Sectio PHYLLANTHECTUS subsectio CIRRULIFERUS

Furtado subsect. nov.

Caudex gracilis. Frondes foliolis fasciculatis saltem basin versus

praeditae, inter minores, spadicibus paulo longiores vel aequilongae,

breviter cirriferae, subcirriferae vel ecirriferae. Spadices graciles, pro

rata longe pedunculati, spines debilibus armati vel non, erectiusculi vel

funiformes. Perianthium fructiferum explanatum vel fere.

DISTRIBUTIO: Malaya, Borneo et Java.

SPECIES TYPICA: C. viridispinus.

Malayan species of this subsection are very variable and col-

lectors seem to overlook the differences, even when they are spe-

cific; sometimes specimens from different species are also found

mixed. In order to provoke a further study I have named specific-

ally the extreme range of variations which further studies may

show them no more than mere edaphic forms of the same species.

C. elegans is an acaulescent or nearly erect rattan having neither

a cirrus nor a flagellum; but the spadices are very much smaller

than the leaves.

113

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Key to the Species

A. Stemless or short-stemmed, erect. Petiole 50-100 cm. long.

Leaves without a cirrus or subcirrus. (Leaflets 13—25 cm.

long, 10-12 mm. broad; apical leaflets free.).

C. elegans Ridl. emend. Furtado.

AA. Stem scandent. Petiole 40 cm. or considerably shorter.

Leaves cirriferous or in C. brevispadix subcirriferous.

(a) Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or broadly linear-lanceolate

often 3—7 costulate. Spadix about 1 m. long, pen-

dulous.

(b) Leaflets broadly linear-lanceolate, 25-40 cm.

long, most in fascicles of 3. (Petiole 10-40

cm. long).

C. viridispinus Becc.

(bb) Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long,

mostly 2 per fascicle. (Petiole about 8 cm.

long, or even less).

straw coloured, spines on leaf-sheaths

and petiole-bases + 2 cm. long, light-

coloured (Spadix about 1 m. long or

less).

C. distichus Ridl.

(cc) Leaflets in alternate groups. Leaf-sheaths

dark brown, spines on leaf-sheaths and

petiole-bases up to 3 cm. long schis-

tose (Spadix more than 1 m. long).

C. distichoideus Furtado.

(aa) Leaflets linear-lanceolate, mostly narrow, 1-3 costu-

late (mostly 3 or more in per fascicle). Spadix 50

cm. long or less, erectish. (Leaves cirriferous, but

subcirriferous in C. brevispadix).

(f) Leaflets 10-20 cm. long, rarely more

(g) Petiole 10 cm. or less long. Leaflets 7—20

cm. long. Spadix unarmed or armed

only at base. Male flowers distant.

(h) Leafiets 7-15 cm. long.

C. oreophilus Furtado.

114

Vol. XV. (1956).

(hh) Leaflets + 20 cm. long.

C. bubuensis Becc.

(gg) Petiole 25-40 cm. long. Spadix more or

less weakly armed. Male flowers pec-

tinate.

C. Koribanus Furtado.

(ff) Leaflets 25-40 cm. long (Petiole 15—40 cm. long).

(i) Leaflets setose on the costae

above. Fruit with dark

brown concolorous scales

(Leaves subcirriferous).

C. brevispadix Rid.

(ii) Leaflets not setose above.

Fruit scales yellowish

with darkish margins.

(Leaves apparently cir-

riferous).

C. benomensis Furtado.

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES

24. Calamus elegans Ridl. emend. Furtado—t. 24.

C. elegans Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 207 quoad spe-

cimen Ridleyanum tantum, in Journ. F.M.S. Mus. IV (1909) 87

partim excl. descriptione nova, et [IV (1915) 189 partim, et FI.

Mal. Pen. V (1925) 61 quoad specimen perakense tantum.

Caudex acaulescens, vel erectiusculus ad usque 20 cm. longus, circa

1-1-5 cm. in diam., soboliferus,. radicibus epigeis pluribus praeditus.

Vagina frondium haud gibbosa, fere ad basin aperta, aculeis usque ad

5 mm. longis, solitariis vel aggregatis, laminaribus vel margines ejus

secus setiformibus armata, brunneo-furfuracea, 10-15 cm. longa. Ocrea

liguliformis ad 1-5 cm. usque longa, mox marcescens, furfuracea, basi

setosa. Frondes: petiolus fere quadrangularis, circa 50-100 cm. longus,

in latere ventrali leviter canaliculatus, in planta juvenili basin versus

utrinsecus aculeis ad 2-5 cm. usque longis armatus, in planta adulta

inermis vel infra medium utrinsecus aculeolis 1-4 mm. longis, solitariis,

3-5—10 cm. inter se remotis praeditus; lamina 30-45 cm. longa, secus

rachin fugaceo-leprosa, inermis. Foliola in rachide utrinsecus 15-20, in

gregibus 2-4 foliolatis oppositis vel sub-oppositis disposita, unicostu-

lata, linearia, mediana maxima 13-25 cm. longa, 10-12 mm. lata, in

pagina inferiore inermia, ad basin fugaceo-furfuracea, in pagina supe-

riore apicem versus secus costam marginesque fusco-spinulosa vel

interdum non; fasciculus apicalis plerumque 4—6 foliolatus cum duobus

foliolis terminalibus minimis liberis, greges basales duo-foliolati. Spadix

femineus masculo similis, gracillimus, inermis vel obscure vel parcis-

sime aculeolatus, frondibus multo brevior, 35-60 cm. longus, apicem

versus in spiculas 2-5 vel in ramos spiculiferentes divisus; spathae

115

Vol. XV. (1956).

primariae et secundariae inermes, cylindrico-tubulosae, striatae, fugaceo

brunneo leprosae, apice oblique truncatae; rami spiculiferentes ad 10

cm. longi, supra spathae apicem orientes, porrecti, utrinsecus spiculis

3-4 alternatis praediti. Spiculae ad 6 cm. usque longae, femineae mas-

culis nonnihil minores, utrinsecus cum floribus 4-10 alternatis. Involuc-

rophorum vix exsertum, supra spathellae apicem propriae oriens, ad

spathellae basin superioris adnatum, excavatum; involucrum conforme.

Perianthium fructiferum basi callosum, supedicelliforme. Fructus ob-

longus, circa 10 mm. longus, 6-8 mm. in diam; squamis per series

12-13 verticales dispositis, canaliculatis, stramineis, secus margines

brunneis; albumine homogeneo; embryone supra basin fere ad medium

seminis sito.

Stem tufted, very short, up to 20 cm. long, erect, supported by epi-

geous roots: Leaves 80 cm.—1-40 m. long including 50-100 cm. long

petiole, non-cirriferous; spines on the petiole of juvenile leaves up to

2:5 cm. long, smaller or absent in adult leaves; rachis fugaceously

leprous, unarmed. Leaflets 15—20 on each side of the rachis, arranged

in 4—6 opposite or subopposite groups, in the terminal group 4—6, in

the basal group 2, in the mesial 3-4 leaflets, setose only along the

margins and the median nerve above, the largest mesial, 13-25 cm.

long, and 10-12 mm. broad. Spadix, female and male somewhat

similar, slender, shorter than the leaves, 35-60 cm. long, divided into

2-5 simple spikelets, each 4-6 cm. long, or spikelet-bearing branches

up to 10 cm. long (female spikelets much shorter than the male).

Fruit oblong about 10 mm. long, 6-8 mm. in diam.; scales straw-

coloured, brownish along the margins, disposed in 12-13 vertical series.

Seed with homogeneous albumen.

MALAYA: Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley in 1898—lectotype).

Pahang, Gunong Tahan alt. + 1,200 m. (Ridley 16,290; Wray et

Robinson, 5,427 partim; Haniff & Nur 8,124; Holttum 20,586; Corner

30-IX—1937; Batten-Pool in Nov. 1939—Jan. 1940).

There has been a good deal of confusion over this species, for

which its author himself is largely responsible. The original des-

cription was compounded of three specifically different elements:

Wray 3,923, Scortechini 316% (a sketch) and Ridley s.n. (from

Bujong Malacca), all characterised in having small leaves with

fascicled leaflets. In a note to the original description the author

stated that he was not sure of the specific identity of Wray’s spe-

cimen, and indicated separately the parts of the description re-

ferring exclusively to Wray’s specimen.

In 1913 Beccari (Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI App. pp. 101

& 102) showed that Wray’s and Scortechini’s specimens were

respectively C. bubuensis Becc. (then reduced to C. brevispadix

Ridl.) and C. viridispinus Becc. But four years before this, and

unknown to Beccari who had named for Ridley many Malayan

specimens, Ridley (1909 l.c.) gave what purported to be a more

detailed description of C. elegans, based on specimens collected

by him in 1908 in the Telom Valley of Pahang. Here he excluded

Scortechini 316* as doubtful and omitted to mention also Wray

3,923 probably as a result of the information given by Beccari in

letters that this was his C. bubuensis. But the Telom specimens

which have cirriferous leaves, are not identical with any of the

117

Gardens Bulletin, S.

original syntypes, but represent a new species C. Koribanus. This

description of 1909 is the one that has been adopted by Ridley in

his Flora (1925). But in interpreting C. elegans Ridl., I have ex-

cluded the Telom specimens altogether, since they do not form a

part of the protologue; instead I have selected as the lectotype the

Bujong Malacca specimen, a syntype having non-cirriferous leaves,

for this was the only specimen in the protologue which Ridley

could study and describe accurately, and it is also the one that

remained after the exclusion of the other two syntypes by Beccari.

In view of this typification a new description has been given

here. The spadix originally described as male by Ridley is really

female having small undeveloped flowers. The species appears to

be very closely allied to C. Helferianus which appears also to

belong to this subsection.

The name C. elegans seems to have been used earlier in horti-

culture, but apparently it has never been validly instated so as to

make Ridley’s binominal a later homonym.

25. Calamus viridispinus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893)

458 et in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 213; Ridl., Mat. FI.

Malayan Pen. II (1907) 207; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. XI (1908) 418 t. 184 et Suppl. (1913) 102; Ridl., Fi.

Malay Pen. V (1925) 61 p.p.—t. 25.

C. elegans Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 207 quoad

specimen Scortechianum tantum.

Stems slender, scandent, up to 7 m. long, 1-1-5 .cm. in diam. Leaf-

sheaths non-flagelliferous, somewhat gibbous, obliquely truncate, rusty-

furfuraceous, densely armed with unequal, greenish-brown or schistace-

ous spines: largest spines flat-based, scattered or horizontally approxi-

mate, ascendent or deflexed, mixed with smaller ones. Ocrea decidu-

ous, armed with small, soft brown bristles. Leaves 40-60 cm. long,

ending in a + 30 cm. long cirrus, armed with simple or digitate,

black-tipped claws; petiole 10-25 cm. long, flat above, convex below,

armed with 5-15 mm. long, spines along the dorsal margins, occasion-

ally with claw-like simple spines in the middle; rachis armed with

non-digitate claws, distally and irregularly spread along the margins

and dorsum. Leaflets in 4-6 distant groups on each side of the rachis,

2-6 in each group, inequidistant, 1-5-3 cm. apart ensiform or linear-

lanceolate, sometimes nearly elliptical and less acuminate, papyraceous,

3-5 costate, longitudinally plicatulate, aculeate along the costae above,

smooth beneath, occasionally setose along the margins; transverse

veins conspicuous; the largest leaflets 30-35 cm. long, 2—2-5 cm. broad.

Spadix male and female somewhat similar, flagelliform, as long as or

slightly longer than, the leaf, armed at the very base, and occasionally

in the terminal appendix, divided into 3-4 spikelet-bearing, 20—30 cm.

long branches. Spikelets 5-10 cm. long deflexed, flowers bifariously

disposed, 10-25 on each side. Jnvolucrophore and involucre sessile and

cupuliform. Fruiting perianth campanulate, split, subcallous at the very

base. Fruit obovate oblong, 11-15 mm. long, 6—8 mm. in diam.,

beaked; scales in 12 series, straw-coloured with dark brown margins.

Seed oblong, somewhat flattened, with equable albumen and with

lateral embryo.

118

EEE ee

Vol. XV. (1956).

a7, We =

IEP STT

D-F;

901;

’

Tab. 25. Calamus viridispinus (A—C: Burkill & Haniff: 12

Ridley 5,203).

A, Petiolus cum vaginae p

Frondis frag-

arte et duobus foliolis. B,

mentum apicale. C, Spadix masculus. D, Spadix fructiferens.

Semen. F, Idem verticaliter discissum.

119

Gardens Bulletin, S.

MALAYA: Perak, above Maxwell’s Hills (Ridley 11,985); Maxwell

Hill (Ridley 3,494); Burkill and Haniff 13,188); Birth Hill, alt. 1300 m.

(Burkill & Haniff 12,901); Taiping Hills (Ridley 5,203 & 11,413;

Haniff & Nur 2,321); Gunong Hijau, alt. 1400 m. (Burkill & Haniff

«ie Anderson 21); Larut Hills by the Mengkaram River (Anderson —

Here appears to belong a spadix collected without leaves by

Curtis in Langkawi in 1889.

The leaflets are very variable in shape, some are gradually

cuneate and almost linear, others are elliptically cuneate and less

acuminate; it is possible that this variation is due to age. In arma-

ture of the petiole, some specimens would agree with the descrip-

tion of C. viridispinus var. sumatranus Becc., but the leaflets in

this are described as having no armature in either surface. The

type of this species is Scortechini 316? collected on Gunong Tam-

bang Batak, Perak in Herb. Becc., the drawing of which was

included as a syntype of C. elegans Ridl.

26. Calamus distichus Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

206; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI Suppl. (1913) 96

t. 54; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 60.—+. 26.

Stem scandent, about 1-5—2 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths gibbous, armed

with flat, sub-equal, up to 1-5 cm. long, nearly horizontai, spines.

Ocrea very short, or obscure. Leaves shortly cirriferous, 30-60 cm. in

the pinniferous part, armed along the rachis below with solitary or

digitate claws; peticle 3-6 cm. long, armed along the dorsum and the

margins with short unequal spines. Leaflets in groups of usually 2,

rarely 1 or 3, nearly approximate at the base, somewhat divergent

above, elliptic-lanceolate, longitudinally plicatulate, often hollow or

cochleariform below, the largest 22 cm. long, and 3-7 cm. wide, 3—5 or

more nerved above, smooth on both surfaces. Female spadix 75-100

cm. long, pendulous, armed at the base and on the axis of the upper

parts also, ending in a short unarmed appendix, divided into 3-4

spikelet bearing erectish branches, each branch 20-40 cm. long. Pri-

mary spathes closely sheathing, obliquely truncate, more or less

ridged, the basal conspicuously bicarinate, armed along the ridges,

with short flaccid spines, which become reduced in size and in number

in the distal spathes; secondary spathes 3—4 cm. long, similar but nar-

rower, cylindrical, smooth. Spikelets alternate, 3-5 cm. apart, 5-10 cm.

long, bearing 6-10 alternate flowers; spathels broadly funnel-shaped,

smooth, acuminate. Fruiting perianth split up to the base; sepals as

long as the petals. Fruits too young; scales yellow with brown margins,

arranged apparently in 17 longitudinal series. Male plant like the

female, but seems to have smaller leaflets; smaller spadices; broader

spathels ending in longer ligules; flowers striate, corolla nearly double

the length of the calyx.

MALAYA: Selangor, Ulu Semangkok, alt. 1300 m. (Ridley 12,115,

holotype, s.n. paratype). Pahang, Pine Tree Hill on Fraser Hill, alt.

1600 m. (Holttum 21,558, female).

This species requires a further study, specially in regard to its

variability. The fruits examined by me were just emerging from

their respective perianths, and so the details about the arrange-

ment of the scales and their colour should be further studied.

120

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 26. Calamus distichus (Holttum: 21,558).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum spadice et frondium vaginis. B, Frondis

pars cirrum includens. C, Fructus juvenilis.

£2?

Gardens Bulletin, S.

27. Calamus distichoideus Furtado spec. nov—t. 27.

A C. disticho, cui affinissima, differt vaginae spinis frondalis

longioribus; foliolis magis cochleariformi-ellipticis, alternate fasci-

culatis; spadicibus valde longioribus pendulis; corollis quam caly-

ces longioribus.

Caudex scandens, cum vaginis 2—3 cm. in diam., circa 5 m. longa.

Vagina apice gibbosa, spinis ad 2—5 cm. usque longis inaequalibus, vel

superioribus longioribus, horizontalibus vel paulo porrectis vel reflexis,

schistosis, apice atris, armata. Ocrea brevis, coriacea, inermis. Frondes

cirriferae, in parte pinnifera circa 75 cm. longae, secus rachidis dor-

sum unguibus solitariis vel digitatis armatae; petiolus (unicus visus),

5 cm. longus. Foliola per gregem bina porrecta disposita, gregibus dis-

tantibus, alternatis, 3—S vel 7 costata, utrinque inermia, elliptica, apice

Setis carentia, subito obtuso-acuminata, subaequalia, coriacea, maxima

16 cm. longa, 4 cm. lata. Spadix femineus elongatus, pundulus, fere

sesquimetralis, basi tantum armatus, in 3-4 ramos spiculiferentes

divisus, pedunculo 20 cm. longo, bicarinato, secus carinas et utrinque

spinis 1-2 cm. longis armato suffultus. Spatha basalis 20 cm. longa,

bicarinata, chartacea, secus carinas spinis flaccidis sparsis armata;

alterae primariae spathae non visae, probabiliter inermes vel parce

armatae, cylindricae. Jnflorescentiae partiales pendulae 30-70 cm. lon-

gae, inermes, in appendicem inermem 2-3 cm. longam exeuntes. Spa-

thae secundariae 5-10 cm. longae, cylindricae, inermes, in uno latere

carinatae, vel bicarinatae, vel non, chartaceae, apice oblique truncatae,

ad spiculae basin attingentes. Spiculae 5-20 cm. longae, floribus alter-

natis utrinsecus 5—15; spathellae infundibuliformes, ligulatae, striatae.

Involucrophorum ad orificium spathellae oriens, cupuliforme; involuc-

rum conforme. Flores feminei conoidei; perianthium ad basin fere

fissum, infimo subcallosum, corolla calyce longior. Planta mascula

ignota.

Siem climbing, 2-3 cm. through. Leaf-sheaths gibbous, armed_with

unequal, nearly horizontal, flat spines, up to 2-5 cm. long. Ocrea un-

armed, short, leathery. Leaves shortly cirriferous, about 75 cm. long

in the pinniferous part, clawed along the rachis below; petiole in one

specimen seen 5 cm. long. Leaflets disposed in alternate distant fasci-

cles of two each, smooth on both surfaces, 3—7 ceostate, elliptic, sub-

equal, suddenly ending in an acuminate, blunt, non-bristly point, the

largest 16 cm. long and 4 cm. wide. Female spadix pendulous, about

1-50 m. long, with a bicarinate, aculeate 20 cm. long peduncle other-

wise apparently unarmed in the axis, divided into 3-4 branches. Spathe

basal bicarinate, chartaceous, armed with a few spines; other primary

spathes not seen. Spadix branches pendulous, 30-70 cm. long, ter-

minating in a short unarmed appendix; secondary spathes somewhat

flattened with one or two ridges, 5-10 cm. long, unarmed, closely

sheathing. Spikelets 5~20 cm. long, provided with biseriate, alternate

flowers, 5—15 on each side; spathels infundibuliform, broadened on one

side, ligulate, somewhat striate; female flowers conoidal; perianth

deeply split to the subcallous base; corolla about 1 mm. long, longer

than the calyx.

MALAYA: Pahang, Fraser Hill, 1300-1500 m. alt. (Burkill et

Holttum 8,683).

This may be easily confused with C. distichus, from which it

differs in having alternate leaflet-fascicles, a longer peduncle,

longer pendulous spadix and the branches, and a corolla much

longer than the calyx.

122

Vol. XV. (1956).

— i

~~ =i.

ERAS

lie A

Aa Up-=

_—~

Lig S

Tab. 27. Calamus distichoideus (Burkili & Holttum 8,683—holoty pus).

A, Frondis fragmentum basale. B, Frondis fragmentum mesiale. C,

Spadix femineus. D, Spiculae pars ut dispositio spathellae, involu-

crophori et floris appareat.

123

Gardens Bulletin, S.

28. Calamus oreophilus Furtado sp. nov.—t. 28.

C. elegans Ridl. sensu Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. IV (1909) 87 et

VI (1915) 189 et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 61 omino pro parte.

Inter species ad Sect. Phylianthectum subsect. Cirruliferum per-

tinentes cum frondibus spadicibus minimis ponenda, sed petiolis

8—6 cm. longis; foliolis ad 15 cm. usque longis, 10-15 cm. latis,

conspicue fasciculatis, utringue inermibus basi in fasciculo valde

approximatis; squamis fructus bicoloribus, spadicibus erectiusculis

sat distincta. C. elegans ob frondium spadicumque faciem C. oreo-

philo simillima, differt a hoc caudice nullo vel brevissimo erecto,

frondibus ecirriferis secus rachin inermibus.

Caudex gracilis, scandens, 6-10 mm. in diam. cum vaginis. Vagina

frondalis haud flagellifera, apice gibbosa, dense spinis ad 1-5 cm. us-

que longis valde inaequalibus, majoribus triangulatis paulo sinuatis

schistosis, summo atris, apicalibus ad 2 cm. usque longis, horizontali-

bus, vel reflexis aut porrectis praedita. Ocrea obscura. Frondes cirri-

ferae, secus rachidis dorsum marginesque unguibus solitariis vel digi-

tatis praeditae, parte pinnifera 25-30 cm. longae vel breviores, ex

plantis juvenilibus longiores; petiolus 3—5 cm. longus, secus margines

armatus; cirrus 25—50 cm. longus. Foliola per greges 2—4 fasciculata,

gregibus valde distantibus, subaequalia, maxima ad 15 cm. longa,

8—15 mm. lata, utrinque inermia, 1-3 costata. Spadix femineus erec-

tiusculus, 20-50 cm. longus, basi tantum armatus vel non, in 2-5

ramos primarios spiculiferentes vel apicales florigerentes 5-15 cm.

longos divisus, in appendicem inermem brevem exeuns. Spathae pri-

mariae cylindricae, oblique truncatae, apiculatae, 4-7 cm. longae;

basalis tantum bicarinata basi armata vel non; spathae secundariae

1-2 longae, conformes. Spiculae 3—10 cm. longae, utrinsecus floribus

alternatis 5-10; spathellae iate infundibuliformes apice striatae. Involuc-

rophorum cupuliforme, involucrum conforme. Perianthium fructiferum

fere explanatum vel subpedicelliforme, corolla calyce aequilonga.

Fructus oblongus vel obovato-oblongus, apice subito rostratus, 12 mm.

longus, 6—8 mm.; squamis in series 14-15 dispositis, luteis secus mar-

gines brunneis. Semen aequabile, embryone ad lateris centrum sito.

Planta mascula conformis sed differt spadicibus longioribus, spathellis

valde striatis longe acuminatis brevioribus; floribus 3-4 mm. longis,

corollis luteis haud striatis quam calyces striati duplo longioribus.

Stem scandent, 6-10 mm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths non-fiagelliferous,

gibbose, armed densely with very unequal, up to 1-5 cm. long, schis-

tose, often slightly wavy, black-tipped, almost horizontal spines;

slightly longer spines on either side of the mouth of the sheath. Leaves

cirriferous, 25—30 cm. long in the pinniferous part (longer in young

plants), armed along the rachis below and on the cirrus with simple

or digitate claws; petiole 3-5 cm. long, armed with short, mostly

simple spines or claws. Leaflets in distant groups of 2-4 in each, sub-

equal, the largest up to 15 cm. long, 12-15 mm. wide, smooth on both

surfaces, 1-3 costate. Female spadix 20—5S0 cm. long, somewhat erect,

armed only at the base or unarmed, terminating with a short unarmed

appendix, and divided into 2—5 spikelets, each 5—15 cm. long. Primary

spathes excepting the bicarinate, often armed one at the base, cylin-

drical, unarmed, closely sheathing, 4-7 cm. long. Spikelets 3-10 cm.

long, bearing 5—10 alternate flowers in two rows; spathels broadly

funnel-shaped. Fruiting perianth almost explanate or subpedicelliform.

124

__ ss

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 28. Calamus oreophilus (A, C-E: Ridley 15,935, holotypus; B: Kloss

12,140).

A, Caudicis pars cum folio et spadice fructiferenti. B, Spadicis pars

masculi. C, Fructus cum perianthio. D, Semen. E, Idem verticaliter

discissum.

125

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fruit, the scales in 14~15 series, yellow with dark brown margins;

albumen equable; embryo lateral, opposite to the chalazal fovea. Male

plant like the female, but differing in the longer spadices, shorter,

conspicuously striate, long-acuminate spathels, 3-4 mm. long flowers,

corolla yellow, not striate, nearly twice as long as the striate calyx.

MALAYA: Pahang, Gunong Tahan, 1000-2300 m. alt. (Ridley

15,935, Holotypus; Haniff et Nur 7,955; Corner sub litera A; Wray et

Robinson 5,426; Boden-Kloss 12,140). Trengganu, Gunong Padang alt.

+ 1200 m. (Kiah & Moysey 31,830).

Wray and Robinson’s, and Kloss’s collections represent male

plants. Here appears to belong Ridley’s 15,878, collected at the

Sempang Mines, Selangor, which differs in its stem being very

much thinner and in its leaf-sheaths being considerably less armed,

the spines themselves being very small; it may be a very juvenile

state of the species, or represent a special variety. Further collec-

tions are desired to decide this point.

The species was confused with C. elegans, which is a stemless

or short-stemmed erect species with no flagellum or cirrus, and

without any spines on the leaf rachis, but having spadices and

leaves which resemble very much those of C. oreophilus and C.

Koribanus.

29. Calamus bubuensis Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

(1908) 417 t. 183.—+. 29.

C. brevispadix Ridl. sensu Becc. in Ann. cit. Suppl. (1913) 101

pp.; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen., V (1935) 61 p.p.

C. elegans Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. II (1907) 207 quoad spe-

cimen Wrayanum.

Stem slender, scandent, 10-12 mm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths densely

armed with unequal, horizontal or slightly deflexed, often undulate,

10-15 mm. long, greenish or schistaceous, often black-tipped spines,

mixed with smaller setiform ones. Ocrea exsuccous, brittle. Leaves

cirriferous, in one specimens 55 cm. long in pinniferous part, with a

20 cm. long, clawed cirrus, and a petiole about 8 cm. long; the latter

armed with a few solitary spines; rachis armed at the sides and in the

middle with a few simple claws, becoming digitate in the upper parts.

Leaflets few, inequidistant, irregularly grouped, not divergent, 1-3 cos-

tate, unarmed on both surfaces, ending in a bristly tip; the largest

20 cm. long, and 12 mm. broad. Male spadix erect, shorter than the

leaves, 40 cm. long, not cirriferous, unarmed, dividing into 3 primary

branches (only one specimen seen); primary spathes unarmed, obli-

quely truncate at the apex. Spikelets 2-3 cm. long with a bifarious,

alternately disposed, 6—8 flowers on each side; flowers 4 mm. long,

calyx striate; corolla twice as long as calyx, polished.

MALAYA: Perak, Gunong Bubu, alt. circa 1900 m. (Wray 3,923).

Beccari reduced this species to C. brevispadix, which has sub-

cirriferous leaves with leaflets arranged in distant groups of 4-6

each and armed on the three costae above. In the shape and dis-

position of leaflets, and the size of the leaves, the species appears

126

Vol. XV. (1956).

SiN

ye ; VA eee

Tab. 29. Calamus bubuensis (A—B: Wray 3,923—holotypus, ex Beccari).

A, Folia cum vagina. B, Spadix masculus.

227

Gardens Bulletin, S.

to be more like C. Koribanus which, however, has a filiform pen-

dulous spadix, and leaflets which are occasionally armed in the

midrib above. I have not seen the type specimen but have com-

pared the material with the author’s excellent plate of the type.

30. Calamus Koribanus Furtado spec. nov.—t. 30.

C. elegans Ridl. sensu Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus. IV (1909)

87 et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 61 pro parte.

Inter species sectionis Phyllanthecti subsect. Cirruliferi haec

species petiolis 25—40 cm. longis, fasciculis foliolorum distantibus

irregulariter dispositis, spadicibus filiformibus plus minusve arma-

tis, unguibus paucis brevissimis simplicibus, appendice spadicis

terminali inermi floribus masculis approximatis pectinatis facile

recognoscitur. A C. bubuensi, cui frondium facie simillima, differt .

haec species spadicibus longioribus filiformibus pendulis etiam

supra basin armatis.

Caudex scandens, gracilis, 8-15 mm. in diam. Vagina osbcure geni-

culata, spinis triangularibus, valde inaequalibus, ad 1-5 cm. usque

longis, solitariis in series irregulares interruptas approximatis praedita.

Frondes cirriferae, in parte pinnifera 30-40 cm. vel interdum ad 75

cm. usque longae, in cirrum 20-50 cm. longum exeuntes; rachis ungui-

bus simplicibus vel in parte ejus terminali digitatis armata, deciduo

furfuracea; petiolus 25-35 cm. longus, secus margines et dorsum

irregulariter armatus, in facie superiore inermis. Folicla per fasciculum

1-3, vix divergentia, lineari-lanceolata, subaequalia, 1—3 costata, utrin-

que inermia vel rarissime in facie superiore secus costam medianam

et margine parcissime setosa 18-23 cm. longa, 12—18 mm. lata, fasci-

culis distantibus 6—10 cm. inter se remotis. Spadix femineus filiformis,

longipedunculatus, parcissime aculeolatus, in appendicem brevem iner-

mem exeuns, ad 25 cm. ultra metrum usque longus, in ramos 1-2

primarios, pendulos 10—25 cm. longos, divisus. Spathae primariae cylin-

dricae aculeolatae, basales tantum bifaciales bicarinataeque; spathae

Secundariae ad 3 cm. usque longae, cylindricae, inermes, apice oblique

truncatae, acuminatae. Spiculae 3—7 cm. longae; spathellae late infun-

dibuliformes, striatae. Involucrophorum ad spathellae orificium oriens,

cupuliforme; involucrum conforme. Flores in spicula utrinsecus 5-—i1,

alternatae, 4-5 mm. longae; corolla apice striata, calyce striato duplo

longior. Perianthium fructiferum subpedicelliforme, basi callosum.

Fructus oblongus, 10-14 mm. longus, 8 mm. in diam., apice subito

rostratus; squamis in 11-13 series dispositis, gramineis, secus margines

atro-brunneis. Semen 8 mm. longum, 5 mm. latum, 3 mm. crassum;

albumen aequabile; embryo lateralis. Spadix masculus femineo similis,

sed ramis primariis longioribus, floribus minoribus magis approximatis

pectinatis differt.

Stem scandent, 8-15 mm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths slightly geniculate,

thickly armed with unequal, up to 1-5 cm. long spines. Leaves 30-40

cm. long, sometimes up to 75 cm. long in the pinniferous part, ending

with a 20-50 cm. long cirrus; rachis clawed; petiole 25-35 cm. long,

armed irregularly on the lower surface and on margins. Leaflets in

distant fascicles of 1-3, not divergent, 1-3 costate, smooth on both

surfaces, 18-23 cm. long, 12-18 mm. broad, subequal. Female spadix

filiform, long aculeate, sometimes more than a metre long, often much

shorter, divided into 1-2 primary branches. Spathes, primary and

secondary cylindrical, the latter about 3 cm. long. Spikelets about 3—7

cm. long; spathels funnel-shaped, striate. Involucrophore and involucre

128

Vol. XV. (1956).

Henderson 23,380).

A, Caudicis pars cum vaginis et spadice fructiferenti. B, Frondis frag-

mentum apicale. C, Fructus cum perianthio. D, Semen. E, Idem

verticaliter discissum. F, Spadicis ramus masculi. G, Spicula mascula.

1 ie

Gardens Bulletin, S.

cupular; corolla striate at the apex, twice as long as the striate calyx.

Perianth subpedicelliform. Fruit oblong 10-14 mm. long, 8 mm. in

diam., abruptly beaked; scales yellow with dark brown margins ar-

ranged in 11-13 series. Seed with homogenous albumen; embryo

lateral, nearly opposite to the chalazal fovea. Male plant like the

female, except its leaflets are setose on the margins and on the median

nerve above; the spadix and its branches more pedulous; flowers

smaller and pectinate.

MALAYA: Pahang, Cameron’s Highlands, alt. 1600 m. (Henderson

18,017—Holotypus, & 23,380; Wyatt-Smith 66,591); Telom (Ridley

13,920, male and female on the same sheet); Rhododendron Hill

(Henderson 11,063 et 11,706).

Ridley (1909) used his Telom collection to correct his descrip-

tion of C. elegans, but not being part of the original syntypes of

that species these have been excluded to form the basis of C.

Koribanus. From the general aspect of the leaflets this species

may be easily confused with C. bubuensis, which has, however,

a short, unarmed, somewhat erect spadix, divided into shorter

partial inflorescences. The male flowers are very closely packed,

pectinate, not distant, alternate as in others.

_ This species has been named after Prof. Kwan Kohriba,

Director of the Gardens during the Japanese occupation, who did

much to protect the Botanic Gardens and Herbarium and the

Raffles Museum and Library during ihe war.

31. Calamus brevispadix Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

207; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI Suppl. (1913)

101 t. 57 excl. synon; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 61 pp.—

t. 31.

Stem slender, scandent, 1-5—2-5 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths obscurely

geniculate or not, densely armed with unequal, nearly horizontal or

slightly deflexed, somewhat sinuate, schistaceous or greenish brown,

often black-tipped spines, sometimes approximate into short interrupted

rows; the largest spines 2—3 cm. long, intermingled with smaller ones;

at the mouth armed with large, porrect spines. Ocrea about 1-5 cm.

long, exsuccous, brown, brittle, hispid and aculeolate. Leaves about

50-70 cm. in the pinniferous part, ending in an obscure, 15-25 cm.

long, minutely clawed cirrus or in an odd narrow leaflet; petiole 12—35

cm. long, somewhat concave above, irregularly armed; those armed

with digitate spines along the margins and the dorsum appear to be of

the juvenile leaves, the armature gradually decreasing with age; the

petiole in older plants armed with solitary spines along the margins

and occasionally in the dorsum; rachis armed along the sides and the

median with solitary claws, ternate in terminal parts. Leaflets lanceo-

late in irregular nearly opposite groups of 4-6 in each, not divergent,

1-3 costae (costae armed in the upper surface at least in the terminal

half), smooth in the lower surface, setose on the margins; the mesial

the largest, 25-30 cm. long, 15—23 mm. broad. Male spadix 40—70 cm.

usually shorter than the leaves, bifaced and slightly armed at the base,

otherwise unarmed even in the short terminal appendix; divided into

3-5 branches. Primary spathes exsuccous, membranous, loose in the

upper parts, obliquely truncate-acuminate at the apex, only one in the

130

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 31. Calamus brevispadix (A-F: Ridley, paratypus: G-J: Burkill &

Holttum 8,420).

A, Frondis fragmentum mesiale. B, Spadix femineus. C, Spiculae frag-

mentum ut dispositio spathellae, involucrophori, involucri, floris

feminei, et areolae appareat. D, Flos femineus. E, Fructus. F, Semen

ejusdem verticaliter discissum. G, Petioli basis. H, Spadicis frag-

mentum masculi. I, Spiculae pars. J. Flos masculus.

131

Gardens Bulletin, S.

peduncular part below the first branch. Spikelets on primary or secon-

dary branches, 5-10 cm. long with bifarious, alternate, 4 mm. long

flowers. Female spadix nearly similar to the male, shorter, 40—50 cm.

long, divided into 3-4 fertile branches. Spikelets 3—4 on the primary

branches, 5—8 cm. long, somewhat flexuose, with 6—12 alternate flowers

on each side. Secondary spathes 1-5-2 cm. long, closely sheathing;

spathels striate unilaterally infundibuliform, ligulate. Involucrophore

adnate, slightly outside the mouth of the spathel, cupuliform. Fruiting

perianth slightly callous at base, subpedicelliform. Fruit ovoid ellip-

soid, narrowed on both sides, 10-12 mm. long (including the beak),

5—6 mm. though, with dark brown, concolorous scales in 12 series;

embryo central and albumen homogeneous.

MALAYA: Selangor, Sempang (Ridley 15,879); Semangkok Pass, alt.

1300 m. (Ridley 12,121 holotype and s.n. collected at the same time,

paratypes); Fraser Hill, alt. 1300-1500 m. (Burkill & Holttum 8,420

male, & 8,551 female).

C. brevispadix appears to be a very close ally of C. Helferianus

which, I think, must be transferred to this subsection. In the holo-

type specimen of C. brevispadix in the Singapore herbarium there

are no fruits on the spadix, and the one loose fruit mounted on

the same sheet does not belong to it. However immature fruits are

present in the paratype specimens.

I have excluded C. bubuensis from this species, because that

species differs in many ways from this, specially in having a dis-

tinct cirrus to the leaves, and the leaflets being smooth on both

surfaces. The specimen from Gunong Belumut, Johore, cited

under this species by Ridley (1925) is of a quite unrelated spe-

cies, named here as C. belumutensis. The duplicates of Ridley

15,879 bears 15,789.

32. Calamus benomensis Furtado spec. novy.—t. 32.

A C. bubuensi foliolis ad basin magis approximatis, per gregem

8-6 dispositis, gregibus distantioribus, petiolis verisimiliter longio-

ribus haec species differt. A C. brevispadice differt foliolis utrinque

inermibus; squamis fructus bicoloribus, in series 13-15 dispositis.

Caudex gracilis, scandens. Frondes longe petiolatae et cirriferae ut

videtur; rachis secus margines et in dorsi medio unguibus simplicibus

reflexis praedita. Foliola in fasciculis distantibus, 3-6 per fasciculum,

disposita, paulo divergentia, 1-3 costata, utrinque inermia, lineario-

lanceolata, circa 25 cm. longa, 2 cm. lata. Spadix femineus erectius-

culus, circa 35-40 cm. longus, ad basin tantum parcissime armatus

vel non, in 3 ramos, 5-10 cm. longos, spiculiferentes divisus, in

appendicem 9 cm. longam terminatus. Spathae primariae: basalis tan-

tum bicarinata, alterae cylindricae, oblique truncatae; spathae secun-

dariae conformes, ad 2 cm. usque longae; spathellae laeves, deciduo

furfuraceae infundibuliformes, obscure apiculatae. Involucrophorum et

involucrum cupuliformia. Perianthium fructiferum fere explanatum;

corollae calycibus aequales, vel fere. Fructus immaturi ovato cuneati,

valde rostrati; squamis gramineis secus margines atro-brunneis, per

series 13-15 dispositis. Spadix masculus cum femineo simul collectus

huic pertinet ut videtur, femineo similis, cum spiculis 5 cm. longis;

flores 5 mm. longae, alternatae, in spicula utrinsecus 8-10; corolla

calyce duplo longior.

132

Vol. XV. (1956).

Jurany os

3cm

Tab. 32. Calamus benomensis (A-B: 9° holotypus; C:paratypus simul

collegitur).

A, Frondis fragmentum mesiale. B, Spadix fructiferens. C, Spadix

masculus.

133

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Stem slender and climbing. Leaves apparently cirriferous and long

petioled; rachis armed below with distant, simple claws. Leaflets dis-

posed in distant groups of 3-6, linear-lanceolate, 1-3 costate, smooth

on both surfaces, about 25 cm. long, 2 cm. broad. Female spadix

about 40 cm. long, much smaller than the leaf, more or less erect,

armed or not at base, divided in 3-4 spikelet-bearing branches, each

5—10 cm. long; spikelets up to 3 cm. long, with 4—5 bifarious, alternate

flowers on each side. Spathes smooth, cylindrical, slightly bicarinate at

base. Perianth almost explanate in the fruit. Fruit immature, ovate-

cuneate, beaked, covered with yellow scales having dark brown mar-

gins and disposed in 13-15 series. Male spadix mounted on the same

sheet, similar to the female, with longer branches and spikelets; male

flowers 5 mm. long, 8-10 on each side, alternately disposed; corolla

nearly twice as long as the calyx.

MALAYA: Pahang, Gunong Benom, ad alt. 1600 m. (legitur, s.n. a

F.M.S. Musei Collectore, ad 28—VII—1935, in herb. Singaporense).

Though the specimens are incomplete, I have ventured to name

the species in order to show the differences between this and C.

brevispadix and C. bubuensis, and also because there is a great

deal of confusion among the species of this subsection. C. beno-

mensis appears to be a much larger plant than both the above

named species and to bear a cirrus to the leaf, which is wanting

in C. brevispadix; the last mentioned has, moreover, leaflets which

are setose on the 3 costae above. C. bubuensis is a much smaller

species belonging to this subsection, but was referred to C. brevi-

spadix by Beccari.

V. Sectio PLATYSPATHUS Griff. emend. Furtado

Platyspathus (vel Platyspathae, Platyspatha vel Platyspathes)

Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V (1845) 73 et 78, in Palms Brit.

Ind. (1850) 8, 36, 83, et XXI: (Platyspathae) Drude in Engl. u.

Prantl, Pflanzenf. II. 3 (1887) 52; Baill., Mon. Palm (1895)

260: omnino pro parte.

Mischanthectae Ridl., Mat. Fl. Pen. II (1907) 189 et Fl. Mal.

Pen. V (1925) 49 partim.

Plantae scandentes vel non, non-scandentibus exceptis, flagelliferae.

Frondes ecirriferae, cum foliolis ensiformibus, vel ellipticis. Spadices

ex plantis scandentibus flagelliformibus, interdum longe-appendiculati.

Spathae primariae basi tantum stricte tubulares, apicem versus lami-

nares vel loriformes, interdum laceratae vel fissae. Spiculae sessiles.

Involucrophora sessilia.

DISTRIBUTIO: Indo-Malaya ex Bengalia et Assamia usque ad

Malayam, Sumatram et Borneo.

LECTOTYPUS: C. platyspathus.

Griffith adopted both singular and plural forms for his sectional

names. As defined by Griffith this section included C. leptopus

which is a true Daémonorops, as well as C. Rheedei which be-

longs to the new section Macropodus characterized by having

sessile spikelets and stalked involucrophores.

134

Vol. XV. (1956).

The species of the section Platyspathus, as restricted here,

produce non-cirrate leaves and tubular-based primary spathes

having strap-shaped or loriform limbs that split longitudinally or

tear off irregularly in the course of their development; both the

spikelets and the involucrophores of the species of this section are

sessile. The section includes Beccari’s Group IIA and VI. Some of

the species like C. arborescens and C. longisetus, which belong to

Beccari’s Group IIA, have large flowers and fruits. In C. longi-

setus the fruit scales are not channelled, such as are found in the

genus Cornera; but the spadices with its spikelets are long, usually

pendulous, not short with congested spikelets. Further the flowers

are bifarious, not secund or subsecund as in Cornera where the

spathes, though with ear-shaped apices, neither disintegrate, nor

split.

Key to the Species

(A) Leaflets ensiform, 3—5 cm. broad, unicostate, not longi-

tudinally plicate.

(a) Leaflets equidistant (not fascicled), whitish beneath.

Leaf-rachis armed on the dorsal side with long,

flat, triangular spines arranged in oblique rows.

Stem erect. Fruit scales channelled with scariose

margins.

C. arborescens Griff.

(aa) Leaflets inequidistant, often arranged in distinct

groups, not whitish beneath. Leaf-rachis armed

with short solitary claws. Stem climbing. Fruit

scales not or slightly channelled, conspicuously

fringed at apex.

C. longisetus Griff.

(AA) Leaflets, when ensiform less than 3 cm. broad; when

broader, elliptic lanceolate, pluricostulate, longitudinally

plicate.

(B) Leaflets broadly elliptic-lanceolate, pluricostulate,

more than 3 cm. broad.

(b) Stem climbing. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous,

armed with flat, triangular, 8-20 mm.

long spines scattered among many smaller,

sometimes minute spines. Leaflets often

whitish beneath. Apical leaflets somewhat

united at base, porrect. Spadix flagelliform —

with clawed internodes.

C. myrianthus Becc.

a 135

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(bb) Stems erect. Leaf-sheaths non-flagelliferous,

armed irregularly with spines varying in

length, some at the petiole base being up

to 7 cm. long. Leaves imparipinnate, or

ending in two entirely free, somewhat diva-

ricate leaflets. Leaflets not whitish beneath.

Spadix short, not clawed.

C. ramosissimus Griff.

(BB) Leaflets ensiform, 3 cm. or less broad, 1-3 costate.

set, equidistant. Stems climbing. Spadix

flagelliform, strongly clawed. Some of the

spines on the leaf-sheaths broadly triangu-

Jar.

(d) Petiole geniculate.

(e) Leaf-sheaths armed with large,

flat triangular lanceolate

spines about 2—2.5 cm. long,

scattered among such smaller

spines. Apical leaflets slightly

connate at base. Leaf-rachis

smooth. Secondary spathes

and spathels not armed. Seeds

roundish.

C. multirameus Ridl.

(ee) Leaf-sheaths armed with large

sub-equal spines, all more or

less concave beneath. Apical

leaflets free to the base. Leaf-

rachis thickly furfuraceous.

Seeds similar to an impression

of a horsehoof.

C. paspalanthus Becc.

(dd) Petiole non-geniculate.

C. perakensis var. gracilis Furtado.

(cc) Leaflets 1.5-3 cm. broad, remote or inequi-

distant. Stems climbing or not; spadix short

or long, not clawed or with a few claws.

Leaf-sheath spines not broadly triangular.

136

Vol. XV. (1956).

(f) Stems short, erect or semi-scandent.

Spadix smaller than the leaf. Female

spikelets 3—6 cm. long. (Rarely leaf-

lets more narrow or nearly equidis-

tant).

C. perakensis Becc.

(ff) Stem scandent. Spadix very long, much

longer than the leaf. Female spikelets

6-15 cm. long.

C. laxissimus Ridl.

ENUMERATION OF SPECIES

33. Calamus arborescens Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1844) 33 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 42 t. 188 A & B

(sphalm. C. arboraceus) et C; Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III

(1850) 332; Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XLIII pt. 2

(1874) 209 t. 22 et For. Fl. Burma II (1877) 516; Becc. et

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 439; Becc. in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 131 t. 7; Ridl., in Journ. Roy.

Asiat. Soc. Straits Br. LIX (1911) 215 et Fl. Malay Pen. V

(1925) 64 pro parte.—t.t. 33 & 33a.

Stem tufted, erect, 4-6 m. high, and 6-8 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths

(like petiole and leaf-rachis) armed with large, flat, black, triangular,

seriate spines. Leaves up to 5 m. long including the 0-5 to 1-5 m. long

petiole; the latter armed with black elastic, confluent spines up to 7-8

cm. long; rachis similarly armed with confluent black spines which

become smaller and more slender in the terminal portions of the

rachis. Leafiets numerous, equidistant, broadly ensiform, up to 1 m.

long, 3—5-5 cm. wide, whitish beneath. Spadices not flagelliform, much

shorter than the leaves; primary spathes tubular in the lower part,

lacerated in the upper, armed with needle-like black spines; secondary

spathes tubular with subinflated and lacerated limbs. Spikelets about

15-25 cm. long. Fruit large, elliptic, 20-22 mm. long, 14-15 mm.

broad; scales reddish brown, channelled in the middle, with a darkish

intramarginal line; seed with homogeneous albumen.

MALAYA: Setul, Bukit Rajah Wang (Ridley, 15.358 male and female

specimens).

DISTRIBUTION: Burma.

Ridley confused with this species some specimens of C. longi-

setus. The holotype specimen was derived from a plant obtained

from Pegu, Burma, and cultivated in Botanic Gardens, Calcutta,

under the name of C. hostilis. Beccari’s plate 7 was derived from

a plant belonging probably to the clump numbered XII.C.139 in

the Botanic Gardens, Bogor, Java, the same clump which later

supplied the specimens distributed by me under Singapore Field

No. 30,804. This clump was recorded to have come from seeds

obtained in the jungles of Menado, Celebes, but this is obviously

im error.

137

Gardens Bulletin, S.

= ae

Tab. 33. Calamus arborescens (Ridley 15,358 2).

verticaliter discissa ut dispositio

;

A, Folii pars mesialis. B, Spadicis ramus spiciferens. C, Pars spiculae

spathellae, involucrophori et in-

volucri appareat. D, Fructus.

138

Vol. XV. (1956).

= ~~ x.

AYN |

fait

‘

SESrhy

HAA

~—

~~,

. / ill sn

M <p)

' hf

» 1)

Tab. 33a. Calamus arborescens (Ridiey 15,358 2).

A, Petioli fragmentum. B, Apex plantae juvenilis cum folio. C, Spadicis

ramus spiculiferens. D, Flos masculus.

139

Gardens Bulletin, S.

The plant is tufted, but the individual stems in the clump grow

at some distance from each other showing that the branches grow

at first horizontally in the ground.

34. Calamus longisetus Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V (1845)

36 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 44 t. 189 A & B; Mart., Hist.

Nat. Palm. III (1850) 333: Becc. et Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1892) 440; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908)

134 t. 9; Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. VIII (1935) 253.

—tt. 34 & 34a.

C. arborescens Griff. sensu Ridl., Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits

Br. LIX (1911) 215 et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 64 quoad spe-

cimen lankawiense.

C. tigrinus Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XLIII pt. 2

(1874) 211 t. XXV & XXVI & For. Fl. Bnit. Burma I (1877)

519.

Stem large, tufted, scandent, with sheaths 5-8 cm. in diam. Leaf-

sheaths flagelliferous (?), armed strongly with whorls and half-whorls

of broad, fiat, triangular spines. Leaves large, Aig Rog coment od

long armed with spines similar to those of the sheaths, scattered or

variously aggregated in complete or partial whorls; rachis armed with

strong, solitary defiexed claws, at least in the upper half of the leaf.

Leafiets inequidistant, often in grovps of 2-3 in the basal portions,

subequidistant towards the summit, concolorous (not glaucescent be-

neath), ensiform, unicostate, the largest 50-60 cm., 3-5—5S cm. broad.

Spadix very long, fiagelliform, decompound, with a few, 50-70 cm.

long branches; spikelets up to 20 cm. in the female spadix, shorter in

the male where the spikelets are tertiary branches. Primary spathes

parts of the female spadix seen. Fruit 30-33 mm. long, 15-20 mm. in

diam.; scales not channelled along the middle, somewhat blackish in

= centre, conspicuously fringed in the margin; seed with equable

umen.

MALAYA: Langkawi, Gunong Raya (Haniff 15,910); loc. incert.

(Hanif in IX—1900).

DISTRIBUTION: Burma and Andamans.

I have seen some fragments of leaves, and of male and female

partial inflorescences, the last with a few small fruits. I have fol-

lowed Beccari for the description given here of the stem, leaf-

sheaths, petioles and the seed.

There are no reasons to doubt the identity of Malayan speci-

mens with Beccari’s plate 9; but whether they are also identical

with C. longisetus as depicted by Griffith or with C. figrinus as

depicted by Kurz, I am not in a position to say. Both Griffith’s

and Kurz’s plates show a good deal of difference especially in the

armature of the lower-half of the leaf-rachis and the petiole; and

I have seen neither the petiole, nor the leaf-sheaths of the Malayan

140

Vol. XV. (1956).

mp)

SN .

YADOO CSRS

ona’

; .

sate

oY 7,"

) (\ Keehear™ ‘ava

DO (i

Loy

y ya

SPP SELL H)

Sent Fin

Tab. 34. Calamus longisetus (Haniff in 1900 ¢).

A, Folii fragmentum. B, Spadicis fragmentum. C, Flos masculus.

141

Gardens Bulletin, S.

142

A, oe fragmentum apicale. B, Spadicis pars. C, Fructus cum perian-

thio.

Tab. 34a. Calamus longisetus (Haniff 15,910 92).

Vol. XV. (1956).

species, nor do I know the range of variation in the species. Bec-

cari, however, had the advantage of examining the types and com-

paring them with very good specimens from Andamans; and his

conclusion .was that the Andaman species and C. longisetus and

C. tigrinus were all identical. The petiole illustrated by Beccari

in t. 9 is from the Andamans and is armed somewhat differently

from that figured by Griffith; neither the petiole nor the topmost

of the rachis seen in the Malayan specimens bear flat spines as

seen in C. arborescens and as drawn by Griffith for C. longisetus:

It is also possible that the leaf-specimen figured by Griffith is

basal. The fruit scales are not channelled as in the fruits of Corner

species, and the flowers and fruits are large.

In the Andamans the fruits are said to be eaten cooked and the

leaflets are used for thatch.

35. Calamus myrianthus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 451 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 306

t. 118.—+. 35.

C. leucotes Becc. in Ann. cit. p. 309 t. 120. syn. nov.

C. hypoleucus (Kurz) Kurz, Fl. Brit. Burma II (1877) 532,

male spadix only.

Daemonorops hypoleucus Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal

XLII pt. 2 (1874) 208 quoad t. XIX tantum.

Stem scandent, 3—4 m. long, with sheaths 1-5—2-5 cm. in diam. Leaf-

sheaths gibbous below the petiole, armed with solitary, flat, triangular,

subulate, ascendent, 2-3 cm. long spines which are scattered among

many much smaller but similar shaped spines; the spines at the mouth

of the sheath much longer, up to 6 cm. long. Ocrea obscure in the

older leaves, apparently long, papery, unarmed, marcescent and deci-

duous in young. Leaves (not seen entire); petiole 7-14 cm. or more

long, armed along the dorsum and sides with scattered solitary spines,

some up to 2-5 cm. long, others much shorter, the dorsal spines being

usually the longest. Leaflets inequidistant, remote, 10 cm. or more

apart, sometimes approximate in twos, multicostate, lanceolate, alter-

nate or subopposite, 45 cm. long, 4-6 cm. broad, longitudinally plicate,

with ashy-grey or whitish under-surface; the basal leaflets the shortest;

the two terminal leaflets slightly united at the base, sometimes for

nearly one-third in length. Spadix (male only seen) flagelliform, ultra-

decompound, slender, with 15-35 cm. long, cupressiform branches.

Primary spathes with a long strap-shaped limb.

MALAYA: Lower Siam, Wa Sa Uhm in Surat (Seidenfaden 2,251,

vern. nom. Gikai); loc. incert. (Hamid 3,776, vern. nom. Wai Kekai);

Kasom (Curtis 3,248); Kopah at Janjan (Haniff and Nur 2,056).

DISTRIBUTION: Tenassirim in Lower Burma.

(143

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 35. Calamus myrianthus (Curtis 3,248 2).

A, Frondis vagina cum petiolo. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale. C,

Spadix masculus. D, Spicula ut florum dispositio appareat.

144

Vol. XV. (1956).

There is a good deal of variation in the armature of the leaf-

sheaths and the mealiness of the lower-surface of the leaflets.

depending upon the age of the plants and the environment.

The types of both C. myrianthus and C. leucotes were from

Tenasserim. The Kopah specimen (Haniff and Nur 2,056) has.

leaf-sheaths and spathes exactly as in the type of C. leucotes. In

the Kasom specimens, which come from an apparently weak plant,

the leaf-sheaths and the basal primary spathes are very much less.

armed.

36. Calamus ramosissimus Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V

(1845) 78 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 87 t. 207; Becc. and

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 450; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan

Pen. II (1907) 201; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

(1908) 202 tt. 109 and 110; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925)

58.—+t. 36.

Daemonorops ramosissimus (Griff.) Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III

(1850) 330. a

Stem solitary, short, erect or subscandent, 1-4 m. tall deciduously

ferrugineous in most parts. Leaf-sheaths open on the ventral side,

armed at the mouth with up to 6 cm. long spines, and on the dorsal

side with a few or many solitary reddish spines. Leaves 3—4 m. long

including 45 cm. to 100 m. long petiole; rachis clawed. Leaflets numer-

ous, remote, subequidistant, lanceolate, brownish, multi-costulate, pli-

cate, 35-40 cm. long, 5-6 cm. broad, 6-10 cm. apart. Spadices erect,

40-80 cm. long; female spikelets borne on primary branches; male

decompound. Primary spathes with broad strap-shaped limb, unarmed,

except occasionally the basal one. Fruit ovoid, beaked, 13—14 mm. long,

8-10 mm. broad; scales reddish with intra-marginal darkish lines,

arranged in 15 longitudinal series; seed with equable albumen.

MALAYA: Trengganu, Ulu Brang, alt. + 800-1,000 m. (Kiah

& Moysey 33,394 & 33,629); Brang at Tersat alt. + 800 (Kiah & Moysey

33,396). Kelantan, Sungai Keteh (Nur with Foxworthy 11,961). Kedah,

Kedah Peak (Ridley VI—1893); Serdang (Spare 3,738 male and female).

Kemaman, Sungai Nipah, low alt. (Corner 30,522). Pahang, Sungai

Tahan at Kuala Tenok (Ridley in 1891); Perak, Gunong Chantek at

Gopeng (Furtado 33,083); Taiping Hills (Ridley 11,986; Haniff and

Nur 2,499); Maxwells Hill, alt. 1,000 m. (Burkill and Haniff 12,688);

Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9,809); Tea Gardens in Taiping, alt. 1,000-

1,600 m. (Curtis in IX—1889); Larut Hills, alt. 1,000 m. (Curtis 25-—

XII—1901); Pondok Tanjong (Burkill and Haniff 13,239); Gunong Kele-

dang (Ridley X—1898). Selangor, Sungai Lalang in Kajang (Symington

22,885); Semeniyh (Hume 7,963); Ginting Simpah (Hume 9,591).

Negri Sembilan, Ulu Rembau alt. 300 m. (Nur 11,766); Gunong

Angsi, alt. 800 m. (Nur 11,574; Ridley in II-—1904); Ulu Bendol

(Holttum 9,882).

The species was described by Griffith from specimens which

probably had been collected in Malacca. The leaves terminate

either in two or in three entirely free leaflets.

145

Gardens Bulletin, S.

a 7 , *-

af a : s ’ ’ . A

i y ; >, [hn ) 4

y of, EX J *) LAN oun pone,

/ / ANY heres rm) Gia! Sara

\ “@ PON YE fl 0

y ‘a b SUA)

s 7 p } econ

) RTT, b> iy

p D Sr ( 4 ai "

/ RICE, 3 UT ry

. 6 1 » vr

We : QO Vf VY papa Suto,

t) MT, ys

eo Vanity

Neiecst OT &

ENCES s ‘ ’

. . Pe i Q) #1

a a\ &

er) NM by s 4 it, 4

' cays, Oh \ fa &) a Sy \\ i

’ OMI NP. eee W + ‘iM (wh

NOY bs C ¢ 4 mr, \

9% ¥ “ *

ty Wy

a 7 Se) ‘ >

. i}

)

f \

ap ype

or)

Tab. 36. Calamus ramosissimus (A-—F: Nur 11,574; G—I: Burkill & Haniff

12,688; K—-L: Holttum 9,882).

, Spadix femineus.

G, Spadicis

Idem verticaliter dis-

Petioli pars basalis. B, Folii fragmentum apicale. C

- D, Spiculae. E, Flos femineus. F, Flos ejus acolytus.

cissum. K, Spicula mascula. L, Flos masculus.

pars fructiferentis. H, Fructus. I, Semen.

146

Vol. XV. (1956).

37. Calamus multirameus Ridl. (multiramea), Mat. Fl. Malay

Pen. II (1907) 202 pro parte (ex altera parte — C. concin-

nus ).—t. 37.

C. concinnus Mart. sensu Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 59

pro parte.

C. Guruba Ham. sensu Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

Appendix (1913) 49 quoad specimen perakense, haud in observ.

sub. C. perakense p. 48.

Stem slender, scandent, with sheaths 1-2-5 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths

gibbous below the petiole, armed with flat, triangular, often slightly

oblique, solitary, ascendent, 1-2-5 cm. long spines, scattered among

many similar but much smaller, sometimes minute spines, and with

longer but narrower, 6-12 cm. long spines at the mouth of the sheath,

and, therefore, at the base of the petiole. Leaves 60-75 cm. long, in-

cluding the 10—15 cm. long petiole; this is armed on the lower surface

of the basal half and in the geniculum with many small spines inter-

spersed with larger, 5-8 mm. long claws along the margins and the

median line of the dorsum, the claws being present also in the leaf-

rachis. Leaflets numerous, closely set, equidistant, 2—3 cm. apart, nar-

rowly ensiform, with long, subulately acuminate apices, setose on the

upper half of the lower surface along the 3—5 costae, in the upper

surface setose only on the median costa, 20-28 cm. long, 10-15 mm.

wide; the two apical leaflets slightly connate at the base. Spadix fla-

gelliform; the peduncular part armed with many unequal ascendent

spines up to 15 mm. long. Primary spathes longitudinally split, lori-

form, in the male spadix coriaceous straw-coloured, and persistent,

and in female spadix marcescent and deciduous; the basal spathe

densely armed, the others unarmed or nearly so. Fruit sphaeric, 7—9

mm. in diam., beaked; scales light yellow, with a brown intramarginal

line, channelled in the middle, arranged in 15—18 longitudinal series;

seeds with an equable albumen.

MALAYA: Perak, Dindings (Ridley 8,405 partly, syntype). Pahang,

Kuala Luit (Ridley in 1891, syntype); Sungai Chenik (Burn-Murdoch

193, vern. nom. Rotan Sabot).

Beccari (1913), after examining the above quoted syntypes of

C. multirameus, reduced it to C. Guruba, a species which has a

wide distribution in Bengal, Assam, Shilet, Burma and Cochin-

China. I have separated C. multirameus from C. Guruba because

in the latter the three costae on the upper surface of the leafiets

and usually the midcosta on the lower surface and exceptionally

lower side nerves also, are bristly, whereas in C. multirameus the

3—5 costae are bristly on the lower surface, the midcosta being

alone bristly in the upper surface. Further in C. Guruba the leaf-

sheaths, the geniculum, the petiole, and the basal primary spathes

of the male spadix are less armed, the two apical leaflets are more

connate, and only one long spine develops on each side of the

petiole base. In the shape of the leaflets, C. multirameus appears

more like C. nitidus, but the leaflets in the latter have 5 bristly

costae in the upper surface. The leaf-sheath and the petiole of C.

nitidus are not known.

147

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 37. Calamus multirameus (Burn-Murdoch 193 2 & 3).

A. Caudicis fragmentum ut vaginae armatura appareat. B. Frondis

fragmentum apicale. C, Spadicis pars masculi. D, Fragmentum

spadicis feminei.

148

Vol. XV. (1956).

From the description given by Beccari (1908), C. Guruba,

appears to vary a good deal in many characters, and possibly C.

multirameus and C. nitidus might have to be reduced as varieties

of C. Guruba.

C. concinnus, with which C. multirameus has been confused by

Ridley (1925), is totally unlike the latter and belongs to Beccari’s

Group V and to my subsection Coleospathus, whereas C. multira-

meus, like C. perakensis, belongs to Beccari’s Group VI and to

the section Platyspathus. However on Ridley 8,405 (syntype of

C. multirameus) there is mounted a fruiting branch of C. concin-

nus, a fact pointed out by Beccari (1913 p. 49); this is probably

a reason why Ridley reduced his entire C. multirameus to C.

concinnus.

The female spadix with young fruits in Ridley 12,116 (syntype

of C. lanatus) is not C. multirameus as interpreted here, but of a

form of C. perakensis. Beccari (1913 p. 48), misled by the

hooked axis of the spadix and somewhat distant fruits, quoted the

specimen under C. Guruba. The primary spathes in the specimen

are not marcescent and deciduous and the fruiting scales not light

yellow, characters not found in C. Guruba or C. multirameus.

38. Calamus paspalanthus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 450; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 200; Becc.

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 295 t. 112, et Appen-

dix (1913) 48; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 55.—+. 38.

C. paspalanthus Becc. var. peninsularis Becc. in Ann. cit.

(1908) 298 tt. 111 and 113 et Appendix (1913) 48, syn. nov.

C. paspalanthus Becc. var. pterospermus Becc. in Engl. Bot.

Jarhb. XLVIII (1912) 91 et Annals cit. Appendix (1913) 48 t.

26, syn. nov.

C. intumescens (Becc.) Ridl., Mat. cit. II (1907) 200.

Daemonorops ? intumescens Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. II (1902)

Zee.

. Stem solitary, scandent, 15—20 m. long, with sheaths 2-5—S cm. in

diam. Leaf-sheaths darkish, conspicuously tumescent at the petiole

base, armed with triangular, solitary, ascendent, mostly subequal, about

3 cm. long spines (6-10 cm. long along the apical margin), having

tumescent, sometimes confluent bases. Ocrea over 30 cm. long, papy-

raceous, soon marcescent, deciduous. Leaves 2-5—3-5 m. long, includ-

ing the 45-80 cm. long petiole; the latter deeply channelled above,

armed below along the margins and the dorsal median with short, up

to 1 cm. long spines, provided on both surfaces with deciduous indu-

mentum; rachis armed with 3-fid claws beneath, and clothed more

especially on the upper surface with deciduous brownish indumentum.

Leaflets narrow-ensiform, equidistant, closely set, 1-5—2-5 cm. apart,

subequal, 30-40 cm. long, 8-15 mm. broad, the terminal two quite

free. Spadix flagelliform, strongly clawed, deciduously ferrugineous all

149

Gardens Bulletin, S.

a i>

=e.

HN )

Wine iY inn Ps

Hi" y | crt =

ii FA Hl ' 4

byt NZ |

a VE

LE | F i ‘i

“ay |

Smm 4mm

Icm

tur aen BET

Tab. 38. Calamus paspalanthus (A-I: Corner 30,875; J: Ridley 11,209).

A, Caudicis pars. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale. C, Spadicis pars.

feminei. D, Ejusdem fragmentum auctum ut spathellae et florum

dispositio appareant. E, Flos femineus cum involucro ut areola

appareat. F, Flos acolytus. G, Fructus. H, Semen ambitu equinae

ungulae fere simile. I, Imago seminis obliqua. J, Spadicis frag-

mentum masculi perauctum ut spiculae et involucrorum et spathel-

larum dispositio appareant.

150

Vol. XV. (1956).

over, 3—5 m. long, with 20-70 cm. long branches; female spikelets

subequal in a branch, 15—25 cm. long, 3—4 cm. apart, alternate; male

shorter with pectinate flowers. Primary spathes lacerate and unarmed

or slightly armed in the upper parts; secondary spathes terminating

in a long lacerate, decaying point, often armed at the middle espe-

cially in the robust, female spadices; spathels in female spadices often

armed at the middle. Fruit very broadly ovate or elliptic, beaked,

18—22 mm. long, 10-12 mm. in diam.; scales arranged in 15-18 series,

brown, with darker intramarginal lines. Seed very anomalous in shape

in the genus, bifaced, more or less horse-hoof shaped, emarginate and

thickened at the base, flat on one side, convex on the other or some-

times surmounted with a truncate-edged apex; albumen equable.

MALAYA: Johore, Serom (Ridley 11,213); Batu Pahat (Ridley

11,209); Sungai Pelepah (Nur 20,043); Ulu Segun on Gunong Panti,

alt. circa 100 m. (Corner 30,875, vern. nom. Rotan Batu); Sungai

Kayu (Kiah 32,387).

BORNEO: Sarawak, loc. incert. (Hewitt in 1908); Kuching (Ridley

in VII-1903); Beram (Hewitt in IV—1907); Jambusan (Ridley 12,403,

male and female).

There is a good deal of variation in this species so that it is not

easy to distinguish the different varieties created by Beccari. Even

in fruit there are some variations which are midway the extreme

forms. The armature of spathels and of leaf-sheaths also varies a

good deal, depending upon the vigour, the stage of the develop-

ment and the age of the plants, and perhaps also on the position

of the organ. The type form and the var. pterospermus was based

on the specimens collected respectively in North Borneo (Sarawak)

and South Borneo, while the Malayan specimens were referred to

var. peninsularis.

According to Beccari the spathels in the female spadix, the var.

typicus and var. pterospermus are unarmed, but in all the speci-

mens I have seen even in Ridley 12,403 from Jambusan (Borneo),

the spathels are aculeolate and the scales of the fruit are in 15-16

series; and Beccari has identified the last mentioned specimen as

belonging to the type form of the species which are described to

bear fruit scales in 18 series.-In Ridley 11,213 from Johore

(Malaya) the spathes in some spikelets are unarmed and others

have a few sometimes not fully developed spines; the seeds have

not reached their definitive stage so that it is not easy to say in

which category the seed falls) However Kiah 32,387 and Nur

20,043 have more or less similar spadices and spathes, and the

seed has the shape described for the var. pterospermus. On the

other hand Corner 30,875, although it has the fruit scales in 15

series and the spathels more or less armed, has the seed whicn is

of the shape described for the var. typicus. A further study in the

field is necessary to clarify the status of these variations. _

Ridley 10,780 from Bukit Timah, Singapore, cited by Ridley

under C. intumescens in the Materials (1907) and under C. pas-

palanthus-in the Flora (1925), consists of some young spathes

151

Gardens Bulletin, S-

and of bits of male spadix branches neither of which could be

identified with certainty. Apparently the material was collected

from a dead plant.

39. Calamus perakensis Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 451; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 202; Becc.

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 290 t. 108 et Appen-

dix (1913) 47; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 58.—+. 39.

C. Guruba Ham. sensu Becc. Ann. Appendix cit. (1913) 47

sub observ. C. perakensis.

C. lanatus Ridl. (lanata), Mat. cit. II (1907) 202.

C. perakensis var. lanatus (lanata) (Ridl.) Ridl., Fl. cit. V

(1925) 59 partim. syn. nov.

Stem tufted, erect at first, later semi-scandent, about 4-6 m. long,

slender; young parts deciduously rusty. Leaf-sheaths non-flagelliferous,

open on the ventral side, often provided with up to 15 cm. long por-

rect spines along the margins at the base of the petiole, practically

unarmed on the dorsal side or densely armed with solitary, unequal

brownish spines. Leaves variable in size depending upon the growth of

the plant, the longest about 2-20 m. long, including the petiole; the

latter as long as 80 cm. in some specimens and armed with patent

spines on both sizes, sometimes also on the central side, obscurely

geniculate in the older plants; rachis armed with 1-3 series of simple

spines, digitate by confluence in the lower portions, and by 1 series

or more of simple or digitate spines in the upper regions, or by spines

arranged in a mixture of these two series. Leaflets brownish, numer-

ous, ensiform, equidistant, closely set, alternate or opposite, usually

porrect (or in later (?) leaves in distant pairs, 3-9 cm. apart, exactly

opposite or sub-opposite, patent or somewhat reflexed) the largest

25-30 cm. long, 2-25 mm. wide. Spadix short in younger plants, longer

later, erect or bent in the upper parts, 3-6 branched, long peduncled,

the axis in later spadices sometimes clawed but without a flagelliform

appendix; male branch often twice divided; female spikelets borne

directly on the primary branches. Primary spathes long, often unarmed,

but sometimes sparsely armed, tubular but with a long split apex,

brownish. Fruiting perianth sub-callous at the base, split nearly to the

base. Fruit globose, with beaked apex; scales brown, with a dark intra-

marginal line, arranged in 18 series; albumen equable.

MALAYA: Trengganu, Gunong Padang, alt. + 1,100 m. (Kiah &

Moysey 31,802; Hislop in VII—-1952). Kemaman, Ulu Bendong at

Kajang, + 150-200 m. alt. (Corner 30,096; 30,097; 30,508; 30,515, &

30,516). Kelantan, Sungai Keteh (Henderson 19,641, as Rotan Semado).

Perak, Bukit Kapayung (Ridley in II—-1904 spadix only, leaf = Cera-

tolobus laevigatus); Gunong Batu Puteh, Lower Camp + 1,100 m.

alt. (Wray 454, distributed as C. castaneus ?). Pahang, Fraser Hill, +

1,200-1,400 m. alt. (Burkill & Holttum sn.; 7,757 & 8,421; Nur

10,514); Sungai Lemoi (Dolman 28,159 as Rotan Dudok); Sempadan

at Gap (Burn-Murdoch comm. sub. num. Ridley 13,301, as (Rotan)

Chuchok Baok); Gunong Tapis in Kuantan, + 1,200 m. alt. (Syming-

ton & Kiah 28,871); Telow (Ridley 13,922); Gunong Tahan (Wray &

Robinson 5,427 partim spadix). Selangor, Semangko Pass, 1,200 m-.

(Ridley sn., ¢, & 12,116 9, syntypes of C. lanata); Ginting Simpah

(Hume 9,666); Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7,879); Bukit Kutu (Ridley on 2—

VI-1896). Johore, Gunong Belumut (Holttum 10,786); Sungai Seman-

dan at Jason Bay (Corner 28,539); Mersing (Corner 32,234).

152

Vol. XV. (1956).

a \\ /

\ /

\ \ 1 \ yy eo / / ‘i ff

2 \ \\ \ \ : ees thf f, / ¢,

i\" V P. \ \ / / / 7 7

\ 4) ~\ »S \\ / L/S ff / ps /

== 8 .\\%g \ | Att J / si if / | ’

\ BS \\ | Mf 4 / f fi / |} vy

a, ' G \ ! 4 j f ff ff} / j / 7

\ SF RS. RES \ L/ ff / (ff / / j

f SROASSON YYW //L//,

| ‘eo S Yo \ 4 f j

' \ ey \ Ss : / Y/ Jf y

an \ yy \ f, ’ yf /-/ ff ff f7

\ Ny Wy ; /f / Fy Jf

\\ x . AY WA Cf i. /f if,

q \ ESS / UY, / aa j

: == 0. Y

\ ei rae /f ;

\ \ 5S

\ ys

‘

Bh i

HA &

ra ba a

ee:

- —

ms y

-4_.\)

. ;

T Wk a

\ Gx

tw!

Ru DEL

“Tab. 39. Calamus perakensis (A—C: Corner 30,508 2; D-G: Burkill &

Holttum 8,421; H: Ridley 13,922 3).

A, Petiolus cum basi folii Jaminari. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale.

C, Spadix femineus. D, Spadicis pars cum fructibus. E, Fructus.

F, Semen. G, Idem verticaliter discissum, H, Spadicis fragmentum

masculi.

153

Gardens Bulletin, S.

There is a good deal of variation in this species and unless the

full range is known, it would be inexpedient to establish varieties.

The plant seems to flower when very young and, being tufted, the

collectors apparently prefer to gather the specimens from the

small, easily accessible plants and avoid the taller ones. The leaf-

lets may be bristly along the margins and the three nerves above

and beneath, or completely unarmed, and variations between

these extremes are also seen. Sometimes the leaflets are porrect

and closely set, but leaflets that are spreading or even somewhat

reflexed may also occur, the latter tending to be also completely

unarmed, and so approaching very near C. laxissimus. As_ the

plants get older, there is a tendency for the spadices to become

longer but so far no spadix has been seen which is as long as that

of C. laxissimus, or a spadix having long and diffuse branches and

spikelets as in the latter.

In Kiah and Moysey 31,802 (from Trengganu) the leaflets are

opposite, short, sometimes reflexed, but the spadix is very short,

much shorter than the leaf. The petiole shows the signs of geni-

culation; probably this represents a leaf from an old stem. Other

specimens from Trengganu collected by Hislop also have similar

leaflets. Kiah and Moysey 31,802 as to the spadix and the fruits

compare favourably with Burkill & Holttum 8,421 (Pahang), but

here the leaflets are unarmed except on the margins of the upper

portions of the leaflets, and in shape and arrangement are like

those of the typical C. perakensis. Symington & Kiah 28,871

(Pahang) represents a shoot (from an aerial stem ?) of a plant

bearing a short flowering spadix which is much smaller than the

leaf (which in itself is very short); but the leaflets are distant and

quite unarmed as in C. laxissimus, though the spadix is typical of

C. perakensis. Ridiey’s specimen from Bukit Kutu (Selangor)

and Ridley 12,116 (female from Selangor) show very short |

hooked claws in the axis of the spadices, though the first mentioned

spadix is completely erect, while the latter may be bent or pendul-

ous in the upper portion; there is no doubt that both these belong

to C. perakensis. Perhaps because of these hooks on the axis of

the spadix, and because of its pendulous nature, Beccari was in-

clined to regard the spadix in Ridley 12,116 as belonging to C.

Guruba, a species which does not occur in Malaya. The type of

C. perakensis (Scortechini 317 from Perak) has one spadix (out

of the two) which bears claws on its axis (cf. Beccari t. 108).

In view of this variation C. laxissimus may prove to be an adult

form of C. perakensis developed vigorously in suitable conditions

on a mountain. Collectors have therefore to make a series of col-

lections in the field to show the different gradations, especially

154

i i

Vol. XV. (1956).

from the plants found in the primitive jungle on the mountains.

C. laxissimus was wrongly placed by Beccari in his Group V.

In Wray & Robinson 5,327 (Pahang) the spadix is of C. perak-

ensis, while the leaf is of C. elegans.

39 (a). Calamus perakensis Becc. var. gracilis Furtado var. nov.

C. perakensis var. lanata Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 59

quoad specimen Haniff & Nur 8,127 tantum.

A taxo typico haec varietas caudice graciliore, foliis minoribus,

foliolis angustioribus differt.

Leaf about 25 cm. long, up to 5 mm. wide at the base, not genicu-

late, armed along the dorsum with a row of distant, up to 15 mm.

long, patent spines, and along the margins at the base with closely set,

porrect, up to 4 cm. long, spines, the latter becoming gradually patent,

shorter and more distant in the distal parts of the petiole; rachis 40-50

cm. long with closely set, 10-15 mm. apart leaflets and with a row of

very short, solitary spines in the dorsum. Leaflets 15-20 cm. long, 10

mm. or less wide, alternate or opposite, linear, gradually tapering to

a bristly apex, setose along the margins and the 1-3 nerves above, and

minutely setose on the 3 nerves beneath. Spadix erect, 35-40 cm.

long, with 2—3 branches.

MALAYA: Pahang, Gunong Tahan in loco Wray’s Camp dicto

(Ridley 16,293 holotypus); Gunong Tahan, alt. 1,200-1,300 m. (Haniff

& Nur 8,127).

This variety has much smaller, closely set, narrower leaf-

lets which are 13-15 cm. long, 10 mm. or less wide, and 12-15

mm. apart. Judging from the leaf-base, the stem appears to be

very slender, and a field note states that it is 6—8 inches tall.

- 40. Calamus laxissimus Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

210; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI Appendix (1913)

32 t. 17; Ridl., Fi. Malay Pen. V (1925) 63.—+. 40.

Stem apparently scandent, slender. Leaf-sheaths not seen, probably

flagelliferous and gibbous. Leaves non-cirriferous, size not known;

rachis armed with simple, or 3-digitate by confluence, claws. Leaflets

in rather distant pairs, exactly opposite or sub-opposite, 5—9 cm. apart,

ensiform, 1—3 costulate, largest about 35 cm. long, 25-28 mm. wide,

unarmed. Spadix very long, 1-5-2 m. or more long; divided into 4-6

branches and armed with a few claws; female spikelets 5-15 cm. long,

3—4 cm. apart; borne on the long primary branches, each up to 40 cm.

long, male branches often twice divided; the secondary spikelets very

short with only 2—3 very closely packed flowers on each side. Primary

spathes long, tubular, longitudinally slit towards the apex, where they

end often in stiff divisions, each division being about 15 cm. long;

secondary spathes obliquely truncate, ligulate and fimbriate at the apex.

Fruits not known.

MALAYA: Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley in 1891, syntype).

I have seen the female syntype only. A part of the male syntype

formed the basis of Beccari’s description and plate 17 quoted

above.

155

Gardens Bulletin, S..

Tab. 40. Calamus laxissimus (Ridley 2, syntypus).

A, Frondis pars. B, Spadicis pars. C, Spiculae pars ut spathellae, in-

volucrophori, involucri, areolae, flores feminei appareant.

156

Vol. XV. (1956).

Beccari placed C. laxissimus in his Group V, when it obviously

belongs to his Group VI. This species requires further investiga-

tion; for some forms of C. perakensis approach very near to this

in regard to the leaflets and their armature. A tendency has been

noticed in C. perakensis to climb and produce somewhat longer

spadices. Will C. perakensis, when allowed to grow as a climber in

a primitive jungle, transform itself into C. laxissimus ? So far no

specimen of C. perakensis has been found to link this species with

C. laxissimus which has very long spadices, and long branches or

spikelets.

Both male and female syntypes were collected at the same time

and in the same place, and it is possible that, though the spadices

were collected from two different plants, the leaf specimens in both

these collections were from the same plant. The collector, Ridley,

distributed the two syntypes as if both were from the same plant.

VI Sectio COLEOSPATHUS Griff. emend Furtado

subsectio COLEOSPATHUS

Coleospathes (vel Coleospathae) Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat.

Hist. V (1845) 33 et 60, et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 8, 35, et in

obs. pp. 43 et 71: pro parte; (Coleospathae) Drude in Engl. u.

Prantl, Pflanzenf. II (1887) 52 partim; Baill., Mon. Palm. (1895)

60 pp.

Mischanthectae Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. II (1907) 189 et Fl. Mal.

Pen. V (1925) 48 pp.

Plantae scandentes vel acaulescentes, non-scandentibus exceptis fla-

gelliferae. Frondes ecirriferae vel subcirriferae vel imparipinnatae (ex

planta juvenili interdum longe cirriferae), in foliolis linearibus vel

lanceolatis vel ellipticis divisae. Spadices frondibus longiores, flagelli-

‘formes. Spathae stricte tubulares. Spiculae sessiles. Involucrophora

sessilia.

DISTRIBUTIO: India meridionalis (Malabaria), Ceylonia, et Indo-

malesia (i.e. India septentrionalis, Bengalia, Birmania, Indochina, Sia-

mia, Insulae Anadamanicae, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, usque ad insulas

Philippinas, Celebesicas et Mollucanas, et Novam Guineam).

LECTOTYPUS: C. tenuis Roxb.

Griffith did not adopt a uniform spelling for the epithets he

employed to designate the Calamus sections, and sometimes used

both singular and plural forms. Under Coleospathus Griffith in-

cluded all the Calami which did not fall into his section Platy-

spathus and two other sections created to retain Daemonorops as

a subgenus of Calamus. The subsequent authors who followed

Griffith adopted the Latin feminine plural form of Griffith’s sec-

tional epithets, but did not change the sectional limits.

157

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Beccari found the sections unworkable and divided the species

into special Groups and separated Daemonorops as a valid genus.

Ridley who agreed with Beccari in maintaining Daemonorops

separate, ignored both Beccari’s Groups and Griffith’s sections,

and divided Calamus into two new sections, Mischanthectae and

Phyllanthectae, the former including the species of Coleospathus

and Platyspathus in Griffithian sense.

As restricted here, Coleospathus includes only those species of

Calamus which, while producing flagella on the leaf-sheaths of

the climbing stems and closely sheathing primary spathes on the

spadix, bear also sessile spikelets and involucrophores and no pro-

minent cirrus at the end of the leaves, except in the leaves of the

juvenile plants of some species. Usually the spadices are much

longer than the leaves. The only species having premorse leaflets

have been separated under the subsection Caryotoideus, and the

sectional epithet having been repeated for the subsection including

the lectotype of the Section. It seems possible to split this sub-

section further on the structure of the involucrophore and the

involucre, and of the fruiting perianth; but this subdivision must

be postponed until a study of a greater number of species, and

with better specimens is possible. At present some species are

known only from sterile material or male specimens, and in many

others the fruit is not known.

Apparently C. ornatus is more allied to the section Macropodus,

but it has been placed here because its involucrophores are not

exsert, though the development of the involucre might mislead one

to conclude that the involucrophores are pedicellate.

Key to the Species

(A) Leaves either short, ending in a long terminal flagellum, or

long, divided into broad-elliptic, leaflets, or into leaflets

which, if lanceolate-ensiform, are about 50 cm. or more long,

and 5 cm. or more wide.

(B) Leaves flabellate with or without a few small leaflets

towards the base. (Very slender palms, all drying black

leaves 25-40 cm. long).

(a) Leaves with no separate leaflets below the flabellum,

except in young stages (when present, basal leaf-

lets not reflexed). Leaves distinctly petioled.

158

Vol. XV. (1956).

(b) Leaf-sheaths quite unarmed. Midrib of the fla-

bellum armed below with hooked spines.

(Leaves + 40 cm. long).

C. flabellatus Becc.

(bb) Leaf-sheaths remotely armed. Midrib of the fla-

bellum unarmed. (Leaves about 27 cm. long).

C. kemamanensis Furtado.

(aa) Leaves with 1-3 leaflets below the flabellum, sessile

(+ 30 cm. long); the two pairs of the basal leaf-

lets reflexed, emplexicaul. (Midrib of the flabellum

hooked below).

C. flabelloides Furtado.

(BB) Leaves subcirriferous or with apical leaflets free or shortly

connate, not with a long flabellum.

the second last pair very close to the terminal pair,

the four terminal leaflets being the longest or as

long as the mesial ones. (Stems slender with spread-

ing or reflexed spines on the leaf-sheaths; leaflets

about 15 cm. long or less, and up to 4 cm. wide, in

one variety about 6 cm. wide. Fruit oblong, with

explanate perianth; calyx as long as the corolla).

C. javensis Bl. varieties.

on each side, rarely 4; the lowest one pair of

the leaflets obscurely reflexed, or not amplexi-

caul.

(d) Leaf-sheaths not striate, obscurely armed

with a few, short, distant, recurved spines

or almost unarmed (entirely unarmed and

striate var. laevis).

var. inermis Ridl.

(dd) Leaf-sheaths conspicuously armed with

small but stout, reflexed spines.

(f) All parts light coloured.

var. tenuissimus Becc.

(ff) All parts dry dark.

var. purpurascens Becc. (partly)

159

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(cc) Leaflets generally more than 3 pairs below the

two terminal pairs. The basal pair reflexed or

amplexicaul (the two basal pairs usually ap-

proximate).

(i) Leaf-sheaths entirely unarmed and striate.

(Leaflets rarely less than 3 pairs below the

terminal two pairs).

var. laevis Furtado.

(ii) Leaf-sheaths armed.

(j) Leaflets below the two terminal pairs

inequidistant or subequidistant, not in

groups. (Leaflets 8 or more on each

side of the rachis, rarely 7. Leaf-

sheaths spines patent).

var. polyphyllus Becc.

(jj) Two pairs of leaflets below the two ter-

minal pairs approximate or somewhat

separate from the rest. (Leaflets 7 or

less on each side of the rachis).

(k) Leaflets dull khaki-brown in colour

with a polished surface. (Leaf-

sheath spines usually spreading).

Stems also of khaki colour.

var. peninsularis Becc.

(kk) Leaflets and stems dull, dark, not

shining.

(1) Leaflets broad in the species the

middle ones about 6 cm. broad.

Leaf-sheaths with a few short,

stout, recurved spines.

var. purpurascens Becc. (partly)

(ll) Leaflets very narrow, 2.5—4 cm.

broad, leaf-sheaths armed with

many unequal, patent, or slight-

ly reflexed spines.

var. pinangianus Becc.

(CC) Leaves with 4 terminal leaflets not in a group.

(D) Spines on adult leaf-sheaths ascending, short

with a swollen base. (Plants drying yellowish

green).

160

Vol. XV. (1956).

(m) Adult leaves ecirriferous, with terminal

leaflets connate at base. Leaflets broadly

elliptic.

(n) Leaves sessile, about 30 cm. long,

largest leaflet 12 cm. long, 3 cm.

wide. Spadix nearly double the length

of the leaves.

C. penicillatus Roxb.

(nn) Leaves petiolate, 80 cm. or more long

(occasionally shorter?) Leaflets 20

cm. long, 7 cm. wide, or larger

(rarely smaller). Spadix very long (in

young plants the spines spreading or

slightly reflexed).

C. insignis Griff.

(mm) Adult leaves shortly cirriferous or sub-

cirriferous. Leaflets obovate-lanceolate, or

elongate-lanceolate.

(0) Stem 10-12 mm. through. Leaves 40—

50 cm. long, with 2—4 leaflets on each

side. (Spadix slightly longer than the

leaves). Leaflets 20—28 cm. long, 5—

6.5 cm. wide. Fruit 10 mm. long.

C. spathulatus Becc.

(oo) Stem 20-22 mm. through. Leaves a

metre long or more, with more than

4 leaflets on each side. Leaflets 28—

40 cm. long, 6-8 cm. wide. Fruit 15

mm. long.

C. spathulatus var. robustus Becc.

(DD) Spines on adult leaf-sheaths, when present,

spreading or reflexed, not swollen-based.

(p) Leaves with a pair of connate leaflets at

the end. (Stem 10—20 mm. thick, fruit 10—-

12 mm. long).

(q) Leaf-sheaths without any wrinkles or

markings, armed with scattered, 5-10

mm. long, narrow, spreading or

slightly reflexed spines, Leaflets below

161

Gardens Bulletin, S.

the terminal pair 1-3 on each side.

Spadix filiform, fruiting perianth ex-

planate. Fruit scales straw coloured

with brown margins. Involucre in-

cluded in the involucrophore. (Stem

10-15 mm. thick).

C. filipendulus Bece.

(qq) Leaf-sheaths marked with horizontal

black lines, wrinkled in parts and

armed with up to 15 mm. long, re-

flexed spines with bulbous base. Leaf-

lets below the terminal pair 8-9 on

each side. Spadix stout, perianth

pedicelliform. Fruit scales uniform,

shining coffee-coloured. Involucre

slightly exsert. (Stem 2 cm. thick).

C. speciosissimus Furtado.

(pp) Leaves terminating with 2 free leaflets or

with one leafiet, or are subcirriferous

(young ones with a long cirrus). (Stem 3—

4 cm. thick or more. Fruit 10-12 mm.

long or much larger. Fruiting perianth

pedicelliform. Involucre exsert).

(r) Leaves subcirriferous (young ones with

a long cirrus). Leaf-sheaths thickly

fugaciously furfuraceous, light yellow,

thickly armed with broad, flat spines;

fruit large 3—3.5 cm. long, 2 cm. or

more broad, with black scales.

C. ornatus var. horridus Becc.

(tr) Leaves paripinnate or imparipinnate at

the apex. Leaf-sheaths polished

brown, sparingly armed with remote,

narrow, elongate spines. Fruit 12—14

mm. long, with coffee-brown scales.

-C. Scipionum Lour.

(AA) Leaves long, without a terminal flabellum; the leafiets long,

narrow, the largest 4 cm. wide, but mostly narrower and

1-3 nerved.

162

Vol. XV. (1956).

(E) Leaflets fascicled.

(a) Leaflets in distant fascicles, approximate at the base,

divergently spreading, about 30 cm. long. (Leaves

1 m. long or more).

(b) Leaflets few, 4 cm. broad, in very distant oppo-

site fascicles of 2—3 leaflets each. Petiole 6-8

mm. broad, remotely armed with a few

slender spines up to 2 cm. long. Sheathed

stem about 1—5 cm. in diam., armed with

weak, slender, up to 1 cm. spines.

C. Moorhousei Furtado.

(bb) Leaflets many, 2—2.8 cm. broad; 2-4 or more

leaflets to a fascicle, occasionally with a soli-

tary leaflet interposed; fascicles opposite or

alternate. Petiole about 2 cm. broad, armed

with stout, 2-4 cm. long spines. Sheathed

stem 2—3 cm. in diam., armed with stout,

broad-based, 1-3 cm. long spines.

C. viminalis var. fasciculatus

subvar. pinangianus Becc.

(aa) Leafiets not divergent, nor approximate at the base,

irregularly grouped in fascicles, about 15-17 cm.

or 30-50 cm. long.

merules. Leaves 1 m. or more long, with a

long petiole; leaflets 30-50 cm. long, 3 cm.

or more broad.

C. concinnus Mart. (partly).

(cc) Female flowers two at each spathel; male

flowers 2-5 at each spathel. Leaves + 60

cm. long, petiole short (3—6 cm. long); leaf-

lets (largest) 15-27 cm. long, 15-17 mm.

broad.

C. siamensis var. malajanus Furtado.

(EE) Leafiets not fascicled.

(F) Leaves sessile or almost so.

(d) Very slender rotan, + 8—10 mm. in diam. with

leaf-sheaths almost unarmed or provided with

short, usually blunt warts (undeveloped

163

Gardens Bulletin, S.

spines). Leaves up to 40 cm. long. Flagella

exactly opposite the petiole, only very slightly

below the margin of the leaf-sheath’s apex.

C. pandanosmus Furtado.

(dd) Rotan usually much stouter having leaf-sheaths

armed with sharp spines. Leaves much larger.

Flagella or spadices arise laterally at or below

the petiole base, not exactly opposite to the

base.

with 1-3 mm. long, spines. Sheathed stem

1—1.5 cm. in diam. (Leaf-sheath spines

ascending).

C. Corneri Furtado.

(cc) Leaf-sheaths not rugose; provided with 4-6

mm. or longer spines. Sheathed stem 1.5—

2 cm. or more in diam.

(f) Sheathed stem about 3 cm. in diam.

Leaf-sheath spines ascending. Leaflets

2-2.5 cm. broad and nearly 39 cm.

long. Leaves sessile.

C. radulosus Becc.

(ff) Sheathed stem 1.5—2 cm. in diam. Leaf-

sheath spines apparently not ascending.

Leafiets 15-20 cm. long and about 1.5

cm. broad. Leaves shortly petiolate (by

suppression of the basal leafiets?).

C. belumutensis Furtado.

(FF) Leaves distinctly petiolate.

(G) Dried specimens brown or dark brown (not

straw-coloured) in all parts. (Fruiting perianth

pedicellate, with calyx as long as the corolla).

(g) Leaf-sheaths rugose and armed with ascending

or spreading spines.

(h) Leaf-sheath about 2 cm. in diam., pro-

minently rugose. Leaflets 20 cm. or more

long, mostly 15 mm. or more broad,

usually not setose in the lower surface.

164

Vol. XV. (1956).

(i) Leaflets 28-35 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm.

broad, 6—9 cm. apart, unarmed on both

surfaces.

C. Tanakadatei Furtado.

(ii) Leaflets 20-28 cm. long, 1.25—2 cm.

broad, 2.5—4 cm. apart, usually setose

in the subprimary nerves above, unarm-

ed beneath.

C. Holttumii Furtado.

(hh) Leaf-sheaths 15 mm. or less in diam.,

minutely rugose. Leaflets 15-25 cm. long,

10-12 mm. broad, 2—3 cm. apart, setulose

on both surfaces.

C. rugosus Becc.

(gg) Leaf-sheaths not rugose, armed with reflexed

(not ascending) spines.

(j) Secondary spathes and spathels densely

scabrid. Leaflets 40-50 cm. long, 2.5-—3

cm. broad, 5—10 cm. apart.

C. scabridulus Becc.

(jj) Secondary spathes and spathels slightly or

not scabrid.

(k) Secondary spathes and spathels scarce-

ly scabrid; secondary spathes often

aculeolate. Leaflets 5-7 cm. apart and

2.5—3 cm. broad.

C. luridus Becc.

(kk) Secondary spathes and spathels slightly

scabrid. Leaflets 2—3.5 cm. apart, and

15-17 mm. broad.

C. laxiflorus Becc.

(GG) Dried specimens light or straw coloured in all

parts.

(1) Plants almost stemless or semiscandent.

Leaflets 3-3-5 cm. broad. (Petiole very

long. Fruiting perianth explanate).

C. concinnus Mart. (partly).

165

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(il) Plants scandent. Leaflets less than 3 cm.

broad. (Petiole short, about 20-25 cm.

long).

(m) Leaf-sheath densely armed with large

and small solitary, up to 4 cm. long

spines, often longer at the mouth.

Petiole bases densely armed with

shorter spines. The lower primary

spathes densely armed with short, up

to 5 mm. long, often confluent spines.

(Flowers unknown; juvenile leaves with

fascicled leaflets).

C. balingensis Furtado.

(mm) Leaf-sheath, petiole-base, and lower-

primary spathes armed with much

smaller spines, often sparsely spinose.

(n) Female corolla twice as long as the

calyx; fruiting perianth pedicelli-

form or almost so.

(0) Secondary spathes prickly, polish-

ed. Leaflets drying dirty green or

khaki. Female involucre cup-

shaped, with no conspicuously

raised disc in the centre.

C. pulaiensis Becc.

(00) Secondary spathes unarmed,

striate, not polished. Leaflets

green. Female involucre shallow

with the central disc prominent.

(p) Leaflets setose on 3 nerves

above, unarmed below the

largest, 40-50 cm. long, 2-

2.5 cm. broad. Leaf-sheaths

rusty-furfuraceous.

C. chibehensis Furtado.

(pp) Leaflets setose on two lateral

nerves above and on the

166

Vol. XV. (1956).

median nerve beneath, lar-

gest 25-35 cm. long, 15-18

mm. broad. Leaf-sheaths

glabrous.

C. Burkillidnus Becc.

(nn) Female corolla as long as the calyx;

fruiting perianth subpedicelliform

(with involucre exsert).

(q) Spathels short, closely packed

sub-bracteiform, without any

long tubular part, the lower in-

volucre reaching the rim of the

upper spathel. (Fruit elongate;

scales with dark brown margins,

always? Leaves subcirriferous or

paripinnate).

(r) Leaflets sparingly bristly on

both sides. Secondary spathes

unarmed or nearly so; spike-

lets exsert. Leaves subcirrifer-

ous when young, but later

ending in two separate leaf-

lets.

C. densiflorus Becc.

(rr) Leaflets smooth above, bristly

beneath. Secondary spathes

densely armed; spikelets arise

a little below the mouth of

the axillant spathe. Leaves

generally subcirriferous.

C. Ridleyanus Becc.

(qq) Spathels long, tubular, with the

axillary involucre and involu-

crophore remaining at the base

of the higher spathel. (Secon-

dary spathes unarmed. Fruit

globose, with scales having no

dark marginal line. Leaves

paripinnate).

C. Diepenhorstii Miq. vars.

167

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(s) Female spikelets spreading or

reflexed.

(t) Leaflets setose on the

median nerve above and

on the two side nerves

beneath.

var. Diepenhorstii.

(tt) Leaflets setose on the

median nerve above only,

or unarmed on both sur-

faces.

var. singaporensis (Becc) Becc.

(ss) Female spikelets arrect (in the

same line as the axis of the

partial inflorescence).

var. kemamanensis Furtado.

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES

41. Calamus flabellatus Becc. in Malesia Ii (1886) 62 and in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 176 t. 37.—4. 41.

Stem solitary (?), scandent, very slender, about 2 m. or more long,

5—6 mm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, gibbous above, distinctly

Striate, quite unarmed. Leaves simple, 38-45 cm. long, 7-10 cm.

broad, elongate-flagelliform, gradually attenuate at base, bifid at apex,

6—8 costate on each side of the rachis, unarmed except for occasional

small claws on the rachis beneath; petiole 2-4 cm. long, unarmed.

Spadix and fruit unknown.

MALAYA: Johore, Sungai Kayu (Corner 32,768).

DISTRIBUTION: BORNEO (in Sarawak).

This species was described from an adult but sterile specimen

collected by Beccari on Mount Matang in Sarawak. In the early

stages of this rattan the leaf-sheaths are armed and not gibbous,

and the leaves have an armed petiole about 15—25 cm. long, and

a pinnule more often only on one side, but sometimes on both

sides of the rachis. As the plants get older, the leaf-sheaths gra-

dually become unarmed and gibbous, and the leaf-lamina, simple-

flabellate, having a shorter petiole.

This is stated to be a good quality of rattan known in Sarawak

where its type was collected by Beccari himself under the verna-

cular name of Rotan Berman. The further particulars about its

growth habit are deduced from the specimens collected by Corner

in Johore, which form the first record for the species in Malaya.

168

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 41. Calamus flabellatus (Corner 32,768).

A, Caudex juvenilis erectus. B, Caudicis fragmentum sterilis scandentis

cum foliis adultis et flagello.

169

Gardens Bulletin, S.

42. Calamus kemamanensis Furtado sp. nov.—t.t. 42 & 42a.

A. C. flabellato, cui affinissima ut videtur, haec species differt:

caudicibus gracilioribus; frondibus minoribus angustioribusque,

in pagina inferiore secus costas deciduo furfuraceis inermibusque,

In pagina superiore secus costas setosis; ocreis longioribus.

Caudex scandens vel subscandens, caespitosus ut videtur, gracillimus,

3-5 mm. in diam., circa 2 m. longus. Vagina frondis flagellifera, valde

striata, aculeolis reflexis, solitariis, circa 1 mm. longis, remote armata,

superne gibbosa, cum flagello filiformi ad latus gibbi producto. Ocrea

1-2 cm. longa, obscure striata, inermis, chartacea, mox marcescens.

Frondes flabellatae; petiolus 4—5 cm. longus, deciduo fusco-tomentosus,

dorso uniseriatim et remote aculeolatus vel inermis, in frondibus juve-

nilibus longior; flabellum 23-25 cm. longum, 7—8 cm. latum, apice 3-

bifidum, untrinsecus 5—6 costatum, basin versus arcuatim cuneatum, in

pagina superiore secus costas marginesque apicem versus setosum, in

pagina inferiore in costis deciduo tomentosum, et in rachide inerme.

Spadices et alterae partes ignoti.

Stem climbing or subscandent, apparently tufted, very slender, about

2 m. long, 3-5 mm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, strongly stri-

ate, gibbous above, armed with short, solitary, about 1 mm. long

claws. Leaves flabelliform, about 27—30 cm. long, including the 4-5

cm. long petiole; the latter deciduously tomentose, armed with a few

short, solitary claws arranged in a line on the dorsum; flabellum elon-

gate, bifid at apex, curvedly cuneate towards the base, setose along

the margins and on the main nerves above, unarmed and deciduously

tomentose beneath. Other parts unknown.

MALAYA: Kemaman, prope flumen Malaice Sungai Nipa dictum

(Corner 30,535).

This is the second Calamus species to have simple flabellate

leaves, the other being C. flabellatus. It differs from the latter in

its more slender stems, aculeolate leaf-sheaths, longer ocrea, and

smaller leaves which are setose in the margins and in the main

nerves above, and deciduously tomentose in the nerves beneath;

the rachis is unarmed. The collector remarks that this is a “very

slender rotan” with a “stem up to 7 ft. long, erect or more or

less decumbent” and that its young leaves are purplish.

From the specimens available in the Singapore herbarium the

following facts regarding its development have been deduced:

As the stem is flagelliferous and the petioles gibbose the species

must be a climbing one at least in its later stages. However, when

the stem finds no support to climb, it becomes decumbent, pro-

ducing at its apex both roots and a rosette of “seedling” leaves.

The latter are small, bifid flabellate, and bear short petioles hav-

ing open sheaths. Very soon, however, the leaves become gra-

dually longer, the petioles and sheaths being more armed than in

the normal. At this stage the leaf will bear at the end of the

petiole four leaflets, the two lateral ones being free and almost

equal in size to the central two which, by their union, form the

bifid flabellum. Later the lamina becomes normal (without the

170

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 42. Calamus kemamanensis (Corner 30,535—holoty pus).

Planta adulta sterilis.

171

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 42a. Calamus kemamanensis (Corner 30,535—holotypi pars juvenilis).

Plantae insuffultus caudex nec geniculos nec flagella in frondium

vaginis producit, sed saepe arcuatim procumbit; quum idem solum

tetigisset, radices et folia juvenilia sicut istae in plantula ex semine creta

gerit.

172

Vol. XV. (1956).

two lateral leaflets), but the petiole remains longer than in the

normal leaves, and the leaf-sheaths, though tubular, are neither

gibbose at the apex nor flagelliferous, showing thereby that the

stem, in spite of its slenderness, remains erect for sometime dur-

ing its early growth. It is only after this stage that plant becomes

normal, producing flagella and gibbose petioles.

43. Calamus flabelloides Furtado sp. nov.—t. 43.

Inter species ad Sectionem Coleospathi typici pertinentes haec

species facile distinguitur omnibus partibus in sicco nigrescenti-

bus; vaginis frondium regulariter armatis, haud rugosis nec stria-

tis; foliis minimis sessilibus apicem versus longae flabellatis, basin

versus utrinsecus 3-foliolatis, duobus jugis foliolorum basalibus

inter se valde approximatis, reflexis, amplexicaulis vel fere; spathis

masculis tertiariis, spathelisque conspicue scabridis.

Caudix scandens, gracilis 8-12 mm. in diam. Vagina frondis fia-

gellifera, aculeis 3-4 mm. longis, solitariis reflexis apice fuscis basi

tumescentibus praedita, inter aculeos laevigata, in sicco nigrescens,

infra petiolum geniculata. Ocrea oblique truncata, ad 5 mm. usque

longa. Frondes 20-30 cm. longae, sessiles ecirriferae, infra in rachide

aculeis reflexis haud digitatis praeditae. Foliola in sicco nigrescentia,

secus margines costasque haud setosa, apice obscure setosa vel non;

duo terminalia connata, flabellata, apice bifida, longissima, 20-22 cm.

longa, 7-10 cm. lata, utrinque 7-9 costata; altera opposita vel fere,

utrinsecus 3; duo infima elliptico-linearia, reflexa caulem amplectentia,

circa 6 cm. longa, ad 1 cm. lata; duo subsequentia infimis valde ap-

proximata, reflexa, paulo latiora et longiora; duo mediana elliptica,

circa 15 cm. longa, 2-5 cm. lata, patentia ab inferioribus 5—1-3 mm.

et a flabello 3-5-4 cm. remota. Spadix masculus tantum visus, folio

fere oppositus, basi valde tumescens, metralis vel longior, in inflores-

centias partiales pendulas, ad 60 cm. longas supra orifictum spathae

orientes, duplo ramosas, divisus; ramis secundariis circa 20 cm. longis

spiculas ad 3-5 cm. longas gerentibus. Spathae primariae et secundariae

tubulosae, apice truncatae, paulo fissae, aculeolatae vel scabridae; ter-

tiariae minute aculeolatae vel scabridae. Spathellae scabridae. Flores

ignoti.

Stem climbing, slender, 3 m. or more long, 8-12 mm. in diam.; all

parts dry dark coffee-brown. Leaf-sheaths fiagelliferous, gibbous above,

armed with distant, 3-4 mm. long, reflexed, black-pointed spines.

Leaves 20-30 cm. long, sessile, non-cerriferous, armed on the dorsal

side of the rachis with simple claws. Leaflets arranged in 4 pairs; the

two terminal-ones by far the largest, connate into an elongate flabel-

lum, 20—22 cm. long, 7-10 cm. broad, 7—9 costate on each side of the

rachis, bifid at the apex, gradually cuneate at the base; the other leaf-

lets opposite or subopposite; the lowermost linear, amplexicaul, about

6 cm. long, 1 cm. broad; the others larger and much nearer the basal

pair. Male spadix flagelliform, about a metre or more long, divided in-

to 4 pendulous branches up to 6 cm. long; each subdivided into 7—20

cm. long secondary branches, each bearing 1-5—3-5 cm. long spikelets.

Spathes primary and secondary tubular, truncate at the apex, aculeo-

late; tertiary densely scarbrid, as also the spathels. Female spadix not

‘known.

MALAYA: Johore, in colle prope Sungai Kayu (Corner 29,284).

173 -

Gardens Bulletin, S.

29,284—holoty pus).

et spadix masculus apparea

Tab. 43. Calamus flabelloides (Corner

nt.

vaginae

ut folia,

174

Vol. XV. (1956).

This species is readily distinguished by the scabridity of the

tertiary spathes and the spathels and by the peculiar sessile leaves

which have a reflexed pair of leaflets at the base and a very large,

bifid flabellum at the apex.

The leaves of C. impar, which may be said to bear some resem-

blance to the leaves of this species, are petiolate and do not bear

the two pairs of the basal leaflets. Further the armature or scabri-

dity of the leaf-sheaths and spadix is totally different.

44. Calamus javensis Bl. var. inermis (Ridl.) Ridl., Fl. Malay

Pen. V (1925) 51 pro parte.—t. 44a.

C. penicillatus var. inermis Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II

(1907) 192 pro parte (ex altera parte = C. javensis var. laevis).

Stem 5-7 mm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths gibbous, flagelliferous non-

Striate, unarmed or armed with a few remote, short, reflexed spines.

Ocrea hairy, fimbriately margined, deciduous. Leaves 30-35 cm. long,

divided into 3-4 pairs of opposite or subopposite, inequidistant leaflets,

excluding the terminal connate pair; the basal pair the smaflest, hardly

reflexed; the terminal 2 pairs the longest; the mesial leaflets 12-14 cm.

long, about 2-25-2-50 cm. broad. Spadix as long as the leaves, or

slightly longer, with one or two spiculiferous branches.

MALAYA: Negri Sembilan, Gunong Angsi (Ridley II—1908-Lecto-

type).

The two other syntypes of this variety have been excluded from

here and cited under the var. laevis. Each leaf usually has three

pairs of inequidistant leaflets, but sometimes the leaves have four

pairs, that is, in addition to the terminal connate pair.

44. (a) Calamus javensis Bl. var. tenuissimus (Becc.) Becc. in

Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 201, and in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 183 t. 39.

C. javensis var. peninsularis subvar. tenuissimus Becc. in Hook.,

f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 443.

C. penicillatus var. purpurascens Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen.

If (1907) 192 pro parte.

C. javensis var. purpurascens Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1926)

49 pro parte.

Stem tufted, 3-7 mm. thick. Leaf-sheaths armed with small scattered

reflexed spines having a tendency to become claws. Ocrea 1-1-5 cm.

long, fringed with long bristles, marcescent. Leaves 30-40 cm. long

with 1-5-8 cm. long petiole, and leaflets usually 3, occasionally 4, on

each side of the rachis (excluding the terminal connate pair), the

lowermost spreading or somewhat reflexed.

MALAYA: Perak, Gunong Hijau alt. 1,400 m. (Burkill and Haniff

12,590); Kroh (Furtado 33,032). Pahang, loc. incert. (F.M.S. Forest

Dept. No. 27,607).

175

Vol. XV. (1956).

This variety is easily recognised by the few leaflets to the leaves

and by the spines of the leaf-sheaths having a tendency to change

into reflexed claws.

The holotype of this variety (Scortechini 648+), which was col-

lected on Gunong Tambang Batak in Perak, has a long petiole.

But since the spadix has only one small partial inflorescence at the

end, it is obvious that the plant had just begun to flower and so

the leaf had not acquired its normal adult stage. Scortechini 236"*

also included in Beccari’s plate, shows a petiole about 1-5 cm.

long and it has a better developed spadix. All the specimens cited

above are sterile, and they have been identified with this variety

entirely on the spines of the leaf-sheath. Burkill and Haniff 12,590

have very long petioles (8-14 cm. long). Furtado 33,032 has

leaflets which are displaced so as to be almost alternate; leaflets

vary from 3-4 on each side (excluding the terminal connate pair)

and the petiole varies also a great deal; in one specimen from the

Same plant the petiole is almost absent and the basal pair is

somewhat reflexed.

44. (b) Calamus javensis Bl. var. laevis Furtado var. nov.—t.

44b.

C. javensis var. inermis Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 51 pro

parte.

C. penicillatus Roxb. (pencillatus) var. inermis Ridl., Mat. FI.

Malayan Pen. II (1907) 192 pro parte.

Differt a C. javensi var. inermi Ridl., cui valde simillima, plan-

tis robustioribus; vaginis frondium inermibus, striatis; frondibus

majoribus; foliolis majoribus pluribusque, duobus basalibus valde

reflexis; rachidibus frondium in plantis adultis robustisque valde

armatis. A C. javensi var. peninsulari, cui affinissima differt vagina

frondium inermi.

Caudex cum vagina frondium inermi striata 6-12 mm. in diam.

Frondes subsessiles circa 60 cm. longae, in stirpibus debilibus 30—50

cm. longae; foliola sine pari connato apicali utrinsecus 4—7, inaequidis-

tantia, opposita vel subopposita. duo basalia caulem ampletentia,

minima; rachis secus dorsum unguibus simplicibus vel digitatis validis

armata. Spadix frondibus multo longior. Fructus oblongus, squamis per

series 14-15 verticales dispositis.

MALAYA: Johore, Sedenak (Ridley 13,518—holotypus). Malacca,

Bukit Besar in Ophir (Ridley 10,119-syntypus var. inermis); Gunong

Ledang? (Ridley 3.475, vern. nom. Rotan Tungal). Selangor, Kuala

Lumpur? (Collector Ridley in 1890).

This variety is easily distinguished by the complete absence of

spines on the leaf-sheaths.

177

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 44b. Calamus javensis var. laevis (Ridley 13,518—holotypus).

A, Caudicis pars cum folio. A, Spadix. B, Fructus.

178

Vol. XV. (1956).

In the shape and the size of the leaves and leaflets this variety

might be easily mistaken for the var. peninsularis, but the leaf-

sheaths in the latter are spiny. From the var. inermis sensu res-

tricto, the var. laevis is easily distinguished by the larger dimen-

sions of the leaves and by more numerous and larger leaflets. The

var. sublaevis from Borneo has some resemblance to this variety,

specially in the size and the shape of the leaflets and in the striate

leaf-sheaths, but the petioles in var. /aevis are almost absent

whereas they are conspicuously long in the var. sublaevis. It is

possible however that the latter is only a juvenile form as the long

petioles suggest, and if so, it is necessary to study the adult form

of the variety before the former can be adequately compared with

the latter.

The Selangor specimen is not typical and is cited here with some

doubt. Ridley 3,475 from Gunong Ledang in Malacca might

belong here, though the specimen seems to have been taken from

a weak plant or from a young clump; this has a much more

slender stem, very narrow leaflets and undeveloped spines on the

leaf-rachis. It was cited by Ridley as a syntype of his var. inermis.

44. (c) Calamus javensis Bl. var. polyphyllus (Becc.) Becc. in

Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1903) 201, and in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 184 t. 40.—+t. 44c.

C. amplectens Becc. in Malesia II (1884) 78 and (1886) 278

t. 64 f. 4 syn. nov.

C. javensis Bl. sensu Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 49 pro

parte.

C. javensis var. peninsularis subvar. polyphyllus Becc. in Hook.,

f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 443 (basinym).

C. javensis var. tetrastichus Bl. sensu Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 182 partly and t. 38 lower figure and Ap-

pendix (1913) 15.

C. javensis var. intermedius (Becc.) Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv.

Ind. II (1903) 201 and in Ann. cit. p. 185 t. 38 upper figure and

Appendix (1913) 16. syn. nov.

C. javensis var. peninsularis subvar. intermedius Becc. in Hook.,

f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 443.

C. penicillatus Roxb. sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 11 (1907)

192 pro parte.

This variety generally bears 8 or more leaflets (occasionally less) on

each side of the leaf-rachis. The leaflets below the terminal two pairs

and above the basal two may be subsequidistant, alternate or sub-

opposite, sometimes irregularly grouped in two on each side. Leaf-

sheaths are usually densely armed with horizontal or slightly ascendent

179

Gardens Bulletin, S.

JuRAn? DEL.

Tab. 44c. Calamus javensis var. polyphyllus (Furtado 33,068).

A, Caudicis pars cum folio et spadice. B, Fructus. C, Semen. D, Idem

verticaliter discissum.

180

ee ag te, ag

’ mek

| . rate ee: Oe

Se en ea ae

Vol. XV. (1956).

or sometimes deflexed spines about 5-6 cm. long. The basal pair of

leaflets is the smallest and is usually reflexed; the pair above the basal

one has somewhat larger leaflets, but are much smaller than the other.

MALAYA: Kedah, Baling, 54 mile Kroh Road (Furtado 33,053);

Bukit Seblak in Weng (Furtado 33,068); Perak, Kroh (Furtado 33,031);

Bukit Chong in Kroh (Furtado 33,023); Taiping Hill, alt. 800 m. Burkill

and Haniff .13,219, vern. nom. Rotan Seni or Rotan Sindek); Meng-

karan River (Anderson 168); Cottage Hill, 1,600 m. (Curtis, [X—1889);

Upper Perak (Wray 3,460 vern. nom. Rotan Snie); Larut Hills (Ander-

son 168); Ulu Temango (Ridley 14,706). Kelantan Kuala Lebir (Gim-

lette, cult. in Botanic Gardens, Singapore, V—1906). Pahang, Fraser

Hill, alt. 1,400 m. (Burkill & Holttum 7,814). Malacea, Bukit Sedenan

(Derry’s collector, 80, vern. nom. Rotan Lelin); Chabau (Alvins 2,303,

vern. nom. Rotan Lilin). Selangor, Klang Gates (Hume 7,302); Pahang

Track (Machado in V—1903). Johore, Gunong Panti (Ridley, 12—XII-

1892, vern. nom. Rotan Lilin).

BORNEO: Kuching in Sarawak (Hewitt, vern. nom. Rotan Anak).

SUMATRA: Enggano in Palembang (Lutjerharms 4,253 vern. nom.

Rotan puledas ekehi); Palembang cult. in Botanic Gardens, Buiten-

zorg, sub. no. XII. D. 62 (Furtado 30,829) et sub. no. XII. C. 94

(Furtado 30,842).

This variety differs from the others of this species in having

many, more or less equidistant leaflets, the middle two pairs of

leaflets are never grouped as in the type form. Beccari’s plate 38

- (lower figure) depicts fully developed leaflets, but in the plate 38

(upper figure) and in plate 40 somewhat younger leaves are

shown. After seeing many other variations exhibited by younger

growths, I find that the variety intermedius cannot be neatly sepa-

rated from var. polyphyllus. In young plants the leaves often have

long petioles so that the petiole length is often a dangerous crite-

rion to distinguish between the varieties of this species.

C. javensis var. tetrastichus from Borneo as described by Blume

is a variety having fewer leaflets.

This variety is easily separated from the var. peninsularis by the

mesial pairs of leaflets which are partly or not at all neatly oppo-

site and by the two pairs immediately below the terminal two not

being approximate.

44. (d) Calamus javensis Bl. var. peninsularis Becc. in Hook., f.,

Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 442 and in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

(1908) 178 and Appendix (1913) 15.—+t. 44d.

C. javensis Bl. sensu Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 49 t. 213.

C. javensis var. purpurascens Ridl., op. cit. p. 49 pro parte.

C. penicillatus Roxb. (pencillatus) sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan

Pen. IJ (1907) 191 pro parte.

C. penicillatus var. purpurascens Ridl., Mat. cit. (1907) 192

pro parte.

181

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 44d. Calamus javensis var. peninsularis (Furtado 33,102).

A.Caudicis cum folio. B, Pars spadicis fructiferentis. C, Fructus. D.

Semen. E, Idem verticaliter discissum.

182

i geae

Vol. XV. (1956).

Stem tufted, scandent, about 10 m. long, 7-10 mm. in diam. Leaf-

sheaths flagelliferous, slightly gibbous above, armed with solitary, scat-

tered, short. or long, 1-3 mm. or 6-8 mm. long, horizontal or very

slightly reflexed, often scurfy-margined spines. Leaves subsessile or

with a 1-2 cm. long petiole, non-cirriferous, 40-50 cm. long; rachis

deciduously scurfy, densely armed beneath along the middle and the

margins with simple or 2-3 digitate black tipped claws. Leaflets dis-

tinctly 3-nerved, elliptic, unarmed except in the margins, 7 pairs of

opposite leaflets including the terminal connate pair; the second last

pair very close to the terminal one and slightly longer than it; the next

two pairs somewhat approximate, and separated by longer distance

from the ones below or above them on the rachis; the basal pair

smallest, reflexed, amplexicaul; the next pair slightly larger and often

reflexed; the other pairs subequal; the mesial the largest, 15-25 cm.

long, 4-5 cm. broad. Spadix male very like the female, flagelliform,

much longer than the leaves, divided into 2-4 branches, 10-20 cm.

long, each bearing 6-8 cm. long, divaricate, alternate spikelets. Pri-

mary spathes long, tubular, aculeate, secondary spathes remotely acu-

leolate, tubular, ligulate, 1-5-2 cm. long. Fruiting perianth explanate.

Fruit oblong, rarely globose, mucronate, 9-11 mm. long, 6-8 mm. in

diam; scales arranged in 15-18 (rarely in 18-21) vertical series, chan-

nelled in the middle, light brown, paler on the margins, with dark

brown tips or intramarginal lines; seed with homogeneous albumen.

MALAYA: Pahang, Kuala Tembeling (Ridley in 1891); Bentong on

Raub Boundary (Furtado 33,102). Johore, Sungai Kayu (Kiah, 17-II]-

1937); Kuala Sembrong (Lake and Kelsall, 21—X—1892, vern. nom.

Rotan Lilin); Tempayang River (Ridley 13,295). Singapore, Kranji

(Mat, IV—1895); Bukit Timah (Ridley, in 1896); Botanic Gardens, cul-

tivated (Ridley in 1894 and 30—XII-1895).

As Beccari has not published any drawing of this and as I was

not able to see any specimen named by him, I do not feel fully

confident that I have interpreted Beccari’s variety correctly. Bec-

cari described it as having 3-6 leaflets on each side of the rachis,

“but never grouped on one side” of it, and globose fruits. In the

variety described above the leafiets are ordinarily in 7 pairs, the

second last pair (i.e. the sixth pair from the base) is very close

to the terminal connate pair, the 4th and the Sth pairs are some-

what approximate, and the fruits are generally oblong, rarely glo-

bose. Ridley 13,295 (Johore) have nearly globose fruits with the

scales arranged in 18—21 series (instead of 16-18). There appears

to be some confusion in Beccari’s own interpretation of the variety.

Thus Beccari (1908) has cited King’s Collector’s No. 7932 in

Herb. Calcutta both under the var. peninsularis and the var. penin-

sularis subvat. purpurascens, and Scortechini 236 in Herb. Beccari

both under var. peninsularis and var. intermedius.

44. (e) Calamus javensis Bl. var. purpurascens [Becc.] Ridl.,

Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 192 et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925)

49 pro parte.—t.t. 44e & 44f.

C. javensis var. peninsularis subvar. purpurascens Becc. in

Hook., f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 443, and Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Cale. XI (1908) 181.

183

Gardens Bulletin, S-

Tab. 44e. Calamus javensis var. purpurascens (Wray 2,606).

A. Caudicis cum folio et spadice masculo. B, Flos masculus.

184

Vol. XV. (1956).

The leaflets in this variety are arranged in the same way as those in

the var. peninsularis and are also 7 on each side. The two pairs of

leaflets immediately below the two terminal pairs are separated by a

longer distance from those above or below them, and the basal pair is

the smallest, reflexed, and amplexicaul. However, it differs from the

var. peninsularis in its broader leaflets (S—6 cm. broad), in the fewer

and broader but distinctly reflexed spines, and in the darker colour in

all the parts of the dry specimens. Wray 981 (female) from Gunong

Batu Puteh in Perak appears to belong here but the leaflets in the

female leaves are fewer with no reflexed leaflets at the base.

Of all the Malayan varieties of C. javensis, the var. purpurascens

has the broadest leaflets.

oa Perak, Relau Tujor (Wray 2,606); Batu Kurau (Haniff

The syntypes of this species were from Penang and Perak. I

have seen neither of these, but my interpretation of this variety is

entirely from the description given by Beccari. Ridley who inter-

preted this variety on the presence of the purple colour of the

leaves and spadix axis, cited under this variety a number of speci-

mens belonging to other varieties which also have purple leaves.

This purple colour seems to be a passing phenomenon brought

about by certain conditions of age and surroundings.

44. (f) Calamus javensis Bl. var. pinangianus (Becc). Ridl.

(penangianus), Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 51.

C. javensis var. peninsularis subvar. pinangianus Becc. (penan-

giana) in Hook., F., Fl., Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 443, and Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 182.

C. penicillatus var. pinangianus (Becc.) Ridl. (penangianus),

Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 192.

This variety has its leaflets arranged as in the var. peninsularis and

the var. purpurascens, but they are very much narrower (15-18 cm.

long, 2-5—4 cm. broad). The spines on the leaf-sheaths are numerous

(much more numerous than in both the above-mentioned varieties and

longer than those of the var. purpurascens) and somewhat reflexed.

The specimens usually dry blackish.

_MALAYA: Penang, Waterfall Valley (Curtis, X—1898); Mount El-

vira, alt. 650 m. (Curtis, [IX—1894 vern. nom. Rotan Sini). Perak,

Gunong Hijau, alt. 1,200 m. (Holttum: A).

The basal leaflets are described by Beccari (1908) as not being

‘defiexed, but in both Penang specimens cited above the basal leaf-

lets are strongly deflexed. Perhaps the type was from young growth

which is also suggested by the mottles on the sheaths (described

by Beccari).

Beccari (1908 and also in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 1902 p. 201)

spelt the subvarietal epithet as pinangianus despite the facts that

he always spelt the anglicised name of the island as “Penang”; and

that the epithet was originally spelt as penangiana, perhaps by

Hooker fil. who had edited Beccari’s notes.

185

Gardens Bulletin, S-

981).

Wray

Tab. 44f. Calamus javensis var. purpurascens ? (

A. Caudicis fragmentum feminei cum folio et spadice. B, Froctus

yuvenilis.

186

Vol. XV. (1956).

Kiah & Moysey 33,630 matches well with the Penang specimens,

but has not become dark on drying, and so may yet form another

variety. Haniff collected a specimen in Langkawi which is midway

between this and var. polyphyllus, but better leaves are needed for

its correct identification.

45. Calamus penicillatus Roxb. (pencillatus) Fl. Ind. lil (1832)

781; Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III ed. 12 (1838) 210; Griff. in

Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V (1844) 56 and Palms Brit. Ind.

(1850) 66; Mart., op. cit. III (1850) 334; Becc. et Hook. f.,

FI]. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 462; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. XI (1908) 500, in observ. sub. C. javensis p. 181, et in

Appendix (1913) 15 and 73; Ridl., Fl. Mat. Pen. II (1907)

191 pro parte typica.t. 45.

C. Martianus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 459

et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 353 t. 151.

C. penangensis Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 192,

et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 51.

Stem scandent, 3—4 m. long, 6 mm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths light-

yellowish when dry, gibbous above, striate, sprinkled with small rusty

scales, armed with small 1-2 mm. long, black-tipped, tumescent-based,

ascendent spines, which are solitary or confluent at the base. Leaves

non-cirriferous, usually paripinnate (but occasionally impari-pinnate,

or subcirriferous ?) 30-40 cm. long, sessile or subsessile; rachis armed

densely and irregularly on the dorsal side with black-tipped, solitary or

2-3 digitate claws. Leaflets few, 7-8 in all, remote, inequidistant, ellip-

tic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly narrowed to a subulate, peni-

cillate tip, opaque and yellowish-green on both surfaces, 5—8 costulate,

unarmed on both surfaces and on the margins, transverse nervules

very conspicuous; the terminal two leaflets slightly connate at the base;

the basal two smallest, opposite or not; others alternate or irregularly

disposed, the largest 13-15 cm. léng, 2-3 cm. broad. Female spadix

very slender, flagelliform, longer than the leaves, about 50-65 cm.

long, including the filiform appendix, divided into 4-5 spiculiferous,

13—15 cm. long branches. Primary spathes tubular, aculeate or clawed,

the longest about 6-8 cm. long; secondary spathes tubular, striate, un-

armed, 1-25—2 cm. long. Spikelets slightly porrect or almost horizontal,

8—10 on each branch, 2-5-4 cm. long, alternate, bearing 8-12 female

flowers: spathels infundibuliform, striate, unarmed, about 2 mm. long,

apiculate. Involucrophore cupuliform, inserted at the mouth of the

spathel; involucre cupuliform; areola semilunar, depressed. Female

flowers in unopened buds enclosed in a strongly striate calyx. Male

spadix similar to the female but the spikelets are slightly shorter and

horizontal; spathels almost cylindrical, less ligulate; and the involucre

seated entirely outside its own spathel.

MALAYA: Penang, Government Hill, alt. 600 m. (Burkill 750):

West Hill (Curtis 2,268, holotype of C. penangensis). Endemic.

Curtis 2,268, which is represented by a female plant with sever-

al leaves and spadices, has formed the basis of the description of

the female spadix and flowers not described before. The fruit is

yet unknown, but species appear to be closely allied to C. insignis.

187

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 45. Calamus penicillatus (A—B: Burkill 750; C-—D: Curtis 2,268).

A, Caudicis cum foliis et spadice masculo. B, Spicula mascula. C,

Ramus spadicis feminei. D, Spicula feminea.

188

Vol. XV. (1956).

The several leaves in the collections cited above have a terminal

pair of leaflets which are connate at base, showing no trace of an

abortive cirrus or a diminutive leaflet at the apex. Roxburgh des-

cribed his species as having also a connate terminal pair. Hence

the odd leaflet at the end of the specimen depicted and described

by Beccari (1908) appears to be an unusual occurrence.

After studying the types and the descriptions of C. penicillatus

Roxb., C. Martianus Becc. (= C. penicillatus Roxb. sensu Mart.

1950) and C. penangensis Ridl., Beccari (1913) concluded that

these three names were synonymous, their types being specifically

identical. No doubt Beccari (1913) supposed that the types of the

first two were from the same gathering, but this could not have

been; for Gaudichaud 37, the type of C. Martianus, was collected

by Gaudichaud himself during his second voyage round the world,

which was long after Roxburgh had drawn his description of C.

penicillatus, or even long after Roxburgh’s death. There was also

some difficulty in identifying correctly Roxburgh’s species, owing

to the words “leafiets 3-4 pairs” in the manuscript being mis-

printed as “leaflets thirty-four pairs” (cf. Beccari, 1913 p. 15).

But fortunately a reference to the original manuscript has shown

the error. In view of this correction and also in view of the identi-

fication of the types, there is no reason to follow Ridley (1925)

who has rejected both C. penicillatus and C. Martianus, and

adopted C. penangensis as the correct name for the species. I have

therefore followed Beccari and adopted C. penicillatus, as the

correct name for this species.

46. Calamus insignis Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V (1844)

59 and Palm Brit. Ind. (1850) 69; Becc. et Hook f., Fl. Brit.

Ind. VI (1893) 459; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

(1908) 364 t. 152; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

193 partim; Becc. op. cit. Appendix (1913) 73; Ridl., FI.

Malay Pen. V (1925) 51 pro parte. 46.

C. javensis sensu Ridl., Fl. cit. V (1925) 49 partim.

C. penicillatus sensu Ridl., Mat. cit. Il (1907) 191 partim.

C. subspathulatus Ridl., Mat. cit. p. 194 partim et Fl. cit. p. 52

partim.

Stem scandent, 15-20 m. long, with sheaths 8-15 mm. in diam.

Leaf-sheaths fiagelliferous, straw-coloured, gibbous above, obliquely

truncate at mouth, armed with 1-8 mm. long, black-tipped, ascendent

or spreading spines (reflexed or horizontal in juvenile specimens).

Leaves non-citriferous; adult 40-85 cm. long with a petiole 12-18 cm.

long, or almost sessile; juvenile leaf about 1 m. long, including 10-25

cm. long petiole; rachis with solitary or confluent claws arranged more

or less in three series. Leaflets inequidistant, irregularly disposed,

189

Gardens Bulletin, S. -

A, Caudicis fragmentum. B, Folium sine parte basali. C, Spadicis pars.

Tab. 46. Calamus insignis (Kiah 35,996).

190

Vol. XV. (1956).

mostly alternate, subequal, 3—6 on each side including the terminal

connate pair, broadly elliptic, or slightly broader in the upper half

than in the lower, 6—9 costate, drying greenish on both surfaces, with

paler colour on margins and nerves, chartaceous, unarmed except

along the apical margins (transverse merves very conspicuous), gradu-

ally or suddenly contracted at apex; the largest mesial, about 15-27

cm. long, 6—10 cm. broad. Spadix flagelliform, very long, with branches

about 20-30 cm. long, each bearing about 15-20 alternate, 5—7 cm.

long spikelets. Primary spathes tubular, clawed; secondary spathes

about 1-5 cm. long, tubular, remotely aculeolate. Involucrophore and

involucre cupuliform.

MALAYA: Kedah, Jeriang (Kiah 35,996). Perak, Bujong Malacca,

alt. 500 m. (Curtis Be 161 syntype of eG. subspathulatus) Lumut in

Dindings (Ridley 9,472!1). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Sutu in Sungai Ujong

(Alvins 1,971, vern. nom. Rotan Lilin), loc. incert. in Sungai Ujong

(Alvins s.n.); Bukit Senaling near Kuala Pilah (Moorhouse vern. nom.

Rotan Kechil, Rotan Snui or Rotan Sni).

This species was based on the juvenile stem with leaves, and

hitherto no flowering or fruiting material of it was known. The

description given by Ridley (1907 & 1925) as of a fruiting spadix

of this species, was based entirely on Ridley, 9,472", which is C.

Diepenhorstii and which had become mixed with a collection of

C. insignis (Ridley 9,472!).

My description of the adult leaves and female spadix is drawn

from Kiah 35,996, which may be considered as the apotype of the

species. The fact that the leaves appear to be irregular at apex in

the young stages only suggests that the species should be placed in

Group VI of Beccari, but the leaves and the armature on the leaf-

sheaths show obvious similarities to C. spathulatus which belongs

to Group XIII of Beccari.

Both Alvin’s collections quoted here were cited by Ridley first

(1907) under C. penicillatus and later (1925) under C. javensis.

Ridley also regarded C. spathulatus Becc. as typical C. insignis.

This last is distinguished from C. spathulatus in having more

elliptic and chartaceous leaflets, in the divergence of the leaflets

from the rachis at a greater angle (+ 45°) (with cross nerves

more noticeable), all the subprimary nerves being much thinner

than the median costa.

The leaf with its petiole and leaflets vary in size, and from the

meagreness of the specimens available it is difficult to form a defi-

nite opinion as to cause of this variation. Alvins 1,971 has a leaf

which is 40 cm. long and almost sessile, and bears much narrower,

smaller, elliptic leaflets; perhaps this leaf is from a terminal por-

tion of a plant in its old age. This Alvin’s specimen contains also

a portion of a larger leaf having larger leaflets. In Alvins s.n., the

leaf is represented by a terminal pair of connate leaflets which are

also larger than in Alvins 1,971.

191

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Curtis 3,161, in the Singapore herbarium is represented by two

specimens (syntypes of C. subspathulatus Ridl.), both of which

consist of bits of a leaf from a juvenile plant and bear no prickles

on the leaf rachis; but in shape, size and texture the leaflets com-

pare well with Scortechini’s specimen from Perak, depicted by

Beccari |. c. in t. 152 and examined by me in Florence which,

however, bears prickles on the leaf-rachis. These prickles and the

fact that it bears also a flagellum (the base of which is shown in

the specimen) show that the plant was already in the climbing

stage, and so compare well with the holotype collected in Malacca.

Kiah 35,996, is obviously the same species and in regard to the

characters and disposition of the leaflets compares well with all the

specimens discussed above; its spadix is also of the type repre-

sented by the fragments in Alvin’s collections. However its leaf-

sheaths bear ascendent spines as in C. spathulatus and C. penicil-

latus; but in the juvenile stages the leaf-sheath spines appear to be

horizontal or reflexed as described by Beccari (1908) t. 152.

Moorhouse’s collection represents a juvenile plant, having a leaf

70 cm. long including a 10 cm. long petiole, with its rachis armed

beneath, but its leaflets are narrow as in Alvins 1,971, and similar

to other specimens. Ridley 9,472! contains portions of a leaf hav-

ing spines on the rachis, and the end tending to be imparipinnate,

with the base of the end leaflet yet attached on one side to the

lower leaflet; otherwise the topmost pair is free suggesting that this

imparipinnate state is not normal. A tendency for adult leaves to

be subcirrous or imparipinnate has not been noticed.

Both Alvin’s collections bear spikelets having fruits which be-

long to C. javensis. The vernacular name given by Alvins may also

be of C. javensis var.

47. Calamus spathulatus Becc. in Hook. fi., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1893) 459 et Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XI (1908) 360 t.

149, et Suppl. (1913) 73 sub C. insignis.—t. 47.

C. insignis Griff. sensu Ridl., in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits

Br. 33 (1900) 175, Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 193 et FI.

Malay Pen. V (1925) 51 partly.

Stem slender, scandent, about 10 mm. through. Leaf-sheaths fiagelli-

ferous, yellowish, gibbous above, armed with fine, short black-tipped,

ascendent spines with a large bulbous or swollen base; flagellum as

long as the leaves or longer. Ocrea up to 10 mm. long, smooth. Leaves

50-75 cm. long including the petiole, ending in a short clawed cirrus,

or the latter decurrent in one of the terminal leaflets; petiole 3-18 cm.

long, sparsely armed with short bulbous, reflexed spines along the

dorsum, and sometimes also along the margins of the upper half,

spines being at times altogether towards the base; rachis armed along

the dorsum and often along the margins with similar but slightly

longer claws, the last simple, approximate. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, distant,

192

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 47. Calamus spathulatus (Nur 11,560).

A, Caudicis pars cum folio et flagello. B, Spadix fructiferens.

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Gardens Bulletin, S.

never in fascicles, usually opposite, rarely alternate, oblong-obovate or

spathulate, smooth on both surfaces, abruptly narrowered into a short.

obtuse bristly apex, the size depending upon the age of the plant; the

largest 25—28 cm. long, 5-5—6-5 cm. wide; the smallest 10-15 cm. long,

3-5-4 cm. wide; in each leaf subequal, excepting the terminal ones, 3—7

costate; costae umequal; tramsverse veins numerous, conspicuous on

both surfaces, continuous across the blade. Female spadix flagelliform,

strongly clawed, about 1 m. long. ending with a strongly clawed ap-

pendix. Primary spathes closely sheathing, obliquely truncate, coriace-

ous, armed with reflexed spines, the basal spathes bifacial, others cylin-

dical. Practical inflorescences few, distant, 10-30 cm., long divided

into 5—13 spikelets: secondary spathes tubular, funnel-shaped, ligulate

on one side, smooth, striate, or occasionally armed in the lower bran-

ches, 1-5—2 cm. long. Spikelets 2-5-7 cm. long, with 8—15 flowers on

each side; spathels short funnel-shaped, truncate, slightly apiculate,

smooth, striate. Jnvolucrophore inserted, almost outside the mouth of

the spathel, cupuliform. Fruiting perianth shortly but conspicuously

pedicelliform; calyx nearly half the size of the corolla. Fruit oblong-

elliptic, narrowed abruptly at both ends, 12 mm. long (with beak and

perianth), 7 mm. broad; scales in 18-21 series, shining yellow, con-

colorous, or with reddish-brown tip; albumen equable, embryo basal

Male spadix not known.

MALAYA: Malacca, loc. incert. (Lobb; Hervey). Selangor (Alvins

253, as Rotan Batu, 70-80 ft. long). Negri Sembilan, Gunong Angsi,

alt. 80 m. (Nur 11,560). Johore, Batu Pahat (Ridley in Nov. 1900, as

Rotan Batu); Mount Austin (Ridley in 1904). Singapore, Bukit Timah

Ridley, in 1892, as Rotan Batu); Garden Jungle (Ridley in Feb. 1903).

The type is Lobb’s which I have not seen. I have followed Bec-

cari’s description and the plate of Hervey’s specimen. All other

collections cited here are sterile except Nur 11,560, which has

very small fruits.

Ridley’s collection from Mount Austin, Johore, which is a juve-

nile plant, has reflexed spines on the lowest internode, and ascen-

dent ones on the two higher internodes. It appears therefore the

spines become ascendent only as the plant grows older.

Alvins noted that this grows 70-80 feet long. Griffith’s collector,

E. Fernandez, recorded the Malayan name Rotan Batu for C.

insignis.

47. (a) Calamus spathulatus Becc. var. robustus Becc. in Hook.

f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 459 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. XI

(1908) 362 t. 150 et Appendix (1913) 73.—+. 47a.

C. subspathulatus Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malay. Pen. II (1907) 194

et Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 52 pro parte.

? C. insignis Griff. sensu Ridl., Mat. cit. II (1907) 193 et FI.

cit. V (1925) 51 quoad specimina johorensia infra citata.

Stem 20-22 mm. in diam. with sheaths; spines on leaf-sheaths

stouter; flagellum about 2 m. long. Leaves 1—1-30 m. long, with about

5 leaflets on each side, often a semi-abortive leaflet at the apex; largest

leaflet about 40 cm. long, but usually 25-30 cm. long, 6-8 cm. wide.

194

Vol. XV. (1956).

—_ ==

Tab. 47a. Calamus spathulatus var. robustus (Ridley s.n.).

A, Caudicis fragmentum. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale.

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Gardens Bulletin, S.

Female spadix more robust and longer than in the type; secondary

spathes smooth or sparingly spinulose. Spikelets 6-8 cm. long with

12-18 flowers on each side. Fruit 15 mm. long; scales in 18 series,

pale yellow with faint rusty-brown margin; albumen equable; embryo

basal.

MALAYA: Perak, Gunong Malacca (Kunstler 7,136, holotype).

Johore, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12,201 partly, & s.n.).

Ridley’s unnumbered specimen from Gunong Pulai (cited here

with some doubt) is probably from a young vigorous plant bearing

leaves and flagella. The stem is thick, 2 cm. or more in diam.; the

spines on the sheaths and petiole-bases are very short and swollen

at the base; the leaves which are sessile or almost so, are about

60 cm. long (according to an estimate made from one leaf), and

the basal leaflets are quite small. Its leaflets are as in the type of

the variety, though slightly smaller. The absence of a definite

petiole to the leaf might have been considered a character suffi-

cient to separate this specifically from C. spathulatus var. robustus,

but the length of petiole is very variable not only in C. spathulatus

but also in a more or less similar species, C. insignis, depending

upon the age of the plant.

It appears that var. robustus is a montane form of C. spathu-

latus. Ridley 12,201 has been included here for geographical

reasons only; it has neither the sheaths nor the lower portion of

the leaf. Apparently it was collected at the same time as the other

unnumbered specimen and may be from the same plant. Alvins

253 cited under C. spathulatus appears to be a transition stage

between the var. robustus and the type taxon.

Ridley made this variety the basis of his C. subspathulatus, for

which the holotype of this variety and two other collections were

cited as syntypes. I have not seen the syntype from Kinta, but

Curtis 3,161 (the third syntype) is obviously C. insignis.

48. Calamus filipendulus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. Vi

(1892) 443; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 193; Becc. in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 188 t. 45; Ridl., FI.

Mal. Pen. V (1925) 51; Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl.

VIII (1935) 249-—+. 48.

C. pauciflorus Ridl., op. cit. V (1925) 57.

Stem tufted, scandent, 1-5-3 cm. in diam., all exposed vegetative

parts drying dark-brown. Leaf-sheaths gibbous above, armed with scat-

tered or slightly confluent, triangular, 5-10 mm. long spines. Leaves

50-100 cm. long; petiole 5-15 cm. long armed with solitary, short,

5—6 mm. long spines along the margins and the dorsum; rachis armed

along the dorsum with remote simple or digitate, 2-5 mm. long

claws. Leaflets, the terminal pair united to form a large, bifid flabel-

lum; others 1-3 on each side of the rachis, subopposite or alternate;

the mesial the largest 30-38 cm. long, 6-8 cm. broad, 7-9 costate,

196

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 48. Calamus filipendulus (A—F: Furtado 33,091; G-I: Id. 33,0912).

A, Caudicis fragmentum ut vaginae armatura appareat. B, Id. cum

folio et spadice femineo. C, Spadicis fragmentum feminei ut spathae

secundariae et spiculae cum earum notis appareant. D, Fructus.

E, Semen. F, Idem verticaliter discissum. G, Spadix masculus. H,

Spadicis pars masculi ut spathae secundariae et spiculae cum earum

notis appareant. I, Flos masculus.

ee eer r* —

197

Se OPM Aer ae

Gardens Bulletin, S.

unarmed on both sides, shortly setose on the margins except towards

the base. Spadix male and female similar, filiform, 1-2 m. long, with

1-6 remote, 10-20 cm. long, spikelet-bearing branches. Primary spa-

thes tubular, the basal one almost unarmed, the others clawed; the

secondary spathes scabrid or densely aculeolate, striate. Spikelets,

female 4-6 cm. long; male much smaller. Fruiting perianth explanate

with a subcallous base; corolla 23 times longer than the calyx. Fruit

small, conical, ovate, rostrate, 10-12 mm. long, 6-8 mm. in diam,;

scales straw-coloured with a brown intramarginal line and with whitish

scariose margins; seed with equable albumen.

MALAYA: Perak, Tapah (Burkill & Haniff 13,451 & 13,446; iso-

syntypes of C. pauciflorus; Furtado 33,091 & 33,0912, Haniff 14,252).

Pahang, Telom (Ridley 13,921). Selangor, Rawang (Ridley 7,891).

The plant grows in tufts. Beccari (1908) mentions leaves having

up to 8 leaflets in all, but I have seen leaves with up to seven leaf-

lets. C. pauciflorus is identical with this species (Furtado l.c.).

49. Calamus speciocissimus Furtado spec. noy.—t.t. 49 & 49a

C. palustris Griff. sensu Ridl. Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 206

et Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 61 quoad specimina Alvinsiana infra

citata.

C. Scipionum affinis, sed caudicibus gracilioribus; vaginis fron-

dium rugas obtusas ferentibus; frondibus brevioribus; foliolis bre-

vioribus, subequalibus, per frondem paucioribus, doubus apicalibus

plerumque basi connatis, haec species sat distincta.

Caudex scandens circa 25 m. longus, in omnibus partibus coffeatus,

circa 2 cm. in diam. Vagina lineis plus minusve horizontalibus nigris

ornata, aculeis ad 15 mm. longis triangularibus, reflexis, solitariis, basi

superne tumescentibus interdum lateraliter confluentibus, inferne con-

caviusculis armata, striata, in senectute rugosa, infra petiolum valide

gibbosa, apice truncata, secus margines inermis vel parce armata.

Ocrea coriacea brevissima, vix visibilis. Frondes cum petiolo brevi 65—

100 cm. longae, haud cirriferae, in foliola untrinsecus 9-10 divisae,

petiolis, rachide, foliolisque in siccis omnino coffeatis; petiolus circa

6—9 cm. longus, semi-teres, supra applanatus, late concaviusculus, iner-

mis, subtus secus margines aculeis 3-4 mm. longis obtusis in una serie

dispositis, dorso verrucis vel aculeis conformibus haud pungentibus

praedita; rachis dorso unguibus, basin versus simplicibus per 1-3 series

dispositis, apicem versus plerumque 3-digitatis ornata. Foliola utrin-

secus 9-10 opposita vel fere, elliptica, circa 6-costulata, costis omni-

bus apicem attigentibus, utrinque imermia, apice penicellata, nervis

transversalibus conspicuis, maxima circa 30-35 cm. longa, 6—7 cm.

lata, duo apicalia connata, vel rasissime libera, altera foliola subae-

qualia. Spadices feminei flagelliformes, frondibus longiores, bimetrales

vel longiores, in 7-10 inflorescentias partiales divisi, parte pedunculari

circa 50 cm. longa duas spathas ferente, apice in appendicem exeuntes;

inflorescentiae partiales ad 60 cm. longae, apicales minores, in spiculas

6—12 cm. longas, vel basin versus in ramos secundarios spiculiferentes

(spiculis ad 3 cm. longis), divisae. Spathae primariae tubulosae, spatha

basale bicarinata excepta, cylindricae, unguibus validis ad 10 mm.

longis nigrescentibus praeditae, apice oblique truncatae, 25-40 cm.

longae; spathae secundariae infundibuliformes, aculeolatae, apice obli-

que truncatae, 2—2-5 cm. longae. Spiculae ad apicem spatharum ori-

entes, alternatae, reflexae, 6-12 cm. longae, utrinsecus flores 20-25

198

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 49. Calamus speciosissimus (Corner 30,364—holoty pus).

A, Caudicis pars cum spadice et vaginis frondium. B, Fructus.

199

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 49a. Calamus speciosissimus (Corner 30,364—holoty pus).

A, Frons ut foliola et racheos armatura et eorum dispositio appareant.

200

Vol. XV. (1956).

gerentes (spiculis secundariis ad basin spicularum interdum orientibus

minoribus circa 3 cm. longis); spathellae circa 3 mm. longae, infundi-

buliformes, striatae, apice scariosae, valide ligulatae. Involucrophorum

paulo exsertum, haud conspicue pedicellatum, cupuliforme, ad apicem

spathellae oriens; involucrum pateriforme, unilateraliter exsertum;

areola lunata. Perianthium fructiferum urceolatum, conspicue pedicel-

liformi, basi truncatum, callosum; calyx apice irregulariter breviterque

fissus, corollae aequi-altus. Fructus immaturus tantum visus, cum

rostro circa 1 mm.-alto, 10 mm. altus, 8 mm. in diam., oblongus;

squamis concoloribus, leviter coffeatis, politis, per series verticales

15-18 dispositis, dorso canaliculatis, apice scariosis. Spadix masculus

pro majore parte femineo similis ut videtur, ramis spadicis primariis

vel secundariis spiculas ferentibus; spathis primariis haud visis; spathis

secundariis minus armatis vel fere inermibus.

Stem long, scandent, about 2 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths gibbous

above, marked horizontally with black rugose lines, armed with up to

15 mm. long, refiexed, solitary or laterally confluent spines. Leaves in-

cluding the 6-9 cm. long petiole 65-100 cm. long, non-cirriferous,

having 9—10 leafiets on each side; spines on the rachis solitary or

digitate. Leaflets opposite or nearly so, elliptic, about 6-costate, un-

armed on both surfaces, the largest 30-35 cm. long, 6-7 cm. broad,

the terminal two connate at the base, rarely free. Female spadix long-

peduncled, fliagelliform, much longer than the leaves, with 7-10

branches, each up to 60 cm. long. Primary spathes tubular, 26-40 cm.

long, clawed; secondary spathes 2-2-5 cm. long. aculeolate. Spikelets

6-12 cm. long, rarely shorter; spathels striate, ligulate. Fruiting peri-

anth conspicuously pedicelliform, shortly lobed. Fruit (immature) 10

cm. long, 8 mm. in diam., with concolorous, coffee-coloured scales,

disposed in 15-18 vertical series. Male spadix more or less similar to

the female.

MALAY PENINSULA: Kemaman, Bukit Kajang, alt. 500 ped.

(Corner 30,364, femineus-holotypus). Malacca, Chabau (Alvins 2,100

masculus, vern. nom. Rotan Kubang). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Sutu in

Sungai Ujong (Alvins 1,883, masculus, vern. nom. Ratan Suga Badak).

Corner notes that this species is “a most handsome and beautiful

rotan in its rich dark green colour, graceful inflorescences and

amenable spines.”

This species was confused by Ridley with C. palustris which

belongs to a section having non-flagelliferous leaf-sheaths and

conspicuously cirriferous leaves (Section Phyllanthectus or Group

XV of Beccari). C. speciosissimus belongs to the Coleospathus

section, being a close ally of C. Scipionum; in fact the spadices

and the fruits are very like those of C. Scipionum, from which

however C. speciosissimus differs in the following characters: less

thick stems; wrinkled leaf-sheaths, shorter leaves, leafiets subequal

and fewer to a leaf, the terminal pair of leaflets being generally

connate at the base. The vertical series of the fruit-scales also vary

from 15 to 18.

C. speciosissimus bears involucrophores which are somewhat

raised on the upper side and the involucres which are exsert on

one side giving thereby an appearance of subpedicelliform involuc-

rophores.

201

Gardens Bulletin, S.

50. Calamus ornatus Bl. var. horridus Becc. in Hook. f., FI.

Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 460 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

(1908) 368 et Suppl. (1913) 73.—+. 50.

C. ornatus Bl. var. sumatranus Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II

(1902) 215 (nomen tantum), in Ann. cit. XI (1908) 369 pl.

153. syn. nov.

C. ornatus Bl. sensu Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V (1844)

37 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 46; Mig., Palm. Sum. in Journ.

Bot. Neerl. I (1860) 21 et Prodr. Fl. Sum. (1860) 256; Ridl.,

Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 196 et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925)

54 (omnino pro parte).

Stem tufted, lofty, scandent, 40 m. long or more, 4-8 cm. in diam.

Leaf-sheaths woody, obliquely truncate, gibbous below the petiole,

fugaciously furfuraceous, light straw-coloured, armed with broad flat,

triangular, light coloured, solitary or confluent, horizontally or obli-

quely placed, up to 4 cm. 1-5 cm. broad at the base, spines. Ocrea

short. Leaves subcirriferous in the adult and fertile stages, 4-6 m.

long including the petiole; rachis irregularly armed along the middle

and the sides with simple or binate claws, which become 3-4 in the

terminal parts; petiole stout, 45-80 cm. long, armed beneath and above

with unequal and irregularly placed spines. Leaflets numerous, equi-

distant, elongate-lanceolate, alternate, plicate, 5-costate, glabrous or

sparingly spinulous on the 1—5 costae above, naked and paler beneath,

largest about 60-80 cm. long, 5—8 cm. broad, the upper leaflets gradu-

ally smaller becoming diminutive at apex. Female spadix robust,

flagelliform, 1-5-3 m. long, terminating in a strongly clawed flagellum

and divided in 3—4 remote 45-80 cm. long spikelet-bearing branches.

Primary spathes closely sheathing, tubular, coriaceous, truncate, shortly

ligulate, armed irregularly with short or confluent spines, or practically

unarmed in parts; secondary spathes tubular, 10-25 cm. long, truncate,

slightly ligulate at the mouth, unarmed. Spikelets robust, 10-20 cm.

long with 10-20 female flowers on each side; spathels broadly infundi-

buliform, entire, truncate, slightly apiculate, fugaciously furfuraceous.

Involucrophore nearly inserted, cupular; involucre partly exsert, uni-

laterally cupular, with very sharply bordered ovate areola on the most

exsert side. Fruiting perianth distinctly pedicellate. Fruit large, ellipsoid

or ovoid elliptic, rostrate, 3-3-5 cm. long, 2—2-2 cm. through; scales

black, or dark brown in parts, channelled in the middle, disposed in 15

vertical series; seed 15—20 mm. long, 12—15 mm. broad, 6—8 mm. thick,

with homogeneous albumen, embryo basal. Male spadix not seen but

described as ultra-decompound with many branches.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Ulu Bendong at Kajang, alt. 160 m. (Corner

30,173). Kedah, Tanjong Parit in the Baling District (Furtado 33,072,

vern. nom. Rotan Semambu Ganga and Rotan Manau). Kelantan,

Gunong Musang (Henderson 22,716). Pahang, Bentong near Raub

Boundary, alt. 600 m. (Furtado 33,101, vern. nom. Rotan Manau).

Perak, Temango (Ridley 14,718). Selangor, Kepong (Junus 16,403 as

Rotan Mantang). Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 11,481).

The syntypes of C. ornatus var. horridus were collected at

Durian Tungul in Malacca by Fernandez, and in Perak by Scorte-

chini (No. 587) and by Kunstler (No. 3,931). The type of C.

ornatus var. sumatranus was collected by Beccari (P.S. No. 833)

at Ayer Manchor in the Padang Province of Sumatra. I have seen

202

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 50. Calamus ornatus var. horridus (Furtado 33,072).

A, Caudicis fragmentum ut vaginae et petioli armatura appareat. B,

Frondis fragmentum apicale. C, Spadicis ramus feminei spiculiferens.

D, Fructus.

203

Gardens Bulletin, S.

none of these types, and my identification of the varieties have

been based entirely on the descriptions and Beccari’s plate 153.

I am unable to separate with clear cut distinctions, the Malayan

from the Sumatran material illustrated and described by Beccari;

further there is a good deal of variation in the Malayan material

itself to justify the reduction of var. sumatranus to var. horridus.

From the description and illustrations, I cannot accept Ridley’s

reduction of the Malayan material to C. ornatus var. ornatus

which is a Javanese form.

The species is tufted and produces a long cirrus at the end of

the leaves of juvenile climbing plants, even when these start bear-

ing flowers and fruits. Corner 30,173 has a 4~7-foot long cirrus

even when the specimens bear flowers and young fruits, though he

notes that the cirrus is often absent in the upper leaves. In the

specimens collected by me (Furtado 33,072 and 33,101) the

leaves have no long cirrus. The involucre is so exsert in the spe-

cies that it gives the false impression that the involucrophores are

pedicelliform.

The vernacular name recorded by Fernandez in Malacca is

stated to be Rotan Ruga Bodak which may be a misprint for

Rotan Segar (or Suga) Badak. Scortechini gives Rotan Mantang

as the vernacular name in Perak.

51. Calamus Scipionum Lour., Fl. Cochin. ed. 1 (1790) 210;

emend. Becc. in Hook. f., Fl., Brit. Ind. VI (1893) 461; et in

Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902) 215; Ridl., Fl. Malayan Pen. II

(1907) 195; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908)

371 tt. 156, et Suppl. (1913) 74; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V

(1925) 52; Blatter Palm Brit. Ind. & Ceylon (1926) 332 pl.

LVI.—+t. 51.

C. micranthus Bl., Rumphia III (1849) 53 (33) t. 151 (157)

as to the leaves only.

Calamus from Ching (Malacca), Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat.

Hist. V (1844) 37 et Palms Brit. Ind. (1850) 46 (note).

Daemonorops fissus Bl. op. cit. (1849) 17 t. 44 figs A.B.C. and

as to the leaves only.

Stem tufted, very long, scandent, 3-6 cm. in diam., (1-5-3 cm.

through without sheaths), the internodes in some cases nearly a metre

long. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, gibbous above, armed with simple, occa-

sionally approximate spines; the latter refiexed or nearly horizonial,

laminar, 1-3 cm. long. Ocrea short, less than 1 cm. long, scarious,

brittle, deciduous. Leaves 1-5—3 cm. long, not cirriferous, ending in

one or two central, diminutive leaflets; petiole 20-75 cm. long, 1-5—2-5

cm. broad, unarmed above, clawed or not along the dorsum, sparingly

armed along the margins; rachis irregularly clawed on the dorsum,

claws simple in the basal half, digitate and whorled in the upper half.

204

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 51. Calamus Scipionum (Ridley sn. ex Horto Singaporensi).

A, Petiolus cum geniculo et basi flagelli. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale.

C, Spadicis pars cum ramo spiculiferenti. D, Spadicis apex. E.

Fructus. F, Ejusdem perianthium. G, Semen. H, Idem verticaliter

discissum.

205

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Leaflets numerous, alternate or subopposite, equidistant, 5—10 cm.

apart, closer and shorter in the distal ends, lanceolate, 3—5 or 7 costu-

late, 2-4 nerves bristly in the centre and distal half of the upper sur-

face, occasionally spinulous on the midrib on the lower surface, ending

in a bristly penicillate apex, drying coffee or cinnamon coloured, the

largest 50-70 cm. long, 5—9 cm. wide, the terminal ones much smaller.

Female spadix flagelliform, 4-7 m. long, divided into 6—9 branches,

terminating in a long, clawed flagellum. Primary spathes tubular,

closely-sheathing, entire, the largest about 30-50 cm. long, the basal

bicarinate, the others cylindrical, somewhat narrowed at the base,

armed with solitary or digitate claws. Partial inflorescences 1-1-50 m.

long, bearing 10-20 alternate spikelets on each side. Secondary spathes

3-4 cm. long, rather loosely sheathed, unarmed or armed with short

reflexed spines, obliquely truncate and ligulate at the apex, ciliate on

the margins. Spikelets 8-18 cm. long, one-sided, funnel shaped, striate,

ciliate on margins, with a ligulate apex. Involucrophore prateriform at

the mouth of the spathels; involucre disciform, slightly exsert on one

side. Female flowers about 4 mm. long, ovoid. Fruiting perianth pedi-

celliform, corolla slightly longer than the calyx. Fruit ovoid or oblong,

12-14 mm. long, 8—10 mm. through, abruptly narrowed at both ends;

scales in 15 series, dark brown with pale margins; seed with superfi-

cially ruminated albumen; embryo basal. Male spadix similar, but less

robust, and smaller in parts, less clawed or aculeate; spikelets 1-5-3

cm. long, borne on secondary branches; flowers pectinate or alternate,

3 mm. long, calyx striate, lobed half way, half as long as the corolla.

MALAYA: Perak, Gunong Malacca (Kunstler 7,171); loc. incert.

(Scortechini 5015). Selangor, Batu Tiga (Curtis 3,765 as Rotan Se-

membu); Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 1,661 as Rotan Rajah). Malacca, cult.

in Hort. Bot. Sing. (Ridley 11,618; 11,838; & 13,339). Negri Sembilan,

Kuala Pilah (Moorhouse in 1903). Penang in Hort. Bot. Cult. (Curtis

27 Sar 1902). Singapore, Economic Garden (Nur 517 and Ridley

S.n.).

BORNEO: Sambas, cult. in Hort. Bot. Bogor. sub. n. XII C. 146

(Furtado 30,904); Semporna (Keith 7,436 partly as Rotan Semambu

in Malay and Malaw in Suluk dialect).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra and Billiton.

Though this species is widely known from the walking-sticks

made out of its stems, yet for nearly a century its botanical iden-

tity was obscure and confused. The original description itself is

valueless for the correct identification of the species, being based,

in its important characters, on the walking-sticks of the commerce,

deriving its characters of leaf and other parts on fragments or

pictures which apparently do not belong here. Later good speci-

mens of this species were either misidentified or left unnamed.

We owe therefore to Beccari (1893) for the present typification

of the species and for clarifying the confusion by naming the spe-

cimens in different important herbaria of the world. According to

this typification the name is retained for the large Malacca cane

of commerce of which Loureiro had written thus: “Caulis crassus

. articulis 3-pedalibus . . . Habitat imprimis in sylvis malajorum,

ex utraque parte freti Malaccensis; unde abundanter in Sinas, et

in Europam exportatur ... Pro baculis ex dignitate, vel elegantia

manu gestandis.”

206

» hae = -

Vol. XV. (1956).

The species being a tufted plant is able to maintain itself despite

the fact that it is often cut for commercial purposes. No doubt

there are other Calami which furnish walking-sticks, but those of

C. Scipionum are undoubtedly the best and commonest having

the longest internode. The plant is widely exploited in Sumatra

and it is not unreasonable to suppose that its distribution is effected

in some measure through the planting in the jungles by men.

There is a good deal of variation in this species regarding the

disposition of spines and leaflets, and it is possible that a great

many of these variations are dependent on the age of the clump

as well as the individual stem. A young specimen collected by

Moorhouse on 24—-XII—1903, as Rotan Machap apparently be-

longs here.

52. Calamus Moorhousei Furtado sp. nov.—t. 52.

C. caesius sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 205 et

Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 60 quoad specimen infra citatum.

A C. poensi, cui affinis ut videtur, differt petiolis longioribus,

ocreis minoribus, aculeis vaginae frondalis minoribus paucioribus-

que, foliolis per greges binis.

Caudex scandens, gracilis, cum vaginis circa 1-5 cm. in diam. Vagina

frondis flagellifera, brunnea, striato-sulcata, aculeis ascendentibus

haud rigidis concoloribus laminaribus, usque ad 5 mm. longis praedita,

infra petiolum leviter gibbosa, in gibbo valde striata parce aculeolata

vel inermis, apice oblique truncata. Ocrea inermis, brevis, vix visibilis.

Frondes ultra metrales, haud cirriferae; petiolus unicus visus, 29 cm.

longus, biconvexus, supra aculeolis brevissimis irregulariter praeditus,

secus margines utrinque aculeolis 1-3 mm. longis, 3—4-5 cm. inter se

remotis ornatus, subtus politus, gramineus, aculeolis usque ad 4 cm.

deflexis, solitariis, 7-8 inter se remotis armatus; lamina sine apicem

visa, 75 cm. longa, secus rachidis dorsum trigonalis politae aculeis 1-3

fidis remotis refiexis armata. Foliola in greges oppositos vel fere,

20-25 cm. inter se remotos fasciculata, per gregem in rachide utrin-

secus bina, inter se divergentia, 18-20 cm. longa, ad 4 cm. lata, eilip-

tico-lanceolata, porrecta, secus margines setosa, supra secus costam

medianam tantum apicem versus setosa, subtus inermia, costis alteris

et mervis transversalibus haud validis. Spadix femineus flagelliformis.

frondibus longior ut videtur, axi stramineus, aculeolatus; inflorescentiae

partiales circa 50 cm. longae remotae, spiculis utrinsecus circa 6-7

praeditae. Primariae spathae tubulosae, stramineae, aculeis simplicibus

vel 1-3 digitatis, reflexis, apice atris praeditae; spathae secundariae 3-4

cm. longae, inermes, elongato infundibuliformes, Spiculae 4-8 cm.

longae, floribus utrinsecus 7—10, alternatis; spathellae 3-4 mm. longae,

infundibuliformes, deciduo fusco-leprosae, apice breviter ligulatae vel

non. Involucrophorum ad spathellae orificium oriens, cupuliforme; in-

volucrum cupuliforme; areola lunata. Fructus ignotus.

Stem scandent, slender, about 1-5 cm. in diam.. moderately long.

Leaf-sheaths slightly gibbous above, striate, flagelliferous, obliquely

truncate, armed with scattered solitary, up to 5 mm. long, ascendent,

non-rigid spines. Leaves apparently not cirriferous, about 1 m. or more

long; petiole, only one seen, 29 cm. long, biconvex, polished beneath,

where it is armed along the middle and in the margins with a few

remote, solitary short spines; rachis armed beneath with weak claws

207

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 52. Calamus Moorhousei (Moorhouse s.n.—holotypus).

A, Caudicis fragmentum cum folio. B, Spadix incompletus.

208

Vol. XV. (1956).

which are simple in the lower half and digitate in the upper. Leaflets

fascicled, 18-20 cm. long, about 4 cm. broad, elliptic lanceolate, setose

on the median nerve above and on the margins, naked beneath; fasci-

cles of 2 divergent leafiets, opposite, 20-25 cm. apart. Female spadix

very long, flagelliform, with about 50 cm. long, pendulous branches,

bearing 4-8 cm. long spikelets; all parts straw coloured in the dry

state. Primary spathes tubular, long, clawed; secondary spathes tubu-

lar, 3—4 cm. long, unarmed, straw-coloured; spathels 3-4 mm. long,

fusco-leprous, unarmed.

MALAYA: Nezri Sembilan, Kuala Pilah (Moorhouse in 1905).

The specimen does not appear to be from a fully developed

plant and the weak spines on the leaf-sheaths and the slightly

developed gibbosity seem to confirm this.

C. Moorhousei has been confused by Ridley with C. caesius,

from which it is readily distinguished by its slender, less aculeate

stems, longer petioles, flagelliferous leaf-sheaths, fewer leaflets

(which are moreover arranged in opposite pairs), ecirriferous

(apparently) leaves, long flagelliform spadices and narrower pri-

mary and secondary spathes. C. caesius is a species of the section

Phyllanthectus.

53. Calamus viminalis Willd. var. fasciculatus (Roxb.) Becc. sub-

var. pinangianus Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908)

207.

C. viminalis var. fasciculatus (Roxb.) Becc. in Hook. f., FI.

Brit. Ind. VI (1892) 444 et in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902)

203 quoad specimen penangense.

C. viminalis var. pinangianus (Becc.) Becc. in Ann. cit. Ap-

pendix (1913) 21 (sphalmate 7).

Stem tufted, scandent, 10-15 m. long, 2-3 cm. in diam., all parts

acquire on drying a straw colour. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, gibbous

above, armed with flat, broad-based, horizontal or slightly defiexed

spines. Leaves non-cirriferous, about 1 m. or more long; petiole short,

9-20 cm. long, armed at the sides, and sometimes in the middle be-

neath and above, with long spines; rachis armed on the lower suriace

along the margins and the middle with 1-4 cm. long, simple or gemi-

nate or ternate spines, the marginal spines lacking on the terminal

parts of the leaves, and occasionally armed on the upper surface with

long, solitary spines at the basal end of the rachis. Leaflets many,

pointing in many directions, arranged in distant, alternate or opposite

fascicles of 2-4 each; the largest leaflets about 30 cm. long, 2-5-—2-8

cm. broad, spinulous on the nerves on both surfaces and along the

margins. Female spadix about 2 m. long, flagelliform, divided into 5-6

cm. partial inflorescences, each bearing 3-6 spikelets on each side;

spikelets 6-12 cm. long. Primary spathes long, tubular, aculeate or

clawed; secondary spathes 1-5—2 cm. long, tubular, unarmed, apiculate.

Fruit sphaeric, 8-9 mm. in diam.; scales straw-coloured with brown

tips, arranged in 18-20 (7?) series; seed with equable albumen. Male

spadix like the female, but with longer branches and spikelets, and

with flowers at each spathel being arranged in glomerules.

MALAYA: Penang (Wallich 8,611).

209

—— ee

Tab. 53. Calamus concinnus ¢ (Ridley 15,360).

A, Petioli fragmentum basale. B, Folii fragmentum apicale. C, Spadicis

pars masculi. D, Flos masculus. E, Idem apertus ut staminum dis-

positio appareat.

210

Vol. XV. (1956).

C. viminalis has a wide range of distribution occurring in Java,

Bengal, Burma, Andamans, Malaya and Cochin-China. The var-

ietal name fasciculatus has been adopted by Beccari for all the

non-Javan forms. The subvar. pinangianus is not known except

from the holotype collection cited above. As no subsequent mate-

rial of this variety was collected, Ridley (Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen.

II, 1907 p. 213 was of the opinion that C. viminalis in any form

did not occur in Penang, as the following remarks show:—

“This has never been seen again in the peninsula and is an

Indian species; the locality is probably erroneous”.

Beccari’s remarks on this opinion of Ridley are as follows:—

“We may however also suppose that the plant has been des-

troyed in Penang, as the presence of this plant could not be

considered an extraordinary fact, considering that C. viminalis

with its numerous varieties is not a localized Indian plant, but a

rather widely diffused species in Southern Asia and Java” (op.

GL I9i3-p: 21)-

However Ridley has not included this species or the subvariety

in his Flora (1925).

This species is readily distinguished from C. siamensis in its

leaflets which spread in all directions in each fascicle; whereas

those of C. siamensis are all in one plane. Female flowers are also

grouped in C. siamensis, not solitary as in the vars. of C. viminalis.

I have not seen the type specimen of this subvariety, and the

description given above is drawn mainly from Beccari’s descrip-

tion of C. viminalis supplemented by the notes given by him

under the subvariety. From the characteristics noted by me in the

specimens of the non-Malayan material in the herbarium, it ap-

pears that the size of the leaflets vary a good deal according to the

age of the individual and the clump and so the range of variation

within the varieties and the subvarieties have to be studied further.

The Malayan species, C. siamensis and C. Burkillianus are very

close relatives of C. viminalis.

54. Calamus concinnus Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. III ed. prior

(1838) 208 ed II (1850) 332, et (1837) t. 116 fig. X; Becc.

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XI (1908) 201 t. 60; Ridl., in

Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits Br. 59 (1911) 217; Becc. op.

cit. Appendix (1913) 21; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 50

pro parte.—t.t. 53 & 54.

C. multirameus Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 202 pro

parte.

Calamus sp. Furtado (in observ. sub Plectocomiopsis ferox

Ridl.) in Gard. Bull. Sing. XIII (1951) 338 t. 14.

211

Gardens Bulletin, S.

(Henderson 23,125).

$4. Calamus concinnus

A. Petioli pars. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale. C, Spadicis fragmentum

Tab.

basale. D, Spadicis fragmentum apicale. E, Fructus. F, Semen. G,

verticaliter discissum.

Idem

212

Vol. XV. (1956).

Plectocomiopsis ferox Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V (1925) 66, syn.

nov.

Stem acaulescent or erect (or later scandent?). Leaf-sheaths (of the

scandent stems not seen), of the basal leaves opened on one side, armed

with 3—5 cm. long, triangular, solitary or obliquely confluent spines:

later or lower down the sheath the spines shorter, about 2-5 cm. long.

10-12 mm. broad at base narrowed into a long point. Leaves non-

cirriferous, large, ending in one or two leafiets without any diminutive

leaflet or cirrus; the basal ones provided with a long petiole; rachis

armed below with solitary, 2-3 cm. long, defiexed spines. Leaffets

numerous, grouped in large fascicles at least in the younger stages of

the plant, equidistant in the fascicles, 2-3 cm. apart, greenish when

dry, 30-60 cm. long, 3—3-5 cm. broad, ensiform. Spadix apparently

large; female apparently tending to be flagelliform (in older and scan-

dent plants?). ending in a clawed appendix, with about 20-30 cm.

long branches (in female spadix seen), each branch with about 20

spikelets, borne on the secondary branches; the male spikelets being

generally borne also on the secondary branches. Primary spathes

tubular, scurfy, the basal ones unarmed or weakly armed, those to-

wards the apex of the spadix being more conspicuously armed, all

somewhat split towards the apex; secondary spathes unarmed, scurfy.

marcescent at the apex. Female spikelets 10-16 cm. long in the basal

portions of the spadix, gradually shorter in the apical portions; male

spikelets much shorter. Fruiting perianth explanate, with the corolla

lobes as long as, or sometimes slightly shorter and usually narrower

than, the calyx lobes. Fruit 8-10 mm. long, 7 mm. in diam., sub-

globose, beaked; scales arranged in 15—18 series, straw-yellow coloured

oes brownish tips. Seed with equable, or with a slightly ruminate

umen.

- MALAYA: Lower Siam; Kau Hoa in Surat (Seidenfaden 2,137).

Setul, Bukit Rajah Wang (Ridley 15,360). Perlis, Bukit Ketri (Hender-

son 23,125). Langkawi Islands, Batten-Pooll in II-1940); Telok Apan

(Haniff & Nur 7,087). Perak ? (Ridley 8,405 partly).

DISTRIBUTION: Tenasserim in Burma.

Martius stated that the type was collected by Wallich at Tavoy

in the Tenasserim district of Burma; but from the subsequent cita-

tions it appears that the type was Gomez's collection distributed

by Wallich under his Catalogue No. 8,607. I have not seen any

_ Tepresentative of this collection,-nor did Beccari who identified the

species on Helfer 6,388, 6,394 & 6,395 from Mergui. I examined

Helfer 6,394 and 6,395 in Kew and did not find on them any

notes which, according to Beccari, show that the palm is climbing

and “armed with strong and powerful spines.” As represented in

Kew the specimens could have been of a non-scandent palm. I

have not seen Helfer 6,395 in Florence. What Beccari identified

as being leaflets from Helfer 6,388 are mounted in Kew with a

spadix of C. Helferianus in Helfer 2,763.

Parker 2,407, which was collected in 1927 by the Tenasserim

River in Tavoy, Burma, and which is obviously C. concinnus, has

field notes to show that the palm is stemless and bears no flagella

Or Cirri on its leaves; the axis of the spadix and the primary spathes

also bear short straight spines which are not adapted for climbing.

213

Gardens Bulletin, S.

The Malayan material is too fragmentary for any definite con-

clusions to be drawn on this matter. Ridley 15,360 appears to be

from almost a stemless palm and so also Henderson 23,125; but

in the latter the spadix seems to be flagelliform in the upper por-

tion and ends in a clawed appendix. In both these some of the

primary spathes are aculeate, the spimes being hooked im the

uppermost primary spathe in Henderson 23,125. The terminal

portion of the leaf in Ridley 15,360 definitely shows grouping of

leaflets, but in Henderson 23,125, which is also a terminal portion

of a leaf shows no such grouping. It is possible that the species

Starts flowering and fruiting when quite stemless and has fascicled

leaflets, but that later the plants become scandent, the spadices

fiagelliform, and the leaflets equidistant. The species therefore re-

quires further study, for which better specimens are needed.

Ridley 8,405 is mixed, contaiming a fruiting branch of the infio-

rescence of this species glued on to the sheet contaming the male

spadix of C. multirameus, a fact noted also by Beccari in the

Appendix op. cit. (1913) pp. 21 & 49. In fact this fruiting branch

appears to have been the sole basis of the description given by

Ridley for the fruits and the spadix under C. multirameus. The

other specimen bearing this same number contains leaf and sheaths

of C. multirameus.

As Ridley would not accept Beccari’s identification of the greater

part of the specimen No. 8,405 as C. Guruba (a species closely

allied to C. multirameus), he (1925) erroneously reduced his

entire C. multirameus to C. concinnus, omitting to cite the locality

of his No. 8,405. Since the fruiting portion of C. concinnus might

have been placed through an error on the mounted sheath of

Ridley 8,405, there remains some doubt as to the occurrence of

this species in Perak.

Plectocomiopsis ferox Ridl., based on Haniff & Nur 7,087 from

Langkawi, as represented in the Singapore herbarium (see plate

14 in Furtado, 1951), consists of a detached leaf-sheath, a por-

tion of male spadix, and a portion of a leaf; the last mentioned is

obviously from a leaf produced on the ground and so it is not

easily compared with other specimens of the species. The rachis of

this leaf has larger spines, and the setae on the leaflet-nerves and

margims are also larger. But the spathes and the inflorescence are

clearly of C. concinnus. The leaf-sheath has never been described

before, and so it is not easy to say whether the one in Haniffi &

Nur 7,087 belongs to this species; if it does belong, it obviously

illustrates the leaf-sheaths of a typical adult species when the stem

has become somewhat scandent. The portions of the spadices

suggest that the species may bear flagelliform spadices im later

stages of the plant.

214

Vol. XV. (1956).

55. Calamus siamensis Becc. var. malaianus Furtado var. nov.

—t. 55.

C. siamensis Becc. sensu Ridl., in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits

Br. 59 (1911) 216 et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 59.

C. densiflorus Becc. sensu Ridl., Fl. cit. (1925) 53 quoad spe-

cimen kedahense prope Langgar lectum.

Differt a forma typica foliolis obscure irregulariterque fascicu-

latis. A C. viminalis var. fasciculato, quocum haec varietas facile

confusibilis, foliolis parallelis haud divergentibus facile distin-

guenda.

Stem tufted. scandent, 2—5 m. long, about 2 cm. in diam., all parts

drying yellowish or straw-green. Leaf-sheaths fiagelliferous, gibbous

above, armed with many unequal, laminar, swollen and broad-based

abruptly narrowed upwards, solitary or obliquely confluent, refiexed

or sometimes horizontal spines, the largest spines 1-5-2 cm. long.

Ocrea short, membranous, marcescent, deciduous, somewhat frimbril-

late. Leaves non-cirriferous, about 60 cm. long including the 3-5—5

cm. long petiole: the latter flat above where it is armed with small.

scattered spines (in young plants these spines may be absent). and

along the sides and the back with many longer, horizontal or defiexed.

narrower, sometimes as long as 2 cm. long spines; rachis spinulous

above and along the margins below in the lower half, armed beneath

with very unequal up to 20 mm. long, solitary or confluent, defiexed

spines. Leaflets numerous, 30-35 on each side, all set in one plane,

divided irregularly in opposite groups of 4—12 leaflets each side, 10—15

mm. apart in each group, rarely 2—2-25 cm. in the basal parts of the

leaves, linear-ensiform, unicostate, suddenly acuminate at apex, mid-

costa setose on both surfaces, and the margins, and occasionally the

two subprimary nerves beneath also bristly; the largest leaflets mesial,

15—27 cm. long, 15-17 mm. broad; the two terminal leaflets the small-

est, more or less slightly connate at base. Female spadix flagelliform.

much longer than the leaves, divided into 4—5 spiculiferous branches:

the largest branch 8-12 cm. long, each having 5—10 altermate, 2-5-4

em. long spikelets. Primary spathes strictly sheathing, tubular, obli-

quely truncate, armed with scattered, reflexed spines; secondary spathes

unarmed, tubular, obliquely truncate, 10-15 mm. long; spathels broadly

infundibuliform each bearing two female flowers. Involucrophore in-

cluded in the spathel, bearing two cupuliform involucres at the end.

one on each side of the apex, with an areola between the two invo-

lucres. Fruiting perianth explanate, calyx splitting down to the base.

Fruit small, spherical, 6-8 mm. in diam.; shortly beaked, with an

explanate perianth; scales channelled in the middle, disposed in 15—17

longitudinal series, straw-coloured with a whitish scarious marginal

line and often with a reddish point; seed with white homogeneous al-

bumen. Male spadix like the female, but with longer spikelets, the

lower spikelets of the larger spadix-branches often bearing I-2 cm.

long secondary spikelets, and the male flowers arranged in glomerules

of 3—S at each spathel.

MALAYA: Perlis, Telor Jambu (Ridley 15,359 femineus, holotypus):

Tebing Tinggi (Henderson, masculus, 23.028). Kedah, Langgar (Burkill

et Haniff 13,313-masculus, vern. nom. Rotan Pahit); Bukit Pinang in

Alor Star (Ridlev in II—-1910, masculus).

215

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A, Frondis fragmentum apicale. B, Spadicis pars. C, Fructus. D, Semen

verticaliter discissum. E, Caudicis pars cum spadice et basi petioli.

Tab. 55. Calamus siamensis var. malajanus (A—D: Ridley 15,359—holoty pus;

E: Henderson 23,028 dG).

216

Vol. XV. (1956).

C. siamensis was based on a specimen collected by Schomburgh

in Siam, the holotype being preserved in the Kew Herbarium; it

was again collected in fruit at Bangkok by Wawra, the latter speci-

men being preserved in the Vienna Herbarium. Beccari, who

examined both these specimens, described the species as having

equidistant leaflets, not in groups, whereas the Malayan specimens

have all leaflets disposed in groups. In each group the leaflets are

equidistant and in one plane, not spreading in different directions

as in C. vimminalis var. fasciculatus subvat. pinangianus.

56. Calamus pandanosmus Furtado sp. noy.—t. 56.

Ab omnibus speciebus hujus subsectionis: vagina frondis striata,

aculeis tumescentibus conoideis obtusis vel interdum subito acutis

recurvatis solitariis praedita; ocrea obscura; frondibus sessilibus;

foliolis inaequidistantibus vel sub-aequidistantibus, anguste linea-

rio-lanceolatis, utrinque inermibus haec species sat distincta.

Caudex scandens gracilis arca 20 m. longus cum vagina 8 mm. in

diam., caespitosus. Vagina frondis valde striata, brunnescens, fiagelli-

fera (flagellum prope vaginae marginem geniculo oppositum, quam

frondes duplo vel triplo longius), aculeis 2-3 mm. longis tumescenti-

bus, conoideis obtusis vel abrupte pra recurvatulis, solitariis.

remotis praedita, infra petiolum gibbosa, infra gibbum in semi-anello

horizontali contracta, apice oblique truncata. Ocrea vix visibilis. Fron-

des sessiles, brunnescentes, non-cirriferae, 35-40 cm. longae; rachis

deciduo furfuracea, dorso aculeis solitariis parvis uniseriatim praedita,

foliolis utrinsecus 14-16. Foliola inaequidistantia, 1-3-5 cm. inter se

remota, lineario-lanceolata, subtrinervia, subopposita vel partim alter-

Nantia, (maxima ad medium sita, 15-20 cm. longa, 8-14 mm. lata).

utringue inermia, apice deciduo penicillata, basi et apice racheos utrin-

en ee ee a ee comet vel

Stem tufted, scandent, about 20 m. long. with sheaths 8 mm. in

diam. Leajf-sheaths strongly striate, dull, pale coffee-brown, flagellifer-

ous, contracted below the base of the petiole-geniculum into a hori-

zontal semi-annular. gibbosity, obliquely truncate at the apex, remotely

armed with 2-3 mm. long, swollen. Sonoma recurved, cone-like warts

which are blunt or sharp-pointed at the apex. Leaves sessile, non-cirri-

ferous, 35-40 cm. long; rachis deciduously furfuraceous, armed dor-

sally with short, solitary spimes. Leaflets inequidistant, about 1-3-5

cm. apart, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, subopposite or alternate, un-

armed except at the bristly apex; the largest mesial, 15—20 cm. long,

8—14 mm. broad; the basal three pairs very close to each other; the

two terminal leaflets free or slightly connate at the base.

MALAYA: Kemaman, prope Ulu Kajang in locis paludosis (Corner

30,595, vern. nom: Rotan Pandan Wangi).

The collector notes that this species grows in tufts, each stem

growing to a length of about 60 ft. or more and that the crushed

tissues smell faintly but distinctly of Pandan Wangi (a Pandanus

sp.).

217

Vol. XV. (1956).

The species is sterile; and, if I have ventured to name and des-

cribe it as new, it is because of its many characteristic peculiarities.

The sheath bears rudimentary spines in the shape of swollen

conical knobs which are often blunt and sometimes provided with

sharp points. The leaves are sessile and have many inequidistant,

unarmed, very narrow, linear-lanceolate leaflets. The flagellum is

opposite to the petiole and borne near the lower angle of the

obliquely truncate leaf-sheath.

Through a contraction below the gibbosity of the petiole base,

a sort of semi-annular swelling is formed, and this perhaps serves

as an additional mechanism to fix the claws of the leaf-rachis in

the bark of the twigs of the nearest plants. In some internodes the

spines may be absent or only a few, and leaf-petioles may not be

gibbose even when the plant bears flagella. The leaflets in the

earlier leaves are narrower and may be almost equidistant.

57. Calamus Corneri Furtado sp. nov.—t. 57.

A C. rugoso, cui valde affinis, frondibus sessilibus, aculeis vagi-

narum minoribus ascendentibus, foliolis latioribus. C. raduloso in

frondibus similis, sed caudicibus multo gracilioribus, frondibus

minoribus, spadicibus gracilioribus, vaginae frondalis rugis trans-

versalibus numerosissimis et aculeis minoribus haec species differt.

Caudex scandens, cum vaginis 1-1-5 cm. in diam., in omnibus parti-

bus coffeatus vel fuscescens. Vagina rugis numerosissimis minutis, et

aculeis brevissimis 1—2 mm. longis, ascendentibus praedita, apice obli-

que truncata; flagellum ad latus geniculi prope apice vaginae liberatum.

Ocrea brevissima, coriacea decidua, rugosa vel partim scabrida, vel

non. Frondes sessiles, 50-60 cm. longae, secus dorso rachidis unguibus

simplicibus armatae. Foliola porrecta, aequidistantia, circa 2 cm. inter

' se dissita, opposita vel alternantia, ensiformia, unicostulata, 15-18 cm.

longa, 10-12 mm. lata, in pagina superiore costis marginibusque api-

cem versus remote setosis, in pagina inferiore inermia, apice penicillata.

Spadix masculus tantum visus, frondibus multo longior, metralis vel

sesquimetralis, in ramos 4—6 spiculiferentes, 15—30 cm. longos divisus,

axi minutis aculeolis armatus. Spathae primariae tubulares, apice obli-

que truncatae, aculeis minutis etiam pustuliformibus praedita, maximae

ad 25 cm. longae, circa 5 mm. in diam.; spathae secundariae ad 2 cm.

longae, tubulares, aculeis minutissimis armatae, apice oblique truncatae;

spathae tertiariae conformes, scabridae circa 5 mm. longae. Spiculae

1-2 cm. longae, floribus utrinsecus 4—6, alternantibus; spathellae circa

2 mm. longae, infundibuliformes, scabridae. Jnvolucrum cupuliforme,

scabridum. Flores masculi 2-2-5 mm. longi; petala sepalis duplo

longiora.

Stem scandent, with sheaths 1—1-5 cm. thick, coloured dark on dry-

ing in all parts. Leaf-sheatks fiagelliferous, transversely and minutely

rugose, armed with 1—2 mm. long, ascendent spines. Leaves sessile,

50-60 cm. long, armed on the rachis with short, solitary claws. Leaf-

lets porrect, equidistant, about 2 cm. apart, ensiform, largest 15-18

cm. long, 10-12 mm. broad. Male spadix flagelliform, about a metre

219

Vol. XV. (1956).

long, divided into 4-6 branches, each 15-30 cm. long. Spathes primary

cee armed with very small spines; secondary minutely aculeolate,

about 2 cm. long; tertiary scabrid. Spikelets (male) 1-2 cm. long.

Female plant not known.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Ulu Bendong in Kajang, alt. circa 170 m.

(Corner 30,058).

This species is very closely allied to C. rugosus from which

differs by the sessile leaves, smaller and ascendent spines on leaf-

sheaths, and broader leaflets. The only other species of this group

which has sessile leaves is C. radulosus which is a much larger

species having much thicker stems, larger leaves, and thicker spa-

dices; besides its leaf-sheaths are not transversally rugose as those

of C. Corneri.

The collector’s notes read as follows: Male Calamus; stem =

inch thick (including sheaths). Inflorescence 43 ft. long. Flagella

3—4 it. long, slender. Rachis 20—24 inches long. Petiole 0. Sheaths

green, with numerous small green spines separated by a faint, in-

complete, transverse ridge. Rachis with a single row of small

hooked, black-tipped spines and no terminal flagellum. Base of

rachis yellowish on each side of mid line dorsally.

58. Calamus radulosus Becc. in Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1892)

443; Ridl., Mat. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 198; Becc. in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 174 t. 35; Ridley, Fl. Malay

Pen. (1925) 57.—+4. 58.

Stem scandent, 10-15 m. long, scandent, with sheaths 2-5—3 cm. in

diam. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, gibbous above, obliquely truncate at

apex, densely armed with 4-6 mm. long. tumescent-based, triangular,

obliquely-inserted, distinctly ascendent spines. Leaves sessile, 1-1-5 m.

long; rachis armed below with black-tipped, solitary claws which are

pluriseriate in the lower portion, uniseriate in the upper. Leaflets

numerous, equidistant, 2-3 cm. apart, papyraceous, green, glabrous

ensiform, acuminate, brisily on the three costae and the margins be-

neath, often setose only on the mid-costa above; the mesial leaflets the

largest, 35-45 cm. long, 25 mm. broad; the terminal two the smailest,

shortly connate at the base. Female spadix very long, flagelliform,

divided into a few 30 cm—I m. long branches, each bearing distich-

ously 10-15 spikelets on each side: spikelets defiexed, 8-9 cm. long

(largest), with 20-23 distichous flowers on each side. Primary spathes

cylindric, very long, aculeate, the upper ones often marcescent and

decaying in the apical parts; secondary spathes tubular, slightly en-

larged and split longitudinally above, obliquely truncate, scarious and

lacerated at the mouth, apiculate, strongly scabrid and occasionally

aculeate; spathels short, bracteiform, strongly striate, very scabrid-

papilose. Involucrophore shallow, subcupular; involucre cupular, scari-

ous at margins; female flowers closely packed. Fruit when young,

globose, with an explanate perianth: scales not channelled, yellowish-

brown with a reddish line across the base of the tip. Male spadix

similar to the female but ultra-decompound.

MALAYA: Perak, loc. incert. (Scortechini 4685 in Herb. Beccari):

Gopeng (Kunstler 8,171).

221

Gardens Bulletin, S.

SNS :

“ “) - <4 — — ~

> ) a ~ .

—2 ass 4

rw A

a ee

| JE

A B 4cm

ate Pen

Tab. 58. Calamus radulosus (Scortechini 4685 = ex tab. 35 Beccariana

depicta).

A, Caudicis pars ut armatura vaginae et basis frondis appareant. B,

Apex frondis. C, Spadicis pars feminei.

222

Vol. XV. (1956).

I do not know this species except from Beccari’s descriptions

and the plate; but the species is well characterised by sessile leaves,

short oblique ascendent spines, minutely spinulous margins of the

leaflets, and scabrid secondary spathes, and spathels.

59. Calamus belumutensis Furtado sp. nov.—t. 59.

C. brevispadix Ridl. sensu Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 61

quoad specimen infra citatum.

C. rugoso affinis ut videtur, sed differt frondibus brevissime

petiolatis basi secus margines spinis ad 2-5 cm. usque longis prae-

ditis, foliolis fere aequidistantibus paulo latioribus, spadicibus bre-

vioribus, spathis primariis et alteris minus armatis, perianthiis

fructiferis magis pedicelliformibus, corollis calycibus aequialtis.

Caudex scandens, gracilis, mediocriter longus, cum vaginis 1-5—2

cm. in diam. ut videtur, omnibus partibus siccis nigrescentibus. Vagina

frondis superne gibbosa, apice spinis 5-6 mm. longis horizontalibus vel

ascendentibus armatae, parte inferiore ignota. Frons unica visa, non-

cirrifera, cum petiolo 3 cm. longo 75 cm. longa, foliolis utrinsecus

21-22; petiolus secus margines spinis ad 2 cm. usque longis, refiexis

vel porrectis, basalibus longioribus quam superioribus armatus; rachis

subtus unguibus solitariis, remotis, brevibus armata. Foliola numerosa

fere aequidistantia, 2-5—S cm. inter se dissita, opposita vel alternantia,

utrinque inermia, secus margines setosa, lineario ensiformia, subtri-

nervia, apice acuminata, maxima mesialia 16-18 cm. longa, 17-20

mm. lata; duo apicalia minima, omnino libera. Spadix femineus fiagel-

liformis, breviter pedunculatus, frondibus aequilongus ut videtur, parte

apicali in specimine viso carenti, in parte basali 2 ramos spiculiferentes

6-9 cm. longos, porrectos, 16 cm. inter se remotos divisus; spiculis

2-3-5 cm. longis, 9-15 flores alternantes ferentibus, circa 10-12 mm.

inter se remotis. Spathae primariae duae tantum visae; basalis bicari-

nata 3-4 mm. lata, secus carinas paulo armata; altera spatha tubulosa

vix armata; spathae secundariae tubulares, apice ligulatae, inermes vel

scabridulae, str:atae, 10-12 mm. longae; spathellae scabridulae vel non,

infundibuliformes. Involucrophorum pateriforme, ad apicem spathellae

Oriens, sessile; involucrum conforme; areola semilunaris. Perianthium

fructiferum basi paulo callosum, truncatum, breviter cylindrico-campa-

nulatum, 1—2 mm. altum, lobis brevissimis; corolla calyce aequilonga.

Fructus sine rostro perianthioque circa 10 mm. longus, ovato vel ellip-

tico oblongus; squamis per series verticales 15 dispositis, sulcatis,

margine scariosis, linea intramarginali brunnea mox pallida; semen

pisiforme cum fossa foveali profunda; embryone ad basin sito; albu-

mine aequabili, albo.

Stem scandent, short, slender with sheaths 1-5-2 cm. in diam., all

parts becoming dark on drying. Leaf-sheaths gibbous above, armed at

the apex with long, horizontal or ascendent, 5-6 mm. long spines; lower

part not known. Leaf only one seen, non-cerriferous, 75 cm. long in-

cluding 3 cm. long petiole; the latter armed on both margins with

spines up to 2 cm. long; rachis armed below with short, solitary,

remote reflexed spines. Leaflets about 21-22 on each side of the rachis,

almost equidistant, setose only along the margins, linear-ensiform: the

largest 16-18 cm. long, 17-20 mm. broad, the two apical leafiets

smallest, free to the base. Female spadix flagelliform, probably as long

223

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 59. Calamus belumutensis (Holttum 10,670—holotypus).

A, Frons. B, Spadix femineus. C, Fructus. D, Semen. C, Idem verti-

caliter discissum ut albumen aequabile et dispositio embryonis

appareant.

224

OE ee. er gE EROS meee ee

Vol. XV. (1956).

as the leaves, in the basal half (which is the only part seen) bearing

two 6—9 cm. long branches; spikelets 2-3-5 cm. long, each bearing

9-15 flowers. Primary spathes, only two seen; the basal bicarinate,

slightly armed, the other tubular, scarcely aculeate; secondary spathes

tubular unarmed or scabrid. Fruiting ca shortly pedicelliform.

Fruit ovate or elliptic oblong, beaked; scales disposed in 15 vertical

series, channelled in the middle, with a pale brown intramarginal line;

seed with white homogeneous albumen with deep foveal cavity; embryo

basal.

oa Jchore, Gunong Belumut, alt. 1,000 m. (Holttum

670).

The collector notes that the species is common in the locality.

Further collections with sheaths and with notes as to its habit,

size, etc., are desirable.

Ridley /.c. confused this with C. brevispadix, and later deter-

mined it in the herbarium as C. bubuensis.

60. Calamus Tanakadatei Furtado spec. nov.—t. 60.

C. luridus Becc. sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

198 et Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 56 pro parte.

C. muricatus Becc. sensu Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl.

VIII (1935) 255 quoad specimena malajana tantum.

C. muricato affinissima ut videtur, sed petiolis brevioribus et

magis aculeatis, foliolis latioribus pluricostulatis inermibus, rach-

eos aculeis frondalis digitatis sat distincta.

Caudex scandens, 1-5—2-5 cm. in diam., in sicco omnino nigrescens.

Vagina flagellifera, superne gibbosa, apice oblique truncata, transver-

saliter rugosa; rugae variabiles, inter se mixtae, maximae spinulis 4-6

mm. longis, ascendentibus .armatae, minimae rugae scabridae vel

minute spinulosae. Ocrea usque ad 1 cm. longa, mox decidua, incons-

picua. Frondes non-cirriferae, 75 cm. vel plus longae; petiolis 15-30

cm. longis, basin versus rugosis et valde aculeolatis scabridisque, in

altera parte minus armatis; aculeis rachidis digitatis reflexis. Foliola

remota, 7—9 cm. inter se dissita, porrecta, alternantia, lineario-lanceo-

lata, utrinque valde cuneata, apice acuminata, 4—7 costulata, plicatula,

concoloria, papyracea, utrinque et secus margines imermia, maxima

30-35 cm. longa, 2-8—3-5 cm. lata; duo terminalia paulo minora, basi

libera vel paulo connata. Spadices feminei flagelliformes, frondibus

longiores, in 3-4 inflorescentias, partiales 12-15 cm. longas. porrectas,

aliquid infra _spatharum apicem orientes subdivisi; pedunculus circa 30

cm. longus, Spathae primariae apice marcescentes, multo ultra bases

ramorum productae; basalis spatha bicarinata, valde rugosa. acu-

leolata; alterae tubulares, striatae apice oblique truncatae. Spiculae

per inflorescentiam partialem 12-16, alternantes, 1-5-3 cm. inter se

remotae, 4-8 cm. longae, floribus congestis; spathellae scabridae, fere

cylindricae, oblique truncatae. Involucrophorum exsertum prateriforme

vel disciforme:; involucrum conforme; areola discoidea vel triangularis.

Spadices masculi femineis similes, sed infiorescentiis partialibus plus

divisis; spiculis minoribus gracilioribusque spathis secundariis tertiari-

busque et etiam involucris inermibus, floribus masculis pectinatis

iffert

225

Gardens Bulletin, Ss.

Tab. 60. Calamus Tanakadatei (Moorhouse sn.—holoty pus).

A, Caudicis pars cum spadice femineo. B, Frondis fragmentum mesiale.

ihe)

Vol. XV. (1956).

Stem scandent, about 1-5—2-5 cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths flagellifer-

ous, gibbous above, obliquely truncate at apex, transversely rugose,

the larger wrinkles bearing 4-6 cm. long, ascendent spines, the smaller

ones minutely spinulose or scabrid. Ocrea small, inconspicuous. Leaves

non-cirriferous, 75 cm. or more long, including the 15—30 cm. long

petiole; the latter rugose and more or less armed like the sheath in

the basal half; rachis armed with digitate claws. Leaflets remote, 7-9

cm. apart, porrect, alternate, linear-lanceolate, strongly cuneate on

both sides, acuminate, 4—7-costulate, plicatulate, concolorous, papy-

raceous unarmed on both surfaces and along the margins, the largest

30-35 cm. long and 2-8-3-5 cm. broad. Female spadix flagelliform,

slightly longer than the leaves, short peduncled, subdivided into 3-4

branches, each branch being 12-15 cm. long and bearing 4-8 cm. long

spikelets. Male spadix similar but decompound and with smaller spike-

lets.

MALAYA: Negri Sembilan, prope Bukit Senaling (Moorhouse, holo-

typus, femineus). Selangor, Rawang (Ridley 12,118, masculus).

This species may be easily confused with C. muricatus, espe-

cially due to the darkish colour of the specimens in the herbarium

and to the wrinkles and ascendent spines on the leaf-sheaths, but

C. Tanakadatei is easily distinguished by its broader pluricostulate

leaflets which are moreover unarmed on both surfaces and more

apart on the leaf-rachis.

Ridley 12,404, collected with fruits at Puak in Sarawak, Borneo,

which may be C. muricatus, differs from C. Tanakadatei in the

leaflets being more coriaceous. As the specimen lacks petiole and

leaf-sheaths, no further comparison is possible. Its fruits may be

described as follows: Fruiting perianth subpedicelliform with

corolla as long as the calyx but with narrower lobes. Fruit young,

globose or ovate-globose, 6—7 mm. long, about 5 mm. broad, ab-

ruptly mucronate at the apex, slightly narrowed towards the base;

scales arranged in 12-13 vertical series, dirty brown with dark

brown intramarginal line. Seed not developed.

C. muricatus, which was based on a sterile specimen, requires

further study as to its variations; but Teysmann’s specimen cited

by Beccari under C. muricatus in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

Appendix (1913) 9 may be C. Holttumii.

The species is dedicated to the late Prof. Hidezo Tanakadate

who came with the Japanese invading army in Singapore and did

much to protect the scientific and historical institutions and libra-

ries from looters, and also to give the European scientists who

were in Singapore facilities to carry on with the work of their

speciality.

I think the vernacular name Rotan Perut Ayam was intended

for this species, but the ticket was inadvertently mounted on the

sheet bearing the spadix of Rotan Kerai (C. luridus).

227

—_—

Gardens Bulletin, S.

61. Calamus Holttumii Furtado spec. nov.—t.t. 61 & 61a.

A C. rugoso, cui affinissima, haec species foliolis longioribus

latioribusque, petiolis et spatha basali basin versus rugosis, spiculis

longioribus, spathis secundariis spathellisque vix scabridulis dif-

jert. A C. muricato foliolis angustioribus et inter se magis appro-

ximatis facile distinguitur.

Caudex scandens, circa 2 cm., in diam., in sicco omnino nigrescens.

Vaginae flagelliferae, superne gibbosae, rugis minutis apice spinulosis vel

non, etiam aculeis ad 10 mm. usque longis ascendentibus basi infra conca-

viusculis supra tumescentibus praeditae, deciduo furfuraceae. Ocrea

coriacea, circa 1 cm. longa, decidua vel non. Frondes metrales, non

cirriferae; petiolus 17-20 cm. longus, 6-10 mm. latus, bifacialis, squa-

mis brunneis remotis punctatus, basin versus utrinque minute rugosus

et aculeis minutis etiam majoribus intermixtis usque ad 5 mm. longis

armatus, secus margines et apicem versus dorso aculeis ad 5 mm.

usque longis remotis ornatus; rachis dorso unguibus solitariis vel digi-

tatis praedita. Foliola equidistantia, opposita vel alternantia, 2-5—4

cm. inter se remota, lineario-ensiformia, apicem versus attenuata, acu-

minata, 3-costata, in pagina superiore in 2 costis lateralibus spinulosa,

in pagina inferiore inermia, secus margines setis minutis inconspicuis

praedita; maxima mediana 24-28 cm. longa, 15—23 mm. lata, minima

apicalia. Spadix femineus, flagelliformis, unguiculatus, cum appendice

1-5 m. longus, in ramos spiculiferentes 2—3 divisus, pedunculo 25-30

cm. longo suffultus. Spathae primariae; basalis bicarinata, 10-30 cm.

longa, basin versus rugosa et minute spinulosa, secus carinas aculeis

usque ad 8 mm. longis praedita, apicem versus oblique truncata, ligu-

lata; alterae spathae cylindricae, apice oblique truncatae, ligulatae,

inermes vel unguiculatae, interdum basi rugosae. Rami primarii 12—22

cm. longi, utrinsecus 3—6 spiculas gerentes; spathae secundariae elon-

gato-infundibuliformes, inermes, deciduo furfuraceae, oblique trun-

catae, ligulatae. Spiculae simplices, alternantes, 3—4 cm. inter se

remotae, 4-8 cm. longae, supra spathae apicem orientes, floribus

femineis utrinsecus 12—20 praeditae; spathellae late infundibuliformes,

Striatae, imermes vel obscure scabridiusculae. Involucrophorum fere

omnino exsertum, pateriforme; involucrum conforme, triangulare;

areola conforme; flores omnes juveniles, sepalis valde striatis. Perian-

thium fructiferum basi callosum, subpedicellatum, in limbo explana-

tum, calyx quam corolla paulo minor. Fructus immaturus, globosus vel

elliptico globosus, 7-8 mm. in diam., apice subito rostratus; squamis

luteo-brunnescentibus, secus margines atrescentibus, per series verticales

15 dispositis; semen juvenile nondum definibile, cum albumine aequa-

bili ut videtur.

Stem scandent, about 2 cm. in diam., all parts drying dark-brown.

Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, gibbous above, provided with spinulous

ridged wrinkles and also with ascendent spines up to 10 mm. long,

deciduously furfuraceous. Leaves non-cirriferous, about a metre long;

petiole 17-20 cm. long, 6-10 mm. broad, punctate with brownish

scales, rugose on both surfaces towards the base and in the geniculum,

armed at the base on the ventral side, on the dorsum towards the apex

and along the margins with spines up to 5 mm. long; rachis armed

with solitary or digitate claws. Leaflets equidistant, 2-5-4 cm. apart,

narrow ensiform, 3-costate, unarmed beneath, setose along the two

lateral costae above and minutely so along the margins; the largest

mesial, 24-28 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide. Female spadix flagelliform,

about a metre and a half long, divided into 2—3 spiculiferous branches,

each about 12-20 cm. long. Spathes: the basal primary about 10-30

cm. long, bicarinate, rugose and densely armed in the basal portion

228

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 61. Calamus Holttumii (Holttum 37,395—holoty pus).

A, Caudicis pars cum folio. B, Spadicis fragmentum feminei basale.

229

Gardens Bulletin, S.

230

, « — .

Vol. XV. (1956).

with small or minute spines, and along the carinae with longer, up to

8 mm. spines, unarmed towards the apex; other primary spathes cylin-

drical, unarmed or clawed, sometimes also rugose and spinulose at

the base; secondary spathes unarmed. Spikelets 4-8 cm. long, 3-6 on

each side, alternate, 3-4 cm. apart, each bearing 12-20 flowers on

each side; spathels broadly infundibuliform, unarmed or almost so;

flowers very young. Fruiting perianth shortly callous at the base, ex-

planate. Fruit young, globose or ovate-globose, 7-8 mm. in diam.,

abruptly beaked; scales straw-coloured, darkish along the margins,

arranged in 15 vertical series; seed immature, not yet in the definitive

Stage.

MALAYA: Johore, Gunong Panti, alt. 500 m. (Holttum 37,395

holotypus, femineus, & 17,696 masculus).

The species is very closely allied to C. rugosus, from which it is

distinguished by the petioles and the basal primary spathe (some-

times upper ones also) being rugose at the base, the slightly longer

and broader leaflets, and the secondary spathes and the spathels

being unarmed or nearly so.

The armature on the leaf-sheath and the spadices is very like

that of C. Tanakadatei which, however, has much broader leaflets

that are placed generally at a greater distance on the leaves than

those of C. Holttumii.

Perhaps here also belongs Shelford’s collection made in Sarawak

in March 1901 and distributed as Tankei Maran. It is a male spe-

cimen having its spikelets borne, as in the female, on the primary

branches; but such variations in male spadices occur in many

species of Calamus, depending upon the age and other factors.

Teysmann identified as C. muricatus by Beccari in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. XI Appendix (1913) 9 may be this species; but

I have not seen the specimen. C. muricatus was described from a

sterile specimen having narrow leaflets as in C. Holttumii, but

very much more distantly disposed on the leaf-rachis; the species

requires further study.

62. Calamus rugosus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1892)

443; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 198; Becc. in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 175 t. 36; Ridl., Fl. Malay

Pen. V (1925) 58.—+.t. 62 & 62a.

Stem scandent, slender, 8-15 mm. in diam., all parts drying black.

Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, gibbous above, obliquely truncate, armed

with subhorizontal, not deflexed, 4-5 mm. long, triangular spines and

with many small, interrupted annular ridges fringed on the crests

with very small, confluent spines. Leaves 70-80 cm. long including the

petiole; the latter 14-20 cm. long, 4-6 mm. broad at base, armed on

the margins and on the dorsum, and occasionally on the upper surface

towards the base, with short, scattered spines; rachis closely armed

beneath with uniseriate, solitary claws. Leaflets many, linear-lanceo-

late, acuminate, bristly on both surfaces and in the margins, or occa-

sionally more or less naked in the lower surface; the largest mesial,

231

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Vol. XV. (1956).

yy em,

Up g ea

Li,

Frons. C, Spadix masculus.

233

Gardens Bulletin, S.

15-25 cm. long, 8-12 mm. broad; the terminal two smallest and free

to the base. Female spadix very slender, flagelliform, slightly longer

than the leaves, divided into 4—5 spiculiferous, 10-15 cm. long, bran-

ches. Spikelets 6-9 in each branch, 2-5-4 cm. long bearing 4-7 female

flowers on each side. Primary spathes tubular, closely-sheathing, acu-

leate; secondary spathes also tubular, 1-2 cm. long, truncate, ligulate,

scabrid; spathels scabrid, striate, infundibuliform. Fruiting perianth

subpedicelliform with the subcallous base; the corolla one and a half

times longer than the calyx without the beak about 10 mm. long, 6-8

mm. broad. Fruit obovoid-oblong, rostrate, not beaked, scales chan-

nelled in the middle, greenish brown, with pale scarious margins and a

dark, reddish-brown intramarginal line, disposed in 15-17 vertical

series. Seed with a homogeneous white albumen and with a basal

embryo. Male spadix like the female, but with longer partial inflores-

cences, each often bearing secondary branches with smaller spikelets

in the basal half. Male flowers 3-5-4 mm. long, 1 mm. broad; calyx

half as long as the corolla, abruptly narrowed at the base, not or

obscurely striate.

MALAYA: Perak, Maxwell Hill, alt. 1,000 m. (Curtis in V—1890,

male); Taiping Hills (Ridley 11,314 male, and 11,315 fruiting, and sn.

in IJ—-1904, female).

The species was based on a specimen collected in Perak by

Father Scortechini and is apparently endemic on the mountain

range near Taiping. I have seen only one detached fruit described

here; however it might not be typical.

63. Calamus scabridulus Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II (1902)

203; in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 171 t. 32 et in

Suppl. (1913) 9 et 34 in nota sub. C. luridus; Ridl., Fl. Malay

Pen. V (1925) 58 pro parte.—t. 63.

C. luridus Becc. sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

198 pro parte.

Stem scandent, slender. Leaf-sheaths ...........++8. Leaves not

cirriferous; petiole in the incomplete specimen seen 45 cm. long, 8-10

mm. broad, grooved above, armed along the margins and on the dor-

sum with simple, occasionally digitate, hooked, up to 5 mm. long

spines; lamina a little over a metre long, having 13 leaflets on each

side; rachis armed dorsally with one row of simple, sometimes digitate

spines. Leaflets subequidistant, concolorous, 5-10 cm. apart, lanceolate-

ensiform, narrowed at both ends, 3—5 costate, the median three stouter

and setose on both surfaces, in the upper surface more than in the

lower; transverse veinlets prominent but discontinuous; margins ad-

pressed spinulose; the largest leaflets about 40-50 cm. long, 2-5-3 cm.

broad; the terminal pair shortly connate at the base, 22—25 cm. long,

about 3 cm. broad. Male spadix over 2 m. long, flagelliform with 40-60

cm. long branches, the spikelets borne on the secondary and tertiary,

branches. Primary spathes tubular, obliquely truncate at the apex,

aculeate, sometimes also partly scabrid; secondary spathes narrowly

tubular, up to 5 cm. long. scabrid, sometimes finely aculeolate, obli-

quely truncate, ligulate with ciliated mouth; tertiary spathes 8-15 mm.

long, minutely but densely aculeolate or scabrid, obliquely truncate at

the mouth. Spikelets 1-5 cm. long, with distichous flowers; spathels

concave and subbracteiform, densely scabrid; involucre cupuliform,

234

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 63. Calamus scabridulus (Fox 11,300).

A, Folium sine apice basique. B, Spadix masculus. C. S

padicis pars ut

appareant.

spicula, spathae secundariae et earum armatura

Spiculae fragmentum.

235

Gardens Bulletin, S.

often partly scabrid. Female spadix apparently like the male but the

spaknicts borne et en a

female flowers 2-5 mm. long with corolla twice as long as the calyx.

MALAYA: Johore, Sungai Semang in Muar (Fox sub no. Ridleyano

11,300, male).

SUMATRA: Pulau Billiton (Ricdel 1.876, Holotypus).

Of the holotype I have seen only the photographic plate pub-

lished by Beccari in 1908. In the original description a specimen

from Beccari’s note under C. ruvidus op. (1908) 170, it appears

that the citation, which was meant to appear under the latter

species, through an error, appeared under C. scabridulus. This

error is apparently the sole basis for extendmg the distribution of

C. scabridulus also to Borneo, where so far it has not been

collected.

64. Calamus luridus Becc. m Hook. é., Fl, But. Ind. VI (1892)

445; Ridl, Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 198 pro parte;

Becc. m Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 243 t 80 et

Appendix (1913) 33; Rid, Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 56 pro

parte; Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl, VIII (1935) 253.—

t. 64.

C. distans Ridl., FL. Malay Pen. II (1925) 56 sym. mov.

Stems scamdent, 1-5—-2-5 cm. im diam_, incleding the sheaths, about

7-12 m. long, of dark brown colour m the different parts when dry.

Leaj-sheaths gibbous above. very obliquely truncate at the apex, flagel-

Vol. XV. (19356). ;

‘Tab. 64. Calamus luridus (A—C: Nur 12,188; D—E: Holttum 10,974).

A, Petiolus cum vagima. B, Folii fragmentum apicale. C, Spadix fructi-

ferens. D, Infiorescentia partialis mascula. E, Spicula mascula.

237

Gardens Bulletin, S-

MALAYA: Trengganu, Gunong Padang (Hislop in VII-1952). Ke-

lantan, Gunong Sitong, alt. 300 m. (Nur with Foxworthy 12,188-

isoholotype of C. distans). Pahang, Sungei Yet on Bukit Fraser, alt.

900 m. (Nur 11,130); Fraser Hill, alt. 1,300-1,400 m. (Burkill &

Holttum 8,807 vern. nom. Rotan Tikus). Perak, Kinta Valley (Ridley

9.814); Taiping Hills (Ridley 11,987). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Senaling

near Kuala Pilah (Moorhouse in 1904 vern. nom. Rotan Perut Ayam,

in 24—XII-1903, vern. nom. Rotan Kerai). Johore, Gunong a

alt. 330 m. (Holttum 10,974); ? Sungai Tebrau in Larskine Estate

(Ridley 9,207).

The syntypes of this species were all from Perak and the species

is not yet known from outside Malaya. Ridley confused the speci-

mens of C. muricatus with C. luridus, and this misidentification

is probably the sole basis for Ridley’s including Borneo in the dis-

tribution for C. luridus. The female flowers in this species have a

corolla twice as long as the calyx, a character shared by extremely

few species in the genus.

Good specimens of C. luridus are needed to study the variation

in this species. There is some variation in the specimens cited here,

but in the absence of leaf-sheaths and sometimes of other parts it

was not possible to determine the significance of this variation or

whether more than one species are included here.

I think both Moorhouse’s collection (leaf with a portion of a

stem on one sheet, and male spadix on the other) belong to the

same collection; the former has a field label written by Moorhouse

and is called Rotan Kerai; while the latter bears a label copied by

Ridley in 1904 and was apparently meant for the specimen named

here as C. Tanakadatei. Hence the vernacular name Rotan Perut

Ayam should, in my opinion, belong to the last named species.

Ridley 9,207 from Johore is quoted here with some doubt as it

partakes of some characters of C. scabridulus.

65. Calamus laxiflorus Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

Appendix (1913) 13 t. 7; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 56.

—t. 65.

C. luridus Becc. sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

199 pro parte.

Stem slender, scandent, with sheaths 2—2-5 cm. in diam., all parts

drying black. Leajf-sheaths flagelliferous, gibbous above, densely armed

with solitary or confivent, unequal up to 1-5 cm. long, flat, triangular

refiexed spines. Leaves petiolate (petiole more than 8 cm. long, not

seen in its full length), about 80 cm. or more long; rachis armed

beneath with solitary spines in three series, or geminate in the upper

parts. Leaflets numerous, 3-costulate, ensiform, concolorous, dark, 26—

30 cm. long, 15-17 mm. broad, 3—3-5 cm. apart; the three costae more

or less bristly on both surfaces, the bristles being fewer or partly

absent in the upper surface. Male spadix about 2 m. long, flagelliform,

divided into 4—5 pendulous branches, the largest 30-35 cm. long; each

of the longer primary branches subdivided in the basal parts into 8-10

cm. long secondary branches, each bearing 2-5-3 cm. long filiform

238

Voi. XV. (1956).

a |

HI.

AT)

\ 4

\ Vey

ay |

Ay!)

Xa i)

; HA

iit

SS, i

| : ==

i RAN |

»]

a\ ) \

\ i .

. \ SS

. a .

‘Tab. 65. Calamus laxifiorus (Ridley 12,607—isoholoty pus).

A, Caudicis fragmentus. B, Frondis pars. C. Spadix masculus. D,

Spicula. E. Flos masculus.

239

Gardens Bulletin, S-

speicicts; the 29k ne ee

short primary branches subdivided into simple, filiform, 4—6 cm. long

practically unarmed,

tubular, scabridulous; male flowers alternate, remote, bifarious, dark.

Female spadix and fruits unknown.

MALAYA: Singapore, Woodlands (Ridley 12,607, isoholotype).

Among the Malayan species C. scabridulus comes very near to

C. laxifiorus, but the former has very remote, mequidistant broader

leaflets, and very scabrid spathes, and spathels. C. luridus, which

also comes close to this, has inequidistant and broader leaflets,

and almost unarmed spathes and spathels.

The holotype is m Beccari’s Herbarium in Florence.

66. Calamus balingensis Furtado sp. noy.—t. 66.

Caudex solitarius, 8—12 m. longus, cum vaginis circa 2 cm. in diam.

Vagina frondis fiagellifera, infra petiolum gibbosa, aculeis inaequali-

bus. laminaribus, horizontalibus vel ascendentibus, apice longissime

subuliformibus, solitariis, 2-5 cm. longis, apicalibus ad 10 cm. longis

porrectis densissime horrida, apice oblique truncata. Ocrea brevis, iner-

mis, mox decidua. Frondes haud cirriferae, in foliola plurrima aequi-

distantia ensiformia divisae, 1-60-2 m. longae, in rachide, petioloque

dense furfuraceae; petiolus circa 15-25 cm. longus, supra applanatus

secus margines aculeolis per series 2-3 dispositis confiuentibus ornatus,

subtus convexus, basin versus omnino aculeolatus; lamina circa a3

1-75 m. longa, in rachidis dorso unguibus per series 3 dispositis, soli

tariis vel basi confiuentibus praedita. Foliola aequidistantia, coatiainnin,

22—28 cm. longa, 14-16 mm. lata, tricostata, circa 1-5 cm. inter se

dissita, duo apicalia minima libera, omnia superne in costis margini-

busque setosa, subtus in costis primariis alterisque setulosissima, apice

acuminatissima vel acuta, setosa. Spadix masculus flagelliformis, fron-

dibus paulo longior, in inflorescentia partiales circa 6, maximas circa

20 cm. longas, divisus; inflorescentiae partiales porrectae, in ramos

secundarios spiculiferentes divisae. Spathae primariae tubulosae, basali

obscure bicarinata magis horrida excepta, cylindricae, valde aculeolatae,

aculeis interdum seriatim despositis, apice scariosae vel marcescentes;

deciduo furfuraceae. Spiculae marcidae, diruptae tantum visae, circa

2 cm. vel plus longae ut videtur; spathellae infundibuliformes, in ligu-

lam erectam terminatae. Jnvolucrum cupuliforme haud exsertum.

Alterae partes et spadices feminei ignoti.

Stem solitary, 8-12 m. long, with sheaths about 2 cm. in diam.

Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, gibbous below the petiole, densely armed

with solitary, unequal, 2—5 cm. long, ascendent or horizontal spines;

those at the mouth longer and much more slender, up to 10 cm. long.

Leaves non-cirmiferous, densely furfuraceous, 1-60—2 m. long, including

the 15-25 cm. long petiole; the latter armed on the dorsal side and

along the margims more densely at the base; rachis armed below with

solitary or confluent claws arranged in three series. Leafiets numerous,

closely set, ensiform, largest 22-28 cm. long, 14-16 mm. broad, setose

along the nerves on both sides: the two terminal leaflets free, and like

the basal ones, among the smallest. Male spadix slightly longer than

the leaves, clawed in the axis, not provided with a long clawed appen-

dix, divided in about 6 branches, the longest of which being about 20

cm. long. Spathes: primary tubular, densely aculeolate, especially the

basal one; secondary spathes unarmed, furfuraceous, about 2 cm. long.

Spikelets apparently about 2 cm. or more long.

240

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 66. Calamus balingensis (Furtado 33,073—holoty pus).

A, Frondis fragmentum cum petiolo et parte vaginae. B, Frondis frag-

mentum apicale. C, Spadix masculus.

241

Gardens Bulletin, S.

MALAYA: Kedah, Gunong Baling, prope Gua Bebu (Furtado

33,073, vern. nom. Rotan Tanah).

Only one male spadix was found on the plants, and that too in

somewhat decayed state. It is not possible from this to define pre-

cisely the specific affinities. But the species is readily recognised

by its long, densely arranged spines on the flagelliferous sheaths,

by non-cirriferous leaves having ensiform, equidistant leaflets

thickly setose in the lower surface, by the presence of thick furfur

on the petiole and leaf-rachis, by long, flagelliferm spadix which

bears closely sheathing armed spathes.

The leaflets in very young plants are arranged in groups, but as

the plants grow older, they become equidistant.

67. Calamus pulaiensis Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI

ees (1913) 34 t. 18; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 56.

Stem probably scandent and slender. Leaf-sheaths gibbous above;

petiole 14-20 cm. long, 8-10 mm. broad at its base, provided on the

dorsal side towards the base with minute numerous pustular growths

and along the margins with 1-4 mm. long, horizontal spines, 8-15

mm. apart; rachis armed underneath with solitary, black-tipped claws.

Leaflets obscurely 3-costulate, ensiform, acuminate, equidistant, closely-

set, 1-5-2 cm. apart, armed with small setae on the 3-costae of the

upper surface, and with very minute, somewhat deciduous, hairs on

the principal costae, and sometimes on the secondary, on the lower

surface; the largest leaflets intermediate, 16-24 cm. long, 10-12 mm.

broad; the terminal two smallest and free to the base. Female spadix

about 1 m. long including the terminal flagellum, divided into 4 bran-

ches, each 14-18 cm. long, bearing 12-16 alternate, 2-5-4 cm. long,

rigid, spikelets inserted at the mouth of the spathes; each spikelet bear-

ing about 4—9 female flowers on each side. Primary spathes very closely

sheathing, tubular, aculeate or clawed, 7-15 cm. long; secondary

spathes tubular, unarmed, smooth or somewhat striate, covered with

the remnants of the deciduous, reddish tomentum, 10-12 cm. long,

truncaie, shortly ligulate on one side; spathels broadly infundibuliform,

somewhat veined, furfuraceous, more or less scabrid, ligulate. Involuc-

rophore cupular; female flowers 44-5 mm. long; corolla twice as long

as the calyx, the latter almost cylindrical, with the base somewhat

callous. Male spadix not known.

MALAYA: Johore, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12,199- at i and

s.n. in Dec. 1904, as to the spadix).

This species is easily confused with C. densiflorus and in fact

the above cited specimens were so named in the Singapore her-

barium; but from the latter species C. pulaiensis is easily distin-

guished by its two apical leaflets being free to the base, and a

corolla of the female flower being twice as long as the calyx. In

this last rare character it resembles C. luridus, a species which

acquires a dark brown colour in the herbarium specimens. Both

C. luridus and C. densiflorus have broader and more distant leaf-

lets without minute hairs on the costae underneath. Some species

242

: Vol. XV. (1956).

Le I

aS La YS pt! Vy,

~ “ J i V z Pop, 6

WSs SA VP KK

Tab. 67. Calamus pulaiensis (Ridley 12,199—isoholoty pus?).

A, Folium. B, Spadix femineus. C, Fructus juvenilis.

243

Gardens Bulletin, S.

of C. densiflorus resembles so very much this species in the spadix

and a shape of the leaflets that C. pulaiensis might well be sus-

pected to be a hybrid between C. densiflorus and a species like

C. exilis, or some allied species having hairy leaves in the under

surface.

Ridley 12,199 in herb. Singapore and the holotype at Kew bear

the identical number, but the Kew specimen is dated January 1904

and the Singapore duplicate dated December 1904; I think both

the specimens belong to the same collection made in December

1904, but that Ridley entered the word “January”, for December

through mistake, possibly because the specimen was distributed in

January 1905. The unnumbered specimen is also collected on

Gunong Pulai in December 1904, but here the spadix of C. pulai-

ensis is mounted with a leaf which does not belong to it.

68. Calamus chibehensis, Furtado sp. nov.—t.t. 68 & 68a.

C. Burkilliano similis, sed frondium vaginis deciduo furfuraceis,

petiolis secus marginis minus armatis, foliis et spadicibus longiori-

bus, perianthiis fructiferis subpedicellatis, fructibus apparenter

majoribus haec species sat dissimilis.

Caudex scandens, cum vaginis 2-5—3-5 cm. in diam. Vagina frondis

flagellifera, striata, deciduo furfuracea, aculeis ad 1-5 cm. usque longis,

refiexis, triangularibus, dispersis solitariis vel raro basi confluentibus,

apicem versus nigricantibus ornata, apice oblique truncata, infra petio-

lum gibbosa, in gibbo haud armata. Ocrea brevis, marcescens, setis

densis atrescentibus praedita, secus margines vaginae persistens. Fron-

des cum petiolo circa sesquimetrales, in foliolia equidistantia divisae;

petiolus 20-30 cm. longus, supra concaviusculus, infra medium secus

margines aculeolatus, supra medium inermis, subtus convexus, apicem

versus in dorso unguibus simplicibus remotis ornatus; rachis laminae

secus dorsum unguibus solitariis in uma serie, in parte apicali versus

minoribus praedita, circa 1-1-30 m. longa. Foliola plura, alternata vel

subopposita, 3 costata, circa 3-5 cm. inter se remota, aequidistantia,

porrecta, ensiformia, apicem versus sensim attenuata, maxima 40—50

cm. longa, 2-2-5 cm. lata, apicem frondis versus minora; duo apicalia

inter minima, libera vel basi paulo connata; omnia supra secus tres

costas et margines remote setosa, subtus inermia. Spadix femineus

flagelliformis, frondibus longior, in inflorescentias partiales 2—3 divisus,

in parte pedunculare 1-5-2 m. longus; inflorescentiae partiales 15-20

cm. longae in spicas 18-22 alternatas divisae. Spathae primariae tubu-

lares, basilari bicarinata excepta, cylindricae, aculeatae, apice oblique

truncatae, spadicis internodiis minores; spathae secundariae infundi-

buliformes, inermes, circa 10 mm. longae, furfuro deciduo ferrugineo

tectae, striatae, apice fimbriatae, ligulatae. Spiculae circa ad 5 cm.

longae, ad apicem spathae vel nonnihil supra orientes, horizontales vel

refiexae, in axilla callosae, floribus utrinsecus 8-12; spathellae infundi-

buliformes, 2 mm. longae, apice scariosae. Involucrophorum ad spa-

thellae apicem oriens, prateriforme; involucrum conforme; areola

lunata. Perianthium fructiferum juvenile tantum visum, basi callosum,

subpedicelliforme, corolla calyce duplo longior. Fructus juvenilis, squa-

mis per series 15 verticales dispositis.

244

ee aa

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 68. Calamus chibehensis (Henderson 29,842—holoty pus).

A, Caudicis pars cum petiolo et spadice femineo.

245

Tab. 68a. Calamus chibehensis (Henderson 29,842—holotypus).

B. Frondis fragmentum apicale. u

| ied

2S eee

Vol. XV. (1956).

Stem scandent, apparently over 10 m. long, with sheaths 2-5-3-5 cm.

in diam. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, deciduously furfuraceous, gibbous

below the petiole, striate, unarmed in the gibbous part, armed in other

parts with about 1-5 cm. long, solitary, scattered, rarely confluent

spines and with blackish setae in the ocrea. Leaves including the 20-30

cm. long, petiole about 1-5 m. long, armed dorsally in the petiole and

rachis with short, solitary spines. Leaflets many, ensiform, about 3—5

cm. apart, largest about 40-50 cm. long, 2-2-5 cm. broad. Female

spadix flagelliform, much longer than the leaves, long peduncled (pe-

duncle about 1-5—2 m. long), divided into about 2-3 branches and

terminating in a long clawed appendix; the branches about 15-20 cm.

long, each bearing about 18-22 spikelets. Primary spathes tubular,

aculeolate: secondary spathes tubular, unarmed, 10 mm. long, decidu-

ously ferrugineous. Spikelets up to 5 cm. long. Fruit very young, with

subpedicelliform perianth and with scales arranged in 15 series.

MALAYA: Pahang, Pulau (insula) Chibeh, prope Pulau Tioman

(Henderson 29,842).

This species belongs to Beccari’s Group V. B. 1., being allied

to the subgroup to which C. Reinwardtii belongs. It is easily dis-

tinguished from its allies by long leaves with long, equidistant leaf-

lets, the long peduncled flagelliform spadices, large stems and

thickly setose ocrea which borders the mouth of leaf-sheaths. From

C. Burkillianus, it is distinguished by the larger dimension of

almost all its organs, the presence of deciduous rusty furfur on the

sheaths which by persisting for a long time on the bases of the

thorns make the latter appear reddish-brown. The fruit too may be

larger (in the material it was too immature).

69. Calamus Burkillianus Becc. ex Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925)

56; Furtado in Gard. Bull. Straits Settl VII (1935) 245.—

t.t. 69 & 69a.

Stem scandent, 2—3-5 cm. in diam., apparently about 15 m. or more

long. Leaf-sheaths light straw-coloured, gibbous below the petiole,

armed with similarly coloured, black-tipped, scattered, solitary, hori-

zontal or slightly recurved, 8-15 mm. long spines. Ocrea short, hispid.

Leaves apparently a metre or so long, all parts drying light greenish

or straw-coloured, petiole apparently about 30-45 cm. long, slightly

covered with a brownish-coloured, deciduous furfur, semi-terete, armed

with short spines along the margins; rachis armed with solitary, short

claws on the dorsum. Leaflets narrow ensiform, equidistant, alternate

or opposite, 2-3-5 cm. apart, largest 25-35 cm. long, 1-5—1-8 cm.

broad, setose in the two costae above, and in the midcosta below, the

terminal shortest, shortly connate at base. Spadices much longer than

the leaves, ending in a long flagelliform appendix. Primary spathes

tubular, aculeolate, light green; secondary spathes unarmed, about 1-2

cm. long. Spadix branches 20-25 cm. in male, up to 50 cm. in female

spadices. Spikelets in the female spadices up to 12 cm. long, shorter

in the male; male flowers usually on a short tertiary branches so as to

appear as if in groups. Fruiting perianth explanate or shortly pedicelli-

form, corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx. Fruit ellipsoid, nar-

rowed on both sides, about 12 mm. long, 5 mm. in diam.; scales

arranged in 15—16 longitudinal series, light coloured, with dark intra-

marginal lines; seed oblong, not ruminate.

MALAYA: Pahang, Pulau Tioman, Joara Bay (Burkill s.n. VI-

1915—Isoholotype); Ayer Batang (Henderson 18,465). Trengganu, Pulau

Kapas (Holttum 15,211).

247

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 69. Calamus Burkillianus (Henderson 18,465 <¢).

A. Frondis fragmentum apicale. B, Pars spadicis masculi.

248

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. 69a. Calamus Burkillianus (Burkill sn—lIsoholoty pus).

A, Frondis vagina. B, Frondis fragmentum apicale. C, Pars spadicis

fructiferentis. C, Fructus. E, Semen ejusdem verticaliter discissum.

249

Gardens Bulletin, S-

As the species was madequately described by Ridley, a fuller

description was given by me in Gard. Bull. Lc. The tertiary bran-

ches in the male spadix is about 1 cm. long, bearing about 8

flowers. The male corolla which is about 4 mm. long is nearly

twice as long as the calyx. The fruiting perianth is explanate with

a short callous base, and the corolla nearly double the length of

the calyx.

70. Calamus densifiorus Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI

(1892) 445 & Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. IT (1902) 205; Ridl., Mat.

Fi. Malay Pen. IT (1907) 196; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. XI (1908) 376 pl 157. Suppl. (1913) 75; Ridl., FI.

Malay Pen. V (1925) 53.—4.t. 70 & 70a.

C. neglectus Becc. in Hook. f., op. cit. VI (1893) 458 et in

Ann. cit. XI (1908) 416 pl 182, Suppl. (1913) 100 pl. 56, Ridl.,

Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 62. syn. nov.

Siem scandent, 5 m. or more long, 3—4 cm. in diam. with sheaths.

Leaf-sheaths obliquely truncate at the apex, with a short marcescent

ocrea, gibbous below the petiole, straw-coloured when dry, armed with

flattened triangular, unequal, up to 1-5 cm. long, straw-coloured re-

fiexed spines. Leaves not cirriferous, rarely subcirriferous, the terminal

leaflets considerably reduced, sometimes imparipinnate, 2-2-5 m. long;

rachis armed with solitary or irregularly confluent, swollen-based,

black-tipped claws; petiole obscure or absent, in one specimen 10 cm.

long, armed along the margins and above with small, scattered prickles.

Leafiets numerous, equidistant, opposite or almost so, 1-5—2-5 cm.

apart. linear-ensiform, the terminal pair shortest, the basal ones very

narrow, though nearly as long as the middle ones. the latter largest

about 30-35 cm. long. 1-5 cm. broad, all 3-costate; costae in the upper

surface spinulous above towards the terminal portions only, in the

lower surface strongly spinulous even on the middle; margins adpress-

edly spinulous. Female fat elongate. flagelliform, divided into

secondary branches; partial inflorescences remote, few, 25—35 cm. long,

longer in vigorous specimens, bearing 7—13 spikelets and terminating

in a short sterile appendix. Primary spathes tubular, elongated, armed

with short, scattered or confluent, recurved spines; secondary spathes

unarmed, 2—4 cm. long. deciduously rusty-furfuraceous, striate. Spike-

lets 4-8 cm. long, somewhat reflexed, bearing 10-16 fiowers on each

side, spathels closely packed. rustv-furfuraceous, striate, bracteate.

Involucrophore caupular, almost exsert; involucre cupular with entire

or undulate margins, included in the involucrophore cup. Female

fiowers bifarious, 5 mm. long. calyx, striate, furfuraceous. Fruiting

perianth shortly pedicelliform: corolla as leng as the calyx, the latter

2 split. Fruits closely packed. obovate, suddenly and stoutly rostrate,

15-17 mm. long, including the beak, 1 cm. in diam.; scales in 18

series, slightly channelled, straw-coloured with rather ‘reddish-brown

margins; seed ovoid-elliptic, deeply pitted, ruminate, 1 cm. long, 7

mm. broad, 5 mm. thick; embryo in the centre, opposite the chalazal

fovea. Male spadix often divided into tertiary, flower-bearing bran-

ches: secondary spathes sometimes sparingly armed, 1-5-2 cm. long;

tertiary spathes 0-5 cm. long, rusty-furfuraceous, infundibuliform.

Spikelets when borne on the primary branches 34 cm. long, when

borne on the secondary branches, 1-5-2 cm. long, 6-10 mm. apart;

spathels bracteiform, with broad triangular ciliate point, furfuaraceous;

flowers bifarous, pectinately packed, deciduously rusty- -furfuraceous;

calyx distinctly striate.

250

rondis pars. B. Spadicis pars masculi

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 702. Calamus densiflorus (Holitum 9415 °).

A, Petolus cum vagina. B, Frondis pars. C. Spadix froctiferens. D.

Froceos. E, Semen. F. Idem verticaliter discissum.

252

Vol. XV. (1956).

MALAYA: Kemamaa, (Vv i ;

(Corner 39,514 male and pss Perak, pee: Malacca (Curtis

3,353). Selamgor, Batang Berjuntai (Ridley font cag Eres a

(Ridley 3,495). Johore, Kiuang (Holttum 9,415).

dai (Ridley 6,280, vern. nom. Rotan Chichi); Gardens’ ‘ou Ona.

ley 9,850 & 10,861, both male).

In this species the terminal leaflets are diminutive, and are either

paripinnate (free, or more or less united), or imparipmmate, or

the leaf ends in a small cirrus. C. densiflorus was described on

specimens (Kunstler 5,527 and 8,434 from Taipmg, Perak) hav-

ing no terminal portions, and bearing rather stout spikelets with

congested flowers. C. neglectus on the other hand, was based on

a specimen (Griffith 6,399 bis from Malacca), which had a small

cirrus, and so the two species were placed by Beccari m two dif-

ferent sections. I have not been able to see the syntypes of C. den-

Siflorus, nor the holotype of C. neglectus. My conclusions that

both these two binomials represent only one species have been

derived after comparing the plates of the types, the descriptions

and the specimens subsequently identified by Beccari. The only

difference one may notice is that the spathels in C. meglectus are

slightly more apart than in the typical C. densiflorus, and that the

lowermost secondary spathes are slightly armed, but such varia-

tions are seen im this species.

In 1907 Ridley (op. cit. p. 197) had quoted the Kuala Lumpur

specimen (Ridley 3,495) under C. densiflorus, but subsequently,

when the specimen was identified by Beccari (1913) as C. neg-

lectus, Ridley (1925) quoted the specimen under both the species.

C. densiflorus has great affinities with C. Ridleyanus and, were it

not for the conspicuous armature of the primary spathes and

peculiar indumentum and prickles on the secondary spathes, many

of the flowering specimens of C. Ridleyanus would have been

separated with difficulty from C. densiflorus.

71. Calamus Ridleyanus Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 11 (1902)

205; Ridl., Mat. Fi. Malayan Pen. II (1907) 197: Becc. in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. XI (1908) 378 pl 158, Appendix

1913) 77; RidL, Fl. Malay Pen. V (11925) 54.—+. 71.

Stem tufted, scandent, about 15 m. long, 2-2-5 cm. im diam. with

sheaths. Leaf-sheaths gibbous beneath the petiole, armed with unequal,

flat, narrowly triangular, nigrescent, spreading or somewhat ascendent,

solitary or approximate spines, the largest of which are 15-20 mm.

long, but those at the mouth fewer. narrower and up to 4 cm. long.

Leaves large, 1—1-5 m. long, subcirriferous; rachis armed beneath with

simple or ternate. black-tipped claws; petiole 12-15 cm. long. deeply

channelled above. armed beneath along the margins with two or more

rows of small spines and with ome row along the dorsum. Leaflets

numerous equidistant or nearly so, alternate to opposite, 4-5 cm.

eet We cecal thc: ler Pe eee 9°25 coe bcd (chor icx

and narrower in a male specimen seen). the basal the narrowest, the

253

‘

at Tp

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Tab. 71. Calamus Ridleyanus (A—E: Corner 30,536 3; F-H: Ridley 11,460

S49 &

A, Caudicis pars. B, Frondis fragmentum. C, Spadicis fragmentum

masculi. D, Spicula mascula. E, Flos masculus apertus. F, Frag-

mentum spadicis feminei. G, Spicula feminea. H, Flos femineus

apertus ut ovarium et staminodi dispositio appareant.

254

Vol. XV. (1956).

terminal the shortest. diminutive, green on both sides, smooth above and

along the margins, but bristly at the apex and on the median nerve and

often along the two side nerves beneath. Female spadix flagelliform,

nearly 2 m. long, with spikelet-bearing, pendulous, primary branches

about 45-60 cm. long. Primary spathes tubular rather densely armed;

‘secondary spathes with small tuberculiform-based, recurved prickles

and with a broad, erect exsuccous ligule, 2-5-4 cm. long. Spikelets

vermicular, 5-11 cm. long, recurved, inserted inside the mouth of the

axillant spathe; spathels broadly infundibuliform, rusty-furfuraceous,

obscurely striate, 2 mm. long. Involucrophore deeply cupular, almost

enclosed in its spathel; involucre nearly as long, cupular with entire

margins. Female flowers ovoid, 4 mm. long. Male spadix almost simi-

lar to the female, but spikelets are borne rarely on primary branches

5—8 cm. long, and usually on secondary branches 1-2 cm. long.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Sungai Nipa (Corner 30,536, male). Johore,

Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12,202 and in Dec. 1904). Simgapore, Mandai

(Ridley 3,504, syntype); Gardens Jungle (Ridley 6,901, syntype, and

11,460).

The species was hitherto known from female specimens only;

Corner 30,536, which is male, is specifically identical, despite the

fact that it presents certain small differences from the female spe-

cimens. As the fruit is as yet unknown, it is yet difficult to deter-

mine the exact affinities of the species, though it appears to be

very near C. densifiorus with which some specimens have been

confused in the herbarium.

72. Calamus Diepenhorstii Mig., Prodr. Fl. Sum. (1860) 594 et

in Journ. Bot. Neerl. I (1861) 21; Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit.

Ind. VI (1893) 454; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malayan Pen. II (1907)

199; Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 322 t.

126; RidL, Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 55 pro parte — (var.

Diepenhorstii).

C. insignis Griff. sensu Ridl., op. cit. (1907) 193 et V (1926)

51 quoad descriptionem spadicis fructiferi.

? C. pacificus Ridl., in Journ. F.M.S. Mus. VI (1915) 59.

C. singaporensis Becc. sensu Ridl., op. cit. (1907) 199 partim.

Stem tufted, scandent, 15-20 cm. long, with sheaths about 2-3-5

cm. in diam. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous, slightly gibbous under the

petiole, more or less densely armed with flat, triangular, 1-2 cm. long

spines having furfuraceous margins, tumescent bases, and sharply de-

marcated black lamina. Leaves non-cirriferous. 70 cm. to 2 m. long;

petiole 20-30 cm. long, sometimes longer, armed in the lower surface

along the margins and the middle with short, black tipped claws;

rachis armed beneath with claws in three series in the lower half and

in ome series in the upper one. Leaffiets numerous, ensiform, equidis-

tant, 2-3 cm. apart. opposite or alternate, armed with black setae on the

median nerve of the upper surface, and on the two side nerves and

often also the median nerve of the lower surface, and terminating in a

long bristly tip; mesial leaflets largest, 35-45 cm. long, 15-18 mm.

broad; the two terminal leaflets free. Female spadix flagelliform,

255

Gardens Bulletin, S.

slender, strongly clawed, very long peduncled (peduncle sometimes as

long as 3 m. long), divided into 4-6 pendulous, about 15-30 cm. long

partial inflorescences. Primary spathes tubular, aculeate, obliquely

truncate, ligulate; secondary spathes unarmed or occasionally obscurely

armed, truncate and ligulate at apex, larger ones 5-6 cm. long. Spike-

lets simple, occasionally branched at the base, 7-12 cm. long, about

8-10 in each of the larger partial inflorescences, with about 18-22

alternate flowers; spathellae tubular, infundibuliform, truncate and

slightly ligulate, deciduously furfuraceous, 3-5 mm. long. Fruiting

perianth subpedicelliform, usually split almost to the base. Fruit glo-

bose, 18-20 mm. in diam., shortly mucronate; scales in 18-21, rarely

up 24, longitudinal series, light yellowish with a narrow, dark intra-

marginal line which tends to become lighter with age, and with a very

narrow hyaline margin; seed globular with deeply ruminate albumen.

Male spadix very like the female but with shorter secondary spathes,

spikelets and spathels, and with smaller pectinate flowers.

MALAYA: Penang, Muka Head (Curtis 765). Perak, Taiping Hills

(Ridley 11,412 and 11,411); Kuala Kangsar (Haniff 14,942); Temango

(Ridley 14,714); Pangkor (Ridley 7,898, vern. nom. Rotan Chichi);

Kinta Valley (Ridley 9,815); Lumut (Ridley 10,341; Burkill 512; Rid-

ley 9,472 partly). Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley in 1891); Raub on the

Bentong Boundary, alt. 600 m. (Furtado 33,103); Mentakab (Holttum

24,565). Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Furtado 33,132); Kuala Pilah

(Moorhouse in vern. nom. Rotan Koman); Gunong Angsi (Holttum

9,912). Malacca, loc. incert. (Alvins 1,999, vern. nom. Rotan Layo).

eT Bukit Enggang Kajang (Symington 24,198); Seminyik (Hume

281).

SUMATRA: Siberut Island (Boden-Kloss 11,446).

The holotype of this species was collected by Diepenhorst in the

Province of Priaman in Sumatra.

The species appears to vary a great deal as to the dimensions

and the degree of branching of the spadices, the size of the fruit

and the number of its scales. In Malayan specimens the fruit

scales are aranged in 18—21 series, but a specimen collected by

Beccari (op. cit. 1908 p. 325) showed 24 series.

Ridley united the var. singaporensis with this and also mistook

a fruiting spadix of this species (in Ridley 9,472) for that of C.

insignis.

I have not been able to locate the types in Singapore and Kew

of C. pacificus Ridl. from Gunong Kerbau, Perak. From the des-

cription it is difficult to identify; but the nearest that I could get

to in my keys was C. Diepenhorstii. The binominal C. pacificus

Ridl. has been overlooked by Ridley in Flora (1925).

72. (a) Calamus Diepenhorstii var. singaporensis (Becc.) Becc.

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI (1908) 325 et Appendix

(1913) S51.

C. diffusus Becc. sensu Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 209

partim; Furtado in Gard. Bull. VIII (1935) 248 as to leaf in

Ridley 11,215.

256

Vol. XV. (1956).

Tab. i Calamus Diepenhorstii var. kemamanensis (Corner 30,355—holo-

typus).

A, Fragmentum caudicis cum petiolo et spadice fructiferenti. B, Follti

pars. C, Fructus. D, Semen ejusdem verticaliter discissum.

257

Gardens Bulletin, S.

C. Oxleyanus T. & B. sensu Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. V = 62

as to leaf in Ridley 11,215.

C. singaporensis Becc. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1893)

454; Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1907) 199 pro parte (ex altera

parte — C. Diepenhorstii Mig. forma typica).

C. Diepenhorstii Miq. sensu Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. V (1925) 55

pro parte.

This variety differs from the type in the leaflets which has their mid-

costa and secondary nerves naked on both surfaces or with a few

bristles only on the midcosta in the upper surface. The leaflets are also

somewhat more apart than in the type.

MALAYA: Singapore, Gardens Jungle (Ridley 11,459 and in IV-

1905); Bukit Timah (Ridley in 1907); cultivated in Gardens (Ridley

11,515). Johore, Kuala Tebing Tinggi (Ridley 11,206); Mount Austen

(Ridley 12,590); Batu Pahat (Ridley 11,215 leaves only). Pahang, Pulau

Tioman, Tanjong Duatah (Burkill 1,107 vern. nom. Rotan Layer);

Gunong Rokam, alt. 800 m. (Nur 18,783); Sedagong (Henderson

18,382).

If Ridley 11,200 (the number cited by Beccari in 1908) is a

misprint for Ridley 11,206, then the latter number should be con-

sidered as the apotype of this variety.

Ridley 11,215 which was referred to C. diffusus is a mixture of

C. Diepenhorstii var. singaporensis and C. Oxleyanus.

72. (b) Calamus Diepenhorstii Mig. var. kemamanensis Furtado

var. nov.—t. 72.

Differt a forma typica aculeis vaginae frondalis paucioribus non-

nihil minoribusque; spiculis femineis arrectis brevioribus, paulo

infra spathae apicem secundariae sitis; spathellis brevioribus.

This variety resembles very much the type taxon and cannot be

easily distinguished from it without the spadix. The spikelets remain

porrect even when bearing fully mature fruits, the axillary callus which

causes the spikelets to spread or to be reflexed being absent in this

variety. The fruit scales are disposed in 18 vertical series.

MALAYA: Kemaman, Ulu Bedong prope Kajang alt. 150 m. (Corner

30,073); Bukit Kajang, alt. 150 m. (Corner 30,355, Holotypus).

258

LIST OF COLLECTORS’ NUMBERS

The number in brackets refer to the number of the name of

the species or variety under which the collector’s number is quoted.

ALVINS—253 (47), 287 (1b), 583 (1b), 1,883 (49), 1,971

(46), 1,999 (72), 2,100 (49), 2,253 (11), 2,303 (44c).

ANDERSON—21 (25), 167 (25), 168 (44c).

BECCARI—P.S. No. 833 (50).

BoDEN-KLoss—11,446 (72), 12,140 (28).

BuRKILL—512 (72), 592 (16), 750 (45), 990 (3), 1,107

ifom) 811 (2), 2a? oe. 2,163. (4a), 2,536-(9).

BURKILL & HANIFF—12,590 (44a), 12,688 (36), 12,767 (25),

12,771 (4), 12,901 (25), 13,188 (25), 13,219 (44c),

13,239 (36), 13,313 (55), 13,446 (48), 13,451 (48).

BurKILL & HOLTTUM—7,757 (39), 7,814 (44c), 8,420 (31),

8,421 (39), 8,551 (31), 8,683 (27), 8,807 (64).

BuRN-MurbDocH—193 (27), cf. Ridley’s no.

CLEMENS—40,520 (12a).

CLEMENTE & Puasa—4,942 (16).

CORNER—A (28), 28,539 (39), 29,284 (43), 29,999 (4),

30,058 (57), 30,069 (4), 30,073 (72b), 30,076 (8),

30,096 (39), 30,097 (39), 30,152 (4), 30,173 (50),

30,355 (72b), 30,364 (49), 30,468 (22), 30,508 (39),

30,514 (70), 30,515 (39), 30,516 (39), 30,522 (36),

30,535 (42), 30,536 (71), 30,561 (17), 30,595 (56),

30,875 (38), 31,446 (4), 32,234 (39), 32,768 (41).

CORNER & FURTADO—29,474 (21).

CUADRA—A?,435.

CURTIS—765 (72), 2,268 (45), 2,392 (4), 3,161 (46), 3,248

(35), 3,353 (70), 3,454 (1b), 3,765 (51).

DERRY’S COLLECTOR—80 (44c).

DOLMEN—28,159 (39).

ELMER—20,612 (2).

ENGGoH—7,433 (2).

Fox—cf. Ridley’s no.

259

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Furtapo—30,.801 (16), 30,804 (33). 30,815 (3), 30,829

(44c), 30,842 (44c). 30,904 (51), 30,906 (12b), 30,922

(16). 30,923 (16), 33,007 (7), 33,010 (1b), 33,0112

(1b), 33,013 (9), 33,023 (44c), 33,030 (18), 33.031

(44c), 33,032 (44a), 33.035 (9), 33,035 (9), 33,051

(1b). 33,052 (1b), 33,053 (44c), 33,059 (17), 33,061 (9).

33,063 (9), 33,064 (S). 33,067 (17). 33,068 (44c}.

33,072 (50), 33,073 (66), 33,083 (36), 33,091 (48),

33,0912 (48). 33,101 (50), 33,102 (44d), 33,103 (72),

33,107 (23), 33,132 (72).

FMS. CoLt.—27,607 (44a). cf. respective Collectors.

GooDENOUGH—1,397 (1b), 1,721 (1b).

GRIFFITH—6,399"= (70).

HALLIER—?.786 (10).

Hamip—3.776 (35).

HantFF—9,110 (1a), 13,257 (44e), 14,252 (48), 14,942 (72),

15,910 (34).

HaniFF & Nur—2,056 (35). 2.321 (25), 2,499 (36), 7,087

(54), 7,955 (28), 8,124 (24), 8,127 (39a).

HELFER—2,763 (54), 6,388 (54), 6,394 & 6,395 (54).

HENDERSON—10.732 (1b). 11.063 (30), 11,706 (30), 18,017

(30). 18,021 (14), 18,382 (72a), 18,465 (69), 19,427

(la), 19,641 (39), 22,119 (19), 22.221 (1b), 22,716 (50),

23,028 (55), 23,125 (54), 23,380 (30), 29,583 (1b),

29.636 (1b), 29.842 (68).

HOLMBERG—$84? (1b).

HoL_ttuM—A (44f), 9,415 (70), 9,488 (13b), 9,882 (36).

9.912 (72), 9.944 (17). 10.670 (59), 10,786 (39), 10,974

(64), 15,211 (693, 17.696 (61), 20,586 (24), 21,558

(26), 24,565 (72), 37,395 (61).

Hoittrum & Furtapo—19.786 (13).

Hume—7.302 (44c). 7.963 (36), 8.199 (1b), 8.281 (72),

8.509 (4), 9,591 (36). 9.666 (39).

JuNUS—16,403 (50).

KerTH—7,436 (51).

Kian: 24,258 (1a), 32.310 (20). 32,387 (38), 35.996 (46).

Kian & Moysty—31.802 (39). 31.830 (28), 31.891 (13a),

33.376 (6), 33.394 (36). 33.396 (36). 33.629 (36).

33,630 (44f).

260

Vol. XV. (1956).

KUNSTLER—3,931 (50), 5,527 (70). TF. 136 (47a), 7, Tr £51).

8,171 (58), 8,434 (70).

LUTJERHARMS—4,253 (44c).

MacHapo—cf. Ridley’s nos.

Mat—cf. Ridley’s nos.

NAUEN—38,068 (4).

Nur—517 (51), 1,307 (1b), 8,343 (4), 10,514 (39), 11,130

(64), 11,560 (47). 11,574 (36), 11,766 (36), 11,924 (1a).

11,961 (36), 12,188 (64), 18.783 (72a), 20,043 (38).

PARKER—2,407 (54).

PrEars—cf. Ridley’s nos.

RaMos—1,400 (3), 1,788 (3).

RIEDEL—1,876 (63).

Rm.Ley—sn. A (1b), 577 (2), 1,661 (51), 3,475 (44b). 3,477

(1b), 3,478 (1b), 3,494 (25), 3,495 (70). 3,504 (71).

3,719 (13), 5,203 (25), 6,275 (2), 6,280 (70), 6,281

(17), 6,283 (13), 6,901 (71), 7,879 (39), 7,881 (70),

7,883 (4), 7.891 (48), 7,898 (72). 7,903 (1b), 8,405!

(37), 8,405" (54), 8,777 (8), 9,207 (64), 9,467 (1b),

9,472! (46), 9,472" (72). 9,809 (36), 9,810 (1b), 9,814

(64), 9,815 (72), 9,850 (70), 10,118 (4), 10,119 (44b).

10,341 (72), 10,716 (16), 10,780 (38), 10,816 (13),

10,861 (70), 11,200 (72a); 11,202 (21), 11,203 (21),

11,206 (72a), 11,209 (38), 11,213 (38), 11,215 partly

(72a), 11,215 partly (13), 11,216 (2), 11,220 (2), 11,300

(63), 11,304 (2), 11,314 (62), 11,315 (62), 11,338 (13).

11,382 (16), 11,410 (10), 11,411 (72), 11412 (72),

11,413 (25), 11,459 (72a), 11,460 (71), 11,473 (13),

11,481 (50), 11,515 (72a); 11,618 (51), 11,619 (13),

11,838 (51), 11,985 (25), 11,986 (36), 11,987 (64),

11,988 (15), 12,115 (26), 12,116 (39), 12,118 (60),

12,121 (31), 12,199 (67), 12,201 partim (4), 12,201

partim (47a), 12,202 (71), 12,403 (38), 12,404 (60),

12,590 (72a), 12,607 (65), 13,295 (44d), 13,299 (8),

3.30) (39), 13,338 (23), 13,339. (51), 13,450 (ib),

13,518 (44b), 13.914 (4), 13,920 (30), 13,921 (48).

13,922 (39), 14,114 (1b), 14,706 (44c), 14,707 (1b),

14,714 (72), 14,718 (50), 15,358 (33), 15,359 (55).

15,360 (54), 15,789 (31), 15,878 (28), 15,879 (31).

15,935 (28), 16,290 (24), 16,293 (39a).

SCHEBESTA—9 (1b).

SINCLAIR—39.991 (13).

261

Gardens Bulletin, S.

ScoRTECHINI—5S0® (15), 236° (44a), 432° (14), 456 (16),

468° (58), 501° (51), 587° (50), 648° (44a).

SEIDENFADEN—2,137 (54), 2,251 (35).

SPARE—3,738 (36).

SYMINGTON—22,885 (36). 24,198 (72), 24,206 (17).

SYMINGTON & KIAH—28.871 (39).

WALLICH—$8,607 (54), 8,611 (53).

Wrayv—454 (39), 981 (44e), 2,392 (17), 2,606 (44e), 3,017

(17), 3,460 (44c), 3,923 (29).

Wray & RoBINSON—5,426 (28), 5,427 partim (24), 5,427 par-

tim (39).

WyatTT-SMITH—66,590 (14). 66,591 (30).

INDEX TO SECTIONS, SPECIES AND VARIETIES

The new names or combinations are indicated in bold faced type, and

synonyms in italics.

CALAMusS (Sections)

Afrocalamus, 47.

Clavis Sectionum, 46.

Coleospathus subsect Caryotoidens,

oo subsect Coleospathus,

157.

Key to the Species, 158.

Macropodus, 57.

Key to the Species, 58.

a (ee subs. Cirruliferus.

13.

Key to the Species, 114.

Phyllanthectus subsect Phyllan-

thectus., 81.

Key to the Species, 81.

Platyspathus, 134.

Key to the Species, 135.

Podocephalus, 48.

Key to the Species, 49.

Rhombocalamus, 70.

Key to the Species, 71.

CALAMus (Species and varieties)

amplectens, 179.

aquatilis, 52, t. 2.

arboraceus, 137.

arborescens, 140.

arborescens, 137, tt. 33 & 33a.

axillaris, 97, t. 18.

balingensis, 240, t. 66.

belumutensis, 223. t. 59.

benomensis. 132. t. 32.

Blumei, 71.

Blumei, 73, t. 11.

brevispadix, 126.

brevispadix, 130, t. 31.

bubuensis, 59, 117.

bubuensis, 126, t. 29.

Burkillianus, 247, tt. 69 & 69a.

caesius, 207.

caesius, 92, t. 16.

castaneus, 50, 152.

castaneus, 49.

Vv. castaneus, 49.

v. Griffithianus, 50, t. 1.

chibenhensis, 244, tt. 68 & 68a.

ciliaris, 58, 60.

ciliaris

y. peninsularis, 60, t. 5.

concinnus, 147.

concinnus, 211, tt. 53 & 54.

Corneri. 219, t. 57.

Curtisii, 58.

densiflorus, 215, 244.

densiflorus, 250, tt. 70 & 70a.

Diepenhorstii, 94, 258.

Diepenhorstii

v. Diepenhorstii, 255.

v. kemamanensis, 258, t. 72.

v. singaporensis, 84, 256.

diffusus, 84, 256.

distans, 236.

distichoideus. 122. t. 27.

distichus, 120, t. 26.

dumetorum, 90.

elegans, 118, 124, 126, 128.

elegans, 115, t. 24.

exilis, 58, t. 4.

filipendulus, 196, t. 48.

flabellatus, 168, t. 41.

flabelloides, 173, t. 43.

giganteus, 105.

giganteus, 111.

glaucescens, 92.

Griffithianus, 50.

Guruba, 147, 152.

Hendersonii. 100, tt. 19 & 19a.

. Holttumii. 288, tt. 61 & 6la.

263

hostilis, 137.

hypoleucus, 143.

insignis, 192, 194, 255.

insignis, 189, t. 46.

intumescens, 149.

javensis, 181, 189.

javensis

. inermis, 177.

inermis, 175, t. 44a.

. intermedius, 179.

. laevis, 177, t. 44b.

. penangianus = pinangianus.

peninsularis, 181, t. 44d.

subvar. intermedius, 179.

pinangianus, 185.

ps polyphyllus, 179.

---.-. - purpurascens, 183.

tenuissimus, 175.

a<s<<<<

javensis

Vv. pinangianus, 185.

javensis

v. polyphyllus, 179, t. 44c.

Vv. purpurascens, 175, 181.

v. ep! aa 183, tt. 44e &

44f.

v. tenuissimus, 175.

v. tetrastichus, 179.

kemamanensis. 170, tt. 42 & 42a.

Koribanus,. 128, t. 30.

lanata (lanatus), 152.

laxiflorus, 238, t. 65.

laxissimus, 155, t. 40.

leucotes, 143.

longisetus, 140, tt. 34 & 34a.

longispatha, 66, 96, 97.

longispathus, 66, t. 8.

luridus, 225, 234 & 238.

luridus, 236, t. 64.

Manan, 111.

Manan, 109, t. 23.

Martianus, 187.

mawaiensis. 75, t. 12.

micranthus, 204.

Moorhousei. 207, t. 52.

multirameus, 211.

multirameus, 147, t. 37.

muricatus, 225.

myrianthus, 143, t. 35.

neglectus, 250.

oreophilus. 124, t. 28.

ornatus, 66, 105, 111, 202.

ornatus

v. horridus,

Vv. sumatranus,

Oxleyanus, 258.

Oxleyanus, 84.

v. montanus, 86, t. 13.

v. obovatus, 88.

v. Oxleyanus, 84.

pacificus, 255.

padangensis. 62, t. 6.

pallidulus, 66, 94, t. 17.

pallidus, 94, 97.

palustris, 90.

palustris

v. malaccensis, 90, t. 15.

pandanosmus,. 217, t. 56.

paspalanthus, 149, t. 38.

v. peninsularis, 149.

Vv. pterospermus, 149.

paucifiorus, 196.

penangensis, 187.

pencillatus = penicillatus.

penibukanensis, 79, t. 12 (a)

penicillatus, 97, 179, 181, 189.

v. inermis, 177.

202, t. 50.

202.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Vv. purpurascens, 175, 181.

Vv. pinangianus, 185.

penicillatus, 187, t. 45.

perakensis, 152, t. 39.

v. gracilis, 155.

v. lanatus, 152, 155.

peregrinus, 66, t. 9.

polystachys, 54, t. 3 & 3a.

pulaiensis, 242, t. 67.

pussare, 86.

radulosus, 221, t. 58.

ramosissimus, 145, t. 36.

rhomboideus, 71, 73.

Ridleyanus, 253, t. 71.

riparius, 103, t. 20.

rugosus, 231, tt. 62 & 62a.

scabridulus, 234, t. 63.

Scipionum, 204, t. 51.

siamensis, 215.

siamensis

v. malaianus, 215, t. 55.

simplex, 88, t. 14.

singaporensis, 96, 255, 258.

Slootenii, 79, t. 12 (5).

spathulatus, 192, t. 47.

v. robustus, 194, t. 47a.

speciosissimus, 198, tt. 49 & 49a.

spectatissimus, 64. t. 7.

subspathulatus, 189, 194.

Tanakadatei, 225, t. 60.

tigrinus, 140.

tomentosus, 71, t. 10.

tomentosus, 73.

v. intermedius, 73.

v. kosthalsiaefolius, 73.

tumidus, 105, tt. 21 & 22.

viminalis

v. fasciculatus, 209.

v. fasciculatus

subvar. pinangianus, 209.

Vv. pinangianus, 209.

viridispinus, 118, t. 25.

viridispinus, 117.

Kayu Magajar, 1b.

CERATOLOBUS

laevigatus, 152.

DAEMONOROPS

fasciculatus, 84.

fissus, 204.

hypoleucus, 143.

intumescens, 149.

ramosissimus, 145.

PLECTOCOMIOPSIS

ferox, 213.

Scortechini, 97.

264

VERNACULAR NAMES

The Malay prefix Rotan is sometimes omitted in giving the names of

“malacca” canes, and sometimes, though rarely, is replaced by Kayu or

Pokok. The prefix Atap is used when the leaves are used for thatch.

RATTAN = |

Mantang, 202, 204.

Pahit, 215.

Pajare, 85, 86.

265

RaTAN =f ROTAN

ROTAN ROTAN

Anak, 181. Paku, 60.

(atap) chuchur, 52. Pandan Wangi, 217.

Bakdu, 52. <a age

Batu, 151, 194. , :

Be kat,: 34. peck ai 227, 238

Berman, 168. Pujare, 86.

Chichi, 253, 256. Puledas Ekehi, 181.

Chucho, 50. Pussare, 86.

Chuchoh, 49.

Chuchok Baok, 152. Rajah, 206.

Chuchoo, 50. Ria, 96.

Chuchur, 49. Ruga Bodak, 204.

Dudok, 152. Sabot, 147.

a Sega, 94.

Gikai, 143.

: Segah, 94.

Gonum, 60. Saar oid.

Kechil, 191. Segar Badak, 204.

Kerai, 227, 238. Semado, 152.

Kiliket, 113. Semanbu, 206.

Kelicket, 113. Semanbu Ganga, 202.

Koman, 256. Semembu, 206.

Kubang, 201. Semiang, 58.

Kuku, 50. Semut, 64.

Seni, 181.

mee rah Sindek, 181.

Lelin, 181. Sini, 185.

Lilin, 58, 181, 183, 191. Sni, 191.

Snie, 181.

Machap, 207. Snui, 191.

Magajar, 50. Suga Badak, 201, 204.

Malaw, 206.

Manau, 110, 202. Tai ayam, 75.

Manau Liki, 108. Tanah, 242.

Manau Tikus, 70. Tankei Maran, 231.

Manok, 70, 113. Tikus, 238.

Manok Kiliket, 113. Tungal, 177.

Manor Telor, 113. Tunggal, 96.

; aes 50.

Wai Kekai, 143.

A new Malaysian record in Lindernia (Ilysanthes)

(Scrophulariaceae)

By M. JACOBS

Flora Malesiana Foundation

Lindernia tenuifolia (Vahl) Alston, Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 6 (Suppl. )

(1930) 214.—Gratiola tenuifolia Vahl, Enum. 1 (1804) 95.—

Bonnaya tenuifolia Spreng. Syst. 1 (1825) 42.—Ilysanthes tenui-

folia Urban, Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 2 (1884) 435.

Malay Peninsula. Trengganu, Bt Chenering, SF 39845 (Sinclair),

July 7, 1953, weed in paddy field, at seashore near road, 7th mile,

leaves pale green, flowers pale blue, together with Stylidium tenel-

lum Sw.

This is apparently a new record for Malaysia; the species was

hitherto known to be widely distributed in S.E. Asia from Ceylon

and India to Burma, Indo-China, and Formosa.

266

ices Racemobambos

A new genus of Bamboos

By R. E. HOLTTUM

AMONG THE bamboos from the Malay Peninsula in the Singapore

herbarium is one from Gunong Pulai which has florets arranged as

in Bambusa, and ovaries hardly distinguishable from those of

Bambusa, but a specialized inflorescence-structure more like that

of Arundinaria. The essential characters of this specimen are found

also in Bambusa gibbsiae Stapf from Mt. Kinabalu in North Bor-

neo, and in three other Bornean specimens, two from Kinabalu

and one from G. Temabok in Sarawak, which represent undes-

cribed species. All these together appear to me to form a natural

genus, which I propose to call Racemobambos, because the spike-

lets are borne in a small raceme at the end of a leafy branch.

When describing Bambusa gibbsiae, Stapf stated that he would

have placed it in the genus Arundinaria but for the presence of

six stamens and “the shape of the pistil”. He described the ovary

as stipitate, subglobose, bearing a style divided almost to the base

into three parts. I believe however that Stapf misinterpreted the

structure, and that the stalk-like part is the true ovary (containing

the ovule), the swollen hairy upper part being a sort of appendage

bearing the three stigmas. In some species of Bambusa almost

exactly the same structure occurs (e.g., B. polymorpha), but some-

times there is a distinct style bearing three stigmas (B. vulgaris).

It appears that in Bambusa the upper part of the ovary, bearing

the style (whether much wider than the base of the ovary or not)

is always rather fleshy and hairy; in the fruit this upper part forms

a fleshy part of the pericarp, easily separable from the top of the

seed, the lower part of the ovary wall remaining thin and more

closely adherent to the seed. In Bambusa gibbsiae the hairy

stigma-bearing part is wider in proportion to the ovary proper than

is usual in Bambusa. (A still more exaggerated condition is found

in the genus Chloothamnus, in which the stigma-bearing part is a

broad-based cone seated on top of a narrowly cylindrical ovary

and remaining as a distinct structure in the fruit. Chloothamnus

is specialized also in having a reduced spikelet; but I believe it is

related to Bambusa, and have dealt with it in a separate paper in

Kew Bulletin No. 4, 1955, pp. 591-594).

267

Gardens Bulletin, S.

In its ovary therefore Bambusa gibbsiae is not clearly different

from the true Bambusa species; and it agrees also in having several

florets in each spikelet, the rachilla-internodes fairly long, and in

having a rudimentary terminal floret. The rachilla is not so strongly

flexuous as in Arundinaria, nor are the lemmas so wide as is nor-

mal in that genus. The difference from true Bambusa comes at the

base of the spikelet, and in the arrangement of the spikelets.

In the Bambusa species, as in the genera Gigantochloa, Dendro-

calamus and Schizostachyum, there is no sharp distinction at the

base of the spikelet between empty glumes and bracts bearing buds

in their axils; the spikelet is just the end of a small branch of a

very condensed inflorescence, and McClure has proposed for such

a structure the name pseudospikelet (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24:

541-548. 1934). McClure discussed only the genus Schizostach-

yum, but I see no essential difference in the other genera just

mentioned. In Bambusa gibbsiae, and in the other species which

will be described in this paper, the spikelets are distinct entities, as

in an ordinary grass, each spikelet on a short stalk which is in the

axil of a very small bract (this bract is normally absent in

grasses*), and each spikelet having two (rarely three) empty

glumes at the base, the glumes shorter than the lemmas and

separated by very short internodes of the rachilla. The glumes are

entirely different from the bracts in the axils of which spikelets are

borne. These bracts are in all cases very small (about 1 mm. long)

and the two-keeled prophylls which are normally present as the

first leaves on axillary branches in Gramineae are lacking or not

clearly distinguishable. The spikelets are usually at the ends of

leafy branches, one spikelet terminal, with a few others in the

axils of small bracts below it on the main axis, the whole forming

a short raceme of spikelets. In one specimen of Bambusa gibbsiae

however the spikelets are on short leafless branches straight from

a main node. The specimen is not well enough preserved to show

clearly the arrangement of the spikelets on the branches, but I

think the arrangement does not differ in essentials from that on

leafy branches.

Racemobambos, genus novum tribus Bambusearum; spiculae

racemose dispositae, racemi in ramulis foliiferis terminales; spi-

culae laterales breviter stipitatae in axillis bractearum parvularum;

spiculae multiflorae basi glumis 2 (vel 3) vacuis instructae, gluma

inferior vulgo angusta, flos supremus imperfectus; internodia ra-

chillae elongata, sub flores articulata; lodiculae plerumque 3, fim-

briatae; stamina 6, filamenta libera, antherae non apiculatae;

* For a note on a grass which has all spikelets in the axils of small bracts,

see Stapf in Hooker’s Icones Plantarum, t. 3122 (1927).

268

Vol. XV. (1956).

ovarium parvum, cylindricum, appendicula tumida hirsuta ovoidea

vel globosa supra instructum; stigmata tria tenuia fimbriata appen-

dicula ovarii adjuncta; appendicula ovarii in fructu persistens.

Species typica: Bambusa gibbsiae Stapf in Journ. Linn. Soc.

Bot. 42: 189. 1914.

The species are all slender bamboos of mountain forest, and

some at least have relatively long culms which are not strong

enough to support the weight of their branches, and so behave as

lianes, but they have no special supporting organs. Probably, as

in many slender bamboos (e.g., Dendrocalamus pendulus) the

young unbranched and leafless culms can grow erect, at least to a

considerable height, through other vegetation, and then are sup-

ported by their branches which grow outwards from the nodes and

rest on other plants.

Another bamboo of this habit, and of doubtful genus, is Arundi-

naria prainii Gamble (originally called Microcalamus praini‘)

from the mountains of Assam. The spikelets of this are exactly

like those of Arundinaria in the very flexuous rachilla and broad

lemmas, but they have six stamens and the ovary is very like that

of Bambusa gibbsiae, though the hairy stigma-bearing appendage

is not much swollen. A. prainii differs from B. gibbsiae in the way

the spikelets are borne, and in the nature of the lower part of each

spikelet, and for this reason I do not think the two can be included

in the same genus. In A. prainii the lateral spikelets are in the axils

of bracts which are somewhat longer than the lemmas, and imme-

diately at the base of the spikelet-stalk is a 2-keeled prophyll 6

mm. long, followed at a very short internode by a glume (or

empty lemma?) 7—8 mm. long; then there is a rachilla-internode

of normal length between the glume and the first flower-bearing

lemma, which is also about 8 mm. long. It seems probable that

Gamble’s species should rank as a distinct genus, and there may

well be others related to it in the same region (perhaps Arundi-

naria mannii Gamble, the flowers of which have never been des-

cribed, is one of them).

The specimen from G. Pulai in Johore which is here described

as a member of the new genus includes part of the base of the

plant, showing a slender sympodial rhizome. The rhizome in

Bambusa is always sympodial. In Arundinaria (in the broad sense

of Gamble) the rhizome is often monopodial, and it is so in the

genus Sasa, which has been separated because it has six stamens.

I have no doubt that a sympodial rhizome is primitive in bamboos,

so that Racembobambos is less modified in this respect than is

Arundinaria.

269

Gardens Bulletin, S.

I would thus regard the genus Racemobambos as an offshoot

from Bambusa specialized in the form of the inflorescence and in

the nature of the glumes at the base of the spikelet; specialized

also perhaps to life im mountain forests (i.e., to a temperature-

range lower than that of most Malayan bamboos).

The name bambos, derived from the widespread oriental (but

not Malay) word bamboo, was used by Linnaeus in the binomial

Arundo bambos, and later by Retzius as generic name (considered

synonymous with Bambusa); it was treated by Retzius as feminine.

Key to the species of Racemobambos

All parts of spikelet (including palea) per-

fectly glabrous; leaves 25-3 mm. wide .. 1. R. glabra

Spikelets not perfectly glabrous; leaves wider

Lemma with setiform tip 3 mm. long .. 2. R. setifera

Lemma with setiform tip not over 1 mm.

long

Lemmas hairy all over dorsal surface;

small leaves on flowering branches

at least 10 mm. wide, other leaves

often wider ~ .. 3. R. hirsuta

Lemmas hairy only on or near edges;

leaves at most 7-8 mm. wide

Leaves 3-5—4 mm. wide; lower

glume c. 5 mm. long, 5-veined;

rachilla-internodes 5 mm. long 4. R. gibbsiae

Leaves 7-8 mm. wide; lower

glume 12-15 mm. long, 1-3-

veined; rachilla-internodes 6—

7 mm. long - .. 5. R. rigidifolia

1. R. glabra Holttum, sp. nov.

Laminae foliorum 4-10 cm. longae, 2-5-3 mm. latae, praeter

pili pauci breves rigidi supra prope marginem glabrae, auriculae

setas tenues 5—6 mm. longas ferentes, ligula humilis; ramuli spi-

culas ferentes glabri, stipites spicularum axillarium 1—3 mm. longi,

spicularum terminalium 5—10 mm. longi; spiculae omnino glabrae;

glumae vulgo 3, infima 1—1-5 mm. longa (spiculae terminalis 3

mm. longa), secunda 4—5 mm. longa, 9-venosa, obtusa, tertia 6-5

mm. longa, 11-venosa; rachillae internodium mter glumam ter-

tiam et lemma primum 1 mm. longum, internodia cetera 4-5 mm-

270

Vol. XV. (19356).

longa; lemmata 7-5 mm. longa, tenuia, obtusa; paleae paulum

breviores, omnino glabrae; lodiculae c. 1-5 mm. longae; antherae

3-54 mm. longae.

Type: Sarawak, G. Temabok, Upper Baram River, leg. J. C.

Moulton (S.F.N. 6797). in Herb. Singap. et Kew.

Parts of culms seen 3—4 mm. in diameter, internodes 15—18 cm.

long, no sheaths seen; many slender leafy branches about 15 cm.

long from each node. This species is notable for its very narrow

leaves and quite glabrous spikelets.

2. R. setifera Holttum, sp. nov.

Laminae foliorum 10-18 cm. longae, 8—12 mm. latae, infra pilis

paucis 1 mm. longis instructae, breviter petiolatae (petioli haud 1

mm. longi); auriculae paulum elevatae, setas tenuas flexuosas feren-

tes; ligula parva. Spiculae axillares pauce, breviter stipitati (stipites

2-3 mm. longi); glumae 2, inter se 1 mm. distantes; gluma inferior 6

mm. longa, 1 mm. lata, 1-venosa, fimbriata; gluma superior 10

mm. longa, 2-5 mm. lata, 9-venosa, fimbriata, apice leviter cari-

nata non apiculata; rachilla inter glumam superiorem et lemma

primum 1-5 mm. longa, inter lemma primum et lemma secundum

3 mm., internodia cetera rachillae c. 455 mm. longa; lemmata

14-15 mm. longa, apice setiforme 3 mm. longo instructa, margine

fimbriata; paleae c. 10 mm. longae, apice breviter bifidae, carinae

apicem versus breviter fimbriatae; lodiculae 3, 3 mm. longae,

fimbriis 0-5 mm. longis inclusis; antherae 5 mm. longae; ovarium

c. 08 mm. longum, appendicula paulum tumida supra attenuata

c. 2 mm. longa.

TYPE: Johore, Gunong Pulai, leg. G. A. Best (S.F.N. 7707), in

Herb. Singap.

Rhizome sympodial, creeping, horizontal length between one

culm and the next c. 10 cm., 5-10 mm. diameter, internodes 5—10

mm. long; culms seen less than 10 mm. diameter, length not re-

corded, sheaths not known; leafy branches 20-25 cm. long, bear-

ing 5—8 leaves and sometimes spikelets at the apex, the spikelet-

bearing part of the branch little longer than the last leaf-sheath.

The swollen stigma-bearing ovary-appendage is unusually slen-

der and attenuate. The only flowering specimen bears few spikelets.

A probable second specimen, sterile, was collected by Ridley

(no. 10991, in Herb. Singap.) at Minyak Buku, Johore (near

Batu Pahat); the altitude of collecting was not recorded, but the

hills near Batu Pahat are little over 1,000 ft. (G. Pulai is 2,000

ft.).

271

Gardens Bulletin, S.

3. R. hirsuta Holttum, sp. nov.

Laminae foliorum 5—14-5 cm. longae, 10-18 mm. latae, supra

prope basin medio breviter hirsutae, latitudo maxima foliorum

minorum prope basin rotundatum, apicem versus sensim decres-

cens; auriculae humiles setas tenues ad 5 mm. longas ferentes.

Extremi ramuli spiculas ferentes rigidi, dense breviter hirsuti;

spiculae axillares ad 6, breviter stipitatae (stipites 2-3 mm. longi),

bracteae c. I mm. longae; gluma inferior 10 mm. longa, 1 mm.

lata, dorso leviter hirsuta; gluma superior 12 mm. longa, c. 3 mm.

lata, prope apicem fimbriata; internodia rachillae 4-5 mm. longa,

pilis paucis brevibus instructa; lemmata 8—12 mm. longa (inferiore

longiora), dorso pilis brevibus appressis margineque fimbriis 0-5

mm. longis vestita, apex setiformis 0-5 mm. longus; paleae 7-9

mm. longae, dorso in sulco dense pilosae, carinae apicem versus

fimbriatae; lodiculae parvae; antherae 3—4 mm. longae; fructus

immaturus 6 mm. longus, appendicula stigmatifera 0-6 mm. longa

inclusa.

Type: N. Borneo, Mt Kinabalu, Penibukan Ridge. 4,000—5,000 ft.,

leg. Clemens, s.n., 15 Jan. 1953, in Herb. Singap.

No part of the culm is preserved in the type specimen. This

species was found at the same locality as R. rigidifolia, but differs

in the stouter spikelet-bearing branches, larger leaves, shorter less

hairy rachilla-imternodes, shorter and much more hairy lemmas

and paleas. These differences seem sufficient to warrant the estab-

lishment of two species, but it may be that the specimens represent

different members of an inter-breeding heterozygous group.

4. R. gibbsiae (Stapf) Holttum, comb. nov.

Bambusa gibbsiae Stapf in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42: 189.

1914.

Stem scandent; one culm-sheath seen 15 cm. long, 5 cm. wide at

the base (culm therefore 12 mm. diameter), narrowed to an apex

2 mm. wide, blade broken off, no apparent, auricles. Leafy bran-

ches to about 12 at a node, 12-15 cm. long, bearing up to 8

leaves and sometimes a few spikelets at the apex; spikelets some-

times also borne im close groups on short stalks directly from

nodes of a leafless (main?) stem. Leaves on one specimen 4-6

cm. long, on another 10 cm. long, in both cases 3-5-4 mm. wide,

glabrous, auricles small, bearing slender bristles 4-5 mm. long.

Lateral spikelets on ends of leafy branches short-stalked, in axils

of small bracts; perfect florets about 3, rachilla-internodes 5 mm.

long, nearly glabrous (few hairs near top only); glumes 2, lower

5 mm. long, 5-veined, short-fringed, upper 7-8 mm. long, 7-

veined; lemmas 10-11 mm. long, thin, with 7~9 prominent veins,

272 ;

Vol. XV. (1956).

slightly hairy near edges, tip a seta less than 1 mm. long; palea

hairy on back in groove and on keels towards apex; lodicules 3,

small; anthers 5 mm. long; ovary narrow, with subglobose hairy

apical appendage bearing 3 stigmas.

DISTRIBUTION: known only from two localities on Mt Kinabalu,

N. Borneo, collected by L. S. Gibbs, specimens in Kew Herbarium

(Marei Parei Spur, 5,000-8,000 ft., no. 4091, and Kamburangah,

7,000—9,000 ft., no. 4232).

Stapf described the ovary as globose and stipitate, but by com-

parison with other related species (notably R. hirsuta, of which I

have seen a young fruit) it is certain that the “stipe” of Stapf is

the true ovary.

5. R. rigidifolia Holttum, sp. nov.

Culmus speciminis typici 5 mm. diametro, internodium solum

21 cm. longum; vaginae culmorum ad 7-5 cm. longae, apice an-

gustae; lamina vaginae maximae non visa, lamina vaginae parvae

erecta 5 mm. longa, haud 1 mm. lata, auriculae perparvae, ligula

humilis; ramuli foliosi c. 20 cm. longi, pauci (semper?); laminae

foliorum rigidae, 6-8 cm. longae, 7-8 mm. latae, basi rotundatae,

e basi apicem versus sensim attenuatae, costa supra basin versus

breviter hirsuta, petiolus haud 1 mm. longus, auriculae leviter

arcuatae, setas paucas tenues 2—3 mm. longas ferentes, ligula haud

1 mm. alta, margine interdum pilos ferens. Spiculae more eorum

R. hirsutae in ramulis hirsutis dispositis (pili ad 0-3 mm. longi);

glumae angustae, apicem versus sensim attenuatae, apex non seti-

formis; gluma inferior 12-15 mm. longa, c. 1-2 mm. lata, 1-3-

venosa, gluma superior 15 mm. longa, 3 mm. lata, 9-venosa;

internodia rachillae 6-7 mm. longa, breviter pilosa; lemmata 11-

14 mm. longa, apice setiforme 1 mm. longo imstructa, praeter

fimbriae prope apicem glabra; paleae paulum breviores, dorso

inter carinas minute pilosae (pili 0-1 mm. longi), carinis copiose

fimbriis 0-3 mm. longis vestitae; lodiculae 3, 2-5 mm. longae:

antherae 6 mm. longae; ovarium 1 mm. longum, angustum, appen-

dicula tumida quam ovarium latior, stigmata 5 mm. longa (unum

interdum parvum).

Type: N. Borneo, Mt. Kinabalu, Penibukan Ridge, 4,500 ft., leg

C. E. Carr (S.F.N. 27438) in Herb. Singap.

This specimen is from the same locality as the type of R. hirsuta;

see comment under that species.

The study on which this paper is based was carried out in the

herbarium and library at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. I wish

to express my thanks to the Director for permission to work in the

herbarium, and to Mr. C. E. Hubbard for helpful discussions on

this and other aspects of the study of bamboos.

273

Two new Bamboos from the Malay Peninsula

By R. E. HOLTTUM

Schizostachyum terminale Holtt., sp. nov.

Culmi speciminis typici 1 cm. diametro; vaginae culmorum 13

cm. longae, tenues, pallidae, dorso pilis pallidis appressis vestitae,

summa vagina ad laminam et auriculas juncta fere triangularis

(apice rotundata); auriculae 5 mm. latae, 2 mm. altae, setas flex-

uosas confertas 5 mm. longas ferentes; lamina erecta, anguste tri-

angularis, c. 8 cm. longa, basi haud 10 mm. lata, marginibus

inflexis, supra basin versus pilis appressis vestita; ligula parva.

Laminae foliorum 16—20 cm. longae, 2:7-4-2 cm. latae, glabrae,

superiores petiolis 3-4 mm. longis sustentae; ligula humilis; auri-

culae interdum setas 5 mm. longas ferentes. Spiculae solitariae

apices ramulorum foliosorum formantes, angustae, teretes, 4-5

cm. longae, 4—5 floribus perfectis et 1-2 imperfectis constructae;

internodium infimum rachillae 4 mm. longum, internodia cetera c.

7 mm. longa; lemmata glabra, 15 mm. longa, apice setiforme 1 mm.

longo instructa; paleae paulum longiores, 2-carinatae (carinae

pilis brevibus rigidis crnatae) apice 2-aristatae, aristae 0-5 mm.

longae; lodiculae 3, 5 mm. longae, hyalinae, apicem versus minute

punctatae, non fimbriatae, una symmatrica 2 mm. lata, duae asym-

metricae augustiores; stamina non visa; stylus in anthesi quam

palea paulum longior; fructus 25 mm. longus stylo rigido persis-

tente incluso.

Type: Kedah, Sungei Krian, Inchong Estate, river edge, leg. J. C.

Nauen, S.F.N. 35821.

The spikelet-structure of this species does not differ in essentials

from that of S. grande Ridl.; the principal clear difference is in the

ciliate keels of the paleae in S. terminale. The apex of the spikelet

examined is still incompletely developed, and the nature of the

terminal imperfect floret is thus uncertain. S. terminale differs

strikingly from S. grande in its vegetative habit, being much

smaller, with smaller leaves, and in the position of the spikelets

which (so far as observable in the type specimen) are exclusively

solitary and terminal on leafy branches. S. grande is a very com-

mon bamboo in forest at moderate elevations on the Main Range

in Malaya. I have examined many specimens, both in the field and

in the herbarium, and have no doubt that Mr. Nauen’s collection

Tepresents a distinct species.

274

Vol. XV. (1956).

Gigantochloa ridleyi Holttum, sp. nov.

Culmi ad 16 m. alti, 10 cm. diametro, glabri, virides; vaginae

culmorum longe persistentes, ad 25 cm. longae, dorso pilis fere

higris appressis vestitae, apice extus in laminam insensibile trans-

gredientes; laminae non deciduae, erectae, in juventute ad culmum

appressae, triangulares, vaginarum mediarum c. 8—10 cm. longae,

6 cm. latae, fusco-pilosae, basi non angustatae sed in auriculas

humiles rigidas decurrentes; laminae margine basin versus setas

breves arcuatas ferentes, auriculae setis similibus prope laminam

ornatae; junctio vaginae et laminae arcuata; ligula ad 3 mm. alta,

fere integra, margine aliquantum undulata, leviter dentata, non

setifera. Laminae foliorum ad 40 cm. longae et 6 cm. latae, infra

praeter pili pauci prope costam glabrae, petioli laminarum infe-

riorum 4-5 mm. longi, laminarum superiorum 10 mm. longi;

vaginae juveniles hirsuti, auriculae parvae glabrae, ligula humilis,

integra.

Type: cult. Hort. Bot. Singap., lawn W, leg. J. L. Pestana in Herb.

Singap. et Kew.

The plant from which the type specimen was taken. was brought

by Ridley from Province Wellesley to Singapore, at a date not

recorded. The Singapore plant now forms a large clump, and in

more than 40 years has not been known to flower. The auricles

and ligule of the culm-sheaths are very like those of Gigantochloa

verticillata (sensu Backer), for which reason I have no doubt of

the genus; but I have never seen another Gigantochloa with the

peculiar broadly triangular, erect, persistent culm-sheath-blades,

nor have I found any such described. The original plant in Pro-

vince Wellesley was in a village, not wild, and probably came from

further north, as I believe other village Gigantochloas have done,

brought by man. I once saw a plant near Kota Tinggi, Johore,

which was very similar to the type plant of G. ridleyi, but I did

not take a specimen.

Some Javanese gardeners at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore,

who are connoisseurs of edible bamboo-shoots, told me that the

shoots of this bamboo are astringent. The culms are strong and

quite large, and would doubtless be useful for constructional pur-

poses like those of G. verticillata.

275

The effect of fruit sap on the germination of four

species of Tropical Plants

By ANNE GARRARD

Introduction

WHEN THE seeds of Fagraea fragrans Roxb. are extracted from

their berries, washed thoroughly, dried and placed on damp filter

paper, soil or any other media they do not germinate. Gardeners in

Singapore obtain germination by squashing the whole berry and

placing it in a pot of soil. It seems possible that the tissue which

surrounds the seed in the berry contains some substance which is

essential for the germination of these seeds. An investigation was

made to determine more exactly the conditions necessary for ger-

mination and for their rapid growth under laboratory conditions.

This led to investigation of three other plants with juicy fruits: —

Melastoma malabathricum L, Muntingia calabura L. and Duranta

plumieri Jacq.

The seed-coats of all four species of plants investigated are

readily permeable to water. Except for Duranta plumieri Jacq.

the seeds themselves are very small in size and counts of number

of seeds germinated were made with a binocular microscope.

Investigation of the conditions necessary for germination.

1. Fagraea fragrans Roxb.

Fagraea fragrans Roxb. has beautiful scarlet berries which are

about 3” in diameter. The trees in Singapore generally have two

crops—one in September and one in January. The results given

below were obtained using seed from the September crop of 1952

and the two crops in 1953. There was no significant difference

between them. Great care was taken to select only ripe berries.

Since the berries take nearly three months to mature there is a

good number of intermediate stages. Ripe berries are bright scar-

let in colour and are easily separable from the persistant calyx by

a touch of the finger. Fallen berries were not used since it was

impossible to be sure of the time they had lain on the ground and

whether they had suffered any damage in their fall.

Gathered berries were squashed in some tap water with a pestle

and mortar. Despite their small size the seeds were heavier than

the water and berry tissue, and tended to form a bottom layer

276

_ -* _Cc-'™ vo

Vol. XV. (1956).

which could be separated. The seeds were washed six or seven

times with tap water and were filtered off, washed with distilled

water, dried with filter paper and allowed to dry out for 24 hours.

They were then completely free from sap and berry tissue.

In the above procedure the concentrated sap was retained and

was diluted to a concentration 1 m 10, 1 m 100, 1 m 1,000.

Fresh dry seeds were placed on filter paper m petri-dishes with

distilled water and sap of each of the three concentrations above.

Other samples were placed with sap which had been filtered

through Watman’s No. | filter paper, and others with sap which

had been both filtered and boiled. Table I gives the results.

Taste L PERCENTAGE GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF FaGRAEA FRAGRANS

(Samples contained approximately 100 seeds)

Water Sapimipo £Saimi0 Sap 1 m 10

0 20 | 92 | 93

Filtered Water Filtered | Filtered | Filtered

Sap1in 1,000 Sapimi00 | Sapiim10

0 | ~ | 95 3 90

Boiled Water Boiled | Boiled Boiled

Sap 1in 1,000 Sapilin 100 Sap 1 in 10

0 95 | 20 96

From the above it is seen that there is no germination of washed,

dried Fagraea fragrans seed im distilled water, but when the seed

is provided with sap extract germination takes place readily. It is

immaterial whether the sap is 1 m 1,000, 1 m 100, or 1 m 10

im concentration for they are all equally effective. The highest con-

centration (1 im 10) is rather syrupy and liable to fungal con-

tamimation during the experiment. The active principle for ger-

mimation passes through ordimary filter paper since if any of the

extracts are filtered they still are able to induce germination.

Moreover, if the filtered extracts are boiled they still remain active.

It seems that the active principle is soluable and thermostable m

boiling water.

It may be stated here that tap water does not promote germima-

tion of these seeds and similar results are obtained throughout

whether distilled or tap water is used.

If crushed or whole berries are planted im damp soil germination

of the seed takes place in 12 to 14 days. It would seem that fallen

fruit or fruit transported uneaten away from the tree by animals

such as birds or bats would stand a good chance of germimation

provided the conditions were otherwise favourable.

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Gardens Bulletin, S-

The pH of the undiluted berry sap is in the region of 5-5—6-0.

It was conjectured that a low pH might alone be the principle

needed for germination of these seeds. Consequently a series of

solutions of varying pH were made up in distilled water using

M/5 solutions of sodium acetate and acetic acid. The pH values

of these solutions varied by 0-5 unit intervals over a range of 3-5—

7-0 units. Using washed dried seed it was found that germination

did not occur at any of these pH’s. Assuming that neither acetate

or sodium ions are in themselves inhibitory to germination of these

seeds it seems that the effect of berry sap is not merely a pH

effect. ,

There have been reports (Barton 1940) that natural and syn-

thetic auxins have a stimulatory effect on seed germination. The

seed was therefore tested with a range of concentrations of 3-

indole acetic acid in neutral solution from 1 part in 10° to 1 part

in 10!!. No concentration was effective in promoting the germina-

tion of washed dried seeds. However, when other seeds were placed

in the refrigerator at approximately 10°C and removed after a

period of 1, 2, 7 or even 21 days, and then placed on filter paper

with distilled water, germination of most of the seeds occurs after

about 14 days at room temperature. The seeds were refrigerated

in both a dry and wet condition and both samples germinated in

subsequent tests.

For the purpose of sending seed samples abroad it was con-

sidered profitable to note the behaviour or washed dried seed

which had been stored in a dry state for 10 days prior to germina-

tion tests. This seed was found not to germinate in distilled water

alone. At the same time that the seed was extracted the berry sap

was retained separately, diluted to 1 part in 100 and 1 part in

1,000 and autoclaved at 20 lb. for 30 minutes. This extract

which was stored in conical flasks plugged with cotton wool

remained free from contamination over the 10 day period. These

extracts were added to the dry, 10 day old berry seed and a good

percentage germination was obtained in both cases. But it may be

somewhat inconvenient to send a quantity of autoclaved sap to-

gether with the dried seed. Germination can be more easily ef-

fected in 10 day old seed by placing it in the main body of a

refrigerator (10°C) for a period of one or two days when germi-

nation occurs readily after 14 days at room temperature.

Berries were kept for 10 days attached to small branches and

appeared but slightly shrivelled at the end of this period. The seed

was extracted, washed and dried as before and the sap of these 10

day old berries retained for testing. The dried seeds would not

germinate in distilled water. Moreover their own berry sap was.

278

Vol. XV. (1956).

not effective in promoting germination. The seeds were not how-

ever inviable and germinated if they were first in a refrigerator for

two days, or supplied with berry sap from freshly gathered berries.

It seems that the active principle which can promote germination

in berry sap is lost if the berries are first plucked and stored for

10 days. As before stated the active component is not lost if the

sap is extracted, autoclaved and stored for the same period.

Berries were dried in a steam oven and then stored for a 10 day

period. The seed was then extracted, washed and dried as before

and the sap retained separately. The seed would not germinate in

distilled water alone, or if given their own berry sap (1 part in

100), or if given freshly prepared berry sap (1 part in 100) or if

given autoclaved sap which had been prepared from berries 10

days previously, or if placed in a refrigerator prior to germination

tests. The 100°C treatment had rendered the seed inviable and

moreover had destroyed the active principle for germination in

the berry sap since this was not effective in promoting the germi-

nation of freshly extracted seed. Similarly if the seed is autoclaved

together with its own diluted sap, it is rendered inviable but in this

case, as mentioned above, the sap extract remains active to viable

seed.

II. Muntingia calabura L.

Like Fagraea fragrans the fruit of the Muntingia calabura is a

berry containing small seeds. The berries have a somewhat larger

diameter and are at first green, turning through pink to a deep red

or black. If they are not eaten by children, birds or bats they decay

becoming brown in colour. We did not know what stage would be

best to obtain a good and easily repeatable germination, and ex-

perimented on seeds taken from green, red, and “decayed” berries

with distilled water and with extracts of their own berry sap. The

following results are the means of three complete experiments.

TABLE IJ. PERCENTAGE GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF MUNTINGIA CALABURA

(Seeds washed thoroughly to remove sap and adhering tissue)

With

Ses from With water | NGOrer | Wi Red | pees

Green Berry a 24.0 8.3 ; 10.5 egy

== sco

“Decayed™ Berry 61.5 | 3.3 tf ry 0.0

279

Gardens Bulletin, S.

From the above it is seen that the “decayed” fruit seed gives a

much better percentage germination than that from green or red

fruit. It is surprising that there is no difference in the percentage

germination of the green and red berry seed. The sap from all

three berries seems to be inhibitory. The dilution used in the above

experiment was 1 in 100, but as a check seed from the “decayed”

fruits was treated with sap diluted to 1 in 1,000. Inhibition still

occurred.

Since the fruit of this tree is dispersed by fruit bats which eat

the succulent portion and spatter pink masses of small yellow seeds

(Corner 1952) the Muntingia sap may not have so great an

inhibitory effect in nature.

Ill. Melastoma malabathricum L.

Melastoma malabathricum has a succulent fruit rather like a

berry, but which opens when ripe by an irregular split. The unripe

fruit is green and ripens to a red colour containing a purplish sap

and a mass of small seeds. Three stages were used in the follow-

ing experiments; green fruits, red but undehisced fruits and red

dehisced fruits. All gave a good percentage germination in distilled

water (the seeds were carefully washed to remove any adhering

sap). They were also tested with suitably diluted sap extracts.

Table III gives the results for seed taken from green fruit which

had swollen to their maximum size. The percentage germination

is somewhat variable but it can be seen that the sap has no signi-

ficant effect on the germination of the seed.

TABLE III. THE PERCENTAGE GERMINATION OF SEED FROM GREEN, UNDEHISCED

FRUIT WITH SAP EXTRACTS FROM ITS OWN FRUIT

Distilled Water | Sap1in1,000 | Sapiin100 | Sap1in10

70.8 | 78.0 61.5 | 75.1

|__| _—_————

Filtered | 71.8 | 77.2 | 82.4

a | _——_——

Boiled and Filtered | 60.0 | 73.7 | 16.9

| |

In the case of the red, undehisced fruit the 1 in 10 sap has an

inhibitory effect on germination. This effect is removed by boiling

and filtering the extract.

280

Vol. XV. (1956).

“TABLE IV. THE PERCENTAGE GERMINATION OF SEED FROM RED, UNDEHISCED

FRUIT WITH SAP EXTRACTS FROM ITS OWN FRUIT —

Distilled Water Sap 1 in 1,000 Sap 1 in 100 Sap 1 in 10

iPad 69.2 122 34.6

Filtered 66.1 | 74.5 48.2

| =

Boiled and Filtered :

61.6 | 66.7 | 62.4

Similar results were obtained from fruits which had dehisced.

TABLE V. THE PERCENTAGE GERMINATION OF SEED FROM RED, DEHISCED

FRUIT WITH EXTRACTS FROM ITS OWN FRUIT

Distilled Water Sap 1 in 1,000 Sap 1 in 100 Sap 1 in 10

64.6 | 64 69.6 | 35.4

Filtered 54.2 | 63.2 25.2

Boiled and Filtered 66.4 65.6 | 58.2

IV. Duranta plumieri Jacq.

Duranta plumieri Jacq., has small orange berries containing a

small number of hard seeds which are about 1/10 inch long.

These seeds are considerably larger than any of the three types

described above and occur in a much smaller number per fruit.

Whereas the results given above are based on samples of 200-400

seeds, the following results are based on smaller samples each of

only 20 seeds. They are included since Duranta is intermediate in

behaviour between Melastoma (where dilute sap has virtually no

effect on germination) and Muntingia (where the sap is definitely

inhibitory ).

TABLE VI. THE PERCENTAGE GERMINATION OF DURANTA SEEDS

(Time of germination 20-25 days)

]

Distilled Water Sap 1 in 1,000 Sap 1 in 100 Sap 1 in 10

20 20 10 0

281

Gardens Bulletin, S-

- Since the endocarp of Duranta is relatively hard it was thought

germination might be increased by scarifying the coat. This was

not so and the percentage germination of scarified seed was still

only 20 per cent.

If the seed of Duranta is kept in the refrigerator at approxi-

mately 10°C for two days in either wet or dry condition it does

not germinate on removing to room temperature. Unlike Fagraea

the cold temperature does not increase the germination but inhibits

it altogether.

VY. Effect of alien sap on seed germination

Although Duranta sap inhibits the germination of Duranta seed

it can promote the germination of the seed of Fagraea fragrans.

The following are the results: —

TABLE VII. THE EFFECT OF DURANTA SAP ON FAGRAEA FRAGRANS SEEDS

With distilled water | With Duranta sap | in With sap 1 in 100

1,000

0 38.3 | 22.7

It is to be noted that Duranta sap is not nearly as effective as the

sap of Fagraea itself, which gives 90-96 per cent germination.

Fagraea fragrans sap is not always stimulatory since the ger-

mination of seeds of the split red fruits of Melastoma malabath-

ricum is inhibited. The germination of seeds from the green and

red unsplit fruits is not affected.

TABLE VIII. THE EFFECT OF FAGRAEA FRAGRANS SAP ON MELASTOMA SEEDS.

(Results are means of three replications)

Distilled Water Sap 1 in 100

Green fruit seed .. 70.8 70.8

Red fruit seed .. 72.7 64.4

Red dehisced fruit seed .. 64.6 36.7

The fruit saps of the four plants above no doubt vary greatly in

composition and their effect is modified by individual properties

of the four types of seed. It is unlikely that the stimulatory and

282

Vol. XV. (1956).

inhibitory effects described above are the result of any single

substance or group of substances present in the fruit. saps.

The presence of fruit sap may somewhat modify the percentage

germination of seeds. Succulent fruits are generally attractive to

animals which effect dispersal. The succulent portion may be

eaten and the seeds ejected or swallowed. In the latter case they

may still remain viable after passing through the alimentary canal.

In Muntingia calabura L. the fruit sap is inhibitory to seed ger-

mination, and animals which eat the succulent portion and spit out

the small seeds may perform a useful service in separating the

seed from at least some of the inhibitory sap. In Melastoma mala-

bathricum L. this is not important to subsequent germination since

the fruit sap is not inhibitory. In the case of Duranta plumieri

Jacq. the inhibitory effect of the sap is not as marked as in Mun-

tingia calabura L. and removal of the fleshy part of the fruit by

animals may not be so important. Incidentally, the berry of

Duranta plumieri Jacq. is slightly poisonous to man. It does not

however follow that it is poisonous to all animals.

The germination of the seed of Fagraea fragrans Roxb. is of

some interest. It is generally believed that the fruit is eaten by fruit

bats (Corner 1952) in which case the fruit sap which promotes

germination of uneaten berries is presumably destroyed. The bats

may however drop a sufficient number of uneaten berries to pro-

vide a sufficient means of dispersal. Alternatively seeds which

have passed through the alimentary canal of a bat may be able to

germinate in the absence of fruit sap due to physiological change

caused by the fluids of the alimentary canal. We have no evidence

on this point. Seeds which have not been eaten can only germinate

if the berry seed falls or is dropped by a bat or bird onto favour-

able ground and is crushed to expose the seeds. If the seeds remain

ungerminated for 10 days the fruit sap is no longer able to pro-

mote germination of the seed.

Concerning the cold temperature treatment of Fagraea fragrans

seeds it is unlikely that this can be a factor in nature. If washed

seeds are placed in an air-conditioned room at approximately

75°F for a day, they do not germinate on removal to room tem-

perature. Temperatures do sometimes fall below this figure, espe-

cially in February which may coincide with the fall and dispersal

of the January crop. There is no cold temperature period follow-

ing the July crop of berries. Further experiments at a range of

temperatures are necessary to determine the relationship between

germination and cold temperature treatment.

283

Gardens Bulletin, S-

References

Barton, L. V. (1940) .. “Some effects of treatment of seeds.

with growth substances on dor-

mancy.” Contributions to Boyce:

Thomson Institute II: 229-240.

Corner, E. J. H. (1952) .. “Wayside Trees of Malaya”, Gov-

ernment Printing Office, Singa-

pore. 2nd Edition.

Henderson, M. R. .. “Malayan Wild Flowers.” Kelly &

Walsh, Singapore.

Summary

. Freshly washed and dried seeds of Fagraea fragrans Roxb. do-

not germinate on filter paper in distilled water.

. If a diluted extract of the berry sap is added there is a 90-96.

per cent germination in 12—14 days.

. The “active principle” causing germination is filterable and

thermostable at 100°C. It is not hydrogen ion concentration

or an auxin.

. Germination can also be effected on washed dried seed by

refrigeration at 10°C at periods of 1—21 days prior to the

germination test.

. Ten day old seed will germinate if supplied with 10 day old

berry sap which has been autoclaved and stored; or if refri--

gerated prior to testing.

. The washed dried seed of Muntingia calabura L. give 61:5

per cent germination on filter paper in distilled water when

fully ripe, but this germination is inhibited by sap extracts.

from its own fruit.

. The germination of the seed of Melastoma malabathricum L.

is unaffected by sap extracts from its own fruit.

. The germination of the seed of Duranta plumieri Jacq. is inhi-

bited by berry extracts at high concentrations but unaffected

at lower concentrations.

. From the effect of alien sap on seed germination it is likely

that the active principle affecting the germination of these:

seeds is the same in all cases. .

284

Calophyllum Linn.

By M. R. HENDERSON

Director, Botanic Gardens, Singapore 1949-1954

AND

J. WYATT-SMITH

Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Malaya

THE FOLLOWING account of the Malayan species of the genus is

not by any means a final one, for much more collecting is needed

before several of the groups can be properly defined. As, however,

the genus is of some importance as a timber tree and as the exist-

ing accounts of it are out of date (Ridley in Flora of Malay

Peninsula, I, 1922, pp. 181-91 gives only 24 species, several of

which we do not consider valid) and far from satisfactory parti-

cularly in the matter of field notes, it was thought necessary to

prepare a preliminary account based on existing collections. It is

sincerely hoped that this paper will encourage foresters and other

field botanists to intensify collecting of material of this important

and interesting genus, and that they will pay particular attention

to the section on miscellaneous field notes and inform the second

author of errors and omissions of which they become aware.

Field, in contrast to the standard floral characters, appear to be

of much greater importance in this genus in differentiating species

and no apologies are offered at this stage for the omission of a

key based on floral characters.

Usually trees, sometimes shrubs (C. rupicolum). Bole usually

without buttresses, occasionally with stilt roots. Bark usually

smooth with diamond or boat-shaped lenticellate fissures (very

characteristic of the genus) in immature trees and longitudinally

fissured, frequently with coarse anastomosing ridges, in mature

trees grey or yellowish brown in colour. Slash: inner bark pink

or reddish, laminated, with clear, colourless, golden or yellow-

coloured or opaque milky white, sticky or non-sticky, varnish-like

exudate. Youngest twigs generally quadrangular. Leaves opposite,

simple, entire, often coriaceous, lateral nerves numerous, slender,

close together and parallel, usually nearly at right angles to the

midrib, petioles nearly always present.

Inflorescences often copiously produced, axillary or terminal,

paniculate or racemose; flowers usually numerous, but sometimes.

the inflorescence reduced and consisting of 1, 2 or 3 flowers (e.g.

C. gracillimum, C. biflorum), sepals 4, decussate, petals 2 or

285

Gardens Bulletin, S.

more, or absent, resembling the sepals, stamens numerous, fila-

ments slender, free or slightly joined at base, often flexuous, ovary

superior, 1-locular, style slender, stigma peltate. Fruit a drupe

with a single erect seed; usually green with pale yellow green or

darker green spots.

This large genus is distributed mostly in tropical Asia, with

some American species. It is at once recognisable by the close and

parallel venation of the leaves. This venation at first sight appears

very much the same in all species but a closer examination reveals

differences which are diagnostic. These differences are small and

difficult to describe or to illustrate, and consist in the number of

nerves per millimetre, whether they are raised or incised, clearly

cut or indistinct. There is also great similarity in the flowers of

the various species, the main differences being in size, presence or

absence of petals and the presence or absence of tomentum on the

sepals. We have ignored the classical division of the genus into

petalous and apetalous sections. It appears to us very doubtful

whether such a division is valid, even, sometimes, as a specific

character; and we consider that it would probably be more satis-

factory to discard the terms sepals and petals and to regard the

floral envelope as made up of a varying number of whorls of

tepals. However, in our descriptions we have followed the general

practice of regarding the outer 4 floral leaves as sepals and any-

thing within them as petals. More important diagnostic characters

are undoubtedly those of the inflorescence, fruit and vegetative

buds, but much more’ information on these points remains to be

collected. For field workers, bole and bark characters, colour of

exudate, habitat, and shape, size, texture and venation of leaf are

important.

The genus is distributed throughout the Malay Peninsula though

it is particularly common in the southern half. Species occur in

nearly all habitats—beach forest, freshwater swamps, peat swamps,

lowland forest, riparian forest, hills and mountains up to about

6,000 ft. (C. aureo-brunnescens), but the commonest habitat ap-

pears to be low-lying forest. The only collection from limestone~

is a single very incomplete one from Bukit Cheras at about 600

ft., Henderson s.n., 11-10-31, which we have been unable to”

match. The richest area of Calophyllum forest in the Malay Penin-

sula that we know of is Jemaluang Forest Reserve in south-east

Johore, where Calophyllum is certainly the ‘dommant genus-

amongst the large trees.

_Calophyllum species are commonly known by the vernacular -

tree name of bintangor, which is often, apparently somewhat in-

discriminately, qualified by such epithets as bunga, lilin, batu.°

286

Vol. XV. (1956).

Exceptions to the above are C. inophyllum, which is always

known as penaga laut,! and C. sclerophyllum, which is frequently

‘known as penaga bayan, though it has also been collected under

the names of penaga and penaga ayer.

Nearly fifty species occur in the Malay Peninsula and of these

about twenty are known to reach timber size (4 ft. girth at breast

height), though several of them do not reach a girth much greater

than 4-5 ft. These are regularly worked by hand-sawers and in

sawmills, and for local purposes are not differentiated from

Meranti (medium to light weight grade of timber produced by

many species of Shorea), although a few species, e.g. C. ino-

phylloide, C. sclerophyllum, have harder and heavier timber than

usual in the genus and are known locally as bintangor batu in

consequence. Some species are popular as poles and in demand by

-local fishermen as masts.

Since the war and particularly in Johore the volume of Bin-

tangor? sawn in the mills has increased enormously. In 1950 nearly

200,000 cu. ft. were sawn in Johore making it the sixth common-

est timber sawn and exceeded only by Kempas (Koompassia

malaccensis) of the nosg-Dipterocarp timbers, and in Perak

136,000 cu. ft., making it the fourth commonest timber sawn and

exceeded only by Terentang (Campnosperma spp.) of the non-

diptercarp timbers. In 1951 the amount of Bintangor sawn in

Johore sawmills was reduced to a little over 168,000 cu. ft., in

1952 it rose to nearly 247,000 cu. ft., dropping in 1953 to nearly

212,000 cu. ft.; during these years it was the fifth commonest

timber and again exceeded only by Kempas of the non-dipterocarp

timbers; during 1954 the amount sawn dropped to 168,000 cu. ft.,

when it was the seventh commonest timber and exceeded only by

Kempas and Punah (Tetramerista glabra) of the non-dipterocarp

timbers. In 1952 in Perak 139,000 cu. ft. were sawn in the mills

but it was only the eleventh commonest timber sawn, though in

the first six months of 1954 it was exceeded only by Kempas and

Merbau (Intsia palembanica) of the non-dipterocarp timbers.

We gratefully acknowledge the loan of herbarium material from

the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Kebun Raya Indonesia, Bogor;

the Indian Botanic Gardens, Calcutta; and the Rijksherbarium,

Leiden. The large collections in the Herbaria of the Botanic Gar-

dens, Singapore (prefixed S.F.N.) and of the Forest Research

Institute, Kepong (prefixed Kep.) have been fully utilised. One

of us (J. W.-S.) spent some time at Kew and at Leiden examining

1. Penaga is the well known vernacular tree name for Mesua ferrea L.

- 2. Bintangor is the name under which the timber of Calophyllum species

is known in and exported from the Malay Peninsula.

287

Gardens Bulletin, S.

‘some of the older type material, and we are grateful to the autho-

rities there for the facilities afforded him. We are also grateful to

Prof. Dr. C. G. G. J. van Steenis at Leiden for supplying copies of

various passages from literature not available in Malaya; and to

the many members of the Malayan Forest Department who have

assisted with collections.

‘In Check List’ means in Wyatt-Smith’s Pocket Check List of

Timber Trees, 1952 (Malayan Forest Record No. 17).

Miscellaneous Field Notes

The genus is not difficult to recognise either in the field or

in the herbarium owing to the characteristic close and parallel

venation of the leaves; the differentiation of the various species,

however, is difficult in the herbarium, though very much simpler

in the field where bole and bark characters, habitat and colour

and nature of exudate, in conjunction with the texture, shape and

venation of leaf are often diagnostic. The miscellaneous field notes

in the table at the end of this account have therefore been prepared

to assist identification in the field and perhaps to provide a quick

positive identification from a spot character; they are not complete

nor considered in any way to be infallible and should be used only

as a ready guide to the species. It is hoped that eventually, when

information is more complete, it may be possible to produce a

multiple-entry card key from these notes for use in the field.

Key to the Species

The following key is based mainly on vegetative characters

of dried specimens and does not claim to do more than give ap-

proximate identifications. If used in the field, fallen dried leaves

should be examined. The characters used are the average ones for

any group. Where there are large variations, the species will be

found in more than one section of the key. The numbers refer to

the order that the species are described in the text.

A. Adult leaves hairy or rusty tomentose on the undersurface:

B. Leaves softly hairy on undersurface, venation fine and

close but usually distinct; exudate clear, golden coloured

5. C. molle

BB. Leaves very finely rusty tomentose on undersurface,

venation obscure; exudate white .. 6. C. rubiginosum

AA. Adult leaves glabrous, or tomentum fugacious and only the

midrib below tomentose:

288

Vol. XV. (1956).

B. Leaf bases cordate, leaves almost sessile:

C. Leaves almost orbicular, to c. 5 cm. long and broad;

ENS tk don apes 3! 31. C. rotundifolium

CC. Leaves not orbicular, base narrowed and cordate; low-

land swamp forest Gou....--..- 15. C. javanicum

BB. Leaf bases not cordate, leaves petiolate:

C. Bushes or shrubs, not trees:

D. Leaves narrow, lanceolate; riverside bush in Pahang

and Kelantan only .......... 41. C. rupicolum

DD. Leaves broad, oblong-elliptic or obovate; shrub on

nocky scasimWeei jus, -2j.-----.. 43. C. biflorum

i. ances:

D.* Mature leaves large, 10 cm. or more long, usually

more or less coriaceous, often very coriaceous:

E. Leaf margin very strongly revolute when dry; leaf

very coriaceous ........ 22. C. scriblitifolium

EE. Leaf margin not or only very slightly revolute:

F. Leaves with a distinct intramarginal vein c. 1

mm. from margin; known only from Malacca

9. C. griffithii

FF. No intramarginal vein, the lateral veins running

out to thickened margin of leaf or disappearing

just before it:

G. Plants of montane or submontane forest, or on

ridges, usually at an altitude of 3,000 ft. or

more, but sometimes on hilltops lower than

this:

H. Leaves rather broad, usually over 5 cm.

wide, very stiffly coriaceous, base tending

to be rounded, flowers large, 3-3.5 cm.

across; recorded only on main range

19. C. coriaceum

(N.B. A fruiting collection with a rather

broad, over 5 cm. wide, stiffly coriace-

ous leaf, collected on Gunong Padang,

Trengganu at 4,000 ft., has been includ-

ed doubtfully under C. tahanense (4),

see below).

HH. Leaves narrower, not very stiffly coriaceous,

bases cuneate, flowers where known not

so large; not usually on main range:

* [for DD turn to page 295].

289

Gardens Bulletin, S.

J. Venation rather distinct below, midrib

slightly and finely raised on upper sur-

face; collected only on G. Belumut and

S&S. Pani 3225.0. 32.3 10°. =.

(N.B. (i) C. fraseri (38) very occasional-

ly has leaves of 10 cm. or more in

length, but the leaves are only thinly

coriaceous and the petiole is about 1

cm. long, compared with 2 cm. or more

in C. sp. No. 10.

(ii) C. ferrugineum var. neriifolium (25)

has been collected on main range at

nearly 2,000 ft., see below).

JJ. Venation not distinct below, midrib obscu-

rely raised on upper surface; collected

only on G. Tahan .. 3. C. tahanense

(N.B. C. wallichianum (2) has been col-

lected at nearly 2,000 ft. on Penang

Hill and in Perak, see below).

GG. Lowland forest trees, rarely from over 1,500

ft. altitude; sometimes in swamp forest or in

beach forest:

H.* Leaves generally narrowly oblong, usually

c. 4-5 cm. wide, but only c. 3 cm. in C.

rupicolum var. (41) and C. curtisii (18):

J. Terminal buds long, narrow, pointed,

usually c. 2 cm. or more long:

K. Petioles usually less than 1.5 cm. long,

venation on both sides of leaf rather

clear cut, upper surface of leaf usually

drying reddish brown, inflorescence

much longer than petioles, outer

sepals pale hoary .... 4. C. canum

KK. Petioles usually over 1.5 cm. long,

venation on both sides of leaf rather

obscure or indistinct, not clear cut,

upper surface of leaf usually drying

pale brown, inflorescences short, often

not much longer than petioles, outer

sepals not pale hoary:

* [for HH turn to page 293].

290

Vol. XV. (1956).

L. Inflorescence with rather conspicuous

bracts at base; exudate usually

white (from fresh cuts); bark rather

smooth; leaf oblong with very pro-

minent midrib c. 3 mm. wide,

glabrous .... 1. C. incrassatum

LL. Inflorescence without basal bracts or

these small and _ inconspicuous;

exudate usually yellow; bark more

or less fissured; leaf elliptic-lanceo-

late with prominent midrib less than

2 mm. wide, midrib covered with

fugacious ferrugineous tomentum

2. C. wallichianum

JJ. Terminal buds shorter, usually less than

1.2 cm. long.

K. Apex of leaf blunt, rounded, retuse, or

very broadly and bluntly pointed:

L. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, frequently

broadest near base; terminal buds

at least 1 cm. long

2. C. wallichianum

LL. Leaves oblong, usually widest about

middle; terminal buds less than 1

cm. long:

M. Leaves thin textured, inflorescence

umbelliform .... 18. C. curtisti

(N.B. Leaves of C. curtisii only

occasionally exceed 10 cm. in

length, but when this occurs

they appear always to have an

acute or acuminate apex, al-

though the typical leaf has a

very broad and bluntly pointed

apex).

MM. Leaves coriaceous, inflorescence

racemose:

N. Inflorescence very short, to c. 2

cm. long, quite glabrous, leaf

base often broad and almost

rounded, fallen leaf drying rich

red-brown; species of peat

swamp forest 26. C. retusum

291

Gardens Bulletin, S.

NN. Inflorescence longer, to c. 7-8

cm., often more or less tomen-

tose, leaf base always tapered,

fallen leaf drying pale brown;

species of lowland forest

24. C. ferrugineum

KK. Apex of leaf acute or acuminate:

L. Midrib strongly and widely channelled

on upper surface for lower (basal)

fifth of lamina length 4. C. canum

LL. Midrib not or scarcely channelled on

upper surface, if channelled very

finely so:

M. Leaves broadest towards tip; vena-

tion on both surfaces fine, clear

and distant, petiole 2-4 cm. long

14. C. macrocarpum

MM. Leaves not broadest towards tip,

venation obscure and not distant,

petiole less than 2 cm. long:

N. Venation incised on lower sur-

face of leaf, petiole c. 5 mm.

long .. 41. C. rupicolum var.

NN. Venation not incised, petiole 1

cm. or more long:

O. Leaves tending to be broadest

near base:

P. Leaves thin textured, vena-

tion on lower surface fine,

distinct; species of low-

lying land and swamp 16.

C. soulattri

PP. Leaves coriaceous, venation

on lower surface obscure;

species of lowland and hill

forest 2. C. wallichianum

OO. Leaves broadest about middle:

P. Venation usually very obli-

que, side buds _ usually

supra-axillary

17. C. kunstlert

Vol. XV. (1956).

PP. Venation not very oblique,

side buds axillary:

Q. Leaf coriaceous, frequent-

ly reaching 13 cm. long;.

twigs, except youngest,

yellowish and more or

less polished

7. C. flavo-ramulum

QO. Leaf thin, rarely reaching.

10. cm. long; twigs.

brownish or greyish

18. C. curtisit

HH. Leaves broader: broadly oblong, elliptic,

ovate or obovate:

J. Leaves usually markedly acuminate, vena-

tion usually oblique:

K. Leaves medium sized, broadest about

middle, venation usually very oblique,

moderately clear, not distinct, petiole c-

1 cm. long; exudate yellowish, usually

clear; lowland forest 17. C. kunstlert

KK. Leaves large, broadest towards tip, vena-

tion oblique, distant and clear, petiole

2-4 cm. long; exudate yellowish and

opaque, riverside tree

14. C. macrocarpum

JJ. Leaves not acuminate, venation nearly

horizontal:

K. Much branched tree of beach forest

only; cultivated elsewhere

11. C. inophyllum

KK. Not in beach forest:

L. Inflorescence umbelliform, leaves

usually broadest near base

16. C. soulattri

LL. Inflorescences racemose (unknown in

C. sp. No. 23), leaves broadest at

or above the middle:

293

Gardens -Bulletin, S.

M. Twigs very pale when dry, almost

white; venation rather close and

clear cut, at least below:

N. Apex of leaf very abruptly and

shortly pointed, venation easily

visible on both surfaces, petiole

over 2 cm. long, terminal buds

1 cm. or more long 23. C. sp.

NN. Apex of leaf gradually pointed,

venation obscure above, petiole

less than 1.5 cm. long, terminal

buds 3-4 mm. long

8. C. tenuivenium

MM. Twigs dark, or at most yellowish

when dry, venation clear or

obscure:

N. Leaves with fine, distinct (on

NN. Leaves

obscure venation on upper

surface: -

upper surface), almost hori-

zontal venation, the veins 1

mm. apart

21. C. subhorizontale

with close, usually

O. Leaves elliptic, rather thin

27. C. floribundum

OO. Leaves oblong or obovate or

oblong-obovate, usually

rather stiffly coriaceous:

P. Leaves usually oblong, coria-

294

ceous but not stiffly so,

without pronounced raised

marginal rim:

Q. Leaf base broad and al-

most rounded, fallen

leaves drying rich red-

brown, inflorescence

very short, to c. 2 cm.

long, quite glabrous;

species of peat swamp

forest 26. C. retusum

Vol. XV. (1956).

QQ. Leaf base always tapered,

fallen leaves drying pale

brown, inflorescence

longer, to c. 7-8 cm.,

often more or less to-

mentose; species of low-

land forest

24. C. ferrugineum

PP. Leaves usually oblong-ovate

to obovate, stiffly coriace-

ous, with pronounced

raised marginal rim:

Q. Leaves large, to c. 16 cm.

x 8 cm., glabrous, base

of blade more or less

decurrent on_ petiole,

terminal buds _ usually

over 1 cm. long

20. C. sclerophyllum

QQ. Leaves medium sized,

rarely larger than 10

cm. x 3 cm., often to-

mentose on midrib be-

low, base of blade not

decurrent on _ petiole,

terminal buds under 1

cm. long

12. C. inophylloide

DD. Mature leaves smaller, generally considerably under

10 cm. long, coriaceous or thin:

E.* Mountain plants, usually above 3,000 ft., or some-

times on hilltops lower than this:

F. Leaves more or less obovate, tip rounded or

retuse, not pointed:

G. Leaves rather narrow, usually less than 2 cm.

wide, venation rather obscure, midrib not

prominent below; recorded only from Mt.

Ga... 30. C. nodosum

GG. Leaves broader, usually over 2 cm. wide, ve-

nation rather conspicuous, midrib prominent

below; not recorded from Mt. Ophir:

* [for EE turn to page 297].

295

Gardens Bulletin, S.

H. Venation on underside of leaf fine and ob-

scure and without intramarginal nerve;

recorded only from Cameron Highlands

34. C. aureum

HH. Venation on underside of leaf rather coarse

and distinct and with distinct intramarginal

nerve; recorded only from G. Padang

36. C. intramarginale

FF. Leaves usually more or less elliptic or oblong,

not obovate, tip usually more or less pointed,

or narrowed and rounded:

G. Petioles short, 5 mm. or less long:

H. Venation on underside of leaf distant and

incised, fine and distinct above, leaves

usually not less than c. 6 cm. x 2.5 cm.,

with distinct pale margin; recorded only

from G. Belumut and G. Panti

37. C. blumutense

HH. Venation on both sides of leaf very close,

raised, leaves usually smailer, without

distinct pale margin; recorded only from

Cameron Highlands .. 33. C. cuneatum

GG. Petioles longer:

H. Leaves oblong:

J. Leaves rather broadly oblong, usually

over 5 cm. wide, very stiffly coriaceous,

base tending to be rounded

19. C. coriaceum

JJ. Leaves narrowly oblong, under 4 cm. wide,

not stiffly coriaceous:

K. Petiole c. 1 cm. long, fruit more or less

oblong, c. 2-2-5 cm. long, pericarp

thin; recorded up to 2,000 ft

25. C. ferrugineum var. neriifolium

KK. Petiole c. 2 cm. long, fruit more or less

globose, c. 2 cm. diam., pericarp

thick; recorded only from G. Belumut

and (Pai: o2.<) see 10. C. ap.

HH. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, not oblong:

J. Leaves thin textured, hardly coriaceous:

296

Vol. XV. (1956).

K. Margin of leaf pale, petiole c. 5 mm.

long, pericarp of fruit thin, brittle;

(not a montane species, although

found at 3,000 ft. on Kedah Peak)

27. C. floribundum

KK. Margin of leaf not pale, petiole slender,

c. 1 cm. or more long, pericarp of

fruit thick, not brittle

32. C. symingtonianum

JJ. Leaves coriaceous or stiffly coriaceous:

K. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,

apex acuminate, petiole c. 1 cm. long,

venation on underside fairly distinct;

recorded mainly from Fraser Hill

38. C. fraseri

KK. Leaves nearly always ovate-elliptic, apex

not markedly acuminate, petiole c. 7.5

mm. long, venation on underside

rather fine and close, not very conspi-

cuous; recorded from G. Benom, G.

Tahan, G. Ulu Kechau

35. C. aureo-brunnescens

EE. Lowland plants, often in swamp forest or low lying

land:

F.* Apex of leaf acute or acuminate, always more

or less tapered, leaves not obovate:

G. Midrib of leaf always more or less sunk below,

or flat, not raised:

H. Apex of leaf rather long and narrowly acu-

minate, venation on underside invisible or

very obscure, inflorescences c. 2 cm. long,

fruit globular, usually less than 1 cm. diam.

29. C. depressinervosum

HH. Apex of leaf usually shortly acuminate or

acute, venation on underside obscure but

fine, inflorescences to c. 6—7 cm. long,

fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 2 cm. long

28. C. pulcherrimum

* [for FF turn to page 299].

297

Gardens Bulletin, S.

GG. Midrib of leaf always more or less raised

below:

H. Twigs very pale when dry, yellowish or

whitish:

J. Leaves narrowly oblong-elliptic, apex with

a long narrow acumen, venation on both

sides fine and clear cut; exudate yellow

45. (ae.

JJ. Leaves more or less elliptic, apex not nar-

rowly acuminate, venation not clear cut

on both sides:

K. Leaves rarely more than 4—6 cm. long,

venation indistinct on both sides,

petioles 5 mm. long, flowers 1 or 2,

rarely 3, in each inflorescence, petals

2; exudate white 42. C. gracillimum

KK. Leaves larger, venation rather distinct

and clear cut below, petioles over 1

cm. long, inflorescence of 3-4 flowers,

petals 0; exudate yellow

8. C. tenuivenium

HH. Twigs dark coloured when dry:

J. Leaf bases rounded or very broadly cune-

ate, twigs, even older ones, persistently

LOMCMIOSE 2 ned Ges cere 40. C. pisiferum

JJ. Leaf bases tapered, twigs not persistently

tomentose:

K. Venation on underside of leaf distant

and incised .. 41. C. rupicolum var.

KK. Venation on underside of leaf obscure.

or clear cut and raised, never distant

and incised:

L. Venation sharply cut, raised and dis-

tant on both sides of leaf; exudate

wits, <crcee, 2: 43. C. biflorum

LL. Venation close, sometimes obscure,

sometimes clear cut on one side or

the other; exudate yellow or colour-

less: *

298

Vol. XV. (1956).

_ M. Leaves rather stiffly coriaceous,

usually long and narrowly acumi-

nate, venation often very oblique,

side buds supra-axillary

17. C. kunstleri

MM. Leaves thinly coriaceous, not long

and narrowly acuminate, vena-

tion not very oblique, side buds

not supra-axillary:

N. Inflorescence umbelliform, vena-

tion on upper surface of leaf

rather obscure, often pustulate

on under surface, margin of

leaf not pale 18. C. curtisit

NN. Inflorescences racemiform, vena-

tion on upper surface usually

clear cut, not pustulate below,

margin of leaf pale

27. C. floribundum

FF. Apex of leaf rounded, retuse or very abruptly

pointed:

G. Leaves broadly ovate, twigs tomentose, often

persistently so to slight degree (see also C.

ferrugineum (24):

H. Leaves thin, c. 6 cm. x 3 cm., base rounded

or very broadly cuneate, young twigs and

buds lightly tomentose, terminal bud less

than 5.mm. long .... 40. C. pisiferum

HH. Leaves coriaceous, c. 9 cm. x 4 cm., base

broadly cuneate, young twigs and buds

densely tomentose, terminal buds c. 1 cm.

a 2. C. wallichianum

(Renggam and Kluang F.R. collections).

‘GG. Leaves not broadly ovate, if not larger than

c. 6 cm. x 3 cm. then always with tapered

base, twigs not persistently tomentose:

H. Midrib on underside of leaf sunk or flat, not

sae ae ee: = 28. C. pulcherrimum

HH. Midrib of leaf always more or less prominent

below:

299

Gardens Bulletin, S.

J. Older twigs pale when dry, yellowish or

almost white:

K. Youngest twigs and usually midrib be-

low persistently tomentose, leaves

more or less obovate, rigidly coriace-

ous, inflorescence longer than leaves,

outer sepals pale hoary

39. C. costulatum

KK. Youngest twigs and midrib below

glabrous:

-L. Leaves obovate, rigidly coriaceous

with almost invisible venation,

twigs stout, the youngest ones al-

most black and strongly angled

46. C. enervosum

LL. Leaves thin or coriaceous but not

rigidly so, all twigs slender, the

youngest ones not strongly angled

or black:

M. Leaves thin, small, not obovate,

more or less pointed, venation

obscure, marginal rim to lamina

absent or obscure, inflorescence

of 1, 2 or 3 flowers; exudate

white .... 42. C. gracillimum

MM Leaves coriaceous, always more or

less obovate, apex rounded or

retuse, strong marginal rim to

lamina on upper side, inflore-

scence unknown; exudate yellow

44. C. sp.

JJ. Older twigs dark coloured when dry:

K. Venation on underside of leaf distant

and incised 41. C. rupicolum var.

KK. Venation on underside of leaves obscure

or distinct, but never distant or in-

cised:

L. Leaves more or less obovate, apex

rounded or retuse:

300

Vol. XV. (1956).

M. Leaves usually drying more or less

the same colour on both sides,

terminal bud usually 5 mm. or

_ more long; exudate yellow-brown

12. C. inophylloide and

13. C. inophylloide var.

singapurense

MM. Leaves drying dull dark brown

above and warm brown below,

terminal bud very small, c. 3

mm. long; exudate yellow

44. C. sp.

LL. Leaves not obovate (except in some

small-leaved forms of C. curtisii):

M. Leaves thin textured, inflorescences

umbelliform .... 18. C. curtisii

MM. Leaves coriaceous, often stiffly so,

inflorescence not umbelliform:

N. Leaves not markedly oblong,

venation conspicuous and clear

cut on both sides of leaf, in-

florescence 2-flowered; exudate

white to cream 43. C. biflorm

NN. Leaves markedly oblong, vena-

tion very fine and close, or

obscure, on both sides:

O. Fallen leaves drying a rich red

brown, bases broad, often

rounded, inflorescence very

short (c. 2 cm.) and few

flowered; exudate yellowish;

species of peat-swamp forest

26. C. retusum

OO. Leaves drying pale, bases al-

ways tapered, inflorescence

usually longer; exudate

colourless turning white;

species of lowland forest

24. C. ferrugineum

301

Gardens Bulletin, s :

1. Calophylium incrassatum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor ad c. 36 m. alta, ramis robustis, cortice nitido, novellis

quadrangularis, tenuiter brunneo-tomentosis, gemmis angustis, c. 2-5

cm. ad c. 3-5 cm. longis, tenuiter brunneo-tomentosis. Folia coriacea,

oblonga vel ovato-oblonga, apice ‘rotundata vel breviter et abrupte

acuminata, vel irregulariter emarginata, basi late acuminata vel cun-

eata, c. 16 cm. xX 5-5 cm. ad c. 27 cm. X 7 cm., in costa subtus late

prominentia, petiolo 2-3 cm. longo, supra plano. Racemi ad c. 3-4

cm. longi, pedunculo brevissimo cum bracteis conspicuis flavo-brunneo-

tomentosis instructis,: rachidibus flavo-brunneo-tomentosis; sepala 4,

ovato-oblonga vel late elliptica, exteriora minute puberula, brevissime

apiculata, 5-5-6 mm. longa, 5 mm. lata, interiora minora; petala 0.

Fructus plus minusve ellipsoideus vel oblongo-globosus, ad c. 3 cm.

longus, minute apiculatus, in sicco rugosus.

A tall tree, recorded as up to c. 36 m. in height and 2 m. in

girth, without buttresses, bole often nobbly where branches have

abscissed, bark smooth, yellow-brown, occasionally grey, cracking

slightly, or with shallow obscure fissures 3-5 cm. apart, frequently

with abundant small lenticels in vertical lines (in S.F.N. 30977

light grey, broadly and rather deeply rugose-fissured), outer bark

very thin and brittle, inner bark thick, soft, pink to pinkish red,

exudate cloudy white turning slightly yellowish on exposure,

sometimes clear pale yellow on first exposure, sticky. Twigs stout,

smooth and somewhat polished, the youngest ones more or less

quadrangular, with a fine, brown, mealy tomentum. Terminal buds

long and narrow, gradually attenuated to apex, c. 25-35 cm.

long, often slightly curved, with the same fine tomentum as on

young twigs. Leaves: lamina large, coriaceous, slightly hairy along

midrib on undersurface of young leaves, more or less oblong, or

somewhat ovate-oblong, apex rounded, or very shortly and ab-

ruptly acute, or irregularly emarginate with the tip of the midrib

projecting as a short mucro, base usually broadly acuminate or

cuneate, from c. 12 cm. & 5 cm. toc. 27 cm. X 7 cm., usually

c. 16 cm. & 5 cm., sometimes broader in proportion to length,

midrib robust and prominent on lower surface, venation variable

in prominence but never clearly prominent, usually rather close

and faint on both surfaces, petioles 2-3 cm. long, flattened or

channelled above.

Inflorescences short, c. 3-4 cm. long, the very short peduncle

with rather conspicuous, yellow-brown, mealy bracts, sepals 4,

obovate-oblong or broadly elliptic, the outer ones 5-5—6 mm. long,

5 mm. wide, very shortly apiculate, tomentose like the inflores-

cence rachis, the inner ones smaller, petals 0, ovary globose, or

ovoid-globose, c. 2 mm. diam., style rather short. Fruit oblong-

globose or ellipsoid, to c. 3 cm. long, with a very small apiculus,

302

———————

Vol. XV. (1956).

wrinkled when dry, pale green in life when ripe, pericarp thick,

not brittle, turning reddish brown when cut, testa pale brown,

faintly wrinkled, very hard, c. 1-5 mm. thick. Plate IL. Fig. 1, A, B.

TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, Kemaman, Corner s-.n.

PaHANG: Baloh F.R., Kep. 66644, 66645; Kuantan, Kep. 7628, 4183:

Temerloh, Kep. 5472.

Matacca: Bukit Sedanan, Derry 515; Selandar Forest, S.F.N. 2010.

JOHORE: Banang F.R., Kep. 45946; Kluang F.R., Kep. 69921,

71292, 72705; Ma’Okil F.R., Kep. 71279: Kota Tinggi-Mawai road,

S.F.N. 30977; Mawai-Jemaluang road, S.F.N. 324911, Corner s.n.

10-2-25, Corner s.n. 8-2-35; Jemaluang F.R., Kep. 69971. 69977,

71889 (7), 72461, 72464; Renggam F.R., Kep. 71269.

SINGAPORE: Sungai Morai, Ridley 5071: Mandai road. Corner s.n.;

Economic Gardens, Deshmukh s.n.,; Botanic Gardens, Gardens No.

1962, Kiah s.n.; Gardens Jungle, S.F.N. 29452 (7); Bukit Timah,

S.F.N. 34647 (Type, Holotype in Herb. Singapore), 28846; MacRit-

chie Reservoir, S.F.N. 40226(7).

A species of lowland forest, sometimes in fresh water swamp

forest of the southern half of the Malay Peninsula. It is readily

recognised by its large, oblong, coriaceous leaves, and long,

slightly curved terminal buds.

We have compared our species with the type of C. lowei PI.

from Borneo, which resembles it in leaf characters. It differs, how-

ever, in the inflorescence, which in C. lowei is larger and more

like that of C. canum. It is possible that a Forest Department

collection from Kuching, Sarawak, No. 00379, named C. lowei

at Kew, is in fact our species.

2. Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Tri. in Ann. Sci. Nat.

Ser. 4, 15 (1861) 277.

A tree up to c. 40 m. tall and c. 3 m. in girth, without buttres-

ses, bark greenish grey, fawny-grey or grey-brown, with shallow,

distant, irregular fissures, ruggedly angular rugose fissured in

large trees, dark dull red under bark, inner bark thick, pinkish

ted, soft, exudate of white droplets which on exposure turn yel-

lowy-cream coloured, or clear golden-syrup coloured. Twigs dark

coloured when dry, rather smooth, youngest minutely ferrugineous

tomentose, often almost velvety, and frequently with slight glauc-

ous bloom. Terminal buds long, narrow, pointed, or rounded at

tip, cylindrical or slightly constricted at base c. 1-5—2-5 cm. long,

apparently sometimes even longer, minutely reddish tomentose.

Leaves: lamina glabrous, coriaceous but not thickly so, usually

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, often widest nearer the base, base

tather broadly cuneate, sometimes almost rounded, frequently

asymmetric, apex acute or obtuse, from c. 9 cm. & 3 cm. toc.

18 cm. < 5-5 cm., venation rather indistinct on both surfaces,

303

Gardens Bulletin, S.

almost horizontal, slightly more evident above, rather close and

irregular and slightly raised, midrib slender above, slightly raised

and with a fine median channel towards base, prominent below

and rounded, young leaves rufous tomentose on midrib on both

sides and on petiole, though tomentum is very fugacious on upper

surface of midrib, petiole long, usually over 1-5 cm., reaching c. 3

cm., deep red in life, often dark in dried specimens; fallen leaves

frequently folded V-shaped.

Racemes from the upper leaf-axils, often slightly supra-axillary,

short, usually not more than c. 3—4 cm. long, more or less ferru-

gineous tomentose, densely so at base, more sparsely above,

flowers c. 1-8 cm. across, on pedicels c. 1 cm. long or shorter,

sepals 4, rufous tomentose externally, petals 0 (or ?2-4). Fruit

nearly globose or oblong-globose or elliptic-obovoid, up to c. 4-5

cm. X< 3-5 cm., shortly or obscurely apiculate, green when ripe,

turning purple black, when dry dull purplish brown, wrinkled,

pericarp thick, not brittle. Plate Ill. Fig. 1, C, D.

TRENGGANU: Bukit Bauk F.R.. Kep. 53362, 67828.

KepaH: Perak F.R., Kep. 59630.

PENANG: sine loc., Wallich — p-p. (Type), Curtis s.n., 1154;

Government Hill, 1,200 ft. and 2,300 ft., Curtis 1153 p.p.; Pulau Boe-

tong Reserve, Curtis 1153 p.p.: Pantai Acheh F.R., Kep. s.n. 2-10-47;

Telok Bahang F.R., Kep. 65368.

Perak: Batu Undan F.R., Kep. 54225; Kledang Saiong F.R., Kep.

33684, 65905; Pulau Lalang (Sembilan Islands), a 76530; Segari-

Melintang F.R.. Kep. 69415. 69418; Sg. Pulai, Bukit Malaka,

Kinta, Kep. 54761: Tanjoig Tualang F.R., Kep. 63253; Telok Muroh

F.R., Kep. 76732¢ 76733.

JOHORE: Endau-Mersing road, Kep. 74159, 76299; Gunong Arong

F.R.. 70079, 7Q235; Gunong Pulai, SF.N. 7303; Jemaluang, Kep.

73457. Jemaluang FR., Kep. 69969, 69979, &9986. 69989, 72908,

72914, 73458, 72460, 72467, 72553; Kluang FR. Kep. 69919, 762977

Kota Tinggi road, eet 30987; Mersing, Kep. 70150; Panti FR.,

Kep. 63 2968, 701§6, 70351; Renggam F.R., Kep. 71265, 71275, 71276,

71295; atrat Seward -_ road, Corner s.n., 5-5-35.

SmncaPore: Bukit Timah. Ridley 6333, Corner s.n.. SF.N. 32561,

34546, 34632, 36476, Kep. 705371: Bukit Mandal, Mat. s.n.;

Jungle, SF.N. 39451.

King in the Materials and Ridley in Flora of the Malay Penin-

sula misinterpreted this species and what they put under it we

have redescribed as C. rubiginosum. The type is the part of

Wallich £48432 preserved in Herb. de Candolle, which is given by

the authors in the original description as from ‘Penang et

Singapore’.

C. wallichianum is said in the original description to have

‘petalis 2 (v. 3-4?)’, but in the material available to us for dis-

section no petals have been found. A copy of a note by King on a

sheet of Curtis 1153 states that there are no petals.

304

Vol. XV. (1956).

This species is characterised by the coriaceous, oblong leaves.

with a tendency in the north-western collections to be broadest

near the base, the indistinct venation, the long dark petiole and

rather dark (often with a tinge of purple) midrib, the long ter-

minal bud and the frequently supra-axillary side buds. It is a

common species of coastal hill forest, frequently on ridge tops,

and has been collected at an elevation of over 2,000 ft. on Penang

island and at 1,750 ft., in Perak. The collections show a distinct

broken distribution, none occurring from Selangor, Negri Sem-

bilan and Malacca, but one of the authors (J. W.-S.) has seen

this species in the field in Bukit Lagong F.R., Selangor, at an

elevation of about 1,000 ft.

We originally decided to separate off the southern collections

(Trengganu, Pahang, Johore, Singapore) and in fact described

them in manuscript as a new species, C. rufigemmatum. Subse-

quent collections did not support this, though in general the

north-western form has a milky white exudate which turns slightly

yellow on exposure, a broader leaf usually widest nearer the base,

sparsely ferrugineous tomentose bud and young twigs, and a more

pointed, frequently curved, bud compared with the southern and

eastern form, which has a clear, golden-syrup coloured exudate,

an oblong lanceolate leaf, a more ferruginous tomentose bud anc

young twigs, and a blunt, cylindrical, straight bud.

All the collections in Renggam and Kluang Forest Reserves.

both adjoining reserves in central Johore, have slightly more coria-

ceous leaves with a wider lamina in proportion to length than in

typical leaves, a dense velvety ferruginous tomentum on the young

twigs, petioles, midribs and buds, and a very cylindrical bud.

These may represent a distinct species, but in the absence of

fertile material they are included in C. wallichianum for the pre-

sent, as bark and slash characters are typical of the southern form.

The species described in the Check List as C. wallichianum is

in fact C. rubiginosum.

3. Calophyllum tahanense Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor c. 10 m. alta, ramis in sicco flavis, cortice nitido, novellis

flavo-bruneo-tomentosis, gemmis angustis, tenuiter ferrugineo-tomen-

tosis, c. 1-3 cm. longis. Folia coriacea, oblongo-lanceolata vel anguste

oblonga, ad c. 21 cm. longa et 4 cm. lata, saepe latiora brevioraque,

apice obtuse acuta, basi cuneata, nervis lateralibus plus minusve obs-

curis, Vix prominulis, petiolo c. 2-4 cm. longo. Racemi ad c. 7 cm.

longi, saepe paniculati-approximati, rachide pedicellisque leviter fer-

rugineo-tomentosis, pedicellis gracilibus, ad c. 2 cm. longis: sepala 4,

oblongo-ovata, concava, extus minute puberula, exteriora c. 6 mm. xX

5 mm., interiora c. 3-5 mm. xX rae “peinia’2 vel 0. glabra. Fructus

c. 3 cm. longus et 2-5 cm. latus, umbonatus.

305

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A tree about 10 m. tall, with slightly rough, thin bark with vertical,

rusty-brown, slender, cracking lenticels. Twigs tending to be yel-

lowish and polished, young twigs and shoots with dusty, yellow

brown tomentum. Terminal buds narrow and pointed, c. 1-3 cm.

long, very finely reddish tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous,

oblong lanceolate to narrowly oblong, apex bluntly acute, base

cuneate, up to c. 21 cm. & 4 cm., often wider and shorter, petiole

long, usually 2:5—4 cm., black when dry, venation below rather

faint and not prominent, rather variable but always close and

rather obscure, similar on the upper surface.

Inflorescences racemiform or paniculiform, somewhat pyramidal

in outline, up to c. 7 cm. long, rachis and pedicels finely rusty

tomentose, pedicels slender, variable in length, but not exceeding

c. 2 cm., sepals 4, oblong ovate, concave, finely tomentose out-

side, closely longitudinally veined, outer ones c. 6 mm. & 5 mm.

when fiattened, inner ones c. 3-5 mm. X 2°5 mm., petals 2,

thinner than the sepals and glabrous, not always present, stamen

filaments c. 4-4-5 mm. long, style long, stout, stigma rather large.

Fruit broadly ellipsoid cr more or less globose, with an abrupt

beak which is sometimes very conspicuous, c. 3 cm. long and 2-5

cm. diam., pericarp thick, not brittle, glabrous, probably smooth

in life, drying dark reddish brown, finely and shallowly wrinkled,

surface smooth between wrinkles, testa thick and hard. Plate IV.

Fig. 2, A, B.

TRENGGANU: Gunong Padang, 4,000 ft., S.F.N. 31076. (This collec-

tion is placed here with some doubt. It consists of leaves and full

grown fruit. The leaves are broader than in the type, with a more

rounded base and a flatter and broader midrib below, which is chan-

nelled above; the fruit is about the same shape and size, with a small

umbo. The exudate is stated to be white).

PAHANG: Base of Gunong Tahan, in the vicinity of Wray’s Camp,

c. 3,500 ft... Wray & Robinson 5344, S.F.N. 8020, 20601 (Type, Holo-

type in Herb. Singapore), Corner s.n. 11-9-37.

Our species is close to C. wallichianum P|. & Tr.

4. Calophyllum canum Hook. f., F.B.I. 1 (1874) 271; King, Mat.

F.M.P. No. 2 (1890) 177; Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922) 185, p.p.

A tree recorded as reaching c. 35 m. tall and over 2m. in girth,

without buttresses, bark yellow-brown and brown to grey, smooth

with lenticellate-cracking or boat-shaped fissures when young, be-

coming rough and coarsely distantly fissured, exudate clear yellow

brown, sticky. Twigs rather smooth, glabrous except for the

youngest, which are finely and thinly rusty tomentose. Terminal

buds long and narrow, c. 1:2 cm. long, very finely rusty hoary,

with a tendency to be abruptly narrowed half way. Leaves: lamina

rather thin, oblong to elliptic-oblong, usually acute at tip and

306

Vol. XV. (1956).

base, variable in size, from c. 10 cm. K 3-5 cm. toc. 18 cm.

‘5—6 cm., upper surface dark and shining when dry, venation fine.

close, usually fairly distinct on both surfaces, midrib channelled

above, especially towards petiole, petiole usually 1-1-5 cm. long,

black when dry; fallen leaves with shiny red-brown upper surface.

Racemes from the upper axils and sub-panicled terminally.

rather copious, hoary, flowers shortly pedicellate, c. 15 cm.

across, sepals 4, the two outer ones orbicular, hoary at least when

young and in bud, inner ones larger and thinner, petals 0. Fruit

broadly ellipsoid to globose, apex rounded, c. 2-2-5 cm. long,

pericarp rather thick, said to be white im life, when dry reddish

brown to blackish brown, glabrous, surface rather coarsely

wrinkled, smooth between wrinkles. Fig. 2, C, D.

Jae Road to Spout. 800 ft.. Curtis 1543: Government Hill,

ft., Curtis 1543: Government Hill, Curtis 1153 p.p. Waterfall

pacacel SF_N. 3695, Nur s.n.

PERAK: sime loc.. Scortechini 2044, 2078; Larut. within 100 ft.

Kunstler 5420; Larut, 800—1,000 ft., Kunstler 7704: Batu Gajah, Kep.

sn. Feb. 1918; Pondok Tanjong F.R.. 63467 (7); Tanjong Tualang

F._R.. Kep. 65711.

SELANGOR: Rantau Panjang F.R.. Kep. 28918; Weld Hill F_R.. Kep.

72426.

Matacca: sine loc.. Maingay 1645 (Tyre): Batang Malaka, Good-

enough 1791.

Necri SEMBILAN: Senawang F.R.. Kep. 609.

PaHANG: Pekan. Haviland sn.; Kuantan, Kep. 0883, 43188; Temer-

loh, Kep. 5464; Gunong Lesong FE. R., Kep. 10013.

JoHoRE: Banang F.R.. Kep. 80557; Ma’Okil F.R.. Kep. 71284:

Sungai Sedili, S.F_N. 26891.

A widely distributed and locally common (e.g. Baloh F.R.)

species of lowland forest, distinct in the medium-sized, hardly

coriaceous leaves shining aboye and dark red brown in colour

when dry, with fine and more or less distinct venation, and in the

rather copious inflorescences with finely hoary outer sepals. It is

close to C. wallichianum P\. & Tri., but differs from that species

in having much clearer cut venation, especially on the undersurface

of the leaf, the leaves drying darker above, and in the longer and

more compact inflorescences with pale hoary outer sepals.

_ In Check List as ‘C. canum H.f.’.

5. Calophyllum molle King, Mat. F.M-P. No. 2 (1890) 177:

Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922) 185.

_ A tree up toc. 26 m. tall and c. 1 m. m girth, bark pale grey,

closely and very finely lenticellate-fissured, almost smooth. cut

pink, exudate clear golden coloured. Twigs terete, pale, smooth,

the youngest ones softly ferrugineous tomentose and pale yellowy

307

Gardens Bulletin, S.

grey when tomentum removed. Terminal buds rather narrowly

oblong-ovate, usually a little under 1 cm. long, densely ferrugine-

ous tomentose. Leaves: lamina rather thinly coriaceous, narrowly

oblong to narrowly oblong-elliptic, leaf margin frequently

Strongly thickened, apex bluntly pointed, base narrowed and

rounded, or cuneate, slightly cupped on undersurface, c. 8 cm.

2 cm. toc. 11 cm. & 4 cm., undersurface usually always more or

less ferrugineous tomentose, the oldest leaves becoming glabrous

except for the midrib below which is always softly tomentose,

venation on upper surface close, fine, sharply cut, obscured below

by tomentum, but less sharply cut, petiole c. 5-10 mm. long.

Racemes axillary, few-flowered, c. 25 cm. long, rachis red

tomentose, pedicels tomentose, flowers c. 1-5 cm. across, sepals 4,

the two outer rather thick, oblong-orbicular, c. 8 mm. K 6 mm.,

closely tomentose outside, the inner ones larger and thinner, only

slightly tomentose externally at base and on margins, petals 0,

ovary tomentose, style short. Fruit globose-ellipsoid, c. 2-5 cm.

long, sparsely reddish tomentose, dark green turning brown in life,

usually shortly and abruptly apiculate, but sometimes apiculus

obscure, pericarp thick, not brittle, drying somewhat glaucous red-

dish brown, with shallow distinct wrinkles, smooth between wrin-

PENANG: sine loc., Kep. £0466; Penang Hill, up to c. 2,000 ft.,

Curtis 1426 (TYPE).

Perak: Larut, Kunstler 3477, 3737, 6724, Scortechini s.n., Kep. 20;

Tapah Road, Kep. 4562; Ulu Piah, Kep. 11970; Tronoh, Kep. 12022;

Tanjong Tualang F.R., Kep. 63272.

SELANGOR: Kanching F.R., Kep. 21975; Kuang F.R., Kep. 14774,

14775, 14776, 14777; Rantau Panjang F.R., Kep. 24931; Bukit La-

gong F.R., Kep. 52233.

PaHANG: Temerloh, Kep. 5458, 6305; Bilut F.R., Kep. 23353.

A collection from swampy forest at Mandai, Singapore, S.F.N.

37715, may belong here, although it differs somewhat in having

tather more prominent venation below, the base of the leaf more

narrowly cuneate and in the small, pea-shaped fruit which, how-

ever, is seedless. At the same time, C. molle is not normally found

in swamp forest and there are no collections from Johore.

The species is one of lowland forest; it is distimct because of

the persistent, soft tomentum on the undersurface of the leaves,

the short inflorescences and hoary outer sepals.

6. Calophyllum rubigmosum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Calophyllum wallichianum sensu King, Mat. F.M.P. No. 2

(1890) 179., quoad descript.; et Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 187.,

pro parte, non Planch. & Triana.

308

Vol. XV. (1956).

Arbor ad c. 35 m. alta, ramulis im sicco flavis vel fere albis, cortice

nitido, novellis tenuiter ferrugineo-tomentosis, gemmis rubro-tomento-

sis, angustis, apice abrupte acutis, c. 6-12 mm. longis. Folia subcoria-

cea, plus minusve elliptico-oblonga, apice acuta, nonnunquam acu-

minata, basi cuneata, c. 8 cm. xX 3 cm adc. 18 cm. X 5 cm., subius

minute sed dense rufo-tomentosa, nervis lateralibus obscuris tenuissi-

mis, petiolo ad c. 3 cm. longae, gracile. Racemi terminales et axillares,

ad c. 9 cm. longi, ferrugineo-tomentosi, pedicellis brevibus; flores c.

1-2 cm. diam.; sepala 4, orbicularia, ferrugineo-tomentosa; petala 4,

plus minusve oblonga. Fructus ovoideo-ellipsoideus, c. 2-5 cm. longus,

rostratus.

A tree, recorded as reaching c. 35 m. tall and 1-5 m. in girth,

but usually not so tall or large, without buttresses, bark grey and

yellowish green, smooth to rough, very finely fissured, inner bark

pinkish, exudate white, copious. Twigs pale, smooth, yellowish to

almost white, the youngest ones finely rusty tomentose. Terminal

buds narrow, tather abruptly and sharply pomted, red tomentose.

c. 6-12 mm. long. Leaves: lamima medium-sized, subcoriaceous.

more or less elliptic-oblong, apex acute, sometimes acuminate,

base cuneate or rather gradualiy narrowed, from c. 8 cm. & 3 cm.

to c. 18 cm. & 5 cm., upper surface glabrous, lower surface finely

rusty tomentose, venation on the upper surface hardly visible.

very fine and often incised, obscured on the lower surface by the

tomentum, but when this is removed, very fine and inconspicuous,

very slightly raised, not sharply cut, usually with a slightly more

marked vein at intervals of 3-4 mm., petiole variable, reaching c.

3 cm. long, rather slender.

Racemes axillary and termimal, reaching more than half the

length of the leaves, usually somewhat shorter, rusty tomentose,

pedicels usually short, flowers c. 1-2 cm. diam., sepals 4, orbicular,

Tusty tomentose on both sides, petals 4, more or less oblong.

Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, beaked, c. 2-5 cm. long, pericarp rather

thick, not brittle, pale reddish brown when dry, deeply wrinkled,

the surface crackled and scabby. Plate V. Fig. 2, G, Fig. 3, A.

SELANGOR: Kepong, Kep. 38507, 38512, 39900; Sungei Lalang F.R..

Kep. 53604; Bukit Tunggal F.R., Kep. 23664; Bangi F.R., Kep. 0312,

0557, 2583, 2623, 10974, 14579, 26454, 26455; Weld Hill F.R., Kep.

0338, 2615; Sungei Buloh F.R., Kep. 1592, 5314, 14904, 15258, 16441,

16462, 16872, 76371, Jalan Rajah, Kuala Lumpur, Kep. 10470; Pub-

lic Gardens, Kuala ‘Lumpur, Kep. 4740; Bukit Cheraka F.R., Kep.

18702, 65567; Kuang F.R., Kep. 21958, £1962, 21988, 21992: Ulu

Gombak FR. Kep. 11645; Kajang, Kep. 2649; Ayer Hitam F.R.,

Kep. 10903; Rantau Panjang F.R., Kep. 14768, 14769, 14770, 14771,

14772, 32204; Kanching F.R.. Kep. 13958, 14782, 21259.

Maracca: Sungai Udang, Holmberg 819; Batang Malaka F.R., Kep.

2063; Ayer Panas F.R., Kep. 25211, 25253; Ramuan China F.R., Kep.

25257; Bukit Sedanan F.R., Kep. 25271, 25322.

Necri SEmBILAN: Gunong Angsi F.R., Kep. 1958 (Type, Holotype

in Herb. Kepong), 23713; Sungai Menyala F.R., Kep. £3665, 64654;

Senawang F.R., Kep. 18505.

309

Gardens Bulletin, S.

JOHORE: Sungei Kayu, Kiah s.n.; Jemaluang F.R., Kep. 69995.

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ridley 6196, S.F.N. 36449, Mat. s.n.z

Chua Chu Kang, Ridley s.n.; Botanic Gardens, Nur 1668, s.n.

This species, which was misinterpreted both by King and by

Ridley, is common in lowland forest from Selangor southwards,

It is very distinctive in its pale yellow twigs and in the fine cover-

ing of rusty tomentum on the young twigs, undersides of the leaves.

and on the inflorescence.

In Check List as ‘C. wallichianum Pl. & Tri.’.

7. Calophyllum flavo-ramulum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp.

nov.

Arbor ad c. 36-38 m. alta, ramulis robustis, teretibus, cortice nitido,

pallide flavo ad fere albo, junioribus angulosis, plus minusve rufo-

tomentosis, gemmis brevibus, acutis, rufo-tomentosis, c. 5 mm. longis.

Folia coriacea, oblonga, nonnunquam anguste oblonga, vel plus

minusve oblongo-elliptica vel oblongo-lanceolata, apice plus minusve

acuminata, nonnunquam abrupte acuta, basi cumeata, c. 10 cm. x 3

cm. adc. 14 cm. * 5 cm., nervis lateralibus utrinque tenuissimis, ap-

proximatis, leviter prominulis sed non conspicuis, petiolo ad c. 1-5 cm.

longo. Racemi axillares, pyramidiformi, ad c. 9 cm. longi, pedicellis.

decussatis, gracilibus; flores c. 2 cm. lati; sepala exteriora parva, ovato-

orbicularia, concava, c. 5-‘S mm. * 5 mm., extus plus minusve minute

ferrugineo-tomentosa, interiora tenuiora, maiora, plus minusve elliptica,

c. 10 mm. * 7 mm., petala 4, sepala interiora sifniliter, interiora

anguste obovata, c. 11 mm. longa, exteriora latiora, breviora. Fructus

globosus vel ellipsoideus, c. 2 cm. longus.

A tall, top storey tree, reaching c. 36-38 m. tall, and c. 2 m.

girth at breast height, without buttresses, bark greeny-grey and

yellowish fawn with shallow or deep (large trees), distant, irreg-

ular fissures and anastomosing ridges, rough and flaky, imner

bark pale pink to pinky red, laminated, exudate clear, honey

coloured or yellow brown, very sticky. Twigs rather stout, terete,

polished, pale yellow to almost white, youngest shoots dark

coloured, angular, more or less red tomentose. Terminal buds

short, sharply pointed, red tomentose, c. 5 mm. long. Leaves:

lamina medium-sized, coriaceous, upper surface glossy, lower sur-

face dull, oblong, sometimes narrowly so, or more or less oblong-

elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, apex usually more or less acuminate,

sometimes abruptly so, sometimes rather abruptly acute, base

cuneate, usually from c. 10 cm. & 3 cm. toc. 14 cm. K 5 cm.,

sometimes wider or narrower in proportion, venation on both

sides very fine, close, slightly raised but not conspicuous, midrib

narrowly: channelled above in the basal half of the leaf, prominent

below, with fine red tomentum along midrib particularly in young

leaves, petiole rather slender to rather stout, to c. 1-5 cm. long.

310

Vol. XV. (1956).

Racemes axillary, usually 1 but occasionally 2 from each leaf

axil, up to c. 9 cm. long, pyramidal, with c. 5 decussate pairs of

flowers and a terminal one, the lowermost branches sometimes 2—

3-flowered, peduncle, rachis and pedicels white, slightly rusty

pubescent when dry, flowers c. 2 cm. across, sepals 4, the outer

two comparatively small, not very thick, reflexed in the open

flower, ovate-orbicular, concave, c. 55 mm. xX 5 mm., finely

rusty tomentose outside but variable in this respect and sometimes

almost glabrous, inner sepals larger, thinner, more or less elliptic,

rounded, c. 10 mm. & 7 mm., petals 4, similar to the inner sepals,

the 2 inner ones narrowly obovate, c. 11 mm. long, the 2 outer

ones broader and shorter. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to globular, sub-

acute, c. 2 cm. long, pericarp rather thick, slightly brittle but not

breaking up in dried material, dark reddish to blackish brown

when dry, glabrous, minutely rugulose or almost smooth, testa

thick and hard. Plate VI. Fig. 3, B, C.

TRENGGANU: Bukit Kajang, Kemaman, S.F.N. 30321 (Type, Holo-

type in Herb. Singapore); 30565, Corner s.n.; Dungun, Kep. 53353 (?);

Belara F.R., Kep. 76064.

PAHANG: Kuantan, Kep. 4198; Baloh F.R., Kep. 40216.

fates tag Kluang F.R., Kep. 69920, 71289; Jemaluang F.R., Kep.

A rather distinct large species of lowland forest and low hills in

eastern Malaya, widespread but little collected, resembling super-

ficially C. canum but with very pale yellow twigs and different

flowers. The fallen leaf has a dark midrib and raised lamina edges

{boat-shaped).

In Check List as ‘C. sp. No. 36’.

8. Calophyllum tenuivenium Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor c. 20 m. alta, ramis in sicco glabris, cortice nitido, flavo-albis,

gemmis parvis, angustis, acutis, minute ferrugineo-tomentosis, c. 34

mm. longis. Folia glabra, tenuiter coriacea, elliptica, apice breve et late

acuta, basi cuneata, c. 7 cm. X 3 cm. adc. 10 cm. xX 4-5 cm., nervis

lateralibus subtus conspicuis sed tenuissimis, inter se distantibus, supra

obscuris, petiolo 1-2 cm. longo. Racemi axillares et terminales, ad

c. 4 cm. longi, pedunculo ad c. 1 cm. longo, pedicellis ad c. 3 cm.

longis; flores albi, c. 2 cm. lati: sepala 4, exteriora glabra, concava, c.

6 mm. longa, interiora maiora, tenuiora, late ovato, c. 1 cm. longa,

basi 1 cm. lata; petala 0. Fructus ignotus.

A tree c. 20 m. tall, without buttresses or stilt roots, bark yel-

lowish grey, slightly fissured, inner bark pinkish brown, fibrous,

exudate yellow, rather scanty. Twigs rather stout, pale, the young-

est ones pale yellowish white, glabrous, slightly polished, the older

ones slightly darker. Terminal buds small, narrow, pointed, c. 3-4

mm. long, minutely adpressed brown or reddish brown hairy.

Leaves: lamina glabrous, thinly coriaceous, medium-sized, ellip-

tic, apex usually shortly and broadly acute, base cuneate, from c.

311

Gardens Bulletin, S.

7 cm. X 3 cm. toc. 10 cm. X 45 cm., upper surface drying dull

brown, lower surface more reddish brown, midrib slender and

raised above, usually finely channelled near base, rather promi-

nent below and more or less keeled, venation very fine, raised,

rather clear cut below, rather distant (c. 7 veins to 5 mm.), very

fine and hardly raised above, often obscure, leaf margin with an

inconspicuous, narrow, slightly thickened edge darker in colour

than rest of leaf, petiole usually 1-2 cm. long.

Racemes short and few-flowered, from the upper or terminal

leaf-axils, 4 cm. long or less, peduncles variable in length from

almost none to c. 1 cm. long, 3—5-flowered, pedicels slender,

white in life, to c. 3 cm. long, flowers rather large, c. 2 cm. across,

fragrant, sepals 4, white, the two outer glabrous, boat-shaped and

very concave, spreading horizontally in the open flower, c. 6 mm.

long, the inner ones thinner, larger, broadly ovate, rounded, c. 1

cm. long and 1 cm. broad at base, reflexed in open flower, veined,

petals 0, stamen filaments pale yellow, anthers golden yellow,

ovary white. Fruit unknown. Plate VII. Fig. 3, D.

JOHORE: 8th mile, Kota Tinggi-Mawai road, in fresh water swamp

forest, S.F.N. 32274 (Type, Holotype in Herb. Singapore).

Known only from the above collection. The elliptic, rather thin

leaves, with very fine clear cut and rather distant venation on the

lower surface, the pale, more or less polished twigs and the rather

large flowers in short inflorescences distinguish this species. It is

close to C. rupicolum var. but the lamina is broader, the venation

is distinct and the petiole is longer.

9. Calophyllum griffithii T. Anders. in Hook. f., F.B.I. 1 (1874)

273; King, Mat. F.M.P. No. 2 (1890) 179; Ridl., F.M.P. 1

(1922) 187, as to Griffithian specimen only.

A tree. Twigs rather stout, glabrous, the youngest ones pale

brown when dry and 4-angled, the older ones terete and darker

brown. Terminal buds short, pyramidal, adpressed pale brown

hairy, c. 3 mm. long. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous, oblong

or elliptic-oblong, apex obtuse or broadly and shortly acute, base

cuneate, up to c. 14 cm. X 5 cm., upper surface shining and

leaden brown when dry, lower surface reddish brown, midrib

narrow and raised above, narrowly channelled at base, prominent

below, pale, rounded or slightly keeled, venation fine and clear

cut, equally raised on both surfaces, rather distant (about 5 veins

in 4 mm.), anastomosing in a distinct intra-marginal vein c. 1

mm. from leaf margin, this vein rather more easily visible on the

upper surface than the lower, leaf margin slightly thickened and

pale, petiole to c. 1:5 cm. long.

312

Vol. XV. (1956).

Racemes axillary, few-flowered, reaching c. 6 cm. long, glabr-

ous pedicels very variable in length, slender, reaching c. 1-5 cm.,

with a tiny, deciduous bract at the base of each, flowers c. 1 cm.

across, sepals 4, the outer two glabrous, orbicular, eventually

reflexed, inner two longer and narrower, petals 4, oblong, rounded.

Fruit not seen.

Ma.acca: Ching, Griffith 882 (TYPE).

No other material of this species has been seen from Malaya.

King adds Forbes 322a from Sumatra, which we have not seen.

This and Calophyllum intramarginale nob. are the only Malayan

species, to our knowledge, which have a distinct intramarginal

nerve with which the lateral veins anastomose. In all other species

the veins run out to a usually thickened leaf margin (which C.

griffithii also has), or disappear before they reach the margin.

10. Calophyllum sp.

A tree, apparently rather large, reaching c. 20 m. tall. Twigs

stout, older ones terete, youngest ones 4-angled, dark brown or

yellowish brown, tending to be polished. Terminal buds stout,

lanceolate acute, finely tomentose, c. 1-5 cm. long. Leaves very

coriaceous, rather narrowly oblong-elliptic or oblong or narrowly

ovate-elliptic, apex apparently rounded, usually irregularly emar-

ginate with the tip of the midrib projecting (?due to injury), base

narrowly and rather long cuneate, from c. 7 cm. & 3 cm. to c.

14 cm. & 45 cm., drying brown or dark brown, upper surface

usually darker than lower and more or less shining, venation close

and fairly distinct, raised on both surfaces, more distinct on the

upper surface, midrib narrowly channelled in the basal half above,

rounded and prominent below, petiole rather long and slender, c.

2—2:5 cm. long.

Flowers unknown, inflorescence probably short, axillary, having

short, stout branches in fruit, fruit broadly ellipsoid to almost glo-

bose, slightly pointed, green when ripe, c. 2:5 cm. long, pericarp

very thick, not brittle, drying dark reddish brown, glabrous, sur-

face very shallowly and finely wrinkled, testa thick, hard. Plate

VIII. Fig. 3, E.

JoHoRE: Gunong Belumut, 3,000 ft., S.F.N. 10723; Gunong Panti,

1,600 ft., S.F.N. 29969.

Known only from these two collections, which we have been

unable to match. This group appears to be near C. canum but

has much more coriaceous leaves (in which it resembles C. incras-

satum) and stouter twigs and terminal buds. It resembles in some

respects C. tahanense, but the midrib in the latter species is not

raised on the upper surface, and it may be the southern counter-

part of it.

313

Gardens Bulletin, S.

11. Calophyllum inophyllum Linn., Sp. Pl. 732; King, Mat.

F.M.P. No. 2 (1890) 178; Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922). 186.

A large, spreading tree, usually not reaching a height greater

than 20 m. and a girth of 1:5 m., usually branching low down,

without buttresses, bark pale grey and fawn, with shallow, wide,

lenticellate-cracking boat-shaped fissures, brown at bottom of

cracks, inner bark soft, pink, laminated, exudate clear golden yel-

low. Twigs stout, dark coloured when dry, glabrous. Terminal

buds nearly triangular, finely brown tomentose, c. 5—10 mm. long.

Leaves: lamina thinly coriaceous, broadly elliptic-oblong, often

broadest a little above the middle, apex rounded, or widely and

shallowly emarginate, base narrowed, variable in size, from c. 8

cm. X 45 cm. to c. 16 cm. * 8 cm., but sometimes smaller or

larger, venation distinct, raised and clear cut on both surfaces

when dry, petiole rather stout, rather short, broadened at apex,

1-1-5 cm. long.

Racemes from the upper leaf-axils, 7-8 cm. long, rachis almost

white in life, laxly flowered, pedicels spreading-ascending, white,

the lower ones c. 3 cm. long, the upper ones shorter, flowers c. 2:

cm. across, sepals and petals white, sepals 4, reflexed in open

flower, the outer two tough in texture, c. 9 mm. long, the inner

ones thinner and longer, petaloid, petals 4, reflexed in open flower,

similar to inner sepals, ovary pink, somewhat depressed globose,

style slender, overtopping the stamens. Fruit globose, smooth and

green in life, c. 3-4 cm. diam., pericarp thick, not brittle, when

dry rather pale brown, coarsely wrinkled, surface smooth between

wrinkles. Fig. 4, A, B.

KEDAH: Pulau Songsong, Curtis s.n.; Kuah, Langkawi, Kep. 6789;

Tanjong Lilin, Kep. 7730; Kg. Telok, Kep. 33001; Baling, Kep-.

10097, 42270.

PENANG: Batu Ferenghi, Curtis 133, 1562.

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini s.n.; Pangkor, Scortechini 994, Kep-

43589; Larut, Kunstler 4979; Bagan Serai, Krian, Kep. 5680; Pulau

Lalang, Seimund s.n.; Pulau Rumbia, Seimund s.n.; Pasir Itam, Matang,

Kep. 3426.

SELANGOR: Weld Hill F.R., Kep. 904 (?planted).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Port Dickson, Kep. 0569.

PAHANG: on seashore, Ridley s.n.; Kuantan, Kep. 0821, 1014,

2591, 2810, 3705, 3737, 4179; S. Karang, Kuantan, Kep. 8116, 8132,

15724, 17357; Kuala Pontian, Kep. 10016; Kuala Endau, Kep. 29645;

Rompin, Kep. 31651; Pulau Tioman, Burkill s.n., S.F.N. 18520.

SINGAPORE: Bajau, Ridley s.n.; sine loc., Cantley 2676.

A widely distributed tree of rocky and sandy seashores, often

cultivated. It is commonly known by the vernacular name of

penaga laut.

In Check List as ‘C. inophyllum L.’.

314

Vol. XV. (1956).

12. Calophyllum imophylloide King. Mat. F.M-P. No. 2 (1590)

178; Rid, F.M_P. 1 (1922) 186, p.p.

A tree reaching c. 42-43 m. tall and over 2 m. m girth, without

buttresses, or with very smal] buttresses, stilt roots frequently pre-

sent, bark grey-brown to dull brown or greyish fawn, roughly

shallowly fissured, c. 3 cm. between fissures, more or less scaling.

sometimes with pale yellow-fawn or brick red patches where dead

bark has scaled off, immer bark pink, laminated, exudate clear

lemon yellow and resinous, sapwood hard, pinkish red. Twigs

dark coloured, stout, almost glabrous, the youngest usually very

finely rusty tomentose. Terminal buds rather narrow, 6-10 mm.

long, more or less tomentose. Lamina of mature leaves usually

medium-sized, coriaceous to strongly coriaceous, nearly always

more or less obovate, usually from c. 7 cm. K 3-5 cm. toc. 10

cm. < 5 cm., apex usually retuse, gradually narrowed from about

the middle to base, margin markedly thickened, venation very

close and fine, not conspicuous, usually a little more evident

above that bélew; sometinies rather obscure; petiole sually rather

stout, variable in length, reaching c. 2 cm.

Inflorescenes from the axils of the upper leaves, racemose or the

lower ones subpaniculate, rather slender and laxly flowered, to

c. 6 cm. long, glabrous except at base of peduncle, which is finely

mealy tomentose, pedicels slender, to c. 2 cm. long, flowers glab-

rous, c. 1-75—2 cm. across, sepals 4, the outer ones rather tough.

ovate-orbicular, c. 5-8 mm. diam., reflexed m expanded flower.

as are the inner sepals and petals, mner sepals longer and thinner

than the outer ones, petals similar to mmer sepals or 0, stamen

filaments short, ovary broadly conical. Young fruit ovoid-globose,

c. 2 cm. long, m life dark green mottled with light grey, pericarp

not wrinkled when dry. Fig. 4, C.

TRENGGANU: Belara F. R.. Kep. 76055. 76066.*

PENANG: Tasek Glugor F.R.. Kep. 9339 (a little doubtful): Telok

Bahang F.R.. Kep. 66369.*

Perak: sine loc.. Scortechini sn; Batang Padang. Kunstler 7785,

8112, Taiping. Kep. 0272; Tapah, Kep. (Ridley) 3234:* Chikus FR.

Kep. 3071, 31043, 51575, 65053, Pondok Tanjong. Kep. 37883, 65558:

Parit F.R.. Kep. 39464; Bruas F.R.. Kep. 69406: Sungai "Gdlnns, Din-

dings, Kep. 69429.

SELANGOR: Bukit Lagong F.R.. Kep. 13231;* Ulu Gombak, Kep.

24703;* Ginting Simpah, Kep. 71243.*

Neri SEMBILAN: Sertang F_R. (Ext.). Kep. 62956.* 62957.*

JoHorEe: Kluang F.R.. Kep. 76290.*

King does not quote the numbers of his type specimens in the

Materials, but we have taken as authentic those sheets in Herb.

Calcutta written up by him.

(* Hill collections with more coriaceous leaf)-

315

Gardens Bulletin, S.

This is a somewhat variable species (always with distinctly

obovate leaves) of lowland and low-lying forest, although a few

collections have been made on ridge tops of low hills and one in

high hill forest at 2,000 ft. (Kep. 71248). The hill collections

have a distinctly more coriaceous leaf and might be considered as

a variety. The species is characterised by the Tarrietia-like (meng-

kulang) bark, sticky syrup-coloured resinous exudate (c.f. varnish-

like in var. singapurense), strongly rimmed leaves and the pre-

sence (usually) of stilt roots. It is commonly known as bintangor

batu, denoting the harder and heavier timber than is usual in the

genus. __

We have been much puzzled by the inophylloide group, con-

sisting of C. inophylloide, C. inophylloide var. singapurense and

C. intramarginale, and its delimitation. These groups may be

merely variants of one species, particularly as Kep. 76055 from

freshwater swamp forest in Trengganu has a varnish-like, non-

sticky exudate, but we feel it better to. adopt the present arrange-

ment until more material is collected.

C. inophylloide, particularly the hill collections, closely resem-

bles C. sclerophyllum in many characters but the leaf is smaller

and the base of the midrib is not distinctly flattened on the upper

surface.

In Check List as ‘C. inophylloide King’.

13. Calophyllum inophylloide King var. singapurense Henderson

& Wyatt-Smith, var. nov.

A typo foliis minoribus rarius retusis differt.

A tree reaching c. 33 m. tall and 2 m. in girth, with definite,

short, thin, spreading buttresses, usually with stilt roots and ad-

ventitious roots (Corner records S.F.N. 28662 as having no but-

tresses and makes no mention of stilt roots or adventitious roots),

bark dark brown, dippled with rough, narrow, shallow, distant

(about 2 cm. apart) fissures, dark pink under bark, inner bark

pink, exudate clear lemon-curd yellow to yellow-brown, varnish-

like, non-sticky, copious, drying to lemon-yellow powder, sap-

wood pinkish. Twigs brownish grey when dry, much paler than

in type, young twigs angular. Terminal buds more rufous tomen-

tose and smaller than in type. Leaves: lamina coriaceous, some-

what glaucous in Singapore collections, small to medium-sized,

obovate, c. 5—7 cm. X 3-4-5 cm., venation slightly more evident

than in type, without strongly raised rim, petiole 0-9—1:2 cm.

long, petiole and midrib on undersurface frequently slightly rusty

brown tomentose, but the tomentum fugacious.

316

Vol. XV. (1956).

Inflorescences and flowers very much as in the type, the infio-

rescence tending to be longer (to c. 10 cm.) and the flowers

slightly larger. Fruit similar to type, subglobose, slightly pointed,

c. 28 cm. X 2 cm., pedicel 1-5-25 cm. long, pericarp thick, not

brittle, in life green with pale green dots, when dry dark grey to

black, dull and slightly rough with very. obscure longitudinal

striae, not smooth. Plate IX. Fig. 4, D-H.

TRENGGANU: Bukit Besi, Dungun, Kep. 66957.-° -

JoHorE: Endau road, Mersing, Kep. 54250; Jemaluang F-R., Kep.

69973, 69980, 69990, 69998, 73551; Klwang F.R., Kep. 71291, 72703,

76291; 134 mile, Mawai-Jemaluang road, Corner S.n.; 8-2-85 and

14-5-35; Mawai, Corner s.n. 21-35-34; Panti F.R., Kep. 53936, 63051,

70184.

SINGAPORE: Gardens Jungle, Ridley 6941, S.F.N. 28622, 24644;

oe Reservoir, S.F.N. 32518 (Type, Holotype in Herb. Singa-

pore

This variety (?or pickien) is characterised by the small, obovate,

coriaceous leaves, the thin angular twigs and the clear yellow to

yellow-brown, varnish-like, non-sticky exudate. Its habitat is on

low hills, having been found up to a maximum elevation of 700 ft.

above sea level, and it appears to be restricted to Singapore Island

and the south-east of the Malay Peninsula, although there is one

record from Trengganu.

14. Calophyllum macrocarpum Hook. f., F.B.I. 1 (1894) 273;

King, Mat. F.M.P. No. 2 (1890) 179; Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922)

187.

A tall tree, reaching c. 33 m. or more and c. 2 m. or more in

girth, glabrous except for buds, without buttresses, bark dark

brown speckled green, coarsely and deeply fissured, inner bark

soft, thick, laminated, exudate canary yellow, sparse. Twigs

smooth, strongly angled. Terminal buds short, pointed, more or

less finely tomentose. Leaves: lamina rather large and coriaceous,

more or less oblong or elliptic-oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, some-

times tending to be obovate, apex usually shortly acute or acumi-

nate, base rather long narrowed, variable in size, from c. 10 cm.

xX 3 cm. to c. 24 cm. X 7 cm., but sometimes smaller or larger,

venation rather prominent and distinct and clear cut on both sur-

faces, petioles long, usually c. 2-4 cm.

Racemes axillary, usually less than half the length of leaves,

rather laxly flowered, pedicels slender, c. 3 cm. long, flowers large,

c. 3 cm. across, sepals 4, the two outer ones smaller than the

inner ones, petals 4, smaller than the inner sepals. Fruit large,

ellipsoid-ovoid, up to at least 14 cm. & 7 cm., dull dark green

when ripe, mottled with small, darker green spots and with close,

rather obscure longitudinal striations, pericarp firm, pale, juicy,

317

Gardens Bulletin, S.

with sweet aromatic smell, the inner layers brown and fibrous, the

fibres closely investing the large, pale, hard, woody seed. Fig. 4,

KEDAH: Kohmoi F.R., Kep. 47869; Sik, Kep. 73822; Sungkop F.R.,

Kep. 73829.

KELANTAN: Kemahang F.R., Kep. 65184; 68306; Sg. Rek, Ulu

Kelantan, Kep. 65164.

TRENGGANU: Belara F.R., Kuala Trengganu, Kep. 76068.

PERAK: Lenggong, Kep. 10368; Parit F.R., Kep. 39466.

SELANGOR: Rantau Panjang F.R., Kep. 28915; Pengkalan Kundang,

Kep. 32394;. Sungei Buloh F.R., Kep. 43627; Ayer Hitam F.R., Kep.

53685; Bukit Tunggal F.R., Kep. 63602; Bukit Lagong F.R., Kep.

65538; Public Gardens, Kuala Lumpur, Kep. 1185.

Macacca: Bukit Sedanan F.R., Kep. 18278; Ayer Panas F.R., Kep.

G4164.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sg. Menyala F.R., Kep. 70472 (very large leaves).

PAHANG: Kuantan, Kep. 3139, 2706; Bukit Beserah F.R., Kep. 65678;

Kemasul F.R., Kep. 10667; Rotan Tunggal F.R., Kep. 28497; Bukit

Kajang, Raub, Kep. 40529; Chermang Kiri, Kep. 40338.

JOHORE: Endau-Mersing road, Kep. 70122; Bukit Tanah Abang,

Lake & Kelsall 4054; Kota Tinggi, Ridley 15446; Mawai-Jemaluang

road, S.F.N.' 32240; Sungai Sedili, §.F.N. 37108; Sungai Sedili Kechil

Corner S.n.

A species of riverbanks, characterised by the very large fibrous

fruit adapted for dispersal by water, the large flowers, the strongly

angled young twigs and the long-petioled, rather conspicuously

veined leaves. There are some differences in the size-of flower in

the material listed, and the variation in leaf size is considerable.

The one record of an apparently wild plant from Singapore, coll.

Goodenough at Changi in 1889, is doubtful.

In Check List as ‘C. macrocarpum H.f.’.

15. Calophyllum javanicum Mig., Pl. Jungh. 3 (1854) 292.—

C. subsessile King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 5 Rae 143, pl.

171; Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922) 187.

A tree reaching c. 35 m. tall and c. 1-5 m. in girth, without but-

tresses, but recorded as having knee-roots, bark golden yellow,

green and brown, irregularly rough with shallow, longitudinal

fissures, slightly roughly scaly, inner bark pink, in thick, papery

layers, exudate golden, cloudy and sticky. Twigs quadrangular,

polished, yellow. Terminal buds rather narrow, flattened from side

to side, c. 4-6 mm. long. Leaves: lamina thinly coriaceous, ellip-

tic-oblong, tip acute, or rounded, or shallowly and broadly retuse,

base narrowed and cordate, very variable in size, normally be-

tween c. 8 cm. & 4 cm. and c. 15 cm. X 6 cm., but on some

twigs as small as 5-5 cm. & 2 cm., and in saplings up to c. 23 cm.

< 7 cm., almost sessile, the petiole stout, c. 4-5 mm. long, vena-

tion on both surfaces fine but distinct and raised.

318

Vol. XV. (1956).

Racemes solitary, c. 6 cm. long, flowers glabrous, c. 1-2 cm.

across (fide King), sepals orbicular, concave, petals similar. Fruit

globose, c. 2-5 cm. diam., probably smooth and dark green in life,

coarsely wrinkled when dry. Fig. 5, A—C.

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini s.n., 253a; Larut, Kunstler 6877, 7311;

Lumut, Kep. 42570; Kroh F.R., Kep. 71909.

JOHORE: Pontian, Kep. 70251, 70267.

A tree of fresh water swamp forest, uncommon, but distinct

from all other Malayan species in its cordate-based, subsessile

leaves; it has very characteristic, almost white buds.

With some hesitation we have reduced King’s species to Mi-

quel’s C. javanicum, which was originally inadequately described

from Java, because of the great similarity in foliage.

In Check List as ‘C. subsessile ms.’.

16. Calophylium soulattri Burm., Fl. Ind. 2 (1768) 121.—C.

spectabile Willd., Mag. Berl. (1811) 80; King, Mat. F.M.P.

No. 2 (1890) 175; Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922) 185, p.p.

A tree, recorded as up to c. 28 m. tall and c. 1 m. in girth, with-

out buttresses, bark greyish to brownish, smooth but with tuber-

culate lenticels, bright yellow middle bark, inner bark light pink

brown, exudate cream-white, watery but soon becoming sticky,

copious, opaque. Twigs rather smooth, angular, older ones dark,

youngest ones sometimes with a fugacious, mealy tomentum. Ter-

minal buds natrow, pointed, rather coarsely ferrugineous tomen-

tose, c. 1 cm. long. Leaves: lamina chartaceous, glabrous, dull,

more or less ovate or ovate-oblong, sometimes elliptic-oblong, but

nearly always broadest just above the base, tip more or less acute,

base cuneate or often broadly cuneate, very variable in size, from

c. 10 K 4 cm. toc. 20 cm. X 7 cm., both surfaces drying dull,

or the upper somewhat shiny, venation on both surfaces raised,

fine and rather close but not sharply clear cut, midrib frequently

drying yellow brown, petiole 1-5—2 cm. long, drying yellowish or

reddish brown.

Inflorescences axillary, umbelliform, the umbels sometimes pe-

dunculate, the peduncle c. 2 cm. long, or subsessile, pedicels

slender, c. 2 cm. long, flowers c. 1-2—1-5 cm. across, sepals 4,

glabrous, more or less obovate-orbicular, the inner ones smaller

than the outer ones, petals 0. Ripe fruit not seen, young fruit glo-

bose, mucronate with style remnant, drying dark coloured, not

wrinkled, pedicel c. 2 cm. long. Fig. 5, D.

PERLIS: Bukit Ketri, Kep. 73912.

Matacca: sine loc., Maingay K.D. 167.

PAHANG: Kuantan, Kep. 15748; Endau, Kep. 29640.

319

Gardens Bulletin, S.

JoHORE: Sungai Gembut, S.F.N. 26806; Sungai Tuenseh, Corner

s.n. 10-6-34; Pulau Pisang, Wyatt-Smith s.n. g8-11-54.

PULAU JaRAK: Kep. 71009 (a leaf specimen, apparently from a

sapling, the identification of which is doubtful).

This species is not common in Malaya, although widespread. It

appears to be usually riparian, although Corner records it as

frequent with Eugenia grandis in dry forest behind Casuarina on

the east coast of Johore.

The vernacular name bintangor sempang is rcorded from Johore

by Corner.

Although we have not seen the type of C. soulattri Burm., we

have followed Vesque, Burkill and other authors in reducing C.

spectabile Willd. to it. The distinctive characters are the ovate

leaves and the short, umbelliform inflorescences.

In Check List as ‘C. spectabile Willd.’.

17. Calophyllum kunstleri King, Mat. F.M.P. No. 2 (1890) 174;

Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922) 182.

A tree up toc. 25 m. tall and c. 1 m. in girth, without buttresses,

but loop roots may be present in swampy localities, bark fawn

and brown, or fuscous brown, smooth with small lenticels grouped

in vertical lines, or faintly and broadly lenticellate-fissured, hori-

zontal furrows present, cut pale pink, soft, exudate yellowish

brown, watery, jelly-like and somewhat cloudy, sometimes colour-

less, sometimes sticky. Twigs dark coloured when dry, youngest

ones 4-angled and minutely pale tomentose. Terminal buds rather

short, pointed, narrow, tomentose, c. 5-10 mm. long, side buds

often supra-axillary. Leaves: lamina small to medium-sized, sub-

coriaceous to coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or oblong-elliptic, some-

times lanceolate, apex more or less acuminate, base tapered,

variable in size, from c. 5-5 cm. &* 1:5 cm. toc. 16cm. * 6 cm.,

upper surface usually polished when dry, venation usually very

oblique, close and rather obscure, petiole short, c. 1 cm. long.

Inflorescences axillary, umbelliform, peduncle very short, to-

mentose, with 4 narrow, tomentose bracts c. 7-8 mm. long at its

apex, pedicels slender, glabrous, up to c. 1-5 cm. long but un-

equal and often much shorter, sepals 4, the two outer ones more

or less oblong, 7-8 mm. long, reflexed in open flower, inner ones

obovate, 8-9 mm. long, petals 0. Fruit globular, c. 1-1-5 cm.

diam., pericarp rather thick, not brittle, reddish brown when dry,

the surface rather coarsely wrinkled and usually smooth between

wrinkles. Fig 6, A—D.

PERAK: Larut, Kunstler 5328, 5374, 5459 (syntypes).

Mavacca: Bukit Sedanan, Derry 119, 126; Ayer Panas, Derry 151.

320

Vol. XV. (1956).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Senaling Inas F.R., S.F.N. 1753 (Kep. 628);

Serting F.R., Kep. 62876; Pasir Panjang F.R., Kep. 66506 (?); Cape

Rachado, Kep. 71466.

PAHANG: Rompin, Kep. 6528; Tasek Bera, Kep. 35850.

JOHORE: Kota Tinggi, Ridley 4185; Mawai, S.F.N. 30877, 34719,

34752; Kluang F.R., Kep. 76289; Renggam F.R., Kep. 71264.

SINGAPORE: Bukit Mandai, Ridley 1955; Jurong road, Nur s.n.

4-11-17.

This species appears to be rather widely distributed in low-land

forest, apparently not rarely in fresh water swamp forest, but not

very common. It is distinct in its pointed leaves with usually very

oblique venation, and in the short, umbelliform inflorescences

with hairy bracts. Some of the collections placed here may not

belong, and many more collections are needed of this species to be

certain of its exact status.

18. Calophyllum curtisii King, Mat. F.M.P. No. 2 (1890) 176;

Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922) 185.

A tall tree, recorded as reaching c. 48 m. in height and c. 2 m.

in girth at breast height, without buttresses, bark pale grey or

yellowish grey or biscuit-coloured, from almost smooth, with dis-

tant, shallow, boat- or diamond-shaped fissures (when young) to

rough and shallowly fissured or rugose-fissured, inner bark pink

or red, thick, exudate clear honey-coloured to dark yellow and

sticky. Ultimate twigs rather copiously branched, generally in

threes, rather pale, lenticellate, the youngest ones angular and

slightly tomentose. Terminal buds narrow and pointed, pale to

reddish tomentose, usually c. 4-5 mm. long, sometimes longer.

Leaves: lamina usually small, subcoriaceous, usually elliptic to

oblong-elliptic, or lanceolate, very variable in size, usually c. 5-7

cm. X< 2-3 cm., but reaching c. 10 cm. * 4 cm. or as small as

2cm. X 1 cm., sapling leaves longer and lanceolate, apex usually

rounded but sometimes obtusely acute or more or less acuminate,

base narrowed, upper surface usually shining when dry, lower

surface paler and dull, venation very close and fine, not conspicu-

ous but rather clearly cut, sometimes broken up by fine pustula-

tions on the lower surface, petiole variable in length, usually

Tather short, c. 5-10 mm. long.

Inflorescences short, compact, umbelliform, few-flowered, ferru-

gineous tomentose, bracteate at base, pedicels short, more or less

tomentose, lengthening in fruit, flowers c. 1 cm. diam., sepals 4,

the two outer ones oblong-subobovate, c. 5 mm. long, finely

hoary-tomentose outside, inner ones similar but broader, c. 5

m7 |

Gardens Bulletin, S-

3-5 mm., slightly hoary at base only, petals 0. Fruit globose, up

to c. 1-2 cm. diam., when dry the pericarp smooth or almost so,

glabrous, crustaceous, dark reddish brown. Fig. 3, F; Fig. 6, E—-H.

KELANTAN: Bukit Tapak Petri, Kep. 22750; Temangan, S.F.N.

33506; Pasir Puteh, Kep. 68551; Bertam, Kep. 65172.

TRENGGANU: Pulau Laut Tengah, Kep. 30691; Dungun, Kep. 532265.

KepaH: Langkawi, Curtis 3411; Gunong Raya F.R., Langkawi,

Kep. 66415; Perangin F.R., Kep. 20687; Enggang F.R., Kep. 73832;

Sungai Rotan, Kep. 18032; Tampoi F.R., Kep. 64295, 71168; Bukit

Perah, Kep. 67877; Kota Star, Kep. 73659; Kodiang, Kep. 73654.

PENANG: Government Hill, 500 ft., Curtis 523 (Tyre); Muka Head,

Curtis 1425; Batu Ferenghi, Curtis 1425; sine loc., Kunstler 5225.

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Pantai Acheh F.R., Kep. 663254.

PERAK: Pondok Tanjong F.R., Kep. 68201, 68203; Bruas F.R., Kep-.

69423; Tyok F.R., Kep. 65554; Parit F.R., Kep. 34263; Sg. Palai, Bukit

Bujang Malaka, Kep. 54732; Behrang F.R., Kep. 61087; Tanjong Tua-

lang F.R., Kep. 63271; Larut, Kunstler 5446; Taiping, Kunstler 8497;

Ulu Kerling, Kunstler 8597.

SELANGOR: Weld road F.R., Kep. 1831, 2853, 5185; Bangi F.R.,

Kep. 2647, 23666; Ampang, Kep. 9962; Bukit Cheraka F.R., Kep.

18718, 38176; Ulu Gombak F.R., Kep. 23651; Sungai Buloh F.R.,

Kep. 13341, 13342, 13343, 15266, 38157: Kerling, Kep. 32515; Rantau

Panjang F.R., Kep. 32324 22330; Ulu Langat F.R., 65601, 65603.

Maracca: Bukit Sungai, Alvins s.n.; sine loc., Cantley 464; Ayer

Panas F.R., Kep. 64163 64169.

NeGri SEMBILAN: Senawang F.R., Kep. 1980; Senaling Inas F.R.,

Kep. 42820, 63854: Serting F.R., Kep. 62953, 62964, 63751; Sungai

Menyala F.R., Kep. 64582, 64720, 75006; Cape Rachado, Kep.

71467.

PaHANG: Baloh F.R., Kep. 0829; Kuantan, Kep. 0882; Kuala Lipis,

Kep. 1266; Kemasul F.R., Kep. 10652; Aur F.R., Kep. 15462.

JoHoRE: Sungai Kahang, Kep. 5870; Sungai Kayu, S.F.N. 30865,

32324; Jemaluang F.R., Kep. 69967, 69981; Mersing-Endau road, Kep.

70103; Kiwang F.R., Kep. 72702, 72704; Ma’Okil F.R., Kep. 71277,

Panchor, Kep. 62819.

SINGAPORE: Gardens Jungle, S.F.N. 39434, 39444.

A widespread, common species of lowland forest, with consider-

able variation in leaf-shape and size, the southern collections in

general having smaller Jeaves. It has the short umbelliform inflo-

rescences of C. kunstleri and C. soulattri, but is quite distinct

from both. One of us (J. W.-S.) has seen Wallich 4849a from

Moulmein in the Kew Herbarium and identifies it with C. curtisii.

We have compared our material with C. burmanni Wight from

Ceylon, which resembles C. curtisii in foliage characters, but C.

burmanni has racemiform, not umbelliform, inflorescences.

It may later be possible to break up this group into smaller

entities, but much more flowering and fruiting material is required

before this can be done.

In Check List as ‘C. curtisii, ‘C. No. 55’ and C. No. 56’.

322

Vol. XV. (1956).

19. Calophyllum coriaceum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor ad c. 33 m. alta, ramulis siccitate nigris, junioribus minute

rubro-tomentosis, gemmis 2—2-5 cm. longis, acutis, minute rubiginoso-

tomentosis. Folia valde coriacea, marginibus crassis, plus minusve ob-

longa, nonnunquam elliptica vel ovato-oblonga, c. 9 cm. x 3 cm. ad

c. 17 cm. X 8 cm., apice obtusa, basi late acuminata, vel cuneata, vel

fere rotundata, petiolo 1-2-5 cm. longo, subcrasso. Inflorescentia proba-

biliter terminalia, sub-paniculata, 9-10 cm. longa, minute rubiginoso-

tomentosa; flores ad c. 3-3-5 cm. diam., sepala exteriora oblongo-

ovata c. 10 mm. longa, minute rubiginoso-tomentosa, interiora tenuiora,

maiora, orbicularia, petala 4 vel 5. Fructus ellipsoideus, plus minusve

rostratus, c. 4-4-5 cm. longus, c. 2 cm. diam., siccitate crasse rugosus.

A stout tree, generally not very tall but a height of 33 m. has

been recorded, c. 2-5 m. in girth, without buttresses, bark corky,

fawn coloured or yellow-brown, roughly papery scaly, deeply,

reticulately fissured, red brown under thin outer bark, inner bark

soft, thick, pale pink, darkening to orange-brown on exposure,

exudate sparse, slightly resinous, white (said to be.yellow in

S.F.N. 18003). Twigs blackish when dry, only the youngest with

fine, red tomentum. Terminal buds long and pointed, reaching 2—

2:5 cm., very finely rusty tomentose. Leaves: lamina very coriace-

ous, with thickened margins, more or less oblong, sometimes more

or less elliptical, sometimes somewhat ovate-oblong, apex blunt,

base broadly acuminate, or cuneate, or almost rounded, variable

in size, from c. 9 cm. K 3 cm., toc. 17 cm. X 8 cm., sometimes

proportionately narrower and then up toc. 21 cm. x 7 cm., vena-

tion fine, nearly horizontal, sometimes very obscure below and

almost invisible to the naked eye, less obscure above and appearing

under a lens as low, raised, rounded ridges, petiole rather long

and stout, usually over 1 cm. long and reaching 2—2:5 cm.

Inflorescences apparently terminal, subpaniculate, 9-10 cm.

long, finely reddish-rusty tomentose, flowers large, fragrant, c. 3-

3-5 cm. across, sepals 4, the outer two oblong-ovate, c. 1 cm. or

more long, reddish-rusty tomentose, inner ones thinner in texture,

larger and more orbicular, petals 4 or 5, cream-coloured. Fruit

ellipsoid, more or less beaked, c. 44:5 cm. long, c. 2 cm. diam.,

pericarp thick, not brittle, smooth and green in life, coarsely

wrinkled and almost black when dry. Plate X. Fig. 7, A, B.

SELANGOR: Gunong Nuang F.R., Kep. 51818.

PAHANG: Fraser Hill at 4,000 ft., Kep. 66615, 76053, 76270, S.F.N.

11463; Cameron Highlands and vicinity, Kep. 13627 (Typr, Holotype

in Herb. Singapore), 27154, 27192, 27302, 30960, 34015, 66602, SF.N.

18003, 23653.

Aboriginal name at Cameron Highlands—Mintak.

A montane species, common at Cameron Highlands and Fraser

Hill. The large, very coriaceous and oblong leaves, long terminal

buds, rather large inflorescences and large flowers distinguish it.

323

Gardens Bulletin, S-

This species was recognised by Symington prior to the 1939-45

World War, pager toe geergietioryp po

coriaceum under which he had segregated all collections at

In Check List as ‘C. coriacewmn ms...

20. Calophyilum sclerophyilum Vesque, Epharm. 2 (1839) t. 33:

et m DC. Monosr. Phan. & (1889) 587.

A tall tree, recorded as up to c. 45 m. m height and nearly 3 m.

in girth, with stilt and kmee roots, bark pale to greeny-fawn or

light brown, scaly, channelled to shallowly fissured (resembimeg

bark of Tarrietia), with red-brown, papery. vertical lenticels.

mmner bark soft, fibrous, pmk to reddish- or dark orange-brown.

exudate clear honey-coloured with a distimct greenish tinge, heart-

wood red. Twigs stout, 4-angied. glabrous. Terminal buds nar-

rowly comical. pomted. c. 1-1-5 cm. long, very mmotely tomen-

tose. Leaves: lamma large, broad. very coriaceous, oblong or

oblong-ovate, up to c. 16 cm. « $ cm. apex rounded or widely

retuse or sometimes obtusely acute or apiculate, base narrowed

and more or less decurrent on petiole. both surfaces dryimg pale

reddish brown. margim of blade thickened, venation below slightly

raised but not clear cut, slightly more obvious above m the form

of V-shaped ridges and furrows, midrib much raised below. on the

upper surface broad and fiat at the base then narrowmg mio a

sunk channel, petiole stout. flattened, up to c. 2 cm. long

Racemes axillary, lax, up to c. 9 cm long. fimely reddish

mealy-tomentose, pedicels slender. up to c. 3 cm long om the

lower flowers, flower-buds nearly 1 cm. diam... sepals 4, the two

outer omes orbicular, tough, c. 7 mm. diam, fimely reddish tomen-

tose, the mmer ones slightly larger and thimner, petals 4, smaller

and somewhat narrower than the sepals. Fruit ovoid-oblons to

globular, c. 3 cm. diam. on 2 peduncle 2-3 cm long. pericarp

very thick. drymg dull reddish brown to almost black, the surface

very fimely and rather closely wrimkied_ Fig. 7, C.

TrREenGcaNu:- Bukit Bank FR. Kep. 76678.

PsaHaNG: Kuantam. Kep. £735. 21611; Emdaw. Kep. 17293. 21662;

ee 2735, 2743; Pekan. Kep. 65697-

JomorE:- Mawai, SF.N. 24723, Gumomg Aromg FR. Kep. 70069.

70107, 71316, wep: 2st F.R.. Kep. 71991; Endaw-Mersme road. Kep-

76279. Samgai Sedili, Corner sm. 29-7-22, Samgai Semandan_ Corner

sm. 16-6-34; Mawat, Corner sm. 15-5-34, 21-534 and 7-1¢34

A distinct species of fresh water swamp forest. origmally des-

cribed from Borneo, with stilt roots, kmee roots. large, very cori2-

ceous, broadly oblong to obovate leaves with 2 robust petiole

324

Vol. XV. (1956).

which dries black as does also the base of the midrib, strongly

angular twigs, and large flowers in lax racemes. It is close to C.

inophylloide but has larger and very coriaceous leaves. It is fre-

quently known as penaga bayan, and has been collected also under

the names of penaga, penaga ayer, bintangor batu and bintangor

jangkang.

In Check List as ‘C. subluridum’.

21. Calophyllum subhorizontale Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp.

nov.

Arbor c. 10-20 m. alta, ramulis robustis, angulosis, glabris, flavis,

cortice nitido, gemmis c. 5-6 mm. longis, minute brunneo-tomentosis.

Folia vix coriacea, plus minusve uitate vel oblongo-elliptica. ad c.

24 cm. X 9 cm., apice rotundata vel breviter obtmp-acumeata, basi

acuminata, nervis lateralibus subhorizontalibus, petiole c.-1-—2 cm.

longo. Racemi plerumque breves. nonnumquam ad c. 7 cm. longi:

flores giabri; sepala 4, exteriora orbicularia, 8-10 mm. diam., interiora

minora, plus minusve oblonga; petala 4 vel 76. Fructus ovoideus. acu-

tus, ad c. 4 cm. longus, in sicco crasse rugosus.

A medium-sized tree, c. 10-20 m. tall and under 1 m. m girth.

bark yellowish with dark patches, mner bark white, exudate yel-

low, sticky. Twigs stout, angled, smooth, the youngest ones

brownish, older ones yellowish. Terminal buds short and rather

squat, c. 3-6 mm. long, brown tomentose. Leaves: lamina large.

rather soft-textured, usually more or less obovate or oblong-

elliptic, up to c. 24 cm. X 9 cm., tip rounded or shortly and

bluntly apiculate, base acuminate, venation subhorizontal, raised

on both surfaces, not sharply cut below, thinner and sharper

above, rather distant, petioles usually short, c. 1 cm. long, bor-

dered by the decurrent margins of the blade.

Racemes from the upper leaf-axils, usually short and dense.

occasionally rather lax and reaching c. 7 cm. long, only slightly

Tusty tomentose, flowers rather large, glabrous, sepals 4, the two

outer ones orbicular, 8—10 mm. diam., the inner ones smaller and

more oblong, petals 4 or ? 6. Fruit rather narrowly ovoid acute,

c. 4 cm. or more long, rather coarsely wrinkled when dry, smooth

between the wrinkles, the pericarp crustaceous, reddish to blackish

brown. Plate XI. Fig. 8, A.

TRENGGANU: Kemaman, Corner s.n.

SELANGOR: Sungai Buloh F.R.. Kep. 5215.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Angsi F.R.. Kep. 22317.

PaHANG: Raub, Kep. 23331; Bukit Goh F.R.. Kep. 173216; Benchah

F.R.. Kep. 658 (TYPE. Holotype in Herb. Singapore): Kuala Lipis,

Kep. 1267: sime loc.. Kep. 1151.

Not common in lowland forest.

325

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A distinct species with its rather large more or less obovate

leaves with almost horizontal venation, short dense inflorescences

and smooth, ovoid, pointed fruits. We have compared it with C.

macrophyllum Scheff., a very imperfectly known species from

Gebeh Island, east of Halmaheira, but have decided that they are

not conspecific, because of the improbable distribution and be-

cause the midrib on the undersurface of the leaf in C. macro-

phyllum is prominently keeled but more or less rounded in C.

subhorizontale, and the venation in the latter is more sharply cut

on the upper surface of the leaf.

22. Calophyllum scriblitifolium Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp.

nov.

Arbor c. 46 m. alta, ramulis robustis, plus minusve angulosis, junio-

ribus nigris, minutissime rufo-tomentosis. Folia valde coriacea, oblonga,

apice plerumque leviter emarginata et mucronata, basi late cuneata vel

rotundata, margine multo revoluto, c. 11 cm. K 2-5 cm. ad c. 20 cm.

* 7-5 cm., nervis lateralibus subhorizontalibus, subtus leviter promi-

nulis, indistinctis, supra prominulis, nervo medio utrinque minute

tomentoso, petiolo robusio, c. 1-5—2-5 cm. longo. Racemi axillares,

paucifiori, ad c. 6 cm. longi, minutissime rufo-tomentosi, pedicellis ad

c. 6 mm. longis; flores c. 2 cm. lati; sepala exteriora orbicularia, con-

cava, extus minute pallide tomentosa, c. 8-9 mm. diam., interiora

obovata, c. 11 mm. * 7 mm.; petala 0. Fructus oblongo-globosus,

c. 2-2 cm. longus et 1-5 cm. latus, umbonatus, in sicco niger.

A large tree, reaching c. 46 m. or more in height and c. 3 m.

in girth, without buttresses, bark red brown or grey, rough, coarsely

fissured, inner bark thick, rather soft, pinky red, exudate yellow

to yellowy-cream coloured, milky, sticky, copious. Twigs stout,

more or less angled, with large scars, dark coloured, the youngest

very minutely reddish tomentose. Terminal buds large, narrowly

lanceolate, acute, very finely red scurfy, 2—3 cm. long. Leaves:

lamina medium-sized to large, very coriaceous, oblong, apex

rounded and usually more or less shallowly emarginate with the

tip of the midrib projecting as a mucro, base widely cuneate or

rounded, from c. 11 cm. & 2:5 cm. toc. 20 cm. & 7 cm. (leaves

not flattened), margins strongly revolute in the dried leaf and the

edge thickened, venation almost horizontal and straight, some-

times slightly oblique and curved, slightly raised below and indis-

tinct, raised above and a little more distinct, mid-rib wide at base

above and widely and shallowly channelled, the channel narrow-

ing towards the leaf-tip and disappearing, the upper part raised

and rounded, its whole length more or less finely scurfy, on the

undersurface the midrib very prominent throughout its whole

length and more or less scurfy, petiole stout, flattened above, c.

1:5-2:5 cm. long.

326

Vol. XV. (1956).

Racemes axillary, rather lax and few-flowered, up to c. 6 cm.

long, rachis and pedicels finely reddish scurfy, pedicels short. to

c. 6 mm. long, flowers rather large, c. 2 cm. or a little more

across, sepals 4, the outer two thick, orbicular, concave, reflexed

in the open flower, closely pale tomentose outside, c. 8—9 cm.

diam., inner ones thin, obovate from a broad claw, c. 11 mm. x

7 mm., margins at tip slightly lacerate, petals 0. Fruit (probably

unripe) oblong-globose, umbonate, hard, green when fresh, black

when dry, thick not brittle smooth coat, about 2-2 cm. long by

1-5 cm. across, pedicel 2 cm. long, stout. Plate XII. Fig. 8, B, C.

PERAK: Utan Melintang F.R.. Lower Perak, Kep. 69001 (TYPE,

Holotype in Herb. Kepong); Tanjong Tualang F.R., Kep. 45675,

45689.

JOHORE: Muar to Parit Sulong road, Kep. 70211, 80558.

A very distinct large species of peat and fresh water swamp

forest, distinguished by its thick, coriaceous, oblong leaves, usually

drying pale, with strongly revolute margins, its rather short inflo-

rescences and the thick, pale tomentose outer sepals and thin,

obovate inner ones.

In the Check List this was included as ‘C. revolutum ms. but

we have since found that this name has already been used in the

genus.

23. Calophyllum sp.

A tall tree, recorded as reaching 33 m. or more and up to 2 m.

in girth, buttresses absent or very small, bark smoothish with fine

obscure crackings and horizontal ridges, biscuit coloured, yellow-

ish greeny grey or pale grey with abundant, long, vertical, yellow-

ish-fawn lenticels giving the appearance of fine fissures, outer bark

thin and brittle, under bark orange brown occasionally green,

inner bark soft, fibrous, pinkish orange, exudate saffron yellow,

cloudy, resinous, drying quickly and coagulating to a powdery

substance which is easily rubbed away, sapwood browny-orange.

Twigs stout, glabrous, almost white, the older ones terete, the

youngest angled and apparently with dark bark, but the dark

colour soon disappearing. Terminal buds narrowly ovate-acumi-

nate, c. 1-1-3 cm. long, very minutely reddish tomentose. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, rather large, usually elliptic, sometimes more or

less oblong-elliptic, apex very shortly and abruptly acute, the

acumen c. 5 mm. long, base broadly acuminate or cuneate, from

ec. 11 cm. X 5 cm. toc. 15 cm. X 7 cm., margin narrowly thick-

ened and cartilaginous, slightly revolute, both surfaces drying

light brown, the upper slightly darker than the lower and shining,

venation fine, close, raised and clear cut on the upper surface,

327

Gardens Bulletin, S.

taised below but less sharply cut, midrib narrowly raised and

channelled above, prominent below, rounded and longitudinally

ribbed, petiole long, usually rather slender, drying dark, with a

broad, shallow channel above, c. 2-5—3-5 cm. long, fallen leaf pale

fawn with dark midrib.

Inflorescence, flowers and fruit unknown. Plate XIII. Fig. 8, D.

JoHORE: Endau road, Mersing, Kep. 70059, 71892, 76284; Gunong

Arong F.R., Kep. 69975, 71317: Jemaluang F.R., Kep. 69984, 69987,

72906, 73459, 73466, 73468, 74160.

This may prove to be C. palustre Ridl. from Borneo when

flowering material is found, but in our plant the leaves are more

elliptic, with longer petioles and the twigs are pale, not dark

coloured. It is a common tree of the low-lying forest in the Mersing

District of Johore.

In Check List as ‘C. No. 51.’

24. Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl. in Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. 54

(1910) 17; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 184.

A tree, reaching c. 25 m. tall or more and c. 1:5 m. in girth,

though usually smaller, without buttresses, bark smooth to rough,

reddish brown to dark grey brown, with faint lenticellate fissures,

cut reddish or pink, exudate very pale crystal clear honey-coloured

or pale off-white, sticky but soon setting. Twigs rather slender,

dark coloured when dry, the youngest ones angled, more or less

ferrugineous tomentose. Terminal buds short, bluntly pointed,

densely red tomentose. Leaves: lamina medium-sized, stiffly coria-

ceous, usually more or less elliptic-oblong to spathulate, some-

times lanceolate, from c. 5 cm. & 2 cm. toc. 12 cm. X 5 cm.,

usually c. 8 cm. X 3-5 cm., apex bluntly acute, or rounded, or

slightly retuse, base narrowed, lamina edge concave near petiole,

venation on upper surface close, fine and often obscure, fine and

more distinct on the lower surface, midrib narrowly channelled at

base above, prominent below, usually persistently red tomentose

below but sometimes almost or quite glabrous, upper surface

usually with slight glaucous bloom, petiole variable, up to c. 2

cm. long; dried leaf characterised by a slight ridge, parallel with,

close to and on both sides of the midrib on the lower face.

Racemes axillary, variable in length, sometimes with only 2—4

pairs of flowers and a terminal one, reaching c. 8 cm. long, laxly

flowered, peduncle red tomentose, pedicels slender, white in life,

glabrous or almost so, up to c. 2 cm. long, flowers fragrant, c. 1-5

cm, across. sepals 4, the outer two ovate-orbicular, concave,

328

Vol. XV. (1956).

slightly hairy on margins, inner ones larger, obovate, all reflexed

in open flower, petals 0. Fruit ellipsoid or narrowly ovoid, c. 2:5—

3 cm. long, pale green and slightly glaucous in life, pericarp

coarsely wrinkled when dry, smooth between wrinkles, thin, crus-

taceous, usually pale brown. Plate XIV. Fig. 9, A, B, C.

JOHORE: Panchor, Kep. 6281 5, 62818.

SINGAPORE: sine loc., Cantley s.n., 174; Botanic Gardens, Ridley

1956, 4799 (syntype), 6934, 8414, 8415, 10842 (syntype), S.F.N. 236,

28196, 28197, 28198, 28199, 28200, 39435, 39441, 29442, 39443,

40266; Bukit Timah, S.F.N. 34646, 35797, 25943; Tanjong Gol, Ridley

1959; Changi, Ridley 5747.

Known only from lowland forest on Singapore Island, where it

is common, and the extreme south of Johore. It is readily distin-

guished by its more or less oblong, spathulate, stiff, medium-sized

leaves, which are often tomentose on the midrib below, the two

slight ‘ridges’ in the dried leaf alongside the midrib on the lower

face, the ferrugineous tomentose bud, quadrangular young twigs

and peduncles, and the pointed, ellipsoid fruit. It closely resembles

C. retusum.

25. Calophyllum ferrugineum Rid]. var. neriifolium (Ridl.) Hen-

derson & Wyatt-Smith, var. nov.—C. neriifolium Ridl. in Journ.

Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 82 (1920) 170; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 188.—

C. oblongifolium Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922) 184.—C. pulcherri-

mum vat. oblongifolium T. Anders. in Hook. f., F.B.I. 1 (1874)

292:

A tree reaching c. 28 m. tall and c. 1-5 m. in girth at breast

height, without buttresses, bark greeny-grey, greenish brown or

fawn, smoothish, with dark brown, long, often diamond-shaped

lenticels, or with shallow, anastomosing, distant fissures, cut pink-

ish, stringy, exudate colourless or clear very pale brown, very

sticky. Twigs rather slender, dark reddish brown, the youngest

ones angular and with a quickly deciduous, rather coarse and

sparse, reddish tomentum. Terminal buds small, c. 4-5 mm. long,

pointed, sometimes abruptly so, closely reddish or brownish to-

mentose. Leaves glabrous, rather small, stiffly coriaceous, narrowly

oblong or narrowly oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, some-

times more or less elliptic, sometimes with a tendency to be nar-

rowly obovate, apex somewhat narrowed and rounded, or broadly

and bluntly acute, occasionally retuse, base cuneate, the narrower

leaves up toc. 9 cm. X 2 cm., the wider ones up to c. 7:5 cm. X

4 cm., usually drying reddish brown on both surfaces, midrib

usually narrowly channelled towards base above, slender and

329

Gardens Bulletin, S.

raised in its upper 2/3, rather promiment below and more or less

keeled, venation usually inconspicuous or obscure, often not visi-

ble on the upper surface, but sometimes raised and very close and

fine, usually more easily visible on lower surface, close, fine, not

sharply cut, petiole rather slender, variable in length, usually less

than 1-5 cm. long; dried leaf characterised as in C. ferrugineum

by slight ‘ridge’, parallel with, close to and on both side of midrib

on lower face.

Racemes axillary, 7—9-flowered, up to c. 6—7 cnt. long, slender,

copiously produced, peduncle with deciduous, sparse, rather

coarse reddish tomentum, pedicels slender, glabrous, up to c. 1

cm. long, lengthenmg im fruit, flowers glabrous, c. 1-1-6 cm.

across, sepals 4, the outer two rather tough, orbicular-obovaie,

concave, c. 6-7 mm. long, rather strongly veined, thickened at

base, the mmer ones thimner, broadly obovate, c. 8 mm. long,

minutely ciliate on the apical margins, petals 0. Fruit oblong or

broadly oblong, c. 2-2-5 cm. long, apex very broadly and bluntly

pomted, or rounded, pericarp thin and brittle, pale and smooth

when dry but breaking up easily ard becoming coarsely wrinkled,

green to glaucous-blue im life. Fig. 9, D.

KEIANTAN: Sungei Tekal, S.F_N. 19742.

TRENGGANU: Kemaman, Kep. 14163; Dungun, Kep. 76080.

Prrak: Ulu Sim, 400-600 ft. Kunstler -10885; Ulu Bubong, 800—

900 ft. Kunstler 10910, 10929.

S=Lancor: Sungai Buloh F.R.. Kep. 2264; 22nd mile Kepong to

Kuala Selangor road, Kep. 66201; Klang Gates, Kep. 66609; Semang-

kok FR. at 1,500 ft, Kep. 76195, 76197. 76198.

Matacca: sime loc, Maingay K_D. 173 (type of C. pulcherrimum

var. oblongifolimum T. Anders.), Alvins sn., 983; Mount Ophir, Ridiey

3223 (TYPE).

Necal S=EmMBmAN: Gunong Angsi, SF.N. 11655; Tampm, SF.N.

379, Sungai Menyala F.R.. Kep. 18503; Cape Rachado, Kep. 70330,

a 7-

Pananc: Rompin, Kep. 2714: Beserah FR, Kep. 65699, 76120;

Kuantan. pees 76115; Baloh FR, Kep. 40213.

JoworE:- Bamang F.R.. Kep. 74110.

This variety differs from C. ferrugineum, which appears to be

confined to Singapore Island, and the Johore mainland opposite, in

the smaller leaves, glabrous on the midrib below, the less hairy

peduncle of the milorescence, and im the less poimted fruit. We

have been puzzled, however, by this variety and further collections

may prove that we have taken too broad a view and that some of

the above collections may not m fact belong.

It appears to be widespread in low hill forest, frequently occur-

ing on ridge tops.

330

Vol. XV. (1956).

26. Calophyllum retusum Wall., nom. nud., Planch. & Tri., Ann.

Sci. Nat. 4, 15 (1861) 265; King, Mat. F.M.P. No. 2 (1890)

176, p.p.; Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922) 184.

A tree reaching c. 50 m. tall and over 2 m. in girth, without

buttresses, bark smooth, grey, fawny-brown or green-brown to

dark brown, with numerous, long, brown, vertical lenticels, giving

a rough appearance, and fine shallow cracks, cut soft, pinky red,

exudate yellowish or amber-coloured, clear. Twigs brownish to

blackish, the youngest ones angled and grooved, glabrous or deci-

duously red tomentose and frequently with glaucous bloom. Ter-

minal buds narrow, pointed, very finely reddish scurfy or reddish

tomentose, usually c. 5-9 mm. long. Leaves: lamina medium-sized,

rigidly coriaceous, usually oblong-elliptic or rather broadly or

narrowly oblong, apex usually more or less rounded, often emar-

ginate, base usually cuneate, sometimes very broadly so, frequently

rounded, variable in size, from c. 4 cm. * 2-5 cm. toc. 12 cm.

>< 5 cm., venation very fine and close and obscure, usually ob-

scure below and very little raised, slightly more clear cut and more

easily visible above, midrib narrowly channelled at base above,

prominent below, petiole usually rather long and slender, to c. 2

cm. long, frequently covered with glaucous bloom.

Racemes from the upper leaf-axils, very short, few-flowered.

with the flowers close together, c. 2 cm. long, peduncle very spar-

sely reddish tomentose, rest glabrous, lower pedicels less than 1

cm. long, flowers c. 1-7 cm. across, glabrous, sepals 4, the outer

two tough and rather thick, orbicular, concave, reflexed in open

flower, c. 6 mm. diam., the inner ones larger and thinner, but still

rather thick at base, nearly orbicular, c. 8 mm. diam., petals 0.

Fruit when dry rather broadly oblong to almost globose, c. 1-8—

22cm. X 1-4-1-6 cm., blunt, the apex with a hollow and minute

style remains, pericarp rather thick, slightly brittle but not break-

ing up, outer surface dull pale reddish or greyish brown, coarsely

wrinkled, smooth between wrinkles, imner surface polished, with

darker longitudinal markings, testa thin, crustaceous. Plate XV.

Fig. 9, E, F.

ok a Kuantan-Pekan road, Kep. 69601; Menchali F.R.. Kep-

é 3.

SELANGOR: Telok F.R., Kep. 222320, 46205, 46207: Kuala Selangor,

Kep. 66208; Klang, Kep. 42692; Kuala Langat F.R.. Kep. 53951.

52977; Sungai Tinggi, Kuala Selangor, S.F.N. 24087.

JOHORE: Kota Tinggi-Mawai road, S.F.N. 29050; Pengkalan Raja,

S.F.N. 36627; Pontian, Kep. 70261, 75603; Sungai Benut, Kep. 73053:

Ayer Itam North F.R.. Muar, Kep. 66643, 70163. 70193, 70194,

70205, 70206, 74101, 74102, 74103; Muar, Kep. 74107.

SINGAPORE: Wallich 4846 (TyPE); Nee Soon, S.F.N. 39252; Jurong.

S.F.N. 26047, 26159, Corner s.n. 13-11-32.

331

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Also a collection represented m Herb. Calcutta and Herb.

Simgapore, No. 463, without locality or collector.

King in the Materials reduces C. pisiferum Pi. & Tri. to this

amoenum Wall. from his synonymy.

This large tree is apparently confined to the southern half of

Malaya in PCat Sema Cah Wale See Se eee

superficially C. ferruginewmn Ridl., but differs im being practically

slalwaes, ia thee -Seiiinntcr ioliceeeceacel sek ae

quite distinct from that of C. ferruginewm, which is larger, pomted,

and with thimner and more brittle pericarp; and m the szaight

lamma edge which joms the base of the midnb at an angle of

45—90° as compared with 2 concave lamina edge joming at an

angle of less than 30° m C. ferrugineum. The fallen leaf, and the

herbarium leaf after a few years, is a rich red brown colour com-

pared with the much paler brown of C. ferrugineum.

27. Calophylium floribundum Hook. f.. FBI. 1 (1874) 272;

King, Mat. F.M_P. No. 2 (1890) 175; Ridl., F.M_P. 1 (1922)

184.—_C. prainianum King, Mat. F.M.P. No. 2 (1890) 175;

Raid, loc. cit. p. 186.—C. venustwm King, Mat. F.M.P. No. 2

(1890) 180; RidL, loc. cit. p. 186.—C. foetidwm Ridl. m Journ.

Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 54 (1910) 18, pro maxime parte et

F.M.P. 1 (1922) 186 p.p.—C. lanceola Ridl. in Journ. Roy.

As. Soc. Sir. Br. 82 (1920) 170 et F.MLP. 1 (1922) 182.—C.

pulcherrimum Rid, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 182, p.p., non PL & Tri.

edium-sized to rather tall wee, reaching c. 30 m. in height

mad c.'2 m. in gullgpaliiboet betiremes, of with/aeeadlis acl: Genel

ses, bark fawn, dark grey and yellow-brown, sometimes brown and

grey-green with pinky red patches, rather coarsely but shallowly

boat-shaped fissured, or smooth and cracked, dark red under

outer bark, immer bark soft, pink, lammated, exudate clear (occa-

sionally shghtly cloudy), yellow or treacle-coloured, sticky. Twigs

glabrous, usually grey, the youngest ones angular, slender and

usually brown. Terminal buds small, short, pomted. Leaves: lamma

varying much m size and shape, subcoriaceous, normally rather

broadly oblong, tip rather abruptly and shortly and bluntly acumi-

nate, base usually much narrowed, from c. 4 cm. X 15 cm. toc.

10 cm. ¥ 4 cm, usually c. 6-7 cm. X 3-35 cm, both surfaces

usually shining when dry, venation usually rather conspicuous on

both surfaces, close, raised and generally clear cut, sometimes

rather obscure im particular on lower surface, midrib raised on

both surfaces, leaf margin nearly always slightly thickened and

characteristically pale im colour, petioles slender, rather short, c.

3-8 mm. long.

332

Vol. XV. (1956).

Racemes short, slender, glabrous, usually numerous and arising

from the leaf-axils all along the twigs, usually not more than c.

_ 3-4 cm. long, usually 5—9 fiowered, sometimes 11-flowered, pedi-

cels very slender, very variable in length, reaching c. 2 cm. long,

flowers small, usually 6-8 mm. across, but sometimes larger,

fragrant at first, later foetid, sepals and petals white, sepals 4,

saccate, the outer two rather smaller and tougher than the inner

ones, glabrous, broadly obovate, rounded, c. 25—5 mm. long, re-

flexed in open flower, petals 2 or 4, but not always present, similar

in shape and size to inner sepals. Fruit when dry very broadly

ellipsoid to globose, reaching nearly 2-5 cm. long, apex rounded,

pericarp very thin and brittle, breaking up easily, pale brown or

pale reddish brown, quite smooth and slightly polished, separating

from a thin, fibrous, pale endocarp, testa rather thin and brittle,

tesembling the pericarp. Plate XVI. Fig. 10, A-I.

KepaH: Kedah Peak, Ridley 5751 (type collection of C. lanceoia

Ridl.), at 2,500 ft., S.F.N. 5176, at 3,000 ft., S.F.N. 14872; Gunong

Jerai F.R., Kep. 17925, 59628, 72856; Bukit Malut, Kep. 76832; Lang-

kawi, Ridley 15540; Bukit Sawak F.R., Langkawi, Kep. 66442; Gunong

Raya F.R., Langkawi, Kep. 71194.

KELANTAN: Pasir Mas, Kep. 66804, 66809.

PENANG: Pantai Acheh F.R., Kep. 50819.

PERAK: Larut, Kunstler 3378, 5402, 7285; Larut, Kunstler 5366,

7242 (syntypes of C. prainianum King); Batang Padang, Kunstler

7762 (type collection of C. venustum King); Taiping, Burn-Murdoch

330; Taiping Hill, Anderson 114; Gunong Haram Parah, Scortechini

682; Lumut F.R., Kep. 76725; Batu Undan F.R., Kep. 542232.

SELANGOR: Ginting Simpah, Kep. 12854.

Matacca: sine loc., Maingay K.D. 169, K.D. 170 (Type); Bukit

Bruang, Derry 293, 443, 514.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Serting F.R., Kep. 62955; Senaling Inas F.R., Kep.

62882.

PAHANG: Rompin, Kep. 15452; Kuantan, Kep. 2712, 15628; Rotan

Tunggul F.R., Kep. 23289; Kerdau. Kep. 29997; Baloh F.R., Kep.

40164, 40218, 40220, 40226, 66646, 76144.

JoHORE: Mawai, S.F.N. 24748, 24751, 37387; Kangka Sedili Ketchil,

S.F.N. 28599; Lenggor F.R., Kep. 72652; Jemaluang F.R., Kep.

69993, 71896, 72462; Gunong Arong F.R., Kep. 71212.

SINGAPORE: Gardens Jungle, Ridley 6925,11958, 14119 (syntypes of

C. foetidum Ridli.), Ridley 4800, 4923, S.F.N. 15358, 24501, 24976,

28659, 36254, 36255, 39433, 39445, 40267, Gardens No. 1691;

Mandai road. S.F.N. 33143, Kiah s.n., Corner s.n.; Bukit Timah,

S.F.N. 34650, 38848, Kep. 70530.

The bulk of the material quoted above has hitherto been iden-

tified, wrongly, with C. pulcherrimum Wall.

We have taken a wide view of this undoubtedly variable species,

but it seems better to do this than to attempt to split it up into

smaller entities without more knowledge of it. As we have defined

it, C. floribundum is a widespread species, showing great variation

333

Gardens Bulletin, S-

im shape and size of leaves (even om a single tree), m size of

fiower and perhaps of fruit, in the number of petals, and m the

habitat. C. foetidum, as originally described by Ridley, is 2 mix-

ture. Of the syntypes quoted by him m the origmal description we

have assigned Ridley 13305 to C. pulcherrimum Wall Ridley

6935, 11958 and 14119 we cannot separate from C. floribundum.

The remaining syntype is a collection by Derry from Malacca, no

number quoted. Derry 514 m Herb. Smgapore may be this, al-

though the fruits of this collection do not correspond to Ridley’s

ee Oe jorates Seen floribundum

#4 floribundum is characterised by the pale leaf margin, the

short, copious imflorescemces of usually small flowers, and the

long, angular, glabrous, pale brown twigs. It is 2 species mostly of

lowland and low-lymg forest.

In Check List as ‘C. pulcherrimum Wall.”

28. Calophyilum pulcherrimum Wall. Cat. nom. nud. Planch. &

Triana im Ann. Sc. Nat. 4, 15 (1861) 278. — C. plicipes Mig..

FL Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1 (71852) 499. (There is some doubt as

to the exact date of publication of Miquels name. On the ttle

page of the publication quoted it is given as 1860, but van

Steenis m Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. 13 (1934) 285 says that pp-

309 onwards may have been issued im 1862. We therefore retam

the better-known name.

A medium-sized to tall ree recorded as up to c. 30 mm height

and c. 1-5 m. m gitth, without buttresses, bark greyish or yellow

brown, smooth, with vertically elongated, brown lenticels, exudate

clear, honey coloured, sticky. Twigs slender, terete, drymg dark

coloured and almost smooth, the youngest ones angled, glabrous.

Terminal buds very small, narrow, abruptly pomted, almost giz—

brous, 2—3 mm. long. Leaves: lamima smail, subcoriaceous, narrowly

elliptic, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, from c. 35 K 1-5 cm toc.

9 cm. X 3-75 cm, usually c. 5 cm. X 2-5 cm, apex bluntly acute

or sometimes abruptly and shortly acummate, base usually rather

long narrowed om to petiole, venation om both surfaces usually

inconspicuous, slightly raised, very rarely imvisible below, midrib

usually sunk m a channel below, raised above with 2 narrow

median channel, petiole slender, c. 7—10 mm. long, strongly chan-

nelled; fallen leaves with red-brown upper surface and pale margm

to lamina.

334

Vol. XV. (1956).

Racemes very slender, up to c. 6-7 cm. long, from the upper

and terminal leaf-axils, glabrous, flowers distant, on very slender

pedicels to c. 2 cm. long, sepals 4, the two outer oblong-obovate,

_ concave, c. 5 mm. long, sparsely finely hairy on margins, inner

ones larger and broader, c. 6 mm. &* 4 mm., finely veined, with

sparse short hairs on margin at tip, petals 0. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid

to almost globose, reaching c. 2 cm. long, acutely beaked, the

beak varying in size, sometimes very conspicuous, pericarp thick,

hard, not brittle, pale green and smooth-surfaced in life, drying

pale reddish brown, rather closely and shallowly wrinkled. Fig.

a, A—E.

Matacca: sine loc., ‘“F.S.’ 188: Merlimau, Derry 156: Bukit Sabukor,

Derry 104: Sungai Udang, Goodenough 1728.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Pasir Panjang, Kep. 4202; Pengkalan Kempas,

Kep. 42132; Cape Rachado, Kep. 71240; Sungai Menyala F.R., Kep.

64091.

PaHANG: Sungai Rompin, Kep. 2220, Fox 5014; Menchali F.R.,

Kep. 29655.

JoHORE: Sungai Kayu. S.F.N. 21990; Endau to Mersing road, Kep.

54245; Renggan F.R., Kep. 71266, 71270, 71297; Pulau Tinggi, Kep.

709326; Panchor, Kep. 62814, 62816, 62817; Mawai, Corner s.n.

SINGAPORE: sine loc., Wallich 4848 (TYPE). Maingay K.D. 171:

Changi, Ridley 4636, 4637, 6085, Baker sn.. Goodenough 142, Hullett

420; Keranji. Ridley 260, 1959; Bukit Mandai, Ridley 8942; Seletar,

Ridley 14172; Bukit Timah, Ridley 4639, S.F.N. 2030, 34440, 24611,

34697, 36193, 36365, 36500, 38847, Kep. 70532; Tampenis, Ridley

4639a; Chan Chu Kang, Ridley s.n.; Gardens Jungle, Ridley 8940,

13305, Gardens No. 1286: Pulau Damar Laut. Sinclair s.n.

This lowland forest species has been largely confused, by King

and Ridley, with C. floribundum Hk. f., but it is quite distinct. It

is very similar in leaf characters to C. depressinervosum nob. and

sterile material from the centre of the Peninsula, where the ranges

of the two species overlap, is difficult to determine. C. pulcher-

rimum, however, generally has blunter and less acuminate leaves

and more pronounced venation below, as well as longer inflores-

cences and larger fruit.

29. Calophyllum depressinervosum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith,

sp. nov.

Arbor ad c. 35 m. alta, ramulis gracilibus, in sicco nigro-griseis.

junioribus angulosis, glabris, gemmis parvissimis, c. 3 mm. longis,

minutissime rufo-tomentosis. Folia parva, tenuiter coriacea, plerumcue

lanceolata vel anguste elliptica, c. 4-5 cm. x 1-5 cm. adc. 7 cm. x

3 cm., apice plerumque longe acuminata, basi anguste cuneata, nervis

lateralibus subtus valde obscuris, supra immersis, tenuibus, distantibus.

nervo medio supra prominulo, subtus late et leviter immerso, petiolo

breve, gracile. Racemi terminales et in axillis foliorum superiorum. c.

2 cm. longi, pauciflori, glabri, pedicellis gracilibus, ad c. 8-10 cm.

335

Gardens Bulletin, S.

longis; sepala exteriora obovata, c. 4 mm. X 3 mm., interiora c. 6

mm. X 4 mm.; petala 0. Fructus globosus, c. 9 mm. ‘diam., in sicco

levigatus, fragilis.

A tall tree, recorded as up to c. 35 m. in height and nearly 2 m.

in girth, without buttresses, bark yellow-orange and greyish-brown,

smooth, with diamond-shaped fissures, inner bark pinky red,

exudate clear, golden syrup coloured, slightly resinous. Twigs

slender, usually dark grey when dry, lenticellate, the youngest ones

angular, glabrous. Terminal buds very small, c. 3 mm. long, rather

bluntly pointed and minutely rufous tomentose. Leaves: lamina

small, thinly coriaceous, not varying much in shape or size, usually

lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, from c. 45 cm. 1-5 cm. to c. 7

cm. X 3 cm., usually c. 5-5 cm. X 2-75 cm., apex nearly always

rather long acuminate, base narrowly cuneate, venation on lower

surface usually very obscure or invisible, usually visible only as

very shallow, obscure depressions, on the upper surface more

evident, very fine, immersed, usually rather distant (c. 1 mm.

apart), curving up, margin of leaf usually slightly revolute, midrib

narrow and raised above, depressed below in a shallow, rather

wide channel with a central raised ridge, petiole short and slender.

Inflorescences short, racemose, from the upper and terminal

leaf-axils, c. 2 cm. long, few- flowered, glabrous, pedicels slender,

up to 8-10 mm. long, sepals 4, the two outer ones obovate, c. 4

mm. < 3 mm., the inner ones c. 6 mm. X 4 mm., petals 0. Fruit

globose, c. 9 mm. diam., apparently green when ripe, when dry

the pericarp smooth, glabrous, brownish, thin and brittle. Plate

XVII. Fig. 11, F, G.

KepaH: Gunong Jerai F.R., Kep. 7745; Bukit Ladah Acheh, Kep.

dl alle a

4o4

ee Moniot’s Road, 1,000 ft., Curtis 830 (Type, Holotype in

Herb. Singapore).

Perak: Ulu Kenderong, Grik, Kep. 11038; Keledang Saiong F.R.,

Kep. 65947

SELANGOR: Bangi F.R., Kep. 14578; Sungai Buloh F.R., Kep. 14926;

Kuang, Kep. 22059, 24858.

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Kepis F.R., Kep. 62954.

PAHANG: Mentakab, Kep. 7922.

JoHoRE: Kluang F.R., Kep. 69922; Mambai F.R., Kep. 69862;

Mawai, Corner s.n. 7-10-34.

A widespread, but as yet not very well-known species of low-

land forest. It is very close to C. pulcherrimum Wall., but it dif-

fers in the short inflorescence, the much smaller fruit without a

beak, drying smooth and not wrinkled, and with a thin, papery.

brittle pericarp.

In Check List as ‘C. depressinerve ms.’.

336

Vol. XV. (1956).

30. Calophyllum nodosum Vesque, Epharm. 2 (1889) t. 10; et in

DC., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1889) 539.—C. parvifolium Vesque,

DC., Monogr. Phan. (1893) 604, non Choisy (1823).—C.

microphyllum T. Anders. in Hook. f., F.B.I. 1 (1874) 272, non

Choisy (1861).

A small tree. Twigs slender, the oldest ones drying dark, the

youngest quadrangular, glabrous. Terminal buds narrow, bluntly

pointed, c. 4 mm. long. Leaves: lamina very small, sub-coriaceous,

narrowly obovate, apex rounded or broadly and bluntly pointed,

sometimes retuse, base much narrowed, reaching c. 4 cm. xX 1:5

cm., venation on both surfaces obscure, close and slightly raised,

leaf margin thickened, midrib narrowly channelled above, more or

less triangular below and often channelled on either side, petiole

very short, wrinkled when dry.

Racemes very short, from the upper axils, apparently 2-flowered,

glabrous, pedicels c. 5—6 mm. long, flowers c. 1 cm. diam., sepals

4, suborbicular and subequal, petals 0. Fruit ellipsoid or globose.

to c. 1 cm. long, when dry pale brown to blackish brown, pericarp

thin but not brittle, surface rather coarsely wrinkled, smooth

between wrinkles. Fig. 11, H-J.

Matracca: Mount Ophir, Maingay K.D. 165, Ridley s.n. Dec. 1898:

Gunong Mering, Mount Ophir, Ridley 3222.

The type of this species is Beccari 2440 from Borneo. It is close

to C. pulcherrimum Wall. and C. depressinervosum nob., but dif-

fers in the smaller, differently shaped leaves, the very short

inflorescences and the small fruit (c.f. C. depressinervosum).

31. Caiophyllum rotundifolium Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus. 5

(1915) 29; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 188.

A ?bush or ?small tree. Youngest twigs drying pale, 4-angled.

Leaves: lamina thickly coriaceous, broadly elliptic or orbicular,

from c. 25 cm. X 2-5 cm. toc. 5 cm. & 45 cm., apex broadly

and shallowly retuse, base cordate, almost sessile, venation above

very obscure and often invisible, usually rather well marked below,

curving up to the obscurely thickened margin, upper surface dry-

ing warm brown, the lower paler, midrib broad at base, raised a

little on both surfaces.

Inflorescences of 1 or 2 terminal, rather large flowers, pedicels

c. 1 cm. long, outer sepals coriaceous, orbicular, 8 mm. long,

inner sepals oblanceolate, obtuse, 2 mm. long (fide Ridley).

petals obovate, rounded, clawed, 1 cm. & 09 cm., stamens

shorter than petals. Fruit unknown. Fig. 11, K, L.

SELANGOR: Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, Robinson s.n. January 1913

(TYPE).

Gt$dens Bulletin, S.

Another sheet, without flowers or fruit, collected on the same

mountain by Denny, s.n., in 1907, probably here. In this

the leaves are much larger than in the type, oblong-elliptic,

c. 11 cm. X 6 cm., cordate at base and sessile, venation

invisible below, fine and slightly raised above, lower surface dry-

ing reddish brown, upper surface blackish brown. This collection

may represent sapling leaves of C. rotundifolium.

Only these collections of C. rotundifolium are known. The des-

cription of the flowers is taken from the author's original descrip-

tion in which there appears to be a mistake regarding the size of

the inner sepals. The type material is too scanty to allow of a

flower being detached for dissection. C. rotundifolium is distinct

in its small, stiff, orbicular leaves and few, large flowers. In foliage

it is very like C. thwaitsii from Ceylon, but the twigs and inflores-

cence of this species are quite different.

32. Calophyllum symingtonianum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp.

noy.

Arbor ad c. 40 m. alta, ramulis glabris, teretibus, in sicco cortice

griseo, junioribus angulosis, glabris, nigris, gemmis valde gracilibus, c.

1 cm. longis, minute brunneo-tomentosis. Folia parva, subcoriacea,

lanceolata vel anguste elliptica, apice plus minusve acuminata, basi

abrupte acuta, c. 3-5 cm. x 1-25 cm. ad c. 8 cm. X 3 cm. Rervis

lateralibus, utrinque plerumque indistinctis, leviter prominulis. approx-

imatis, nonnunquam distinctis, petiolo gracili, ad c. 1 cm. Ee

Flores ignoti. Fructus ellipsoideus vel paullum obovoideus, c.

longus.

A tall tree, recorded as up to c. 40 m. tall and c. 3 m. m girth,

without buttresses, bark fawny-grey to yellow brown, rough,

coarsely and distantly fissured, tending to flake near base, mmner

bark pink, thick, exudate clear, almost colourless, slightly sticky,

sapwood very hard and tenacious. Twigs glabrous, terete, greyish,

the youngest shoots angled, drying dark, glabrous or almost so.

Terminal buds very slender, pointed, c. 1 cm. long, fnely brown

tomentose. Leaves: lamina small, subcoriaceous, lanceolate or

narrowly elliptic, apex more or less acuminate, base rather

abruptly narrowed, from c. 3-5 cm. X i-25 cm., or sometimes

smaller to c. 8 cm. X 3 cm., venation on both sides usually rather

indistinct, slightly raised and close, sometimes quite distimct and

clear cut, midrib rather prominent below, raised above and chan-

nelled in the basal half, petiole usually rather long and slender,

c. 1 cm. long.

Inflorescences and flowers unknown. Fruit ellipsoid to very

slightly obovoid, c. 3 cm. long, c. 2-5 cm. diam., base of style

remaining as a minute apiculus, pericarp thick, not brittle, outer

338

Vol. XV. (1956f.

surface dull dark reddish brown to dark dull purple when dry,

glabrous, finely and shallowly wrinkled. Plate XVIII. Fig. 12, A, B.

PERAK: Tap ills F.R., Kep. 71911; Maxwell’s Hill, Kep. 76222.

PAHANG: Cameron Highlands, Kep. 12980, 33748, S.F.N. 322632

(Type, Holotype in Herb. Singapore), 72904, 22905.

An imperfectly known species so far recorded from the Cameron

Highlands area and Maxwell’s Hill.! It approaches in some respects

C. fraseri nob. The rather thin, lanceolate leaves with rather long,

slender petioles seem distinctive. The fruit is rather large for a

small-leaved species.

33. Calophyllum cuneatum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor ad c. 26—28 m. alta, ramulis crassis, teretibus, in sicco cortice

pallide griseo, junioribus angulosis, nigris, gemmis brevibus, c. 4—5

mm. longis, acutis, plus minusve ferrugineo-tomentdsis. Folia coriacea,

plerumque anguste elliptica, apice obtuse acuta, basi acuta, plerumque

c. 5 cm. X 2-5 cm., nervis lateralibus utrinque prominulis, distinctis,

approximatis, petiolo breve. Inflorescentiae probabiliter breves, sub-

umbellatae. Flores ignoti. Fructus globosus, c. 1 cm. diam., in sicco

nigro-brunneus, leviter rugosus.

A tall tree, recorded as up to c. 26-28 m. in height and c. 2 m.

in girth, bark yellow, slightly fissured, exudate whitish. Twigs

rather stout, terete greyish-fawn, youngest ones angled and drying

dark. Terminal buds short, pointed, more or less ferrugineous

tomentose, c. 4-5 mm. long. Leaves: lamina small, coriaceous,

usually rather narrowly elliptic, tapered to apex and base, apex

usually bluntly acute, usually c. 5 cm. & 2-5 cm., varying from

c.3 cm. X 1:5 cm. toc. 6 cm. & 3 cm., both surfaces drying

reddish brown, the upper usually darker, venation close, raised on

both surfaces and fairly clear cut and distinct, margin of leaf

slightly thickened but not pale, midrib channelled above, raised

below, petiole very short, usually less than 7 mm. long.

Inflorescences apparently short and subumbellate, flowers un-

known. Fruit globose, c. 1 cm. diam. or a little more, on pedicels

nearly as long, apparently green when ripe, when dry reddish to

blackish brown, pericarp not very thick but not brittle or break-

ing up readily in dried fruit, surface shallowly and coarsely wrin-

kled, smooth between wrinkles. Plate XIX. Fig. 12, C, D.

_ PaHANG: Cameron Highlands, S.F.N. 18002, 31232 (Type, Holotype

in Herb. Singapore), 32594, Kep. 27303, 30957, 36177.

A rather large tree, apparently common on ridges at Cameron

Highlands, and so far known only from that area. It is certainly

closely allied to C. fraseri nob., but there are differences in the

inflorescences, the leaf is shorter with a less acute apex, and the

petiole is shorter.

A ee ee ct eS ee eee ee

1. T have recently seen several big trees of this species at an elevation of

aoe a ft. a.s.l. in west Perangin Forest Reserve, north Kedah (J.W.-S.,

339

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A sheet in Herb. Singapore written up as ‘Calophyllum karoense

Beum. msc.’ from Siboetan Reserve, Sumatra, + 1400 m. alt.,

Neth. Ind. For. Service bb 2770, without flowers or fruit is almost

certainly this species.

This species was recognised by Symington prior to the 1939-

45 World War, and we have retained his manuscript name of C.

cuneatum under which he had segregated all collections at Kepong.

In Check List as ‘C. cuneatum ms.’.

34. Calophyllum aureum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor parva, ramulis glabris, gracilibus, junioribus acute tetragonis,

gemmis gracilibus, ad c. 8 mm. ‘longis, minute ferrugineo-tomentosis.

Folia parva, coriacea, late elliptico-oblonga, apice late emarginata vel

rotundata, basi acuta, c. 2-5 cm. x 1-5 cm. ad c. 6-5 cm. x 4-5 cm.,

nervis lateralibus supra distinctis, gracilibus, prominulis, subtus obs-

curis, petiolo ad c. 1 cm. longo. Flores ad c. 2 cm. diam., in paniculas

terminales ad c. 6 cm. longas dispositi; sepala exteriora dura, oblongo-

orbicularia, c. 7 mm. x 6 mm., interiora tenuiora, maiora, c. 9 mm.

longa, oblonga-obovata, petala 4. Fructus maturus ignotus.

A small tree, bark smooth, golden coloured. Twigs slender,

glabrous, youngest ones sharply 4-angled. Terminal buds slender;

finely rusty tomentose, up to c. 8 mm. long. Leaves: lamina

small, coriaceous, usually rather broadly elliptic-oblong, from c.

25 cm. X 15 cm. to c. 65 cm. X 45 cm., apex apparently

always broadly and shallowly retuse or rounded, never pointed,

base narrowed, upper surface drying rather pale greyish brown,

lower surface a darker warm brown, venation above close, fine,

rather sharply cut, obscure and very little raised below, midrib

narrowly channelled above, raised below, petiole 1 cm or less long.

Inflorescences terminal, paniculate, glabrous, one or more to-

gether, to c. 6 jm. long, peduncle to c. 3 cm. long, lower pedicels

to nearly 1 cm. long, flowers rather large, c. 2 cm. diam. when

expanded, outer sepals tough but not very thick, with thickened

midrib at base, oblong-orbicular, c. 7 mm. X 6 mm., inner sepals

larger and thinner, c. 9 mm. long, oblong-obovate, petals 4,

similar to inner sepals. No ripe fruit seen, young fruit globular,

drying dark coloured and not wrinkled. Plate XX. Fig. 12, E,

F, J.

PERAK: top of Gunong Batu Puteh, Scortechini 377b; Gunong Korbu.

Kep. 32118.

SELANGOR: Fraser Hill, Kep. 11468.

PAHANG: Gunong Beramban, Cameron Highlands, Kep. 31007

(Type, Holotype in Herb. Singapore); Batten-Pooll s.n.

A montane species of ridge tops in mossy forest and closely

allied to C. aureo-brunnescens which follows. It also resembles

C. hosei Ridl., described from Borneo, but is sufficiently distinct.

340

Vol. XV. (1956).

This species was first recognised by Symington prior to the

1939-45 World War, and we have retained his manuscript name

of C. aureum under which he had segregated all collections at

Kepong.

35. Calophyllum aureo-brunnescens Henderson & Wyatt-Smith,

sp. nov. ;

Arbor parva, ad c. 4 m. alta, ramulis gracilibus, cortice nigro,

junioribus angulatis, gemmis valde gracilibus, c. 6-7 mm. longis, minu-

tissime tomentosis. Folia parva, coriacea, plus minusve elliptico-lanceo-

lata, c. 3-5 cm. & 1-5 cm. adc. 7 cm. X 3-5 cm., apice obtuse acuta,

basi acuta, nervis lateralibus supra obscuris, immersis, subtus promi-

nulis, indistinctis, petiolo ad c. 1 cm. longo. Paniculae terminales, ad

c. 8 cm. longae, pedicellis ad c. 1-5 cm. longis; flores c. 2 cm. lati;

sepala exteriora dura, oblongo-orbicularia, c. 7 mm. xk 5 mm., inte-

riora-tenuiora, oblongiora, c. 9 mm. longa, petala 4. Fructus maturus

ignotus.

A small tree, reaching about 4 m. tall. Twigs slender, dark

coloured, the youngest ones angled. Terminal buds very slender,

pointed, c. 6-7 mm. long, very minutely tomentose. Leaves: lamina

small, coriaceous, usually elliptic-lanceolate, from c. 3-5 cm. X

1-5 cm. toc. 7 cm. & 3-5 cm., apex nearly always bluntly acute,

base tapered, upper surface drying dark brown, lower paler, vena-

tion above rather obscure, usually incised, not clear cut, usually

raised below but not clear cut, midrib slightly channelled above,

raised below, petiole usually 1 cm. or less long.

Inflorescences terminal, paniculate, usually 3 together, up to

c. 8 cm. long but usually less, pedicels reaching c. 1:5 cm. long,

flowers rather large, c. 2 cm. across when expanded, outer sepals

tough and wrinkled, thickened along the centre line, oblong-orbi-

cular, concave in bud, boat-shaped after anthesis, c. 7 mm.

3 mm., inner sepals thinner and more oblong, c. 9 mm. long,

petals 4, similar to the inner sepals. No well developed fruit seen.

Plate XXI. Fig. 12, G, H.

PAHANG: Padang Luas, Gunong Tahan, F.M.S. Mus. 12240; Gunong

Tahan, Ridley 16015, Wray & Robinson 5340, 5395, at 5,500 ft. S.F.N.

7855 (Type, Holotype in Herb. Singapore); Gunong Ulu Kechau at

6,000 ft., Kep. 42911; Kluang Terbang, Gunong Benom, Barnes s.n.

(this collection appears to be a connecting link between this species

and C. aureum).

A species closely allied to C. aureum, but easily sorted from it

in the herbarium because of its leaves, which are always more or

less acute, not rounded or retuse, and which dry darker above

than below. The inflorescences and flowers of the two species are

similar, but the flowers of C. aureo-brunnescens have tougher

outer sepals. é

C. aureo-brunnescens is a plant of open places on high moun-

tains and does not appear to occur in ridge-top, mossy forest.

341

Gardens Bulletin, S.

36. Calophyllum intramarginale Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp.

nov.

Arbor parva, ad c. 10 m. alta, ramulis in sicco nigro-brunneis, gem--

mis angustis, c. 7 mm. longis, sparse ferrugineo-pubescentibus. Folia

parva, valde coriacea, plus minusve obovata, c. 3 cm. x 1-5 cm. ad

c. 65 cm. X 3-5 cm., apice rotundata ut retusa, basi late cuneata,

nervis lateralibus utrinque distinctis, in venam intramarginalem obs-

curam confluentibus, petiolo breve. Paniculae terminales vel in axillis

foliorum superiorum, pseudo-umbellatae, c. 4-5 cm. longae, pedicellis

c. 1 cm. ad c. 2-5 cm. longis; flores 2-6, glabri; sepala 4, orbicularia,

c. 5-6 mm. diam., exteriora ad marginem minute ciliata; petala 2,

sepala similiter. Fructus subglobosus, leviter acutus, in sicco fere niger,

in vivo viridis, c. 2-5 cm. * 2 cm., pedicello 2-5 cm. longo.

A small tree, recorded up to c. 10 m. tall and c. 45 cm. in

girth, without buttresses, bark greyish brown and with shallow

longitudinal fissures, inner bark dark, exudate yellow.

Youngest twigs rather slender and angular, almost or quite gla-

brous, blackish brown and striate when dry, older twigs stouter,

dark grey to pale grey. Terminal buds very slender, pointed, c.

7 mm. long, sparsely ferrugineous pubescent. Leaves: lamina

small, thickly and stiffly coriaceous, more or less obovate, tip:

rounded or broadly and shallowly retuse, base broadly cuneate,

from c. 3 cm. * 1:5 cm. to c. 65 cm. & 3-5 cm., drying dull

reddish brown, midrib narrow on upper surface, channelled at

base and slightly raised or almost flat in upper 2/3, rather broad

below and raised, venation usually rather distinct on both sides,

rather close, raised but not sharply cut, anastomosing in a not

very conspicuous but usually quite definite intramarginal vein,

petiole short, usually less than 1 cm. long.

Inflorescences from the terminal and upper leaf-axils, pseudo-

umbellate, usually 4-5 cm. long, peduncle rather stout, glabrous,

minutely bracteate at apex, pedicels glabrous, rather stout, vari-

able in length, from less than 1 cm. to c. 2:5 cm. long, flowers

2—6 from the apex of the peduncle, buds glabrous, globose, c. 6

mm. diam., sepals 4, orbicular, concave, c. 5-6 mm. diam., rather

thin, the outer ones minutely ciliate on the margins, petals 2,

similar to sepals. Fruit subglobose, hard, slightly pointed, dark

mauvey black when dry, green in life, c. 25 cm. XK 2 cm.,

pedicel 2‘5 cm. long. Plate XXII. Fig. 13, A, B.

TRENGGANU: Gunong Padang, at 4,000 ft., S.F.N. 31900 (TyPE, Holo-

type in Herb. Singapore); Rasau-Kerteh F.R., at 1,000 ft., Kep. 67753.

This species, of which only two collections have been made,

closely resembles C. inophylloide var. singapurense, but it has

smaller leaves with an intramarginal vein, shorter inflorescences in

which all the flowers arise from the apex of the peduncle, and it

is montane.

342

Vol. XV. (1956).

37. Calophyllum blumutense Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva ad c. 11-12 m. alta, ramulis gracilibus, tere-

tibus, cortice nitido, nigro vel rubro-brunneo, junioribus angulosis,

pallidibus, glabris, gemmis parvis gracilibus, 4-5 mm. longis, minu-

tissime tomentosis. Folia coriacea, margine imcrassata, plerumque

elliptica, c. 4 cm. X 2 cm. ad c. 10-5 cm. X 5 cm., apice late et

obtuse acuta vel breviter et abrupte acuminata, basi acuta, ner-

vis lateralibus subtus distantibus, immersis, supra prominulis, petiolo

breve. Racemi in axillis foliorum superiorum, graciles, pauciflori, ad

c. 6 cm. longi, pedicellis gracilibus, ad c. 1-5 cm. longis; sepala exteriora

dura, late oblonga, glabra, c. 4-5 mm. longa, interiora exterioribus

tenuiora, oblonga, c. 7 mm. longa; petala 3. Fructus ellipsoideus, c. 1-5

cm. longus, in vivo flavus, siccitate nitidus.

A shrub, or small tree, recorded as up to 11-12 m. tall. Twigs

rather slender, terete and smooth, blackish or reddish brown when

dry, the youngest ones angled, pale, glabrous. Terminal buds

small, narrow and pointed, very minutely tomentose, c. 4-5 mm.

long. Leaves: lamina small. coriaceous, usually elliptic, with a

slight tendency to be narrowly obovate, from c. 4 cm. 2 cm. to

c. 105 cm. < 5 cm., apex broadly and bluntly acute, or rather

abruptly and shortly and bluntly acuminate, base narrowed, vena-

tion below coarse and incised, raised above and faintly clear cut,

rather distant, midrib usually raised above and narrow and

rounded, broader below, raised but not prominent, leaf margin

thickened and pale, both surfaces drying brownish, the lower

paler, upper surface sometimes drying grey, petiole short, usually

considerably less than 1 cm. long.

Racemes from the upper leaf-axils, slender, laxly few-flowered,

glabrous, reaching c. 6 cm. long, pedicels slender, to c. 1-5 cm.

long, outer sepals tough, rather small, broadly oblong, c. 4-5 mm.

long, glabrous, inner sepals thinner, oblong, c. 7 mm. long, petals

apparently 3, similar to mner sepals, ovary depressed globose.

Fruit ellipsoid, c. 1-5 cm. long, yellow when ripe, pericarp pale

reddish brown when dry, thin and brittle, breaking up easily,

smooth, hardly or not wrinkled. Plate XXIII. Fig. 13, E, F, G.

_ JoHorE: Gunong Belumut, c. 3,300 ft.. Kep. 5880 (Type, Holotype

in Herb. Singapore), S.F.N. 10658, 10737: Gunong Panti, 1,600 ft.,

S.F.N. 18098.

A small tree of ridgetops, very local in occurrence. It is very

closely allied to C. floribundum, having in common with it the

pale leaf margin and shape of lamina, but it is distinguished from

that species by the different venation, which is more distant on

the upper surface. We have compared our material with C. frag-

rans Ridl., a species described from Borneo, but believe that it

differs.

343

Gardens Bulletin, S.

38. Calophyllum fraseri Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Affinis C. cuneato Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sed foliis longioribus,.

lanceolatis vel lanceolato-oblongis, ad c. 8 cm. & 3 cm., petiolis long-

ioribus differt. Racemi breves, numerosi, ad 2—3 cm. longi; flores glabri,.

c. 8-9 mm. lati; sepala 4, petala 0. Fructus ellipsoideus, apiculatus, c.

2 cm. longus, in sicco niger.

A tall tree, recorded as reaching c. 33 m. in height and c. 1 m.

in girth, without buttresses, bark grey, smooth with vertical lenti-

cellate ridging c. 1 cm. apart and some horizontal lines, inner bark

c. 7-5 mm. thick, pink, fibrous, and with a slight, pale yellow,

non-sticky, varnish-like exudate, very close to C. cuneatum in

twigs, buds and leaves, except that the leaves are longer, lanceo-

late or lanceolate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, up to c. 8 cm. X

3 cm., young leaves larger, with the same type of venation as in

C. cuneatum, and drying a similar colour, but with longer petioles,

usually 1 cm. or a little longer.

Racemes short, dense, numerous, rising from short, stout side

shoots, up to c. 2-3 cm. long, flowers glabrous, c. 8-9 mm. diam.,

sepals 4, nearly equal, broadly oblong rounded to nearly orbicular,

reflexed after anthesis, petals 0, stamen filaments rather short.

Fruit ellipsoid, shortly and finely teaked with the remains of the

style, c. 2 cm. long, 1:3 cm. diam., pericarp black, hard and finely

wrinkled when dry, pedicel stout, c. 2 cm. long. Plates XXIV,

XXV. Fig. 13, C, D, H, J.

TRENGGANU: Gunong Padang at 4,000 ft. S.F.N. 31878.

PAHANG: Fraser Hill, S.F.N. 11282 (Type, Holotype in Herb. Sin-

gapore), Kep. 28955, at 4,200 ft., 76052, F.M.S. Mus. 11576, Burkill

& Holttum s.n. (?sapling).

The Gunong Padang collection is placed here with a little doubt.

Originally we had intended to keep it separate. If it is distinct it

is obviously closely related to C. fraseri, but its leaves are more

coriaceous.

39. Calophyllum costulatum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor, ramulis crassis, cortice levigato, flavo, junioribus angulosis,

rufo-tomentosis, gemmis anguste turbinatibus, pallide et minute tomen-

tosis. Folia parva, rigide coriacea, marginibus crassis, plerumque ob-

longo-obovata, nonnunquam oblonga vel oblongo-elliptica, ad c. 4 cm.

< 2 cm., apice plerumque retusa, basi plerumque late cuneata, nervis

lateralibus tenuibus, approximatis, subtus obscuris, supra prominulis.

nervo medio subtus prominente, sparse tomentoso, supra ad basin

immerso, tomentoso, petiolo tomentoso, breve, ad c. 5 mm. longo.

Racemi ex axillis foliorum superiorum orientes, pyramidiformes, pau-

ciflori, ad c. 6 cm. longi, pedunculo 2—3 cm. longo, rubro-tomentoso,

rachide pedicellisque pallide rubro-tomentosis, pedicellis inferioribus c.

1-5 cm. longis, superioribus brevioribus; sepala exteriora dura, oblongo-

orbicularia, concava, c. 5 mm. x 4 mm., extus dense et pallide tomen-

tosa, interiora tenuiora, obovato-orbicularia, c. 6 mm. longa et lata.

glabra, marginibus apice exceptis: petala 0. Fructus ignotus.

344

Vol. XV. (1956).

A ‘medium-sized’ tree. Twigs rather stout, yellowish, smooth,

‘slightly pale hoary, youngest shoots angular and reddish tomen-

tose. Terminal buds narrowly conical, pointed, pale hoary tomen-

tose. Leaves: lamina small, stiffly coriaceous, usually oblong-

obovate, sometimes oblong or oblong-elliptic, up to c. 4 cm.

2 cm., apex usually retuse, base usually broadly cuneate, upper

surface drying dark reddish brown, lower much paler, venation

very close and fine, often very obscure below, more evident above,

raised and fairly clear cut, midrib very prominent and rounded

below, sparsely tomentose especially at base, slender on the upper

surface, sunk in a narrow channel at the base and raised elsewhere,

‘tomentose, leaf margin thickened and recurved, petiole short,

usually 5 mm. or less long, tomentose.

Racemes from the upper leaf-axils, pyramidal, laxly flowered,

up to c. 6 cm. long, peduncle 2-3 cm. long, reddish tomentose,

rachis and pedicels with pale, reddish brown, close tomentum,

flowers spreading, in distant pairs or whorls, pedicels to c. 1:5 cm.

long, the upper ones shorter, expanded flowers a little over 1 cm.

diam., outer sepals tough, oblong-orbicular, concave, c. 5 mm.

x 4 mm., densely pale tomentose outside, inner sepals thinner,

obovate-orbicular, c. 6 mm. long and broad, glabrous except for

margins at tip, petals 0. Fruit unknown. Plate XXVI. Fig. 13, K.

JOHORE: Tanjong Bunga, Ridley 6332 June 1894 (TypE, Holotype

in Herb. Singapore).

A distinct species, of which one collection only has been made.

Its very stiff, small, more or less obovate leaves, tomentose on the

midrib, and its rather long inflorescences with very tomentose

outer sepals distinguish it. Calophyllum enervosum nob. closely

resembles this species in leaf shape and size.

40. Calophylium pisiferum Planch. & Tri., Ann. Sci. Nat. 4, 15

(1861) 266; Ridl., F.M.P. 1 (1922) 184.

A ?bush or ?small tree. Twigs more or less persistently tomen-

tose, the youngest ones angled and densely reddish tomentose,

the older ones grey, with reticulately cracked bark. Terminal buds

narrow, conical, short, pointed, densely red tomentose, c. 4 mm.

long. Leaves: lamina small, subcoriaceous, usually more or less

elliptic, sometimes narrowly so, or ovate-elliptic, apex rounded or

very bluntly acute, base rounded or more or less cuneate, from

c.3 cm. X 1:5 cm. toc. 7 cm. & 3-5 cm., sometimes narrower

in proportion to length, venation usually close and raised on both

surfaces, but not very sharp or clear cut, curving upwards, often

obscure or very obscure below, midrib finely channelled above,

‘more or less raised below but not prominent, petiole very short.

345

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Racemes axillary, numerous, finely tomentose, short, reaching

c. 2 cm. long, densely flowered, pedicels short, flowers small, c. 1

cm. diam., sepals 4, thin, glabrous, the outer two oblong-orbicular,

c. 4-5 mm. long, the inner ones slightly longer and broader, petals

0. Fruit small, globose, 7-8 mm. diam., creamy-yellow in life

(fide Ridley), pale reddish brown to dark reddish brown when

dry, pericarp thin and brittle, usually coarsely and shallowly

wrinkled, sometimes hardly wrinkled, smooth between wrinkles.

Fig. 13, L.

PERAK: sine loc., Scortechini s.n., 255.

MALACCA: sine loc., Griffith s.n. (TYPE), Maingay K.D. 166, Her--

vey s.n., unknown collector 125, 1332.

Ridley in his Flora of the Malay Peninsula states that this is a

plant of swamps, but there is no confirmation of this on the labels

of the material listed. A little-known but distinct species, distin--

guished by its persistently tomentose twigs, its small, usually

broadly elliptic leaves, and its short, dense inflorescences. It does.

not appear to have been collected for over fifty years.

King in the Materials reduces this species to C. retusum Wall.,.

but the two are quite distinct.

41. Calophyllum rupicolum Ridl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 3, 4 (1893)

278; F.M.P. 1 (1922) 182.

A much branched bush to c. 2 m. tall, without buttresses and

with slight, cloudy, canary-yellow exudate. Young twigs strongly

4—angled, pale brown when dry. Terminal buds narrow and poit-

ed, minutely reddish tomentose, 4-5 mm. long. Leaves: lamina.

small, subcoriaceous, narrowly lanceolate, tapered to the sub--

acuminate apex and to the base, from c. 3 cm. « 0-5 cm. to c.

11 cm. *& 2-5 cm., but generally c. 4 cm. long, both surfaces.

rather dull brown when dry, the lower paler, venation very obscure

below, ridged and furrowed, similar but slightly more evident

above, midrib raised on both surfaces, petiole short.

Racemes short and compact, few-flowered, mostly from the

upper leaf-axils, bracteate at base but the bracts dropping early,

rachis tomentose, pedicels slender, more or less tomentose, flowers”

small, outer sepals broadly ovate acute, c. 3 mm. X 2:5 mm.,.

slightly hoary pubescent outside, inner sepals narrowly obovate,.

c. 45 mm. long, petals 0. Fruit small, ellipsoid-globose to globose,.

8—9 mm. long, on a slender pedicel 1 cm. long, minutely apiculate,.

orange coloured in life (fide Ridley) or green, drying pale reddish

346

Vol. XV. (1956).

‘brown or bluish mauve, pericarp thin and brittle, breaking up m

‘herbarium material, smooth, not or very slightly wrinkled. Fig. 13,

-O, P.

- KELANTAN: Kuala Rek, S.F.N. 10175.

PaHANG: Tahan river, Ridley 2636 (Type), Corner sn. 7-9-37;

Kuala Teku, Seimund 568; Sungai Teku, Seimund 224, SF.N. 8094:

Kuala Tahan, Seimund 48, 700, 701; Sungai Tembeling, Kep. 71944,

71945.

Found only on the banks of rocky streams and rivers east of the

main range. Distinct in its bushy habit, small, lanceolate leaves

with obscure venation, and short inflorescences.

C. rupicolum variety. The following collections (which at first

we described as a separate, numbered, but unnamed species) are

included under C. rupicolum for the present, although not yet

described as a variety, for, although the leaves are very like those

of C. rupicolum they are very much broader in proportion to their

length and the collections are all from medium-sized or small trees,

not from small bushes. However, broader leaves are to be expected

from larger trees such as those growing im wet but non-water-

flowing sites or whose leaves are above the influence of fast run-

ning water. Further field studies will have to be made and if this

variation is confirmed an amended description of C. rupicolum

will be necessary.

A small or medium-sized tree-to c. 15 m. tall and 15 m. m

girth, without buttresses, bark greyish to brownish, slightly rough,

with small, vertical, shallow fissures, outer bark thi, corky, inner

bark pinkish fawn, fairly thick, exudate fairly copious appearing

in large, milky-yellow drops, sticky. Youngest twigs strongly

quadrangular, dark reddish brown, almost or quite glabrous, older

-ones terete, smooth, paler. Terminal buds small, narrowly conical.

pointed, very finely reddish tomentose, c. 3 mm. long. Leaves:

lamina small, thinly coriaceous, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, some-

times oblanceolate, apex usually shortly acummate, base rather

narrowly cuneate or acumimate, c. 4 cm. < 1-5 cm. toc. 12 cm.

xX 3-5 cm., upper surface drying dark reddish brown, lower much

paler and warm brown, venation usually quite evident on both

surfaces, well spaced and incised below, with a slightly raised vem

centrally between the sunk ones, upper surface similar, midrib

more or less channelled in lower half above, usually pale, pro-

minent below and more or less keeled, petiole short, usually less

than 5 mm. long.

Racemes terminal and from the upper leaf-axils, c. 3-4 cm.

_long, slender, glabrous except for the very short peduncle, pedicels

‘in distant decussate pairs, usually 3 pairs and a terminal one,

347

Gardens Bulletin, S.

flowers unknown. Fruit ovoid-globose, apiculate, c. 1 cm. long,

8 mm. diam., glabrous, pale yellow-green in life, coarsely wrinkled

and bluish-mauve when dry, smooth between wrinkles, pedicel 1

cm. long. Plate XX VII. Fig. 13, M, N.

TRENGGANU: Bukit Bauk F.R., Kep. 76091.

oe = le S.F.N. 34706, 34747; Kangka Sedili Ketchil, Cor-

In fresh-water swamp forest or in water by riverside. Charac-

terised by the angular young twigs, the oblanceolate leaf drying

dark reddish brown above, and the curious, Dipterocarpus-like,

but faint and distant, obtusely ridged venation.

42. Calophyllum gracillimum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor ad c. 13 m. alta, ramulis teretibus, gracilibus, pallidibus,

interdum fere albis, junioribus rubro-tomentosis, glabrescentibus, gem-

mis brevibus, cylindraceis, rubro-tomentosis, 3—4 mm. longis. Folia

parva, subcoriacea, plus minusve elliptica vel elliptico-lanceolata, apice

late acuta vel acuminata, basi acuta vel cuneata, c. 2-5 cm. x 1 cm.

ad c. 7 cm. X 3 cm., nervis lateralibus subtus immersis, inter se dis-

tantibus, obscuris, supra tenuissimis, indistinctis, immersis vel leviter

prominulis, petiolo breve, gracili, plus minusve tomentoso. Flores ter-

minales, solitarii, vel in axillares 2-3 dispositi, subsessiles vel pedicel-

lati, 1-4 cm. diam.; sepala 4, extus ferrugineo-tomentosa; petala 2,.

anguste oblonga, glabra, marginibus sparse pilosis exceptis. Fructus

globosus, c. 1-2 cm. diam., breviter pedicellatus.

A small tree, reaching c. 13 m. in height and c. 1-5 m. in girth

at breast height, without buttresses, bark pale greeny-yellow grey

or biscuit coloured, very smooth, with small lenticels, thin, exu-

date white, scanty. Twigs slender, terete, pale, sometimes nearly ~

white, youngest ones fugaciously reddish hairy. Terminal buds

short, cylindrical, blunt, reddish hairy, 3-4 mm. long. Leaves:

lamina small, subcoriaceous, more or less elliptic, or elliptic-lan-

ceolate, from c. 25 cm. X 1 cm. to c. 7 cm. X 3 cm., apex

broadly and bluntly acute or acuminate, base narrowed, some-

times broadly cuneate, leaf margin slightly thickened, venation

below very obscure, incised, midrib slightly fugaciously reddish

hairy, very slender and raised above, raised below, sometimes

channelled on either side, petiole short, slender, more or less

tomentose; young leaves pale red.

Flowers faintly scented, solitary and terminal, or 1 or 2 in each

axil, occasionally the inflorescence consisting of a short 3-flowered

cyme, flowers nearly sessile or pedicel c. 5 mm. long, red tomen--

tose, expanded flower, c. 1-4 cm. diam., outer sepals ovate-oblong,

subacute, concave, thick textured, densely red tomentose exter--

nally, c. 5S mm. X 4-5 mm., inner sepals c. 7 mm. X 45 mm.,

also thick and red tomentose externally, reflexed in open flower,

petals 2, narrow, more or less oblong, but tapered slightly to each

348

Vol. XV. (1956).

end, c. 6 mm. < 2 mm., but variable in size and apparently also

in shape, slightly red tomentose on margins, stamen filaments

joined at base in phalanges, longest ones to c. 5 mm., ovary glo-

bose, c. 2 mm. diam. Fruit globose, c. 1-2 cm. diam., on a pedicel

c. 5-6 mm. long, when dry red, the surface dull and very minutely

wrinkled, pericarp thick, not brittle. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 13, Q,

R, S.

PaHANG: Bukit Balai, Rompin, Kep. 2715 (Type, Holotype in Herb.

Kepong); Ulu Perah, Kep. 11209.

JoHoreE: Panti F.R., Kep. 70320; Mawai-Jemaluang road, S.F.N.

28998; Renggam F.R., Kep. 71267.

An imperfectly known species of lowland forest, sometimes in

the drier parts of swamp forest, but very distinct in the very few

or solitary, almost sessile flowers, the smooth biscuit coloured

bark, the pale twigs and the small leaves with indistinct venation.

The flowers appear to be distinctive in having both inner and outer

sepals tomentose on the outer surfaces and in the narrow petals.

It resembles Calophyllum sp. No. 45 in the pale twigs and small

leaves but is distinct in its venation

43. Calophyllum biflorum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor ad c. 33 m. alta, ramulis glabris, gracilibus, in sicco nigris vel

nigro-brunneis, junioribus plus minusve angulosis, rufo-tomentosis sed

mox glabris, gemmis parvis, obtusis, dense rufo-tomentosis. Folia

parva, subcoriacea vel coriacea, plerumque oblonga vel oblonga-ellip-

tica, nonnunquam plus minusve obovata, ad c. 6 cm. x 2-5 cm., apice

plerumque retusa vel rotundata, basi cuneata, nervis lateralibus utrin-

que prominulis, petiolo ad c. 1 cm. longo, transverse striato. Racemi

terminales, vel ex axillis foliorum superiorum, ad c. 2-3 cm. longi,

plerumque 2-flori, rachi pedicellisque gracilibus, pedicellis ad c. 1-2-

1-3 cm. longis; sepala 4, exteriora orbicularia, concava, glabra, margine

membranacea et breviter tomentosa, c. 4 mm. diam., interiora obovato-

orbicularia, c. 4 mm. longa, venis conspicuis; petala 0. Fructus glo-

bosus, c. 2 cm. longus et 1-75 cm. diam., pedicello c. 1-2 cm. longo.

A tree up to c. 33 m. tall and c. 1-5 m. in girth, without buttres-

ses, bark biscuit-coloured or yellow-green to pale grey with white

splashes, smooth with slight obscure cracking when young, fre-

quently with abundant longitudinal lenticels, to coarsely fissured

with fine fissures between when old, inner bark pink or deep red,

soft, thick, exudate white to cream-coloured, very sticky, harden-

ing to a clear resin and darkening slightly on exposure. Twigs

rather slender, terete, usually dark coloured, sometimes pale

greyish to greyish brown, the youngest ones somewhat angled,

with quickly deciduous red tomentum. Terminal buds small, 3—4

mm. long, blunt, densely red tomentose. Leaves: lamina small,

subcoriaceous to coriaceous, usually oblong or oblong-elliptic,

with a tendency to be obovate, apex rounded, retuse, or rarely

349

Gardens Bulletin, S.

broadly and obtusely acute, base cumeafe, up to c. 6 cm X 25

<m., occasionally larger, usually c. 45 cm. X 225 cm, venation

on both surfaces raised, fime and clear cut, more so on the lower

narrow median channel, or keeled, young leaves fimely and spar-

sely mealy tomentose om midrib above and on base of midnb

below, petiole to 1 cm. long or a little more, transversely winkied_

Inflorescemces small and few-flowered, termmal or from the

upper few leaf-axils, at first apparently short with a short peduncle

which is red tomentose like the termmal buds, and with narrow,

red tomentose, deciduous bracts and short pedicels, but quickly

when mature, mature flower buds c. 4 mm. x 3-5 m. sepals 4,

the two outer omes orbicular, concave, longitudmally vemed, c

4 mm. diam.. margms thm and fimely hamy, the mmer ones orbt-

cular-obovate, about the same size as the outers, strongly vemed,

almost nbbed when dry, petals 0. stamen filaments short, ovary

glabrous, broadly owoad, style rather stout, stigma large, fiat. Fruit

globular, c. 2 cm. lomg and 1-75 cm. across, pale whitish green

m life, pale grey brown and coarsely wnmkled when dry, pericarp

thm, brittle, pedicel c. 1-2 cm. long. Plafe XXIEX. Fe. 14, A-G.

JomorxE: Gunomg on Akers ory bi Fee ee

Kevomeg). rmgit. 7 76233; Jemaluamg FR. Kep. €9973. 69982, Kinang

FR. Kep. 71233. 76296; Panti FR. Kep. 73055: Renggam F_R_ Kep.

69904. 721263; Endam to Mersmeg road, Kep. 76281, 76233-

SincaProre: Sumgai Hanto. opposite Pulam Sermmbun, SF_N. 39532.

A lowland forest species distinguished by its smal] leaves with

clear cut venation and short. few-flowered milorescences. In some

respects it resembles C. globuliferwm Ridl. from Borneo, but this

species is quite glabrous and has longer mflorescences with more

flowers.

A tree up to c. 15 mm. without buttresses, occasionally with

crowded stilt roots amd loop roots (Corner, s.n. 30-54-34), bark

smooth to crackmg and shallow rugose fissured, greyish fuscous

to brownish olive, lenticellate, mmer bark pmk, exudate yellow,

watery. Twigs slender, glabrous, pale greyish to olive brown.

youngest ones brown, angled. Terminal buds small, resty-red to-

mentose, c. 3-4 mm long. Leaves: amma small to medium-sized,

subcoriaceous, glabrous, obovate, apex rounded, base narrowed,

330

Vol. XV. (1956).

c. 5—8 cm. long by 2—3 cm. wide, venation slightly raised on both

faces fine, rather distant, rather obscure on lower face, midrib

raised on both surfaces, finely and distinctly sharply cut on upper

face, petiole short, slender, c. 6 mm. long, strongly channelled,

lamina with distinctly visible (on upper surface) but scarcely

raised marginal rim. Inflorescences, flowers and fruits unknown.

Plate XXX. Fig. 15, A.

JoHORE: Sungai Semandan, Jason Bay, Corner s.n. 30-4-24 and

16-6-34.

These two sterile collections resemble in foliage rather closely

C. biflorum, but the apex of the lamina is rounded, the midrib is

sharply raised on the upper surface, a distinct marginal rim to the

lamina is present and the exudate is yellow. Corner records on

one field label that this ‘species’ occurs frequently in dry forest on

a sand bank; the other collection, also by Corner and from the

same vicinity, was made from a tree growing in wet swampy

forest.

45. Calophyllum sp.

A tree reaching c. 23’ m. tall or more, c. 1 m. girth at breast

height, bark greeny-yellow, grey, smooth, with a few small lenti-

cels, or slightly longitudinally fissured, a pale yellow layer under

outer bark, inner bark pink, exudate yellow, sparse, slightly sticky.

Twigs slender, terete, glabrous, the youngest ones slightly angled,

smooth, greyish white or very pale yellowish white. Terminal buds

very narrow and slender, very minutely reddish tomentose, c. 4—5

mm. long. Leaves: lamina small to medium-sized, rather thin and

chartaceous when dry, usually narrowly oblong-elliptic or elliptic-

lanceolate, sometimes elliptic, apex with a rather long, narrow

acumen rounded at tip, base cuneate, usually c. 7 cm. & 2-5 cm.,

sometimes shorter and broader, sometimes reaching c. 9 cm.

3 cm., sapling leaves rather larger and lacking the acumen, vena-

tion very fine and close, raised and sharply cut on both surfaces,

midrib narrowly raised above and very finely channelled, rather

prominent below and keeled, petiole slender, drying dark, usually

c. 4-6 mm. long.

Inflorescence apparently axillary, flowers unknown, fruit globose,

c. 1-5 cm. diam., quite smooth and red brown when dry, with

crustaceous thin brittle pericarp, breaking up easily. Plate XXXI.

Fig. 14, H, J.

KepDAH: Sungkap F.R., Kep. 59624; Enggang F.R.. Kep. 73776.

NeGrRI SEMBILAN: Sungai Menyala F.R., Kep. 64079, 64665.

PaHANG: Gali, Raub, S.F.N. 16220 (collected as a medicinal plant) >

Sg. Terengan. King George V National Park, Kep. 71956.

JoHoRE: Kluang. S.F.N. 9424.

351

Gardens Bulletin, S.

A distinct group, of which, however, the material known is

scanty and imperfect. It is distinguished by the very slender, very

pale, almost white twigs, the small, thin leaves with fine close dis-

tinct venation, a long acumen, and the round, crustaceous fruit

(see note under C. gracillimum). It is close to C. floribundum.

46. Calophyllum enervosum Henderson & Wyatt-Smith, sp. nov.

Arbor ad c. 33 m. alta, ramis robustis, cortice nitido, novellis quad-

rangularis nigris, gemmis plus minusve ovoideis, tenuiter tomentosis,

c. 2-3 mm. longis, nonnunquam ad c. 5 mm. Folia valde coriacea,

elliptico-spathulata vel anguste obovata, apice rotundata vel late sub-

acuta, basi cuneata, c. 3 cm. x 1 cm. adc. 6-5 cm. Kk 3 cm., nervis

lateralibus valde obscuris, petiolo c. 5-9 cm. longo. Inflorescentie

(immatura) terminales et in axiilis foliorum superiorum, cum bracteis

decussatis ovatis subacutis ferrugineo-tomentosis instructis; flores sin-

gulatim in axillis bracteorum dispositi; sepala exteriora ovata, concava,

extus dense ferrugineo-tomentosa, c. 4 mm. longa, interiora glabra;

petala ?4, exteriora sepala interiora similiter, interiora angustiora.

Fructus ignotus.

A tree reaching c. 33 m. in height and c. 2-5 m. in girth, without

buttresses, bark greenish-orange to biscuit coloured, smooth to

rough, very finely cracking, outer bark thin, inner bark thick,

exudate clear turning cloudy pale brown, appearing in droplets,

drying quickly. Twigs stout, glabrous, the older ones terete, rather

smooth and pale, dirty white or slightly tinged yellow, youngest

shoots 4-angled, almost black. Terminal buds more or less ovoid,

subacute, broad, 2-3 mm. or up to c. 5 mm. long. Leaves: lamina

small, rigidly coriaceous, rather narrowly obovate or elliptic-

spathulate, apex rounded or very broadly subacute, base narrowed,

margin distinctly raised, from c. 3 cm. * 1 cm. toc. 65 cm. & 3

cm., venation very obscure or invisible, sometimes just visible

above, almost always invisible below, or traces of it visible under

a lens, midrib slightly channelled at base above and often blackish,

slender and slightly raised in upper half of lamina, prominent and

longitudinally ridged below, both surfaces drying warm red brown,

the upper somewhat polished, the lower dull, petiole to c. 9 mm.

long, stout, drying black; in weathered leaves picked up from the

forest floor both surfaces dry pale brown with a distinct pale

margin and the petiole and midrib below dry pale yellow.

Inflorescences terminal and from most of the 3 or 4 upper leaf-

axils, with ovate, subacute, reddish tomentose bracts c. 6 mm. long

in close decussate pairs, each subtending one flower (but only very

young inflorescences seen); flowers in very young bud, outer

sepals ovate, concave, c. 4 mm. long, densely reddish tomentose

externally, inner sepals about the same shape and size, glabrous,

352

——

Vol. XV. (1956).

petals ?4, the two outer like the inner sepals, the two inner some-

what narrower (but the two outer sepals here described may be

bracts, and there may be, therefore, 4 sepals and 2 petals). Fruit

unknown. Plate XXXII. Fig. 15, B, C.

JoHoRE: Jemaluang F.R., Kep. 71894 (Type, Holotype in Herb.

Kepong), 72907.

A distinct species known only from these two collections from

lowland forest in Jemaluang Forest Reserve. It is distinguished by

the very coriaceous, elliptic-spathulate leaves with very obscure

venation and the pale yellow grey twigs. It is close to C. costula-

tum in leaf shape and size, but the leaf is glabrous and the petiole

is stouter and slightly winged by the tapering base of the lamina.

353

LIST OF COLLECTORS’ NUMBERS

The number of the species or group is in brackets after the

collector's number

ALVINS—983 (25).

Axpexson_=144 (27).

BECCARI—2440 (30).

BURN-MURDOCH—330 (27).

CANTLEY—174 (24); 464 (18); 2676 (11).

Curtis—133 (11); 523 (18); 830 (29); 1153 p.p. (2); 1153 p.p.

(4); 1154 (2); 1425 (18); 1426 (5); 1543 (4); 1562 (11);

3411 (18).

DERRY—104 (28); 119 (17); 126 (17); 151 (17); 156 (28); 393

(27); 443 (27); 514 (27); 515 (1).

‘F.S..—188 (28).

FEDERATED MALAY STATES MUSEUMS (F.M.S. Mus.). 11576 (38);

12240 (35).

FoREST DEPARTMENT, KUCHING—00379 (1).

FoREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KEPONG (Kep.*)—20 (5); 0273

(12); 0312 (6); 0338 (6); 384 (12); 0557 (6); 0569 (11); 609

(4); 628 (17); 658 (21); 0821 (11); 0829 (18); 0882 (18):

0883 (4); 904 (11); 1014 (11); 1151 (21); 1185 (14); 1266

(18); 1267 (21); 1592 (6); 1831 (18); 1953 (6); 1980 (18);

2063 (6); 2264 (25); 2583 (6); 2591 (11); 2615 (6); 2623

(6); 2647 (18); 2649 (6); 2712 (27); 2714 (25); 2715 (42);

2735 (20); 2743 (20); 2810 (11); 2853 (18); 3071 (12);

3139 (14); 3230 (28); 3426 (11); 3628 (1); 3705 (11); 3706

* All Malayan Forest Department collections belong to one series; they

were formerly cited in literature with the prefix CF (Conservator of

hs but in this paper the whole series has been cited with the prefix

ep.

354

Vol. XV. (1956).

(14); 3737 (11); 4179 (11); 4183 (1); 4198 (7); 4202 (28);

4213 (28); 4563 (5); 4735 (20); 4740 (6); 5185 (18); 5314

(6); 5315 (21); 5458 (5); 5464 (4); 5473 (1); 5680 (11);

5870 (18); 5880 (37); 6305 (5); 6538 (17); 6789 (11); 7570

(29); 7683 (27); 7730 (11): 7745 (29); 7922 (29); 8116 (11);

8132 (11); 29839 (12); 9962 (18); 10013 (4); 10016 (11);

10097 (11); 10368 (14); 10470 (6); 10652 (18); 10667 (14);

10903 (6); 10974 (6); 11038 (29); 11209 (42); 11468 (34);

11645 (6); 11970 (5); 12022 (5); 12854 (27); 12980 (32);

13281 (12); 13341 (18); 13342 (18); 13343 (18); 13627

(19); 13958 (6); 14578 (29); 14579 (6); 14768 (6); 14769

(6); 14770 (6); 14771 (6); 14772 (6); 14774 (5); 14775

(5); 14776 (5); 14777 (5); 14782 (6); 14904 (6); 14926

(29); 15258 (6); 15266 (18); 15452 (27); 15463 (18); 15638

(27); 15734 (11); 15748 (16); 16441 (6); 16462 (6); 16872

(6); 17293 (20); 17316 (21); 17357 (11); 17925 (27); 18032

(18); 18278 (14); 18503 (25); 18505 (6); 18702 (6); 18718

(18); 20687 (18); 21259 (6); 21958 (6); 21962 (6); 21975

(5); 21988 (6); 21992 (6); 22059 (29); 23230 (26); 23353

(5); 23381 (21); 23389 (27); 23651 (18); 23664 (6); 23666

(18); 23713 (6); 23817 (21); 24703 (12); 24858 (29); 24931

(5); 25211 (6); 25253 (6); 25257 (6); 25271 (6); 25322 (6);

26454 (6); 26455 (6); 27154 (19); 27192 (19); 27302 (19);

27303 (33); 28497 (14); 28915 (14); 28918 (4);) 28955 (38);

29640 (16); 29645 (11); 29655 (28); 29997 (27); 30691

(18); 30957 (33); 30960 (19); 31007 (34); 31043 (12);

31602 (20); 31611 (20); 31651 (11); 32118 (34); 32204 (6);

32324 (18); 32330 (18); 32394 (14); 32515 (18); 32750

(18); 33001 (11); 33634 (2); 33748 (32); 34015 (19); 34263

(18); 35850 (17); 35963 (43); 36177 (33); 37883 (12);

38157 (18); 38176 (18); 38507 (6); 38512 (6); 39464

(12); 39466 (14); 39900 (6); 40164 (27); 40213 (25); 40216

(7); 40218 (27); 40220 (27); 40226 (27); 40338 (14); 40466

(5); 40529 (14); 42270 (11); 42820 (18); 42911 (35); 43188

(4); 43570 (15); 43589 (11); 43627 (14); 43665 (6); 43692

(26); 44163 (25); 45675 (22); 45689 (22); 45946 (1); 46205

(26); 46207 (26); 47869 (14); 50819 (27); 51575 (12);

300

Gardens Bulletin, S.

51818 (19); 52233 (5); 253353 (7); 53362 (2); 53365

(18); 53604 (6); 53685 (14); 53936 (13); 53951 (26); 53977

(26); 54223 (27); 54225 (2); 54245 (28); 54250 (13); 54731

(2); 54732 (18); 59624 (45); 59630 (2); 59638 (27); 61087

(18); 62814 (28); 62815 (24); 62816 (28); 62817 (28);

62818 (24); 62819 (18); 62876 (17); 62882 (27); 62953 (18);

62954 (29); 62955 (27); 62956 (12); 62957 (12); 62964

(18); 63051 (13); 63053 (2); 63253 (2); 63271 (18); 63272

(5); 263467 (4); 63602 (14); 63751 (18); 63854 (18); 64079

(45); 64091 (28); 64163 (18); 64164 (14); 64169 (18);

64295 (18); 64582 (18); 64654 (6); 64665 (45); 64720 (18);

65053 (12); 65164 (14); 65172 (18); 65184 (14); 65538

(14); 65554 (18); 65558 (12); 65567 (6); 65601 (18); 65603

(18); 65678 (14); 65697 (20); 65699 (25); 65711 (4); 65905

(2); 65947 (29); 66201 (25); 66208 (26); 66354 (18); 66368

(2); 66369 (12): 66415 (18); 66442 (27); 266506 (17); 66602

(19); 66609 (25); 66615 (19); 66643 (26); 66644 (1); 66645 |

(1); 66646 (27); 66804 (27); 66809 (27); 66957 (13); 67623

(26); 67753 (36); 67823 (2); 67877 (18); 68201 (18); 68203

(18); 68306 (14); 68551 (18); 69001 (22); 69406 (12);

69412 (2); 69418 (2); 69423 (18); 69429 (12); 69601 (26);

69862 (29); 69904 (43); 69919 (2); 69920 (7); 69921 (1);

69922 (29); 69967 (18); 69969 (2); 69971 (1); 69973 (13);

‘69975 (23); 69977 (1); 69978 (43); 69979 (2); 69980 (13);

69981 (18); 69982 (43); 69984 (23); 69986 (2); 69987 (23):

69989 (2); 69990 (13); 69993 (27); 69995 (6); 69998

(13); 70059 (23); 70069 (20); 70079 (2); 70103 (18); 70107

(20); 70122 (14); 70150 (2); 70163 (26); 70184 (13); 70186

(2); 70193 (26); 70194 (26); 70205 (26); 70206 (26); 70211

(22); 70235 (2); 70251 (15); 70261 (26); 70267 (15); 70320

(42); 70330 (25); 70351 (2); 70472 (14); 70530 (27); 70531

(2); 70532 (28); 70936 (28); 71009 (16); 71168 (18); 71194

(27); 71248 (12); 71264 (17); 71265 (2); 71266 (28); 71267

(42); 71268 (43); 71269 (1); 71270 (28); 71275 (2); 71276

(2); 71277 (18); 71279 (1); 71284 (4); 71288 (43); 71289

(7); 71291 (13); 71292 (1); 71295 (2); 71297 (28); 71310

(20); 71311 (43); 71312 (27); 71317 (23); 71340 (28);

356

Vol. XV. (1956).

71347 (25); 71466 (17); 71467 (18); 771889 (1); 71891 (20);

' 71892 (23); 71894 (46); 71896 (27); 71909 (45); 71911

(32); 71944 (41); 71945 (41); 71956 (45); 72436 (4); 72652

(27); 72702 (18); 72703 (13); 72704 (18); 72705 (1); 72906

(23); 72907 (46); 72908 (2); 72914 (2); 73053 (26); 73055

(43); 73457 (2); 73458 (2); 73459 (23); 73460 (2); 73461

(1); 73463 (27); 73464 (1); 73466 (23); 73467 (2); 73468

(23); 73551 (13); 73552 (7); 73553 (2); 73654 (18); 73659

(18); 73776 (45); 73822 (14); 73829 (14); 73833 (18);

73856 (27); 73912 (16); 74101 (26); 74102 (26); 74103

(26); 74107 (26); 74110 (25); 74159 (2); 74160 (23); 75006

(18); 75603: (26); 76052 (38); 76053 (19); 76055 (12);

76064 (7); 76066 (12); 76068 (14); 76078 (20); 76080 (25);

76091 (41 var.); 76115 (25); 76120 (25); 76144 (27); 76195

(25); 76197 (25); 76198 (25); 76270 (19); 76279 (20);

76281 (43); 76283 (43); 76284 (23); 76288 (43);

76289 (17); 76290 (12); 76291 (13); 76296 (43); 76297 (2);

76299 (2); 76333 (32); 76371 (6); 76530 (2); 76573 (2);

76725 (27); 76732 (2); 76733 (2); 80537 (4); 80558 (22).

ForBes—322a | (9).

Fox—5014 (8).

GARDENS No. (Botanic Gardens, Singapore)—1286 (28); 1668

(6); 1691 (27); 1962 (1).

GOODENOUGH—142 (28); 1738 (28); 1791 (4).

GRIFFITH—882 (9).

HOLMBERG—819 (6).

HuLLETT—420 (28).

KUNSTLER (King’s collector)—3378 (27); 3477 (5); 3737 (5);

4979 (11); 5225 (18); 5328 (17); 5366 (27); 5374 (17);

5403 (27); 5420 (4); 5446 (18); 5459 (17); 6724 (5); 6877

(15); 7243 (27); 7285.(27); 7311 (15);-7704 (4); 7763 (27);

7785 (12); 8112 (12); 8497 (18);.8597 (18); 10885 (25);

10910 (25); 10929 (25). 3 ,

LAKE & KELSALL—4054 (14).

357

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Maincay—K.D. 165 (30); K.D. 166 (40); K.D. 167 (16); K.D.

169 (27); KD. 198) (27); K.D. 17S (28); ee, 2173425),

1645 (4).

NuR—1668 (6).

RIDLEY—260 (28); 384 (12); 1955 (17); 1956 (24); 1959 (24);

1959 (28); 2636 (41); 3222 (30); 3223 (25); 4185 (17);

4636 (28); 4637 (28); 4639 (28); 4639a (28); 4799 (24);

4800 (27); 4923 (27); 5071 (1); 5747 (24); 5751 (27); 6085

(28); 6196 (6); 6332 (39); 6333 (2); 6934 (24); 6935 (27);

6941 (13); 8414 (24); 8415 (24); 8940 (28); 8942 (28);

10842 (24); 11958 (27); 13305 (28); 14119 (27); 14172

(28); 15446 (14); 15540 (27); 16015 (35).

SCORTECHINI—253a (15); 255 (40); 377b (34); 682 (27); 994

(11); 2044 (4); 2078 (4).

SEIMUND—48 (41); 234 (41); 568 (41); 700 (41); 701 (41).

SINGAPORE FIELD NUMBER (S.F.N.)—236 (24); 1379 (25); 1753

(17); 2010 (1); 2030 (28); 3695 (4); 5176 (27); 7803 (2);

7855 (35); 8020 (3); 8094 (41); 9424 (45); 10175 (41);

10658. (37); 10723 (10);_ 10737 (G7, 11282. Gs); 11465

(19); 11655 (25); .14872 (27); 15358 (23: 16220 (45);

18002 (33); 18003 (19); 18098 (37); 18530 (11); 19743

(25); 20601 (3); 23653 (19); 24501 (27); 24976 (27); 26047

(26); 26159 (26); 28196 (24); 28197 (24); 28198 (24);

28199 (24); 28200 (24); 28599 (27); 28659 (27); 28662

(13); 28998 (42); 29050 (26); 29969 (10); 30321 (7); 30565

(7); 30865 (18); 30877 (17); 30977 (1); 30987 (2); 2731076 (3);

31232 (33); 31878 (38); 31900 (36); 31990 (28); 32240

(14); 32274 (8); 32324 (18); 32518 (13); 32594 (33); 32633

(32); 32904 (32); 32905 (32); 33143. (7) 33500 fia,

33561 (2); 34087 (26); 34440 (28); 34546 (2); 34611 (28);

34632 (2); 34644 (13); 34646 (24); 34647 (1); 34650 (27);

34697 (28); 34706 (41 var.); 34719 (17); 34728 (20); 34747

(41 var.); 34748 (27); 34751 (27); 34752 (17); 34911 (1);

35797 (24); 35943 (24); 36193 (28); 36254 (27); 36255

(27); 36365 (28); 36449 (6); 36476 (2); 36500 (28); 36637

358

Vol. XV. (1956).

(26); 36806 (16); 36891 (4); 37108 (14); 37387 (27); 237715

(5); 38846 (1); 38847 (28); 38848 (27); 39252 (26); 39433

(27); 39434 (18); 39435 (24); 39441 (24); 39442 (24); 39443

(24); 39444 (18); 39445 (27); 39451 (2); 739452 (1); 39532

(43); 240226 (1); 40266 (24); 40267 (27).

UKNOWN COLLECTOR—125 (40); 463 (26); 1332 (40).

WALLICH—4843 p.p. (2); 4846 (26); 4848 (28); 4849a (18).

WRAY & ROBINSON—5340 (35); 5344 (3); 5395 (35).

359

INDEX

€ Socom Hend. & w-S.. 285. a

C. blumutense Hend. & W-S.. 343.

C. cumeatum Hend. & W.-S., 339, 344.

“ C. eartisa King, 321.

C. depressinerve, 336.

C. depressimervosum Hend. & W_-S..

335, 337.

C. emervosum Hend. & W-S.. 345.

352.

C. floribundum Hk. f., 332, 335, 343,

352

C. " foctiduan Ridl, 332, 334.

C. fragrans Ridl., 343.

C. fraseri Hend. & W_-S., 339, 344.

C. gracilliimum Hend. & W-S.. 285,

313.

C. intramargimale Hen. & W_-S., 313,

C. lanceola Ridl_ 332.

C. lowei Pl, 308.

C. macrocarpum H&. 7. 317.

C. macrophyllum Scheff.. 32

are described im this paper, those in ordimary type are

Gino: im isalicd anc wpupaalin. “Uncienacdl ae

and

ee eg. Calophyllum sp. No. 10, are

a cy 332.

pire

pnp AAA An ae

“4 2

7 3

338.

tahamense Hemd. & W_-S_. 305, 313.

tenuivenium Hend. & W-.-S.. 311.

thwaitsn, 338.

venustum King. 332.

wallichianum Pi. & Tr., 303, 306.

AAP ANAAAAND

elelelelelelelelauecle

sooseees 7S

EES ESSE So

RARE RBS

SBBSBSEER x

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 1. A, B, C. incrassatum. C, D, C. wallichianum.

361

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fig. 2. A, B, C. tahanense. C, D, C. canum. E, F, C. molle. G, C.

rubiginosum.

362

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 3. A, C. rubiginosum. B, C, C. flavo-ramulum. D, C. tenuivenium.

E, C. sp. No. 10. F, C. curtisii (see also Fig. 6, E-H).

363

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fig. 4. A, B, C. inophyllum. C, C. inophylloide. D-H, C. inophylloide

var. singapurense. I, C. macrocarpum.

364

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 5. A-C, C. javanicum. D,-C. soulattri.

365

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fig. 6. A—D, C. kunstleri. E-H, C. curtisii.

366

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 7. A, B, C. coriaceum. C, C. sclerophyllum.

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 9. A-C, C. ferrugineum. D, C. ferrugineum var. neriifolium. E, F,

C. retusum.

369

Gardens Bulletin, S.

’ |

G H 5 cm F

Fig. 10. A-I, C. floribundum.

Vol. XV. (1956).

Fig. 11. A—-E, C. pulcherrimum. F, G, C. depressinervosum. H, J, C.

nodosum. K, L, C. rotundifolium.

- 371

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Fig. 12. A, B; C. symingtonianum. €, D, C. cuneatum. E, F, J, C. aureum.

, H, C. aureo-brunnescens.

: 372

Vol. XV. (1956).

R S P K 5 em

Fig. 13. A, B, C. intramarginale. C, D. H, J, C. fraseri. E-G, C. blumutense.

K, C. costulatum. L, C. pisiferum. M, N, C. rupicolum var.

O, P, C. rupicolum. Q-S, C. gracillimum.

373

Gardens Bulletin, S.

Wy J |

Fig. 14. A-G, C. bifiorum. H, J, C. sp. No. 45.

374

Vol. XV. (1956).

4cm

A B c

Fig. 15, A, C. sp. No. 44. B, C, C. enervosum.

375

—

. =

y I

ee aay

gens ty eT

per Pg

’ ae

ichianu

(aa)

12) ner ‘. ate

& "hue . Te

S) a ET

sp. No.

Ds C.

ramulum

C. C. flavo

ured bark which

‘pical boat-shaped fi

A, B and C show the ty

species

so characteristic o

grap

Plate I. Bark. Photo

of Calophyllum.

tf many

Leer

Catt

Vs PPS cen

Perey s aat «

FLORA OF SINGAPORE

Level Nerme

> t

Botanical Name \ oleh Kaw

Where Collected Told < aS

Kleration Date 21. 9% a

a ;

7 egg gh Rt oe *

\& co - wep e® Ka eg

: rs - Catiers |

Ee lll. = 2

Plate II. Calophyllum incrassatum Hend. & W.-S.

(S.F.N. 34647, type collection).

Gaitans

PENINSULA

enerrnrniramnnoninit i y yj Z Yi 4 eg

biti ts AOE

Date, OA

Plate III. Calophyllum wallichianum Pl. & Tri. (S.F.N. 30987).

Ae A NCS nee Ae SIRE ELST SS lt ot SEEN eS CeO SE

MALAY PENINSULA ‘ty

STATE OF PAHANG ¥

mene ‘

MAAK Me. A

Plate IV. Calophyllum tahanense Hend. & W.-S. (Corner s.n., 11-9-37).

TERE HORT. BOT.

SING AP.

an)

HERB. HOPT. BOT. SING AP.

: :

helt 8 Fe) : : é if % ff 4A.

BS F l : * a ~ i- 4 S a ° Le Pat ‘

\a-oh qlee. 4 4 we

: ; 2 2 ;

| BSS ee _ ” ye A- : me de st Pe AGA

Pa 4 y ©

Det.

Plate V. Calophyllum rubiginosum Hend. & W.-S. (Kep. 10470).

ee RAAERE

‘opeat Deqpariat a,

slaos

aucli

ramu

Plate VII. Calophyllum tenuivenium Hend. & W.-S. (S.F.N. 32274. type collection).

—- e

_ MALAY PENINSULA.

2 STATE OF JOHORE.

ae. w. i aca s is i

Plate VIII. Calophyllum sp. No. 10. (S.F.N. 29969).

Plate IX. Calophyllum inophylloide King var.

singapurense Hend. & W.-S. (S.F.N. 34644).

4t2S. WORT. Bor SINC AP

Plate X. Calophyllum coriaceum Hend. & W.-S. (Kep. 13627. type collection).

FLORA OF MALAY PENONSULA

Plate XI. Calophyllum subhorizontale Hend. & W.-S. (Kep. 5315).

a vee

i = i eS

BOT.

wy bapa ® ¥ Owe

fa Matsy Peximscis =:

hae see

Bintanger 7 oie

; Be Storg, Vone Peng Rd. wuar

“Beight 146° airtnso-

Plate XII. Calophyllum scriblitifolium Hend. & W.-S. (Kep. 70211).

‘

Plate XIII. Calophyllum sp. No.

Plate XIV. Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl. (S.F.N. 35797).

YRIBUTED Fuom ...,

‘SEARCH M THE

ay ae

(es :

Batanga

INSTITUTE. EREPONG.

Plate XV. Calophyllum ret

m Wall

2 Be) Se |

_ (Kep. 70194).

Fe 1 A: uel beriween

‘ Teco (EP orten. A Lf

Misc. 1033

CULTIVATED IN BOTANIC GARDENS, -

SINGAPORE. :

Gar ams xg WT Lore |

oT hee

oes

ee P - i ‘ae ~~

fv #. ta. Lda aaa =o

ef 2 ai ee 2

ua cad ras Ares pS ee ; : 4

Pkt Ga mu & wes

BP 2 ao ' 3

: Callecter.

a a

HERB HORT. BOT. NINGAR

bt Tc. A a eee a RQ.

Plate XVI. Calophyllum floribundum Hook. f. (Singapore Gardens 1691).

HERB” HORT. BOT. SENG AP.

ike

i L&W is 83 me collecti ;

Plate XVII. Calophyllum depressinervesum Hend. & W.-S. (Curtis 830. type collection)

Jhon ; thes

MALAY PENINSULA

STATE OF PAHANG

Plate XVIII. Calophyllum symingtonianum Hend. & W.-S. (S.F.N. 32633, type collection).

SINGAP

HERB. HORT. BOF,

tive Name

taaical lake Vode oe

eae

eality < 4 Pamte TC hese treed Cat tee beh baw dS 5

: Plate XIX. Calophyllum cuneatum Hend. & W.-S. (S.F.N. 31232. type collection).

Plate XX. Calophyllum aureum Hend. &

W.-S. (Kep. 31007, type

HERB. HORT. BOT. SING.

MALAY PENINSULA

collection).

Hike

HirKi Basi SIN2, 47

# hy

/ WIDLETS *

FLORA

Vel- -»

Plate XXI. Calophyllum aureo-brunnescens Hend. & W.-S. (Wray & Robinson 5340).

Plate XXII. Calophylilum intramarginale Hend. & W.-S. (S.F.N. 31900, type collection).

i IR it sa ae

Sem 3

Plate XXIII. Calophyllum blumutense Hend. & W.-S. (Kep. 5880, type collection).

i een

”

Hoy wy

Sed tte Me ae Le aed

es HERB. HORT. BOT. «

LS C

é yet ig

idx: =

TPE

MALAY PENINSULA.

STATE OF PANANG.

Vieiive Nears

A :

Botanical alefrh Lisceac Can

Locality: Faysre Hine, apen the Selaty

Plate XXIV. Calophyllum fraseri Hend. & W.-S. (S.F.N. 11282, type collection).

MALAY PENINSULA

STATE OF TRENGGANU

Natice Naw

Sigua apy

« yi4t Na,

31878

A =f}

> tf

Botanicx! Cale phy hens <

. ‘ ,

Locality Gwen Fie

Klevation “tooo A Dete |

* Den ty dips 2 < +

Plate XXV. Calophyllum fraseri Hend. & W.-S. (S.F.N. 31878).

Ben?

HERB. thm

MALAY PENINSU

colleciion ).

type

774

> |

1 & W

ah intial a thn im

y +

2 Spee este

Var.

<—.

OF MALAY PENINSULA : q ae

OKEST DEPART R ; = Rs

df if Eas

Tf ‘ tM » 4 é =

hiss Ae ag o 441i a am oa

Plate XXVIII. Calophyllum gracillimum Hend. & W.-S. (Kep. 2715. type collection).

| "HERBARIUM OF THE - ;

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KEPONG, MALAYA.

5. Views of

be Othe tid omsteet uns nisiote ahije t a sscvabahen

| 2, 16 svbtmie wlous fiom, bra ths orc n Vmsrbanryiatia iiiste

| a & e | Fs

Cte pithbentivcate sans of, 4 bh alin

| 2. Kelerwrivt ts: btrenpwnalesiem: yo

Zi 4, Vhstrut or State ine - “ Ce Je

b. Forest esearch Ynstivute .

| 4. Vermmciiser warws up js

! Nema ?

Fey loon mapyptiont j f

A : whery Bad

| Lichasi oleh u Bits

| 5, bietvwt senna yg “ey 3 tA

: dujahan. .. ie tice ttm t% cto

D&. Lawabty pag | 4 s é

FM eed eines ‘e 4 pom ‘6 a %

| hiccevaks Ly + Gy ie,

1 7y Mabie x or 5) OE fs Sitivade oy

I Teumypat taudoh 4 Sa-tivggi devi lout j E,

| * Nate forms tuuderlinea & appheabley ;

Vu pe, polo: Garvin yang borkenaan} +

kc tree Th. seedling or mapling: e. shrub

eee : ‘

POR lay Ug anak polok kayu pokok keehil

“A » ”

d. cremper te Chisehwr i +. Iwrks tf. ginat terb

nkor og jars pert, isang dan bain

; riutepuit

I % yi

1. Height FG ¢ iL, Cirth (breast bagi

5 Tinagin pe i! Loikit-nya pd i

12. Flower iwokoar, ete bée Dd

j buona vrarma-nya dan loin } Z

1 ER, Prat (olor, ete ji % os4 tf :

Kwak (warn nya flaw bain’) ae} jean Cite be

f tf ‘

| b4. Adhistacoval wstes oF ie aie

Kradaan-nya yang lain

; Pee sie wiht

€ ollectuné Ys

io ff

itt, Vrate

eveemesisaiasanntncsta nant

mee ®

Forest Research Institute, Kepong. Malaya.

Plate XXIX. Calophyllum biflorum Hend. & W.-S. (Kep. 76281).

Plate XXX. Calophyilum sp. No. 44 (Corner s.n., 30-4-34).

Boke ae sae

¥ Es ye Sa te

: . : See a MRE Geile car cikiwn scan Mg. Se %

ANS RN RR ‘ ip Reteeteieecosnns XS

se <n aieescumas

Fe oS ea cs & Tae es .

wy ildabistiitiats iti. Hab bhi tn bees . g

Malaya.

pe 4a

VOM Sr

epon

tf be

Forest Research Institute,

Kyo 59624

Plate XXXI. Calophyllum sp. No. 45. (Kep. 59624).

HLEPARICM OF THE ” t Poe

Ss SS S as

\ Te KP PONG MALAYA

. . ©

MISCELLANEOUS FIELD NOTES

Species Habitat Buttresses, etc. Bark Exudate Species Leaf Terminal Buds Son z

pecies Fruit Miscellaneous

3 i 3 (For shape and size of lamina see figures)

a = = : :

s/s 3 | j

g a z a = (Vari iderably in a ies Hy : (Species known to reach timber 6S P | |

size (4 ft. g, b, h.) in heavy print; | a 3 & § E "growth of tree) stated) C. rupicolum (No. 41) is a bush) (Very coriaceous. -XXXX | praiciness on under |, Petiole length ’ Length C. rupicolum (No. 41) is a bush)’ a | a

C. rupicolum (No, 41) isa bush) | § YW sal) Er || Zz] a2 coriaceous. . XXX Uefane (1m. or more..L | Miscellaneous (1 m. or more. .L 7 Size Sha | Nature of Coat (only striking features included,

° eb a EE Fj =| 3 3 sub-coriaccous. .XX $m. or less..S) | +m. or less. .S) (only those strikingly tomentose (in cms.) PS (when dry) ©. Most young twigs are angular

a8 4 g z § Fy 5 § 4 thinly coriaceous, .X) indicated) | and have some tomentum)

a5 a/elel1%3 = 3 | 3

s 3 [tet pI 3

2 )s|s|elelz2/a|a)|2)a4

‘ | 7 = | a = = =

1. C. incrassatum L F (g) Smooth to shallow fissured White turning yellow on exposure 1. C. incrassatum: XXX Midrib white (g) L — L Curved (f), narrow, pointed 1. C. incrassatum 3/diam, Oblong-globo: i ra " e

14 i Irregularly fissured White turning yellow cream on ex- | 2. C. wallichianum XXX Midrib rufous = S as Scns a 'g-globose or ellipsoid, apiculate | Thick, faintly wrinkled -

2. C. wallichianum (o) L gularly fissure ee One cionily cleareclisn ; i ru L(g) L (h) Cylindrical, often waisted at base 2. C. wallichianum | 4.5%3.5 Globose to elliptic-obovoid Thick, wrinkled Young twigs ferruginous tomentose.

3. C. tahanense M Rough, lightly fissured _ 3. C. tahanense XXXK = L = L (h) Narrow, pointed 3. C. tahanense 3x25 Globose—b: F . ane

4, C, canum Smooth with boat-shaped fissures Clear yellow brown 4. C. canum XX = = La mio uDoc surface shiny dark red = Narrow, restricted midway 4. C. canum 25 diam. Elpecrdto gets es ee Thick, Se =

& Genin Smooth with very fine fissures Clear golden 5. C. molle XX Generally — | = _ TOME oblong-ovate, densely to- | 5. C. molle 2.5 long | Globose-ellipsoid, shortly apiculate Thick, shallowly wrinkled | Young twigs ferruginous tomentose;

= == | twigs pale yellow grey.

6, C, mbiginosum (a) Smooth with fine fissures White 6. C. rubiginosum (a) XX—XXX Finely rusty L(g) (= = Narrow, abruptly pointed 6. C. rubiginosum (a) 25 long | Ovoid-cllipsoid, beaked Rather nie coe poung ies Hep Busty tomentose;

A re E le wigs yel ite.

7. C. flavo-ramulum Shallow or deep coarsely fissured Clear golden 7. C. flavo-ramulum XX—XXKX Midrib fine red — — Ss Sharply pointed 7. C. flavo-ramulum 2 long Globular or ellipsoid Rather, pees almost Twigs pale yellow to ehites fallen

8. C. tenuivenium 13 Slightly fissured Yellow 8. C. fenuivenium x =— = Ss Narrow, pointed B EGU fenuivent = ~ es: leaves boat-shaped.

9. C. griffithit L a = 9. C. griffithii XX = = Intra-marginal vein; margin thickened Ss Pyramidal 9. © griffthil = = = FB aerial cola ures

10. C. sp. No. 10 M = — 10. C. sp. No. 10 XXXX — L (h) = — Stout, lanceolate acute 10. C. sp. No. 10 2.5 long | Ellipsoid to globose slightly pointed | Thick, finely wrinkled Young twigs strongly 4~angled.

11. C. inophyllum (b) B Smooth with boat-shaped fissures Clear golden yellow 11. C. inophyllum (b) _- — = sip Triangular 11. C. inophyllum (b) 34 diam. | Globose k, —

12. C, inophylloide 5 () L F (h) Ss B_ | Rough shallow fissured Clear Iemon yellow a 12. C. inophylloide 2 XXX—XXXX <= Mick — Thickened margin — Narrow I28C: inoohetlite ) a long’ Ovoid-globose Thee hala =

13. C. inophylloide var. singapurense C L Ss B_ | Rough shallow fissured Clear yellow to yellow brown, varnish- | 13. C. inophylloide var. singayrense XXX Petiole and midrib — — Ss Narrow 13, C. inophylloide var, singayrense 2.8x2 Sub-globose, slightly pointed Thick, slightly rough —

like, non-sticky sen > rusty

rown (g] 5

14. C. macrocarpum L() R Coarsely deeply fissured Yellow 14, C. macrocarpum XX = je = s Pointed 14, C. macrocarpum 14x7 | Ellipsoid-ovoid Outer thin; inner fibrous,| Twigs strongly angled, almost winged.

5 = Fs > ic]

15. C. javanicum F K Rough shallow fissured Cloudy golden 15. C. javanicum X—XX — Cordate base; almost sessile Ss Narrow, flattened; almost white 15. C. javanicum 25 diam. | Globose Wrinkled Young twigs yellow, strongly 4-angled.

16, C. soulattri R Smooth Creamy white; watery becoming sticky | 16. C. soulattri x _ — _ — Narrow, pointed 16, C. soulattri _ Globose Thick smooth =

on exposure

17. C. kunstleri F (g) K (g) Smooth shallow fissured Yellowish brown, watery, jelly-like 17. C. kunstleri XX—XXX — — Very oblique venation S(g) Narrow, pointed; extra-axillary buds | 17. C. kunstleri 1-1.5 diam. | Globose Rather thick, wrinkled Extra-axillary buds.

18. C, curtisti L Smooth boat-shaped to rugose fissured | Clear golden 18, C. curtisii XX — — = S(f) Narrow, pointed 18. C. curtisii 1,2 diam. | Globose Thin, smooth brittle Ultimate twigs characteristically

branched in threes

19. C, coriaceum (b) M Rough coarsely fissured White 19. C. coriaceum (b) XXXX - L (h Thickened margin L (h) Pointed 19. C. coriaceum (b) 4x2 Ellipsoid, beaked Thick wrinkled a ;

)

20. C, sclerophyllum F Ss K Shallow fissured Clear golden 20. C. sclerophyllum XXXX = = Thickened margin — Conical 20. C. sclerophyllum 3diam. | Globose Very thick, finely wrinkled] Twigs strongly angular: petiole stout

flattened.

= | = = = = ————————

21. C. subhorizontale L od Yellow 21. C. subhorizontale X—XX _ — Thickened margin Ss Stout 21. 4 long Ovoid-acute Thin crustaceous, wrinkled) —

22. C. scriblitifolium P(g) | F | Coarsely fissured Yellowish cream 22. C. scriblitifolium XXXX = L(h) Revolute; thickened margin 1G Narrowly lanceolate 22°C: 2.21.5 | Oblong-globose, umbonate Thick, smooth =

23, C. sp. No. 23 L() Fr B_ | Smooth with fine fissures Saffron yellow 23, C. sp, No. 23 x — L Slightly revolute thickened margin — Narrowly ovate acuminate 23. C, sp. No, 23 = —— ae — Twigs pale grey.

24, C. ferrugineum (a) 1 Smooth with boat-shaped fissures Clear golden 24. C. ferrugineum (a) XX—XXX Midrib red = Upper surface often slightly glaucous, Ss Bluntly pointed; densely tomentose | 24. C. ferrugincum (a) 3 long | Ellipsoid Thin crustaceous wrinkled] —

Slight ridges alongside midrib on

5 Bae lower face of dried leaf 3 “s poi. 1

25. C, ferrugineum yar. neriifolium (a) L Smooth with boat-shaped fissures Colourless or clear pale brown 25. C. ferrugineum var. neriifolium (a) XX—XXX = _ Sy eels: Ee midrib on Ss Pointed 25. C. ferragineum yar, neriifolium (a) | 2.5 long | Oblong Thin, britle wrinkled

lower face ol Is

26. C. retusum P |F(g) Smooth with boat-shaped fissures Clear yellowish or amber 26. C. retusum XXX—XXXX — = One ages olen glaucous, Fallen _ Narrow, pointed 26. C. retusum 2x15 Oblong to globose Ee ee faintly} —

leaf rich red brown ees pete

27. C. floribundum M|oc B_ | Smooth with boat-shaped fissures Clear yellow or golden 27. G floribundum x = sip Margin slightly thickened and pale s Stoutish, pointed 27. C. floribundum 25 long | Broadly ellipsoid to globose Thin, brittle, smooth =

in colour A "i .

28. C. pulcherrimum (a) Smooth Clear golden 28. C. pulcherrimum (a) X—XX - - Midrib channelled on lower face. Ss Narrow, abruptly pointed 28. C. pulcherrimum (a) 2 long Ovoid ellipsoid, acutely beaked Thick, hard, closely} —

Margin pale in colour : : : wrinkled brittle, smooth|

29. C, depressinervosum L Smooth with diamond shaped fissures | Clear golden 29. C. depressinervosum x = — Midrib channelled on lower face Ss Very small, bluntly pointed 29. C. depressineryosum 0.9 diam. | Globose Thin, brittle, smooth =

30. C. nodosum M (c) = = 30. C. nodosum XOOK = Ss = Ss Narrow, bluntly pointed 30. C. nodosum Vong | Ellipsoid or globose Thin wrinkled —

31, C. rotundifolium M = = 31. C, rotundifolium XXX _ cs Cordate base; almost sessile 2 — 31. C. rotundifolium = = ; - =a r =

32. C, symingtonianum (b) M |C(@) Rough coarsely fissured Clear almost colourless B2Gs Set Saaat (b) XX — = = = Very slender, pointed 32. C. symingtonianum (b) 3x25 | Ellipsoid to slightly obovoid TS, , eee finely) —

33. C, cuneatum (b) M i iti XXX = = is inted 33. C. cuneatum 1 diam. Globose Rather thin, wrinkled —

sic lcurscrits M slightly Assured aie icine CO) XXX = WW) = eS Saito Macleay — "| Globose Thick, almost smooth

35. C, aureo-brunnescens M = = 35. C. aureo-brunnescens XXX — - - Very slender, pointed 35, C. aureo-brunnescens = = = =

36. C. intramarginale M ir is = ae intra-1 inal vei —~ ve der, pointed 36. C. intramarginale 2.5x2 Sub-globose, slightly pointed Thick, smooth —

37. G, blumutense M ae soured Lone é eee Geos - si) Pao tiehoael ee ae Ss Nae sa tnGtnied : 37.)G. fart ee 1.5 long | Ellipsoid Thin, brittle, smooth =

Sy eee M Smooth Pale yellow, non-sticky, varnish-like | 38. C. fraseri XXX = S = q s Stoutish, pointed 38. Cfrasert 2x13 | Ellipsoid Hard, finely’ wrinkled ae eee

a he — = XK: idri ic jarrowly conical, poin' 1. C. cos! ui — = " , A =

40. C. pisiferum F = = ape cestalatumn marinus Er) 8 jpickeges voarein $ Narrowly conical, pointed; densely | 40. C: pisiferum 0.7-0.8 diam,| Globose Thin, brittle, wrinkled | Twigs tomentose, grey.

red tomentose

41. C. rupicolum R Slightly rough Cloudy canary yellow 41. C. rupicolum x — Ss - S. Narrow, pointed 41. C. rupicolum 0.9 long | Elliptic globose, minutely apiculate phi brittle, nearly | Young twigs strongly +-angled. Bush.

C. rupicolum var. (a) F R Slightly rough Milky yellow C. rupicolum yar. (a) x Midrib slightly fu- Ss = Ss Narrowly conical, pointed C. rupicolum yar. (2) 1x0.8 | Ovoid, globose, apiculate Thin, wrinkled Young twigs strongly 4-angled.

1 ously reddish era " = raat i Thick, finely wrinkled Twigs pale yellow, often nearly white.

42. C. singulifiorum L F@) Smooth White 42. C. singult x Sa s = s Cylindrical, blunt, reddish hairy 42. C. singulifforum 1.2 diam. | Globose ick, finely wrin 85 pale yellow, y

(ob Cairn cC@| L Bie) Smooth to coarsely fissured White to cream coloured Mau Cheeni xx = = = 8 Gylindrical, blunt, densely red tomen- | 43. C: bfloum 2x1.75 | Globose Thin, ‘brittle, wrinkled | —

44. C. sp. No. 44 L F|R 5 ji i Smooth to shallow rugose fissured | Yellow, watery 44. C. sp. No. 44 XXX - so - s FEET OE CRTs SB GABUEN me. |= ries me F ;

45. C. sp. No. 45 L Smooth slightly fissured Yellow 45. C.sp. No. 45 x = 5 = s Narrow, slender 45. C. sp. No. 45 15 diam. | Globose Thin, brittle, smooth | Twigs very slender, almost white.

M e = = 1 ax = ; = —_ = Young twigs pale grey or yellow.

46. C. enervosum L Smooth Clear colourless turning cloudy pale) 46. C. eneryosum XXX—XXXX — S (g) Margin and midrib very pale; petiole Ss Stout 46. C. eneryosum

brown on exposure yellow

Footnotes;

4 not recorded over 5 feet in girth at breast height.

b boles usually short.

¢ hills only.

d rocky coast.

f frequently,

& Occasionally.

h rare,

on > “aye

.- = -

f DAE WHR. rth

eA rey ie: Hy 88) Hy His)

‘

A i 4 ‘)

Ms ere At

yi beeen, ke

pr te

PY LY ath

Rt ;

' ;

‘

ee a Pe

BOOK REVIEW

Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products by F. G.

Browne, B.Sc., Conservator of Forests, Sarawak. Printed at the

Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak, 1955—369 pages

and 48 photographs. Price 12 Malayan dollars.

This book will be a welcome and useful asset to foresters and

timbermen and also to teachers and others who want to know

something of the native trees of Sarawak and Brunei. Indeed, there

is no flora or manual on this subject, the existing publications are

scattered in various scientific journals, many of which are rare or

out of print, and which often describe only one or a few species

of a particular group. The present. work deals primarily with a

large number of trees of economic importance, and fortunately, as

well, with d6thers of no special value but which are so conspicuous

in a forest that one naturally wants to know what they are and

thus a better general picture of the diversity and characters of

plant families is framed. A book of this size cannot be exhaustive

since there are some 3,000 tree species in the area concerned; it is

not intended to be a flora nor a work for the serious taxonomist.

Although a systematic botanist will not be able to ‘key down’ every

species he meets, or even half of them, he has much to learn from

it in the way of certain useful characters and information which

will not be found in any other publication. These, if remembered,

will often give him good diagnostic clues to a particular species

even if the local vernacular name alone is known to him. The

book is excellent for vernacular names, many of which are different

from the equivalent Malay name and which cannot be found in

most existing publications.

The most pleasing thing about the book is that the descriptions

and observations are the author’s own, made from the living tree

and are not merely copied from other works of reference. There is

also much interesting information on the economic uses of timbers

and the ecological and biological aspects of certain species and the

part they play in Dyak legends and folk-lore. The book can also

be recommended for the excellent descriptions of bark characters

which a systematic botanist so often looks in vain for on collec-

tor’s labels and in past literature and publications.

There are two keys, a larger one based on bark, crown, bole and

leaf characters but not including those of flowers or fruit, and a

smaller one for wood sections. The former is for use in the field

377

Gardens Bulletin, S.

since bark slashes have to be made and the general appearance of

the tree noted. It is a pity that more stress has not been placed on

fioral characters and that some use of them had not been made in

the key. The author says that little attention need be paid to

flowers, which are rarely seen, and are generally not of much use

for field identification when they are. This sort of statement is apt

to discourage foresters and others from taking any notice or

further interest in them. Quite often two closely related species

have similar leaves but the flowers are the only safe guides to dis-

tinguish between them. For example the leaves of Melanorrhoea

wallichii and M. woodsiana are very similar but the former has

white petals while in the latter they are white with a yellow streak

on the basal third of the inside. Further there is all the helpful

difference in the world between a gamopetalous corolla and a

sympetalous one. On the question of botanical names a little criti-

cism might be useful. The only serious case was in connection

with Planchonella obovata H. J. Lam, where H. J. Lam is not the

author and has nothing to do with this species as far as nomen-

clature is concerned. It should be Planchonella obovata (R.Br.)

Pierre. Sometimes in combinations one of the authors names is

omitted, e.g. Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Corr.; Xylopia

ferruginea (Ak. jf. et Th.) Hk. f. et Th.; Antiaris toxicaria ( Pers.)

Lesch.; Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. and Cantleya corniculata

(Becc.) Howard where the underlined author’s name is left out.

Vitex perolata King is now Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum

(Mig.) Bakh. and Bruguiera eriopetala W. et A. is B. sexangulare

(Lour.) Poir. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr. should be (L.)

Pierre and Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridley will replace the

synonym Oncosperma filamentosa Bl. Oncosperma is neuter and

O. horrida Scheff. will be O. horridum (Griff.) Scheff., the spe-

cific epithet ending in wm in both cases.

The photographs, unfortunately are not up to the standard of

the text. Many of them are disappomting and are not typical of

the tree depicted. In fact, one must often fail to identity the tree

they propose to represent, indeed, if they are intended for such a

purpose. For example the one of Dyera lowii opposite page 72

could easily pass for a Rubber tree; the plate of Fagraea fragrans

opposite 248 is merely a mass of dense foliage and shows nothing

of the very characteristic bark of that species. Melaleuca leucaden-

dron, opposite page 272 could be almost any other tree; Rhizo-

phora mucronata opposite page 312 could pass for a Dillenia.

The plate of Angsana opposite page 240, although it may show

the general outline, will convey little to a person who is not

378