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GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

THE

Volume XXI

1965 —— 1966

A periodical reflecting the interests

and activities of the Botanic Gardens,

Singapore.

EDITOR:

Director, Botanic Gardens,

Singapore.

Published by Authority.

PRINTED BY LIM BIAN HAN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, SINGAPORE

1967

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2014

(oti 55 /

https ://archive.org/details/gardensbulletins421 unse “3

CONTENTS

PART 1— Ist March, 1965

Corner, E. J. H.: Check-list of Ficus in | Asia and se RITA

with keys to identification -

PART 2— 31st May, 1965

ALLEN, B. M.: Malayan Fern Notes’ - - - -

CHEW, W.-L.: Laportea and allied genera (Urticaceae) -

GILLILAND, H. B.: Further notes on the Grasses of the Malay

Peninsula - - - - - - -

HsuaN KENG Report on an abnormal ovulate strobilus of

Gnetum gnemon L. - - - = : e

MuNIR AHMAD ABID: A revision of Petraeovitex (Verbenaceae)

PART 3— 12th April, 1966

MuniIR AHMAD Asip: A revision of Congea (Verbenaceae) .

MuNIR AHMAD ABID: A revision of Sphenodesme (Verbenaceae)

SoEPADMO, E.: Five new species of Quercus L., subgenus

Cyclobalanopsis (Oersted) A. Camus from Malesia_~ - -

TURNER, G. J.: New records of plant diseases 1 in Sarawak for the

years 1963 and 1964 > - 2 : é

WEE, YEOW-CHIN: The distribution of Annonaceae and

Myristicaceae on Singapore Island - - - -

SINCLAIR, J.: “ ‘The Flora of Delhi? by J. K. Maheshwari”

— a review - - - - < - -

INDEX - - - > - - - -

PAGE

425

429

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. - THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XXI, Part I Ist March, 1965

eyes CONTENTS

PAGE

~ Corner, E. J. H_ : Check-list of Ficus in Asia and Australasia with

Keys to identification - - 4 E ‘

To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore

3 Price: $12 }

Published by Authority

PRINTED BY LIM BIAN HAN, GOVERNMENT PRI

1965

o4 *

OB OOOO ELLE

» « a >

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XXI, Part I Ist March, 1965

Check-List of Ficus in Asia and Australasia with

Keys to Identification

By E. J. H. CORNER

Botany School, University of Cambridge

CONTENTS

Conspectus of subgenera, sections, and series .............. Di. oe

List of species in order of classification ..............: Bee p.

Species Incertae Sedis and Excluded Species .............. p. 94

Keys to subgenera, sections, series, and species .......... p., 99

Index to legitimate names and synonyms ...........+.++:. p. 163

Index to species and varieties Of Ficus ........eseeeseees p. 168

My stuprEes oN Ficus, begun in a desultory way in Malaya in

1930 and carried on with the help of my friend C. E. Carr in

Borneo and Papua, where he died in botanical exploration,

quickened since 1950 into a monograph, now completed, for the

Flora Malesiana. They have taken me in herbaria to Pakistan

where the Asiatic figs start, to China, Japan, Micronesia, Melan-

esia, Polynesia, and Australia with a glance only, to my regret,

at the African mainland and islands of the Indian Ocean. They

have taken me in fact to Java, Borneo, Eastern New Guinea, and

Bougainville Island, with a glimpse of India and Pakistan. Thus,

I have studied some 20,000 collections, not once but as often

as London, Kew, Edinburgh, Paris, Caen, Brussels, Leiden,

Utrecht, Copenhagen, Berlin, Geneva, Florence, Bangkok, Singa-

pore, Bogor, Kuching, Lae, and Brisbane, have provided the

material. And I have studied over 300 species in the living state.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

There are about 470 species in this whole region, and the

Malaysian centre holds about 350. Therefore, the body of the

research is to be published in the Flora Malesiana. To repeat

in a greater monograph is impossible. A check-list with synonyms

and the valid species numbered for the whole region is necessary.

It will guide in the location of new records and it will knit the

bulk of the genus. Botanically, however, the African species of

sect. Urostigma, subgen. Sycomorus, and sect. Sycidium subsect.

Varinga should have been included. These groups are being

revised for the African floras, and I am unwilling to copy until

the very critical revision in the light of the newer collections has

been completed. About 2,600 names are indexed, and these

average 5 synonyms per species.

I have included the keys for the whole region but I intend later

to publish with suitable illustrations keys to identifications for

local floras. These will be based on the descriptions in the Flora

Malesiana and the classification in this check-list. The Latin

diagnoses of new taxa have been published in the Gardens’

Bulletin, Singapore (vol. xvii and xviii).

I wish to thank the staffs of the herbaria where I have worked,

borrowed, and worried, and to apologise for the many labels

which, at the outset, were unavoidably non-basic; the evaluation

of types is slow and late. Then am I grateful to my friends H. M.

Burkill, Chew Wee Lek, J. W. Purseglove, and J. Sinclair (Singa-

pore), T. Smitinand (Thailand), T. B. Worthington (Ceylon),

J. A. R. Anderson and P. S. Ashton (Sarawak), W. Meijer

(Sumatra and North Borneo), A. Kostermans (Indonesia), E.

Henty and J. S. Womersley (Territory of New Guinea), H. S.

McKee (Australia), S. L. Everist (Brisbane), H. Eichler (Adelaide),

A. Fedorov (Leningrad), L. J. Brass, I. Condit, F. R. Fosberg,

A. C. Smith, and E. H. Walker (United States) who, active in the

field, have supplied so much recent material. Thus have I built

up at Cambridge a critical herbarium though one in which I have

rarely preferred the disposal of holotypes. But in all ways I am

most indebted to the editor of Flora Malesiana, C. G. G. J. van

Steenis, for his invigorating leadership and for the loan of. the

facile fingers of his artist Ruth v. Crevel. Lastly, I acknowledge

my gratitude to the Librarian of the University of Cambridge,

H. R. Creswick, who allowed me to keep for several years in my

room at the Botany School Miquel’s monograph.

Vol. XXI (1965).

Conspectus of subgenera, sections, and series (type-species in

brackets; page-references to check-list and keys).

page

subgen. Urostigma (Gasp.) Mig. (F. religiosa L.) ......... 6, 99, 100

Wee Cros (PF . TEUCIOME La) on, ce cca cu eee scccessrees 6, 101

ben. Fepupiogde Maid. (PF. relaptosa 1.) . nccvccccmsencacns 6, 101

ser. Superbae Corner (F. superba Miq.) .........+-- pe 7, 101

ser. Caulobotryae Miq. (F. caulocarpa Mig.) .......... 8, 102

ser. Orthoneurae Corner (F. orthoneura Lévl. et Vant.) .. 10, 102

sect. Leucogyne Corner (F. rumphii Bl.) ............... 10, 102

sect. Conosycea (Miq.) Corner (F. annulata Bl.) ...... 11, 102

subsect. Conosycea (F. annulata Bl.) ...............665 11, 103

ser. Validae. Miq.: (F. annulata- BI.) 6 ij. ose ents oes 11,103

ser. Drupaceae Corner (F. drupacea Thunb.) ........ | Bs) 103

subser. Drupaceae (F. drupacea Thunb.) .......... 12, 104

subser. Indicae Corner (F. benghalensis L.) .......-. ' 14, 104

subser. Zygotricheae Corner (F. consociata Bl.) .... 15, 104

subser. Crassirameae Corner (F. crassiramea Miq.) .. 152105

subsect. Dictyoneuron Corner (F.. sundaica Bl.) .... 17, 102, 106

ser. Glaberrimae Corner (F. glaberrima Bl.) ........ 17, 106

ser. Dubide Cormer’(Fdabia Wall.) 2... jcc cc cece 17, 106

ser. Subvalidae (Mig.) Corner (F. sundaica Bl.) ...... 18, 107

ser. Perforatae Corner ‘(F. pisocarpa Bl.) 2.6: ......0- a 20, 106

subsect. Benjamina (Miq.) Corner (fF. benjamina L.)

21, 102, 108

ser. Benjamineae Miq. (F. benjamina L.) .......... 21, 108

ser. Callophylleae Corner (F. callophylla Bl.) ........ 22, 108

sect. Stilpnophyllum Endl. (F. elastica Roxb.) ....... .... 24, 100

sect. Malvanthera Corner (F. macrophylla Desf.) .... 24, 100, 109

ser. Malvanthereae Corner (F. macrophylla Desf.) ..'.... 24,109

subser. Eubracteatae Corner (F. triradiata Corner) .... 24, 109

subser. Malvanthereae (F. macrophylla Desf.) ........ 25, 109

subser. Platypodeae Corner (F. platypoda A. Cunn.) .. 25, 110

subser. Hesperidiiformes Corner (F. hesperidiiformis

Bakes Sa Te eke bie c tree es cob eee es we eee 28, 110

ser. Cyclanthereae Corner (F. sterrocarpa Diels) ........ 28, 109

subgen. Pharmacosycea Miq. (F. maxima P. Mill.) .... 28, 100, 111

sect. Oreosycea (Miq.) Corner (F. nervosa Heyne) ...... 29, Vil

ser. Vasculosae Corner (F. vasculosa Wall.) .......... 1A

subser. Albipilae Corner (F. albipila (Mig.) King) .. 29

subser. Vasculosae (F. vasculosa Wall.) ............ 29

ser. Nervosae Corner (F. nervosa Heyne) ............ 30

ser. Austrocaledonicae Corner (F. austrocaledonica Bur.) oe

subgen. Sycomorus (Gasp.) Miq. (F. sycomorus L.) ...... 34, 100

3s,

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

page

subgen. Ficus iicarica 14) 0 Sea 35, 99,116

sects Ficus’. carniceAZy-.....0. 5: 4 eee 35, 117

subsect. Ficus (fF cartca lL.) ....... pee ee 35, 118

ser. Rivulares Corner (F. rivularis Merr.) .......... 35,118

ser. Pseudopalmeae Corner (F. pseudopalma Blanco) .. 35, 118

ser. Sinosyceae Corner (F. henryi Diels) ............ 36, 118

ser. Cariceae, Cortien (Pf. carica EY aca eet ee ee 36, 118

ser. Erythrogyneae Corner (F. deltoidea Jack) ..... 37, 118, 119

ser. Podosyceae Corner (F. pedunculosa Mig.) .... 38, 118

subser. Podosyceae (F. pedunculosa Mig.) ...... 38, 118, 119

subser. Basitepalae Corner (F. abelii Mig.) .... 43,118,120

subsect. Eriosycea (Miq.) Corner (F. grossularioides

Bots hese 2 ee eet ee ee WRG Sapir oe - 44, 117

ser. Eriosyceae Corner (F. grossularioides Burm. f.) .. 44,117

subser. Eriosyceae (F. grossularioides Burm. f.) .. 44,117,121

subser. Trichosyceae Corner (F. hirta Vahl) .... 45,117,121

subser. Dehiscentes Corner (F. glandulifera Wall.) 47, 117, 122

subser. Cuneifoliae Corner (F. chartacea Wall.) .. 47,117, 122

Ser. Auratae Corner (F; .atrata- MBG) <. ccs snes oe 48, 117, 122

subser. .Auratae .(QF..aurata Mig.) § 214; eee 48, 117, 122

subser. Monandreae Corner (F. setiflora Stapf) .. 49,117, 123

sect. Rhizocladus Endl. -(F> pumila) 2a: 50, 116, 123

ser. Plagiostigmaticae Corner (F. pumila L.) .........- 50, 124

subser. Plagiostigmaticae (F. pumila L.) ............ 50

subser. Pogonotropheae (Miq) Corner (F. laevis Bl.) .. ae

ser. RamentaceaeComer..( fF... villosa. Bi ooewe cee te ene 53, 124

subser. Pantonianae Corner (F. pantoniana King) .... 53, 124

subser. Balanotae Corner (F. balanota Diels) ...... 54, 124, 125

subser. Irritantes Corner (F. odoardi King) ........ 54, 124, 125

subser. Ramentaceae.(f.. villosa, Bl). 3.4. sense Ve 55, 124, 125

subser. Excavatae Corner (F. excavata Wall.) ...... 57, 124, 126

subser. Araneosae Corner (F. araneosa King) ...... 57, 124

ser. Distichoideae Corner (F. distichoidea Diels) ...... 57, 123, 126

ser.. Distichae ,Corner (fF ., .disticha. Bl). 2.2. -3o see er 58, 123, 127

ser. Trichocarpeae Corner (F. trichocarpa Bl.) ...... 38, 123,127

sect. Kalosyce (Mig.) Corner (F. aurantiacea Griff.) 60, 116, 128

ser. Apiocarpeae Corner (F. apiocarpa Mig.) ......-. 60, 128, 129

ser. Punctatae Corner (F. aurantiacea Griff.) .......... 60, 128

subser. Punctatae (F. aurantiacea Griff.) .......... 60, 128, 129

subser. Ruginerviae Corner (F. ruginervia Corner) 61, 128, 129

sect. Sinosycidium Corer (F. tsiangii Merr.) ......... 62, 117 —

Vol. XXI (1965).

page

Sect sycien Wiig. (WP .-aspera Forst."T.)............. 62, 117, 130

subsect. Sycidium (F. aspera Forst. f.) ............... 62, 130

ser. Prostratae Corner (F. semicordata J. E. Sm.) ..- 62, 130, 131

ser. Pungentes Corner (F. pungens Reinw.) ...... 63, 130, 131

ser. Phaeopilosae Corner (F. complexa Corner) .... 63, 130, 131

ser. Copiosae Corner (F. copiosa Steud.) ........ 64, 130, 132

Sera scuorae Wig. (F. aspera Forst. {.). .. 0... +++- 66, 130, 133, 138:

subsect. Varinga (Miq.) Corner (F. heterophylla

Linn. f.) miaisiy wresiaisialelea.¥ srs) SaG. 4.65 «wid eidie.nisa vind afelninie se ous 72, 130, 133, 140

ser. Heterophylleae Corner (F. heterophylla Linn. f.) .. 72, 140

ser. Cyrtophylleae Corner (F. cyrtophylla Wall.) .... 73, 140

ser. Exasperatae Corner (F. exasperata Vahl) ........ 73, 140:

subsect. Palaeomorphe (King) Corner (F. tinctoria

Perisay esp. sippees BIOS le: 74, 130, 140

Ser, satueae Wie. (FF. frctoria’ FOtst. £..) aio. 62's ene os 74, 140:

ser. suvumaiae Corner CF. subulata Bl.) .....3s0s00 76, 143

ser. Cuspidatae Mig. (F. sinuata Thunb. ssp. cuspidata

PRCMMM Wier sencrab tie ss tod Ris aha ares See afin st > Wasi sb, «ca aataye © 76, 143

ser. Minutuliflorae Sata (F. aurita B1.) .........+.00- 77, 144

ser. Fibrosyjonae Corner (PF. obscura Bl.) .......... 78, 144

sect. Adenosperma Corner (F. adenosperma Mig.) 79, 117, 145

ser. Amphigenae Corner (F. adenosperma Miq.) ......--- 79, 145

ser. Hypogenae Corner (F. subcuneata Miq.) ........ 81, 145, 146

sect. Neomorphe King (F. variegata Bl.) ................ 82, 117, 146

ser. Auriculatae Corner (F. auriculata Lour.) .......«.: 82

ser. Variegatae Corner (F. variegata Bl.) ........2-e00. 82

subser. Variegatae (F. variegata Bl.) 2.0... 0. veeeess 82

subser. Laciniatae Corner (F. nodosa Teysm. et Binn.) 83

sect. Sycocarpus Migq. (F. hispida Linn. f.) .......... 84, 116, 147

subsect. Auriculisperma Corner (F. cynaroides

OR ee ce ets. kadin st reais ena see ora 84, 147, 156

ser. Cynaroides Corner (F. cynaroides Corner) ...... 84, 156

ser. Theophrastoides Corner (F. theophrastoides Seem.) 84, 156

ser. Vitienses Corner /(F. vitiensis Seem.) .........- 84, 156

subsect. Dammaropsis (Warb.) Corner (F. damma-

IR Re ek a ti Bc Glew ok Ae 84, 147

subsect. Papuasyce Corner (F. itoana Diels) ....... 84, 147, 156

subsect. Lepidotus Corner (F. griffithii Miq.) ......... 85, 147

subsect. Macrostyla Corner (F. macrostyla Corner)

85, 147, 156

subsect. Sycocarpus (F. hispida Linn. f.) .......... 85, 147, 157

ser. Longetuberculatae Sata (F. ribes Reinw.) ........ 85, 157

‘

Urostigma sect. Urostigma Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

page

ser. Tuberculifasciculatae Sata (F. fistulosa Reinw.) .. 86, 157

subser. Praestantes Corner (F. praestans Corner) .... 86, 157

subser. Calopilinae Corner (F. calopilina Diels) .... 86, 158

subser. Congestae Corner (F. congesta Roxb.) .... 88, 159

subser. Hispidae Corner (F. hispida Linn. f.) ...... 89, 159

subser. Axillares Corner (F. decipiens Reinw.) .... 90, 160

subser. Fulvidulae Corner (F. cereicarpa Corner) .. 91, 160

subser. Geocarpicae Corner (F. geocarpa Miq.) .... 91, 160

subser. Tuberculifasciculatae (F. fistulosa Reinw. .... 92, 161

FICUS L. (1753)

Pella Gaertn. (1788)—Gonusuke Raf., Mastosuke Raf., Neca-

listis Raf., Oluntos Raf., Perula Raf., Rephesis Raf., Tremotis

Raf., Varinga Raf. (1838)—Sycomorphe Mig. (1844)—Caprificus

Gasp., Covellia Gasp., Cystogyne Gasp., Erythrogyne Vis. ex

Gasp., Galoglychia Gasp., Sycomorus Gasp., Tenorea Gasp.,

Urostigma Gasp., Visiania Gasp. (1844)—Macrophthalmia Gasp.

(1845)—Pharmacosycea Migq., Pogonotrophe Mig. (1847)—

Synoecia Miq. (1848)—Bosscheria Teysm. et Vr. (1861)—Stilpno-

phyllum (Endl.) Drury (1869)—Dammaropsis Warb. (1891)—

Sycodendron Rojas (1918).

subgen. Urostigma (Gasp.) Mig. (1867)

Pella Gaertn. (1788)—Mastosuke Raf., Oluntos Raf., Perula

Raf., Rephesis Raf. (1838)—Galoglychia Gasp., Urostigma Gasp.,

Visiania Gasp. (1844)—Macrophthalmia Gasp. (1845)—Stilpno-

phyllum (Endl.) Drury (1869)—Sycodendron Rojas (1918).

sect. Urostigma

sect. Gasparriniella Sata. (1934).

_ Africa, Asia, Australasia.

ser. Religiosae Mig. (1867)

Africa, Asia, Australasia.

1. F. religiosa L. (1753)—F. caudata Stokes (1812)—F. super-

Stitiosa Link (1822)—F. rhynchopylla Steud. (1840)—Urostig-

ma religiosum (L.) Gasp. (1844)—U. affine Mig. (1847)—F.

peepul Griff. (1854)—F. religiosa L. v. cordata Miq., Vv.

rhynchophylla Mig. (1867).

Subhimalayan forest from Rawalpindi to Yunnan, Cochinchina,

North Thailand; widely cultivated.

Vern. Bo, bohd, peepul, pipal; arasi (Tamil), agvattha (Sanskr.).

2. F. saxophila Bl. (1825)—Urostigma saxophilum (Bl.) Miq.

(1859)}—F. petrophila Hassk. (1844)—F. populnea Decne. ined.

Laos, Cochinchina, east Java, Bali, Christmas Isl., Timor,

Moluccas (Boeroe), Celebes (central, north), Philippines (Luzon,

Negros, Cebu), New Guinea (Manokwari).

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Urostigma

3. F. cardiophylla Merr. (1926)—F. bonii Gagnep. (1927)—

? F. glabella Bl. v. tonkinensis Drake (1896).

South China (Lungchow), Tonkin.

4. F. irre Burm. f. (1768)—Pella ribesioides Gaertn. (1788)

F. infectoria Willd. (1806)—Urostigma tjakela (Burm. f.)

Migq., U. caulobotryum Miq., U. ceylonense Miq. (1847)—F.

caulobotrya (Miq.) Mig. (1867)—F. surattensis Burm. f. nom-nud.

Peninsular India, Ceylon.

F. densifolia Mig. from Réunion is closely related.

ser. Superbae Corner (1960)

Asia, New Guinea, Australia.

5. F. superba Miq. (1867)—Urostigma superbum Miq. (1851)—

F.. tenuipes S. Moore (1925).

Japan, China, south-east Asia to Australia; chiefly coastal.

Key to the varieties

. Twigs 5-12 mm. thick. Stipules villous. Lamina 5-13 cm. wide. Figs

18-25 mm. wide, ramiflorous; peduncles 7-35 mm. long v. superba.

. Twigs 2-6 mm. thick. Stipules thinly hairy to glabrous. Lamina 2.5—10

cm. wide. Peduncles shorter.

2. Figs 15-22 mm. wide, axillary; peduncles 3-11 mm. long. Aus-

—

SN eke el re ant erie a ate iat Ween dn 8 ai’ » v. henneana.

a rice es mm. wide, alee and ramiflorous; peduncles 2-15 mm.

ong

3. Lamina 4-7 x 2.5-—5 cm., ovate-rotund, short; petiole —2 cm.

IRR ei ae ee hier iecaiely, © mares oe 2° v. alongensis.

3. Lamina larger, -18 X10 cm., elliptic to ovate or obovate; petiole

=6 ‘em: long. Japan to Malaya’... itis. sess Vv. japonica.

a. V. superba.

Cambodia, Cochinchina, ‘Thailand, Malaya (Perlis, and east

coast from Kelantan to Singapore), Anamba and Natuna Isl.,

Java, Soemba, Soembawa, Timor, Celebes (Saleyer), Ceram.

b. v. alongensis (Gagnep.) Corner (1960)—F. alongensis

Gagnep. (1927).

Tonkin (Baie d’Along, Ile de Biches).

Possibly only a xerophytic state of v. japonica.

c. v. japonica Mig. (1866-7)—F. geniculata Kurz v. abnormalis

Kurz (1877)—F. subpisocarpa Gagnep. (1927)—F. wightiana

auct. (non vera — F. virens Ait.).

Japan, Ryu Kyu Isl., Formosa, China, Hainan, Indochina,

Thailand, Malaya (west coast).

d. v. henneana (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. henneana Migq. (1867)

—F. gracilipes F. M. Bailey (1891)—F. parkinsoni Hiern (1901)

—F. pritzelii Warb. (1905).

Australia (Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland).

Urostigma sect. Urostigma Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

6. F. prasinicarpa Elm. (1937)—F. glabella Bl. v. papuana King

(1887).

Philippines (Luzon), Celebes, Moluccas (Morotai), Waigeo,

Key Isl., Aru Isl., New Guinea, Bougainville Isl.

7. F. concinna Mig. (1867)—Urostigma concinnum Mig. U.

parvifolium Miq. (1847)—F. parvifolia Mig. (1867)—F. affinis

Wall. ex Kurz (1873)—F. glabella Bl. v. affinis (Wall.) King,

v. concinna King (1887)—F. arayatensis Warb. (1905)—F.

fecundissima Lévl. et Vant. (1911)—F. pseudoreligiosa Lév}.

(1914-5).

India and south China to Malaya (Pahang, Kota Glanggi),

Philippines generally, and North Borneo (Bud Goya Isl.).

Key to the varieties

1. Fig sessile or with a very short peduncle —0.5 mm. .... v. subsessilis.

1. Fig with peduncle 1-5 mm. long.

2... Pedunele and tie ela bres: wo. »<¢3.d0 ee ee = eee Vv. concinna.

2. reduncle atid fie: villowssitacw es ote i. wae: eS eee v. dasycarpa.

a. V. concinna.

As above.

b. v. subsessilis Corner (1960)—F. subpedunculata Mig. (1867).

North-east India, Chekiang, Yunnan, Kwantung, Thailand

(north-west).

c. v. dasycarpa Corner v. nov.

Receptaculi pedunculus corpusque pilis albidis patentibus 0.2-

0.3 mm. longis villosi.

Orissa (Bathipathar; leg. G. Panigrahi 20790; herb. Shillong,

Botanical Survey of India, East Circle).

ser. Caulobotryae Mig. (1859)

ser. Infectorieae Mig. (1867)—sect. Gasparriniella Sata (1934,

subgen. Urostigma).

Africa, Asia, Australasia.

8. F. lacor Buch. Ham. (1826)—F. insignis Kurz (1873)—F.

avium Gagnep. (1927)H-F. lacor, F. lacur auct. = F. virens

Ait. ;

India (Madras to Himalayas), Burma, Indochina (Annam,

Cambodia).

F. ingens Mig. of Africa is very similar and seems to merge

into F. lacor.

9. F. cupulata Haines (1914).

India (Central Provinces, Pachmarhi).

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Urostigma

10. F. virens Ait. (1789)—F. infrafoliacea J. E. Sm. (1810)—F.

terminalis Heyne ex Roth (1817)—¥F. scandens Buch. Ham.

(1826)—Urostigma apiculatum Miq., U. aegeirophyllum Miq.,

U. lambertianum Miq., U. perseaefolium Miq., U. wightianum

Mig. (1847)—U. infectorium Mig. (1854)—U. nesophilum

Miq. (1861)—F. wightiana (Miq.) Benth. (1861)—-F. aegeiro-

phylla Miq., F. apiculata Miq. F. infectoria Miq. and v. aegeiro-

phylla Miq., F. lambertiana Miq., F. monticola Miq., F. neso-

Phila Mig. (1867)—F. nesophila (Mig.) F.v.M. (1866).—F.

infectoria Miq. v. lambertiana (Miq.) King, v. wightiana (Miq.)

King (1887)—F. glabella Bl. v. nesophila (Miq.) Laut. et K.

Schum. (1901)—F. carolinensis Warb. (1905)—F. lacor Buch.

Ham. v. lambertiana (Miq.) Barrett (1946)—F. prolixa Forst.

f. v. carolinensis (Warb.) Fosberg (1955)—F. infectoria Willd.

sensu auct. (non vera — F. tsjahela Burm. f.)—? F. ampla

Kunth et Bouch. (1846).

Ceylon, India, Burma, south China, Hainan, Andaman Isl.,

Indochina, Thailand, Malaya (Langkawi Isl.), Sumatra (north,

and west coast), Java, Lesser Sunda Isl., Timor, Celebes, Philip-

pines, Caroline Isl., Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon.

Isl., North Australia.

a. V. Virens.

As above.

b. v. sublanceolata (Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. saxophila Bl. v

sublanceolata Mig. (1867)—F. pilhasi J. E. Sm. (1810)—F.

timorensis Decne (1834)—Urostigma cunninghamii Miq., U.

fraseri Mig., U. psychotriifolium Mig.—U. accedens Mig. (1859)—

U. timorensis Mig. (1847)—F. terminalioides Griff. (1848)—F.

cunninghamii Miq., F. psychotriifolia Miq., F. timorensis Miq., F.

caulobotrya Mia. v. fraseri Miq., F. glabella Bl. f. grandifolia Miq.

(1867)—F.. fraseri (Miq.) F.v.M. (1868)—F. infectoria Willd. v.

forbesii King (1887)—F. syringifolia C. Fraser ex C. Moore (1893)

—F. suberosa Lévl. et Vant. (1910)—F. infectoria Willd. v.

cunninghamii (Mig.) Domin, v. fraseri (Mig.) Domin, v.

psychotriifolia (Miq.) Domin (1921)—F. nitentifolia S. Moore (1925)

—F. lacor Buch. Ham. v. cunninghamii (Miq.) Barrett (1964).

Distribution as v. virens.

c. v. glabella (Bl.) Corner (1960)—F. glabella Bl. (1825)—

Urostigma canaliculatum Mig. (1847)—U. moritzianum Miq.

(1854)—U. glabellum (Bl.) Mig. (1859).

Lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Riouw, Bangka,

Borneo.

11. F. geniculata Kurz (1877)—F. tenii Lévl. (1908).

China (Szechuan, Yunnan), Laos, Annam, (Cambodia 7),

Thailand, Burma, India (Assam, Sikkim, Orissa, Madras),

Andaman Isl.

Urostigma sect Leucogyne Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

12. F. caulocarpa Miq. (1867)—Urostigma caulocarpum Migq.,

U. stipulosum Mig. (1847)—F. stipulosa Mig. (1867)—F.

infectoria Willd. v. caulocarpa (Miq.) King (1887).

Ceylon, lower Burma, Thailand, Malaya (Langkawi, Perak,

Pulau Tioman), Lombok, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes (north),

Moluccas (Morotai, Amboina), New Guinea.

a. V. caulocarpa.

As above.

b. v. dasycarpa Corner (1960).

Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro).

13. F. prolixa Forst. f. (1786)—F. forsteriana Endl. (1836)—

Urostigma prolixum (Forst. f.) Mig. (1847)—F. umbilicata

Bur. (1893)—F. aoa Warb. (1898)—F. inaequibractea Warb.,

fF. prolixoides Warb., (1905)—F. mariannesis Metr., F. tenuis-

tipula Merr. (1914).

Micronesia, Polynesia; Caroline Isl. (Palau eastwards), Marianna

Is]. (Pagan Isl. southwards), New Hebrides, Loyalty Isl., New

Caledonia, Fiji, Cook Isl., Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti, Austral

Isl., Pitcairn Isl., Tuamotu Isl.

a. V. prolixa.

As above.

b. v. subcordata Corner (1960)—F. marquesensis F.B.H.

Brown (1935).

‘Caroline Isl., Mariannas, Marquesas, Fanning Isl.

ser. Orthoneurae Corner (1960)

Sinohimalaya.

14. F. orthoneura Lévl. et Vant. (1907)—F. hypoleucogramma

Lévl. et Vant. (1907)—F. caesia Hand. Maz. (1922)—F.

federovii W. T. Wang (1957). 7

China (Kweichow, Kwangsi, Yunnan), Tonkin, Burma (Maymyo

Plateau), Thailand (north-west).

15. F. hookeriana Corner (1960)—F. hookeri Mig. (1867).

Sikkim, Assam, Yunnan.

sect. Leucogyne Corner (1960) )

Asia (? also in Madagascar as F. menabeensis H. Per.). —

10 .

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Conosycea

16. F. rumphii Bl. (1825)—F. cordifolia Roxb. (1832)—F.

conciliorum Oken (1841)—F. populnea Kunth et Bouch. (1846)

—Urostigma cordifolium (Roxb.) Mig. (1847)—U. rumphii (Bl.)

Mig. (1854)—F. populiformis Schott ex Miq. (1867)—F. damit

Gagnep. (1927)—F. religiosa L. v. 6 Lamk. (1788)—? F.

affinior Griff. (1854)—F. cordifolia Dalz. et Gibs. (1861).

Cocos Isl., Nicobars, Andamans, India (north and central),

Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya (Perak northwards), Java,

Sumbawa, Timor, Alor, Wetar, Moluccas (Amboina, Banda,

Boeroe, Ternate), Tenimbar, Celebes (south east).

17. F. amplissima J. E. Sm. (1810)—F: tsiela Roxb. ex Buch.

Ham. (1826)—F. indica Willd. (1806)—Urostigma pseudo-

benjamineum Miq., U. pseudotsiela Mig. (1847)—F. ae wl

benjaminea Miq.., F. tjiela Miq. (1867).

Peninsular India (Central Provinces and southwards),, Ceylon,

Maldive Isl.

sect. Conosycea (Miq.) Corner (1960)

Urostigma Gasp. sect. Conosycea Miq. (1859).

Asia, Australasia.

subsect. Conosycea

sect. Stilpnophyllum Endl. subsect. Pedunculatae Sata and

subsect. Sessiliflorae Sata (1944).

Asia, New Guinea, Solomon Isl., Queensland.

ser. Validae Mig. (1867)

sect. Stilpnophyllum Endl. subsect. Pedunculatae Sata (1944).

Asia, New Guinea.

18. F. arnottiana Mig. (1867)—Urostigma arnottianum Mig., U.

courtallense Mig. (1847)—Pogonotrophe emodi Mig. (1848)—

F. arnottiana Mig. v. courtallensis Mig., F. emodi Miq. (1867).

Key to the varieties

1. Leaf acuminate. Fig 5-8 mm. wide; peduncle 2-5 mm. long. Cuticle

Sentry siriste FOune the stomata... wie ese cess Vv. arnottiana.

1. Leaf subacute to obtuse. Fig 10 mm. wide; peduncle 5-8 mm. long.

Cuticle plicate-striate round the stomata .......... v. subcostata.

a. V. arnottiana.

India (central, and south), Ceylon.

b. v. subcostata Corner (1960).

Himalayas (north-west and central).

19. F. costata Ait. (1789)—F. venusta Kunth et Bouch. (1846)—

F, caudiculata Trimen (1885)—F. mooniana King (1887)—

Urostigma wightianum Mig. v. majus Thw. (1864).

Ceylon, Annam (pr. Tourane).

Urostigma sect. Conosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, §.

20. F. beddomei King (1887)—F. rama-varmae Bourd. (1900).

South India (Nilghiri, Anaimalai, Tinnevilli Hills).

21. F. dalhousiae Mig. (1867)—Urostigma dalhousiae Miq. (1847)

—Covellia ? costata Mig. (1848)—F. costigera Mig. (1867).

South India (Madras, Travancore).

22. F. annulata Bl. (1825)—F. flavescens Bl. (1825)—-F. valida

Bl. (1825)—Urostigma flavescens (Bl.) Mig. (1851)—U. annu-

latum (Bl.) Mig. (1854)—U. validum (Bl.) Mig. (1859)—U.

biverrucellum Mig. (1860)—U. conocarpum Mig. (1859)—F.

annulata Bl. v. biverrucella Migq., v. elliptica Mig. (1867)—F.

annulata Bl. v. flavescens (Bl.) King, v. valida (Bl.) King (1887)

—F. balabacensis Quisumbing (1930).

Burma, Indochina, Yunnan, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java,

Bangka, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines (Balabac Isl.).

23. F. chrysolepis Mig. (1867)—F. chrysolepis Mig. v. longepe-

dunculata Merr. (1905)—F. longepedunculata (Merr.) Elm.

(1907)—F. hallieri Merr. ex Elm. (1908)—F. magallanensis

Elm. (1911).

Philippines, Celebes, Moluccas (Amboina, Obi).

24, F. novoguineensis Corner (1961).

Eastern New Guinea, New Britain.

25. F. depressa Bl. (1823)—F. pruniformis Bl. (1825)—Urostigma

depressum (Bl.) Mig. (1847)—U. pruniforme (Bl.) Mig. (1854)

—F. johnsoni Elm. (1906)—F. iwahigensis Elm. (1912), pr. p.

foliorum; alt. p. F. forstenii Miq.

Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Soembawa, Soemba, Borneo,

Philippines.

26. F. globosa Bl. (1825)—Urostigma onustum Miq. (1847), pr.

p. foliorum; alt. p. F. pisocarpa B1—U. globosum (Bl1.) Miq.

(1859)—U. manok Mig. (1854)—F. onusta Wall. ex Miq.,

F. manok Mig. (1867)—F. globosa Bl. v. manok (Miq.) King ©

(1887).

Lower Burma, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Riouw,

Lingga, Bangka, Borneo.

ser. Drupaceae Corner (1960)

Asia, New Guinea, Solomon Isl., Queensland.

subser. Drupaceae

Asia, New Guinea, Solomon Isl., Queensland.

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Conosycea

27. F. drupacea Thunb. (1786)—F. pilosa Reinw. ex Bl. (1825)—

F. chrysocoma Bl. (1825)—F. payapa Blanco (1837)—Uros-

tigma drupaceum (Thunb.) Mig. (1847)—U. bicorne Mia.

(1851)—U. chrysothrix Miq., U. pilosum (Reinw. ex Bl.) Miq.,

U. subappendiculatum Migq., U. subcuspidatum Miq. (1854)—

F. pilosa Reinw. ex Bl. v. chrysocoma (Bl.) King (1887)—F.

chrysochlamys Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F. vidaliana Warb.

(1905).

India, Ceylon, to Solomon Isl. and Queensland.

Key to the varieties

ial

. Basal bracts 2-6 x 4-8 mm. Fig-body often hairy at first. Lateral

Eee SS ro 1 CIN Ba 2a) SU ee ne v. pubescens.

. Basal bracts generally smaller and concealed by the base of the glabrous -

fig-body. Lateral nerves 7—12 pairs.

Potsasal DEaets, BLOWER, MAIN 1a. < preys of duds cad he wkd «kA ol We ome, v. drupacea.

2. Basal bracts glabrous or white puberulous.

peetedsal Dedcise7—s Xo—) MM. C2 ee ek as Seis ec v. auranticarpa.

3. Basal bracts 0.5-1 mm. long.

4. Fig-body shortly pedicellate; internal bristles abundant

v. pedicellata.

4. Fig sessile; internal bristles none or few and minute .. v. glabrata

a. V. drupacea.

Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya (not south of Perak and

Pahang), Sumatra (Mentawei Isl., west coast, Lake Toba), Java

to Timor, Borneo (excluding Sarawak ‘and the south-west), Philip-

pines, Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Queens-

land. Absent from the Riouw-pocket.

b. v. auranticarpa (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. auranticarpa Elm.

(1937).

Luzon (Sorsogon Prov.), Celebes (Kandani).

c. v. glabrata Corner (1960).

Kangeen Archipelago, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Alor, Timor

Laut, Solomon Isl.

d. v. pedicellata Corner (1960).

Eastern New Guinea (Western Highlands, Jimmi Valley).

e. v. pubescens (Roth) Corner (1960)—F. mysorensis Heyne ex

Roth and v. pubescens Roth (1817)—F. citrifolia Willd. (1806;

non P. Mill.)—F. mollis Spreng. (1826)—F. gonia Buch. Ham., ?

F. rupestris Buch Ham. (1827)—Urostigma mysorense (Heyne ex

Roth) Miq., U. dasycarpum Migq. (1847)—F. mysorensis Heyne

f. parvifolia Mig. (1867)—F. mysorensis Heyne v. subrepanda

Wall. ex King (1887)—F. subrepanda Wall. ex King (1888)—F.

mysorensis Heyne v. dasycarpa (Miq.) Barrett (1951)—F.

cotoneaefolia Vahl sensu Alston (1931).

Ceylon, India, East Pakistan, Laos, ? Burma.

jee

Urostigma sect. Conosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

28. F. cucurbitina King (1887)—F. elliptifolia Merr. (1921).

Malaya (southeast Johore), Borneo (Pontianak, Sandakan,

Nunukan Isl.), Philippines (Mindanao).

a. V. cucurbitina.

As above.

b. v. eubracteata Corner (1960).

Philippines (Samar).

29. F. cordatula Merr. (1908)—F. strangularis Elm. (1912)—F.

camarinensis Merr. (1914)—F. sylvestrei Elm. (1937).

Philippines (Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao), Celebes

(Minahassa).

a. v. cordatula,

As above.

b. v. sericea (C. B. Robinson) Corner (1960)—F. sericea C. B.

Robinson (1911).

Mindanao.

subser. Indicae Corner (1960)

Ceylon, India, south China to Philippines and Celebes.

30. F. mollis Vahl (1790)—F. tomentosa Roxb. ex Willd. (1806)—

F. asinina Buch. Ham. (1827)—Urostigma connivens Miq.,

U. obversum Miq., U. tomentosum (Roxb.) Mig. and ? v.

obtusatum Migq. (1847)—F. tomentosa Roxb. v. brevifolia Miq.

and v. connivens Miq. (1867).

India (north-west, central, and south), Ceylon.

31. F. benghalensis L. (1753)—F. indica L. (1753)—F. umbrosa

Salisb. (1796)—F. cotoneaefolia Vahl. (1806)—F. cotonifolia

‘Stokes (1812)—F. pubescens Roth (1817)—F. lasiophylla Link

(1822)—Perula benghalensis Raf. (1838)—F. banyana Oken

(1841)—F.. crassinervia Kunth et Bouch. (1846)—F. chauvierei

Hort. ex Guillaumin (1945)—Urostigma benghalense (L.) Gasp.

(1844)—F. mysorensis Heyne ex Roth v. pubescens (Roth) King

(1887).

Pakistan, India; widely cultivated. .

Vern. Bor, burr, bot, banyan (Hind.); al, ala, arla (Tamil);

peralu (Malayalam); nyadgrodha Sanskt.); Indian Banyan.

a. Vv. benghalensis.

As_ above.

b. v. krishnae (C.DC) Corner—F. krishnae C.DC (1902).

India (cultivated).

Vern. Krishna bor, Krishna’s cup.

32. F. fergusoni (King) Worthington (1959)—F. altissima Bl. v.

fergusoni King (1887).

Ceylon.

14 .

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Conosycea

33. F. altissima Bl. (1825)—F. laccifera Roxb. (1832)--F. lati-

folia Oken (1841)—Urostigma lacciferum (Roxb.) Miq. (1847)

—U. altissimum (Bl.) Migq. (1854).

India (Sikkim eastwards), Burma, Yunnan, Indochina, Hainan,

upper Thailand, Andaman Isl., Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Philip-

pines (Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao).

34. F. pubilimba Merr. (1942).

Burma, Indochina, Hainan, Thailand, Malaya (Perak and

Penang northwards).

a. V. pubilimba.

As above.

b. v. ovata Corner (1960).

Penang (? wild).

35. F. kerkhovenii Val. (1906)—F. lamaoensis Merr. (1921).

Malaya, Sumatra, Bangka, Java (west), Borneo, Philippines

(Luzon).

subser. Zygotricheae Corner (1960)

Burma, Indochina, Thailand, West Malaysia.

36. F. consociata Bl. (1825)—Urostigma consociatum (Bl.) Miq.

(1854).

a. V. consociata.

Lower Burma, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, Bangka, Billiton,

Riouw, Borneo.

b. v. murtoni King (1887).

Annam, Cambodia, lower Burma, lower Thailand, Malaya,

Sumatra, Riouw, Lingga, Borneo.

37. F. bracteata Wall. ex Mig. (1867)—Urostigma bracteatum

Wall. ex Miq. (1847).

Malaya (Perak southwards), Sumatra, Borneo.

subser. Crassirameae Corner (1960)

sect. Stilpnophyllum Endl. subsect. Sessiliflorae Sata (1944).

Lower Burma, Indochina to New Guinea.

38. F. stupenda Mig. (1867)—Urostigma giganteum Mig. (1854).

a. V. stupenda.

Malaya (Selangor), Java (Batavia, Preanger), Sumatra, Borneo.

b. v. minor Corner (1960).

Malaya (Singapore, Johore), North Borneo.

Urostigma sect. Conosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

39. F. crassiramea Mig. (1867)—Urostigma crassirameum Mig.

(1851)—¥F. procera Bl. v. crassiramea (Mig.) King (1887)—

F. crassicalyx Elm. (1937).

a. V. crassiramea.

Lower Burma, lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Bangka,

Borneo, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao), Talaud Isl.

b. v. brevicupulata Corner (1960).

Celebes (south-east), Moluccas (Obi).

c. v. celebica Corner (1960).

Celebes (Minahassa).

d. v. clementis (Merr.) Corner (1960)—F. clementis Merr. (1908).

Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Mindanao, Basilan).

e. v. patellifera (Warb.) Corner (1960).—F. patellifera Warb.

(1905).

New Guinea, New Britain.

40. F. phanrangensis Gagnep. (1927).

Annam (Phanrang, Nhatrang).

41. F. xylophylla Wall. ex Mig. (1867)—Urostigma xylophyllum

Miq. (1847).

Laos, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Riouw, Lingga, Bangka,

Borneo.

42. F. forstenii Mig. (1867)—F. palawanensis Merr. (1905)—F.

iwahigensis Elm. (1912) pr. p. recept.; alt. p. F. depressa BI.

a. V. forstenii.

Celebes, Philippines (including Palawan), ? Borneo.

b. v. pacifica (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. pacifica Elm. (1937).

Malaya (Perak), Philippines.

c. v. umbobracteata (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. umbobracteata

Elm. (1911).

Philippines (Mindanao).

d. v. villosa Corner (1960).

Malaya (Perak), Borneo (north, West Koetai, Sarawak).

43. F. juglandiformis King (1887).

Sumatra (Mt. Singalan, Tapanuli, Baniana).

44. F. subtecta Corner (1960)—F. procera Bl. (1825), non Salist.

(1796)—Urostigma procerum (Bl.) Mig. (1859).

a. Vv. subtecta.

Annam, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Generally confused with F. crassiramea.

b. v. depressa Corner (1960).

Sumatra (G. Koerintji).

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Conosycea

45. F. subgelderi Corner (1960).

a. v. subgelderi.

Malaya (Perak to Singapore), Borneo.

b. v. rigida Corner (1960)—Urostigma rigidum Mig. (1847)—

F. rigida Mig. (1867), non Jack.

Cochinchina, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java,

Sarawak.

46. F. paracamptophylla Corner (1960)

Borneo.

subsect. Dictyoneuron Corner (1960)

Asia, New Guinea.

ser. Glaberrimae Corner (1960)

47. F. glaberrima Bl. (1825)—Urostigma glaberrimum (Bl.) Miq.

(1859)—F. bistipulata Griff. (1854)—F. fraterna Miq., F.

thomsoni Miq. (1867)—F. suberosa Lévl. et Vant. (1910)—

F. feddei Lévl. et Vant. (1911)—F. kingiana Lévl. (1915).

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina-base rounded to subcordate; 1-4 vague intercostals. Basal

bracts 1-2 mm. long, caducous. Fig-orifice closed by three small

umbonate apical bracts. Cuticle striate round the stomata. Thailand

Vv. siamensis.

1. Lamina-base cuneate; 0-2 vague intercostals. Fig-orifice closed by 2-3

flat apical bracts. Cuticle not striate.

2. Basal bracts 3, 0.5—1.5 mm. long, narrowly crescentic to ovate,

persistent. Fig-apex often umbonate with thick apical bracts.

Gai Rowers MmoOstly SOSSIIG 2. sic ec ee ewe ee v. bracteata.

2. Basal bracts none or as a slight rim at the apex of the peduncle.

Fig-orifice not umbonate. Gall-flowers pedicellate ..v. glaberrima.

a. V. glaberrima.

Andaman Isl., India (north, east), Burma, south China (Yunnan,

Kweichou), Hainan, Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Sumbawa.

b. v. bracteata Corner (1960)—F. travancorica King (1887)—

F. lawesii King (1887)—F. adamii Elm. (1911)—F. villamilii

Merr. ex Sata (1944).

Peninsular India, Borneo (East Koetai, Sarawak), Philippines

(Luzon, Mindanao), New Guinea.

c. Vv. Siamensis Corner (1960).

Thailand (limestone hills).

ser. Dubiae Corner (1960)

South China, Indochina, Thailand, West Malaysia.

48. F. dubia Wall. ex King (1887).

Malaya (Penang to Singapore), Sumatra, Brunei, North Borneo.

Urostigma sect. Conosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

49. F. kurzii King (1887)—F. nuda Mig. vy. macrocarpa Kurz

(1877)—? F. euphylla Kurz (1887).

Yunnan, Cochinchina, lower Burma, lower Thailand, Malaya

(Pulau Tioman and neighbouring islets), Sumatra (Bt. Tinggi).

Java, Lombok.

ser. Subvalidae (Mig.) Corner (1960)

Urostigma Gasp. ser. Subvalida Mig. (1859).

Ceylon, India to Philippines and Celebes.

50. F. sundaica Bl. (1825)—F. rubescens Bl. (1825)—Urostigma

tjiela Mig. (1847)—U. sundaicum (Bl.) Migq., U. rubescens

(B1.) Miq., U. pseudorubrum Mig., U. pyrifolium (1859)—F.

pseudoruba Migq., (1867)—F. indica L. v. sundaica (Bl.) Migq.

(1851)—F. pyrifolia (Miq.) Boerl. (1900)—F. rigida Mig. v.

trichocalyx Val. (1906)—F. indica L. v. trichocalyx (Val.)

Back. (1948)—? F. mangiferifolia Griff. (1854)—F. indica

auct. non L.

a. Vv. sundaica.

(Assam ?), Lower Burma, Cochinchina, Thailand, Malaya,

Riouw, Bangka, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

b. v. beccariana (King) Corner (1960)—F. korthalsii Mig. (1867)

—F. korthalsii Mig. v. beccariana King (1887).

Malaya (Trengganu, Pahang), Borneo.

51. F. involucrata Bl. (1825)—Urostigma involucratum (Bl.) Miq.

(1859)—U. tjiela Miq. v. sundaicum Mig. (1851)—F. macro-

calyx Mig. (1867).

Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao).

52. F. lowii King (1887).

a. V. lowii.

Malaya (Perak).

b. v. minor Corner (1960).

Malaya (G. Tahan).

c. v. borneensis Corner (1960).

Borneo (Balik Papan, G. Mentawir).

53. F. sumatrana Miq. (1867)—Urostigma sumatranum Mia.

(1851)—U. zollingerianum Mig. (1854)—U. monadenum Mia.

(1860)—F. zollingeriana Miq. (1867)—F. pseudoacamptophyl-

la Val. (1906).

a. Vv. sumatrana.

Lower Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java,

Bangka, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Sumbawa.

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Conosycea

b. v. circumscissa Corner (1960)—F. acamptophylla sensu King

(1887).

Malaya (Johore, Perak, Trengganu).

c. V. microsyce Corner (1960).

Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes.

d. v. subsumatrana (Gagnep.) Corner (1960)—F. subsumatrana

Gagnep. (1927).

Indochina, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo.

54. F. delosyce Corner (1960).

a. v. delosyce.

Malaya (Singapore, east Johore, Selangor, Negri Sembilan),

Borneo. ;

b. v. obtusa Corner (1960).

Borneo (North Borneo, East Kutai, Brunei).

55. F. spathulifolia Corner (1960).

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina acuminate. Fig-body sessile. Annam .......... Vv. annamensis.

1. Lamina obtuse to obtusely subacuminate.

ROM UNESEIS 6 ois hs aust v iin diemd ¢ a pelels « cele nee ‘v. spathulifolia.

24 Fig-body: shortly pedicellate:. ......¢. ev ecebeess- v. substipitata.

a. V. spathulifolia.

Malaya (Selangor), Sarawak, Brunei, North Borneo.

b. v. annamensis Corner (1960).

Annam.

c. Vv. substipitata Corner (1960).

North Borneo.

56. F. maclellandi King (1887)—F. thorelii Gagnep. (1927).

a. v. maclellandi.

Assam, Burma, Yunnan, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya (Kedah).

b. v. rhododendrifolia Corner (1960)—Urostigma rhododendri-

folium Miq. (1847)—F. rhododendrifolia Mig. (1867), non Kunth

et Bouch. (1847).

Himalayas, Khasia Hills, Chittagong Hills, north Burma, Pegu,

Yunnan, (? Thailand).

57. F. talboti King (1887)—F. pierrei Gaginep. (1927).

Ceylon, India (Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Concan), Burma,

Laos, Cambodia, north Thailand.

58. F. calcicola Corner (1960).

Burma, Thailand, Malaya (Perak, Selangor).

Urostigma sect. Conosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

59. F. retusa L. (1767)—Perula retusa Raf. (1838)—Urostigma

retusum (L.) Mig. (1847)—U. truncatum Mig. (1854)—F.

truncata Miq. (1867)—(non sensu auct. = F. microcarpa Linn.

f.).

a. Vv. retusa.

Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

b. v. borneensis Corner (1960).

Borneo.

ser. Perforatae Corner (1960)

Assam to Philippines and Celebes.

60. F. pellucido-punctata Griff. (1854)—F. gelderi Mig. (1867)—

F. indica L. v. gelderi (Miq.) King (1887)—F. everettii Elm.

(1908).

Assam, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Philip-

pines.

61. F. episima Corner (1960).

Mindanao.

62. F. pisocarpa Bl. (1825)—Urostigma pisocarpum (Bl.) Miq.

(1859)—U. cycloneuron Miq. (1860)—F. pseudorubra Miq.

(1867, pr. p.)—F. cycloneura (Mig.) King (1887)—F. micros-

toma Wall. ex King (1887)—Urostigma onustum Wall. ex Miq.

(1847, pr. p.).

Lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

63. F. binnendykii Mig. (1867)—Urostigma binnendykii Miq..

U. peracutum Mig. (1859)——F. peracuta (Miq.) King (1887).

a. V. binnendykii.

Malaya, Java, Borneo.

b. v. coriacea Corner (1960)—Urostigma tjiela Miq. (1847) pro

p. Cuming 1931.

Annam, Malaya, Bangka, Sarawak, Brunei, Philippines (Luzon).

c. v. cupulata Corner (1960).

Celebes (Matano, Sorvako).

d. v. latifolia Corner (1960).

Borneo (Kapoeas, Pontianak, Sandakan).

64. F. acamptophylla Mig. (1867)—Urostigma acamptophyllum

Mig. (1860)—F. pachyphylla King (1887).

Borneo, Bangka, St. Barbe Isl.

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Conosycea

65. F. microsyce Ridley (1924).

Malaya (Selangor and Trengganu to Singapore), Riouw (Pulau

Durian), Sumatra (Indragiri).

subsect. Benjamina (Miq.) Corner (1960)

Urostigma Gasp. sect. Benjamina Migq. (1859).

Asia, Australasia.

ser. Benjamineae Miq. (1867)

Asia, Australasia.

66. F. subcordata Bl. (1825)—Urostigma balicum Miq., U. sub-

cordatum (Bl.) Mig. (1859)-—F. garciniifolia Mig. (1867)-—

F. balica (Miq.) Boerl. (1900)—F. calophylloides Elm. (1911)

—F. acrorrhyncha Summerh. (1932)—F. fairchildii Back. (1947).

a. v. subcordata. .

Tonkin, Java, Krakatau, Enggano Isl., Bali, Borneo, Celebes,

Philippines (? Palawan), Sumbawa, Timor, New Guinea, New

Britain, Solomon Isl., New Hebrides.

b. v. malayana Corner (1960).

Malaya (Selangor), North Borneo (Mt. Trus).

67. F. stricta Mig. (1867)—Urostigma strictum Miq. (1851).

Yunnan, Indochina, Andaman Isl., Malaya, Sumatra, Java,

Sarawak, Celebes (Minahassa), Luzon. |

68. F. benjamina L. (1767)—F. nitida Thunb. (1786)—F. pyrifolia

Salisb. (1796)—F. striata Roth (1817)—F. pendula Link (1822)

—F. reclinata Desf. (1829)—F. haematocarpa Bl. ex Decne.

F. neglecta Bl. ex Decne. (1834)—F. parvifolia Oken (1841)—

F. nepalensis Blanco (1845)—Urostigma benjaminum (L.) Miq.,

U. haematocarpum (Bl\.) Miq., U. nitidum (Thunb.) Mig. (1847)

—U. neglectum (Bl.) Mig. (1859)—F. benjamina L. v. haema-

tocarpa (Bl.) Mig., F. retusa L. v. nitida (Thunb.) Miq. (1867)

—F, benjamina L. v. Le Huntei F. M. Bailey (1900)—F.

umbrina Elm. (1906)—F. cuspidato-caudata Hayata (1919)—

F. benjamina L. v. typica f. warringiana Barrett (1951).

a. V. benjamina.

India and south China throughout Malaysia to Solomon Isl. and

north Australia (Arnhem Land, Queensland).

Vern. Waringin.

b. v. bracteata Corner (1960).

Cochinchina, Celebes, Moluccas (Morotai), Sumbawa, Timor,

Philippines, New Guinea, New Britain.

c. v. nuda (Miq.) Barrett (1951)—--Urostigma nudum Miq. (1847)

—U. benjamineum Miq. v. nudum Mig. (1851)—F. nuda Mia.

(1867)—F. comosa Roxb. (1798)—F. papyrifera Griff. (1854)—

F. benjamina L. v. comosa (Roxb.) Kurz (1877)—F. xavieri Merr.

(1922).

Urostigma sect. Conosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

North-east India, south China, Indochina, Thailand, Philippines,

New Guinea.

ser. Callophylleae Corner (1960)

Asia, Australasia.

69. F. callophylla Bl. (1825)—Urostigma callophyllum (Bl.) Miq.

(1859)—F. tylophylla Hassk. (1844)—Artocarpus tylophyllus

Mig. (1854)—U. clusioides Mig. (1847)—F. clusioides Miq.

(1867).

a. Vv. callophylla.

Hongkong, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya (Kelantan, Trengganu),

Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes.

b. v. leytensis Corner (1960)-—F. pachyphylla Merr. (1913).

Philippines (Leyte).

c. v. malayana Corner (1960).

Indochina, lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra.

d. v. minor Corner (1960).

Celebes, Sumbawa.

70. F. curtipes Corner (1960)—F. obtusifolia Roxb. (1832), non

HBK.—Urostigma obtusifélium (Roxb.) Miq. (1847).

India (north-east), Burma, Yunnan, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya

(Langkawi Isl.) Sumatra (Atjeh).

71. F. tristaniifolia Corner (1960).

Malaya (Malacca, west Johore), Sumatra (East coast, S. Rawa),

south Borneo (Sampit), Sarawak (Binatang).

72. F. microcarpa Linn. f. (1781)—F. aggregata Vahl (1806)—

F. indica Heyne ex Roth, F. rubra Roth (1821)—F-. littoralis

Bl. (1825)—F. condoravia Buch. Ham. (1826)—Urostigma

microcarpum (Linn. f.) Mig., U. amblyphyllum Migq., U. pisi-

ferum Mig. (1847)—F. amblyphylla Miq., F. retusa L. v.

pisifera Miq., v. nitida (Thunb.) Mig. f. parvifolia Mig. (1867)

—F. cairnsii Warb. (1905)—F. retusiformis Lévl. et Vant. (1910).

Generally miscalled F. retusa or F. nitida.

Key to the varieties

. Figs pedunculate, basal bracts caducous .............. Vv. naumanni.

. Figs sessile, basal bracts persistent.

2. Basal bracts 4-5 mm. long and wide. Soe rather broadly elliptic.

Thailand ....... Pee. ees Ae ee v. eubracteata.

2. Basal bracts 1.5—3.5 mm. Seite and wide.

3. Lamina broadly elliptic, -12 x 9 cm., rounded, obtuse or shortly

acuminate, base rounded to widely cuneate: venation often

rather prominent beneath and approaching that of F. elastica,

peek fee

but oblique «. ..... is ned dn@ Rube bo v. latifolia.

(Fig ripening yellow to orange, spotted red, 10-15 mm. wide

Vv. rigo).

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Conosycea

3. Lamina rather small or narrow, -11 x 6 cm., subacute to acu-

minate: venation scarcely raised beneath, more as in F.

sundaica, but oblique.

4. Lamina ovate-cordate, subcordate or rounded at the’ base, acu-

ME Cais tase tee Pe Ore ees sR SE, v. saffordii.

4. Lamina cuneate, rarely rounded, at the base, elliptic to elliptic-

obovate, subacute to acuminate, rarely obtuse.

5. Basal nerves not prominent: petiole subarticulate. Internal

RO es WA i oe bin oe ee din 5 8 v. hillii.

5. Basal nerves usually elongate. petiole not articulate. Internal

bristles few to abundant, short .......... Vv. microcarpa.

Gras... 5.3 ee ee apie oases Seis uate ies bt f. microcarpa.

6. Twigs, stipules, and figs hairy . oie... cee ess f. pubescens.

a. V. microcarpa.

Ceylon, India, south China, Ryu Kyu eastwards throughout

south-east Asia and Malaysia to New Britain, Australia (Queens-

land, New South Wales), Caroline Isl., Cocos and Christmas Isl.

(Indian Ocean).

Vern. Jawi-jawi, jejawi.

i. f. pubescens Corner (1960)—? F. retusa f. pubescens Miq.

(1867).

Thailand (limestone hills).

b. v. eubracteata Corner (1960).

North Thailand.

c. Vv. hillii (F. M. Bailey) Corner (1960)—F. hillii F. M. Bailey

(1891)—F. prolixa Vieill. et Depl. (1863), non Forst. f.—F.

schlechteri Warb. (1903).

Sunda Isl. (Alor Kechil), New Guinea, Queensland, New

Caledonia, Loyalty Isl.

d. v. latifolia (Miq.) Corner (1960)—Urostigma accedens Miq.

V. latifolia Mig. (1859)—F. dilatata Mig., F. dyctiophleba F.v.M.

ex Mig. (1867; indice F. dyctiophylla)—F. thynneana F. M.

Bailey (1897), and v. minor Domin (1921).

Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, Queensland, Caroline Isl.

€. V. naumanni (Engl.) Corner (1960)—F. naumanni Engl. (1886)

—F., dahlii K. Schum. (1898)—F. regnans Diels (1935).

Eastern New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Isl.

f. v. rigo (F. M. Bailey) Corner (1962)—F. rigo F. M. Bailey

(1897)—F. retusa L. v. rigo (F. M. Bailey) Diels (1935).

Papua (Port Moresby, Rigo).

g. Vv. Safiordii (Merr.) Corner (1960)—F. saffordii Merr. (1914)

—F. prolixa Forst. f. v. saffordii (Merr.) Fosberg (1955).

Caroline, Marianas, and Palau Isl.

73. F. balete Merr. (1921).

Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Panay).

Urostigma sect. Stilpnophyllum Gardens’ Bulletin, S-

74. F. trimenii King (1885).

Peninsular India (Canara), Ceylon.

75. F. palaquiifolia Corner (1960).

Borneo (Kinabalu; Liang Gagang).

76. F. polygramma Corner (1960).

Celebes (Minahassa, and south-east Celebes).

77. F. archboldiana Summerh. (1941)—F. retusa L. v. papuana

Diels (1935).

East New Guinea.

78. F. benjaminoides Corner (1960).

South and east New Guinea (Mafulu, Koitaki), and west New

Guinea (Asmat).

79. F. patellata Corner (1960).

West New Guinea (McCluer Bay, Jakati).

sect. Stilpnophyllum Endl. (1847)

Visiania Gasp. (1844)—Macrophthalmia Gasp. (1845)—

Urostigma Gasp. sect. Macrophthalmia (Gasp.) Mig. (1859)—

subgen. Urostigma (Gasp.) Mig. ser. Elasticae Mig. (1867).—

Stilpnophyllum (Endl.) Drury (1869).

80. F. elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. (1819)—F. elastica Roxb. v.-

bengalensis Bl. (1825)—Visiania elastica (Roxb.) Gasp. (1844)

—Macrophthalmia elastica (Roxb.) Gasp. (1845)—F. taeda

Kunth et Bouch., F. cordata Kunth et Bouch. (1846)—Uros-

tigma elasticum (Roxb.) Miq., and v. latifolium Mig. (1847)—

U. odoratum Migq. (1851)—U. circumscissum Mig. (1854)—

U. karet Mig. (1859)—F. elastica Roxb. v. odorata Miq., V.

minor Miq., v. karet Mig. (1867)—Stilpnophyllum elasticum

(Roxb.) Drury (1869)—F. karet (Mig.) King (1888)—F.

clusiaefolia Summerh. (1929)—F. skytinodermis Summerh.

(1933)—F. elastica v. belgica and v. rubra L. H. et E. Z. Bailey

(1941), v. rubinervis Sata (1944), v. decora Guillaum. (1949),

v. variegata (Gent.) Nehrling, F. decora Hort., F. opulens Hort.

India (Assam, Sikkim), Burma, Malaya (north), Sumatra, Java;

often cultivated.

Vern. India-rubber fig.

sect. Malvanthera Corner (1960)

Mastosuke Raf. (1838).

Eastern Malaysia, Australasia.

ser. Malvanthereae Corner (1960)

Eastern Malaysia, Australasia.

subser. Eubracteatae Corner (1960)

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Malvanthera

$1. F. triradiata Corner (1960).

a. V. triradiata.

North Queensland.

b. v. sessilicarpa Corner (1960).

North Queensland.

subser. Malvanthereae

Mastosuke Raf. (1838).

Celebes, New Guinea, Solomon Isl., New Hebrides, Lord Howe

Isl., Queensland, New South Wales.

82. (This number omitted).

83. F. glandifera Summerh. (1932).

a. V. glandifera.

Papua (Cape Vogel Peninsula), New Britain, Solomon Isl.,

Russell Isl., New Hebrides.

b. v. brachysyce Corner (1960).

South-east Celebes (Muna Isl.), Territory of New Guinea

(Bulolo Valley).

84. F. watkinsiana F. M. Bailey (1891)—F. bellingeri Mooxe et

Betche (1893)—F. simmondsii F. M. Bailey (1910).

New South Wales (Bellinger River) to north Queensland.

85. F. macrophylla Desf. ex Pers, (1807)—F. huegelii Kunth et

Bouch., F. macrocarpa Huegel ex Kunth et Bouch. (1846)—

Urostigma macrophyllum (Desf.) Mig., U. platypodum A. Cunn.

ex Miq. f. majus Miq., U. huegelii Miq. (1847)—U. squamellosum

Miq. (1861)—F. macrophylla Desf. f. minor Miq., F. squamellosa

Miq. (1867)—F. platypoda A. Cunn. ex Mig. v. petiolaris Benth.

(1873) pro p.—F. columnaris C. Moore et F.v.M. (1874)—F. mag-

nolioides Borzi and v. macrophylla Borzi, F. nervosa Haenke. ex

Borzi (1897)—F. macrophylla Desf. v. stenophylla Domin

(1921)—F. angladei C. E. C. Fischer (1925).

Australia (New South Wales, Shoalhaven River, to Queensland,

Rockingham Bay), Lord Howe Isl.

Vern. Moreton Bay fig.

86. F. baileyana Domin (1921)—F. macrophylla Desf. v. pubescens

F. M. Bailey (1911).

South Queensland.

87. F. rhizophoriphylla King (1887).

New Guinea (Idenberg and Fly Rivers eastwards).

subser. Platypodeae Corner (1960)

Soemba, Moluccas, New Guinea, Australasia.

Urostigma sect. Malvanthera Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

88. F. destruens F.v.M. ex C. T. White (1933).

North Queensland.

89. F. rubiginosa Desf. ex Ventenat (1805)—F. australis Willd.

(1806)—F. ferruginea Desf. (1829)—Mastosuke rubiginosa

Raf., Perula rubiginosa Raf. (1838)—Urostigma rubiginosum

(Desf.) Gasp. (1844)—F. fulva Kunth et Bouch. (1846)—

Urostigma ferrugineum (Desf.) Mig. (1847)—F. rubiginosa Desf.

v. variegata Guilfoyle (1911), v. glabrescens F. M. Bailey (1913).

Australia (New South Wales from Eden and Bateman’s Bay to

the northern rivers).

Vern. Port Jackson fig, rusty fig.

90. F. leucotricha Mig. (1867)—Urostigma leucotrichum Miq.

(1861)—U. platypodum A. Cunn. ex Mig. f. ellipticum Migq.

(1861).

Key to the varieties

1. Twigs 5—7 mm. thick. Peduncle 8-14 mm. long; basal bracts 8-12 mm.

long and wide, apiculate; fig-body 14 mm. wide .... v. megacarpa.

1. Twigs 3-5 mm. thick. Fig 10-12 mm. wide.

2. Fig sessile; basal bracts —10 * 7 mm., caudiculate ..,.... v. sessilis.

2. Fig-peduncle 4-35 mm. long; basal bracts 4-6 mm. long and wide,

ovate-lancealate \...dJf0.|.) .spuekiesweake hee v. leucotricha.

a. Vv. leucotricha.

West Australia, Northern Territory, north Queensland.

b. v. megacarpa F.v.M. ex Corner (1960).

West Australia (Kimberley), Sea Range.

c. v. sessilis Corner (1960).

West Australia (Kimberley), New South Wales.

91. F. obliqua Forst. f. (1786)—F. laevis Desf. (1829)—F.

elegans, F. sapotaefolia, F. sororia Kunth et Bouth. (1846)

—Urostigma obliquum (Forst. f.) Mig. (1847)—U. eugenioides

Miq., U. backhousei Miq. (1861)—F. boothiana Miq. (1867)—

F. graeffii Warb. (1898)—F. virginea Banks et Sol. ex Hiern,

(1901)—-F. aphanoneura Warb. (1905)—F. tryoni F. M. Bailey

(1906).

Key to the varieties

1. Fig 10-14 mm. wide; peduncle 2.5—10 mm. long ........ v. petiolaris.

1. Fig 6-9 mm. wide; peduncle 0-4 mm. long.

2. Lamina cuneate at the Gase’ <...2.%-5%%. 200 eee eee v. obliqua.

2. Lamina narrowly and rather abruptly rounded at the base; petiole

short, 3-5 mm. long) bei< 245 o's «ne mee ee v. puberula.

a. Vv. obliqua.

Celebes (south-east), Ternate, New Guinea, Australia (West

Australia, Queensland, New South Wales in the north-east), New

Caledonia, Loyalty Isl. New Hebrides, Fiji, Tonga, Niue.

ee =

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Malvanthera

b. v. petiolaris (Benth.) Corner (1960)—F. platypoda A. Cunn.

ex Miq. v. petiolaris Benth. (1873).

Queensland, New South Wales (from Taree northwards).

c. Vv. puberula (Benth.) Corner (1960)—F. eugenioides F.v.M.

v. puberula Benth. (1873)—Urostigma brachypodum Miq. (1847)

—F. brachypoda Miq. (1867).

North Queensland (York Sound).

92. F. subpuberula Corner (1960)—Urostigma puberulum Miq.

(1847)—F. puberula A. Cunn. ex Mig. (1867), non Kunth. et

Bouch. (1847).

Australia (Northern Territory, Redbank Creek; Queensland,

York Sound).

93. F. platypoda A. Cunn. ex Mig. (1867)—Urostigma platypodum

A. Cunn. ex Mig. (1847)—U. vitellinum Mig. (1861)—F.

vitellina Miq. (1867). .

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina ovate, base cordate to rounded. Glabrous or shortly hairy

v. cordata

1. Lamina elliptic, base cuneate to somewhat rounded.

2. Glabrous, or twigs and stipules minutely puberulous. Lamina often

stiffly coriaceous.

3. Lamina lanceolate-elliptic, 1-4 cm. wide ............ Vv. minor.

Scsl-amma elliptic, 3=7 CAV WIdE. ences... oh e's ee es v. platypoda.

2. Twigs and petioles distinctly hairy.

4. Lamina thinly to closely velutinate on both sides. Peduncle 2—10

CANCE op 00 a Oe ORR A A A Ae? 9 ES A 5 cee Lr v. angustata.

4. Lamina glabrous or velvety beneath .......... v. lachnocaula.

a. Vv. platypoda.

Soemba, Key Isl., Australia (West Australia, Vansittart Bay,

to south-east Queensland, Darling Downs).

b. v. angustata (Mig.) Corner—Urostigma leichhardtii Miq.,

U. muelleri Mig. (1861)—F. leichhardtii Mig. and v. angustata

Migq., F. muelleri Mig. (1867)—F. platypoda A. Cunn. v. mollis

Benth., v. suwbacuminata Benth. (1873)—F. shirleyana Domin

(1921).

Australia (Arnhem Land to Queensland, Leichhardt Bay.).

c. v. cordata Specht (1958).

Soemba (Waingapoe), Australia (Kimberley to Cape York,

Alice Springs). |

d. v. lachnocaula (Miq.) Benth. (1873)—Urostigma lachnocaulon

Mig. (1861)—F. lachnocaula Mig. (1867).

Australia (West Australia, Ashburton River, to Arnhem Land,

Pt. Darwin).

e. v. minor Benth. (1873)—Urostigma platypoda A. Cunn. ex

Miq. f. minus Mig. (1847)—U. platypoda f. glabrius Mig. (1861).

Urostigma sect. Malvanthera Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Australia (West and South north of lat. 26° S., Northern

Territory, north-west Queensland).

subser. Hesperidiiformes Corner (1960)

New Guinea, Queensland.

94. F. augusta Corner (1960).

Territory of New Guinea (Eastern Highlands).

95. F. hesperidiiformis King (1887)—-F. sclerotiara Diels (1935).

a. Vv. hesperidiiformis.

Hollandia, eastern New Guinea.

b. v. myrmekiocarpa (Summerh.) Corner (1960)—F. myrmekio-

carpa Summerh. (1941).

Eastern New Guinea (Orioma River, Western Division; Fly

River).

96. F. mafuluensis Summerh. (1941).

Territory of New Guinea (Central Division, Mafulu).

97. F. heteromeka Corner (1961).

West New Guinea (Adjar, Kebar Valley).

98. F. xylosycia Diels (1935).

a. Vv. xylosycia.

Eastern New Guinea.

b. v. cylindrocarpa (Diels) Corner (1960)—F. cylindrocarpa

Diels (1935).

Eastern New Guinea, Solomon Isl.

99. F. pleurocarpa F.v.M. (1874)—F. ee. Warb. (1905).

North Queensland.

100. F. crassipes F. M. Bailey (1890).

North Queensland (Atherton, Malanda, Russell River).

ser. Cyclanthereae Corner (1960)

101. F. sterrocarpa Diels (1935).

a. V. Sterrocarpa.

Eastern New Guinea (Sepik, Bulolo, Morobe; Papua, Boridi,

Lala Valley).

b. v. pubigemma Diels (1935).

Territory of New Guinea (Sepik).

subgen. Pharmacosycea Miq. (1867)

Pharmacosycea Mig. (1847)—Ficus sect. Pharmacosycea (Miq.)

Benth. et Hook. (1880).

America, Asia, Melanesia, Madagascar.

Vol. XXI (1965). Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea

sect. Oreosycea (Miq.) Corner (1960)

Urostigma Gasp. sect. Oreosycea Mig. (1847)—subgen. Uros-

tigma (Gasp.) Miq. sect. Oreosycea Mig. (1867)—Ficus sect.

Leiosycea Miq. (1848)—Ficus subgen. Urostigma sect. Stilpno-

phyllum Endl. subsect. Pedunculatae Sata (1944).

Madagascar, Asia, Australasia.

ser. Vasculosae Corner (1960)

Madagascar, Asia, New Guinea, Queensland.

subser. Albipilae Corner (1960)

Madagascar, Indochina, Thailand, Andaman Isl., Malaysia,

New Guinea, Queensland. ,

102. F. albipila (Miq.) King (1888)—Covellia ? albipila Miq.

(1860)—Morus leucophylla Mig. (1860)—F. mollis Migq. v.

albipila Mig. (1867)—F. colossea F.v.M. ex Benth. (1873)—

F. mallotoides Val. ex Back. (1948)—F. microtricherinos Back.

(1948).

a. Vv. albipila.

Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Timor, Queensland, New

Guinea (Manokwari, Morobe, Papua).

Very closely related is F. assimilis Baker (Madagascar).

b. v. glabra Corner (1960).

Borneo (Banjermasin).

103. F. capillipes Gagnep. (1927).

Cambodia, Cochinchina, Thailand, Andaman Isl.

subser. Vasculosae

sect. Leiosycea Miq. (1848)—-subsect. Pedunculatae Sata (1944).

Asia.

104. F. callosa Willd. (1798)—F. scleroptera Miq. and f. elongata

Mig. (1851)—F. basidentula Mig. (1859)—F. porteana Regel

(1862)—F. cinerascens Thw. (1864)—F. malunuensis Warb.

(1905)—F. cordatifolia Elm. (1911)—F. longespathulata Sata,

v. elongato-spathulata Sata, v. grandifolia Sata (1944).

Ceylon, India, Burma, Indochina, Thailand, South Andaman

Is]., Malaya (north of Kuala Lumpur), Sumatra (Medan, Priaman),

Billiton, Krakatau, Java, Madura, Kangean Isl., Bali, Soemba,

Timor, Alor, Moluccas (Wetar, Soeloe, Sanana), Celebes (Mina-

hassa), North Borneo, Philippines, Sumbawa.

Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

105. F. vasculosa Wall. ex Mig. (1848)—F. championi Benth.

(1854).

a. v. vasculosa.

South China, Hainan, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Riouw

Archipelago.

b. v. acuminata Mig. (1851)—F. renitens Migq., F. variabilis Miq.

(1859)—F. variabilis Miq. v. integrifolia Miq. (1867).

Malaya (east coast of Kelantan, Pahang, Johore), Sumatra,

Java, Borneo (north and west).

106. F. bataanensis Merr. (1905)—F. bataanensis f. minima Sata,

f. sorsogonensis Sata (1944).

Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Palawan).

107. F. gratiosa Corner (1960).

a. V. gratiosa.

Celebes (north, central, south-east).

b. v. caudata Corner (1960).

Celebes (Todjamboe).

ser. Nervosae Corner (1960)

Asia, New Guinea, Solomon Isl.,

108. F. pachysycia Diels ex Corner (1960).

Eastern New Guinea (Morobe).

109. F. ihuensis Summerh. (1929).

Papua.

110. F. hombroniana Corner (1960).

Moluccas (Amboina, Batjan, Boeroe, Saparoea), New Guinea

(Asmat, west New Guinea; Woodlark Isl., Papua), Bougainville

Isl.

111. F. edelfeltii King (1887).—F. edelfeltii v. glyptoneura Diels

(1935).

a. v. edelfeltii.

New Guinea.

b. v. bougainvillei Corner (1961).

Bougainville Isl.

112. F. kjellbergii Corner (1960).

Celebes (Tolala).

113. F. polyantha Warb. (1905)—F. frondosa S. Moore (1923).

Philippines (Luzon, Leyte, Mindanao), Moluccas (Morotai,

Halmahera, Soeloe, Ceram), Key Isl., New Guinea, New Ireland,

New Britain, Solomon Isl.

Vol. XXI (1965). Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea

114. F. pubinervis Bl. (1825)—F. decaisnei Steud. (1840)—

Urostigma hasseltii Mig. (1851)—F. similis Merr. (1906)—

F. crassitora Elm. (1908)—F. pubinervis Bl. f. crassitora (Elm.)

Sata (1944).

a. Vv. pubinervis.

Sumatra (west coast), Java, Borneo, Soembawa, Flores, Timor,

Philippines, Celebes (north), Moluccas (Halmahera, Boeroe, Soe-

loe, Wetar, Aru).

b. v. diandra Corner (1960).

Celebes (Bonthain, Maros, Pangkadjena).

c. v. sibulanensis (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. sibulanensis Elm.

(1911)—F. pubinervis f. sibulanensis (Elm.) Sata (1944).

Philippines (Mindanao, Mt. Apo; Samar).

d. v. teysmannii King (1887).

Celebes (Bonthain, Lokka).

115. F. subnervosa Corner (1960).

New Guinea, (? Key Isl.).

116. F. magnoliifolia Bl. (1825)—Urostigma modestum Migq., ®.

longifolium Migq. (1851)—U. euneuron Mig. (1859)—F. apoe-

nsis Elm. (1911)—F. nervosa Heyne f. lanceolata Sata, f.

apoensis (Elm.) Sata, (1944).

Great Nicobar Isl., South Andaman Isl., Malaya (Pahang north-

wards), Sumatra (west coast), Java, Borneo (West Koetai, Kuch-

ing), Celebes (Minahassa, Malili), Philippines (Luzon, Negros,

Leyte, Mindanao).

117. F. nervosa Heyne ex Roth (1817)—F. undulata Buch. Ham.

(1826)—F. angustifolia Roxb. (1832)—Urostigma modestum

Mig., U. nervosum Mig. (1847)—F. modesta Mig. (1867)—

F. blinii Lévl. et Vant. (1910)—F. nervosa v. longifolia Sata

(1944)—? F. cuneatonervosa Yamam. (1925)—F. da Gagnep.

(1928).

a. V. nervosa.

Ceylon, India, Burma, China (Kweichou, Kwangtung, Hainan),

Hongkong, Indochina (Tonkin, Annam), Formosa.

b. v. minor King (1887).—Urostigma modestum Mig. f. brevi-

folium Mig. (1859).

Ceylon, Peninsular India (Madras, Travancore).

118. F. gigantifolia Merr. (1905).

Philippines (Luzon, Bohol, Samar, Mindanao).

Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

119. F. subtrinervia Laut. et K. Schum. (1901).

a. V. subtrinervia.

Eastern New Guinea (Morobe district), New Britain.

b. v. doormaniana (Diels) Corner (1960)—F. doormaniana Diels,

F. behrmanniana Diels (1935).

New Guinea generally.

120. F. pachystemon Warb. (1905)—F. mangiferifolia Laut. et

K. Schum. (1901)—F. brassii Summeth., F. saxicola Summetrh.

(1929)—F. aechmophylla Summerh. (1933).

New Guinea (Hollandia, Sigar, Terr. New Guinea, Papua), New

Mecklenberg, New Britain.

121. F. madhucifolia Corner (1960).

South Celebes (Bantimoeroeng, Tjambu).

122. F. hadroneura Diels (1935).

New Guinea, New Britain.

123. F. pseudojaca Corner (1960).

New Guinea (West N.G., Salawati Isl.; Terr. N.G. Madang

district).

ser. Austrocaledonicae Corner (1960)

New Caledonia, Loyalty Isl., New Hebrides, Fiji, Solomon Isl.

124. F. crescentioides Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

125. F. auriculigera Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

126. F. barraui Guillaum. (1954).

New Caledonia.

127. F. asperula Bur. (1872)—F. asperula v. nuda Bur., v. foliosa

Bur. (1872)—F. trachyleia Bur. (? also v. chantiniana Bur., v.

heterophylla Bur.), (1872)—F. punctulosa Warb. (1905)—F.

campicola §. Moore (1921).

New Caledonia.

128. F. mutabilis Bur. (1872)—F. mutabilis v. coriacea Bur., Vv.

membranacea Bur., v. parvifolia Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

129. F. versicolor Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

130. F. heteroselis Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

Vol. XXI (1965). Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea

131. F. habrophylla Bennett ex Seem. (1868)—F. bennettii Seem.

(1868)—F. tanensis Bennett ex Seem. (1868)—F. edulis Bur.,

v. attenuata Bur., v. cordata Bur., v. dentata Bur., v. elliptica

Bur., v. glabrescens Bur., v. ovata Bur., v. variegata Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia, Loyalty Isl., Tanna; cultivated.

132. F. maialis Guillaum. (1949)—F. longipes Warb. (1905).

New Caledonia.

133. F. granatum Forst. f. (1786)—F. moorei Seem. (1868)—

F. cooperi Hort. ex Regel (1866)—F. sanguinervium Hott.

Key to the varieties

1. Twigs 5-9 mm. thick. Figs 20-30 mm. wide ............ Vv. granatum.

AP wies 2-4-mm! wider Fits 6 mm? wide PO. 00660. v. minor.

a. V. granatum.

New Hebrides (Tanna, Aneityum, Ambryon).

b. v. minor Corner (1960).

New Hebrides (Aneityum, Eromanga).

134. F. otophora Corner et Guillaum. (1959).

New Caledonia.

135. F. dzumacensis Guillaum. (1926).

New Caledonia.

a. v. dzumacensis.

b. v. brevipetiolata Guillaum. (1959).

136. F. leiocarpa (Bur.) Warb. (1905)—F. edulis Bur. v. leiocarpa

Bur. (1872).

~ New Caledonia.

137. F. webbiana Mig. (1867)—Covellia webbiana Miq. (1848)—

F. webbiana Mia. v. cordata Bur. (1872)—F. cretacea S. Moore

(1921)—F. pseudomangiferifolia Guillaum. (1943)—? F. palli-

dinervis Warb. (1905).

New Caledonia.

138. F. racemigera Bur. (1872)—F. leptorachis S. Moore, F.

oreadum §S. Moore (1921)—? F. trachyleia Bur. v. heterophylla

Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

139. F. nitidifolia Bur. (1872)—F. rigidifolia Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

Sycomorus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

140. F. smithii Horne ex Baker (1883).

Key to the varieties

1. Fig 5-7 mm. wide. Lamina 2.5—4.5 cm. wide; lateral nerves 7-10 pairs;

petiole 4-14 am. .... ciien bras 1m oe v. smithii.

1. Fig 10-13 mm. wide. Lamina 4—9.5 cm. wide; lateral nerves 8—13 pairs;

petiole . 15-35 paral: i: 2 Sic) ..c Be WO wee v. robusta.

a. V. smithiii.

Fiji, Solomon Isl.

b. v. robusta Corner (1960).

Fiji, New Hebrides (Aneityum).

141. F. austrocaledonica Bur. (1872)—F. austrocaledonica v.

angustifolia Bur., v. latifolia Bur., v. subattenuata Bur. (1872)

—F. semecarpifolia Warb. (1905).

Key to the varieties

. Twigs, petioles, pedicels, and fig-body rather closely appressedly hairy

v. balansaeana.

. Glabrous or the stipules and figs finely puberulous .. v. austrocaledonica.

a. Vv. austrocaledonica.

New Caledonia.

b. v. balansaeana (Bur.) Corner (1960)—F. balansaeana Bur.

(1872).

142. F. pancheriana Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

143. F. vieillardiana Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

144. F. cataractorum Vieill. ex Bur. (1872).

New Caledonia.

145. F. pritchardii Seem. (1868).

Fiji.

ee — \

subgen. Sycomorus (Gasp.) Miq. (1867)

Sycomorus Gasp. (1844)—Ficus sect. Sycomorus (Gasp.) Miq.

(1859)—Ficus “group Heterochlamydées” Perr. de la Bathie

(1952).

Africa, Arabia, Asia, Australia.

146. F. racemosa L. (1753)—F. glomerata Roxb. (1798)—

Covellia glomerata (Roxb.) Mig. (1848)—F. vesca F.v.M. ex

Mig. (1861)—F. semicostata F. M. Bailey (1911)—F. racemosa

L. v. vesca (F.v.M. ex Miq.) Barrett (1946).

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or oblong; lateral nerves 4-8 pairs.

2. Twigs, young leaves, and figs thinly appressedly hairy .. v. racemosa.

2. Densely pubescent .. . 1 s/sssea:d s « so wie ee en ee v. miquelii

1. Lamina lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic; lateral nerves (4—) 6-12 pairs

3. Glabrous or thinly appressedly hairy on the young shoots

v. elongata.

3. Softly villous, the hairs -1 mm. long ............+..-- v. mollis.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

a. V. racemosa.

Ceylon, Pakistan, India, south China (Yunnan) to Sumatra

(north), Lesser Sunda Isl. (Alor), south Celebes, New Guinea

(Merauke), Australia (W. Australia, Ord and Canon Rivers;

Queensland).

b. v. miquelii (King) Corner comb. nov.—Urostigma leucocar-

pum Miq. (1847)—F. leucocarpa Miq., F. chittagonga Miq. (pro

p. foliorum; alt. p. receptaculorum, F. prostrata Wall.), (1867)—

F. glomerata Roxb. v. chittagonga (Miq.) King, v. miquelii King

(1888).

India (United Provinces eastwards), north Burma, Yunnan,

Tonkin.

(I use King’s varietal name because the type of F. chittagonga

is a mixture of two species.)

c. v. elongata (King) Barrett (1946)—F. glomerata many. V.

elongata King (1888)—F. lucescens Bl. (1825)—Urostigma luce-

scens (BI.) Mig. (1859)—F. lanceolata Buch. Ham. ex Roxb.

(1832)—Covellia lanceolata (Buch. Ham.) Mig. (1848)—Syco-

morus riparia Hochst. ex Miq. (1848)—F. riparia (Hochst.) Miq.

(1867)—F. acidula King, F. henrici King (1888).

Abyssinia, India, Burma, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Bali,

Soemba, Sumbawa, Flores.

d. v. mollis (King) Barrett (1946)—Covellia mollis Mig. (1848)

—F. mollis Mig. (1867)—F. glomerata Roxb. v. mollis (Miq.)

King (1888)—F. trichocarpa Decne ex Mig. (1867), f. glabrescens

Engl. (1886).

Sumatra, Java, Timor.

subgen. Ficus

subgen. Eusyce Mig. (1867)—subgen. Carica Mildbr. et Bur.

(1912)—-subgen. Metamorphe Sata (1934)—subgen. Eumeta-

morphe Sata (1944)—-subgen. Caricae Sata (1944).

East Africa, Mascarene Isl., Asia, Australasia.

sect. Ficus

sect. Carica Miq. (1844)—sect. Caricoides Migq., sect. Capri-

ficus (Gasp.) Miq., (1848)—-sect. Eusyce (Miq.) Benth. et Hook.

(1880)—sect. Eucarica Sata, Fericarica Sata (1944).

East Africa to Japan and New Guinea.

subsect. Ficus

subsect. Eucarica Miq. (1844).

East Africa to Japan and New Guinea.

ser. Rivulares Corner (1960)

147. F. rivularis Merr. (1914).

Luzon.

ser. Pseudopalmeae Corner (1960)

sect. Pseudopalma Elm. (1908).

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

148. F. pseudopalma Blanco (1837)—F. palmifolia Usteri (1904)—

F. haenkei Warb. (1905)—F. blancoi Elm. (1908), v. longe-

grandifolia Sata, v. oblanceifolia Sata aa

Philippine Isl.

ser. Sinosyceae Corner (1960)

India, Burma, China, Indochina, Thailand.

149. F. henryi Warb. ex Diels (1900)—F. acanthocarpa Lévl. et

Vant. (1907).

China (Szechuan, west Hupeh, Kweichou, Yunnan), east Tibet,

Tonkin.

150. F. subincisa J. E. Sm. (1810)—F. chincha Roxb. (1832)—

F. clavata Wall. ex Miq. (1848)—F. caudata Griff. (1854).

Key to the varieties

1. Fig-body subglobose 6-12 mm. wide, smooth or merely lenticellate;

peduncle 2-4 x 0.7 mm., slender; pedicel none .. v. paucidentata.

1. Fig-body ellipsoid 12-25 x 10-18 mm., smooth to verrucose.

' 2. Fig strongly and closely verrucose; peduncle —2 x 2 mm., short and

thick: :pedicel —5 Tam. Fi7 J.) ple coe = teats v. trachycarpa.

2. Fig smooth to slightly verrucose; peduncle -10 x 1—1.5 mm.; pedicel

—2 mm, Ie Li. Sf caes «> ovale nine ee eee ae eee v. subincisa.

a. v. subincisa.

Himalayas, Assam, Yunnan, north Burma, Laos, Tonkin,

Thailand.

b. v. paucidentata (Mig.) Corner comb. nov.—F. trachycarpa

Miq. v. paucidentata Miq. (1848)—F. caudata Wall. ex Miq.

(1848).

Eastern Himalayas, Yunnan, north-east Thailand, Tonkin.

c. Vv. trachycarpa (Miq.) Corner comb. nov.—F. trachycarpa

Miq. (1848).

Western Himalayas.

ser. Cariceae Corner (1960)

East Africa, Asia Minor, Pakistan, India, Bonin Isl.

151. F. carica L. (1753)—for synonymy, see Condit, The Fig

(1948); Hilgardia 23 (1955) 323-538, and 25 (1956) 1-663.

Turkey to Afghanistan; widely cultivated.

Vern. Edible or Cultivated fig; anjir (Persian).

152. F. palmata Forsk. (1775)—F. morifolia Forsk. (1775)—F.

forskalaei Vahl (1806)—F. pseudosycomorus Decne (1834)—

F. caricoides Roxb., F. virgata Roxb. (1832)—? F. urticifolia

Roxb. (1832)—F. pseudocarica Miq. (1847)—F. petitiana A.

Rich. (1851).

Sudan, Somaliland, Eritrea, Abyssinia, Egypt, Arabia, Afghan-

istan, Pakistan, north India (Nepal westwards).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

153. F. iidaiana Wilson (1919).

Bonin Isl.

ser. Erythrogyneae Corner (1960)

Erythrogyne Vis. ex Gasp. (1844)—Ficus sect. Erythrogyne

(Vis. ex Gasp.) Endl. (1847)—Ficus subgen. Erythrogyne (Vis.)

Miq. (1867).

Western Malaysia.

154. F. deltoidea Jack (1822)—F. diversifolia Bl. v. latissima Miq.

(1867)—F. diversifolia v. deltoidea (Jack) Ridley (1924).

a. v. deltoidea.

Malaya (Singapore, east Johore, south-east Pahang), Riouw

and Lingga archipelagos, Bangka, Sumatra, Borneo, (? Palawan).

b. v. angustifolia (Mig.) Corner (1960)—Synoecia diversifolia

(Bl.) Miq. v. angustifolia Miq. (1851)—F. ovoidea Jack (1822)—

Urostigma ovoideum (Jack) Mig. (1847)—F. viscifolia Kunth

et Bouch. (1846)—F. spathulata Mig. (1848)—F. sideroxylifolia

Griff. (1854)—F. diversifolia Bl. v. ovoidea (Jack) King (1888)—

F. retusa L. v. ovoidea (Jack) Miq. (1867).

Lower Thailand, Malaya, Riouw archipelago, Sumatra, south

Borneo, Anamba and Natuna Isl.

i. f. angustissima Corner (1960).

Mentawei Isl. (Batoe, Siberut, Sipora).

c. V. arenaria Corner (1960).

Borneo.

d. v. bilobata Corner (1960).

Malaya (Selangor and Pahang to Kedah).

e. Vv. borneensis Corner (1960).

Borneo.

i. f. subhirsuta Corner (1960). Sec hihi Tren,

Borneo. ZA BASES 305,

f. v. intermedia Corner (1960)—F. kinabaluensis Stapf (1894)—

F. burkillii Ridley (1924).

Malaya, Borneo, (? Celebes).

g. v. kunstleri (King) Corner (1960)—F. diversifolia Bl. v.

kunstleri King (1888).

Lower Thailand, Malaya (Mt. Ophir northwards).

h. v. lutescens (Desf.) Corner (1960)—F. diversifolia Bl. (1825)

—F. lutescens Desf. (1829)—F. diversifolia Bl. v. lutescens (Desf.)

King (1888)—F. ovoidea Jack v. lutescens (Desf.) O.K. (1891)—

Erythrogyne lutescens (Desf.) Vis. ex Gasp. (1844)—Synoecia

diversifolia (Bl.) Miq. (1848), ? v. latifolia Kurz (1864).

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Sumatra, Java, Sarawak, North Borneo.

i. f. longipedunculata Corner (1960).

Java, Sumatra.

i. f. subsessilis (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. diversifolia Bl. v.

v. sessilis Miq., subsessilis Mig. (1867).

Java, Sumatra.

i. v. motleyana (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. motleyana Mig. (1867)

—F. landonii Sym. (1936).

Borneo, Malaya (Pahang, G. Tapis), Sumatra (Pajakumbah),

Biliton, Celebes.

j. v. oligoneura (Miq.) Corner (1960)—Urostigma oligoneuron

Miq. (1860)—F. oligoneura Mig. (1867)—Synoecia grandifolia

Kurz (1864).

Central Sumatra.

k. v. peltata Corner (1960).

Sumatra (Mt. Sago, Harau-canyon).

l. v. trengganuensis Corner (1960).

Malaya (Trengganu, east coast of Pahang).

155. F. oleaefolia King (1888)—F. oleaefolia v. major King (1888).

a. v. oleaefolia.

Central Sumatra.

b. v. dodonaeiformis (Gagnep.) Corner (1960)—F. dodonaei-

formis Gagnep. (1927).

Sarawak (Mt. Matang, Bintulu), Brunei (G. Pagan Priok).

c. v. epiphytica (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. williamsii C. B.

Robinson (1908), and v. epiphytica Elm. (1914).

Philippines (Basilan, Mindanao), north Celebes.

d. v. memecylifolia Corner (1960).

Borneo, Celebes (central, south).

€. Vv. myrsinoides Corner (1960).

Borneo.

f. v. riparia Corner (1960).

Sarawak (Upper Baram River), Brunei (G. Pagan Priok).

ser. Podosyceae Corner (1960)

Ficus sect. Podosycea Miq., sect. Thamnosycea Migq. sect.

Didymophora Mig. (1848)—sect. Eusyce (Miq.) King. subsect.

Frutescentiae Sata (1944).

Himalayas, China, Japan, to New Guinea.

subser. Podosyceae

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

(156. F. neriifolia J. E. Sm. (1810)—F. gemella Wall. ex Miq.,

(1848)—F. nemoralis Wall. ex Miq. v. gemella (Wall.) King

(1888)—F. wardii C. E. C. Fischer (1936).

Key to the varieties

1. Fig sessile or nearly.

2. Fig-wall thin, with few or no sclerotic cells .......... v. fieldingii.

2. Fig-wall thick (1-1.3 mm.), with abundant sclerotic cells v. neriifolia.

1. Figs with peduncles 2-6 mm. long, the wall thin with few or no

sclerotic cells.

3. Fig-body subglobose; peduncle 4-6 mm. .......... v. nemoralis.

3. Fig-body cylindric-clavate; peduncle 2 mm. long ...... v. trilepis.

a. Vv. neriifolia.

Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, east Tibet, west Yunnan.

b. v. fieldingii (Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. fieldingii Miq. (1848)—

F. nemoralis Wall. v. fieldingii (Miq.) King (1888).

Sikkim, Assam, Burma, west Yunnan.

c. v. nemoralis (Wall. ex Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. nemoralis

Wall. ex Miq., F. densa Miq. (1848).

Himalayas generally.

d. v. trilepis (King) Corner (1960)—F. nemoralis Wall. v.

trilepis King (1888)—F. trilepis Mig. (1867).

Sikkim, Assam, Burma, west Yunnan.

157. F. pyriformis Hook et Arn. (1836)—F. milletii Mig. (1848,

err. millesii)—F. rectinervia Merr. (1918).

China (Kwangtung), Hongkong, north Tonkin.

158. F. filicauda Hand. Mazz. (1923)—F. xiphias C. E. C. Fischer

(1936).

Yunnan, north Burma, Assam.

159. F. variolosa Lindl. ex Benth. (1842)—F. cavaleriei Lévl. et

Vant. (1907)—F. langbianensis Gagnep. (1927)—F. pyriformis

Hook et Arn. v. brevifolia Gagnep. (1928).

China (Chekiang, Fukien, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Kweichow,

Hunan, Hainan), Hongkong, Tonkin, Laos, Annam, Cochinchina.

160. F. pedunculosa Miq. (1848)—F. ataktophylla Miq. (1867)—

F. luzonensis Merr. (1904).

Key to the varieties

1. Hispid-villous with short spreading hairs 0.5 mm. long.

2. Lamina obtuse to subacute; basal nerves elongate. Peduncles 3-12

mm. long. Hairs white ...., oe bee ee epee ee var. macropoda.

2. Lamina acute to subacuminate; basal nerves not elongate. Peduncles

10-40 mm. long. Hairs brown .............-+00% var. velutina.

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

1. Thinly appressedly hairy to glabrous.

3. Lamina rather narrowly elliptic, often acute; base cuneate; basal

nerves 4—3 lamina or less.

4. Appressedly hairy. Peduncles 10-30 mm. ...... var. pedunculosa.

4. Glabrous or glabrescent.

5. Lamina 2-6 x 1-2.5 cm., lanceolate-elliptic. Peduncle 6-15 mm.

LORE Looe Sis cha eis ae eke Ss ee var. confertifolia.

5. Lamina larger, peduncles often longer, as in var pedunculosa

var. imberbis.

3. Lamina broad, obtuse; basal nerves 4-3 lamina. Peduncles 6-25 mm.

long.

6. Lamina 7-21 x 4-14 cm., base more or less cordate var. segaarensis.

6. Lamina 4-9 x 3.5-5.5 cm., base cuneate to subcordate

var. mearnsil.

a. Vv. pedunculosa.

Formosa, Philippines, Celebes, Moluccas (Soeloe, Talaud,

Boeroe), New Guinea (Japan Isl.).

b. v. confertifolia (Merr.) Corner (1960)—F. confertifolia Merr.

(1921).

Luzon.

c. v. imberbis (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. luzonensis Merr. v.

imberbis Elm. (1911)—F. imberbis (Elm.) Sata, v. typica Sata, v.

basiacuta Sata (1944).

Sibuyan Isl.

d. v. macropoda (Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. macropoda Miq.

(1848).

Luzon, Mindanao, Amboina.

e. v. mearnsii (Merr.) Corner (1960)—F. mearnsii Merr. (1908)

—F. garanbiensis Hayata (1919).

South Formosa, Philippines (Babuyon, Batanes, Luzon).

f. v. segaarensis (Engl.) Corner (1960)—F. segaarensis Engl.

(1886)—F. moseleyana King (1888).

Ceram, Key Isl., New Guinea.

g. v. velutina Corner (1960).

Burma (Toong Dong), north Thailand.

161. F. erecta Thunb. (1786)—F. pumila Thunb. (1784), non L.

—F. japonica Bl. (1825)—? F. cornifolia Kunth et Bouch.

(1846)—F. pseudopyriformis Lévl. et Vant., F. taquetii Lévl. et

Vant. (1908)—? F. tenax BI. (1825).

Key to the varieties

1. Glabrous or nearly.

2. Lamina elliptic-obovate <i i663 wisn s via ee 60a eee eee en» Vv. erecta.

2. Lamina lanceolate-obleng |... 2045s > 5 sane keene f. sieboldii.

1. Hispid-villous; lamina scabrid.

3, Lamina ellintic-obowate. e.s's cc os coins ae eee v. beecheyana.

3... Lamina lanceolate-oblong .... casaws atiote .eeae se f. koshunensis.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

a. Vv. erecta.

Japan, Korea, Ryu Kyu Isl.

i. f. sieboldii (Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. sieboldii Mig. (1865)—

F. erecta Thunb. v. sieboldii King (1888)—F. pseudopyriformis

Lévl. et Vant (1908; pro p. Faurie 2024; alt. p., v. erecta f.

erecta) —F. taquetii Lévl. et Vant. (1908; pro p. Faurie 900,

Taquet 315, 317; alt. p., f. erecta).

Japan, Korea, Ryu Kyu Isl.

b. v. beecheyana (Hook. et Arn.) King (1888)—F. beecheyana

Hook. et Arn. (1836)—F. maruyamensis Hayata (1911)—F.

beecheyana f. tenuifolia Sata (1934)—F. gressittii Merr. (? ined.).

Ryu Kyu Isl., Formosa, China (Honan and Kiangsu south-

wards), Hongkong, (? Annam).

i. f. koshunensis (Hayatta) Corner (1960)—F. koshunensis

Hayata (1911)—F. beecheyana Hook. et Arn. v. koshunensis

(Hayata) Sata (1934).

Formosa, China (Anhwei, Kweichou).

162. F. trivia Corner (1960).—F. cuneata Lévl. et Vant. (1907;

pro p. Bodinier 2363, alt. p. F. heteromorpha Hemsl.).

China (Kweichow, Kwangsi, Kwangtung), Tonkin.

163. F. chapaensis Gagnep. (1927).

Burma, Yunnan, Tonkin.

164. F. heteromorpha Hemsl. (1897)—F. kouytchensis Lévl. et

Vant., F. pinfaensis Lévl. et Vant. (1907)—F. mairei Lévl.

(1913)—F. cuneata Lévl. et Vant. (1907; pro p. Cavalerie

1351, alt. p. F. trivia Corner).

China (Shensi, Honan, Hupeh, Hunan, Kiangsi, Fukien, Kwang-

tung, Kweichow, Yunnan, Szechuan).

165. F. gasparriniana Mig. (1848)—F. silhetensis Miq. (1867)—

F. leekensis Drake (1896)—F. silhetensis Miq. Vv. annamica

Gagnep. (1928).

Key to the varieties

1. Nearly glabrous. Leaf smooth. Fig-body 10-14 x 8-12 mm., often

ellipsoid; peduncle 2-10 mm. long ............ Vv. gasparriniana.

1. Thinly to closely villous, at least on the twigs and petioles. Lamina

scabrid above. Fig-body 7-10 mm. wide, subglobose; peduncle

1-3 mm. long. .

2. Lamina pandurate with two basal lobes and two short subapical

lobes, becoming lacerate-dentate, then entire. Seeds 2.5—3.5 mm.

Ne ee tee ae v. laceratifolia.

Bo. Lamina not pandurate at first, entire. Seeds 1.5-2.5 mm.

¥ Lamina elliptic- -obovate; lateral nerves 4—9 pairs .. v. viridescens.

3. Lamina lanceolate; lateral nerves 9-15 pairs; petioles 2-5 mm.

long; often thinly hairy .................... Vv. esquirolii.

a. V. gasparriniana.

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

India (Bihar, Assam), north Burma, Tonkin, Annam.

b. v. esquirolii (Lévl. et Vant.) Corner (1960)—F. esquirolii

Lévl. et Vant. (1907).

China (Szechuan, Kweichow, Kwangtung).

c. v. laceratifolia (Lévl. et Vant.) Corner (1960)—F. laceratifolia

Lévl. et Vant. (1907)—F. rhomboidalis Lévl. (1915)—F. bho-

tanica King (1888).

Bhutan, Assam, South China (Yunnan, Szechuan, Kweichou,

Hupeh, Fukien).

d. v. viridescens (Lévl. et Vant.) Corner (1960)—F. bistipulata

Griff. (1854)—F. cyanus Lévl. et Vant., and v. viridescens Lévl.

et Vant. (1907)—F. stapfii Lévl. (1911)—F. congesta Lévl. et

Vant. (1915)—F. vanioti Lévl. (1915)—F. comata Hand. Mazz.

(1921):

Assam to Upper Burma, South China (Yunnan, Kweichow,

Kwangsi, Fukien, Hainan), Laos, Tonkin, Annam, north Thailand.

166. F. pandurata Hance (1862).

China (south Anhwei, Hunan, Fukien, Kwangtung, Hainan,

Kiangsi, Kwangsi), Hongkong, Tonkin, Annam.

167. F. stenophylla Hemsl. (1897)—F. nerium Lévl. et Vant.

(1907)—? F. stenophylla v. elongata Metcalf (? ined.).

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina elliptic; lateral nerves 5-10 (—14) pairs. Peduncle 17-20 mm.

lome with ities SOME S. SALTER = toh RCRA. cee ions v. nhatrangensis.

1. Lamina narrowly elliptic fs lanceolate or subobovate; lateral nerves

7-17 pairs.

2. Peduncles 13-55 mm. long. Lamina —4.5 cm. wide v. macropodocarpa.

2. Peduncles 2-6 mm. long. Lamina 0.8-2.5 cm. wide .. v. stenophylla.

a. V. stenophylla.

China (Kweichow, Hunan, Hupeh, Fukien, Kwangtung, Hainan),

Tonkin, north Thailand.

b. v. macropodocarpa (Lévl. et Vant.) Corner (1960)—F’. macro-

podocarpa Lévl. et Vant. (1907)—F. kingiana Lévl. (1915).

China (Kwangsi, Kweichow), Laos, Annam, Thailand.

c. v. nhatrangensis (Gagnep.) Corner (1960)—F. nhatrangensis

Gagnep. (1927).

Annam, (? Thailand).

168. F. ischnopoda Mig. (1867)—F. pyriformis Hook. et Arn.

v. ischnopoda (Miq.) King (1888)—F. pyriformis v. angustifolia

Ridley (1924)—F. petelotii Merr. (1926)—F. delavayi Gagnep.

(1927)—F. langbianensis Gagnep. (1927; pro p. Hahn 143,

alt. p. F. variolosa Lindl.).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

a. v. ischnopoda.

Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Yunnan, Indochina, Thailand,

Malaya (south to Selangor).

b. v. subcylindrica Corner (1960).

Annam (pr. Tourane).

169. FE. formosana Maxim. (1883)—F. lageniformis Lévl. et Vant.

(1907)—F.. taiwaniana Hayata (1911).

Formosa, China (Hunan, Fukien, Kwangtung, Kiangsi, Hainan),

Hongkong, Tonkin (Dong-dang).

i. f. shimadai Hayata (1919).

China (Yunnan, Kweichow, Kiangsi, Kwangtung), Hongkong,

Tonkin, Formosa.

170. F. tannoensis Hayata (1917)—f. rhombifolia Hayata (1919).

Formosa.

i. f. angustifolia Hayata (1919).

Formosa.

171, F. vaccinioides Hemsl. ex King (1888).

Formosa.

172. F. edanoi Merr. (1921). ,

Philippines (Luzon, Prov. Tayabas, Mt. Tulaog).

173. F. boninsimae Koidzumi (1913)—F. nishimurae Koidzumi

(1918).

Bonin Isl.

subser. Basitepalae Corner (1960)

India, China, Indochina, Philippines.

174. F. tikoua Bur. (1888)—F. nigrescens King (1888)—F. bonatii

Lévl. (1908).

Assam, Tibet, south China (Yunnan, Szechuan, Hupeh, Kwei-

chow, Kwangsi), Tonkin, Laos.

175. F. abelii Mig. (1867)—F. subpyriformis Miq. (1867)—F.

pyriformis Hook. et Arn. v. abelii (Miq.) King, v. subpyriformis

(Mig.) King (1888)—F. pyriformis v. rivularis Gagnep. (1928)

—F. schinzii Lévl. et Vant. (1910).

Assam, east Bengal, Burma, south China, Indochina.

176. F. pustulata Elm. (1912)—-v. lobulata Sata, v. obovata (1944).

a. Vv. pustulata.

Philippines (Palawan, Dumaran).

b. v. lanceifolia (Sata) Corner (1960)—F. cardinalicarpa Elm.

(1912)—F. cardinalicarpa v. linearifolia Sata, v. lanceifolia Sata

(1944).

Philippines (Palawan, Luzon).

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

177. F. glareosa Elm. (1912)—-v. oblanceolata Sata, obpandurifolia

Sata (1944).

Philippines (Palawan, Luzon).

subsect. Eriosycea (Miq.) Corner (1960)

Ficus sect. Eriosycea Mig. (1848)—sect. Trichosycea Mig.

(1859)—-sect. Eusyce (Miq.) King subsect. Arboreae Sata (1944,

pro p.).

Asia, New Guinea.

ser. Eriosyceae Corner (1960)

Asia, New Guinea.

subser. Eriosyceae

Asia.

178. F. padana Burm. f. (1768)—F. toxicaria L. (1771)—F. toxica

Thunb. (1786)—F. elegans Hassk. (1844).

Sumatra, Java.

179. F. grossularioides Burm. f. (1768)—F. alba Reinw. ex BL.,

F. nivea Bl. (1825)—F. palmata Roxb. (1832)—F, hunteri Mig.,

F. gossypina Wall. ex Mig. and f. integrifolia, f. lobata Maiq.

(1848)—F. chloroleuca Mig. (1859)—F. mappan Mig. (1860)—

F. alba Reinw. v. mappan Mig. (1867)—F. alba Reinw. v.

gossypina (Wall.) O.K., v. nudinervis O.K. (1891)—F. lobata

Hunter ex Ridley (1909).

a. V. grossularioides.

Lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Riouw archipelago,

Sarawak, south Borneo.

b. v. kingii O.K. (1891).

Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo (south and central).

c. v. robusta Corner (1960).

Malaya (Fraser’s Hill), Sumatra (Lake Toba).

d. v. stenoloba Corner (1960).

Sumatra (Sibolangit, Sibajak, Toba, Siboga).

180. F. tricolor Mig. (1851)—F. leucocoma Miq., F. tricolor f.

pilosior Mig. (1851)—F. tricolor yv. leucocoma (Miq.) King

(1888).

a. V. tricolor.

Sumatra, Java, south Borneo, (? Malaya).

b.v. serroh Mig. (1851)—F. leucoptera Miq.(1851)—F. leucoptera

v. validior Mig. (1867).

Sumatra, Java, south Borneo.

Vol, XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

181. F. esquiroliana Lévl. (1914)—F. laus-esquiroli Lévl., F. neo-

esquirolii Lévl. (1915).

China (Yunnan, Szechuan, Kweichow, Kwangtung, Hainan),

Tonkin, Laos, north Thailand.

subSer. Trichosyceae Corner (1960)

sect. Trichosycea Mig. (1859).

India and China to the Moluccas. _

182. F. hirta Vahl (1806)—F. setosa Bl. (1825)—F. setosa Hook.

et Arn. (1836)—F. setifera Steud. (1840)—F. hibiscifolia

Champ. ex Benth. (1854)—F. hirta Vahl v. integrifolia Migq., v.

setosa (Bl.) Mig. (1859)—F. hirta v. normalis O.K. (1891)—

F. porteri Lévl. et Vant. (1910)—F. palmatiloba Merr. (1922)—

F. hirta v. hibiscifolia (Champ.) Chun, v. palmatiloba (Metr.)

Chun (1934)—F. hirta v. typica Barrett ake? a F. katsu-

madai Hayata (1919).

Key to the varieties

1. Fig 10-15 (-—20) mm. wide, subglobose. Basal bracts 1.5—5 mm. long,

generally persistent. Twigs 1.5-—S mm. thick. Lamina palmate then

simple, or simple from the first, (persistently palmate in var.

dumosa).

2. Hairs —1 mm. long, spreading. Lamina usually entire .. var. brevipila.

2. Hairs 1-4 mm. long. Lamina denticulate.

3. Densely hairy.

eS IA WA in ET CEE AASES ood aie win lois o + 6 dubyh es oe.e o's « var. hirta.

4. Appressedly hairy on the twigs and bitiates aves Wale QDDFESS@.

3. Thinly hairy and glabrescent, especially the figs; hairs spreading.

5. Hairs 2-4 mm. long on twigs and cae Leaf persistently

Oe a Det ee var. dumosa.

5. Hairs 1-2 mm. long on twigs and ee Leaf simple, oblong-

PE eee Ne oe te eiidie bw ek a0 © « « var. imberbis.

(Hairs appressed, sparse. Lamina Fetiideoiis smooth

F. schefferiana).

1. Fig larger, subglobose or conical ellipsoid. Twigs 5-10 mm. thick.

Leaves often persistently, if shortly, palmately lobed.

6. Basal bracts 12-25 mm. long, caducous, as stipules. Fig 25-35 mm.

wide, subglobose, or 25—30 & 18-25 mm. ...... var. roxburghii.

6. Basal bracts 6-9 mm. long.

7. Fig 20 mm. wide, subglobose, with several stout lateral bracts and

persistent basal‘ Oracwy he oR OT. eb eb ee ele var. squamosa.

7. Fig 12-25 x 10-16 mm., conical ellipsoid, without lateral bracts;

basal bracts caducous. Male and gall-perianth generally cupular

Ut PE Pale aw coin es ses ee oe se var. malayana.

a. V. hirta.

India (Sikkim, Nepal, Assam), Burma, south China, Hainan,

Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java.

b. v. appressa Corner (1960).

Laos, north Thailand.

c. v. brevipila Corner (1960).

Yunnan, Tonkin, Annam.

d. v. dumosa (King) Corner (1960)—F. dumosa ee (1888).

Sumatra.

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

e. v. imberbis Gagnep. (1928)—F. tridactylites Gagnep. (1927).

China (Yunnan, Kweichow, Kwangtung, Hainan), Tonkin, Laos,

Annam, Cochinchina, north Thailand.

f. v. malayana Corner (1960)—F. cordata Ridley (1911).

India (Nepal, Assam), Indochina, Thailand, Hainan, Malaya

(Perak, Pahang).

g. v. roxburghii (Mig.) King (1888)—F. hirsuta Roxb., F. hirta

Roxb. (1832)—F. triloba Buch. Ham. ex Voigt (1845)—F. rox-

burghii Miq. (1848)—F. hirta v. triloba (Buch. Ham.) O.K. (1891)

—F. hirta v. roxburghiana Cowan and Cowan (1929)—F. guang-

triensis Gagnep. (1927).

India (Sikkim, Assam), Burma, south China (Yunnan), Hainan,

Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra.

h. v. squamosa Corner (1960).

Sumatra.

183. F. schefferiana King (1888).

Sumatra (G. Dempo, Merapi, Sago, Singgalang).

184. F. simplicissima Lour. (1709).

a. Vv. simplicissima.

Hainan, (? Chinese mainland), Tonkin, Annam, Cambodia,

Cochinchina.

b. v. annamica (Gagnep.) Corner (1960)—F. silhetensis Miq. v.

annamica Gagnep. (1928)—F. touranensis Gagnep. (1927).

Annam.

All parts finely villous with short, stiff, minutely hooked hairs

- —0.5 mm. long. ;

185. F. halmaherae Corner (1960).

Halmahera (G. Sembilan).

186. F. mollissima Ridley (1924).

Malaya (Negri Sembilan, Kedah).

187. F. fulva Reinw. ex BI. (1825)—F. chrysocarpa Reinw. ex BI.

(1825)—F. reinwardtii Link et Otto (1828)—F. apiculata Mi.

(1854)—F. suborbicularis Miq. (1860)—Pogonotrophe flavidula

Mig. (1860)—F. flavidula Miq., F. discolor Mig. (1867)—F.

patens Ridley (1922)—F. fulva v. rubinervia Hassk. (1844),

v. orbicularis Mig. (1867), v. minor King (1888), f. typica King

(1888), v. contracta O.K. (1891), v. chrysocarpa Koord. (1912),

v. typica Barrett (1951)—F. chrysocarpa Vv. flavidula Miq.

(1867).

a. v. fulva.

Nicobar Isl., lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java to Sum-

bawa, Celebes, Moluccas (Batjan), Borneo.

b. v. timorensis Corner (1960).

Timor.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

188. F. subfulva Corner (1960).

a. v. subfulva.

Borneo (Kinabalu; G. Klam).

b. v. villosula Corner (1960).

Sarawak, south Borneo.

subser. Dehiscentes Corner (1960)

India to New Guinea.

189. F. lamponga Migq. (1960)—F. lepidosa Wall. ex Kurz (1873)

—F. lepidosa v. martabanica King (1888)—F. balansae Gagnep.

(1927).

Assam, Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Andaman Isl.,

south Sumatra, Borneo (south-east, Sarawak), north Celebes.

190. F. ruficaulis Merr. (1904)—F. gerontocarpa Warb. (1905)—

F. paloensis Elm. (1908)—F. antaoensis Hayata, F. hiiranensis

Hayata (1919)—F. zambalensis Elm. (1937)—F. ruficaulis v.

paloensis Elm. (1906)—F. ruficaulis f. typica Sata, f. paloensis

(Elm.) Sata (1944).

Formosa, Philippines (Luzon to Mindanao, ? Palawan), Celebes,

(? New Guinea).

191. F. glandulifera (Wall. ex Mig.) King (1888)—Pogonotrophe

glandulifera Mig. (1848)—P. aurantiaca Miq. (1854)—P. suma-

trana Miq. (1860)—F. aurantiaca Mig. (1867)—F. hasskarlii

Merr., F. henschelii Merr. (1916).

a. Vv. glandulifera.

Malaya, Riouw, Bangka, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes,

Moluccas. .

b. v. camiguinensis (Merr.) Corner (1960)—F. banahaensis Elm.

(1907)—F.. camiguinensis Merr. (1914)—F. banahaensis v. typica

Sata, v. camiguinensis (Merr.) Sata (1944).

_ Philippines (? Palawan), Celebes, south-east Borneo.

c. v. villosa Corner (1960).

Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas (Morotai, Ceram), New Guinea.

subser. Cuneifoliae Corner (1960)

India, Burma, south China, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya,

Sumatra, Borneo.

192. F. chartacea Wall. ex King (1888)—F. lamponga Mia. v.

chartacea Wall. ex Kurz (1877).

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina lanceolate, 1-3 cm. wide; lateral nerves 9-16 pairs, at a wide

angle; intercostals 0-1. Fig shortly pedunculate .... v. lanceolata.

1. Lamina elliptic to obovate, -7 cm. wide; lateral nerves 3—5 pairs; inter-

costals 1-4, lax.

en ae Ai haa Mal a, Ahm eho wile bie 6. are, vi Y woes Plevepaseninn v. torulosa.

er Ae PNIEAE ele Se cece cc cele e devsecuceeeseuss v. chartacea.

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

a. v. chartacea.

Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, North Borneo, Brunei.

b. v. lanceolata Corner (1960).

Annam, Thailand.

c. v. torulosa King (1888).

Yunnan, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra (Asahan).

193. F. litseifolia Corner (1960).

Malaya (Trengganu, G. Padang), Sumatra (Atjeh; G. Sago;

G. Dempo; G. Raja of Ranaumeer).

194. F. oreophila Ridley (1920).

_Malaya (Kelantan, Perak, Pahang).

195. F. tuphapensis Drake (1896)—F. potingensis Merr. et Chun

(1940).

Key to the varieties

1. Fig 5-8 mm. wide. Stamen usually solitary. Style glabrous. Lamina

usually with abundant cystoliths underneath ...... v. tuphapensis.

1. Fig. 8-12 mm. wide. Stamens generally 2. Style puberulous. Lamina

Without, Cystoliths | ..24:d beh 04 ies ea eee Vv. annamensis.

a. Vv. tuphapensis.

China (Yunnan, Kwangtung pr. Kinchoo, Hainan), Tonkin.

b. v. annamensis (Gagnep.) Corner (1960)—F. annamensis

Gagnep., F. cambodica Gagnep. (1927).

Annam, Cambodia, Thailand.

196. F. langkokensis Drake (1896)—F. harmandii Gagnep. (1927)

—F. tenuicaudata W. Y. Chun (ined.).

China (Hainan, Kwangtung, Kwangsi, Fukien), Tonkin, Laos,

Annam, Assam.

ser. Auratae Corner (1960)

Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan.

subser. Auratae

197. F. endospermifolia Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

198. F. bruneiensis Corner (1960).

‘Brunei.

199. F. brunneoaurata Corner (1960).

Borneo generally.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

200. F. aurata Mig. (1867)—Covellia aurata Miq.. F. densiserra

Mig. (1860)—F. aurata Mig. v. densiserra Mig. (1867)—F.

chrysocarpa Reinw. ex BI. v. undulata H. Winkler (1913)—F.

chrysocarpa sensu King (1888), non vera = F. fulva Reinw.

a. Vv. aurata.

Annam, Malaya, Sumatra, Riouw archipelago, Bangka, Borneo.

b. v. brevipilosa Corner (1960)—F. inaequipetiolata Merr.

(1922).

North Borneo.

c. v. longipilosa Corner (1960).

Malaya, Sumatra, Riouw archipelago, Borneo.

d. v. palawanensis Corner (1960).

Philippines (Palawan, Balabac), (? North Borneo; Kinabalu).

e. v. pedunculata Corner (1960). |

Malaya (Perak, Selangor, Trengganu).

201. F. aureocordata Corner (1962).

West Borneo (Bt. Raja).

subser. Monandreae Corner (1960)

Borneo.

202. F. androchaete Corner (1960).

Borneo (North Borneo, Brunei, Tepoese).

203. F. macilenta King (1888).

a. V. macilenta.

Sarawak (Mt. Matang).

b. v. gibbsiae (Ridley) Corner (1960)—F. gibbsiae Ridley (1915).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

c. V. ilicifolia Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

204. F. eumorpha Corner (1960).

a. v. eumorpha.

North Borneo (Kinabalu), Sarawak (G. Mulu).

b. v. subglabra Corner (1960).

Central east Borneo (West Koetai, Mt. Kemoel).

205. F. paramorpha Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

Ficus sect. Rhizocladus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

206. F. setiflora Stapf (1894).

a. V. Ssetiflora.

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

b. v. adelpha Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

c. Vv. puberula Corner (1960).

Central east Borneo (West Koetai, Mt. Kemoel), Brunei.

sect. Rhizocladus Endl. (1847)

Asiatic mainland to New Hebrides and Queensland.

ser. Plagiostigmaticae Corner (1960)

Varinga Raf. (1838)—FPlagiostigma Zucc. (1846, nom. nud.)—

Ficus sect. Plagiostigma Zucc. ex Mig. (1848)—Ficus subgen.

Plagiostigma Zucc. ex Mig. (1867)—Tenorea Gasp. (1844).

Asiatic mainland, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

subser. Plagiostigmaticae

207. F. pubigera (Wall. ex Mig.) Mig. (1867)—Pogonotrophe

pubigera Wall. ex Miq., P. verrucosa Mig. (1848)—F. verrucosa

Miq. (1867)—F. erecta Thunb. v. khasiana Mig. (1867)—F.

howii Merr. et Chun (1940).

Key to the varieties

1. Basal nerves not elongate or to + lamina; lateral nerves 6-10 pairs. Fig

12—20 mm. wide ¢i.shncso. . 2uguerie~<soRteee Eee v. pubigera.

_ 1. Basal nerves 3-3} lamina; lateral nerves 4-7 pairs. Figs larger.

2. Fig-body 4-6 x 4-5 cm., with a pedicel 10-20 mm. long. Gall-tepals

flexuous, yellowish in the lower half ............4.. Vv. anserina.

2. Fig-body 2.5—4 x 2-3.5 cm., without a pedicel. Gall-tepals not

flexuous, red throughout. .....ws..:./daeehe «38 v. maliformis.

a. Vv. pubigera.

Himalayas (Garhwal eastwards), Khasia, Burma, south China

(Yunnan, Kwangsi, Hainan), Indochina, Thailand, Malaya

(Pahang).

b. v. anserina Corner (1960).

Laos.

c. v. maliformis (King) Corner (1960)—F. foveolata Wall. v.

maliformis King, v. oleaeformis King (1888).

Sikkim, Khasia, Assam, upper Burma, Yunnan.

208. F. sarmentosa Buch. Ham. ex J. E. Sm. (1810)—F. cabur

Buch. Ham. ex J. E. Sm. (1810)—Pogonotrophe ? foveolata

Wall. ex Migq., P. reticulata Miq. (1848)—F. foveolata Wall.

ex Migq., F. reticulata Miq. (1867).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Rhizocladus

Key to the varieties

1. Underside of lamina glabrous, pale green, shallowly foveolate, the

reticulations flat. Fig 5-9 mm. wide, glabrous or thinly pubescent

var. lacrymans.

1. Underside of lamina white or greyish from the minutely velutinate

(pruinate), and often raised, reticulations; often brown pilose.

2. Apical bracts 2-4 mm. long, prominent, erect; basal bracts 3—6.5 mm.

long. Fig-body somewhat conical, sessile or shortly pedunculate

var. henryi.

2. Apical and, generally, basal bracts shorter. Fig-body subglobose.

3. Fig 7-10 mm. wide. Reticulations not or scarcely raised below

var. impressa.

3. Fig larger, or the reticulations prominent beneath.

4. Reticulations nor or scarcely raised beneath, not or sparsely

brown hairy.

J. ie-peduncies:5—15 mm. lone: « 2.02. « 205.0% vies var. sarmentosa.

2, reduces O=4 mm LORS ory ss cas hs y oer rele es var. nipponica.

4. Reticulations preminent and brown pilose below.

6. Lamina -6 x 3 cm., lateral merves 4-6 pairs, basal nerves

BACT. F PUOMIMCMG I « wrvicrg seins Sd + «Suds ere; var. thunbergii.

6. Lamina larger, lateral nerves 6-11 pairs, basal nerves mostly

short.

7. Fig 7-12 mm. wide, peduncle rather long, wall 0.5-1 mm.

PEAECNG ss sinacas Sout a. 3 SL ER te BE var. luducca.

7. Fig 18-23 mm. wide, peduncle short or none, wall 2-3 mm.

eb ae iar ae ee a 2 var. duclouxii.

a. V. Sarmentosa.

Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal.

b. v. duclouxii (Lévl. et Vant.) Corner (1960)—F. duclouxii

Lévl. et Vant (1907).

Yunnan.

c. v. henryi (King ex D. Oliver) Corner (1960)—F. foveolata

Wall. v. henryi King ex D.-Oliver (1889)—F. arisanensis Hayata

(1919)—F. foveolata v. arisanensis (Hayata) Kudo (1936).

Formosa, China (Szechuan and Yunnan to Chekiang).

d. v. impressa (Champ.) Corner (1960)—F. impressa Champ.

ex Benth. (1854)—F. wrightii Benth. (1861)—F. foveolata Wall.

v. impressa (Champ.) King (1888)—F. bodinieri Lévl. et Vant,

F. martini Lévl. et Vant. (1907)—F. leucodermis Hand. Mazz.,

v. saxicola Hand. Mazz. (1921)—F. baileyi Hutch. (1920).

China (Chekiang, Szechuan, Hunan, Hopei, Anhwei,.Kwangsi,

Kwangtung, Kweichow, Yunnan, Hainan), Tonkin, Annam,

Khasia hills.

e. v. lacrymans (Lévl.) Corner (1960)—F. botryoides Lévl. et

Vant. (1907), non Baker—F. lacrymans Lévl. (1915)—F.

kwangtungensis Merr. (1927).

China (Szechuan, Hunan, Hupeh, aageninns, Kweichow,

Yunnan), Tonkin.

Ficus sect. Rhizocladus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

f. v. luducca (Roxb.) Corner (1960)—F. luducca Roxb. (1832)—

F. longepedata Lévl. et Vant. (1907)—F. trichopoda Lévl. (1913)

—F. sordida Hand. Mazz. (1922).

China (Kweichow, Kwangtung, Yunnan), Himalayas generally.

i. f. sessilis Corner (1960).

China (Szechuan, Hupeh, Kweichow, Yunnan).

g. Vv. nipponica (Fr. et Sav.) Corner (1960)—F. oxyphylla Mig.

(1854)—F. erecta Thunb. f. khasyana Mig. (1866)—F. nipponica

Fr. et Sav. (1875)—F. foveolata Wall. v. nipponica (Fr. et Sav.)

King (1888)—F. chaffanjoni Lévl. et Vant., F. fortunati Lévl. et

Vant. (1907)—F. rufipes Lévl. et Vant (1907, pro p. Cavalerie

340)—F. mairei Lévl. (1913, pro p.; alt. p. F. heteromorpha

Hemsl.)—F. seguini Lévl. (1913)—F. foveolata Wall. v. eburnea

Gagnep. (1928).

Japan, Ryu Kyu Isl., Formosa, China, Tonkin, Annam, Burma,

Tibet, Assam, Sikkim, Bhutan.

h. v. thunbergii (Maxim.) Corner (1960).—F. thunbergii Maxim.

(1883)—F. foveolata Wall. v. thunbergii (Maxim.) King (1888)—

F. fauriei Lévl. et Vant. (1908), v. macrocarpa Lévl. (1912)—F.

hederifolia Lévl. (1911)—? F. sonoharae Hatusima (1956).

Japan, Ryu Kyu Isl., Korea, China (Szechuan).

209. F. pumila L. (1753)—F. stipulata Thunb. (1786)—F. scandens

Lamk. (1788)—F. vestita Desf. (1829)—Varinga repens Raf.

(1838)—Tenorea heterophylla Gasp. (1844)—F. hanceana

Maxim. (1883)—F. repens Hort.—v. lutchuensis Koidz. Bot.

Mag. Tokyo 39 (1925) 14.

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina 4-10 x 2.5—6 cm., ovate-cordate to somewhat oblong. Fig-body

3-6 < 2.5-3.5 cm., subglobose to pyriform; peduncle 4-20 mm.

ei ee ee Se eee a ee v. pumila.

1. Lamina 10-15 x 4-7 cm., narrowly ovate-oblong. Fig-body 6-8 x 3-5

cm., oblong; peduncle —-7 mm. long .............. v. awkeotsang.

a. V. pumila.

Japan, Ryu Kyu Isl., Formosa, China, north Indochina.

b. v. awkeotsang (Makino) Corner (1960)—F. awkeotsang

Makino (1904)—F. nagayamai Yamamotu (1927).

Formosa, commonly cultivated.

subser. Pogonotropheae (Miq.) Corner (1960)

Pogonotrophe Miq. (1847)—Ficus subgen. Pogonotrophe Miq.

(1867).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Rhizocladus

210. F. laevis Bl. (1825)—F. vagans Roxb. (1832)—Pogonotrophe

vagans (Roxb.) Miq., P. emodi Wall. ex Miq., P. assamica Miq.,

P. wightiana Miq. (1848)—P. laevis Miq., v. oblongata Miq.,

v. cordata Mig. (1854)—F. emodi Miq., F. laevis Bl. v.

assamica Miq., F. subpedunculata Mig. (1867)—F. jamini

Lévl. et Vant. (1910).

Key to the varieties

1. Figs cauliflorous in dense clusters; fig-body 20-30 mm. wide (3-6 cm.,

living); peduncle —6 mm. long. South India .... v. macrocarpa.

1. Figs axillary, 18-25 mm. wide; peduncle 10-32 mm. long.

2. Glabrous or thinly white to brownish hairy ............ v. laevis.

2. Twigs, petioles, underside of the veins, and figs densely brown

POE Ae aS Sei audie 2's OS wath Wie ce PL a wees Os Os SU v. tomentosa.

a. Vv. laevis.

Ceylon, India, Burma, south China, Indochina, Thailand,

Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

b. v. tomentosa King (1888)—Pogonotrophe dasyphylla. Miq..,

P. ceylanica Miq. (1848)—F. ceylanica Miq. (1867)—F’.. zeylanica

Trim. (1885) F. laevis Bl. v. dasyphlla (Migq.) King (1888). —

Ceylon, Malaya, Sumatra.

c. Vv. macrocarpa (Mig.) Corner (1960)—Pogonotrophe macro-

carpa Miq. (1848)—Covellia guttata Wight (1853)—F. vagans

Roxb. v. macrocarpa Mig. (1867)—F. macrocarpa Wight ex King

(1888)—F. guttata (Wight) King (1888).

Madras, Travancore.

ser. Ramentaceae Corner (1960)

Ficus sect. Trematosycea Mig. (1848)—subgen. Trematosycea

Mig. (1867)—subgen. Eumetamorphe Sata sect. Eusyce (Miq.)

Benth. et Hook. subsect. Punctulifoliae Sata (1944).

India and south China to the Solomon Isl.

¥ subser. Pantonianae Corner (1960)

* Moluccas and eastwards.

211. F. pantoniana King (1887)—F. nugentii Domin (1921)—F.

scandens Roxb. v. australis F. M. Bailey (1897).

a. V. pantoniana.

Moluccas (Ceram, Ternate, Morotai), New Guinea, New Britain,

Queensland. ae

b. v. colobocarpa Diels ex Corner (1960).

Terr. of New Guinea (Morobe).

c. v. rhytidophloea Corner (1960). »

Papua (Alola, Mt. Dayman).

212. F. amblisyce Corner (1960): 27)

New Guinea (Cyclops Mts.).

Ficus sect. Rhizocladus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

213. F. ampulliformis Corner (1962).

West New Guinea.

214. F. hypobrunnea Corner (1962).

West New Guinea.

215. F. floccifera Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea (Kani Mts.), Papua (Boridi).

subser. Balanotae Corner (1960)

Moluccas and eastwards.

216. F. balanota Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea.

217. F. oxymitroides Corner (1968).

a. V. oxymitroides.

Terr. New Guinea (Eastern Highlands).

b. v. brevipes Corner (1962).

Western New Guinea (Vogelkop, Lake Ajamaroe), Terr. New

Guinea (Okapa), Papua (Woitapi).

218. F. devestiens Corner (1960).

Amboina, Ternate.

219. F. sageretina Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea (Finisterre Mts.).

' 220. F. ceanothifolia Corner (1960).

West New Guinea (Wissel Lake region).

subser. Irritantes Corner (1960)

New Guinea.

221. F. odoardi King (1887)—F. conspicabilis King (1888)—F.

trichosphaeridia Diels (1935).

a. v. odoardi.

New Guinea.

b. v. glabrata Corner (1960)—F. cinnabarina S. Moore (1923).

New Guinea.

222. F. sphaerocarpa Corner (1960).

Papua (Boridi).

223. F. irritans Summerh. (1941).

New Guinea.

224. F. insculpta Summerh. (1941). “od

New Guinea. |

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Rhizocladus

225. F. comvexa Corner (1962).

Terr. New Guinea (Eastern Highlands).

subser. Ramentaceae Corner (1960)

Malaysia, chiefly western.

226. F. baeuerleni King (1887)—F. mespiloides King (1888)—

F. hollrungii Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F. laurentina Diels

(1935)—F. baeuerleni v. glabrata Diels (1935).

a. Vv. baeuerleni.

New Guinea, Solomon Isl.

b. v. vulcaniformis Corner (1960).

Terr. New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Isl.

227. F. camptandra Diels (1935).

Aru Isl., New Guinea.

228. F. grossivenis Mig. (1867)—F. propinqua Merr. (1905)—-F ‘

lagunensis Merr. (1914)—F. jaroensis Merr. (1915).

Borneo, Celebes, Philippines, Moluccas.

229. F. sagittata Vahl. (1806)—F. compressicaulis Bl. (1825)—

F. radicans Desf. (1829)—F. ramentacea Roxb. (1832)—

Pogonotrophe rigida Mig. (1848)—F. crininervia Miq., F.

subrigida Mig. (1860)—F. rigescens Miq. (1867)—F. leptocarpa ©

Steud. v. borneensis Miq., v. crassa Miq., v. subglabra Miq., v.

timorensis Mig. (1867)—F. ramosii Merr. ex Sata (1944)—?

F. lanoensis Merr. ex Sata (1944)—F. radicans Hort. and F.

rostrata v. radicans Hort.

a. V. Sagittata.

Andaman Isl., Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Thailand,

Indochina, south China (Kwangtung), Hainan, Malaya, Sumatra,

Java, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, Timor, Key Isl., Philippines,

Caroline Is]. (Palau group).

b. v. adhaerens (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. adhaerens Mig. (1851)

—F. leptocarpa Steud. v. adhaerens Mig. (1867).

Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

c. v. minor Corner (1960)—F. tayabensis Elm. (1907)—F.

rubrocarpa Elm. (1937).

Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines.

d. v. oligosperma (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. oligosperma Mia.

(1851)—F. leptocarpa Steud. v. oligosperma Mig. (1867).

Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines.

230. F. urnigera Mig. (1854)—F. strigosa Bl. v. 8 Mig. (1867)—

F. recurva Bl. v. urnigera (Migq.) King (1888)—F. ramentacea

Roxb. v. urnigera (Miq.) Back. (1948)—? F. gracilis Kurz

(ined.).

Tenasserim, lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,

Philippines.

Ficus sect. Rhizocladus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

231. F. spiralis Corner (1960).

Sarawak (Sematan, Kuching).

232. F. villosa Bl. (1823)—F. barbata Wall. ex Mig. (1848)—

F. barbata Wall. v. glabriuscula Migq., F. hirsuta Wall. ex Miq.

(1859)—F. dives Mig. (1864).

a. V. Villosa.

Andaman Isl., Assam, Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya,

Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

b. v. appressa Corner (1960).

North Borneo.

c. v. subglobosa Corner (1960).

Lower Thailand, Penang, Mentawei Isl., North Borneo.

d. v. tonsa Corner (1960).

Malaya (Pahang, Cameron Highlands).

233. F. recurva Bl. (1825)—F. microcarpa Bl., F. strigosa Bl.

(1825)—F. spanogheana Migq., F. villipes Mig. (1848)—F.

leptocarpa Steud. (1840)—F. recurva Bl. f. parvifolia Miq., f.

glabrior Mig. (1860)—F. samarensis Merr. (1921).

a. V. recurva.

Malaya (Perak), Sumatra, Java, Lombok, Borneo, Philippines

(Palawan, Leyte, Samar, Catanduanes).

b. v. bridelioides Corner (1960).

Lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo.

c. v. elegantior Corner (1960).

Malaya (Trengganu), Bangka, south-east Borneo (Pulau Laut).

d. v. lasiocarpa Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

e. v. pedicellata Corner (1960).

Borneo (West Koetai).

f. v. ribesioides (Wall. ex Mig.) King (1888)—F. ribesioides

Wall. ex Mig. (1867)—Pogonotrophe ribesioides Mig. (1848)—

F. strigosa Bl. f. longifolia Mig. (1859)—F. bulusanensis Elm.

(1937).

Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Riouw and Lingga archipelagos,

Bangka, Billiton, Anamba and Natuna Isl., Philippines (Luzon,.

Leyte, Palawan). ir

234. F. uncinulata Corner (1960). ri)

Johore, Natuna Isl., Borneo (North Borneo, West Koetai,

Sarawak). SatiQgqguaed

& &

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Rhizocladus

235. F. pendens Corner (1960).

a. V. pendens.

Malaya, Sumatra, Sarawak, North Borneo.

b. v. appressa Corner (1960).

Borneo (East Koetai).

subser. Excavatae Corner (1960)

West Malaysia.

236. F. lanata Bl. (1825).

a. Vv. lanata.

Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

b. v. foveolata Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

237. F. supperforata Corner (1960).

Sarawak, west Borneo (Pontianak).

238. F. excavata King (1888)—F. abbreviata Wall. ined.

Sumatra (Bencoolen residency), Malaya (Singapore to Treng-

ganu and Perak), Borneo (Sarawak, Balikpapan).

239. F. callicarpides Corner (1960).

Sarawak.

subser. Araneosae Corner (1960)

240. F. araneosa King (1888).

Malaya (Perak), Sumatra (Sibolangit).

ser. Distichoideae Corner (1960)

Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Isl.

241. F. distichoidea Diels (1935)—-v. platyphylla Diels, F. pernitida

~ Diels (1935).

a. v. distichoidea.

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

b. v. megacarpa Corner (1960).

Papua (Isuarava).

242. F. ovatacuta Corner (1962).

Terr. New Guinea (Eastern Highlands).

243. F. phatnophylla Diels (1935).

a. V. phatnophylla.

Terr. New Guinea (Sepik region).

b. v. glochidioides Corner (1960).

West New Guinea (Rouffaer River).

c. Vv. meiocarpa (Diels) Corner (1960)—F. meiocarpa Diels

(1935).

Terr. New Guinea (Sepik region).

Ficus sect. Rhizocladus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

244. F. calodictya Summerh. (1929).

a. Vv. calodictya.

Halmahera, Ternate, New Guinea.

b. v. gamophylla Corner (1960).

West New Guinea.

245. F. agapetoides Diels (1935).

a. V. agapetoides.

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

b. v. solomonensis Corner (1960).

Bougainville Isl., Guadalcanal.

ser. Distichae Corner (1960)

Ficus sect. Kissosycea Miq. (1848)—sect. Eusyce (Miq.) Benth.

et Hook. subsect. Areolatifoliae Sata (1944).

Ceylon, Asiatic mainland, west Malaysia to the Philippines and

Moluccas.

246. F. diversiformis Mig. (1848)—F. thwaitesii Miq. (1867).

Ceylon.—F. stipulata Moon (1824).

247. F. hederacea Roxb. (1832)—F. scandens Roxb. (1832), non

Lamk.—F. fruticosa Roxb. (1832)—F. longipes Griff. (1854)—

F. cantoniensis Bodinier ex Levl. (1907)—F. anabatos Voigt

(1845)—F. ludens. Wall. ined.

North India, Burma, south China (Yunnan, Kweichow,

Kwangtung, Hainan), Tonkin, Laos, Annam, north Thailand,

Andaman Isl.

248. F. allutacea Bl. (1825)—F. teysmanniana Miq. (1859)—F.

allutacea Bl. v.. teysmanniana (Miq.) King (1888)—F. areolata

Elm. (1911)—F. alutacia Back. (1948).

Malaya (Perak), Sumatra, Java, Anamba and Natuna Isl., North

Borneo, Celebes (Minahassa), Mindanao.

249. F. detonsa Corner (1960).

Borneo (Kinabalu; West Koetai, Mt. Kemoel).

250. F. disticha Bl. (1825)—v. brunneinervia Hochr. (1925).

Burma, ? Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes,

Philippines, Moluccas (Ternate).

ser. Trichocarpeae Corner (1960)

Indochina, Thailand, throughout Malaysia to Solomon Isl. and

New Hebrides.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Rhizocladus

251. F. trichocarpa Bl. (1825)—F. filiformis BI. (1825)—Urostigma

trichocarpum (Bl.) Mig. (1859)—F. obtusa Hassk. v. gedehensis

Val. (1909)—? F. aspera Forst. f. v. volubilis Blanco (1837).

a. Vv. trichocarpa.

Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

b. v. borneensis (Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. piperifolia Mig. v.

borneensis Mig. (1867)—Pogonotrophe borneensis Miq. (1859).

Borneo (south and east).

c. v. obtusa (Hassk.) Corner (1960)—F. obtusa Hassk. (1844),

v. genuina Val. (1906).—Pogonotrophe javana Miq., P. phaeo-

poda Mig. (1848)—P. pyrrhopoda Miq. (1860)—P. obtusa

(Hassk.) Miq., F. phaeopoda Miq. (1867)—F. pyrrhopoda (Miq.)

King (1888)—F. ahernii Merr. (1921).

Bangka, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Philippines, Sumbawa..

d. v. piperifolia (Mig.) Corner (1960)—Pogonotrophe piperifolia

Miq. (1854)—F. platycaula Mig. (1859)—F. piperifolia Miq.

(1867)—F. obtusa Hassk. v. piperifolia Val. (1906).

Java, Sarawak, South Borneo, Mindanao.

252. F. perfulva Elm. ex Merr. (1923)—F. fulva Elm. (1914).

Luzon, Mindanao.

253. F. bakeri Elm. (1914).

Luzon, Mindanao.

254. F. pleiadenia Diels (1935).

New Guinea.

255. F. nasuta Summerh. (1933).

a. V. nasuta.

Santa Cruz Isl., Solomon Isl.

b. v. glabrata Corner (1960).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

256. F. alococarpa Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea (Sepik region).

257. F. phaeobullata Corner (1960).

Papua (Rouna).

258. F. semilanata Corner (1960).

Papua.

259. F. fuscata Summerh. (1941).

Papua.

260. F. supfiana Schlecht. ex Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea.

Ficus sect. Kalosyce Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

261. F. cinnamomea Corner (1960).

Papua (Alola).

262. F. hypophaeola Corner (1960).

West New Guinea.

263. F. hypophaea Schlecht. ex Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

sect. Kalosyce (Miqg.) Corner (1960)

Synoecia Miq. (1848), sect Verae Miq. and sect. Kalosyce Miq.

(1859)—Urostigma Gasp. sect. Apiosycea Mig. (1860)—Ficus

subgen. Synoecia Miq. (1867)—Ficus sect. Synoecia (Miq.) Benth.

et Hook. (1880).

Nicobar Isl., Burma, Indochina, Formosa, to New Guinea.

ser. Apiocarpeae Corner (1960)

West Malaysia.

264. F. apiocarpa Mig. (1867)—Urostigma apiocarpum Miq.

(1860)—Synoecia apiocarpa Mig. (1867).—Ficus tetangis Miq.

(1860).

a. V. apiocarpa.

Malaya, Sumatra, Bangka, Lingga, Borneo.

b. v. villosa Corner (1960).

Sarawak.

265. F. peninsula Elm. (1937).

Philippines, Celebes.

266. F. warburgii Elm. (1907).

Luzon, Mindanao.

267. F. diandra Corner (1962).

Sarawak (Kuching).

ser. Punctatae Corner (1960)

Nicobar Isl., Burma, Indochina, Formosa, to New Guinea.

subser. Punctatae

268. F. dens-echini Corner (1939).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

269. F. grandiflora Corner (1939).

Borneo (Kinabalu; Brunei; Indonesian Borneo, S. Kenepai).

270. F. trachycoma Mig. (1854)—F. asperrima Teysm. et Binn.

(1855).

Java (Tjibodas, G. Salak).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Kalosyce

271. F. simiae H. Winkler (1913).

South-east Borneo (Hayup).

272. F. aurantiacea Griff. (1854)—Synoecia sumatrana Miq. (1859)

—F. gibbosa Bl. v. pygmaea Mig. (1860)—F. callicarpa Miq.

(1867)—F. pomifera Kurz (1873).

a. V. aurantiacea.

Lower Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java,

Bali, Borneo, Anamba and Natuna Isl., Sumbawa.

b. v. angustifolia Corner (1960)—F. callicarpa Mig. v. angusti-

folia Corner (1939)—F. megacarpa Merr. v. angustifolia Sata

(1944).

Malaya, North Borneo, Luzon.

c. v. parvifolia Corner (1960)—F. elliptica Miq. (1848) —F.

megacarpa Merr. (1904)—F. terasoensis Hayata (1919)—F.

callicarpa Mig. v. parvifolia Corner (1939)—F. megacarpa Mert.

v. rotundifolia Sata, subvar. rotundi-tenuifolia Sata, subv. rotundi-

crassiusculifolia Sata, v. angustifolia Sata subvar. lepto-crassius- -

culifolia Sata, subvar. tenui-longifolia Sata (1944).

Nicobar Isl., Indochina, Formosa, Philippines, North Borneo,

Celebes, Moluccas, Timor, Alor, Bali.

273. F. punctata Thunb. (1786)—F. falcata Thunb. (1786)—F.

macrocarpa Bl. (1823)—Synoecia falcata (Thunb.) Migq., v.

glabrior Miq. (1848)—Synoecia serpens Mig. (1851).

Lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes

(south-east).

274. F. scratchleyana King (1887).

a. V. scratchleyana.

New Guinea, New Britain.

b. v. aurantiola Corner (1960).

New Guinea.

c. v. rhopalosycia (Diels) Corner (1960)—F. rhopalosycia Diels

(1935).

New Guinea (Hellwig Mts.).

subser. Ruginerviae Corner (1960)

Malaya to New Guinea.

275. F. singalana King (1888)—F. callicarpa Mig. v. multinervia

Corner (1939).

Sumatra (Singalan, Brastagi, Sibolangit).

276. F. ruginervia Corner (1960)—F. callicarpa Mig. v. cras-

sinervia Corner (1939).

Malaya, Sumatra, Sarawak.

Ficus sect. Sinosycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

277. F. barba-jovis Corner (1939).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

278. F. tulipifera Corner (1939).

North Borneo (Kinabalu), Sarawak.

279. F. cataupi Elm. (1911).

Mindanao.

280. F. carri Corner (1939).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

281. F. gymnorygma Summerh. (1941)—F. scratchleyana King v.

pleiotricha Diels (1935).

New Guinea.

sect. Sinosycidium Corner (1960)

282. F. tsiangii Merr. ex Corner (1960).

China (Yunnan, Szechuan, Kweichow, Kwangsi, Hupeh).

sect. Sycidium Mig. (1848)

Necalistis Raf. (1838)—Ficus subgen. Sree (Mig.) Mildbr.

et Burr. (1912).

Africa, Asia, Australasia.

subsect. Sycidium

subsect. Pseudosycidium Sata (1944).

Tropical Asia, Australasia.

ser. Prostratae Corner (1960)

Tremotis Raf. (1838)—Ficus sect. Tremotis O.K. (1904).

Asiatic mainland.

283. F. semicordata B. Ham. ex J. E. Sm. (1810)—F. cunia B.

Ham. ex Roxb. (1832)—Covellia cunia (B. Ham.) Migq.

(1848)—C. inaequiloba Mig. (1848)—F. hapalophylla Kurz

(1877)—Tremotis cordata Raf. (1838).

Key to the varieties

1. Pedunctes’2-9\mim.-long oo. sf. wo Tee. ae ents v. semicordata.

1. Peduncles 0-1 mm. long, the figs subsessile and congested

v. conglomerata.

a. Vv. semicordata.

Central India, Himalayas, Burma, Yunnan, Kweichow, Tonkin,

Thailand, Malaya (north of Selangor and Johore).

b. v. conglomerata (Roxb.) Corner (1960)—F. conglomerata

Roxb. (1832)—Covellia conglomerata (Roxb.) Mig. (1848)—F.

cunia B. Ham. v. conglomerata (Roxb.) Kurz (1877).

India, Burma.

284. F. koutumensis Corner (1960).

Annam.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

285. F. prostrata Wall. ex Miq. (1867)—Covellia prostrata Wall.

ex Miq. (1848).

Assam, Sikkim, Yunnan, Tonkin.

ser. Pungentes Corner (1960)

Bosscheria Teysm. et Vr. (1861)—Ficus sect. Covellia (Gasp.)

Mig. subsect. Pardaniflorae Sata (1944, ut Pandanusiiflorae).

Borneo, Philippines, Eastern Malaysia.

286. F. pungens Reinw. ex BI. (1825)—F. myriocarpa Miq. (1867)

—F. ovalifolia Ridley (1916)—F. kalingaensis Merr. (1922).

Philippines (Luzon, Kalinga), Amboina, Ternate, Morotai,

Ceram, Aru Isl., New Guinea, New Britain.

287. F. minahassae (Teysm. et Vr.) Mig. (1867)—F. glomerata

Blanco (1837)—Bosscheria minahassae Teysm. et Vr. (1861).

North Borneo, Philippines (? not Palawan), Celebes, Talaud Isl.

288. F. petrotica Diels (1935).

New Guinea.

ser. Phaeopilosae Corner (1960)

Borneo, Philippines, Eastern Malaysia.

289. F. conocephalifolia Ridley (1917).

New Guinea.

290. F. complexa Corner (1960).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

291. F. eustephana Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea.

292. F. porphyrochaete Corner (1960).

Papua, Solomon Islands.

293. F. gul Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F. rudis Mig. (1867, non

Pers.)—F. keyensis Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F. manilensis

Warb. (1905)—F. rudis Mig. v. arborea Elm. (1906)—F.

bismarckiana Diels, F. subconcolor Diels (1935)—F. manilensis

Warb. v. lata Sata, v. obovata Sata (1944).

Key to the varieties

. Fig-body 10-13 mm. wide (? more), villous with white hairs 0.5—1 mm.

long. Lateral bracts 4-10 mm. long; apical bracts 2-4 mm. long,

IME Sage ht Shc aa SEMEL Sn Sed ck on oon wd 0'e v. eubracteata.

. Fig-body and lateral bracts smaller.

2. Fig-body 9-12 mm. wide, brownish hispidulous with hairs 0.5 mm.

long. Lateral bracts 1.5-3 mm. long, conspicuous; apical bracts

1-1.5 mm. long, projecting. Becoming cauliflorous v. solomonensis.

2. Fig-body 6-9 mm. wide. Lateral bracts 1-1.5 mm. long. Not cauli-

—

florous. |

3. Fig densely villous with hairs 1-2 mm. long, concealing the lateral

oe Set Pa ee eee ee v. lasiocarpa.

3. Fig glabrescent, scabridulous ........-. see ee cere eeeeees v. gul.

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

a. v. gul.

Borneo (north, east), Philippines (? Palawan), Celebes, Moluc-

cas, Tanimbar Isl., Key Isl., Flores, New Guinea, Admiralty Isl.,

New Britain.

b. v. eubracteata Corner (1961).

Terr. New Guinea (Morobe district).

c. V. lasiocarpa Corner (1960).

Morotai, Halmahera, West New Guinea.

d. v. solomonensis Corner (1960).

Bougainville, San Cristoval.

294. F. badiopurpurea Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea (Sepik River).

295. F. phaeosyce Laut. et K. Schum. (1961).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

ser. Copiosae Corner (1960)

India to the Solomon Islands.

296. F. montana Burm. f. (1768)—F. humilis Roxb., F. quercifolia

Roxb. (1832)—F. inconstans Mig. (1848)—F. sclerocoma Miq.,

F. polycarpa Roxb. v. latifolia Mig. (1851)—F. quercifolia

Roxb. v. humilis (Roxb.) King (1888)—F. quercifolia Roxb. v.

inconstans (Miq.) Ridley (1924)—F. ampelas Burm. f. v.

bogoriensis (Val.) Hochr. f. microcarpa Hochr. (1925).

a. V. montana.

India (?), Lower Burma, Thailand, Malaya (north of Malacca)

Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

b. v. purpurascens (Bl.) Corner (1960)—F. purpurascens BI.

(1825)—F. purpurascens Desf. (1829).

Java.

297. F. madurensis Mig. (1867)—F. smaragdina S. Moore (1925).

a. V. madurensis.

Tenasserim, Thailand, Malaya (north of Malacca), Sumatra,

Java, Madura.

b. v. angustifolia Corner (1960).

Sumatra.

298. F. andamanica Corner (1960)—F. macropoda Kurz (1875,

non Miquel).

Andaman, Nicobar Isl.

299. F. subsidens Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

300. F. heteropoda Mig. (1867)—F. decussata Warb. (1905)—

F. anomala Merr. (1906).

Philippines generally, Celebes, Sangi and Talaud Isl., Halma-

hera, Amboina.

301. F. copiosa Steud. (1841)—F. polycarpa Roxb. (1832, non

Jacqu.)—F. muriculata Mig. (1854)—F. brevicuspis Miq.

(1859)—F. magnifolia F.v.M. (1863)—F. copiosa Steud. v.

muriculata (Miq.) King (1888)—F. subinflata Warb., F. senf-

ftiana Warb. (1905)—F. longipedunculata Rechinger (1912)—

F.. duriuscula King v. grandifolia Diels (1935).

a. V. copiosa.

Celebes, Moluccas, Tenimber and Aru Isl., New Guinea,

Admiralty Isl., New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Isl., aie

land, Palau Isl., Yap.

b. v. pubescens Corner (1960)—F. krausseana Rechinger (1912)

—F. acanthophylla Summerh. (1929).

Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon

Isl., Queensland.

302. F. wassa Roxb. (1832)—-F. duriuscula King (1888)—F.

eulampra and F. lamprophylla Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F.

portus-finschit Warb. (1905)—F. rhodocarpa Summerh. (1929)

—F. anggica Diels (1935).

a. Wassa.

Moluccas, Alor, Key Isl., Aru Isl., New Guinea, New Britain,

Solomon Isl., New Hebrides.

b. v. nubigena (Diels) Corner (1960)—F. nubigena Diels, F.

caroli Diels (1935).

New Guinea.

c. v. obversifolia (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. ampelas Burin. f. v.

obversifolia Mig. (1867)—F. reticulatissima §. Moore (1925).

Flores, Morotai, Halmahera, Timor.

303. F. hystricicarpa Warb. (1905).

Terr. New Guinea (Morobe district), Papua, (central, east).

304. F. balica Miq. (1859)—F. albinervia Mig. (1859). °

a. V. balica.

Java (Besoeki, Kediri), Bali, Flores.

b. v. colfsii Corner (1960).

Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores.

305. F. griseifolia Corner (1960).

Papua (north).

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

306. F. primaria Corner (1960).

Terr. New Guinea (Madang, Morobe districts), New Britain

(Keravat).

ser. Scabrae Mig. (1848)

Necalistis Raf. (1838)—Ficus subgen. Palaeomorphe (King)

Sata ser. Nonminutuliflorae Sata, subser. Fulvobrunneifoliae Sata,

subser. Metallicifoliae Sata (1944)—Ficus subgen. Eumetamorphe

Sata sect. Sycidium Mig. subsect. Sycidium ser. Viridifoliae Sata,

ser. Lineariangustifoliae Sata (1944)—-subsect. Pseudosycidium

Sata, and ser. Scabricordatogibbosiifoliae. Sata, ser. Lanceifoliae

Sata, ser. Subscabririgidiifoliae Sata (1944).

Madagascar, Ryu Kyu, Formosa, Malaysia (excluding Malaya),

Australasia.

307. F. cumingii Mig. (1848)—F. cumingii v. auriculifera Sata

(1944).

a. V. cumingii.

Philippine Islands.

b. v. androbrota (Summerh.) Corner (1960)—F. androbrota

Summerh., F. dichroa Summerh. (1929).

New Guinea.

c. V. angustissima (Merr.) Corner (1960)—F. angustissima Merr.

(1905)—? F. lineari-pseudopalma Sata (1944).

Luzon, Mindanao.

d. v. terminalifolia (Elm.) Sata (1944)—F. multiramea Elm.,

F. terminalifolia Elm. (1911)—F. celtoides Elm. (1912)—F.

producta Merr. (1914)—F. cumingii v. linearicaudata Sata (1944)

—? F. euphlebia Merr. (1913)—? F. kusanoi Hayata (1911)—?

F. somai Hayata (1919).

Philippines, North Borneo (Tawao), Formosa.

e. v. worcesteri (Merr.) Corner (1960)—F. worcesteri Merr.

(1914).

Philippines (Samar, Panay, Mindanao, Sulu Archipelago).

308. F. fallax Mig. (1859).

Celebes.

309. F. ulmifolia Lam. (1788)—F. difformis Lam. (1788)—

Covellia ulmifolia (Lam.) Gasp. (1844)—F. sinuosa Miq., and

v. integrifolia Mig. (1848)—F. blepharostoma Warb. (1905)—

F.. sparsifolia Merr. (1921)—? F. velascoi Merr. ex Sata (1944)

—F. hispida linearis and F. hispida hastata Blanco (1837)—

F. ulmifolia f. integra Sata, f. sinuosa (Miq.) Sata (1944).

Philippines (? Palawan and Mindanao).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

310. F. fiskei Elm. (1906)—F. hemicardia Merr. (1914)—F.

hemicardia v. curvata Sata, v. grandifolia Sata (1944).

a. V. fiskei.

Philippines (? Palawan).

b. v. cebuensis Merr.

Luzon, Cebu.

c. v. laevifolia Merr.

Siargao, Mindanao.

d. v. multinervia Corner (1960).

Mindanao.

311. F. riedelii Mig. (1867).

a. v. riedelii.

Celebes, Amboina, Boeroe.

b. v. minor Corner (1960).

Celebes.

312. F. ampelas Burm. f. (1768)—F. rubricaulis Dcsne (1834)—

F. javensis Miq., v. subcrenata Miq. (1848)—F. bandana Miq.

(1859)—F. ampelas v. bandana Mig., v. laevior Migq., v.

oblongifolia Miq., v. politoria Mig. (1867)—F. ampelas v. .

politoria (Lam.) O.K. (1891)—F. kingiana Hemsley (1897)—

F, ampelas v. bogoriensis K. et Val. (1906), and f. incrassata

Hochreut. (1925).—? F. tashiroi Maxim. (1888).

a. V. ampelas.

Sumatra (west coast and islands), Java, Borneo (?), Bali,

Lombok, Flores, Timor, Ryu Kyu, Formosa, Philippines, Celebes,

Moluccas, West New Guinea.

b. v. hispidula Corner (1961).

Celebes.

c. Vv. linearis Corner (1960).

Celebes.

d. v. soronensis (King) Corner (1960)—F. exasperata Roxb.

(1832, non Vahl)—F. biglandulosa Mig. (1848)—F. asperior

Miq. (1867)—F’.. soronensis King (1887)—F. blepharosepala Warb.

(1905).

Amboina, Boeroe, Halmahera, Key Isl., Aru Isl., New Guinea,

New Britain.

313. F. guyeri Elm. (1906)—? v. minimifolia Sata (1944).

a. V. guyeri.

Philippines (? Palawan).

b. v. sibuyanensis (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. sibuyanensis Elm.

(1911).

Luzon, Sibuyan, Panay, Samar.

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

314. F. cauta Corner (1960).

Celebes.

315. F. goniophylla Corner (1960).

Celebes.

316. F. melinocarpa Bl. (1825)—f. glabrior Miq. (1860)—Pogono-

trophe alnifolia Mig. (1851)—F. daemonum Zoll. et Mor.

(1854)—F. obliqua Mig. (1854)—F. alnifolia Mig. (1867)—

F. haggeri Merr. (1921)—F. irosinensis Elm. (1937).

a. V. melinocarpa.

Sumatra (south), Java, Borneo (north, east), Celebes, Philippines,

Moluccas, Aru Isl., New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Isl.

b. v. hololampra (Diels) Corner (1960)—F. hololampra Diels

(1935)—F. collinsii Elm. (1937).

Distribution as v. melinocarpa (perhaps only the glabrous upper

leaves).

317. F. trachypison K. Schum. (1901)—F. lima K. Schum (1901)

F. pteleaephylla §. Moore (1923)—F. xanthosyce Summerh.

(1929).

a. V. trachypison.

Amboina, Aru Isl., Key Isl., New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon

Isl.

b. v. pallida Corner (1960).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua, Bougainville Isl.

318. F. quercetorum Corner (1961)—F. tonsa Miq. v. aspera

Corner (1960).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

319. F. macrorrhyncha Laut. ex K. Schum. (1901)—F. stenorryn-

cha Warb. (1905).

320. F. tonsa Miq. (1867).

a. V. tonsa.

Celebes, Talaud Isl.

b. v. leptodictya (Diels) Corner (1960)—F. leptodictya Diels

(1935).

New Guinea.

321. F. leptoclada Benth. (1873).

North Queensland.

322. F. todayensis Elm. (1911).

Mindanao, Celebes.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

323. F. irisana Elm. (1906)—F. ampelas Burm. f. v. rugosa Miq.,

v. sublanceolata Miq. (1867)—F. fachikoogi Koidz. (1913).

a. V. irisana.

Ryu Kyu, Formosa, Philippines (? Palawan), Celebes.

b. v. validicaudata (Merr.) Corner (1960)—F. fastigiata Elm.

(1906)—F. validicaudata Merr. (1906)—F. guyeri Elm. v. vali-

dicaudata (Merr.) Sata (1944), ? v. minimaefolia Sata (1944).

Okinawa, Luzon, Leyte.

324. F. tenuicuspidata Corner (1960).

a. Vv. tenuicuspidata.

Celebes.

b. v. major Corner (1960).

Mindanao.

325. F. elmeri Merr. (1905)—F. semicordata Migq. (1867, non J. E.

Sm.).

a. v. elmeri.

Celebes, Philippines (Luzon, Polillo, Bohol).

b. v. subintegra Merr. (1905)—F. subintegra (Merr.) Elm. (1906)

—F. kamelii Merr. ex Sata (1944).

Philippines (Luzon, Samar).

326. F. odorata (Blanco) Merr. (1904)—F. hispida Linn. f. v.

odorata Blanco (1837—F. arenata Elm. (1911).

Philippines (Batan, Luzon, Negros, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Panay,

Mindanao).

327. F. oleracea Corner (1960).

Key to the varieties

1. Glabrous or thinly pubescent with soft hairs 2-3 mm. long. Lamina

Smooth -or-suvscabrid: Uelow «1/0; 022. oe ce ee ee v. oleracea.

1. Villosulous with minute hairs —0.5 mm. long. Lamina very harshly

MNS se aN ORs wile Lies wraelte Oes ne o.oo es Vv. pugnans.

a. V. oleracea.

Solomon Islands (Bougainville, New Georgia, ? San Cristoval).

b. v. pugnans Corner (1960).

Bougainville Isl.

328. F. imbricata Corner (1960).

Key to the varieties

1. Scabrid, hairy. Lateral nerves 4-7 (—9) pairs, oblique; intercostals 5—10;

basal nerves 4— 1/3 lamina. Basal bracts 1-2 mm. long, acute.

Internal bristles few. Lamina with an auricle on the acroscopic side

ertemeraine SG SS. OL, A ae re te ee v. imbricata.

1. Glabrous, smooth. Lateral nerves 7-11 pairs, inarching; intercostals 2—5;

basal nerves short. Basal bracts 1 mm. long, obtuse. Internal bristles

copious. Leaf-base more or less symmetric, rounded to subcordate

v. subcordata.

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

a. V. imbricata.

Bougainville Isl.

b. v, subcordata Corner (1961)—F. tonsa Mig. v. subcordata

Corner (1960).

Bougainville Isl.

329. F. chrysochaete Corner (1960).

Solomon Isl. (Bougainville, Malaita, New Georgia, Ulawa,

Ysabel).

330. F. arawaensis Corner (1961).

Bougainville Isl.

331. F. gryllus Corner (1960).

Solomon Isl. (Ysabel, Tiratona).

332. F. erinobotrya Corner (1960).

Key to the varieties

1. Hairs 1-2 mm. long on twigs and petioles; leaf-base with the broad side

overlapping the petiole; lateral nerves 7-11 pairs. Figs without a

collar of basal bracts; tepals 5—7; flower-pedicels hairy

v. erinobotrya.

1. Hairs —1 mm. long, or glabrescent; leaf-base not obscuring the petiole;

lateral nerves 5—8 pairs. Figs pedunculate with a collar of basal

bracts; tepals 4—5; flower-pedicels glabrous.

2. Hairs-—1 mm, long... a... .... «sn Sue San v. solomonensis.

2. Hispidulous io meaty glabrous”. 227 coc «eee eee ee f. glabrior.

a. Vv. erinobotrya.

New Britain. |

b. v. solomonensis Corner (1960).

Solomon Isl. (Bougainville, Florida, Ysabel, Malaita, South

Georgia).

f. glabrior Corner (1960).

Bougainville, Guadalcanal, San Cristoval, Nggela.

333. F. schumanniana Warb. (1905).

Terr. New Guinea, New Britain.

334. F. opposita Mig. (1848)—F. fitzalani Mig. (1861)—F. con-

jugata Miq. (1867)—F. radula Banks ex Hiern (1901)—F.

xerophila Domin, F. yarrabensis Domin (1921)—F. apolepo-

mena Summerh. (1929)— F. branderhorstii Diels (1935).

Key to the varieties

1. Petioles 10-30 mm. long; lamina 6-16 x 3-7.5 cm., the areolae

usually villous beneath. Fig 10-12 mm. wide ........ Vv. opposita.

1. Petioles 2-12 mm. long; lamina —9 x 4 cm., small. Fig 8-10 mm. wide,

the lateral bracts on the stalk often scattered.

2. Lamina aculeate on the upperside and edges with short stiff hairs,

villous beneath then glabrescent, not foveolate or merely from

the’ buleme’ reticulations ©... os sc eun ae ies ae v. micracantha.

2. Lamina scabrid, minutely foveolate beneath with puberulous stomatal

NS; NOt VIOUS «yo. cc 2s Gaps See ae ee a v. indecora.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

a. V. Opposita.

Java (Pulau Sangyang), New Guinea (south coast and Eastern

Highlands), Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory, New

South Wales).

b. v. indecora (A. Cunn. ex Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. indecora

A. Cunn. ex Miq. (1948).

Australia (north-west, Dampier Archipelago to Amhem Land).

c. v. micracantha (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. aculeata A. Cunn.

ex Miq., F. orbicularis A. Cunn. ex Miq. (1848)—F. micracantha

Miq. (1867)—F. aculeata A. Cunn. ex Migq. v. micracantha (Miq.)

Benth. (1873)—? F. beckleri Miq. (1861).

Australia (north coast), New Guinea (Merauki district, Papua

west division).

335. F. scobina Benth. (1873).

Australia (Northern Territory, Darwin).

336. F. fraseri Mig. (1848)—F. proteus Bur., v. dentata Bur., v. |

lobata Bur. (1872)—F. stenocarpa F.v.M. ex Benth. (1873)—

F. aspera Forst. f. v. subglabra Benth. (1873)—F. subglabra

F.v.M. (1875).

Australia (Queensland, north New South Wales), New Cale-

donia, New Hebrides.

337. F. coronulata Mig. (1861)—F. salicina F. v. M. (1863).

Australia (Arnhem Land; West Australia, Carson River).

338. F. coronata Spin. (1818)—F. muntia Link (1822)—F.

stephanocarpa Warb. (1905).

Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales,

Victoria).

339. F. aspera Forst. f. (1786)—Necalistis aspera Raf. (1838)—

F. parcelli Veitch ex Cogn. et March. (1874)—Artocarpus

canoni Bull. ex v. Houtte (1875)—F. canoni (Bull.) N. E.

Brown (1888)—F. exasperata Hort., F. exsculpta Hort.,

Artocarpus exsculpta Hort., Artocarpus laciniatus Hort. v.

metallicus Hort.

New Hebrides.

340. F. uniauriculata Warb. (1898).

Samoa.

341. F. scabra Forst. f. (1786)—F. turbinata Willd. (1806)—F.

ciliata Warb., F. reineckii Warb. (1898)—F. storckii Seem. v.

pubescens Bur. (1872)—F. mareensis Warb. in Saras. et Roux

(1921).

New Caledonia, Loyalty Isl., New Hebrides, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga.

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

342. F. storckii Seem. (1868).—F. cavei Horne ex Baker (1883).

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina 6-18 x 4-13 cm.; lateral nerves 5—8 pairs; petiole 7-40 mm.

long. Fig 7-10 mm. Wide . 2... ss. ceswanesces sens v. storckii.

1. Smaller in all parts; lateral nerves 3-5 pairs ..........--- v. kajewskii.

a. v. Storckii. ,

Fiji.

b. v. kajewskii (Summerh.) Corner (1960)—F. kajewskii Sum-

meth. (1932). |

New Hebrides, Fiji.

343. F. masoni Horne ex Baker (1883)—F. begoniifolia Summerh.

(1936).

Fiji.

344. F. greenwoodii Summerh. (1936).

Fiji.

345. F. fulvopilosa Summerh. (1936).

Fiji. |

346. F. barclayana Mig. (1867)—Covellia barclayana Miq. (1848)

—F. barclayi Seem. (1868).—F. barclayana (Miq.) Summerh.

(1932).

Fiji.

347. F. bambusaefolia Seem. (1868).

Fiji.

348. F. longecuspidata Warb. (1898).

Samoa, Niue Isl.

349. F. godeffroyi Warb. (1898)—F. upoluensis Rechinger (1910).

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, bluntly subacuminate .. v. godeffroyi.

1. Lamina ovate-elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, narrowly and acutely acu-

PUDDLE ohare s+ «+ nyivgn © wpe ties oe = eee ee v. hygrophila.

a. V. godeffroyi.

Samoa, Niue.

b. v. hygrophila (Rechinger) Summerh. (1939)—F. hygrophila

Rechinger (1910).

Samoa.

350. F. samoensis Summerh. (1939).

Samoa.

subsect. Varinga (Migq.) Corner (1960)

Ficus sect. Carica Mig. subsect. Varinga Miq. (1844).

Africa, Ceylon, Asiatic mainland, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

ser. Heterophyllae Corner (1960)

Africa, Asia (not east of Borneo).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

351. F. heterophylla Linn. f. (1781)—F. cannabina Lour., ? F.

politoria Lour. (1790)—F. denticulata Vahl, F. truncata Vahl

(1790)—F. rufescens Vahl (1806)—F. aquatica Koen. ex Willd.

(1806)—F. biglandula Bl. (1825, etiam biglandulosa)—F.

scabrella Roxb. (1832)—F. acutiloba Miq., F. elongata Miq.,

F, subpanduraeformis Miq. (1848)—F. heterophylla v. elongata

Mig. (1867)—F. heterophylla v. scabrella (Roxb.) King (1888)

—F. grossularioides Burm. f. f. assamica O. K., var. subpanduri-

formis (Miq.) O.K. (1891).

Key to the varieties

1. Lamina ovate-cordate, varying palmately 3-—5-lobed; petiole —-80 mm.

long. Fig-peduncle —25 mm. long, pedicel -15 mm. .. v. assamica.

1. Lamina more or less elliptic or lanceolate; petiole -SO mm. Peduncle

= mm, pedicel O+-10' mim kick aes. be rts v. heterophylla.

a. Vv. heterophylla.

Ceylon, India, Burma, China (Kwangtung, Hainan), aes,

Thailand, Malaya (north of Negri Sembilan), Java, Borneo (south,

east, north).

b. v. assamica (Miq.) Corner comb. nov.—F. repens Roxb. ex ~

Willd. (1806)—F. morifolia Vahl (1806)—F. assamica Miq.

(1848)—F. rubifolia Griff. (1854)—F. repens Roxb. v. assamica

Mig. (1867)—F. heterophylla v. repens (Roxb.) King (1888).

East Bengal, Tonkin, Cambodia, Thailand.

ser. Cyrtophylleae Corner (1960)

Africa, Asia (not east of Borneo).

352. F. asperiuscula Kunth et Bouch. (1846)—F. coronata Reinw.

ex Bl. (1825)—F. grewiaefolia Kunth et Bouch. (1846)—

Covellia zollingeriana Miq. (1848)—F. leptorhyncha K. et Val.

(1906)—F. inaequilatera Ridley (1923).

Sumatra, Java.

353. F. cyrtophylla Wall. ex Mig. (1867)—Covellia cyrtophylla

Wall. ex Mig. (1848)—F. asymmetrica Lévl. et Vant. (1907).

India (Himalayas from Sikkim eastwards, Khasia Hills), Upper

Burma, south China (Yunnan, Szechuan, Kweichou), Tonkin,

Thailand (Chieng-mai).

354. F. leptogramma Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu), Sarawak.

355. F. praetermissa Corner (1960).

Indochina, Thailand.

ser. Exasperatae Corner (1960).

Africa to India, Ceylon.

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

356. F. exasperata Vahl (1806)—F. serrata Forsk. (1775)—F.

teregam Pennant (1800)—F. scabra Willd. (1806)—F. politoria

Moon (1824)—F. asperrima Roxb, (1832)—F. hispidissima Wight

ex Miq. (1848).

East Africa, Arabia, central and south India, Ceylon.

subsect. Palaeomorphe (King) Corner (1960)

Ficus sect. Palaeomorphe King (1887)—subgen. Palaeomor phe

(King) Sata (1934)—Ficus sect. Grossularia O.K. (1904). Asia,

Australasia.

ser. Pallidae Miq. (1848)

ser. Euglabrifoliae Sata, Glabrifoliae Sata (1944).

Asia, Australasia.

357. F. tinctoria Forst. f. (1786)—F. laeta Decsne (1834)—F.

—_

altimeeralou Roxb. ex Miq., F. reticulosa Mig. (1848)—F.

excelsa Mig. (1859)—F. altimeeralou v. laeta (Dcsne) Miq.

(1867)—F. validinervis F.v.M. ex Benth. (1873)—F. chlorosy-

kon Rechinger (1910)—F. neoebudarum Summerh. (1932)—

F. tinctoria v. neoebudarum (Summerh.) Fosberg (1955).

Key to the subspecies and varieties of F. tinctoria

. Lamina obtuse to acute or subacuminate, oblong, elliptic, or ovate-

elliptic, not angled or toothed: base subcordate, rounded or widely

cuneate on the broader side. Figs pedicellate. Stomata sunken.

2. Lamina 4-13 cm. wide, smooth or subscabrid, usually drying brown-

areolate beneath; tree or banyan <<). i... ...-s*- Ssp. tinctoria.

-2. Lamina small, harshly scabrid, stiffly coriaceous, not brown areolate

beneath: creepme shrub on recksis) i473. ss ssp. swinhoei.

. Lamina acute to strongly acuminate, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate,

often obovate, varying subrhombic, sometimes angled or angular-

dentate: base cuneate.

3. Lamina coriaceous, drying brown-areolate beneath: large banyans

ssp. gibbosa.

4. Fig pedicellate. Lamina pliant, stomata sunken .... var. gibbosa.

4. Fig more or less sessile with 3—6 basal bracts 1-2 mm. long.

Lamina very stiff, rigid; stomata superficial ...... var. rigida.

3. Lamina subcoriaceous, rather thin, not brown-areolate beneath;

Stomata Superficial’. 3 0.5. eae cee oe ee eee ssp. parasitica.

5. Large ‘Banyan. - Fig" 7-11 mm wide Ji2y:. ee: var. parasitica.

5. Creeping shrub: leaves small, dentate. Fig 5-6 mm. wide

var. anastomosans.

a. ssp. tinctoria.

Hainan, Formosa, Philippines generally, Celebes, Sumbawa,

Moluccas, Alor, New Guinea, north Australia, Micronesia, Poly-

nesia (to Tahiti and Austral Isl.).

b. ssp. gibbosa (Bl.) Corner (1960)—F. reticulata Thunb. (1786)

—F. gibbosa Bl., F. cuneata Bl., F. paradoxa (1825)—F. irreg-

ularis Steud. (1840)—F. angulata Mig. (1848)—F. gibbosa v.

cuneata (Bl.) Mig. (1859)—F. gibbosa v. unigibba Mig. (1860),

v. dodonaeifolia Miq., v. latifolia Mig. (1867)—F. subobliqua

Mig., v. latiuscula Mig. (1867)—F. michelii Lévl. (1910)—F.

antoniana Elm. (1912).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

South Andaman Isl., south China, Hainan, Indochina, Thailand,

Malaya, Sumatra, Java to Sumbawa, Celebes, Halmahera, Banda,

Palawan, Borneo; (absent from Johore, Singapore, Riouw

Archipelago).

i. v. rigida (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. rigida Bl. (1825)—F.

pereng Steud. (1840)—F. gibbosa Bl. v. rigida Miq. (1867)—v.

rigida (Bl.) Val. (1906).

Sumatra, Java, Sumbawa, Alor, south Borneo.

c. ssp. parasitica (Willd.) Corner (1960)—F. parasitica Willd.

(1798)—F. excelsa Vahl, F. rhomboidalis Vahl (1806)—F.

scabriuscula B. Ham. ex J. E. Sm. (1810}—F. ampelas Koen. ex

Roxb., F. sclerophylla Roxb., F. tuberculata Roxb. (1832)—F.

angustata Miq., F. cuspidifera Miq., F. pervia Mig, (1848)—

Urostigma volubile Dalz. (1861)—F. gibbosa Bl. v. cuspidifera

(Miq.) King, v. parasitica (Willd.) King, v. tuberculata (Roxb.)

King (1887)—F. volubilis (Dalz.) King (1888)—F. pseudobo-

tryoides Lévl. et Vant., F. rhomboidalis Lévl. et Vant. (1907)—

F. clarkei King (1888, pro p. foliorum; alt. p. fructuum, F. race-

mosa L.)—Urostigma excelsum Mia. (1859).

Ceylon, India, Burma, south China, Indochina, Andaman and

Nicobar Isl.

i. V. anastomosans (Wall.) Corner (1960)—F. anastomosans -

Wall. ex Kurz (1873).

Burma (Moulmein), Thailand (west, south).

d. ssp. swinhoei (King) Corner (1960)—F. swinhoei King (1888)

—F., fenicis Merr. (1921).

Formosa, Mindanao (Bukidnon).

358. F. virgata Reinw. ex Bl. (1825)—Urostigma virgatum (Reinw.)

Miq., F. decaisneana Mig. (1859)—F. firmula Miq., F. tryma-

tocarpa Miq. (1867, trematocarpa)—F. pinkiana F.v.M. (1882)

—F. decaisneana Mia. v. firmula (Miq.) King, v. trymatocarpa

(Miq.) King (1888, trematocarpa)—F. esmeralda Bailey (1897)

F. inaequifolia Elm. (1907)—F. caudato-longifolia Sata (1934)

—F. subulata Bl. f. inaequifolia (Elm.) Sata (1944)—F. ellip-

soidea Miq. (1867, pr. p. Amboina; alt. p. Celebes, F. sub-

ulata Bl.).—F. cuspidatolongifolia Kanehira (1936).

a. V. virgata.

Ryu Kyu, Formosa, Philippines (excluding Palawan), Celebes,

Moluccas, Flores, Alor, Wetar, Timor, Key and Aru Isl., New

Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Isl., New Hebrides, New Caledonia,

Queensland, Caroline Isl. (Ponape).

b. v. philippinensis (Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. philippinensis

Mig., F. insularis Mig. (1848)—F. magnifica Elm. (1906)—F.

setibracteata Elm. (1914)—F. philippinensis f. magnifica (Elm.)

Sata, f. ovata Sata, f. setibracteata (Elm.) Sata (1944).

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Ryu Kyu, Formosa, Luzon, Mindanao.

c. v. sessilis (Bur.) Corner (1960)—F. philippinensis vy. sessilis

Bur. (1872).

Luzon, Soela Isl., New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Isl.,

New Caledonia, Loyalty Isl., New Hebrides.

359. F. celebensis Corner (1960)—F. irregularis Mig. (1867).

Celebes (Minahassa).

ser. Subulatae Corner (1960)

India to Solomon Isl.

360. F. subulata Bl. (1825)—F. saxatilis Bl. (1825)—F. acuminata

Roxb. (1832)—F. salicifolia Mig. (1848)—F. ancolana Miq.

(1851)—F. ellipsoidea Mig. v. ancolana Miq., v. borneensis

Miq., v. boiei Miq., F. iteoides Miq., F. sikkimensis Miq. (1867)

F. klinkii Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F. erythropareia K.

Schum. ex Warb. (1905)—¥F. confusa Elm. (1906)—F. driveri

Elm. (1914)—F. sanhday Gagnep. (1927)—F. subulata f.

ovoidea Sata, f. minima Sata, f. sessilis Sata, f. driveri Sata

(1944)—? F. dicarpa Blanco (1837).

a. Vv. subulata.

Sikkim and south China throughout Malaysia to New Britain

and the Solomon Isl.; (absent from Johore, Singapore, Riouw

Archipelago, Banka, Pies: Timor).

b. v. gracillima (Diels) Corner (1960)—F. gracillima Diels, F.

otariophylla Diels (1935).

New Guinea.

361. F. armiti King (1887)—F. fuscipes Warb. (1905).

New Guinea (central, eastern).

ser. Cuspidatae Mig. (1848)

ser. Glabriusculifoliae Sata (1944).

India to western Malaysia.

362. F. sinuata Thunb. (1786)—F. rostrata Lamk. (1788)—F.

quercifolia Bl. (1825)—F. raridens Mig. (1848)—F. obtusidens

Miq. (1851)—F. angulidens Mig. (1859)—F. radicans Roxb.

v. angulosa Mig. (1859).

a. ssp. sinuata.

Assam, lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Riouw, Java, Borneo,

(Moluccas 7).

i. v. oblonga Corner (1960)—F. cuspidata Reinw. v. sinuata

King (1888).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

Malaya (Perak, Johore, ? Pahang), Sumatra (Lake Toba), Java.

b. ssp. cuspidata (Reinw.) Corner (1960)—F. cuspidata Reinw.

ex Bl. (1825)—F. cuspidata Desf. (1829)—F. tenuiramis Kunh

et Bouch. (1846)—F. cuspidata Reinw. f. angustifolia Maiq.

(1859).

Malaya, Sumatra, Java.

363. F. heteropleura Bl. (1825)—F. radicans Roxb. (1832)—F.

acuminata Wall. ex Kunth et Bouch., F. euryaefolia Kunth et

Bouch. (1846)—F. urophylla Wall. ex Mig. (1848)—F. inter-

_ media Griff. (1854)—F. radicans Roxb. f. brevifolia Miq.

(1859)—F. caudatifolia Warb. (1905)—F. eucaudata Elm.

(1906)—F. rostrata Lamk. v. urophylla (Wall.) K. et Val.

(1906)—F. caudatifolia Warb. v. eucaudata Sata, v. ovata

Sata (1944).

a. V. heteropleura.

Assam, Bengal, Bhutan, Burma, Indochina, Hainan, Thailand,

Malaya, Sumatra, Riouw, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines,

Batjan, Amboina.

b. v. hirta Corner (1960).

Sarawak, Brunei.

c. v. mindanaensis (Warb.) Corner (1960)—F. mindanaensis -

Warb. (1905).

Luzon, Leyte, Samar, Biliran, Mindoro, Mindanao.

364. F. parietalis Bl. (1825)—-v. ovalis Bl. (1825)—F. cerasiformis

Desf. (1829)—F. grandifolia Wall. ex Mig. (1848)—F. jung-

huhniana Mig. (1851)—F. phlebophylla Miq., F. rufipila Miq.,

F.. tabing Mig. (1860)—F. concentrica Hassk. ex Mig. (1864)—

F. parietalis v. angustifolia Migq., v. rufipila Miq., v. tabing Miq.

(1867).

South Annam, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,

Philippines (Palawan, Balabac); (? not in Singapore or Riouw).

365. F. lasiocarpa Miq. (1860)—F. lasiophlebia Mig. (1860)—

F. parietalis Bl. v. hirsutissima Merr. (1934).

Sumatra.

ser. Minutuliflorae Sata (1944)

Subsect. Scabrifolieae Sata.

Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines to New Guinea.

366. F. aurita Bl. (1825)—F. hispidulosa Elm. r hrvoute

a. V. aurita.

Borneo (Koetai, Sarawak), Philippines (Samar, Mindanao),

Celebes, Amboina, Morotai, Noesa Laut, Aru Isl., New Guinea

{western half).

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

b. v. auriculifera (Merr.) Corner (1960)—F. auriculifera Merr.

(1929).

Borneo (Sarawak, North Borneo, west Koetai), Celebes, Philip-

pines (Bohol), Amboina.

c. v. celebica (Reinw.) Corner (1960)—F. celebica Reinw. ex

BI. (1825).

Celebes.

367. F. stipata King (1888).

Sumatra (Padang).

368. F. microsphaera Warb. (1905).

Philippines (Panay, Mindoro, Mindanao, Bohol).

ser. Fibrosifoliae Corner (1960)

Burma, Thailand, western Malaysia to the Philippines and

Moluccas.

369. F. obscura Bl. (1825)—Covellia dasycaula Miq. (1848)—F.

pisifera Wall. v. scaberrima (Bl.) Val. f. obscura (Bl.) Val.

(1906)—F. dasycaula (Miq.) Val. (1906)—? F. obscura Bl. v.

serrata Mig. (1859).

a. v. obscura.

Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines (Luzon, Bohol),

Taiand (? Penang).

b. v. angustata (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F. grewiaefolia Bl. (1825)

—F. lobbii Mig. (1848)—F. hypsophila Miq., v. angustata Miq.,

_F., brevipes Miq., F. remblas Miq., F. tadjam Mig. (1851)—F.

saxatilis Mig. (1854)—F. grewiaefolia Bl. v. angustata Miq., Vv

anonaefolia Miq., v. brevipes Miq., v. hypsophila Miq., v.

remblas Miq. (1867)—F. microtus Mig. v. tondana Miq. (1867,

pro p. Forsten, Celebes; alt. p., v. borneensis)—F. subulata Bl. v.

tadjam Miq. (1867)—? F. angustifolia Bl. (1825).

Java, Sumatra, Lingga, Borneo, Celebes, Soela.

c. v. borneensis (Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. pisifera Wall. ex Miq.

(1848)—F. tondana Mig. (1859)—F. microtus Miq. (1860)—F.

microtus Miq. v. borneensis Miq., v. lanceolata Miq., v. parvifolia

Miq. (1867)—F. microtus Miq. v. tondana Miq. (1867, pro p.

Reinwardt; alt. p., v. angustata)—? F. obscura Bl. v. glabrior Miq.

(1867)—F. pisifera Wall. v. microtus (Mig.) O.K. (1891, err.

pisiformis Wall.)—F. scaberrima Bl. v. pisifera (Wall.) Hochr.

(1925)—F. microsyce Ridley (1926).

Lower Thailand, Malaya, Riouw, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,

Celebes, Philippines (Negros, Samar, Mindoro, Sulu).

d. v. kunstleri (King) Corner (1960)—F. acuminatissima Miq..,

F. lancifolia Miq. (1848)—F. lancea Miq. (1867)—F. celebica Bl.

v. kunstleri King (1887)—F. celebica Bl. v. lanceolata Sata (1944).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Adenosperma

Malaya (Perak), Sumatra (Fort de Kock), Banka, Sarawak,

North Borneo, Celebes, Philippines.

e. v. scaberrima (Bl.) Mig. (1867)—F. scaberrima Bl. (1825)—

F. leucoxylon Mig. (1851)—F. scaberrima Bl. v. angustata Miq.

(1859)—F. obscura Bl. v. leucoxylon Mig. (1867)—F. pisifera

Wall. v. scaberrima (Bl.) Val. (1906)—F. flavocortica Elm. (1911)

—F., viridifolia Merr. (1913)—F. celebica Bl. v. ovata Sata (1944)

—? Covellia subdenticulata Mig. (1859)—? F. subdenticulata

Mig. (1867).

Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes.

370. F. jaheriana Corner (1961).

West Borneo (S. Tjehen, Kalimintang).

371. F. midotis Corner (1960).

Borneo.

372. F. leptocalama Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

373. F. hemsleyana King (1888).

Borneo.

374. F. uniglandulosa Wall. ex Mig. (1848)—F. subsubulata Mig. .

(1867, pro p. Korthals Sumatra; alt. p., v. parvifolia).

a. Vv. uniglandulosa.

Burma (Salween district), lower Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra,

Borneo, Celebes.

b. v. parvifolia Mig. (1867)—F. subsubulata Mig. (1867, pro p.

Korthals, Borneo)—F. uniglandulosa v. latior Miq., v. minor Mia.

(1867)—F. copelandii C. B. Robinson (1908).

Borneo, Philippines (Palawan, Sulu, Mindanao); (? Celebes).

375. F. rubrocuspidata Corner (1960).

Borneo.

376. F. rubromidotis Corner (1960).

Sarawak, Brunei.

sect. Adenosperma Corner (1958)

Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland,

Solomon Isl., New Hebrides, Queensland.

ser. Amphigenae Corner (1958)

377. F. saccata Corner (1960).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

378. F. megalophylla Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea.

Ficus sect. Adenosperma Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

379. F. ochrochlora Ridley (1916).

New Guinea.

380. F. endochaete Summerh. (1941).

Terr. New Guinea.

381. F. umbonata Reinw. ex Bl. (1825)—Covellia umbonata

(Reinw.) Mig. (1859)—F. bembicicarpa Warb. ex Diels (1935).

Moluccas (Obi, Nuffa Laut), West New Guinea (Sorong).

382. F. mollior Benth. (1873)—F. gazellae Engl. (1886)—F.

chrysolaena Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F. dielsii Warb. (1905)

—F. stelechosycia Diels (1935).

a. V. mollior.

Amboina, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville

Isl., Queensland.

b. v. pseudocovellia Corner (1960).

West New Guinea (Mamberamo).

c. v. sessilis Corner (1960).

Papua, d’Entrecasteaux and Louisiade Isl.

i. f. riparia Corner (1960).

West New Guinea (Sorong).

383. F. comitis King (1888)—F. nuruensis Warb. (1905).

New Guinea, (? Papua).

384. F. arbuscula Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F. charadrophila

Summerh. (1929).

Morotai, Halmahera, New Guinea.

385. F. verticillaris Corner (1960).

Key to the varieties

1. Twigs 3-4 mm. thick. lamina -12 x 4.5 cm. Fig 12-15 mm. wide. Stomata

deeply :sumbet eo.) ..ccsciss...scocadeuacken ete eee v. robusta.

1. Slender with smaller parts. Stomata not or slightly sunken

v. verticillaris-

a. Vv. verticillaris.

Solomon Isl. generally.

b. v. robusta Corner (1960).

San Cristoval, Guadalcanal.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Adenosperma

386. F. adenosperma Mig. (1867)—F. pauper King (1888)—F.

trichoneura Summerh. (1932).

a. V. adenosperma.

Celebes, Moluccas, Tenimber Isl., Aru Isl., New Guinea,

Admiralty Isl., New Hebrides.

i. f. angustifolia Corner (1960).

Celebes, Soeloe Isl.

b. v. chaetophora (Warb.) Corner (1960)—F. novae-hannoverae

Engl. (1886)—F. chaetophora Watb., F. thelostoma Warb. (1905).

New Guinea, New Britain.

c. v. glabra Corner (1960)—F. depressa Benth. (1873)—F.

frutescens F. M. Bailey (1914)—F. turbinata Ridley (1916).

Key Isl., New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Isl., Queensland.

d. v. microlepis Corner (1960).

New Guinea.

ser. Hypogenae Corner (1958)

387. F. austrina Corner (1960).

Key Isl., (? Amboina), New Guinea (Ransiki), Solomon Isl.

(San Cristoval, New Georgia), New Hebrides (Banks Group,

Vanua Levu Isl.).

388. F. casearioides King (1887)—F. kingii F. v. M. (1890)—F.

hylobia Diels (1935).

a. V. casearioides.

Morotai, New Guinea.

b. v. gamosepala Corner (1960).

Ternate, New Guinea.

389. F. subcuneata Mig. (1867)—F. stoechotricha Diels, F. tri-

choneura Diels (? v. latifolia Diels), (1935)—F. formosa Sum-

merh. (1941).

Celebes, Ceram, Halmahera, Morotai, New Guinea, New

Britain. /

390. F. pleioclada Diels (1935).

Terr. New Guinea (Sepik district).

391. F. tenella Corner (1960).

Papua (south-east).

392. F. funiculosa Corner (1960)—F. trichoneura Diels v. lachno-

carpa Diels (1935).

New Guinea, New Britain.

Ficus sect. Neomorphe Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

393. F. trichocerasa Diels (1935)—F. incompta Diels (1935).

a. V. trichocerasa.

New Guinea.

b. v. glabristipula Corner (1960).

Papua (south-east).

394. F. erythrosperma Mig. (1867)—F. pycnoneura Laut. et K.

Schum. (1901)—F. lachnocarpa Warb. (1905)—F. xanthoxyla

Summerh. (1929),

Celebes (north), Ceram, Ternate, Amboina, Key Isl., New

Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Isl.

sect. Neomorphe King (1887)

India, south China, to Solomon Isl. and Queensland.

ser. Auriculatae Corner (1960)

Sect. Sycocarpus Mig. subsect. Pomifera Corner, ser. Pomiferae

Corner (1960).

Asiatic mainland.

395. F. auriculata Lour. (1790)—F. macrophylla Roxb. et B.

Ham. ex J. E. Sm. (1810)—F. rotundifolia Roxb. (1832)—

Covellia macrophylla (Roxb.) Mig. (1848)—F. sclerocarpa

Griff., scleroptera Griff. (1854)—F. regia Mia. (pro p.; alt. p. F.

oligodon), F. roxburghii Wall. ex Mig. (1867)—? F. macrocarpa

Lévl. et Vant. (1907).

Himalayas from Pakistan to south China, Bihar, Thailand,

Indochina, Hainan: cultivated elsewhere.

396. F. oligodon Mig. (1867)—F. regia Miq. (1867, pro p.; alt. p.

' F. auriculata)\—-F. pomifera Wall. ex King (1888)—F. hain-

anensis Merr. et Chun (1935).

Himalayas, south China, Hainan, Indochina, Thailand, Malaya

(to Selangor and Pahang).

ser. Variegatae Corner (1960)

sect. Neomorphe King subsect. Subcrassiusculifoliae Sata, sub-

sect. Tenuifoliorae Sata (1944).

subser. Variegatae Corner (1960)

397. F. variegata Bl. (1825)—-F. subracemosa Bl., F. cordifolia

Bl. (1825)—F. amboinensis Kostel. (1831)—F. racemifera

Roxb. (1832)—Covellia racemifera (Roxb.) Mig. (1848)—

F. laevigata Blanco (1837)—Sycomorus capensis Thunb. f.

tropica Miq., S. gummiflua Mig. (1851)—F. ceriflua Jungh.

(1853)—F. cerifera Bl. ex Bleekrode (1855)—F. subopaca

Miq., Urostigma javanicum Mig. (1859)—F. variegata Bl. v.

pilosior Mig. (1867)—F. ehretioides F.v.M. ex Benth. (1873)

—F. latsoni Elm. (1906)—F. polysyce Ridley (1920)—F.

tenimbrensis S$. Moore (1925)—F. sum Gagnep. (1927)—F.

variegata Bl. f. rotundata Sata Sati: v. kondang Val., v.

leles Val. (1906).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Neomorphe

Key to the varieties

1. Intercostals few, lax; lamina —12 x 5.5 cm.; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs. Figs

SPA SOI POE SOV EILOTIIE = oc get. «ces canimenisins so sence oeeen esr v. ilangoides.

1. Intercostals numerous, regular; lamina often larger.

2. Lateral nerves 7-14 pairs; basal nerves often not elongate; leaf- -apex

attenuate subacute or shortly acuminate .................. Vv. garciae.

2. Lateral nerves 4-8 pairs; basal nerves elongate; leaf-apex acuminate.

3. Lamina elliptic to obovate,; base rounded to cuneate; basal nerves

CEA ERS li ees ek nena Wee oe ee ae Vv. sycomoroides.

3. Lamina ovate; base cordate to rounded; basal nerves 1/3-+ lamina.

4. Fig green to yellow. Tepals gamophyllous ......... v. chlorocar pa.

4. Fig red, or green striped pink to red. Tepals more or less free.

v. varilegata.

(5. Fig elongate-obconic, —35 mm. wide ............... v. kondang).

(5. Fig spherical or depressed spherical, 40-55 mm. wide (living)

v. leles).

a. V. Variegata.

Patna to Burma, Indochina, South Andaman Isl., through Malay-

sia to Solomon Isl. and Queensland.

b. v. chlorocarpa King (1888)—F. chlorocarpa Benth. eg

China, Hainan, Annam, Thailand.

c. v. garciae (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. garciae Elm. (1908)—

F. konishii Hayata (1911)—F. glochidiifolia Hayata (1919).

Ryu Kyu, Formosa, Philippines, Celebes.

d. v. ilangoides (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. ilangoides Elm. (1937).

Philippines (Luzon), North Borneo (Pababag Isl.).

e. V. sycomoroides (Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. sycomoroides Miq.

(1867)—F. integrifolia Elm., F. paucinervia Merr. (1906)—F.

compressitora Elm. (1937)—F. agusanensis Elm. (1939)—F.

variegata Bl. f. paucinervia (Merr.) Sata (1944).

Philippines (except Palawan), Celebes, Moluccas, Borneo (Ban-

jermasim).

398. F. viridicarpa Corner (1933).

Lower Thailand, Malaya, west Java.

subser. Laciniatae Corner (1960)

Moluccas to Solomon Isl.

399. F. nodosa Teysm. et Binn. (1866)—F. du Laut. et K. Schum.

(1901)—? F. suringari Carr. (1866).

Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon

Isl.

400. F. robusta Corner (1960).

New Guinea.

401. F. semivestita Corner (1960).

New Guinea.

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus ' Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

sect. Sycocarpus Mig. (1844)

Ficus sect. Sycomorphe (Miq.) Endl., sect. Cystogyne (Gasp.)

Endl. (1847); sect. Covellia (Gasp.) Miq., sect. Cystogyne (Gasp.)

Miq., sect. Paracovellia Miq. (1867); sect. Covellia (Gasp.) Benth.

et Hook. (1880)—Covellia Gasp. sect. Cystogyne (Gasp.) Migq.

(1848); sect. Eucovellia Miq., sect. Paracovellia Mig. (1859)—

Ficus subgen. Covellia Mig. (1867)—Gonusuke Raf. (1838)—

Sycomorphe Miq. (1844)—Covellia Gasp. (1844) emend. Miq.

(1848)—Cystogyne Gasp. (1844)—Dammaropsis Warb. (1891).

Tropical Asia, Australasia.

subsect. Auriculisperma Corner (1960)

Solomon Isl., Fiji.

ser. Cynaroides Corner (1960)

402. F. cynaroides Corner (1960).

Bougainville Isl.

403. F. lancibracteata Corner (1960).

Bougainville Isl.

ser. Theophrastoides Corner (1960)

404. F. salomonensis Rechinger (1912).

Bougainville Isl., Ysabel Isl.

405. F. theophrastoides Seem. (1868).

Solomon Isl. (Bougainville, Guadalcanal, New Georgia), Fiji

(Ovalau, Viti Levu).

ser. Vitienses Corner (1960)

406. F. indigofera Rechinger (1912)—F. bukaensis Rechinger,

F. kietana Rechinger (1912).

Solomon Isl. (Bougainville, Buka, San Cristoval, Ysabel,

Malaita, Owa Raha).

407. F. vitiensis Seem. (1868)—F. harveyi Seem. (1868).

Fiji.

subsect. Dammaropsis (Warb.) Corner (1960)

Dammaropsis Warb. (1891).

408. F. dammaropsis Diels (1933)—Dammaropsis kingiana Warb.

(1891).

a. v. dammaropsis.

Western New Guinea, Terr. New Guinea.

b. v. obtusa Corner (1960).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

subsect. Papuasyce Corner (1962)

New Guinea.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

409. F. itoana Diels (1935).

New Guinea, New Britain.

410. F. microdictya Diels (1935).

New Guinea, Papua.

subsect. Lepidotus Coroner (1962)

subsect. Pomifera Corner ser. Lepidotae Corner (1960).

411. F. griffithii Mig. (1867)—Covellia griffithii Miq. (1848).

Mergui, Thailand.

subsect. Macrostyla Corner (1960)

Sino-Himalaya, Sarawak.

412. F. squamosa Roxb. (1832)—-F. saemocarpa Mig. (1867)—

F. pyrrhocarpa Kurz (1873)—? F. laminosa Hardw. ex Roxb.

(1832).

North India, Burma, Yunnan, north Thailand.

413. F. macrostyla Corner (1960).

Sarawak (Bintulu, Saribas),

subsect. Sycocarpus

Ficus sect. Covellia (Gasp.) Miq. subsect. Communiflorae Sata

(as Communisiiflorae), sect. Pseudopalmae Elm. subsect. Covel-

liae-pseudopalmae Sata (1944).

Tropical Asia to Solomon Isl. and Queensland.

ser. Longetuberculatae Sata (1944)

Covellia Gasp. sect. Paracovellia Mig. (1859)—Ficus subgen.

Covellia (Gasp.) Mig. sect. Paracovellia Mig. (1867).

414. F. ribes Reinw. ex Bl. (1825)—Covellia paniculata Miq.

(1848)—C. ribes (Bl.) Mig. (1859).—F. staphylosyce Ridley

(1924)—F. yatesii Merr., F. bartlettii Merr. (1934).

a. V. ribes.

Malaya (north of Tampin), Sumatra, Java.

b. v. cuneata (Miqg.) Corner (1960)—Covellia cuneata Miq..,

C. microcarpa Miq. (1848)—F. cuneata Miq. (1867)—F. pseudo-

ribes Koord. (1898)—F. merrillii Elm. (1908)—F. olivacea Elm.

(1937).

Philippines (? except Palawan), Celebes.

i. f. stenophylla Corner (1960).

Luzon.

c. v. serraria (Mig.) Corner (1960)—F. serraria Miq. (1860).

Sumatra.

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

415. F. botryocarpa Mig. (1867)—F. caulocarpa Mig. (1867)—

F. miquelii King (1887)— F. conora King (1888)—F. barnesii

Merr. (1904)—F. endothrix Warb. (1905)—F. sosorgonensis

Elm. (1937).

a. v. botryocarpa.

Philippines (? except Palawan, Negros), Celebes, Talaud, Ter-

nate, Halmahera.

b. v. linearifolia (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. linearifolia Elm.

(1907)—F. cervina Elm. (1908).

Luzon.

c. v. subalbidoramea (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. mindorensis

Merr. (1904)—F. trichantha Warb. (1905)—F. sordidissima Elm.

(1911)—F. subalbidoramea Elm. (1914).

Philippines generally, Celebes, Ternate, Amboina, New Guinea.

i. f. scabrida Corner (1960).

New Guinea, New Britain.

416. F. parvibracteata Corner (1960).

Celebes (Porema).

417. F. cassidyana Elm. (1906).

a. V. cassidyana.

Philippines (Negros, Samar, Leyte, Biliran, Mindanao).

b. v. casiguranensis (Quis. et Merr.) Corner comb. nov.—F.

casiguranensis Quis. et Merr. (1928).

Luzon.

ser. Tuberculifasciculatae Sata (1944)

Ficus sect. Sycidium Mig. ser. Harlandifoliae Sata, ser. Eusycei-

foliae Sata (1944).

Tropical Asia to Solomon Isl. and Queensland.

subser. Praestantes Corner (1960)

New Britain, Solomon Isl.

418. F. praestans Corner (1960).

New Britain.

419, F. longibracteata Corner (1960).

a. v. longibracteata.

Solomon Isl. (Bougainville, Guadalcanal, Florida).

b. v. lebetoides Corner (1960).

Guadalcanal.

subser. Calopilinae Corner (1960)

Malaya to Solomon Isl., absent from the Philippines.

Vol, XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

420. F. pachyrachis Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F. grandis King

(1888)—F. hypoglauca Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F.

pachythyrsa Diels (1935).

a. v. pachyrachis.

New Guinea.

b. v. porrecta Corner (1960).

Western New Guinea.

421. F. neobritannica Corner (1961).

New Britain.

422. F. dalbertisii King (1888).

Papua.

423. F. profusa Corner (1960).

Bougainville Isl.

424. F. baccaureoides Corner (1960).

Bougainville Isl.

425. F. calopilina Diels (1935)—F. setistyla Warb. apud K. Schum.

(1905, Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb.; non Fedde Rep. 1, 77).

New Guinea, (? New Britain.).

426. F. papuana Corner (1960).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua.

427. F. bernaysii King (1887).

New Guinea, New Britain, (? Solomon Isl.).

428. F. adelpha Laut. et K. Schum. (1901)—F. platysycia Diels

(1935).

New Guinea.

429. F. hahliana Diels (1935).

New Guinea.

430. F. vrieseana Miq. (1867)—Covellia rufescens Kurz ex Teysm.

et Binn. (1864)—F. sulcata Elm. (1912)—F. mirabilis Merr.

(1921)—? F. serraria Mig. v. membranacea Migq. (1861).

a. V. Vrieseana.

Java, Sumatra, Philippines, Celebes, New Guinea.

i. f. appressipilosa Corner (1960)—F. brachiata King (1888).

Java, Sumatra.

b. v. chamaecarpa (Ridley) Corner (1960)—F. chamaecarpa

Ridley (1926).

Malaya, Sumatra (Sipora Isl.).

i. f. obliqua Corner (1960).

Malaya, Sumatra, New Guinea.

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

431. F. iodotricha Diels (1935).

New Guinea.

432. F. sublimbata Corner (1960).

New Guinea (southern part).

433. F. tunicata Corner (1960).

Great Key Isl.

434. F. obpyramidata King (1888).

Lower Burma, Thailand, Malaya (except Singapore).

subser. Congestae Corner (1960)

sect. Sycidium Miq. ser. Harlandifoliae Sata, sect. Pseudopalmae

Elm. subsect. Covelliae-pseudopalmae Sata (1944).

Malaysia, Solomon Isl.

435. F. nota (Blanco) eae (1904)—F. aspera Forst. f. v. nota

Blanco (1837).

Philippines, North Borneo.

436. F. congesta Roxb. (1832)—Covellia congesta (Roxb.) Miq.

(1848)—F. fasciculata F.v.M. ex Benth., v. opposita Benth.

(1873)—F. setistyla Warb. (1905, Fedde Rep. 1, 77)—F.

trichostyla Warb. (1905)—F. satterthwaitei Elm. (1906)—F.

appendiculata Merr., F. binuangensis Merr. (1921)—F. chaeto-

styla Diels (1935).

a. Vv. congesta.

Philippines, Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain,

Solomon Isl., Queensland.

b. v. chalmersii (King) Corner (1960)—F. chalmersii King (1887)

—F. caulothyrsa Laut. et K. Schum. (1901).

Amboina, Key Isl., New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Isl.

c. v. menadena (Miq.) Corner (1960)—F.. menadena Mia. (1867).

Celebes.

436A. F. merrittii Merr. (1909).

Philippines (Luzon, Samar, Mindoro). See p. 95.

437. F. subcongesta Corner (1961).

Key to the varieties

1. Leaf-base narrowed cordate, symmetric. Fig with a pedicel 3-7 mm.

long above the basal bracts 2-3 mm. long ............ v. symmetrica.

1. Leaf-base asymmetric. Fig without a pedicel above the basal bracts 1-2

PET. MIG io. ow siasidih Seep Roe hw 3 i uv ose ee eee v. subcongesta.

a. v. subcongesta.

New Britain.

b. v. symmetrica Corner (1961).

Bougainville Isl.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

438. F. schwarzii Koord. (1898).

Lower Burma, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Anamba and

Natuna Isl., Borneo, Celebes.

439. F. benguetensis Merr. (1905)—v. leytensis Elm., (1906)—v.

negrosensis Elm., (1908)—F. cuernosensis Elm. (1908)—F.

laevicarpa Elm., F. peabodyi Elm. (1912)—F. wenzelii Merr.

(1913)—F. miyagii Koidz. (1913)—F. urdanetensis Elm.

(1914)—F. maquilingensis Elm. (1919)—F. kotoensis Hayata

(1919)—F. coronata Sasaki (1928)—F. harlandii Benth. v.

kotoensis (Hayata) Sata (1934)—F. harlandii Benth. v. grandi-

folia Sata, F. benguetensis Merr. f. leytensis Sata, f. negrosensis

Sata, f. urdanetensis Sata, F. cuernosensis Elm. v. elongata Sata

(1944)—? F. ochobiensis Hayata (1918).

Ryu Kyu, Formosa, Philippines generally.

440. F. carpenteriana Elm. (1906)—F. castanea Elm. (1937)—

F. weberi Merr. (1914)—F. wenzelii Merr. v. weberi Sata

(1944).

Philippines (Luzon, Camarines, Albay, Catanduanes, Samar,

Leyte, Biliran, Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu).

441. F. multistipularis Merr. (1921.—F. palmae-covellia Sata

(1944).

Philippines, (Luzon, Catanduanes, Samar, Dinigat).

subser. Hispidae Corner (1960)

Tropical Asia to Queensland, absent from the Philippines.

442. F. moderata Corner (1962).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

443. F. conglobata King (1888).

Sikkim, Bhutan, Bihar, Assam, Chittagong.

444. F. hispida Linn. f. (1781)—F. symphytifolia Lamk. (1788)—

F. scabra Jacqu. (1798)—F. oppositifolia Roxb. (1798)—F.

mollis Willd. (1798)—F. perinteregam Pennant (1800)—F.

daemonum Koen. ap. Vahl (1806)—F. fecunda Bl. (1823)—F.

goolerea Roxb. (1832)—Gonusuke scabra (Jacqu.) Raf., G.

hispida (Linn. f.) Raf., G. demonum (Koen.) Raf. (1838)—-

Sycomorphe roxburghii Mig. (1844)—Covellia oppositifolia

(Roxb.) Gasp. (1845)—C. hispida (Linn. f.) Miq., C..daemonum

(Koen.) Miq., C. setulosa Miq., C. courtallensis Miq., C. wigh-

tiana Miq., C. assamica Miq., C. dasycarpa Miq., F.. prominens

Wall. ex Miq. (1848)—F. hispida f. borneensis Miq., f. minor

Mig. (? ined.), (1867)—F. courtallensis (Miq.) Baillon (1875)

—F., hispida v. viridis O.K., v. incana O.K. (1891)—F. setistyla

Warb. (1905, Fedde Rep. 1, 77, pro p. fructuum; alt. p., F.

congesta Roxb.)—-F. letacqui Lévl. et Vant. (1910)—F. sam-

bucixylon Lévl. (1911)—F. hispida f. obovifolia Hochr. (1925)

F. poilanei Gagnep. (1927).—F. lima Royen nom. nud.

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the varieties

1.-Figs not.geocarpic.or with pale -haims...;..0./0.. cee v. hispida.

1. Figs geocarpic. Hairs dark brown.

2. Figs red; .pedupcles —5 mum: long ......2.--..cte et eee ee ee v. rubra.

2. Figs yellow; peduncles —-12 mm. long ..................... v. badiostrigosa.

a. V. hispida.

Ceylon, India and south China to Malaya (absent from the

southern part of the Malay Peninsula), Andaman Isl., Sumatra,

Java, Anamba and Natuna Isl., Borneo (rare), Celebes (south-

east), Lesser Sunda Isl., Timor, Tenimber Isl., Queensland, Papua.

b. v. badiostrigosa Corner (1960)—F. heterostyla Merr. (1942).

Annam, Laos, Tonkin.

c. v. rubra Corner (1960).

Kwangsi, Annam.

445. F. hispidioides S. Moore (1923).

a. V. hispidioides.

Papua, (? north Australia).

b. v. flavescens Corner (1961).

Papua, New Britain.

c. v. succosa Corner (1961).

Terr. New Guinea, Papua, New Britain.

subser. Axillares Corner (1960)

- Burma to New Guinea.

446. F. lepicarpa Bl. (1825)—Covellia volkameriifolia Miq. (1848)

—C. didyma Mig. (1851)—C. lepicarpa (BI.) Mig. (1859)—

F. volkameriaefolia Wall. ex Miq. (1867)—F. lepicarpa BI. v.

bunjeng Solms-Laubach (1885)—F. volkameriifolia (Wall.

ex Mig.) Winkler (1913)—? F. malaica Hunter ex Ridl. (1909).

a. Vv. lepicarpa.

Lower Burma, peninsular Thailand, Malaya (excl. Singapore),

Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Anamba and Natuna Isl., Celebes,

Amboina, Philippines (Sulu Archipelago, Tawi-Tawi).

b. v. brevibracteata Corner (1960).

Sarawak, North Borneo, Amboina.

c. v. pedunculata Corner (1960).

Thailand, Borneo.

d. v. suluensis Corner (1960).

Tawi-Tawi.

447. F. decipiens Reinw. ex Bl. (1825).

Celebes (Minahassa).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

448. F. latimarginata Corner (1960).

Celebes (Todjamboe, Liasa).

449. F. calcarata Corner (1960).

Halmahera, Ternate, Morotai.

450. F. saurauioides Diels (1935).

New Guinea.

subser. Fulvidulae Corner (1960)

Sumatra, Borneo.

451. F. cereicarpa Corner (1960).

North Borneo, Brunei, central Borneo (Sungei Mendjaloe).

452. F. francisci Winkler (1913).

Borneo.

453. F. gilapong Mig. (1860)—F. hypogaea King (1888).

Sumatra (Brastagi; Gilapong Isl., Battang Baroes).

454. F. virescens Corner (1962).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

455. F. treubii King (1888).

Borneo.

subser. Geocarpicae Corner (1960)

Malaya, Lingga, Borneo, Celebes.

456. F. stolonifera King (1888).

Sarawak, Brunei, North Borneo.

457. F. geocarpa Teysm. ex Miq. (1867).

Celebes (Minahassa, Menado).

458. F. megaleia Corner (1960).

a. Vv. megaleia.

Brunei, North and Central Borneo.

b. v. multinervia Corner (1962).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

c. v. subuncinata Corner (1962).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

459. F. uncinata (King) Becc. (1902)—F. geocarpa Teysm. v.

uncinata King (1888).

a. V. uncinata.

Borneo.

b. v. gracilis Corner (1960).

Brunei.

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

c. Vv. parva Corner (1960).

Brunei.

d. v. pilosior Corner (1960).

Brunei, central and North Borneo.

e. Vv. strigosa Corner (1960).

Malaya (Johore to Kelantan and Perak), Lingga, Borneo.

f. v. subbeccarii Corner (1962).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

g. Vv. truncata Corner (1960).

Brunei, Sarawak.

460. F. beccarii King (1888).

a. V. beccarii.

Malaya (Johore to Trengganu), Borneo.

b. v. asymmetrica Corner (1960).

Sarawak.

c. Vv. latifolia Corner (1960).

Brunei, North Borneo.

461. F. geocharis Corner (1960).

Borneo.

462. F. subterranea Corner (1960).

Brunei, North Borneo.

subser. Tuberculifasciculatae Corner (1960)

sect. Sycidium Miq. ser. Eusyceaefoliae Sata (1944).

India to Solomon Isl.

463. F. bougainvillei Rechinger (1912).

Bougainville Is].

464. F. septica Burm. f. (1768)—F. verrucosa Vahl. (1806)—

F. venosa Aiten (1789)—F. leucantotoma Poir. (1812)—F.

leucotoma Roem. et Sch. (1817)—F. leucopleura Bl. (1825)—

F. leucosticta Spreng. (1826)—F. rapiformis Roxb. (1832)—

F.. radiata Dcsne (1834)—F. hauili Blanco, F. laccifera Blanco

(1837)—Cystogyne leucosticta (Spreng.) Gasp. (1844)—

Covellia rapiformis (Roxb.) Miq., C. venosa (Willd.) Migq.

(1848)—Covellia stictocarpa Mig. (1851)—F. geminifolia Miq.

_(1854)—Covellia leucopleura Migq., C. radiata (Dcsne) Miq.

(1859)—F. stictocarpa Mig., Covellia leucantotoma (Poit.)

Mig. (1867)—F. philippinensis Bonard ex Hérincq (1869)—

F. oldhami Hance (1870)—F. casearia F.v.M. ex Benth. (1873)

—F. didymophylla Warb. (1905)—F. kaukauensis Hayata

(1918)—? F. paludosa Perrottet (1825)—F. eburnea Hott.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

a. V. septica.

Sumatra, Java, Borneo (North Borneo, Labuan, West Koetai),

Lesser Sunda Isl., Timor, Ryu Kyu, Formosa, Philippines,

Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, Admiralty Isl., New Britain,

New Ireland, Solomon Isl., New Hebrides, Santa Cruz Isl.,

Queensland.

b. v. cauliflora Corner (1960).

Timor Laut, Admiralty Isl., Solomon Isl., New Hebrides,

Santa Cruz Isl., Queensland.

c. v. Salicifolia Corner (1960)—F. laxiramea Elm. (1911)-—

F. brunnea Merr., F. linearis Merr. (1921).

Philippines (Luzon, Samar, Mindanao), Celebes.

465. F. fistulosa Reinw. ex BI. (1825)—Covellia subopposita Miq.

(1851)}—? FF. wmillingtonifolia Griff. (1854}—F. harlandii

Benth. (1861)—F. fistulosa v. obliqua Mig. (1867)—F.

repandifolia Elm., F. rubrovenia Merr. (1906)—F. grandidens

Merr. (1914).

a. Vv. fistulosa.

Assam, Bengal, Burma, south China, Hainan, Indochina,

Thailand, Nicobar Isl., Malaya, Sumatra, Riouw, Banka, Java,

Bali, Lombok, Sumba, Sumbawa, Flores, Alor, Borneo, Philippines,

Formosa.

b. v. angustifolia Mig. (1867).

Malaya, Borneo, Sumatra.

c. v. lucbanensis (Elm.) Corner (1960)—F. lucbanensis Elm.

(1907)—F. curranii Merr. (1910).

Philippines (? Palawan).

d. v. tengerensis (Mig.) O.K. (1891)—Covellia tuberculata Miq.

(1854)—F. tengerensis Mig., F. tuberculata Mig. (1867)—F.

fistulosa v. cincta Hochr. (1925).

Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

466. F. condensa King (1888).

Sarawak, North Borneo.

467. F. dimorpha King (1888).

a. v. dimorpha.

Sumatra.

b. v. scabra Corner (1960).

Mentawei Isl. (Siberut, Sipora).

468. F. tarennifolia Corner (1960).

North Borneo (Kinabalu).

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

469. F. ixoroides Corner (1960).

Sarawak, North Borneo.

470. F. scortechinii King (1888)—F. fasciculata King (1888).

a. V. scortechinii.

Burma (Tavoy), Thailand, Malaya (incl. Singapore).

b. v. lanceata Corner (1962).

North Borneo (Kinabalu), Sarawak.

471. F. ternatana Mig. (1867)—Covellia ternatana Mig. (1859)—

—F. flagellaris Diels (1935).

Ternate, New Guinea (north-east).

472. F. pleyteana Corner (1960).

Halmahera.

473. F. arfakensis King (1888)—F. hylophila Laut. et K. Schum.,

F. stenothyrsus Laut. et K. Schum., F. palustris Laut: et K.

Schum. (1901)—F. tristipula Warb. (1905).

Aru Isl., New Guinea, Solomon Isl.

474. F. macrothyrsa Corner (1961).

Bougainville Isl.

Species Incertae Sedis

F. apocynoidea Griff. Notul. 4 (1854) 399.—This was over-

looked by King. There seems to be no specimen and I cannot

place it.

F. argentea Blanco, FI. Filip. (1837) 681; Merr. Sp. Blanc.

(1918) 129; Philip. J. Sci. 20 (1922) 368; Sata, Monogr. (1944)

216.—I have not been able to recognise this. Merrill suggested

that it was F. ruficaulis Merr. and, later, that it was what I call

F. caulocarpa Migq. v. dasycarpa. If two such different plants can

be mistaken for Blanco’s description, it is indeed ambiguous.

F. comptonii S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 45 (1921) 412.—The

type-specimen seems to me to consist of fruiting inflorescences of

F. racemigera Bur. mounted with leaves of F. webbiana Miq.

The field-note states “Large tree; fruits in long racemes on main

trunk, speckled red’’, and this indicates F. racemigera.

F. cornifolia Kunth et Bouch. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 7 (1847)

246.—This was supposed to have come from Java. I have seen

no specimen and cannot place it.

F. crenulata Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bog. (1844) 76; Miq. Fl. Ind.

Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 321; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3 (1867) 295.—

I have found no specimen and the description is too brief for

identification. ? F. heteropleura BI.

Vol. XXI (1965).

F. forbesii King, Spec. Ficus 2 (1888) 109, pl. 143.—I have

found no specimen or one that would correspond. It was based

on an unnumbered collection of Forbes from Sumatra. I suspect

that it is a mixture of leaves which are not Moraceous, because

they are described as stellate hairy beneath, and infructescences

of F. ribes Reinw.

F. glabra Griff. Notul. 4 (1854) 390 (non Vellozo, 1827).—

This was omitted by King. I have found no specimen and cannot

identify it.

F. hayatae Sata, J. Soc. Tr. Agr. Taiwan 6 (1934) 28; Tr. Nat.

Hist. Soc. Formos. 28 (1938) 223; Monogr. (1944) 28.—I have

seen no specimen and cannot identify this. It may be F. irisana

Elmer or a species of sect. Ficus.

F. hirtaeformis Lévl. et Vant. Fedde Rep. 4 (1907) 84.—I

have not found the type-number (Cavalerie 1593).

F. karet Baill. Hist. Pl. 6 (1875) 176.—This was said to be

F. indica Lamk., but what Baillon thereby intended I do not

know. F. indica Linn. sensu Lamk. is F. benghalensis Linn.

F. merrittit Merr. Philip. J. Sci. Bot. 4 (1909) 252; En. Philip.

2 (1923) 57; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 303.—This may be F.

carpenteriana Elmer or F. nota (Blanco) Merr., or an intermediate.

I have not seen the type-numbers (Bur. Sci. 11466, 11477, leg.

Merritt) and, as these cauliflorous figs of the Philippines have

been much confused, I hesitate to identify it. It seems to have

longer, more racemose, fruiting branches, up to 75 cm. long, than

either of these species, but it has no clear diagnostic character.

(Since writing this note I have seen n. 11466 from U.S. National

Museum, loaned to me in Aug. 1964. The species comes between

F.. carpenteriana and F. nota. See p. 88.)

F. millingtonifolia Griff. Notul. 4 (1854) 396; Ic. Pl. As. (1854)

556 (1).—This may be F. fistulosa Reinw. I have seen no speci-

men.

F. mourilyanensis F. M. Bailey, Queensl. Agric. J. 1 (1897)

452; Queensl. Fl. 5 (1902) 1478.—I have seen no specimen, but

the description fits F. copiosa Steud. which has been so often

mistaken.

F. nepalensis Spreng. Syst. Nat. 3 (1826) 779; King Spec.

Ficus 2 (1888) 183.—F. ovata Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep (1825) 61

(non Vahl); King, Spec. Ficus 2 (1888) 183.—This was based

on the Wallichian specimen labelled “In Nepalia, Wallich

Bedoodee Indigenis”. I have not found it. King referred F.

nepalensis to F. foveolata Wall. (that is, F. sarmentosa J. E. Sm.)

on the evidence of two drawings at Leiden; and he referred F.

ovata to F. scandens Roxb. (that is F. hederacea Roxb.), without

realising that they were the same species. Miquel suggested U.

lambertianum Miq. (that is F. virens Ait.).

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

F. oblongifolia Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep. (1825) 61; King, Spec.

Ficus 2 (1888) 183.—As King observed, without specimens this

cannot be identified.

F. obovata Griff. Notul. 4 (1854) 390; Ic. Pl. As. (1854) 551

(1).—I have seen no specimen. The figure suggests F. talboti

King or F. concinna Mig.

F. puncticulata Merr. Philip. J. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 131; En.

Philip. 2 (1923) 93; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 347.—I have not seen

the type (Clemens 1164). It seems to be F. recurva BI.

F.. radicans Roxb. v. abnormis Kurz, Fl. Burma 2 (1877) 452.—

I have seen no specimen. It may be a form of F. heteropleura Bl.,

a northerly record of F. sinuata Thunb., or F. praetermissa

Corner.

F. retusa Linn. var. macrocarpa Kurz, Fl. Burma. 2 (1877)

444; King, Spec. Ficus 2 (1888) 183.—This was not identified by

King. I have seen no specimen. Jt may be F. sundaica Bl.

F. rigida Jack, Mal. Misc. 2 (1822) 71; Hook. Comp. Bot.

Mag. 1 (1836) 222; Merr. J. Arn. Arb. 33 (1952) 225.—I have

been unable to identify this. Merrill considered that it was F.

glaberrima Bl., but the two hardly correspond and F. glaberrima

is known from very few collections from the north of Sumatra.

It may be F. magnoliifolia Bl.

F. rowelliana King, Spec. Ficus 1 (1887) 38, pl. 43A.—This

was based on Forbes 3026 (Sumatra) and placed under sect.

Urostigma. I have not found this collection or any other referred

to the species, and this condition always suggests to me that such

species are mixtures of faulty collecting or mounting. The

description shows that it is a dioecious climber with disperse male

flowers, unistaminate, and should belong therefore in sect. Kalo-

syce. It may be F. aurantiacea Griff. or F. singalana King.

F. rupestris Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 439; King Spec. Ficus 2 (1888)

183.—This is the bathyphyll state of F. villosa, F. recurva, or

F. lanata, between which it is impossible to decide.

F. sargentii Merr. Philip. J. Sci. 18 (1921) 63; En. Philip. 2

(1923) 64; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 274.—I have not seen the

type (Sablaya 10). It seems near to, if not identical with, F.

heteropoda. Miq.

F. tashiroi Maxim. Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 32 (1888) 621.—

Large glabrous tree. Lamina 5-12 x 2-4 cm., oblong-elliptic,

coriaceous-chartaceous, apex caudate-acuminate, very entire,

minutely scabrid-punctate above, base 3-nerved for 4-2 the

length of the blade; lateral nerves 3—5 pairs, subparallel; reticula-

tions prominent on both sides; petiole 5-10 mm., short. Recep-

tacles axillary, solitary, pisiform, with a pedicel about as long

as the body, smooth, the achenes showing through (from pressure),

with three minute and early caducous basal bracts at the base

of the pedicel. Archip. Ya-Yama (A. Tashiro, 1886).

Vol. XXI (1965).

I have seen no specimen. It was said to be near F. gibbosa Bl.,

but to differ in the paler leaf (dried), the entire perianth of the

female flower (or 2-3-lobate), and the elongate style.

F. velascoi Merr. ex Sata, Monogr. (1944) 275.—I have not

seen the type (For. Bur. 23306), which is the only specimen

quoted. It seems to be F. ulmifolia Lamk.

Excluded Species

Several of these species are described from mixtures of leaves

of one species and figs of another, which have either been collected

in error, as if from the same plant, or muddled in sorting and

mounting. In either case, they are artefacts, and are never col-

lected again.

Covellia composita Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 324. —This

is a sterile specimen of Poikilospermum Zipp.

C. grandifolia Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) 434.—This is a

sterile specimen of Poikilospermum Zipp.

Ficus aruensis King, Spec. Ficus 2 (1888) 175, pl. 222.—This

is based on an unnumbered collection of Beccari’s from the Aru

Islands (R. Ist. Fir. 9316, 9316 A, and B). It consists of the

leaves of F. arfakensis King mounted with the figs of F. wassa

Roxb. Two sheets of another collection of Beccari’s from the Aru

Islands (R. Ist. Fir. 9327, A-C), correspond in having the leaves

of F. wassa with the fruits of F. arfakensis; King did not name

these.

F. bordenii Merr. Govt. Lab. Publ. Philip. 29 (1905) 11;

Philip. J. Sci. 1 (1906) 46; En. Philip. 2 (1923) 47; Corner, Gard.

Bull. S.S. 10 (1939) 107, f. 7, 36; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 250.—

This consists of the leaves of F. sagittata Vahl mounted with

the figs of F. aurantiacea Griff. v. parvifolia Corner.

F. caloneura Kurz, J. As. Soc. Beng. 42 (1873) 105.—This is a

Euphorbiaceous plant (? Homalanthus).

F. castaneaefolia Roth Nov. Pl. Spec. (1821) 389.—A type-

duplicate in the Leiden-herbarium shows that this is not Mora-

ceous. It has an immature round fruit containing one large seed,

a subsessile capitate stigma, and mucilage (? oil) sacs in the

fruit-wall. The lower epidermal cells of the leaf are papillate with

plicate cuticle. According to van Steenis (in litt.) it is Anacar-

diaceae, such as Melanorrhoea or Semecarpus.

F. caulobotrya Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3 (1867) 287;

Corner Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960).—Urostigma caulobotryum

Miq. Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 6 (1847) 568.—This is based on a

mixture of the leaves of F. tsjahela Burm. f. mounted with the

figs of F. arnottiana Miq.

F. chrysophthalma Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3 (1867)

285.—Urostigma chrysophthalmum Mig. Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 6

(1847) 575.—This is Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

_ F. clarkei King, Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1888) 536; Spec. Ficus 2 (1888)

175, pl. 221.—This consists of the leaves of F. tinctoria Forst.

f. ssp. parasitica (Willd.) Corner and the fruits of F. racemosa

Linn. Clearly the first was growing on the second and mistaken

for one plant by the collector.

F. corymbifera Lévl. et Vant. Fedde Rep. 4 (1907) 83.—This

is a Solanum.

F. diepenhorstii (Miq.) King, Spec. Ficus 2 (1888) 183.—

Urostigma diepenhorstii Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) 439.-—

This is Prainea limpato (Migq.) Beumee.

_ F, gerontocarpa Warb. Perk. Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 201;

Sata, Monogr. (1944) 357.—According to Sata, this consists of

leaves of F. ruficaulis Merr. and figs of F. nota (Blanco) Merr.

F. hypoglauca Laut. ex K. Schum. Fl. Schutzgeb. Suds. (1901)

285.—The type consists of figs and infructescences of F. pachyr-

rhachis Laut. et K. Schum. and Lauraceous leaves (see p. 87).

F. inconstantissima Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) 431.—

This is the sapling state of Artocarpus dadah Miq.

F. iwahigensis Elmer, Leafl. Philip. Bot. 4 (1912) 1381.—The

type-number consists of the leaves of F. depressa Bl. and the figs

of F. forstenii Miq.

F. malabarica Mig. Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 7 (1848) 457; King,

Spec. Ficus 2 (1888) 182.—The type consists of the twigs and

leaves of Artocarpus hirsutus Lamk. (not A. chaplasha Roxb.,

as King suggested) and figs of F. palmata Forsk. attached to the

same sheet.

F. marchandii Lévl. Fedde Rep. 12 (1913) 533; Hand. Mazz.

Symb. Sin. 7 (1929) 100.—This is a Capparidaceous plant.

F. onusta Wall. ex Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3 (1867)

285; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960).—Urostigma onustum

Miq. Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 6 (1847) 575.—This is a mixture of

leaves of F. globosa Bl. and figs of F. pisocarpa BI.

F. ouangliensis Lévl. Fedde Rep. 4 (1907) 66.—This is a

species of Aglaia.

F. peltata Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 438; King. Spec. Ficus 2 (1888)

183; v. Steenis, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1948) p. XX.—King

ascribed this to an aroid, but it is the juvenile or bathyphyll state

of a Piper.

F. polysyce Ridley, J. R. As. Soc. Sir. Br. 82 (1920) “195:

Corner, J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 11 (1933) 42.—This is a mixture

of F. fistulosa, F. schwarzii, F. scortechinii, and F. variegata.

F. pulchra Wall. ex Mig. Hook. Lond. J. eat 7 (1848) 43055 >

This is a species of Kibara.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus

'. F. pyrifolia Burm. f.. Fl. Ind. (1768) 226; Nakai, Bot. Mag.

‘Tokyo 40 (1926) 564; Merr. J. Arn. Arb. 35 (1954) 134.—This

is Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai.

F. ralumensis K. Schum. Notizbl. Kgl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin

2 (1898) 112; Fl. Schutzgeb. Suds. (1901) 282; Diels, Bot. Jahrb.

67 (1935) 231.—The type at Berlin (Warburg 20828) consists of

_two leaves of Artocarpus teysmannii Miq. and a section of a fig

of F. calopilina Diels.

F. salix Lévl. et Vant. Fedde Rep. 4 (1907) 66; Hand. Mazz.

Symb. Sin. 7 (1929) 100.—This is a sterile Salix, perhaps S.

babylonica.

F. serpyllifolia Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 443.—This is the creeping

bathyphyll state of an Apocynaceous climber, identified by

Kostermans as Micrechites radicans (Wall.) Markgr. = M. serpyl-

lifolia (Bl.) Kosterm., Reinwardt. 5 (1960) 245.

F. tampang Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) 425; King, Spec.

Ficus 2 (1888) 184—This is Artocarpus dadah Mig. —

F. tawaoensis Merr. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 48;

Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S. 10 (1939) 146, f. 27, 35.—This is a

mixture of the leaves of F. trichocarpa Bl., intermediate between .-

the bathyphylls and the acrophylls, and the figs of F. punctata

"Thunb.

F. weinlandii K. Schum. Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Suds. (1905)

248; Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 67 (1935) 211.—This consists of the

leafless twigs with small figs of F. caulocarpa Miq. and the leafy

twig of a species of sect. Sycocarpus, near to F. bernaysii, F.

calopilina, and F. pachyrrhachis.

Urostigma cuneatum Miq. Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 6 (1847) 585.—

F. amherstina Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2 (1840) 635.—Ficus cuneata

Wall. ined. (n. 4534); King, Spec. Ficus 2 (1888) 181.—This is

a twig of Erythroxylon burmanicum Griff. mounted with figs of

F. semicordata B. Ham.

Key to the subgenera of Ficus

1. Dioecious. No interfloral bracts .............. subgen. Ficus (p. 116).

1. Monoecious. Figs often with interfloral bracts, without lateral bracts.

Gall—and female flowers often similar. Tepals red or with white

edges. Seeds smooth.

2. Banyans, strangling figs, or creeping with adventitious roots, Lamina

often coriaceous, entire, not plicate, with a gland at the back of

the petiole-apex or none. Fig often with an outer and an inner

layer of sclerotic cells in the wall, or with a single inner layer:

interfloral bracts present. Stamen 1. Style mostly simple. Rarely

cauliflorous. Pantropical ......... subgen. Urostigma (p. 100).

2. Trees, rarely shrubs, not epiphytic. Leaf-glands in the axils of the

- main basal nerves or none. Sclerotic cells in the fig-wall diffuse

or none. Stamens 2 (-—3), or 1, often with a pistillode.

Urostigma Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

3. Male flowers disperse or ostiolar, often pedicellate: stamens 1-3:

filaments free or slightly joined. Ovary white or reddish at the

base on the stylar side: stigma generally bifid. Tepals entire.

Interfloral bracts often present. Leaves mostly entire (dentate

in some saplings), not plicate. Rarely cauliflorous. America,

Asia, Australasia, Madagascar.

subgen. Pharmacosycea (p. 111).

3. Male flowers ostiolar, sessile, compressed: stamens 2 (1-3):

filaments joined in the lower part. Gall— and female (sessile)

flowers distinct. ovary dark red: stigma simple. Tepals generally

laciniate-denticulate (or entire in male flowers). Interfloral

bracts absent. Leaf often dentate, more or less plicate in bud.

Mostly cauliflorous. Africa, Asia, Australasia.

subgen. Sycomorus, 146. F. racemosa.

Key to the sections of subgen. Urostigma

1. Fig-orifice as a pore or bilabiate or triradiate slit closed by 2 (or 3)

series of inflexed (not interlocking) apical and internal bracts.

Male flowers disperse. Cystoliths amphigenous, hypergenous, or

none.

2. Basal bracts 2. Fig-orifice bilabiate. Anther normal. Stigma simple.

Ovary with a red mark at the base, not immersed. Africa, Arabia,

MasGaréne i aOR AG ls Abo eee eee sect. Galoglychia.*

2. Basal bracts 2 or 3. Fig-orifice bilabiate or triradiate, the apical

bracts often umbonate. Anther with 2 pollen-sacs, dehiscing with

one crescentic or equatorial slit. Stigma bifid or simple. Ovary

with a red mark at the base or with red apex and, then, partly

immersed in the fig-wall. Venation as in F. elastica. Eastern

Malaysia, Australasia ............ sect. Malvanthera (p. 109).

1. Fig orifice more or less closed by interlocking apical and internal

bracts. Anther normal. Stigma simple (except F. orthoneura).

3. Ovary wholly red-brown or in the upper half. Male flowers ostiolar

or disperse. Tepals generally narrow, acute. Basal bracts 3, or

as a cupule. Cystoliths hypogenous or none. Venation mostly

with intercostals. Africa, Asia, Australasia

sect. Urostigma (p. 101).

3. Ovaries white or with a red mark at the base. Male flowers disperse.

Cystoliths amphigenous, hypergenous, or none.

4. Basal bracts 2, often connate. Ovary with a red mark. America

sect. Americana.7

4. Basal bracts 3, free, or joined in a cupule. Asia, Australasia,

Mascarene.

5. Ovary white. Venation with or without intercostals. Cystoliths

hypergenous or amphigenous .... sect. Leucogyne (p. 102).

5. Ovary with a red mark at the base.

6. Venation with the secondary lateral nerves as prominent as

the primary. Stipule long. Fig-peduncle short, thick. Basal

bracts early caducous. Cystoliths hypergenous.

80. F. elastica, sect. Stilpnophyllum.

6. Without such character. Cystoliths mostly amphigenous

sect. Conosycea (p. 102).

* sect Galoglychia (Gasp.) Endl., Gen. Pl. Suppl. 4, 2 (1847) 35 =

subgen. Bibracteatae Mildbr. et Burr., Bot. Jahrb. 46 (1912) 175. Not

detailed in this work.

t sect. Americana Mig., Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 6 (1847) 525 (ut

Americanae). Not detailed in this work.

100

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Urostigma

Key to the series of sect. Urostigma

1. Fig with abundant internal chaffy-vesicular bristles. Basal bracts per-

banca OTR eo a EI RO, HEE che os ser. Caulobotryeae (p. 102).

1. Without internal bristles or few and minute.

2. Basal bracts caducous, Fig pedunculate ...... ser. Superbae (p. 101).

2. Basal bracts persistent.

3. Male flowers disperse. Lamina coriaceous, with an upper hypoder-

mis. Fig pedunculate with small basal bracts, or sessile with a

large entire cupule. Sinohimalaya ... ser. Orthoneurae (p. 102).

3. Male flowers ostiolar or, if disperse, then the sessile fig with 3 basal

bracts. Fig sessile (except F. verruculosa, Africa). Lamina

Without hypogergis. 0: . i.) s. sche oilaesws ser. Religiosae (p. 101).

Key to the species of ser. Religiosae

1. Petiole articulate to the lamina (breaking off in dry leaves); Asia, New

Guinea.

2. Lamina elliptic, lateral nerves 8-14 pairs; figs 5-7 mm. wide, axillary

or clustered on the twigs below the leaves; basal bracts 2-2.5 x

3—5 mm.; ovary dark red; S. India, Ceylon. ...... 4. F. tsjahela.

2. Lamina ovate, lat. nerves 4-9 pairs; figs paired, mostly axillary.

3. Lam. caudate, tip 25-90 mm. long; petiole as long as or longer

than the lamina; ovaries red-brown in the upper part.

1. F. religiosa.

3. Lam. acute or acuminate; petiole shorter than the lamina; ovaries

wholly dark red-brown.

4. Lam. 4-11 x 2.5-6.5 cm.; fig 5-8 mm. wide; basal bracts 2-2.5

mam. tong; China, Indochina ...............s0 3. F. cardiophylla.

4. Lam. 8-24 x 4.5-15 cm.; fig 9-10 mm. wide; basal bracts 3-5

mm. long; Indochina to New Guinea ......... 2. F. saxophila.

1. Petiole not articulate; African and Mascarene*.

5. Basal bracts half-covering the sessile fig; apical bracts in a gibbous

disc 2-3 mm. wide; male flowers in 2-3 rows, sessile to pedicellate,

sometimes also disperse; lam. elliptic to ovate-cordate, shortly

acuminate; lat. nerves 7-9 pairs; petiole 2-6 cm. long; Mauritius,

Le ae thie, ee I ee: ee Ue F. densifolia.

5. Basal bracts small; apical bracts not in a gibbous disc; male flowers

in one row, sessile, ostiolar; Africa.

Glrie pedanculate 2.2) RMU ON IO AON. F. verruculosa.

6. Fig sessile ... F. welwitschii, F. cordata, F. salicifolia, F. pretoriae.

Key to the species of ser. Superbae

Fig 7-25 mm, wide, peduncles 3-35 mm. long, ramiflorous; lamina

5—14 cm. wide, broadly elliptic; stipules generally villous; twigs 3-12

OE ON 2 eh Re aio eth etic by, lkehodh Rah Ratt ae a ne 5. F. superba.

Fig 5-8 mm. wide, peduncles 1-2.5 mm. long, ? not ramiflorous; lamina

4-9 cm. wide, broadly elliptic; glabrous or the stipules thinly villous;

opment 7-297 wm tale) *6.u.. Sock Blan pt elena wo albe 6. F. prasinicar pa.

Fig 4-5 mm. wide, peduncles 1-5 mm. long, axillary and on the twigs below

the leaves; lamina 1-4 cm. wide, narrowly elliptic; glabrous; twigs

NI SWS AG Mirren eee sd Bias. AL 7. F. concinna.

* Not enumerated here.

101

Urostigma sect. Leucogyne: Conosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the species of ser. Caulobotryeae

1. Male flowers disperse; glabrous or minutely puberulous at first; petiole

8-30 mm. long; fig 6-10 mm. wide, peduncle 0-3 mm. long; basal

bracts 1.5-4 mm. long and wide; Micronesia, Polynesia

13. F. prolixa.

1. Male flowers ostiolar; petiole often longer.

2. Lamina oblong, lateral nerves 9-16 pairs; figs 5-8 mm. wide, in groups

of 2-8 in the leaf-axils and on the twigs below the leaves; peduncles

1-4 mm. long, slender; basal bracts often connate; stipules silky

12. F. caulocarpa.

2. Lamina ovate to elliptic, obovate, or sublanceolate; lateral nerves

mostly fewer (5-11 pairs).

3. Twigs, stipules, and fig-body thickly villous or tomentose, (the twigs

varying glabrous); fig c. 10 mm. wide.

4. Lam. ovate-cordate, lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, stiffly coriaceous;

fig sessile; basal bracts 4-6 mm. long and wide, half-covering

the body; thinly pale brown tomentose; cystoliths absent;

india. (Centr... Pravi)§ 4.40.80 es Shin 9. Soe 9. F. cupulata.

4. Lam. ovate-elliptic or elliptic, base subcordate to widely cuneate,

very coriaceous, lateral nerves 7—11 pairs; fig sessile or shortly

pedunculate; basal: bracts covering only the base of the body,

often glabrous; white villous; cystoliths hypogenous

8. F. lacor.

3. Not villous (or rarely the fig-peduncle and stipule thinly tomentose).

5. Figs 5-7 mm. wide, sessile or the peduncle 1 mm. long, in small

clusters on the twigs below the leaves, or on short woody

burrs from the old twigs; lamina very stiffly coriaceous,

shortly elliptic, somewhat caudate-acuminate; petiole long

11. F. geniculata.

5. Figs 7-12 mm. wide, sessile or with peduncles -6 mm. long,

axillary or short woody burrs; lamina rather thinly coriaceous

10. F. virens.

Key to the species of ser. Orthoneurae

Fig sessile, basal bracts united in a cupule 5-10 mm. high; fig-body 20-27

mm. wide, subglobose; lateral nerves 6—9 pairs; basal nerves 4-4

lamina; stigmas, simple 4.0.5... « cine tisk ee ee 15. F. hookeriana.

Fig pedunculate; basal bracts free, small; fig-body 13-15 x 12-13 mm.,

ellipsoid; lateral nerves 7-15 pairs, almost perpendicular to the

midrib, scarcely raised below; lamina brown-areolate below; stigma

shortly ‘bitid: 2. 2ce .. «ns, «sence eee eee 14. F. orthoneura.

Key to the species of sect. Leucogyne

Lamina ovate to cordate, truncate or rounded at the base, apex acuminate:

lateral nerves 4-5 pairs. Basal bracts 2 (-3). India, Indochina to

Malaysia Scere as Bag SEWER. a fa ee Ce oe = ee 16. F. rumphii.

Lamina elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, varying ovate, base cuneate to sub-

cordate, apex acute or subacuminate: lateral nerves 6-10 pairs.

Basal bracts 3. India, Ceylon, Maldives ...... 17. F. amplissima.

Key to the subsections of sect. Conosycea

1. Venation with intercostals. Figs pedunculate, sessile, or pedicellate.

subsect. Conosycea (p. 103).

1. Venation without intercostals, or 1-2 vague intercostals. Figs mostly

sessile.

2. Secondary lateral nerves almost or quite as prominent as the primary

and subparailel .. . dave. tabevece subsection. Benjamina (p. 108).

2. Secondary lateral nerves not so prominent.

subsect. Dictyoneuron (p. 106).

102

Vol. XXI (1965). — Urostigma sect. Conosycea

Key to the series of subsect. Conosycea

1. Fig pedunculate, ripening green, brown, or brownish orange

ser. Validae.

1. Fig sessile or the body pedicellate, ripening yellow to red.

ser. Drupaceae.

Key to the subseries of ser. Drupaceae

1. Fig oblong, ellipsoid, or pyriform-pedicellate: basal bracts often small

or concealed: apical bracts mostly umbonate. Basal nerves not

Gemeianh = cui ces. SFU OS Ee ee subser. Drupaceae.

1. Fig subglobose to ellipsoid: basal bracts mostly well-developed: apical

bracts plane, in a flat disc. Basal nerves elongate or not.

2. Brown villous-tomentose (hairs twinned, microscopically). Fig 12-24

Ne re cece ne 2 ata ae meena a ant subser. Zygotricheae.

2. Glabrous, white hairy, or, if brown hairy, then the fig 8-10 mm.

wide (hairs not twinned).

3. Cystoliths mainly or entirely hypergenous, or none. Lamina elliptic

to ovate, obtuse or subacutely acuminate, generally with the

reticulations slightly raised on both sides. .... subser. [ndicae.

3. Cystoliths amphigenous. Lamina elliptic to obovate, acuminate or

stiffly coriaceous: basal nerves generally elongate

subser. Crassirameae.

Key to the species of subsect. Conosycea

1. Fig pedunculate (ser. Validae).

2. Fig-body 25 mm. or more long; apical bracts rather strongly

umbonate. Male flowers abundant. Basal nerves of lamina short.

3. Twig 2-5 mm. thick. Lamina 2-8 cm. wide; lateral nerves 5-11

pairs, 1-4 vague intercostals. Fig often solitary, ellipsoid;

peduncle 11-33 mm. long, slender, without an apical annulus;

basal bracts caducous. climber. ............ 25. F. depressa.

3. Twigs 3-10 mm. thick. Lamina often wider, intercostals more

numerous. Figs mostly paired; peduncles stout; basal bracts

persistent. Stranglers.

4. Peduncle 1-18 mm: long, with an annular swelling at the apex.

Fig-body ellipsoid to subglobose; basal bracts 3-11 mm. long.

Tepals free. Lateral nerves 12-17 pairs. .... 22. F. annulata.

4. Peduncle not annulate. Basal bracts often smaller. Tepals gamo-

phyllous. Lateral nerves 8-11 (-14) pairs.

4. a. Fig-body 25-35 mm. wide, globose; peduncle 10-50 mm.,

generally glabrous; basal bracts 1.5—-3 mm. long.

23. F. chrysolepis.

4. a. Fig-body 15-20 mm. long, subellipsoid: peduncle 7-25 mm.,

hairy; basal bracts 3-6 mm. .... 24. F. novoguineensis.

2. Fig-body smaller, or the apical bracts not umbonate. Male flowers

often few. |

5. Young parts rusty scurfy. Fig 12-18 mm. wide. Basal nerves

oT ee ee ee eee 26. F. globosa.

5. Not rusty scurfy. Banyans.

6. Intercostals 0-2 (—4), vague; basal nerves short. Lamina elliptic,

acuminate. Fig 7-10 mm. wide.

6. a. Basal bracts early caducous, or very short and crescentic;

peduncle 3-12 mm. long. Cystoliths abundant on both

sides of the lamina. Ovaries reddish .. 47. F. glaberrima.

6. a. Basal bracts persistent; peduncle -—2 mm. long. Cystoliths

sparse or none below. Ovary without red.

57. F. talboti.

103

Urostigma sect. Couosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

6. Intercostals generally numerous. Basal bracts distinct.

7. Lamina oblong-elliptic; lateral nerves 10-16 pairs; basal nerves

short. Fig 12-15 mm. wide, drying wrinkled; basal bracts

persistent . "|. . «ss «cs bs. 4 6te ae eee 19, F. costata.

7. Lamina ovate or ovate- cordate.

8. Lateral nerves 5—7 (-—10) pairs; basal nerves elongate. Fig

5-10 mm. wide; basal bracts finally caducous.

18. F. arnottiana.

8. Lateral nerves 10-15 pairs; basal nerves not elongate.

Figs larger.

9. Fig-body 20-22 x 15-18 mm., with 2 flat apical bracts;

basal bracts 4-6 mm. long. Glabrous. Cystoliths

amphigonoua, [5148 .2%is dnbew se + 20. F. beddomei.

9. Fig 11-12 « 10-11 mm., with 3 velutinate apical bracts;

basal bracts 2-3 mm. long. Velutinate. Cystoliths

hyperpennes” VISAS wee 21. F. dalhousiae.

1. Fig sessile, in some cases pedicellate (ser. Drupaceae).

10. Fig oblong, ellipsoid, or pyriform-pedicellate; basal bracts often

small or concealed; apical bracts mostly umbonate (subser.

Drupaceae).

11. Internal bristles copious. Fig 30-50 x 20-30 mm., ellipsoid to

pyriform; basal bracts 2-3 « 4-7 mm., not concealed. Philip-

pines: CeleDey >. iin 0 a = ha eit s © Ge nee eee 29. F. cordatula.

11. Internal bristles sparse or none. Fig ellipsoid or oblong.

12. Irritant-bristly, especially the fig (30-45 x 15-20 mm.).

Malaya, Borneo, Philippines .......... 28. F. cucurbitina.

12. Brown hairy, at least on young shoots (hairs 2-4 mm.). Fig-

body 15-25 x 12-20 mm., more or less glabrous.

27. F. drupacea.

(Not brown hairy or irritant-bristly.

Lamina thinly coriaceous, reticulations distinct. Basal bracts

gontlatey . 55 5... eels ok pe heels 33. F. altissima.

Lamina thickly coriaceous, reticulations invisible. Basal bracts 3,

aculeconcedied: ‘Sy trs. ctr ee ee eee e 41. F. xylophylla).

10. Fig subglobose to ellipsoid; basal bracts mostly well-developed;

apical bracts in a disc.

13. Brown villous-tomentose (hairs twinned microscopically). Fig

12-24 mm. wide. (subser. Zygotricheae).

14. Persistently tawny villous, except the upperside of the lamina.

Stipules persistent on fruiting twigs. Lamina-base cordate,

basal nerves 3-4 pairs. Internal bristles abundant.

37. F. bracteata.

14. Glabrescent or the underside of the lamina thinly villous.

Stipules caducous. Lamina-base cuneate to subcordate, basal

nerves 1-3 pairs. Internal bristles none .. 36. F. consociata.

13. Glabrous, white hairy, or if brown-hairy, then the fig 8-10 mm.

wide.

15. Cystoliths mainly or entirely hypergenous, or none. Lamina

elliptic to ovate, obtuse to subacutely acuminate, generally

with the reticulations slightly raised on both sides. (subser.

Indicae).

16. White to rusty tomentose. Lamina shortly elliptic, obtuse to

subacuminate; lateral nerves 5—6 pairs; basal nerves elon-

gate. Fig 8-10 mm. wide, half-covered by the basal bracts.

India, ‘Ceylon Gis). 645 6. Oh. Fee eae 30. F. mollis.

16. Glabrous to thinly hairy.

17. Lateral nerves 8-12 pairs, Lamina elliptic, acuminate.

18. Fig 13-20 mm. wide. Basal nerves of lamina elongate.

Twigs 5-7 mm. thick. Ceylon .... 32. F. fergusoni.

18. Fig 9-12 mm. wide. Basal nerves not elongate. Twig

3-4 mm. thick. W. Malaysia .... 35. F. kerkhovenii.

104

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Conosycea

17. Lateral nerves 4-8 pairs. Lamina often ovate; basal nerves

elongate.

19. Basal bracts 3-7 x 10-14 mm.; fig 14-22 mm. wide.

TAI ie, COUR odo iaiee cn, 0 ors 31. F. benghalensis.

19. Basal bracts smaller, often concealed.

20. Fig 18-27 x 15-19 mm., ellipsoid; basal bracts con-

cealed, annular. Twig 5-7 mm. thick. Stipule

SEriceOUS-VHIOGS 57 56N . valsewe - o: 33. F. altissima.

20. Fig 10-13 mm. wide, subglobose; basal bracts not

annular. Twig 2-5 mm. thick .. 34. F. pubilimba.

15. Cystoliths amphigenous. Lamina elliptic to obovate, acuminate

or stiffly coriaceous; basal nerves generally elongate. (subser.

Crassirameae).

21. Lamina impressed-areolate beneath, obtuse to shortly, sub-

acutely acuminate. Fig medium-size to large; basal bracts

conspicuous, often thickened.

22. Fig 25-35 mm. wide, broadly ellipsoid, splitting round the

apex. Sofercastals, S—10 2... te oe 38. F: stupenda.

22. Fig not so wide, not splitting; basal bracts often thickened

or resinous-lucid. Lateral nerves oblique; intercostals

1-5.

23. Lateral nerves 3—6 pairs; basal nerves 4-2/3 the lamina.

Fig 12-14 mm. wide, half-covered by the basal

bracts, Tndochifia; 3, ...5% 40. F. phanrangensis.

23. Lateral nerves 6—9 pairs; basal nerves 4—4 lamina. Fig

Gatett MAEOCE pets ys ees sees ses 39. F. crassiramea.

21. Lamina not impressed-areolate beneath.

24. Lamina obtuse, very coriaceous. Fig (25—) 37-50 x (17-)

23-33 mm., oblong, concealing the basal bracts.

41. F. xylophylla.

24. Lamina acutely acuminate. Fig smaller; basal bracts not

concealed.

25. Stipules persistent, 1-7 cm. long. Lamina very stiffly

coriaceous. Fig 13-17 mm. wide, subglobose to

ellipsoid or subconic. Climber. Borneo.

46. F. paracamptophylla.

25. Stipules caducous. Banyans.

26. Fig 10-14 mm. wide, subglobose or shortly ellipsoid;

basal bracts 4-8 mm. long. Twigs 3-5 mm. thick.

Lateral nerves 4~7 pairs ...... 45. F. subgelderi.

(Brown hairy. Lamina small. Fig 8-10 mm. wide. Basal

bracts 1-3 mm. long. Burma, Thailand, Malaya.

58. F. calcicola).

(Fig-orifice widely perforate; body 9-12 mm. wide

62. F. pisocarpa).

26. Fig larger; basal bracts longer. Twig thicker.

27. Stipules densely appressed-sericeous. Fig 17-32 x

14-22 mm., ellipsoid; basal bracts 6-11 mm.

long. Basal nerves elongate or not.

42. F. forstenii.

27. Stipules glabrous or puberulous. Basal nerves

elongate; lateral nerves 5—8 pairs.

28. Fig 13-20 mm. wide, subglobose or depressed-

globose, half-covered by the basal bracts 7-13

mm. long. Lamina coriaceous-pliant.

44. F. subtecta.

28. Fig 25-35 Xx 20-25 mm., ellipsoid or shortly

obconic, not half-covered by the basal bracts

8—10 mm. long. Lamina very stiffly coriaceous.

SiMatla sitesi < dines « 43. F. juglandiformis.

105

Urostigma sect. Conosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the species of subsect Dictyoneuron

1. Fig pedunculate. |

2. Young parts brown scurfy. Fig 12-18 mm. wide, ripening green.

Twig 4—7.mm.. thick, Climber 5°. 14.) seamen ee 26. F. globosa.

2. Glabrous or whitish puberulous. Fig smaller, ripening yellow to red,

or pink to purple. Banyans..

3. Peduncle 3-12 mm. iong, slender. Basal bracts none or very narrow,

or as a Slight rim. Lateral nerves well-spaced.

47. F. glaberrima.

3. Peduncle shorter, thick. Lateral nerves close or obscure.

4. Peduncle 1-5 mm. long; basal bracts caducous, small

72. F. microcarpa var. naumanni.

4. Peduncle very short; basal bracts persistent. Lamina obtuse,

CR te wee nue Oe ee 55. F. spathulifolia var. substipitata.

1. Fig sessile, or the body pedicellate.

5. Fig-body pedicellate-pyriform; basal bracts small or minute; orifice

somewhat sunken. (ser. Dubiae).

6. Fig 20-30 mm. wide; basal bracts 2—5 mm. long; orifice becoming

perforate. Reticulations distinct on both sides of the lamina;

lateral nerves 6-10 pairs, strongly inarching. Cystoliths none

48. F. dubia.

6. Fig and basal bracts smaller. Reticulations not raised; lateral nerves

6-8 pairs. not arcuate. Cystoliths amphigenous. Aerial roots

DODIOUS 5 Se sie ih «Sch inl oialerack Orptamse foe je abn te 49. F. kurzii.

5. Fig-body sessile.

7. Fig-orifice more or less perforate, incompletely closed by the small

peripheral apical bracts. (ser. Perforatae).

8. Basal nerves of lamina not elongate; lamina thickly coriaceous,

rarely acute. Climbers.

9. Fig 4-6 mm. wide. truncate-ovoid, widely perforate. Lateral

nerves spreading. Malaya ............ 65. F. microsyce.

9. Fig 9-12 mm. wide, conical, often ridged toward the narrowly

perforate apex. Lateral nerves oblique. Borneo, Riouw

arcaipelago: 2: acs. Saree eae 64. F. acamptophylla.

8. Basal nerves elongate 1/3—+ lamina.

10. Fig ellipsoid-oblong 10-17 x 6-12 mm.

11. Lamina acutely acuminate; lateral nerves 5—9 pairs

60. F. pellucido-punctata.

11. Lamina obtuse to subacute; lateral nerves 3-5 pairs; basal

nerves 4—2/3 lamina. Mindanao ...... 61. F. episima.

10. Fig subglobose or ovoid. Lateral nerves 3-6 pairs.

12. Fig. 9-12 mm. wide, orifice rather wide. Lamina broad,

often obtuse or subacute .......... 62. F. pisocarpa.

12. Fig 4-10 mm. wide, orifice small. Lamina narrow, gene-

rally small, acutely acuminate .... 63. F. binnendijkii.

-106

Vol. XXI (1965). — Urostigma sect. Conosycea

7. Fig-orifice closed by 2-3 flat or convex (rarely conical ) overlapping

apical bracts forming a disc. (ser. Subvalidae).

pas ie Fig 11 m. or more wide. Lamina generally acuminate.

14. Stipules persistent, 1-7 cm. long. Lamina Stiffly coriaceous,

oblong-elliptic; basal nerves elongate. Climber. Borneo

46. F. paracamptophylla.

14. Stipules caducous, short. Banyans.

15. Basal nerves not elongate. Fig more than half-covered by

the large basal bracts 9-15 mm. long

51. F. involucrata.

15. Basal nerves elongate. Fig not half-covered by the basal

bracts.

16. Basal bracts conspicuous. Lamina pliant-coriaceous

50. F. sundaica.

16. Basal bracts small, concealed. Lamina rigidly coriaceous

52. F. lowii.

(Lamina acute, thin. Basal bracts minute .. 49. F. kurzii.

Lamina obtuse; petiole short. Fig depressed globose, thick-

Wi sGhr |. srs eateeik Gale.» ofahehs 70. F. curtipes).

13. Fig 4-11 mm. wide. Lamina small to medium-size; basal nerves

often elongate.

ee Twigs 3—6 mm. thick. Leaves compact, spirally arranged.

18. Young-parts brown scurfy. Lamina obtuse to acuminate;

nerves often prominent below and impressed above.

Stipules often persistent on fruiting twigs

59. F. retusa.

18. Glabrous or white puberulous. Lamina obtuse to subacu-

minate, stiffly coriaceous; nerves faint or invisible. Fig

umbonate with convex disc. Stipules caducous

55. F. spathulifolia.

17. Twigs 1.5-3 mm. thick. Leaves laxly arranged, spirally to

subdistichous.

19. Lateral nerves not spreading, the secondaries often almost as

strong. Figs commonly pink to purple. Aerial roots

COPIOUS: 290018 00) 02. SGM. FIGS se 72. F. microcarpa.

19. Lateral nerves spreading, the secondaries much less marked.

Figs orange to red. Without copious aerial roots.

20. Fig 7-14 x 6-8 mm., ellipsoid-fusiform, often puberu-

lous; apical bracts in a short cone; basal bracts

narrow. Basal nerves elongate ...... 54. F. delosyce.

20. Fig subglobose to obconic; apical bracts in a flat disc.

21. Basal bracts 3-8 mm. wide, obtuse, wider than long.

Fig subglobose. Lamina coriaceous; basal nerves

eGlOmeate Rh Fe aes oe a 2ene Jo. Li . suIawana.

21. Basal bracts 1-3 mm. long, as wide as long or

narrower. Fig somewhat obconic, often with a few

internal bristles. Lamina thinly coriaceous; basal

nerves short.

22. Lateral nerves 8-14 pairs. Nerves and reticulations

raised on both sides of the lamina. Glabrous to

pale brown lanuginous. Basal bracts 2-3, often

eS a nn ae 56. F. maclellandi.

22. Lateral nerves 5-8 pairs. Basal bracts not concealed.

23. Brown hairy. Fig 7-10 mm. wide. Lamina with

Sue) MPETCOSEUIS —-. so kts cscs 58. F. calcicola.

23. Glabrous or white hairy. Fig 6-7 mm. wide,

Guemmien. ke S teomete oo. es. 57. F. talboti.

Urostigma sect. Conosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the species of subsect. Benjamina

1. Leaves drying pale green to pale brown, thinly coriaceous, the nerves

raised on both sides; basal nerves not elongate. (ser. Benjamineae).

2. Basal bracts conspicuous, 3-10 x 3-13 mm. Fig 15-18 mm. wide

67. F. stricta.

2. Basal bracts small, mostly concealed.

3. Fig 20-50 x 1425 mm., ellipsoid to oblong. Lamina 8-20

3-9 om. |e. eee Se See ee ee 66. F. subcordata.

3. Fig smaller ad if as wide, then pyriform-pedicellate. Lamina 3—12

% td-6 CW oes vce ee ee oe eee ee ee 68. F. benjamina.

1. Leaves drying pubis anwar thinly to thickly coriaceous: petiole often

black; basal nerves elongate or not. (ser. Callophylleae).

4. Fig pedunculate; basal bracts large, obtuse; body 15-18 mm. wide.

Philippines). 50'S Fone CERES AE eee eee 73. F. balete.

4. Fig sessile or smaller.

5. Lamina obtuse or obtusely acuminate, elliptic to obovate, often

thickly coriaceous; primary lateral nerves 6-11 pairs, not raised

above; basal nerves elongate.

6. Lamina very coriaceous, obtuse, spathulate-obovate, 4-10 x

2-5 cm., the veins more or less invisible. Fig 8-10 mm. wide,

1/3-4 covered by the basal bracts. Malaya, Borneo

71. F. tristaniifolia.

6. Without such character.

7. Basal bracts 1-3.5 mm. long. Fig 6-11 mm. wide, with a few

snort iiernal DLISCs . >. seen seer ens 72. F. microcarpa.

7. Figs or basal bracts larger; no internal bristles.

8. Leaves spirally arranged, the venation distinct on the under-

side; petiole short, thick, brown. Fig depressed globose,

the wall thick; basal bracts 3-5 mm. long. Asiatic main-

PAviG. Wet oe. > os es Sat 70. F. curtipes.

8. Leaves subdistichous, venation obscure; petiole blackish

Fig-wall not unusually thick; basal bracts 4-10 mm.

TONE. oR kei bin: te on kot is pe 69. F. callophylla.

5. Lamina acutely acuminate, mostly thinly coriaceous, nerves finely

raised on both sides, elliptic (S—12 cm. long); primary lateral

nerves 7—16 pairs; basal nerves not or little elongate.

9. Fig 13-18 x 10-14 mm. Primary lateral nerves 10-14 pairs.

10. Basal bracts joined in a short funnel, the subacute lobes

3-4.5 mm. long; body pyriform. Celebes

76. F. polygramma.

10. Basal bracts free.

11. Basal bracts 5-8. x 6-10 mm., covering a third of the

ellipsoid fig-body. New Guinea .. 77. F. archboldiana.

11. Basal bracts 2-3 mm. long, often concealed; fig-body sub-

slotiese: : Ceylon)... 22 BR RIVAE S. 2 74. F. trimeni.

9. Fig smaller, subglobose.

12. Fig 9-10 mm. wide, thin-walled and knobbly from the hard

seeds, half-covered by the basal bracts 7-10 mm. long.

Primary lateral nerves 7-13 pairs; petiole brown. North

Dae: . ss. ~~ atc ees eee 75. F. palaquiifolia.

12. Fig-body or basal bracts smaller, body not knobbly. Petiole

black

13. Basal bracts entirely connate as a thick saucer; body

5—7 mm. wide. Primary lateral nerves 13—16 pairs. New

Cem@eR 252% Joo, BR. eee eae: eee 79. F. patellata.

13. Basal bracts free.

14. Basal bracts 2.5-4 x 3-6 mm., wider than long; body

5-7 mm. wide. Primary lateral nerves 7-13 pairs.

New. (spines «2.0505 eee 78. F. benjaminoides.

14. Basal bracts 1.5—3.5 mm. long and wide; body 6—11 mm.

wide, mostly with a few short internal bristles.

Primary lateral nerves 6—9 pairs; basal nerves often

elongate... :.:0-.:s SUR CET sin mes 72. F. microcarpa.

Vol. XXI (1965). Urostigma sect. Malvanthera

Key to the series and subseries of sect. Malvanthera

1. Anther depressed-subglobose, dehiscing transversely. Seed-ovaries

immersed in the fig-wall; stigma bifid. Fig 7-11 x 4-5 cm., woody.

Stipule and venation as in F. elastica

101. F. sterrocarpa, ser. Cyclanthereae.

1. Anther reniform, dehiscing longitudinally and crescentically

ser. Malvanthereae.

2. Basal bracts 3, persistent or, if caducous, narrowly crescentic.

3. Basal bracts 5-7 x 7-10 mm., persistent. Secondary lateral nerves

not as conspicuous as the primary (6-10 pairs). Ovaries not

immersed in the fig-wall; stigma simple

81. F. triradiata, subser. Eubracteatae.

3. Basal bracts 0.5-3 mm. long, inconspicuous. Secondary lateral

nerves almost as conspicuous as the primary (more than 10

pairs). Seed-ovaries partly immersed in the fig-wall. Stigma bifid

ge ETT oie abi kai enn aR. i A subser. Hesperidiiformes.

2. Basal bracts 2 or 3, relatively large, very early caducous.

4. Seed-ovaries not immersed in the fig-wall; stigma simple. Stipule

1-S cm. long. Lamina 2-16 x 1.5-7 cm.: primary lateral nerves

mostly 8-13 pairs. Fig 6-14 mm. wide, subglobose

subser. Platypodeae.

4. Seed-ovaries partly immersed in the fig-wall: stigma simple or

shortly bifid. Figs, stipules and lamina generally larger, with

more numerous primary lateral nerves

subser. Malvanthereae.

Key to the species of subser. Malvanthereae

1. Fig-body 7-10 x 6-9 mm., the orifice as a minute slit: peduncle 2-4 x

2 mm., the apex slightly dilated. Lamina 4-14 x 1.5- 5.5 cm.

Cystoliths amphigenous. New Guinea ...... 87. F. rhizophoriphylla.

1. Fig and lamina larger.

2. Fig-body 25-40 x 15-30 mm., with a probosciform apex 3-4 mm.

long: peduncle 640 x 4-5 mm., dilated into a cupule 10-17 mm.

wide. Cystoliths hypergenous or none Australia

84. F. watkinsiana.

(Fig-body 40-65 x 13-20 mm., peduncle short, the probosciform apex

Bra Pirate OORCEMS A ei. conncdupine cabbies sees 100. F. crassipes.

2. Fig without probosciform apex.

3. Fig on a sessile or shortly stalked adnate cupule 9-16 mm. wide:

body 10-35 x 10-18 mm., subglobose to shortly oblong, the

orifice as a slit. Cystoliths amphigenous. Celebes, New Guinea,

Solomon Isl., New Hebrides ..................... 83. F. glandifera.

3. Fig-peduncle distinct, dilated at the apex into an adnate cupule

5-12 mm. wide: body 14-25 x 13-25 mm. Australia.

4. Fig-body ellipsoid, apex mammillate: peduncle 6-13 mm. long:

basal bracts 3. Young parts finely rusty scurfy. Cystoliths

amphigenous. Stomata sunken ............... 86. F. baileyana.

4. Fig-body subglobose, not mammillate: peduncle 12-35 mm.:

basal bracts 2. Lamina with the areolae at first finely white

felted beneath. Cystoliths hypergenous. Stomata not or

CELT 1 SE 22" aaa Se a 85. F. macrophylla.

(Fig-body 35-50 x 16-20 mm., cylindric, the orifice as a small

slit between two slightly gibbous apical bracts, Nerves finely

impressed above. Queensland ............... 99. F. pleurocarpa).

109

Urostigma sect. Malvanthera Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the species of subser. Platypodeae

1. All parts at first brown tomentose or brown scurfy. Basal bracts 3.

Australia.

2. Fig with a short peduncle not dilated into a disc: orifice bilabiate.

Lamina lanceolate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic, stiffly coriaceous:

petiole 3-6 cni. -Tepals 4-6 j. 2... dececsscee eee eens 88. F. destruens.

2. Fig seated on a sessile or substipitate disc 4-8 mm. wide: orifice 34

radiate. Lamina elliptic to obovate-elliptic: petiole 1-3 cm. Tepals

Cr i eI fet 2 89. F. rubiginosa.

1. Glabrous or white hairy. Fig-peduncle not or little dilated at the apex.

Basal bracts 2 or 3.

3. Villous lanuginous (hairs 1-1.5 mm.). Lamina with the areolae

minutely foveolate beneath. Basal bracts 2. Cystoliths none.

PRUISUGAINE ogre hows va uneeer vote see eee 90. F. leucotricha.

3. Thinly villous (hairs 0.5-1 mm.) or glabrous. Areolae not foveolate.

4. Fig 6-9 or 10-13 mm. wide: peduncle variable, often short, dilated

2-4 mm. wide at the apex: basal bracts 2. Lamina thinly

coriaceous. Cystoliths amphigenous or hypergenous. Glabrous

to puberulous. Widespread, Celebes to Polynesia

91. F. obliqua.

4. Fig 10-14 mm. wide: basal bracts 3. Cystoliths hypergenous or

none. '

5. Peduncle 0-6 (—10) mm., the apex dilated 2-4 mm. wide. Lamina

thinly coriaceous. Thinly villous. Australia

92. F. subpuberula.

5. Peduncle 0-6 (-10) mm., the apex dilated 2-4 mm, wide. Lamina

thickly or stiffly coriaceous. Glabrous to velutinous. Soemba,

Ternate, New Guinea. Australia ............... 93. F. platy poda.

Key to the species of subser. Hesperidiiformes

1. Fig-body 15-40 x 7-23 mm., ellipsoid to cylindric, apex somewhat

umbonate to shortly rostrate: peduncle 3-15 x 1.5—4 mm., rather

slender, not dilated at the apex. New Guinea, Solomon Islands

98. F. xylosycia.

1. Fig-body larger and/or the peduncle stouter and, often, dilated upwards

as a cupule adnate to the base of the fig-body.

2. Fig-body cylindric, 35-65 x 13-20 mm.: peduncle short, obconic or

dilated at the apex. Stigma ? simple. Cystoliths hypergenous.

Queensland. .

3. Fig with probosciform apex 4-7 x 2 mm. Lamina ovate or broadly

elliptic: primary lateral nerves 8-10 pairs: basal nerves rather

pPromimentia gs . <.. 4... ..dasdeoouqemus eee eee 100. F. crassipes.

3. Fig without such apex. Lamina lanceolate-ovate or lanceolate-

elliptic: primary lateral nerves 15-20 pairs: basal nerves short.

99. F. pleurocarpa.

2. Fig-body wider, ellipsoid to subglobose. Stigma bifid. Cystoliths

amphigenous or hypergenous. New Guinea.

4. Lamina ovate-cordate to broadly elliptic, very coriaceous: basal

nerves 4-3} lamina, conspicuous. Peduncle not dilated at the

ADEM ede acenae cnt -dy kek Sceueds. Rate eee ane 94. F. augusta.

4. Lamina elliptic: basal nerves short, inconspicuous. Peduncle

generally dilated at the apex.

5. Peduncle 10-50 x 3-5 mm. (-10 mm., living), distinct, dilated

or not at the apex: fig-apex umbonate

95. F. hesperidiiformis.

5. Peduncle short, thick, 6-8 mm. long and wide, dilated 10-14 mm.

wide at the apex.

6. Fig-apex strongly umbonate with 2 (-4) gibbous apical bracts.

Primary lateral nerves 15-23 pairs ...... 96. F. mafuluensis.

6. Fig-apex not umbonate, the orifice as a triradiate groove.

Primary lateral nerves 24-27 pairs ...... 97. F. heteromeka.

110

Vol. XXI (1965). Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea

Key to the series and subseries of subgen. Pharmacosycea

sect. Oreosycea

1. Leaves drying grey-green to pale brownish; reticulations often raised on

one or both sides; basal glands rarely present. Fig-peduncles well-

developed; sclerotic cells throughout the fig-wall. Stamens generally

2 in the ostiolar flowers. Medium to large trees ...... ser. Vasculosae.

2. Leaves nitid, coriaceous; cystoliths hypogenous ... subser. Vasculosae.

2. Leaves not nitid, membranous to chartaceous-subcoriaceous; cystoliths

amphigenous to hypogenous Deciduous. ......... subset. Albipilae.

1. Leaves generally drying brown; basal glands 2, generally distinct.

3. Leaf more or less coriaceous; stipule often elongate. Fig-peduncles

often short. Stamen generally 1. Large trees of India to New

Guinea, few in’ the Solomon ‘Ish. i7.05...4055008...:- ser. Nervosae.

3. Leaf membranous to coriaceous; stipule not elongate. Stamens 1, 2,

or 3. Shrubs to medium-sized trees. Solomon Isl., New Hebrides,

New Caledonia; Fijioy. ic. Sinitedgie sci mlione ser. Austrocaledonicae.

Key to the species of sect. Oreosycea

1. Internal bristles abundant, conspicuous. Sclerotic cells abundant in the

fig-wall (? F. longipes, F. heteroselis; few or none in

F. habropylla).

2. Leaves membranous, drying grey-green or (F. gratiosa) brown,

spirally arranged. Figs pedunculate. Male flowers ostiolar (rarely

disperse). Stamen 1 (—2). Asia, New Guinea.

3. Brown hairy. Lamina elliptic, caudate; lateral nerves 10-14 pairs;

basal nerves short. Celebes ......... 107. F. gratiosa var. caudata:.

3. White villous to glabrous.

4. Cystoliths amphigenous. Lamina ovate-cordate; lateral nerves

8-16 pairs; basal nerves not elongate ......... 102. F. albipila.

4. Cystoliths hypogenous. Lamina obovate; lateral nerves 4-5 pairs;

basal nerves 4-4 lamina. Indochina, Thailand, Andamans

103. F. capillipes.

2. Without such character. Leaves coriaceous or distichous. Stamens 2-3,

rarely 1. New Guinea, New Caledonia, Loyalty Isl., New Hebrides.

5. Fig sessile or nearly. Basal bracts 4-6 mm. long. Male flowers

ostiolar. Tepals mostly gamophyllous. Twigs 7-12 mm. thick.

Leaves spirally arranged, obovate.

6. Lamina obtuse, base cuneate; lateral nerves 11-14 pairs, thinly

brown villous beneath. Fig 10-11 mm. wide, half-covered by

Phe DMasaliibedets hike. chee. Sk were. eh, 126. F. barraui.

6. Lamina acute, base subcordate or subauricled. Basal bracts rela-

tively shorter.

7. Fig 15-22 mm. wide, shortly brown villous. Lamina 30-60

x 8-13 cm.; lateral nerves 12-20 pairs

124. F. crescentioides.

7. Fig 10-15 mm. wide, glabrous. Lamina 14-22 x 5-8 cm., stiffly

coriaceous; lateral nerves 8-12 pairs ... 125. F. auriculigera.

5. Figs stalked; basal bracts generally shorter. Male flowers disperse.

8. Leaves distichous, oblong-elliptic, short-petiolate. Figs villous.

8. a. Lamina submembranous, velvety below: lateral nerves 8-11

pairs, intercostals 0-2. Twigs and petioles 2 mm. thick. Figs

10 mm. wide. New Caledonia ............ 129. F. versicolor.

8. a. Lamina coriaceous, smooth: lateral nerves 15-22 pairs,

intercostals 2-10. Twigs and petioles 4-5 mm. Fig 20 mm.

WIGE NEW GUIMES. .ccccscvescicicsesciecces 122. F. hadroneura.

Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea Gardens Bulletin, S.

8. Leaves spirally arranged, coriaceous; lamina not asymmetric.

9. Lamina stiffly coriaceous, oblong (often narrowly). Cystoliths

sometimes amphigenous. Figs generally long-stalked, 10-15.

wide Tepals more or less free ............... 127. F. asperula.

9. Without such character. Cystoliths hypogenous. Tepals mostly

gamophyllous.

10. Lamina rather small; lateral nerves 6-9 pairs. Fig 10-12

mm. wide, glabrous. Male flowers sparse, shorter than

the gall-flowers. Internal bristles —0.5 mm.

128. F. mutabilis.

10, Lateral nerves 8-15 pairs. Figs larger or ellipsoid. Internal

bristles —1 mm. long.

11. Leaf-base cordate-auricled; petiole short, stout. Fig 10-15

mm. wide, peduncle 4-5 mm. long. Densely velutinous

130. F. heteroselis.

11. Leaf-base not auricled.

12. Basal bracts 3-S x 3-6 mm. Fig 20-40 mm. wide,

pyriform, brown velutinate, the thick wall with few

or no sclerotic cells. Leaf-base cordate to widely

As ks (5 oe pee ecek ek 131. F. habrophylla.

12. Basal bracts 1-3 mm. long. Fig thinly white to brownish

hairy or glabrous.

13. Fig-wall with abundant sclerotic cells; body ellipsoid.

URICHIS. 2 as 5» x 2 = eee a ee Se ae 133. F. granatum.

13. Fig-wall without sclerotic cells, body subglobose.

SL AEA ZY <n cn cast surtecscemeteet 132. F. maialis.

1. Internal bristles few and minute, or none.

14. Fig sessile, sclerotic cells abundant in the wall. Tepals 3-4, free or

shortly joined. Stipule often prominent. Glabrous or thinly

appressedly hairy.

15. Twigs 6-7 mm. thick. Stipule 4-10 cm. long, very prominent.

Lamina large, ovate-cordate, intercostals many. Fig 15-25 mm.

wide, Basal bracts 5-10 mm. long. Male flowers ostiolar

Stamegy 1-2. Philippimes | -5y.0.. 5... sass soe,-20s 118. F. gigantifolia.

15. Twigs 1.5-4 mm. thick. Stipules 1-5 cm. long. Lamina elliptic to

lanceolate; intercostals few or none. Fig smaller.

16. Basal bracts 3.5-11 mm. long. Fig often ellipsoid. Lamina

lanceolate-elliptic, attenuate actue to obtuse; lateral nerves

11-19 pairs, at a wide angle. Stipule 2-5 cm. long. Male

flowers disperse, abundant; stamen | ... 120. F. pachystemon.

16. Basal bracts 1-3.5 mm. long. Fig subglobose.

17. Male flowers ostiolar. Lamina elliptic to lanceolate; lateral

nerves 9-16 pairs. Fig 7-10 mm. wide.

119. F. subtrinervia.

17. Male flowers disperse.

18. Basal bracts 2-3.5 mm. long. Fig 10-11 mm. wide. Male

flowers sessile. Leaves in compact rosettes, narrowly

obovate, subacute. Stipule -25 mm. long. Glabrous.

121. F. madhucifolia.

18. Basal bracts 1-1.5 mm. long. Fig 6-8 or 10-15 mm. wide.

Disperse male flowers pedicellate. Leaves laxly spiral.

Stipule 1-4 cm. long. Thinly appressedly hairy

114. F. pubinervis.

112

a i i

Vol. XXI (1965). Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea

14. Figs stalked.

19. Male flowers ostiolar.

20. Cystoliths amphigenous. Rami- or cauliflorous. Stamen 1.

21. White hairy. Lamina ovate-cordate. Fig-wall with abundant

sclerotic cells. Tepals free. Stigma bifid. Madagascar

F. assimilis.

21. Glabrous or thinly puberulous. Lamina elliptic or ovate, veins

not raised below. Fig-wall without sclerotic cells. Tepals

gamophyllous. Stigma not bifid. Figs in dense, twiggy,

cauliflorous bunches. Fiji <...............6. 145. F. pritchardii.

20. Cystoliths hypogenous. Stamens 1-3. Figs mostly axillary.

22. Lamina membranous to coriaceous, drying green to grey-green

or pale brown; often no distinct basal glands. Fig-wall with

sclerotic cells. Asia.

23. Basal nerves elongate, 4—-} lamina; lateral nerves 4—5 pairs.

Lamina membranous, not nitid. Thinly white villous to

glabrous. Indochina, Thailand, Andamans.

103. F. capillipes.

23. Basal nerves short; lateral nerves more. Lamina coriaceous,

nitid, reticulations often raised above.

24. Brown villous. Lateral nerves strongly raised below.

ES RE EER Re EET, re eee 107. F. gratiosa.

24. Glabrous or thinly white puberulous.

25. Lamina obtuse, spathulate-obovate, stiffly coriaceous.

Fig-orifice mammillate; peduncle 6-10 mm.; pedicel

0. Tepals free. Philippines ...... 106. F. bataanensis.

(Tepals gamophyllous. Leaves in close rosettes.

Peduncle none: Celebes*..-...:..:.. 112. F. kjellbergii).

25. Lamina acute to acuminate, thinly coriaceous. Fig-

orifice plane; peduncle 1--11 mm.; pedicel —7 mm.

Tepals gamophyllous (gall- and female). China to

Java gine. DOGMMCO...\i5 tees cnx edens ld. ve 105. F. vasculosa

22. Lamina coriaceous or bullate, drying brown or dark, mostly

with two basal glands. Perianth often gamophyllous. New

Caledonia.*

26. Leaves large, more than 5 cm. wide. Figs more than 12

mm. wide: basal bracts 2-5 mm. long.

27. Lamina bullate, obovate. Fig 12-15 mm. wide: sclerotic

cells abundant in the wall: basal bracts caducous

142. F. pancheriana.

27. Lamina not bullate. No or few sclerotic cells in the wall.

28. Fig 20-40 mm. wide, often brown velutinate, wall

thick: basal bracts persistent. Leaf-base cordate to

widely) Cuneater iiss) ass..... 131. F. habrophylla.

28. Fig 15-20 mm. wide: basal bracts caducous. Leaf-base

CUREANE sae cect. «5: 141. F. austrocaledonica.

26. Leaves small, 0.5-5 cm. wide. Fig 8-12 mm. wide: basal

bracts 1-1.5 mm. long, often caducous.

29. Fig-wall with few or no sclerotic cells: peduncle 2-4 mm.

long: pedicel 0-1 mm. long. Seed strongly keeled.

Lateral nerves strongly raised below

137. F. webbiana.

29. Fig-wall with abundant sclerotic cells: peduncle 0-2 mm.

long: pedicel 1-8 mm. Seed slightly keeled. Lateral

nerves scarcely raised below.

* New Guinea; fig 12-20 mm. wide, basal bracts caducous: lamina

small: lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, impressed above ...... 410. F. microdictya.

‘113

Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

29. a. Prostrate shrub of rocky rivers. Lamina narrowly

lanceolate, acute, 0.5-2 cm. wide: lateral nerves

10-20 pairs. Fig-pedicel 1-3 mm. long

144. F. cataractorum.

29. a. Erect shrub or tree. Lamina elliptic to obovate,

obtuse, 2-5 cm. wide: lateral nerves 7-12 pairs.

Pedicel 3-8 mm. long ............ 143. F. vieillardiana.

19. Male flowers disperse (in some cases sparse).

30. Cystoliths amphigenous. Lamina large, lanceolate-elliptic or

lanceolate-obovate, with two free basal auricles 2—3 cm. long;

lateral nerves 18-21 pairs. New Caledonia.

134. F. otophora.

30. Cystoliths hypogenous. Lamina without auricles.

31. Male flowers dimorphous, sessile with 2 stamens, stalked with

1 stamen. Tepals 4-6, free. Fig 15-25 mm. wide, mostly

solitary, sclerotic cells abundant in the wall. Lamina broad,

scabrid beneath, drying pale; sapling leaf very large.

Ceylon; India>to: Molceas (2.5 .. 2h". 104. F. callosa.

31. Male flowers not dimorphous. Lamina not scabrid beneath.

Tepals mostly 3-4, often joined.

32. Fig 20-40 mm. wide. Stamens 2-3. Stipule not elongate.

33. Fig-wall 5-10:mm. thick, wholly sclerotic; cavity com-

pressed. Lamina thickly coriaceous, elliptic, obtuse,

base cuneate; lateral nerves 7—9 pairs. Tepals free. New

Ee a ADO RR oie APE 108. F. pachysycia.

33. Fig-wall soft, with few or no sclerotic cells; cavity not

compressed. Lamina thinly coriaceous, subacute, base

cordate to rounded or widely cuneate. Tepals joined.

New Caledonia. Loyalty Islands.

34. Fig brown velutinate; other parts glabrous or thinly

PRB i ano aay +o ship ae oe 131. F. habrophylla.

34. Fig glabrous.

35. Twigs, petioles, underside of nerves brown villous.

Nerves strongly raised beneath. Fig—peduncle

13-15, mak fone i. Jasneed-xeap 135. F. dzumacensis.

35. Thinly appressedly hairy, glabrescent. Fig-peduncle

SHOIUET 3:02: esse ee 136. F. leiocarpa.

32. Fig smaller or, if 20-30 mm. wide, then the stipule elongate.

Stamen.1.or 2,

36. Stipule prominent, often curved, 20-75 mm. long. Stamen

37. Lateral nerves S—9 pairs, 0-3 vague intercostals. Leaves

more or less distichous.

38. Twigs, stipules, underside of midrib thinly appressedly

pale brown hairy. Fig-wall with abundant sclerotic

cells. Tepals free or shortly joined. Sumatra to

BROUICCAS .... 5.5 Seteans cues 114. F. pubinervis.

38. Glabrous. Fig-wall with few or no sclerotic cells.

Perianth gamophyllous, 3-4 short lobes. New

Gamed St. «oa tow eee 115. F. subnervosa.

37. Lateral nerves 9-14 pairs or more. Intercostals often

numerous. Perianth often gamophyllous.

39. Lamina obtuse to subacute, rarely acute, coriaceous;

lateral nerves at a wide angle, scarcely raised

below. Fig 9-12 mm. wide, wall with abundant

sclerotic cells. Glabrous or minutely appressedly

hairy. Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Islands

110. F. hombroniana.

39. Lamina acute to acuminate; lateral nerves curved-

ascending, raised below. Fig larger.

114

Vol. XXI (1965). Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea

40. Glabrous. Stipule 2-5 cm. long. Fig 18-30 mm.

wide, with or without sclerotic cells; peduncle

2-15 mm. Leaves distichous. Philippines,

Moluccas to Solomon Islands

113. F. polyantha.

40. Thinly appressedly pale brown puberulous. Stipule

15-30 mm. long. Fig 14-20 mm. wide, wall with

abundant sclerotic cells; peduncle —3 mm. long.

41. Fig without pedicel, apical bracts projecting 1-2

mm., body thinly appressedly hairy. Latex

white. Leaves in rosettes. New Guinea,

SOMO IS. so bes oa So 111. F. edelfeltii.

41. Fig-pedicel 4-13 mm. long, apical bracts not

projecting, body soon glabrous. Latex yellow.

Leaves distichous. Malaya to Philippines and

PC VES OTs ieitaes. 116. F. magnoliaefolia.

36. Stipule not so prominent.

42. Leaves distichous, subacute. Fig 8-13 mm. wide, in long

paniculate cauliflorous bunches, wall with abundant

sclerotic cells. Stamen 1. New Caledonia

138. F. racemigera.

42. Leaves spirally arranged. Not cauliflorous.

43. Lateral nerves strongly raised below. Stamens 1-2.

44. Shrub or small tree. Lower laminas —34 x 7 cm.,

lanceolate-obovate, attenuate to the subcordate

base; upper laminas elliptic, 7-14 x 2-4.5 cm.,

subacute to subacuminate with 6-9 pairs of

lateral nerves. Fig 10-12 mm. wide, without

sclerotic cells; basal bracts caducous. New

0) he eee 137. F. webbiana

44. Large trees. Leaves not so dimorphous, acute or

acuminate. Fig-wall with abundant sclerotic cells;

basal bracts persistent; peduncle —3 mm. long.

45. Fig without pedicel, 15-20 mm. wide, apical

bracts projecting 1—2 mm., body thinly ap-

pressedly puberulous. Male flowers sparse.

Latex white. New Guinea ... 111. F. edelfeltii.

45. Fig-pedicels 3-13 mm. long, apical bracts not pro-

jecting, body soon glabrous. Latex yellowish.

46. Fig 14-20 mm. wide. Lateral nerves 8-20 pairs,

3-9 intercostals. Latex yellow to orange yel-

low. W. Malaysia .. 116. F. magnoliaefolia.

46. Fig 8-12 mm. wide. Lateral nerves 7-11 pairs,

C-2 intercostals. Later white, then pale yel-

low on exposure. Ceylon, Asiatic mainland

(execpt Malaya) .....2.0.... 117. F. nervosa.

43. Lateral nerves scarcely raised below. Lamina often

small or obtuse.

47. Shrub. Lamina lanceolate, 8-13 mm. wide. Fig

solitary, wall with sclerotic cells. Stamens 2-3.

New Caledonia’. .2i.........:: 144. F. cataractorum.

47. Trees. Lamina wider. Figs generally paired.

48. Lamina very stiffly coriaceous, obtuse, nitid, veins

obscure. Fig 9-12 mm. wide, peduncle 1-3 mm.,

pedicel 1-4 mm., wall with sclerotic cells.

Stamen mostly 2. New Caledonia ...............

139. F. nitidifolia.

48. Lamina thinly coriaceous. Fig-peduncle or pedicel

longer.

49. Fig-peduncle 7-13 mm., pedicel none or very

short. Stamen 1. Fiji, Solomon Isl. .........

140. F. smithii.

49. Fig distinctly pedicellate, peduncles 0-6 mm.

Lateral nerves 6—9 pairs.

115

Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

50. Lamina broadly elliptic, lateral nerves curved-

ascending. Fig 10-17 mm. wide, peduncle

—6 mm., wall with few or no sclerotic cells.

Perianth gamophyllous. 3—4 lobed. Stamen

1. New Guinea ...... 115. F. subnervosa.

50. Lamina small, lateral nerves at a wide angle.

Fig 6--12 mm. wide, peduncle none, wall

with abundant sclerotic cells.

51. Fig pyriform. Tepals more or less free.

Stamens 2. Lamina elliptic, subacute to

subacuminate. New Guinea ...............

109. F. ihuensis.

51. Fig subglobose. Perianth gamphyllous, 3

(—-4) lobed. Stamen 1. Lamina obovate,

obtuse to subacute; leaves in compact

clusters. Celebes ...:.. 112. F. kjellbergii.

Species Incertae Sedis (New Guinea)

Twigs brown velutinate (hairs 0.2 mm. long). Lamina 20-33 x 11-17 cm.;

lateral nerves 15-22 pairs; petiole 15-20 x 4-5 mm. Fig stalked ......

122. F. hadroneura.

Twigs brown villous (hairs 0.5-1 mm. long). Lamina 10-26 x 5-14 cm.,

narrowly auricled at the base; lateral nerves 10-15 pairs; petiole

G20 fF UN Re lied ond tek Norns sue estos 123. F. pseudojaca.

Key to the sections of subgen. Ficus

1. Root-climbers. Leaves distichous, entire, mostly coriaceous: appressed

bathyphylls usually present. Fig with a collar of 3 basal bracts, no

lateral bracts. Female stigma generally bifid. Seeds oblong, generally

compressed and keeled. Hairs generally closely septate. Microscopic

gland-hairs peltate.

2. Male and neuter flowers disperse, abundant, pedicellate. Stamen 1,

not mucronate. Tepals mostly 3, red or white. Fig usually large,

Often CasPOrOUig a. boon sada cds pe ante eect <a sect. Kalosyce (p. 128).

2. Male and neuter flowers ostiolar or, if disperse, mostly sessile.

Stamens 2, mucronate or not. Tepals 3-5, red. Fig with the

internal bracts of the orifice generally strongly inflexed and not

interlocking? ts... «.. Beet aul s. .. Se ee sect. Rhizocladus (p. 123).

1. Trees or shrubs, in some cases epiphytic, strangling or scrambling

(rarely root-climbing). Seed not oblong-compressed. Hairs not

septate. Microscopic gland-hairs various, mostly not peltate.

3. Perianth gamophyllous (saccate, cupular, annular), entire (or split by

the enlarging ovary), membranous, or none. Male flowers ostiolar:

stamen 1, less often 2. Gall-stigma widely infundibuliform: female

stigma simple. Lamina mostly without basal glands: often with a

subnodal gland on the twig. Figs with or without lateral bracts,

mostly with a collar of 3 basal bracts, often cauliflorous

sect. Sycocarpus (p. 147).

3. Perianth of separate tepals or, if joined, then lobate. Gall-stigma

narrowly infundibuliform to subclavate. Lamina often with glands

in the axils of the main basal nerves: subnodal glands in some

cases.

4. Stamens 2 or more, in a few species 1*. Fig with a collar of 3

basal bracts, no lateral bracts. Leaves symmetric.

*Single stamens in F. subincisa and F. langkokensis (scattered male -

flowers); in F. chartacea, F. tuphapensis, and ser. Auratae_subser.

Monandreae (with tuberculate seeds and, in most cases, no cystoliths).

116

mC CC rr

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

5. Large, often buttressed, trees, mostly cauliflorous. Male flowers

ostiolar, often sessile and compressed: filaments shortly

joined. Tepals pallid or red, membranous, entire or laciniate.

Stigma thick, conical, simple ......... sect. Neomorphe (p. 146).

5. Shrubs to medium-sized trees, rarely creepers or cauliflorous. Male

flowers mostly pedicellate, ostiolar or disperse, not compressed -

filaments mostly free. Tepals dark red or pink and entire, or

colourless and setose (then with copious chaffy internal

bristles). Style slender; female stigma often bifid

sect. Ficus (p. 117).

4. Stamen 1 or, if 2, then the fig with lateral bracts or without a

collar of basal bracts. Seed smooth or minutely reticulate.

6. Male flowers disperse and ostiolar: stamens generally 2. Fig

ramiflorous, pedicellate without a collar of basal bracts, with

lateral bracts on the body. Ovary white

282. F. tsiangii, sect. Sinosycidium.

6. Male flowers ostiolar. Stigma simple.

7. Seed strongly compressed, generally with a double keel at the

base, ovate-oblong to auriculiform. Flowers mostly sessile.

Ovaries dark red or red-spotted, compressed: style strongly

lateral to gynobasic, glabrous. Leaves entire, usually

symmetric. Trees or shrubs, never epiphytic

sect. Adenosperma (145).

7. Seed lenticular to shortly oblong, rarely with a double keel.

Flowers often pedicellate. Ovary white: style subterminal,

rarely strongly lateral. Leaves often toothed or asymmetric.

Trees, shrubs, banyans, epiphytes or scrambling climbers

sect. Sycidium (p, 130).

Key to the subdivisions of sect. Ficus

1. Seed tuberculate or echinate, with double keel at the base, (if smooth

or faintly keeled, then the tepals white and densely setose). Male

flowers ostiolar (except F. langkokensis). Cystoliths none (except F.

lanokokensis, Feo tupnhapensis. .....c00ctivcccseicccesesss subsect. Eriosycea.

2. Tepals of gall- and female flowers densely setose, white or yellowish

: ser. Auratae (p. 122).

3. Male and neuter flowers with red or white tepals, not setose.

Sramens 2. Leaves Often large (0:0. ./i5..2...0... subser. Auratae.

3. Male and neuter tepals white and setose. Stamen 1. Fig and leaf

Pita SIMRIN EAT. OI. SOAR... subser. Monandreaze.

2. Tepals red, glabrous or ciliolate on the edges or the tip

ser. Eriosyceae

4. Leaves white, grey, or fulvous felted beneath with undulate hairs

COMCEATAE Ee AreOlaes 0. oc Secanencins subser. Eriosyceae (p. 121).

4. Leaves not so felted beneath.

5. Leaves dentate or denticulate, long-petiolate, often palmately

lobed (at least as sapling) ......... subser. Trichosyceae (p, 121).

5. Leaves generally entire, often short-petiolate, not palmately lobed

(rarely as sapling).

6. Gall-figs ripening green or yellow, dehiscent. Leaves with

regular, often numerous, intercostals

subser. Dehiscents (p. 122).

6. Gall-figs indehiscent, ripening red as the seed-figs. Leaves often

small or narrowly cuneate at the base; intercostals mostly

few and lax. Stamens 1-2 ............ subser. Cuneifoliae (p. 122).

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

1. Seeds smooth, not or slightly keeled. Tepals mostly glabrous. Leaves

With eystolithsoi/.2555 0,005... Biles. cee ee subsect. Ficus.

7. Seed compressed, auriculiform. Perianth cupular. 3-4-lobed. Cystoliths.

hypogenous. Leaves lanceolate. Philippines

147. F. rivularis, ser. Rivulares.

7. Seed lenticular or reniform, not compressed. Tepals free (except F-

abelii).

8. Cystoliths amphigenous. Figs without sclerotic cells.

9. Pachycaul shrub. Leaves large, obovate, dentate, short-petiolate.

Flowers sessile. Philippines

148. F. pseudopalma, ser. Pseudopalmeae.

9. Freely branched with thin twigs. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate.

Flowers pedicellate. Asiatic mainland ... ser Sinosyceae (p. 118).

8. Cystoliths hypogenous.

10. Male flowers disperse (ostiolar in a few species). Seeds 1-3 mm.

long, numerous speach Gig).i32; --aivetien:aeawe ser. Podosyceae.

11. Gall-flowers both sessile and pedicellate, the tepals nearly or

quite as long as the sessile or substipitate ovary. Female

tepals (ONE. OF GAOEL Fooie<d-.-s2aae subser, Podosyceae (p. 119).

11. Gall-flowers sessile, rarely substipitate, the tepals much shorter

than the long-stalked ovaries. Female tepals much shorter

thin TiC OVALE Wi isl sdb RTI subser. Basitepalae (p. 120).

10. Male flowers ostiolar.

12. Seeds 1-2 mm. long, lenticular, numerous. Tepals white to

reddish, thin. Gall-ovary smooth. Fig often solitary and

large. Leaves cordate or palmately lobed, often dentate

ser. Cariceae (p. 118).

12. Seeds 3-6 mm. long, reniform, few in each fig. Tepals dark

red, often short and thick. Gall-ovary often rugose-angular.

Figs paired, often small. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, or

obovate-obtuse with dichotomous midrib, entire. Often

epiphytic. Western Malaysia ... ser. Erythrogyneae (p. 119).

Key to the species of ser. Sinosyceae

1. Tepals white or yellowish: male flowers ostiolar, stamens 2-5, often

with a pistillode. Lamina serrato-dentate, at least distally, without

basal glands: petiole 5-25 mm. Apical bracts of fig erect, 1-2 mm.

long. Medium size-to large tree (20 m.) .................- 149. F. henryi.

1. Tepals dark red: male flowers ostiolar and disperse, stamen 1 in the

subsessile ostiolar flowers, 2 (—3) in the pedicellate disperse flowers.

Lamina usually entire, with 2 basal glands: petiole 3-8 mm. Apical

bracts of fig scarcely projecting. Shrub or small tree.

150. F. subincisa.

Key to the species of ser. Cariceae

1. Leaves smooth, entire, ovate-elliptic, subcordate. Tepals reddish pink.

Bonin ‘USL (fos. chek Senet eee 153. F. iidaiana.

1. Leaves scabrid, generally dentate and, at least the sapling, palmately

lobed.

2. Fig 11-17 mm. wide. Tepals white, puberulous. Twigs slender, 1.5-4

mm. thick. Lamina becoming simple, ovate with cordate, rounded

or widely cuneate base, dentate or serrate. north and east Africa,

Asia Minor Wia | s... 2. 2c cco: sor a cere tener one < 152. F. palmata.

2. Figs larger, Tepals often glabrous, white to pink. Twigs stouter. Leaves

generally palmately lobed, denticulate. Asia Minor, and cultivated

151. F. carica.

118

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

Key to the species of ser. Erythrogyneae

1. Leaves all penninerved, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, to spathulate,

small: figs 3-7 mm. wide: gall-flowers sessile with angular-rugose

Se eed ced Ag at erro ela Aad ee A 155. F. oleaefolia.

1. Leaves penninerved, lanceolate-acute, and the figs larger, or the leaves

obovate-obtuse with the midrib dichotomous: gall-flowers often

pedicellate, the ovary angular-rugose or not ...... 154. F. deltoidea.

Key to the species of subser. Podosyceae

1. Creeping plants, rooting at the nodes. Figs and leaves small. Formosa.

2. Lamina 0.5—2 x 0.4—-1 cm., obtuse or subacute; petiole -3 mm. long.

[RECT 6 (a EOE 0102 he er 171. F. vaccinioides.

2. Lamina larger, acute to acuminate; petiole 5-15 mm. Peduncle 3-5 mm.

170. F. tannoensis.

1. Shrubs or trees, generally erect.

3. Finely rubiginous scurfy on the young shoots and figs, otherwise

glabrous or thinly hairy. Lamina acuminate to shortly caudate,

basal nerves 4-3 lamina: intercostals well-marked. China,

WARGO CINTA Be saa cl es agen oomees « Pick nfs ae BRE 196. F. langkokensis.

3. Not rubiginous scurfy.

4. Internal bristles abundant. Gall-figs with sclerotic cells in the wall.

Stipules generally hairy. Fig pedunculate. Burma, Formosa,

Philippines, Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea

160. F. pedunculosa.

4. Internal bristles none, or few and minute.

5. Lamina elliptic, attenuato-acuminate, very smooth, thinly

coriaceous; nerves scarcely raised below, curved-ascending,

basal nerves short. Tree -17 m. high, glabrous or puberulous.

Bumalayas., YWAMaIs cn Jece-. nmicese. |. .62hs0+-- 156. F. neriifolia.

5. Without such character; generally shrubs or small trees.

6. Figs 11-20 mm. wide, solitary, pedunculate.

7. Fig-body 11-15 mm. wide, subglobose, smooth, with obtuse

apical and basal bracts 2-3 mm. wide. Male flowers

disperse, shorter than the gall-flowers. Leaf rather long-

petiolate, not narrowly lanceolate. Japan to Indochina

é 161. F. erecta.

7. Fig-body often larger, pyriform or ellipsoid, rarely subglobose.

Male fiowers ostiolar (rarely disperse). Riverside shrubs

with narrow or lanceolate leaves.

8. Fig ribbed or sulcate towards the apex; abundant sclerotic

cells in the wall. Lateral nerves curved-ascending.

Assam, Burma, Yunnan to Malaya

168. F. ischnopoda.

8. Fig smooth, pyriform, with spongy wall; no sclerotic cells.

Lateral nerves short, straight, or little curved. China,

Je Nir eles lhe eet 157. F. pyriformis.

6. Figs smaller or sessile or paired.

9. Lamina obtuse or subacute. Fig pedunculate.

10. Fig 7-8 mm. wide, peduncle 7-10 mm. Lamina 4-8 x

1.5-4 cm., minutely auricled at the base. Philippines

172. F. edanoi.

10. Fig 10-15 mm. wide. Lamina not auricled.

11. Lamina much longer than wide, narrowly elliptic 10

lanceolate-oblong or obovate; lateral nerves 7-11

(-15) pairs. Tepals longer than the ovaries. Basal

bracts caducous; sclerotic cells abundant in the fig-

wall. China, Indochina ........ 159. F. variolosa.

11. Lamina little longer than wide, broadly obovate; lateral

nerves 4—7 pairs. Bonin Isl ...... 173. F. boninsimae.

‘119

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

9. Lamina acute, acuminate, or caudate.

12. Basal nerves elongate 4-4 lamina. Rather long-petiolate.

13. Stipules hairy. Lamina smooth, base cuneate. Peduncle

3-8 mm. China, Indochma ....:.:4-..... 162. F. trivia.

13. Stipules glabrous. Lamina scabrid, base rounded to

widely cuneate. Peduncle 0-3 mm. Burma, Yunnan,

FOGOCOIIA. 0207) seceteicecinics leat 163. F. chapaensis.

(Fig sessile, 10-16 mm. wide. Lamina smooth. China

164. F. heteromorpha.

12. Basal nerves not elongate.

14. Lamina caudate, lanceolate-oblong; lateral nerves many,

perpendicular to the midrib. Assam, Burma, Yunnan

158. F. filicauda.

14. Not caudate.

15. Lamina scabrid above. Fig 7-10 mm. wide, peduncle

1-3 mm. Villous or hispid. India, Burma, China,

[Ti ao + 7 ele a Aine 3 pahon ae? 165. F. gasparriniana.

15. Lamina not scabrid or, if slightly, then the fig larger

and sessile.

16. Fig 10-16 mm. wide, sessile; basal bracts 2-3.5

mm. -long. Lamina very variable in shape,

pandurate-lobate to elliptic and obovate, often

long-petiolate. China ...... 164. F. heteromorpha.

16. Fig pedunculate; basal bracts 1-2 mm. long. Short-

petiolate.

17. Lamina very thin, membranous, drying bluish

green, the reticulations not or scarcely visible.

Formosa, China, Indochina

169. F. formosana.

17. Lamina subcoriaceous, not drying bluish green,

the reticulations visible.

18. Lamina narrowly elliptic to lanceolate. Fig

generally solitary. Riparian shrubs.

19. Fig subcylindric, finely ribbed. Indochina

168. F. ischnopoda.

19. Fig subglobose, smooth: peduncle 2-55 mm.

long. China, Indochina, Thailand

167. F. stenophylla.

18. Lamina elliptic, obovate, or pandurate.

20. Fig 6-9 mm. wide, subglobose. Lamina 3-10

x 1.5-5 cm.; petiole 1.5-7 mm. China,

Indochifia 3:4. d2thiA: 166. F. pandurata.

20. Fig 10-15 x 8-12 mm., subglobose_ to

ellipsoid. Lamina larger, petiole longer.

India, Burma, China, Indochina

165. F. gasparriniana.

Key to the species of subser. Basitepalae

1. Creeper with adventitious roots. Leaves scabrid, denticulate to crenate,

obovate. Figs cauliflorous. Male flowers sessile. Seed 0.8 mm. long.

Assam, China, Indochiaa.%). 279k A cee 174. F. tikoua.

1. Erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves entire. Figs axillary. Male flowers

pedicellate (at least, the disperse ones).

2. Tepals gamophyllous. Ovary red-brown. Seed 1.5 mm. long. Shortly

hispid-villous; lamina often small. Fig 15-20 x 10-13 mm.,,

ellipsoid or pyriform, solitary. Assam, Burma, China, Indochina >

175. F. abelii.

120

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Ficus

2. Tepals free. Ovary white. Seed 2.5-3 mm. long. Figs paired or

solitary. Philippines.

3. Fig closely papillate. Lamina smooth ............... 176. F. pustulata.

3. Fig harshly hispid with spreading hairs 1-2 mm. long, as the twigs

and leaves, often sessile. Twigs 3-4 mm. thick

177. F. glareosa.

Key to the species of subser. Eriosyceae

1. Strigose-pubescent with ferruginous to dark brown hairs 3-5 mm. long.

Leaves large, more or less cordate, often lobed. Fig 20-35 mm.

wide, sessile; apical bracts projecting 3-7 mm.; basal bracts 12-20 x

FAs PA ee ik, 923 UR WE ES 181. F. esquiroliana.

1. Hairs shorter, often pale. Apical bracts not projecting and, as the basal

bracts, shorter.

2. Fig 30-35 mm. wide, villous, pedicellate but without peduncle; basal

bracts 4-7 mm. long. Lamina large, base cordate

178. F. padana.

2. Fig and basal bracts smaller; sessile or pedunculate, glabrous or

thinly hairy. Leaf-base becoming cuneate.

3. Lamina closely white to fulvous felted beneath, the reticulations

obscured; generally denticulate ......... 179. F. grossularioides.

3. Lamina thinly ashen-grey (cinereous) felted beneath, the reticula-

tions visible; generally entire or subcrenulate ... 180. F. tricolor.

Key to the species of subser. Trichosyceae

1. Fig sessile (or very shortly pedunculate in F. simplicissima), brown

hairy or glabrescent, without sclerotic cells in the wall. Flower-

pedicels usually glabrous.

2. Leaves coriaceous, smooth. Thinly appressedly hairy

183. F. schefferiana.

2. Leaves membranous, hispid, villous, or scabrid.

3. Thickly hairy, or the hairs to 1 mm., at least, long. Figs with

abundant to few internal bristles .................. 182. F. hirta.

3. Glabrous, or with mihute hairs —0.5 mm. long, or all the hairs

minutely hooked. Fig without internal bristles

184. F. simplicissima.

1. Figs pedunculate, rarely sessile in F. fulva, villous or thinly hairy; with

or without sclerotic cells in the wall. Flower-pedicels generally hairy.

4. Twigs 10-15 mm. thick. Figs 20-25 mm. wide or long (dried). Lamina

ovate-cordate, thinly villous above.

5. Hispid with hairs 1-2 mm. long. Fig ellipsoid, the wall densely

sclerotic; apical bracts not projecting. Gall-flower pedicels

ey RE Peer oot eee nee Ce eee 185. F. halmaherae.

5. Softly villous with hairs -1 mm. long. Fig subglobose, the apical

bracts prominent. Gall-pedicels hairy ......... 186. F. mollissima.

4. Twigs 3-8 mm. thick. Figs smaller. Lamina elliptic or obovate,

hispidulous or scabrid above.

6. Lamina coriaceous, entire. Figs thinly appressedly hairy, glabre-

scent; sclerotic cells abundant in the wall ...... 188. F. subfulva.

6. Lamina membranous to subcoriaceous, mostly denticulate. Fig-wall

with few or no sclerotic cells.

7. Hispid or villous with hairs 0.5-2 mm. long ......... 187. F. fulva.

7. Glabrous or thinly hairy with hairs -0.5 mm. long, or all the

hairs minutely hooked ..................... 184. F. simplicissima.

Ficus sect. Ficus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the species of subser. Dehiscentes

1. Basal nerves not (or rarely) prominent, lateral nerves 7-13 pairs: thinly

appressedly hairy: tepals broad: flower-pedicels glabrous: no

sclerotic: cells -in fig-wall: 0 2:.0.ccnye ci. tek 189. F. lamponga.

1. Basal nerves }-} lamina: lateral nerves 4-8 pairs: flower-pedicels often

hairy: sclerotic cells in fig-wall.

2. Twigs 5-10 mm. thick: lamina 7-18 cm. wide, ovate-cordate: fig

15-18 mm. wide S60 ea. Ai eee 190. F. ruficaulis.

2. Twigs 3-6 mm. thick: lamina and figs smaller ... 191. F. glandulifera.

(Latnum ‘coridceods, ‘sai oS 188. F. subfulva).

Key to the species of subser. Cuneifoliae

1. Young parts rubiginous scurfy. Lamina with cystoliths on the underside:

intercostals regular, numerous. Male flowers disperse. Seed echinate

at the base. Figs pedunculate .............. 196. F. langkokensis.

1. Not rubiginous scurfy. Without cystoliths (except F. tuphapensis v.

tuphapensis). Male flowers ostiolar. Seed tuberculate.

2. Glabrous or puberulous at first. Lamina membranous, smooth:

intercostals lax: petiole 6-40 mm. Tepals 3-4. Flower-pedicels

glabrous. Fig pedunculate or sessile ............ 192. F. chartacea.

2. Twigs, petioles, and, usually, the underside of the veins hairy. Lamina

often more or less coriaceous.

3. Shortly appressedly hairy. Petiole 4-17 mm. Fig 5-8 mm. wide,

pedunculate. Tepals 4-5. Flower-pedicels hairy

193. F. litseifolia.

3. Villous, the hairs 0.5—-1.5 mm. long. Lamina brownish beneath:

petiole -40 mm. long. Flower pedicels glabrous.

4. Lamina smooth, coriaceous: lateral nerves wide-spreading: basal

nerves often short. Fig 8-10 mm. wide: peduncle 3-6 mm.

Tepals 4-7. Seed 1.5-2.5 mm. wide ......... 194. F. oreophila.

4. Lamina scabrid above, membranous to subcoriaceous: lateral

nerves very oblique: basal nerves elongate. Fig 5-8 or

8-12 mm. wide: peduncle 0-3 mm. Tepals 4-5. Seed

BAS, BAR. 9 ds so nt cued eee 195. F. tuphapensis.

Key to the species of ser. Auratae

1, Stamens 2 (-3). Male flowers pedicellate in several rows, tepals not

setose. Fig sessile (except F. aurata var. pedunculata), densely

villous, at least when young. Lamina generally more than 15 cm.

long. Seed tuberculate, keeled. subser. Auratae.

2. Male and neuter flowers with yellowish white or pink-spotted tepals.

Areolae glabrous. Reticulations not finely velutinate beneath. Figs

10-17 mm. wide; basal bracts 1-3.5 mm.

3. Lamina ovate, deeply cordate; petiole 8-12 cm. long. Fig sessile,

with a few lateral bracts in the distal half. Sessile male flowers

2-staminate, the pedicellate 1-staminate ... 201. F. aureocordata.

3. Lamina elliptic, oblong or obovate; base narrowed subcordate to

cuneate; petiole 1-6 cm. long. Fig without lateral bracts. Male

Sowers all 2-sianmmaie.. |... eck eg ee ee 200. F. aurata.

2. Male and neuter flowers with red or red-brown tepals. Lamina

elliptic or ovate-elliptic. Figs and basal bracts larger or the

areolae (and reticulations) on the underside of the lamina

minutely velutinate.

4. Lamina as wide as long or wider, ovate-cordate, 13-25 cm. wide;

reticulations velutinate beneath, areolae glabrous. Fig 18-25 x

15-20 mm. villous with hairs -1 mm. long, glabrescent; basal

bracts 3-5 mm. long, caducous ......... 197. F. endospermifolia.

4. Lamina longer than wide, ovate-elliptic to elliptic; reticulations and

areolae minutely velutinate.

122

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Rhizocladus

5. Fig 24-30 x 20-26 mm., hispid-villous with hairs 1-2 mm. long;

basal bracts 6-10 mm. long, caducous. Lamina 16-28 cm.

Welles WAS: COFEATC Loui fier. oes. fet. -ss 198. F. bruneiensis.

5. Figs, basal bracts, and lamina smaller.

6. Fig velutinate without long hairs, glabrescent; basal bracts

1-1.5 mm. long. Lamina (entire) with subcordate to cuneate

base; saplings leaves large, 3-5 palmately lobed

199. F. brunneo-aurata.

6. [Fig villous; basal bracts 3-4 mm. long. Lamina ovate-cordate;

areolae depressed, often bullate ......... 204. F. eumorpha].

1. Stamen 1. Male flowers in one row, sessile, or in 2 rows with the

second pedicelate; tepals yellowish-white and setose as in the gall-

flowers. Fig often pedunculate, often thinly hairy to glabrous.

Lamina generally small. Seed tuberculate or smooth. subser.

Monandreae.

7. Lamina entire or distantly and coarsely dentate, more or less

coriaceous, often thinly hairy to glabrous. Figs mostly

pedunculate. Seeds tuberculate.

8. Lamina 4-9 cm. wide. elliptic, entire; lateral nerves curved-

ascending, -4 intercostals; basal nerves 4-3} lamina. Fig

12-15 mm. wide. Male flowers sessile and pedicellate

202. F. androchaete.

8. Lamina 1-7 cm. wide, elliptic to lanceolate, generally narrow,

entire or coarsely dentate; lateral merves more or _ less

perpendicular to the midrib, 0-2 intercostals; basal nerves

short. Fig 7-11 mm. wide. Male flowers sessile

203. F. macilenta.

7. Lamina closely serrate or denticulate, —5S intercostals or more, often

hispid above, hairy; reticulations prominent beneath.

9. Fig 6-9 mm. wide, often pedunculate. Lamina membranous, drying

grey-green. Hairs whitish to pale brown ...... 206. F. setiflora.

9. Fig larger, sessile. Lamina drying brown. Hairs dark brown.

10. Lamina ovate-cordate to subtriangular, areolae often bullate

and villous beneath. Fig. 11-15 mm. wide, hispid. Seed

SMR UREN oro coe enc ce aoe went aneriey om 204. F. eumorpha.

10. Lamina elliptic, brittle, base cuneate. Fig 9-10 mm. wide, thinly

appressedly hairy. Seed nearly smooth

205. F. paramorpha.

Key to the series of section Rhizocladus

1. Male and neuter flowers disperse, mostly sessile: leaves distichous.

2. Anthers mucronate, long: filaments free. Gall-ovary red-brown. Figs

ripening red or purple, without pedicels but pedunculate: internal

bristles often copious: sclerotic cells present or not. Leaves ovate-

elliptic, basal nerves prominent: often brown hairy

Trichocarpeae (p. 127).

2. Anthers not mucronate, short: filaments free or slightly joined.

Gall-ovary white, yellow, or red-brown. Figs ripening red or

purple, pedunculate and, often, pedicellate, without conspicuous

internal bristles and without sclerotic cells in the wall. Leaves

elliptic to obovate, basal nerves often short: mostly glabrous

Distichae (p. 127).

1. Male and neuter flowers ostiolar in one to several rows, the male mostly

stalked (except those next to the orifice).

3. Anthers not mucronate, short: filaments free (? slightly joined):

internal bristles absent: fig-wall with sclerotic cells: figs ripening

red, generally small, orifice sunken, without pedicel. Leaves

distichous, often small and blunt, with the veins not or scarcely

I on ck Lcasten's ccc vanetatelaceat sence tex Distichoideae (p. 126).

123

Ficus sect. Rhizocladus ‘Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

3. Anthers mucronate.

4. Filaments joined. Fig ripening red, often pedicellate, the orifice

often sunken, with or without internal bristles and sclerotic

cells: basal bracts often caducous. Leaves distichous, the veins

impressed above or invisible .............. Ramentaceae (p. 124).

4. Filaments free or slightly joined. Fig ripening purple (? F. laevis),

the orifice not or slightly sunken, pedicellate or not: internal

bristles generally copious: sclerotic cells none: basal bracts

persistent, short. Leaves spirally arranged, long-petiolate, or

distichous, short-petiolate, and then with the veins slightly raised

On. The. AD PCTSIGE a4 5: askscmas tc teat Plagiostigmaticae (p. 124).

Key to the species of ser. Plagiostigmaticae

1. Leaves spirally arranged, long-petiolate, generally ovate with elongate

basal nerves, not foveolate or prominently reticulate beneath;

reticulations NOt YaIsed -AMOVE: <sisdisaedcncudenccauecee. 210. F. laevis.

1. Leaves distichous, short-petiolate; reticulations finely raised on the

upperside.

2. Lamina not foveolate beneath. Young parts lanuginous with undulate

hairs, or the leaves ovate-elliptic with elongate basal nerves and

BCUMIMGBEE 24,4 2054 ls Pele ged EGA Ace bee eed 207. F. pubigera.

2. Lamina foveolate beneath. Not lanuginous with undulate hairs.

3. Basal nerves elongate 4—} lamina, apex obtuse to subacute. Fig

4-$ -x, 3-5 .cm., mostly solitary ..Jcia.<. en. d-b 209. F. pumila.

3. Basal nerves mostly short, apex of lamina acute to acuminate. Fig

smaller; \mostly paifed.«....2).9- ath. aie 208. F. sarmentosa.

Key to the subseries of ser. Ramentaceae

1. Apical bracts exposed, the fig-orifice not or scarcely sunken.

2. Cystoliths only on the lower side of the lamina. Leaf foveolate beneath

in some species. Fig-wall without sclerotic cells. West Malaysia

subser. Excavatae.

2. Cystoliths only on the upper side of the lamina. Fig-wall with sclerotic

cells. Floccoso-tomentose with undulate hairs. Malaya, Sumatra

subser. Araneosae, 240. F. araneosa.

2. Cystoliths on both sides of the lamina. Fig-wall with sclerotic cells.

MGlpete CstWards | ooo 55 cae eascue ae subser. Balanotae.

1. Apical bracts concealed in the sunken fig-orifice.

3. Hairs irritant, especially on the figs. Fig-wall with sclerotic cells

(except the small F. convexa). New Guinea ...... subser. /rritantes.

3. Hairs not irritant.

4. Fig-wall with sclerotic cells. Moluccas eastwards

subser. Pantonianae.

4. Fig-wall without sclerotic cells. Throughout Malaysia, but especially

WESECER. Petre 5 Fess eta one oh citumaSen Setaen anes subser. Ramentaceae.

Key to the species of subser. Pantoniane

1. Young parts floccoso-tomentose with undulate hairs. Lamina 10-15 cm.

lowe: Wega RICE VES: Siromec te! SOS ION, See eee 215. F. floccifera.

1. Glabrous or with straight hairs. Lamina often rather small; basal nerves

often elongate.

2. skie pessile 7. nam. Wide « «£30. .sscs sone: Lagan eee 212. F. amblisyce.

2. Fig stalked.

3. Fig-apex contracted into a papilla 1 mm. high. Lamina very

COTHICEOUS: 17/00 Alcea oe: ope 213. F. ampulliformis.

3. Fig-apex not so contracted.

4. Fig 7 mm. wide; internal bristles abundant. Lamina —-S.5 x 2.5 cm.

214. F. hypobrunnea.

4. Fig larger; internal bristles none or few, minute. Lamina often

PAIGE «164... cnxsxsvcacesoinciqpeiemeeree tae 211. F. pantoniana.

= ee << = eee eee

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Rhizocladus

Key to the species of subser. Balanotae

1. Fig stalked; basal bracts caducous.

2. Fig strongly umbonate, villous as the twigs, petioles, and underside

of the lamina. Internal bristles abundant ......... 216. F. balanota.

2. Fig not umbonate, puberulous, soon glabrous as the leaves and twigs.

Pateraal “Dristles: MOMS _o... bc fac ercnvsest eleven. esse 217. F. oxymitroides.

1. Figs sessile, not umbonate (unless from projecting apical bracts). Internal

bristles sparse or none.

3. Fig villous; basal bracts connate in a tridentate sheath. Lateral nerves

hots i, ga. US BERS Ee ea ae a 218. F. devestiens.

3. Fig glabrous or thinly hairy; basal bracts free. Lateral nerves fewer.

4. Apical bracts prominent; basal bracts caducous. Lamina 4—7 cm.

long; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs. Hairs -—1 mm. long

219. F. sageretina.

4. Apical bracts not prominent; basal bracts persistent. Lamina 1-3 cm.

long, very coriaceous, hard, bullate; lateral nerves 3-4 pairs.

Piatt —5- Mate, NOME poss css. + .saceeer dacs beneee 220. F. ceanothifolia.

Key to the species of subser. /rritantes

1. Basal bracts 3-6 mm. long. Fig 15-35 mm. wide; peduncle 1-10 mm.

long.

2. Lamina thinly coriaceous, the nerves not or slightly impressed above.

Basal bracts caducous. Internal bristles few, small, or none

221. F. odoardi.

2. Lamina coriaceous-brittle, the nerves impressed above. Basal bracts

subpersistent. Internal bristles 1-2 mm. long. Fig-wall very thick

222. F. sphaerocarpa.

1. Basal bracts 1.5-3 mm. long. Fig 7-12 mm. wide; peduncle short. Lamina

coriaceous, the nerves impressed above.

3. Fig subsessile, 7-10 mm. wide. Hairs 2-8 mm. long on twigs and

NECN BR eset girs een o vc shduntins<ssiceesee. 224. F. insculpta.

3. Figs stalked. Hairs 1-2.5 mm. long.

4. Figs 10-12 mm. wide; internal bristles often abundant. Lamina

SEP TUS TGs“ iA An eee oe ee eae 223. F. irritans.

4. Fig 7-9 mm. wide; internal bristles none or few, minute. Lamina

—8 cm. long, stiffly coriaceous, convex ...... 225. F. convexa.

Key to the species of subser. Ramentaceae

(Compare also subser. Pantonianae)

1. Figs more than 12 mm. wide. Nerves not or slightly impressed above.

Moluccas eastwards.

2. Fig soon glabrous, long-pedicellate, orifice slightly sunken. Lamina

soon glabrous; nerves and intercostals crowded

227. F. camptandra.

2. Fig lanuginous or villosulous, orifice deeply sunken. Lamina _per-

sistently hairy beneath; venation rather lax .. 226 F. baeuerleni.

1. Figs less than 12 mm. wide. Nerves often strongly impressed above.

Moluccas westwards.

3. Lamina attenuate at each end; nerves not impressed above; lateral

nerves 11-14 pairs. Stipules persistent. Figs sessile. Sarawak

231. F. spiralis.

3. Lamina often acuminate; base rounded, truncate, cordate, or cuneate;

lateral nerves fewer. Stipules generally caducous (except on

bathyphylls).

4. With minute hooked hairs (0.2-1 mm. long) on the twigs, petioles,

underside of the nerves, and, often, on the figs.

125

Ficus sect. Rhizocladus Gardens Bulletin, S.

5. Ali hairs hooked, none appressed. Basal bracts caducous. Fig-

pedicel 2-9 nim, Jong ... :/50soe cage eee 234. F. uncinulata.

5. With straight appressed hairs, at least on the underside of the

nerves, often spreading and concealing the hooked hairs on

the twig. Basal bracts persistent. Pedicel often short

233. F. recurva.

4. Without hooked hairs.

6. Nerves strongly impressed above; lateral nerves 6-10 pairs.

7. Hairs 3-6 mnm. Tone wiry . 225). sas eee 228. F. grossivenis.

7. Hairs 2-4 mm. long, villous or appressed, not wiry. Fig-orifice

GHEN “WMUGHALE |: :,. ... + seaioasdaee oeeee eter eae 232. F. villosa.

6. Nerves not or scarcely impressed above.

8. Figs 8-11 mm. wide, mostly stalked. Lateral nerves 6-8 pairs

229. F. sagittata.

8. Figs 4-6 mm. wide, sessile or shortly stalked. Lateral nerves

2-6 pairs.

9. Densely hairy. Fig without sclerotic cells ... 235. F. pendens.

9. Thinly hairy or glabrous. Fig with sclerotic cells, often

depressed-plpbore 65220 io ccas baat eee ence’ 230. F. urnigera.

Key to the species of subser. Excavatae

1. Lamina small, -3 cm. long, obtuse to subacute; lateral nerves 24 pairs.

Fig 3-6 mm. wide. Slender climbers.

2. Lamina ovate-drbicular, symmetric, minutely foveolate beneath. Fig

sesoile MLS tees Seece taser... taheae meine 238. F. excavata.

2. Lamina elliptic or obovate, base asymmetric, not foveolate beneath.

Pig shortly stalked! 220190, 29! i 239. F. callicarpides.

1. Lamina larger, acuminate.

3. Nerves strongly impressed above, the areolae foveolate or not. Fig

56 ris WIG Reta tes «a canadercntene eae 236. F. lanata.

3. Nerves not impressed above; areolae foveolate beneath. Fig 7-9 mm.

wide. Soon: SWOEIADIORS o.oo. feccalee ces ecm: 237. F. supperforata.

Key to the species of ser. Distichoideae

1. Figs 8-16 mm. wide.

2. Lamina ovate acute to acuminate. Fig. subsessile. Twigs appressedly

WAIT Y \ 3b .ccosercsduie cee Ges Chk .pRARE e ere S 242. F. ovatacuta.

2. Lamina obtuse to subacute. Fig pedunculate. Twigs glabrous.

3. Fig 8-12 mm. wide; basal bracts persistent ...... 241. F. distichoidea.

3. Fig 14-16 mm. wide; basal bracts caducous ............ v. megacarpa.

1. Figs 4-8 mm. wide.

4. Lamina acute to subacuminate; basal nerves short

243. F. phatnophylla.

5. Fig sessile; basal bracts slowly caducous; lamina thinly coriaceous

v. glochidioides.

5. Fig-peduncle —2.5 mm. long.

6. Lamina thinly coriaceous, subacute, lanceolate elliptic; basal

BEAEES MAGHCOUS :. 50. ..255esen Fenda pemcsencmameeeeaeeeen v. meiocarpa.

6. Lamina stiffly coriaceous, hard, elliptic or ovate elliptic, acuminate;

basal ‘bracts persistent 2... c«ene en eee v. phatnophylla.

4. Lamina obtuse or retuse; basal nerves often elongate; basal bracts

caducous.

7. Lamina suborbicular to broadly elliptic; basal nerves 1/3—% lamina.

Fig-peduncle 1-4 mm. long.

8. Fig 4-5 mm. wide. Tepals free or shortly joined

244. F. calodictya.

8. Fig 6-8 mm. wide; tepals gamophyllous with 2-4 short lobes

v. gamophylla.

126

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Rhizocladus

7. Lamina small, elliptic to obovate, base cuneate; basal nerves rarely

conspicuous.

9. Fig sessile or nearly. Leaves stiffly coriaceous; stomata superficial

245. F. agapetoides.

9. Fig-peduncles 1-3 mm. long. Leaves thinly coriaceous; stomata

en Egon occpovedeAbacnsasegee sue v. solomonensis.

Key to the species of ser. Distichae

1. Male flowers pedicellate. Gall-ovary red or brown. Figs generally

solitary; basal bracts acute.

2. Anthers with crescentic dehiscence. Tepals dark red, fleshy. Bathyphylls

lobed. Cystoliths amphigenous; gland-hairs capitate. Ceylon

246. F. diversiformis.

2. (Anthers with longitudinal dehiscence. Tepals membranous, pink,

acute. Bathyphylls not lobed. Cystoliths hypogenous; gland-hairs

SESS) Seat oo eee rap tee te A ens ee esd. Re 267. F. diandra).

1. Male flowers sessile, anthers with longitudinal dehiscence. Figs generally

paired: basal bracts obtuse. Bathyphylls not lobed.

2. Cystoliths amphigenous; hairs septate. Gall-ovary sclerosed, beaked.

Lamina acute to obtuse; basal nerves 4-4 lamina. Basal bracts

persistent. Asiatic mainland, Hainan, Andamans

247. F. hederacea.

2. Cystoliths hypogenous; hairs not septate. Gall-ovary not sclerosed or

beaked. Basal merves not so elongate. Burma, Thailand, west

Malaysia to Moluccas.

3. Lamina 7-21 cm. long; lateral nerves 6-9 pairs, —5 intercostals.

Fig more than 12 mm. wide, peduncle 4-18 mm. long; basal

bracts persistent. Male perianth wholly gamophyllous

248. F. allutacea.

3. Lamina smaller, obtuse to subacute; lateral nerves fewer, 0-1

intercostals. Fig 6-10 mm. wide, peduncle -3 mm. long. Male

tepals more or less free.

4. Lamina thickly coriaceous; lateral nerves 5-8 pairs at a wide

angle from the midrib; petiole -30 mm. long. Stipules and

basal bracts subpersistent. Borneo ............ 249. F. detonsa.

4. Lamina thinly coriaceous; lateral nerves 3—5 pairs, oblique; petiole

—12 mm. long. Stipules and basal bracts early caducous. Figs

Dept Bek elidel. lls Sele ales 250. F. disticha.

Key to the species of ser. Trichocarpeae

1. Lamina thickly lanuginous beneath with undulate hairs concealing the

reticulations. Fig lanuginous. New Guinea.

2. Robust climber. Twigs 4-5 mm. thick. Lamina more than 9 x 5 cm.

Fig-body 15-20 mm. wide; basal bracts 6-10 mm. long

263. F. hypophaea.

2. Slender climbers. Twigs 2 mm. thick. Lamina smaller. Fig-body

7-10 mm. wide; basal bracts 3-4 mm. long.

3. Indumentum dull brown. Lamina attenuato-acute. Fig-body 10 mm.

wide, the seed-fig with sclerotic cells in the wall

262. F. hypophaeola.

3. Indumentum rusty cinnamon. Lamina acuminate (without cysto-

liths). Fig 7-8 mm. wide, the seed-fig without sclerotic cells in

OS Re RS ee ee ere 261. F. cinnamomea.

1. Lamina not thickly lanuginous beneath with undulate hairs.

4. Figs lanuginous or villous.

5. Fig-body lanuginous or thinly tomentose with undulate hairs, in

some species glabrescent. New Guinea.

127

Ficus sect. Kalosyce Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

6. Twigs and petioles with dull brown spreading hairs 2-3 mm.

long; underside of nerves finely tomentose with undulate hairs,

Lamina 9-17 x 4-12 cm. Fig 15-18 mm. wide; basal bracts

CAGUROUS. ...2535 65.085) Sale ee ee eee 259. F. fuscata.

6. Without such spreading hairs. Figs smaller; basal bracts persistent.

7. Lamina 7-14 x 5.5-10 cm., glabrous. Fig 10-12 mm. wide;

basal bracts 3-6 mm. long ...................+ 260. F. supfiana.

7. Lamina 4-8 x 2-3.5 cm., nerves thinly hairy beneath. Fig

6-8 mm. wide; basal bracts 1-2 mm. long

258. F. semilanata.

5. Figs villous with straight, erect hairs, not glabrescent. Indochina to

Moluccas.

8. Lamina scabrid, without cystoliths (or these very sparse on the

underside). Fig with abundant internal bristles. No undulate

hairs .on: the .twigs..4i.3). niin aee 251. F. trichocarpa.

8. Lamina smooth or slightly scabrid; cystoliths hypogenous, abun-

dant. Internal bristles few, short. Twigs with undulate hairs.

PHB POURS. 5.475. . ntootnn seis edt setetntes 252. F. perfulva.

4. Figs glabrous or thinly hairy and soon glabrescent.

9. Lamina closely villous or hispid beneath with erect brown hairs.

Basal bracts 1-1.5 long. Robust climbers. New Guinea.

10. Fig-body soon glabrous, 10-12 mm. wide; peduncle 5-9 mm.

long; no sclerotic cells in the fig-wall (gall-fig). Lamina

coriaceous bullate; cystoliths hypogenous

257. F. phaeobullata.

10. Fig-body thinly appressedly puberulous, 8-10 mm. wide; peduncle

10-15 mm. long; sclerotic cells abundant in the wall (gall-fig).

Leaf not bullate; cystoliths amphigenous ... 256. F. alococarpa.

9. Lamina thinly appressedly hairy beneath along the nerves or

glabrous. Twigs minutely brown puberulous to glabrous.

11. Robust climber. Lamina more than 9 x 5 cm. Fig 15-25 mm.

wide; basal bracts 2-4 mm. long. New Guinea, Solomon Isl.,

Nem Hebrides: : ..0../ RTI VORA eS 255. F. nasuta.

11. Slender climbers. Lamina smaller. Fig 5-8 mm. wide; basal

bracts 1-1.5 mm. long. Gall-flowers with the lower half of

the tepals yellow and indurate. Gall-figs with sclerotic cells

in the walls, seed-figs without.

12. Fig-body and peduncle finely velutinate, glabrescent. Lamina

ovate-rotund to broadly elliptic, obtuse to subacute.

Philippines... ..:.. .d:s:42 ce. Sota ae Seda 253. F. bakeri.

12. Fig-body and peduncle thinly puberulous, glabrescent. Lamina

ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, attenuato-acute. New

Guisegeast...2auk. .mas..5 ee 254. F. pleiadenia.

Key to the series of sect. Kalosyce

1. Areolae of lamina not foveolate beneath .......... ser. Apiocarpeae.

1, Areolae of lamina foveolate- beneath .... ...% -g@<s .sa-- ser. Punctatae.

2. Veins impressed on the upperside of the stiffly coriaceous lamina,

drying brown; veins coarse and prominent beneath

subser. Ruginerveae (p. 129).

2. Veins not impressed above, invisible or as fine raised lines; lamina

thinly coriaceous, often drying greenish; the veins not so coarse

beneath ...... 6.53 Tees eee subser. Punctatae (p. 129).

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Kalosyce

Key to the species of ser. A piocarpeae

1. Lamina 4-9 cm. long, acute to obtuse. Fig 10-14 mm. wide (dried).

Gall-ovary more or less indurate.

2. Stamens 2. Gall-ovary not angular. Fig-body not pedicellate. Lamina

acute, narrowly cordate at the base; lateral nerves 3-5 pairs.

SEN . Saxe tal. Aa Ge He. Yer s wimiGl.cen ode 267. F. diandra.

2. Stamen 1, rarely 2. Gall-ovary angular. Fig-body long-pedicellate.

Lamina subacute to obtuse, base cuneate; lateral nerves 5-8

TI ARMIN ie Nae cs ass mpc ie ynleunin nile = on 266. F. warburgii.

1. Lamina larger, more or less acuminate. Fig much larger. Gall-ovary

neither indurate nor angled. Stamen 1.

3. Tepals dark red, entire, free. Neuter flowers present in the seed-figs.

Internal bristles abundant. Basal nerves 4-1/3 lamina, not

PiOmMeenEIGie.. .fasbus. odatnr cilt. xeon. 265. F. peninsula.

3. Tepals white or pale pink, denticulate, often becoming reticulately

adherent. Neuter flowers absent. Internal bristles none or few,

minute. Basal nerves 4—? lamina, conspicuous. .264. F. apiocarpa.

Key to the species of subser. Punctatae

1. Lamina obtuse, rarely subacute.

2. Lamina 26 x 13 cm., ovate, symmetric: lateral nerves 9-10 pairs

271. F. simiae.

2. Lamina elliptic to obovate, asymmetric, small to medium size: lateral

merves 3-5 pairs: petiole 1-20 mm.: internal bristles short,

abundant.

3. Figs glabrous, marmorate with pale innate spots, orifice closed

by 3—5 projecting apical bracts: gall— and female tepals 3-4,

often with peltate attachment ........ 272. F. aurantiacea.

3. Figs hispid-villous, not marmorate but sparsely papillate, the

orifice sunken, the small apical bracts more or less concealed:

gall— and female tepals 0-3, simply attached. Lamina small

273. F. punctata.

1. Lamina subacute to acuminate, ovate to elliptic or oblong, often

narrowly, symmetric (except F. grandiflora): lateral nerves 4-10

(-—12) pairs: petiole often longer: internal bristles none (except

F. grandiflora).

4. Figs shortly pedunculate, not or indistinctly pedicellate: body 8-30

mm. wide (dried). tepals white or pink .. 274. F. scratchleyana.

(figs brown-hairy: lamina stiffly coriaceous .... 281. F. gymnorygma.

4. Figs pedunculate and distinctly pedicellate: body large: tepals dark

red.

5. Leaves and figs scabrid: petiole -15 mm. long: basal bracts 2 mm.

long? seeds bluntly keeled s25.....0.0.... 270. F. trachycoma.

5. Leaves and figs smooth: basal bracts 3—4 mm. long.

6. Lamina ovate-elliptic, base rounded-subcordate: petiole 4-13

cm. long: female tepals linear-lanceolate, free: seed bluntly

keeled: fig-orifice with 5 prominent apical bracts

268. F. dens-echini.

6. Lamina elliptic, base cuneate, often slightly asymmetric: petiole

1.2-3 cm. long: gall-tepals broadly lanceolate, often gamo-

phyllous: fig-orifice with 3 suberect apical bracts

269. F. grandiflora.

Key to the species of subser. Ruginerviae

1. Petioles 2-10 mm. long. lamina —-8 cm. long, rather small.

2. Lamina obtuse, elliptic to obovate, asymmetric: figs glabrous

276. F.. ruginervia.

2. Lamina acute, narrowly elliptic.

129

Ficus sect. Sycidium - Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

3. Lam. strongly asymmetric at the base, cordate-auricled on one

side, scabrid above: fig white-villous .... 277. F. barba-jovis.

3. Lam. slightly asymmetric: figs thinly pilose to glabrous.

4. Lam. subscabrid above: lateral nerves 5—7 pairs: figs axillary,

soon glabrous: gall-tepals free .......... 279. F. cataupi.

4. Lam. smooth: lat. nerves 8-11 pairs: figs cauliflorous, thinly

hispid: gall-tepals shortly joined ........ 278. F. tulipifera.

1. Petiole longer: lamina larger, stiffly coriaceous.

5. Areolae with flat glabrous foveolae or ciliate round the edge: figs

brown-hairy: basal bracts c. 2 mm. long: male flowers -12 mm.::

tepals white to pinkish, as long as the ovary: seed scarcely or

obtusely keeled ..,) .sceate «beta Agen 281. F. gymnorygma.

5. Foveolae hairy: basal bracts 3-4 mm. long: male flowers c. 20 mm.

long: tepals dark red.

6. Figs white—villous, the orifice sunken: lamina very coriaceous:

gall-flowers sessile, the tepals shorter than the ovary: female

flowers sessile, the tepals very short: seed scarcely keeled

280. F. carri.

6. Figs glabrous, orifice not sunken: gall-flowers long-stalked, the

tepals as long as the ovary: female flowers sessile or stalked:

seed narrowly keeled“. 02 S27 7se. 202582. 275. F. singalana.

Key to the subsections of sect. Sycidium

1. Seed shortly oblong, generally keeled or gibbous at the apex. Ovary

white. Male flower generally with a normal gall-ovary. Leaves

distichous, short-petiolate. Figs not pedunculate. Cystoliths not

papillate. Trees, shrubs or climbers, often epiphytic

subsect. Palaeomorphe (p. 140).

1. Seed lenticular (as long as wide) or shortly oblong, slightly keeled all

round or in the upper half or not at all. Male flowers mostly

without a normal gall-ovary, often with a rudiment. Leaves variously

arranged. Figs often pedunculate with a collar of basal bracts.

Cystoliths often papillate. Trees, shrubs, not epiphytic.

2. Seed lenticular. Ovary red or white. Tepals red or white.

subsect. Sycidium (p. 130).

2. Seed shortly oblong. Ovary and tepals white

subsect. Varinga (p. 140).

Key to the series of subsect. Sycidium

1. Figs on geocarpic stolons. Fig-body 10-20 mm. wide, usually with

lateral bracts. Tepals- red. Ovary red or white. Style glabrous.

Leaves distichous, short-petiolate ........ ser. Prostratae (p, 131).

1. Figs on long hanging rami-cauliflorous twigs. Fig-body 4-8 mm. wide,

without lateral bracts. Tepals red. Ovary red. Style (female) hairy.

Leaves long-petiolate to distichous and short-petiolate. Hairs dark

DROW? WEY alee Mie oS ons eek See ee ee ser. Pungentes (p. 131).

1. Figs axillary or on short leafless twigs from trunk and branches, rarely

geocarpic: Ovary white.

2. Leaves spirally arranged or decussate, mostly long-petiolate, sym-

metric. Figs pedicellate or nearly sessile, without a collar of basal

bracts.

3. Hairs dark purple or brown. Fig-body often with lateral bracts.

Mepals idarkosed i . & = ste wes.gaksmes ser. Phaeopilosae (p. 131).

3. Hairs white, or merely scabridulous-glabrous. Tepals purple, reddish,

or wittte S225 2 ae Rae Le ee ser. Copiosae (p. 132).

2. Leaves short-petiolate, variously arranged, commonly distichous, often

asymmetric. Figs often pedunculate with a collar of basal bracts.

Tepals red, pink, or white. Hairs not purple or dark brown.

4. Seed ientievlar ti :isine zs. 2244800 G CL. Ae ser. Scabrae (p. 133, 138).

4. Seed oblong or shortly ellipsoid, compressed, keeled or not. Tepals

WEGTE . . «os sme andes ane 2 SO . subsect. Varinga (p. 133, 140).

130

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

Key to the species of ser. Prostratae

1. Leaf-base asymmetric, lamina generally scabrid. Stipules caducous.

Seed smooth. Stamens 2 (-1) ............ 283. F. semicordata.

1. Leaf-base more or less symmetric. Stipules subpersistent.

2. Twigs, petioles, and underside of the main veins densely hispid with

white to brown hairs —1.5 mm. long. Lamina scabrid, denticulate;

lateral nerves 6-8 pairs. Fig 15-20 mm. wide. Seed smooth.

Pe ee ae eee Ee lance nin > bm aaa aah 284. F. koutumensis.

2. Twigs etc. thinly appressedly hairy to shortly white villous. Lamina

smooth, entire; lateral nerves 9-14 pairs. Fig 10-16 mm. wide.

Seed 3-keeled. Stamen 1 (-2) ............ 285. F. prostrata.

Key to the species of ser Pungentes

1. Leaves distichous, elliptic-obovate, short-petiolate. Hairs 1-2 mm. long

Gnliwmias dnd, petites. .Oe0 8 2. Yea, 25 Se. 288. F. petrotica.

1. Leaves spirally arranged, ovate-cordate, long-petiolate. Hairs 2-10 mm.

long on twigs and petioles.

2. Figs angular-compressed with flattened apex, in compact ied 20-25

iN ND: ited amet. bee. Sols 2 ture. 287. F. minahassae.

2. Figs separate, not compressed, distinctly pedunculate

286. F. pungens.

(2. Hairs 1-2 mm. Lamina narrowly elliptic-obovate. Fig with lateral

bracts, thinly brown- — Perianth cupular, 3—4 toothed. Style

glabrous ESRI SR GIR. SHUT Ps 294. F. badiopurpurea).

Key to the species of ser. Phaeopilosae

1. Perianth cupular, 3—4-toothed. Fig 6 mm. wide, brown strigose, cauli-

florous (? geocarpic). Lamina narrowly elliptic-obovate, dentate.

Stipules caducous. Cystoliths hypogenous .. 294. F. badiopurpurea.

1. Tepals free, 4-6.

2. Fig 5-12 mm. wide. Internal bristles abundant. Twigs 1.5-3.5 mm.

thick. Stipules small, caducous.

3. Fig-stalk 3-18 mm. long. Petiole 1-8 cm. long, or more. Fulvous

to dark brown hairy. Cystoliths amphigenous .... 293. F. gul.

3. Fig-stalk 0-2 mm. long. Petiole —1.5 cm. long. Dark purple-brown

or black hairy. Cystoliths hypogenous ...... 295. F.phaeosyce.

2. Figs mostly larger. Twigs thicker. Stipules often large and persistent.

4. Fig 8-12 mm. wide, purple-strigose, glabrescent; lateral bracts

1-2.5 mm. long. Irritantly purple-brown bristly. Cystoliths

amphigenous, varying hypogenous .... 292. F. porphyrochaete.

4. Figs and lateral bracts larger.

5. Fig 20-25 mm. wide, globose to ellipsoid; lateral bracts 3—6 mm.

long; internal bristles none. Gall— and female flowers with

long pedicels (-4 mm.). Lamina obovate, nerves thinly

appressedly brown hairy below. Cystoliths amphigenous

289. F. conocephalifolia.

5. Fig 10-17 mm. wide (excluding hairs and bracts); lateral bracts

5-16 mm. long. Cystoliths hypogenous. Densely strigose

hairy.

6. Leaf-base cuneate; stipules caducous. Internal bristles abundant.

Flowers pedicellate. Lamina elliptic .. 291. F. eustephana.

6. Leaf ovate or elliptic, base cordate. Stipules persistent. Internal

bristles few. minute. Flowers subsessile, the fig hollow

290. F. complexa.

131

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the species of ser. Copiosae

1. Cystoliths hypogenous. Figs cauliflorous with projecting apical bracts

and, often, conspicuous lateral bracts. Leaves not opposite.

2. (Male flowers with 2 stamens, ostiolar and disperse. Fig 16-25 x

12-17 mm., lateral bracts prominent. Basal nerves of lamina

elongate; Cia 6.00. 22 524 Spins, DR 282. F. tsiangii).

2. Male flowers ostiolar, stamen 1. Basal nerves not or little elongate.

New Guinea, New Britain.

3. Lamina obovate, lateral nerves 9-13 pairs. Fig large, pyriform,

stalks —70 mm. long, no lateral bracts .... 306. F. primaria.

3. Lamina ovate, lateral nerves 5-8 pairs. Fig small, with a few

lateral bracts. Tepals dark red. Internal bristles copious, long

305. F. griseifolia.

1. Cystoliths amphigenous. Figs axillary to cauliflorous, the apical bracts

not projecting, lateral bracts small. Leaves often opposite.

4. Seed reticulate. Leaves spirally arranged. Fig -10 mm. wide. Tepals

white. Shrubs or small trees.

5. Fig-stalks 7-12 mm. long. Internal bristles abundant, short. Male

flower without gall-ovary. Tepals and style puberulous. Twigs

4.-6 tim tks ous POOR Ei. ere 298. F. andamanica.

5. Fig-stalks 2-6 mm. long. Male flower with normal gall-ovary.

Tepals and style often glabrous. Internal bristles none.

6. Lax shrub. Twigs 1-3 mm. thick. Leaf-base cuneate. Lateral

nerves 7-10 pairs. Stipules caducous. Figs axillary. Tepals

lanceolate:« entire \:i:2 . .-<wet ot walls Wes 296. F. montana.

6. Small tree. Twigs 3—5 mm. thick. Leaf-base subcordate and the

lateral nerves 8-15 pairs, varying lanceolate. Stipules per-

sistent. Figs becoming cauliflorous. Tepals oblong or spathul-

ate, often deniteniate +... 2 Sch tee e 297. F. madurensis.

4. Seed smooth. Leaves often opposite. Fig often larger.

7. Decumbent shrub with long internodes. Figs axillary, the stalks

3-8 enone . 05285046): ON. Re 299. F. subsidens.

7. Erect. Internodes crowded towards the end of each twig.

8. Twigs 3-8 mm. thick. Leaves mostly opposite; lamina 6—20 cm.

wide, the base cordate to widely cuneate. Figs caulifiorous,

12-20 mm. wide, the stalks 12-55 mm. long. Tepals dark

red or purple, fading pink to white. Male flowers rarely

with a gall-ovary.

9. Lamina ovate-cordate, harshly scabrid, basal nerves 1/3-+4

lamina. Tepals closely hispid, reddish purple

300. F. heteropoda.

9. Lamina elliptic-obovate, less scabrid to nearly smooth, basal

nerves 1/5—1/3 lamina. Twigs, petioles, and main nerves

often muriculate. Tepals pink, puberulous to glabrous

301. F. copiosa.

8. Twigs 1.5—-3 mm. thick. Leaves usually spirally arranged; lamina

2-12 cm. wide, the base cuneate, or subcordate in saplings.

Figs axillary to cauliflorous, 9-15 mm. wide, the stalks —35

mm. long. Tepals dark red or white. Male flowers often

with an ovary. Shrubs or small trees.

10. Figs densely echinate-muriculate, axillary, the stalk —7 mm.

late CEepals white... . .s<beee~ Hee 303. F. hystricicarpa.

10. Figs minutely scabridulous or nearly smooth, or softly villous

(F. balica).

11. Twigs, petioles, and figs thinly pubescent to villous. Fig

12-15 mm. wide, or more. Internal bristles abundant.

Tepais’ dark “ted “52 Secon oe an ee 304. F. balica.

11. Glabrous or minutely scabridulous. Fig 9-13 mm. wide.

Internal bristles none or minute. Tepals white or (var.

nubigetia). red "34.0, URE. eek POST. 302. F. wassa.

(Fig pedunculate, see 334. F. re

132

EEE =

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

Key to the species of ser. Scabrae and of subsect. Varinga

1. Leaves opposite or spirally arranged, not or slightly asymmetric.

Cystoliths amphigenous or as microscopic hairs on the underside

of the lamina.

2. Leaf-base rounded to cordate, apex blunt to subacute. Harshly

scabrid, hispid villous, the leaves even with aculeate hairs. Apical

bracts of fig obtuse, not or scarcely projecting .. 334. F. opposita.

2. Leaf-base cuneate or, if subcordate, then the apex acute to acuminate.

Not villous* or aculeate.

3. Apical bracts suberect, 1-2 mm. long, projecting. Tepals white,

puberulous as the style, or glabrous.

4. Figs without a collar of basal bracts, body subglobose.

5. Figs with scattered lateral bracts. Seed shortly oblong, reticu-

late. Leaf symmetric. Lateral nerves 3-5 pairs, basal nerves

2S BE gh fs. Since = 8p. cea Sch 356. F. exasperata.

5. Figs rarely with lateral bracts. Seed lenticular, smooth. Leaf

asymmetric, acuminate. base often widely cuneate to sub-

cordate. Tepals glabrous ............ 309. F. ulmifolia.

4. Figs with a collar of basal bracts, the body often ellipsoid and

rarely with lateral bracts. Seed smooth.

6. Lamina elliptic, subacute to acute, often strongly scabrid.

Lateral nerves 3—6 pairs, basal nerves usually elongate —4

lamina. Fig-stalk —7 mm. long. ........ 336. F. fraseri.

(Lamina more or less smooth ............ var. laevis).

6. Lamina lanceolate, apex gradually attenuate, slightly scabrid.

Lateral nerves 11-25 pairs, basal nerves not elongate.

Fig-stalks -15 mm. long .......... 337. F. coronulata.

6. Lamina elliptic-obovate, acuminate, dentate. Lateral nerves 6—10

pairs, basal nerves not elongate. China .. 149. F. henryi.

3. Apical bracts not or scarcely projecting. Fig subglobose.

7. Leaves not opposite, lanceolate-attenuate, 4-13 x 0.5—-1.5 cm.

Fig solitary, axillary, no collar of basal bracts

347. F. bambusaefolia.

7. Leaves mostly opposite, larger. Fig generally with a collar of

basal bracts.

8. Lamina obtuse to subacute. Petiole 3-8 mm., short. Tepals

I ta Bi bo bw Sg wma dies @ 335. F. scobina.

8. Lamina acute or acuminate. Petiole usually longer. Tepals

hairy.

9. Tepals dark red, fading pink. Fig becoming cauliflorous,

pedicels —20 mm. long, no collar of basal bracts

302. F. wassa var. nubigena.

9. Tepals white. Fig not cauliflorous, peduncle —10 mm. long,

with a collar of basal bracts ............... 307. F. cumingii.

(9. Leaves spirally arranged, symmetric, often rather long-

petiolate. Figs without a collar of basal bracts. Shrub

296. F. montana).

1. Leaves distichous. Cystoliths amphigenous or hypogenous.

10. Leaf-base cuneate, often narrowly, not or little asymmetric.

11. Hairy. Lamina caudate, not scabrid. Fig 10-12 mm. wide,

peduncle 1—2 mm. long. Internal bristles copious, long. Tepals

hairy, red fading white. Cystoliths hypogenous

319. F. macrorrhyncha.

11. Without such characters.

_ * White to brown villous, compare 195. F. tuphapensis (China, Indo-

china), of subsect. Eriosycea (sect. Ficus).

133

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

12. Tepals dark red. Cystoliths amphigenous. Glabrous-scabridu-

lous. (Cystoliths hypogenous ...... 375. F. rubrocuspidata).

13. Figs pedicellate, no collar of basal bracts. Internal bristles

minute or none. Basal nerves elongate.

14. Intercostals vague. Lamina not. caudate. Fig-wall without

sclérotie Cells is: ALY 44. Pb ee 321. F. leptoclada.

14. Intercostals regular, or the lamina small and caudate.

Fig-wall with sclerotic cells.

15. Fig 15-20 mm. wide, wall thick, pedicel 3-10 mm.

lone... ica s ye. Deeb eee eee 322. F. todayensis.

15. Fig 5-12 mm. wide, wall thin, pedicel 5-20 mm. long,

slender ‘+2 3; Sie Yee eo ee 323. F. irisana..

13. Figs pedunculate, rarely without a collar of basal bracts.

Internal bristles often conspicuous.

16. Lamina strongly caudate-acuminate, not scabrid. Fig-wall

with sclerotic celle”. - OR co 324. F. tenuicuspidata.

16. Lamina not caudate. Fig-wall without sclerotic cells.

16a. Fig with slender pedicels 3-18 mm. long and slender

peduncles. Tepals 4-6. Solomon Islands.

168. Fig axillary, solitary. Lateral nerves 7-11 pairs:

intercostals 2-5 ... 2-20-5400. 328. F. imbricata.

16B. Figs cauliflorous. Lateral nerves 11-16 pairs: inter-

costals ;5—bhong oh. etiPin 330. F. arawaensis.

16a. Fig with peduncle —12 mm. long: pedicel short or none.

16c. Lamina smooth. Tepals 3-4 ........ 320. F. tonsa.

16c. Lamina scabrid. Tepals 4-6 .. 317. F. trachypison.

(Fig solitary. Asiatic Mainland .... 150. F. subincisa).

12. Tepals white or pale pink.

17. Cystoliths hypogenous. Leaves more or less smooth. Figs

pedunculate, with a collar of basal bracts. Samoa.

18. Lamina lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, —2 cm. wide

350. F. samoensis.

18. Lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic.

19. Acuminate. Lateral nerves 7-11 pairs, basal nerves not

elongate. Fig-peduncle 4-6 mm. long

348. F. longecuspidata.

19. Obtusely subacuminate. Lateral nerves 4~—7 pairs, basal

nerves elongate. Peduncle 6-11 mm.

349. F. godeffroyi.

17. Cystoliths amphigenous (except F. goniophylla). Leaves

generally scabrid. Not in Samoa.

20. Cystoliths hypogenous. Lamina harshly scabrid, more or

less lobate-angular on each side. Figs cauliflorous, hispi-

dulous, with 1-2 lateral bracts on the body

315. F. goniophylla.

(Cystoliths hypogenous. Lamina not lobate angular. Figs

nedirellate. small «sci cies cae subsect. Palaemorphe).

20. Without such character. Cystoliths amphigenous.

21. Fig pedunculate with a collar of basal bracts, 10-20 mm.

wide. Tepals white.

21a. Petiole with a single gland on the back at the junction

with the midrib. Fig with abundant internal bristles.

Twigs and petioles villous. Lamina scabrid

333. F. schumanniana.

21a. Without such characters. Lamina with 2 basal glands,

if at all. No internal bristles. Fig solitary.

134

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

22. Lamina large 13-37 «5-17 cm.: lateral nerves 6-11

pairs: basal nerves not elongate

307. F. cumingii v. worcesteri.

22. Lamina small, lateral nerves fewer, basal nerves

elongate 4-3 lamina.

23. Lamina elliptic-obovate, smooth. Lateral nerves

ew eae OS Seale e sat 0, o's 314. F. cauta.

23. Lamina oblong-elliptic, scabrid. Shrub

351. F. heterophylla.

21. Figs mostly pedicellate with scattered lateral bracts on

the stalk. Leaves mostly scabrid.

24. Internal bristles few, minute, or none. Basal nerves

not elongate.

25. Lamina lanceolate.

26. Lamina 0.5-1.5 cm. wide, lateral nerves 7-11

pairs. Petiole 2-4 mm. long. Tepals hairy.

347. F. bambusaefolia.

26. Lamina 2-2.5 cm. wide, lateral nerves 11-16

pairs. Petiole 7-14 mm. long. Tepals glabrous

308. F. fallax.

25. Lamina elliptic, caudate, dentate.

27. Fig 10-13 mm. wide, pedicel 17-25 mm. long,

cauliflorous. Tepals 5—8. Twigs, stipules striate

Cd PR PIB OE. POF 354. F. leptogramma.

27. Figs 6-8 mm. wide, pedicels 2-5 mm. long,

axillary. Tepals 3-5 .. 355. F. praetermissa.

24. Internal bristles abundant. Basal nerves’ usually

elongate.

28. Harshly scabrid, hispid or hispidulous. Apical bracts

projecting.

29. Hispidulous with hairs —0.5 mm. long. Lamina

subsymmetric. Fig mostly solitary, distinctly

pedicellate. Seed reticulate

356. F. exasperata.

29. Hispid with hairs 1-2 mm. long on twigs and

petioles. Lamina mostly asymmetric, often

oblong, cuspidate. Fig sessile or shortly stalked,

lateral and apical bracts linear. Seed smooth

311. F. riedelii.

28. Glabrous-scabridulous.

30. Apical bracts projecting; fig 10-20 mm. wide.

Lamina small to medium-size

309. F. ulmifolia.

30. Apical bracts not projecting; fig 5-10 mm. wide.

31. Internal bristles 1-1.5 mm. long. Lamina acu-

minate to caudate. Fig-stalk 3-24 mm. long

313.F. guyeri.

31. Internal bristles —0.5 mm. long. Lamina sub-

acute to shortly acuminate. Fig-stalk 3-6

C10) mmlong’.. sss... 312. F. ampelas.

135

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

10. Leaf-base broadly cuneate to cordate, asymmetric.

32. Leaf-base strongly asymmetric, the broader side generally con-

cealing the petiole.

33. Basal nerves not markedly elongate (at most —1/3 lamina).

34. Figs solitary, axillary, generally without a collar of basal

bracts. Tepals pinkish to white. Cystoliths hypogenous.

Twigs 1—3 mm. thick.

35. Lamina small, -—6 cm. wide, base narrowly cordate. Fig

8-11 mm. wide. Tepals hairy. Glabrous or nearly

346. F. barclayana.

35. Lamina larger, the base very strongly asymmetric, the

larger side overlapping the smaller. Tepals nearly or

quife (elabrowar. So755.. ees! 340. F. uniauriculata.

34. Figs cauliflorous, pedunculate with a collar of basal bracts.

Tepals red, fading whitish. Cystoliths amphigenous. Twigs

3-5 mm. thick. Leaves large, oblong.

36. Fig 15-30 mm. wide. Internal bristles abundant

327. F. oleracea.

36. Fig 10-15 mm. wide. Internal bristles none

310. F. fiskei var. multinervia.

33. Basal veins elongate, 1/3—4 lamina.

37. Cystoliths amphigenous. Tepals glabrous, white to dark red.

38. Without internal bristles. Tepals pallid. Lamina oblong,

often muriculate. Fig pedicellate ...... 310. F. fiskei.

38. With internal bristles. Tepals dark red. Often hairy, not

muriculate.

39. Fig soon glabrous, 10-15 mm. wide, no sclerotic cells

in the wall, apical bracts scarcely projecting

325. F. elmeri.

39. Fig hispid-villous, 18-30 mm. wide, without a collar of

basal bracts (? always), abundant sclerotic cells in the

wall, apical bracts projecting ...... 326. F. odorata.

37. Cystoliths hypogenous, or with scabrid cystolith-hairs above.

Tepals white, or red fading white and hispidulous.

40. Apical bracts strongly projecting 2-3 mm. Densely hispid.

Twigs 5-6 mm. thick. Stipules 20-30 mm. long. Fig

ellipsoid, 15 & 12 mm., with lateral bracts, solitary

331. F. gryllus.

40. Apical bracts not or scarcely projecting. Twigs 1.5-3.5

mm.

41. Figs 10 mm. wide, hispid, becoming cauliflorous. Tepals

white. Lamina harshly scabrid, acutely acuminate

332. F. erinobotrya.

41. Fig larger, softly villous, not cauliflorous. Tepals reddish.

Lamina slightly scabrid to smooth above, obtusely

SHBAcCUMINAtC (4.5.4 «esos eee 339. F. aspera.

32. Leaf-base not so strongly asymmetric, the petiole not concealed.

42. Lamina subacute to rather obtusely subacuminate, intercostals

lax. Basal bracts -1 mm. long. Apical bracts not projecting.

Tepals white or pinkish. Polynesia.

43. Brown hispidulous. Lamina scabrid above. Cystoliths amphi-

PENOUS | NISL G Jk, Se see a 345. F. fulvopilosa.

(Lamina acutely acuminate, jeiicosek: numerous and regular

332. F. erinobotrya).

43. White villous or glabrous.

44, Cystoliths hypogenous. Lamina slightly scabrid above to

nearly smooth. Tepals hairy .......... 341. F. scabra.

44. Cystoliths amphigenous. Tepals glabrous or slightly hairy.

136

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

45. Lamina ovate-elliptic, medium-size to small, scabrid

pee aah Girt DO, Boel ee 342. F. storckii.

45, Lamina oblong, large, narrowly cordate or auricled at the

base, smooth above .............. 343. F. masoni.

42. Lamina acute, acutely acuminate, cuspidate, or caudate. Inter-

costals generally numerous and regular.

46. Fig pedicellate, the apical bracts projecting or with lateral

bracts. Tepals white or pale pink.

47. Apical bracts not projecting. Fig-body ellipsoid. Internal

bristles long, copious. Lamina strongly acuminate to

caudate-acuminate, asymmetric .... 353. F. cyrtophylla.

(Lamina not or slightly asymmetric. Fig subglobose, no

impermat bristles. ee 6 PEE. ww nee 361. F. armiti).

47. Apical bracts projecting.

48. Puberulous with minute hooked hairs. Lamina caudate.

Neo mitetial Bristles...s i066 << «0 352. F. asperiuscula.

48. Scabrid puberulous or nearly glabrous. Fig 10-20 mm.

wide, subglobose, rarely with a lateral bract. Tepals

glabrous. Internal bristles present .. 309. F. ulmifolia.

(Lamina oblong, very asymmetric at the base. No internal

cS a es ae = ene 310. F. fiskei).

48. Hispid villous, hairs -1 mm. long. Fig ellipsoid, 10-13

mm. wide, with lateral bracts. Internal bristles short.

Tepals glabrous. Lamina acute to subacuminate

338. F. coronata.

48. Harshly hispid, hairs 1-2 mm. long. Fig 6-13 mm. wide,

subglobose, sessile or shortly stalked, lateral and

apical bracts linear. Internal bristles long. Tepals

hairy. Lamina cuspidate, harshly scabrid

311. F. riedelii.

46. Figs pedunculate with a collar of basal bracts, or, if without,

then the apical bracts not projecting.

49. Figs axillary or on the twigs behind the leaves, not rami-

florous or cauliflorous, usually with a collar of basal

soe Cystoliths amphigenous (except F. macrorrhyn-

cha).

50. Petiole more than 10 mm. long. Lamina ovate— to

obovate-elliptic, hairy to glabrous. Fig 10-15 mm.

wide, basal bracts —1 mm. long. Tepals reddish pink

fading white, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Seed minutely

reticulate. Large tree; latex serous

316. F. melinocarpa.

50. Petiole usually less than 10 mm. long. Tepals often very

hairy. Basal bracts 1-2 mm. long. Latex white.

51. Fig-stalks -2 mm. long. Lamina subsymmetric, caudate,

base widely cuneate. Figs paired. Internal bristles

copious, long. Cystoliths hypogenous

319. F. macrorrhyncha.

51. Figs with longer stalks, mostly solitary. Lamina not

caudate. Cystoliths amphigenous.

52. Tepals white. Leaf-base cordate: lateral nerves 6-10

pairs. Fig 8-14 mm. wide: internal bristles —1

mm. long, copious. Twigs and petioles white or

yellow hairy. Solomon Isl.

329. F. chrysochaete.

52. Tepals red.

52a. Fig with slender pedicel 3-18 mm. long, and

slender peduncle. no sclerotic cells. Lamina

with a small basal auricle on the acroscopic

side. Solomon Islands .... 328. F. imbricata.

52a. Fig with a short peduncle —5 mm. long, no

pedicel. with sclerotic cells. Lamina asym-

metric, not auricled, New Guinea

318. F. quercetorum.

137

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

49. Figs becoming ramiflorous in clusters or cauliflorous.

53. Basal bracts 1.5—-4 mm. long. Fig 10-15 mm. wide, the

apical bracts projecting. Tepals white or pinkish.

Lamina rather large. Cystoliths hypogenous

344. F. greenwoodii.

53. Basal bracts 0.5—1.5 mm. long. Cystoliths amphigenous.

54. Lamina oblong elliptic, large.

55. Fig 15-30 mm. wide, with a collar of basal bracts.

Leaf-base cordate on both sides, often unequally,

basal nerves not elongate. Tepals red, fading.

Internal bristles abundant .... 327. F. oleracea.

55. Figs 10-20 mm. wide, hispidulous, then glabrous,

mostly without a collar of basal bracts. Leaf-base

cuneate on one side, cordate on the other, basal

nerves mostly elongate. Tepals pinkish or white.

Internal bristles few, minute, or none

310. F. fiskei.

55. Fig 7-10 mm. wide, scabridulous. Leaf-base narrow-

ly cordate. Tepals white, glabrous or nearly.

Internal bristles few, short .. 343. F. masoni.

54. Lamina elliptic to ovate-elliptic, small to medium-size.

Figs 6-12 mm. wide.

56. Tepals dark red, sometimes white, glabrous or

hispidulous. Seed reticulate. Fig mostly with a

collar of basal bracts, 0—2 small lateral bracts

on the body. Lamina stiffly chartaceous, harshly

scabrid. Twigs, petioles hispidulous to scabridu-

MS? . 20, es . OOS 317. F. trachypison.

56. Tepals pinkish to white. Seeds smooth. Figs without

lateral bracts on the body. Leaves not so rigid.

57. Fig 7-10 mm. wide, peduncles -10 mm. long,

cauliflorous densely hispid or glabrescent. Leaf-

base strongly asymmetric. Intercostals close,

regular. Hispidulous or subglabrous

332. F. erinobotrya.

57. Fig 9-12 mm. wide, peduncle -15 mm. long.

mostly ramiflorous. Intercostals usually lax.

Fulvous hispid .......... 345. F. fulvopilosa.

Key to the species of ser. Scabrae with red or reddish pink tepals

in dried specimens

1. Lamina strongly cordate symmetrically to very asymmetrically, often

concealing the short petiole. Fig with copious internal bristles.

2. Lamina 16-40 cm. long, oblong, equally or unequally cordate-auricled:

basal nerves short. Fig 15-32 mm. wide, axillary and caulifiorous:

without sclerotic cells. Cystoliths amphigenous. Solomon Isl.

gh inbie 327. F. oleracea.

2. Lamina smaller or ovate-elliptic, very unequally cordate: basal nerves

elongate. Fig generally smaller. Cystoliths amphigenous (except

F. aspera).

3. Fig long-stalked, 10-15 mm. wide, soon glabrous, axillary and

cauliflorous: without sclerotic cells: apical bracts scarcely pro-

jecting. Lamina scabrid. P.I., Celebes ...... 325. F. elmeri.

3. Fig-stalk usually short, hispid or villous.

4. Fig hispid, apical bracts projecting, 18-30 mm. wide: sclerotic

cells abundant. cauliflorous. Lamina scabrid. P.I.

326. F. odorata.

4. Apical bracts not or scarcely projecting: no sclerotic cells.

5. Fig 10 mm. wide, hispid, cauliflorous. Lamina harshly scabrid,

acutely acuminate. New Britain, Solomon Islands

332. F. erinobotrya.

5. Fig larger, softly villous, axillary. Lamina subscabrid, obtusely

subacuminate. Cystoliths hypogenous. New Hebrides

339. F. aspera.

138

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

1. Lamina more or less cuneate at the base, never so strongly asymmetric,

the petiole not concealed.

6. Fig pedicellate without a collar of lateral bracts. Basal nerves elongate.

Tepals glabrous.

7. Fig-body with linear lateral bracts and projecting apical bracts:

internal bristles copious: sclerotic cells none: Tepals 4~7.

Lamina scabrid, the base asymmetric. Australia

338. F. coronata.

7. Fig-body without lateral bracts: apical bracts not projecting. Tepals

3-4. Leaf-base cuneate, more or less symmetric (strongly

asymmetric, scabrid, see F. quercetorum).

8. Intercostals 1—3, lax. Lamina smooth, not caudate. Fig-wall

without sclerotic cells: internal bristles few or none: pedicel

SSeaptin. Asisimaliaiss ise. bik et. 321. F. leptoclada.

8. Intercostals 2-6, regular, or the lamina small and caudate. Fig-

wall with sclerotic cells. Lamina usually scabrid.

9. Fig 12-20 mm. wide, with thick wall: pedicel 3-10 mm.:

internal bristles abundant, minute. P.I., Celebes

322. F. todayensis.

9. Fig 5-12 mm. wide, the wall thin: pedicel 5-26 mm. internal

bristles few or none. Ryu Kyu, Formosa, P.I., Celebes

323. F. irisana.

6. Fig pedunculate, rarely without a collar of basal bracts: internal

bristles mostly abundant. Leaf-base symmetric or not. Tepals

often hispidulous.

10. Fig with distinct slender pedicel 3-18 mm. long and slender

peduncle: body 9-14 mm. wide, without sclerotic cells. Tepals

4—6. Solomon Islands.

11. Cauliflorous. Lamina subsymmetric: lateral nerves 11-16 pairs

330. F. arawaensis.

11. Fig axillary, solitary. Lamina often asymmetric at the base.

a aera MeBwes: TOWER oc 2. ee ee ee ns 328. F. imbricata.

10. Fig without or with a short pedicel, the peduncle 2-12 (-17) mm.

long Basal nerves usually elongate 4—3 lamina.

12. Lamina long-caudate, not scabrid: base symmetric. Fig villous:

peduncle —2 mm. long: sclerotic cells abundant. Cystoliths

hypogenous New Guinea ........ 319. F. macrorrhyncha.

12. Without such character, Cystoliths amphigenous.

13. Lamina smooth or subscabrid, scarcely asymmetric at the base:

intercostals 2-6.

14. Lamina strongly caudate-acuminate. Fig-wall with sclerotic

opis, Pah wCelebes Cisthi snd. 324. F. tenuicuspidata.

14. Lamina not caudate. Fig without sclerotic cells. Moluccas,

Dict Meter es re ee ee cn ew oes 320. F. tonsa.

13. Lamina scabrid and/or asymmetric: intercostals 4—11.

15. Mountain shrub or small tree: latex white. Fig villous or

scabrid-puberulous, 8-13 mm. wide, without lateral

bracts: sclerotic cells abundant. New Guinea

318. F. quercetorum.

15. Trees, mostly lowland, with watery latex.

16. Latex turning yellow on exposure. Fig 6-10 mm. wide,

often with 1—2 small lateral bracts: no sclerotic cells.

Lamina stiffly chartaceous, harshly scabrid. Moluccas

to Solomon Islands .......... 317. F. trachypison.

16. Latex not yellowing. Fig 10-15 mm. wide, without

lateral bracts: with or without sclerotic cells. Lamina

not so stiff or so scabrid, varying glabrous and

smooth. Sumatra to the Solomon Islands

316. F. melinocarpa.

139

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the species of subsect. Varinga

1. Seed reticulate. Tepals hispidulous. Figs mostly solitary, axillary, with

small lateral bracts. Basal nerves of lamina prominent. Harshly

scabrid,. hispidulows., tree+... » z,. «nur sleeisn ok wake 356. F. exasperata.

1. Seed smooth. Tepals nearly or quite glabrous.

2. Fig solitary, axillary, 10-20 mm. wide, without lateral bracts on the

body. No internal bristles. Leaves more or less aymmetric.

3. (Leaves mostly decussate. Fig with a collar of basal bracts. Africa

F. capraeifolia).

3. (Leaves spirally arranged. Fig-stalk with scattered lateral bracts.

JLITICA. 4. sie tewiad sieieumeneny aia F. acutifolia, F. pygmaea).

3. Leaves distichous. Fig with a collar of basal bracts.

4. Asia. Leaves elliptic, oblong or (var. assamica) ovate-cordate,

pinnately lobed in young plants. Shrub, often decumbent

351. F. heterophylla.

4? (Afriéa --): 3. -FPOPE. SRR eee F. asperifolia, F.pendens).

2. Figs paired, axillary, or clustered and ramiflorous to cauliflorous,

with scattered lateral bracts on the stalk and often the body.

Leaves distichous, short-petiolate.

5. Lamina strongly asymmetric at the base.

6. Figs without lateral bracts on the body. Apical bracts strongly

projecting. No internal bristles, or few and minute. Lamina

caudate. All parts pubescent with minute hooked hairs

352. F. asperiuscula.

6. Fig with lateral bracts on the body. Apical bracts not projecting.

Internal bristles abundant. Hairs not hooked.

7. Fig ellipsoid. Internal bristles 0.5-1 mm. long. Basal nerves

1/3-4 lamina (serrate to denticulate)

353. F. cyrtophylla.

7. (Fig subglobose. Internal bristles shorter. Basal nerves not

so elongate. Lamina dentato-laciniate. Africa

F. storthophylla).

5. Lamina nearly or quite symmetric.

8. (Internal bristles short, abundant. Lamina acuminate, inter-

costals. few... Afriea, . «os Sesitexaike uoereee F. urceolaris).

8. No internal bristles. Lamina caudate, intercostals many.

9. Fig axillary, 6-10 mm. wide, stalk 2-5 mm. long. Tepals 3-5.

Lamina elliptic to obovate ........ 355. F. praetermissa.

9. Fig cauliflorous, 10-13 mm. wide, stalk 17-25 mm. long.

Tepals 5-8 (gall-, female). Lamina elliptic to ovate.

Twigs and stipules finely striate .... 354. F. leptogramma.

Key to the species of subsect. Palaeomor phe

(Leaves spirally arranged, not distichous, see subsect. Sycidium ser.

Copiosae)

1. Fig drying smooth, with a layer of sclerotic cells in the wall (at least,

in the gall-fig), no lateral bracts on the body. Lamina subcoriaceous

(hypodermis 1-2 cells thick), not caudate-acuminate, mostly entire.

Cystoliths amphigenous. Stipule straight, rigid, often prominent.

Tepals puberulous. Internal bristles minute. Trees or banyans.

2. Lamina lanceolate, -—25 mm. wide. Lateral nerves 10~22 pairs,

perpendicular to the midrib, no intercostals. Fig 4-5 mm. wide.

Ree SV eee nee vere as 359. F. celebensis.

2. Lamina elliptic, wider. Lateral nerves fewer, oblique or curved,

mostly with intercostals. Fig larger. Often banyans.

140

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

3. Lamina symmetric or nearly so, acuminate, base cuneate, not

angular, drying grey green. Lateral nerves 7-13 pairs, (4-6

in small leaves). Fig 7-10 mm. wide. Tepals white or red.

ve CRUE rt. ofan ale eae * 9 358. F. virgata.

3. Lamina more or less asymmetric, often subrhombic or angled,

obtuse to acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded or sub-

cordate to cuneate, often drying brown areolate beneath.

Lateral nerves 3—9 pairs. Fig. 10-17 mm. wide. Tepals white.

Stomata superficial or sunken ............ 357. F. tinctoria.

1. Fig-wall without sclerotic cells, the body drying shrunken, often with

lateral bracts. Lamina thinly to stiffly membranous (no hypodermis),

commonly caudate-acuminate, often dentate or denticulate. Small

trees, shrubs, or climbers, often epiphytic.

4. All parts with minute hooked, white or brown hairs. Lamina very

asymmetric, caudate, not auricled. Fig with narrow recurved

apical bracts. Tepals glabrous .......... 352. F. asperiuscula.

4. Glabrous or the hairs not hooked.

5. Twigs and petioles yellow— or brown-hairy. Stipules often persistent.

6. Leaf-base with a small auricle on one side.

7. Auricle crescentic-reniform, obtuse, without a midrib. Fig

cauliflorous, pedicel 12-30 mm. long.

373. F. hemsleyana.

7. Auricle lanceolate to subulate, acuminate, with a midrib, often

nearly free. Fig axillary, pedicel 1-4 mm.

366. F. aurita.

6. Leaf-base not, or indistinctly, auricled.

8. Fig 15-24 mm. wide. Stipules caducous. Intercostals regular.

Climbers.

9. Basal nerves 1/3—2/3 lamina. Lateral nerves 2-6 pairs, very

oblique. Fig-pedicels 8-20 mm. .... 364. F. parietalis.

9. Basal nerves not elongate. Lateral merves 6—9 pairs. Fig-

pedicels 4-12 mm.

363. F. heteropleura var. mindanaensis.

8. Fig smaller.

10. Climber. Stipules caducous. Intercostals ill-defined

363. F. heteropleura var. hirta

10. Small trees or epiphytic shrubs, or climbing Stipules more

or less persistent

11. Caulifiorous. Fig-pedicels 20-30 mm. long, the body

scabridulous. Lamina large, lateral nerves 8-10 pairs,

nob SGRELEE Cote ee... 5c... 367. F. stipata.

11. Not cauliflorous. Pedicels 1-10 mm. Lateral nerves

fewer.

12. Lamina with one basal gland.

13. Lamina acuminate, small, narrowly oblong-elliptic

to lanceolate, base often subcordate and unequal

361. F. armiti.

13. Lamina caudate-acuminate, elliptic, often rather

Bape clases ses. ded cert. . 366. F. aurita.

12. With glands in the axils of the main lateral nerves

as well as the one basal gland.

14. Lamina caudate, subsymmetric, not scabrid, basal

nerves generally elongate, intercostals regular.

Fig 11-15 mm. wide, densely hairy, the orifice

deeply sunken. Fulvous villous climber

365. F. lasiocarpa.

14. Lamina acute to acuminate or caudate, asymmetric,

scabrid, intercostals few and lax. Fig 6-12 mm.

wide. Shrub or small tree, hispid or strigose

369. F. obscura.

141

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

5. Glabrous or whitish puberulous.

15. Climber. Fig 10-16 mm. wide, pedicel 6-14 mm. long. Lamina

elliptic to subrhombic (prominent basal veins), the reticula-

tions finely raised on the upper side

363. F. heteropleura.

15. Small trees or shrubs.

16. Lamina elliptic.

17. Geocarpic, the figs on slender stolons. Twigs 1 mm. thick.

petioles and pedicels 1-2 mm. long. Tepals white

372. F. leptocalama.

17. Figs axillary or cauliflorous on short clustered twigs. Not

such slender plants.

18. Lateral nerves 12-20 pairs. Stipules large, scarious,

persistent. Lamina large. Tepals red.

376. F. rubromidotis.

18. Without such character.

19. Stipule subulate. curved, prominent, caducous.

Lamina entire. Tepals white, subulate, the pedicels

of the gall-flowers indurate .... 360. F. subulata.

19. Stipule not so conspicuous. Lamina mostly dentate to

crenato-denticulate. Gall— and female flowers ses-

sile, not indurate.

20. Lateral nerves 3-6 pairs.

21. Lamina harshly scabrid, angular-lobate on each

side. Fig long-stalked, hispidulous

315. F. goniophylla.

21. Lamina smooth, not angular. Lateral nerves

curved-ascending. Fig glabrous, shortly stalked.

Tepals Fea Vit. ose 374. F. uniglandulosa.

20. Lateral nerves generally more numerous. Tepals

white.

22. Reticulations finely raised above. Lamina slightly

scabrid below, smooth above, with 1 (-2)

basal gland. Fig-pedicel very short, orifice

sunken but gaping at maturity

362. F. sinuata.

22. Reticulations invisible above. Glands in the axils

of the main lateral nerves as well as the basal

nerve. Fig-pedicels longer, the orifice scarcely

sunken, not gaping.

23. Lamina asymmetric, scabrid. Stipules often per-

sistent. Lateral nerves 4-7 pairs. Fig-pedicel

1-7 mim: JOH ease + 369. F. obscura.

23. Lamina symmetric, subscabrid to smooth,

strongly caudate, the base subauricled.

Lateral nerves 6—13 pairs. Fig-pedicels 3—25

mm., figs becoming cauliflorous.

24. Stipules subpersistent, striate as the twigs.

Intercostals numerous, regular. Fig 10-15

mm. wide, with several lateral bracts on

the body. Gall— and female flowers pedi-

cellate. Seed not keeled.

354. F. leptogramma.

24. Stipules caducous. Intercostals lax. Fig 5-10

mm. wide, 0-1 lateral bract on the body.

Flowers sessile. Seed strongly keeled.

24a. Lamina with caudate apex and cuneate

base: intercostals 3-7. Fig-pedicels

3-25 mm. long .... 371. F. midotis.

24a. Lamina with acuminate apex and cordate

base often concealing the petiole: inter-

costals 1—3. Fig-pedicel 4-7 mm. long

370. F. jaheriana.

142

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycidium

16. Lamina lanceolate, small or narrow, not or scarcely scabrid.

25. Tepals red.

26. Lamina strongly caudate. Fig 4-5 mm. wide, pedicel

0-1.5 mm. long. Male flower without a gall-ovary.

Tepals glabrous. Seed scarcely keeled.

375. F. rubrocuspidata.

26. Lamina shortly acuminate to subcaudate. Fig 5-10 mm.

wide, pedicel 1.5—3 mm. long. Male flower with a gall-

ovary. Tepals often puberulous. Seed strongly keeled

374. F. uniglandulosa var. parvifolia.

25. Tepals white.

27. Tepals linear or subulate. Pedicels of gall— and female

flowers indurate. Lamina entire, the gland basal or in

the axil of a lower costa

360. F. subulata var. gracillima.

27. Tepals broader, membranous. Flowers more or less ses-

sile, not indurate.

28. Lateral nerves at a wide angle, 7-13 pairs. Lamina often

distantly toothed or denticulate-crenate, or tricuspid

at the apex, the reticulations finely raised upon the

upper side.

29. Fig 4-6 mm. wide. Lamina lanceolate

362. F. sinuata var. cuspidata.

29. Fig 6-10 mm. wide. Lamina oblong

362. F. sinuata var. sinuata.

28. Laterals nerves oblique or curved ascending. the reti-

culations not raised above.

30. Lamina entire, membranous, intercostals fairly

regular. Fig 4—6 mm. wide. Male flowers without a

gall-ovary. Seed scarcely keeled

368. F. microsphaera.

30. Lamina often dentate or denticulate-crenate, often

subcoriaceous or bullate. Fig 5-8 mm. wide. Male

flowers with a gall-ovary. Seed knobbed at the

BPSK Sci roars! ees 369. F. obscura var. angustata.

Key to the species of ser. Subulatae

1. Hispid with light fulvous or brown hairs, glabrescent. Lamina acute to

acuminate, base subcordate to asymmetric and subauricled on one

side, often scabrid. Seed compressed, strongly keeled. Male flower

mostly without an ovary. Tepals glabrous ........ 361. F. armiti.

1. Glabrous or the young parts thinly appressedly puberulous. Lamina

acuminate to caudate, base usually cuneate, not scabrid. Seed slightly

keeled. Tepals mostly puberulous .............. 360. F. subulata.

Key to the species of ser. Cuspidatae

1. Shrubs or small trees, glabrous or thinly scabridulous. Basal nerves not

conspicuous. Fig 4-10 mm. wide, pedicel 1-4 mm. long. Gall— and

female flowers sessile. Tepals glabrous sries os lay br 362. F. sinuata.

1. Climbers, often hairy. Basal nerves often elongate. Figs mostly 10-25

mm. wide. Gall— and female flowers often pedicellate.

2. Densely fulvous villous, hairs 1-2.5 mm. long. Stipules subpersistent.

Intercostals 2-8. Petiole -3 mm. long. Fig 11-15 mm. wide, orifice

deeply sunken, pedicel 1-3 mm. long. Internal bristles none. Tepals

ee. glabrous Se Re nage A 365. F. lasiocarpa.

2. Hairs shorter, —1 mm. long, or none. Stipules caducous. Petioles and

pedicels longer. Fig-orifice slightly sunken.

143

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

3. Basal nerves 1/3—2/3 the lamina. Lateral nerves 2-6 pairs, very

oblique, 3—7 intercostals. Fig 18-25 mm. wide, densely hispi-

dulous, pedicel 5-18 mm. long. Tepals puberulous, strongly

gamophyllous in the female flower. Seed slightly keeled

364. F. parietalis.

3. Basal nerves not elongate or, if so, the lamina small with 1-3

intercostals. Tepals glabrous or slightly puberulous, not or

scarcely joined. Seed strongly keeled. .... 363. F. heteropleura.

Key to the species of ser. Minutuliflorae

1. Glabrous, usually scabridulous. Lamina not auricled. Fig 4-6 mm. wide.

Seed slightly keeled. Stipules caducous. .... 368. F. microsphaera.

1. Hairy. Fig 6-8 mm. wide. Seed strongly keeled. Stipules mostly persistent.

2. Cauliflorous. Figs scabridulous, stalks 20-30 mm. long. Lamina large,

base rounded to subcordate, not auricled ...... 367. F. stipata.

2. Figs axillary or clustered on the twigs, hispidulous. Fig-stalk —5 mm.

long. Leaf-base often with a small auricle on one side

366. F. aurita.

Key to the ‘species of ser. Fibrosifoliae

1. Tepals red.

2. Lamina large, 5-12 cm. wide, with a short decurrent auricle on one

side of the petiole. Lateral nerves 12—20 pairs, intercostals numer-

ous. Stipules: persistent —sciein bi. sarieenin Bee 376. F. rubromidotis.

2. Lamina smaller, not auricled. Lateral nerves and intercostals fewer.

Stipules small, caducous.

3. Male flowers without gall-ovary. Seed 0.8 mm. long, scarcely

keeled. Tepals free, glabrous. Twigs slender, pale ochraceous.

Figs 4-5 mm. wide, pedicel 0-1.5 mm. long. Lamina strongly

COU AARC ag: ee crab he a oat ecisc th > fain theless 375. F. rubrocuspidata.

3. Male with gall-ovary. Seed 1.2-1.5 mm. long, strongly keeled.

Tepals often puberulous, shortly joined in gall-and female

flowers. Twigs brown, then yellowish. Fig-pedicels 1.5—3 mm.

WOES eee are Meee sien op me eis 374. F. uniglandulosa.

1. Tepals white or yellowish, rarely pale pink.

4. Fruiting on very slender leafless rooting (? geocarpic) twigs. Lamina

2-7 cm. wide; petiole 1-3 mm. long. Twigs 1 mm. thick. Fig-

pedicels 1-3 mm. long. Tepals glabrous, free. Seed not keeled

372. F. leptocalama.

4. Figs in compact bunches, if cauliflorous. Twigs stouter. Fig with

ener pedicel. Tepals puberulous, mostly joined at the base. Seed

eeled.

5. Leaf-base with a reniform or crescentic auricle obscuring the short

petiole 1-5 mm. long. Brown hispid or villous with hairs 1—2.5

mm. long. Stipules persistent. Fig-pedicels 3-30 mm. long.

Cystohiths-Hypogenous’ Jo) Sar 373. F. hemsleyanna.

5. Leaf-base not auricled on one side or, if slightly, then glabrous and

with longer petiole. Generally with glands in the axils of the

main lateral nerves.

6. Lamina usually distinctly asymmetric, not auricled, usually

scabrid and dentate. Often brown hairy. Stipules usually

persistent Fig-pedicel 1-7 (-12) mm. long. Female tepals

extensively joined. Cystoliths amphigenous

69. F. obscura.

6. Lamina more or less symmetrical, smooth or subscabrid, mostly

entire. Glabrous or puberulous. Stipules caducous. Cystoliths

hypogenous.

7. Lamina with caudate apex and cuneate base. intercostals 3-7.

Fig-pedicel 3-25 mm. Jong ............ 371. F. midotis.

7. Lamina with acuminate apex and cordate base often concealing

the petiole: intercostals 1-3. Fig-pedicel 4-7 mm.

370. F. jaheriana.

144

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Adenosperma

Key to the series of sect. Adenosperma

1. Cystoliths (as minute pustules in dried leaves) on both sides of the

DANN oie tc, ace need aS AME OIDs. oR RRL oN ser. Amphigenae.

1. Cystoliths only on the lower side of the leaf (not minutely pustulate

MMT Er CPM BUM ee Ci eracte a visas sh © bet we oe ser. Hypogenae.

Key to the species of ser. Amphigenae

1. Fig sessile: lateral bracts conspicuous, 4-10 mm. long: basal bracts

3-5, 5-13 mm. long. Internal bristles abundant.

2. Stipules —2 cm. long, caducous. Twig 3—4 mm. thick. Lamina —20 cin.

long, base narrowly cuneate, costas 6-8 pairs. Fig 15 mm. wide,

basal bracts 5-9 mm. long. Twigs, petioles, and figs densely

DUUn Ce ee Vila Aa aes, ie ah ite, aa chs wm, oe wets 379. F. ochrochlora.

2. Stipules 2—5 cm. long, persistent. Twigs 5-10 mm. thick. Lamina

25—45 cm. long, costas 10—14 pairs. petiole short, stout.

3. Stipules ovate-saccate, apiculate. Lamina obovate, gradually attenuate

to the narrowly cordate base. Fig 20 mm. wide, basal bracts

5-7 mm. long. Tepals 4-6, oblong spathulate, free

S77.tF. saccata.

3. Stipules broadly lanceolate. Lamina broadly elliptic to obovate,

rounded subcordate to widely cuneate at the base. Fig 20-35

mm. wide, basal bracts 9-13 mm. long. Tepals 3 (—4), ovate-

lanceolate, gamophyllous round the stalked ovaries

378. F. megalophylla.

. Fig pedunculate or, if sessile, with smaller basal bracts. Stipules not

conspicuous.

4. Leaves distichous.

5. Brown hairy. Leaves lanceolate, pendulous. Fig-peduncles 10-12

mm. long. Internal bristles abundant ...... 380. F. endochaete.

5. Thinly white puberulous to glabrous. Leaves elliptic, subacute,

scabrid. Fig-peduncle 2-6 mm. Internal bristles none. Stomata

SON EE GIRS RECS gc Ib da No PMP PA gh 381. F. umbonata.

4. Leaves spirally arranged. Trees or shrubs with Terminalia-branching.

6. Leaves with regular intercostals.

7. Closely fulvous hairy. Leaf-base widely cuneate to cordate (lan-

ceolate in riparian forms). Fig 12-16 mm. wide, becoming

CL OS gig tell Me tt i ach ae ila 382. F. mollior.

7. Glabrous or thinly appressedly hairy. Leaf-base cuneate. Fig 6-8

meine te, TAMMMOLTOUS: 5st. ss aes eee 383. F. comitis.

(Solomon Isl. Fig 10-18 mm. wide, ribbed. Perianth gamophyl-

lous, at least in the iower part. Style not strongly lateral.

Seed without double basal keel. Lamina often somewhat

mimes AL tiie DASE actgc sss ewe tan 406. F. indigofera).

6. Leaves with few, lax or irregular intercostals. Figs mostly on the

twigs.

8. Riverside shrub —2 m. high. Leaves small, narrow, often greyish

white beneath. Fig 9-22 mm. wide, the lateral bracts often

RM ates. oo, Pee ee. eee ss 384. F. arbuscula.

8. Trees. Leaves not whitish beneath. Lateral bracts scattered or

none.

9. Leaves drying brittle-chartaceous, venation obscure, smooth or

scabrid. Glabrous or minutely puberulous. Fig-stalks 10

mm. or more long, slender. Internal bristles few or none

385. F. verticillaris.

9. Leaves membranous to subcoriaceous, not brittle or scabrid,

venation distinct. Mostly hairy. Fig-stalks mostly less than

10 mm. long, rather thick ...... 386. F. adenosperma.

145

Ficus sect. Sycidium Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

3. Basal nerves 1/3—2/3 the lamina. Lateral nerves 2-6 pairs, very

oblique, 3—7 intercostals. Fig 18-25 mm. wide, densely hispi-

dulous, pedicel 5-18 mm. long. Tepals puberulous, strongly

gamophyllous in the female flower. Seed slightly keeled

364. F. parietalis.

3. Basal nerves not elongate or, if so, the lamina small with 1-3

intercostals. Tepals glabrous or slightly puberulous, not or

scarcely joined. Seed strongly keeled. .... 363. F. heteropleura.

Key to the species of ser. Minutuliflorae

1. Glabrous, usually scabridulous. Lamina not auricled. Fig 4-6 mm. wide.

Seed slightly keeled. Stipules caducous. .... 368. F. microsphaera.

1. Hairy. Fig 6-8 mm. wide. Seed strongly keeled. Stipules mostly persistent.

2. Cauliflorous. Figs scabridulous, stalks 20-30 mm. long. Lamina large,

base rounded to subcordate, not auricled ...... 367. F. stipata.

2. Figs axillary or clustered on the twigs, hispidulous. Fig-stalk —5 mm.

long. Leaf-base often with a small auricle on one side

366. F. aurita.

Key to the species of ser. Fibrosifoliae

1. Tepals red.

2. Lamina large, 5-12 cm. wide, with a short decurrent auricle on one

side of the petiole. Lateral nerves 12-20 pairs, intercostals numer-

ous. Stipulest Persistent ~5.\.ieisu seein. aes 376. F. rubromidotis.

2. Lamina smaller, not auricled. Lateral nerves and intercostals fewer.

Stipules small, caducous.

3. Male flowers without gall-ovary. Seed 0.8 mm. long, scarcely

keeled. Tepals free, glabrous. Twigs slender, pale ochraceous.

Figs 4-5 mm. wide, pedicel 0-1.5 mm. long. Lamina strongly

COAG ag ae a6 Eo a edincyasts tog iek> eilieaees 375. F. rubrocuspidata.

3. Male with gall-ovary. Seed 1.2-1.5 mm. long, strongly keeled.

Tepals often puberulous, shortly joined in gall-and female

flowers. Twigs brown, then yellowish. Fig-pedicels 1.5—3 mm.

OTE Mo ee ee epee ge ee ere ee 374. F. uniglandulosa.

1. Tepals white or yellowish, rarely pale pink.

4. Fruiting on very slender leafless rooting (? geocarpic) twigs. Lamina

2-7 cm. wide; petiole 1-3 mm. long. Twigs 1 mm. thick. Fig-

pedicels 1-3 mm. long. Tepals glabrous, free. Seed not keeled

372. F. leptocalama.

4. Figs in compact bunches, if cauliflorous. Twigs stouter. Fig with

longer pedicel. Tepals puberulous, mostly joined at the base. Seed

keeled.

5. Leaf-base with a reniform or crescentic auricle obscuring the short

petiole 1-5 mm. long. Brown hispid or villous with hairs 1—2.5

mm. long. Stipules persistent. Fig-pedicels 3-30 mm. long.

Cystoliths* Hypogenous’ 23a eee 373. F. hemsleyanna.

5. Leaf-base not auricled on one side or, if slightly, then glabrous and

with longer petiole. Generally with glands in the axils of the

main lateral nerves.

6. Lamina usually distinctly asymmetric, not auricled, usually

scabrid and dentate. Often brown hairy. Stipules usually

persistent Fig-pedicel 1-7 (-12) mm. long. Female tepals

extensively joined. Cystoliths amphigenous

69. F. obscura.

6. Lamina more or less symmetrical, smooth or subscabrid, mostly

entire. Glabrous or puberulous. Stipules caducous. Cystoliths

hypogenous.

7. Lamina with caudate apex and cuneate base. intercostals 3-7.

Fig-pedicel 3-25 mm. long ............ 371. F. midotis.

7. Lamina with acuminate apex and cordate base often concealing

the petiole: intercostals 1-3. Fig-pedicel 4-7 mm.

370. F. jaheriana.

144

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Adenosperma

Key to the series of sect. Adenosperma

1. Cystoliths (as minute pustules in dried leaves) on both sides of the

NRTA oe aca an tv, 3 RA AMOR. ES. EG RGAE tec Du ser. Amphigenae.

1. Cystoliths only on the lower side of the leaf (not minutely pustulate

ee Me a ny Serene ssa s che ccs ee es ser. Hypogenae.

Key to the species of ser. Amphigenae

1. Fig sessile: lateral bracts conspicuous, 4-10 mm. long: basal bracts

3-5, 5-13 mm. long. Internal bristles abundant.

2. Stipules —2 cm. long, caducous. Twig 3—4 mm. thick. Lamina —20 cin.

long, base narrowly cuneate, costas 6—8 pairs. Fig 15 mm. wide,

basal bracts 5-9 mm. long. Twigs, petioles, and figs densely

Ranta tis A We Bde te, hs ie, a oem, Bn we oip 379. F. ochrochlora.

2. Stipules 2-5 cm. long, persistent. Twigs 5-10 mm. thick. Lamina

25—45 cm. long, costas 10—14 pairs. petiole short, stout.

3. Stipules ovate-saccate, apiculate. Lamina obovate, gradually attenuate

to the narrowly cordate base. Fig 20 mm. wide, basal bracts

5-7 mm. long. Tepals 4—6, oblong spathulate, free

377.+F.. saccata.

3. Stipules broadly lanceolate. Lamina broadly elliptic to obovate,

rounded subcordate to widely cuneate at the base. Fig 20-35

mm. wide, basal bracts 9-13 mm. long. Tepals 3 (—4), ovate-

lanceolate, gamophyllous round the stalked ovaries

378. F. megalophylla.

. Fig pedunculate or, if sessile, with smaller basal bracts. Stipules not

conspicuous.

4. Leaves distichous.

5. Brown hairy. Leaves lanceolate, pendulous. Fig-peduncles 10-12

mm. long. Internal bristles abundant ...... 380. F. endochaete.

5. Thinly white puberulous to glabrous. Leaves elliptic, subacute,

scabrid. Fig-peduncle 2-6 mm. Internal bristles none. Stomata

MD ie a cee Se, eS ice? oe 381. F. umbonata.

4. Leaves spirally arranged. Trees or shrubs with Terminalia-branching.

6. Leaves with regular intercostals.

7. Closely fulvous hairy. Leaf-base widely cuneate to cordate (lan-

ceolate in riparian forms). Fig 12-16 mm. wide, becoming

CS TE i ap lesa el ee opted yf ghee intra a 382. F. mollior.

7. Glabrous or thinly appressedly hairy. Leaf-base cuneate. Fig 6-8

Mie Wide, TAMMMOTOUS, 2 ...555...0.-0000% 383. F. comitis.

(Solomon Isl. Fig 10-18 mm. wide, ribbed. Perianth gamophyl-

lous, at least in the iower part. Style not strongly lateral.

Seed without double basal keel. Lamina often somewhat

SiMeMe WU WS DUSE fate ce se ne hone 406. F. indigofera).

6. Leaves with few, lax or irregular intercostals. Figs mostly on the

twigs.

8. Riverside shrub —2 m. high. Leaves small, narrow, often greyish

white beneath. Fig 9-22 mm. wide, the lateral bracts often

8 La illite SE ool lag hae Se a 384. F. arbuscula.

8. Trees. Leaves not whitish beneath. Lateral bracts scattered or

none.

9. Leaves drying brittle-chartaceous, venation obscure, smooth or

scabrid. Glabrous or minutely puberulous. Fig-stalks 10

mm. or more long, slender. Internal bristles few or none

385. F. verticillaris.

9. Leaves membranous to subcoriaceous, not brittle or scabrid,

venation distinct. Mostly hairy. Fig-stalks mostly less than

10 mm. long, rather thick ...... 386. F. adenosperma.

145

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Group A

Figs with lateral bracts on the body

1. Leaves distichous, short-petiolate, often asymmetric. Geocarpic. Western

and central Malaysia.

2. Lateral bracts few, small, appressed; generally with a collar of three

basal bracts. Gall— and female flowers with perianth. Female

style hairy.

3. Lamina glabrous and smooth on the upperside, subsymmetric,

caudate; base cuneate. Internal bristles few to abundant. Hairs

generally appressed. Borneo .............. 455. F. treubii.

3. Lamina hairy and scabrid on the upperside, more or less asym-

metric, generally denticulate, acute to acuminate; base sub-

cordate to asymmetric.

4. Fig with internal bristles. Dark brown hairy. Lamina symmetric

te aayemctric..... i. o- 42 2hn thane sGwegee 430. F. vrieseana.

4. Fig without internal bristles.

5. Lamina strongly asymmetric at the base, broadly cordate on

one side, oblong. Hairs on twigs 2-4 mm. long. Fig 14-17

mm. wide, strigose. Celebes ........ 457. F. geocarpa.

5. Lamina much less asymmetric to rounded symmetric at the

base, elliptic. Hairs shorter. Fig 9-12 mm. wide, glabrous

except the ‘Gracts. Borneo . 5... «.- 456. F. stolonifera.

2. Lateral bracts abundant, uncinate, rarely with a distinct collar of

three basal bracts. Gall— and female flowers without perianth.

Female style glabrous.

6. Lamina 40-100 x 14-35 cm., very large; base broadly and un-

equally cordate: upperside smooth or hispid-scabrid. Seed

0.7 Sanit, ne EE oe cde hee ene 458. F. megaleia.

6. Lamina smaller. symmetric or asymmetric with the base cuneate

on one side, and cordate on the other.

7. Lamina with the upperside thinly appressedly hairy to hispid,

generally scabrid; margin usually denticulate; base usually

strongly asymmetric; intercostals raised below. Hairs generally

spreading. Malaya, Lingga. Borneo ...... 459.F. uncinata.

7. Lamina with the upperside glabrous, smooth or subscabrid;

margin entire, or denticulate distally. Hairs appressed or

spreading.

8. Intercostals not raised below. Upperside of lamina subscabrid,

dull. Leaf-apex abruptly acuminate. Fig glabrous. Apress-

ediy Hamry-“Bormeo «... sis, sete wes 462. F. subterranea.

8. Intercostals raised below. Upperside of lamina smooth, often

nitid. Fig strigose-villous.

9. Lamina symmetric or, if asymmetric, not auricled, attenuato-

caudate to acuminate. Hairs generally appressed. Borneo,

Meet. oo bos a. eee eee .-. 460. F. beccarii.

9. Lamina with a short auricle (-7 mm. long and wide) on

one side of the base. Hairs spreading. Borneo

461. F. geocharis.

1. Leaves spirally arranged or opposite, symmetric. Rarely geocarpic (F.

hispida).

10. Lateral bracts numerous, conspicuous.

11. Lateral bracts incurved, rather short, not concealing the body.

12. Figs 25-45 mm. wide, caulifiorous. Lateral nerves 8-12 pairs.

Twigs pale brown tomentose. Borneo .. 451. F. cereicarpa.

12. Figs smaller, ? cauliflorous. Lateral nerves 4—5 pairs. Glabrous

or thinly white hairy. Burma, Thailand .. 411. F. griffithii.

148

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

11. Lateral bracts long or broad, more or less concealing the body.

13. Fig 6-13 cm. wide, axillary. Lamina very large. New Guinea

408. F. dammaropsis.

13. Fig smaller.

14. Figs covered by large blunt bracts, cauliflorous on stout, more

or less unbranched twigs. Brown hairy. Stipules persistent.

Long-petiolate. New Britain ........ 418. F. praestans.

14. Lateral bracts lanceolate, acute.

15. Riverside shrub. Lamina lanceolate-obovate, short-petiolate.

Styles very long (female). Borneo.. 413. F. macrostyla.

15. Trees. Lamina elliptic, long-petiolate. Solomon Isl.

16. Twigs, petioles with spreading brown hairs 3—7 mm.

long. Fig sessile. Style glabrous. Seed-hilum not pro-

CEs Ca Age el ee en ee eR 403. F. lancibracteata.

16. Shortly, thinly, appressedly hairy. Fig stalked. Female

style hairy. Seed-hilum prominent

419. F. longibracteata.

10. Lateral bracts few, small, appressed.

17. Riverside shrub. Lamina lanceolate-obovate, short-petiolate. Stipules

persistent. Female style very long, hairy. India, Burma, China,

UMM Ata ere PRO Hee woth er Wie s bes oh aces 412. F. squamosa.

17. Trees, without such character.

18. Figs axillary. Often short-petiolate.

19. Twigs, petioles with dark brown wiry hairs. Stipules per-

sistent, concealing the sessile figs. Lamina elliptic to

obovate, scabrid. Moluccas .......... 449. F. calcarata.

19. Shortly, often appressedly, pale hairy to glabrous. Stipules

not concealing the figs, often caducous.

20 Fig sessile or stalked; basal bracts 3-13 mm. long; body

ellipsoid. Leaves smooth. Burma to Moluccas

446. F. lepicarpa.

20. Fig shortly stalked, depressed globose, ridged toward the

somewhat sunken orifice; basal bracts 2—4 mm. long.

Reaves scaund. Fa 206s... tl ees 407. F. vitiensis.

18. Rami— and cauliflorous. Often long-petiolate.

21. Figs on stout, much-branched twigs. Basal bracts 5—9 mm.

long. Apical bracts projecting. New Guinea

420. F. pachyrrachis.

(Leaves very large. Figs verrucose .. 404. F. salomonensis).

21. Figs on short twigs or on slender elongate, hanging or geo-

carpic twigs. Bracts shorter. Apical bracts not projecting...

22. Cystoliths abundant on the upper side of the lamina. Fig

10-15 mm. wide, not ridged; internal bristles abundant.

Celebescwuc . ave tie Pees oS 416. F. parvibracteata.

22. Cystoliths few and inconspicuous or none on the upper

side of the lamina.

23. Fig 6 mm. wide, the stalk 3-4 mm. long with 2-3

scattered lateral bracts on it. New Guinea

294. F.badiopurpurea.

23. Fig larger, pedunculate with a collar of three basal

bracts.

24. Internal bristles present. Fig generally ridged or sulcate

towards the apex. Basal nerves short

430. F. vrieseana.

24. No internal bristles. Fig usually not ridged.

25. Leaves generally opposite, usually scabrid; basal

nerves usually elongate. Figs on elongate twigs.

Pemiale “Style Wairys «+ as. > +.as 444. F. hispida.

25. Leaves mostly spirally arranged, occasionally oppo-

site, smooth; basal nerves usually short. Figs on

very short knobbly twigs. Female style glabrous

Or sparsely Dairy °o 005.55. 442. F. moderata.

149

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Group B

No lateral bracts. Cystoliths amphigenous

1. Leaves distichous, short-petiolate. Figs cauliflorous, paniculate or on

stolons; internal bristles brown, few to abundant.

2. Lamina scabrid above, often asymmetric. Figs 10-25 mm. wide,

generally ridged towards the apex. Geocarpic .. 430. F. vrieseana.

2. Lamina smooth or, if scabrid, not asymmetric. Fig not ridged.

3. Figs (15—) 20-50 mm. wide .............. 415. F. botryocarpa.

3. Figs TLS smn widest . slkxus b> pede cena -eh ete «2 414. F. ribes.

1. Leaves spirally arranged.

4. Unbranched or sparingly branched pachycaulous trees. Twigs 6-20

mm. thick. Lamina more than 30 cm. long, cordate-auricled;

petiole short.

5. Twigs 12-20 mm. thick. Lamina over 80 cm. long, scabrid. Figs

cauliflorous, verrucose; basal bracts 9-16 mm. long; peduncles

30-80 mm. Solomon, Tah. o5 sss wane oe 404. F. salomonensis.

5. Twigs 6-10 mm. thick. Lamina 30-90 cm. long, smooth. Figs

axiliary, concealed, also cauliflorous in small groups, not

verrucose; basal bracts 3-9 mm.; peduncle 3—9 mm. Solomon

1 sane ste ag Pp «Catt CU Ee 405. F. theophrastoides.

4. Twigs not so thick. Leaves smaller. Ramified trees.

6. Caulifiorous. Brown hairy. Lamina scabrid, base cordate to widely

cuneate. Seed with prominent hilum.

7. Geocarpic with stolons. Fig 10-25 mm. wide, generally ridged

towards the orifice. Female style hairy .. 430. F. vrieseana.

7. Not geocarpic. Female style glabrous.

8. Fig (15—) 20-50 mm. wide, in clusters, the orifice with a

rosette of apical bracts; basal bracts persistent. Philippines

417. F. cassidyana.

8. Fig 13-16 mm. wide, on long hanging twigs, the orifice closed

by 5 umbonate apical bracts; basal bracts caducous.

Solomon Iskes os xs ic bidsnee 424. F. baccaureoides.

6. Figs axillary or on the twigs behind the leaves. Peduncles —8 mm.

long. Solomon Isl.

9. Leaf smooth. Glabrous or finely appressedly hairy. Fig without

internal bristles and sclerotic cells. Seed without prominent

WAGHHOR SS Se. va ca BS BR a oe See 406. F. indigofera.

9. Leaf scabrid. Hispid-villous. Fig with abundant internal bristles

and sclerotic ceils. Seed with prominent hilum

463. F. bougainvillei.

(Fig with small lateral bracts. Appressedly hairy. No internal

brintles! HPigs... «. ....anddwmennetats Ses 407. F. vitiensiy).

Group C

No lateral bracts. Cystoliths hypogenous. Figs on stolons.

1. Leaves spirally arranged, long-petiolate. -

2. Twigs and petioles whitish hispid. Lateral nerves 10—12 pairs; basal

nerves short. Basal bracts 2 mm. long. Internal bristles few,

short. Geocarpic.. Sumatta «. .6:s!siys!. bwrates - 453. F. gilapong.

2. Twigs and petioles appressedly brown hairy. Lateral nerves 4-8

pairs; basal nerves elongate. Basal bracts 5-8 mm. long. Internal

bristles copious. Solomon Isl. .............. 423. F. profusa.

(See 436 A. F. merrittii)

1. Leaves short-petiolate or decussate.

3. Leaves spirally arranged or decussate, mostly scabrid.

4. Figs ripening yellow (rarely red); no internal bristles. Basal nerves

of lamina usually elongate. Hairs pale to dark brown. Asiatic

AMONG. as « «+ Swieenkerh eheeeenee oe x 444. F. hispida.

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

4. Figs generally ripening red. Hairs dark brown.

5. Fig without internal bristles. Lamina symmetric; basal nerves

short. Bougainville Isl. .. 437. F. subcongesta v. symmetrica.

5. Internal bristles abundant.

6. Basal bracts 2-4 mm. long; fig 10-25 mm. wide, pyriform,

ellipsoid, or subglobose. Lamina often strongly asym-

metric; lateral nerves 6—11 pairs, crowded towards the

base of the lamina; basal nerves short. Malaysia

430. F. vrieseana.

6. Basal bracts 4-6 mm. long; fig 20-35 mm. wide, depressed

globose with a rosette of apical bracts. Lamina more or

less symmetric; lateral nerves 5—7 pairs; basal nerves

elongate. Twigs and leaves persistently ferruginous villous.

EW) GINS teh ik ict. li nom ani 431. F. iodotricha.

3. Leaves distichous or opposite, more or less symmetric, smooth. White

to light brown hairy, or glabrous.

7. Lamina caudate; intercostals numerous. Internal bristles present.

Lamina usually drying greenish. Borneo ...... 455. F. treubii.

7. Not caudate; intercostals few or none. Internal bristles none or few,

minute.

8. Fig not ridged. Female style glabrous or sparsely hairy.

9. Glabrous or nearly. Leaves mostly opposite, attenuate-acute. -

Figs without sclerotic cells. Borneo .. 468. F. tarennifolia.

9. Twigs, petioles, thinly appressedly hairy. Leaves laxly spiral to

distichous acuminate. Fig with sclerotic cells in the wall.

Aru Isl., New Guinea, Solomon Isl. .... 473. F. arfakensis.

8. Figs ridged towards the apex. Female style hairy. Moluccas, New

Guinea, Bougainville Isl.

10. Stipules persistent. Lamina lanceolate, 1-2 cm. wide. Basal

bracts 3—4 mm. long. Moluccas ........ 472. F. pleyteana.

10. Stipules caducous. Lamina elliptic, wider. Basal bracts 1-3 mm.

11. Lamina 3-6 cm. wide. Peduncles 2-6 mm. long; basal

bracts persistent; fig-body strongly ridged, not pedicel-

late. Ternate, New Guinea ........ 471. F. ternatana.

11. Lamina 5-10 cm. wide. Peduncle 5—20 mm. long; basal

bracts caducous; body slightly ridged, distinctly pedicel-

late. Bougainville Isl. .......... 474. F. macrothyrsa.

Group D

Without lateral bracts. Cystoliths hypogenous. Figs not on stolons.

Basal bracts 5 mm. or more long.

1. Figs cauliflorous, pedunculate. Twigs stout.

2. Lamina over 30 cm. long, cordate-auricled; petiole short, stout.

Unbranched or sparingly branched small tree. Solomon Isl., Fiji

405. F. theophrastoides.

2. Lamina shorter, long-petiolate, scabrid above, hispid-velutinate

beneath. Freely branched trees.

3. Figs 15-17 mm. wide, on elongate twigs from the branches and

trunk. Twigs 3—5 mm. thick. Appressedly brown hairy. Bougain-

co giles: SENT enor 9, “tee ee ate tea 423. F. profusa.

3. Figs larger, on short stout twigs with short internodes. Twigs 5—10

mm. thick.

4. Stipules persistent. Leaf-base cuneate; basal nerves 4—4 lamina;

lateral nerves 6—10 pairs. Fig 25—30 mm. wide. New Guinea

420. F. pachyrrachis.

4. Stipules caducous. Leaf-base more or less cordate; basal nerves

short; lateral nerves 9-13 pairs. Fig 17-22 mm. wide. New

RENN abv hate ttisher ie a SER ae a, see 421. F. neobritannica.

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

1. Figs axillary, sessile.

5. Stipules 6-12 cm. long, silky. Lamina long-petiolate. Twigs stout.

Brown hairy. Stamens 2. Ovary white. Seed-hilum not prominent.

Solomon. Isl. . ws .sicsnds.. oe ee 402. F. cynaroides.

5. Stipules generally shorter. Lamina mostly short-petiolate. Stamen 1.

Ovary red-brown. Seed-hilum prominent.

6. Glabrous or thinly white hairy. Leaf smooth. Female style

glabrous. Burma to Moluccas ............ 446. F. lepicarpa.

6. Brown hairy. Leaf often scabrid. Female style hairy.

7. Leaf pandurate, often lobed, ciliate-dentate. —o branched

Shrub: Celeber:s¢ «<ovsel Dow taial. ries 447. F. decipiens.

7. Leaf oblong-elliptic to obovate, not lobed.

8. Leaf obovate, denticulate, scabrid. Fig-orifice closed by 5

umbonate apical bracts. Female perianth embracing 1/3-—4

the’ ovary. ‘Free. Moluccas @7.t 05.5. 25 449. F. calcarata.

8. Leaf oblong-elliptic, ciliate-dentate, subscabrid. Fig-orifice

closed by a rosette of appressed apical bracts. Female

perianth as a short tube round the ovary-stalk. Shrub or

treelet: “(Celebes> ls See: sas gz. 448. F. latimarginata.

Group E

Without lateral bracts. Cystoliths hypogenous. Figs not on stolons.

Basal bracts less than 5 mm. long. Hairs brown to purple or black,

abundant.

1. Shrub. Hairs 2—5 mm. long, purple-brown. Stipules persistent. Leaves

panduriform to obovate, ciliate-dentate, short-petiolate. Figs axillary,

apical bracts projecting; no internal bristles. New Guinea

450. F. saurauioides.

1. Trees of different character. Internal bristles generally present. Figs

cauliflorous (except F. bougainvillei, F. multistipularis).

2. Leaves distichous, short-petiolate, mostly strongly asymmetric at the

base. New Guinea.

3. Figs 20-30 mm. wide, on short stout twigs. Lamina oblong-elliptic

426. F. papuana.

3. Figs 10-17 mm. wide. Lamina obovate.

4. Figs in large bunches at the base of the trunk; peduncles 30-80

Hitt. NOM ee. <2 ss 3k oe we ae 427. F. bernaysii.

4. Figs in small clusters along the trunk and main branches;

peduncle 7-15 mm. long. Lamina often narrow

428. F. adelpha.

2. Leaves spirally arranged or decussate.

5. Figs more than 20 mm. wide.

6. Basal nerves short. Lamina smooth or subscabrid, base cuneate.

Style glabrous or thinly hairy. Internal bristles sparse or

none. Philippines, Celebes to Solomon Isl., Australia

436. F. congesta.

6. Basal nerves elongate 1/3—4 lamina.

7. Fig large, obconic, truncate, with deeply depressed apical

rosette. Hairs dark brown to purple, stiff, spreading. Leaf-

base more or less cordate. Burma, Thailand, Malaya

434. F. obpyramidata.

7. Fig-orifice not or slightly sunken. Hairs not so dark. New

Guinea.

152

Vol. XXI1 (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

8. Hairs stiff, spreading, usually bright brown. Figs 20-40

mm. wide, subglobose to pyriform. Leaf-base shallowly

cordate to rounded. Stipules caducous

425. F. calopilina.

8. Hairs appressed, white to pale brown. Figs 18-25 mm.

wide, depressed globose. Leaf-base more or less cuneate.

Stipules 1 PerSistenh ion). eatidw. eas 432. F. sublimbata.

5. Fig less than 20 mm. wide.

9. Leaves harshly or hispid scabrid on both sides.

10. Without internal bristles. Petiole 4-15 cm. long. Figs in

paniculate clusters at the base of the trunk. India

443. F. conglobata.

10. With internal bristles. Petiole often shorter. New Guinea,

Solomon Isl.

11. Figs axillary, depressed globose; peduncle 2-6 mm. Lamina

entire. Stipules glabrous. Solomon Isl.

463. F. bougainvillei.

11. Cauliflorous. Lamina denticulate. Stipule hairy.

12. Basal bracts early caducous. Figs on hanging twigs —1

m. long. Female style nearly or quite glabrous. Hairs

2-4 mm. long on twigs and petiole. Solomon Isl.

424. F. baccaureoides.

12. Basal bracts persistent. Female style hairy.

13. Hairs 2-4 mm. long. Petiole -15 mm. long. Figs on

short twigs. Stipules persistent. New Guinea

429. F. hahliana.

13. Hairs —1.5 mm. long. Petiole —50 mm. long. Figs on

simple or sparingly branched stout spiciform iwigs

without internodes; peduncles 11-25 mm. long;

basal bracts 1-2 mm. long. Basal nerves short.

Memiieuiies & IIe .o0W... 20. : 422. F. dalbertisii.

9. Leaves smooth or slightly scabrid.

14. Figs sulcate towards the orifice, on stout cauliflorous twigs

—-35 x 2 cm., without internodes. Petioles long. Pale

fulyousi hairy. Borne .)... os)s<0ts. car + oes 452. F. francisci.

14. Figs not sulcate: Petioles rather short. Hairs brown.

15. Lamina ovate-cordate, basal nerves elongate; lateral nerves

5-7 pairs. Fig 10 mm. wide; peduncle 2—3 mm. long.

POOR icnce ie oe Aik tae Ge 6 ov 9 8.8 433. F. tunicata.

15. Lamina elliptic to obovate; basal nerves short.

16. Sparingly branched shrub. Stipules persistent, large.

Twigs 4-7 mm. thick. Figs axillary, concealed;

peduncle 1—3 mm.; basal bracts 2-5 mm.; no internal

bristles. Philippines. ...... 441. F. multistipularis.

16. Branching trees, small to medium-sized. Twigs 2—4 mm.

thick. Figs becoming cauliflorous; basal bracts 1-3

mm. long; internal bristles sparse.

17. Figs brown hairy, the orifice closed by 5 apical bracts;

peduncle 0-7 mm. long. Stipules often persistent.

PIU Ptes. yc eae ces 440. F. carpenteriana.

17. Fig soon glabrous; peduncle generally longer. Stipules

caducous.

18. Fig turbinate-pyriform with a rosette of many

apical bracts, at first deeply sunken. Philippines,

Celebes to Solomon Isl., Australia

436. F. congesta.

18. Fig subglobose, 5-humped round the scarcely

sunken orifice. New Britain . 437. F. subcongesta.

153

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin. S.

Group F

Without lateral bracts. Cystoliths hypogenous. Figs not on stolons. Basal

bracts less than 5 mm. long. a tee come oe Te

or thinly appressedly brown hairy. Leaves mostly smooth. Internal bristles

mostly absent.

1. Stamens 2. Ovaries white (perianth red-brown), Seed-hilum not or

slightly prominent. Basal nerves elongate +—4 lamina.

2. Monoecious (male, gall-, and seed-flowers im the same fig). Leaves

elliptic, coriaceous; nerves slightly impressed above. flat below.

Figs axillary and cauliflorous, 10-20 mm. wide; basal bracts

early caducous. New Guimea ............ 410. F. microdictya.

2. Dioecious. Figs more than 20 mm. wide, cauliflorous in large bunches;

basal bracts persistent.

3. Leaves obovate, thinly coriaceous, entire. Internal bristles none.

Glabrous. New Guinea, New Britain .......- 409. F. itoana.

. Leaves ovate-cordate to elliptic. membranous, mostly dentate.

Internal bristles minute, abundant. Glabrous or white hairy.

Amatic maatsland *. «255 enieenk+ + 50s 396. F. oligodon.

1. Stamen 1. Ovaries red-brown (perianth colourless). Seed-hilum mostly

prominent.

4. Basal nerves elongate ++} lamina. Caulifiorous. Lamina often denti-

culate, rather broad, often long-petiolate.

5. Figs in hanging racemes, ripening yellow; no imternal bristles.

Leaves often scabrid and opposite. Thinly, rr appressedly

ee ee ee ee ee ee . F. hispida.

5. Figs paniculate in bunches on stout twigs. Villous.

6. Fig 10-20 mm. wide; orifice scarcely depressed, closed by 5 small

apical bracts; sclerotic cells abundant: no internal bristles.

Leaf-base rounded to cumeate. Sumatra .. 467. F. dimorpha.

6. Fig 20-35 mm. wide, with a conspicuous rosette of apical bracts;

internal bristles and sclerotic cells none or sparse. Lamina

often shallowly cordate or asymmetric at the base.

7. Fig-apex at first deeply depressed. Lamina smooth. Borneo,

PRES i5 - SS See « pate be OW heen 435. F. nota.

7. Fig-apex not deeply depressed. Lamima scabrid above. New

Guimca, New Britam ~.-..<.....- 445. F. hispidioides.

4. Basal nerves short. Lamina mostly entire.

8. Figs ridged towards the small, often sunken, orifice. Female style

hairy.

9. Leaves spirally arranged, long-petiolate; mtercostals numerous.

Figs on stout leafless twigs without imternodal extension;

internal bristles abundant. Pale fulvous hairy. Borneo.

10. Hairs 2-4 mm. long, spreading. Leaf-base narrowed sub-

cordate. Fig 15-20 mm. wide, or more. Female perianth

covering the ovary. Seed smooth. .... 452. F. francisci.

10. Hairs much shorter, appressed. Leaf-base cuneate. Fig smaller,

Female perianth as a very short collar. Seed rough

454. F_ virescens.

9. Leaves short-petiolate; intercostals few, lax.

11. Leaves scabrid. Figs axillary. Bougainville Isl

463. F. bougainvillei.

11. Not scabrid.

12. Glabrous or villous with pale hairs. Lamina not acuminate.

Fig depressed globose, axillary or cauliflorous

464. F. septica.

12. Thinly appressedly white to brown hairy. Lamina acu-

minate. Internal bristles sparse or none.

154

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

13. Figs depressed globose, axillary or geocarpic; peduncle

—6 mm. long. Stipules caducous. Moluccas, New

Gained toast awed SDs * 471. F. ternatana.

13. Fig ellipsoid, in compact cauliflorous clusters; peduncle

—30 mm. long. Stipules persistent. Leaves distichous.

Burma. Thailand, Malaya ...... 470. F. scortechinii.

8. Figs not ridged.

14. Intercostals close, numerous; or the figs with a rosette of

numerous apical bracts.

15. Fig 15-35 mm. wide, with a wide rosette of apical bracts,

cauliflorous.

16. Lamina narrowly elliptic obovate, long-acuminate to

caudate. Fig ripening yellow-brown; orifice not or

scarcely depressed. Twig 1—2.5 mm. thick, slightly ap-

pressedly hairy. Burma to Celebes .. 438. F. schwarzii.

16. Lamina acute to shortly acuminate. Fig-orifice more or less

deeply depressed. Twigs 2-5 mm. thick. Philippines,

Celebes, to Solomon Isi., Australia .. 436. F. congesta.

15. Fig 12-20 mm. wide, the orifice closed by apical bracts.

17. Figs axillary, ripening yellow-brown, sessile or, rarely,

pedunculate. Stipules often persistent. Twigs and

petioles glabrous. Burma to Moluccas

446. F. lepicarpa.

17. Figs becoming cauliflorous, ripening red-brown, peduncu-

late. Stipules caducous. Twigs and petioles hairy.

18. Fig 5-humped round the orifice; basal bracts 1-2 mm.

long. Hairs dark brown, appressed. New Britain

437. F. subcongesta.

18. Fig not gibbous round the orifice, often axillary; basal

bracts 2-4 mm. long. Hairs white to pale brown,

more or less spreading. Ryu Kyu, Formosa, Philip-

Pinew SG kes aie. 439. F. benguetensis.

14. Intercosials few, lax, or none. Fig-orifice without a conspicuous

rosette of apical bracts.

19. Riverside shrub. Lamina lanceolate, without intercostals. Fig

solitary, axillary, 10 mm. wide. Borneo

469. F. ixoroides.

19. Trees, mostly cauliflorous or ramiflorous. Lamina elliptic to

lanceolate-elliptic.

20. Figs in compact masses on short twigs without internodal

elongation.

21. Twigs, petioles, and underside of the nerves hispid

vinous. oSumiatra 2000 phe 065% 467. F. dimorpha.

21. Glabrous or thinly hairy.

22. Fig ripening yellow. Female style usually glabrous;

perianth covering part or all of the ovary. Asiatic

mainland, West Malaysia ...... 465. F. fistulosa.

22. Fig ripening red. Female style hairy; perianth as a

short collar, round the ovary-stalk. Borneo (Philip-

Re ys oe te Son a sys 466. F. condensa.

20. Figs on elongating twigs, becoming stolon-like, ripening

pink, red, or red-brown.

23. Stipules persistent. Fig with internal bristles. Burma.

Thailand, Malaya (?Borneo) .. 470. F. scortechinii.

23. Stipules caducous. No internal bristles.

24. Leaves mostly opposite. Borneo

468. F. tarennifolia.

24. Leaves mostly alternate. Aru Isl., New Guinea

473. F. arfakensis.

155

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the species of subsect. Auriculisperma

1. Twigs, leaves with stiff brown hairs 3-7 mm. long. Fig sessile: basal

bracts 7-15 mm. long. Cystoliths hypogenous. Ser. Cynaroides.

2. Stipules —3 cm. long, caducous. Lateral nerves 7-8 pairs. Fig-body

with lanceolate lateral bracts .......... 403. F. lancibracteata.

2. Stipules 9-13 cm. long, sericeous, persistent, concealing the figs.

Lateral nerves 9—13 pairs. Fig without lateral bracts

402. F. cynaroides.

1. Glabrous or with short, pale hairs. Figs pedunculate. Cystoliths mostly

amphigenous.

3. Sparingly branched, pachycaulous trees. Twigs 5-20 mm. thick.

Lamina over 30 cm. long, cordate-auricled. Figs axillary or

cauliflorous. Ser. Theophrastoides.

4. Twigs .12-20 mm. thick. Lamina 80-170 cm. long, scabrid. Figs

caulifiorous in large bunches, verrucose, with basal and lateral

bracts 9-16 mm. long: peduncle 35-80 mm. long

404. F. salomonensis.

4. Twigs 5-10 mm. thick. Lamina 30-90 cm. long, smooth. Figs

axillary, concealed, becoming cauliflorous, not verrucose,

without lateral bracts: basal bracts 1.5—-9 mm. long: peduncle

329 GR, chat: Gad Cae Fh ee 405. F. theophrastoides.

3. Freely branched trees. Twigs and leaves smaller. Figs axillary and

on the twigs, slightly ridged towards the apex. Ser. Vitienses.

5. Fig with several small lateral bracts, 15-25 mm. wide. Leaves

scabrid: basal nerves 3-1/3 lamina ........ 407. F. vitiensis.

5. Fig smaller, without lateral bracts. Lamina smooth, often sub-

cordate or auricled at the base: basal nerves short

406. F. indigofera.

(Fig solitary, axillary. Lamina lanceolate-elliptic. A aT hypogenous.

Puilipoings 2. koe 2... 4: Se paeee saree 147. F. rivularis.

Key to the species of subsect. Papuasyce

1. Gall-stigma clavate to narrowly infundibuliform, little different from the

female. Gall-and female flowers sessile or shortly stalked. Leaves

entire. Internal bristles none. New Guinea.

2. Dioecious. Fig 20-40 mm. wide, stalk 15-100 mm. long. Lamina

obovate; lateral nerves 6—9 pairs. Cauliflorous .. 409. F. itoana.

2. Monoecious. Fig often axillary, 12-20 mm. wide; stalk -—10 mm.

long: basal bracts caducous. Lamina elliptic, small; lateral nerves

4-6 pairs, impressed above in the dried leaf

410. F. microdictya.

(1. Gall-stigma widely infundibuliform. Female flowers sessile or long-

stalked as the gall-flowers. Lamina ovate-cordate to elliptic, often

dentate. Internal bristles minute, abundant. Asiatic mainland.

396. F. oligodon).

Key to the species of subsect. Macrostyla

1. Fig-body concealed by large lanceolate lateral bracts (-17 x 6 mm.);

internal bristles short, brown. Female perianth hairy, cupular; style

12-15 mm. long. Seed-hilum not prominent. Sarawak

413. F. macrostyla.

1. Fig-body with small scattered lateral bracts (2-4 mm. long); internal

bristles none. Female flower without perianth; style 6-10 mm. long.

Seed-hilum prominent. Sinohimalaya ........ 412. F. squamosa.

156

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

Key to the series and subseries of subsect. Sycocarpus

1. Upperside of lamina closely punctate from cystoliths

ser. Longetuberculatae (p. 157).

1. Upperside of lamina not so punctate ... ser Tuberculifasciculatae

2. Leaves distichous, often asymmetric or caudate, short-petiolate.

Geocarpic. Figs generally with lateral bracts; without internal

MR ee te to nace onekor suber. Geocarpicae (p. 160).

2. Leaves not distichous or, if so, the figs without lateral bracts.

3. Figs with large lateral bracts obscuring the body. Brown hairy.

Long-petiolate. No. internal bristles

subser. Praestantes (p. 157)

3. Figs without lateral bracts or these not obscuring the body.

4. Figs axillary. basal bracts 4-16 mm. long

subser. Axillares (p. 160).

4. Figs cauliflorous or basal bracts shorter.

5. Intercostals few, lax. Glabrous or white hairy, or. thinly ap-

pressedly brown hairy. Figs without lateral bracts

subser, Tuberculifasciculatae (p. 161).

5. Intercostals numerous, regular.

6. Internal bristles abundant.

7. Brown, purple, or blackish hairy, often stiffly

subser. Calopilinae (p. 158).

7. Pale brown, softly tomentose or hairs appressed

subser. Fulvidulae (p. 160).

6. No internal bristles, or few. White to dark brown hairy.

8. Figs generally with lateral bracts. Leaves generally- scabrid

pen SEEN Se tes. subser. Hispidae (p. 159).

8. Figs without lateral bracts. Leaves not or slightly scabrid,

variously arranged ...... subser. Congestae (p. 159).

Key to the species of ser. Longetuberculatae

1. Leaves spirally arranged, rather long-petiolate. Figs in cauliflorous

bunches.

2. Figs 15-50 mm. wide, without lateral bracts. Brown hairy. Lamina

8-22 cm. wide, obovate to sublyrate, dentate; base cordate.

Pion. 53. SSP Se. OR . Pager... 417. F. cassidyana.

2. Figs 10-15 mm. wide, with a few small lateral bracts. Shortly white

hairy. Lamina -—7 cm. wide, narrowly elliptic, base cuneate;

mare entstes Colebes ».oc.e:cinie'e San s+ 416. F. parvibracteata.

1. Leaves distichous, short-petiolate. Figs in highly branched paniculate

clusters or on long hanging twigs or geocarpic stolons.

3. Figs (15—) 20-70 mm. wide. Philippines and Celebes to New

Guinea and New Britain ................ 415. F. botryocarpa.

3. Figs 7-15 mm. wide. Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Philippines, Celebes

414. F. ribes.

(Leaves spirally arranged or opposite. Fig ridged .. 430. F. vrieseana).

Key to the species of subser. Praestantes

1. Lateral bracts obtuse. Cauliflorous fruiting twigs very stout, without

internodes. Basal nerves of lamina short; lateral nerves 10—12

Te EMC Cik enc CEE Nae eee ase ee ces 418. F. praestans.

1. Lateral bracts acute, lanceolate. Cauliflorous fruiting twigs 4-5 mm.

wide, with internodes, branching. Basal nerves +—} lamina; lateral

nerves 6-10 pairs. Solomon Islands ...... 419. F. longibracteata.

157

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Key to the species of subser. Calopilinae

1. Basal bracts 5-10 mm. long. apical bracts projecting or gibbous.

2. Figs 15-17 mm. wide on stolon-like twigs 1-3 m. long from the

branches and trunk. Twigs 3—5 mm. thick. Appressedly brown

basry. Bougsenville Tal. 25. . 02-0 anse- hee 423. F. profusa.

2. Figs larger on shorter stout twigs with short internodes. Twigs 5—10

mm. thick.

Lr)

. Stipules persistent. Leaf-base cuneate: basal nerves 3—3 lamina:

lateral nerves 6-10 pairs. Fig 25-30 mm. wide. New Guinea

420. F. pachyrrachis.

3. Stipules caducous. Leaf-base more or less cordate: basal nerves

short: lateral nerves 9-13 pairs. Fig 17-22 mm. wide. New

PEM ons thee Seen pone eee he eweee 421. F. neobritannica.

1. Basal bracts shorter: apical bracts often appressed.

4. Fruiting on geocarpic stolons: figs usually ripening red.

5. Basal bracts 24 mm. long: fig-body 10-25 mm. wide, pyriform,

ellipsoid. or subglobose. Lamina often asymmetric and the

leaves inclining to distichous: lateral nerves 6-11 pairs,

crowded towards the short basal nerves .... 430. F. vrieseana.

5. Basal bracts +6 mm. long: fig-body 20-35 mm. wide, depressed

globose with a rosette of apical bracts. Lamina more or less

symmetric: lateral nerves 5-7 pairs, not approximated to the

elongate basal nerves 2-1/3 lamina. Twigs and leaves persis-

tentiy ferruginous villous. New Guinea .... 431. F. iodotricha.

4. Not fruiting with geocarpic stolons.

6. Leaves distichous, strongly asymmetric at the base, short-petiolate.

New Guinea.

7. Fig 20-30 mm. wide, on short stout twigs. Lamina oblong

CligGaE nn. . wp ot a's ows ome dee eee 426. F. papuana.

7. Fig 10-17 mm. wide. Lamina obovate.

8. Figs in large bunches at the base of the trunk; peduncles

30-30 am: fone: 225. SSeS. 2 427. F. bernaysii.

8. Figs in small clusters on the trunk and main branches; pedun-

cles 7-15 mm. long. Lamina often narrow

428. F. adelpha.

6. Leaves spirally arranged or opposite: if distichous, then not

strongly asymmetric at the base.

9. Figs more than 20 mm. wide.

10. Fig obconic, truncate, with a deeply depressed rosette of

apical bracts. Hairs dark brown to purple, stiff, spreading.

Leaf-base more or less cordate. Burma, Thailand, Malaya

434. F. obpyramidata.

10. Fig-orifice not or slightly sunken. Hairs not so dark. New

Guinea.

11. Hairs stiff, spreading. bright brown. Figs 20-40 mm. wide,

subglobose to pyriform. Leaf-base shallowly cordate to

rounded. Stipules caducous ........ 425. F. calopilina.

11. Hairs appressed, white to brown. Figs 18-25 mm. wide,

depressed globose. Leaf-base more or less cuneate.

Stipules persistent, conspicuous .... 432. F. sublimbata.

9. Figs less than 20 mm. wide.

12. Lamina smooth above. ovate-cordate: lateral merves 5-7

pairs. Fig 10 mm. wide. Key Isl. ...... 433. F. tunicata.

12. Lamina harshly hispid or scabrid on both sides.

158

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

13. Basal bracts early caducous. Figs on hanging twigs —1 m.

long. Style neariy or quite glabrous. Hairs 2-4 mm. long

on twigs and petioles. Solomon Isl.

424. F. baccaureoides.

13. Basal bracts persistent. Style hairy (female).

14. Hairs 2-4 mm. long. Peticle -—15 mm. long. Stipules

persistent. Figs on short twigs. New Guinea

429. F. hahliana.

14. Hairs —1.5 mm. long. Petiole longer. Stipules caducous.

Figs on simple or sparingly branched, stout, spiciform

twigs without internodes. New Guinea

422. F. dalbertisii.

Key to the species of subser. Congestae

1. Fig-orifice closed by a rosette of many apical bracts, often sunken: figs

15-40 mm. wide, in large clusters on the trunk and brariches.

2. Lamina narrowly elliptic-obovate, long-acuminate to caudate. Twigs

slender. Thinly appressedly brown hairy, glabrescent. Burma to

0 Ss ee ee ee See 438. F. schwarzii.

2. Lamina broadly elliptic, not long-acuminate or caudate. Twigs 3-6

mm. thick.

3. Leaf-base narrowly to broadly cordate, often asymmetric: leaf-

margin often dentate: basal nerves 4-4 lamina. Softly white to

pale brownish hairy. Philippines, North Borneo .. 435. F. nota.

3. Leaf-base subcordate to cuneate, mot or slightly asymmetric:

margin generally entire: basal nerves short. Hairy or glabrous.

Philippines to Solomon Isl., Queensland .... 436. F. congesta.

(Lamina scabrid, see F. hispidioides).

1. Fig-orifice ciosed by 5 apical bracts, not sunken or im a rosette: body

12-20 mm. wide. Figs axillary, cauliflorous, or on stolons. Philip-

pines (except F. subcongesta).

4. Figs axillary, concealed by the large persistent stipules. Brown hairy,

sparingly branched shrub ............ 441. F. multistipularis.

4. Figs not concealed, becoming caulifiorous. Trees.

5. Stipules more or less persistent. Fig sessile or pedunculate —7 mm.

Detiictiiesal. Poh. 60662 -R we 20's: 440. F. carpenteriana.

5. Stipules caducous. Fig-peduncle 2-20 mm. long.

6. Hairs dark brown, appressed. Fig 5-humped round the orifice:

basal bracts 1-2 mm. long. New Britain, Bougainville Isl.

437. F. subcongesta.

6. Hairs white to pale brownish, more or less spreading. Fig not

gibbous at the apex: basal bracts 2-4 mm. long. figs often

oO ee ey ee 439. F. benguetensis.

Key to the species of subser. Hispidae.

1. Figs with a few conspicuous lateral bracts, at least round the orifice.

2. Leaves generally opposite, scabrid, persistently hairy; basal nerves

usually elongate. Figs axillary and in long hanging racemes or

stolons, hispid. Female style hairy. Gall-perianth covering the

SS se a tere a een S aaa ans 408 aie 444. F. hispida.

2. Leaves generally spirally arranged, smooth, glabrescent; basal nerves

generally short. Figs on very short knobbly twigs on the trunk,

glabrescent. Female style glabrous or sparsely hairy. Gall-perianth

not covering the mature ovary ............ 442. F. moderata.

159

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

1. Figs without lateral bracts.

3. Figs clustered along the trunk and main branches; peduncle 4-30 mm.

long. Gall-perianth covering the mature ovary

445. F. hispidioides.

3. Figs clustered at the base of the trunk; peduncles 12-80 mm. long.

Gall-perianth not covering the mature ovary. India

443. F. conglobata.

Key to the species of subser. A xillares

1. Thinly white hairy to glabrous. Leaves smooth, entire. Fig sessile or

pedunculate, with or without lateral bracts, ripening yellow-brown.

Burma to Moluccas (? Philippines) .......... 446. F. lepicarpa.

1. Brown hairy. Lamina often scabrid, dentate.

2. Leaves pandurate, ciliate dentate. Fig without lateral bracts Sparingly

branched shrubs.

3. Hairs 3-6 mm. long, rufous. Stipules 30-75 mm. long. Fig sessile;

basal bracts 7-16 mm. long. Celebes .... 447. F. decipiens.

3. Hairs 2-4 mm. long, purple-brown. Stipules —30 mm. long. Figs

shortly pedunculate; basal bracts 3-4 mm. long. New Guinea

450. F. saurauioides.

2. Leaves oblong-elliptic to obovate, not pandurate or sublobate. Basal

bracts 4-14 mm. long. Hairs dark brown 1-4 mm. long.

4. Tree. Leaf obovate, denticulate, scabrid. Fig sometimes with lateral

bracts, orifice with 5 apical bracts. Female perianth covering

1/34). Ce CNV OR, WE i wait, cristata 449. F. calcarata.

4. Sparingly branched shrub or treelet. Leaf oblong-elliptic, ciliate-

dentate, subscabrid. Fig-orifice with a rosette of many apical

bracts. Female perianth as a short tube round the ovary-stalk.

COmREES . «nc baied ata: dake cele 448. F. latimarginata.

Key to the species of subser. Fulvidulae

1. Leaves distichous, short-petiolate. Geocarpic. Figs 8-12 mm. wide.

BOYRCG ree sate ae = Cates oe ees eee 455. F. treubii.

1. Leaves spirally arranged, long-petiolate. Figs larger.

2. Fig 23-50 mm. wide, with many stout lateral bracts, borne in large

clusters at the base of the stem. Leaf not scabrid. Seed-hilum

slightly prommem. Borneo0’’*.........0+.+ 451. F. cereicarpa.

2. Figs 12-22 mm. wide, without lateral bracts.

3. Geocarpic with long stolons. Fig not ridged. Hairs —1.5 mm. long.

Seed-hilum prominent. Sumatra .......... 453. F. gilapong.

3. Caulifiorous. Fig ridged towards the apex. Borneo.

4. Hairs 2-4 mm. long, spreading. Leaf-base narrowed subcordate.

Fig 15-22 mm. wide. Female perianth covering the ovary.

Seed smooth, the hilum not prominent .... 452. F. francisci.

4. Hairs much shorter, appressed. Leaf-base cuneate. Fig smaller.

Female perianth as a very short collar. Seed rough, with

prominent Bim >... . «2. s56 756 eee 454. F. virescens.

Key to the species of subser. Geocarpicae

i. Gall- and female flowers with a perianth. Female style hairy. Seed

0.6-0.9 mm. long, not or hardly ridged on the sides. Fig pedun-

culate, generally with a collar of 3 small basal bracts: lateral bracts

few, appressed. Intercostals raised below, rather lax.

160

Vol. XXI (1965). Ficus sect. Sycocarpus

2. Lamina glabrous and smooth above, subasymmetric, more or less

entire, caudate, base cuneate. Fig 8-11 mm. wide; internal

bristles few to abundant. Female perianth covering 1/3 to the

whole of the ovary. Hairs generally appressed, short. (subser.

ON os irae co crehaln ed Whee, Se lg despues > ee 20 455. F. treubii.

2. Lamina hairy and scabrid above, more or less asymmetric, generally

denticulate, acute to acuminate, base not cuneate. Fig without

internal bristles.* Female perianth as a short collar on the

ovary-stalk. Hairs generally spreading.

3. Lamina strongly asymmetric at the base, oblong. Hairs on twigs

2-4 mm. long. Fig 14-17 mm. wide, strigose, glabrescent,

basal bracts often indistinct from the lateral bracts. Female

style. very hairy. Seed not keeled ..2:..:... 457. F. geocarpa.

3. Lamina much less asymmetric at the base to rounded subsymmetric,

elliptic. Hairs on twigs 0.5—1.5 mm. long. Fig 9-12 mm. wide,

glabrous except the bracts. Style shortly hairy. Seed keeled

456. F. stolonifera.

1. Gall— and female flowers without perianth. Female style glabrous. Seed

0.7-1.2 mm. long, often ridged on the sides. Fig pedunculate or

sessile, with abundant uncinate lateral bracts (2-9 mm. long),

crowded at the base and, mostly, without a distinct collar of basal

bracts. Intercostals crowded.

4. Lamina with the upperside thinly appressedly hairy to hispid, gene-

rally scabrid: margin denticulate, rarely entire: base generally

strongly asymmetric: intercostals raised below, Hairs generally

spreading on twigs and petioles.

5. Lamina 40-100 x 14-35 cm., base deeply but unequally cordate.

Seed 0:7 mm. long, not ridged .......... 458. F. megaleia.

5. Lamina smaller, the base mostly cuneate on one side, cordate on

the other. Seed commonly 1-1.2 mm. long, ridged on the

4. Lamina with the upperside glabrous, smooth, or subscabrid: margin

entire or distally denticulate: base symmetric, slightly asymmetric,

or shortly auricled. Hairs appressed or spreading. Seed 0.6—0.9

mm. long.

6. Intercostals not raised below. Upperside of lamina subscabrid, dull.

Leaf-apex abruptly acuminate. Fig glabrous. Twigs and petioles

appresseely Gainyoc! . ~2cvewadd ie lic. 462. F. subterranea.

6. Intercostals raised below. Upperside of lamina smooth, often nitid.

Fig strigose-villous.

7. Lamina symmetric or, if slightly asymmetric, not auricled, apex

attenuate-caudate or acuminate. Hairs mostly appressed

460. F. beccarii.

7. Lamina with a short auricle (-7 mm. long and wide) on one

Same. EAS SPFEAGINE eco e k ce ss ss 461. F. geocharis.

(Lamina very large, base deeply unequally cordate

458. F. megaleia).

Key to the species of subser. Tuberculifasciculatae

1. Figs ridged towards the apex. Female style hairy.

2. Leaves scabrid. Bougainville Isl. .......... 463. F. bougainvillei.

2. Leaves smooth. Malaysia.

3. Lamina not acuminate. Glabrous or villous with pale spreading

hairs. Figs depressed globose, axillary or (Timor Laut, Ad-

miralty Isl., Solomon Isl., New Hebrides) cauliflorous

464. F. septica.

* Fig with internal bristles. Hairs dark brown. See 430. F. vrieseana.

161

Ficus sect. Sycocarpus Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

3. Lamina acuminate. Figs generally cauliflorous. Thinly appressedly,

white to brown hairy.

4. Figs ellipsoid in compact clusters: peduncle 5-30 mm. long:

basal bracts 1-2 mm. long. Stipules subpersistent. Burma,

THaUland, NMaiays |... cries ee eee 470. F. scortechinii.

4. Figs subglobose to depressed globose, axillary and on stolons:

peduncle often shorter.

5. Stipules persistent. Lamina lanceolate, 1-2 cm. wide. Basal

bracts 3-4 mm. long. Halmahera .... 472. F. pleyteana.

5. Stipules caducous. Lamina elliptic, wider. Basal bracts 1-3

mm. long.

6. Lamina 3-6 cm. wide. Peduncles 2-6 mm. long: basal

bracts persistent: fig-body strongly ridged, not pedicel-

late. Ternate, New Guinea ........ 471. F. ternatana.

6. Lamina 5-10 cm. wide. Peduncle 5-20 mm. long: basal

bracts caducous: body slightly ridged, distinctly pedicel-

late: Bougainville isl. cies 205 es 474. F. macrothyrsa.

1. Figs not ridged. Female style glabrous to hairy.

7. Figs on stolons. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, often serrulate or denti-

culate.

8. Glabrous or nearly. Leaves mostly opposite, attenuate, acute. Fig-

wall without sclerotic cells. Borneo .... 468. F. tarennifolia.

8. Twigs and petioles thinly appressedly hairy. Leaves laxly spiral to

subdistichous, acuminate. Fig-wall with sclerotic cells. Moluc-

cas, New Guinea, Solomon Isl. .......... 473. F. arfakensis.

7. Figs axillary or bunched on the stem and branches.

9. Fig solitary, axillary, 10 mm. wide. Leaf lanceolate, without inter-

costals. Riverside shrub. Borneo ........ 469. F. ixoroides.

9. Figs on trunk and branches: larger trees.

10. Twigs, petioles, underside of nerves hispid-villous. Basal nerves

often elongate. Sumatia: ..4ctds.0 sees 467. F. dimorpha.

10. Glabrous or thinly hairy.

11. Figs ripening yellow. Female perianth generally covering

part or.all of the ovary. India, S. China to Philippines

and. FRORES. 2%... iacsyee at fb esto « Rees 465. F. fistulosa.

11. Figs ripening red. Female perianth as a collar round the

ovary-stalk. Borneo, ? Philippines .... 466. F. condensa.

162

INDEX

Index to Botanical Names (excluding species of Ficus, p. 168).

New taxa are in bold print, synonyms in italics.

Aglaia sp., 98.

ARTOCARPUS Linn. f.

canoni Bull., 71.

chaplasha Roxb., 97, 98.

dadah Migq., 98, 99.

exsculpta Hott., 71.

hirsutus Lamk., 98.

laciniatus Hort., 71

v. metallicus Hort., 71.

teysmannii Migq., 99.

tylophyllus Miq., 22.

BOSSCHERIA Teysm. et Vr. 6, 63.

minahassae Teysm. et Vr., 63.

Capparidaceae, 98.

CAPRIFICUS Gasp., 6, 35.

COVELLIA Gasp. 6, 84.

Eucovellia Miq., 84.

Paracovellia Miq., 84.

albipila Miq., 29

assamica Migq., 89.

aurata Miq., 49.

barclayana Migq., 72.

composita Miq., 97.

congesta (Roxb.) Miq., 88.

conglomerata (Roxb.) Miq., 62.

costata Miq., 12.

courtallensis Miq., 89.

cuneata Miq., 85.

cunia (B. Ham. ex Roxb.) Migq., 62.

cyrtophylla Miq.,73.

daemonum (Koen.) Migq., 89.

dasycarpa Migq., 89.

dasycaula Migq., 78.

didyma Miq., 90.

glomerata (Roxb.) Migq., 34.

grandifolia Miq., 97.

griffithii Miq., 85.

guttata Wight, 53.

hispida (Linn. f.) Miq., 89.

inaequiloba Migq., 62.

lanceolata (B. Ham. ex Roxb.) Miq,.,

55.

lepicarpa (Bl.) Migq., 90.

leucantotoma (Poir.) Migq., 92.

leucopleura (Bl.) Migq., 92.

macrophylla (Roxb.) Miq., 82.

microcarpa Miq., 85.

mollis Miq., 35.

163

oppositifolia (Roxb.) Migq., 89.

paniculata Migq., 85.

prostrata Migq., 63.

racemifera (Roxb.) Miq., 82.

radiata (Decne.) Migq., 92.

rapiformis (Roxb.) Migq., 92.

ribes (Reinw. ex Bl.) Migq., 85.

rufescens Kurz, 87.

setulosa Miq., 89.

stictocarpa Miq., 92.

subdenticulata Miq., 79.

subopposita Miq., 93. °

ternatana Miq., 94.

tuberculata Migq., 93.

ulmifolia (Lamk.) Gasp. 66.

umbonata (Reinw. ex BI.) Miq., 80.

venosa (Willd.) Migq., 92.

volkameriifolia Migq., 90.

webbiana Miq., 33.

wightiana Migq., 89.

zollingeriana Migq., 73.

CYSTOGYNE Gasp., 6, 84.

leucosticta (Spreng.) Gasp. 92.

DAMMAROPSIS Watb., 6, 84.

kingiana Warb., 84

ERYTHROGYNE Vis. ex Gasp., 6,

ag.

lutescens (Desf.) Gasp., 37.

Erythroxylon burmanicum Griff., 99.

FICUS LINN. .6;, 35.

Adenosperma Corner, 79.

Albipilae Corner, 29.

Americanae Migq., 100.

Amphigenae Corner, 79.

Apiocarpeae Corner, 60.

Apiosycea Miq., 60.

Araneosae Corner, 57.

Arboreae Sata, 44.

Areolatifoliae Sata, 58.

Auratae Corner, 48.

Auriculatae Corner, 82.

Auriculisperma Corner, 84.

Austrocaledonicae Corner, 32.

Axillares Corner, 90.

Ficus (cont.)

Balanotae Corner, 53.

Basitepalae Corner, 43.

Benjamina (Miq.) Corner, 21.

Benjamineae Miq., 21.

Bibracteatae Miq., 100.

Callophylleae Corner, 22.

Calopilinae Corner, 86.

Caprificus (Gasp.) Miq., 35.

Carica Mildbr. et Burr. 35.

Carica Miq., 35.

Caricae Sata, 35.

Cariceae Corner, 36.

Caricoides Miq., 35.

Caulobotrya Migq., 8.

Caulobotryae (Miq.) Corner, 8.

Communiflorae Sata, 85.

Congestae Corner, 88.

Conosycea (Migq.) Corner, 11.

Copiosae Corner, 64.

Covellia (Gasp.) Miq., 84.

Covellia (Gasp.) Benth. et Hook., 84.

Covelliae-pseudopalmae Sata, 85.

Crassirameae Corner, 15.

Cuneifoliae Corner, 47.

Cuspidatae Miq., 76.

Cyclanthereae Corner, 28.

Cynaroides Corner, 84.

Cyrtophylleae Corner, 73.

Cystogyne (Gasp.) Endl. 84.

Cystogyne (Gasp.) Miq., 84.

Dammaropsis (Warb.) Corner, 84.

Dehiscentes Corner, 47.

Dictyoneuron Corner, 17.

Didymophora Miq., 38.

Distichae Corner, 58

Distichoideae Corner, 57.

Drupaceae Corner, 12.

Dubiae Corner, 17.

Elasticae Miq., 24.

Eriosycea Miq., 44

Eriosycea (Mig.) Corner, 44.

Eriosyceae Corner, 44.

Erythrogyne (Vis.) Endl. 37.

Erythrogyne (Vis.) Miq., 37.

Erythrogyneae Corner, 37.

Eubracteatae Corner, 24.

Eucarica Sata, 35.

Eucovellia Miq., 84.

Euglabrifoliae Sata, 74.

Eumetamorphe Sata, 35.

Eusyce Miq. 35.

Eusyce (Migq.) Benth. et Hook., 35.

Eusyceifoliae Sata, 86, 92.

Exasperatae Corner, 73.

Excavatae Corner, 57.

Fericarica Sata, 35.

164

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Ficus (cont.)

Fibrosifoliae Corner, 78.

Ficus, 6, 35.

Frutescentiae Sata, 38.

Fulvidulae Corner, 91.

Fulvobrunneifoliae Sata, 66.

Galoglychia (Gasp.) Endl., 100.

Gasparriniella Sata, 6, 8.

Geocarpice Corner, 91.

Glaberrimeze Corner, 17.

Glabrifolie Sata, 74.

Glabriusculifoliw Sata, 76.

Grossularia O.K., 74.

Harlandifolia Sata, 86,

Hasperidiiformes Corner, 28.

Heterochlamydées Perr. Bathie, 34.

Heterophyllee Corner, 72.

Hispidze Corner, 89.

Hypogenz Corner, 81.

Indice Corner, 14.

Infectoriew Migq. 8.

Irritantes Corner, 53.

Kalosyce Mig., 60,

Kissosycea Miq., 58.

Laciniate Corner, 83.

Lanceifoliw Sata, 66.

Leiosycea Miq., 29. -

Lepidotus Corner, 85.

Leucogyne Corner, 10.

Lineari-angustifolie Sata, 66.

Longetuberculate Sata, 85.

Macrophthalmia (Gasp.) Miq., 24.

Macrostyla Corner, 85.

Malvanthera Corner, 24.

Malvantherez Corner, 24, 25.

Metallicifoliz Sata, 66.

Metamorphe Sata, 35.

Minutuliflore Sata, 77.

Monandree Corner, 49.

Neomorphe King, 82.

Nervose Corner, 30.

Nonminutuliflore Sata, 66.

Oreosycea Migq., 29.

Orthoneure Corner, 10.

Vol. XXI (1965).

Ficus (cont.) Ficus (cont.)

Paleomorphe King, 74. Trematosycea Migq., 53.

Paleomorphe (King) Corner, 74. Tremotis O.K. 62.

Paleomorphe (King) Sata, 74. Trichocarpeae Corner, 58.

Pallide Migq., 64. Trichosycea Migq., 44, 45.

Pandaniflore Sata, 63. Trichosycez Corner, 45.

Pantonianz Corner, 53.

Papuasyce Corner, 84.

Paracovellia Miq., 84, 85.

Pedunculate Sata, 11, 29. Urostigma (Gasp.) Miq., 6.

Perforate Corner, 20.

Pheopilose Corner, 63. Valide Migq., 11.

Pharmacosycea Migq., 28. Variegate Corner, 82.

PI Miq.) Benth. et Varinga Migq., 72.

Ween e tas ek Varinga (Miq.) Corner, 72

Vasculosze Corner, 29.

Viridifolie Sata, 66.

Vitienses Corner, 84. .

Tuberculifasciculate Sata, 86, 92.

Plagiostigma Zucc. ex Miq., 50.

Plagiostigmatice Corner, 50.

Platypodez Corner, 25.

Podosycea Miq., 38.

Podosyceze Corner, 38, Zygotrichee Corner,’ 15.

Pogonotrophe Miq., 52.

Pogonotrophee Corner, 52. GALOGLYCHIA Gasp., 6, 100.

Pomifera Corner, 82, 85.

Pomifere Corner, 82.

Prestantes Corner, 86.

GONUSUKE Raf., 6, 84.

demonum (Koen.) Raf., 89.

Prostrate Corner, 62. hispida (Linn, f.) Raf., 89.

Pseudopalma Elmer, 35, 85. scabra (Jacq.) Raf., 89.

Pseudopaimez Corner, 35.

Pseudosycidium Sata, 62, 66. Fisniatanthas. 97

Punctatze Corner, 60.

Punctulifolie Sata, 53. Kibara sp., 98.

Pungentes Corner, 63.

Ramentacee Corner, 53, 55. Lauracee, 98.

Religiose Miq., 6.

MACROPH

Rhizocladus Endl., 50, THALMIA Gasp., 6. 24.

lasti b. mae) 4

Rivulares Corner, 35. elastica (Roxb.) Gasp., 24

Ruginervie Corner, 61. MASTOSUKE Raf., 6, 24, 25.

‘ rubiginosa (Desf.) Raf., 26.

Scabre Miq., 66.

Scabricordatogibbosiifolie Sata, 66. Melanorrhoea, 97.

Scabrifoliw Sata, 77. MICRECHITES

Sesstlifiora apis. ae tia radicans (Wall.) Markgr., 99.

Sinosycee Corner, 36.

Sinosycidium Corner, 62.

Stilpnophyllum Endl., 11, 24.

Subcrassiusculifolie Sata, 82. Morus leucophylla Miq., 29.

Subscabririgidiifolia Sata, 66.

Subulatze Corner, 76.

serpyllifolia (Bl.) Kosterm., 99.

Subvalidz (Mig.) Corner, 18. NECALISTIS Raf., 6, 62, 66.

Superbze Corner, 7, aspera Raf., 71.

Sycidium Migq., 62.

Sycidium (Miq.) Mildbr. et Burr. 62. OLUNTOS Raf., 6.

Sycocarpus Mig. 84, 85.

Sycomorphe (Miq.) Endl. 84. Paracovellia Migq., 84.

Sycomorus (Gasp.) Miq., 34.

Synoecia Migq., 60. PELLA Gaertn., 6.

Synoecia (Miq.) Benth, et Hook., 60. ribesioides Gaertn., 7.

Tenuifoliore Sata, 82. PERULA Raf., 6.

Thamnosycea Migq., 38. benghalensis Raf., 14.

Theophrastoides Corner, 84. retusa Raf,, 20,

165

rubiginosa Raf., 26.

PHARMACOSYCEA Mia.. 6, 28.

Piper sp., 98.

Plagiostigma Zucc., 50,

POGONOTROPHE Mia.. 6, 52.

alnifolia Miq., 68.

assamica Miq., 53.

aurantiaca Miq., 47.

borneensis Migq., 59.

ceylanica Migq.. 53.

dasyphylla Miq., 53.

emodi Migq., 11, 53.

flavidula Miq., 46.

foveolata Migq., 50.

glandulifera Miq., 47.

javana Migq., 59.

laevis (Bl.) Migq., 53.

v. cordata Migq., 53.

v. oblongata Migq., 53.

macrocarpa Wight ex Miq., 53.

obtusa (Hassk.) Miq., 59.

phaeopoda Miq., 59.

piperifolia Miq., 59.

pubigera Mid., 50.

pyrrhopoda Migq., 59.

reticulata Miq., 50.

ribesioides Miq., 56.

rigida Migq., 55.

sumatrana Migq., 47.

vagans (Roxb.) Migq., 55.

verrucosa Miq., 50.

wightiana Miq. 53.

Poikilospermum Zipp., 97.

Prainea limpato (Miq.), Beumée, 98.

Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai, 99.

REPHESIS Raf., 6.

Salix sp., 99.

Semecarpus, 97.

Solanum, 98,

STILPNOPHYLLUM (Endl.) Drury,

6, 11, 24.

elasticum (Roxb.) Drury, 24.

SYCODENDRON Rojas, 6.

SYCOMORPHE Micg.., 6, 84.

roxburghii Miq., 89.

SYCOMORUS Gasp., 6, 34.

capensis (Thumb.) Mig. f. tropica

Mig., 82

gummiflua Miq., 82.

riparia Hochst. ex Miq., 35.

166

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

SYNOECIA Mig.., 6, 60.

Kalosyce Migq., 60.

Verae Migq., 60.

apiocarpa Migq., 60.

diversifolia (Bl.) Miq., 37.

v. angustifolia Miq., 37,

falcata (Thunb.) Migq., 61.

v. glabrior Miq., 61.

grandifolia Kurz, 38.

serpens Migq., 61.

sumatrana Miq., 61.

TENOREA Gasp., 6, 50.

heterophylla Gasp., 52.

TREMOTIS Raf., 6, 62.

cordata Raf., 62.

UROSTIGMA Gasp., 6.

Apiosycea Miq., 60.

Benjamina Migq., 21.

Caulobotrya Migq., 8.

Conosycea Migq., 11.

Galoglychia Migq., 6.

Macrophthalmia (Gasp.) Miq., 24.

Oreosycea Migq., 29.

Religiosae Miq., 6.

Subvalida Migq., 18.

Valida Migq., 11.

acamptophyllum Migq., 20.

accedens Migq., 9.

v. latifolium Migq., 23.

aegeirophyllum Migq., 9.

affine Mig., 6.

altissimum (Bl.) Mig., 15.

amblyphyllum Migq., 22.

annulatum (Bl.) Migq., 12.

apiculatum Migq., 9.

apiocarpum Miq., 60.

arnottianum Migq., 11.

backhousei Miq., 26.

balicum Mig., 21.

benghalense (Linn.) Gasp. 14.

benjaminum (Linn.) Migq., 21.

v. nudum Migq., 21.

bicorne Migq., 13.

binnendykii Miq., 20.

biverrucellum Migq., 12.

brachypodum Migq., 27,

bracteatum Migq., 15,

Vol. XXI (1965).

Urostigma (cont.) Urostigma (cont.)

callophyllum (B1.) Miq., 22. obliquum (Forst. f.) Miq., 26.

canaliculatum Miq., 9. obtusifolium (Roxb.) Migq., 22.

caulobotryum Migq., 7. obversum Miq., 14.

caulocarpum Migq., 10. odoratum Migq., 24.

ceylonense Miq., 7. oligoneuron Migq.. 38.

chrysophthalmum Miq., 97. onustum Migq., 12, 20, 98.

chrysothix Migq., 13. ovoideum (Jack) Miq., 37.

circumscissum Migq., 24 parvifolium Mig., 8.

clusioides Migq., 22. peracutum Miq., 20.

concinnum Mig., 8. perseaefolium Mig.. 9.

connivens Migq., 14. pilosum (Reinw, ex BI.) Mig., 13.

conocarpum Miq., 12. pisiferum Migq., 22.

consociatum (Bl.) Migq., 15. pisocarpum (BI1.) Migq., 20.

cordifolium (Roxb.) Miga., 11. playtypodum Mig.., 27.

courtallense Miq., 11. f. ellipticum Migq., 26.

crassirameum Migq., 16, f. glabrior Miq., 27.

cuneatum Migq.. 99. f. minor Miq., 27.

cunninghamaii Miq.. 9. f. major Migq.. 25.

cycloneuron Miq., 20. procerum (Bl.) Miq., 16.

dalhousiae Miq., 12. prolixum (Forst. f.) Miq.. 10.

dasycarpum Migq., 13. pruniforme (Bl.) Migq., 12.

depressum (Bl.) Miq., 12. pseudobenjamineum Miq., 11.

diepenhorstii Miq., 98. pseudorubrum Mia. 18.

drupaceum (Thunb.) Migq., 13. pseudotsiela Migq., 11.

psychotriifolium Miq., 9.

puberulum Miq., 27.

pyrifolium Mig., 18.

elasticum (Roxb.) Miq., 25.

v. latifolium Miq., 25.

eugenioides Miq., 26.

euneuron Migq., 31. religiosum (Linn.) Gasp., 6.

excelsum Miq., 75. retusum (Linn.) Migq., 20.

ferrugineum (Desf.} Miq., 26. rhododendrifolium Migq., 19.

flavescens (Bl.) Migq., 12. r a ae a 18

fraseri Migq., 9. ee eine kieg 2 = gle

$ ; biginosum (Desf.) Gasp. 26.

giganteum Migq., 15. bs -. .

elabellum (Bl.) Mig. 9. pee CS SEE

glaberrimum (BI.) Miq., 17. saxophilum (BL) Miq.. 6.

globosum (BI.) Mig., 12. oe mer age + a

haematocarpum (BI.) Migq., 21. wre - seagtiay ge =

hasseltti Miq., 31. ; OReecnda. tok Mig., 13

huegelii (Kunth et Bouch.) Migq., 25. subcordatum (Bl.) Migq.. 21.

infectorium Miq., 9. _ subcuspidatum Migq., 13.

involucratum (Bl.) Migq., 18. sumatranum Migq., 18.

javanicum Miq., 82. sundaicum (B1.) Mig.. 18.

karet Miq., 24. superbum Migq., 7.

lacciferum (Roxb.) Miq., 15. timorense Migq., 9.

lachnocaulon Miq., 27. tjakela (Burm. f.) Miq., 7.

lambertianum Mig., 9. tjiela Miq., 18, 20.

leichhardtii Migq., Zi. v. sundaicum Migq., 18.

leucocarpum Migq., 35. tomentosum (Roxb.) Miq., 14.

leucotrichum Miq., 26. v. obtusatum Mia.. 14.

lucescens (B1.) Mig., 35. trichocarpum (BI.) Migq., 59.

macrophyllum (Desf.) Migq., 25. truncatum Miq., 20.

manok Migq., 12. 5 validum (Bl.) Miq., 12.

microcarpum (Linn. f.) Miq., 22, virgatum (Reinw. ex’ BI.) Migq.. 75.

modestum Mig., 31. vitellinum Miq., 27.

“ rate ners ry = volubile Dalz., 75.

ee eee a wightianum Mig.. 9.

monadenum Migq., 18. v. majus Thw., 11.

moritzianum Miq., 9. :

muelleri Miq., 7 xylophyllum Miq., 16.

mysorense (Heyne) Miq., 13. zollingerianum Migq., 18.

neglectum (Bl.) Miq., 21.

nesophilum Miq., 9. repens Ral., 52.

nitidum (Thunb.) Mig. 21. VISIANIA Gasp., 6, 24.

nudum Miq., 21. elastica (Roxb.) Gasp., 24.

167

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Index to Species and Varieties of FICUS (Asia and Australasia)

abbreviata Wall., 57.

abelii Miq., 43.

acamptophylla Miq., 19, 20.

acanthocarpa Lévl. et Vant., 36.

acanthophylla Summerh., 65,

acidula King, 35.

acrorrhyncha Summeth., 21.

aculeata A. Cunn. ex Miq., 71.

vy. micracantha (Miq.) Benth., 71.

acuminata Roxb., 76.

acuminata Wall. ex Kunth et Bouch.,

Td:

acuminatissima Miq., 78.

acutiloba Migq., 73.

adamii Elm., 17

adelpha K. Schum. et Laut., 87.

adenosperma Migq., 81.

f. angustifolia Corner, 81.

v. chaetophora (Warb.) Corner, 81.

v. glabra Corner, 81.

vy. chaetophora (Warb.) Corner, 81.

adhaerens Miq., 55.

aechmophylla Summerh., 32.

aegeirophylla Migq.. 9.

affinior Griff., 11.

affinis Wali. ex Kurz, 8.

agapetoides Diels, 58.

v. solomonensis Corner, 58.

agegregata Vahl, 22.

agusanensis Elmer, 83.

ahernii Merr., 59.

alba Reinw. ex BI., 44.

v. gossypina O.K., 44.

v. mappan Migq., 44.

v. kingii O.K., 44,

v. nudinervis O.K., 44.

albinervia Migq., 65.

albipila (Miq.) King, 29.

v. glabra Corner, 29.

allameeraloo Wight, 74.

allutacea Bl... 58,

v. teysmanniana (Miq.) King, 58.

alnifolia Miq., 68.

alococarpa Diels, 59.

alongensis Gagnep., 7.

altimeeraloo Roxb. ex Miq., 74.

v. laeta (Decsne) Migq., 74.

altissima BI., 15.

v, fergusoni King, 14.

alutacia Back., 58.

amblisyce Corner, 53.

amblyphylla Migq., 22.

amboinensis Kostel., 82.

amberstina Steud., 99.

vampelas. Burm. f., 67.

f. bogoriensis K. et V., 67.

v. bandana Mia., 67.

v. bogoriensis Hochreut.

v. bogoriensis K. et V., 67.

168

. incrassata Hochreut., 67.

. microcarpa Hochreut., 64.

. hispidula Corner, 67.

. laevior Miq., 67.

. linearis Corner, 67.

oblongifolia Miq., 67.

obversifolia Miq., 65.

. politeria Miq., 67.

. politoria (Lam.) O.K., 67.

. rugosa Migq., 69.

. soronensis (King) Corner, 67.

. sublanceolata Miq., 69.

ampelas Koen, ex Roxb., 75.

ampla Kunth et Bouch., 9.

amplissima J. E. Sm., 11.

ampulliformis Corner, 54.

anabatos Voigt, 58.

anastomosans Wall., ex Kurz, 75.

ancolana Migq., 76.

andamanica Corner, 64.

androbrota Summerh., 66.

androchaete Corner, 49.

anggica Diels, 65.

angladei C.E.C. Fischer, 25.

angulata Miq., 74.

angulidens Miq., 76.

angustata Miq., 75.

angustifolia Bl., 78.

angustifolia Roxb., 31. ,

angustissima Mia@z, 66. 7-2 |

annamensis Gagnep., 48, \, :

annulata BL, 12. <-— 8

v. biverrucella Miq., 12.

v. elliptica Miq., 12.

v. flavescens (Bl.) King, 12.

v. valida (B!.) King, 12.

anomala Merr., 65.

antaoensis Hayata, 47.

antoniana Elmer, 74.

aoa Warb., 10.

aphanoneura Warb., 26.

apiculata Miq., 46.

apiculata (Mig.) Migq.. 9.

apiocarpa Miq., 60.

v. villosa Corner, 60.

apocynoidea Griff., 94.

apoensis Elmer, 31.

apolepomena Summerh., 70.

appendiculata Merr., 88.

aquatica Koen. ex Willd., 73.

araneosa King, 57.

arawaensis Corner, 70.

arayatensis Warb., 8.

arbuscula Laut. et K. Schum., 80.

archboldiana Summerh., 24.

arenata Elmer, 69.

areolata Elmer, 58.

arfakensis King, 94.

argentea Blanco, 94.

arisanensis Hayata, 51.

armiti King, 76.

arnottiana Migq., 11.

<< <<< << << <e

Vol. XXI (1965).

v. courtalensis (Miq.) King, 11.

v. subcostata Corner, 11.

aruensis King, 97.

asinina B. Ham., 14.

aspera Forst, f., 71

v. nota Blanco, 88.

v. subglabra Benth., 71.

v. volubilis Blanco, 59.

asperior Miq., 67.

asperiuscula Kunth. et Bouch., 73.

asperrima Roxb., 60.

asperrima Teysm. et Binn., 74.

asperula Bur., 32.

v. foliacea Bur., 32.

v. nuda Bur., 32

assamica Miq., 73.

assimilis Baker, 29.

asymmetrica Lévl. et Vant., 73.

ataktophylla Miq., 39.

attimeeralou Roxb., ex Wight, 74.

augusta Corner, 28.

aurantiacea Griff., 61.

v. angustifolia Corner, 61.

v. parvifolia Corner, 61.

aurantiaca Miq., 47.

auranticarpa Elm., 13.

aurata Migq., 49.

v. brevipilosa Corner, 49.

v. densiserra Miq., 49.

v. longipilosa Corner, 49.

v. palawanensis Corner, 49.

v. pedunculata Corner, 49.

aureocordata Corner, 49.

auriculata Lour., 82.

auriculifera Merr., 78.

auriculigera Bur., 32.

aurita BI., 77.

v. auriculifera (Merr.) Corner, 78,

v. celebica (Bl.) Corner, 78,

australis Willd., 26.

austrina Corner, 81.

austrocaledonica Bur., 34.

v. angustifolia Bur., 34.

v. balansaeana (Bur.) Corner, 34.

v. latifolia Bur., 34.

v. subattenuata Bur., 34.

avium Gagnep., 8.

awkeotsang Makino, 52.

baccaureoides Corner, 87.

backhousii Miq.

badiopurpurea Diels, 64.

baeuerlenii King, 55.

v. glabrata Diels, 55.

v. vulcaniformis Corner, 55.

baileyana Domin, 25.

baileyi Hutch., 51.

bakeri Elm., 59.

balabacensis Quisumbing, 12.

- balanota Diels, 54.

balansae Gagnep., 47.

balansaeana Bur., 34.

balete Merr., 23.

169

balica Miq., 65.

v. colffsii Corner, 65.

balica Boerl., 21.

bambusaefolia Seem., 72.

banahaensis Elmer, 47.

Vv. camiguinensis (Merr.) Sata, 47.

bandana Migq., 67.

banyana Oken, 14.

barba-jovis Corner, 62.

barbata Wall. ex Miq., 56.

v. glabriuscula Miq., 56.

barclayana Miq., 72.

barclayana (Miq.) Summerh., 72.

barclayi Seem., 72.

barnesii Merr., 86.

barraui Guillaum, 32.

bartlettii Merr., 85.

basidentula Migq., 29.

bataanensis Merr., 30.

f. minima Sata, 30.

f. sorsogonensis Sata, 30.

beccarii King, 92.

Vv. asymmetrica Corner, 92.

v. latifolia Corner, 92.

beckleri Mig., 71.

beddomei King, 12.

beecheyana Hook. et Arn., 41.

f. koshunensis (Hayata) Sata, 41.

f. tenuifolia Sata, 41.

begoniifolia Summerh., 72.

behrmanniana Diels, 32.

bellingeri C. Moore et Betche, 25.

bembicicarpa Warb., 80.

benghalensis Linn., 14.

v. krishnae (C. DC.) Corner, 14.

benguetensis Merr., 89.

f. leytensis Sata, 89.

f. negrosensis Sata, 89.

f{. urdanetensis Sata, 89.

v. leytensis Elmer, 89.

v. negrosensis Elmer, 89.

benjamina Linn., 21.

. warringiana Barrett, 21.

. bracteata Corner, 21.

. comosa (Roxb.) Kurz, 21.

. haematocarpa (Bl.) Miq., 21.

. le huntei F.M. Bailey, 21.

. nuda (Migq.) Barrett, 21.

benjaminoides Corner, 24.

bennettii Seem., 33.

bernaysii King, 87.

bhotanica King, 42.

biglandulosa Bl., 73.

biglandulosa Miq., 67.

biglandulosa Wall.

nud.=variolosa Lindl.

binnendykii Migq., 20.

v. coriacea Corner, 20.

v. cupulata Corner, 20.

v. latifolia Corner, 20.

binuangensis Merr., 88.

bismarckiana Diels, 63.

bistipulata Griff., 17, 42.

4d 4d SJ] ie

ex Stend. nom.

blancoi Elmer, 36.

v. longegrandifolia Sata, 36.

v. oblanceifolia Sata, 36.

blepharosepala Warb., 67.

blepharostoma Warb., 66.

blinii Lévl. et Vant., 31.

bodinieri Lévl. et Vant., 51.

bonatii Lévl., 43.

bonii Gagnep., 6.

boninsimae Koidz., 43.

boothiana Mig., 26.

bordenii Merr., 97.

botryocarpa Miq., 86.

v. linearifolia (Elmer) Corner, 86.

v. subalbidoramea (Elmer) Corner,

f. scabrida Corner, 86.

botryoides Lévl. et Vant., 51.

bougainvillei Rechinger, 92.

brachiata King, 87.

brachypoda Migq., 27.

bracteata Wall. ex Miq., 15.

branderhorstii Diels, 70.

brassii Summerh., 32.

brevicuspis Miq., 65.

brevipes Miq., 78.

brunnea Merr., 93.

‘bruneiensis Corner, 48.

brunneo-aurata Corner, 48.

bukaensis Rechinger, 84.

ulusanensis Elmer, 56.

burkillii Ridley, 37.

cabur B. Ham. ex J. E. Sm., 50.

caesia Hand. Mazz., 10.

cairnsii Warb., 22.

calcarata Corner, 91.

calcicola Corner, 19.

callicarpa Miq.. 61.

v. angustifolia Corner, 61.

v. crassinervia Corner, 61.

v. multinervia Corner, 61.

v. parvifolia Corner, 61.

F. callicarpides Corner, 57.

callophylla BI., 22.

v. leytensis Corner, 22.

v. malayana Corner, 22.

v. minor Corner, 22.

ccallosa Willd., 29.

calodictya Summerh., 58.

v. gamophylla Corner, 58.

caloneura Kurz, 97.

calophylloides Elmer, 21.

calopilina Diels, 87.

camarinensis Merr., 14.

cambodica Gagnep., 48.

-camiguinensis Merr., 47.

campicola §. Moore, 32.

camptandra Diels, 55.

cannabina Lour., 73.

ecanoni (Bull.) N.E. Br., 71.

cantoniensis Bodinier ex Lévl., 58.

capillipes Gagnep., 29.

cardinalicarpa Elmer, 43.

v. lanceifolia Sata, 43.

‘Vv. linearifolia Sata, 43.

170

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

cardiophylla Merr., 6.

carica Linn., 36.

caricoides Roxb., 36.

caroli Diels, 65.

carolinensis Warb., 9.

carpenteriana Elmer, 89.

carri Corner, 62.

casearia F.v.M. ex Benth., 92.

casearioides King, 81.

v. gamosepala Corner, 81.

casiguranensis Quis., et Merr., 86.

cassidyana Elmer, 86.

Vv. casiguranensis (Quis. et Merr.)

Corner, 86.

castanea Elmer, 89.

castaneaefolia Roth, 97.

cataractorum Vieill., 34.

cataupi Elmer, 62.

caudata Griff., 36.

caudata Stokes, 6.

caudata Wall. ex Miq., 36.

caudatifolia Warb., 77.

v. eucaudata (Elmer) Sata, 77.

v. ovata Sata, 77.

caudatolongifolia Sata, 75.

caudiculata Trim., 11.

caulobotrya Migq., 7, 97.

v. fraseri Miq.. 9.

caulocarpa (Miq.) Migq., 10.

v. dasycarpa Corner, 10.

caulocarpa Migq., 86.

caulothyrsa Laut., et K. Schumm., 88.

cauta Corner, 68.

cavaleriei Lévl. et Vant., 39.

cavei Horne ex Baker, 72.

ceanothifolia Corner, 54.

celebensis Corner, 76.

celebica Bl., 78.

v. kunstleri King, 78.

v. lanceolata Sata, 78.

v. ovata Sata, 79.

celtoides Elmer, 66.

cerasiformis Desf., 77.

cereicarpa Corner, 91.

cerifera Bl. ex Bleekr., 82.

ceriflua Jungh., 82.

cervina Elmer, 86.

ceylanica Miq., 53.

chaetophora Warb., 81.

chaetostyla Diels, 88.

chaffonjoni Lévl. et Vant, 52.

chalmersii King, 88.

chamaecarpa Ridley, 87.

championi Benth., 30.

chapaensis Gagnep., 41.

_charadrophila Saummeth., 80.

chartacea Wall. ex King, 47.

v. lanceolata Corner, 48.

v. torulosa King. 48.

chauvierei Hort. ex Guill., 14.

chincha Roxb., 36.

chittagonga Miq., 35.

chlorocarpa Benth, 83.

chloroleuca Miq., 44.

Vol. XXI (1965).

chlorosykon Rechinger, 74.

chrysocarpa Reinw. ex BL., 45.

v. flavidula Miq., 46.

v. undulata H. Winkler, 49.

chrysochaete Corner, 70.

chrysochlamys Laut. et K. Schum., 13.

chrysocoma BL., 13.

chrysolaena Laut. et K. Schum., 80.

chrysolepis Mig., 12. .

v. longepedunculata Merr., 12.

chrysophthalma Miq.., 97.

ciliata Warb., 71.

cinerascens Thw., 29.

cinnabarina §. Moore, 54.

cinnamomea Corner, 60.

citrifolia Willd., 13.

clarkei King, 75, 98.

clavata Wall., 36.

clementis Merr., 16.

clusiifolia Sammerh., 24.

clusioides Miq., 22.

collinsii Elmer, 68.

colossea F.v.M. ex Benth., 29.

columnaris F.v.M. ex C. Moore, 25.

comata Hand. Mazz., 42.

comitis King, 80.

comosa Roxb., 21.

» complexa Corner, 63.

compressicaulis Bl., 55.

compressitora Elmer, 83.

comptonii S. Moore, 94.

concentrica Hass. ex Migq., 77.

conciliorum Oken, 11.

concinna Mig., 8.

v. dasycarpa Corner, 8.

v. subsessilis Corner, 8.

condaravia B. Ham., 22.

condensa King, 93.

confertifolia Merr., 40.

confusa Elmer. 76.

congesta Lévl. et Vant., 42.

congesta Roxb., 88.

v. chalmersii (King) Corner, 88.

v. menadena (Miq.) Corner, 88.

conglobata King, 89.

conglomerata Roxb., 62.

conjugata Migq., 70.

conocephalifolla Ridley, 63.

conora King, 86.

consociata BI., 15.

v. murtoni King, 15.

conspicabilis King, 54.

convexa Corner, 55.

cooperi Hort. ex Regel, 33.

copelandii C.B. Robinson, 79.

copiosa Steud., 65.

v. muriculata (Miq.) King, 65.

~ v. pubescens Corner, 65.

cordata Kunth et Bouch., 24.

cordata Ridley, 46.

cordatifolia Elmer, 29.

cordatula Merr., 14.

v. sericea (C.B. Robinson) Corner,

14.

171

cordifolia Bl., 82.

cordifolia Dalz. et Gibs., 11.

cordifolia Roxb., 11.

cornifolia Kunth et Bouch., 40, 94.

coronata Reinw. ex BL., 73.

coronata Sasaki, 89.

coronata Spin., 71.

coronulata Mig., 71.

corymbifera Lévl. et Vant., 98.

costata Ait., 11.

costigera Miq., 12.

cotoneaefolia Vahl, 13, 14.

cotonifolia Stokes, 14.

courtallensis Baill., 89.

crassicalyx Elmer, 16.

crassinervia Kunth. et Bouch., 14.

crassipes F.M. Bailey, 28.

crassiramea Migq., 16...

v. brevicupulata Corner, 16.

v. celebica Corner, 16.

v. clementis (Merr.) Corner, 16.

v. patellifera (Warb.) Corner, 16-

crassitora Elmer, 31.

crenulata Hassk., 94.

crescentioides Bur., 32.

cretacea S. Moore, 33.

crininervia Migq., 55. oe

cucurbitina King, 14.

v. eubracteata Corner, 14.

cuernosensis Elmer, 89.

v. elongata Sata, 89.

cumingii Miq., 66.

v. androbrota (Summerh.) Corner,

. angustissima (Merr.) Corner, 66.

. auriculifera Sata, 66.

. linearicaudata Sata, 66.

. terminalifolia (Elmer) Sata, 66.

v. worcesteri (Merr.) Corner, 66.

cuneata Bl., 74.

cuneata Lévl. et Vant., 41.

cuneata Migq., 85.

cuneata Wall., 99.

cuneatonervosa Yamamoto, 31.

cunia B. Ham. ex Roxb., 62.

v. conglomerata (Roxb.) King, 62.

cunninghamii Migq., 9.

cupulata Haines, 8.

curranii Merr., 93.

curtipes Corner, 22.

cuspidata Desf., 77.

cuspidata Reinw. ex BIL., 77.

f. angustifolia Miq., 77.

v. sinuata King, 76.

cuspidatocaudata Hayata, 21.

cuspidatolongifolia Kanehira, 75.

cuspidifera Miq., 75.

<<<

cyanus Lévl. et Vant., 42.

v. viridescens Lév. et Vant. 42.

cycloneura (Miq.) King, 20.

cylindrica Warb., 28.

cylindrocarpa Diels, 28.

cynaroides Corner, 84.

cyrtophylla (Wall. ex-Mig.) Miq., 73-

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

da Gagnep., 31. diversifolia Bl., 37.

daemonum Koen. ex Vahl, 89. Vv. deltoidea (Jack) Ridley, 37

daemonum Zoll. et Mor., 68. v. kunstleri King, 37.

dahlii K. Schum., 23. v. latissima Miq., 37.

@albertisii King, 87. v. lutescens (Desf.} King, 37.

dalhousiae Miq., 12. v. ovoidea (Jack) King, 37.

damit Gagnep., 11. v. sessilis Miq., 38.

dammaropsis Diels, 84. v. subsessilis Mig.. 38.

v. obtusa Corner. 84. diversiformis Miq., 58.

dasycaula (Migq.) Val., 78. ave ni“ 36. ae

odonaeiformis Gagnep., 38.

decaisneana Miq., 75. « doormaniana Diels, 32.

v. firmula (Miq.) King, 75. ee”

v. trymatocarpa (Miq.) King, 75. phenactianer 3

decaisnei Steud.. 31. v. auranticarpa (Elmer) Corner, 13.

deopens REeIn Ee BL.. 90. v. glabrata Corner, 3. ;

decora Hort., 24. «= V. pediceilata Corner, 13.

decussata Warb., 65. v. pubescens (Roth) Corner,-13.

delavayi Gagnep., 42. i

delosyce Corner, 19. . i A

‘ dubia Wall. ex King. 17.

vy. obtusa Corner, 19. duclouxii Lévl. et Vant., 51.

deltoidea Jack, 37. dumosa King, 45.

v. angustifolia (Miq.) Corner, 37. duriuscula King, 65.

f. angustissima Corner, 37. v. grandifolia Diels. 65

Vv. arenaria Corner, 37. .

v. bilobata Corner. 37. dyctiophleba F.v.M. ex Miq., 23.

v. borneensis Corner, 37. dzumacensis Guillaum.. 33.

f. subhirsuta Corner, 37. v. brevipetiolata Guillaum., 33.

v. intermedia Corner, 37.

v. kunstleri (Mig.) Corner, 37. Se ee

v. lutescens (Desf.) Corner, 37. delfeltii . $e:

f. subsessilis (Miq.) Corner, 38. edelfeltii King, 30.

f. longipedunculata Corner, 38. v. bougainvillei Corner. 30.

v. motleyana (Miq.) Corner, 38. v. glyptoneura Diels, 30.

v. oligoneura (Miq.) Corner, 38. edulis Bur., 33.

v. peltata Corer, 38. Vv. attenuata Bur., 33.

“vy. trengganuensis Corner, 38. Vv. cee = bf

densa Migq., 39. ee ae oe

dens-echini Corner, 60. ki cme se ae 33 33

densifolia Miq.. 7. ts ? — pecs ayr .

densiserra Miq.. 49. a re a 33 =

denticulata Vahl, 73. a oer B = 33

depressa Benth., 16, 81. _ rr ea

depressa BL, 12. ehretioides F.v.M. ex Benth., 82.

detonsa Corner. 58. v. belgica Bailey, 24.

devestiens Corner, 54. v. bengalensis BL. 24.

v. decora Guillaum., 24.

diandra Corner, 60. k ae

dicarpa Blanco, 76. = vse ig 2 2 a

« dichroa Sammerh., 66. v. odorata Miq., 24

dictyophleba F.v.M., 23. aes Cees a

didymophylla Warb., 92. v. rubra Bailey, 24 ,

pe sire a ) Kine. 98 v. variegata (Gentil) Nehrling, 24.

no Sepa” pant aa aes elegans Hassk., 44.

difformis Lamk., 66. elegans Kunth et Bouch., 26.

dilatata Miq., 23. liipsoidea Mia.. 75

‘ : ellipsoidea Miq.. 75.

dimorpha King, 93. v. ancolana Miq.. 76.

Vv. scabra Corner, 93. v. boiei Mic.. 76.

discolor Miq., 46. v. borneensis Miq., 76.

disticha BI., 58. elliptica Miq.. 61.

v. brunneinervia Hochreut., 58. elliptifolia Merr., 14.

distichoidea Diels, 57. elmeri Merr., 69.

Vv. megacarpa Corner, 57. v. subintegra Merr., 69.

v. platyphylla Diels, 57. elongata Migq., 73.

172

Vol. XXII (1965).

emodi Wall. ex Miq., 11, 53.

endochaete Summerh., 80.

endospermifolia Corner, 48.

endothrix Warb., 86.

episima Corner, 20.

erecta Thunb., 40.

f. khasyana Migq., 50, 52.

f. sieboldii (Miq.) Corner, 41.

v. sieboldii King, 40.

v. beecheyana (Hook. et Arn.) King,

4].

f. koshunensis (Hayata) Corner, 41

. erinobotrya Corner, 70.

v. solomonensis Corner, 70.

f. glabrior Corner, 70.

erythropareia Laut. et K., Schum., 76.

erythrosperma Migq., sr ay

esmeralda F.M. Bailey. 75.

esquirolii Lévl. et Vant., 42.

esquiroliana Lévl., 45.

eucaudata Elmer, 77.

eugenioides (Miq.) F.v.M., 26.

v. puberula Benth., 27.

eulampra Laut. et K. Schum., 65.

eumorpha Corner, 49.

v. subglabra Corner, 49.

euphlebia Merr., 66.

euphylla Kurz, 18.

euryaefolia Kunth et Bouch., 77.

eustephana Diels, 63.

everettii Elmer, 20.

exasperata Hort., 71.

exasperata Roxb., 67.

exasperata Vahl. 74.

excavata King, 57.

excelsa Miq., 74.

excelsa Vahl, 75.

exsculpta Hort., 71.

fachikoogi Koidz., 69.

fairchildii Back., 21.

falcata Thunb., 61.

fallax Migq., 66.

fasciculata King, 94.

fasciculata F.v.M. ex Benth., 88.

Vv. opposita Benth., 88.

fastigiata Elmer, 69.

fauriei Lévl. et Vant., 52.

v. macrocarpa Lévl. et Vant., 52.

fecunda BIl., 89.

fecundissima Lévl. et Vant., 8.

feddei Lévl. et Vant., 17.

fedorovii W.T. Wang, 10.

fenicis Merr., 75.

fergusoni (King) Worthington, 14.

ferruginea Desf., 26.

fieldingii Miq., 39.

filicauda Hand. Mazz., 39.

filiformis B1., 59.

firmula Miq., 75.

fiskei Elmer, 67.

v. cebuensis Merr., 67.

v. laevifolia Merr., 67.

v.multinervia Corner, 67.

173

fistulosa Reinw. ex BI., 93.

Vie

. angustifolia Miq , 93.

. cincta Hochreut., 93.

lucbanensis (Elmer) Corner, 93.

. obliqua Migq., 93.

tengerensis (Miq.) Ot, 93.

fitzalani Migq., 70.

flagellaris Diels, 94.

flavescens Bl.. 12.

flavidula Miq., 46.

flavocortica Elmer, 79.

floccifera Diels, 54.

forbesii King, 95.

. formosa Summerh., 81.

formosana Maxim., 43.

Vie

shimadai Halata, 43.

forskalaei Vahl, 36.

forstenii Migq., 12, 16.

Nie

Vv.

pacifica (Elmer) ‘Corner, 16.

umbobracteata (Elmer) Corner,

16.

villosa Corner, 16.

forsteriana Endl., 10.

fortunati Lévl. et Vant., 52.

foveolata Wall. ex Migq., 50.

< qd <a

eo ag

. arisanensis (Hayata) Kudo, 51.

. eburnea Gagnep., 52.

. henryi King, 51.

. Impressa (Champ. ex- Benth.)

King, 50

. maliformis King, 50.

. nipponica (Fr. et Sav.) King, 52.

oleaeformis King, 50.

. thunbergii (Maxim.) King, 52.

ets Winkler, 91.

fraseri Miq., 71.

fraseri (Miq.) F.v.M., 9.

fraterna Miq., 17.

frondosa S. Moore, 30.

fructicosa Roxb., 58.

frutescens F.M. Bailey, 81.

fruticosa Roxb., 58.

fulva Elmer, 59.

fulva Kunth et Bouch., 26.

fulva Reinw. ex BI., 46, 49.

A al a ot

. chrysocarpa Koord., 46.

. contracta O.K., 46.

. minor King, 46.

. orbicularis Miq.. 46.

. rubinervia Hassk., 46.

. timorensis Corner, 46.

fulvopilosa Summerh., 72.

+ funiculosa Corner, 81.

. fuscata Summerh., 59.

fuscipes Warb., 76.

garanbiensis Hayata, 40.

garciae Elmer, 83.

garciniaefolia Miq., 21.

gasparriniana Miq., 41.

v. esquirolii (Lévl. et Vant.) Corner,

laceratifolia (Lévl. et Vant.)

Corner, 42.

v. viridescens (Lévl. et Vant.)

Corner, 42.

gazellae Engl., 80.

gelderi Miq., 20.

gemella Wall., ex Miq., 39.

geminifolia Miq., 92.

geniculata Kurz, 9.

v. abnormalis Kurz, 7.

geocarpa Teysm., ex Migq., 91.

v. uncinata King, 91.

geocharis Corner, 92.

gerontocarpa Warb., 47, 98.

gibbosa Bl., 74.

. cuneata (Bl.) Migq., 74.

. cuspidifera (Miq.) King, 75,

. dodonaeifolia Migq., 74.

. latifolia Miq.. 74. __

. parasitica (Willd.) King, 75.

. Pygmaea Migq., 75.

rigida Miq., 75.

. rigida (Bl.) Val., 75. _

. tuberculata (Roxb.) King, 75.

. unigibba Migq., 74.

gibbsiae Ridley, 49.

gigantifolia Merr., 31.

gilapong Miq., 91.

glabella B1., 9.

v. affinis (Wall. ex Kurz) King, 8.

v. concinna (Miq.) King, 8.

v. grandifolia Miq., 9.

v. nesophila (Miq.) Laut K.

Schum., 9.

v. papuana King, 8.

v. tongkinensis Drake, 7.

glaberrima BI., 17.

v. bracteata Corner, 17.

_v. slamensis Corner, 17.

glabra Griff., 95.

glandifera Summerh., 25.

v. brachysyce Corner, 25.

glandulifera (Wall. ex Miq.) King, 47.

v. camiguinensis (Merr.) Corner, 47.

v. villosa Corner, 47.

glareosa Elmer, 44.

v. obpandurifolia Sata, 44.

v. oblanceolata Sata, 44.

globosa BI., 12.

v. manok (Miq.) King, 12.

glochidiifolia Hayata, 83.

glomerata Blanco, 63.

glomerata Roxb., 34.

v. chittagonga King, 35.

v. elongata King, 35.

v. miquelii King, 35.

v. mollis (Miq.) King, 35.

godeffroyi Warb., 72.

v. hygrophilla (Rechinger)

Summerh., 72.

gonia B. Ham., 13.

goniophylla Corner, 68.

goolereea Roxb., 89.

gossypina Wall. ex Migq., 44.

f. integrifolia Miq., 44.

f. lobata Migq., 44.

gracilipes F.M. Bailey, 7.

ts a eS Se SS Se

174

Gardens Bulletin, S.

gracilis Kurz., 55.

gracillima Diels, 76.

graeffei Warb., 76.

granatum Forst. f., 33.

v. minor Corner, 33.

grandidens Merr., 93.

grandiflora Corner, 60.

grandifolia Wall. ex Miq., 77.

grandis King, 87.

gratiosa Corner, 30.

v. caudata Corner, 30.

greenwoodii Summerh., 72.

gressittii Merr., 41.

grewiaefolia Bl., 78.

v. angustata Miq., 78.

v. anonaefolia Miq., 78.

v. brevipes Miq., 78.

v. hypsophila Migq., 78.

v. remblas Miq., 78.

grewiaefolia Kunth et Bouch., 73.

griffithii Miq., 85.

griseifolia Corner, 65.

grossivenis Migq., 55.

grossularioides Burm. f., 44.

f. assamica O.K. 73.

v. kingii O.K., 44.

v. robusta Corner, 44.

v. stenoloba Corner, 44.

v. subpanduriformis (Miq.) O.K.,

gryllus Corner, 70.

gul Laut. et K. Schum., 63.

v. eubracteata Corner, 64.

v. lasiocarpa Corner, 64.

v. solomonensis Corner, 64.

guttata (Wight) King, 53.

guyeri Elmer, 67.

v. minimifolia Sata, 67, 69.

v. sibuyanensis (Elmer) Corner, 67.

v. validicaudata (Merr.) Sata, 69.

gymnorygma Summerh., 62.

habrophylla Benn. ex Seem., 33.

hadroneura Diels, 32.

haematocarpa BI. ex Decne., 21.

haenkei Warb., 36.

hahliana Diels, 87.

haggeri Merr., 68.

hainanensis Merr. et Chun, 82.

hallieri Merr. ex Elmer, 12.

halmaherae Corner, 46.

hanceana Maxim., 52.

hapalophylla Kurz, 62.

harlandi Benth., 93.

v. grandifolia Sata, 99.

v. kotoensis (Hayata) Sata, 89.

harmandii Gagnep., 48.

harveyi Seem., 84.

hasskarlii Merr., 47.

hauili Blanco, 92.

hayatae Sata, 95.

hederacea Roxb., 58.

hederifolia Lévl., 52.

Vol. XXI (1965).

hemicardia Metr., 67.

v. curvata Sata, 67.

v. grandifolia Sata, 67.

hemsleyana King, 79.

henneana Migq., 7.

henrici King, 35.

henryi Warb., 36.

henschelii Merr, 47.

hesperidiiformis King, 28.

v. myrmekiocarpa (Summerh.)

Corner, 28.

heteromeka Corner, 28.

heteromorpha Hemsley, 41, 52.

heterophylla Linn. f., 73.

v. assamica (Miq.) Corner, 73.

v. elongata Migq., 73.

v. repens (Willd.) King, 73.

v. scabrella (Roxb.) King, 73.

heteropleura BI., 77.

Vv, -nirta Comer, 77.

v. mindanaensis (Warb.) Corner, 77.

heteropoda Migq., 65.

heteroselis Bur., 32.

heterostyla Merr., 90.

hibiscifolia Champ. ex Benth., 45.

hiiranensis Hayata, 47.

hillii F.M. Bailey, 33.

hirsuta Roxb., 46.

hirsuta Wall. ex Migq., 56.

hirta Roxb., 46.

hirta Vahlx, 45.

. appressa Corner, 45.

. brevipila Corner, 45.

. dumosa (King) Corner, 45.

. hibiscifolia (Champ. ex Benth.)

Chun, 45.

imberbis Gagnep., 46.

. integrifolia Migq., 45.

malayana Corner, 46.

. normalis O.K., 45. ;

. palmatiloba (Merr.) Chun, 45.

roxburghiana Cowan et Cowan,

46.

v. roxburghii (Miq.) King, 46.

v. setosa (Bl.) Migq., 45.

Vv. squamosa Corner, 46.

<<<

t4n845

. triloba (B. Ham.) O.K., 46.

. typica Barrett, 45.

hirtaeformis Lévl. et Vant., 95.

hispida Linn. f., 89.

f. borneensis Miq., 89.

f. minor Mig., 89.

f. obovifolia Hochr., 89.

v. badiostrigosa Corner, 90.

v. hastata Blanco, 66.

v. incana O.K.., 89.

v. linearis Blanco, 66.

v. odorata Blanco, 69.

v. rubra Corner, 90.

v. viridis O.K.. 89.

hispidioides S. Moore, 90

v. flarescens Corner, 90.

* Vv. succosa Corner, 90.

hispidissima Wight ex Migq., 74.

hispidulosa Elmer, 77.

hollrungii Laut. et K. Schum., 55.

hololampra Diels, 68.

» hombroniana Corner, 30.

175

hookeriana Corner, 10.

hookeri Migq., 10.

howii Merr. et Chun, 50.

huegelii Kunth et Bouch., 25.

humilis Roxb., 64.

hunteri Miq., 44.

hygrophila Rechinger, 72.

hylobia Diels, 81.

hylophila Laut. et K. Schum., 94.

hypobrunnea Corner, 54.

hypogaea King, 91.

hypoglauca Laut et K. Schum., 87, 98.

hypoleucogramma Lévl. et Vant., 10.

hypophaea Schlecht. ex Diels, 60.

hypophaeola Corner, 60.

hypsophila Miq., 78.

v. angustata Miq., 78.

hystricicarpa Warb., 65.

ihuensis Summerh., 30.

iidaiana Wilson, 37.

ilangoides Elmer, 83.

imberbis (Elmer) Sata, 40.

v. basiacuta Sata, 40.

imbricata Corner, 69.

v. subcordata Corner, 70.

impressa Champ. ex Bent.; 51.

inaequibracteata Warb., 10.

inaequifolia Elmer, 75.

inaequilatera Ridley, 73.

inaequipetiolata Merr., 49.

incompta Diels, 82.

inconstans Miq., 64.

inconstantissima Miq., 98.

indecora A. Cunn. ex Migq., 71.

indica Heyne ex Roth, 22.

indica Linn., 14.

v. gelderi (Miq.) King, 20.

v. sundaica (Bl.) Miq., 18.

v. trichocalyx (Val.) Back., 18.

indica sensu King et al., 11, 18.

indigofera Rechinger, 84.

infectoria (Miq.) Miq., 9.

. aegeirophylla Miq., 9.

. cunninghamii (Miqg.) Domin, 9.

. caulocarpa (Miq.) King, 10.

. fraseri (Miq.) Domin, 9.

. lambertiana (Miq.) King, 9.

. psychotriaefolia (Miq.) Domin, 9.

. wightiana (Miq:) King, 9.

infectoria Willd., 7, 9, 10.

v. caulocarpa (Miq.) King, 10.

v. forbesii King, 9,

infrafoliacea J.E. Sin., 9.

ingens Migq., 8.

insculpta Summerh., 54.

insignis Kurz, 8.

insularis Miq., 75.

integrifolia Elmer, 83.

intermedia Grifl., 77.

involucrata Bl., 18.

iodotricha Diels, 88.

<<<<<<<

irisana Elmer, 69.

v. validicaudata (Merr.) Corner, 69.

irosinensis Elmer, 68.

irregularis Miq., 76.

irregularis Steud., 74.

irritans Summerh., 54.

ischnopoda Midq., 42.

v. subcylindrica Corner, 43.

iteoides Miq., 76.

itoana Diels, 85.

iwahigensis Elmer, 12, 16, 98.

ixoroides Corner, 94.

jaheriana Corner, 79.

jamini Lévl. et Vant., 53.

japonica Bl., 40.

jaroensis Merr., 55.

javensis Miq., 67.

v. subcrenata Miq., 67.

johnsoni Elmer, 12.

juglandiformis King, 16.

junghuhniana Miq., 77.

kajewskii Summerh., 72.

kalingaensis Merr., 63.

kallicarpa Migq., 61.

kamelii Merr. ex Sata, 69.

karet Baill., 95.

karet (Miq.) King, 24.

katsumadai Hayata, 45.

kaukauensis Hayata, 92.

kerkhovenii Val., 15.

keyensis Laut. et K. Schum., 63.

kietana Rechinger, 84.

kinabaluensis Stapf, 37.

kingiana Hemsl., 67.

kingiana Lévl., 17, 42.

kingii F.v.M., 81.

kjelbergii Corner, 30.

klinkii Laut. et K. Schum., 76.

konishii Hayata, 83.

korthalsii Miq., 18.

v. beccariana King, 18.

koshunensis Hayata, 41.

kotoensis Hayata, 89.

koutumensis Corner, 62.

kouytchensis Lévl. et Vant., 41.

krausseana Rechinger, 65

krishnae C. DC., 14.

kurzii King, 18.

kusanoi Hayata, 66.

kwangtungensis Merr., 51.

laccifera Blanco, 92.

laccifera Roxb., 15.

laceratifolia Lévl. et Vant., 42.

lachnocarpa Warb., 82.

lachnocaula Migq., 27.

lacor B. Ham., 8.

v. cunninghamii (Miq.) Barrett, 9.

v. lambertiana (Miq.) Barrett, 9.

lacrymans Lévl., 51.

176

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

laeta Decne, 74.

laevicarpa Elmer, 89.

laevigata Blanco, 82.

laevis BI., 53.

. assamica Migq., 53.

. cordata. Miq., 53.

. dasyphylla (Miq.) King, 53.

. Macrocarpa (Miq.) Corner, 53.

. oblongata Migq., 53.

. tomentosa King, 53.

laevis Desf., 26.

lageniformis Lévl. et Vant., 43.

lagunensis Merr., 55.

lamaoensis Merr., 15.

lambertiana Migq., 9.

laminosa Hardw., 85.

lamponga Mig., 47.

v. chartacea Kurz, 47.

lamprophylla Laut. et Schum., 65.

lanata BI., 57.

v. foveolata Corner, 57.

lancea Mig., 78.

lanceolata B. Ham. ex Roxb., 35.

lancibracteata Corner, 84.

lancifolia Miq., 78.

landonii Symington, 38.

langbianensis Gagnep., 39, 42.

langkokensis Drake, 48.

lanoensis Merr. ex Sata, 55.

lasiocarpa Migq., 77.

lasiophlebia Miq., 77.

lasiophylla Link, 14.

latifolia Oken, 15.

latimarginata Corner, 91.

latsoni Elmer, 82.

laurentina Diels, 55.

laus-esquirolii Lévl., 45.

lawesii King, 17.

laxiramea Elmer, 95.

leekensis Drake, 41.

leichhardtii Miq., 27.

v. angustata Miq., 27.

leiocarpa (Bur.) Warb., 33.

lepicarpa BI., 90.

v. bunjeng Solms Laub., 90.

v. brevibracteata Corner, 90.

v. pedunculata Corner, 90.

v. suluensis Corner, 90.

lepidosa Wall. ex Kurz, 47.

v. martabanica King, 47.

leptocalama Corner, 79.

leptocarpa Steud., 56.

. adhaerens Migq., 55.

. borneensis Migq., 55.

. crassa Migq., 55.

. oligosperma Mig., 55.

. subglabra Migq., 55.

. timorensis Miq., 55.

leptoclada Benth., 68.

leptodictya Diels, 68.

leptogramma Corner, 73.

leptorhachis S. Moore, 33.

leptorhyncha Val., 73.

letaqui Lévl. et Vant., 89.

q<<ed

“q<sa<<d<<

Vol. XXI (1965).

leucantotoma Poir., 92.

leucocarpa Migq., 35.

leucocoma Miq., 44.

leucodermis Hand. Mazz., 51.

v. saxicola Hand. Mazz., 51.

leucopleura B1., 92.

leucoptera Migq., 44.

v validior Migq., 44.

leucosticta Spreng., 92.

leucotoma Roem. et Schult., 92.

leucotricha Miq., 26.

v. megacarpa Corner, 26.

v. sessilis Corner, 26.

leucoxylon Migq., 79.

lima Royen, 89.

lima K. Schum., 68.

linearifolia Elmer, 86.

lineari-pseudopalma Sata, 66.

linearis Mertr., 93.

litseifolia Corner, 48.

littoralis Bl., 22.

lobata Hunter ex Ridley, 44.

lobbii Migq., 78.

longecluspidata Warb., 72.

longepedata Lévl. et Vant., 52.

longespathulata Sata, 29.

v. elongatospathulata Sata, 29.

v. grandifolia Sata, 29.

longibracteata Corner, 86.

v. lebetoides Corner, 86.

longepedunculata (Merr.) Elmer, 12.

longipedunculata Rechinger, 65.

longipes Griff., 58.

longipes Warb., 33.

lowii King, 18.

v. borneensis Corner, 18.

v. minor Corner, 18.

lucbanensis Elmer, 93.

lucescens Bl., 35.

ludens Wall, 58.

luducca Roxb., 52.

lutescens Desf., 37.

luzonensis Mertr., 39.

v. imberbis Elm., 40.

macilenta King. 49.

v. gibbsiae (Ridley) Corner, 49.

v. ilicifolia Corner, 49.

maclellandi King, 19.

v. rhododendrifolia Corner, 19.

macrocalyx Migq., 18.

macrocarpa BI., 61.

macrocarpa Hueg. ex Kunth et

Bouch., 25.

macrocarpa (Wight) King, 53.

macrocarpa Lévl. et Vant., 82.

macrophylla Desf., 25.

f. minor Migq., 25.

v. pubescens F.M. Bailey, 25.

v. stenophylla Domin, 25.

macrophylla Roxb., 82.

macropoda Kurz, 64.

177

macropoda Mig., 40.

macropodocarpa Lévl. et Vant., 42.

macrorrhyncha Laut. et K. Schum., 68.

macrostyla Corner, 85.

macrothyrsa Corner, 94.

madhucifolia Corner, 32.

madurensis Miq., 64.

v. angustifolia Corner, 64.

mafuluensis Summerh.. 28.

magallanensis Elmer, 12.

magnifica Elmer, 75.

magnifolia F.v.M., 65.

magnoliaefolia Bl., 31.

magnolioides Borzi, 25.

v. macrophylla Borzi, 25.

maialis Guillaum., 33.

mairei Lévl., 41, 52.

malabarica Migq., 98.

malaica Hunter ex Ridley, 90.

mallotoides Val. ex Back., 29.

malunuensis Warb., 29.

mangiferifolia Griff., 18.

mangiferifolia Laut. et K. Schum., 32.

manilensis Warb.. 63.

v. lata Sata, 63.

v. obovata Sata, 63.

manok Miq., 12.

mappan Migq., 44.

maquilingensis Elmer, 89.

marchandii Lévl., 98.

mareensis Warb., 71.

mariannensis Merr., 10.

marquesensis F. Brown, 10.

martini Lévl. et Vant., 51.

maruyamensis Hayata, 41.

masoni Horne ex Baker, 72.

mearnsii Merr., 40.

megacarpa Merr., 61.

v. angustifolia Sata, 61.

subv. leptocrassiusculifolia Sata, 61.

subv. tenuilongifolia Sata, 61.

v. rotundifolia Sata, 61.

subyv. rotundicrassiusculifolia Sata,

61.

subv. rotunditenuifolia Sata, 61.

megaleia Corner, 91.

v. multinervia Corner, 91.

v. subuncinata Corner, 91.

megalophylla Diels, 79.

meiocarpa Diels, 57.

melinocarpa BI., 68.

f. glabrior Miq., 68.

v. hololampra (Diels) Corner, 68.

menabeensis H. Per., 10.

menadena Miq., 88.

merrillii Elmer, 85.

merrittii Merr., 88. 95.

mespiloides King, 55.

michelii Lévl., 74.

micracantha Migq., 71.

“>

microcarpa Linn. f., 22.

f. pubescens Corner, 23.

. eubracteata Corner, 23.

. hillii (Bailey) Corner, 23.

. latifolia (Miq.) Corner, 23.

. nhaumanni (Engl.) Corner, 23.

. rigo (F.M. Bailey) Corner, 23.

. saffordii (Merr.) Corner, 23.

microdictya Diels, 85.

microsphaera Warb., 78.

micrestoma Wall. ex King, 20.

microsyce Ridley (1924), 21.

microsyce Ridley (1926), 78.

microtricherinos Back., 29.

microtus Migq., 78.

v. borneensis Miq., 78.

v. lanceolata Miq., 78.

v. parvifolia Miq., 78.

v. tondana Miq., 78.

midotis Corner, 79.

millesii Miq., 39.

milletii Miq., 39.

millingtonifolia Griff., 93, 95.

<<44 <4 <<

minahassae (Teysm. et Vr.) Miq., 63.

mindanaensis Warb., 77.

mindorensis Metr., 86.

miquelii King, 86.

mirabilis Merr., 87.

miyagii Koidz., 89.

moderata Corner, 89.

modesta Miq., 31.

v. longifolia Miq., 31.

mollior F.v.M. ex Benth., 80.

v. pseudocovellia Corner, 80.

v. sessilis Corner, 80.

f. riparia Corner, 80.

mollis Miq., 35.

v. albipila Miq., 29.

mollis Spreng., 13.

mollis Vahl, 14.

mollis Willd., 89.

mollissima Ridley, 46.

montana Burm f., 64.

v. purpurascens (Bl.) Corner, 64.

monticola Miq., 9.

mooniana King, 11.

moorei Seem., 33.

morifolia Forsk., 36.

morifolia Vahl, 73.

moseleyana King, 40.

motleyana Migq., 38.

mourilyanensis F.M. Bailey, 95.

muelleri Miq., 27.

multiramea Elmer, 66.

multistipularis Merr., 89.

muntia Link, 71.

muriculata Miq.. 65.2 = feta Stud.

mutabilis Bur., D2:

Vv. coriacea Bur. a.

Vv. membranacea mur: 32;

v. parvifolia Bur., 32.

myriocarpa Migq., 63.

myrmekiocarpa Summerh., 28.

Gardens Bulletin, S-

mysorensis Heyne, 13.

v. dasycarpa (Miq.) Barrett, 13.

f. parvitolia Migq., 1

v. pubescens Roth, 13.

v. subrepanda King, 13.

nagayamai Yamamotu. 52.

nasuta Summerh., 59.

v. glabrata Corner, 59.

naumanni Engl., 23.

neglecta Bl., ex Decne, 21.

nemoralis Wall. ex Migq., 39.

v. fieldingii (Miq.) King, 39.

v. gemella (Wall. ex Mig.) King, 39.

v. trilepis (Miq.) King, 39.

neobritannica Corner, 87.

neo-ebudarum Summerh., 74.

neoesquirolii Lévl., 45,

nepalensis Blanco, 21.

nepalensis Spreng., 95.

nerlifolia J.E. Sm., 39.

v. fieldingii (Miq.) Corner, 39.

v. nemoralis (Mig.) Corner, 39.

v. trilepis (Mig.) Corner, 39.

nerium Lévl. et Vant., 42.

nervosa Haenke ex Borzi, 25.

nervosa Heyne ex Roth, 31.

f. apoesis (Elmer) Sata, 31.

f. lanceolata Sata, 31.

v. longifolia Sata, 31.

v. minor King, 31.

nesophila (Miq.) F.v.M., 9.

nesophila Miq., 9.

nhatrangensis Gagnep., 42.

nigrescens King, 43.

nipponica Fr. et Sav., 52.

nishimurae Koidz., 43.

nitentifolia S. Moore, 9.

nitida Heyne ex Roth, 21.

nitida Thunb., 21, 22.°

nitidifolia Bur., 33.

nivea BI., 44.

nodosa Teysm. et Binn., 83.

nota (Blanco) Merr., 88.

novae-hannoverae Engl., 81.

noyogfineensis Corner, 12.

nubigena Diels, 65.

nuda Miq., 21.

v. macrocarpa Kurz., 18.

nugentii Domin, 53.

nuruensis Warb., 80.

obliqua Forst. f., 26.

v. petiolaris (Benth.) Corner, 27.

v. puberula (Benth.) Corner, 27.

obliqua Migq., 68.

oblongifolia Don, 96.

obovata Griff., 96.

obpyramidata King, 88.

Bo gy > gee eee ee, 1 ee ee i

Vol. XXI (1965).

obscura BI., 78. pachystemon Warb., 32.

v. angustata (Miq.) Corner, 78. 5 pachysycia Diels ex Corner, 30.

v. borneensis (Mig.) Corner, 78. pachythyrsa Diels, 87.

v. glabrior Miq.. 78. Pacificia Elmer, 16.

v. kunstleri (King) Corner, 78. padana Burm. f., 44.

v. leucoxylon Migq., 79. palaquiifolia Corner, 24.

v. scaberrima (Bl.) Miq., 79. palawanensis Merr., 16.

v. serrata Miq., 78. ee o ’

palmae-covelliae Sata, 89.

maine saree 59. palmata Forsk., 36, 98.

vy. genuina Val., 59. prtugear® Ser 44. Be

v. piperifolia (Miq.) Val., 59. ee es

palmifolia Usteri, 36.

paloensis Elmer, 47.

paludosa Perr., 92.

obtusidens Miq., 76.

obtusifolia Roxb., 22.

ochobiensis Hayata, 89. palustris Laut. et K. Schum., 94.

ochrochlora Ridley, 80. pancheriana Bur., 34.

odoardi King, 54 pandurata Hance, 42.

v. glabrata ‘Corner, 54. pantoniana King, 53.

odorata Merr., 69 v. colobocarpa Diels ex Corner, 53.

v. rhytidophloea Corner, 53.

oldhami Hance, 92. papuana Corner, 87.

oleaefolia King, 38. papyrifera Griff., 21.

y. dodonaeiformis (Gagnep.) paracamptophylla Corner, 17.

Corner, 38. paradoxa Bl., 74.

vy. epiphytica (Elmer) Corner, 38. paramorpha Corner, 49

v. major King, 50. parasitica Willd., 75.

v. memecylifolia Corner, 38. paracelli Veitch, 71.

Vv. myrsinoides Corner, 38. parietalis Bl., 77.

vy. riparia Corner, 38. v. angustifolia Miq., 77.

oleracea Corner, 69. v. hirsutissima Mertr., 77.

Vv. se a Corner, 69. . 2 stad aed ts a

v. rufipila Miq., 77.

oligodon Miq., 82. v. tabing Migq., 77.

oligoneura Migq., 38. ; Taos

oligosperma Migq., 55. parkinsoni Hiern, 7.

olivacea Elmer, 85. parvibracteata Corner, 86.

onusta Wall. ex Migq., 12, 98. Pde mre ees

parvifolia Oken, 21.

patellata Corner, 24.

patellifera Warb., 16.

opposita Miq.. 70.

vy. indecora (A. Cunn. ex Miq.)

Corner, 71. : patens Ridley, 16.- +b

_y. micracantha (Migq.) Corner, 71. paucinervia Merr., 83.

oppositifolia Roxb., 89. pauper King, 81.

opulens Hort., 24. payapa Blanco, 13. |

orbicularis A. Cunn. ex Migq., 71. peabodyi Elmer, 89. - phe ToL ee

oreadum S. Moore, 33. pedunculosa Mig., 39. “f° 1S

oreophila Ridley, 48. v. confertifolia (Merr.) Corner, 40.

orthoneura Lévl. et Vant., 10. v. imberbis (Elm.) Corner, 40.

otariophylla Diels, 76. _ v. macropoda (Miq.) Corner, 40.

otophora Corner et Guillaum., 33. v. mearnsii (Merr.) Corner, 40.

ees 4 v. segaarensis (Engl.) Corner, 40.

parte igaeee i it v. velutina Corner, 40.

ovalifolia Ridley, 63.

ovata Don, 95. peepul Griff., 6.

tacuta Corner, 57 pellucidopunctata Griff., 20.

ovatac ys

peltata Bl., 98.

ovoidea Jack, 37.

v. lutescens (Desf.) O.K., 37. pendens Corner, 57.

Vv. appressa Corner, 57.

oxymitroides Corner, 54.

¢ pendula Link, 21.

v. brevipes Corner, 54. peninsula Elmer, 60.

oxyphylla Miq., 52. peninsularis Elmer=peninsula Elm.

. peracuta (Miq.) King, 20.

pachyphylla King, 20. pereng Steud., 75.

pachyphylla Merr., 22. perfulva Elmer, 59.

pachyrrhachis Laut. et K. Schum., 87. perinteregam Pennant, 89.

» v. porrecta Corner, 87. pernitida Diels, 57.

179

pervia Miq,., 75.

petelotii Merr., 42.

petitiana A. Rich., 36.

petrophila Hassk., 6.

petrotica Diels, 63.

phaeobullata Corner, 59.

phaeopoda Miq., 59.

phaeosyce Laut. et K. Schum., 64.

phanrangensis Gagnep., 16.

phatnophylla Diels, 567,

v. glochidioides an ees 5;

v. meiocarpa (Diels) Corner, 57.

philippense Bonard, 92.

philippinensis Migq., 75.

f. magnifica (Elmer) Sata, 75.

f. obovata Sata, 75.

f. setibracteata (Elmer) Sata, 75.

v. sessilis Bur., 76.

phlebophylla Miq., 77.

pierrei Gagnep., 19.

pilhasi J. E. Sm., 9.

pilosa Reinw. ex Bl., 13.

v. chrysocoma (Bl.) King, 13.

pinfaensis Lévl. et Vant., 41.

pinkiana F.v.M., 75.

piperifolia Miq., 59.

v. borneensis Miq., 59.

pisifera Wall. ex Migq., 78.

v. microtus (Migq.) O.K., 78.

v. scaberrima (Bl.) Val., 79.

f. obscura (Bl.) Val., 78.

pisocarpa BI., 12, 20.

platycaula Miq., 59.

platypoda A. Cunn. ex Miq., pas

. angustata (Miq.) Corner, 27.

. cordata Specht, 27.

. minor Benth., 27.

. mollis Benth., 27.

. petiolaris Benth., 25, 27.

. subacuminata Benth., 27.

platysycia Diels, 87.

pleiadenia Diels, 59.

pleioclada Diels, 81.

pleurocarpa F.v.M., 28.

pleyteana Corner, 94.

poilanei Gagnep., 89.

politoria Lour., 73.

Dolitoria Moon, 74.

polyantha Warb., 30.

polycarpa Roxb., 65. aula

v. latifolia Mig., 64. A.

polygramma Corner, 24.

polysyce Ridley, 82, 98.

pomifera Kurz, 61.

pomifera Wall. ex King, 82.

populiformis Schott ex Miq., 11.

populnea Decne., 6.

populnea Kunth et Bouch., 11.

porphyrochaete Corner, 63.

porteana Regel, 29.

=< <<< <.<

. lachnocaula (Miq.) Benth., 27.

180

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

porteri Lévl. et Vant., 45.

portus-finschii Warb., 65.

potingensis Merr. et Chun, 48.

praestans Corner, 86.

praetermissa Corner, 73.

prasinicarpa Elmer, 8.

primaria Corner, 66.

pritchardii Seem., 34.

pritzelii Warb., 7.

procera Reinw. ex BL, 16.

v. crassiramea (Miq.) King, 16.

producta Merr.. 66.

profusa Corner, 87.

prolixa Forst. f., 10.

v. carolinensis (Warb.) Fosb., 9.

v. saffordii (Merr.) Fosb., 23.

v. subcordata Corner, 10.

prolixa Vieill. et Deplanche, 23.

prolixoides Warb., 10.

prominens Wall. ex Miq., 89.

propinqua Merr., 55.

prostrata Wall. ex Miq., 63.

proteus Bur., 71.

v. deutata Bur.. 71

v. lobata Bur., 71.

pruniformis Bl., 12.

pseudo-acamptophylla Val., 18.

pseudobenjaminea Migq., 11.

pseudobotryoides Lévl. et Vant., 75.

pseudocarica Migq., 36.

pseudojaca Corner, 32.

pseudomangiferifolia Guillaum., 33.

pseudopalma Blanco, 36.

pseudopyriformis Lévl. et Vant., 40.

41.

pseudoreligiosa Lévl., 8.

pseudoribes Koord., 85.

pseudorubra Migq., 18, 20.

pseudosycomorus Decne., 36.

pseudotsiela Miq., 11.

psychotriifolia Migq., 9.

pteleaephylla S. Moore, 68.

puberula Miq., 27.

pubescens Heyne ex Hoth, 14.

pubigera Wall. ex Migq.. 50.

v. anserina Corner, 50.

v. maliformis (King) Corner, 50.

pubilimba Merr., 15.

v. ovata Corner, 15.

pubinervis Bl., 31.

f. crassitora (Elmer) Sata, 31.

f. sibulanensis (Elmer) Sata, 31.

v. diandra Corner, 31. °

v. sibulanensis (Elmer) Corner, 31.

v. teysmanni King, 31.

pulchra Wall., 98.

pumila Linn., 52.

v. awkeotsang (Makino) Corner, 52.

v. lutchuensis Koidz., 52.

pumila Thunb., 40.

punctata Thunb.. 61.

Vol. XXI (1965).

puncticulata Merr., 96.

punctulata Thunb. = punctata Thunb.

punctulosa Warb., 32.

pungens Reinw. ex BI., 63.

purpurascens B1., 64.

purpurascens Desf., 64.

pustulata Elmer, 43.

v. lanceifolia (Sata) Corner, 43.

v. lobulata Sata, 43.

v. obovata Sata, 43.

pycnoneura Laut. et K. Schum., 82.

pyrifolia Burm. f., 99.

pyrifolia (Miq.) Boerl., 18.

pyrifolia Salisb., 21.

pyriformis Hook. et Arn., 39.

. abelii (Miq.) King, 43.

. angustifolia Ridley, 42.

. brevifolia Gagnep., 39.

. ischnopoda (Miq.) King, 42.

. rivularis Gagnep., 43.

G4 4 St eS

pyrrhocarpa Kurz, 85.

pyrrhopoda Miq., 59.

quangtriensis Gagnep., 46.

quercetorum Corner, 68.

quercifolia Bl., 76.

quercifolia Roxb., 64.

v. humilis (Roxb.) King.

v. inconstans (Miq.) Ridley, 64.

racemifera Roxb., 82.

racemigera Bur., 33.

racemosa Linn., 34.

v. elongata (King) Barrett, 35.

v. mollis (King) Barrett, 35.

v. miqueii (King) Corner, 35.

v. vesca (F.v.M.) Barrett, 34.

radiata Decne, 92.

radicans Desf., 55.

radicans Hort., 55.

radicans Roxb., 77.

f. brevifolia Migq., 77.

v. abnormis Kurz, 96.

v. angulosa Miq., 76.

radula Banks ex Hiern, 70.

ralumensis K. Schum, 99.

ramae-varmae Bourd., 12.

ramentacea Roxb., 55.

v. adhaerens (Miq.) King, 55.

v. urnigera (Miq.) Back., 55.

ramosii Merr. ex Sata, 55.

rapiformis Roxb., 92.

raridens Miq., 76.

rarotongensis Summerh. (1931) nom.

nud,

reclinata Desf., 21.

rectinervia Merr., 39.

recurva Bl., 56.

. parvifolia Miq., 56.

. glabrior Miq., 56.

. bridelioides Corner, 56.

. elegantior Corner, 56.

. lasiocarpa Corner, 56.

. pedicellata Corner, 56.

dd < < < eRe

56.

v. urnigera (Miq.) King, 55.

. subpyriformis (Miq.) King, 43.

. ribesioides (Wall. ex Mig.) King,

181

regia Miq., 82.

regnans Diels, 23.

reineckei Warb., 71.

reinwardtii Link et Otto, 45.

religiosa Linn., 6.

v. cordata Migq., 6.

v. rhynechophylla Miq., 6.

v. 8 Lamk., 11.

remblas Migq., 78.

renitens Miq., 30.

repandifolia Elmer, 93.

repens Hort., 52.

repens Roxb., 73.

repens Willd., 73.

v. assamica Migq., 73.

reticulata Miq.., 50.

reticulata Thunb., 74.

reticulatissima §S., Moore, 65.

reticulosa Migq., 74.

retusa Linn., 20.

. borneensis Corner, 20.

. macrocarpa Kurz, 96.

. nitida (Thunb.) Migq., 21.

. parvifolia Miq., 22.

. pubescens Migq., 23.

. ovoidea (Jack) Migq., 37.

. papuana Biels, 24.

. pisifera Miq., 22.

rigo (Bailey) Diels, 23.

retusa auct., 20,22.

retusiformis Lévl. et Vant., 22.

<< << phee< <<

rhizophoraephylla King, 25.

rhodocarpa Summerh., 65.

rhododendrifolia Miq., 19.

rhomboidalis Lévl. et Vant., 75.

rhomboidalis Lévl., 42.

rhomboidalis Vahl, 75.

rhopalosycia Diels, 61.

rhynchophylla Steud., 6.

ribes Reinw. ex BI., 85.

v. cuneata (Miq.) Corner, 85.

f. stenophylla Corner, 85.

v. serraria (Miq.) Corner, 85

ribesioides Wall. ex Miq., 56.

riedelii Teysm. ex Miq., 67.

v. minor Corner, 67.

rigescens Migq., 55.

rigida Bl., 75.

rigida Jack, 96.

rigida (Miq.) Miq.. 17.

v. trichocalyx Val.,. 18.

rigidifolia Bur., 33.

rigo F.M. Bailey, 23.

riparia Hochst. ex Migq., 35.

rivularis Merr., 35.

robusta Corner, 83.

rostrata Lamk., 76.

v. radicans Hort., 55.

v. urophylla (Wall. ex Mig.) Val.,

The

rotundifolia Roxb., 82.

rowelliana King, 96.

roxburghii Mig. (1848), 46.

roxburghii Wall. ex Mig. (1867), 82.

rubescens Bl., 18.

rubifolia Griff., 73.

rubiginosa Desf., 26.

v. glabrescens F.M. Bailey, 26.

v. variegata Guilfoyle, 26.

rubra Roth, 22.

rubricaulis Decne, 67.

rubrocarpa Elmer, 55.

rubrocuspidata Corner, 79.

rubromidotis Corner, 79.

rubrovenia Merr., 93.

rudis Miq., 63.

v. arborea Elmer, 63.

rufescenens Vahl, 73.

ruficaulis Merr., 47.

f. paloensis (Elmer) Sata, 47.

v. paloensis Elmer, 47.

rufipes Lévl. et Vant., 52.

rufipila Miq., 77.

ruginervia Corner, 61.

rumphii Bl., 11.

rupestris Bl., 96.

rupestris B. Ham., 13.

saccata Corner, 79.

saemocarpa Migq., 85.

saffordii Mertr., 23.

sageretina Diels, 54.

sagittata Vahl, 55.

v. adhaerens (Miq.) Corner, 55.

v. minor Corner, 55.

v. oligosperma (Miq.) Corner, 55.

salicifolia Miq., 76.

salicina F.v.M., 71.

salix Lévl. et Vant., 99.

salomonensis Rechinger, 84.

samarensis Merr., 56.

sambucixylon Lévl., 89.

samoensis Summerh., 72.

sanguinervium Hort., 33.

sanhday Gagnep., 76.

sapotaefolia Kunth et Bouch., 26.

sargentii Merr., 96.

sarmentosa B. Ham. ex J.E. Sm., 50.

v. duclouxii (Lévl. et Vant.) Corner,

a1.

v. henryi (King ex Oliver) Corner,

v. impressa (Champ. ex Benth.)

Corner, 51.

. lacrymans (Lévl.) Corner, 51.

. luducca (Roxb.) Corner, 52.

. sessilis Corner, 52.

. nipponica (Fr. et Sav.) Corner,

<r <

Vv. thunbergii (Maxim.) Corner, 52.

satterthwaitei Elmer, 88.

saurauioides Diels, 91.

saxatilis Bl., 76.

saxatilis Miq., 78.

saxicola Summerh., 32.

182

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

saxophila BI., 6.

v. sublanceolata Mig., 9.

scaberrima Bl., 79.

Vv. angustata Migq., 79.

v. pisifera (Wall. ex Mig.)

Hochreut., 78.

scabra Forst. f., 71.

scabra Jacq., 89.

scabra Wild., 74.

scabrella Roxb., 73.

scabriuscula B. Ham. ex J.E. Sm., 75.

scandens B. Ham., 9.

scandens Lamk., 52.

scandens Roxb., 58.

v. australis F.M. Bailey, 53.

schefferiana King, 46.

schinzii Lévl. et Vant., 43.

schlechteri Warb., 23.

schumanniana Warb., 70.

schwarzii Koord., 89.

sclerocarpa Griff., 82.

sclerocoma Migq., 64.

sclerophylla Roxb , 75.

scleroptera Griff., 82.

scleroptera Miq., 29.

f. elongata Migq., 29.

sclerotiara Diels, 28.

scobina Benth., 71.

scortechinii King, 94.

v. lanceata Corner, 94.

scratchleyana King, 61.

v. aurantiola Corner, 61.

v. pleiotricha Diels, 62.

v. rhopalosycia (Diels) Corner, 61.

segaarensis Engl., 40.

seguini Lévl., 52.

semecarpifolia Warb., 34.

semicordata B. Ham. ex J.E. Sm., 62.

v. conglomerata (Roxb.) Corner, 62.

semicordata Migq., 69.

semicostata F.M. Bailey, 34.

semilanata Corner, 59.

semivestita Corner, 83.

senfftiana Warb., 65.

septica Burm. f., 92.

v. cauliflora Corner, 93.

v. salicifolia Corner, 93.

sericea C.B. Robinson, 14.

serpyllifolia Bl., 99.

serraria Miq., 85.

v. membranacea Migq., 87.

serrata Forsk., 74.

setibracteata Elmer, 75.

setifera Steud., 45.

setiflora Stapf, 50.

v. adelpha Corner, 50.

v. puberula Corner, 50.

setistyla Warb., 88, 89.

setistyla Warb. apud K. Schum., 87.

setosa Bl., 45.

setosa Hook. et Arn., 45.

Vol. XXI (1965).

shirleyana Domin, 27.

sibulanensis Elmer, 31.

sibuyanensis Elmer, 67.

sideroxylifolia Griff., 37.

sieboldi Mig., 41.

sikkimensis Miq., 76.

silhetensis Miq., 41.

v. annamica Gagnep., 41, 45.

simiae Winkler, 61.

similis Merr., 13.

simmondsii F.M. Bailey, 25.

simplicissima Lour., 46.

v. annamica (Gagnep.) Corner, 46.

singalana King, 61.

sinuata Thunb., 76.

v. oblonga Corner, 76.

ssp. cuspidata (Reinw. ex BI.)

Corner, 77.

sinuosa Miq., 66.

v. integrifolia Miq.. 66.

skytinodermis Summerth , 24.

smaragdina §S. Moore, 64.

smithii Horne ex Baker. 34.

v. robusta Corner, 34.

somai Hayata, 66.

sondana Mig. = tondana Migq., 78.

sonoharae Hatusima, 52.

sordida Hand. Mazz, 52.

sordidissima Elmer, 86.

soronensis King. 67.

sororia Kunth et Bouch., 26.

sorsogonensis Elmer, 86.

spanogheana Mig.. 56.

sparsifolia Merr., 66.

spathulata Migq.. 37.

spathulifolia Corner, 19.

v. annamensis Corner, 19.

v. substipitata Corner. 19.

sphaerocarpa Corner, 54.

sphaeroidea Corner.

spiralis Corner, 56.

squamellosa Miq., 25.

squamosa Roxb., 85.

stapfii Lévl., 42.

staphylosyce Ridley, 85.

stelechosyce Diels, 80.

stenocarpa F.v.M. ex Benth., 71.

stenophylla Hemsley. 42.

v. elongata Metcalf, 42.

Vv. macropodocarpa (Lévl. et Vant.)

Corner, 42.

v. eestranieenais (Gagnep.) Corner.

42.

stenorrhyncha Warb., 68.

stenothyrsus Laut. et K. Schum., 94.

stephanocarpa Warb., 71.

sterrocarpa Diels, 28.

y. pubigemma Diels, 28.

stictocarpa Migq.. 92.

stipata King, 78.

stipulata Moon, 58.

stipulata Thunb., 52.

stipulosa Miq.. 10.

stoechotricha Diels, 81.

stolonifera King, 91.

storckii Seem., 72.

v. kajewskii (Summerh.) Corner,

pea

v. pubescens Bur., 71.

strangularis Elmer, 14.

striata Roth, 21.

stricta Miq.. 21.

strigosa Bl., 56.

v. B Miq., 55.

f. longifolia Miq., 56.

stupenda Migq., 15.

v. minor Corner, 15.

subalbidoramea Elmer. 86.

subconcolor Diels, 63.

subcongesta Corner, 88.

Vv. symmetrica Corner, 88.

subcordata Bl., 21.

v. malayana Corner, 21.

subcuneata Mig., 81.

subdenticulata Miq.. 79. |

suberosa Lévl. et Vant., 9, 17.

subfulva Corner, 47.

v. villosula Corner, 47.

subgelderi Corner, 17.

v. rigida Corner, 17.

subglabra F-.v.M., 71.

subincisa B. Ham. ex J.E. Sm., 36.

v. paucidentata (Miq.) Corner, 36.

v. trachycarpa (Mig.) Corner, 36.

subinflata Warb.. 65.

subintegra (Merr.) Elm.. 69.

sublimbata Corner, 88.

subnervosa Corner, 31.

subobliqua Miq., 74.

v. latiuscula Miq., 74.

subopaca Migq.., 82.

suborbicularis Miq.. 46.

subpanduraeformis Miq.. 73.

subpedunculata Migq. (1867). 8.

subpedunculata Mig. (867) 53.

subpisocaarpa Gagnep.. 7.

subpuberula Corner, 27.

subpyriformis Miq.. 43.

subracemosa Bl.. 82.

subrepanda Wall ex King. 13.

subrigida Miq., 55.

subsidens Corner, 64.

subsubulata Miq.. 79.

subsumatrana Gagnep,, 19.

subtecta Corner, 16.

v. depressa Corner, 16.

subterranea Corner, 92.

subtrinervia Laut. et K. Schum., 32.

yv. doormaniana (Diels) Corner, 32,

subulata Bl., 76.

. driveri Sata,, 76.

. inaequifolia (Elmer) Sata, 75.

f. minima Sata, 76.

f. ovoidea Sata, 76.

eh eh

. sessilis Sata, 76.

. gracillima (Diels) Corner, 76.

v. tadjam Migq.. 78.

sulcata Elmer, 87.

sum Gagnep., 82.

sumatrana Migq., 18.

Vv. circumscissa Corner, 19.

Vv. microsyce Corner, 19.

v. subsumatrana Corner, 19.

sundaica BI., 18.

v. beccariana (King) Corner, 18.

superba Migq., 7.

v. alongensis (Gagnep.) Corner, 7.

v. henneana (Miq.) Corner, 7.

v. japonica Mig., 7.

superstitiosa Link, 6.

. supfiana Schlecht., 59.

supperforata Corner, 57.

surattensis Burm. f., 7.

suringari Carr., 83.

swinhoei King, 75.

sycomoroides Miq., 83.

sylvestrei Elm., 14.

symphytifolia Lamk., 89.

syringifolia C. Fraser ex C. Moore, 9.

tabing Miq., 77.

taeda Kunth et Bouch., 24.

tadjam Migq., 78.

taiwaniana Hayata, 43.

talboti King, 19.

tampang Miq.. 99.

tanensis G. Benn. ex Seem., 33.

tannoensis Hayata, 43.

f. angustifolia Hayata, 43.

{. rhombifolia Hayata, 43

taqueti Lévl. et Vant., 40, 41.

tarennifolia Corner, 93.

tashiroi Maxim., 67, 96.

tawaoensis Merr., 99.

tayabensis Elmer,. 55.

tenax BI., 40.

tenella Corner, 81.

tengerensis Miq., 93.

tenii Lévl., 9

tenimbrensis S. Moore, 82.

tenucicudata W.Y. Chun, 48.

tenuicuspidata Corner, 69.

v. major Corner, 69.

tenuipes S. Moore, 7.

tenuiramis Kunth et Rance! ro i

tenuistipula Merr., 10.

terasoensis Hayata, 61.

terminalifolia Elmer, 66.

terminalioides Griff., 9.

terminalis Heyne ex Roth, 9.

ternatana Migq., 94.

tetangis Migq.. 60,

184

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

teregam Pennant, 74.

teysmanniana Mig., 58.

thelostoma Warb., 81.

theophrastoides Seem.. 84.

thomsoni Mig., 17.

thorelii Gagnep.. 19.

thunbergii Maxim, $2,

thwaitesii Migq., 58.

thynneana F.M. Bailey, 23.

Vv. minor Domin, 23.

tikoua Bur., 43.

timorensis Decne, 9.

timorensis Mig., 9.

tinctoria Forst. f.. 74.

ssp. gibbosa (BI.) Corner, 74.

v. rigida (Miq.) Corner, 75.

ssp. parasitica (Willd.) Corner, y js

v. anastomosans (Wall. ex Kurz)

Corner, 75.

ssp. swinhoei (King) Corner, 75.

v. neoebudarum (Summerh.)

Fosb., 74.

tjiela Miq., 11.

todayensis Elmer, 68.

tomentosa Roxb., 14.

v. brevifolia Miq., 14.

Vv. connivens Migq., 14.

tondana Mig., 78. r

tonsa Migq., 68. { (Grad ee

' =

Vv. aspera Corner, 68.<—

v. leptodictya (Diels) Corner, 68.

v. subcordata Corner, 70.

touranensis Gagenp., 45.

toxica Thumb., 44.

toxicaria Linn., 44.

trachycarpa Migq., 36.

v. paucidentata Miq., 36.

trachycoma Mig., 60.

trachyleia Bur., 32.

v. chantiniana Bur., 32.

v. heterophylla Bur., 32, 33.

trachypison K. Schum., 68.

v. pallida Corner, 68.

travancorica King, 17.

trematocarpa Mia.., 75.

tremblas Mig. = F. remblas Mig., 78.

treubii King, 91.

trichantha Warb., 86.

trichocarpa BI., 59.

v. borneensis (Miq.) Corner, 59.

v. obtusa (Hassk.) Corner, 59.

v. piperifolia (Miq.) Corner, 59.

trichocapa Decne ex Migq., 35.

f. glabrescens Engl., 82.

trichocerasa Diels, 82.

v. glabristipula Corner, 82.

trichoneura Diels, 81.

v. lacnocarpa Diels, 81.

v. latifolia Diels, 81.

Vol. XXI (1965).

trichoneura Summerh., 81.

trichopoda Lévl., 52.

trichosphaeridia Diels, 54.

trichostyla Warb., 88.

tricolor Miq., 44.

f. pilosior Miq., 44.

v. leucocoma (Miq.) King, 44,

v. serroh Miq., 44.

tridactylites Gagnep., 46.

trilepis Miq., 39.

triloba B. Ham. ex Voigt, 46.

trimenii King ex Trim., 24.

triradiata Corner, 25.

v. sessilicarpa Corner, 25.

tristaniifolia Corner, 22.

tristipula Warb., 94.

trivia Corner, 41.

truncata Miq., 20.

truncata Vahl, 73.

trymatocarpa Miq., 75.

tryoni F.M. Bailey, 26.

tsiangii Merr. ex Corner, 62.

tsiela Roxb. ex B. Ham., 11.

tsjahela Burm. f. (tjahela, tsjakela).,

’

tuberculata Miq., 93.

tuberculata Roxb., 75.

tulipifera Corner, 62.

tunicata Corner, 88.

tuphapensis Drake, 48.

v. annamensis (Gagenp.) Corner, 48.

turbinata Ridley, 81.

turbinata Willd., 71.

tylophylla Hassk., 22.

ulmifolia Lamk., 66.

f. integra Sata, 66.

f{. sinuosa Sata, 66.

v. integrifolia Miq., 66.

umbilicata Bur., 10.

umbobracteata Elmer, 16.

umbonata Reinw. ex BI., 80.

umbrina Elmer, 21.

umbrosa Salisb., 14.

uncinata Becc., 91.

v. gracilis Corner, 91.

. parva Corner, 92.

. pilosior Corner, 92.

. strigosa Corner, 92.

. subbeccarii Corner, 92.

v. truncata Corner, 92.

uncinulata Corner, 56.

undulata B. Ham., 31.

uniauriculata Warb., 71.

uniglandulosa Wall., 79.

v. latior Miq., 79.

v. minor Migq., 79,

v. parvifolia Miq., 79.

<4<<<

upoluensis Rechinger, 72.

urdanetensis Elmer, 89.

185

urnigera Miq., 55,

urophylla Wall. ex Miq., 77.

urticifolia Roxb., 36.

vaccinioides Hemsl. ex King, 43.

vagans Roxb., 53.

Vv. pon ae (Wight) Miq., 53.

valida Bl., 12.

validicaudata Merr., 69.

validinervis F.v.M. ex Benth,, 74.

vanioti Levl., 42.

variabilis Miq., 50.

v. integrifolia Miq., 30.

variegata BI., 82.

f. paucinervia Sata, 83.

. rotundata Sata, 82.

. chlorocarpa (Benth.) King, 83.

. garciae (Elmer) Corner, 83.

. llangoides (Elmer) Corner, 83.

kondang Val., 82.

leles Val., 82.

. pilosior Mia., 82.

. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner, 83.

variolosa Lindl. ex Benth. 39, 42.

vasculosa Wall. ex Miq., 30.

v. acuminata Miq., 30.

AA A Ao ae

velascoi Merr. ex Sata, 66, 97.

venosa Ait., 92,

venusta Kunth et Bouch., 11.

verrucosa Miq., 50.

verrucosa Vahl, 92.

versicolor Bur., 32.

verticillaris Corner, 80.

v. robusta Corner, 80.

vesca F.v.M. ex Migq., 34.

vestita Desf., 52.

vidaliana Warb., 13

vieillardiana Bur,, 34.

villamilii Merr. ex Sata, 17.

villipes Migq., 56.

villosa Bl., 56.

v. appressa Corner, 56.

v. subglobosa Corner, 56.

v. tonsa Le 56.

virens Ait.,

V. baipelia. (BL) Corner, 9.

v. sublancelolata (Miq.) Corner, 9.

virescens Corner, 91.

virgata Reinw. ex BIl,, 75.

v. philippinensis (Mig.) Corner, 75.

v. sessilis (Bur.) Corner, 76.

virgata Roxb., 36.

virginea Banks et Sol. ex Hiern., 26.

viridicarpa Corner, 83.

viridifolia Merr., 79.

viscifolia Kunth et Bouch., 37.

vitellina Miq., 27.

vitiensis Seem., 84.

volkameriaefolia (Wall. ex Miq.)

Migq., 90.

volkameriifolia (Wall. ex Miq.)

Winkler, 90.

volubilis (Dalz.) King, 75.

vrieseana Migq., 87.

f. appressipilosa Corner, 87.

v. chamaecarpa (Ridley) Corner, 87.

f. obliqua Corner, 87.

warburgii Elmer, 60.

wardii C.E.C. Fischer, 39,

wassa Roxb., 65.

v. nubigena (Diels) Corner, 65.

v. Obversifolia (Miq.) Corner, 65.

watkinsiana F.M. Bailey, 25.

webbiana Miq., 33.

v. cordata Bur., 33.

weberi Merr., 89.

weinlandii K. Schum,, 99.

wenzelii Merr., 89.

v. weberi Sata, 89.

wightiana (Miq.) Benth., 9.

wightiana (Mig.) Mig., 53.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

wightiana auct., 7.

williamsii C.B. Robinson, 38.

v. epiphytica Elmer, 38.

worcesteri Merr., 66.

wrightii Benth., 51,

xanthosyce Summernh., 68.

* xanthoxyla Summerh., 82.

186

xavieri Merr., 21.

. xerophila Domin, 70.

xiphias C.E.C, Fischer, 39.

xylophylla Wall. ex Migq., 16.

xylosycia Diels, 28.

v. cylindrocarpa (Diels) Corner, 28.

yarrabensis Domin, 70.

yatesii Merr., 85.

zambalensis Elmer, 47,

zeylanica Trimen, 53.

zollingeriana Migq., 18.

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Nu ae. . THE *)

lf >

3 ARDENS BULLETIN

-SINGAPOR E

Vol. XXI, Part II 31st May, 1965

CONTENTS.

PAGE

fy _ ALLEN, BETTY MoxeswortH: Malayan Ferns Notes - - 187

Re -_Cuew, W.-L.: Laportea and Allied Genera (Urticaceae) - - 195

ess $2 _ GILLILAND, H. B.: Further Notes on the age of the Many

foe Peninsula’ If - - - 209

4 ee ccs: Report on an abnormal ovulate strobilus of Gnetum |

_ gnemon L. cr, > “ ~ 2 - eA

Munir, AHMAD AsBID: A revision of Petraeovitex (Verbenaceae) - 215

To be A aie at the Botanic Gaidens, Singapore

Price: $5

oof

OLD ARBORS

RECEN VEw

fiies n

; bidkbore 9 1965

_ PRINTED BY LIM BIAN HAN, GOVERNMENT P

. ec aR es eee (1%

Malayan Fern Notes

By BeTTy MOLESwWoRTH ALLEN

FOLLOWING are descriptions of two ferns which previously have

not been recorded for Malaya, so far as I am aware. They are from

the Cameron Highlands district of Pahang, where I spent my last

few weeks in Malaya. I concentrated on a small area which is quite

well known botanically, where I found besides these two, another

not on the Malayan list (Dryopteris hirtipes) and several very rare

species. This goes to show how important specialised field work

still is, even in places previously collected over for the above men-

tioned fern, at least, is almost surely a result of Malaya’s changing

vegetation.

BLECHNUM Linn.

B. patersoni (R. Br.) Mett. in Christ, Farnk. de Erde, 176. Ba-

sinym: Stegania patersoni R. Br. Habitat in Malaya: (a) on more

or less vertical banks of broken rock, covered thinly by earth, gro-

wing together with Thelypteris sp. (5005)* and moss; on floor of

tall moss-draped forest. Locally common at 6,200 feet (c. 2,700

metres); 4.6.63 (5005). (b) on a vertical rock face in a narrow

ravine above a rocky river; very dark wet place under tall trees.

Circa 5,800 feet (c. 1.940 metres); 6.6.63, not collected.

Both localities from the slopes of Gunong Batu Brinchang, Ca-

meron Highlands district, Pahang; in the forest above and below

the road, near the 464 mile.

It would appear that Blechnum patersonii has not previously

been collected in Malaya, which is surprising, for it seems to be

common where it does occur here, and is large enough to be easily

seen. Of course they do grow in very dark places which, especially

if the sun is obscured, are in continual twilight, and so dark green

plants merge into the gloom.

Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh (14; 1, p. 379) and Miss

Crookes (8; p. 280) do include Malaya in their distribution of this

species, but it is not in Beddome (2), nor in Holttum (9).

The following description is taken from the Malayan collection.

Rhizome short creeping, rather flat, with fronds close together, and

on large plants the old rhizome often remains on, at a different

angle from the newer one, and is beset with old stipe bases about

5-10 mm. long. Rhizome roots covered with medium-brown spread-

ing hairs. Scales on rhizome about 6 mm. long by 3 mm. wide at

base, dark brown, thick, shiny, entire and slightly bullate, evenly

tapered from a wide base to a narrow apex which has a slightly

obtuse tip.

* The numbers refer to my specimens which have been distributed to:

Singapore Herbarium, Kew, British Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Chi-

cago Nat. Hist. Museum, Arnold Arboretum, Swedish Museum Nat. Hist,

and spores to Dr. Chambers Melbourne.

187

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Fronds simple to pinnatifid, all stages seen on a mature plant;

on young plants, they are at first simple, entire, about 2.5 cm. wide

and often reaching a length of 26 cm. before a lobe is developed.

These fronds are lanceolate and tapered to a rather long, acuminate

tip, or sometimes abruptly narrowed at the tip, and slightly nar-

rowed at the base or lobe base. Margins are entire and stipes thin,

up to 9 cm. long; other juvenile fronds have from one to several

well developed lobes. New fronds are deep rose-pink and are very

thin in texture. Adult fronds have stipes which are glabrous except

at the very base where the scales are similar to those on the

rhizome, but usually paler and with a very pale base, and slightly

larger in size, to about 9 mm. long. Stipes, pinkish, drying strami-

neous or pinkish; smooth, but channelled above, to about 35 cm.

long and winged in the upper part; wing undulate about 5 mm.

wide in widest part, gradually becoming auricles which continue,

quite widely separated, to within about 7 cm. of stipe base. Sterile

fronds drooping when living, very dark green and shiny above,

paler and dull below; texture thick, brittle, almost fleshy and dry-

ing to a rather dull blackish-green above. Lamina to about 50 cm.

long often less; rachis and costae glabrous, and on the underside

costae are much paler than the lamina. Mature fronds usually

pinnatifid, widest about, or just above, the middle, and lobed to

within 4 mm. of the rachis wing; up to about 8 pairs of entire lobes

(usually less) and a similar apical one. Lobes rather lanceolate

each about 14 x 2 cm. on the large fronds, and up to 26 x 2 cm. on

the largest. Lobes slightly widest about the middle, tapered to a

narrow acuminate tip, and narrowing near the base where it is

adnate (which forms the wing to the next lobe), margins entire, pale

and narrowly curled under in dried material. Lamina wing uneven,

not more than 75 mm. wide from the basioscopic side of the lobe,

and tapering to about 2 mm. in width.

Veins fairly inconspicuous when dry and raised on the upper

side of the lamina; usually free but well developed fronds may

show slight anastomosis (as in B. fraseri, see M-Allen (13), other-

wise single or forked once or twice; forkings uneven, vein-ends

almost reaching the lobe margin but often concealed by the reflexed

edge (in young fronds which often have flat margins, the veins

show clearly ending in hydathodes). Fertile fronds much contracted

(occasionally fertile lobes on upper half of a sterile frond, or fertile

only at lobe-tips). Fronds stiffly erect and thus higher than the

sterile, with about 7-9 uneven pairs of narrow pinnae-like lobes,

and a similar apical one; largest lobes are about 18 x ‘5 cm. when

living (width less when dry). Sori acrostichoid, elongate along both

sides of the costae and covering all except this when mature; mar-

gins strongly reflexed when dry. When living, lobes are dark green

above, with the sori below, fawn-coloured; sori often continuing

along the adnate (or winged) part, and occasionally a few auricles

soriferous on the stipe nearest the lamina. Indusium linear, thin

almost membraneous, light brown, fracturing at intervals and al-

most concealed when sori is mature.

188

Vol. XXI (1965).

General distribution: From India through to the Pacific includ-

ing Australia and New Zealand.

It is interesting that another Blechnum belonging to the sub-

genus Lomaria has turned up in Malaya; this makes the third

species, for the other three belong to Blechnum proper. The Ma-

layan habitat of B. patersonii seems to be typical but the plants

a little larger than those I have seen on Mt. Kinabalu, in Borneo

at about 5,500 feet, and with fewer pairs of lobes than recorded

by Holttum (5) from this area; closer I think, to the New Zealand

plants.

In the Malayan habitat over 25 plants were growing in one area,

above and alongside a rocky stream. Fairly recently some large

trees had fallen causing a slip on the opposite side so that the

Blechnum plants were now in the sun and I was able to photo-

graph them without added light. Whether the colony will survive

now that it is in such an open place (although the ground was still

damp) remains to be seen. The plants were on a steeply sloping

bank of broken rock covered with a thin layer of humus, liver-

worts and mosses. In the loose earth was a species of Thelypteris

which Dr. Holttum suggests is near T. herbacea Holtt. At intervals

were tall moss-draped trees, and on the bank near the Blechnum

were plants typical of this kind of wet forest floor. They included

small (young) Cyathea latebrosa, Asplenium unilaterale, Tricho-

manes obscurum, Arisaema sp., Begonia pavonina, Medinella

sp., Didymocarpus possibly albinella and above, on the more

stable, less steep ground were a few fertile plants of Woodwardia

auriculata, whilst by the streamside were Athyrium amplissimum,

A. asperum, Cyclosorus ecallosis. A small waterfall nearby was

entirely clothed in many places with Asplenium unilaterale, but no

Blechnum patersonii, which was however, growing on the bank to

the left (on the opposite side of the first patch). There were about

15 plants here; these were in deep shade in wet places, and im-

mediately above, where the forest opened out somewhat and was

lighter, were many plants of Blechnum fraseri var. philippinense.

Perhaps worth noting here is that none of these was fertile, yet all

the B. patersonii had fertile fronds at all different stages. In Ma-

laya different species of an acrostichoid genus frequently become

fertile at the same time, and often only once a year, but although

I looked in the other localities I know of, I found no B. fraseri

fertile, (but have done so in August), and B. vestitum, the other

Lomaria had only very old fertile fronds.

The second area in which B. patersonii was seen, was well below

the first, but possibly where the upper rocky stream would even-

tually run, about half a mile away and fully 500 feet lower. Here

a rocky river runs through a deep ravine about 10 feet wide whose

tock walls, are almost vertical for about 50 feet. Immediately in

front of a narrow tall waterfall (which had little water otherwise

it would have been impossible to get at) on rock walls in the per-

petual gloom and constant spray, B. patersonii was very common

indeed. I counted over 40 plants, and with it, but much rarer was

189

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Monachosorum, another fern not on the Malayan list, some young

gingers, similar to Achasma sp., but little else on the bare wet

rock. Where the ravine widened and the rock became less steep,

there was more vegetation and the Blechnum became much rarer,

and the Monachosorum more common; the plant association here

is discussed under the latter fern.

It is probable that Blechnum patersonii will be found to occur

in many more places along our main range at about 5,000 to 6,500

feet in altitude, for there are many deep gorges and waterfalls

which maintain a high humidity together with a cool tempera-

ture which is apparently what this fern requires.

MONACHOSORUM Kunze Bot. Zeit. 6. 1848; 119.

M. subdigitatum (Bl.) Kuhn. in Christ, Farn. d. Erde, 76 (fig.

199). Basinym: Aspidium subdigitatum Blume; Synonyms: Poly-

podium subdigitatum Bl., Phegopteris subdigitata (Bl.) Bedd., Poly-

podium davallioides Mett., Monachosorum davallioides (Mett.)

Kunze, Anogramma davallioides (Mett.) Fée, A. subdigitata (B1.)

Posth.

Habitat in Malaya: On bare wet rocks or on rocks with shallow

covering of earth, in narrow ravine in dark places. In tall forest

above and below the road near 464 mile, on the slopes of Gunong

Batu Brinchang, Cameron Highlands district, Pahang. At about

5,800 feet and 6,000 feet; 4 & 6.6.63 (5009). I am grateful to Dr.

R. E. Holttum for his identification of this fern, and for his help.

In Ferns of Malaya (9) Holttum does not include Monacho-

sorum, but there are two sheets at Kew labelled “Malayan

Peninsula”, and I am indebted to the Director of Kew Gardens

for this, and the following information about them. These sheets

were collected by Sir William Norris who was in Malaya from

1836 to 1847. The material was cited by Hooker (11) p. 256, under

Polypodium davallioides and is presumably the basis for the record

from the Malayan Peninsula under P. subdigitatum in the Synopsis

Filicum, and under Phegopteris subdigitata in Beddome (2).

As Holttum points out (in a letter to me) the only label on the

specimens was a general one put on by Kew when Norris’s col-

lection was received. So without further evidence that it was actual-

ly found in Malaya (and not, for instance, sent to him from

another botanist) Holttum quite rightly omitted it from his syste-

matic account. If the fern was from Malaya, then it appears that

it was not found again until my collection in 1963.

The description is taken from my material: Rhizome short-

creeping and shallow rooted, with fronds close together, and long

thin brown rootlets radiating from the rhizome amongst the stipe

bases, often as long as 30 cm., and branched and sparsely hairy.

Rhizome green when living, drying blackish. Very small plants of

the same fern, not more than 5 cm. high, often growing on the top

of the rhizome and wedged between the stipe bases, rather resem-

bling aphlebia. Rhizome hairs similar to those on the stipe bases,

190

Vol. XXI (1965).

pale, brown, septate and abundant, scales present, but rare, flat (in

the living plant, shrivelling somewhat on drying) and very pale,

scattered amongst the finer hairs. Stipes about 44-100 cm. long on

mature fronds. not articulated to the rhizome; in living plants, shiny

and rounded below and pubescent above, deep green except at

the stipe base which is almost black and covered on both sides

with pubescence which becomes sparser towards the stipe apex.

Rachis deep green when living (pale when dry), shiny to slightly

pubescent, grooved above with raised edges, rounded below with

scattered pubescence.

Lamina finely dissected, lacy, quadri-pinnate to 5 pinnatifid, long

deltoid with lowest pinnae the largest. Frond apparently not be-

coming fertile until the plant is large and the fronds tall. Fertile

laminae from about 50-90 cm. long or more, and 60-75 cm. wide

at the base. Fronds when living, very deep bluish-green, veins

black, texture thin almost membraneous; when dry fronds are deep

olive green to blackish, and veins pellucid; lamina glabrous except

on the veins. Pinnae overlapping, about 22 or more subopposite,

non-articulated pairs on a lamina of 80 cm. long; basal pinnae

9-11 cm. apart on the same side, others decreasing gradually in

spacing and size to the apical portion, where the pinnae are all,

very smali, less dissected and gradually becoming reduced to sin-

gle lobes about 2-3 cm. from the apex. The two lowest pairs of

pinnae are the largest, the basal being to about 35 cm. long by

23 cm. wide with a stalk up to 2 cm. long; it is widened where it

joins the rachis. Primary pinnule of basal pinna, roughly deltoid

with pointed apex, and 16 or more alternate pairs to a pinna,

sometimes overlapping, the middle pinnules largest (to about 11 x

5 cm.) and with short stalks. Secondary pinnules (on largest pri-

mary pinnule) to about 14 alternate, short stalked pairs, the largest

being below the middle and about 2.5 x 1 cm. in size; these are

again divided into about 5 alternate pairs of pinnules (tertiary)

which are up to 6 x 4 cm. and stalked, except in the upper-most

which are adnate; they do not overlap the next segment. The

basal which are the largest may have up to 5 or 6 lobes, the basal

acroscopic lobe (or ultimate segment) being cut nearly, or quite,

to the base. Lobes measure up to about 2 x 1 mm. with apices

either blunt and rounded or pointed, and are narrowed towards

their bases. Each lobe has a simple or forked vein which does not

reach the margin; veins bear scattered, light-brown hairs below,

and to a lesser extent, above. Sori round or roundish, exindusiate

and solitary or, very rarely, two together, usually placed at the

vein ends but sometimes veins can be seen projecting just beyond

a sorus. Sporangia cream-coloured when mature, ripening to a

pale brown, amongst which are a few hairs.

General distribution (of the species): S. China and Formosa;

N. E. Himalayas to Siam and Indochina. In Malesia, Philippine

Is.. Borneo and Java (Sumatra?).

19]

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

I found the Monachosorum with Blechnum patersonii (see

above) in the lower ravine. Here, near the falls there were only

a few plants, and not so high up as the Blechnum. Further away

from the actual waterfall where the ravine widened somewhat, and

the sheer walls gave away to a steep bank, but still very damp,

Monachosorum became common, especially about 15-20 feet above

the stream and here they were fertile. They were growing on rocks,

either exposed or with a shallow covering of black sticky earth.

Very small plants were on rather bare (not mossy) rocks near the

stream level, but none was large nor fertile here, which suggests

that they may be periodically swept away. The fertile specimens

higher up the bank were intermixed with other ferns and flowering

plants, and under very tall trees which made the whole area dark

and gloomy. Other ferns included very large specimens of Micro-

lepia todayense (stipe nearly 10 feet long and lamina to about

8 feet long); a curious form of Cyathea latebrosa looking quite

different from the normal species which was here also; large Cys-

topteris tenuisecta was common; a few Orthiopteris kingii which

is quite high for this fern, and Asplenium tenerum, both the latter

being within the flood zone. Also, were Cyclosorus stipellatus, C.

ecallosis, Asplenium unilaterale and Microsorium hancockii, the

latter two being common on steep wet rocks. Established on fallen

logs were large specimens of Crypsinus enervis and Elaphoglos-

sum callifolium. In lighter places near the forest edge were Cyclo-

sorus dicranogramma and Woodwardia auriculata which were in

loose earth.

Later I found some more Monachosorum in another area which

was also a rocky stream, with large slabs of rock lining the banks.

These were continually wet yet almost bare, and no small speci-

mens were seen, but as it was late evening these could have been

overlooked. Blechnum patersonii was not seen either, but it pro-

bably occurs as the conditions were favourable, and possibly this

stream was yet another tributary of the river below, where both

the ferns grew.

Monachosorum is a beautiful fern when seen in the field, and

with its dark-green lacy fronds and small exindusiate sori looks

rather like a large Todea (Leptopteris) hymenophylloides from

New Zealand. It ought to be worth cultivating if the high humi-

dity it undoubtedly requires could be maintained. Like Acrophorus

blumei, which is a common fern on this mountain, Monachosorum

seems to provide fertile fronds only when a large size has been at-

tained. The shallow rhizome with the long thin rootlets is a useful

adaption for clinging to thin substrata or to rock when there is no

soil.

I did not see any mucilaginous secretion at the apex of the

rhizome (see Copeland, 7.), nor viviparous buds on the laminae

(Beddome, 2, p. 296). The sori is not always terminal on the veins

but occasionally can be seen quite clearly continuing beyond.

192

Vol. X XI (1965).

A pinnule from a frond of Monachosorum subdigitatum ( x 3) (BI.) Kuhn.

Enlargement: A segment showing three sori.

The grooved rachises with raised edges suggest an affinity with

Dryopteris but there are only two vascular strands at the stipe

base*. It seems to be a fern of uncertain affinities for Christensen

(4) places the genus in the subfamily Dryopteridoideae, allied to

Thelypteris; Bower (3) vol. 3, p. 254, puts it in genera incertae

sedis, and derived from Dennstaedtiinae. Copeland (7) on the other

hand puts it in Pteridaceae with a note on its uncertain status,

whilst Backer and Posthumus (1) have placed it in Polypodiaceae

under the genus Anogramma. In the recently published Keys to the

genera of the Pteropsida in Flora Malesiana, Holttum (10) p. xviii,

puts Monachosorum into the Dennstaedtia group, and this I have

followed although he states in a recent letter that he is not at all

sure that it should be near this genus.

I am grateful to Dr. Holttum for reading through this account

and making some necessary corrections.

* And, as Dr. Holttum points out, it also differs from Dryopteris in

having the edges of the leaflets decurrent on the edges of the small rachis

which bears them.

193

WCMAIDARWNE

Gardens’ Bulletin, S-

LITERATURE CITED

. BACKER, C. A. & POSTHUMUS, O. (1939) Varenflora voor Java.

. BEDDOME, R. H. (1892) Handbook to the Ferns of British India.

. Bower, F. O. (1932-28) The Ferns, 3 vols.

. CHRISTENSEN, C. (1938) Manual of Pteridology.

CHRISTENSEN, C. & HOLTTUM, R. E. (1934) The Ferns of Mt. Kinabalu.

. COPELAND, E. B. (1917) Key to the Ferns of Borneo.

. COPELAND, E. B. (1947) Genera Filicum.

. CROOKES, M. n.d. (4th ed.) New Zealand Ferns (H. B. Dobbie).

. Hotttum, R. E. (1954) Flora of Malaya: Vol. 2. Ferns of Malaya.

. HOLTTuM, R. E. (1959) Flora Malesiana, Series 2, Pteridophyta, pt. 1.

. HOOKER, W. J. (1862) Species Filicum, 4.

. Hooker, W. J. & Baker, J. G. (1874) Synopsis Filicum.

. MOLESWORTH ALLEN, B. (1959) Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore: Fern

Notes, 2

. VAN ALDERWERELT VAN ROSENBURGH, C. R. W. K. (1908) Malayan

Ferns, vol. 1. and Supplement vol. 3. 1916.

194

Photo by B. Molesworth Allen

; Mett. growing above a stream on the slopes

of Mt. Brinchang, Cameron Highlands; Pahang. Other plants can be seen in the

upper right hand corner.

A plant of Blechnum patersonii (R. Br.)

Laportea and Allied Genera

(Urticaceae)

By W.-L. CHEW (CHEW Wee-Lek)

Botanic Gardens, Singapore

In 1826, Gaudichaud established, amongst many others, the

genera Fleurya and Laportea. Four species were described by him

in the first genus but none in the other. From the rather poor

descriptions, one can find but three small differences between them

as tabulated below: —

Fleurya Laportea

1. Male flowers with 4 tepals & 1. Male flowers with 5 tepals &

4 stamens. 5 stamens.

2. Female flowers with 2 large

2. Tepals of female flowers un- lateral & 2 small dorsiventral

a. tepals.

3. Achenes concave at the sides, 3. Achenes not concave at the

tuberculate, surrounded by a sides, subtuberculate, without

narrow wing. wings.

The 4-tepalled versus 5-tepalled character does not hold water.

Fleurya aestuans and F. lanceolata, for example, have both 4— and

5-tepalled male flowers, sometimes even on the same plant. The

second character does not work either. In both genera, the lateral

tepals of the female flowers are always larger than the dorsi-ventral

ones. In F. lanceolata for instance, the lateral tepals are as long as.

‘tthe achenes, a phenomenon not observed in any species of Laportea.

The third character is completely defeated by L. alatipes. In this.

species, the achenes, which are slightly tuberculate, are not con-

cave at the sides (i.e. a characteristic of Laportea) and surrounded

by a narrow wing (a characteristic of Fleurya). No wonder it was

put into Laportea by Hooker f. but into Fleurya by Brown!

The next work of major importance after Gaudichaud is the

Monographie de la Famille des Urticees published by Weddell

between 1856 and 1857. Instead of reducing Fleurya to Laportea,

Weddell reduced Dendrocnide Miq., a genus of Malesian trees,

and Discocarpus Liebm. (non Klotzsch), a genus of Central

American trees, to sections of Laportea. The upshot of Weddell’s

work is that Fleurya still remains hardly distinguishable from the

type section of Laportea; while the latter genus, now enlarged,

defies definition.

195

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Having studied all the species so far described under these

genera, I came to two conclusions. Firstly, Dendrocnide Mig. and

Discocarpus Liebm. are as distinct from Laportea sens. str. as Urera

is from it. Their generic stati should be re-established: the former

to include Laportea sect. Sarcopus Wedd., and the latter to be given

a new generic name, Discocnide. Secondly, Fleurya and Laportea

(thus restricted) are congeneric; and the former is to be reduced

to a section of the latter. (This observation is also shared by J.

Leandri, who stated in 1961 that he found no major difference

between Laportea sens. str. and Fleurya. He has recently reduced

Fleurya to Laportea in his Flore de Madagascar — Urticacees but

he effected the transfer of one species).

The differences between these three genera (Laportea*, Dendroc-

nide and Discocnide) are indeed very great. In Laportea the plants

are annual herbs with chartaceous dentate leaves; and they generally

have that Urtica-like look about them. On the other hand, in

Discocnide and particularly in Dendrocnide, they are perennial

shrubs or trees, sometimes attaining a height of over a hundred

feet, as in the Australian species D. excelsa (formerly L. gigas). In

general appearance, except for a few species, Dendrocnide species

certainly cannot be mistaken for Nettles. They in fact look more

like Poikilospermum or Artocarpus in having rather coriaceous

undulate-margined laminas on fairly long petioles.

On the stipules alone, one can easily distinguish Laportea from

the other two genera. In this genus, the stipules are not wholly

connate, and are therefore bifid at the apices. In Dendrocnide and

Discocnide, these are wholly connate and are therefore not bifid

at the apices. In the latter genus, they tend to be rather foliaceous.

The sexuality of the plants is rather characteristic for each of

the three genera. In Laportea, the plants are mainly monoecious,

whereas in Dendrocnide, they are mainly dioecious. In Discocnide,

they may be either monoecious or dioecious; and sometimes flowers

of both sexes are found on the same inflorescence.

The three genera do not differ very much from each other in the

male flowers. In Laportea and Discocnide, male flowers with 5

tepals and 5 stamens predominate; and in Dendrocnide, they are

mainly 4-tepalled with 4 stamens.

It is in the female flowers and the achenes that the distinguishing

characteristics of the three genera are found. In Laportea, the

female flowers are usually borne on winged pedicels which are of

two types. In sect. Laportea, the pedicels are winged laterally, the

two wings being symmetrical; whereas in sect. Fleurya, the pedicels

are winged dorsi-ventrally with the dorsal one usually larger than

the ventral.

*Henceforth, Laportea is meant to include Fleurya.

196

Vol. XXI (1965).

In Dendrocnide, the female flowers are of two types — sessile and

pedicellate. Sessile female flowers are found in D. stimulans, D.

subclausa, D. meyeniana and others where the flowers are arranged

flabellately in one or two rows. Such ‘‘flabella”’ together with the

flowers appear rather like the claws of cats. In another group of

species, as in D. amplissima, the female flowers are arranged in

two Opposing rows on elongated extremities of inflorescences.

Species possessing pedicellate female flowers can also be divided

into two groups. In one group, e.g. D. sinuata and D. luzonensis,

the pedicels are simple, un-modified and often fairly long. In the

other, e.g. D. moroides, the pedicels are often fleshy and swollen;

and it is this group of species that Weddell gave the sectional name

Sarcopus. In Discocnide, the female flowers are shortly pedicellate,

the pedicels being simple i.e. neither winged nor fleshy; and as

such, it is rather similar to species like D. luzonensis.

The achenes, however, clearly distinguish Discocnide not only

from Laportea and Dendrocnide but also from the rest of Urtica-

ceae. In Discocnide, the achenes are very flat, round and disc-like;

and the walls are so very thin and papery that the very slender

seed is clearly visible through them. In Dendrocnide, on the other

hand, the achenes are pear-shaped and not flattened, but only

slightly compressed; and have very thick almost fleshy walls as.

in D. sinuata. The achenes of Laportea are also thick-walled but

they are never fleshy.

Systematic Position.

The genus Laportea is very closely related morphologically to

Sceptrocnide from which it differs on two counts. Firstly, in the

male flowers of Laportea, the stamens are not adnate to the tepals

as is the case in Sceptrocnide. Secondly, the stipules of Sceptrocnide

are free and lateral as opposed to the intra-petiolar and partly

connate one of Laportea.

Dendrocnide and Discocnide have their alliances with Urera and

not Laportea as claimed by Weddell. They differ from Urera in

having non-fleshy tepals and ligulate stigmas.

These three genera are being monographed; and the results will

be published in this Bulletin. This paper therefore restricts itself

to a formal presentation of the new combinations and names conse-

quent upon my decisions (a) to re-establish the genera so correctly

described by Miquel and Liebmann and (4) to reduce Fleurya to

Laportea proper.

Acknowledgement

This research was undertaken during my tenure of a Royal

Society Nuffield Foundation Commonwealth Bursary in the summer

of 1964. I am therefore greatly indebted to the Royal Society and

Nuffield Foundation of London for their generosities without which

I would not have been able to study the classical collections in the

herbaria of Cambridge, Kew, British Museum, Paris, Geneva,

Leiden and Utrecht.

197

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

My gratitude is also extended to Prof. H. Godwn, Sir George

Taylor and Mr. H. M. Burkill who supported my application for

the said Bursary. I am also grateful to Dr. J. Leandri of Paris who

very kindly imparted to me all his knowledge on the relationship ~

between Fleurya and Laportea; and to the Director of the above

mentioned herbaria for both their hospitality and their co-operation

which I received on my visits to these great institutes of learning.

Lastly, but certainly not the least important, is Mr. E. J. H.

Corner, F.R.S. who not only supported my application for the

Bursary but also gave me his most valuable advice on classification

in Urticaceae in general. To him I am most indebted, and a word

of thanks is here recorded.

LAPORTEA, nom. cons.

Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Monde Bot. 498 “1826” (1830).—Urticast-

rum Heist. ex Fabric. En. Pl. Helmst. 204 (1759), nom. rej.; O.K.

Rev. Gen. Pl. 635 (1891). p.p—Oblixis Rafin. Fl. Tell. 3: 49

(1837).—Laportea sect. Sclepsion Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.

Paris 9: 123 (1856) et in DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 78 (1869); B. & H.

Gen. Pl. 3 (1): 383 (1880); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 1: 377 (1888):

Engl. in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. 3 (1): 106 (1889), p.p.

Monoecious annual herbs with irritant hairs. Leaves chartaceous,

dentate. Stipules intra-petiolar, connate, bifid at apices. Male

Flowers with 4 or 5 tepals and stamens. Female flowers pedicellate;

pedicels winged either laterally and symmetrically or dorsi-ventrally

and asymmetrically. Achenes compressed, ovate, not flattened and

papery; seed not visible through the ovary wall.

Lectotype sp.: L. canadensis (L.) Wedd.

sect. Laportea.

Pedicels of female flowers winged laterally and symmetrically.

Achenes articulated on pedicels.

Distribution: Temp. N. America, Africa, Madagascar, China,

Manchuria, Japan, Java, New Guinea.

1. Laportea alatipes Hk. f. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 7: 215 (1864)—

Urticastrum alatipes (Hk. f.) O.K. Rev. Gen. Pl. 635 (1891).

—Fleurya urticoides Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 33: 122 (1904).—

Girardinia marginata Engl. loc. cit. 123 (1904)—F. urti-

coides Engl. var. glabrata Rendle in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr.

6 (2): 247 (1917).—F. alatipes (Hk. f.) Brown in Dyer,

Fl. Cap. 5 (2): 547 (1925).

2. Laportea amberana (Baker) Leandri, Ann. Mus. Col. Mar-

seille, ser. 6. 7-8: 18 (1950)—Urera amberana Baker, J.

Bot. 20: 267 (1882).

198

Vol. XXI (1965).

3. Laportea bulbifera (Sieb. & Zucc.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist-

Nat. Paris 9: 139 (1856).—Urtica evitata Wall. Cat. n. 4588

(1832), nom. nud.—U. bulbifera Sieb. & Zucc. Abh. der

Math.-Phys. Kl. der. Baier. Akad. 4 (3): 214 (1846).—

Laportea terminalis Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 6: 9. tab. 1972

(1853).—L. oleracea Wedd. loc. cit. 141 (1856).—F. bulbi-

fera (Sieb. & Zucc.) Bl. ex Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.

Bat. 3: 132 (1867).—L. evitata Wedd. DC. Prodr. 16 (1):

79 (1869).—Urticastrum evitatum (Wedd.) O.K. Rev. Gen.

Pl. 635 (1891).—U. bulbiferum (Sieb. & Zucc.) O.K. loc. cit.

—U. oleraceum (Wedd.) O.K. loc. cit—L. sinensis Wright,

J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 474 (1899).—Boehmeria bodinieri

Lev. in Fedde, Repert. 11: 505 (1913).

Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4. 1: 181

(1854).—Urtica canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 985 (1753).—U.

divaricata L. loc. cit—F. canadensis (L.) Benth. in Hk.

Niger. Fl. 517 (1849).—U. pustulata Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk.

Skr. 5 (2): 294 (1851).—L. pustulata (Liebm.) Wedd. Arch.

Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9: 140 (1856).—Urticastrum divari-

catum (L.) O.K. loc. cit—wL. divaricata (L.) Lunell, Am.

Midl. Nat. 4 (7): 301 (1916). j

Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.

Paris 9: 127 (1856).—Urtica decumana Roxb. FI. Ind. 3:

587 (1832).—U. rumphii Kostel. Allg. Med. Pharm. FI. 2:

400 (1833).—Boehmeria macrothyrsa Mig. in Zoll. Syst.

Verz. 100, 103 (1854).—L. armata Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 13:

293 (1891).—Urticastrum decumanum (Roxb.) O.K. loc. cit.

—I. pedunculata K. Sch. & Laut. Fl. Schutzgeb. 290

(1901).—L. humilis Laut. in K. Sch. & Laut. Nachtr. Fl.

Schutzgeb. 251 (1905).

Laportea floribunda (Baker) Leandri loc. cit. 24 (1950).—

Pilea floribunda Baker, Kew Bull. 280 (1897).

Laportea humbertii Leandri, loc. cit. 19 (1950).

Laportea manombensis Leandri, Joc. cit. 21 (1950).

Laportea perrieri Leandri, loc. cit. 20 (1950).

Laportea septentrionalis Leandri, loc. cit. 19 (1950).

Laportea violacea Gagn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 75: 4 (1928).—

L. vitifolia Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sinic. 7: 117 (1929).

Laportea weddellii Leandri, loc. cit. 22 (1950).

sect. Fleurya (Gaud.) Chew. stat. nov.

Fleurya Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Monde, Bot. 497 ‘*1826” (1830),

basionym.—Schychowskia Endl. Ann. Wien Mus. 1: 187 (1836).

—Fleuryopsis Opiz, Lotos 3: 240 (1853).

199

Gardens’ Bulletin. S.

Pedicels of female flowers usually winged dorsi-ventrally and

asymmetrically. Achenes not articulated on pedicels.

Lectotype sp.: F. spicata Gaud. [=L. interrupta (L.) Chew].

Distribution: Pan-Tropical.

13. Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew, comb. nov.

14.

16.

17.

18.

Urtica aestuans L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1397 (1763), basionym.

—WU. divaricata Forsk. Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 160 (1775), non

L. (1753).—U. hirsuta Vahl, Symb. Bot. Pl 1: 77 (1790).

—WU. latifolia Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 113 (1792).

—U. nemorosa Kunth in Bonpl. & Humb. Nov. Gen. Sp.

Pl. 2: 42 (1817).—U. divergens Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseg. 264

(1818)—WU. caravellana Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac.

tab. 82 (1819).—Fleurya cordata Gaud. loc. cit. 498 **1826”

(1830)—F. petiolata Decne. Herb. Timor. 162 (1834).—

U. petiolata (Decne.) Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 735

(1841).—U. schimperiana Hochst. ex Steud. Flora. 33: 259

(1850).—F. caravellana (Schrank) Wedd. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser.

3. 18: 204 (1852)—F. glandulosa Wedd. loc. cit. 205

(1852)—F. aestuans (L.) Mig. in Martius, Fl. Braz. 4 (1):

196 (1853).—F. ingrata Mig. in Zoll. Syst. Verz. Ind. 103,

106 (1854).—U. tuberculata Anderss. Vet. Akad. Handl.

Stockh. 1853: 159 (1855).—F. lurida Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.

Bat. 2: f. 21 (1856).

Laportea bathiei Leandri, Fl. Madagasc. Urtic. 10 (1965).—

Fleurya perrieri Leandri, Ann. Mus. Col. Marseille, ser. 6.

7-8: 16 (1950).

Laportea cuneata (A. Rich.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica cuneata A. Rich. in Ramon de La Sagra, Hist. Isla

Cuba, Bot. 11: 224 (1850), basionym.—F. umbellata Wedd.

Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3. 18: 204 (1852). glomerata Griseb.

Cat. Pl. Cuba 58 (1866), non Gaud. (1830).—F. cuneata (A.

Rich.) Wedd. DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 73 (1869).

Laportea disepala (Gagn.) Chew, comb. nov.

F. disepala Gagn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 75: 556 (1928).

basionym.

Laportea grossa (Wedd.) Chew. comb. nov.

F. grossa Wedd. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4. 1: 183 (1854),

basionym.

Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica interrupta L. Sp. Pl. 985 (1753), basionym.—B.

interrupta (L.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 4 (1): 342 (1805).—U. javanica

BL. Bijdr. 503 (1825).—F. spicata Gaud. loc. cit. 497 “18267

(1830).—F. glomerata Gaud. loc. cit—U. sessilifiora Blco.

Fl. Filip. 696 (1837), non Sw. (1785)—U. gaudichaudii

200

Vol. XXII (1965).

Pg.

20.

zi.

Dee

23;

Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 734 (1841).—U. spicigera Steud.

loc. cit. 736 (1841).—U. affinis Hk. & W.-Arn. Bot. Beech.

Voy. 69 (1841).—B. javanica (Bl.) Hassk. Cat. Bogor. 79

(1844).—Melochia burmannii Zoll. et Mor. in Mor. Syst.

Verz. 27 (1845), nom. nud.—U. capitata Blco. Fl. Filip.

ed. 2. 483 (1845), non L. (1753).—U. lomatocarpa Hochst.

ex Steud. Flora 33: 260 (1850).—F. interrupta (L.) R.

Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 6: 10. tab. 1975 (1853).—Schy-

chowskia interrupta (L.) W. F. Wight in Safford, Contr.

U.S. Nat. Herb. 9: 371 (1905).

Laportea lanceolata (Engl.) Chew, comb. nov.

Fleurya lanceolata Engl. Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 37

(1894) et Pflanzenw. Ost.-Afr. 100: 163 (1895),. basionym..

Laportea mooreana (Hiern) Chew, comb. nov.

F. grossa Wedd. sensu Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 1 (4):

989 (1900).—Adicea mooreana Hiern, loc. cit. 991 (1900),

basionym.—Pilea mooreana (Hiern) K. Sch. in Just,

Jahresber. 28 (1): 463 (1900).—F. mooreana (Hiern)

Rendle in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 6 (2): 250 (1917).—F.

urophylla Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berl. 8: 279 (1923).

Laportea ovalifolia (Schumach.) Chew, comb. nov.

Haynea ovalifolia Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 406 (1827),

basionym.—F. podocarpa Wedd. DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 76

(1869).—F. ovalifolia (Schumach.) Dandy in Andrews, FI.

Pl. Angl.-Egypt. Sudan, 2: 277 (1952).

Laportea peduncularis (Wedd.) Chew, comb. nov.

F. mitis Wedd. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4. 1: 183 (1854), nom.

nud.—F. capensis Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9:

117. tab. 1. fig. A, 7-8 (1856), exclu. spec. typ.; non

(Thunb.) Wedd. (1854).—F. peduncularis Wedd. DC.

Prodr. 16 (1): 75 (1869), basionym.

Laportea ruderalis (Forst. f.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica ruderalis Forst. f. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 66 (1786),

basionym.—F’.. paniculata Gaud. loc. cit. 497 “£1826” (1830).

—Schychowskia ruderalis (Forst. f.) Endl. Ann. ‘Wien Mus.

1: 187. tab. 13 (1836).—F. ruderalis (Forst. f.) Wedd. Ann.

Sc. Nat. ser. 4. 1: 182 (1854).

DENDROCNIDE

Miq. Pl. Jungh. 29 (1851).—Laportea sect. Dendrocnide (Miq.)

Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9: 133 (1856) et DC. Prodr.

16 (1): 85 (1869).—Laportea sect. Sarcopus Wedd. loc. cit. 129

(1856) et loc. cit. 82 (1869).—Urticastrum Heist. ex Fabric. sensu

O.K. Rev. Gen. Pl. 634 (1891), p.p., exclu. typ. sp.

201

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Dioecious perennial shrubs or trees with irritant hairs. Leaves

coriaceous, crenulate, undulate to smooth. Stipules intra-petiolar,

wholly connate. Male flowers mainly with 4 tepals and 4 stamens.

Female flowers sessile or pedicellate; the sessile ones either flabel-

lately or distichously arranged on swollen extremities of peduncles;

the pedicellate ones arranged in fascicles; the pedicels either simple

or swollen, but never winged. Achenes compressed to bloated,

ovate, not papery, usually strongly warted.

Lectotype sp.: D. costata Mig. = D. stimulans (L.f.) Chew.

Distribution: South and South-east Asia, throughout Malesia,

Northern Tropical Australia and the Pacific Islands.

Dendrocnide amplissima (Bl.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica ovalifolia Bl. Bijdr. 504 (1825), non Stokes (1812).

—Urera amplissima Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: tab. 22

(1857), basionym.—L. amplissima (Bl.) Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.

1 (2); 232 (1859).—Urticastrum amplissimum (Bl1.) O.K.

Rev. Gen. Pl. 635 (1891).

Dendrocnide anacardioides (C.B. Rob.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea anacardioides C.B. Rob. Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 5:

478 (1911), basionym.

Dendrocnide batanensis (C.B. Rob.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea batanensis C.B. Rob. loc. cit. 481 (1911),

basionym; Li, Pac. Sc. 7: 182 (1953).—L. kotoensis Hay.

ex. Yamam. Suppl. Ic. Pl. Formos. 1: 2 (1925).

Dendrocnide ? caerulea (Bl.) Mig. Pl. Jungh. 1: 31 (1851).—

U. caerulea Bl. Bijdr. 495 (1825).

Dendrocnide chingiana (Hand.-Mazz.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea chingiana Hand.-Mazz. Sinensia 2 (1): 1 (1931),

basionym.

Dendrocnide contracta (Bl.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica contracta Bl. Bijdr. 505 (1825), basionym.—L. con-

tracta (Bl.) Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (2); 232 (1859), pro syn.—

L. costata (Mig.) Mig. var. contracta (Bl.) Mig. loc. cit.—

L. stimulans (L.f.) Miq. var. contracta (Bl.) Mig. Ann. Mus.

Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4: 302 (1869).

Dendrocnide corallodesme (Laut.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea corallodesme Laut. in K. Sch. & Laut. Nachtr.

Fl. Schutzgeb. 252 (1905), basionym.

Dendrocnide cordata (Warb. ex Winkl.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea gaudichaudiana Wedd. sensu K. Sch. & Hollr.

Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land 38 (1889).—Laportea cordata Warb.

ex Winkl. Bot. Jahrb. 57: 503 (1922), basionym.

202

Vol. XXI (1965).

10.

11.

12.

1d:

14.

IS.

16.

by.

18.

19.

Dendrocnide crassifolia (C.B. Rob.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea crassifolia C.B. Rob. loc. cit. 480 (1911),

basionym.

Dendrocnide densiflora (C.B. Rob.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea densiflora C.B. Rob. loc. cit. 479 (1911),

basionym.

Dendrocnide diffusa (C.B. Rob.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea diffusa C.B. Rob. loc. cit. 482 (1911), basionym.

Dendrocnide elliptica (Merr.) Chew, comb. nov.

L. peltata auct. non Gaud. ex Decne.: Merr. Univ. Cal.

Publ. Bot. 15: 50 (1929).—Laportea elliptica Merr. J. Arn.

Arb. 35: 135 (1954), basionym.

Dendrocnide excelsa (Wedd.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urera excelsa Wedd. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4. 1: 178 (1854),

basionym.—U. rotundifolia Wedd. loc. cit. 177 (1854).

L. gigas Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9: 129. tab. 3

(1856).—Urticastrum gigas (Wedd.) O.K. loc cit. (1891).

Dendrocnide gigantea (Poir.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica gigantea Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Meth. Bot. Suppl. 4:

225 (1816), basionym.—Urera commersoniana Wedd.

Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3. 18: 202 (1852).

Dendrocnide harveyi (Seem.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea harveyi Seem. Fl. Vit. 238. tab. 59 (1868),

basionym.—Urticastrum harveyi (Seem.) O.K. loc. cit.

(1891).

Dendrocnide kusaiana (Kaneh.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea kusaiana Kaneh. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 46: 449

(1932), basionym.

Dendrocnide latifolia (Gaud.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea latifolia Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bonite tab. 81 (1844),

basionym.

’ Dendrocnide longifolia (Hemsl.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea longifolia Hemsl. in Hk. Ic. Pl. 26: tab. 2559,

2560 (1898), basionym.

Dendrocnide luzonensis (Wedd.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea crenulata Wedd. var. luzonensis Wedd. Arch.

Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9: 133 (1856) et DC. Prodr. 16 (1):

85 (1869), basionym.—L. luzonensis (Wedd.) Warb. in

Perk. Fragm. Fl. Philip. 168 (1904).—L. agusanensis Elm.

Leafl. Philip. Bot. 8: 2860 (1915).—L. latilanceolata Elm.

loc cit. 9: 3238 (1934).

203

20.

are

aah

24.

23:

26.

Zhe

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Dendrocnide meyeniana (Walp.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica umbellata Bico. Fl. Filip. 696 (1837), non Bory

(1802).—Urtica meyeniana Walp. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.

19. Suppl. 1: 422 (1843), basionym.—U. ferox Blco. FI.

Filip. ed. 2. 484 (1845), non Forst. f. (1786).—L. gaudi-

chaudiana Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9: 137

(1856).—L. pterostigma Wedd. DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 87

(1869).—Urticastrum gaudichaudianum (Wedd.) O.K. loc.

cit—(1891).—U. pterostigma (Wedd.) O.K. loc. cit—L.

meyeniana (Walp.) Warb. in Perk. Fragm. Fl. Philip. 168

(1904).—L. leytensis C.B. Rob. loc. cit. 484 (1911).

Dendrocnide microstigma (Gaud. ex Wedd.) Chew, comb.

nov.

Laportea microstigma Gaud. ex Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist.

Nat. Paris 9: 138 (1856) et DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 85 (1869),

basionym.—Urticastrum microstigma (Gaud. ex Wedd.)

O.K. loc. cit. (1891).

Dendrocnide milnei (Seem.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea milnei Seem. Fl. Vit. 238 (1868), basionym.—

Urticastrum milnei (Seem.) O.K. loc. cit. (1891).

Dendrocnide mirabilis (Rech.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea mirabilis Rech. in Denkschr. K. Ak. Wiss.

M.-N. Kl. Wien 1913. 89: 543. tab. 1. fig. 1b (1914),

basionym.

Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea peltata Gaud. ex Decne. Herb. Timor. 162

(1834), sensu stricto—lL. moroides Wedd. Arch. Mus.

Hist. Nat. Paris 9: 142 (1856), basionym.—Urticastrum

moroides (Wedd.) O.K. loc. cit. (1891).—U. peltatum (BI.)

O.K. loc. cit. ASI. pp.

Dendrocnide nitida (Winkl.) Chew, comb. et stat. nov.

Laportea crenulata Wedd. var. nitida Winkl. Bot. Jahrb.

57: 506 (1922), basionym.

Dendrocnide oblanceolata (Merr.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea oblanceolata Merr. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 85:

167 (1922), basionym.

Dendrocnide peltata (Bl.) Mig. Pl. Jungh. 1: 30 (1851).

(a) subsp. peltata

Urtica peltata Bl. Bijdr. 496 (1825).—L. peltata Gaud.-

ex Decne. sensu Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9:

204

Vol. XXI (1965).

28.

29.

30.

31.

a2.

33.

34.

3D.

126 (1856) et DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 80 (1869), exclu. typ.

—L. laxiflora Wedd. DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 81 (1869).—

L. vrieseiana Wedd. loc. cit. (1869).—Urticastrum laxi-

florum (Wedd.) O.K. loc. cit. (1891)—U. peltatum

(Bl) O.K. loc. cit. (1891).—U. vrieseanum (Wedd.)

O.K. loc. cit. (1891).

(b) subsp. murrayana (Rendle) Chew, comb. et stat. nov.

Laportea murrayana Rendle in Andrews, Monog.

Christ. Isl. 189 (1900), basionym.

Dendrocnide photiniphylla (Kunth) Chew, comb. nov.

Fleurya photiniphylla Kunth, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3. 7: 183

(1847), basionym.—Urera leichardiana Wedd. Anh. Sc.

Nat. ser. 4. 1: 178 (1854)—L. photiniphylla. (Kunth)

Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9: 138 (1856).—Urti-

castrum photiniphylla (Kunth) O.K. loc. cit. (1891).

Dendrocnide platyphylla (Merr.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea platyphylla Merr. Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 11: 176

(1916), basionym.

Dendrocnide pulus (Steud.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica ardens Bl. Bijdr. 504 (1825), non Link (1822).—

Urtica pulus Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 735 (1841),

basionym.—U. obnoxia Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bogor. 305

(1844).—L. ardens (Bl.) J. J. Smith in Koord. & Val.

Bijdr. Booms. Java 12: 684 (1910).

Dendrocnide rechingeri (Winkl.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea rechingeri Wink]. Bot. Jahrb. 57: 506 (1922),

basionym.

Dendrocnide rigidifolia (C.B. Rob.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea _ rigidifolia C.B. Rob. loc. cit. 483 (1911),

basionym.

Dendrocnide saipanensis (Kaneh.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea saipanensis Kaneh. Bot. Mag. poe as 2tF

(1931), basionym.

Dendrocnide salomonensis (Rech.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea salomonensis Rech. in Fedde, Repert. 11: 182

(1912), basionym.

Dendrocnide schlecteri (Winkl.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea schlecteri Winkl. Bot. Jahrb. 57: 505 (1922),

basionym.—L. crenulata Wedd. var. nervosa Winkl. loc.

Cit. 507 (1922), pp:

205

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

36. Dendrocnide sessiliflora (Warb.) Chew. comb. nov.

Laportea sessiliflora Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 13: 292 (1891),

basionym; K.Sch. & Laut. Fl. Schutzgeb. 290 (1901),

“‘sessilifolia’’.

37. Dendrocnide sinuata (Bl.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica sinuata Bl. Bijdr. 505 (1825), basionym.—U. churta

Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Cat. no. 4608 (1832), nom. nud.—

U. crenulata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 591 (1832), non Sev.

(1785).—L. crenulata Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris

9: 133 (1856).—L. sinuata (Bl.) Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot.

Lugd. Bat. 4: 301 (1869).—Urticastrum sinuatum (Bl.) O.K.

loc. cit. (1891).—L, pustulosa Ridl. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.

82: 194 (1920).

38. Dendrocnide stenophylla (Quis.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea stenophylla Quis. Philip. J. Sc. 41: 317. tab. 1

(1930), basionym.

39. Dendrocnide stimulans (L. f.) Chew, comb. nov.

Urtica stimulans L. f. Suppl. 418 (1781), basionym.—U.

stimulans L. f. var. obtusa Bl. Bijdr. 505 (1825).—D.

costata Mig. Pl. Jungh. 1: 30 (1851).—L. stimulans (L. f.)

Migq. in Zoll. Syst. Verz. 103 (1854).—L. costata (Miq.)

Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (2): 231 (1859)—L. stimulans (L. f.)

Mig. var. costata (Miq.) Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4:

302 (1869).—Urticastrum stimulans (L. f.) O.K. loc. cit.

(1891).—U. costatum (Mig.) O.K. loc. cit—lL. minda-

naensis Warb. in Perk. Fragm. Fl. Philip. 168 (1904).—L.

gracilipes Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 3: 876 (1910).—L.

lanaensis C.B. Rob. loc. cit. 483 (1911).—L. brunnea Merr.

Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 10; 298 (1915).—L. annamica Gagn.

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 75: 2 (1928).—L. thorelii Gagn. loc. cit.

—L. hainanensis Merr. & Metc. Lingn. Sc. J. 16: 189.

fig. 4 (1937).—L. sumatrana Merr. Pap. Mich. Ac. Sc. 24

(1): 65 (1939).

40. Dendrocnide subclausa (C.B. Rob.) Chew. comb. nov.

Laportea subclausa C.B. Rob. loc. cit. 486 (1911),

basionym.—L. pendula Merr. Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 13: 270

(1918).

41. Dendrocnide subglabra (Hay.) Chew, comb. nov.

‘Laportea subglabra Hay. J. Coll. Sc. Tokyo 30 (1): 278

(1911), basionym.

42. Dendrocnide subpeltata (C.B. Rob.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea subpeltata C.B. Rob. loc. cit. 485 (1911),

basionym.

206

Vol. XXII (1965).

43. Dendrocnide ternatensis (Mig.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea ternatensis Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4:

302 (1869), basionym.—L. glabra Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc.

Bot. 9: 150 (1916).—L. mammosisetosa Wink]. Bot. Jahrb.

57: 507 (1922).—L. crenulata Wedd. var. nervosa Winkl.

loc. cit., p.p.

44. Dendrocnide torricellensis (Laut.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea torricellensis Laut. in K. Sch. & Laut. Nachtr.

FI. Schutzgeb. 251 (1905), basionym.

45. Dendrocnide urentissima (Gagn.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea urentissima Gagn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 75: 3 (1928),

basionym. 3

46. Dendrocnide venosa (Elm.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea venosa Elm. Leafi. Philip. Bot. 3: 878 (1910),

basionym.—L. monticola Merr. Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 10: 299

(1915).—L. triplinervia Merr. loc. cit. 300 (1915).—L. con-

duplicata Elm. Leafli. Philip. Bot. 9: 3237 (1934).

47. Dendrocnide vitiensis (Seem.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea vitiensis Seem. Fl. Vit. 239. tab. 60 (1868),

basionym.

48. Dendrocnide warburghii (Winkl.) Chew, comb. nov.

Laportea warburghii Wink]. Bot. Jahrb. 57: 509 (1922),

basionym.

DISCOCNIDE Chew, gen. nom. nov.

Discocarpus Liebm. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. ser. 5. 2: 308

(1851), non Klotzsch (1841), basionym.—Laportea sect. Discocar-

pus Liebm. Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9: 132 (1856) et

DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 84 (1869).—Urticastrum Heist. ex Fabricius

sensu O.K. Rev. Gen. Pl. 634 (1891), p.p. exclu. typ. sp.

Monoecious perennial shrubs with irritant hairs. Leaves charta-

ceous, dentate. Stipules intra-petiolar, wholly connate, often rather

foliaceous. Male flowers with 5 tepals and 5 stamens. Female

flowers pedicellate; pedicels simple, neither winged nor fleshy.

Achenes flattened, almost round discs with very thin papery wall.

Seed narrow elliptic, on a thin, equally long stalk; visible through

achene wall.

Lectotype sp.: Discocarpus mexicanus Liebm.

= Discocnide mexicana (Liebm.) Chew.

Distribution: Central America.

207

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Discocnide mexicana (Licbm.) Chew, comb. nov.

Discocarpus mexicanus Liebm. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk.

Skrift. ser..5. 2: 309 (1851), basionym.—D. nicaraguensis

Liebm. loc. cit—Urera platycarpa Wedd. Ann. Sc. Nat.

ser. 3. 18: 202 (1852).—Laportea platycarpa (Wedd.)

Wedd. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4. 1: 182 (1854).—L. liebmannii

Wedd. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 9: 133 (1856).—L.

mexicana (Liebm.) Wedd. DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 84 (1869).—

L. nicaraguensis (Liebm.) Wedd. loc. cit. (1869).—Urticas-

trum mexicanum (Liebm) O.K. loc. cit. (1891).—U. nicara-

guense (Liebm.) O.K. loc. cit. (1891).

208

Further notes on the Grasses of the

Malay Peninsula II

By H. B. GILLILAND

Department of Botany, University of Singapore

The following additional notes should serve to assist in bringing

the list of Malayan grasses up to date. (cf. Gardens’ Bulletin

vol. XX, Pt. IV, p. 313, 1964).

Coelorachis cancellata (Ridl.) Bor mss.

Coelorachis faveolata (Holtt.) Jansen, Gilliland l.c. $52.

Rottboellia cancellata Ridl. J.S.B.R.A. Soc. 59, 258, 1920.

Cynodon parviglumis Ohwi in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55, 538, 1941.

Cynodon arcuatus Gilliland l.c. non P. esl.; C. dactylon sensu

Ridley et al. with reference to Malayan material.

C. parviglumis is the Malayan (and East Asiatic) grass. It is

more glabrous and flaccid than true C. dactylon from which

it also differs in the glume, smaller than the lemmas and in

the smaller anthers. The most evident difference in the

field is the absence of the rhizome.

Dichanthium mucronulatum Jansen in Act. Bot. Neerl. /, 473,

1952.

Ridley 8129 Gira Batu, Malay Penins. Herb. Sing.

Digitaria microstachya Henrard in Monogr. Digitaria 454, 1950.

Type is Griffith, Malacca, 1845.

Bor suggests (P. 302) this is D. microbachne (Presl.) Henr. in

Medeel. Rijks. Herb. 16, 13, 1930. The two are certainly

very close.

Dimeria glabriuscula F. M. Bailey in Syn. Queensland Fl. Suppl.

3, 83, 1890 Dimeria glabra Ridl., Gilliland l.c. 157.

The Queensland plant is awned but otherwise hardly

distinguishable; both are little more than glabrous forms of

D. ornithopoda Trin.

Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.) Steud. in Syn. Pl. Glum. /, 266, 1854

is reported from Malaya but has been confused with E. atrovirens

(Desf.) Trin. E. gangetica is an annual grass.

Eragrostis montana Balansa in Morot. Journ. de Bot. 4, 168, 1890.

Eragrostis malayana Stapf 1897. cf. Gilliland, l.c. 160.

209

Gardens’ Bulletin, S-

Eragrostis multicaulis Steud. in Syn. Pl. Glum. 1, 426, 1855.

Bahar 47413 from Perak is this grass.

Eragrostis pubescens (R. Br.) Steud. in Syn. Pl. Gl. 279, 1854.

Ridley 14882 from Perlis is this grass.

‘Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. ser. 6,

1, 397, 1830; Ridley Fl. Mal. 5, 24, 6, 1925.

Poa viscosa Retz. in Obs. Bot. 4, 20, 1786.

E. tenella var. viscosa (Retz.) Stapf. in Flor. Brit. Ind. 7, 316,

1896.

Recorded from Penang and Province Wellesley.

Garnotia acutigluma (Steud.) Ohwi in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55, 393,

1941.

Urachne acutigluma Steud. in Syn. Pl. Gram. 121, 1854.

Garnotia stricta Brogn. of Gilliland l.c. 161.

Garnotia patula (Munro) Benth. in Fl. Hongk. 416, 1861.

Borghousia patula Munro in Proc. Amer. Acad. Art. Sci. 4,

362, 1860.

Kia 31792 from Sungei Teku, Pahang.

Hemarthria longiflora (Hk. f.) A. Camus in Fl. Indo-Chine 7, 380,

1922.

A. vaginata of Gilliland l.c. 163.

- Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lanterb. in

Fl. Deutsch. Sudsea 166, 1901; Ohwi, lc. 122, 1962.

Saccharum floridulum Labill. in Sent. Austro-caled. 13, t. 18.

M. sinensis sensu Gilliland, l.c. 168.

Panicum auritum Presl. ex Nees in Agrost. Bras. 176, 1829, et

Ridley et ceteris, cf. Gilliland l.c. 163.

Hymenachne aurita (Presl.) Backer. Nearer to Panicum than

Hymenachne.

Sacciolepis insulicola (Steudel) Ohwi in Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus.

18, 3, 1947.

Panicum insulicolum Steudel. based on Cummings 2409

Singapore, 1840.

Panicum hyatae A. Camus in Lecomte Not. Syst. 4, 46, 1923.

Van Steenis, Fraser’s Hill 17/1/54;

P. costalispiculum Ohwi in Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18, 14, 1947,

Jansen l.c. 315, 1953.

Panicum sarmentosum Roxb. in FI. Ind. 1, 311, 1820.

P. concinnum Nees. in Journ. Bot. 97, 1850 based on

Cummings 2284 ex Malacca is this grass.

210

Vol. XXI (1965).

Sporobolus hernandii Henr. in Fedde Rep. Sp. Nov. 21, 235, 1925.

Robertson from Teratau, Burma. This is S. pulchellus of

Ridley’s Flor. Mal. 5, 244, 1925.

Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze in Rev. Gen. Pl. ii 194,

1891.

Naturalised, Nassim Road, Singapore.

Themeda villosa (Poir.) A. Camus. Gilliland, l.c. 179.

T. caudata (Nees) A. Camus l.c. 364.

Following correspondence with Dr. P. Wycherley of the

Rubber Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur I have examined

this large grass (2-3 m.) in the field especially in South Johore.

I accept that “‘caudata’ is the mature fully-expanded inflore-

scence and may occur on the same clump as the younger

“yillosa’’.

Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze. Gilliland Ic. 179.

Thysanochlaena malaccensis Gandoger in Bull. Soc. Bot.

France 66, 303, 1920 based on Curtis, Malacca and Ridley,

Penang is this grass.

Vetiveria nemoralis (Balansa) A. Camus in Lecomte FI. Gen. Indo-

Chine, 7, 329, 1922.

Andropogon nemoralis Balansa in Morot, J. de Bot. 4, 115,

1890.

Chrysopogon nemoralis (Balansa) Holttum in Gard. Bull. Sing.

LT. 2971947.

24}

Report on an abnormal ovulate strobilus of

Gnetum gnemon L.

By HsuAN KENG*

Department of Botany, University of Singapore.

Gnetum gnemon Linn., the meninjau tree, is commonly culti-

vated near kampongs for the edible seeds. A specimen recently

collected by Mr. K. Jumali from Duchess Lane, Singapore, bearing

an abnormal ovulate strobilus shows some interesting features.

Normally, a simple, unbranched ovulate strobilus has a pair of

amplexous bracts at the base, followed by five to six or more

whorls of ovules, usually with four to six ovules in a whorl. Each

whorl of ovules is seated in the axilf of an enlarged cup-like

structure, or “collar”, of the axis of the strobilus. This cup-like

structure, morphologically is made up of a series of circular bracts

superposed one above the others (Sanwal 1962).

The ovules [or the so-called (female flowers” as used by Pearson

(1929) and others, or “ovulate fertile shoots” as recently proposed

by Eames (1952)] possess three layers of envelopes surrounding

the nucellus (Fig. 1). The inner one is produced to form the micro-

pylar tube, which is a unique character of the Gnetales. Morpholo-

gical interpretation of these three layers of envelopes has been a

subject of controversy. (For a review of the earlier interpretations,

see Hagerup 1934.) Some current authors loosely refer to all these

three envelopes as three integuments (e.g. Sanwal 1962, p. 251).

Others insist that only the inner one can be designated as true

“integument”, the middle and the outer ones being fused bracteoles

and bracts respectively (e.g. Eames 1952, p. 96). Most textbook

writers, however, generally follow Pearson (1929) and Chamber-

lain’s (1935) explanation that the inner and middle envelopes repre-

sent the inner and outer integuments, and the outer envelope, the

“perianth”.

The present abnormal ovulate strobilus (Plate 1) shows clearly

a young strobilus with several whorls of underdeveloped ovules

emerging from the split outer envelope of an otherwise normal

ovule. This teratological specimen seems to favour the suggestion

that the outer envelope represents a pair of concrescent bracts

(similar to the amplexous bracts at nodes lower on the axis of

strobilus) as advocated by Eames (1952, p. 96).

* The writer would like to express his thanks to Prof. H. B. Gilliland

for reading the manuscript of this paper, and for his helpful suggestions.

+ The ovules appear to be axillary, however, according to an ontogenetic

study of Sanwal (1962), they are actually arise by the meristematic activity

of the cells on the abaxial (or lower) surface of the “collar”.

213

Gardens’ Bulletin. S.

REFERENCES

1. CHAMBERLAIN, C. J. (1935). Gymnosperms, structure and evolution.

Chicago Univ. Press.

2. EAMES, A. J. (52). Relationships of the Ephedrales. Phytomorph. 2,

79-100.

3. HAGERUP, O. (1934).. Zur. Abstammung einiger Angiospermen durch

Gnetales und Coniferae. K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Biol.

Meddel. 11, (4), 1-83.

. PEARSON, H. H. W. (1959). Guetales. Cambridge Univ. Press.

5. SANWAL, M. (1962). Morphology and Embryogeny of Gnetum gnemon L.

Phytomorph. 12, 243-264.

micropylar tube

outer envelope

middie envelope

inner envelope

ee eee nucellus

Figure 1. Diagram of the ovule of Gnetum gnemon Linn. in longitudinal section, showing) .

the three layers of envelopes surrounding the nucellus. The inner envelope is produced forming

the micropylar tube. (Based on a series of microtone sections).

Photo by Mr. D. Teow.

Plate 1. An abnormal ovulate strobilus of Gnetum gnemon Linn, From the outer envelope

of one of the ovules, a young ovulate strobilus is emerged. Scale: 1 mm. divisions.

A Revision of Petraeovitex (Verbenaceae)

By MuNIR AHMAD ABID

University of Sind, West Pakistan*

HISTORY OF THE GENUS

The genus Petraeovitex was founded by D. Oliver in 1883 on a

specimen collected by Riedel on the island of Buru in the Moluccas,

the type specimen being named as P. riedelii Oliv. It was then

placed under the tribe Viticeae of Verbenaceae with a note that it

has ‘“‘an accrescent calyx resembling that of Petraea’’ (Hook. Ic.

Pi. V (1883) 15, t. 1420). Briquet in Engl., Pflanzenfamilien IV. 3a.

(1897) 179 removed it from Viticeae and placed it in Caryopterid-

oideae after Peronema, a position accepted by subsequent revisers

of the family.

Previous to this, however, a conspecific specimen collected by

Christopher Smith on the Honimoa island of the Moluccas in 1797

was named by J. E. Smith as Petraea multiflora (in 1814). Hence

the correct name of the type species is Petraeovitex multiflora

(J. E. Smith) Merr. (1917). In 1891 P. pubescens Warb. was des-

cribed on a specimen collected from the Little Kai (Kai Kechil).

For a long time the genus was considered to be endemic between

the Moluccas and New Guinea, until 1908 when King and Gamble

added two species from Malaya and Borneo. Since then more new

species have been described from Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo and

the Philippines making the total number of species 10 and two

varieties. In 1959 Moldenke, who reviewed these species synonymi-

cally, overlooked P. wolfei and reduced the remaining nine to

seven species and one variety, as follows: — bambusetorum,

membranacea, multiflora, pubescens, scortechinii, sumatrana and

trifoliata and transferred var. solomonensis from P. multiflora to

P. sumatrana. He reduced P. ternata and its varieties to P. trifoliata,

a reduction that was partly made by Merrill in En. Philipp. Pl. II

(1923) 406.

In the present revision the specimens referred to P. bambusetorum

in several herbaria have been named as P. bambusetorum and its

forma simplicifolia and P. membranacea var. malesiana. P. multi-

flora var. solomonensis has been found to be identical with the type

form with no affinity to P. sumatrana to which it had been trans-

ferred by Moldenke. P. pubescens is made a variety of P. multiflora.

Ja addition two new taxa have been established, namely P. kina-

baluensis and its variety agrestis.

*Colombo Plan Fellow, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 1964.

215

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY

The species uf the genus Petraeovitex reveal certain morpholo-

gical affinities among themselves, but these are so distributed that

it is hard to classify the species into definite allied groups; for

many of these characters are found mixed, present in some and

absent in others.

The leaves are always compound. With the exception of P.

sumatrana and P. multiflora which have biternate leaves the rest

cf the species have ternate leaves. In the ternate leafed group, P.

scortechinii has always densely pubescent leaves, whereas the other

species are glabrous except P. trifoliata where the young leaves

may be pubescent and adult ones often slightly hairy on the lower

surface. In the biternate leafed, the young leaves in P. multiflora

are also often pubescent notably in the var. pubescens.

Moreover, in Winkler No. 231: L, a tendency to produce 4, 5

and 6 leaflets to a leaf is noticed which may be an expression of

its latent tendency towards the formation of biternate leaves. In

addition the young leaves in P. multiflora may be 3-5 foliolate,

though later they will divide to become biternate. Leaves in

terminal inflorescences of P. multiflora are generally not fully

developed unless the fruits are not fully mature and so the leaflets

may appear subsessile, to be mistaken for a form of P. sumatrana.

(See Table I).

There are two types of inflorescences in the genus; non-

specialized and specialized. The non-specialized inflorescences are

found in P. scortechinii & P. wolfei; the axis here is terminal which

continues its vegetative growth indefinitely. The flowers are borne

on lateral cymes which later develop into vegetative branches. The

bracts and bracteoles, which are coloured in these two species,

also develop to become normal green leaves. The specialized in-

fiorescences found in the rest of the species, stop at post-anthesis,

their vegetative growth, and in consequence eventually die. These

may be congested due to very short sub-division of their branches

as in P. trifoliata, P. kinabaluensis, P. sumatrana and P. multiflora

or lax due to longer and fewer sub-divisions of their branches as

in P. imembranacea and P. bambusetorum. Moreover, pedicels in

the congested inflorescences are shorter, while in the lax, they are

longer. In P. trifoliata and P. kinabaluensis which have ternate

leaves, the cymes bear leafy bracts and conspicuous flowers. P.

sumatrana and P. multiflora which have biternate leaves, the

flowers and bracts are both smaller and inconspicuous. (See Table

IJ).

Stamens and pistils in different species may be exserted or

included. In P. wolfei, P. membranacea, P. bambusetorum and

f trifoliata they are included, while in the rest of the species they

are exserted. As a rule included stamens are associated with

elliptic anther lobes and exserted cnes with more or less orbicular

anther lobes; but P. sumatrana is an exception, in having exserted

stamens and elliptic anther lobes. (See Table III).

216

Vol. XXI (1965).

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219

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

On the shape of fruit, the genus may be divided into two groups;

(1) Fruits with conical or elongated apex and (2) Fruits with

truncated apex. In P. membranacea, P. bambusetorum and P.

kinabaluensis the fruit is with a conical apex. However, in P. wolfei

the fruit apex is constricted at first and then produced into a short,

truncated and faintly 4-lobed apex. In P. kinabaluensis var.

kinabaluensis the apex is much elongated into a long neck. In P.

scortechinii, P. trifoliata, P. sumatrana and P. multiflora the fruit

is truncated. The truncated fruit may be almost cylindrical as in

P. scortechinii and P. trifoliata or they may be four-lobed as in

P. sumatrana and P. multiflora. Fruits are longitudinally striate

in all species except P. bambusetorum. (See Table IV).

DIST RIBUTION

Geographically Petraeovitex is restricted to hot and moist climate

of the tropics, on either side of the equator, in the region com-

prising what is known as ‘“‘Malesia’’ to botanists and of Melanesia.

This includes Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea,

Bismark archipelago upto Solomon Islands (see map 1). The

trifoliolate species are found in the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines

and Borneo. Of the two species which are 9-foliolate, P. multiflora

is found in the region from the Celebes and the Moluccas east-

wards to New Guinea, Bismark archipelago and Solomon Islands;

no other species of Petraeovitex is known from this region. P.

sumatrana is restricted to Sumatra and Borneo only (see map 2).

P. scortechinii and P. wolfei are endemic in the central and

northern parts of the Malay Peninsula whereas P. membranacea

and P. bambusetorum are found in the Malay Peninsula and

Borneo (see map 3). Similarly, P. trifoliata has also been collected

from Borneo, Sarawak and the Philippines while P. kinabaluensis

is so far known only from North Borneo. (See map 4).

ACKNOW LEDGEMENT

I wish to record here my gratitude to the following: to the

Government of Singapore for granting me the Colombo Plan

Fellowship which enabled me to undertake this piece of research

work; to Mr. H. M. Burkill, Director of Gardens, Singapore, and

to Dr. Chew Wee-lek, Keeper of the Herbarium, for putting at my

disposal the facilities of the Singapore Botanic Gardens; to Dr.

C. X. Furtado, for guidance and assistance in translating Latin

and German descriptions and in preparing the diagnoses in Latin

of the new taxa; to Dr. H. N. Moldenke for the generous gifts of

his valuable literature and to Che Juraimi bin Samsuri for making

the drawings published here.

220.

Vol. XX1 (1965).

I also wish to thank the Directors and Curators of the following

herbaria for the loan of herbarium specimens:

1. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue,

Cambridge 38, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (A).

Botanisches Garten und Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany. (B).

3. British Museum of Natural History, London, S.W.7, England.

(BM).

4. Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. (BRI).

5. Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, India. (CAL).

6. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland. (E).

7. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. (K).

8. Forest Research Institute, Kepong. Selangor. (KEP).

9. Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherland. (L).

10. Forest Herbarium, Lae, New Guinea. (LAE).

11. Forest Herbarium, Sandakan, North Borneo. (SAN).

PETRAEOVITEX Oliver

PETRAEOVITEX Oliver in Hook., Ic. Pl. 5 (1883) 15, t. 1420;

Warb. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. XIII (1891) 427; Engl. and Prantl,

Nat. Pflanzenf. IV. 3a (1897) 179; King and Gamble, Mat. FI.

Malay. Pen. IV (1909) 1068; Hall. f., Med. ’s Rijks Herb. Leid.,

No. 37 (1918) 84; Lam., Malay. Verb. (1919) 323 and Bull. Jard.

Bot. Buit. III (1921) 97.

TYPE SPECIES: P. riedelii Oliv. (= P. multiflora (J. E. Smith)

Merr.).

Woody climbers; branches quandrangular. Leaves opposite,

ternate or biternate, rarely simple. Inflorescence terminal or axillary,

cymose panicles with spreading branches; bracts leafy, linear or

minute. Flowers shortly pedicelled. Calyx short, 5-toothed, cam-

panulate; lobes much accrescent in fruit, membranous, reticulate.

Corolla oblique, 2-lipped; lobes 5, subequal. Stamens 4, epipetalous,

subequal, almost didynamous, exsert or included, alternate with

the corolla lobes; anthers dorsifixed, anther lobes elliptic-oblong

or orbicular. Ovary obovoid, imperfectly 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled;

ovules pendulous; style slender; stigma bilobed, lobes equal or

unequal. Fruit capsular, conical or truncate at apex, narrowed

towards the base. Seeds 2 or 1, exalbuminous.

DISTRIBUTION: Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesian Archipelago.

New Guinea, Bismark Archipelago and Solomon Islands.

221

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Vol. XXI (1965).

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. (a) Flowers in cymes, borne on specialized flower-bearing branches or

inflorescence with or without green or ash coloured bracts ... 3.

(6) Flowers in short axillary cymes towards the end of growing non-

specialized branches, (leaves 3-foliolate); young axillant leaves

BRO eTacts Coloured VENOWISH: |. >. 5. cccheccucacs sdadcccsessendecsencdecs zs

2. (a) Flower: stamens and style exserted; anther lobes + orbicular; fruit

striate, slightly enlarged at apex. Leaves densely pubescent

P. scortechinii.

(b) Flowers: stamens and style included; anther lobes elliptic; fruit

striate, constricted above the middle. Leaves glabrous (fruiting

aly MATGESE. 10: TING SETS) occ dicics va ctsion'n pelsee see erssens P. wolfei.

3:40) Leaves ‘piternatet $219 7. oF 8 OL AL, | CARES ae re an 10.

Ne Ma Stee oi ie eat nak csuiiora npiad evinind Velen nnnwpakns eres 4.

4. (a) Inflorescence with many leaf-like bracts and ultimate branchlets

with many linear bracteoles even without axillary flowers; pedi-

cels + 5 mm. long; flowers many, congested on peduncle or

Dac es ea Tt i ht is Ce SEC Oe co Seki «gu gah ve nyumtacta hee vb 8.

(b) Inflorescence with few or no leaf-like green bracts; branchlets

divaricated; flowers diffused, non-congested; pedicels 5-10 mm.

long (anther Jos SAU IT Gl GA RUE ae >,

Oh Sn RENE EGRET eae es Ya lias wee ducsidciawd bins Va ddan senbcx's ou sgingcesy> ra

Re Me rama STR APs oe ty. sre oe« Fividnth « foweicitidiew's Da winks do head ndeke waves 6.

6. (a) Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, main pair of nerves upto 4; fruit

with arcuately conical apex; fruiting calyx brownish, hairy or

print, -. dle) Shes ices vhs. eee. Lodi P. bambusetorum.

(b) Leaves simple, elliptic-ovate, main pair of nerves upto 6; fruit

abruptly obtusely acuminate; fruiting calyx green, sparsely pube-

1 Te te aes la a ae P. bambusetorum forma simplicifolia.

7. (a) Inflorescence about 12 cm. long; leaflets membranous, dull above,

rounded at base; intramarginal nerve obscure; side petiolules

upto 7 mm.; pedicels + JO mm. long; fruit glabrous

P. membranacea var. membranacea.

‘b) Inflorescence 30-70 cm. long; leaflets chartaceous or subcoriaceous,

dull or nitid on both sides, rounded-cuneate at base; intramarginal

nerves prominent; side petiolules upto 4 mm.; pedicels + 5 mm.

long; fruit sparsely puberulous towards apex ... P. membranacea

var. malesiana.

8. (a) Fruit shortly conical at apex or suddenly narrowed into a long

neck; style always terminal; stigma equally bilobed; ovary

pubescent only in the upper 3rd, non-glandular; stamens and

style much exserted (longest in the genus); anther lobes + orbi-

SME? eaves) RINSE OUSY AO ONS LO RL A 9.

(b) Fruit rounded at apex when young, later truncate, depressed at

summit; style apical when young, excentric at anthesis; stigma

unequally bilobed; ovary pubescent and often glandular; stamens

and style slightly exserted; anther lobes elliptic. Leaves glabrous

or partly puberulous beneath, rarely irregularly dentate and

deciduously pubescent beneath (probably in early stage)

P. trifoliata.

9. (a) Leaflets rhomboidally elliptic, shining on both surfaces, generally

longer and acuminate in the upper half, cuneate at base or almost

so; middle leaflet upto 15 cm. and its petiole upto 3.5 cm. long;

fruit suddenly narrowed into a long neck ...... P. kinabaluensis

var. kinabaluensis.

(b) Leaflets elliptic-ovate, dull, generally rounded at base, sometimes

sub-cordulate; middle leaflet upto 11 cm. and its petiolule upto

2.5 cm. long fruit shortly conical at apex ...... P. kinabaluensis

var. agrestis.

227

SE re OS es . 7

-< er St AE se wea

Gardens Bulletin, S.

10. (a) Calyx lobes tomentose without, glabrous within (except var. pubes-.

cens); corolla villous in the throat; stamens and style subequal

or nearly so; anther lobes rounded 2, 200? 1 FewOre ee i:

(b) Calyx lobes tomentose on both surfaces; corolla glabrous within;

style nearly twice exserted as the stamens; anther lobes oblong

or elliptic; (largest leaflet + 44.5 cm. long) ...... P. sumatrana.

11. (a) Leaflets glabrous, entire, (largest leaflets + 10-11 cm. long); calyx

lobes glabrous within ............... P. multiflora var. multiflora.

(b) Leaflets pubescent on both surfaces, often irregularly dentate;

(largest leaflets + 4-4.5 cm. long); calyx lobes puberulent within

P. multiflora var. pubescens.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES

Petraeovitex scortechinii King & Gamble in Kew Bull. (1908) 113.

& Mat. Fl. Malay. Pen. IV No. 21 (1909) 1068; Lam., Malay.

Verb. (1919) 329 & in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. III (1921) 99; Ridl.,.

Fl. Malay. Pen. II (1923) 637; Mold., Résumé Geogr. Distrib.

& Syn. (1959) 180, 332 & 333. Fig. 1.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Perak (Scortechini 753 or 1753—K, not.

seen).

Among the species that bear yellowish-coloured young leaves,.

bracts and bracteoles on the flower bearing branches, this species:

iS easily distinguished by its pubescent leaves, exserted stamens and

styles, rounded anther lobes, villous ovary in the upper part, and

pubescent, non-constricted fruit which is gradually enlarged to--

wards the apex.

A liana; young branchlets pale brown, puberulous; innovations:

tawny-pubescent. Leaves opposite, membranous, trifoliolate; end

leaflet ovate, shortly and obtusely acute at apex, rounded or slightly

cuneate at base; 5-8 by 2.5-5 cm.; upper surface puberulent,

lower grey-pubescent; margins entire or undulate; main nerves 4

pairs, curving sharply upwards; side leaflets similar but rather

smaller and somewhat unequally cordate at base; petiole 3.8-6 cm..

long, petiolules of end leaflet 1.2—2 cm. long, of side leaflets 0.5—1

cm. long: all fulvous pubescent. /nflorescence: flowers in short

decussate cymes on young, terminal portion (15-30 cm. long) of

the branches or branchlets; cymes dichotomously branched, one-

in the axil of young coloured or green leaf, 3-5 cm. in length;

bracts almost orbicular when young, elliptic or clavate later, 13-19"

mm. long; pedicels short. Calyx fulvous-pubescent, 4-5 lobed;

lobes up to 12 mm. long. Corolla 2-lipped, 15-20 mm. long; lobes

spathulate, concave, 2-4 mm. long. Stamens 4, exserted, the 2

lower ones being longer than the two upper; filaments 6-8 mm.

long. Ovary cylindric, villous at apex, hairy lower down, 2-celled,

2 mm. long; style exserted, up to 15 mm. in length; stigma 2-lobed,

the lobes spreading. Fruiting calyx 19-25 mm., 3-nerved, reticulate.

Fruit capsular, broader, obtuse and pubescent towards apex, nar--

rowed towards the base, ribbed, 6-7 mm. long.

228 ©

eal...

Vol. XXI (1965).

Mataya: Perak (Scortechini s.n.: CAL). Selangor, 16th mile at Ulu

Gombak (Symington 44,082: KEP; Mohamed Nur 34,212:

SING, L & A; Munir 2: SING). Negri Sembilan, Sungei Ujong

(Alvins 1,858: SING).

Moldenke (op. cit. p. 170 & 193) includes also Malacca and

Borneo in the distribution of this species, but so far no specimens

‘from these two states were found among the specimens examined

‘by me from different herbaria. Lam also includes Malacca.

Inflorescences produced on old wood in the axils of fallen leaves

seem to differ somewhat from those described as normal; for the

former are apparently specialized, limited branches of about 10-15

cm. long and two or more branches may grow from the same

pulvinus. Unfortunately Scortechini s.n. in CAL is in.a bad state

of preservation to permit a further study. This specimen might be

‘an un-numbered duplicate of the type.

Some young flowers show trilobed stigmata, but in adult stages

examined, the latter were always bilobed.

Petraevitex wolfei Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. XV (1956) 18; fig.

2; Turrill Curt. Bot. Mag. CLXXIII (1960) Tab. 355. Fig. 2.

“TYPE SPECIMEN: Kedah (Wolfe & Kadir 21,452 — SING).

Allied very closely to P. scortechinii in having yellowish young

leaves, bracts and bracteoles in flower-bearing branches, puberulous

‘calyx within and without, ovary puberulent towards apex and

longitudinally striate fruit, but is distinguished easily by its glabrous

leaves, non-exserted stamens, elliptic anther lobes, unequally bilobed

stigma and fruit faintly 4-lobed at the apex and prominently

constricted above the middle.

A long woody climber. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets elliptic or

elliptic-ovate, shortly acuminate at apex, + rounded or slightly

cuneate at the base, 9-17 cm. long, 4-8 cm. broad, membranous,

glabrous; nerves 4—6 pairs, prominent in lower surface, reticulate;

petioles upto 8 cm. in length; petiolules 5—20 cm. long. /nflorescence

tthyrsoid, handsome golden yellow in colour, pendulous, old up to

50 cm. long; cymes axillary, opposite, decussate, 2-5 cm. long,

with 2-3 flowers; bracts leafy, broad elliptic-oblong, 0.8-3 cm.

long; pedicels short, + 3 cm. long. Calyx 1.8-2.2 cm. long,

puberulous without, deeply 5-lobed. Corolla falcate, deciduous,

pale yellow, 2.2-2.5 cm. long; lobes 5, obtuse, 4-5 mm. long,

3-4 mm. broad. Stamens 4, included, two 12-13 mm. long, the

Other two 10 mm. long; anther 0.8-1 mm. long. Ovary ellipsoid-

oblong, 3.5 mm. long, slightly constricted and minutely hairy in

the upper third; style slender, 2—2.3 cm. long, glabrous; stigma

unequally bifid. Fruiting calyx 3-4 cm. long, with fairly conspicuous

midrib and close reticulate venation. Fruit capsular, 8 mm. long,

longitudinally ribbed below the constriction, minutely puberulent

and faintly 4-lobed towards the apex.

229

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

MatayA: Kedah, Sungai Patani, Selambau-Jeniang Road (Wolfe

& Kadir 21,452 —Holotype & Isotype: SING; Kiah 35,972

—Paratype: SING, & Paratype E; Wolfe s.n.: SING; Munir

1: SING). Trengganu, Dungun— Paka Road, Bukit Bauk

(Sinclair 39,901 — Paratype: SING; & Paratype: L). Kelantan,

Mak Mek Nal (Symington 37,971: KEP). Singapore, Cult. Bot.

Gard. (Furtado 37,440: SING).

Generally the cyme is dichotomous at the first division, with

apical bud developed into flower and fruit; but the subsequent

branching is very irregular due to the suppresion of flowers and

some branches and persistence generally of only one bracteole at

each division (Fig. 2-D).

This species bears the largest fruiting calyx in the whole genus.

The figure given by J. Sinclair was drawn from the fresh speci-

mens of the plant cultivated in Singapore Botanic Gardens; this

plant does not fruit, and produces leaves which are somewhat

different in shape and texture from the ones in its natural habitat.

Petraeovitex membranacea Merr. in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As.

Soc. 1 (1923) 30; Mold., Résumé Geogr. Distrib. & Syn. (1959)

192: var. membranacea. Fig. 3.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Borneo, Sabah (Ramos 1,372 — PNH? not

seen; Isotype in K & A).

Regarding its peculiar mode of inflorescence associated with

striate fruits, this species has no very close allies, but it comes

nearer to P. bambusetorum in having: lax, dichotomously branch-

ed inflorescence, long pedicelled flowers, almost included stamens

and style, elliptic anther lobes and glabrous corolla tube.

A slender woody climber. Leaves 3-foliolate, membranaceous;

petiole 4-6 cm. long; leaflets entire, ovate-oblong to ovate-elliptic,

acuminate, usually rounded at base, rarely cuneate, glabrous 4-5

nerved on each side with a faint intramarginal nerve looping from

the middle upwards; reticulation faint especially above; middle

leaflet largest, 6-11 cm. long, 3-5.5 cm. broad, petiolule 1-2 cm.

long; lateral leaflets 5-8 cm. long, 2.5-4.2 cm. broad, petiolule

3-7 mm. long. Inflorescence exillary, panicled, bearing lax cymes,

9-12 cm. long, 6-9 cm. broad, puberulent, striate in the rachis;

primary branches (in the specimens seen) two on each side of the

rachis; the lowest one in Isoholotype 2.5—3.5 cm. long, in Isopara-

type +5 cm. long; bracts absent; bracteoles linear, minute upto

1 mm. long. Flower: pedicels 8-10 mm. long. Calyx 5-6 mm. long,

puberulous without, glabrescent within. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped;

lobes subequal, puberulent on the back and margins, ovate to

elliptic-ovate, obtuse, 3.5 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. broad; tube glabrous

within and without, 3.5 mm. long. Stamens 4, included, subequal;

filaments with very few glandular hairs near the base; anthers

ellipsoid, 1.7 mm. long. Ovary oblong, later slightly cuneate towards

230

Vol. XXI (1965).

base, obscurely puberulent in the upper third; style long, non-

exserted; stigma unequally 2-lobed. Fruiting calyx: tube 8 mm.

long, strongly ribbed; lobes oblong, acute, membranous, 3-nerved,

reticulate, minutely puberulent on the back and margins, about

15 mm. long, 4 mm. broad. Fruit glabrous, broader, in the upper

third, longitudinally striate, 8 mm. long.

Borneo: Sabah, Sandakan (Ramos 1,372 Isotype: A & K, & 1,679

— Paratype: L).

Merrill described this species as having a very lax inflorescence,

but this is not exclusive in this species, for P. bambusetorum has

similarly lax inflorescence. He also mentions that this species bears

leafy bracts about 1 cm. long, axillant to the lower primary

branches of inflorescences, but they are not present in the

specimens examined. Moreover the inflorescences are very short,

+ 12 cm. long, never reaching 25 cm. long as originally described.

Large inflorescence with leafy bracts are noticed in var. malesiana.

Petraeovitex membranacea Merr. var. malesiana Munir var. nov.

Fig. 4 & 5 P. bambusetorum sensu Lam op. cit. (1919) 328 &

(1921) 98 quoad specimen Haviland & Hose 1,913E infra citatum.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Sarawak (Haviland & Hose 1,913B — BM).

A var. membranacea hec varietas foliolis crassioribus, magis

nervatis, inflorescentia laxiore longioreque, bracteis interdum

foliaribus lobis tuboque calycis intus puberulentibus, floribus

breviter pedicellatis, ovario fructuque apice puberulentibus differt.

Differs from P. membranacea var. membranacea in having:

leaflets slightly thicker and with main pairs of nerves up to seven;

inflorescence more lax and much longer bearing sometimes leafy

bracts in early stages; calyx also puberulent in the lobes and tubes

within; pedicels slightly shorter and ovary and fruit puberulent

towards apex.

MALAYA: Pahang, Sungei Lembing, Kuantan (Symington & Kiah

27,765A: SING, KEP. Petals pale yellow). Selangor loc. incert.

(Hume 7,877: SING).

BorNEO: Sarawak: Mount Singhi (Haviland & Hose 1,913B —

Holotype: BM & 1,913E: L).

Selangor specimen bears slightly thicker leaflets and is in fruit,

but is devoid of bracts, while the Pahang specimens are in flower

with leafy bracts and too thin leaflets. It seems that the latter is

collected from young apical branch whereas the former is from

older branch. Haviland & Hose 1,913E has been confused with

P. bambusetorum (Lam 1.c.) to which it has great resemblance

in general appearance, but from which it differs in having its

fruit longitudinally striate.

231

Gardens’ Bulletin, S..

Petraeovitex bambusetorum King & Gamble in Kew Bull. (1908)

113 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Pen. [II No. 21 (1909) 1069; Lam, Malay.

Verb. (1919) 328 & Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. III (1921) 98, p.p..

excl. Haviland & Hose No. 1,913E; Merr., En. Born. Pl. (1921)

518, p.p. excl. Clemens No. 10,246; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. IL

(1923) 637; Mold., Résumé Geogr. Distr. & Syn. (1959) 180,

192 & 193: forma bambusetorum. Fig. 6 & 7.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Perak (kunstler 8,765 Lectotype —K, not

seen; Isolectotype — CAL).

Typification

P. bambusetourm was adopted by King and Gamble to show

that the species was found in the bamboo forest of Perak in.

Malaya, but as the flowers of the type were small, the specimen.

was compared with Bornean specimens and a mixed description

was drawn for the species. Though the syntypes are apparently

conspecific, there is no certainty that there may not be some:

differences of infra-specific nature, since there are no mature

flowers in the Bornean specimens and there seems to be also some:

variations in the leaves. Thus Haviland 1,913 (a syntype) has been

separated here as a forma because of its simple, undivided leaves,

and Kunstler 8,765 (in Kew) has ben selected as the lectoholotype-

with isolectotype in Calcutta herbarium.

P. bambusetorum in its both forms is similar to P. membranacea

in having lax and dichotomously branched inflorescences, with

long pedicelled flowers, and with stamens and style almost included,.

but differs in having non-striate fruit.

A lofty woody climber; branchlets smooth, pale brown. Leaves

1 or 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate-oblong, acuminate, rounded-cuneate

at base, entire, chartaceous, glabrous, 4-6 rarely 7 or 8 nerved:;

petiole upto 4.5 cm. long; midleaflet 7-10 cm. long, 3-5.8 cm.

broad, petiolule 1—2.5 cm. long; lateral leaflets 6-9 cm. long, 2.5-4.3

cm. broad, petiolule 5-10 mm. long. Inflorescence axillary and

terminal with or without leaves, or in axils of fallen leaves, a

cymose panicle, lax, upto 30 cm. long; bracts leafy, lanceolate,

long acuminate, deciduous; bracteoles minute, setulose. Flowers

divaricated, non congested; pedicels of flower buds 4 mm. long,

puberulous. Calyx 5-lobed, + 5 mm. long in bud; tube 3 mm.

long, puberulous without, glabrous within; lobes 2 mm. long,

puberulous within and without. Corolla 5-lobed, about 6 mm. long,

glabrous within, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed;

lobes elliptic-ovate, incurved, + 4 mm. long, puberulous in the mar-

gins and on midlength without. Stamens 4, subequal, + 4 mm.

long; filaments glabrous; anther lobes elliptic-oblong. Ovary

orbicular-ellipsoid when young, sparsely puberulent at apex; style

long, slightly exserted (in Ridley 9,065); stigma unequally 2-lobed.

Fruiting calyx 2-2.6 cm. long; tube 6-8 mm. long, faintly ribbed

outside; lobes oblong, membranous, 3-nerved, reticulate, sparsely

232

Vol. XXI (1965).

puberulent, 1.3-1.9 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad. Fruit glabrous,

broader in the upper third, cuneate towards base, non-striate, + 7

mm. long.

Mataya: Perak, in dense bamboo forest near Ulu Kerling (King’s

Collector 8,765 Isolectotype: CAL.

Borneo: Sabah, Sandakan (Ridley 9,065 Syntype: SING).

Sarawak, loc. incert. (Ridley s.n.: K).

A careful study of the syntypes of P. bambusetorum (exclusive

Haviland 1,913) showed that though they are specifically identical,

there is some difference in regard to the origin of inflorescences.

In syntype Kunstler 8,765 the inflorescences arise from a thick,

woody, abbreviated branches or warts formed in the axils of old

fallen leaves on stem. These warts seem to become periodically

active so that they show the vestiges of old inflorescences that

have ceased to exist. Presence of bracts and bracteoles show that

these inflorescences have not grown up fully. Such a mode of

producing flowers has also been noticed in P. scortechinii and is

probably confined to old wood only.

In Ridley 9,065 & Haviland 1,913, however, the infructescences

are borne on new growth of the year and in Haviland 1,913 are

both axillary and terminal, whereas in Ridley 9,065 they are

axillary (terminal portion not seen). In Kunstler 8,765, the panicles

with leaves may be said in a certain sense to be terminal.

King and Gamble in their protolog of P. bambusetorum has

described the leaflets with 8 pairs of main nerves and petiolules

upto 0.5 inch long, but in the type specimens the main pairs of

nerves in the leaflets are 4—6, rarely 7 or 8 pairs, that is if the faint,

indistinct nerves toward the apex are included. The maximum

length of petiolules in Kunstler 8,765 is the same as in the original

description, but mid-petiolules in Ridley 9,065 (two specimens)

are double the length, because in the latter the leaves are fully

developed. The petiole in the leaves (simple) of Haviland 1,913

is also double the length given. Flowers in Kunstler 8,765 are

very young, and so the pedicels were described as “‘very short’’;

but in the infructescences of Ridley 9,065 (& Haviland 1,913) the

pedicels are up to 1 cm. long. Corolla is sparsely puberulent with-

out and not glabrous as originally described. Calyx in flower is

puberulent outside and in the lobes within, a character is retained

also in fruiting calyx, though not mentioned in the original descrip-

tion.

Petraeovitex bambusetorum K. & G. forma simplicifolia Munir

f. nov. Fig. 8.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Sarawak (Haviland 1,913 — K).

A forma typica foliis indivisis, ad 6 usque utrinsecus nervatis

differt.

Differs from P. bambusetorum forma bambusetorum: in having

simple, undivided leaves with mainpairs of nerves (usually) upto

233

Gardens’ Bulletin. S.

6. Infructescence botryoidal in general appearance and fruit

abruptly acuminate, apex obtuse; bracts and bracteoles absent.

Borneo: Sarawak Mt. Po (Haviland 1,913— Holotype: K,

Isotype: CAL).

King and Gamble (Mat. Malay. Fl. 1909) doubted about the

Haviland 1,913 as being conspecific with other syntypes, but the

presence of identical nerves of fruiting calyx and the apparent

similarity of the leaves (simple) to the leaflets of the other syntypes

made them to take these specimens as one and the same species.

However, Haviland 1,913 differs from other syntypes in having

not only simple leaves, but also in more veins to the leaves.

Presence of simple leaves seems to be a stable character as there

is no sign of their side ‘acolytes’. In view of this I have separated

it as a forma.

Petraeovitex kinabaluensis Munir sp. nov. var. kinabaluensis..

Fig. 9.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Borneo, Sabah (Clemens 40,561 — K).

A P. trifoliata cui affinissima praecipue in bracteis bracteo-

lisque inflorescentiae folioribus et floribus congestis, haec species

corolla tubo longiore, staminibus styloque multo exsertis, lobis

antheri fere orbicularibus, ovario eglanduloso, stylo centrico,

fructus apice elongato-conico differt.

Akin to P. trifoliata in having inflorescences bearing leafy bracts.

and bracteoles and closely placed flowers but differs in much

longer corolla tube, much exserted stamens and style, + rounded

anther lobes, non-glandular ovary and elongated conical apex

of the fruit.

A woody climber up to 50 ft. long; branchlets smooth, pale-

brown. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 5-7 cm. long; leaflets elliptic,

usually acuminate, cuneate at base, entire, nitid, chartaceous,

glabrous; nerves 4-6 on each side, lower ones prominent, slightly

concurrent with the midrib, then porrect; intramarginal nerve

faint, united above the middle; reticulations prominent beneath;

middle leaflet largest, 10-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. broad, petiolule:

2.5—3.5 cm. long; lateral leaflet 8.5-11.5 cm. long; 3-4.5 cm. broad,

petiolule 5-10 mm. long. Inflorescence axillary, a cymose panicle,

15-25 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. through, puberulous in the axis, pedun-

culiform and bare at base; flower bearing branches are shortly

and porrectly subdivided; bracts leafy, puberulous, soon glagrous,

generally spathulate at first, later elliptic, acuminate; basal ones

larger, 3-4 cm. long, the upper ones 1-2.5 cm: bracteoles linear

2-8 mm. long, puberulous. “‘Flowers pure yellow” (fide notes),

pedicels short, puberulous. Calyx 5-lobed, puberulous within and

without, 4-6 mm. long. Corolla 5-lobed, puberulous without, and

sparsely so on the lobes within; tube glabrous within, 10-12 mm.

long; upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed; lobes 4-5 mm. long,

2-3 mm. broad. Stamens 4, subequal, much exserted; filaments

234

Vol. XXI (1965).

seated in the throat, sparsely hairy near the base, 15-18 mm.

long; anthers + rounded, about 0.4 mm. long. Ovary oblong, later

conical towards apex, pubescent in the upper third; style 20-25

mm. long, filiform, glabrous, much exserted; stigma 2-lobed; lobes.

porrect, equal in length. Fruiting calyx tube strongly ribbed; about

8 mm. long; lobes oblong-spathulate, usually rounded at tip,

3-nerved, reticulate, membranous, shining, 15-20 mm. long, 4—5:

mm. broad. Fruit capsular, broader in the middle, abruptly nar-

rowed into long neck, longitudinally striate, densely puberulous in

the upper half, + 10 mm. long.

BoRNEO: Sabah, Mount Kinabalu (Clemens: 40,561 Holotype —

K. & duplicates in A & L, flowers pure yellow, 40,772: A & L,

flowers lemon yellow, and 50,401: K).

The corolla tube is very long. Similarly stamens and style are

most exserted; unlike P. trifoliata the style is never excentric.

In Clemens 50,401 the inflorescence is apparently abnormal

being without any flowers or with flowers transformed into bracts.

and bracteoles.

Petraeovitex kinabaluensis var. agrestis Munir var. nov. Fig. 10.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Sabah (Gibot 18,600 — SING).

A var. kinabaluensis foliolis elliptico-ovatis, utrinque opacis, basi

plerumque rotundatis, raro subcordulatis; foliolis medianis minor-

ibus, breviore petiolulatis; ovario apice leviter constricto, fructu

breviore apiculato, haec varietas recedit.

Differs from the type P. kinabaluensis var. kinabaluensis in hav-

ing leaflets elliptic-ovate, dull on both sides, generally rounded at.

base, sometimes subcordulate; middle leaflets up to 11 cm. and its

petiolule upto 2.5 cm.; ovary with a slight constriction separating

hairy, ridged apex from the non-hairy portions, fruit with shorter

concical apex.

Borneo: Sabah, Tawau near swamp forest (Gibot 18,600: Holo-

type — SING); Indonesian Borneo, Nunukun, in sandy soil

Kostermans 8,764: L, flowers greenish yellow; Meijer 2,301: L,

flowers yellow).

In Gibot 18,600 the leaflets are + elliptic with sub-cordulate

base, whereas in Meijer 2,301 and Kostermans 8,765 the leaflets

are ovate with rounded base. In addition there is some difference

in the texture and the venation of leaves. However, similar varia-

tions are found even in the same species in other cases, and there

is no reason to believe that these characters are more than eco-

logical responses. Both the afore-mentioned specimens have the:

ovary slightly constricted marking the separation of the hairy,

ridged apex from the non-hairy, lower portion; and the fruit in

both these specimens have a shorter conical apex than those in

the type form.

Otherwise the flower here resembles exactly like that in the

type form.

235

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Petraeovitex trifoliata Merr. in Phil. Journ. Sc. (1907) 425; Lam.,

Malay. Verb. (1919) 324 & Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. III (1921) 97;

Merr., En. Phil. Pl: IL (1923) 406; Mold., Résumé Geogr.

Distrib. & Syn. (1959) 184, 332 & 333. Fig. 11.

F. trifolia Merr. fide. Mold. cited (1959) 332.

P. ternata Hall. f. in Meded. Rijks. Herb. Leid: 37 (1918) 85:

Lam, op. cit, (1919) 325 & Bull. cit. (1921) 97; Merr., En. Born.

Pl (1921), S18.

FP. ternata Hall. f. var. typica Lam & var. glabrior Lam in Bull.

Jard. Bot. Buit. III (1921) 97 & 98.

P. bambusetorum sec. Merr. op. cit. (1921) 518, quoad Clemens

No. 10,246.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Palawan (Foxworthy B.S. 708 — PNH? not

seen).

This is a peculiar species in that its flower-bearing branchlets

are shortly subdivided so as to make flowers appear congested;

pedicels very short, calyx and corolla puberulous within and with-

out, mature ovary rounded at apex with excentric style, fruit

striate, truncate and depressed at the summit.

A large woody climber with branchlets brown or dirty khaki

coloured, pubescent when young later glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate;

petiole 3—7.5 cm. long; leaflets subequal, entire or slightly undulate,

chartaceous or subcoriaceous, oblique, ovate to oblong-ovate,

acuminate, rounded-cordulate or slightly cuneate at base, glabrous,

sometimes hairy or plumose on the lower surface along the midrib

towards the base; pair of nerves generally 4; middle leaflet 8-14

cm. long, 5—7.8 cm. broad, petiolule 1-2 cm. long; side leaflets

upto 12 cm. long, 7.5 cm. broad, petiolule 5-15 mm. long.

Inflorescence a terminal pyramidal panicle with lower branches

axillary and also bearing terminal and lateral cymes; axillant

bracts and bracteoles many, leafy, generally deciduous in early

stages of the flowers. Flowers congested on shortly subdivided

branchlets; pedicels very short. Calyx 5-lobed, puberulent, 8 mm.

long, divided into oblong-lanceotate 4 mm. long lobes. Corolla

tube 5 mm. long, narrowly funnel shaped, puberulent on both

sides, but glabrous within below the insertion of filaments and

with a band of glandular hairs near and slightly above the insertion;

lobes 3 mm. long, oblong-ovate, rounded. Stamens 4, subequal,

almost included, 4-5 mm. long; filaments slightly hairy towards

base; anthers oblong. often sparsely hairy in the lobes, + 1 mm.

long. Ovary oblong, 3-5 mm. Jong, glandular, pubescent in the

upper third; style 4-6 mm. long, slightly exserted, sparsely hairy

towards base, terminal in young stage later excentric; stigma

unequally bi-lobed. Fruiting calyx lobes 1.5—2 cm. long, oblanceo-

late-spathulate, obtuse, puberulent, 3-nerved; tube 5-8 mm. long,

strongly ribbed. Fruit + oblong, slightly narrowed towards base,

236

Vol. XXI (1965).

rounded at apex when young, later truncate and depressed at the

summit, pubescent in the upper fifth, longitudinally striate, 5—7

mm. long.

BorNEO: Sabah, Gunong Pomatton (Korthals s.n.: L-Syntype of

P. ternata); Batu Babie (Winkler 2,756: L— Syntype of P.

ternata var. typica); Bukit Mulu (Winkler 446: L); Lahad Datu

(Jaibon A3,239: SING; Muin Chai 26,691: SAN, flowers green;

Brand 20,086: L, flowers yellow); Bettotan (Kloss 9,581: L);

Mount Kinabalu (Clemens 10,246: L & Clemens s.n.; L; Carr

26,658: SING); Sungei Blu-u (Jaheri 512: L— Syntype of P.

ternata var. glabrior); Kinabatangan (Wood. A4,622: SING, L);

Sarawak, at Niah Caves, alt. 500 ft. (Chew 307: SING); P.

Laset (Slooten 2,299: L).

PHILIPPINES: Palawan, Puerto Princesa on Mt. Pulgor (Elmer

12,892*: A, K, E, CAL, L, BM; Fenix 15,524: K). Mindanao:

Zamboango, Santa Maria (Reillo 16,410: K), San Ramon (Hall.

4,722: L— Syntype of P. ternata L, & 4,613, sterile: L).

A careful examination of types show that P. ternata Hall. is

conspecific with P. trifoliata. Apparently Hallier regarded vegetative

characters as to the size and hairiness of leaflets as specifically

important and not merely as ecological responses; in fact wide

vegetative differences may be found in the specimens of the same

plant.

Further it has been seen that the shape and size of ovary and

position of style also varies at different stages of growth.

Also Lam used vegetative characters to make his var. typica &

glabrior for P. ternata.

In the specimens, Fenix 15,524: K, and Chew 307: SING, the

leaflets are pubescent with irregularly dentate margins. But in the

adult leaflets, both dentation and hairiness seem to vanish gradual-

ly; but, though the pubescence is unusually thick, there is no

difference in the floral characters to justify their separation as a

permanent forma or variety. Winkler’s specimen No. 231: has

leaves with 4, 5 and 6 leaflets. These differences perhaps indicate its

latent tendency towards the formation of biternate leaves.

Petraeovitex sumatrana Lam. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. II (1921)

98; Mold., Résumé Geogr. Distrib. & Syn. (1959) 188, 192, 193

& 332. Fig. 12.

P. elmeri Merr. in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 267.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Sumatra (Ajoeb in Exp. Jacobson 183 — BO

not seen, Isotype — L).

Allied to P. multiflora in having biternate leaves, small con-

gested flowers, exserted stamens and style, but differs in having:

calyx lobes almost equal to the tube and conspicuously puberulent

*cited by Lam (1919) as of Merrill.

237

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

within and without, corolla sparsely glandular at the throat,

minutely puberulent in the lobes; arther lobes + elliptic and style

longer.

A woody climber; branchlets glabrous, dark green when young,

later yellowish brown. Leaves biternate; leaflets ovate-elliptic, en-

tire, acuminate, rounded or slightly cuneate at base, often puberu-

lent on the lower surface especially in the ribs, but less so later,

chartaceous, 4-7 nerved; common petiole 2-4 cm. long, sparsely

puberulous. Secondary terminal petiole 1.5—3 cm. long, puberulous;

midleaflet upto 4.5 cm. long, 2.8 cm. broad, petiolule 1.5—2 cm. long,

puberulous; lateral leaflet 2—3.8 cm. long, upto 2 cm. broad,

petiolule 2-5 mm. long, puberulous. Secondary lateral petioles

5-15 mm. long, puberulous; midleaflet upto 4.3 cm. long, 2.3 cm.

broad, petiolule upto 1 cm. long puberulous; lateral leaflets upto

2.8 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, petiolule 2-5 mm. long or less, some-

times sessile. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, a cymose panicle,

upto 30 cm. long with lateral branches, + 15 cm. through; main axis

quadrangular, sparsely puberulous; cymes 5-20 mm. long, 2-5

flowered, puberulous; bracts at the base of cymes minute, linear,

puberulous, + ! mm. long; bracteoles linear, almost half of bracts.

Fiowers small congested; pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long, puberulous.

Calyx conspicuously puberulous outside, 2 mm. long; tube in-

fundibuliform, | mm. long, glabrous within; lobes 5, almost equal

to the tube, narrow, somewhat obtuse, puberulous. Corolla 5-lobed,

glabrous outside; tube funnel shaped, sparsely glandular at the

throat, 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes reflexed, minutely puberulous within

in the upper half, subequal, + 1 mm. long, obtuse. Stamens 4,

exserted, seated in the throat or a little below, + 2 mm. long;

filaments slender, laterally compressed; anthers elliptic-oblong.

Ovary + oblong, puberulous at apex, faintly 4-lobed; style 5-6

mm. long, filiform, glabrous; stigma bi-lobed, lobes 0.5—1 mm. long.

[Fruiting calyx glabrous, tube costate, 3-5 mm. long, lobes mem-

branous, spathulate, subtrinerved, 14-19 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad.

Fruit included in the calyx-tube: — fide Lam].

SUMATRA: Bengkulen: Rimbo Pengadang, alt. 1,000 m. (Ajoeb in

Exp. Jacobson No. 183 — Isotype: L); Tambang Sawah (Voogd

1,062: L).

Borneo: Sabah, Elphinstone Province, Tawao (Elmer 21,883 —

Isotype of P. elmeri: SING & L).

Though there are some discrepancies in the description of P.

sumatrana and P. elmeri, there is no material difference between

be duplicates of the above quoted types of the species, and so I

have no hesitation to treat these taxa as one. Lam described the

calyx as ‘‘subglabrate’’ (in key) “glaber vel indistincte pulveru-

lentus’’ (text), but the last word may have been a misprint for

238

Vol. XXI (1965).

“‘puberulentus”’, for the calyx is actually hairy all over except in

the tube within. Further Lam states that the “corolla is glabrous

within and without’, (Key) whereas the corolla is glabrous outside

only, and minutely puberulous in the lobes within and sparsely

glandular in throat.

In P. multiflora the calyx lobes are practically glabrous within,

the corolla is villous in the throat, anther lobes rounded and fruit

4-lobed in the top. Fruit in P. sumatrana is not available for study,

but since its ovary is slightly 4-lobed, it is possible that its fruit

may be similar tc that of P. multiflora.

These four specimens show conclusively that the leaves are

comparatively short even on the old stem. In P. multiflora small

leaves are found only on young apical stems.

I have not seen the fruiting specimens from Bogor to which Lam

had access.

Petraeovitex muitiflora (J. E. Smith) Merr., Int. Rumph. Herb.

Amb. (1917) 453; Lam in Bull. Jard. Bot., Buit. III (1921) 98:

Bot. Mag. Tokyo 56 (1942) 114; Mold., Résumé Geogr. Distrib.

& Syn. (1959) 197, 199, 201, 204. 207 & 332: var. multiflora.

Fig. 13 & 14.

P. multiflora (J. E. Smith) Merr. var. solomonensis Bakh. in Journ.

Arn. Arb. XVII (1935) 73: Syn. nov.

P. riedelii Oliv. in Hook. Ic. Pl. Y (1883) 15, t. 1420 (type of the

genus); Hall. f., (sub. Petreovitex) in Med. Rijks. Herb. No. 37

(1918) 84; Lam, Malay. Verb. (1919) 326.

F. sumatrana Lam var. solomonensis (Bakh.) Mold., Résumé

Geogr. Distrib. & Syn. (1959) 332: Syn. nov.

Petrea multiflora J. E. Smith Rees, Cycl. 27: Art. Petrea No. 2

(1814): basionym.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Honimoa Island (C. Smith s.n. — Linn., not

seen; Isotype — BM).

Akin to P. sumatrana in having biternate leaves, small congested

flowers on branches of the axillary inflorescences (rarely terminal),

exserted stamens & styles, but distinguished easily by its larger

leaves and leaflets (occasionally pubescent in juvenile stage), gla-

brous calyx within, villous throat of the corolla & + rounded

anther lobes.

A tall woody climber; branchlets glabrous, dark brown or coffee

coloured. Leaves biternate; leaflets ovate-elliptic, entire, retusely

or obtusely apiculate, cuneate or subtruncate at base, in lateral

leaflets sometimes cordulate, pubescent when young especially on

239

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

the nerves beneath, later glabrous, chartaceous or subcoriaceous,

6-9 nerved; common petiole 6-10 cm. long in adult leaves, gla-

brous. Secondary terminal petiole 3-4.8 cm. long, glabrous; mid

leaflet 6.5-11 cm. long, 4-6.2 cm. broad, petiolule 1—-1.5 cm. long;

lateral leaflets 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, petiolule 2-7 mm.

long. Secondary lateral petiole 2-3 cm. long; midleaflet 7-10 cm.

long, 4-5.5 cm. broad, petiolule + 1 cm. long; lateral leaflets

5-7.5 cm. long, 3-4 cm. broad, petiolule 2-4 mm. long, sometimes

sessile. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, cymose panicle upto 50

cm. long with lateral branches; main axis quadrangular, puberu-

lent; cymes 3-8 mm. long, puberulous; bracts at the base of cymes

minute, linear, puberulous, 1-2 mm. long; bracteoles linear, almost

half the length of bracts. Flowers small, congested, sessile or with

very small pedicels. Calyx tomentose outside, glabrous within, 1

mm. long; tube funnel shaped; lobes 5, about one-third of the

tube, deltoid. Corolla 5-lobed, sparsely puberulent without, villous

in the throat, + 2 mm. long; lobes rounded at apex, slightly curved

inside. Stamens 4, exserted, subequal, seated in the throat, upto 1.2

mm. long; filaments glabrous; aniher lobes + rounded. Ovary

puberulous at apex, glabrous below; style long, exserted, glabrous;

stigma bi-lobed, lobes reflexed. Fruiting calyx upto 1.5 cm. long;

lobes upto 1.3 cm. long, + 3 mm. broad, oblanceolate, 3-nerved,

sparsely puberulent; tube 2 mm. long, sparsely puberulent without,

strongly ribbed. Fruit puberulent, striate, + 1.5 mm. long, broad

and 4-lobed at apex, cuneate towards base.

Motuccas: Laha in Amboina (Forsten s.n.: L); Buru (Vriese &

Teijsmann s.n.: L; Riedel s.n.: K-— holotype of P. riedelii);

Sula Islands: Mongoli at Kampong Batu (Atje in Hulstyn Exp.

No. 45: L); Seram (Rutten 1,870: L); Honimoa (C. Smith in

1797: BM-—lIsotype of Petrea multiflora); Kairatu Gemba,

(Kuswata & Soepadmo 59: A).

LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS: Babar (cultivated in Hort. Bogor: fide

Lam, 1921, not seen); wild (fide Moldenke, 1959 p. 197).

New GuINEA: Sorong district; Remu Swamp Forest (Pleyte 721:

L, flowers white & 722: L, Lae & A, flowers light brown);

Roefei, along beach, open country (Pleyte 552: L, flowers

white). Morobe district: Umi river, Markham valley, (Brass

32,643; L & Lae, flowers white); Bulolo (3,998: A, BRI, L & Lae,

flowers pale yellow); Bupu river, (Henty 10,522: BRI, L &

Lae); Monum (Millar 9,714: Lae); Lae Bot. Gard., Wild..

(Millar 14,406: Lae). Loc. in cert. (Pulle 1,218: L, flowers light

green); Sepik (Pullen 1,812: L & Lae); (Ledermann 6,687:

240

Vol. XXI (1965).

SING); South New Guinea (Versteeg 1,026: L); Nabire at Sennen

(Kanehira & Hatusima 12,582: A): Cycloop mountains, (Royen

& Sleumer 6,196: L & SING); Lake Sentanai (Royen & Sleumer

5,807: L); Andai (Beccari 586: L); former German New Guinea

(Hellwing 387: K; Weinland 261: SING); Papua (Turner s.n.:

BRI, flowers brown); New Pommerania (Schlechter 13.737: BM).

BISMARK ARCHIPELAGO: Duke of York Island (Bradtke 346: BRI

& A): New Britain: Keravat river, alt. 200 ft. (Floyd 6,632:

BRI, L, Lae: Mckeel 1,559: Lae); New Ireland at Namatanai

(Peekel 503: B).

SOLOMON IsLANDS: Bougainville Island (Kajewski 1,686: BRI —

Holotype of var. solomonensis, petals white, A & BM).

The leaves at the base of an inflorescence axis are generally

young and not fully developed and often may show 3 to 5 leaf-

lets. When 3, they may be said to be “‘pseudoleaflets”, for each

one will form two lateral leaflets and when 5, the two lower ones

are “‘pseudoleaflets’ and so will form their lateral “‘acolytes”’.

Generally the lateral leaflets in young leaves are sessile or almost

sc even in the type of P. riedelii Oliv., though in “‘pseudoleafiets”’

petiolules may be slightly longer and in middle leaflets much

longer. The lateral petiolules are unusually longer in fully develop-

ed leaves from new, non-flowering branches or in fully developed

leaves on old stem. Kajewski 1,687 (type of var. solomonensis)

has leaves only at the base of the inflorescence and these are not

fully developed. In addition the calyx lobes are as in the typical

P. multiflora in shape and size, being one-third of the calyx tube.

In P. sumatrana to which var. solomonensis is said to resemble

very closely and has even been reduced as a variety, has a dif-

ferent calyx with its lobes about equal to the tube. In view of this

I do not see any reason for maintaining var. solomonensis as dis-

tinct from the type form.

The inflorescence may not always be terminal as originally

described, though among these may be included the short, axillary

branches which produce lateral, axillary and non-axillary panicles,

but which usually bear some leaves at the base. Such terminal

inflorescences probably continue their vegetative growth. Fre-

quently, however, specialized flowering branches arise in the axils

of current or fallen leaves on old branches; these bear no leaves

whatsoever and must be regarded as lateral inflorescences, since

these appear to cease their vegetative growth altogether. Moldenke

(op. cit. p. 211) records this from New Zealand.

241

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Petraeovitex multiflora (J. E. Sm.) Merr. var. pubescens (Warb.)

Munir stat. nov. Fig. 15.

P. pubescens Warb. in Engl., Jahrb. XIII (1891) 427; Lam, Malay.

Verb. (1919) 328 & Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. III (1921) 98; Mold.,

op. cit. (1959) 199 & 201: basionym.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Kai Island (Warburg 21,148 Holotype —

BO?, Isotype — A).

Calyx externe pubescens, intus puberulens in lobis, glaber in tubo.

Differs from the type of P. multifiora var. multiflora in having

small + rotundate or sub-cordate leaflets, sparsely hairy or sub-

glabrous above, pubescent beneath especially on the nerves with

usually coarsely and irregularly dentate margins which tend to

become entire; calyx is puberulent in the lobes, glabrous in the

tube.

Movuccas: Kai Island (Warburg 21,148 — Isoholotype: A).

Warburg, in his protolog of this taxon, stated that calyx lobes

aie glabrous and its tube pubescent (a statement is also repeated

by Lam), but actually reverse is the case; for, though the calyx

is entirely puberulent outside as in P. multiflora, the lobes are hairy

within and the tube glabrous. In P. multiflora var. multiflora the

calyx is glabrous inside but in the fruiting calyx the lobes are often

puberulent inside.

The dentation and hairiness on the leaves are apparently a mark

of juvenility, for later leaves tend to become both entire and almost

glabrous on both sides, but so far no adult leaves were seen. These

changes are apparently a result of environmental conditions and

young age; as such I find no reason to maintain P. pubescens as

an independent species.

Lam, in his key to the species (1919) 324 & (1921) 97, states

‘““P. pubescens has 6 leaflets’, but Warburg described the species

as having biternate leaves and the isotype in Arnold Arboretum

herbarium agrees with the original description. I have not seen any

Petraeovitex sp. with six leaflets only except in P. trifoliata where

4, 5 and 6 leaflets may occur as an abnormality, or in P. multiflora

var. multiflora 3--7 leaflets may be found when the leaves are in

the process of development. Probably similar phenomenon also

occurs in P. sumatrana, but it was not noticed in the specimens

examined.

Moldenke (op. cit. p. 201) notes that this taxon is found in the

former Dutch New Guinea, but among the specimens from so

many herbaria [ have not found anything like this; but I was not

able to consult the specimens in Bogor herbarium.

242

Vol. XXI (1965).

Fig. 1. Petraeovitex scortechinii (A: Nur 34,212; B-E: Symington 44,082).

A, Twig with fruits. B, Twig with flowers. C, Cyme with bracts and

bracteoles. D, Flower longitudinally cut open to show stamens and

ovary. E, Fruit with calyx.

243

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 2. Petraeovitex wolfei (A-C: Wolfe & Kadir 21,452 Holotype; D:

Wolfe s.n.). |

A, Fertile twig. B, Flower longitudinally cut open to show the inner

parts. C, Fruit with the calyx cut open. D, Cyme with bracts and

bracteoles.

244

Vol. XX (1965).

JURAIM1 DEL-

Fig. 3. Petraeovitex membranacea (Ramos 1,372 Isotype).

A, Fertile twig with its flowers fallen off. B, Flower longitudinally

opened to show stamens and ovary. C, Fruit with its calyx longitudi-

nally opened.

245

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

IMI

JURAIM

Fig. 4. Petraeovitex membranacea var. malesiana (A-B: Haviland & Hose

1913E; C-D: 1913B Holotype).

A, Twigs with infructescences. B, Fruit with its calyx. C, Flower cut

open to show stamens and ovary. D, Fruit with its calyx.

246

Vol. XXI (1965).

Fig. 5. Petraeovitex membranacea var. malesiana (Hume 7,877).

A, Twig with an elongate infructescence. B, Fruit with the calyx

cut open.

247

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

JuURAIM/ DEL

Fig. 6. Petraeovitex bambusetorum (King’s Collector 8,765 Iso-lectotype).

A, Twig with inflorescences growing on warts produced in the axils

of old fallen leaves. B, Dissected flower. C, Entire flower. D, Fruit

with the calyx cut open.

248

Vol. X XI (1965).

Fig. 7. Petraeovitex bambusetorum (Ridley 9,065 in SING.).

A, Twig with infructescences in the axils of current leaves. B, Fruit

with the calyx cut open.

249.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

JuRAIM! DEL.

icm

Fig. 8. Petraeovitex bambusetorum forma simplicifolia (Haviland 1,913

Holotype).

A, Twigs with simple leaves and infructescences. B, Fruit with its

calyx cut open. C, Dissected fruit to show the seeds. D, Immature

shrunken seed. E, External view of the fruiting calyx.

250

Vol. XXI (1965).

JURAIN/ DEL.

Fig. 9. Petraeovitex kinabaluensis (Clemens 40,561 Holotype).

A, Twig with flowers and fruits. B, Flower cut open to show the

insertion of stamens. C, Ovary. D, Immature fruit. E, Mature fruit.

F, Fruit with a fragment of its calyx. G, Entire fruiting calyx.

251

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

NLS

| \ Juraimi pee.

Fig. 10. Petraeovitex kinabaluensis var. agrestis (Gibot 18,600 Holotype).

A, Fertile twigs. B, Flower longitudinally opened to show ovary and

stamens. C, Fruiting calyx vertically opened to show the fruit.

252

Vol. XXI (1965).

TURAIM/ DEL.

Fig. 11. Petraeovitex trifoliata (A-E: Hallier 4,722; F: Hallier 446).

A, Leaf and inflorescence. B, Young flower cut open to show ovary

and stamens. C, Mature flower with slightly exsert stamens and excen-

tric style. D, Infructescence. E, Fruit with its two calyx lobes. F, Frag-

ment of a young inflorescence to show its bracts and bracteoles.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Fig. 12. Petraeovitex sumatrana (Ajoeb 183 Isotype).

A, Fruiting twigs. B, Longitudinally dissected flower. C, Calyx tube

cut open vertically.

254

Vol. XXI (1965).

TueAims

DEA.

Fig. 13. Petraeovitex multiflora (A-B: Forsten s.n.; C: Kajewski 1,686).

A, Twig with the inflorescence and the axillant leaf. B, Calyx cut

open to show fruit within. C, Flower vertically dissected.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Turpin DEL

Fig. 14. Petraeovitex multiflora (A: Pulle 1,218; B & C Kajewski 1,686;

D: Brass 32,643).

Leaves: A, Earliest stage of leaf division; B-C, Intermediate stage;

D, Fully grown leaf.

256

Vol. XXI (1965).

Fig. 15. Petraeovitex multiflora var. pubescens (Warburg 21,148 Isotype).

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower vertically open.

257

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GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XXI, Part HT | 12th April, 1966

CONTENTS

. PAGE

Munir, AHMAD ABiID: A revision of Congea (Verbenaceae) Zao

Munir, AHMAD ABID: A revision of Sphenodesme (Verbenaceae) . 315

SOEPADMO, E.: Five new species of Quercus L. subgen.

Cyclobalanopsis (Oersted) A. Camus from Malesia : BN, #3

TURNER, G. J.: New records of at diseases in Sarawak for coi

1963 and 1964 ; ‘ : 393

_ WEE, YEOw-CHIN: The distribution of Annonaceae Cpe

'Myristicaceae on Singapore Island . : I ON SE eS

- Book REVIEW: The Flora of Delhi by J. K. Maheshwari. Sth eS

A Revision of Congea (Verbenaceae)

MUNIR AHMAD ABID *

University of Sind, Hyderabad, West Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION

The genus Congea was established by Roxburgh in 1819 with one

species C. tomentosa of which a coloured plate was published

accompanied by a detailed specific description (PI. Corom. III,

p. 90, t. 293). The species was stated to be “‘a native of Chittagong

where it blossoms in March.”

Apparently Roxburgh had described under this genus three

species in manuscript: pentandra, villosa and tomentosa, and the

generic name Congea was a latin adaptation of the bengali (khasi)

name ‘‘Kungea’’ for Roscoea pentandra from Silhet; but since

in 1819 only C. tomentosa Roxb. was published, the remaining

two did not acquire any status except much later. This means

therefore that as published in 1819, Congea must be typified on

C. tomentosa which was based on a specimen from Chittagong.

In describing the “‘“Germ’’ of this species, there is an implied

reference to other manuscript species, thus: ‘“‘subturbinate, etc.

etc. exactly as in the former species”; but since the two “former

species” (pentandra and villosa) were not published in 1819, this

reference has to be ignored.

Roxburgh in Fl. Ind. III (1832) 54-57, ignored the valid name

Congea and adopted Roscoea with R. pentandra, R. villosa and

R. tomentosa as the three species, overlooking the fact that Roscoea

Roxb., even if it were not a later homonym of Roscoea Smith

(1804, Zingiberaceae), would have been a later synonym of Congea.

It is probable that Roxburgh had from the very beginning

adopted the name Roscoea and not Congea for the genus; but

since a long delay in publishing the genera and species submitted

by Roxburgh in 1791-1794 for Plants of Coromandel MII (1819)

had made Roscoea Roxb. unusable for a verbenaceous plant as

it was taken up in 1804 by Smith for a zingiberaceous genus,

Sir Joseph Banks or Dryander might have discarded Roscoea to

create Congea which could be legitimately used for Roxburgh’s

genus. Such a procedure, we learn, was followed in the case of

Roxburghia. Since the readers were given no clues that the editor

had made such a change, severe criticisms were levelled at

Roxburgh (then already deceased) for having followed a procedure

regarded unethical by botanists in naming a genus after his own

self. (De Theis, Glossaire de Botanique 1810, p. 407). It is only

*Colombo Plan Fellow, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 1965.

259

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

in the rejoinder given that it was revealed that Dryander, under

Sir Joseph Banks’s direction, had substituted the name Roxburghia

for Roxburgh’s Stemona Lour., because the latter was totally a

different plant from Indo-China (Wight & Arnott Prodr. Ind. I,

1834, pp. XIV—XV).

The latter view seems to be correct since, according to Sealy

(Kew Bull., 1956 pp. 324 & 377), Roxburgh’s plates of the three

species concerned are all named in manuscript as the species of

Roscoea, even the one that was published in 1819 under the name

of Congea tomentosa Roxb.

Naturally, Carey who was interested in publishing Roxburgh’s

Flora Indica as written by the author, and who probably was

unaware of nomenclatural change made in the genus, retained

Roscoea unaltered. But whatever may be the reason for adopting

Congea in 1819, the generic type remains the same, C. tomentosa

Roxb.

Both the description of Congea (1819) and that of C. tomentosa

(1819) are reprinted in Roxburgh’s Flora Indica Ill (1832) 54-57

under Roscoea and R. tomentosa, with a few minor editorial

changes in the specific description; and though it is re-stated

that the species is a native of Chittagong “where it blossoms in

March”, a new paragraph has been added at the end of its

description, stating: ‘“‘a native of Coromandel, where it flowers

in the cold season’’. This additional information being somewhat

contrary to the original one which makes the plant a native of

Chittagong, must have been misplaced here and may have been

intended for the species that follows, i.e. Clerodendron phlomoides

Willd. which was wild in Coromandel. Clarke who revised Congea

and the allied genera for Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. TV (1885) 602-604,

makes no mention of any Congea specimens from the Coromandel

Coast. In fact the entire genus seems to be confined to what may

be called the Indo-Malayan region extending from the Khasya

Mountains southwards through Burma and Thailand to Malaya

and Sumatra and eastwards across the frontiers of Vietnam or

Indo-China to the south-western parts of China. It has not been

recorded wild so far from Borneo and Java; and it is wholly

absent from West Bengal and the Indian Peninsula except as a

cultivated plant.

Confusion over Roxburgh’s Species

There is a good deal of confusion over the identity of the two

Roxburgh’s species Congea tomentosa and Roscoea villosa; and

without clinching their identity, the status of the other species

and varieties described during the period of over fifty years

following the publication of Roxburgh’s Flora Indica III (1832)

remains uncertain. This confusion may be considered here under

three aspects: (1) Objective difficulties, because there are inherent

in the plants themselves; (2) the types and plant geography; and

(3) early interpretations of the species.

260

Vol. XX1 (1966).

(1) Objective difficulties

The one inherent difficulty in distinguishing these species is

that such characters as the size, shape and indumentum of the

leaves as well as the colour and indumentum of the involucral

bracts and sometimes also of calyces vary a great deal at different

stages of their growth and depend to a certain extent also on the

ecological factors of the branches on which these organs grew.

Probably it was on account of the descriptions based on such

characters that Bentham and Hooker (in Genera Plantarum UI, 2,

1876 p. 1,159) reduced the 3 or 4 species then admitted by

botanists to two only, obviously those originally described by

Roxburgh. Previously Schauer (1847) had reduced these two spe-

cies as two varieties of the same species, C.. tomentosa Roxb.,

but Wight (Icon. 1849, tt. 1479/1-3) admitted at least three species,

leaving out C. Villosa (Roxb.) of which he could not obtain an

authentic specimen. Subsequently Clarke (in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind.

IV, 1885 pp. 602-604) tried to identify these species but again

failed to clarify C. villosa (Roxb.), retaining this name as printed

in Wight’s Ic. t. 1479/1-B and indicated by him in the text and

erratum to be a misprint for C. velutina Wight, a species based

on two distinct syntypes considered to be identical. However,

Clarke included under it also a reference to the unpublished icon

of Roscoea villosa Roxb. and showed some difference between

Wight’s and Roxburgh’s pictures.

(2) Types and Geography not considered

Another difficulty in understanding Roxburgh’s two species may

be considered here in its varied aspects.

(a) Firstly, Roxburgh followed the old practice which attached

importance to the descriptions more as taxonomic concepts than

as taxa interpreted on nomenclatural types. Hence, though he

made coloured drawings of his plants, he did not pay much

attention to preserving his holotypes, nor to distributing the dupli-

cates. Often he gave away his holotypes to different botanists or

institutions, sometimes without any particulars and dates so that

it is extremely difficult now to locate the types even though a

search was made in Calcutta, Edinburgh, British Museum, Brussels

and Geneva.

(b) Secondly, Roxburgh cultivated these two species in the

Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, raised probably from seeds or cuttings

obtained from the plants that supplied the holotypes, so that

these plants were as good as the types (cf. clonotype or spermotype

in Furtado in Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. TX, 1937, p. 304). Both these

species are found listed in Roxburgh’s Hortus Bengalensis (1814),

yet neither Wallich who succeeded Roxburgh in Calcutta, nor any

other botanist tried to locate Roxburgh’s plants and obtained from

them specimens for herbaria.

261

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

grown in the Calcutta Gardens are found named and distributed

as Congea azurea Wall. Surely there must be among these some

specimens from the plant or plants Roxburgh had planted.

(3) Early Interpretations

Since Roxburgh’s holotypes are not available for consultation,

one would have expected some attempts made to typify Roxburg’s

species by utilising particulars given by him in his descriptions

and plates, and by using any subsequent specimens collected from

the type localities and also in the Calcutta Gardens. But unfortu-

nately no such attempts were made even by those who were in a

position to do so.

Thus, Wallich who succeeded Roxburgh as the director of the

Calcutta Gardens and later had also access to Roxburgh’s draw-

ings and descriptions even unpublished ones, named Congea

azurea Wall. ms. in Cat. (1828) No. 1733 in a manner that reveals

the lack of consideration of Roxburgh’s types and species. He

named C. azurea Wall. ms. the specimen No. 1733 (1) or (a)

collected in Martabania in 1827, and C. azurea var. latifolia Wall.

ms. the specimen No. 1733 (2) or (5) collected by him at Prome

in 1826 with a note that the latter might be a new species or any

one of the two species of Roxburgh. Since R. villosa Roxb. was

yet unpublished, Wallich, by listing it with a doubt under his var.

latifolia, showed that he was acquainted with Roxburgh’s species

drawn and described in the manuscript. Besides he was working

his catalogue in Kew where Roxburgh’s drawings were available

for consultation.

Walpers (1844), who probably saw Roxburgh’s published plate

of Congea tomentosa Roxb., but not the holotype from Chittagong

(for he gives the Coromandel Coast as its native habitat), des-

cribed C. azurea Wall. ms. 1733 (a) as a species distinct from

C. tomentosa Roxb., and, contrary to the then common procedures,

relegated Roscoea villosa Roxb. to its synonymy, either because

no specimen or plate of Roxburgh’s species was available to him

or because he had examined only the specimens of the plants

Roxburgh had planted in the Calcutta Gardens.

Schauer (1847), who had seen specimens of Wallich’s two forms

of C. azurea Wall. Cat. 1733 (a) & (6), but none of Roxburgh’s

types, reduced both Wallich’s forms as two varieties of C.

tomentosa Roxb. of which he had seen a published plate. He

made Roscoea villosa Roxb. and C. azurea Wall. synonyms of

C. tomentosa var. oblongifolia.

Wight (1849) expressed surprise at Walpers’ unusual step in

reducing the older binomial R. villosa Roxb. to C. azurea Wall.

ex Walpers (1844); but since he did not know Roxburgh’s species

from any authentic specimens and had seen no plate of R. villosa,

he excluded the latter from the synonymy of C. azurea Wall. and

gave a new description together with a pen line drawing of a

262

Vol. XXI (1966).

specimen of C. azurea, obtained from the Botanic Gardens,

Calcutta, which may have been from type progeny of Roxburgh’s

species. Since he regarded C. tomentosa Roxb. as native of the

Coromandel, he redescribed this species somewhat hesitatingly

from Griffith’s specimen from Mergui, (probably the isotype of

Griffith’s posthumous species, C. vestita Griff., 1854); however,

he admitted the possibility that it might not be the true C. tomentosa

Roxb. Obviously Wight was unaware that Roxburgh had planted

representatives of his type species in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta,

though these were listed in Roxburgh’s Hortus Bengalensis pub-

lished in 1814. Otherwise he would have probably made an

attempt to get specimens from these authentic plants and tried

to see how these differed from C. azurea Wall.

The next important botanist to deal with this genus was Clarke

who revised it for Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV (1885) 602-604.

Though he had co-operation of all the British institutions and

herbaria in Great Britain and India, it is indeed surprising that

he made no attempt to typify Roxburgh’s species by utilising

Roxburgh’s descriptions and plates, the specimens from the plants

Roxburgh had planted in the Calcutta Gardens and the specimens

from the type localities. On the contrary he reduced C. azurea

Wall. 1733-2 or (b) to Sphenodesme pentandra Jack, apparently

without any justification; for, from Schauer who had seen both

specimens of Wallich, and who knew well the genus Sphenodesme,

one gets the impression that there was hardly any external

difference between these two except in the size and shape of the

leaves (a very variable factor) and the size of the involucral bracts

and calyces (often a matter of development).

Clarke employed C. azurea Wall. 1733-1 or (a) as a basionym

of C. tomentosa var. azurea (Wall.) Clarke, creating thereby a

superfluous name for C. tomentosa var. oblongifolia Schauer (1847).

While Schauer stated that this variety differed in the leaves,

involucral bracts and calyces being smaller than those in the

type form which according to Schauer included Wall. Cat. 1733

(b), Clarke reserved this varietal name for the specimens having

larger dimensions to these organs. As said above, these parts vary

a great deal in size and I have found at least one duplicate of

Wall. Cat. 1733 (a) in Herb. Edinburgh having these members

of both sizes, since a young flowering twig and a well developed

One are mounted on the same sheet. Actually the very large

involucral bracts and calyces are a result of post-anthesial develop-

ment and are not a varietal character. |

Clarke also included Wight’s Jc. 1479/2 and its description

under C. tomentosa Roxb. proper without realizing that Wight’s

C. tomentosa is identical with C. vestita Griff. Further, Clarke

retained C. villosa (Roxb.) Wight, Jc. 1479/1-—B, a misprint for

C. velutina Wight, as a combination validly published by Wight,

and so he cited under it Roxburgh’s Roscoea villosa and its un-

published plate. In the text Clarke explained the discrepancies

263

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

between the two figures, overlooking the fact that Wight had also

considered that it is a 4-bracteate variation of his 3-bracteate C.

velutina in Wight Ic.. 1479/3.

Hence, though Wight and Clarke had contributed much to our

understanding of the genus and the species, the fundamental

difficulties were not clarified so that the subsequent revisions

reveal the influence of these two botanists and obscure the status

and the specific identities of C. tomentosa and C. villosa (Roxb.)

and some allied species.

Typification of Roxburgh’s Species

Roxburgh’s types have not been available to me in the present

‘study nor their plates but since the confusion over Roxburgh’s

two species renders the nomenclature of some other taxa also

uncertain, an attempt has been made here to typify the two.

1. Congea tomentosa Roxb. (1819) is described as having three

involucral bracts which are downy, pink coloured, elliptic, some-

times emarginate, over an inch long and 4 inch wide. Corolla

tube as long as the calyx. Young shoots tomentose (white ?,

not brown which is the colour given to the next species). Native

habitat, Chittagong.

Now all the specimens collected from Chittagong agree with

these characters, though they have been named invariably as

C. azurea or C. tomentosa var. azurea. In fact there is only one

species that occurs in Assam and East Pakistan as far north as

the Khasya Mountains, and it should be named C. tomentosa

Roxb. Hence both on plant geographical grounds and description

this must be taken as the type form of Congea tomentosa Roxb.

Specimens numbered Wall. Cat. 1733 (a) or (1) in Herb. Edinburgh

are also identical with this. I have not seen Wall. Cat. 1733 (5)

or (2), which was from Prome; but specimens collected by others

from Prome are identical with these. Many collections made in

the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and named as C. azurea also

belong here. Some of these may have come from Roxburgh’s

plants listed as Roscoea tomentosa in Hortus Bengalensis (1814)

(see “‘Progeny of types’’ below).

2. Roscoea villosa Roxb. (1832) was described as a species

‘with three involucral bracts to each flower head. The bracts them-

selves are described as oblong, sessile, spreading, aften emarginate

or retuse, hairy at the upper base like the calyx; flowers white:

calyx clothed both sides with soft white hairs; corolla longer than

the calyx; young shoots clothed densely with light brown, soft,

short pubescence.

Native in “‘Pegu in the vicinity of Rangoon’”’ where it is ““common

in hedges’’.

Now the only species that agrees with all these characters is

C. tomentosa Roxb. which, in young stages, often has, as described

‘by Roxburgh, light brown, soft, short pubescence on young twigs.

264

Vol. XXI (1966).

Further, many collections made from 1855 onwards in Rangoon,

Pegu and in their vicinities all represent one species only, namely

C. tomentosa. And since F. Carey who supplied the type specimen.

of R. villosa, had found the plant “common in the hedges” in

““Pegu in the vicinity of Rangoon’’, surely such a common plant

should have been found at least by one of the many collectors

who explored the area botanically. In fact no other species of

Congea seems to occur so far north in the lower Burma except

C. vestita Griff. which, though not found in the Rangoon and

the Pegu districts, occurs eastwards in the same latitude together

with C. tomentosa in the Moulmein and the Amherst districts.

But Roxburgh described shoots as clothed with light brown soft.

short pubescence, a character found in the young shoots of C.

tomentosa, while C. vestita has long brown (hirsute) hairs even

on older twigs. Involucral bracts are somewhat oblong and white

in young inflorescences, whereas they are always white and

broadly ovate-oblong or elliptic-obovate in C. vestita. But in this

species the corolla tube is shorter than the calyx, while in C.

tomentosa it is longer as described for R. villosa by Roxburgh,

though occasionally the corolla tube remains equal to the calyx,

as mentioned in the protolog of C. tomentosa. Besides, according

to the information supplied by Kew, Roxburgh’s coloured plate

of R. villosa shows involucral bracts which are green at the base,

pale yellow-green half-way up, becoming pinkish brown towards

the apex—a description wholly applicable to the bracts of C.

tomentosa. In short, R. villosa seems to be no more than a vari-

ation of C. tomentosa which usually produces bifid stigmata

described for R. villosa, but occasionally also indistinctly bifid

ones which could be mistaken for entire as mentioned in the

protolog of C. tomentosa.

Probable progeny of the type plants.

A further support to this conclusion is found on the identity

of the specimens of the plants cultivated in the Botanic Gardens,

Calcutta, and distributed to several herbaria in the world under

the name C. azurea. Since Roxburgh recorded in his Hortus

Bengalensis (1814), that he had both R. villosa and R. tomentosa

growing in the Gardens, it is surprising that all the specimens

represent only one species, C. tomentosa. Obviously due to the:

influence of Wallich, all these specimens have been named C.

azurea. Unfortunately they do not bear the date of collection;.

but one specimen in herbarium of Arnold Arboretum obtained

from Paris Herbarium bears the following information in faint

ink: “Cult. in H.B. Cal. 1813’. Since this specimen was made

when Roxburgh was still in Calcutta and Wallich had not collected.

or named in manuscript any species of Congea, it is of great

nomenclatural value and may be a spermotype or clonotype of

R. villosa or C. tomentosa.

265

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

In this connection one may note the following particulars found

on two Congea specimens made from the plants grown in the

Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and incorporated in Wight’s Herbarium,

but later distributed “Ex Herb. Wight Propr.” to the Calcutta

Herbarium and Gray Herbarium (Harvard). The information

in the distribution labels of both these specimens is written by

the same hand. In the Calcutta specimen it reads “Laid in

Aug. 1882’, while in the other specimen it reads “‘Lait in Aug.

1882”. Since this was a puzzle to me, I submitted my difficulty

to Dr. Furtado who stated that the first error to be noticed is

“*1882,”’ since Wight was already dead ten years earlier (in 1872).

Then “‘Laid” or “Lait” made no sense, but the specimen from

the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, collected in 1813 and now pre-

served in the herbarium of Arnold Arboretum, furnished a clue

to the solution since the word “cult” in that specimen can be

easily misread as “Lait”. Hence Furtado suspects that the speci-

mens in Wight’s Herbarium must have been collected also when

Roxburgh was still in Calcutta and that original label written

probably in the same hand as the specimen of 1813. If the entire

information were written in a continuous handwriting as in the

specimen of 1813, so that a word that follows is joined to one

that precedes, “‘1812’” written in that fashion could easily be

misread for “‘1882’’. However ‘““HBC”’ could not easily be mistaken

eutt, JAY ZO1FE

for “‘Aug.”. Perhaps Roxburgh who was preparing his Hortus

Bengalensis, published in 1814, also wrote on the specimens as

“cult in Hbg in 1812’, meaning “‘culta in Horto bengalense in

1812’’. This would account for “Lait in Aug. in 1882’. Furtado

suggests that an inquiry be made by consulting Roxburgh’s spe-

cimens in Paris since the specimens of these are not found in

Brussels and Geneva. Wight’s specimens together with the other

specimen collected in 1813, may represent the two species that

were grown in the Gardens.

This ingenious explanation by Furtado seems to be very plausible

and merits a further inquiry. Since Wight based his drawings and

descriptions of C. azurea from a specimen obtained from the

Calcutta Gardens, this collection of “1812” may be that specimen.

266

Vol. XXI (1966).

But whatever may be the basis of Schauer’s judgement, it is

obvious from the circumstantial evidence brought forward in this

study that R. villosa Roxb. is merely an ecological form of C.

tomentosa and that Schauer was right in reducing the two of

Roxburgh’s species to one, though wrong in establishing the

varieties. Further since the specimen collected in the Botanic

Gardens, Calcutta, in 1813, was distributed to Arnold Arboretum

from Paris where Schauer had worked his revision, it seems likely

that Schauer who had examined Wallich’s 1733 (a) & (b), was

able to see also the specimens of the progeny of Roxburgh’s

types from the Calcutta Gardens. An inquiry in the Paris herbarium

might be profitable in this connection.

It is obvious therefore that a good deal of confusion that has

arisen regarding the identity of these two species has been caused

precisely because botanists have ignored the facts that the spe-

cimens from two of Roxburgh’s species grown in the Calcutta

Gardens and those from the type localities of the species, repre-

sented only one species; and also because they have tried to give

a definite nomenclatural value to C. azurea Wall. which is

taxonomically superfluous even if the different amendments were

nomenclaturally admissible.

DISTRIBUTION: The genus is restricted in its distribution

between 90°-109° East longitude and 0°-28° North latitude.

In fact the entire genus is confined to what may be called the

Indo-Malayan and the Indo-Chinese regions, extending from the

Khasya Mountains southwards through Burma, Thailand, Malaya

and Sumatra; and eastwards up to Vietnam and Yunnan province

of China. So far, it has not been recorded wild from the southern

part of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Java; and it is wholly

absent from West Bengal and peninsular India except as a culti-

vated plant (See Map 1).

Of all the species of this genus C. tomentosa is the most

widely distributed species extending from the Khasya Mountains

southwards to Thailand and its varietal form (var. nivea) from

Thailand to Vietnam (See Map 2). C. forbesii is the only one

that occurs in Sumatra alone and its variety var. ridleyana in

north Malaya. C. griffithiana extends from Mergui to Kedah (in

the northern part of the Malay Peninsula) (See Map 3). C. vestita

is recorded from Martabania and Mergui archipelago in Burma

and its var. subvestita in South Vietnam. Its allied species C.

pedicellata is found in Laos and Vietnam (See Map 4). C. siamensis

and C. velutina, two very close allies, are found in the Tenasserim

district of Burma and Lower Thailand. C. chinensis is found in

Yunnan province of China and on the borders of Upper Burma,

and its variety latibracteata is in the Mandalay district of Burma

(See Map 5). C. connata and C. rockii are endemic in Thailand

(See Map 6).

267

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

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273

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

SUMMARY

In this revision of the genus Congea, attempts have been made

to solve certain problems which, though contributing to a great

confusion on the identity of some species, had been neglected

in the past. Thus it is shown here that the holotype of C. tomentosa,

the type species of the genus, was from Chittagong as stated in

the protolog and that the additional statement that the species

is indigenous in Coromandel, found in the subsequent reprint

of the description, was an addition caused by a misplacement of

an isolated printed line belonging to another taxon described in

the second work. In fact it is shown that no species of Congea

is found wild in any part of peninsular India. These facts have

helped to identify precisely C. tomentosa which is the only one

that occurs indigenous in the vast region around Chittagong.

Hence what invariably passes as C. tomentosa var. oblongifolia

or C. tomentosa var. azurea has to be called C. tomentosa var.

tomentosa on the basis of both plant-geography and the original

description.

This species extends southwards to the burmese districts of

Pegu and Rangoon, where no other species has ever been found

wild. This fact and Roxburgh’s description have been used to

show that C. villosa (Roxb.) Clarke (based on the holotype

collected in Pegu near Rangoon) is merely an ecological form of

C. tomentosa var. tomentosa. Confirmatory evidence on the identity

of these two Roxburgh’s taxa is drawn from the many herbarium

specimens of the plants in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, where

Roxburgh had grown progeny obtained from the two type plants;

these specimens are distributed under the name of C. azurea, the

basionym of C. tomentosa var. azurea, but all represent C.

tomentosa var. tomentosa. Though I was not able to see any type,

photographs of their coloured plates made under the direction

of Roxburgh confirm the accuracy of my deductions.

By utilizing the characters like the number of bracts to an

involucre, the extent of the union of the bracts at the base,

presence or absence of a conspicuous pedicel to the calyx, and the

length of the corolla tube in relation to the length of calyx, it has

been possible to remove the confusion or indefiniteness that existed

over the identity or limits of some species. The results thus

obtained may be condensed as follows:

1. Species or varieties reduced to synonymy: C. oblonga, C.

peteloti, C. tomentosa vat. azurea, C. tomentosa var. oblongi-

folia and C. villosa.

2. Taxonomic limits redefined: C. forbesii, C. tomentosa, C.

velutina and C. vestita.

3. Redescribed from the holotype: C. rockii (it bears 4 bracts

to an involucre and 5-6 flowers to a cyme, not 3 bracts

and 3 flowers as stated in the protolog).

274

Vol. XXI (1966).

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275

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

4. New taxa established here: C. chinensis var. latibracteata,

C. forbesii var. ridleyana, C. griffithiana, C. pedicellata,

C. tomentosa var. nivea, C. velutina var. elliptica and C.

vestita var. subvestita.

5. The remaining three species not confused so far: C. chinensis

€. connata and C. siamensis.

In short this genus as revised here consists of ten species and

five varieties, two species and all varieties being new.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is my pleasant duty to record my gratitude to the following:

to the Government of Singapore for extending my Fellowship

which enabled me to continue the research in the genera of the

Symphoremeae group of Verbenaceae; to Mr. H. M. Burkill,

Director of Gardens, Singapore, and to Dr. Chew Wee-Lek,

Keeper of the Herbarium, for putting at my disposal the facilities

of the Singapore Botanic Gardens; to Dr. C. X. Furtado, for his

general guidance, for the translation of the Latin, French and

German texts consulted by me and for putting the diagnoses of

new taxa into Latin; to Dr. H. N. Moldenke of New York for

providing me with information regarding his taxa included here;

to Che Juraimi bin Samsuri for making the drawings published

here; to the typist who patiently typed the manuscript.

My thanks are also due to the Directors and Curators of the

institutions mentioned below for the loan of herbarium specimens:

1. Arnold Arboretum , Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue,

Cambridge 38, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (A).

2. Botanisches Garten und Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.

(B).

3. Forest Herbarium, Bangkok, Thailand. (BKF).

British Museum of Natural History, London, S.W.7, England.

(BM).

5. Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, India. (CAL).

6. Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. (DD).

7. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland. (E).

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. (K).

. Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Selangor. (KEP).

10. Ruiksherbarium, Leiden, Holland. (L).

11. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York,

U.S.A. (NY).

12. National Herbarium and Museum, Manila, Philippines.

(PNH).

13. Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of California,

Berkeley 4, U.S.A. (UC).

276

Vol. XXI (1966).

Congea

Congea Roxb., Pl. Corom. III (1819) 90, t. 293; Endlicher, Gen.

Pl. (1836) 638, No. 3715 p.p.; Meissner, Gen Pl. Vascul. I (1836)

292 & IL Comment. (1843) 200 p.p.; Walp., Repert. Bot. IV

(1844) 116 p.p.; Schauer in DC., Prodr. XI (1847) 623; Wight.

Ic. Ind. Or. IV, part 3 (1849) 14; Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. II

(1858) 911; Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. II, Part 2 (1876) 1159;

Kurz, For. Fl. Burm. II (1877) 256; Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br.

Ind. IV (1885) 602; Briq. in Engl. U Prantl, Pflanzenfam. IV,

3a (1897) 181; King & Gamble in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXIV,

II (1908) 864; Lam, Malay. Verb. (1919) 336; Bakh. in Bull.

Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ITI (1921) 100; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1923)

640; Dop in FI. Gén. Indoch. IV (1936) 908.

Roscoea Roxb. FI. Ind. III (1832) 54 pro parte, ee parte

Sphenodesme).

Calochlamys Presl, Bot. Bemerk. (1844) 148; Walp., Bie Bot.

VI (1846) 691.

TYPE SPECIES: C. tomentosa Roxb. from Chittagong (not

Coromandel).

Large climbing shrubs; branches almost cylindric, usually

tomentose with mixed simple and stellate hairs. Leaves simple,

opposite, entire, reticulate unicostate. Inflorescence in axillary and

terminal panicles. Cymes capitate, pedunculate, 3-9 flowered;

involucral bracts 3 or 4 free or united at base, violet or white

tomentose, elliptic or oblong or spathulate. Flowers often sessile,

sometimes long pedicelliform or pedicellate (ie. C. vestita and

C. pedicellata); calyx tubular or infundibuliform, 5-toothed, slightly

accrescent. Corolla bilabiate, oblique; tube cylindric, glabrous

except a villous band in throat; upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower

of 3-lobes. Stamens 4, exserted, didynamous, epipetalous, inserted

in the throat of the corolla; anthers almost orbicular. Ovary

obovoid, glabrous, glandular at apex, imperfectly 2-celled, each

cell 2-ovuled; style as long as the stamens or more, filiform; stigma

shortly bifid. Drupe obovoid, nearly dry, 1-seeded.

DISTRIBUTION: Assam in India, East Pakistan, Burma,

Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and South-

western China.

This genus together with the allied genera are regarded to form

a distinct group, the systematic status of which is not yet clearly

defined. Some botanists have considered the group as a tribe or

subtride (Symporemeae) of Verbenaceae, others as its subfamily

(Symphoremoideae) or even as a distinct family (Symphoremaceae)..

I hope to get some details on this after studying the genus.

Symphorema.

277

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

KEY TO THE SPECIES*

+44) Invelveral-bracis’3 or spb-4i } Lb) Sreegel Fe ee eee 8.

(5): Invohicral /bracist a7 : E2475 2595. 2S SL OAS ete. aba eee Ze

2. ta) Jnivolucral bracts Isee fase Uase. - 4. .25---.751002ees os meee 4.

(b) Involucral bracts united into a distinct cup at the base ............ 3.

. (a) Leaves narrowly elliptic; inflorescence axis canescent; involucral

bracts oblanceolate to oblong, narrowed towards the base, uni-

formly hoary in the upper surface, often sericeous along midrib

above; cup + 6 mm. long; calyx densely albosericeous without.

(Panicle — internodes and peduncles and the axillant bracts longer)

C. chinensis var. chinensis

(b) Leaves broadly elliptic; inflorescence axis flavido-pubescent; in-

volucral bracts oblong, violet, tomentose, with long canescent hairs

at the base above; cup + 4 mm. long; calyx densely hirsute outside.

(Panicle internodes; peduncles and the axillant bracts smaller)

C. chinensis var. latibracteata var. nov.

4. (a) Involucre with an additional pair of short, linear-setaceous brac-

teoles. (Corolla much exserted) 7

(b) Involucre without any additional bracteoles. (Corolla not much

exsertéd))../.. 02. ..GAQaL. WEI A cee oe ei 5

. (a) Branchlets and inflorescence axis covered with dense, long, fulvous

tomentum; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sub-cordulate or rounded at

the base; involucral bracts narrowly elliptic, densely white tomen-

tose above; flowers pedicelliform. (Leaves brunescent all over on

drying: cymes; 5-6. Hlomeges aia Ratio cdtahi isle awl th C. rockii

—

Branchlets and inflorescence with short, tawny tomentum; leaves

elliptic, cuneate towards base; involucral bracts oblanceolate to

spathulate, sometimes elliptic, often densely violet above; flowers

sessile. (Leaves generally almost nigrescent on drying; cymes 5-

flowered) A

Cee eee mee meee eee eee HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EERE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EE HEE HE EEES

. (a

—

Involucral bracts oblanceolate to spathulate, rounded at apex;

peduncles shorter and more slender.

C. griffithiana sp. nov. var. griffithiana

—

Involucral bracts elliptic, acute at apex; peduncles longer and

EMICKERS g2bC a. cc: ace taeneee C. griffithiana var. elliptica var. nov.

. (a

—

Leaves oblong-lanceolate; involucral bracts narrowly elliptic-

lanceolate, grey tomentose above with no longer hairs at the base;

calyx slightly pedicelliform. (Young inflorescence axis hoary; cymes

3-4 flowered) nes 2.0% le Oa. AS C. forbesii var. forbesii

Leaves elliptic; involucral bracts broadly elliptic or oblong-elliptic,

thickly grey tomentose above, provided at the base with long

canescent hairs; calyx sessile. (Young inflorescence axis fulvous

tomentose mixed with distinctly long hairs; cymes 5-flowered)

C. forbesii var. ridleyana var. nov.

—

. (a) Involucral bracts free to the base; flowers sessile or pedicellate

11.

ee ee a ee ee ee ae

(b) Paneer at bracts united into a cup at the base; flower always

sessile q

ee a a es a ay

*TIt is not possible to present a key purely on vegetative characters, as

almost all the species of this genus are extremely alike in these charac-

ters.

278

Vol. XXI (1966).

10.

11.

12.

is.

14.

(a) Involucral bracts 3, narrowly elliptic-oblong, albo-canescent above;

cup + 6 mm. long. (Calyx teeth almost jth or less of the tube)

C. connata

(b) Involucral bracts 3, occasionally sub-4, spathulate or elliptic-

obovate, violet, tomentose above; cup 3-4 mm. long ............ 10.

(a) Leaves elliptic, cuneate towards base; involucral bracts always 3,

spathulate to oblanceolate; cup + 3 mm. long. (Calyx teeth almost

ur een tne tebe) ee te ee OT C. velutina

(b) Leaves elliptic to ovate, cordulate at base; involucral bracts usually

3, occasionally sub-4, oblong-elliptic to obovate; cup + 4 mm.

long. (Calyx teeth almost one-third the length of its tube)

C. siamensis

(a) Flowers sessile; involucral bracts elliptic-oblong or elliptic-obovate,

violet or white tomentose; corolla tube longer than the calyx ... 14.

(b) Flowers pedicellate; involucral bracts broadly elliptic or obovate,

light cream coloured or greyish-white; corolla tube shorter than

RRs er ea as ha id wits Nig caw «000 iulpaie ow dean 12

(a) Branchlets and inflorescence axis cinereo-pubescent; leaves elliptic,

usually rounded at base, rarely cordulate, chartaceous, scabridulous

above, grey-pubescent beneath; involucral bracts elliptic to obovate,

greyish-white; flower pedicel very long; calyx sericeo-pubescent

TUDE ib, Tite lea AI Age ey ln AC ca a eee C. pedicellata sp. nov.

(b) Branchlets and inflorescence axis ferruginous hirsute, or faintly

yellowish pubescent; leaves ovate or elliptic, cordulate at base,

coriaceous, scabrid above, fulvidous-hirsute or faintly yellowish

pubescent beneath; involucral bracts most broadly elliptic (2-4 by

1-2 cm.), light cream coloured, flower pedicel shorter; calyx hirsute

Oe ee ee OLD 4 29. Ra Oks seoticads edd. ney LA2 #3:

(a) Branchlets, inflorescence axis and underside of leaves ferruginous

tor? Tulvous-limsUten 1.65.52. 0.06 Bee Be od ead. C. vestita var. vestita

(b) Branchlets, inflorescence axis and underside of leaves faintly

yellowish-pubescent ............... C. vestita var. subvestita var. nov.

(a) Branchlets and inflorescence axis tomentose, flavescent when young,

later canescent; involucral bracts elliptic to oblong, violet, tomen-

tose, provided at the base above with long and thick canescent

hairs; calyx densely sericeo-hirsute without; lobes (at anthesis)

almost half the length of calyx tube, pointed, each usually provided

at the tip with a linear accessory tooth; corolla with a narrow,

almost fugacious villous band in throat.

C. tomentosa var. tomentosa

(b) Branchlets and inflorescence axis cinereo-tomentose; involucral

bracts ovate or broadly elliptic, white tomentose; calyx cinereo-

pubescent without, lobes almost one-third the length of calyx

tube or shorter without any accessory teeth; corolla with a broad

villous band in throat ............ C. tomentosa var. nivea var. nov.

—_

279

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES

1. Congea chinensis Mold., Phytologia II (1947) 311 & Résumé

Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 169. var. chinensis — Fig 1.

Among all the species with four involucral bracts, C. chinensis

is easily distinguished by its involucral bracts being united into a

cup (up to 6 mm. long) at the base.

Branchlets cylindric, cinereo-tomentose. Leaves chartaceous,

narrowly elliptic, acuminate towards apex, almost rounded or

cordulate at base, excepting the puberulous midrib glabrous above,

pubescent below, up to 14.5 cm. long, 6 cm. broad; main lateral

nerves 5-6 pairs, more conspicuous and more densely hairy

beneath; intramarginal nerve prominent on the underside; petiole

up to 7 mm. long, densely hairy. Inflorescence in axillary and

terminal panicles, 15-25 cm. long, canescent. Cymes 5-flowered;

involucral bracts 4, united into a cup at the base, oblong-oblanceo-

late, narrowed towards the base, uniformly hoary in the upper

surface, often sericeous along midrib above, 2.5—3 cm. long, 5-8

mm. broad; cup + 6 mm. long; peduncles 1-1.8 cm. long,

canescent. Calyx almost campanulate, 5-lobed, albo-sericeous with-

out, appressedly hairy within, up to 7-8 mm. long; lobes acute,

almost crispate. Corolla exserted, bilabiate; tube cylindric, + 7

mm. long, glabrous but with a broad villous band in the throat.

Stamens 4, much exserted; filaments filiform; anther lobes almost

orbicular. Ovary obovoid, glabrous, glandular towards apex, + 2

mm. long; style filiform.

CHINA: Yunnan (Tsai 25,611: SING, isotype).

BURMA: Kachin Hills, north of Myitkyina on road to Kanpti

Long (Toppin s.n.: E; 4,225: CAL); Tankhu, alt. 1,500-2,500

ft. (Kingdon-Ward 20,514: A, BM & E; 9,049: BM).

la. Congea chinensis Mold. var. latibracteata Munir var. nov. —

Fig. la.

A forma typica foliis late ellipticis, inflorescentiae axi

flavido pubescente, bracteis involucralibus oblongis, violaceis,

tomentosis, basi longe albo pilosis, cupulo involucri breviore

(circa 4 mm. longis), calycibus externe hirsutis (inflorescentiae-

internodis, bracteis foliaribus axillantibus et pedunculis breviori-

bus) haec varietas facile distinguenda.

This variety is easily distinguished from the type form, in its:

leaves being broadly elliptic; inflorescence axis flavido-pubescent;

involucral bracts oblong, violet, tomentose with long canescent

hairs at the base above; cup shorter (+ 4 mm. long); calyx densely

hirsute outside (panicles internodes, peduncle and the axillant

bracts smaller).

BURMA: Maymyo, alt. 3,500 ft. (Lace 6,146: E, holotype &

isotype).

280

Vol. XXI (1966).

JURAIMI DEL,

Fig. 1. Congea chinensis var. chinensis (Tsai 52,611 in SING).

A, Fertile twig. B, Cyme to show involucral cup. C, Flower. D

Flower longitudinally cut open to show its internal structure.

281

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

JURAIMI DEL,

latibracteata (Lace 6,146 in E).

mmensis var.

Fig. la. Congea ch

A, Flowering twig. B, Involucre with flowers. C, Flower. D, Flower

vertically cut open.

282

Vol. XXI (1966).

2. Congea rockii Mold., in Phytologia VIII (1961) 14 — Fig. 2.

This species is closely allied to C. forbesii in having oblong-

lanceolate leaves, four involucral bracts free to the base and

pedicelliform flowers, but is easily distinguished by its brownish,

very long, forward pointing and conspicuous hairs on branchlets

and inflorescence; involucre without any additional pair of brac-

teoles and (young) cymes 5-6 flowered.

Stem slender, almost cylindric, densely fulvous-tomentose, inter-

spersed with long hairs. Leaves chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate,

acuminate at apex, almost rounded or cordulate at base, nitid

and glabrous above, but pilose in margins and puberulous in

midrib above, densely fulvous-pubescent beneath, brunnescent -

when dry, 5.5—12.5 cm. long, 2—3.5 cm. broad; main lateral nerves

5-7; petioles 5-7 mm. long, densely fulvous-hirsute. Inflorescence

in axillary and terminal panicles, lax, up to 30 cm. long, with

long, dense, fulvous tomentum; cymes 5-6 flowered (only young

available); involucral bracts 4, free to the base, narrowly elliptic,

densely white tomentose above, very densely fulvous hairy beneath,

young 10-14 mm. long, + 4 mm. broad; peduncles 5 mm. long

(young). Calyx pedicelliform, campanulate, densely fulvous-

tomentose with long porrect and conspicuous hairs without, appres-

sedly hairy within. Corolla (undeveloped) bilabiate, glabrous with

a villous ring at the throat. Stamens 4; filaments short, undeveloped;

anthers + orbicular. Ovary almost obovoid, glabrous, glandular

towards apex; stigma and style short.

THAILAND: Chiengmai, between Ta Kaw and Meh Soi (Rock

1,677: UC, holotype; A, isotype).

Both the specimens studied here are too young, but the species

is quite distinct.

In protolog the author described the species as having 3-flowered

sessile cymes with only 3 involucral bracts; but even in the holotype

specimen the heads (cymes) are actually pedunculate, bearing 5—6

flowers, and their involucral bracts are always 4. However, the

inflorescence is young and the peduncle and other parts are not

fully developed; and the two opposite cymes becomes so congested

in the axils of the foliar bracts that the examination of the cyme

is not easy. The long hairs also interfere in the counting of

flowers. Hence, unless a cyme is detached it is difficult to make a

proper analysis.

283

Gardens’ Bulletin, S-

(oa

;

JURAIMI DEL. wat | cm |

Fig. 2. Congea rockii (Rock 1,677 in UC). |

A, Twig with immature inflorescence. B, Young cyme to show

the number of bracts and flower buds. C, Flower bud. D, Dissected .

flower bud. |

‘

;

284 ‘i

Vol. XXI (1966).

3. Congea griffithiana Munir sp. nov. var. griffithiana — Fig. 3.

C. velutina Wight, Ic. IV, 3 (1849) 15 quoad t. 1479/B tantum

(sphalmate C. villosa); Bakh. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. IIL

Ser. 3 (1921) 101 p.p.; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959)

165, 179 & 275 p.p.

“C. villosa (Roxb.) Wight’ sec. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind.

IV (1885) 603 p.p.; Briq. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. IV, 3a

(1897) 181; Bakh. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. III, Ser. 3 (1921)

100 p.p.; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 165, 177,

179 & 275, non Roscoea villosa Roxb.

C. villosa Wight sec. Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 440.

C. tomentosa Roxb. sensu King & Gamble in Journ. As. Soc.

Beng. LXXIV, II (1908) 866; Hallier in Meded. Rijks’ Herb. ..

Leiden 37 (1918) 86 p.p. Ridl., Fl. Mal. Penin. II (1923) 640 p.p.

Haec species involucris 4-bracteatis liberis, bracteis azureis spa-

thulatis basin versus cuneatissimis inter omnes distinctissima.

This remarkable species often confused with C. velutina and

C. villosa (Roxb.) is readily distinguished by its 4 involucral

bracts which are quite free to the base and violet in colour and

spathulate much narrowed towards the base. The two other

species, C. rockii and C. forbesii, also with 4 bracteate involucres

and no cup at the base, have elliptic to oblanceolate and more

densely hoary whitish bracts.

Branchlets cylindric, tawny tomentose. Leaves sub-coriaceous

to chartaceous, elliptic, acuminate at apex, cuneate towards base,

glabrous above, fuscous pubescent beneath, up to 12 cm. long,

6 cm. broad; main lateral nerves 4 pairs; petioles 5-10 mm. long,

pubescent. Inflorescence in axillary and terminal panicles, tawny

tomentose in axis; panicles up to 45 cm. long. Cymes 5-flowered;

involucral bracts 4, free to the base, spathulate to oblanceolate,

much narrowed towards base, violet, thickly tomentose above,

pubescent below, up to 3 cm. long, 1.3 cm. broad; peduncles

almost 1 cm. long, pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, 4-5

mm. long, densely canescent hairy without, appressedly hairy

within; lobes acute, crispate in margins, almost 1 mm. long. Corolla

exserted; tube slightly longer than calyx, glabrous with a villous

band in the throat; lobes almost rounded. Stamens 4, exsert;

filaments long, up to 1 cm. long or more; anthers almost orbicular.

Ovary ‘+ obovoid, glabrous, glandular at apex; style longer than

the filaments; stigma indistinctly bilobed.

BURMA: Lower Burma, Rangoon, in brushwoods and _ hedges,

(Smith 55: A). [an escape from cultivation ?]; Mergui (Griffith,

known from Ic. 1479/B and K.d. No. 6012/1: K).

285

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

JURAIMI DEL

Fig. 3. Congea griffithiana var. griffithiana (Curtis 2,962 in SING, holo-

typus).

A, Inflorescence. B, Cyme with its bracts and flowers. C, Flower.

D, Dissected flower showing the disposition of the internal organs.

286

Vol. XXI (1966).

THAILAND: Surat, Kao Meo in bamboo forest (Kerr 12,470:

BM & E). Puket, Ranawng, Kaw Banghen, in evergreen forest

(Kerr 16,656: BM & E); Katu (Kerr 17,466: BM, E & K).

Kopah (Haniff 3,858: SING). Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkla,

Wang Yai (Kerr 14,762: BM & E); Kao Ram, near stream

(Smith 650: BM & E); Ban Pak Phanang? (Collins s.n.: BM);

Chawang (Snan 99 & 913: BKF); Thung Song (Snan s.n.: K).

Poongah, near the village (Curtis 2,903: CAL; 2962 SING,

holotype; CAL, isotype).

MALAYA: Kedah, Gurun, 334 mile Jeniang Road (Kadir SEN.

35,802: A, KEP & SING); Ulu Patani Mulik (Sow 34,622: KEP).

CULTIVATED: MALAYA, Selangor, Kuala. Lumpur public

gardens (Jaamat & Kasim 15,225: KEP & SING). Johore, Kota .

Tinggi, Nam Heng (Teruya 544: SING). Singapore, Botanic

Gardens (Furtado s.n.: SING & UC; Noor s.n.: SING; Hallier

247: L; Munir 3: SING). INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sibolangit

Garden (Lorzing 11,949: L & SING). Java, Batavia, Bogor

Gardens (Visser C 90,401: L; Baker 36,411: L; Durand 7,204:

i; Fiat 4V BE. 7t (Leg.?: UC & NY: Dilmy, L): ‘Plant XV

E. 3 XI. B. IX. 53 (Leg.?: NY); Tjidadap Tyjibelier + 1,000 M

(Bakhuizen 285: CAL, L, SING). Borneo, Bandjermasin (Djimat

Tatong 2,000: L). PHILIPPINE: Luzon, Laguna Province, at

Los Banos (Steiner 22,801 ‘& 22,931: PNH); Mt. Makiling

(Canicosa 9,636: PNH: Esben 34,293: PNH; Rivera 33,460:

PNH; Sulit 8,313: PNH). Cebu, Camp 7, Minglanilla (Cabiluna

PNH No. 92,025: PNH). BELGIAN CONGO: loc. incert. (Goos-

sens 4,511: NY).

This species was included as the paratype of C. velutina Wight.

King & Gamble, however, described this species as C. tomentosa

Roxb. though they quoted under it Roxburgh’s plate (type) and

Wight t. 1479/2 (=C. vestita). Fletcher’s C. villosa is entirely

this species, though he has regarded it as a new species of Wight.

The specimens collected by Bakhuizen from Preanger in Java

(No. 285) and those collected by Djimat Tatong from Bandjer-

masin in Borneo are apparently from cultivated plants, though

the collectors do not state so. The vernacular name in Borneo

specimens is stated to be ““Rongea’”’ which might be a mis-copying

of the name “Kongea’’. This species is not found wild so far

south and on mountains. Similarly Smith 55 from Rangoon may

be an escape from a cultivated plant; it has never been collected

before so far north, the northernmost region hitherto known is

Mergui where Griffith had collected the first specimen of the

species which formed the basis of Wight Ic. t. 1479/B.

287

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Nomenclature

The nomenclature of this species presents certain problems

which must be understood before the procedure followed here

can be appreciated. Clarke (1885) adopted ‘“‘C. villosa (Roxb.)

Wight” as validly published in Wight Ic. t. 1479/B (1849) for

R. villosa Roxb. which he quoted in the synonymy. However,

Clarke also noted the difference between the 3-bracteate involucred

R. villosa as represented in Roxburgh’s unpublished coloured

plate in Kew and the 4-bracteate involucred cymes in Wight’s

figure. Most of the subsequent botanists have followed Clarke

and accepted Wight as the author of the new combination based

on R. villosa Roxb. But Fletcher (1938), noticing that Wight’s

plant is specifically different from Roxburgh’s, concluded that

Wight had not published a new combination but only a new

species, C. villosa Wight. Hence he excluded from it all reference

to Roxburgh or to R. villosa Roxb., though he failed to account

for Roxburgh’s species based on a type from Burma. Moldenke

(1959) has apparently accepted both C. villosa Wight and C. villosa

{Roxb.) Wight as validly published binomials, though the former

he reduced as the synonym of the latter.

Now, did Wight actually publish any of these binomials? If

not, who are their authors? May any of these names be used as

the correct one for the present species?

In the first place (Ic. IV, 3, 1849, p. 14) in discussing Schauer’s

monographic revision (1847), expressed doubts on the correctness

of reducing C. villosa Roxb. (sic) and C. azurea Wall. to C.

tomentosa Roxb., but since he had not seen any authentic specimen

of Roxburgh’s villosa, he left this species out of consideration. In

addition he stated under C. azurea Wall. that he did not know

Roxburgh’s species (villosa), but questioned the propriety of

Walpers in reducing the old R. villosa Roxb. as a synonym of

the new species, C. azurea Wall. ex Walpers (1844), obviously

because under the then current procedures Walpers should have

made R. villosa Roxb. the basionym of the new isonym under

Congea with C. azurea Wall. as a synonym. Besides he argued

that had C. azurea and C. villosa been identical as Walpers

maintained, Wallich would not have created a new binomial C.

azurea. In other words, Wight treated as if Roxburgh himself

had created C. villosa Roxb. and so he did not refer to R. villosa

Roxb. at all. But since he was anxious to refrain from expressing

any Opinion on Roxburgh’s villosa and left it out of his consider-

ation, this casual reference to Roxburgh’s species as C. villosa

Roxb. and not R. villosa Roxb., cannot be taken as the formal

publication by Wight of the new combination under Congea for

R. villosa Roxb. and it could never be associated with Wight

Ic. t. 1479/B.

288

Vol. XXI (1966).

As stated in my introductory remarks, the other “C. villosa

(Roxb.)”’ in the legend of Wight Jc. t. 1479/B was a misprint for

C. velutina Wight and this fact was stated by Wight himself both

in the text and “‘erratum’’, the latter inserted as a separate line

at the end of C. azurea Wall.

This means that Wight did not validate C. villosa either as a

new binomial or as a new combination. However, Clarke, over-

looking that “C. villosa (Roxb.)”? was a misprint for C. velutina

(Wight), [Wight quoted authors’ names in brackets] adopted it

as the correct name of a species and cited R. villosa Roxb. as its.

basionym. Therefore, it was Clarke who, unconsciously though

it may be, made the combination valid; and so it may be cited

as C. villosa (Roxb.) Wight ex Clarke. Hence C. villosa Wight ex

Fletcher (1938), even if regarded as validly published, can be

accepted only as a later homonym.

It is obvious, therefore, that, though C. villosa (Roxb.) Clarke

has been relegated here merely as a synonym of C. tomentosa

Roxb. and Fletcher intended to restrict the use of “C. villosa

Wight” entirely to the present species, a new name had to be

created for this taxon apparently not adequately described before.

This lacuna has now been filled by establishing C. griffithiana

as a new species.

3a. Congea griffithiana Munir var. elliptica Munir var. nov. —

Fig. 3a.

A former typica bracteis involucri ellipticis apice acutis, pedun-

culis longioribus crassioribusque haec varietas sat distincta.

This variety can be easily distinguished from the type form,

by its involucral bracts being elliptic, acute at apex, and peduncles

longer and _ thicker.

BURMA: Tenasserim, Mergui Island (Proudlock 36: CAL, holo-

type).

4. Congea forbesii King & Gamble in Kew Bull. (1908) 114 &

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXIV, II (1908) 866; Lam., Malay.

Verb. (1919) 337; Mold., Résumé Geogr. Distr. & Syn. (1959)

188. var. forbesii — Fig. 4.

C. velutina sensu Bakh. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitz. HI (1921) 101;

Dop in Fl. Gén. Indoch. IV (1936) 908; pro parte.

Among all the species of Congea with four involucral bracts

free to the base, C. forbesii K. & G. is easily distinguished by its

(grey-tomentose) narrowly oblong or oblanceolate involucral bracts

accompanied by an additional pair of short, linear, setaceous

bracteoles.

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Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 3a. Congea griffithiana var. elliptica (Proudlock 36 in CAL).

A, Fertile twig. B, cyme to show the shape of its bracts.

290

Vol. XXI (1966).

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 4. Congea forbesii var. forbesii (Forbes 1,567 in SING).

, Cyme to show the two additional bracteoles.

C, Flower. D, Ibid. longitudinally cut open to show the internal organs.

A, Inflorescence. B

291

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Branchlets slender, hairy tomentose. Leaves chartaceous, oblong

or oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate at apex, rounded or

slightly cordulate at base, nitid and excepting the puberulous

nerves glabrous above, shortly tawny pubescent below, brownish

when dry, 7-13 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. broad; main lateral nerves

5-6 pairs; petioles up to 5 mm. long, tawny pubescent. nflores-

cence in axillary and terminal panicles, lax, up to 30 cm. long,

15 cm. wide, tawny-pubescent. Cymes decussate, 3-4 flowered;

involucral bracts 4, with two additional bracteoles, free to the

base, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, grey-tomentose, 2-4 cm.

long, 0.4-1 cm. broad; bracteoles shorter, linear, setaceous, about

6-13 mm. long; peduncles 5-7 mm. long. Calyx pedicelliform at

base, tubular, funnel shaped, 5-toothed, densely tomentose without,

appressedly hairy within, 7-8 mm. long; lobes crispate, triangular,

acute, 2-3 mm. long. Corolla much exserted, 2-lipped; tube

cylindric, slender, + 7 mm. long, glabrous except the villous ring

at the throat. Stamens 4, much exserted; filaments filiform almost

orbicular. Ovary + obovoid, glabrous, glandular towards apex;

style slender, much exserted, + 8 mm. long.

SUMATRA: In deep forests in Lampongs (Forbes 1,567: CAL,

holotype; A, K, L & SING isotypes).

The presence of two linear-setaceous bracteoles between flower

and involucral bracts is a special and distinct character found in

no other species in the genus. Lam (1919, Key & text) described

the number of these bracteoles as four, a number I have not

found in any species. King & Gamble also mention two bracteoles

only.

4a. Congea forbesii King & Gamble var. ridleyana Munir var. nov.

— Fig. 4a.

C. vestita Griff. in King & Gamble in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

LXXIV, II (1908) 865; Lam, Malay. Verb. (1919) 338; Ridley,

Fl. Mal. Penin; II (1923) 640; Dop in Fl. Gén. Indoch. (1936)

911: Omnino quoad specimen Ridleyanum infra citatum.

A forma typica foliis ellipticis, inflorescentiis juventute dense

fulvo-tomentosis saepe conspicuis pilis longioribus intermixtis;

bracteis involucri late ellipticis vel oblongo-ellipticis, dense griseo-

tomentosis, basi longis pilis canescentibus praeditis.

This variety differs from the type form, in its leaves being

elliptic; young inflorescence densely fulvous-tomentose usually

mixed with longer and conspicuous hairs; involucral bracts broadly

elliptic or oblong-elliptic, thickly grey tomentose above, with long

canescent hairs at the base above.

292

Vol. XXI (1966).

: (

f\ Wh

MA fp, $3

Na)

f /

ys 2; 3

Fig. 4a. Congea forbesii var. ridleyana (Ridley 6,993 in SING).

A, Flowering twig. B, Cyme to show the additional pair of

bracteoles and the shape of bracts. C, Flower. D, Flower vertically

cut open.

293

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

MALAYA: Province Wellesley, Arakuda Woods (Ridley 6,993:

SING, holotype; CAL, isotype). Kedah, Bukit Selambau, 100 ft.

(Spare 37,314: A & SING); Jeniang-Selambau Road (Kadir

SF. 35,803: SING; Wolfe & Kadir SF. 21,455: BM, KEP &

SING); Sungei Batang (Dolman 21,509: KEP & SING); Baling,

Kupang Estate (Padaicher s.n.: SING).

SUMATRA: Atjeh, Bampoe-Serba (Pooll s.n.: SING).

5. Congea connata Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 208 & 440; Mold..

Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn (1959) 177 — Fig. 5.

. Among all the species with 3-involucral bracts united into a

cup at the base, C. connata is easily distinguished by its oblong

leaves, narrowly elliptic-oblong involucral bracts, and longer cup

(+ 6 mm.) at the base.

Branchlets almost cylindric, canescent. Leaves chartaceous,

oblong, acute towards apex, cordulate at base, nitid and glabrous

above, pilose on the veins beneath, 7-16 cm. long, 24.5 cm.

broad; main lateral nerves 4-5 pairs, prominent beneath; margins

ciliate; petioles about 5 mm. long, pilose. /nflorescence in axillary

and terminal panicles, canescent, 20-30 cm. long. Cymes 5-flowered;

involucral bracts 3, united into a cup at the base, albo-canescent

above, brownish below, narrowly elliptic-oblong, 2-3 cm. long,

0.5-1 cm. broad; cup + 6 mm. long; peduncles 0.7—1.2 cm. long,

canescent. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, hirsute outside, appressedly

hairy within; lobes '+ 1.5 mm. long, pointed, crispate; tube 6-7 mm.

long. Corolla protruding outside the calyx, 2-lipped, glabrous with

a villous ring in throat: tube 8-9 mm. long; lobes rounded at

apices. Stamens 4, inserted in corolla throat; filaments long,

filiform, about 14 mm. long. Ovary oblong-obovoid, ‘+ 1 mm.

long; style upto 18.5 mm. long; stigma faintly two-lobed.

THAILAND: loc. incert. (Smitinand BKF No. 14,087:BKF).

Chanthaburi, Krat, Kao Saming (Kerr 17,913: E, holotype;

BM, isotype); Kaw Chang, Klawng Mayom (Kerr 6,810: BM &

E, paratypes); Koh Chang Island, east coast on the high banks

of streams (Collins 569: BM, E & K, paratypes; Smith 306:

BM & E, paratypes).

The author described the ovary as shortly pubescent at apex,

though it is glandular at apex. Ovaries in this genus are always

glabrous.

C. connata Fletcher (X ? C. chinensis Mold.)

The species proper is restricted to Thailand. But Alleizette s.n.

(L) collected at Phan Rang in Annam (Vietnam), has 3-4 distinct

bracts which are white above as in C. connata. In fact this appears

to be a hybrid between C. connata and C. chinensis.

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5 mm

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 5. Congea connata (Kerr 17,913 in E).

A, Inflorescence. B, Cyme showing the union of bracts at the base.

C, Involucral cup cut open to show the angle between the bracts. D,

Flower. E, Vertical section of the flower.

295

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

6. Congea velutina Wight,.Ic. Ind. Or. III (1849) 15, t. 1479/3 or

1566 exclud. t. 1479/B; Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV

(1885) 603 & Fl. Koh Chang VIII (1904) 174; Briq. in Engl.

& Prantl, Pflanzenfam. IV, 3a (1897) 181; Bakh. in Bull. Bot.

Buitenz. III, Ser. 3 (1921) 161 p.p.; Dop in Fl. Gén. Indoch.

IV (1936) 908 p.p.; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn (1959)

165, 179 & 275 p.p. — Fig. 6.

This species resembles C. tomentosa in the colour and the

number of involucral bracts, but is distinguished by the bracts

being spathulate and uniting into a distinct cup at the base.

From C. siamensis, which also has 3-involucral bracts united into

a cup at the base, C. velutina differs in its leaves being always

cuneate towards the base; involucral-bracts spathulate or oblanceo-

late, never emarginate; cup smaller (+ 3 mm. long).

Branchlets terete, shortly pubescent. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic,

acute-acuminate at apex, cuneate towards base, nitid and glabrous

above, shortly pilose on the nerves beneath, up to 10.5 cm. long,

4.5 cm. broad; main lateral nerves 4-5 pairs; petioles 5-8 mm.

long, pubescent. /nflorescence lax; panicles up to 30 cm. long,

puberulous in the axis. Cymes 5-flowered; involucral bracts 3,

united into a cup at the base, spathulate or oblanceolate, violet,

thickly tomentose above, pubescent below, 2—3 cm. long, 1-1.5

cm. broad; Cup + 3 mm. long; peduncles 1—1.5 cm. long, densely

hairy. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, + 5 mm. long, densely canes-

cent hirsute outside, appressedly hairy within; lobes 1-1.5 mm.

long, almost + the way down, crispate in the margins, acute.

Corolla exsert; tube longer than the calyx, + 6 mm. long, glabrous

except a villous band in the throat; upper lip very long (+ 4 mm.);

lobes rounded. Stamens 4, exsert; filaments filiform; anthers almost

orbicular. Ovary obovoid, glabrous, glandular at apex, + 1 mm.

long; style filiform, long, exserted; stigma faintly bilobed.

BURMA: Mergui at Theinkun (Parker 2,579: DD & UC). [Moul-

mein], (Helfer K.d. No. 6,012: K); Ye Me near Tavoy (Helfer ?

— mounted with Helfer K.d. No. 6,012: K).

THAILAND: West Coast, Ranong, Pakchang river at Mamoh

(Kloss 6,703: K; Hamid 3,769: KEP & SING). Bangtaphan

(Keith 2: SING).

This species was described as a mixtum compositum based on

two Griffith’s specimens from Mergui, depicted in Wight Ic. tt.

1479/3 and 1479/B. The lectotype is the specimen that formed

the basis of Wight’s t. 1479/3 which may be Griffith’s 838 or its

duplicate in Herb. Wight. I have seen neither. Wight t. 1479/B

regarded by many as C. tomentosa, C. velutina or C. villosa,

represents a distinct species having 4-involucral bracts which are

free at base. It is described here as C. griffithiana.

This is the first species to be described as having a 3-bracteate

involucres united into a distinct cup at the base. The bracts more-

over are always spathulate or oblanceolate, never emarginate as

296

Vol. XXI (1966).

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 6. Congea velutina (Parker 2,579 in UC).

A, Flowering twig. B, Cyme showing shape of its bracts and the

cup at the base. C, Flower. D, Flower vertically cut open.

297

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

in C. siamensis. Clarke described the corolla of C. velutina as

smaller and its tube shorter than the calyx. Actually, as described

by Wight and shown in t. 1479/3, the corolla is much exserted

and its tube is always longer than the calyx.

7. Congea siamensis Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 209 & 440;

Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 177 & in Dansk

Bot. Arkiv. 23, I (1963) 85 — Fig 7.

This species resembles closely C. tomentosa in its involucral

bracts being 3, sometimes sub-4 which are densely tomentose and

violet above, but is distinguished easily by the union of bracts

forming a cup at the base and by the smaller calyx teeth.

Branchlets terete, densely canescent tomentose. Leaves sub-

coriaceous, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acute or sub-acuminate at

apex, cordulate or almost rotundate at base, glabrous above with

puberulent midrib, pubescent beneath, 8-17 cm. long, 3-7 cm.

broad; main lateral nerves 5-6 pairs, prominent beneath; intra-

marginal nerve thin; petiole 0.5-1 cm. long, densely tomentose.

Inflorescence in axillary and terminal panicles, canescent, up to

28 cm. long. Cymes up to 7-flowered or more; involucral bracts 3,

occasionally sub-4, united into a cup at the base, obovate or

broadly oblong-elliptic, often densely hoary in the upper surface,

2-3 cm. long, 0.7-1 cm. broad; cup + 4 mm. long; peduncles

1-1.7 cm. long; densely hoary. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed,

densely hirsute outside, appressedly hairy within; + 6 mm. long;

lobes 1-1.5 mm. long, acute, crispate; tube almost 4.5 mm. long.

Corolla exserted, bilabiate; tube cylindric, + 7 mm. long or more,

glabrous with a villous band in the throat. Stamens 4, inserted in

the corolla throat; filaments much exserted, filiform, 13-25 mm.

long; anthers almost orbicular. Ovary obovoid, glabrous, glandular

towards apex, up to 2 mm. long; style very long, filiform; stigma

indistinctly 2-lobed.

BURMA: Tenasserim, loc. incert. (Bot. Survey No. 379: CAL).

Tavoy, Zinba Chaung alt. 200 ft. (Ba Pe 804: CAL); Myitta

(Parker 2,393: UC); Maungmagon (Parker 2,161: A & DD).

THAILAND: loc. incert. (Smith 314: A). Prachinburi, Krabin,

Ban Keng (Kerr 19,792: E, holotype: BM, isotype: Marcan

2,529: E). Rachaburi, Kanburi, Siswat (Kerr 10,166: BM, E &

K, paratypes; Boonkrong 7: BKF & K; Sangkhachand 757,

BKF & K; Phengkhlai 175: BKF); Kawae Menam Noi, at Sai

Yok (Larsen 8,723: A; 9,167: E).

This species is often confused with C. tomentosa because of

the resemblance in the number and colour of their involucral

bracts; but the inflorescence axis of C. siamensis is less tomentose,

involucral bracts and the calyx teeth shorter and has a conspicuous

involucral cup. C. connata is very close to this in having an

involucral cup, but the cup itself is much longer (16 mm.) and

the involucral bracts are always 3 and whitish.

298

Vol. XXI (1966).

mM J URAIMI DEL.

Fig. 7. Congea siamensis (Kerr 19,792 in E).

A, Inflorescence twig. B, Cyme to show the bracteal cup. C,

Flower. D, Flower longitudinally cut open.

299

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

8. Congea pedicellata Munir sp. nov. — Fig. 8.

C. peteloti Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 175 p.p.,

non typica.

C. tomentosa Roxb. sec. Dop in Fl. Génér. Indoch. IV (1936)

913, quoad specimen Poilanei Laosianum; Mold., Résumé Geogr.

distr. & Syn. (1959) 175 p.p.

C. vestita Griff. sec. Dop in Fl. Génér. Indoch. IV (1936) 911

excl. parte typica.

A C. vestita cui affinissima, rumulis foliferis floriferisque minute

cinereo pubescentibus; foliis ellipticis basi plerumque rotundatis,

raro cordulatis, chartaceis, superne scabridulis inferne pubescenti-

bus (non hirsutis); bracteis involucri elliptico-obovatis, griseo-

albidis; floris pedicello longiore; calycibus externe minute cinereo-

pubescentibus haec species differt.

Akin closely to C. vestita in having 3-involucral bracts free

to the base, flowers pedicellate and corolla-tube shorter than calyx,

but it can be distinguished easily by its branchlets and inflores-

cence axis being finely cinereo-pubescent; leaves elliptic, usually

rounded at base (rarely cordulate), chartaceous, scabridulous above,

grey-pubescent beneath; involucral bracts elliptic-obovate, greyish-

white; flower-pedicels longer; calyx finely cinereo-pubescent with-

out.

Branchlets terete, cinereo-pubescent. Leaves elliptic, chartaceous,

acute-acuminate at apex, usually rounded but sometimes cordulate

at base, scabridulous above, grey-pubescent beneath, up to i4.5

cm. long, 6 cm. broad; main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs; petiole

5-7 mm. long, cinereo-pubescent. Inflorescence in axillary and

terminal panicles; axis cinereo-pubescent; panicles up to 25 cm.

long. Cymes 7-flowered; involucral bracts 3 (or sub-4), free to the

base, elliptic-obovate, densely covered with fine greyish white

tomentum, up to 3 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad; peduncles 1—2.5 cm.

long, greyish pubescent. Flowers pedicellate. Calyx campanulate,

5-lobed, up to 8 mm. long, cinereo-pubescent without, appressedly

hairy within; lobes almost one-third the length of the calyx tube,

acute, crispate in the margins, 1.5-2 mm. long; tube cylindric

when young, later broader towards apex, 6-6.5 mm. long. Corolla

bilabiate; tube shorter than the calyx, cylindric, glabrous with a

villous band in the throat; lobes rounded at apex. Stamens 4,

exserted; filaments long; anthers + orbicular. Ovary obovoid,

glabrous, glandular at apex, + 1.5 mm. long; style long, exserted;

stigma faintly bilobed.

LAOS: Bassin du Se-Moun, at Khone (Harmand 139: A). Bassac

4 ubon (Thorel 2,639: A); Ban Tha Ngon Road (Talbot 103:

BM & SING); Prov. de Savannakhet (Poilane 13,683: A).

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Vol. XXI (1966).

JURAIMI DEL.

in B, holotypus).

A, Fertile twig. B, Cyme showing its bracts and flowers. C,

to show its distinct pedicel. D, Flower with a shorter pedicel but with

Fig. 8. Congea pedicellata (Pierre s.n.

Flower

Vertically cut open flower

shows corolla-tube in its relation to the length of calvx.

longer calyx teeth from the same cyme. E

301

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

VIETNAM: loc. incert. (Poilane 11,674: A & B). Cochinchine, loc.

incert. (Pierre s.n.: B, SING & UC); Dong nai (Pierre s.n.: B,

holotype; A. B & SING isotypes); Baria (Pierre s.n.: UC);

Bien Hoa (Thorel 648: A, B & UC; Alleizette 5,723: L); Saigon-

Djiring, alt. 600 M. (Smitinand & Abbe 6,371: K). Tonkin,

Ninh Binh (Alleizette s.n.: L).

Almost all the specimens of this species have been quoted by

Dop (1936) under C. vestita, while Moldenke has annotated some

of the specimens as C. tomentosa Roxb. and some as C. peteloti

Mold. with a note that they have been “cited by him in his

Monograph of the genus”. |

True C. peteloti Mold. is a form of C. tomentosa var. nivea

which has sessile flowers and a corolla tube longer than the calyx.

From C. vestita this species differs in its fine, very short, whitish

indumentum on the branchlets, inflorescence axis, peduncles and

calyces; the leaves are chartaceous cinereo-pubescent; involucral

bracts much narrowed to the base, and flower pedicels longer.

9. Congea vestita Griff., Notul. [TV (1854) 174 & Ic. Pl. As. t. 458,

fig. 21; Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. TV (1885) 603; Brig.

in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. IV, 3a (1897) 181; King &

Gamble in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXIV, II (1908) 865 pro

parte typica; Lam, Malay. Verb. (1919) 338 p.p.; Ridl., FI.

Mal. Penin. II (1923) 640 pro parte typica; Dop in Fl. Génér.

Indoch. IV (1936) 911 p.p.; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn.

(1959) 165, 177 & 179 p.p. var. vestita — Fig. 9.

C. tomentosa Roxb. sec. Wight, Ic. IV, 3 (1849) 15 t. 1479/2

or 1565; et Mig., Fl. Ind. Batav. II (1858) 911; Clarke in Hook.

f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV (1885) 603; King & Gamble in Journ. As. Soc.

Beng. LXXIV, II (1908) 866; Bakh., in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz.

III, Ser. 3 (1921) 100; Dop in Fl. Génér. Indoch. IV (1936) 911;

omnino quoad Iconem Wightianam supra citatam.

Allied closely to C. tomentosa in having 3 to sub-4 involucral

bracts free to the base, but is readily distinguished by its flowers

being long pedicelliform; involucral bracts broadly-elliptic or

elliptic obovate, light cream coloured, more densely tomentose;

corolla-tube shorter than calyx; and ferruginous hirsute twigs.

Branchlets cylindrical, ferruginous hirsute. Leaves coriaceous

ovate, acute-acuminate at apex, cordulate at base, scabrid-pubes-

cent above, ferruginous tomentose beneath; up to 16 cm. long,

7.5 cm. broad; main lateral nerves 5-6 pairs; petiole 5-7 mm.

long, ferruginous hirsute. Inflorescence in axillary and terminal

panicles, ferruginous hirsute in the axis; panicles up to 30 cm. long.

Cymes (mature) 7-flowered; involucral bracts 3 (or sub-4), free to

the base, broadly elliptic, not attenuate towards base, light cream

coloured, densely tomentose, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad; pedun-

cles up to 2.5 cm. long, patently ferruginous hirsute. Flowers

pedicelliform; pedicels up to 2 mm. long. Calyx almost funnel

302

Vol. XXI (1966).

Wy,

:. 2),

~~ SA AIo~nAnx =z

JURAIML DEL. YY

Fig. 9. Congea vestita (A. Griffith 898 in E; B-D, Beddome 6,530 in BM).

A & B, Parts of inflorescence show the hirsute axis. C, Flower

showing short pedicel and long calyx-lobes. D, Flower dissected to

show size of corolla-tube in its relation to calyx.

303

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

shaped, 5-lobed, up to 7 mm. long, densely hirsute within and

without; lobes almost 4 the length of the calyx-tube, ovate-lance-

olate, up to 3 mm. long, crispate in the margins; tube 4-5 mm.

long. Corolla tube shorter than the calyx, cylindric, glabrous with

a villous band in the throat; lobes rounded, glabrous. Stamens 4,

exsert; filaments thread like; anther lobes almost orbicular. Ovary

obovoid, glabrous, glandular at apex + 1 mm. long; style long,

exsert; stigma indistinctly 2-lobed.

BURMA: Martabania, Papun (Meebold ? 16,999: CAL); Donat

range, alt. 1,500 ft. (Beddome 6,530: BM); Amherst, Puye to

Thagahta (Lace 5,591: CAL, E & DD; s. loc. [Prob. Moulmein]

(Helfer K.d. No. 6,014: A). Tenasserim, Mergui (Griffith 898:

E, holotype; K.d. No. 6,014: K, isotype; Meebold 14,078: CAL

& NY); Crown Rubber Estate (Rogers 406: CAL; s. loc. [Prob.

Griffith’s coll. from Mergui] (Wight K.d. No. 2,305: K); Sanawut

(Lace 4,802: CAL, E & K); Island of Mergui (Proudlock 44:

CAL); loc. incert. (Pachman 116: BM).

CULTIVATED: Java, Hort. Bot. Bogor, XV. E. 70 (Leg. ? NY).

U.S.A., Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York (Moldenke

9,454: NY).

Misled by the erroneously placed line in Roxburgh’s Flora that

made the holotype specimen also from the Coromandel, Wight

described this species as C. tomentosa Roxb. However, both his

description and the plate were based on Griffith’s collection which

may be duplicate from the type collection of C. vestita and which

probably represented by the specimen distributed from Herb.

Wight under Kew No. 2,305 or by K.d. No. 6,014 in Kew. There

are two “K.d. No. 6,014 in Kew”; one is Helfer’s specimen in

Arnold Arboretum and the other Griffith’s from Mergui in Kew.

As shown in my revision of Sphenodesme, under S. involucrata

(Presl) Rob. (Gard. Bull. Sing. Vol. 21, in press), Helfer collected

in Moulmein (Martabania) and in the Andamans; but since this

species does not occur in the Andamans, Helfer’s specimen dis-

tributed under Kew No. 6,014 was probably also from Moulmein.

Specimen from Donat Range attributed by Clarke (1885) to

Griffith is probably an error for Beddome.

9a. Congea vestita Griffith var. subvestita Munir var. nov.

A forma typica ramulis foliferis floriferisque paginis foliorum

inferioribus flavido-pubescentibus, haud_ hirsutis, haec varietas

facile distinguitur.

This variety can be readily distinguished from the type form

by its branchlets, inflorescence axis and underside of leaves being

faintly yellowish pubescent, not hirsute.

304

Vol. XXI (1966).

VIETNAM: Phan Rang, Daban, alt. 650 ft. (Kloss s.n.: BM,

holotype).

This variety differs from the type form only in the shorter

indumentum, a character that might represent either a pure form

or a modification through hybridisation. The species most likely

to effect such a change in the progeny of C. vestita is by its being

crossed with C. pedicellata or C. tomentosa var. nivea.

10. Congea tomentosa Roxb., Pl. Corom. III (1819) 90, t. 293;

Walp., Repert. [IV (1844) 117; Schauer in DC. Prodr. XI (1847)

623; Wight, Ic. Ind. Or. IV, 3 (1849) 15 excl. Ic. 1479/2 et

descript.; Miq., Fl. Ind. Batav. Il (1858) 911 p.p.; Kurz, For.

Fl. Burma (1877) 256; Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV

(1885) 603 p.p.; Brig. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam IV, 3a

II (1908) 866 quoad protologum tantum; Craib in Kew Bull.

(1911) 445 p.p.; Hall. f. in Meded. ’s Rijks Herb. Leiden No.

37 (1918) 86 p.p.; Lam, Malay. Verb. (1919) 338 p.p.; Bakh.

in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. III, Ser. 3 (1921) 100 p.p.; Boynton

in Addisonia Vol. 13 (1928) 19 t. 426; Dop in Fl. Génér.

Indoch. IV (1936) 911 p.p.; Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 440

pro parte typica; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959)

159, 165, 175, 177, 179, & 275 p.p. and-in Dansk Bot. Ark.

23, I (1963) 85: var. tomentosa — Fig. 10.

C. tomentosa Roxb. var. azurea (Wall. ex Walp.) Clarke in

Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV (1885) 604; Dop in Fl. Génér. Indoch.

IV (1936) 913; Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 440; Bor & Raizada,

Ind. Climb. & Shrubs (1954) 140, fig. 89; Mold., Résumé Geogr.

distr. & Syn. (1959) 161, 165, 177, 179 & 275: (nom. superfluum)

Syn. nov.

C. tomentosa Roxb. var. caerulea (Wall.) Clarke sec. Briq. in

Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. [V, 3a (1897) 181. nom nudum.

C. tomentosa Roxb. var. oblongifolia Schauer in DC. Prodr. XI

(1847) 624. syn. nov.

C. azurea Wall. Cat. (1828) 1733 1 & 2: nom. nud.; ex

Walpers, Repert. IV (1844) 116; Wight, Ic. Ind. Or. IV, 3 (1849)

15, t. 1479/1, fig. A: (nom superfluum). syn. nov.

“C. villosa (Roxb.) Wight’? ex Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind.

IV (1885) 603; Briq. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. IV, 3a

(1897) 181; Bakh. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. III, Ser. 3 (1921)

100; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 165, 175, 177,

179 & 275: Omnino pro parte typica. syn. nov.

Calochlamys capitata Presl, Bot. Bemerk. (1844) 149; Walp.,

Repert. VI (1846) 691.

Roscoea tomentosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. III (1832) 56 & ed. Clarke

(1874) 477: typonym tantum.

R. villosa Roxb. Fl. Ind. III (1832) 55 & ed. Clarke (1874) 477.

syn. nov.

305

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

\ y

€

\\" 1p

‘iY i

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 10. Congea tomentosa var. tomentosa (A-D, Lace 2,176 in E; E,

Hodge 3,654 in A).

A, Flowering twig. B, Cyme with one of its bracts deeply emargi-

nate. C, Flower at pre-anthesial stage without accessory-teeth on calyx

lobes. D, Flower longitudinally cut open. E, Calyx at post-anthesial

stage, with accessory teeth on the lobes (corolla removed).

306

Vol. XXI (1966).

Among all the species having 3 (or sub-4) free bracts to an

involucre, C. tomentosa can be easily distinguished by its adult

bracts being violet; flowers sessile; calyx lobes (at anthesis) are

provided with fine, long accessory teeth, and corolla-tube is longer

than the calyx.

Branchlets almost cylindric, fulvescent tomentose when young,

later canescent. Leaves elliptic-ovate, usually acuminate at apex,

(rarely obtuse), cordulate at base, puberulent above when young,

later glabrous, thickly pubescent beneath, up to 18.5 cm. long,

9.5 cm. broad; main lateral nerves 5—6 pairs; intramarginal nerve

prominent; petiole 5-13 mm. long, deeply striate dorsally, pub-

escent. Inflorescence in axillary and terminal panicles; axis ful-

vescent tomentose; panicles 12-30 cm. long. Cymes_ usually

7-flowered, (rarely 5 or 9-flowered); involucral bracts 3, occasionally

sub-4, free to the base, 2-3 cm. long, 8-12 mm. broad; elliptic-- .

oblong, violet, tomentose, provided at the base above with long,

canescent hairs, peduncles 1-1.8 cm. long, densely pubescent.

Flowers sessile. Calyx infundibuliform, 5-lobed, densely sericeo-

hirsute outside, appressedly hairy within, 5-7 mm. long; accrescent

lobes well developed, almost half the length of calyx tube, 1-2.5

mm. long, acute, often bearing a linear setaceous accessory tooth

at the tip; tube 4-5 mm. long. Corolla tube longer than the calyx,

cylindric, glabrous except a narrow (almost fugacious) villous band

in the throat. Stamens 4; filaments much exserted, filiform; anthers

almost orbicular. Ovary obovoid, glabrous, glandular at apex, +

2 mm. long; style long, exserted; stigma faintly bilobed.

EAST PAKISTAN: Chittagong Hill Tracts (Lace 2,176: CAL &

E; Lister 89: CAL; Cowan 244, 802, 1,679, 1,899, 2,377 & s.n.:

E).

INDIA: Assam, Lushai Hills, at Che Raun (Parry 609: K).

Manipur, at foot of Kabsome, alt. 3,500-4,000 ft. (Watt 5,105:

CAL & K); on the eastern frontier of India (Watt 5,055: CAL

& E).

BURMA: Upper & Central Burma, loc. incert. (King s.n.: CAL;

Collet 48: CAL); Taipinho valley, on the slopes (Forrest 1,144:

A, BM & E; 9,586: E); Pintta (Prazer 36: CAL); Ruby mines

(Abdul Huk 208: CAL); Madoe Hills (Mundul 86: CAL);

Kachin Hills (Mokim 25: CAL & L; s.n.: CAL); Myitkyina

(Pottinger s.n.: CAL); loc. incert. (Huk s.n.: CAL & L; Candler

s.n.: CAL); Bilakatgyi [Shan State] (Watt 16: E; Maunders s.n.:

CAL); Mangsath (Fulton sub Watt No. 10,770: CAL & EB);

Taung-gyi, alt. + 5,500 ft. (MacGregor 1,120: CAL & E); Ta

Kaw and Meh Soi (Rock 1,691: A); between Ban Meh Huak

& Pang mah Ki Hat (Rock 1,923: A & UC); Bhamo (McMillen

201: UC; Anderson in 1868, s.n.: CAL); Katha, Kadu (Haines

5,776: K); Hsipaw, alt. 760 m. (McKee 5,986: K); Maymyo,

Singaung Kyaing, alt. 3,000 ft. (Mg Kan 260: CAL); Magwe,

Yabe Reserve, alt. 500 ft. (Rogers 597: CAL, DD & E); Minbu,

Nwamadaung Hills (Aubert & Gage s.n.: CAL: Parkinson

307 —

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

15,700: DD); Victoria range, Chauktu, alt. 1,300 ft. (Kingdon-

Ward 21,729: BM). Prome & Karenni, Prome (Toppin 2,557:

E; Leg. ? s.n.: E); Nwezat, Taungbzank (Lace 2,724: CAL, E

& K); Toungoo, Thandaung, alt. 1,500 ft. (Chin 4,366: CAL);

Myaungmya (Dickason 6,927: A). Pegu (McLelland s.n.: A &

CAL; Kurz 1,039 & 2,398: CAL; Brandis 878: DD; 880: CAL;

Leg. ? 429: CAL). Insein, Maukhlaing Reserve, alt. 100 ft.

(Khant 82: A & DD); Wanetchaung (Mg Kan 270: CAL).

Rangoon, Rangoon (Parkinson 13,930: A; Weiste No. X.P.L.L:

BM; Dickason 3,142 & 5,662: A; Meebold 14,047: CAL;

McLelland s.n.: E; Leg. ? 104 & s.n.: CAL). Martabania,

Moulmein, [probably Amherst] (Wallich 1,733 a/: K; 1,733 (1):

E); Amherst (Wallich 1,733: CAL; Dickason 6,869: A; Falconer :

2: CAL); Moulmein (Beddome 6,531 & 6,533: BM; s.n.: SING: :

Loble s.n.: K; Helfer: K.d. No. 6,013: K; Prague Bot. Mus. No.

28: A, B, BM, E, L, NY & Bohemiae Herb. No. 53: CAL,

probably isotypes of Calochlamys capitata Presl). Tenasserim,

Mingatown (Gallatly 13: BM & CAL); Mergui (Griffith, sub

Kew distr. No. 6,013: A).

THAILAND: loc. incert. (Vanpruk 163: K); Jampang (Kerr s.n.:

BM). Chiengmai, alt. 1,000 ft. (Kerr 533: BM & K; Hosseus

370: BM, E & L); Doi Sutep (Native 3,810: A); Loei Wang

Saphung, Sithan (Nakkarn 82: K; Bunpheng 472: BKF).

Kamphaeng Phet, 50 km. towards East (Larsen & Hansen 6,636:

BM). Pitsanulok, Petchabun, alt. 50 m. (Kerr 6,368: BM & E).

Rachaburi, Kwai Noi River Basin Expedition (Kasin 162: A,

K & L); Prachuap, Kan Kradi (Put 2,283: BM & E). Prachinburi,

Sriracha (Collins 359: K).

LAOS: Muong You (Spire 749: B; s.n.: A); Tiannil (Petelot

1,539: A & UC).

VIETNAM: Annam, Vinh, Cua Rao (Poilane 19,977: A).

CHINA: Yunnan, Salwin valley, Shweli, alt. 5,000 ft. (Forrest

29,388: BM & E); loc. incert. (Anderson in 1875 s.n.: CAL);

Chen-Kang Hsien, alt. 2,000 m. (Wang 72,678: A).

CULTIVATED: Parks or Botanic Gardens: India, Calcutta (s.n.:

CAL, E & L; Leg. in 1813: A; on 16/1/28: CAL; Ex Herb.

Wight Prop. in 1882 ?: A & CAL); Sibpur (Raizada in 1953:

DD); Dehra Dun (Raizada in 1941 & in 1942 and Balapure in

1956: DD); Travancore at Trivandrum (Erlanson 5,368: NY);

Serampore (Griffith 9,331: BM). Burma, Rangoon (Bernard

X.P.L.1.: BM). Singapore (Deshmukh on May 4th 1930 &

14/9/21: SING; Furtado on Nov. 15th 1927: SING & UC; Noor

on September 23rd 1918: SING). Indonesia, Bogor XV: E. 70

(Leg. s.n.: NY). West Indies, Dominica at Roseau (Hodge 3,654:

A). Hispaniola, at Haiti (Ekman 9,963: NY). Cuba, Soledad

(Eames on March 7th, 1948: UC); Santa Clara, Cienfeugos

(Jack 8,486: SING). U.S.A., Florida, Miami, Kwekerij Wilson

(Boom 38,552: L); Champan field, Coconut Grove (Moore 6,007:

308

Vol. XXI (1966).

BM); New York, Bronx Park (Moldenke 9,454: BM & NY):

Porto Rico (Britton and Boynton 8,165: NY).

Fletcher (1938) was unaware that Walpers (1844) had validated

C. azurea Wall. which was later amended by Wight (1849) to

exclude Roscoea villosa Roxb. from its synonymy. Otherwise he

would have seen that C. tomentosa var. azurea (Wall. ex Wight)

Clarke is an erroneous expression for the variety. All specimens

Fletcher cited under var. azurea belong to the type form of C.

tomentosa.

C. azurea Wall. from Martabania 1827 is numbered in Herb.

Hookerianum (now in Kew) as 1733-a/; while its duplicate in Herb.

Edinburgh is numbered 1733 (1), and bears a name in pencil

‘““= Sphenodesme azurea’’. The same secondary: determination 1s

found on McLelland’s sheet from Rangoon district in Herb.

Edinburgh. This may be the basis for Clarke’s quoting ‘‘Wall.

1733 partly” under Sphenodesme pentandra Jack.

Wight (1849) described the corolla tube of C. azurea (text & Ic.)

being shorter than the calyx and glabrous within. But the corolla

tube in this species is longer than the calyx and is provided with a

narrow, almost fugacious villous band in the throat.

In many mountainous specimens the involucral bracts usually

become broad elliptic and almost free to the base, being slightly

united at the base; but sometimes as in Lister 89 from Chittagong

Hill tracts and in many from the lowland specimens, the bracts are

narrow-oblong and quite free to the base. The calyx lobes of both

these forms develop fine, aristate-like accessory teeth. In all culti-

vated specimens obtained from different parts of the world, the

bracts are always narrow and free at the base. Is this an ecological

response?

Prague Mus. no. 28 and Bohemiae Herb. no. 53 are distributed

from Czechoslovakia as specimens from “India orientalis, in

Bengalia circa Calcuttam’”’, where this species never occurs wild.

But as shown in my notes under Sphenodesme involucrata in Gard.

Bull. Sing. (Vol. 21 in press), these specimens must be from

Moulmein where Helfer had collected, since in the Andamans (the

other place where Helfer had botanized), no species of Congea

is found. As suggested in my previous notes, Helfer who was also

from Prague, probably corresponded with Pres! who was on the

staff of the Prague University and so presumably these specimens

of Helfer’s bearing different numbers are from the collection which

supplied the holotype of Calochlamys capitata Presl. Hence one

seems justified to regard these specimens as isotypes of the species.

All the definitely known specimens of Congea collected by

Griffith were from Mergui where he botanized. Therefore, the great

probability is that Griffith’s specimen distributed under Kew distr.

No. 6,013 is also from Mergui. There are two specimens bearing

K.d. No. 6,013; one is Helfer’s in Kew and the other is of Griffith

in Arnold Arboretum.

309

Gardens’ Bulletin; S.

Wallich in his Catalogue listed his Congea azurea 1733 (1) as

from Martabania while the other 1733 (2) was from Prome, much to

the north of Martabania. However, in Herbarium Calcutta, there

is a specimen collected by Wallich and numbered 1733 labelled

as being from Amherst. This suggests that all his Martabania plants

bearing No. 1733 are from this Amherst collection.

Since Roxburgh had grown in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, a

progeny of the holotype plants of C. tomentosa and C. villosa (cf.

Hortus Bengalensis, 1814), great importance has to be given to

these specimens in interpreting Roxburgh’s species, especially those

that were collected during Roxburgh’s time or soon after his death

(cf. introduction). As to the specimens obtained from the Calcutta

Gardens and distributed ““Ex Herb. Wight,” see the introduction

in this paper under “‘Progeny of the Types”’.

As to the status of the combination “‘C. villosa (Roxb.) Wight”

and “C. villosa Wight’, see the nomenclatural note on C. griffi-

thiana. |

10a. Congea tomentosa Roxb. var. nivea Munir var. nov. — Fig.

10a.

C. oblonga Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, LXI (1914) 320 & in

Fl. Génér. Indoch. IV (1936) 910: Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. &

Syn. (1959) 175. syn. nov.

C. peteloti Mold., Phytologia III (1951) 409; & Résumé Geogr.

distr. & Syn. (1959) 175 p.p. syn. nov.

C. tomentosa Roxb. sec. Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 440,

quoad specimina citata.

C. velutina Wight sec. Dop in Fl. Génér. Indoch. IV (1936) 909,

quoad specimen Evrardianum infra citatum.

C. vestita Griffith sec. Dop in Fl. Génér. Indoch. IV (1936) 911

Pp-P.

A forma typica ramulis foliferis floriferisque etiam juventute

cinereo tomentosis, bracteis involucri obovatis vel late elliptics, albo

tomentosis, vivo interdum paulo violascentibus, calycibus externe

cinereo-pubescentibus, lobis ejusdem tres unciae longis vel bre-

vioribus, episepala non ferentibus; corollis in fauce latius villosa

haec varietas sat distincta.

From the type form this variety can be distinguished by its

branchlets and inflorescence axis being cinereo-tomentose even

when young; involucral bracts obovate or broadly elliptic, white

tomentose, sometimes tinged mauve when fresh. Calyx cinereo-

pubescent without, lobes one-third the length of calyx-tube or

shorter with no accessory teeth; corolla with a broader villous

band in the throat.

THAILAND: Nakawn Sawan, Takli (Put 2,101: BM & E:; Marcan

1,072: BM & E). Rachasima, Pak Chawng (Marcan 1,550: BM

& E). Chantaburi, Chantabun, Makam (Lakshnakara 491: BM

310

Vol. XXI_ (1966).

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 10a. Congea tomentosa var. nivea (Noor & Munir 5 in SING holo-

typus).

A, Fertile twig. B, Cyme to show the shape of the involucral bracts.

C, Flower. D, Flower vertically cut open to show its internal structure.

311

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

& E); Korat, Baw Rai, (Kerr 9,516: BM, E & K); South-

eastern Chanburi, Fong Nam Raw, Kradak (Bunpheng 1,126:

BKF). Prachinburi, near Sriracha (Collins 2,073: BM & E).

LAOS: Cammon Province, Thom (Petelot 3,852: A); Thok (Petelot

3,853: A). Bassin du Se-Moun, (Joseph in herb. Alleizette s.n.:

Ly.

CAMBODIA: Nord Kampot (Poilane 14,639: A); montagne de

lElephant, (Poilane 23,271: A). loc. incert. Evrard 2,459: SING).

VIETNAM: Cochinchine, Tra Vinh (Poilane 2,413: A & B).

Annam, quang Tri (Poilane 11,695: B & UC).

CULTIVATED: Singapore, Botanic Gardens (Furtado s.n.: Intro.

no. 119/1938: SING; Munir 4: SING; Holttum s.n.: SING;

Noor & Munir 5: SING, holotype & A, B, C, E, G, K, L, LAE,

MEL, PNH, NY, UC & US). Indonesia, Bogor Botanic Gardens,

X.G. 62 (Soepadmo 1: L & SING); XV.E. 78 & 78a (Dilmy

ae. 1).

This variety sometimes produces violet colour on the underside

of the involucral bracts or even above in young stage, but this

colour does not persist or become obscure in dry specimens.

C. oblonga in Herb. Paris was not available to me. However, a

specimen (in Herb. A) of Poilane 23,271, distributed from Paris as

“C. oblonga Pierre nom. nudum’’ and quoted by Dop (1936) him-

self as identical with the species, agrees with the original description.

Obviously the holotype consisted of a specimen with undeveloped

flowers, a reason why Dop did not describe the corolla. Further

the species is described as bearing 3-flowers to a cyme, a condition

IT have found only in the adult stages of C. forbesii. In young

stages of many species the cymes may be 3-flowered or the smaller

buds might be overlooked. However, in Poilane 23,271 (in Herb.

A) shows 5-flowered cymes. The only difference one can find is the

very narrow leaves, much narrower than in C. tomentosa var. nivea

which may be a result of the ecological position of the branch,

whether hanging or not.

Poilane 14,639 from Cambodge at Nort Kampot (in Herb. A)

appears to be the same form, and through the undersurface of

leaves it seems to link with the type of C. tomentosa var. nivea.

This specimen is practically of the same locality as Pierre 5,229,

the holotype of C. oblonga.

I have not been able to examine the holotype of C. peteloti

(Petelot 3,852-a). However, Petelot 3,852—a specimen collected

on the same date and place and identified by Moldenke himself as

the species, leaves no doubt as to the identity of the taxon. It is

described correctly as having sessile flowers though Moldenke does

not state whether the corolla tube is longer than the calyx or not.

Fletcher (1938) adopted the binomial C. tomentosa Roxb. (type

var.) to designate almost exclusively the specimens of var. nivea,

while the specimens cited under var. azurea are all typical C.

tomentosa Roxb. Dop referred the specimens of this variety and

of C. pedicellata to C. vestita.

312,

Vol. XXI (1966).

Index to Collectors’ numbers

Collectors’ names are in alphabetical order and their collections

are in numerical order. The number in brackets refers to the

number given to each taxon.

ABDUL HuK 208 & s.n. (10).

ALLEIZETTE 5723 & s.n. (8);

s.n. (5); s.n. (10a).

ANDERSON s.n. in 1868 and

Sm. in 1875. (10).

AUBRET & GAGE s.n. (10).

BAKER 36,411 (3).

BAKHUIZEN 285 (3).

BALAPURE s.n. in 1956 (10).

Ba PE 804 (7).

BEDDOME 6,530 (9); 6,531, 6,533

& s.n. (10).

BERNARD X.P.L.I. (10).

Boom 38,552 (10).

BRANDIS 878 & 880 (10).

BRITTON & BOYNTON 8,165 (10).

BUNPHENG 472 (10); 1,126 (10a).

CABILUNA 92,025 (3).

CANDLER s.n. (10).

CANICOSA 9,636 (3).

CHIN 4,366 (10).

COLLET 48 (10).

COLLINS 359 (10); 569 (5);

27,073,A 104); s.n..@).

Cowan 244, 802, 1,679, 1,899,

2:37) Sm (10).

CurRTIS 2,903 & 2,962 (3).

DESHMUKH s.n. (10).

DICKASON 3,142, 5,662, 6,869: &

6,927 (10).

DiLmy s.n. (3); s.n. (10a).

DyimaT Tatong 2,000 (3).

DOLMAN 21,509 (4a).

DuGUE 1,595 (10).

DURAND 7,204 (3).

EAMES in 1948 (10).

EKMAN 9,963 (10).

ERLANSON 5,368 (10).

ESBEN 34,293 (3).

EVRARD 2,459 (10a).

FALCONER 2 (10).

FORBES 1,567 (4).

ForRREST 1,144, 9,586, 29,388 &

s.n. (10).

FULTON sub WatTT No. 10,770 (10).

FURTADO s.n. in 1927 (3) & (10) &

in 1938 (10a).

GALLATLY 13 (10).

GOOSSENS 4,511 (3).

GRIFFITH 898 (9); K.d. No. 6,012/1

(3); sub-K.d. No. 6,013 (10);

6,014 (9); 9,331 (10).

HAINES 5,776 (10).

HALLIER 247 (3).

HAMID 3,769 (6).

HANIFF 3,858 (3).

HARMAND 139 (8).

HELFER sub-Prague Bot. Mus.

No. 28 & Bohemiae Herb.

No. 53 (10); sub-Kd.. No. 6,013

(10); K.d. 6,014(9).

HopcE 3,654 (10).

HOLTTUM s.n. (10a).

Hosseus 370 (10).

INDIAN Bot. SURVEY No. 379 (7).

JAAMAT & KASIM 15,225 (3).

JACK 8,486 (10).

Kabir 35,802 (3); 38,803 (4a).

KASIN 162 (10).

KEITH 2 (6).

KERR 533 & 6,368 (10); 6,810 (5);

9,516 (10a); 10,166 (7); 12,470,

14,762, 16,656 & 17,466 (3):

17,913 (5); 19,792 (7).

KHANT 82 (10).

KING s.n. (10).

KINGDON-WARD 9,049 & 20,514 (1);

21,729 (10).

KLoss 6,703 (6); s.n. (9a).

KuRZ 1,039 & 2,398 (10).

LACE 2,176 & 2,724 (10); 4,802 (9);

6,146 (1a); 5,591 (9).

LAKSHNAKARA 491 (10).

LARSEN 8,723 & 9,167 (7).

LARSEN & HANSEN 6,636 (10).

LISTER 89 (10).

LOBLE s.n. (10).

LorZING 11,949 (3).

313

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

MaAcGReGcor 1,120 (10). RAIZADA s.n. in 1941, s.n. in 1942

MARCAN 1,550 (10a); 2,529 (7). & s.n. in 1953 (10).

MAUNDERS s.n. (10). RIDDLEY 6,993 (4a).

MCKEE 5,986 (10). RIVERA 33,460 (3).

MCLELLAND s.n. (10). Rock 1,677 (2); 1,691 & 1,923 (10).

MCMILLEN 201 (10). ROGERS 406 (9); 597 (10).

peers or eae 14,078 & SANGKHACHAND 757 (7).

Mc Kan 260 & 270 (10). TNs) (he hee ae

MOxIM 2° S.A ee SMITINAND 14,087 (5).

MOLDENKE 9,457 (9) & (10) SMITINAND & ABBE 6,371 (8).

[The two mounted on one sheet.]

Moore 6,007 (107).

MUNDUL 86 (10).

MUNIR 3 (3); 4 & 5 (10a).

SNAN 99, 913 & s.n. (3).

SOEPADMO 1 (10a).

Sow 34,622 (3).

SPARE 37,314 (4a).

NAKKARAN 82 (10). SPIRE 749 (10).

NATIVE 3,810 (10). STEINER 22,801 & 22,931 (3).

Noor in 1918 (10). SuLIT 8,313 (3).

Noor & MuNiIR 5 (10a).

PACHMAN 116 (9).

PADAICHER s.n. (4a).

PARKER 2,161 & 2,393 (7); 2,579 (6).

PARKINSON 13,930 & 15,700 (10).

Parry 609 (10).

PETELOT 1,539 (10); 3,852 & VANPRUK 163 (10).

TALBOT 103 & 648 (8).

TERUYA 544 (3).

THOREL 2,639 (8).

TOPPIN 2,557 (10); 4,225 & s.n. (1).

Tsal 25,611 (1).

3,853 (10a).

PHENGKHLAI 175 (7). Vien te oe

PIERRE S.n. (8). WaLLicu 1,733, 1,733a/ & 1,733

POILANE 2,413 (10a); 11,674 (8); 1/ (10).

11,695 (10a); 13,683 (8); 14,693 — Wano 72,678 (10).

(10); 19,977 (10); 23,271 (10a). wy oe 16, 5.055, 5,105 & Herb.

POOLL s.n. (4a). _ No. 10,770 (10).

POTTINGER s.n. (10). WEISTE X.P.L.I. (10).

PRAIZER 36 (10). WIGHT sub-K.d. No. 2,305 (9);

PROUDLOCK 36 (3a); 44 (9). in 1,882 (10).

Pur 2,101 (10a); 2,283 (10). WoLFE & KADIR 21,455 (4a).

314

A revision of Sphenodesme ( Verbenaceae )

MUNIR AHMAD ABID

University of Sind, Hyderabad, West Pakistan.*

INTRODUCTION

The genus Sphenodesme was established by Jack in 1820 with

one species, S. pentandra, the type specimen of which was collected

by him in Penang and now preserved in the Herbarium at.

Edinburgh. Apparently Wallich, with whom Jack corresponded

(Burkill in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Str. Br. 73, 1916, pp. 184 &

261), determined Jack’s plant to be identical with the Sylhet

‘species cultivated in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and listed by

Roxburgh without any description as Roscoea pentandra in his

Cat. Hort. Bengalensis (1814) 64. In his protolog Jack referred

to Roxburgh’s invalid binomial but since that generic name was

preoccupied, he adopted a new one.

Under the present Nomenclatural Code, Jack was quite right in

giving this genus a new name as Roxburgh’s binomial is not valid

and therefore cannot claim priority. Hence the holotype of

Sphenodesme pentandra Jack is Jack’s specimen collected from

Penang.

However, a good deal of confusion exists on the use of the name

of Sphenodesme pentandra, because early botanists, following the

old, now outdated, practice, gave priority to manuscript names

attached to the plants cultivated in Gardens or to the specimens

preserved in or distributed to, one herbarium or more. Under the

present Code such names are discarded as nomina invalida or

nuda. In this category will come the binomial Roscoea pentandra

Roxb. or Congea pentandra Wall., adopted without any valid

description for plants before the publication of Jack’s montypic

genus. Hence Jack’s species must be regarded, not as Sphenodesme

pentandra (Roxb.) Jack, as many modern botanists have done,

but merely as Sphenodesme pentandra Jack.

The earliest valid publication of Roscoea pentandra was in

Roxburgh’s Flora Indica III (1832) 54, which is antedated by

Jack’s publication by twelve years. Similarly, Congea jackiana

‘Wall (1828 & 1830) which Schauer combined to S. jackiana (Wall.)

Schauer is a super-fluous name for Jack’s species. Roscoea

pentandra Roxb. with its isonym S. pentandra (Roxb.) Griff. is

‘synonymous with S. wallichiana Schauer which is reduced here as

‘a variety of S. pentandra Jack.

* Colombo Plan Fellow, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 1965.

315

Gardens’ Bulletin, S-

Affinities

The genus was originally placed in the tribe Viticeae of

Verbenaceae with a note that, “‘the genus is distinct from Congea

of Roxburgh by the leaves of the involucre being all distinct; the

nearly regular corolla, and the five nearly equal stamina” (Jack

in Malay Misc. I, 1820, p. 19). Meissner (Plantarum Vascularum

Genera Vol. I, 1836, p. 292 & II, Commentarius 1843, p. 200)

who, like Wallich, considered the genus Sphenodesme synonymous

with Congea, transferred it to his new tribe Symphoremeae, with

Symphorema as the type. Schauer (1847) accepted Symphoremeae

as a sub-tribe of Viticeae and kept Sphenodesme as a distinct genus.

Bentham & Hooker (Gen. Plant. II, 1876 p. 1159) reinstated

Symphoremeae as a tribe and also retained the genus Sphenodesme.

as a sub-tribe of Viticeae and kept Sphenodesme as a distinct

genus. Bentham & Hooker (Gen. Plant. II, 1876 p. 1159) reinstated

Symphoremeae as a tribe and also retained the genus Sphenodesme.

In this they were generally followed by subsequent revisers. How-

ever, Briquet in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. [TV 3a (1897) 179,

raised the status of Symphoremeae to a sub-family SyYMPHORE-

MOIDEAE. Moldenke in 1959 raised this again to a status of family

““SYMPHOREMACEAE . In the present revision, however, I have not

been able to make any evaluation of these views.

The genus is closely allied morphologically to Congea and

Symphorema with which it has often been confused in the past.

However, it can be easily distinguished from the other two by its

involucral bracts being always 6, and stamens 5 rarely 6. In Congea

the involucral bracts are 3-4 and the stamens 4 only, while in

Symphorema the involucral bracts are 6, and stamens 6-18.

Inflorescence

The inflorescence is a terminal or lateral panicle consisting of

decussate cymes. The cyme is generally twice dichotomous, with

a single flower at each fork (see fig. 1). In a fully developed cyme,

there is a flower at each of the fork and at the end of each of the

four secondary lateral branches, so that such a cyme is 7-flowered

as in S. pentandra and S. triflora var. montana. The flower in the

primary fork is not bracteate, but other flowers are axillary to

bracts. Hence the involucral bracts are in two groups of 3+ 3. In

S. triflora and S. mekongensis, the flowers on the secondary lateral

branches do not develop, and so produce 3-flowered cymes. Jn

S. triflora var. riparia and S. sarawakensis, one flower on each of

the secondary branches are suppressed to make the cymes 5-

flowered. Some botanists have described 4 or 6 flowered cymes, a

number that seems unusual in this genus, and may have occurred

due to an abnormal suppression or development of flowers. In

the numerous specimens examined by me I have not found a single

cyme that had an even number of flowers.

316

Vol. XXI (1966).

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 1. Different types of cymes in the genus Sphenodesme.

(a) 3-flowered cyme, showing suppressed flowers on the

secondary lateral branches.

(b) 5-flowered cyme, showing suppression of one flower on

each of the secondary branches.

317

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Calyx and Epicalyx

The calyx in the genus is either 5-ribbed ur 10-ribbed. It is five

ribbed where it has five lobes, and ten ribbed where it has in

addition 5 accessory teeth. Some authors like Clarke (Fl. Br. Ind.

IV, 1885 p. 602) considered these teeth as post-anthesial develop-

ment and so regarded S. pentandra and its var. wallichiana as exact

synonyms; but these teeth are noticed even in the early stages of

the flower. In fact the accessory teeth represent congenitally fused

epicalyx, so that technically they may be called episepals.

In the section BRACHYNEMA the calyx is five ribbed and has no

accessory teeth. The calyx in the section SPHENODESME is either

five or ten ribbed, the latter accompanied, as said above, with 5

accessory-teeth. The accessory-teeth generally alternate with the

calyx-lobes, but in S. racemosa and its variety sabahensis they are

opposite. Among the ten ribbed species the calyx-lobes may be

entire as in S. pierrei, S. mekongensis and S. pentandra, or they

may be bifid at apex as in S. racemosa, S. sarawakensis, S. mollis

and S. griffithiana.

Sections

Briquet retained the section BRACHYNEMA (Griff.) Clarke for the

species having included stamens and style, the former seated on

short filaments and the latter provided with a minute style. How-

ever, following Clarke, he retained S. eryciboides in the section

SPHENODESME proper, but created for it a new sub-section Erycli-

BODEAE on the basis of the length of involucral bracts, for this is

the only species in the genus that has its involucral bracts shorter

than the calyx. If this character were of special importance it

should have been used as a sectional basis in the genus, or sub-

sectional basis under the section BRACHYNEMA. But, it seems certain

that neither Clarke nor Briquet had examied the inner structure

of the flower of this species; nor even Moldenke (1959) who

retained the sectional sub-divisions made by Briquet. Both the

stamens and the style in S. eryciboides are not exsert as in the

species of section BRACHYNEMA, the only difference being that its

stamens with short filaments are seated at the corolla throat and

not deep in the tube. Hence IJ have transferred sub-section Eryci-

BOIDEAE to become a sub-section of BRACHYNEMA.

However, there are good reasons to sub-divide section SPHENO-

DESME into two sub-sections on the presence of accesory teeth

(Epicalyx) — SPHENODESME sensu stricto (= Decadontia Griff.),

or their absence, PENTADONTIA.

318

Vol. XXI (1966).

Distribution

The genus in its distribution is restricted in the tropics of Asia,

lying between 0-25° north latitude and 75-120° east longitude.

This includes southern and north-eastern parts of India, East

Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, South East China,

Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo (See Map 1).

The members of the section BRACHYNEMA are recorded from

South and North-East India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam,

Hainan and Borneo, but so far not from Malaya and Sumatra.

S. involucrata var. involucrata is the most widely distributed species

of the section, the only one that occurs also in regions like eastern

parts of South India, North-Eastern India (Manipur), Hainan and

Borneo. Further, its variety paniculata occurs in western parts of

South India where no other member of the genus has been found ”

and also in Tenasserim in Burma, this last record being apparently

exceptional (see Map 1 & 2). S. ferruginea is common in Burma

and Thailand, and to a less extent found also in Laos and Vietnam.

S. eryciboides of the monotypic subsection ERYCIBOIDEAE is found

in Bassein and Tenasserim in Lower Burma and at Kanburi in

Thailand (see Map 3).

The section SPHENODESME has a much wider distribution than

the section BRACHYNEMA, being found also in Malaya and Sumatra.

The members of the sub-section SPHENODESME are found in N.

Eastern India, Nicobars, East Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Malaya,

Sumatra, Borneo, Laos, Vietnam and S. East China (see Map 4).

Of these species, S. racemosa is restricted to Malaya, Sumatra and

Borneo, while its variety sabahensis is endemic in Sabah (Borneo).

The two varieties of S$. pentandra together occur in all the countries

included in the generic distribution except S. India and Sumatra;

but S. pentandra var. pentandra is represented in the southern parts

of the region, (especially in Thailand, Malaya and Borneo) while

S. pentandra var. wallichiana is its northern representative (being

found especially in N. East India (Assam), East Pakistan, Upper

Burma and Hainan), but these varietal forms meet in Malaya,

Laos and Vietnam (see Map. 4). Similarly, S. sarawakensis and

S. pierrei are respectively endemic in Sarawak and S. Vietnam

(Cochinchine). The other three species of the sub-section SPHENO-

DESME are non Malesian. S$. mekongensis occurs in Thailand and

Laos, S. griffithiana in Lower Burma and Vietnam and S. mollis

in Thailand, Vietnam and Yunnan (China).

The sub-section PENTADONTIA is represented from Malaya,

Sumatra, Borneo and Vietnam. But S. triflora sensu stricto is a

purely Malesian species, being found in Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo

and Lower Thailand (Betong) (see Map 5). The other two varieties

of S. triflora, that is, var. riparia and var. montana, are endemic

in Sabah (Borneo). Of the three remaining species of this sub-

section, S. thorelii and S. amethystina are endemic in Vietnam,

and S. stellata in Sabah (Borneo).

619

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

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Vol. XXI (1966).

SUMMARY

The genus, instated as monotypic by Jack (1820), was reduced

to Congea by Wallich (1828), Meissner (1836 & 1843) & others;

but Schauer (1847) and Wight (1850) restored its status and added

new species to it. In 1885, Clarke who revised the genus, described

eight species, of which two were new. Since then new species were

added to the genus so that Moldenke’s revisions (1959, 1962 and

1963) included in the genus twenty-two species and two varieties.

Of these the following are reduced as synonyms: S. annamitica

Dop (1932) (= S. mollis Craib, 1912), S. borneensis Merr. (1917)

(= S. racemosa (Presl) Mold., 1956), S. clemensorum Mold. (1953)

(= S. triflora Wight, 1850), S$. jackiana (Wall) Schauer (1847)

(= S. pentandra Jack, 1820), S. microstylis Clarke (1885) (= S...

ferruginea (Griff.) Briq., 1897), S. odorata Fletcher (1938) (= S.

involucrata (Presl) Robinson, 1916), S. orbicularis Fletcher (1938)

(= S. ferruginea (Griff.) Briq., 1897), S. paniculata Clarke (1885)

(= S. involucrata var. paniculata (Clarke) Munir), S. pentandra

(Roxb.) Griff. (= S. pentandra var. wallichiana (Schau.) Munir),

S. robinsonii Dop (1914) (= S. griffithiana Wight, 1850), S.

smitinandi Mold. (1962) (= S. mollis Craib, 1912). The var.

cordifolia (“‘cordata’’) Dop (1914) of S. thorelii and var. pubescens

Mold. (1963) of S. involucrata have not been maintained as these

represent mere variations of the type forms.

With these reductions the accepted taxa are as follows:

amethystina, eryciboides, ferruginea, griffithiana, involucrata and

its var. paniculata, mekongensis, mollis, pentandra and its var.

wallichiana pierrei, racemosa, sarawakensis, stellata, thorelli and

triflora.

In addition the following new varieties have been created:

S. racemosa var. sabahensis, S. triflora var. montana and S. triflora

var riparia.

The reasons for rejecting the typification of S. pentandra Jack

(1820) followed by Wallich (1830) and others including Moldenke

(1959) have been explained under the introduction. Thus typified

S. jackiana becomes its synonym, and S. pentandra (Roxb.) Griff.,

its later homonym. Generally S$. ferruginea (Griff.) Briq. (1897)

has been rejected as a later homonym of S. ferruginea Wight (1850),

but since the latter was published as a synonym of S. barbata, it

has no status and so cannot render Briquet’s combination illegi-

timate.

The sectional and sub-sectional divisions have been revised so

that sub-section ERYCIBOIDEAE has been transferred to section

BRACHYNEMA and a new sub-section PENTADONTIA has been added

to the section SPHENODESME.

325

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to record my gratitude to the following: to the Govern-

ment of Singapore for granting me the Colombo Plan Fellowship

which enabled me to undertake this research; to Mr. H. M. Burkill,

Director of Gardens, Singapore, and to Dr. Chew Wee-Lek, Keeper

of the Herbarium, for putting at my disposal the facilities of the

Singapore Botanic Gardens; to Dr. C. X. Furtado, for his general

guidance and assistance in translating French, German and

Latin descriptions and in preparing the diagnoses in Latin of the

new taxa; to Dr. H. N. Moldenke for the generous gifts of his

valuable literature; to Che Juraimi bin Samsuri for making the

drawings published here; to the typists who patiently typed the

manuscript.

I also wish to thank the Directors and Curators of the following

institutions for the loan of herbarium specimens and/or their

photographs.

1. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 22 Divinity

Avenue, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (A.)

2. Botanisches Garten und Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, Ger-

many. (B).

Forest Herbarium, Bangkok, Thailand. (BKF).

4. British Museum of Natural History, London, S.W.7,

England. (BM).

5. Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (BRI).

Botanical Museum & Herbarium, Gothersgade 130,

Copenhagen K, Denmark. (C).

7. Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, India. (CAL).

8. Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. (DD).

9. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland. (E).

10. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. (K).

11. Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Selangor. (KEP).

12. Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Holland. (L).

13. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York

58, New York, U.S.A. (NY).

14. National Herbarium & Museum, Manila, Philippines.

(PNH).

15. Trailside Nature & Science Center, Mountainside, New

Jersey, U.S.A. (Herb. H.N. Moldenke).

326

Vol. XXI (1966).

SPHENODESME JACK

Sphenodesme Jack in Malay Misc. I, 1 (1820) 19 & in Cal. Journ.

Nat. Hist. IV, 13 (1843) 43; Hook., Bot. Misc. I (1830) 258;

Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. IV, part 3 (1850) 13; Schauer in DC. Prodr.

XI (1847) 622; Griff., Notul. Pl. As. (1854) 181; Mig., Fl. Ind.

Bat. II (1858) 909; Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 2 (1876) 1,159;

Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. ITV (1885) 600; Brig. in Engl. &

Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. IV 3a (1897) 180; Post & Kunze, Lexic,

Gen. Phan. (1904) 528; King and Gamble in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

LXXIV, 4 (1909) 860; Lam, Verb. Malay. (1919) 331 & in Bull.

Jard. Bot. Buit. IIf (1921) 99: Ridl., Fl. Mal. Penin. II (1923)

637: Gamble, Fl. Madras, II (1924) 1,104; P. Dop in Fl. Gén.

Indoch. IV (1936) 898; Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 441; Kanjilal

& Syn. (1959) 345.

Brachynema Griff., Notul. TV (1854) 176.

Decadontia Griff., Notul. [TV (1854) 175.

Roscoea Roxb., Fl. Ind. III (1932) 54, p.p.

Viticastrum Presl, Bot. Bemerk. (1844) 147; Walp., Repert. Bot.

Syst. VI (1847) 691.

Congea Roxb. sensu Wall. Cat. (1828) 1735; Hook., Bot. Misc. I

(1830) 285; Meiss., Plant. Vascular, 11, Comment. (1843) 200: p.p.

TYPE SPECIES: S. pentandra Jack.

Woody climber; branchlets quadrangular. Leaves opposite,

decussate, simple, entire. Inflorescence paniculate, axillary and

terminal; cymes capitate, opposite, in the axils of leafy bracts, 3,

5 or 7-flowered; involucral bracts 6, accrescent, much longer than

flowers except in S. eryciboides. Calyx shortly campanulate or

tubular, 5S— (rarely 6—-) toothed, accrescent. Corolla longer than

calyx, sub-regular; tube short, cylindric, as long as the calyx,

villous in throat; lobes 5 (rarely 6), sub-equal, imbricate in bud.

Stamens 5 (rarely 6 or 7), inserted in the corolla below the throat,

included or exsert; anther-lobes parallel, oblong. Ovary 2-celled,

with 2-ovules in each cell; ovules pendulous from the apex of the

placentiferous axis; style long, filiform or minute; stigma 2-lobed.

Drupe globular or obovoid, included in the capsule formed by

the accrescent calyx; seed 1 (rarely 2), exalbuminous.

Distribution: Southern & Eastern India, East Pakistan, Burma,

Thailand, Laos, Southern & Eastern China, Vietnam, Cambodia,

Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo.

This genus was published originally as Sphenodesme, but the

ending was “‘corrected” to A by Schauer (1847) & Griffith (1854),

and this spelling was adopted by some authors like Clarke, Miquel,

Briquet, Post & Kunze and Dop. But in this treatment, the original

spelling, being correct and classical, is retained.

327

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. (A) Corolla lobes oblong-ovate; stamens exsert; style filiform,

long. (Calyx with or without accessory teeth) ............

SECTION SPHENODESME 4.

(B) Corolla lobes oblong-obovoid, or narrowly lanceolate;

Stamens included; style minute or none; (calyx with no

accessory teeth) ceiegey. nlc Jes: heehee BE ee ee

SECTION BrRACHYNEMA (Griff.) Clarke 2.

2. (A) Involucral bracts shorter than calyx; stamens always 5,

seated in the corolla throat and alternating with the

lobes, (leaves obovate to ovate, cuneate towards base)

Sub-section ERYCIBOIDEAE (Brig.) Munir

S. eryciboides

(B) Involucral bracts much longer than the calyx; stamens

usually 6, sometimes 5 or 7, seated much below the

corolla throat, (leaves usually elliptic-ovate, rarely

obovoid, almost always rounded at base) ..................

Sub-section BRACHYNEMA 3.

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3. (A) Calyx two lipped; corolla lobes narrow lanceolate; ovary

glabrous, non-glandular; (leaves ferrugineous-tomentose

beneathiyes: io 21. phan eee ee oe acre S. ferruginea.

(B) Calyx 6-lobed or with 3 bifid lobes; corolla lobes oblong

or obovoid; ovary glabrous below, glandular or minutely

hairy towards apex; (leaves fulvous-pubescent beneath

when young, later almost glabrous) ...... S. involucrata.

B (a) Calyx with 6 large lobes; corolla lobes obovoid;

ovary glandular towards apex ..................

var. involucrata.

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B (b) Calyx with 3 large lobes, each of which is

shortly bifid at apex; corolla lobes oblong;

ovary setulose towards apex .................-

var. paniculata.

4. (A) Calyx 5-lobed, 10-ribbed and with 5 accessory teeth ......

Sub-section SPHENODESME 8.

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(B) Calyx 5-lobed, 5-ribbed and with no accessory teeth ......

Sub-section PENTADONTIA Munir 5.

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5. (A) Corolla with a narrow villous band in throat; ovary glab-

rous; (leaves cuneate ‘at base) i. ce Aa 7.

(B) Corolla with a broad and dense villous band in throat;

ovary stellate-hairy in the upper half or wholly setose;

(leaves more or less cordulate at base) ............... 6.

328

Vol. XXI (1966).

6. (A) Calyx densely hirsute, lobes acute; corolla glabrous out-

side, mid-lobe slightly longer and villous towards its

base; ovary entirely setose. (Cymes 5-flowered) .........

PMR an Seen tia achat os tye eed ete ee ae S. thorelii.

(B) Calyx stellately hairy without, long silky white hairs

within; corolla lobes equal, puberulous outside at the

apex; ovary provided with stellate hairs from the middle

above; (cymes 3-4-5-flowered ............ S. amethystina

(not seen).

7. (A) Calyx densely stellate hairy without; corolla lobes

puberulous on outside; (branchlets and inflorescence

tawny, covered with dense stellate hairs; leaves fulvous. .

hairy on the veins underneath; cymes 7-flowered) ......

Re oie ge ERED: tT wht) key SIEN a « slice wis 2d S. stellata.

(B) Calyx velutinous-pubescent without; corolla lobes almost

glabrous on outside; (branchlets dark-brown, glabrous;

inflorescence glabrous or grey-pubescent in rachis; leaves

RMI CLAMIFOUS | oo ec clicdanscces yeh ecedccceaasions cen S. triflora.

B (a) Cymes strictly 3-flowered; stem dark brown,

glabrous and lenticellate ...... var. triflora.

B (b) Cymes 5-flowered; stem dark brown, glabrous,

without lenticels; leaves chartaceous, elliptic-

lanceolate, glabrous on both the sides (some-

times grey-puberulent beneath) ...............

nicki ep cr tae can ee eg ee EO var. riparia.

B (c) Cymes 7-flowered; stem cineraceous-brown,

puberulous, lenticellate; leaves sub-coria-

ceous, elliptic-oblong, puberulous on the

nerves: Déheath 2.0 ee. var. montana.

Be Meade: IODeSW CMTS i oe re a: sore heh oe. eee cae toeee es 12.

pric, LOGS = NG oP) sc 2 2. A Reeds Actes Chen nbs ees 2825. 9.

9. (A) Calyx lobes deeply 2-fid, inflexed; accessory teeth long,

linear, caudate; ovary setulose all over or thickly setose

in the upper half and glabrous in the lower; (cymes 5

CE) a RN Pe ere ee er te ae 11.

(B) Calyx densely hirsute or appressedly hairy without; acces-

sory teeth minute; ovary densely setose all over; (cymes

SAPS POW CTCE) ooie5cs li icesscide ness sevsiescseonsddibeows 10.

10. (A) Calyx hirsute without; corolla throat with a narrow villous

ring; (leaves glabrous underneath) ...... S. griffithiana.

(B) Calyx sericeous without; corolla throat with a broad villous

ring; (leaves densely pubescent underneath) ... S. mollis.

329

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

11. (A) Calyx obscurely pubescent without; accessory teeth alter-

nating with the calyx lobes; ovary setulose all over;

(branchlets, leaves and involucral bracts glabrous; cymes

5-flowered) '..3: ie twee S. sarawakensis.

(B) Calyx densely hirsute or appressedly hairy without; acces-

sory teeth opposite to calyx-lobes; ovary densely setose

in the upper half; glabrous in the lower; (branchlets,

leaves and involucral bracts ferruginous-tomentose;

CYMES 7-HOWGIOGNs ns cdsccnuescveusanesn Were S. racemosa.

B (a) Calyx hirsute on outside, puberulous within;

corolla with a broad villous band in the

thneahH9:.: ais ie. de: ae var. racemosa.

B (b) Calyx with densely appressed hairs on both

sides; corolla with a much narrower villous

ting im. the. teroat: .assccacedes var. sabahensis.

12. (A) Cymes strictly 3-flowered; calyx tube glabrous within;

ovary setulose above, glabrous in the lower 4th; (leaves

with 1-2 pairs of main lateral nerves) ... S. mekongensis.

(B) Cymes 7-flowered; calyx-tube partially or wholly hairy

within; ovary densely setose all over; (leaves with 2

pairs or more of main lateral nerves) .................. 13.

13. (A) Involucral bracts elliptic-obovate, ciliate towards the base;

calyx hirsute on the outside, hispidly tomentose within.

(Leaves with 2-3 pairs of main lateral nerves) ............

(B) Involucral bracts elliptic-oblong, glabrous; calyx glabrous

or sparsely hairy without, glabrous within except for a

narrow band of appressed hairs towards base. (Leaves

with 4-6 pairs of main lateral nerves) ...... S. pentandra.

B (a) Calyx sparsely hairy without, conspicuously

lobed at apex; accessory teeth well developed,

aristate 225 oc. ehea ee var. pentandra.

B (b) Calyx glabrous without, shortly lobed or almost

truncate at apex; accessory teeth minute or

short even after anthesis ... var. wallichiana.

Section BRACHYNEMA (Griff.) Clarke

In Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. TV (1885) 600; Briq. in Engl. & Prantl,

Pflanzenf. IV 3a (1897) 181; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn.

(1959) 403.

Brachynema Griff., Notul. IV (1854) 176. Basionym.

Stamens included with short filaments seated in the corolla tube

or at the throat; style minute or none; (calyx with no accessory

teeth; corolla-lobes oblong-obovoid, or narrowly lanceolate).

330

Vol. XXI (1966).

Subsection BRACHYNEMA

Involucral bracts much longer than calyx; flowers 6-merous

(rarely 5-merous); stamens seated in the corolla tube or below the

throat.

TYPE: Brachynema ferruginea Griff. = S. ferruginea (Griff.) Briq.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES

1. Sphenodesme ferruginea (Griff.) Brig. in Engl. } Prantl, Nat.

Pflanzf. [V 3a (1897) 181; King & Gamble in Journ. As.

Soc. Beng. LXXIV, 4 (1909) 861; Dop in Fl. Gén. Indoch.

IV (1936) 899. Plate 1. :

S. astylis Clarke op. cit. 601 in observ. sub. S. unguiculata’

Schauer, (lapsus calami for S. microstylis?): nom. nud.

S. microstylis Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV (1885) 600;

Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. II (1923) 638; Fletcher in Kew Bull.

(1938) 442; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 345.

S. orbicularis Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 208 & 442, Syn.

nov.

Brachynema ferruginea Griff. in Notul. IV (1854) 176.

Basionym.

Symphorema microstylis Bedd. in Clarke op. cit. pro synonym

nom. nud.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Mergui, Burma (Griffith 938).

This species is easily distinguished from the others of the sub-

section ‘‘Brachynema’’, in having a non-glandular ovary, short and

irregularly seated stamens, linear lanceolate corolla lobes, bi-lipped

calyx, and in more dense tomentum on branchlets, inflorescence

and the underside of the leaves.

Branchlets rusty stellate-tomentose, obscurely quadrangular.

Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute to mucronulate at apex, almost

rounded at base, chartaceous, sparsely hispid-pubescent especially

on the nerves above, later glabrous, densely ferruginous-tomentose

underneath, upto 20 cm. long, 11.5 cm. broad; main lateral nerves

5-6 pairs, the lowest pair close to the base; reticulation distinct;

petiole 8-15 mm. long. Inflorescence rusty, stellate-tomentose;

panicles axillary and terminal, spreading, 30 cm. or more long,

densely covered with tawny-yellow tomentum; cymes 7-flowered

with a peduncle 3-8 cm. long; involucral bracts elliptic-obovate,

ferruginous-tomentose, distinctly reticulated, upto 3.5 cm. long,

1.5 cm. broad; flowers sessile. Calyx tubular, with no accessory

teeth, 8 mm. long, densely stellate-tomentose without, appressedly

hairy within, 2-lipped, usually the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-lobed;

lobes minute. Corolla funnel shaped, 9-14 mm. long; tube pubes-

cent without, densely villous within, 6-10 mm. long; lobes usually

6, rarely 5 or 7, linear lanceolate, acute, imbricate, pubescent on

331

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PER te y Cd | e

UU SNM iflill fat yp,

UW LLL.

YEO COMME

AGL Cz Hfe

a fli Yi

= 4 =

——

en :

at) a,

th ees

s =

JURAIM] DEL.

8 mm

Plate 1. Sephenodesme ferruginea (Griff.) Brig. (Kerr 16,411 in Edin.) A,

Fertile twig. B, flower. C, Calyx vertically cut open. D, Corolla

cut open to show stamens and ovary. E, Ovary.

Vol. XXI (1966).

both sides, 3-5 mm. long. Stamens 6, or as many as the lobes,

short, unequal, included, seated at different levels in the lower half

of the corolla tube; filaments slender, 2-3 mm. long; anther-lobes

almost oblong. Ovary globular to sub-columnar, glabrous, non-

glandular; style minute; stigma bifid, sub-capitate.

BurMA: Insein, Pyinmadaw Res. (Parkinson 7: CAL). Tenasserim,

at Tenasserim between Kankerat & Danat (Beddome’s s.n.:

BM, syntype of S. microstylis); Tavoy, (Parish s.n.: K, syntype

of S. microstylis); Kaleinaung Res. (Ba-Pe 803: DD); Nabule

(Mokim 178: BM & CAL); Mergui (Griffith, sub Kew No.

6007/1: K, syntype of S. microstylis and prob. Isotype of S.

ferruginea).

THAILAND: Kopah, Bangsak, (Haniff & Nur 2,937: SING): Pungah,

(Curtis 2,963: SING); Sriracha, (Collin 329: PNH & 585: E); -

Ban Don, Purat, (Seidenfaden 2,180: SING); Lamlieng, Rana-

wng, (Kerr 16,411: E, Holotype of S. orbicularis, BM, C & K);

Trat, Koh Chang (Smitinand 2,237: A & BKF); Wangka,

Kanburi, 200 m. (Kerr 10,305: E); Ubon, Kemarat, 100 m.

(Kerr 8,376: C & E); Klawn Mayom near sea (Kerr 6,866: E);

Surat, Koa Wang, 100 m. (Kerr 18,271: C & E); Nakawn

Sritamarat, Ban Natawn, under 50 m. (Kerr 15,633: C & E): Koh

Chang (Marcan 1,281: E; Schmidt 474 & 862: C); Salak Kawk,

Kaw Chang (Rabil 28: E).

Laos: Vientiane, Paksan Road, Km. 12, (Talbot 136: SING);

Ban Tha Ngon Road (Talbot 98: BM & SING).

VIETNAM Bien Hoa, Mt. Lu, (Pierre s.n.: A & B); loc. incert.

(Thorel 653: A & B); Annam, Dalat, (Squires 855: A, BM &

SING).

Sphenodesme ferruginea (Griff.) Brig. (1897) based on Brachy-

nema ferruginea Griff., Notul. TV (1854) 176 is often rejected as

a later homonym of S. ferruginea Wight Ic. IV, part. III (1850) 13,

tab. 1474, but as shown by Wight himself (Ic. p. 13, under Congea

and again under the text of tab. 1474, p. 13), S. ferruginea was

issued as a synonym of S. barbata, though he was not able to

change the legend of tab. 1474 prepared earlier to be issued with

the text. Since S. ferruginea Wight was published as a synonym,

it must be regarded as not validly published (Art. 34 of 1961)

and not effective in making S. ferruginea (Griff.) Brig. a later

homonym. Hence S. microstylis Clarke (1885) as circumscribed

in the protolog, becomes a superfluous name.

The type was from Mergui (Burma), collected by Griffith in

January 1835 under No. 938 (cf. Notulae). Apparently duplicates

of this collection were distributed from Kew under No. 6007/1

(Kew distr. No. 6007 = Symphorema polyandrum).

Beddome’s specimen in British Museum bears Beddome’s

manuscript name “‘Symphorema microstylis Bedd.”’, which was

given priority by Clarke in transferring the species to Sphenodesme.

333

Gardens’ Bulletin, S

2. Sphenodesme involucrata (Presl.) Robinson in Proc. Am. Acad.

51 (1916) 531; Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 441; Mold.,

Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 345 & 384, var.

involucrata. Plate 2.

S. involucrata (Pres!) Robinson var. pubescens Mold. in Dansk

Bot. Ark. 23, I (1963) 86. Syn. nov.

S. odorata Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 207. Syn. nov.

S. paniculata Clarke sensu Gamble, Fl. Madras II, part 6

(1924) 1,104 quoad specimena Perrottet infra citata.

S. unguiculata Schauer in DC., Prodr. XI (1847) 623 pro parte

(excl. syn. Congea paniculata Wall. Cat. 1739); Miq., FI.

Ind. Bat II (1858) 910; Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV

(1885) 601; Parkinson, For. Fl. Andam. Isl. (1923) 220; Dop

in Fl. gén. Indoch. IV (1936) 900; Kanjilal & Das in De, FI.

Assam (1939) 495.

Congea ferruginea Wall. Cat. (1828) No. 1737. nom. nud.

C. unguiculata Wall. Cat. (1828) No. 1736 ex Walp. Rep. IV

(1848) 117.

Symphorema unguiculatum Kurz, For. Fl. Burma II (1877)

Z5a

Vitex involucratus Presl. Bot. Bemerk. (1844) 148. Basionym.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Moulmein, Burma (Helfer, in Herb. DC).

Akin to S. ferruginea (Griff.) Brig. from which this species

differs in having its calyx with distinct, acute, equal lobes, corolla

with spathulate or obovoid lobes and ovary glandular towards apex.

(This var. involucrata is distinguished from the variety paniculata,

by its calyx being distinctly 6-lobed and its ovary glabrous).

Branchlets rusty, stellate-tomentose, obscurely quadrangular.

Leaves chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate,

acute at apex, cuneate or rounded towards base, stellately fulvous-

hairy when young, later glabrous or sparsely stellately hairy on

the underside, 7.5-8 cm. long, 4-8 cm. broad; lateral nerves 5—7

pairs, stellate hairy beneath; petiole 5-15 mm. long, hairy.

Inflorescence axillary and terminal, rusty hairy; panicles usually

15-25 cm. long, sometimes longer; cymes 7-flowered; peduncle

2-3.5 cm. long, ferruginous, stellate tomentose; involucral bracts

much enlarged in fruit, elliptic-oblanceolate or spathulate, mem-

branous, prominently veined, 1.5—-4 cm. long, 5-13 mm. broad.

Calyx 6-lobed (rarely 5-lobed), without any accessory teeth, cam-

panulate, 4-6 mm. long, stellate-tomentose without; tube appressed-

ly hairy within; lobes acute pubescent on the innerside. Corolla

6-lobed (rarely 5-lobed), pale yellow, 6-9 mm. long; lobes obovate,

puberulous on both sides; tube puberulous without, villous within.

Stamens 6, included, seated in corolla throat; filaments very short;

anther lobes oblong. Ovary obovoid, glabrous, glandular in the

upper third; style minute; stigma bifid. Fruit capsular, included in

the accrescent calyx, globular, upto 8 mm. in diameter.

334

Plate 2. Sphenodesme involucrata (Presl) Rob. (A-E Helfer 42 in Edin.;

F Lace 2,796 in Edin.).

A, Portion of inflorescence. B, Flower. C, 6-lobed Calyx vertically

cut open. D, Corolla cut open to show stamens and ovary. E.

Ovary glandular in the upper third. F. Capsular fruit.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

INDIA: Manipur, Kanglatongbi alt. 3,000-3,500 ft. (Bullock 868:

L, 811: A & L); Khasia Hills, (Hook. f. & Thomson s.n.: A, BM

& L; Simon s.n.: L); loc. incert. (McLelland s.n.: E); Pundua

(De Silva sub. Wall. Cat. No. 1736: BM, E & K, syntype of

Congea unguiculata); Madras, Eastern Ghats, Shiveroy Hills

(Perrottet 101 & 160: CAL).

ANDAMANS: Long Island (Kirat Ram 3,640: A & E); South

Andaman (Heining s.n.: A & L); Chiriatapu (Parkinson

16,396: A); loc. incert. (Prain s.n. A); Hill Jungleat Anikhet

(King’s Collector s.n.: CAL).

NICOBARS: loc. incert. (King’s Collector s.n.: BM & E; Kam-

BURMA: Pyinmana (Rogers 308: CAL & DD); Insein (Kau 273:

CAL; Ba-Pe 10,529: DD); Pegu (Kurz ? 6,525: SING; Lace

6,072: E & SING); Prome (Lace 2,736: E; Beddome 6,528:

BM); Tharrawddy region (Lace 2,796: DD & E); Thaunyin

(Maung 12,931: A); Salween (Chin 6,044: DD); Durat range

(Kurz ? 6,527: SING); loc. incert. (Falconer 496: L); Rangoon

(Parkinson 11,283: A; Beddome 6,526: BM; Meebold 14,054:

CAL); Tenasserim. Moulmein (Helfer sub Bot. Mus. Prag. No.

42: BM, E & L, Isotypes & Herb. Bohemiae No. 54: CAL,

Isotype ? - vide observ. infra; Wall. Cat. No. 1,737: BM,

Syntype of Congea ferruginea).

THAILAND: Chiengdao, Me Pa Tang, alt. 440 m. (Garrett 1,210:

E & L); Lampang, Me Salop alt. 190 m. (Winit 1,264: E); Me

Luang, alt. 260 m. (Winit 1,586: E); Udawan, Sitan (Kerr

20,030: BM, C & E); Parachimburi, Krabin, Tungpo (Kerr

9,812: BM, C & E); Puket, Ranawng, Kao Talu (Kerr 1,185:

E, Holotype of S. odorata; C & K, Isotypes); Nakawn Sawan

near Kamphaengphet, alt. 100 m. (Hansen 6,629: C, holotype

of S. involucrata var. pubescens); Loei, Wang Sapung, Pha

Daeng (Suvarnakoses 1,321: BKF); N. Rachasima, National

Park (Phengkhlai 574: BKF).

BORNEO: Sabah, Tawau, Tanjong (Pereira 43,691: SING).

VIETNAM: Annam, Hue (Clemens 4,143: A, BM & PNH); Nhat-

rang (Poilane 4,984: A).

CHINA: Hainan, (McClure 8,331: A, BM & E; Wang 36,301: A

& E; Lau 3,113 & 28,317: A; How 73,729 & 73.733: A & BM;

Chun & Tso 44,281: A & 44,669: A & B; Tang 483: A; Liang

64,243 :A; Henry s.n.: BM).

CULTIVATED: Hort. Bog. X.F. 26 & XII. B. 206; Hort. Bot. Cal. s.n.

Dr. J. W. (or F.) Helfer, a physician from Prague in Czechoslo-

vakia, collected plants in Tenasserim and the Andamans from 1832

onwards until his murder in 1840 in the Andamans (Backer,

Verklarend Woordenboek, 1936). His collection from Tenasserim,

generally referred in old books as Martabania, seems to have been

made between 1832-1838. Hence the specimens distributed in

336

Vol. XXI (1966).

1937 by the National Museum of Botany. Prague, as having been

“in Bengalia Circa Calcuttam” seem to be erroneously labelled

as to the locality, as the two instances given here will show, though

Helfer himself might have used ‘‘Bengalia’’ indifferently to denote

any country in the Bay of Bengal.

Thus Helfer’s specimen named by Clarke as Sphenodesma

griffithiana Wight (Kew distr. No. 6,008) was collected at Tavoy

in January 1838. What appear to be the duplicates of this Helfer’s

collection, have been determined by K. Biswas as Sphenodesma

pentandra Jack and distributed from Prague under No. 43 as

coming from “‘Bengalia Circa Calcuttam’”’. The type of the species

was from Mergui, Tenasserim, collected by Griffith, and though

the species has been recorded from the regions east of Tenasserim

(e.g. Indochina), it has never been recorded from anywhere north

of Burma, much less from Calcutta or Bengal. Similarly K. B.

Presl, a science professor at Prague (cf. Baker op. cit.) based his

Vitex involucratus (Bot. Bemerk., 1844 p. 148) on a specimen

from ‘“‘Moulmein in Martabania”. Obviously the same specimen

in Herb. DC. was seen and quoted by J. C. Schauer in De Cand.,

Prodr. XI (1847) 623, as ‘““Moalmine Martabaniae (Helfer! )”’ under

his Sphenodesma unguiculata to which he had reduced Presl’s

species (which he had apparently seen in De Candolle’s herbarium).

Now, what appear to be the duplicates of this type collection have

been distributed first as Reliquae Helferianae from Herbarium

Musei Regni Bohemiae bearing a No. 54 and again in 1937 as

from Section Botanica Musei Nationalis Pragae with a printed

No. 42, both determined by Biswas as Sphenodesma unguiculata

Schauer and both as coming from ‘“‘Bengalia Circa Calcuttam,”

though this species has never been recorded from anywhere near

Calcutta, nor even from Bengal, and though it is not recorded

that Helfer collected in Bengal. In view of the evidence given

above, it seems reasonable to regard the last named collections

distributed from Bohemia or Prague as the duplicates or isotypes

of the holotype of Vitex involucratus Presl, which was collected at

Moulmein in Tenasserim.

B. L. Robinson seems to have made the combination under

Sphenodesme because Presl’s binomial has the priority right over

S. unguiculata, under which Presl’s species was cited; there is no

indication that he had tried to locate or identify Presl’s holotype.

An unusual distribution for this species is indicated by Perrottet’s

specimens collected on Shiveroy Hills in the Eastern Ghats (S. E.

India), referred by Gamble to S. paniculata.

According to a note in Flora Malesiana I (1950) 136 & 137,

Galathea Expedition Numbers 3,001—3,134 come from Buitenzorg,

but Kamphovener collections quoted above are stated to be Cal-

cutta numbers. I have no means of deciding whether these numbers

are the same. If identical, then Kamphovener 3,121 quoted as

from Nicobar must have been from Buitenzorg (Bogor), in which

case it must have been from a cultivated plant.

337

Gardens’ Bulletin, §.

2a. Sphenodesme involucrata (Presl) Robinson var. paniculata

(Clarke) Munir stat. nov. Plate 3.

S. paniculata Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. [TV (1885) 600;

Gamble, Fl. Madras II, part 6 (1924) 1,104, pro parte;

Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 164. Basionym.

Congea paniculata Wall. Cat. (1828) No. 1,739. Herb. Heyne,

and No. 1,739B Herb, Wight: nomen nudum.

This variety is easily mistaken with the type form, but differs

in having its calyx with 3 large rounded lobes, each of which

bearing a small slit at the apex; corolla with elongate-oblong lobes

and ovary setulose towards the apex.

TYPE SPECIMENS: Malabar, S. India (Heyne sub Wall.

Cat. No. 1,739-K, lectotype).

INDIA: Malabar, Cochin (Johnstone s.n.: K, syntype, A); Koorg

(Heyne, Wall. Cat. No. 1,739: K, lectotype; Rottler’s Herb. - K,

syntype); Travancore (Bourdillon 126: CAL). South India, loc.

incert. (Wight 910: E, & Wall. Cat. No. 1,739B: BM, E & K).

BURMA: Tenasserim, Tharapau (Meebold 14,407: CAL).

Meebold’s collection from Tenasserim in Burma gives this

variety an unusual distribution, since all the other collections are

from the western parts of South-West India. Could there have

been an exchange of labels with Perrottet’s collection from the

Shiveroy Hills in South-East India, which gives an unusual distri-

bution to the type form (var. involucrata) of the species?

Externally the specimens of var. involucrata & var. paniculata

look very alike, and those who go by geography, have named all

South Indian specimens of these two groups as paniculata and the

Tenasserim specimens as involucrata, while others who were not

able to recognize any difference between the two forms, have

assigned the specimen of var. paniculata to var. involucrata.

Unfortunately all the available descriptions are insufficient to

distinguish between those two taxa. But a careful examination has

revealed that these varieties can be easily distinguished by the

division and shape of the calyx-lobes, by the size and shape of

corolla lobes and the absence or presence of indumentum on the

ovary.

The syntypes of Sphenodesme paniculata Clarke are cited as

‘‘Kurg, Rottler” and ‘“‘Cochin, Johnstone”. But Clarke also quoted

“Congea paniculata Wall. Cat. 1739” in the synonymy of the

species, and Wallich in his Catalogue noted that the specimen

thus named was from Heyne’s herbarium. Hence the question

arises: Were there three syntypes to Clarke’s species? If so, why

the third one is not mentioned by Clarke in the citations or by any

subsequent botanist?

338

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DACARNOTS Oe hae Boe

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Plate 3. S. involucrata var. paniculata (Clarke) Munir (Johnstone s.n. in

Arn. Arboretum).

A. Inflorescence. B, Flower. C, 3-lobed calyx cut open longi-

tudinally. D, Corolla opened out to show the disposition of the

stamens and ovary. E, Ovary showing setulae towards apex.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

In trying to solve this problem, the remarks of Wight & Arnott

in Prodr. Fl. Pen. Ind. or. I (1834) XII & XXXV are of value.

According to them, Heyne’s collections from ‘‘Mysore & southern

provinces” of India were named by Rottler (p. XIII), while ‘Herb.

Rottler’’ was an abbreviation adopted to indicate specimens that

were either found thus named in Rottler herbarium or so named

by him from another herbarium (p. XXXV.) Since Wallich is

quite definite that his No. 1739/1 had come from Heyne’s Collec-

tion it seems obvious that the specimen in Rottler’s Herb. may be

regarded as also from Heyne’s Collection. One of the Kew speci-

mens is definitely indicated by Wallich as from Heyne’s Herb.,

but the other, also in Kew, is from Rottler’s Herb. with Coorg as

its collection locality.

From the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, two specimens

were received from Wight’s Herb. both of which were originally

named ‘‘Symphorema’’. One of them was later named ‘‘Congea

paniculata ? an prob. Symphorema n. sp. Wall. Cat. 1739,” which

in the Herbarium of Glasgow University is associated with

‘Arnott,’ either as the collector or the annotator of the specimen.

Obviously this is the specimen included under Congea paniculata

in Wallich’s Cat. Suppl. p. 86 as “1739B Herb. Wight.” The

second is numbered ‘910’. The precise localities of both these

specimens are not known. However, most of Wight’s collections

were from Courtallum in Tinnevellay (Tiruneveli) district, South

India, though he had also collected in the Nilgiris and at Cape

Comorin.

Actually there is no fundamental difference between these

specimens and their duplicates. But as Heyne’s specimen had

formed the basis of C. paniculata from which Clarke took his

specific epithet, the latter specimen is to be preferred if a lectotype

is to be selected.

Since “‘“Symphorema Heyne Herb.” was quoted by Wallich

under his Congea paniculata, some botanists (e.g. Walpers,

Moldenke, Schauer) have taken to mean that Heyne had actually

validly or invalidly published the ‘“‘Symphorema paniculata”, but

no such binomial seems to have been ever published; though it

was used on Heyne’s Herb. Collections. There is no need therefore

to load the synonymy with this biverbal.

Sub-section ERYCIBOIDEAE (Briq.) Munir comb. noy.

Section Eusphenodesma Clarke, sub-section Eryciboideae Briq.

in Engl. & Prant, Pflanzenf. [IV 3a (1897) 181; Mold., Résumé

Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 403. Basionym.

TYPE: S. eryciboides Kurz

Involucral bracts shorter then calyx; flowers 5-merous; stamens

seated at the corolla throat.

340

Vol. XXI (1966).

3. Sphenodesme eryciboides Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XL,

part II, (1871) 76 (= Fl. Burma (1871) 345); Clarke in

Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV (1885) 601; Mold., Résumé

Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 166 & 345. Plate 4.

Symphorema grossum Kurz in For. Fl. Burma, I (1877) 254.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Pegu, Burma (Brandis 879-K).

Among the species having included stamens and minute style,

this is readily distinguished by its involucral bracts being shorter

than the calyx, leaves obovate to ovate, and stamens always five

and seated in the corolla throat.

Branchlets rusty villous or sub-tomentose. Leaves obovate to

oval-oblong, rounded at apex, cuneate towards the base, charta-

ceous, glabrous above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, upto 15.5

cm. long, 8.5 cm. broad; lateral nerves 6-7 pairs, prominent

beneath; reticulation distinct; petiole 1-1.5 cm. long, more or less

thickly pubescent. Inflorescence axillary and terminal; panicles

tomentose, 5-10 cm. long; rachis longitudinally grooved in the

internodes; cymes 7-flowered, yellowish white, with a peduncle 1-2

mm. long; involucral bracts shorter than the calyx, unequal, oblong-

spathulate, pubescent, 2-3.5 mm. long; flowers sessile. Calyx about

5 mm. long with lobes 5, rarely 6, without any accessory teeth;

lobes acute, tomentose; tube tomentose without, appressedly hairy

within. Corolla white, 6-10 mm. long, narrowly funnel-shaped,

5-lobed, puberulous without, villous in throat, glabrous below;

lobes obovate to oblong, puberulous on both the sides. Stamens

5, included; filaments minute; anther lobes almost orbicular. Ovary

glabrous, glandular in the upper third; style minute or none; stigma

2-lobed.

BURMA: Pegu, Bassein, Chaungtha Chaung (Lace 3,037: DD, E

& SING); Salween Distr. (Chin 6,834: DD); loc. incert. (Brandis

879: K, holotype); Tenasserim (Helfer, Kew distr. No. 6,011:

A; Gallatly 577: CAL).

THAILAND: Kanburi (Kerr 10,563: A, E & L).

Apparently the holotype (Brandis 879 from Pegu) was preserved

in Calcutta where Kurz had kept his herbarium. Later this

specimen or its part was sent by Dr. King to Clarke in Kew

where it is preserved. I have seen its photograph.

‘Moldenke op. cit. (1959) 166, regards this species as an endemic

in Upper Burma, though Clarke had quoted it also from Tenas-

serim in Lower Burma. More recently the species has been collected

at Kanburi in Thailand.

The species is peculiar in the genus in its involucral bracts being

shorter than the calyx.

341

/ \ ah iV 1 iW

tt ia Hh

sid Af

Hi } Wf

ity

& (iy

a Wiaay

- AK ’

say

Vor ke, lf

‘ x o

JURAIM] DEL.

Plate 4. Sphenodesme eryciboides Kurz (Lace 3,037 in Edin.).

A, Fertile twig. B, Flower. C, Ibid, cut open to show the dis-

position of stamens and ovary. D, Calyx vertically cut open. E,

Cymes to show the length of the involucral bracts.

Vol. XXI (1966).

Section SPHENODESME

Eusphenodesma Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV (1885) 601;

Brig. in Engl. & Prantl Pflanzenf. IV 3a (1897) 181; Mold.,

Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 403.

Sub-section Bracteosae Brig. in Engl. & Prantl Pflanzenf. IV 3a

(1897) 181; Mold., op. cit. (1959) 403. syn. nov.

Stamens and style long, exsert; (calyx with or without accessory

teeth; corolla-lobes oblong-ovate).

Sub-section SPHENODESME

Decadontia Griffith, Notul. IV, (1854) 175.

TYPE: S. pentandra Jack.

Calyx 10-ribbed, with 5 entire or bifid lobes and with 5-accessory .-

teeth.

4. Sphenodesme griffithiana Wight, Ic. IV, 3 (1850) 14 t. 1477;

Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. [TV (1885) 602; Lam, Verb.

Malay. Pen. (1919) 334 & in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit III (1921)

99; Dop in Fl. gén. Indoch. (1936) 906; Mold., Résumé

Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 166 & 345 Plate 5.

S. jackiana (Wall.) Wight, Ic. (1850) quoad t. 1477 tantum.

S. robinsonii Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. France LXI (1914) 318

& Fl. gén Indoch. (1936) 903; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr.

& Syn. (1959) 177 et suppl. IV, p. 8, & in Dansk Bot. Ark.

23, I (1963) 86, Syn. nov.

Decadontia coerulescens Griff., Notul. IV (1854) 175,

Typonym.

Symphorema pentandrum Kurz, For Fl. Burma, II (1877) 255.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Mergui, Burma (Griffith 903-E).

This species is easily distinguished from its closest ally $. mollis,

by its leaves being glabrous, calyx densely hirsute outside and

corolla-throat with a narrow villous ring.

A scandent shrub; branchlets quadrangular, glabrous, lenticellate.

Leaves ovate-oblong, acute-acuminate at apex, somewhat rounded

at base, almost nitid above, dull below, glabrous, chartaceous to

subcoriaceaus, upto 10.5 cm. long, 5 cm. broad; petiole 5-8 mm.

long; lateral nerves 4-6 pairs. Inflorescence axillary and terminal,

lax, 12-30 cm. long; rachis tetra-angular, puberulent when young

later glabrous, densely ciliate at nodes; cymes 7-flowered, peduncle

pubescent, upto 2.5 cm. long; involucral bracts oblong-obovate,

obscurely mucronate at apex, puberulous, pilose in the margins

and the mid-vein on the basal half, 15-23 mm. long, 4-7 mm.

broad. Calyx with 5-lobes and 5 accessory teeth, about 4 mm.

343

—

()

Sw Sy

= 2, »

fii

wy Hy

aes O

JURAIM] DEL .

Plate 5. Sphenodesme griffithiana Wight (A-C Griffith 903 in Edin.; D-F

Robinson 1,464 in Arn. Arboretum).

A, Portion of an inflorescence. B, Cyme after anthesis. C, Calyx

cut open to show ovary. D, Leaves. E, Flower. F, Corolla cut

open to show ovary and stamens.

344

Vol. XXI (1966).

long, hirsute all over except at the base of the tube; lobes 2-fid,

hirsute; accessory teeth situated below the sinuses, hirsute. Corolla

infundibuliform, 5-lobed, 5 mm. long, glabrous, with a narrow,

villous band in the throat at the insertion of stamens and obscurely

fimbrillate in the margins of the lobes. Stamens 5, exsert; filaments

slender; anther-lobes oblong. Ovary densely setose, glandular;

style exsert, filiform; stigma shortly bifid.

BurMA: Tenasserim, Mergui (Griffith 903: E, holotype of the

species and of D. coerulescens & K, Isotype; Meebold 14,150:

CAL; Proudlock 45: CAL); Tavoy (Helfer: Kew distr. No.

6,008: K, & Bot. Mus. Nat. Prag. No. 43: BM, E & L); loc.

incert. (Packman 67: BM; Parkinson 1,940: DD).

VIETNAM: Annam, Nhatrang (Robinson 1,464: A, Isotype of

S. robinsonii; Poilane 3,232: A. paratype); Phan-rang (Alleizette -

Baits. 0.)

Apparently Dop based his S. robinsonni on a variation of the

species differing in the shape and size of calyx-lobes and the

accessory teeth; but an examination of duplicates of the types

shows no material differences from S. griffithiana, to which it is

here reduced.

As to the status of Helfer’s specimens distributed from the

National Museum of Prague in 1937, see remarks under S.

involucrata.

5. Sphenodesme mollis Craib in Kew Bull. (1912) 154; Dop in

Fl. gén. Indoch. (1936) 904; Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938)

443; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 178.

Plate 6.

S. annamitica Dop in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse LXIV,

(1932) 573 & FI. gén. Indoch. (1936) 907; Mold., Résumé

Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 176. Syn. nov.

S. smitinandi Mold., Phytologia VIII, No. 8 (1962) 393. Syn.

nov.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Sriracha, Thailand (Kerr 2,075-K).

This species is allied to S. griffithiana from which it is easily

distinguished by its leaves being densely pubescent underneath,

calyx sericeous without and corolla densely villous in the throat.

Branchlets tomentose to pubescent, later glabrous; bark lenti-

cellate. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute-acuminate at apex, cuneate

towards base, chartaceous-subcoriaceous, pilose on the upper

surface, softly pubescent or tomentose beneath, 4-12 cm. long,

upto 8.5 cm. broad; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs, more prominent

beneath; petiole upto 12 mm. long, tomentose. Jnflorescence in

axillary and terminal panicles, tomentose; cymes 7-flowered;

involucral bracts spathulate to oblanceolate-spathulate, obscurely

apiculate, pubescent-tomentose, distinctly ribbed, 2.5 cm. long, 6

345

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tii vent 7.

iy RA

A GAY

Se -

X Mi fas

JUP,

Del

JURAIMI DEL.

Plate 6. Sphenodesme mollis Craib (A-D Kerr 2,075 in Edin.; E Kerr

9,688 in Edin.).

A, Twig with leaves and inflorescence. B, Flower longitudinally

ont onen to show inside. C. Calyx cut open to suew Oumsee

Vol. XXI (1966).

mm. broad. Calyx 4.8 mm. long with 5 lobed and 5 accessory

teeth; tube sericeous-tomentose without, pubescent within in the

upper half, glabrous in the lower-half; lobes slightly 2-fid, sericeous-

tomentose; accessory teeth small, seated externally below the sinuses

of calyx-lobes. Corolla infundibuliform, 5-lobed, glabrous without,

villous in throat, about 8 mm. long; lobes oblong, ciliate at margin.

Stamens 5, exsert. Ovary ovoid, setose, about 1 mm. long; style

slender, exsert, +6.5 mm. long; stigma bilobed.

THAILAND: Korat, Pak Chawng, alt. 300 m. (Marcan 1,590: E);

Rachasima, Pak Chawng, alt. 200 m. (Smitinand 4,852 in Herb.

Moldenke, Yonkers, N.Y., holotype of S. smitinandi Mold.);

Chantabun, Tap Sai, alt. 200 m. (Kerr 9,688: E); Sriracha,

Nawng Kaw (Kerr 2,075: E, Isotype, & K-Holotype); loc. incert.

Put 457: E); Saraburi, Mauk Lek, alt. 200 m. (Kerr 9,117: C -

& E); Keng Koi, Ban Nawng Bua (Put 1,107: E); Petchaburi,

Bo Tai (Marcan 552 & 2,739: E; Kerr 11,063: E); Prachuap,

Hua Hin (Kerr 13,436 & Marcan 2,227: E); Sam Roi Yawt

(Kerr 10,966: E); Kanburi (Kerr 10,107: E); Ban Ting Na

Nang Rauk, alt. 100 m. (Burkill Jr. 1,260: SING); Chanburi,

Pong Namrawn, Taru, ang. alt. 570 m. (Sangkhachand 555:

A & BKF); Koh Sichang (Nielsen 644: C). Tha Ki Len (Larsen

8,326: C); Sai Yok (Larsen 8,462 & 9,051: C); Ban Kao (Larsen

8,048; A & C).

VIETNAM: Annam, Phan-Rang, Ba Ran (Poilane 9,637: A, syntype

of S. annamitica); Nhatrang, Phu Hu (Poilane 5,342: A, syntype

of S. annamitica).

(CHINA: Yunnan, loc. incert. (Henry 13,225: BM & E).

CULTIVATED: Bangkok (Kerr 11,035: E).

The adult leaves in Larsen’s Nos. 8,048, 8,326 & 9,051 and

Henry’s No. 13,225, are almost glabrous. But, the younger leaves

and other floral characters agree with the holotype; the absence

of indumentum in mature leaves may therefore be a response due

to age.

6. Sphenodesme sarawakensis Moldenke Revista Sudam. Bot. X

(1956) 230, & Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 193.

Plate 7.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Sampadi Hill, Sarawak (Native Collector

5,227-NY).

Akin to S. racemosa in having 10-ribbed calyx with deeply

2-fid and inflexed lobes and well developed aristate accessory-

teeth, but differs in its branchlets, leaves, and involucral bracts

being always glabrous, cymes 5-flowered, calyx obscurely pubes-

cent without, accessory teeth alternating with the calyx lobes and

Ovary setulose all over.

347

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

[ ‘ :

Tess Va :

EV) Za AN

EVES

R We

ENT

Y ie g:

Oh ; Wo jNEZ~ <S

N24 Se ;

JURAIMI DEC;

Plate 7. Sphenodesme sarawakensis Mold. (Native Collector 5,111 in Arn.

Arboretum).

A, Infructescence. B, Flower with its corolla, stamens and style

fallen off. C, Calyx cut open to show ovary.

348

Vol. XXI (1966).

Branchlets dark brown, obscurely quadrangular, lenticellate,

glabrous. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at apex,

cuneate towards base, glabrous on both the sides, dull greenish

above, brown below, 5—13.5 cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad, conspicuously

reticulated beneath; lateral nerves 3-pairs, rarely 4 pairs; intramar-

ginal nerve conspicuous on the underside; petiole about 5 mm.

long. Panicles axillary and terminal, spreading, puberulous in the

rachis when young, later glabrous, upto 20 cm. long; cymes

5-flowered; peduncle 2.5-3.5 cm. long, puberulent, slender;

involucral bracts 6, membranous, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, apiculate

at apex, attenuate towards the base, brown on drying, puberulous

when young, later glabrous, 1.5—-3 cm. long, 5-12 mm. broad.

Calyx (fruiting) 5-lobed and with 5 accessory teeth, campanulate,

10-ribbed; lobes deeply bifid, aristate, inflexed; accessory teeth -

3-5 mm. long; tube pubescent within, obscurely hairy outside,

6-8 mm. long. Corolla... ? Stamens ... ? Ovary obovoid, grey

setulose, 2-3 mm. long.

SARAWAK: Mt. Stupang, alt. 100 m. (Native Collector (Jantan)

5,191: A); Mt. Mating (Native Collector 5,111: A).

As the type material was not available for consultation, this

species has been identified only from the description. Recently the

author has confirmed that the duplicates of these two afore-

mentioned specimens in the Britton Herbarium of the New York

Botanical Garden, are identical with the holotype of the species.

The taxon is described as having 6 or 7 flowered cymes, but in

the two specimens cited above the cymes are always 5-flowered.

7. Sphenodesme racemosa (Presl) Mold. in Revista Sudam. Bot.

X, No. 7 (1956) 230, & Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959)

391. var. racemosa. Plate 8.

S. barbata Schauer in DC., Prodr. XI (1847) 623; Wight, Ic.

Ind. Or. IV (1850) 13 t. 1474 & Illust. Ind. Bot. (1850) 217,

fig. 173-b6; Mig., Fl. Ind. Bat. II (1858) 910; Clarke in

Hook f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV (1885) 601; Briq. in Engl. & Prantl,

Nat Pflanzf. TV 3a (1897) 181; King & Gamble in Journ. As.

Soc. Beng. LX XIV, 4 (1909) 862; Lam, Malay. Verb. (1919)

333 & in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. III (1921) 99; Merr., Bibl. En.

Born. pl. (1921) 518; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. (1923) 638; Merr.

in Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. XV (1929) 266; Mold., Résumé

Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 164, 181, 192, 194, 345 & 391.

S. borneensis Merr. in Journ. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 76 (1917)

114; Mold., Op. Cit. (1959) 193. Syn. nov.

S. ferruginea Wight, Ic. Ind. or. IV (1850) 13 t. 1474 (Pro

Synonym S. barbata Schauer) nom. nud.

S. winkleri Hall. f. in Med. ‘s Rijks. Herb. No. 37 (1918) 86.

Congea barbata Wall. Cat. No. 1738 (1828) 47 & ex Walp.,

Rep. IV (1844 & 48) 117.

349

JURM DEL SS

Plate 8. Sphenodesme racemosa (Presl) Mold. (Rostado s.n. in Sing.).

A, Inflorescence with leaves. B, Flower. C, Calyx cut open to

show ovary. D, Corolla longitudinally cut open.

Vol. XXI (1966).

Viticastrum racemosum Presl, Bot. Bemerk. (1844) 148; Walp.

Rep. VI (1846-47) 691: Basionym.

TYPE SPECIMEN: ? Malacca (Griffith).

Among the species having 7-flowered cymes, ferruginous hairy

leaves, branchlets & inflorescence and exsert stamens and style,

S. racemosa is easily distinguished by its calyx having bipartite,

inflexed lobes and distinctly, often longer, accessory teeth; by its

corolla-lobes being externally pubescent and ovary setose in the

upper half and glabrous in the lower.

(Var. racemosa has the following special characters; Calyx

densely ferruginous hirsute without, puberulent within; corolla

with broad villous band in the throat).

Branchlets dark brown, somewhat quadrangular, lenticellate,

elliptic-ovate, acuminate, obtuse or mucronate at apex, cuneate

or somewhat rounded at base, sparsely tawny villous above when

young, later nitid glabrous except on the nerves, densely

ferruginous-tomentose beneath, 4-11.5 cm. long, 2—4.5 cm. broad;

lateral nerves 5-6 pairs, densely hairy; petiole 3-8 mm. long, hairy.

Inflorescence terminal and axillary, ferruginous tomentose; panicles

variable in length, usually 10-25 cm. long or more; cymes 7-

flowered; peduncles 2-3.5 cm. long, densely covered with ferru-

ginous tomentum; involucral bracts 1.5—2 cm. long, 3-8 mm. broad,

obovoid-spathulate, distinctly nerved. Calyx 5-lobed and with

5-accessory teeth, campanulate, about 4 mm. long, 10-ribbed

densely ferruginous-hirsute without, puberulent within; lobes deeply

bi-partite, inflexed, hirsute; accessory teeth conspicuous linear-

caudate opposite to calyx lobes, reflexed, hirsute. Corolla 5-lobed,

infundibuliform; lobes oblong-spathulate, externally puberulous,

glabrous within; tube cylindric, sparsely puberulous outside; inter-

nally glabrous except the. villous throat. Stamens 5, exsert; fila-

ments slender, glabrous; anther lobes almost oblong. Ovary

rounded, setose in the upper half, glabrous in the lower; style

slender, exsert; stigma bi-lobed. Fruit capsular, included.

MALAYA: Penang, Tulloh Bahang (Curtis s.n.: CAL & SING):

Hills (Porter sub Wall. Cat. 1,738: BM; K, Holotype of Congea

barbata). Province Wellesley, Krian (Ridley s.n.: SING). Kelan-

tan, Kemahang (Sow & Motan 94,509: KEP & L). Trengganu,

Bundi (Rostado s.n.: SING). Pahang, Ulu Sungei, Kuantan

(Symington & Kiah 28,777: KEP & SING); Raub (Mat Abu

69,625: KEP; Burkill & Haniff 16,922: SING); Bentong (Koster-

mans 78,672: KEP); Pekan (Ridley 2,159: BM & SING). Negri

Sembilan, Gunong Berumbun (Alvins 2,010: SING); Tampin

(Burkill 3,221: SING; Nur s.n.: CAL). Malacca, Merlimau

(Derry 179: BM & SING); Selandar (Burkill 531: SING); loc.

incert. (Alvins 957 & 1,745: SING; Harvey s.n.: SING; Griffith

s.n.: BM, isotype of V. racemosum ?). Johore, Kluang (Holttum

9.410: A & SING); Serom (Ridley s.n.: SING); Muar, Biawak

(Curtis s.n.: SING).

351

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

BorNEO: Kalimantan, South East Hayup (Winkler 2,314: L,

Holotype of S. winkleri; BM & SING); East Kutai (Kostermans

7,239: SING). Sarawak, loc. incert. (Bur. Sc. No. 1,847: PNH,

Holotype of S. borneensis, & K; Foxworthy 450: PNH, Paratype

of S. borneensis; Haviland s.n.: BM); Matang (Beccari 1,601:

L).

SUMATRA: Lingga Arch., Pulau Redjai (Bunnemeijer 7,634: L).

It seems obvious that the type of V. racemosum Presl was not

Porter’s specimen distributed by Wallich as Congea barbata, for

Pres! would not have ignored the specific epithet in Wallich’s

binomial. Griffith, who was an early collector in Malacca (1841-

1845) corresponded with Martius & obviously the specimen quoted

by Schauer from Martius herb. was Griffith’s, part or duplicate

of which must have been studied by Presl. In view of this it is

to be presumed that Griffith’s specimen in British Museum is the

isotype of the species.

Moldenke who made the combination based on V. racemosum

Presl, did not give any clue about the location or characters of

the holotype. From the citation the sole reason for the combination

seems to be to respect the priority of Presl’s specific epithet, while

Schauer and others had followed the old rule and given Congea

barbata Wall. Cat. No. 1,738 (1828) (Porter’s specimen), priority

over other names subsequently published.

Though there are some discrepancies in the description of S.

borneensis and S. racemosa, there seems to be no material difference

between the species, and so I have treated these two as conspecific.

Merrill in his protolog of S. borneensis regards this as having

5-flowered cymes, but both in the holotype and the paratype speci-

mens the cymes are generally 7-flowered, 5-flowered cymes being

rare and found in the younger or under-developed cymes only.

When Lam (op. cit. 1919 & 121) stated in the keys that the calyx

of this species was ‘“‘without horn-like teeth”, he had probably

in mind the ‘“‘teeth” (episepals) sometimes found in each of the

sinuses between sepals; for, the accessory teeth (episepals) here

are well developed, setose & sepal-like, but seated outside, opposite

to each of the inflexed bifid calyx-lobe.

7a. Sphenodesme racemosa (Presl) Mold. var. sabahensis Munir

var. nov. Plate 9.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Tawao, Borneo (Elmer 20,838 — SING).

A forma typica (var. racemosa) calyce utrinque pilis densissime

appresso, in corollae fauce annulo villoso valde angustiore haec

varietas facile distinguenda.

This differs from the type variety by its calyx being provided

on both sides with densely appressed hairs and the corolla with

a much narrower villous ring in the throat.

BorNEO: Sabah, Tawao, Elphinstone Province (Elmer 20,838: A,

C, BM, BRI, L & PNH: isotypes; SING — Holotype).

352

ell, CMA

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we tA HW VIM EEN i's

' 4 y o ee i i MN L Hii]

DY fs " ill B i,

My eh Tf t ,

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y (

Vil p ()

\ y Ky MY WH

— =——

= = ae y

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= = =e y

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JURAIMI DEL,

Plate 9. §S. racemosa var. sabahensis Munir (Elmer 20,838 in Sing.).

A, Fertile twig. B, Calyx cut open to show its external structure.

C, Calyx cut open to show the internal structure. D, Corolla

(in bud) longitudinally opened to show stamens and ovary.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

8. Sphenodesme mekongensis Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. France LX1,

(1914) 318 & Fl. gén. Indoch. (1936) 901; Fletcher in Kew

Bull. (1938) 442; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn.

(1959) 176 & 178. Plate 10.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Xang Kay, Laos (Thorel s.n. — P).

From S. triflora to which it is closely allied in its 3-flowered

cymes, this differs in its leaves being fewer nerved (2-3 pairs),

involucral bracts being glabrous, calyx-tube glabrous and provided

with accessory teeth, corolla-throat densely villous and ovary

setulose except at the base.

Branchlets brownish, rugose, lenticellate, glabrous. Leaves

elliptic-ovate to lanceolate, obscurely acuminate at apex, some-

what cuneate towards base, glabrous, papyraceous, nitid above,

dull below, 5—12.5 cm. long, upto 3.8 cm. broad; main lateral

nerves usually 1 pair, sometimes 2 pairs, the middle one ascending

almost parallel to the margins, the outermost ones frequently

looping with the tertiary veinlets; secondary veins short, straight,

sometimes split at apex; reticulation distinct on the underside;

petiole pubescent, 5-8 mm. long. Inflorescence axillary and terminal,

lax, pubescent when young, upto 20 cm. long; cymes 3-flowered,

peduncle slender, 6-12 mm. long; involucral bracts oblong-spathu-

late, narrowed towards base, membranous, glabrous, distinctly

reticulate, 12-18 mm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, two bracts longer than

the others. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, 10-ribbed, 4-5 mm. long;

tube pubescent without, glabrous within; lobes entire, + triangular,

pubescent on both sides; accessory teeth small, alternating with

the lobes. Corolla 5-lobed, glabrous without, densely villous in

the throat, slightly longer than the calyx; lobes ciliate at margin.

Stamens 5, exsert. Ovary ovoid, setulose, except at the base; style

exsert, stigma faintly bilobed.

Laos: Xang Kay [by the Mekong River] (Thorel s.n.: A, Isotype).

THAILAND: Puk Sana Vien-Chan (Kerr 20,720: E); Pu Tong

(Kerr 8,825: E); Lampang, Me Sui (Winit 1,961: E).

9. Sphenodesme pierrei Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. France LXI, (1914)

317 & in Fl. gén. Indoch. (1936) 906; Mold., Résumé

Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 176. Plate 11.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Cochinchine, Vietnam (Pierre s.n. &

No. 70- P).

This species is closely allied to S. pentandra, but is easily dis-

tinguished by its leaves being fewer nerved (2-3 each side),

peduncle and calyx densely hirsute and involucral bracts broadly

elliptic-obovate, ciliate towards the base.

Branchlets reddish brown, almost quadrangular, hairy at first,

later glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves elliptic-oblong, glabrous, acumi-

nate to obscurely mucronate towards apex, + rounded at base,

nitid above, dull below, 8-11 cm. long, 44.5 cm. broad; lateral

nerves prominent beneath, 2 lowermost pairs long and opposite,

354

—

JURAIM! DEL.

Plate 10. Sphenodesme mekongensis Dop (A Thorel s.n. in Arn. Arbore-

show its ribs and glabrous tube. E, Corolla longitudinally

A & B, Parts of inflorescence. C, Flower. D, Calyx cut open to

opened to show stamens and ovary.

tum; B-E Kerr 20,720 in Edin.).

JURAIM! DEL:

Plate 11. Sphenodesme pierrei Dop (Pierre s.n. in Arn. Arboretum).

A, Fertile twig. B, Calyx. C, Calyx longitudinally cut open. D,

Corolla cut open.

Vol. XXI (1966).

the other 2-4 pairs very short, alternate, horizontal; secondary

veins short, transverse, nearly parallel, reticulation distinct; petiole

thickly puberulent, 3-4 mm. long. /nflorescence axillary and termi-

nal panicles, lax, pubescent, 15-18 cm. long, 5—7 cm. through;

bracts ovate, leaf-like, pubescent, 15-20 mm. long, 8-12 mm.

broad; cymes 7-flowered; peduncle pubescent, slender, 12-18 mm.

long; involucral bracts subequal, elliptic-obovate, obscurely mucro-

nate at apex, narrowed towards base, glabrous in the upper part,

hairy at base, ciliate in margin with distinct reticulation, 17-25

mm. long, 8-12 mm. broad. Calyx with 5 lobes and 5 accessory

teeth, hirsute without, hispidly tomentose within; tube 6 mm. long;

lobes almost triangular, acute, 2 mm. long; accessory teeth situated

in the sinuses between the lobes, ciliate, reflexed (recurved), as

long as the lobes or longer. Corolla narrow, funnel-shaped, glabrous

without, inside densely villous in the throat, otherwise glabrous,

8-9 mm. long, lobes equal, glabrous, fimbrillate in the margin.

Stamens 5, exsert, filaments slender, 4 mm. long. Ovary ovoid,

setose; style exsert, 7 mm. long; stigma shortly 2-lobed.

VIETNAM: Cochinchine, Ti-tinh (Pierre s.n.: A & K, syntypes).

Of the three syntypes quoted by Dop. two were collected by

Pierre in Vietnam, while the third was collected by Harmond in

Laos.

10. Sphenodesme pentandra Jack in Malay. Misc. I (1820) 19; ed.

Wallich in Hook., Bot. Misc. I (1830) 285; Clarke in Hook.

f., Fl. Br. Ind. IV (1885) 602 sensu typico; Forbes &

Hemsley, in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXVI (1890) 265; Briq.

in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. IV 3a (1897) 181;

King & Gamb. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXIV, 4 (1909)

863; Craib in Kew Bull. (1911) 445; Lam, Malay. Verb.

(1919) 335 & in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitz. (1921) 99; Merr.,

Bibl. En. Born. pl. (1921) 518; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. (1923)

639; Dop in FI. gén. Indoch. IV (1936) 904; Fletcher in

Kew Bull. (1938) 442; Kanjilal & Das in De, Fl. Assam

(1939) 496; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959)

345, var. pentandra. Plate 12.

S. acuminata Wight, Ic. Ind. Or. IV, 3 (1850) 14 t. 1476 (pro

synonym S. jackiana Schauer)).

S. jackiana (Wall.) Schauer in DC. Prodr. XI (1847) 622;

Miq., Fl. Ind. Bot. II (1858) 909; Clarke in Flora of Koh

Chang VIII (1904) 174; Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61

(1914) 319; Mold. op. cit. p. 345.

S. jackiana (Wall.) Wight t. 1477, quoad nomen tantum, (excl.

Icon. et description = S. griffithiana Wight).

S. pentandra Griff., Notul. [TV (1854) 181, non S. pentandra

(Roxb.) Griff. op. cit. 176.

Gongea jackiana Wall. Cat. No. 1735 (1828), & in Hook.,

Bot. Misc. I (1830) 285 in observ.; Walp., Bot. [IV (1848)

117. isonym.

357

Plate 12.

yy,

NBD,

ypunnaya

74)

all

Sphenodesme pentandra Jack (A Jack s.n. in Edin.; B-E Wall.

Cat. No. 1735 in Leiden).

A & B, Parts of inflorescence. C, Flower. D, Calyx longi-

tudinally cut open to show the accessory teeth. E, Corolla

vertically cut open.

Vol. XXI (1966).

Symphorema jackianum Kurz, For. Fl. Burma II (1877) 255.

p.Pp.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Penang, Malaya (Jack s.n.-E).

Among the 7-flowered species of the sub-section Sphenodesme

this taxon is readily distinguished by its leaves being glabrous

and 4-6 veined on each side, and peduncles, involucral bracts and.

outside of the calyx being glabrous.

Branchlets dark brown, obscurely quadrangular, puberulous

when young, later glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves chartaceous or

sub-coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate-

acute, often mucronulate at apex, cuneate or subrotundate at base,

glabrous on both sides, nitid above, dull below, 5-18 cm. long,

3-7 cm. broad; midrib and axils of veins somewhat hairy beneath;

lateral nerves 4-6 pairs; petiole 5-15 mm. long, pubescent when

young, longitudinally channelled, curved. Jnflorescence axillary

and terminal, puberulous; panicles 15-37.5 cm. long, pubescent

in the rachis when young, later glabrous, ciliated on the nodes;

cymes 7-flowered; peduncle 1.5-3 cm. long; involucral bracts

oblong-spathulate, obtuse, glabrous, 1.5-2.8 cm. long, 5-10 mm.

broad. Calyx with 5-lobes and 5-accessory teeth, campanulate, 4-7

mm. long, 10-ribbed, sparsely hairy without, glabrous within, except

for a thin band of appressed hairs towards base, conspicuously

reticulate in upper part of the tube; lobes small, aristate; acces-

sory teeth conspicuous, acuminate, aristate. Corolla 5-lobed,

tubular or funnel shaped; lobes somewhat rounded, glabrous,

spreading; tube about 5 mm. long, glabrous without, densely

villous within the upper third (throat), glabrous in the lower.

Stamens 5, exsert; filaments slender; anther lobes oblong. Ovary

densely setose, glandular; style long, exsert, slender, about 5 mm.

long; stigma shortly bifid. Fruit about 4 mm. long, globular, setose.

THAILAND: Terutao (Curtis=2,522: SING); Satul, Adang, Kuan

po, alt. 20 m. (Kerr 13,828 & 14,070: E); Ranawng, Kao Talu,.

Kraburi (Kerr 16,376 & 16,535: C & E); Surat, Chumpawn,

Ta Ngaw, Kaw Samui alt. 50-200 m. (Kerr 11,603, 12,583: E

& 11,816: C & E); Nakawn, Tai, Sritamarat, alt. 50-200 m.

(Kerr 15,396 & 5,849: E); Tongkah (Curtis s.n.: SING); Pungah

(Curtis s.n.: SING); Krabin, Bupram, alt. 300 m. (Kerr 9,832:

E); Bangtaphanoi (Keith 155: SING); Wat Soa Uhm (Seidenfa-

den 2,182: C & SING); Tassateng (Seidenfaden 2,129: C &

SING); Kao Sabah, Chantaburi (Seidenfaden 2,670: C & SING):

Chanburi Pong, Namrawn (Sangkhachand 581: A & BKF); Kaw

Suau (Annandale s.n.: SING); Trat, Koh Chang (Smitinand

2,200: A); Kott Nam Ka Island (Vaughan 306; CAL & L);

Khao Rum (? 607: E); Sriracha (Collin 495, 632, 1,388, 1,416

& 1,969: E Marcan 1,204: BM & E); Koh Chick (Schmidt

863: C); Phu Kok (Pierre s.n.: BM); loc. incert. (Fielberg in

April 1869: C).

359

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Malaya: Kedah, Langkawi, Coah (Curtis 2,522: SING; Ridley &

Curtis 8.320: SING; Haniff 15.478: SING; Haniff & Nur 7,070:

A & SING; Fox s.n.: SING); Ulu Malacca (Dolman 21,493:

SING). Penang, loc. incert. (Jack s.n.: E, holotype; Wallich

sub. Wall. Cat. No. 1,735: BM, E, K, L and 1,735/1: BM);

Telok Bahang (Curtis 269: SING); Province Wellesley, Krian

(Ridley 9,391: BM & SING). Trengganu, Bukit Kajang (Corner

s.n.: SING). Perak, Grik (Burkill & Haniff 12,524: SING).

Gopeng (Kunstler 4,532: CAL). Pahang, Sungei Kechau (Walker

23,324: SING); Raub (Kalong 20,325: SING); Kuala Tahan

(Semmund 14 & 275: SING); Kuala Tembling (Ridley 2,160:

BM & SING). Selangor, Ulu Gombak (Murdoch 151: BM);

Sentul (Ridley 14,937: BM & SING). Negri Sembilan, Sungei

Ujong, Burunang (Alvins 3,304: SING). Malacca, Brisu (Derry

40: BM & SING); Bukit Panchur (Holmberg 825: SING); loc.

incert. (Alvins 2,138: SING; Maingay sub Kew distr. No. 1,195:

A & L; Griffith s.n.: DD). Johore, Bukit Saga (Ridley 11,122:

SING); Kota Tinggi (Sinclair 40,690: E, L, KEP & SING).

Singapore, Changi (Ridley 2,793: BM & SING); Seletar (Ridley

14,187: BM & SING); loc. incert. (Hullett 520: SING).

BornEO: Sabah, Sandakan (Cuadra Al, 152: KEP, PNH & SING).

Kalimantan, Sangkulirang, Karangan river (Kostermans 13,542:

SING).

Laos: Arboretum de Trang-bon (Poilane s.n.: A); Between Strung-

treng (Poilane 16,264: A).

VIETNAM: Annam, Nhatrang (Alleizette s.n.: L); Bord du Selam-

pho (Harmond s.n.: A); loc. incert. (Poilane 5,630: A). Cochin-

Chine, Saigon, Thu Dau Moi (Thorel 649: A & SING): Bien

Hoa (Pierre 70: A, SING & 1,095: A, L & SING).

The typification of the species is discussed in the introduction.

As to the mis-application of S$. pentandra Jack, see the var. walli-

chiana below.

10a. Sphenodesme pentandra Jack var. wallichiana (Schauer)

Munir stat. nov.

S$. pentandra Jack: sensu Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br.

Ind. IV (1885) 602; King & Gamb. in Journ. As.

Soc. Beng. LXXIV, 4 (1909) 863; Craib in Kew Bull.

(1911) 445; Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61 (1914) 319;

Lam, Malay. Verb. (1919) 335 & in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitz.

(1921) 99: Merr., Bibl. En. Born. pl. (1921) 518; Ridl.,

Fl. Mal. Pen. (1923) 639; Dop in Fl. Gén. Indoch. IV

(1936) 904; Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 442; Kanjilal &

Das in De, Fl. Assam (1939) 496; Mold., Résumé Geogr.

distr. & Syn. (1959) 345. Plate 13.

S. pentandra (Roxb.) Griff., Notul. TV (1854) 176 sub Deca-

dontia coerulescens in observ.

360

JURAIMI DEL.

Piate 13. S. pentandra var. wallichianma (Schauer) Munir (Wall. Cat. No.

1,734 in Br. Museum).

A, Portion of an inflorescence. B, Flower. C, Calyx cut open

to show the nature of accessory teeth. D, Corolla longitudinally

cut open. E, Fruit.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

S. wallichiana Schauer in DC. Prodr. XI (1847) 622; Wight,

Ic. Ind. Or. IV, 3 (1850) 14 t. 1475. Basionym.

Congea jackiana Wall. var. attenuata Wall., Cat. No. 1735/2

(1828) nomen.

Congea pentandra (Roxb.) Wall. Cat. No. 1734 (1828) nomen;

Walp., Rep. Bot. [IV (1848) 117.

Roscoea pentandra Roxb., Cat. Hort. Bot. (1814) 46 nomen,

& Fl. Ind. III (1832) 54.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Sylhet, E. Pakistan (Wallich Cat. No.

1,734 in herb. DC).

This variety differs from the type form, in its calyx being shortly

lobed or almost truncate at apex, glabrous without, and accessory

teeth being minute even after anthesis.

EAST PAKISTAN: Sylhet, Pandua (De Silva sub Wall. Cat. No.

1,734: A, BM, E. & L, isotypes of S. wallichiana Schauer); loc.

incert. (Roxburgh 1823: BM, holotype of Roscoea pentandra

Roxb.); cult. Hort. Bot. Calcutta (Wall. Cat. No. 1,735/2 [from

Sylhet]: BM; Gower s.n.: E; Wight s.n.: E; Leg. ? s.n.: DD,

E & L); Cult. Hort. Bot. Serampore (Voigt 2,911, 1,674, 2,115

a emn.: -C),

InpIA: Assam, Khasia Mountains 1,000-1.200 m. (Alleizette

5,722: L; Griffith sub Kew distr. No. 6,009: A, BM & OC);

Mongsendi Road (Watt 11,811: CAL & E); Tounghoo distr.

(McLelland s.n.: E); Manipur (Watt 6,731: E).

Nicopars: Glathea (Kamphovener 2,020 & 2,025: C).

BuRMA: Lonton (Lace 5,165: E); Bhamo, alt. 100 m. (Cubitt

354: E); Shan State, Kengtung, alt. 1,000 m. (MacGregor 700:

CAL & C, 2,516: E); Myitkynia (Mya 2,297: DD). |

MatayA: Pahang, Kuantan, Ulu Sungei (Symington & Kiah

28,773: KEP & SING).

Laos: a-ninh-xa-ne (Poilane 13,680: A).

VIETNAM: Annam, Quang-tri (Poilane 1,209: A & B); loc. incert.

(Pierre 116: B).

CHINA: Hunan, Taping, alt. 500-700 m. (Forrest 9,837 & 13,617:

A. BM & E); Hainan, Ching Mai, Shan Pak Tang (Lei 439: A,

B, L & SING); Kan-en, Fong Ngau Po (Lau 5,416: A); Sam

Mo Watt (Lau 3,439: A); Chang-Kiang, Lok Mooi Shan (Lau

1,213: A & BM); Tam Chau-Lam Ko, Lin Fa Shan (Tsang

308: A, B, BM, E & L) Po-ting, Lingshin (Liang 61,598: A

& B); loc. incert. (Ford 420: L; Liang 65,082: A).

What seems to be an anomalous distribution of this variety is

the specimen from the State of Pahang in Malaya; but Dop (1914

p. 320) had examined in Paris Herbarium a specimen collected

by Ridley in Pahang, as well as specimens from Thailand (leg.

Kerr) & Moulmein, the last two regions not represented by the

specimens examined by me.

362

Vol. XXI (1966).

Though Schauer had quoted Roscoea pentandra Roxb. as a

synonym of S. wallichiana, it is obvious from his indications that

he had seen only Pandua (Pundua) specimen represented by

Wallich’s Cat. 1,734 from De Candolle’s herbarium on which he

had based his diagnosis. Hence this should be regarded as the

holotype and its duplicates isotypes.

Roxburgh’s species was represented by two kinds of specimens.

One directly collected in Sylhet and described in the Flora and

preserved in the British Museum, and the other represented by a

plant grown in Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and referred in Roxb.,

Hort. Bot. Beng. (1814). Though both represent the same taxon,

Wallich had referred the Calcutta specimen as Congea jackiana

Wall. var. attenuata (Wall. Cat. 1,735/2), retaining the Sylhet

specimen under Congea (Roscoea) pentandra (Roxb.) Wall. Cat.

1,734. A specimen of the Calcutta plant was drawn by Wight t.

1475 (1850) and subsequently specimens of the plant have been

distributed. There is no doubt that this is identical with R.

pentandra Roxb. (= S. wallichiana Schauer = S. pentandra Jack

var. wallichiana (Schauer) Munir).

Griffith’s specimens distributed from Kew under No. 6,009,

bear a label stating that these are from Griffith’s collection made

in Burma and Malaya; but a presentative of the same collection

in Hance’s Herbarium, preserved in the British Museum, is

recorded as having come from ‘“Montibus Khasianis’” (Khasia

Mountains). Since this information appears to be correct, I have

referred to Khasia Mts. the duplicates from Arnold Arboretum

and Copenhagan. As no field notes have been entered in this

Griffith’s sheet, it was not possible to decide whether this specimen

represents a duplicate of Griffith’s No. 1,353, collected at Onswye

on the Khasia Mountains and named by him as Congea sp. in

Notulae II, 1848 p. 91, and identified by Clarke (Fl. Br. Ind. IV,

1885 p. 601) as S. unguiculata. On the other hand the latter species

(= S. involucrata) has not been represented by any of Griffith’s

collection available to me.

Dop (Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 61, 1914 p. 319) recognised the

difference between the two taxa but unfortunately he took S.

pentandra Jack as if based on Roscoea pentandra Roxb. and later

in Fl. Gén. Indoch. IV, 1936, united the two taxa as one. In

addition he seems to have been confused (1914) over Wight Ic.

t. 1476 which is Jack’s species, but which he identified as Roscoea

pentandra Roxb. (= S. pentandra Jack var. wallichiana).

Griffith described two species under S. pentandra. One was a

combination based on Roscoea pentandra Roxb. and the other was

a new species based on a specimen collected by him from Khasia

Mountains (= S. griffithiana).

363

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Sub-sectio Pentadontia Munir sub-sectio nov.

Calyx 5-nervata, lobis integris 5, episepalibus carentibus.

Calyx 5-ribbed, with 5 entire lobes and no accessory teeth.

TYPE: S. triflora Wight.

11. Sphenodesme thorelii Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. France LXI,

(1914) 318 & in FI. gén. Indoch. (1936) 902; Mold., Résumé

Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 177.

S. thorelii var. cordifolia Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61

(1914) 317 & in Fl. Gén. Indoch. (1936) 903: Mold., op.

cit. (1959) 177 (as var. cordata) Syn. nov. Plate 14.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Cochinchine, Vietnam (Thorel 1,385 — P).

Of the three taxa with 5-flowered cymes, S. thorelii is readily

distinguished by its panicles being congested and hirsute, leaves +

cordulate at the base, calyx hirsute and mid corolla-lobe slightly

longer and villous towards base. !

Branchlets brown, lenticellate, hirsutely fulvo-pubescent when

young, later glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, mucronate

at apex, somewhat cordulate at base, coriaceous, nitid and glabrous

on both sides except the pilosity on the middle and primary

nerves, 5—8 cm. long, 2—3.5 cm. broad; primary nerves 1-2 pairs,

oblique and curved upto the middle of the lamina; secondary

nerves upto 10 pairs, spreading almost at right angle with midrib;

reticulation not distinct; petiole hirsute, 3-4 mm. long. /nflorescence

axillary and terminal; panicles congested, densely hirsute, bearded

at the nodes, 10-15 cm. long, 4-5 cm. through; bracts leaf-like,

hirsute on both sides, especially on nerves; cymes 5-flowered,

congested; peduncle very hirsute, 12-17 mm. long; involucral

bracts sub-equal, elliptic-obovate, rounded and mucronulate at

apex, attenuate towards base, ciliate in the margins, pilose at base,

membranous, 17 mm. long, 7 mm. broad; flower 8 mm. long.

Calyx with 5 lobes and no accessory teeth, hirsute all over except

for a glabrous base within, 5-nerved, 6 mm. long, 4 mm. broad;

lobes triangular, acute, erect, about 2 mm. long. Corolla infundi-

buliform, 5-lobed, 8 mm. long; tube glabrous without, densely

villous in the throat; lobes sub-equal, rounded at apex, ciliate in

the margin; middle one or two lobes slightly longer than others,

villous towards base inside. Stamens 5, exsert, inserted in the

throat, upto 8 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, setose; style slender, upto

10 mm.; stigma small, shortly bilobed.

VIETNAM: Cochinchine, loc. incert. (Thorel 1,385: A & K,

syntypes).

Dop has mentioned three specimens without indicating any

holotype, but from the specific epithet it seems that Thorel’s 1.385

was intended to be the holotype, the collectors of the other two

specimens being different.

364

JURAIMI DEL.

Plate 14. Sphenodesme thorelii Dop (Thorel 1,385 in Arn. Arboretum).

A, Fertile twig. B, Back view of a cyme. C, Ibid, its front view.

D, Calyx vertically cut open. E, Corolla longitudinally cut open.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

12. Sphenodesme amethystina Dop in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.

Toulouse LXIV (1932) 573 & in FI. gén. Indoch. V (1936)

901: Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 176.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Nhatrang, Vietnam (Poilane 6,830 &

6,895 — P).

From the description this species appears to be a close ally of

S. thorelii and S. stellata, though the author placed it near S.

mekongensis which belongs to sub-section Sphenodesme; but S.

amethystina is described to have no accessory teeth and so placed

in sub-section PENTADONTIA.

Erect or climbing shrub, 2 m. high (Poilane). Branches almost

quadrangular; younger covered with short, yellowish, branched

and star-shaped hairs, afterwards glabrous; bark grey, lenticelled.

Leaves broadly oval, rounded and cordulate at base, obtuse or

suddenly and shortly acute at apex, glabrous, stellate hairy in the

nerves and green above when dry, stellately pubescent and paler

beneath, chartaceous, almost coriaceous, 10-15 cm. long, 7.5—10

cm. wide; nerves strong, very prominent underneath: secondary

nerves 10-12, very prominent under, curved a little towards the

margins and united into a quite visible intramarginal nerves;

veins almost parallel and reticulations distinct; petiole thick, 7

mm. long. Inflorescence: capitulum of 3-4-5-flowered, grouped in

a dense, violet terminal panicle, 20-30 cm. long, 10-15 cm. wide;

bracts foliate, the smaller ones entirely violet, the larger ones

simply arranged. Involucral bracts 6, elliptic, rounded at top,

narrowed at the base, violet, finely stellately pubescent underneath,

18-22 mm. long, 7-13 mm. wide; peduncles stellately pubescent,

15-20 mm. long; flowers with a blue corolla (Poilane). Calyx:

obconic, narrow, grows a little and abruptly enlarged in the upper

half after anthesis, violet and shortly stellately hairy specially

outside; yellow and long silky white hairs inside, 7-8 mm. long;

lobes 5, triangular acute, 1 mm. long. Corolla: (in the bud) funnel-

shaped, glabrous outside, hairy within at the insertion of stamens;

lobes 5, equal, round and puberulent outside at the apex. Stamens

5, inserted at the throat, exsert; anthers with parallel cells. Ovary

obovoid, a little flattened at the summit, provided with yellow

stellate hairs from the middle above, mixed with simple white,

silky hairs; style long, glabrous; stigma shortly bifid. Fruit .. .

‘VIETNAM: Annam, Dai Lanh in Nhatrang province (Poilane

6,830 & 6.895, syntypes, non vidi).

I have not seen the types of the species or their duplicates,

nor has any specimen been found agreeing with the specific

description given by the author.

Frequently young cymes may bear less than the normal number

of flowers to a cyme. The fact that the author found the number

of flowers to a cyme varying from 3 to 5 suggests that the panicle

itself was young. The author describes corolla in the bud only.

366

Vol. XXI (1966).

’ 13. Sphenodesme stellata Merr. in Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. XV

(1929) 266; Mold., Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959)

192. Plate 15.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Tawao, Borneo (Elmer 21,631 — PNH

(destroyed); UC, isotype (studied by the author) ).

Among the species of the sub-section PENTADONTIA which have

completely glabrous ovary and exserted stamens and style, S.

stellata is easily distinguished by its stellately hairy branchlets

(described for S. amethystina) and 7-flowered cymes (found in

S. triflora var. montana).

Branchlets yellowish-rusty with short plumose-stellate hairs.

Leaves elliptic-oblong, entire, abruptly and shortly acuminate at

apex, cuneate towards base, glabrous above, stellate-tomentose

beneath, 9-14 cm. long, 5.5-8 cm. broad; main nerves 5-6 pairs,

curved upwards; petiole upto 1 cm. long, stellate-pubescent.

Inflorescence axillary and terminal (panicles), upto 30 cm. long,

stellate-tomentose, yellowish-rusty; cymes 7-flowered, peduncle 1-2

cm. long; involucral bracts 6, oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate,

narrowed towards base, 3-nerved, reticulate, upto 2.8 by 1 cm.,

young ones densely stellate-pubescent. Flowers sessile; Calyx

5-lobed, without accessory teeth, densely stellate-pubescent without

and with long, appressed hairs within, nonribbed, +4 mm. long.

Corolla 5-lobed, slightly longer than calyx, puberulent in the lobes

outside, glabrous in the tube without, villous in the throat, +5

mm. long. Stamens 5, exsert; filaments slender; anther-lobes

+oblong. Ovary glabrous; style filiform; stigma shortly bilobed.

Fruit ovoid, +4 mm. long.

BorNEO: Sabah, Tawao (Elmer 21,631: L & K, Isotypes); Sanda-

kan, at Bettotan (Puasa 4,749: L & SING).

Merrill in his protolog of this species states that, “‘Corollas

have all fallen, and these were apparently not observed by the

Collector”. Hence he failed to describe the stamens and carpel.

However, I found a young flower in the isotype preserved in Herb.

Leiden, a drawing of which is included here. It is obvious that this

species cannot be placed near S. ferruginea (Griff.) Briq. of the

BRACHYNEMA section which is characterized by included stamens

and style; which are exsert in S. stellata.

14. Sphenodesme trifiora Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. (1850) 14, t. 1478;

Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. II (1858) 910; Clarke in: Hook. f., FI.

Br. Ind. IV (1885) 601; Briq. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam.

IV 3a (1897) 181; King & Gamble in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

LXXIV, 4 (1909) 861; Lam, Malay. Verb. (1919) 332 &

in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. (1921) 99; Ridl., Fl. Malay

Penin. (1923) 638; Fletcher in Kew Bull. (1938) 442; Mold.,

Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 166, 178, 181, 188,

192-194 & 345, var. triflora. Plate 16.

S. triflora Griff. Notul. Pl. As. ITV (1854) 182.

367

Ui x;

Ys SED

Ut LY

\ >

\ NY “NY >

A AY AWS

AVS

AAW

4 i 3

Wye wi de

WIL, 7 4

Jay *,

JURAIMI DEL. N 3 mm

Plate 15. Sphenodesme stellata Merrill (Elmer 21,631 in Leiden).

A, Flowering twig. B, Calyx (mature) cut open. C, Flower (in

bud) longitudinally cut open. D, Fruit enclosed in accrescent

calyx. E, Cotyledons.

SEO ee

eee a eee ee ee

nN ‘ae

— YY \ y | ~ i

Mine FT

NA \e

LOX (> NZ

Lett ph -V ee

ay J\ | Zi "

Y SS

Plate 16. Sphenodesme triflora Wight (Griffith, sub Kew No. 6009/1 in

Arn. Aboretum).

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower. C, Calyx cut open. D, Corolla

cut open longitudinally.

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

S. clemensorum Mold., Phytologia IV, No. 5 (1953) 368 &

Résumé Geogr. distr. & Syn. (1959) 193. Syn. nov.

Congea jackiana Wall. Cat. No. 1,735 (1828) p.p. (ex. altera

parte = §. pentandra Jack).

TYPE SPECIMEN: Malacca, Malaya (Griffith s.n. — K).

This is the only species of the sub-section PENTADONTIA that

has its calyx velutinous-pubescent without, corolla-lobes almost

glabrous outside, and ovary glabrous. (In var. triflora, cymes are

always 3-flowered).

Branchlets dark brown, terete, lenticellate, minutely puberulous,

later glabrous. Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,

acuminate, obtuse at apex, cuneate towards base, glabrous, 7—13

cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. broad; lateral nerves 4-6 pairs; petioles 5—10

mm. long. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, grey-pubescent;

panicles spreading, about 50 cm. long; cymes 3-flowered; peduncle

upto 1 cm. long; involucral bracts 6, spathulate, puberulous,

longer than flowers and enlarged in fruit. Calyx 5-lobed, with no

accessory teeth, tubular, 4-5 mm. long; lobes acute, almost train-

gular, pubescent on both sides; tube velutinous to stellate-pubescent

without, appressedly hairy within. Corolla 5-lobed, dark purple:

lobes puberulous, 1-2 mm. long; tube cylindric, 3-6 mm. long,

glabrous on both sides except for a narrow villous ring in the

throat. Stamens 5, exsert; filaments slender; anthers oblong. Ovary

pyriform, glabrous; style slender; stigma bifid. Fruit capsular,

ovoid or obovoid, included in the enlarged prominently ribbed

calyx.

THAILAND: Pattani, Betong, alt. 400 m. (Kerr 7,681: E).

MALAYA: Penang, Ayer Itam, alt. 300 m. (Curtis 210: BM &

SING); Govt. Hill, alt. 650 m. (Curtis s.n.: SING); loc. incert.

(Curtis s.n.: SING). Perak, Taiping, Ayer Kuning (Haniff 1,257:

BM & SING); Kulim (Haniff 1,264: SING); Gunting Bidai

(Ridley 7,598: CAL & SING); loc. incert. (Wray Jr. 1,383;

Scortechini s.n.: CAL). Trengganu, Kemaman, Bukit Kajang

(Corner 30,084: BM & SING). Pahang, Kuala Lipis, Jerantut

(Smith 93,379: KEP); Raub (Mat Abu 69,628: KEP). Selangor,

Semangko Pass (Ridley 12,086 & 12,088: SING); Kuala Lumpur

(Curtis s.n.: SING); Sungei Buloh (Burkill Jr. 2,546: L &

SING; Ridley 13,371: BM & SING; Watson 15,366: SING;

Symington 23,056 & 21,064: SING; Jaamat & Osman 18,235:

SING; Molesworth-Allen s.n.: SING); Ulu Langat, Bukit

Plakayat (Umbai KL. 1,525: A & L); Ulu Gombak (Jaamat

& Awang 18,233: SING); Kuala Lumpur, Ampang, (Jaamat

13,809: SING); Kepong, Bukit Beruang (Pawanchee 13,431:

SING). Negri Sembilan, Seremban, Kirby Estate (R.R.I. No.

K16: SING). Malacca, [Alor Gajah ?] (Griffith s.n.: K in Herb.

Hooker, holotype; BM, DD, E & L, isotypes, & Kew distr.

No. 6,009/1: A, BM & C, isotypes); loc. incert. (Maingay 1,196:

370

Vol. XXI (1966).

L); Sungei Udang (Derry 585: BM & SING); Brisu (Derry

35: BM & SING); Merlimau (Holmberg 817: SING; Ridley

s.n.: BM); Ayer Panas (Holmberg 832: SING); loc. incert.

(Alvins 1,719: SING); Batang Malaka (Burkill Sr. 1,156: BM

& SING). Johore, Kluang (Holttum 9,301: A & SING); Gunong

Muntahak (Holttum 19,911: SING); Bukit Kayara (Ridley

11,347: SING); Mt. Austin (Ridley s.n.: BM & SING); loc.

incert. (Vesterdal 265: C).

BorNEO: Sabah, Sandakan (Meijer 38,796: SING); Kebun China

(Singh 39,260: SING); Beaufort Hill (Ampuria 40,828: SING);

Kabili-Sepilok (Enggoh 7,312: PNH & SING). Brunei, Belait,

Andulau (Jacob 5,654: L). Sarawak, Limbang (Haviland s.n.:

SING); Gat, Upper Rejang River (J. & M.S. Clemens 5,651

= Philipp. Bur. Sc. Herb. No. 21,781: A & NY, holotype of

S. clemensorum Mold.); Batang Lupar, Mt. Sakkarong (Beccari

3,885: L). .

SUMATRA: Indragiri (Buwalda 7,142: L); Maura Mengkulem

(Forbes 3,083: L).

This species was named Sphenodesma triflora by Griffith himself,

but Griffith’s name was published posthumously in 1854, and so

Wight’s name has precedence, being published in 1850. Griffith

states that it was collected at ‘“‘Verupha’”’ under the vernacular

name “‘Aloor Gajah’’. But apparently this was an error, for there

is a place known as “‘Alor Gajah” in Malacca, while “‘Verupha”’

may be a tamil or Malayalee name for the climbing plant, the first

part VERU, VELLU or VELU meaning a creeper, and PHA a flower.

The holotype is apparently not in Calcutta, though the earliest

duplicates were distributed from there, for King & Gamble (Mat.

Fl. Malay Pen. IV, 1909) do not mention any Griffith’s specimen

except the one distributed from Kew under No. 6,009/1. Further-

more, the material of this genus on loan from Herb. Bot. Calc.

does not represent any sheet of this species collected by Griffith.

In view of this I believe the holotype is Griffith’s specimen

preserved in Herb. Hookerianum in Kew, while the specimens

distributed from Kew under No. 6,009/1 appear to be the

duplicates of the same, since they were also sent to Kew from

Griffith’s collection in Calcutta.

14a. Sphenodesme triflora Wight var. riparia Munir var. nov.

Plate 17.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Brama district. Sarawak (Hose 419 —

BM).

A forma typica (var. triflora) cymis quinquefloris, ramulis

elenticellatis haec varietas sat distincta.

This variety is hardly distinguishable from the type form except

that it has 5-flowered cymes and elenticellate twigs.

371

\ n ay yet

. </ ’ A

(9 .

f p

5 = 2 ae

ae Sr . ee

= : enn re

— I

—— apd?

= ere

= —_— =

== z SS -5

JURAIMI DEL.

Plate 17. S. triflora var. riparia Munir (Hose 419 in Br. Museum).

A, Fertile twig. B, Flower. C, Corolla cut open. D, Calyx cut

open.

372

Vol. XXI (1966).

MatayaSIA: Sarawak, Baram district, on the side of Entoyut river

(Charles Hose 419: BM, holotype, & in A, E & PNH); Base of

Bt. Lambir, Miri (Othman Haron S.21,392: SING). Sabah,

Lahad Datu District, Silam (Muin Chai SAN. 25,582: L).

Haron S.21,392, quoted above, differs from the holotype by

its leaves being sub-coriaceous and thickly grey-puberulent beneath;

bracts and peduncles puberulent and comparatively thicker;

branchlets puberulent. What is easily noticed in this specimen is

the greyish colour of the leaves below, which is found in none of

the other specimens of this or other varieties of this species.

14b. Sphenodesme triflora Wight var. montana Munir var. nov.

Plate 18.

TYPE SPECIMEN: Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo (J. & Clemens -

s.n. — SING).

A forma typica (var. triflora) ramis cinereo-brunneis, foliis

crassioribus subcoriaceis subtus secus nervos puberulis, cymis

7-floris haec varietas differt.

This variety differs from the type form, in its stem being cinera-

ceous-brown, puberulous; leaves thicker, sub-coriaceous, and

puberulous on the nerves beneath; cymes 7-flowered.

MataySIA: Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu (J. & M.S. Clemens s.n.: SING,

holotype, & in A, B, L; 26,156: L).

LIST OF TAXA

Sphenodesme

1. S. ferruginea (Griff.) Briq.

2. S. involucrata (Presl) Robinson

2a. S. involucrata var. paniculata (Clarke) Kunir

3. S. eryciboides Kurz

4. S. griffthiana Wight

5. S. mollis Craib

6. S. sarawakensis Moldenke

7. §. racemosa (Presl) Moldenke

7a. S. racemosa var. sabahensis Munir

8. S. mekongensis Dop

9. S. pierrei Dop

10. S. pentandra Jack

10a. S. pentandra var. wallichiana (Schauer) Munir

11. S. thorelii Dop

12. S. amethystina Dop

13. S. stellata Merr.

14. S. triflora Wight

14a. S. triflora var. riparia Munir

14b. S. triflora var. montana Munir

373

——— a

————

P sen ape —

eI Pg ee

——— —

4mm JORAIM? Dex. |

Plate 18. triflora var. montana Munir (J. & Clemens s.n. in Sing.).

A, Flowering twig. B, Flower. C, Corolla vertically cut open. |

D, Calyx longitudinally cut open. :

Vol. XXI (1966).

INDEX TO COLLECTORS’ NUMBERS

Collectors’ names are in alphabetical order and their collections

are in numerical order. The number in brackets refers to taxa as

follows: —

ALLEIZETTE 5,722 (10a); s.n. (4); s.n. (10).

ALVINS 957 (7); 1,719 (14); 1,745 & 2,010 (7); 2,138 & 3,304 (10).

AMPURIA 40,828 (14).

ANNANDALE s.n. (10).

Ba-PE 803 (1); 10,529 (2).

BEccaRI 1,601 (7); 3,885 (14).

BEDDOME 652 (2); s.n. (1).

BOURDILLON 126 (2a).

BRANDIS 879 (3).

BULLOCK 811 & 868 (2).

BUNNEMEIJJER 7,634 (7).

BURKILL 531 (1); 1,156 (14); 1,260 (5); 2,546 (14); 3,221 (7).

BURKILL & HANIFF 12,524 (10); 16,922 (7).

BUWALDA 7,142 (14).

CHIN 6,834 (2).

CHUN & TSO 44,281 & 44,669 (2).

CLEMENS 4,143 (2); 5,651 & Philipp. Bur. Sc. Herb. No. 21,781

(14); s.n. (14b).

COLLIN 329 (1); 495, 632, 1,388, 1,416 & 1,969 (10).

CORNER 30,084 (14); s.n. (10).

CuapRA AJ1,152 (10).

CuBITT 354 (10a).

Curtis 210. (14); 269, 2,522 & = 2,522 (10); 2,963 (1); s.n. (7);

s.n. (10); s.n. (14); s.n. (14).

De SILVA cf. Wall. Cat. 1,734 (10a); 1,736 (2).

Derry 35 (14); 40 (10); 179 (7); 585 (14).

DOLMAN 21,493 (10).

ELMER 20,838 (7a); 21,631 (13).

ENGGOH 7,312 (14).

FALCONER 496 (2).

FIELBERG in April 1869 (10).

FORBES 3,083 (14).

Forp 420 (10a).

FORREST 9,837 & 13,617 (10a).

Fox s.n. (10).

Foxwortuy 450 (7).

375

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

GALLATLY 577 (3).

GARRETT 1,210 (2).

GOWER s.n. (10a).

GRIFFITH 903 (4): K6,007/1 (1); K6,009 (10a); K6,009/1 (14):

s.n. (7); s.n. (10); s.n. (14).

HANIFF 1,257 & 1,264 (14); 15,478 (10).

HANIFF & Nur 2,937 (1); 7,070 (10).

HANSEN 6,629 (2).

HARMOND 520 (10).

HARVEY s.n. (7).

HAVILAND s.n. (7); s.n. (14).

HEINING s.n. (2).

HELFER 42 (2); 43 (4); 54 (2); K6,008 (4); K6,011 (3).

HENRY 13,225 (5); s.n. (2).

HEYNE cf. Wall. Cat. 1,739 (2a).

HOLMBERG 817 (14); 825 (10); 832 (14).

HoLttumM 9,301 (14); 9,410 (7); 19,911 (14).

HOOKER & THOMSON s.n. (2).

Hose 419 (14a).

How 73,729 & 73,733 (2).

HULLETT 520 (10).

JAAMAT 13,809 (14).

JAAMAT & AWANG 18,233 (14).

JAAMAT & OSMAN 18,235 (14).

JACK s.n. (10).

JACOB 5,654 (14).

JOHNSTONE s.n. (2a).

KALONG 20,325 (10).

KAMPHOVENER 2,020 & 2,025 (10a); 3,121 (2).

Kau 273 (2).

KEITH 155 (10).

KERR 1,185 (2); 2,075 (5); 5,849 (10); 6,866 (1); 7,681 (14); 8,376.

(1); 8,825 (8); 9,117 & 9,688 (5); 9,812 (2); 9,832 (10); 10,107

(5); ‘10,305 (1); 10,563 (3); . 10,966, 115035) ie 1 0Gaee:

11,603, 11,816 & 12,583 (10); 13,436 (5); 13,828, 14.070 &.

15,396 (10); 15,633 (1); 16.376 (10); 16,411 & 18,271 (1):

20,030 (2); 20,720 (8).

KING’S COLLECTOR s.n. (2).

KIRAT RAM 3,640 (2).

KOSTERMANS 7,239 (7); 13,542 (10); 78,672 (7).

KUNSTLER 4,532 (10).

KurRZ 6,525 & 6,527 (2).

376

Vol. XXI (1966).

LACE 2,736 & 2,796 (2); 3,037 (3); 5,165 (10a); 6,072 (2).

LARSEN 8,048, 8,326, 8,462 & 9,051 (5).

Lau 1,213 (10a); 3,113 (2); 3,439 (10a); 5,416 (10a); 28,317 (2).

Le1 439 (10a).

LIANG 61,598 (10a); 64,243 (2); 65,082 (10a).

MacGREGOR 700 & 2,516 (10a).

MaINGAY K1,195 (10); K1,196 (14).

MaRrCAN 552 (5); 1,204 (10); 1,281 (1); 1,590 & 2,739 (5).

MaT Asu 69,625 (7); 69,628 (14).

MAunNG 12,931 (2).

McCuur_E 8,331 (2).

MCcLELLAND s.n.; (2); s.n. (10a).

MEEBOLD 14,054 (2); 14,150 (4); 14,407 (2a).

MEIJER 38,796 (14).

MokIM 178 (1).

MOLESWORTH-ALLEN s.n.: (14).

MUIN CHAI 25,582 (14a).

Murpocu 151 (10).

Mya 2,297 (10a).

NATIVE COLLECTOR 1,847 (7); 5,111 & 5,191 (6).

NIELSEN 644 (5).

Nor s.n. (7).

OTHMAN Haron 21,392 (14a).

PACKMAN 67 (4).

PARISH s.n. (1).

PARKINSON 7 (1); 1,940 (4); 11,283 & 16,396 (2).

PAWANCHEE 13,431 (14).

PEREIRA 43,691 (2).

PERROTTET 101 & 160 (2).

PHENGKHLAI 574 (2).

PIERRE 70 (10); 116 (10a); 1,095 (10); s.n. (1); s.n. (9); s.n. (10).

POILANE 1,209 (10a); 3,232 (4); 4,984 (2); 5,342 (5); 5,630 (10);

6,830 & 6,895 (12); 9,637 (5); 13,680 (10a); 16,274 (10); s.n.

(10).

PorTER cf. Wall. Cat. 1,738 (7).

PRAIN s.n. (2).

PROUDLOCK 45 (4).

Puaca 4,749 (13).

PuT 457 & 1,107 (5).

377

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

RABIL 28 (1).

RIDLEY 2,159 (7); 2,160 & 2,793 (10); 7,598 (14); 9,391 & 11,122

(10); 11,347 (14); 12,086, 12,088 & 13,371 (14); 14,187 &

14,937 (10); s.n. (7); s.n. (14).

RIDLEY & CurRTIS 8,320 (10).

ROBINSON 1,464 (4).

ROGERS 308 (2).

ROSTADO s.n. (7).

ROXBURGH 1,823 (10a).

R.R.I. KL. 16 (14).

SANGKHACHAND 555 (5); 581 (10).

SCHMIDT 474 & 862 (1); 863 (10).

SCORTECHINI s.n. (14).

SEIDENFADEN 2,129 (10); 2,180 (1); 2,182 & 2,670 (10).

SEIMUND 14 & 275 (10).

SIMON s.n. (2).

SINCLAIR 40,690 (10).

SINGH 39,260 (14).

SMITH 93,379 (14).

SMITINAND 2,200 (10); 2,237 (1); 4,852 (5).

Sow & MOoTAN 94,509 (7).

SQUIRES 855 (1).

SUVARNAKOSES 1,321 (2).

SYMINGTON 21,064 & 23,056 (14).

SYMINGTON & KIAH 28,773 (10a); 28,777 (7).

TALBOT 98 & 136 (1).

TANG 483 (2).

THOREL 649 (10); 653 (1); 1,385 (11); s.n. (8).

TSANG 308 (10a).

Umpal 1,525 (14).

VAUGHAN 306 (10).

VESTERDAL 265 (14).

VoIGT 1,674 2,115 & 2,911 (10a).

WALKER 23,324 (10).

WALLICH Cat. 1,734 (10a); 1,735 & 1,735/1 (10); 1,735/2 (10a);

1,736°& ‘1,737 (2); 1g73B 479; T5739: Se, 7S Ce):

WANG 36,301 (2).

WATSON 15,366 (14)

WatTT 6,731 & 11,811 (10a).

WIGHT 910 (2a);:s.n. (10a).

WINIT 1,264 & 1,586 (2); 1,961 (8).

WINKLER 2,314 (7).

WRAY 1,383 (14).

378

Five new species of Quercus L. subgen. Cyclo-

balanopsis (Oersted) A. Camus from Malesia*

by E. SOEPADMOT

Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Java, Indonesia.

Introduction

THE PRESENT paper is part of the work on the family Fagaceae

from Malesia, now being prepared in Cambridge. Due to the

limited time available, the present taxonomic account is restricted:

to the revision of the genus Quercus L. from Malesia.

During the preparation of this work, I have been able to

investigate all specimens collected from Malesia, available in the

Herbaria of Bogor, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Florence, Kew, Leiden,

Paris, Sarawak and Singapore.

Two of the five new species described here, namely Q. steenisit

and Q. sumatrana, were recognized as new by Dr. S. Hatusima,

a Japanese botanist, who worked at the Herbarium Bogoriense,

Bogor, Indonesia, during the period of 1943-1945. He, however,

never published his work.

Specimens of Q. gaharuensis and Q. percoriacea were collected

recently by Dr. J. A. R. Anderson from Sarawak.

Of the fifth species, QO. pseudo-verticillata, the first collection was

made by Fuchs & Collenette in 1963 from Pinosuk Plateau, Mt.

Kinabalu, North Borneo. During the second Royal Society expedi-

tion to Mt. Kinabalu (1964), Mr. E. J. H. Corner and Dr. Chew

Wee Lek collected ample materials of this new species, and their

specimens were chosen as type.

Acknowledgement

1 would like to express my gratitude to the Colombo Plan

Scheme for the scholarship given to me, which made this work

possible.

I am very indebted to Mr. E. J. H. Corner, F.R.S., who super-

vised my work and for his help in preparing the Jatin diagnoses.

My sincere thanks are also due to the Directors and Keepers

of the following Herbaria: Bogor, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Florence,

Kew, Leiden, Paris, Sarawak and Singapore, for their cooperation

in sending me specimens for study and for providing me with all

facilities and help during my visit to their Herbaria.

*A more detailed revision of the genus Quercus L., occurring in

Malesia will be presented in a subsequent paper.

+ At present Botany School, The University of Cambridge, England.

379

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

1. Q. pseudo-verticillata E. Soepadmo, spec. nov. Fig. 1.

Arbor 30 m. alta, trunco 90 cm. lato, ad basim alis 2 m. altis

praedita; cortice squamoso, profuse exfolianti. Ramuli glabri

lenticellati, foliis subverticillatis. Alabastra 2-3 x 2 mm., ovoideo-

globosa. Petiolus 5-10 x 3-5 mm., brevissimus tomentosus glab-

rescens, supra applanatus. Lamina 7-17 x 3-6.5 cm., elliptico-

lanceolata vel oblanceolata, coriacea, integra, basi cordato vel

auriculato, apice obtuso vel acuto, supra glabra, subtus pubescens;

costa nervisque lateralibus subtus valde prominentibus, supra

applanatis vel praesertim apicem versus subdepressis; nervis

lateralibus 8-15, ascendentibus, marginem versus arcuatis: nervis

secondariis confertis, subtus vix visibilibus.

Inflorescentiae invisae.

Cupula 2-3.5 cm. alta, 2.5-4 cm. lata, nucis partem dimidiam

vel tertiam obtegens, obconico-globosa basi acuto, extus brunneo-

sericea glabrescens, intus brunneo-setosa; lamellis 10-12 tenuibus,

liberis dentatis praesertim inferioribus. Nux 3-5 x 2-3 cm.,

cylindrico-subglobosa sericea, apice rotundato vel depresso, um-

bone conico annulato, basi convexo vel applanato.

Typus: Chew & Corner RSNB. 4434 (K).

Tree about 30 m. tall, trunk about 90 cm. in diameter. Buttresses

up to 2 m. high. Bark scaly, peeling off profusely. Twig glabrous,

lenticellate. Leaves pseudo-verticillate. Buds ovoid-globose, about

2-3 mm. long, and 2 mm. in diameter. Petiole very short, about

0.5-1.0 cm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, tomentose, glabrescent,

flattened at its adaxial side. Lamina coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate

or oblanceolate, about 7-17 cm. long, 3-6.5 cm. wide, margin

entire, base cordate to auriculate, apex blunt, rounded to acute,

upper surface glabrous, lower surface pubescent. Midrib and

lateral nerves strongly prominent below, flattened to slightly sun-

ken above, especially at the upper half of the leaf-blade. Lateral

nerves about 8-15 pairs, ascendant, arcuating near the margin;

secondary nerves faintly visible on the lower surface, close to

one another.

Male and female inflorescences and flowers unknown.

Cupule obconical-globose, pointed at its base, covering about

41 part of the nut, about 2-3.5 cm. deep, and 2.5-4.0 cm. in

diameter; outside brownish sericeous, glabrescent, inside covered

all over with brownish stiff hairs; lamellae 10-12, thin, free from

One another, dentate at its margin, especially the lower ones. Nut

cylindrical-subglobose, sericeous, apex rounded to depressed, with

conical, ringed umbo, base convex to flat, about 3-5 cm. long

and 2-3 cm. in diameter.

Distribution: so far only known from Mt. Kinabalu, North

Borneo.

380

Vol. XXI (1966).

£5.1965

Fig. 1. Quercus pseudo-verticillata E. Soepadmo, spec. nov.: 1, 2 after Chew

Wee Lek & Corner RSNB. 4434; 3, 4, 5 after Fuchs & Collenette

21665.

381

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Habitat: mountain rain forest, alt. about 1650 m.

Specimens examined: British North Borneo, Mt. Kinabalu,

Bembangan River, alt. + 1650 m., Febr. fr., Chew Wee Lek &

Corner RSNB. 4434 (K, type); ibid., South Slope of Mt. Kinabalu,

Pinosuk Plateau, alt. 1650 m., Sept. fr., Fuchs & Collenette 21665

(A, CANB, G, K, L, SAR, paratype).

Note: This species may be distinguished from the other species

of Quercus L. subgen. Cyclobalanopsis from Malesia by its

pseudo-whorled, short-petioled, coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate or

oblanceolate leaves and by its big cupule and nut.

2. Q. percoriacea E. Soepadmo, spec. nov. Fig. 2.

Arbor trunco 50 cm. lato, ad basim alis ad 1 m. alto praedita;

cortice laevi griseo annulato. Ramuli grisei glabri lenticellati.

Alabastra 3 x 2 mm., ovoideo-globosa tomentosa. Petiolus

2-3.5 x 0.2-0.3 cm., glaber, ad basim incrassatus, teres, supra

subsulcatus. Lamina 10-20 x 5-9 cm., elliptico-ovata, crasse

coriacea, subtus sparsim stellato-pubescens, glauca, supra nitida

glabra; basi rotundato-acuto, margine incurvato integro undulato, e

medio apicem versus distanter crenato; apice acuto vel acuminato

1—-1.5 cm. longo obtuso; costa nervisque lateralibus subtus pro-

minentibus, supra depressis vix visibilbus; nervis lateralibus 8-10

ascendentibus, marginem versus arcuatis.

Inflorescentiae invisae.

Infructescentia juvenis 20-30 mm. longa, 34 mm. lata, fructus

1-4 immaturos gerens, sericea, glabrescens, lenticellata.

Cupula mature 20 mm. lata, 7-10 mm. alta, nucis partem 1/6

vel 1/5 obtegens, applanata, basi rotundato, dense sericea; lamellis

6-8, inierioribus 4—6 denticulatis, superioribus integris. Nux matura

2 cm. lata et alta, ovoideo-globosa, dense sericea, umbone conico

annulato, basi rotundato vel cordato, hilo convexo. Stili in nucibus

immaturis 3 recurvi sericei; stigmate capitato, glabro.

Typus: Anderson S. 20226 (SAR).

Tree with trunk about 50 cm. in diameter. Buttresses up to 1 m.

tall. Bark smooth, grey, hoop-marked. Twig grey, glabrous, lenti-

cellate. Buds ovoid-globose, about 3 mm. long and 2 mm. in

diameter, tomentose. Petiole about 2—3.5 cm. long and 0.2-0.3 cm.

thick, glabrous, thickened at its base, terete and slightly grooved

at its adaxial side. Leaves thick coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, about

10-20 cm. long, 5-9 cm. wide, base rounded-acute, margin in-

curved, entire and undulate at the lower half, and distantly crenate

at the upper half; apex acute to acuminate, tip blunt; acumen

about 1-1.5 cm. long; lower surface sparse, stellate pubescent,

glaucous, upper surface shiny, glabrous. Midrib and lateral nerves

prominent below and sunkened and almost invisible above. Lateral

nerves about 8-10 pairs, ascendant, arcuating towards the margin-

Male and female inflorescences and flowers unknown.

382

Vol. XXI (1966).

S. 20226.

383

{

‘

| Fig. 2. Quercus percoriacea E. Soepadmo, spec. nov. After Anderson

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Young infructescence about 2-3 cm. long and 0.3-0.4 cm. in

diameter, carrying 1-4 young fruits, sericeous, glabrescent, lenti-

cellate. Young cupule obovoid, sericeous, about 0.7-1.0 cm. long

and 0.8-1.0 cm. in diameter; base attenuate, lamellae 4-8, the

lower ones denticulate, upper ones entire. Young nut ovoid-

globose, attenuate towards the conical, ringed umbo; sericeous.

Styles 3, recurved, sericeous; stigma glabrous, capitate. Mature

cupule flattened, cup-shaped, covering about 1/6 or 1/5 part of

the nut, dense sericeous, base rounded, about 0.7-1.0 cm. deep,

and 2.0 cm. in diameter; inside dense sericeous; lamellae free from

one another, thin, about 6-8, the 4-6 lower ones denticulate, the

rest entire; rim thin. Ripe nut ovoid-globose, dense sericeous, apex

rounded, except at the ringed, conical umbo; base rounded to

cordate; about 2 x 2 cm; scar convex.

Distribution: only known from the type locality.

Habitat: primary heath forest on terrace sand, at altitude about

1100 m.

Specimens examined: Borneo, Bario, Ulu Baram, path to

Pa’Ukat, alt. + 1100 m., July fr., Anderson S. 20226 (A, K, L,

SAN, SAR, SING, type).

This new species is characterized by its big (up to 20 cm. long

and 9 cm. wide), thick coriaceous leaves and dense sericeous,

flattened cup-shaped cupule and ovoid-globose, dense sericeous nut.

3. Q. gaharuensis E. Soepadmo, spec. nov. Fig. 3.

Arbor c. 27 m. alta, trunco c. 30 cm. lato, ad basim breviter

alata; cortice laevi, maculato-annulato, lenticellatis sparsis in

series longas instructis praedito. Ramuli dense stellato-pilosi,

glabrescentes. Alabastra ovoideo-globosa, 2 x 2 mm., dense

stellato-tomentosa. Petiolus 2-3.5 cm. x 2 mm., gracilis, dense

stellato-tomentosus, glabrescens, superne applanatus, basim versus

incrassatus. Lamina 7-15 x 3-6 cm., elliptico-lanceolata, tenue

coriacea, basi attenuato-acuto, margine integro vel subundulato,

apicem versus crenato, apice obtuso vel subacuto, supra glabra,

subtus dense stellato-pubescens et maculis ceraceis glaucis praedita;

costa nervisque lateralibus subtus prominentibus, supra vix elevatis;

nervulis reticulatis subtus claris; nervis lateralibus utrinsecus 10-15,

parallelis dein marginem versus arcuatis.

Inflorescentiae invisae.

Cupula semi-evoluta 1.5-2 cm. alta et lata, ovoideo-globosa,

nucem ex integro obtegens, apice rotundato vel truncato, margine

tenui, basi attenuato vel truncato, lamellis tenuibus, c. 6-7, inferio-

ribus crenatis recurvatis, aliis integris extus dense sericea, intus pilis

rigidis brunneusculis setosa. Nux immatura 1—1.5 cm. longa et

lata, ovoidea vel depresso-conica, dense sericea, glabrescens, apice

rotundato vel abrupte truncato; stilis 3 recurvatis, dense stellato-

pubescentibus; stigmate capitato lato. Hilum nucis convexum.

384

Vol. XXI (1966).

Fig. 3. Quercus gaharuensis E. Soepadmo, spec. nov. After Anderson et

alia S. 15534.

385

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Typus: Anderson et alia S. 15534 (SAR).

Tree about 27 m. tall, trunk about 30 cm. in diameter. Buttresses

short, spreading, up to 70 cm. high. Bark smooth, mottled hooped,

lenticels scattered and in long rows. Young twig densely covered

all over with stellate hairs; older twig glabrous, lenticellate. Buds

ovoid-globose, about 2 x 2 mm., dense stellate tomentose. Petiole

slender, dense stellate tomentose, glabrescent, thickened at its base,

flattened at its adaxial side, about 2—3.5 cm. long, and 2 mm. in

diameter. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, about 7-15 cm. long and

_ 3-6 cm. wide, thin coriaceous, base attenuate-acute, margin entire

and slightly undulate at the lower two-third part, and distantly

crenate at the upper part; apex rounded to bluntly-acute; upper

surface glabrous, lower surface dense, stellate pubescent, below

which are glaucous waxy dots. Midrib and lateral nerves prominent

below and slightly raised above; reticulation of the secondary

nerves distinctly visible at the lower surface. Lateral nerves parallel,

ascendant, arcuating towards the margin; about 10-15 pairs.

Male and female inflorescences and flowers unknown.

Half-ripe cupule ovoid-globose, covering the whole nut, apex

rounded or truncate, margin thin, base attenuate or truncate,

lamellae thin, about 6-7, the lower ones crenate at their margin,

recurved, the rest entire, dense sericeous outside and covered all

over with brownish, stiff hairs inside; about 1.5—2.0 cm. long

and diameter. Young nut ovoid or depressed conical, dense

sericeous, glabrescent; apex rounded or abruptly truncate, about

1-1.5 cm. long and diameter; styles 3, recurved, dense stellate

pubescent; stigma broad, capitate. Scar of the nut convex.

Distribution: lower slope of Bukit Gaharu, Serian, Sarawak,

Borneo.

Habitat: mixed dipterocarp forest, near stream, at altitude about

100 m.

Specimens examined: Borneo, Sarawak, Serian, lower slope of

Bukit Gaharu, alt. + 100 m., Oct. fr., Anderson et alia S. 15534

(A, BO, BK, K, L, SAN, SAR, type).

Note: This species was named after the Hill (Bukit) Gaharu,

from where the type specimens were collected. Its leaves are rather

similar to those of Q. elmeri Merr. from Borneo, but it may be

distinguished from this species by its bigger sized, stellate pubescent

leaves and thin-lamellate cupule, covering the whole nut. A rather

similar type of cupule is found in Q. turbinata Bl. var. crassila-

mellata Gamble from Malaya, but the later species has the lamellae

woody and very thick, and smaller leaves than that of Q.

gaharuensis.

386

Vol. XXI (1966).

4. Q. sumatrana E. Soepadmo, spec. nov. Fig. 4.

Arbor c. 35 m. alta, trunco c. 130 cm. lata, ad basim alis

1-2.5 m. altis praedita; cortice scabro griseo. Ramuli lenticellati,

dense et rigide brunneolo-hirti, glabrescentes. Alabastra c. 2-3

x 1.5-2 mm., ovoideo-globosa, dense pubescens, glabrescentia.

Petiolus 1-2.5 cm. x 1-2 mm., gracilis, teres, supra subapplanatus,

sparcim et rigide brunneolo-hirtus, ad basim _ sub-incrassatus.

Lamina tenue-chartacea, elliptico-lanceolata, ad basim attenuato-

acuta, margine integro undulato vel e medio apicem versus serru-

lato, apice acuminato 0.5—1.5 cm. longo acuto, subtus sparsim et

rigide brunneolo-hirta, glauca, supra glabra; costa nervisque

lateralibus subtus prominentibus, supra vix elevatis; nervis later-

alibus 8-13, ascendentibus, marginem versus arcuatis.

Inflorescentiae invisae.

Cupula matura applanata, 2—2.5 cm. lata, 0.7-1.0 cm. alta, nucis

partem 1/6 vel 1/5 obtegens, ad basim attenuata, dense sericea;

lamellis tenuibus, denticulatis, ad marginem liberis. Nux 1.8-3

cm. longa, 1.2—2 cm. lata, ovoideo-conica, ad basim truncata vel

cordata, apice acuto, dense sericea; hilum nucis concavum.

Typus: Achmad 1501 (BO).

Tree up to 35 m. tall, diameter about 130 cm. Buttresses about

1-2.5 m. high. Bark rough, grey. Young twig smooth, covered all

over with brownish, stiff hairs; older twig glabrous, lenticellate.

Buds ovoid-globose, dense pubescent, glabrescent, about 2-3 mm.

long and 1.5—2 mm. in diameter. Petiole slender, terete or slightly

flattened at its adaxial side, slightly thickened at its base, sparsely

covered with stiff, brownish hairs, about 1—-2.5 cm. long and 1-2

mm. thick. Leaves thin-chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, base atten-

uate-acute, margin entire-undulate, or entire near the base and

serrulate at the upper part, apex sharp acuminate, acumen about

0.5-1.5 cm. long; lower surface sparsely covered with brownish

stiff hairs, dotted all over with glaucous, waxy puncts; upper

surface glabrous. Midrib and lateral nerves prominent below and

slightly raised at the upper surface; lateral nerves about 8-13

pairs, rarely opposite, ascending and arcuating towards the margin.

Male and female inflorescences and flowers unknown.

Mature cupule flattened cup-shaped, covering about 1/6 or 1/5

part of the nut, base attenuate, dense sericeous on both surfaces,

about 0.7-1 cm. deep and 2-2.5 cm. in diameter; lamellae thin,

denticulate, free at their margin, about 5-6. Mature nut ovoid-

conical, about 1.8-2 cm. long and 1.5—2 cm. in diameter, dense

sericeous, base truncate or cordate, scar concave, apex acute.

Distribution: Sumatra.

Habitat: lowland forest.

387

Gardens’ Bulletin, S,

ES. 1965.4

Fig. 4. Quercus sumatrana E. Soepadmo, spec. nov. After Achmad 1501.

388

Vol. XXI (1966).

Specimens examined: NW. Sumatra, Simalur, Tapah, Nov. fr.,

Achmad 1501 (BO, L, Type); ibid., May st., Achmad 1094 (BO,

L); ibid., June st., Achmad 1199 (BO, L).

Note: Q. sumatrana may be recognized by its thin-chartaceous,

sharp acuminate, glaucous below leaves and flattened cup-shaped,

dense sericeous cupule, and by its ovoid-conical, dense sericeous

nut with concave scar.

5. Q. steenisii E. Soepadmo, spec. nov. Fig. 5.

Arbor 15 m. alta, trunco 60 cm. lato. Ramuli fusci sparsim

lenticellati, dense et rigide brunneolo-hirti, glabrescentes. Stipulae

5-10 x 1-2 mm., lineares obtusae dense pubescentes. Petiolus

2-5 x 1-2 mm., brevissimus, ad basim incrassatus, supra’ applan-

atus, dense pubescens, glabrescens. Lamina 3-8 x 2-5 cm.,

elliptico-ovato vel ovato-orbicularis, crasse coriacea, basi rotundato

obtuso vel cordatulo, apice rotundato vel subacuto subretuso,

margine integro vel undulato, praesertim apicem versus leviter et

distanter serrato, paginis ambis primo dense et rigide brunneolo-

hirtis glabrescentibus; costa nervisque lateralibus subtus valde

elevatis, supra carinatis vel applanatis; nervis lateralibus 6-10,

angulo 45°-60° exorientibus, parallelis, marginem versus arcuatis;

nervulis reticulatis subtus prominentibus, supra invisibilibus.

Inflorescentia mascula c. 5 cm. longa, gracilis flexuosa axillaris,

dense pubescens, cymulis trifloris. Bracteae 2 x 1 mm., ovatae

obtusae, dense pubescentes. Perianthium alte 4-6-lobatum mem-

branaceum, lobis solo ad basim conjunctis, dense pubescens.

Stamina 4-6 extrorsa; filamentis 1—-1.3 mm. longis, glabris fili-

formibus; antheris 1 x .5—1 mm., globosa-reniformibus, 4-lobatis,

2-locularis, basifixis, longitudinaliter dehescentibus; pistillodio ad

fasciculam setularum reducto.

Inflorescentia feminea (modo in statu fructu juvenium visa)

1.5-3 cm. longa, 2-3 mm. crassa, sparsim lenticellata, brunneolo-

setulosa, fructus 2-7 gerens. Bracteae ovato-acutae, crasse coria-

ceae; bracteolis minoribus caducis. Perianthium 5—6—lobatum,

crasse coriaceum, dense pubescens. Staminodia 0-6, plerumque

supressa. Stili 3-4, 1-2 mm. longi, recurvi; stigmate lato capitato

glabro.

Cupula 12-25 mm. lata, 7-10 mm. alta, patellata vel obconica,

nucis partem tertiam vel quartam obtegens; lamellis 7—8, crassis

dentatis, summa integra, marginibus recurvis, dense pubescentibus.

Nux 1-2 cm. alta et lata, globosa vel ovoideo-cylindrica, apice

rotundata vel depresso, dense sericea glabrescens.

Typus: van Steenis 8607 (BO, fructu, holotype).

van Steenis 8379 (BO, inflorescentia mascula, paratype).

389

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

TIL

mack :

Me 2

——

Nee Mess qe ome |

Ges S

ay, Po

= QOTS

Ba.

Dynan?’

Hy}

‘ K ms A

‘ (ts sit =

Che WW

Fig. 5. Quercus steenisii E. Soepadmo, spec. nov.: 1, 2, 3 after van Steenis

8607; 4 after van Steenis 8379.

390

Vol. XXI (1966).

Tree about 15 m. tall, trunk 60 cm. in diameter. Twigs cylin-

drical, dark in colour, sparsely lenticellate; older twigs glabrous,

or sparsely covered with brownish, stiff hairs; young twigs dense

brownish, stiff pubescent. Stipule linear with blunt tip, about

0.5—-1 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, dense pubescent. Petiole very short,

about 2-5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, thickened at its base, flattened

at its adaxial side, dense pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves elliptic-

ovate or ovate-orbicular, thick coriaceous, 3-8 cm. long, 2-5 cm.

wide, base rounded, obtuse or slightly cordate, margin entire or

undulate or shallowy, distantly serrate, especially near the apex;

apex rounded or bluntly acute with slightly emarginate tip; upper

surface of the young leaf densely covered with stiff, brownish

simple hairs, becoming glabrous or sparsely pubescent, especially

on the midrib and lateral nerves; lower leaf surface densely covered

with thick layer of brownish, stiff, simple hairs, soon becomes

glabrous. Midrib and lateral nerves strongly elevated on the lower

leaf surface and keeled or flattened on the upper surface. Lateral

nerves about 6-10 pairs, forming 45°-60° with the midrib,

parallel, at first straight then arcuating towards the margin; reticu-

lations prominent below, invisible above.

Male inflorescence slender, flexuous, arising from the axil of

lower leaf, about 5 cm. long, dense pubescent; cymules 3-flowered.

Bract ovate-obtuse, dense pubescent, about 2 mm. long and | mm.

wide. Male flower with the perianth membranaceous, 4-6-deeply

lobed, the lobes join at the base only, dense pubescent. Stamens

4-6, extrorse; filament filiform, glabrous, about 1-1.3 mm. long;

anther globular-reniform, basifixed, 2-locular, 4-lobed, longitu-

dinally dehiscent, about 1 x 0.5-1 mm. Rudimentary ovary is

reduced to a cluster of stiff hairs. Female inflorescence is not

known. Bract ovate-acute, thick coriaceous; bracteoles ovate-

acute, smaller than the bract, caducous. Perianth thick coriaceous,

5-6-lobed, dense pubescent; staminodia 0-6, usually suppressed;

styles 3-4, about 1-2 mm. long, recurved; stigma broad, capitate,

glabrous. Young infructescence about 1.5-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm.

thick, sparsely lenticellate and sparsely covered with brownish,

stiff, simple hairs; bearing 2-7 young fruits. Young cupule ovoid-

globose, dense pubescent; lamellae thick, 3-4, the 2 lower ones

dentate, the rest entire. Mature cupule obconical or patelliform,

rim thick, enclosing about 1/3 or 1/4 part of the nut; lamellae

thick, 7-8, dentate, except the uppermost one, dense pubescent:

about 0.7-1.0 cm. deep, and 1.2-2.5 cm. in diameter. Nut globose

or ovoid-cylindrical, dense sericeous, glabrescent; apex rounded or

depressed; about 1-2 cm. long and 1-2 cm. in diameter.

Distribution: Sumatra.

Habitat: ridge forest, at altitude about 2500-3500 m.,

39]

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Specimens examined: Sumatra, North Sumatra, Atjeh, Gajo-

lands, Mt. Losir, alt. 3300-3460 m., Febr. fr., v. Steenis 8607 (A,

BO, K, L, PNH, SING, type); ibid., Putjuk Angasan, alt. 2000 m.,

Jan. male flower, v. Steenis 8379 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING,

paratype).

Note: This new species may be distinguished from the other

known species by its thick, coriaceous, ovate-orbicular, short-

petioled leaves with strongly elevated nerves on the lower surface,

which is covered all over with very thick layer of brownish, stiff,

simple hairs, and by its thick-lamellate dense brownish, stiff-

pubescent cupule with recurved, dentate thick rim.

392,

New records of plant diseases in Sarawak

for the years 1963 and 1964

By: G. J. TURNER

Department of Agriculture, Sarawak

Lists oF plant disease records for Sarawak have been given by

Johnston (1) and Turner (2; 3). The present list of previously

unrecorded diseases and entomogenous fungi, noted or collected

in Sarawak during 1963 and 1964, includes records from orchid

hybrid genera (4).

The causal organisms are arranged alphabetically under their

individual hosts. The frequency of occurrence is given, together

with the Commonwealth Mycological Institute Herbarium serial

number, where identification has been performed by the Institute.

Two of the species have been identified at the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew.

Aranda vars. (Orchid)

Leaf blight Phytophthora palmivora Occasional =

(Butler) Butler

Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Blimbing)

Leaf blight Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens 1 record ——

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Averrhoa carambola L. (Carambola)

Leaf blight Corticium solani Occasional —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens Occasional -——

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Bambusa species (Bamboo)

Leaf speckle Dasturella divina Common 111027

(Syd.) Mundkur &

Kheswalla

Bauhinia purpurea L.

Sooty mould Meliola species Occasional ‘105118

& 108207

Beta vulgaris L. (Chard)

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record -—

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Brachiaria brizantha Stapf.

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record _-

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

393

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Brachiaria mutica Stapf. (Para grass)

Leaf rot Corticium solani Occasional

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Brassica alba Rabenh. (Mustard)

Leaf rot Choanephora 1 record os

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Brassica alboglabra Bailey (Kai Lan, Chinese Kale.)

Leaf rot Choanephora 1 record —

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

On rotted leaves Nigrospora sphaerica 1 record —

(Sacc.) Mason

Downy mildew Peronospora parasitica Occasional 108208

(Pers.1ex. Fr) Fr.

Brassica campestris L. (Turnip)

Leaf rot Choanephora 1 record —

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Brassica rapa L. (Choy Sam, Spinach Mustard)

Leaf rot Choanephora 1 record —

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Calliandra haematocephala Hassk.

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor 1 record —

Berk. & Br.

Leaf and flower Corticium solani Occasionai —

blight (Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kunze (Tea)

Leaf blight Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Leaf blight Glomerella cingulata 1 record 108210

(Stonem.)

Spauld. & Schrenk.

Horse hair Marasmius equicrinus. 1 record er

blight Miill.

Canavalia ensiformis L. (J2ck bean)

Wilt Sclerotium rolfsii 1 record —

Sacc.

Capsicum frutescens L. (Bird pepper)

Leaf and Corticium solani Occasional —

fruit rot (Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

394

Vol. XXI (1966).

Capsicum frutescens L. var. baccatum (Ornamental Pepper)

Leaf rot Corticium solani

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Capsicum grossum L. (Sweet pepper)

Leaf rot Choanephora

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Leaf spot Colletotrichum capsici

(Syd.) Butler & Bisby

Fruit rot Colletotrichum capsici

(Syd.) Butler & Bisby

Leaf rot Corticium solani

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

‘Carica papaya L. (Papaya)

Root rot Phytophthora palmivora

(Butler) Butler

Cassia grandis L.

On dead Poria leucoplaca

branches (Berk.) Cooke

Cattleya skinneri Batem. (Orchid)

Leaf blight Phytophthora palmivora

(Butler) Butler

Cattleya var. (Orchid)

Leaf blight Phytophthora palmivora

(Butler) Butler

Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. (Pomelo)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor

Berk. & Br.

Citrus limon Burm. f. (Lemon)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor

Berk. & Br.

Clerodendron thomsonae Balf. f.

Wilt Sclerotium rolfsii

Sacc.

Cocos nucifera L. (Coconut)

Sooty mould Microxyphiella species

Leaf spot Periconiella species

Fruit rot. Phytophthora palmivora

(Butler) Butler

Coffea arabica L. (Arabian coffee)

Die back, Colletotrichum coffeanum

leaf spot, Noack

berry disease

Leaf blight Corticium solani

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Root disease Sphaerostilbe repens

Berk. & Br.

Coffea robusta Linden (Robusta coffee)

Leaf blight Leptosphaeria coffeicola

Maubl.

395

1 record

Occasional

1 record

Occasional

1 record

Kew Herb.

108183

108182

108184

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Coix lachryma-jobi L. (Job’s tears)

Smut Ustilago coicis Occasional 105117

Bref.

Congea tomentosa Roxb.

Brown root Fomes noxius 1 record —

disease Corner

Crotalaria quinquefolia L.

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record _-

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Cucumis sativus L. (Cucumber)

Leaf rot Corticium solani Occasional —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Delonix regia Rafin (Flamboyant)

Leaf blight Corticium solani Occasional —_

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

White root Fomes lignosus 1 record a

disease (Klotzsch) Bres.

Duranta repens L.

Pink disease ‘Corticium salmonicolor 1 record a

Berk. & Br.

Durio zibethinus Murr. (Durian)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor Occasional —

Berk. & Br. .

Eugenia malaccensis L. (Malay apple)

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens Occasional —

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Eugenia species (Jambu)

On leaves Aschersonia species 1 record _

Leaf blight Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Flemingia congesta Roxb.

Sooty mould Caldariomyces species 1 record 108209

Sooty mould Meliola species Occasional 108180

Flemingia strobilifera R. Br.

Leaf blight Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens 1 record a=

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Sooty mould Meliola species 1 record 105119

Garcinia mangostana L. (Mangosteer)

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens 1 record —

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Gliricidia sepium Steud.

Leaf blight Corticium solani . 1 record —-

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

396

Vol. XXI (1966).

Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Soya bean)

Leaf rot ' Choanephora

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Leaf blight Leptosphaerulina trifolii

(Rost.) Petr.

Sooty mould’ Phaeoxyphiella species

Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. (Rubber)

On leaves Aschersonia species

Trunk rot Ganoderma lucidum

(Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst.

Thread blight. Marasmiellus scandens

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Horse hair Marasmius equicrinus

blight Miill.

Hibiscus esculentus L. (Ladies fingers)

Leaf rot Choanephora

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Hibiscus schizopetalus Hook.

Flower blight Choanephora

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Indigofera teysmannii Miq

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor

Berk. & Br.

White root Fomes lignosus

disease (Klotzch) Bres.

Ipomoea batatas Lam. (Sweet Potato)

White root Fomes lignosus

disease (Klotzsch) Bres.

Ipomoea bona-nox L. (Moon flower)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor

Berk. & Br.

On stems | Septobasidium species

Ischaemum aristatum L.

Smut Sorosporium flagellatum

Syd.

Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.

Smut Sphacelotheca hainanae

Zundel

Ischaemum timorense Kunth

False smut Cerebella andropogonis

Cea.

Ixora species

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Laelio-Cattleya var. (Orchid)

Leaf blight Phytophthora palmivora

(Butler) Butler

397

Occasional

1 record

Occasional

1 record

1. record

1 record

Common

Occasional

1 record

108215

108187

111030

111040

111044

111039

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Languas galanga Stuntz (Galangal; Lengkuas)

Sooty mould Caldariomyces species 1 record 108213

Leaf speckle Cercospora alpiniae Common 108216

H. & P. Syd. & 111053

Leaf speckle Nakataea species Occasional 111032

Lansium domesticum Jack (Langsat)

Horse hair Marasmius equicrinus 1 record —

blight Mill.

Lonicera species (Honeysuckle)

Leaf blight Corticium solani 1 record --

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Luffa acutangula Roxb. (Angled loofzh)

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Luffa cylindrica Roem. (Loofah)

Leaf spot Myrothecium roridum 1 record 111050

Tode ex Fr.

Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Tomato)

Leaf spot Corynespora cassiicola Common 111048

(Berk. & Curt.) Wei

Mangifera foetida Lour. (Horse mango)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor Occasional a

Berk. & Br.

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens 1 record a

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Mangifera indica L. (Mango)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor 1 record —

Berk. & Br.

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens Occasional —

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Mangifera odorata Griff. (Kwini)

Horse hair Marasmius equicrinus 1 record —

blight Miill.

Manihot utilissima (Pohl) (Cassava)

White root Fomes lignosus Occasional os

disease (Klotzsch) Bres.

Associated Fusarium semitectum 1 record 108205c

with leaf Berk. & Rav.

spotting

Leaf rot Leptosphaerulina trifolii 1 record 1082056

(Rostr.) Petr.

Melinis minutiflora Beauv. (Molasses grass)

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

398

Vol. XXI (1966).

Mucuna benettii F. Muell. (New Guinea creeper)

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Mucuna deeringiana Merr. (Velvet bean)

Pink disease ~ Corticium salmonicolor

Berk. & Br.

Musa textilis Née (Manila hemp)

Leaf blotch Cordana musae

(Zimm.) Honnel

Associated with Curvularia fallax

stem rot Boedijn

Stem rot Deightoniella torulosa

(Syd.) M. B. Ellis

Musa sapientum L. (Banana)

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens

(Sacc.) Denis & Reid

Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan)

Brown root Fomes noxius

disease Corner

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Sooty mould Meliola nephelii

Sacc.

Nephelium litchi Camb. (Litchi)

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Nephelium longana Camb. (Longan)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor

Berk. & Br.

Nephelium mutabile Blume (Pulasan)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor

Berk. & Br.

Nerium oleander 1. (Oleander)

Leaf blight Corticium solani

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Oryza sativa L. (Rice)

Leaf spot and Corticium solani

sheath blight (Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Panicum maximum Jacq. (Guinea grass)

Leaf rot Corticium solani

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Paspalum scrobiculatum L.

Seed blight Fusarium species

399

1 record

Occasional

1 record

Common

1 record

Occasional

1 record

Occasional

111029

110075

110076

& 110077

108181

105116

111038

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Passifilora foetida L.

Sooty mould = Schiffnerula mirabilis Common 111045

Hohn.

Phaseolus atropurpureus (Moc & Sesse) ex DC.

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record eas

(Prill. & Delacr.) 2a

Bourd. & Galz.

Phaseolus mungo L. (Black gram)

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Piper betle L. (Sireh)

Thread blight Marasmiellus scandens 1 record —

(Mass.) Denis & Reid

Piper nigrum L. (Pepper)

Leaf blight Choanephora 1 record —-

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Pisum sativum L. (Pea)

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine (Purple guava)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor 1 record os

Berk. & Br.

Leaf blight Corticium solani 1 record —

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC. (Four angled bean)

Leaf spot Cercospora species 1 record 108186

Flower blight Choanephora Occasional a=

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Raphanus sativus L. var. hortensis Backer (Chinese radish)

Leaf rot Choanephora Occasional —

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers. (Radish)

Leaf rot Choanephora 1 record —

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record a

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Ricinus communis L. (Castor oil plant)

Sooty mould Clypeolella ricini 1 record 108179

Rac.

Ridleyara var. (Orchid)

Leaf blight Phytophthora palmivora 1 record —_

(Butler) Butler

400

Vol. XXI (1966).

Saccharum officinarum L. (Sugar cane)

Sooty mould Caldariomyces species 1 record

Leaf spot Curvularia geniculata 1 record

(Tracy & Earle)

Boedijn

Setaria italica Beauv. (Foxtail millet)

Leaf blight Curvularia species 1 record

Leaf blight Leptosphaerulina trifolii 1 record

yie@Restr.) Petr.

Solanum melongena L. (Brinjal)

Leaf rot Choanephora 1 record

cucurbitarum

(Berk. & Rav.) Thaxt.

Fruit rot Phytophthora palmivora Occasional

(Butler) Butler

Sorghum halapense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass)

Leaf spot Phyllachora sorghi Common

Hohn.

Smut Sphacelotheca reiliana Occasional

(Kiihn.) Clint.

Sorghum sudanense Stapf. (Sudan grass)

Leaf spot Phyllachora sorghi 1 record

Hohn.

Spondias cytherea Sonn. (Hog plum, Kedondong)

Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor 1 record

Berk. & Br.

Sporobolus poirettii (Roem. & Schult.) Hitch.

Flower mould Helminthosporium Common

ravenelii

Curt.

Stylosanthes humilis H.B. & K.

Leaf and Sclerotium rolfsti 1 record

stem rot Sacc.

Stylosanthes sundaica Taub.

Leaf rot Corticium solani 1 record

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Tephrosia candida DC.

Leaf rot Corticium solani Occasional

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

Theobroma cacao L. (Cocoa)

White root Fomes lignosus 1 record

disease (Klotzsch) Bres.

Root and Trametes corrugata 1 record

bole decay (Pers.) Bres.

Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anders

Leaf blight Corticium solani Occasional

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd, & Galz.

401

108212

108189

111034a

1110345

111043

111042

111036

111041

Kew Herb.

Gardens’ Bulletin, §S.

Vanda vars. (Orchid)

Leaf blight Phytophthora palmivora Occasional

(Butler) Butler

Vigna sinensis Savi. (Long bean)

Wilt Pythium species 1 record

Xanthosoma sagittifolium Schott.

Leaf blight Curvularia geniculata 1 record 108214

(Tracy & Earle)

Boedijn

Zea mays L. (Maize)

Tassel mould Cladosporium 1 record 1110285

sphaerospermum

Pénz.

Tassel mould Curvularia geniculata 1 record 111028a

(Tracy & Earle)

Boedijn

Leaf blight Curvularia species 1 record 108191la

Leaf blight Leptosphaerulina trifolii 1 record 108206

(Rost.) Petr.

Associated Khuskia oryzae 1 record 1081916

with leaf stat. conid.

blight Nigrospora oryzae

(Berk. & Br.) Petch

Zingiber officinale Rose. (Ginger)

Leaf rot Corticium solani Occasional —_

(Prill. & Delacr.)

Bourd. & Galz.

On rhizome Poria species 1 record 105121

Acknowledgements

The writer wishes to thank the Director of Agriculture, Sarawak,

for permission to publish this list, and the Directors and staff of

the Commonwealth Mycological Institute and the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, without whose help, in identifying many of the

species, the list could not have been published.

References

1. JoxunstTon, A., (1960) “A preliminary plant disease survey in Sarawak”.

F.A.O. Rome, (mimeographed).

2. Turner, G. J., (1963) ‘““New records of plant diseases in Sarawak for

the years 1960 and 1961”. Gard. Bull. Sing. xx 285-288.

3. Turner, G. J., (1964) ‘‘New records of plant diseases in Sarawak for

the year 1962”. Ibid. xx 369-376.

4. YeEoH Bok Cuoon, “List of Malayan orchid hybrids 1893-1960”.

Malayan Orchid Rev. 5 141 (i-x).

402

The Distribution of Annonaceae and

Mpyristicaceae on Singapore Island

By: Y. C. WEE (WEE YEOW-CHIN)

Department of Botany, University of Singapore*

Introduction

Between the years of 1956 and 1959 a great deal of activity

was centered in the University of Malaya in Singapore on the

*“*Phytochemical Survey of Malaya’’. The Departments of Botany

and Chemistry together with the Department of the Protector of

Aborigines, Federation of Malaya, accumulated a collection of

reputed native drug plants, identified these and processed them

for alkaloids and other products.

Douglas and Kiang (1957) report the results of tests on 214

species of plants collected around Singapore and Malaya. Kiang,.

Douglas and Morsingh (1961) report on a further 708 species

belonging to 104 families and 408 genera.

The survey was largely in botanical terms ad hoc, and con-

sequently it was resolved that, on the first available opportunity,

a survey with special reference to defined taxonomic groups and

a limited area of land would be undertaken.

The present survey is the first attempt of its kind along these

lines. Two tropical families of plants, the Annonaceae and the

Myristicaceae were chosen. These families have been recently

revised by Sinclair (1955, 1958, 1961). With the continued presence

of Mr. Sinclair at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, taxonomic

problems could be dealt with expeditiously. Again, in the two

reports of tests made by Douglas and Kiang (1957) and Kiang,

Douglas and Morsingh (1961) a number of annonaceous plants:

was found to give strong positive tests for alkaloids. Information

regarding the distribution and amount of the two families within

Singapore Island was sought. By amount is meant the number

of plants (classified according to their respective stem diameters

at breast height) existing, as well as the amount of air-dried

plant materials (in the form of leaves, stem, bark, etc.) that can

be got. This knowledge is basic for ecological and phytochemical

assessment.

* Present address: Pineapple Research Station, Pekan Nanas, Johore.

403

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

The members of these two families are typically forest plants,

and the island, after more than a century of colonisation, is

devoid of any natural vegetation save 4,805 acres of now-protected

forests. Of these 4,805 acres, only 163 acres at Bukit Timah are

anywhere near the original condition. The present situation can

be traced to the pepper and gambier cultivation and timber and

firewood exploitation prevalent in those early years (Wee, 1964).

Materials and Methods

The survey was conducted in two parts:

(i) The areas outside the Nature Reserves.

(ii) The areas gazetted as Nature Reserves.

The method adopted in the survey of the 129,286 acres of land

outside the Nature Reserves was one of reconnaissance. For such

a survey a detailed map of the Island (scale 1: 25,000) and a

‘Singapore Guide and Street Directory” (1961 edition) were of

great help. The main roads were used as the base of the explora-

tion from which subsidiary roads and paths were traversed. The

surrounding areas were examined for existing annonaceous and

myristicaceous plants — cultivated or otherwise. The exact locality

and the number of trees were noted. The distribution of the

major species existing outside the Nature Reserves was later

plotted.

The various areas of protected forests were visited and the

presence or absence of the relevant plants was noted. Of these

areas the 4,006 acres of the Water Catchment area however proved

a problem. This large mass of forest consists of a mixture of

vegetational types. A general view of the area from any one point

on the island is not possible. In this respect, aerial photographs

proved useful. These stereo-prints (taken by the R.A.F. in 1955)

helped in the differentiation of a number of vegetational types.

Visits to various parts of the area were made to confirm conclu-

sions drawn from the photographs.

The relevant areas were sampled after the method of Gilliland

and Wantman (1959). A surveyor’s chain of 100 feet was laid

on the ground in the forest. Annonaceous and myristicaceous

plants occurring to within 3 feet of either side of the chain were

noted and classified according to their diameter at breast height

(dbh). A throw thus made up 600 sq. ft., and a sample consisting

of 10 throws gave a total area of 6,000 sq. ft.

404

Vol. XXI (1966).

The size of each plant with respect to an arbitrary chosen one

was also noted. The dry weights of the leaves, stem and bark

(in the case of trees) of the chosen plants were later found

by air drying them for about a week before weighing. An estimate

of the total dry weights of the parts concerned for the commoner

species within the vegetational types were then made.

Results and Discussions

The survey of the 129,286 acres outside the Nature Reserves

unearthed a very limited number of relic native annonaceous and

myristicaceous species (Fig. I). However, two introduced species, .

* Annona muricata and Cananga odorata were found to be

abundant.

A. muricata was brought into the country during the last century

from Tropical America. It is planted extensively throughout the

island, especially in Jurong, for its delicious fruits. In most cases

it exists as a minor fruit crop among papaya, rambutan, Jack fruit,

guava, etc. A total of 3,642 plants were actually counted during

the survey (Fig. Il).

C. odorata was introduced into this region also through cultiva-

tion. It is of Malesian origin, probably originating from the

Philippines and Java (I.H. Burkill, 1935). It is a favourite village

tree, especially among the Malays, who delight in the fragrant

flowers. Also, it used to be a favourite wayside tree. A total of

452 plants were observed, scattered singly or in small groups

throught the island (Fig. III). The distribution is closely associated

with man. Within the rural areas, it is most common in kampongs.

Its occurrence within the urban areas is centered around the older

inhabited sections like Geylang, Balestier Road and Grange Road

areas.

It is significant that of the 452 plants observed, only 38 were

saplings and 45 were seedlings. Of these seedlings, 42 were found

within a piece of abandoned land along Scotts Road. This large

number of seedlings is related to the presence of 13 mature trees

serving as a large “‘seed reservoir’. Further development of these

seedlings was prevented by the periodical clearing of the under-

growth in this area. The other 3 seedlings and the 38 saplings

were tenderly cared for in kampongs. Thus taken from its natural

habitat and introduced into this region, C. odorata has been

successful only when man gives a helping hand.

* The nomenclature of annonaceous and myristicaceous members is

after Sinclair, 1955, 1958 and 1961.

405

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

The 4,805 acres of protected forests consist of the following:

Acres

(i) Bukit Timah Nature Reserve ... pe: 184

(ii) Kranji Nature Reserve a8 [a 51

(iii) Pandan Nature Reserve Pu sp. 542

(iv) Labrador Nature Reserve ete eI 11

(v) Water Catchment Area as es 4,006

(vi) Jungle at Botanic Gardens se sae 11

4,805

Only the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, the Water Catchment area

and the jungle at the Botanic Gardens were found to contain

annonaceous and myristicaceous plants. Within these areas four

vegetational types were found to support the above plants. They

are as follows: .

(i) Belukar Tua—or the more advanced belukar stages. The

vegetation consists mainly of poles of dbh varying from 0.5 to 3.0

inches or more. The canopy is in the early stages of closing.

Undergrowth is light.

(ii) Regenerating High Forest: This stage is characterised by

the presence of isolated high forest trees, often reaching a dbh

(or above buttress) of 2 feet or more. These tropical dendrons

are commonly members of the Dipterocarpaceae (Gilliland and

Wantman, 1959).

(iii) Regenerating Swamp Forest: as with Regenerating High

Forest.

(iv) High Forest: of unexploited original vegetation with a

Dipterocarpaceae family dominance (Richards, 1957). It is also

typified by the presence of numerous tropical dendrons, a closed

canopy and a sparse undergrowth.

A total of 17 transects were taken from representative Belukar

Tua types. Two samples were taken from the High Forest at

Bukit Timah, one from the Regenerating Swamp Forest at Nee

Soon and 10 samples from 10 different ‘‘pockets’’ of Regenerating

High Forest found within the Water Catchment area. Samples

from the Regenerating Forests and from the High Forest areas are

grouped together for purposes of analysis. They are henceforth

termed ‘‘Regenerating Forests’.

406

Vol. XXI (1966).

Table I: Summarised results of the 17 transects taken from representative

Belukar Tua areas

DIAMETER CLASSES

Species Total | OvB

S |0- 1|1- 3 | 3-5 5-7 | over

Pyramigacthe prismatica «=. . «| 1354 106<| 22) ok | oe ba 241 | 17/17

Mitrella kentii .. Cage Ee ed See eee ee Zoe Posie

Xylopia ferruginea ve ples (138°) 15°F 9 | 2 PIO yr 307° 14717

Artabotrys suaveolens oC) 0 il Ge a. ore Cae 147 | 13/17

Fissistigma latifolium Sr iewenee bee eae. Foe 185 | 12/17

Fissistigma fulgens Saye bite his. 8 Beh ee Dw 24 | 8/17

Xylopia fusca (?) LS eS ee eee Gece fore 38 | 6/17

Oxymitra latifolia aig te "36 |. 6717

+Knema communis Ps ae hy Fh) 2 15 | 6/17

Xylopia malayana ee oo ge A errs pe Beer yi lg |

Fissistigma manubriatum Se ae ae ee 1h; 3/97

+Knema latericia .. Se ee tee Pee, Pas e | S/l

+Knema laurina ey os SS Sk og Aepusit7

+Knema malayana oS ae 5 ee oe oe Oe cee

Polyalthia rumphii ri, 3 Pd GR aw ee a) S707

Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus on eh ey ae Pe ; wie Vd

Desmos dasymaschalus Sra) 3. aaa eer, Fl aan bal

Cyathocalyx ridleyi ate Ne Poker ee 6| 2/17

Oxymitrasp.1l .. re i a a ance | etic AL 2eir

Oxymitra biglandulosa 3 Je hose tebare 31). i247

Uvaria cordata 2 | ae te ay oe a). 24F

+Knema intermedia Pe ie oe te Ps: 2) 2p

+Gymunacranthera forbesii: ..| 5] 9] ..] ..]..].. 14.| 1/17

Oxymitra glauca .. Ee ak a's 10 | 1/17

+Horsfieldia subglobosa So eee aes ee 2 upd

+Horsfieldia grandis 0 OR RR ee a ELT

Fissistigma lanuginosum A ee eee a eee 6 Y

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus fh ted Eon ee ee Preyer

Polyalthia angustissima ag | i tare be A a

+Knema cinerea var. es eaeasiaicd

via . 46 A earn a oh | 1/17

Jie hed hae ae ee hE eae piped s17

Tetal .. [626 |655 | 25 : 10 2-41 5,329 os

Note:— (+) =Members of the =Myristicaceae.

S=Seedlings.

OvB=the number of transects out of 17 in which a species

occurs.

407

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Table II: Summarised results of the 13 transects taken from areas of

Regenerating High Forest, Regenerating Swamp Forest and High Forest

Species

—Fissistigma latifolium

—Oxymitra latifolia

+Knema latericia ..

Popowia fusca

—Polyalthia rumphii

—Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus

—Phaeanthus ophthalmicus

+Knema laurina

+Knema malayana

Polyalthia cauliflora

—Fissistigma fulgens

+Gymanacranthera forbesii

Cyathostemma viridiflorum ..

—Polyalthia augustissima

—Cyathocalyx ridleyi

+Knema communis

-+Knema hookeriana

—Horsfieldia subglobosa

—Mitrella kentii

—Pyramidanthe prismatica

—Xylopia ferruginea

—Fissistigma lanuginosum

—Xylopia malayana

—Desmos dasymaschalus

Polyalthia glauca (?)

— Artabotrys suaveolens

Popowia pisocarpa

Carried forward

.° 11352. 559 ad2ol7 | 16 1} 22 —-

DIAMETER CLASSES

Total | OvB

S |0-1|1-3|3-5 5-7 |over

25 | 49 74 | 13/13

16 | 32 48 | 11/13

a%) 430) 13-)-1 1} 30] 11/13

16/36] 5] 1 58 | 10/13

B5r) 17 42 | 10/13

2)| 4} 9) 4} 4] 7] 30] 10/13

15/48 | 5 eta 9/13

1-48 |) 8 2 OP Pg

S119 \+61 1 = tis lk Swe

22/1 6 cae”, 6

18 -| 26) 8/13

4/15) 2 bal 25 rsa s

8 142 21 ee ays

Zi S 15| 8/13

41.33) 48). 5) 6 SP eae

eee e4 3 29| 7/13

Vi}! 4:1 /12).4 |» 2-) S49 pees

T1184 o%-8 ig] Was

32 Adee Bgeemess

9 | 25 a ie 34 6/13

12 |) dogs ots 17 | 6/13

4 | 13 oe 17 | 6/13

4|12 ee tee: | 16| 6/13

3 | 16 i se: 19 | 5/13

11-9 mr 10| 5/13

31 6 i kas 9| 5/13

a Rea 8; 5/13

408

Vol. XXI (1966).

Table II — continued

. DIAMETER CLASSES

Species Lc eee Le, Total | OvB

S |0-1 1-3 /3-S18-7

—_—_—__ | ——

_ ——— | ———_—— es ee

Brought forward .. |152 |559 |112 | 17 | 16 | 22 | 1,878

+Gymnacranthera bancan’ .. | .. Ps Re tet Se Gl) S/S

+Knema intermedia wo } ae hoe) id) A AE ee 81 4/13

+Horsfieldia wallichii cote eT oe 1 ab ie 26 | 4/13

—Oxymitrasp.I . vd home” me Ub ok ot ook 26; 4/13

+Gymnacranthera ‘eugeniifolia

var. eugeniifolia | 2 | 12. es 14) 4/13

—Uvariacordata hs ee Tie * 4; 4/13

Goniothalamus sp. 1 ae 7 3/13

+Knema conferta .. A 1 1 1 1 4 3/13

+Gymnacranthera eugeniifolia ;

var, griffithii 4 8 Bo ee he Sle Da 2S

+Horsfieldia crassifolia Te a OR Re 1 28

—Oxymitra glauca .. io ee all adh te tee cae 5 2/13

—Xylopia fusca (?) Pe 1 3 Sd are I 5 ails

Polyalthia sp. sah Bee, yes ae 1 5 2/13

+Mpyristica elliptica aE oe 4] 2/13

—Fissistigma manubriatum eee Gers ga a4 2/15

—Oxymitra biglandulosa 3 oes a4 2/43

Alphonsea maingay1 i Biss 2 seh 2/13

Polyalthia sumatrana = ie Ce hte Bo 2/43

Anaxagorea javanica Pe oe Bee ee ae WZ 1/13

Goniothalamus ridleyi et eer ae I 4} 1/13

Polyalthia laterifolia 2 ee re Su) fas

Meiogyne virgata gop 35) 8/13

+Horsfieldia superba e Bie. 2a Me /13

Artabotrys costatus tA oe 1 a3

Artabotrys wrayi bale 1 1/13

Oxymitra sp. II os ees 1 1/13.

Polyalthia macropoda nS I 1 1/13

+ Horsfieldia grandis 1 1 1/13

+ Myristica iners Po. wen eee 1 1/13

+Myristicacinnamonea ... || .. 1 1 1/13.

‘Total =. 205 Wo24iS: 25 |. ZZ | 22 | 4,183

Note:— (+) =Members of the Myristicaceae.

(—) =Species also found within Belukar Tua areas.

OvB=the number of transects out of 13, in which a species occur.

TABLE III. — Total number of species and plants found within the two

main vegetational types

Belukar Tua: Annonaceae Myristicaceae Total

Species pes a1 10 31

Genera de 11 3 14

Plants/Transect ... 76.2 2.9 79.1

“Regenerating Forest’:

Species nc 38 18 56

Genera ite 17 4 Zi

Plants/Transect ... 61.8 paw 91.0

The distributions of the commoner species were tested against

the Poisson series for randomness (Blackman, 1935; Clapham,

1936; Archibald, 1948). The results of the analysis are presented in

Tables IV and V.

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411

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Allowance was made to group the values together so that no

expected value is less than 5 (after Greig-Smith, 1957). This

arbitrary level is that commonly used in calculations of Chi square

(x2) to eliminate the disproportionate effect of small differences

from a low expectation. The total value of x2 is entered in the

table with degrees of freedom two less than the number of values

from which x2 is calculated, one degree of freedom being used

in the determination of the mean. The limit of P chosen, beyond

which the agreement is too poor to substantiate the hypothesis

is 0.05 (after Blackman, 1935).

The analysis of the more common species shows conclusively

that the individuals of these species occurring within their respec-

tive communities are distributed non-randomly (Table IV and V).

The rarer species were not examined. Their limited existence

made it impossible to use the Chi-square tests. A direct con-

sequence of this non-random distribution is that the mean density

of a species cannot be estimated with useful accuracy from its

frequency index. Thus the dry weights of the various parts of the

commoner species as given in Table VI are strictly estimations.

TABLE VIJI.—The amount of plant parts available for the commoner

species of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae

(Note that the amounts are derived through estimations)

Air-dried Weights in Kilograms/ Acre

Belukar Tua: Leaves Twigs Bark

Artabotrys suaveolens on 0.6 1.0 —

Fissistigma latifolium 2 0.2 0.6 —

Knema communis 2. 0.4 0.6 —

Mitrella kentu ee 0.6 es —

Pyramidanthe prismatica ... 0.8 iz —

Xylopia ferruginea oe 92.8 324.8 162.7

Regenerating and High Forest:

Cyathocalyx ridleyi ans (33.1 358.2 is25

Fissistigma latifolium Bf 0.1 0.4 —_—

Knema communis eee 4.2 11.1 22

Knema laurina “Or 1.8 tM —

Mitrella kentii es 0.1 0.1 as

Oxymitra latifolia aps 0.6 0.9 —

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus ... 1.3 1.8 —

Polyalthia rumphii a 19 4.2 —_

Popowia fusca oF 1.3 1233 —

Note:—Knema communis is specially included here although its occurrence

is low because it has been found to contain some interesting

alkaloids.

412

Vol. XXI (1966).

The results from the survey of the 4,805 acres of protected

forests clearly show that the Annonaceae and Myristicaceae are

forest plants. The myristicaceous plants in particular demand

a forest habitat. A total of 18 species were encountered from

regenerating and high forest areas, with a mean of 29.2 plants

per transect of 6,000 sq. feet. This is contrasted to the ten species

found within the Belukar Tua areas. In this case the mean number

of plants per transect was only 2.9 (Table III). Again, most of

the Belukar Tua occurrences were of the 0-1” dbh category and

found only within the more advanced Belukar Tua areas. Only

when the canopy was closed with an absence of undergrowth did

they occur. )

The annonaceous plants on the other hand, equally tolerate the

Belukar Tua as well as the Regenerating Forest. Although the

density is more or less the same, the number of species increases

in the Regenerating Forest habitats.

It is of interest to note that five annonaceous species viz:

Pyramidanthe prismatica, Mitrella kentii, Xylopia ferruginea,

Artabotrys suaveolens and Fissistigma latifolium stand out as the

important members of the Belukar Tua areas (Table I). The rest

of the 26 species form the casual members of the community.

Of these five species, F. latifolium plays a major role in the

Regenerating Forest community also. It should be noted further

that of the 31 species encountered within the Belukar Tua areas,

only Knema cinerea var. patentinervia was absent from the

Regenerating Forest areas. A total of 26 more species were

encountered in the latter community.

The distribution of members of the two families is not uniform

within the two communities. P. prismatica was found in all 17

transects taken from Belukar Tua areas; F. latifolium, in all 13

transects from the Regenerating Forest areas. The other species

were encountered in a rather erratic fashion. Of the 31 species

from the Belukar Tua samples and 56 species from the Regenerat-

ing Forest samples, only five and eight species respectively occur

with a high enough frequency to be tested for the Poisson

distribution. Of these 11 species* tested, all showed a significantly

non-random distribution, with a tendency towards clumping.

Clapham (1936) is of the opinion that clumping is a widespread

phenomenon. Of the 44 species he investigated, only four were

found to conform to the Poisson distribution. Blackman (1935),

on the other hand, expresses the opinion that the dominant species

in most cases approximates to a normal distribution curve.

* Fissistigma latifolium and Mitrella kentii occur in both communities.

413

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Skewness is greater for occasional species and greatest for rarer

species. These authors believe that the mode of reproduction has

a direct effect on the distribution of the plant. Where reproduction

is by seed, random distribution is to be expected. This is contrasted

to vegetative reproduction as a cause of non-random distribution.

Archibald (1948), takes the argument a step further by saying

that random distribution would occur where single seeds are

dispersed by wind or water. In cases of animal or bird dispersal,

particularly where the fruit contains several seeds, it is highly

probable that a fruit, when carried away, would result in a

number of individuals subsequently arising in a cluster.

Such is the case with the Annonaceae, where the fruit contains

several seeds, and distribution is by animals — squirrels, civet cats,

bats and birds. The Myristicaceae is also animal disperse, although

each fruit carries only one seed. Thus with animal dispersal, the

distribution of the plants concerned depends on the habits of the

agents.

An excellent example is afforded by Cyathocalyx ridleyi. The

species is concentrated in three main areas of Regenerating High

Forest. The existence of representatives from each of the various

diameter classes within the three localities suggests successful re-

generation. Of the 77 plants encountered in seven areas, 67 plants

were seen from these three areas. One may well ask why C. ridleyi

is not more widely distributed, considering the fact that it is success-

fully regenerating itself. Again, it is now about 100 years since the

first of the Catchment block was put under control (H.M. Burkill

1961), and within this period of time surely the plant ought to

have spread more extensively. Why this is not so is still a puzzle.

The plant is mainly distributed by squirrels, which tend to scatter

the seeds around the base of the parent plant. It is possible that

its distribution follows in some way the distribution of the squirrel.

Such a situation is also found in Knema intermedia, where two

areas of Regenerating High Forests revealed a total of 79 plants.

Anaxagorea javanica is found in Singapore only at the Botanic

Gardens’ jungle. It grows profusely within a limited area, regenerat-

ing successfully. The reason why it has not been successful in

escaping from this locality can be seen from its mode of dispersal.

The fruits are follicles. Each follicle contains two hard, black

shiny seeds pressed together. The ripe follicle splits open and

then suddenly contracts as it dries so as to eject the seeds with

a click. In this respect it behaves as a capsule. The seeds can be

shot out to a distance of two to three yards, not far enough to

spread successfully.

414

Vol. XXI (1966).

Popowia fusca is present in large numbers at the Taban Circle

area, Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. A sample of 6,000 square feet

recorded a total of 40 plants, all within the 0-1” dbh category.

None of these were capable of reproducing. Probably a number

of seed plants existed nearby. Within the same area, aggregations

of Phaeanthus ophthalmicus and Knema laurina were also

encountered.

It thus seems that each of the isolated pockets of Regenerating

Forests supports its own favoured species. The isolated nature

of these pockets which are surrounded by younger communities

may in some way hinder the spread of these species.

During the course of this survey a total of 39 and 21 native

annonaceous and myristicaceous species respectively were recorded

in the areas covered by the transects. This is a little more than

half the total species of these families recorded from Singapore

(Sinclair, 1955, 1958). This difference is no surprise, considering

the fact that the members of these two families are essentially

forest plants, and today, only 3.6% of the island is forested.

Summary

Since the establishment of a trading post and settlement in

1819, Singapore has experienced an almost complete change

in its vegetation.

The present survey is an attempt to gather information

regarding the amount and distribution of Annonaceae and

Myristicaceae left on the island.

3. The survey of the 129,286 acres of non-forested areas

uncovered the distribution of two common introduced species

— Cananga odorata and Annona muricata.

C. odorata is closely associated with the Malays and 4A.

muricata with the Chinese.

Of the 4,805 acres of protected forests, only Bukit Timah

Nature Reserve, the Water Catchment area and the jungle

at the Botanic Gardens support any of these plants in great

number.

The myristicaceous plants are typically a High Forest family.

The annonaceous plants on the other hand tolerate the Belukar

Tua as well as the Regenerating and High Forest habitats.

Members of these families exhibit erratic occurrences and

are distributed non-randomly. This is correlated with the

habits of the animal dispersal agents.

An attempt was made to estimate the availability of air-dried

plant materials of the commoner species.

415

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

Acknowledgements

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the advice and patient guidance

of the late Professor H. B. Gilliland throughout the course of this

investigation.

Thanks are also due to Mr. J. Sinclair, late Keeper of the

Herbarium, Botanic Gardens, Singapore; Mr. H. M. Burkill,

Chairman, Board of Nature Reserves, Singapore; Dr. A. Johnson,

Mr. Chua Nam Hai and last but not least Messrs. Smith, Kline

and French of Philadelphia, U.S.A. for financial assistance.

This is a summary of a paper which was submitted as part of

a dissertation for the degree of M.Sc. of the University of Singapore.

References

ARCHIBALD, E. E. A. 1948

Plant populations: I—A new application of Neyman’s contagious

distribution. Ann. Bot. N.E. 12: 221-235

BLACKMAN, G. E. 1935

A study by statistical methods of the distribution of species in grassland

associations. Ann. Bot. 49: 749-777

BuRKILL, H. M. 1961

Protection of wild life on Singapore Island. Malay. Nat. J. (Special

Anniversary Issue: Nature Conservation in Western Malaysia, 1961).

162-164

BurRKILL, I. H. 1935

A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. I

and II, London

CLAPHAM, A. R. 1936

Over-dispersion in grassland communities and the use of statistical

methods in plant ecology. J. Ecol. 24: 232-251

Douc.as, B. & KIANG, A. K. 1957 |

A phytochemical survey. Part I: Alkaloids. Malay. pharm. J. 6: 1-16

GILLILAND, H. B. & WANTMAN, M. J. 1959

Regenerating high forest on Singapore Island. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore

17: 228-243

GREIG-SMITH, P. 1957

Quantitative plant ecology. Butterworths Pub. Ltd., London

K1Anc, A. K., DouGLas, B. & MorsINcH, F. 1961

A phytochemical survey of Malaya. Part II: Alkaloids. J. Pharm.

Pharmac. 13: 98-104

RICHARDS, P. W. 1957

The tropical rain forest. Cambridge Univ. Press

416

Vol. XXI (1966).

SINCLAIR, J. 1955

A revision of the Malayan Annonaceae. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 14:

149-516

SINCLAIR, J. 1958

A revision of the Malayan Myristicaceae. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 16:

205-472

SINCLAIR, J. 1961

Florae Malesianae Precursors XXXI. The genus Knema (Myristicaceae)

eat and outside Malaysia. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 18:

102-32

WEE YEOW CHIN. 1946

A note on the vegetation of Singapore Island. Malay. Forester 27:

257-266

417

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

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422

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423

Vol. XXI (1966).

Book Review

The Flora of Delhi by J. K. Maheshwari. Council of Scientific and

Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. Printed by N. K. Gossain

& Co. Private Ltd., 7/1 Grant Lane, Calcutta — 12 — 1963 — 447

pages. Price £2 16s or Rs28 or $8U:S.

University students of botany at Delhi are fortunate in now

having a flora dealing with the wild, naturalized and cultivated

plants of their area. Moreover, amateur and professional botanists,

school teachers, nature lovers, foreign visitors and those with

gardens should also find in this 447 page book something to their

interest. The very thick covers will stand up to severe handling

whether in the field or in the laboratory and their dark blue

colour will not be easily soiled in monsoon rains or in classroom

ink fights. The general facies is pleasing and each species stands

out clearly in print from the next. There are few printer’s errors

and the author’s style is clear. The keys and descriptions are short

but give the important and essential characters of the various

species and groups and how to distinguish one from another. Thus

the busy undergraduate with other subjects to read as well as

botany is not left discouraged, over-burdened and blurred with

unnecessary detail. He is introduced to a wide range of families

of flowering plants in the Bentham and Hooker style, a system

which is easy to grasp and which will probably lead him down

to the correct identification of a required species quicker than

some of the more modern systematic disciplines. What he may

believe in later is another matter.

The book is not just a dull compilation of keys and descriptions

for the author brightens it by comments on each species in a short

paragraph which often contains some edifying, stimulating, ori-

ginal or unexpected information. Thus: “‘Peganum hkarmala —

The presence of this plant is said to indicate accumulation of

potassium nitrate in the soil. Sesbania sesban — An excellent gun-

powder charcoal is made from its soft, white wood. Carthamnus

oxyacantha — It is believed that the seeds were brought to Uttar

Pradesh a few years ago by the Pili Aandhi (yellow dust-storm).

The weed exhausts the soils. The seeds germinate as: the atmos-

phere warms up in April and May.”

Flowering and fruiting months are given as well as localities.

For most species there is a vernacular name, here wisely included.

Country people in India often have an amazing knowledge of the

local names of their plants and the collector can ask them the

name of a species in the field and will usually find, on consulting

the book, that it fits the plant in question. English names are given

if there is one but are strangely omitted for certain well-known

425

Gardens’ Bulletin, S.

species such as lucerne, Medicago sativa, papaw or papaya, Carica

papaya, chicory, Chicorium intybus and lettuce, Lactuca sativa.

The last one, however, is called salad in Delhi. There is a very

useful and selective bibliography at the end which will give the

student a good insight into works on the Indian flora and will also

introduce him to the plants of some neighbouring countries.

A notable feature of the book is the 38 page introduction dealing

with previous work in the area, geographical features, climate,

soils and plant communities. The collector looking for rare or

spectacular plants in Delhi State would probably be a bit dis-

appointed as the flora here consists mostly of pantropical weeds,

aliens and exotic avenue trees with other common weeds which

may be seen in most parts of India. These will ali be new to a

beginner but it is the true native flora of Delhi Ridge that has

the greatest appeal to the author and the reviewer and most pro-

bably to the systematic botanist and conservator. This vegetation,

although it contains no endemics and nothing that cannot be found

in the bordering tracts of the Rajputana desert, the Punjab plains

and the drier parts of Uttar Pradesh, is interesting never-the-less,

and consists of tropical, thorny, xeromorphic shrubs and low trees,

mingled with a characteristic ground flora of herbs and climbers,

this herbaceous element varying in composition with the dry, wet,

hot and cold seasons. Here we find thickets of Prosopis spicigera,

Anogeissus pendula and various species of Acacia with Balanites

roxburghii, Butea monosperma, Capparis decidua, Grewia tenax,

Salvadora oleoides and S. persica. The author laments the loss of

certain plants which used to grow on the Ridge in Royle’s time

and has made an appeal in the hope that the vegetation of the

Ridge may be preserved. He states that out of 531 indigenous

and naturalized species 478 have been dealt with; the rest have

not been considered on account of their rarity, incomplete names

and abnormal distribution. This remainder, 53 species, seems a

rather high number, and its omission may arouse some curiosity.

Perhaps some of the 53 are single individuals, mere adventive

annuals that have arisen from a blown seed, unlikely to establish

themselves and therefore not to be considered true members of

the flora. Of these that have incomplete names surely the genus

could have been mentioned.

Whatever the merits and usefulness of this book may be to the

different classes of people who consult it, the most pleasing and

satisfactory thing that the reviewer has noticed and for which he

would award marks is the great attention that the author has paid

to the rules of nomenclature. Although he may not have the correct

botanical name and author’s name in every case, his publication

is more accurate in this respect than many that have come out of

India in the past decade and the reviewer will certainly use his

book as a guide when checking the validity of certain doubtful

names and authors’ names.

426

Vol. XXI (1966).

One may ask why there are no pictures in a publication of this

kind. Perhaps it is intended that an illustrated volume should be

prepared later if the need arises. It would have been helpful if

some of the true native plants of the Ridge had been depicted but it

is not necessary really to include the pantropical weeds as they are

already illustrated to quite an extent in so many floras including

some recent Indian ones. Unless the main outline drawings of

species to be compared are accompanied by very careful enlarged

insets of parts such as flowers and seeds, there is little point in

adding any more rough sketches. Equipment and technique in

India for processing such drawings must be in many instances

defective while that for the reproduction of photographs, especially

in government publications, is infinitely worse. Even original

photographs of forest vegetation that are a credit to the author

often look like scenes from the bottom of the sea by the time they

have gone through the machinery of the press. For this reason

probably some authors avoid submitting photographs altogether.

J. SINCLAIR.

427

INDEX

(a) Name of authors in capitals.

(b) New taxa and binomials in bold.

Adicea mooreana Hiern, 201.

Aglaia sp., 98.

ALLEN, B.M., Mrs., 187.

Andropogon nemoralis Balsang,

2h1.

Annonaceae, Distribution in

Singapore, 403.

Anogramma davallioides

(Mett.) Fée, 190.

subdigitata (Bl.) Posth., 190

Artocarpus L.f.,

canoni Bull., 71

chaplasha Roxb., 97, 98.

dadah Migq., 98, 99.

exculpata Hort., 71.

hirsutus Lamk., 98.

laciniatus Hort., 71.

var. metallicus Hort., 71

teysmannii Miq., 89.

tylophyllus Migq., 22.

Aschersonia sp. 396, 397.

Aspidium subdigitatum Blume, 190

Berry disease in Sarawak, 395.

Blechnum Linn., 187.

patersonii (R. Br.) Mett., 187.

Boehmeria bodinieri Ler., 199.

macrothyrsa Miq. 199.

interrupta (L.) Willd., 200.

javanica (Bl.) Hassk., 201.

Book Review:

The Flora of Delhi, 425.

Borghousia patula Munro, 210.

Bosscheria Teysm. et Vr., 6, 63.

minahassae Teysm. et Vr., 63.

Brachynema Griff., 327, 330.

ferruginea Griff., 331.

Cerebella andropogonis Ces., 397.

Choanephora curcurbitarum

(B. & R.) Thaxt., 394 et seq.

CHEW, WEE-LEK, 195.

Chrysopogon nemoralis

(Balsana) Holtt., 211.

Cladosporium sphaerospermum

Penz., 402.

Clypeolella ricini Rac, 400.

Coelorachis canallata (Ridl.)

Bor mss, 209.

faveolata (Holtt.) Jansen, 209.

Colletotrichum capsici (S.)

B. & B:, 395.

coffeanum Noack, 395.

.Congea, A Revision of, 259.

Congea Roxb., 277, 327.

azurea Wall., 305.

barbata Wall., 349.

chinensis Mold., 280.

var. latibracteata Munir, 280.

connata Fletcher, 294.

ferruginea Wall., 334.

forbesii K. & G., 289.

var. ridleyana Munir, 292.

griffithiana Munir, 285.

var. elliptica Munir, 289.

jackiana Wall., 357, 370.

var. attenuata Wall., 362.

oblonga Dop, 310.

paniculata Wall., 338.

pedicellata Munir, 200.

pentandra (Roxb.) Wall., 362.

petelotii Mold., 300, 310.

rockit Mold., 283.

siamensis Fletcher, 298.

tomentosa Roxb., 285, 300, 302, 305

var. azurea (Wall.) Clarke, 305.

var. caerulea (Wall.) Clarke, 305

var. nivea Munir, 310.

var. oblongifolia Schauer, 305.

unguiculata Wall. 334.

velutina Wight, 285, 296.

vestita Griff., 292, 300, 302.

var. subvestita Munir, 304.

villosa Wight, 285.

villosa (Roxb.) Wight, 305.

Brown root disease

in Sarawak, 396, 399.

Caldariomyces sp., 396 et seq.

Calochlamys Pres], 277.

capitata Presl, 305.

Capparidaceae, 98.

Caprificus Gasp., 6, 35.

Cercospora alpiniae H.

& P. Syd., 398.

sp., 400.

430

Cordana musae (Zimm.) Honnel, 399.

CORNER, E.J.H., 1.

Corticum salmonicolor Berk.

& Br., 394 et seq.

solani (P. & D.) B. & G., 393 et seq.

Corynespora cassiicola

(B. & G.) Wei, 398.

Covellia Gasp., 6, 84.

For sections and species —

see subindex, 163.

Curvularia fallax Boedijn, 399.

geniculata (T. & E.)

Boedijn, 401, 402.

sp., 401.

Cynodon arcuatus Gilli., 209.

dactylon Pers., 209.

parviglumis Ohwi, 209.

Cystogyne Gasp., 6, 84.

leucosticta (Spreng.) Gasp., 92.

Dammaropsis Warb., 6, 84.

kingiana Watb., 84.

Dasturella divina (Syn.) M. & K. 393.

Decadontia Griff., 327.

coerulescens Griff., 343.

Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.)

M. B. Ellis, 399.

Dendrocnide Miq., 201.

amplissima (Bl.) Chew, 202.

anacardioides (C. B. Rob.)

Chew, 202.

batanensis (C. B. Rob.) Chew,

202.

caerulea (BI.) Mig. 202.

chingiana (Hand.-Mazz.) Chew,

202.

contracta (Bl.) Chew, 202.

corallodesme (Laut.) Chew, 202.

cordata (Warb.) Chew, 202.

costata Miq., 206.

crassifolia (C. B. Rob.) Chew,

203.

densiflora (C. B. Rob.) Chew,

203.

diffusa (C. B. Rob.) Chew, 203.

elliptica (Merr.) Chew, 203.

excelsa (Wedd.) Chew, 203.

gigantea (Poir.) Chew, 203.

harveyi (Seem.) Chew, 203.

kusaiana (Kaneh.) Chew, 203.

latifolia (Gaud.) Chew, 203.

longifolia (Hemsl.) Chew, 203.

luzonensis (Wedd.) Chew, 203.

meyeniana (Walp.) Chew, 204.

microstigma (Gaud.) Chew, 204.

milnei (Seem.) Chew, 204.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXI (1965-1966)

Dendrocnide—(cont.)

mirabilis (Rech.) Chew, 204.

moroides (Wedd.) Chew, 204.

nitida (Winkl.) Chew, 204.

oblanceolata (Merr.) Chew, 204.

peltata (Bl.) Mig., 204.

pe ES (Rendle) Chew,

photiniphylla (Kunth.) Chew, 205.

platyphylla (Merr.) Chew, 205.

pulus (Steud.) Chew, 205.

rechingeri (Winkl.) Chew, 205.

rigidifolia (C. B. Rob.) Chew, 205.

schlecteri (Winkl.) Chew, 205.

salomonensis (Rech.) Chew, 205.

saipanensis (Kaneh.) Chew, 205.

sessiliflora (Warb.) Chew, 206.

_sinuata (Bl.) Chew, 206.

stenophylla (Quis.) Chew, 206.

stimulans (L.f.) Chew, 206.

subclausa (C. B. Rob.) Chew, 206.

subglabra (Hay.) Chew, 206.

subpeltata (C. B. Rob.) Chew, 206.

ternatensis (Mig.) Chew, 207.

torricellensis (Laut.) Chew, 207.

urentissima (Gagn.) Chew, 207.

venosa (Elm.) Chew, 207.

vitiensis (Seem.) Chew, 207.

warburghii (Winkl.) Chew, 207.

Dichanthium mucronulatum Jansen

209.

Die back in Sarawak, 395.

Digitaria microbachne (Presl) Henr.,

209.

microstachya Henrard, 209.

Dimeria glabra Ridl., 209.

glabriuscula F. M. Bailey, 209.

omithopoda Trin., 209.

Discocarpus Liebm., 207.

mexicanus Liebm., 208.

nicaraguensis Liebm., 208.

Discocnide Chew, 207.

mexicanus (Liebm.) Chew, 208.

Downy mildew in Sarawak, 394.

Embryology: abnormal, G. gnemon,

243.

Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin.,

209.

gangetica (Roxb.) Steud., 209.

malayana Stapf., 209.

montana Balsana, 209.

multicaulis Steud., 210.

pubescens (R. Br.) Steud., 210.

tenella var. viscosa (Retz.) Stapf.,

210.

viscosa (Retz.) Trin. 210.

Index

Erythrogyne Vis., 6, 37.

lutescens (Desf.) Gasp., 37.

Erythroxylon burmannicum Griff.,

99.

False smut in Sarawak, 397.

Ficus, Check-list, 1.

Ficus Linn.

Intra-generic groupings, see

subindex, 163-5.

For species and varieties, see

subindex, 168-86.

Fleurya Gaud., 195.

aestuans (L.) Miq., 200.

alatipes (Hk. f.) Brown, 198.

bulbifera (Sieb. & Zucc.) BL.,

199,

canadensis (L.) Benth., 199.

capensis Wedd., 201.

caravellana (Schrank.) Wedd.,

200.

cordata Gaud., 200.

cuneata (A. Rich.) Wedd., 200.

disepala Gagn., 200.

glandulosa Wedd., 200.

glomerata Gaud., 200.

glomerata Griseb., 200.

grossa Wedd., 200. 201.

interrupta (L.) R. Wight, 201.

lanceolata Engl., 201.

lurida Bl., 200.

mitis Wedd., 201.

mooreana (Hiern) Rendle, 201.

nigrata Miq., 200.

ovalifolia (Schumach.) Dandy, 201.

paniculata Gaud., 201.

peduncularis Wedd.,

perrieri Leandri, 200.

petiolata Dec’ne, 200.

photiniphylla Kunth, 205.

podocarpa Wedd., 201.

ruderalis (Forst. f.) Wedd., 201.

spicata Gaud., 200.

umbellata Wedd., 200.

urophylla Mildbr., 201.

urticoides Engl., 198.

Fleuryopsis Opiz., 199.

Flower blight in Sarawak, 394, 397.

Fomes lignosus (KI.) Bres., 396 et

seq.

noxius Corner, 396, 399.

Fruit rot in Sarawak, 394, 395.

Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Rao,

398.

sp., 399.

Galoglychia Gasp., 6, 100.

Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst,

397,

431

Garnotia acutigluma (Steud.) Ohwi,

210.

patula (Munro) Benth., 210.

stricta Brogn., 210.

GILLILAND, H.B., 209.

Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.)

S. & S., 394.

Girardinia marginata Engl., 198.

Gnetum gnemon L., 211.

Gonusuke Raf., 6, 84.

daemonum (Koen.) Raf., 89.

hispida (Linn. f.) Raf., 89.

scabra (Jack.) Raf., 89.

Grasses of the Malay Peninsula, 209.

Haynea ovalifolia Schumach., 201.

Helminthosporium ravenelii Curt.,

401.

Hemarthria longiflora (Hk. f.)

A. Camus, 210.

vaginata Buse, 210.

Homalanthus, 97.

Horse hair blight in Sarawak, 394

etseq.

HSUAN KENG, 213.

_Hymenachne aurita (Presl) Backer,

210.

Khuskia oryzae, 402.

Kibara sp., 98.

Laportea Gaud., 195.

sect. Dendrocnide (Miq.) Wedd.,

201.

. Discocarpus Liebm., 207.

. Fleurya (Gaud.) Chew, 199.

sect. Laportea, 198.

sect. Sarcopus Wedd., 201.

agusanensis Elm., 203.

aestuans (L.) Chew, 200.

alatipes Hk. f., 198.

amberana (Baker) Leandri, 198.

amplissima (Bl.) Miq., 202.

anacardioides C. B. Rob., 202.

annamica Gagn., 206.

ardens (Bl.) J. J. Smith, 205.

armata Warb., 199.

batanensis C. B. Rob., 202.

bathiei Leandri, 200.

brunnea Merr., 206.

bulbifera (Sieb. & Zucc.) Wedd.,

199,

canadensis (L.) Wedd., 199.

chingiana Hand.-Mazz., 202.

conduplicata Elm., 207.

contracta (Bl.) Migq., 202.

corallodesme Laut., 202.

cordata Warb., 202.

costata (Miq.) Miq., 206.

var, contracta (Bl.) Miq., 202.

sect

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XI (1965-1966)

Laportea—(cont.)

crassifolia C. B. Rob., 203.

crenulata Wedd., 206.

var. luzonensis Wedd., 203.

var. nervosa Winkl., 205, 207.

var. nitida Winkl., 204.

cuneata (A. Rich.) Chew, 200.

decumana (Roxb.) Wedd., 199.

densiflora C. B. Rob., 203.

diffusa C. B. Rob., 203.

disepala (Gagn.) Chew, 200.

divaricata (L.) Lunell, 199.

elliptica Merr., 203.

evitata Wedd., 199.

floribunda (Baker) Leandri, 199.

gaudichaudiana Wedd., 202.

gigas Wedd., 203.

glabra Ridl., 207.

gracilipes Elm., 206.

grossa (Wedd.) Chew, 200.

hainanensis Merr. & Metc., 206.

harveyi Seem., 203.

humbertii Leandri, 199.

humilis Laut., 199.

interrupta (L.) Chew, 200.

kotoensis Hay, 202.

kusaiana Kaneh., 203.

lanaensis C. B. Rob., 206.

lanceolata (Engl.) Chew, 201.

latifolia Gaud., 203.

latilanceolata Elm., 203.

laxiflora Wedd., 205.

leytensis C. B. Rob., 204.

liebmannii Wedd., 208.

longifolia Hemsl., 203.

luzonensis (Wedd.) Warb., 203.

mammosisetosa Winkl., 207.

manombensis Leandri, 199.

mexicana (Liebm.) Wedd., 208.

meyeniana (Walp.) Warb., 204.

microstigma Gaud., 204.

milnei Seem., 204.

mindanaensis Warb., 206.

mirabilis Rech., 204.

monticola Merr., 207.

mooreana (Hiern.) Chew, 201.

moroides Wedd., 204.

murrayana Rendle, 20S.

nicaraguensis (Liebm.) Wedd.,

208.

oblanceolata Merr., 204.

oleracea Wedd., 199.

ae (Schumach.) Chew,

peduncularis (Wedd.) Chew,

201,

Laportea—(cont.)

pedunculata K. Sch. & Laut.,

199.

peltata auct., 203.

peltata Gaud., 204.

pendula Merr., 206.

perrieri Leandri, 199.

photiniphylla (Kunth) Wedd.,

205.

platycarpa (Wedd.) Wedd., 208.

platyphylla Merr., 205.

pterostigma Wedd., 204.

pustulata (Liebm.) Wedd., 199.

pustulosa Ridl., 206.

rechingeri Winkl., 205.

rigidifolia C. B. Rob., 205.

ruderalis (Forst. f.) Chew, 201.

Saipanensis Kaneh., 208.

_ salomonensis Rech., 205.

schlecteri Winkl., 205.

septrionalis Leandri, 199.

sessiliflora Warb., 206.

sinensis Wright, 199.

sinuata (B1,) Miq., 206.

stenophylla Quis., 206.

stimulans (L.f.) Miq., 206.

var. contracta (Bl.) Migq., 202.

var. costata (Miq.) Miq., 206.

subclausa C. B. Rob., 206.

subglabra Hay, 206.

subpeltata C. B. Rob., 206.

sumatrana Merr., 206.

terminalis Wight, 199.

ternatensis Miq., 207.

thorelii Gagn., 206.

torricellensis Laut., 207.

triplinervia Merr., 207.

urentissima Gagn., 207.

venosa Elm., 207.

violacea Gagn., 199.

vitiensis Seem., 207.

vitifolia Hand.—Mazz., 199.

vrieseiana Wedd., 205.

warburghii Winkl., 207.

weddellii Leandri, 199.

Lauraceae, 98.

Leaf blight in Sarawak, 393 et seq.

Leaf blotch in Sarawak, 399.

Leaf rot in Sarawak, 393 et seq.

Leaf speckle in Sarawak, 393, 398.

Leaf spot in Sarawak, 395 et seq.

Leptosphaeria coffeicola Maubl., 395.

Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rost.) Petr.,

397 et seq.

Macrophthalmia Gasp.,6, 24.

elastica (Roxb.) Gasp., 24.

Index

Marasmiellus scandens (M.) Denis &

Reid,..493'.et seq.

433

Petraeovitex—(cont.)

forma simplicifolia Munir,

233.

Marasmius equicrinus Mull.,394 et ¢/meri Merr., 237.

seq.

Mastosuke Raf., 6, 24, 25.

rubiginosa (Desf.) Raf., 26.

Melanorrhoea, 97.

Meliola nephelii Sacc., 399.

sp., 393, 396.

Melochia burmannii Zoll. & Mor.

201.

Meninjau (Malay) = G. gnemon L.

213.

Micrechites radicans (Wall.) Markgr.

99.

serpyllifolia (B1.) Kosterm., 99.

Microxyphiella sp., 395.

Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb.

~ 2

sinensis Anderss., 210.

Monarchosorum Kunze, 190.

davallioides (Mett.) Kunze, 190.

subdigitatum (B1.) Kuhn, 190.

Morus leucophylla Miq., 29.

MUNIR AHMAD, 215, 259, 315.

Myristicaceae, Distribution in

Singapore, 403.

Myrothecium roridum Tode, 398.

Nakataea sp., 398.

Necalistis aspera Raf., 71.

Nigrospora oryzae (B. & B.)

Petch, 402.

sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, 394.

Oblixis Raf., 198.

Oluntos Raf., 6.

Panicum auritum Presl, 210.

concinnum Nees, 210.

costalispiculum Ohwi, 210.

hyatae A. Canmus,

insulicolum Steud., 210.

sarmentosum Roxb., 210.

Paracovellia Migq., 84.

Pella Gaertn.,6.

ribesioides Gaertn., 7.

Periconiella sp., 395.

Peronospora parasitica (Pers.)

Fr., 394.

Perula Raf., 6.

benghalensis Raf., 14.

retusa Raf., 20.

rubiginosa Raf., 26.

Petraeovitex, Revision of, 215.

Petraeovitex Oliver, 221.

bambusetorum K. & G., 232,

kinabaluensis Munir, 234.

var. agrestis Munir, 235.

membranacea Merr., 230.

var. malesiana Munir, 231.

multiflora (J. E. Smith) Merr., 239.

var. pubescens (Warb.) Munir,

242.

var. solomonensis Bakh., 239.

pubescens Warb., 242.

riedelii Oliv., 239.

scortechinii K. & G., 228.

sumatrana Lam, 237.

var. solomonensis (Bakh.) Mold.,

239.

ternata Hall. f., 236.

var. glabrior Lam., 236.

trifolia Merr., 236.

trifoliata Merr., 236.

wolfei Sinclair, 229.

Petrea multiflora J. E. Smith, 239.

Phaeoxyphiella sp., 397.

Pharmacosycea Migq., 6, 28.

Phegopteris subdigitata (Bl.) Bedd.,

190.

Phyllachora sorghii Hohn, 401.

Phytophthora palmivora (B.) Butler,

393 et: seq.

Pilea floribunda Baker, 199.

mooreana (Hiern.) K. Sch., 201.

Pink disease in Sarawak, 394 et seq.

Piper sp., 98.

Plagiostigma Zucc., 50.

Plant diseases in Sarawak, 393.

Poa viscosa Retz., 210.

Pogonotrophe Migq., 6, 52.

For species, see subindex, 166.

Poikilospermum Zipp., 97.

Polypodium davallioides Mett., 190.

subdigitatum Bl., 190.

Poria leucoplaca (Berk.) Cooke, 395.

Poria sp., 402.

Prainea limpato (Miq.) Beumée, 98.

Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai, 99.

Pythium sp., 402.

Quercus L.,

subgen. Cyclobalanopsis (Oersted)

A. Camus, 379.

gaharuensis Soepadmo, 384.

percoriacea Soepadmo, 382.

pseudo-verticillata Soepadmo,

380.

’

steenisii Soepadmo, 389.

sumatrana Soepadmo, 387,

434

Rephesis Raf., 6.

Root disease in Sarawak, 395.

Root rot in Sarawak, 395.

Roscoea Roxb., 277, 327.

pentandra Roxb., 362.

tomentosa Roxb., 305.

villosa Roxb., 305.

Rottboellia cancellata Ridl., 209.

Saccharum floridulum Labill., 210.

Sacciolepis insulicolum (Steud.) Obwi,

210.

Salix sp., 99.

Septobasidium sp., 397.

Schiffnerula mirabilis Hohn, 400.

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., 394, 401.

Seed blight in Sarawak, 399.

Semecarpus, 97.

Schychowskia Endl., 199.

interrupta (L.) W. F. Wight, 201.

ruderalis (Forst. f.) Endl., 201.

Sheath blight in Sarawak, 399.

SINCLAIR, J. (Book review), 425.

Smut in Sarawak, 396, 397.

SOEPADMO, E., 379.

Solanum, 98.

Sooty mould in Sarawak, 393 et seq.

Sorosporium flagellatum Syd., 397.

Sphacelotheca hainanae Zundel, 397.

Sphaerostilbe repens B. & B., 395.

Sphenodesme, A Revision of, 315.

Sphenodesme Jack, 327.

sec. Brachynema (Griff.)

Clarke, 330.

subsec. Brachynema, 331.

subsec. Eryciboideae (Brig.)

Munir, 340.

sec. Sphenodesme, 343.

subsec. Pentadontia Munir, 364.

subsec. Sphenodesme, 343.

acuminata Wight, 357.

amethystina Dop, 366.

annamitica Dop, 345.

astylis Clarke, 331.

barbata Schauer, 349.

borneensis Merr., 349.

clemensorum Mold., 370.

eryciboides Kurz, 341.

ferruginea (Griff.) Brig., 331.

ferruginea Wight, 349.

griffithiana Wight, 343.

involucrata (Presl) Robinson,

334.

var. paniculata (Clarke)

Munir, 338,

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XI (1965-1966)

Sphenodesme—(cont.)

var. pubescens Mold., 334.

jackiana (Wall.) Schauer, 357.

jackiana (Wall.) Wight, 343,

357.

mekongensis Dop, 354.

microstylis Clarke, 331.

mollis Craib, 345.

odorata Fletcher, 334.

orbicularis Fletcher, 331.

paniculata Clarke, 334, 338.

pentandra (Roxb.) Griff.,

360.

pentandra Jack, 357.

var. wallichiana (Schauer)

Munir, 360.

pierrei Dop, 354.

racemosa (Presl) Mold., 349.

var. sabahensis Munir, 352.

robinsonii Dop, 343.

sarawakensis Mold., 34.

smitinandi Mold., 345.

stellata Merr., 367.

thorelii Dop, 364.

var. cordifolia Dop, 364.

triflora Griff., 367.

triflora Wight, 367.

var. montana Munir, 373.

var. riparia Munir, 371.

unguiculata Schauer, 334.

wallichiana Schauer, 362.

winkleri Hall. f., 349.

357,

Sporobolus hernandii Henr., 211.

pulchellus Br., 211.

Stegania patersoni R. Br., 187.

Stem rot in Sarawak, 399.

Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.)

Kuntze, 211.

Stilpnophllum (Endl.) Drury, 6, 11, 24.

elasticum (Roxb.) Drury, 24.

Sycodendron Rojas, 6.

Sycomorphe Miq., 6, 84. :

roxburghii Migq., 89.

Sycomorus Gasp., 6, 34,

capensis (Thunb.) Migq. f tropica

Migq., 82.

gummiflua Migq., 82.

riparia Hochst,

Symphorema grossum Kurz, 431.

jackianum Kurz, 359.

microstylis Bedd., 331.

pentandrum Kurz, 343.

unguiculatum Kurz, 334.

Synoecia Miq., 6, 60.

For sections and species, see

subindex, 166.

Index

Tassel mould in Sarawak, 402.

Tenorea Casp., 6, 58.

heterophylla’ Gasp., 52.

Themeda caudata (Nees) A. Camus

yal

villosa (Poir.) A. Camus, 211.

Thysanochlaena malaccensis Gaud.,

ZiT.

maxima (Roxb.) O.K., 211.

ae" corrugata (Pers.) Bres.,

Thread blight in Sarawak, 393 et

seq.

Tremotis Raf., 6 62.

cordata Raf., 62.

Trunk rot in Sarawak, 397.

TURNER, G. J.,. 393.

Urachne acutigluma Steud., 210.

Urera amberana Baker, 198.

amplissima Bl., 202.

commeroniana Wedd., 203.

excelsa Wedd., 203.

leichardiana Wedd., 205.

platycarpa Wedd., 208.

rotundifolia Wedd., 203.

Urtica aestuans L., 200.

affinis Hk. & W.-Arn., 201.

ardens Bl., 205.

bulbifera Sieb. & Zucc., 199.

caerulea Bl., 202.

canadensis L., 199.

capitata Bl’co, 201.

caravellana Scharank, 200.

churta Buch.-Ham., 206.

contracta BI., 202.

crenulata Roxb., 206.

cuneata A. Rich., 200.

decumana Roxb., 199.

divaricata Forst., 200.

divaricata L., 199.

divergens Mey., 200.

evitata Wall., 199.

ferox Bl’co, 204.

gaudichaudii Steud., 200.

gigantea Poir, 203.

hirsuta Vahl, 200.

interrupta L., 200.

javanica Bl., 200.

latifolia Rich., 200.

lomatocarpa Hochst., 201.

meyeniana Walp., 204.

nemorosa Kunth, 200.

obnoxia Hassk., 205.

ovalifolia BI., 202.

peltata Bl., 204.

petiolata (Decne) Steud., 200.

pulus Steud., 205.

435

Urtica—(cont.)

pustulata Liebm., 199.

ruderalis Forst. f., 201.

rumphii Kostel, 199.

schimperiana Hochst., 200.

sessiliflora BYVco, 200.

sinuata Bl., 206.

spicigera Steud., 201.

stimulans L.f., 206.

var. obtusa Bl., 206.

tuberculata Anderss., 200.

umbellata Bl’co, 204.

Urticastrum Heist., 198, 201, 207.

alatipes (Hk. f.) O.K., 198.

amplissimum (Bl.) O.K., 202.

bulbiferum (Sieb. & Zucc.) O.K.,

199

costatum (Miq.) O.K., 206.

decumanum (Rozb.) O.K., 199

divaricatum (1.) O.K., 199.

evitatum (Wedd.) O.K., 199.

gaudichaudianum (Wedd.) O.K.,

204

gigas (Wedd.) O.K., 203.

harveyi (Seem.) O.K., 203.

laxiflorum (Wedd.) O.K., 205.

mexicanum (Liebm.) O.K., 208.

microstigma (Gaud.) O.K., 204.

milnei (Seem.) O.K., 204.

moroides (Wedd.) O.K., 204.

nicaraguense (Liebm.) O.K., 208.

oleraceum (Wedd.) O.K., 199.

peltatum (Bl.) O.K., 204, 205.

Photiniphylla (Kunth) O.K., 205

pterostigma (Wedd.) O.K., 204.

sinuatum (Bl.) O.K., 206.

stimulans (L.f.) O.K., 206.

vrieseanum (Wedd.) O.K., 205.

Urostigma Gasp., 6.

For section and species, see

subindex, 166-7.

Ustilago coicis Bref., 396.

Varinga Raf. 6, 50.

repens Raf., 52.

Vetiveria nemoralis (Balsana) A.

Camus, 211.

Visiania Gasp., t, 24.

elastica (Roxb.) Gasp., 24.

Vitex involucratus Presl, 334.

Viticastrum Presl, 327.

racemosum Presl, 351.

WEE, YEOW-CHIN, 403.

White root disease in Sarawak,

396 et seq.

Wilt in Sarawak, 394 et seq.

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