James Sinclair, 1913-1968

An obituary and an appreciation

H. M. BurKILL,*

Director, Botanic Gardens, Singapore

James Sinclair was born on 29th November, 1913 at The Bu of

Hoy in the Orkney Islands. Winter storms caused delay in reporting

his birth to the registration authorities at Kirkwall on Mainland

(the principal island of the group), and by some confusion his.

birth was officially dated 6th December, 1913 at which it remained

throughout his life.

Sinclair’s father was a tenant-farmer of The Bu, an arable

farm of some 100 acres, which by British standards was ‘a large

property for an arable farm, and by Orkney standards immense.

Bu is an old Norse word derived, perhaps, from boer, a farm

settlement. To have acquired such a name, the property must have

had a long history of considerable economic importance to the

community, and its master was, and is, a man of influence and

leadership on the Island of Hoy.

Sinclair first attended the parish school of Hoy where one

teacher taught a handful of children aged 5 to 14 years. He did

well at his lessons and in August 1926 he went to the Orkney

County Council Secondary School at Stromness on Mainland where

he stayed till 1932. He was an apt pupil and gained the school-

leaving certificate of the Scottish Education Department in 1931.

He stayed on at school for an extra year to take, and pass, examina-

tions in higher mathematics, French and science (physics, chemistry

and biology). These qualifications gained him entry to Edinburgh

University.

Colonel Henry Halcro Johnston, c.B., C.B.E., D.Sc., M.D., C.M.,

D.L., of the Island of Orphir in the Orkneys, was a close friend of

Sinclair’s parents. In his youth he had acquired an interest in the

Orkney flora and began to assemble a herbarium. A career as a

doctor in the Royal Army Medical Corps of the British Army

prevented a regular study, but after retirement from active service

he picked up again the threads of this interest. Because of his

friendship with Sinclair’s parents, he naturally made the acquain-

tance of their son. From an early age Sinclair had shown an

interest in natural history. From the age of 5 years, it is said

he was collecting plants to learn their names and uses, and when

Johnston came into his life at about the age of 10 years he was

ripe for Johnston’s enthusiasm. The latter’s main collecting years

* The writer acknowledges with thanks helpful information from the

following persons: Miss E. R. Bullard, J. Shearer Esq., Sir George Taylor,

Dr. H. R. Fletcher, Professor J. R. Matthews, Professor Dr. C. G. G. J.

van Steenis, Dr. R. van der Wijik, Dr. E. Post and E. C. Wallace Esq. The

text is however solely on the author’s responsibility.

li Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

in Orkney were in fact 1923-36 which exactly cover Sinclair’s

most receptive and formative student years. It was this association

which kindled the spark within. Though botany was not a subject

on the curriculum for the school-leaving certificate, Sinclair,

undoubtedly with Johnston’s encouragement, made it an out-of-

school hours study-cum-hobby. He would get hold of botany text

books and absorb all that he could from them. And in the field he

began to accompany Johnston on his collecting forays which took

them to most of the Orkney islands. While Johnston himself was

collecting for his own herbarium, and it will be referred to again

later in this narrative, he encouraged Sinclair to start in September

1924 a herbarium of his own. Such was the enthusiasm that Sinclair

applied to this that, on the authority of Johnston in a testimonial

for Sinclair dated September 1937, by that date he had collected

specimens of 522 species and 89 varieties of Orkney flowering plants

and ferns, establishing many new vice-county records and some

new to science. The known flora of the Orkneys is said (Sinclair

msc.) to contain some 653 species of flowering plants, gymno-

sperms, ferns and fern allies, so it was no mean achievement that

in little over a decade and before reaching the age of 24 years he

had actually collected representatives of four-fifths of these

sections of the flora.

Sinclair entered the University of Edinburgh in 1932, taking

the full B.Sc. course in which he graduated with honours, Class II.

in botany in 1936 under the Professorship of Sir William Wright

Smith. Zoology, chemistry and bacteriology were subsidiary

subjects. His grasp of botany was such that the department

employed him during his last three undergraduate years as a

demonstrator to junior students. During his third year at the

University, in July 1935, he was a member of an expedition

organised by the Biological Society of the University to the

Island of Barra in the Outer Hebrides. His contribution to this

expedition was to study and collect marine algae. He visited

Barra again in 1936, and the results of these trips were published

in 1936 and 1938.

Though Sinclair was obviously cut out for a career in botany.

could there but be a living to be made out of it, he had decided

by the end of his time at the university to become a teacher.

Britain, and the world generally, was just emerging from the effects

of the world slump and the extensive employment of biologists in

government and industry was scarcely the accepted practice it is

today, and university employment was very limited. Though his

decision appears to have been quite at variance from his interest

and training, it must be presumed that he accepted the prospect

of a career in teaching as a second best choice which would at

least allow him a fair opportunity to indulge in botany as a recrea-

tional pass-time. After all, would he not, one may deduce his

reasoning, be following the precept of Magnus Spence, one of the

fathers of Orcadian botany, who was a village dominie? His univer-

sity education finished therefore, he spent the year 1936-37 at the

Teachers Training College, Moray House, Edinburgh, to acquire

Burkill — Biographic Notes ill

the qualifications of Chapters HI and V of the Scottish Teachers

Training Certificate by which he became a certified teacher for

primary schools.

He found employment with the County Council of Orkney

Education Committee, teaching first at Kirkwall. There is some

indication that he was not altogether happy at Kirkwall, but when

he went in 1939 to teach at the village school on the Island of

Stronsay, he found contentment, preferring the small island school

to the larger town school. The island children liked him, and

certainly there was reciprocation. There was something about him

that inclined him towards children. Though he remained a bachelor

all his life, in his Singapore days, at least, he was always in touch

with young people. He used to conduct examinations for Boy

Scouts badges in forestry, and an impromptu caller at his house

in the Singapore Botanic Gardens would certainly meet two or

three youngsters in his sitting room, his gardener’s children, or his

house-servant’s, while it was a common sight to see his car out

on some errand in town full of small faces.

He taught at the village school on Stronsay for about two

years. During this time he made a study of the marine algae of the

island. In 1946 on demobilisation after World War II service he

revisited Stronsay in August and September and made further

collections. These records he published in 1949. G. W. Traill in

his work ““The Marine Algae of the Orkney Islands” (Trans. Bot.

Soc. Edin. 14, 1890) lists about 300 species. Sinclair in his paper

“The Marine Algae of Stronsay”’ was to increase the known marine

algal flora of the Orkneys by 50 new records.

At this time too he was making other phycological finds.

In October 1938 and May 1939 he made on Mainland, Orkney, the

first collection in the United Kingdom (it had been recorded from

the Atlantic coast of Eire once before) of the arctic fucoid, Fucus

distichus Linn., subsp. anceps (Harv. et Ward.) Powell (vide Powell:

J. mar. bio. Assn. U.K., 36 (1957) 407-32 and 663-93). In the other

extreme he made a discovery of Bostrychia scorpioides (Gmel.)

Mont. in August 1936 at the Bridge at Loch Stenness on South

Mainland in salt-marsh. This is the most northerly record for this

generally tropical-subtropical genus.

He was called up for World War II service on 29th April, 1941

and served in the Radar Unit of the Royal Air Force as a Radar

Operator. He was demobilised on 30th November, 1945 with the

non-commissioned rank of Leading Aircraftsmen. His initial service

training was done at the R.A.F. Signals Wing at Caithness and

Sutherland in Scotland. In his spare time he botanised making some

interesting records about Durness, and some new vice-county

records for mosses which were published in the British Bryological

Society’s Reports. Early in 1942 he was posted to India and the

rest of his war service was completed there (some in parts now

East Pakistan). This took him to many places in that sub-continent,

and he collected in the Himalayas, at Quetta, Bombay, Trichino-

poly, Travancore, Chittagong and at Cox’s Bazar. For one brought

up on a sub-arctic moorland heath vegetation, it must have been a

iV Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

tremendous experience to have physical contact with such a range

of conditions: from the montane sub-snowline to the near-equa-

torial shore; from the desert to the tropical rain-forest of the Earth’s.

rainiest place. This undoubtedly opened his eyes to the immensity

of tropical botany. He collected assiduously when duties permitted,

and he left a reputation that lingered in the R.A.F. Units in which

he served long after he had left them. His principal collecting was

done at Cox’s Bazar where he stayed two years. This permitted

him time enough to make a detained study of the vegetation for

5-6 miles radius from the town. He paid a subsequent visit there

in 1949. His paper “The Flora of Cox’s Bazar, East Pakistan’ (Bull.

Bot. Soc. Bengal, 9, 1955) lists 746 species and varieties of flower-

ing plants, ferns and bryophytes, and one new species, Nothopegia

acuminata J. Sinclair (Anacardiaceae).

After demobilisation, he was appointed on 8th February, 1946

to the post of Government Botanist, an unestablished post on the

staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, under his old

professor, Sir William Wright Smith. He was put in charge of the

Herbarium. Although on his call-up in 1941 he had written to the

Orkney Education Committee signifying an interest in returning

to teach at the school on the Island of Stronsay, there can be no

doubt that this appointment was a step in the direction he had

always hoped for. He was by interest, training and experience first

and foremost a botanist, and it put an employment as a professional

botanist right into his hands.

His mentor, guide and friend, Johnston had died in 1939.

Johnston’s unique herbarium of some 4,000 numbers had been

deposited at the Stromness Museum together with his field books

of which there were separate ones for each of the Orkney islands.

Sinclair soon found on his return home after the war that the

collection was suffering from neglect, and when he was appointed

to the staff of the Royal Botanic Garden he was able to arrange

for its transfer to the Edinburgh Herbarium where it remains

housed. Unfortunately Johnston’s field books were not also moved,

and access to them by some present workers on the Orkney flora

has not been easy. Sinclair’s action is in conformity with views he

often expressed on the undesirability of important collections being

sidetracked to inaccessible places, and that they should be in

working herbaria. His own collection he has willed to the Edinburgh

Herbarium and he encouraged others working on the Orkney flora

to do likewise where their collections would be properly curated

and always easily available for research workers.

On holiday in 1947 he visited Portugal and collected there,

but the writer has no record of what places were visited, nor what

was collected, nor of any resulting publication.

During the two years he was in Edinburgh he served the

Botanical Society of Edinburgh as Honorary Assistant Secretary.

He resigned from his appointment in Edinburgh on 24th

February, 1948 to accept the post of Curator of the Herbarium,

Botanic Gardens, Singapore. One can see that his experience in

India whetted his appetite and this was the opportunity not to be

Burkill — Biographic Notes )

missed. His Singapore service dates from 25th March, 1948 and he

held the same substantive post till his retirement on 18th July, 1963,

though the post was retitled Keeper of the Herbarium on Ist

January, 1955 and Botanist (Keeper of the Herbarium) on Ist

January, 1960. His retirement at the age of 49 years was premature,

brought about by Government’s policy of filling public service

posts with locally-domiciled persons. It was in fact simply a

technicality for there was no one to replace him, and so instead of

being on the permanent establishment he was re-engaged on

contract, and he remained on contract till 18th July, 1965. Even

then his official connection was not severed for he remained in

Botanic Gardens quarters with the full facilities of the Department

available to him as a voluntary and honorary research worker till

the end of April 1967.

When he arrived in Singapore, the Botanic Gardens research

programme was to prepare a revised Flora of Malaya. He'was given

the task of revising the Malayan Annonaceae. He has said rather

wistfully on occasions that he was given no choice. What he

would have chosen to do had he been given an open option is

not known, but that he made a success of his task and became

deeply interested in it, there is no doubt. Later he was to write

that the annonaceous genus Oxymitra was his favourite genus.

This was to reveal an emotional stubbornness for he was to retain

this name in his monograph on Malayan Annonaceae (1956) in

spite of an untenable conflict with the Rules of Nomenclature. The

name Oxymitra was validly published as a Lichen genus by

Bischoff in 182°. Oxymitra Hk.f. et Th. (1855) was therefore

invalid, and a proposal at the Botanical Congress of 1954 to

conserve it was rejected. In order to give the annonaceous genus a

name van Steenis published the name Friesodielsia in 1949, thus

commemorating two great botanists who had contributed much to

the study of the Annonaceae. In his monograph Sinclair curtly

rejected the situation: he dubbed the new name fanciful and would

have nothing to do with it. Later, on due reflection, he accepted the

rigid application of the Rules, though he was never able to say

that Friesodielsia was his favourite genus. The aura was lost.

His work on the Malayan Annonaceae necessarily brought

him material for examination from neighbouring countries. Thus

concurrently he was able to publish papers on Annonaceae from

India, Burma, Thailand, Borneo and Papua.

Then followed a monographic revision of the Malayan

Myristicaceae published in 1958, but at about this time the emphasis

of the Singapore Herbarium’s taxonomic work shifted on sound

technical grounds from a local Malayan compartmentalism to a

phytogeographic basis working in closer collaboration with the

Flora Malesiana Foundation of the ’s Rijksherbarium, Leiden. This

change is reflected in his programme of research and in his field

expeditions, and there followed a series of three major publications:

Florae Malesianae Precursores, XX — The Genus Gymnacranthera

(Myristicaceae) in Malaysia (1958); Florae Malesianae Precursores,

XXXI — The Genus Knema (Myristicaceae) in Malaysia and

vi Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Outside Malaysia (1961); and Florae Malesianae Precursores,

XLII — The Genus Mpyristica (Myristicaceae) in Malesia and

Outside Malesia, which is published posthumously here as the

substance of this volume of The Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore,

23 (1968).*

In his Malayan plant collecting he visited all the states of

Malaya except Kedah and Perlis. His major expeditions were: 1949

to Sarawak (while on loan to the Sarawak Government to put in

order the Sarawak Museum Herbarium after seven years of

neglect arising through World War IJ); 1950 and 1951 to Penang;

1953, 1954 and 1955 to Trengganu; 1956 to North Borneo; 1958

to Luzon, Philippine Islands; 1959 to West Java and 1960 to

Sarawak and Brunei. It was to his very great regret that in 1961-62

he could not accept the Royal Society’s generous offer of financial

assistance to visit New Guinea to see East Malesian Myristicaceae

in the field owing to Indonesian hostility towards Dutch New

Guinea, as it was then, and when this was resolved, “Confrontation”

extended the impasse.

Early in his time in Singapore he attempted to revive the Corps

of Collecting Monkeys of which E. J. H. Corner, then Assistant

Director, and now Professor of Tropical Botany at Cambridge

University, was the founder. Che Ngadiman bin Haji Ismail (see

Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (2) 337, 1959), who had assisted Corner from

1937 to 1941, was sent to Kelantan in 1949 to obtain a young berok

monkey (Macacus nemestrina). Sinclair and Ngadiman tried to

train it, but the animal was sickly, and their efforts were not

rewarded. With staff shortages in the Gardens and restrictions in

plant collecting in Malaya because of the “‘emergency’’, the attempt

was not repeated.

Though his main interest developed into the woody families,

Annonaceae and Myristicaceae, he had a very wide general interest

and knowledge of the whole flora including the bryophytes, marine

algae and marine phanerogams. Amongst his manuscript papers.

are such headings as “Plants to look for at ............... fee = Bie

himself to be the watch-dog for plants threatened with extinction

under ““‘development’’, and his views were often irrascibly express-

ed, occasionally finding their way into print, for example, p. 242 in

this volume regarding M. succedanea. He collected, of course,

regularly and frequently in all parts of Singapore. The general

conception of Singapore as being an island is a half-truth. The

state is composed of many islands of which Singapore is the

principal one and gives its name to the whole. Sinclair made a

special interest of the islands to the southwest, a group known as

the Southern Islands. Making friends with the Malay villagers he

often spent week-ends there, and his collecting revealed interesting

similarities of the islands’ vegetation to that of the East Coast of

Malaya.

* Malaysia and Malesia used above are synonymous, sensu van Steenis:

Gard. Bull. S.S. 9 (1937) 187-9 and Mal. Nat. J. 18 (1964) 211-2. With the

creation of a political state, the Federation of Malaysia, in 1963 the use

Malaysia in a phytogeographic sense is no longer practical and is super-

seded by Malesia.

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Plate II.

Facsimile of J. Sinclair’s handwriting.

Upper: Sheet 1 of the manuscript of the monograph on Myristica

published in this number of the Gardens’ Bulletin.

Lower: Handwriting at actual size.

"E961 OUNL JYSIT soyeyY ye ovs[e SuNoojjoo arwepoulg ‘¢

TIL "Id

Burkill — Biographic Notes vil

While to list his collecting forays within Singapore would serve

little purpose, those outside Singapore are given in the appendix.

Much of south Johore is reachable by day trips, and though these

were numerous, and often in terms of material brought back to

the Singapore Herbarium apparently nearly profitless, it would

be a misjudgement of the man to write them off as frivolous. For

it was on these trips, having located certain trees, he would

return and return again to study their phenology and to collect

material in bud, flower and fruit. Many of these trips were to the

property known as ‘The Dusun’, and its vicinity, of J. A. Le Doux

at Kota Tinggi, a naturalist and friend of the Singapore Botanic

Gardens, for very many years (see Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore

18 (3) 328, 1961). It was this persistence that made his collections

with detailed field notes immensely valuable, and a model that

many botanists, foresters and over-hasty collectors should try to

-COpy.

He published on new additions to the flora of Singapore, and

he was particularly pleased with his discovery of the first Malay

Peninsula records of the marine phanerogams, Cymodocea isoeti-

folia Aschers., C. rotundata (Ehrb. & Hempr.) Aschers. & Sch-

weinf. and C. serrulata (R. Br.) Aschers. & Magnus, the first

Singapore record for Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrb.) Aschers., and a

second Singapore record for Halophila spinulosa (R. Br.) Aschers.

Vhis marine fossicking of course included collecting of algae

which continued to the date of his heart attack, and his material

was regularly distributed. Plate III, taken during a visit with

the writer to Raffles Light in 1963, shows him in cryptic pose.

It would be opportune to round off comment here on his

interest in cryptogams. Mention has already been made to his work

on the algae of Barra and Stronsay, and on collection of mosses.

His first, third and fifth published papers were on algae. He was

a member of the British Bryological Society from 1940 and of the

British Phycological Society from soon after its formation in 1952.

His early moss collections are recorded in the Transactions of the

former society. During his time in Singapore he collected mosses

on all his expeditions and distributed them to bryologists. When

he climbed Kinabalu on 13th June, 1957 he brought a piece of

granite at the writer’s request from the summit, and on it was a

moss, the highest-grown plant between the Himalayas and the

mountains of New Guinea! Dr. R. van der Wijk has determined it

as Andreaea rupestric Hedw. var. rubicunda (Bartr.) Wijk. In

correspondence before his return home in 1967 he began planning

the things he wanted to do in Orkney, and one of them was a moss-

collecting outing. During his terminal illness over the winter months

of 1967-68, he grew mosses in his bedroom at The Bu. ‘There was

so little green outside that I took in pieces of moss to look at

LefiOus *, he wrote on 23rd January, 1968. There is no doubt that

in the glades of the annonaceous forest to which he was first directed

in Singapore, and of the myristicaceous forest that this led him

on to, the cryptogams continously caught his eye. It is a guess,

-and the writer’s opinion, that if he had in 1948 been left to choose

Vili Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

what specialist study to make, it might well have been on these

lower plants. Certainly he looked on his moss collection as a

source of occupation when, in retirement, old age precluded more

active out-door botanising.

He was a man of boundless energy and persistence of purpose,.

but he always seemed to be working under pressure. His know-

ledge of the Malayan flora and his expertise on the Annonaceae

and Myristicaceae meant that he had a large correspondence, and

in particular he gave much assistance to the Forest Departments

of Malaya and the Bornean territories in determining collections.

At the end of 1956 when Government’s malayanisation terms.

to him gave him a retention prospect of six years he felt as though

the Sword of Damocles was hanging over his head and that he

would never have time enough to finish the work on which he was

engaged. Though in the end he remained in Singapore till the end

of April 1967, the psychological trauma never left him, and he

worked with redoubled energy without sparing himself.

When travelling to Great Britain for home leave or when

returning to Singapore he invariably made use of the opportunity

to visit and work at herbaria on the way. Thus he was enabled to.

visit the herbaria at Leiden, Florence, Munich, Geneva, Brussels,

Utrecht, Paris, Peradeniya, Calcutta, Tokyo, Manila, Kepong and

Bogor, several of them more than once. And when in Great Britain

he seldom allowed himself the holiday for which he had been sent

there. Instead, with a copious list of queries that had accumulated

during his work in Singapore, he spent long periods working at

Kew, the British Museum, Edinburgh and Cambridge. The expenses

of these visits were almost entirely borne by himself.

Hindsight is easy, but one can see now that, being considerably

overweight, he over-taxed his physical strength. On 18th October,,.

1964 he suffered a coronary thrombosis, and was in hospital for

two months and was off work for about four months. Recovery

was Slow, but he was lucky in avoiding disablement and was able to

get back into his stride again though the tempo was slower and the

going harder. This frustration added to his fears of not being able

to complete his work on hand and he confided to his friends his

feeling of working against time and of impending death.

By the time that he finally left for Britain on Ist May, 1967,

his monograph on Myristica was in typescript. Indeed, some of

it was already in first proof, but he intended to make some improve-

ments after reference to material at Kew. He had also manuscript

of species descriptions of Horsfieldia, the fourth and final genus

of the Myristicaceae, and as soon as he had completed Myristica,

he intended to work on Horsfieldia and to return to Singapore,

where he had rented a house and installed his servant and personal

possessions in anticipation, to complete it. For the future, he

spoke of settling in Singapore and taking up a revision of the

Malesian Annonaceae for Flora Malesiana. He had already been-

assured of working facilities in the Singapore Herbarium.

Burkill — Biographic Notes ix

-_ On arrival in Britain, he went direct to The Bu, where his sister

and brother-in-law were working the old family farm. He felt the

change in climate and the cold intensely and he became numb

mentally and physically, and he wrote admitting an inability to

get going on anything. In August 1967 an abdomenal operation was

mecessary and advanced inoperable cancer was found. Further

debility set in, and on 24th January, 1968 he returned to the

Balfour Hospital, Kirkwall, “For a general check-up” he wrote,

not knowing that his condition was beyond recovery. He died

there on 15th February, 1968 to be buried on his native Hoy

two days later.

Of the value of his contribution to Malesian botany there can

be no doubt. It is necessary to refer to the other side of the coin,

his contribution to Orkney botany. The comprehensiveness of his

personal herbarium in Orkney plants in 1937 has already been

recorded. In the next four years till 1941 when he was mobilised

for war service it was added to, and after Johnston’s death in

1939, he was generally deemed to be the authority on the local

flora. Though from early 1941 he was only to live in the Orkneys

for short visits, he still retained this reputation. All things of

‘Orkney natural history interested him and he maintained a fat

book of clippings from The Orcadian, the local newspaper, record-

ing natural history of the islands. He kept up a regular correspond-

ence with anyone engaged on study the local flora, and although he

‘was not taking part in the Botanical Society of the British Isles

mapping scheme, he willingly lent his help to Miss E. R. Bullard

who was Recorder for Orkney. On 14th December, 1960 he wrote

to her: “I wish you every success with your distribution maps

-and your intended publication. I shall not be publishing anything

on the Orkney flora for a long time as I am very hard pressed

for time at the moment . . .”’ However when the call came he

responded at once.

The Orkney Book, a biographic account of the geophysical,

biological and anthropological and social history of the Islands had

long been a standard book, but published in 1909, it was out

of date in many respects. Mr. John Shearer, lately Director

of Education, Orkney, undertook in 1964 to edit a new version,

“*The New Orkney Book’’. The contributors were to be Orcadians.

Sinclair was considered an obvious choice and was invited to

prepare an account of the-local flora, which he did at once. Though

he had been given a length, he made his work a labour of love,

-and it was ten times too long! With considerable cutting he tried to

reduce the length, yet at the same time not to offend his sense of

adequacy by cutting out essentials. It was still over the admissible

length, and the editor eventually had the unenviable task of editing

it to fit his space. The New Orkney Book (1966), Chapter 17,

Our Orkney Flora, pp. 121-8, was the result. The original text is to

‘find a home in the Kirkwall Public Library.

= Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Before concluding it is necessary to say a little about the

numbering of his herbarium. He numbered in the field, and so far

as is known he used before coming to Singapore only his own

series. When he came to Singapore the Singapore Field Numbers.

Series (SFN) was in use for official collecting and he had to use it.

Blocks of numbers issued to him were used serially in the normal

way. Whenever he collected a sufficient quantity of duplicates, one

would be put aside for incorporation in his own herbarium and

there it would receive a number in his own series. It would thus.

acquire two numbers, though the Sinclair number would not

automatically follow in a parallel seriality with the original S.F..

Number. In some of his papers and correspondence certain speci-

mens are cited by both numbers. The SFN series was discontinued

from Ist January, 1959, but for some years it had been in declining

use. From 10th October 1956, commencing with no. 8877, Sinclair

collected solely on his own series. The last number in his collection

It emerges from a consideration of his life and work that no-

matter what his current occupation he was a dedicated botanist,

and always at pains to achieve accuracy — first as a tyro, school-.

boy and undergraduate, secondly as a knowledgeable amateur.

school teacher and soldier, and lastly as a professional whether on

duty or on leave. These seem to have been stages of achievement

which finally brought basic interest and occupation into unity. How

much was by design, how much was the turn of fate, one cannot

say. In general he was a man who displayed no great ambition.

He asked for nothing more than to be allowed to get on with

whatever absorbed his attention at the time. He had an anathema

for exercising authority and a suspicion of it when at the receiving

end. Any form of bureaucracy he shunned whenever he could. Thus

he appeared reserved and diffident, but when botany was involved

he was not stand-offish and often he was outspoken. Miss Bullard

in her association with him over the recording of the Orkney flora

says ‘“‘He was always very helpful although he could be a bit

severe at times!’’ Withal, on acquaintance he was good company

and showed a nice sense of humour.

To the roll of Orkney botanists: Robert Heddle (1827-1860),

Magnus Spence (1853-1919), George W. Traill (1836-1897), and

Henry Halcro Johnston (1856-1939), and to the roll of Malayan

botanists: George King (1840-1909), J. S. Gamble (1847-1925),

Henry Nicholas Ridley (1855-1956) and Isaac Henry Burkill

(1870-1965) must now be added the name of James Sinclair

(1913-1968).

Burkill — Biographic Notes Xi

I. Publications

Marine Algae, pp. 257-8 in Forrest J. E. et al.: The natural history of

Barra; Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin. 22 (1936).

The Rhododendron Bud and its Relation to the Taxonomy of the Genus:

Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edn. 19 (1937) 267-71.

The Marine Algae of Barra. Trans. Bot Soc. Edin. 32 (1938) 432-7.

A New Species of Chinese Plectranthus: Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin, 22

(1948) 142.

The Marine Algae of Stronsay: Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin. 22 (1949)

160-79.

A New Species of Knema: Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1951) 297-9.

Notes on Bornean Annonaceae: Journ. Sarawak Mus. 5 (1951) 597-609.

Additions to the Flora of Singapore and new localities in Singapore for

some plants thought to be extinct: Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953)

30-39.

Notes on Siamese Annonaceae: Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 40-44.

Notes on Indian and Burmese Annonaceae: Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953)

45-48.

A Revision of the Malayan Annonaceae: Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955)

149-516.

Croton hirtus, an Alien new to Malaya: Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 1-3.

Notes on New Guinea Annonaceae: Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 4-13.

Miscellaneous Notes on Annonaceae: Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 14-17.

Two New Malayan Species, Justicia johorensis and Petraeovitex wolfei :

Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 18-21.

Additions to the Flora of Singapore, and new localities in Singapore for

some plants thought to be extinct, II: Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956)

22-30.

A note on Embelia ridleyi King and Gamble: (Gard. Bull. Sing. 15

(1956) 31.

“Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products” by F. G. Browne

— a review: Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 377-9.

A Revision of Malayan Myristicaceae: Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 205-466

Ararocarpus — a monstrosity: Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1958) 93-95.

Florae Malesianae Precursores — XX. The Genus Gymnacranthera

(Myristicaceae) in Malaysia: Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1958) 96-120.

“Common Malayan Plants” compiled by H. B. Gilliland — a review:

Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1958) 121-2.

A new species of Goniothalamus from Peat Swamp Forest in Borneo:

Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 98-101.

Florae Malesianae Precursores — XXXI, The Genus Knema (Mpyristica-

ceae) in Malaysia and outside Malaysia: Gard. Bull. Sing. 18

(1961) 102-327.

“The Flora of Delhi” by J. K. Maheshwari — a review: Gard. Bull. Sing.

21 (1966) 425.

Our Orkney Flora, chap. 17, pp. 121-8, in J. Shearer (Editor): The New

Orkney Book, (1966, Nelson & Sons Ltd. London).

Notes on Sapotaceae: Gard. Bull. Sing. 22 (1967) 213-28.

A note on Myriophyllum: Gard. Bull. Sing. 22 (1967) 229-30.

Florae Malesianae Precursores — XLII, The Genus Myristica (Myristica-

ceae) in Malesia and outside Malesia: Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968).

Xii Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

II. Sinclairan Taxa

ACANTHACEAE

Justicia johorensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 15 (1956):

ANACARDIACEAE

Notopegia acuminata J. Sinclair, sp. noy. in Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal, 9

(1955): 90.

ANNONACEAE

ee, eee J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14 (1955):

kinabaluensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J., 5 (1951): 597.

kingii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14 (1955): 386.

ovata (Scheff.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. I.c., 15 (1956): 5.

(= Orophea ovata Scheffer.)

stenogyna (Diels) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 5.

(= Orophea stenogyna Diels.)

Anaxagorea borneensis (Becc.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J.,

5 (1951): 598.

= Eburopetalum borneense Becc.)

Anomianthus dulcis (Dunal) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing.,

14 (1953): 40.

(= Uvaria dulcis Dunal.)

Artabotrys arachnoides J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 15 (1956):

5-6.

Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hk. f. et Th. var. fruticosa (Craib) J. Sinclair

comb. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J., 5 (1951): 599.

(= Canangium fruticosum Craib.)

Cyathocalyx apoensis (Elmer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing.

14 (1955): 239.

(= Drepananthus apoensis Elmer.)

argenteum (BI.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J., 5 (1951):

599.

(= Uvaria argentea Bl.)

carinatus (Ridley) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14

(1955): 241-2.

(= Drepananthus carinatus Ridley.)

olivaceus (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 242-3.

(= Xylopia olivacea King.)

pahangensis (Hend.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 240-1.

(= Drepananthus pahangensis Hend.)

philippinensis (Merr.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 239.

(= Drepananthus philippinensis Merr.)

pruniferus (Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. L.c.:

239-40.

(= Drepananthus pruniferus Maingay ex Hk. f. et Th.)

ridleyi (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 237-9.

(= Xylopia ridleyi King.)

scortechinii (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 244-6.

(= Xylopus scortechinii King.)

Burkill — Biographic Notes xiil

Cyathostemma argentum (Bl.) J. Sinclair. comb. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J.,

S (resi): 3599.

= Uvaria argentea Bl).

excelsum (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing.,

14 (1955): 226-7.

(= Mitrephora excelsa Hk. f. et Th.)

micranthum (A.DC.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 225-6.

(= Guatteria micrantha A.DC.)

Dasoclema J. Sinclair, gen. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14 (1955): 273.

siamensis (Craib) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 273.

(= Monocarpia siamensis Craib.)

Disepalum pulchrum (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing.,

14 (1955): 333-4.

(= Polyalthia pulchra King.)

var. angustifolium (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 334.

(= Polyalthia pulchra King. var. angustifolia King.)

Enicosanthum macranthum (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull.

Sing., 14 (1955): 190-1.

(= Polyalthia macrantha King.)

membranifolium J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 191-2.

merguiensis (Chatterjee) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.. 14 (1953): 45.

(= Uvaria merguiensis Chatterjee.)

praestigiosum J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 14 (1955): 192-4.

Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merr. var. ovoideum (King) J. Sinclair,

comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14 (1955): 359-61.

(= Melodorum latifolium Hk. f. var. ovoideum King. ).

rugosum J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J., 5 (1951): 600-2.

Goniothalamus andersonii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 18

(1961): 98-101.

calycinus J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 14 (1955): 440-1.

holttumii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 429.

macrophyllus (Bl.) Hk. f. et Th. var. siamensis J. Sinclair, var. nov.

l.ic., 15 (1956): 16-17.

montanus J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 14 (1955): 443-4.

umbrosus J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 445-6.

Meiogyne eriantha (Ridley) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J.,

5 (1951): 604.

(= Polyalthia eriantha Ridley.)

maclurei (Merr.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14

(1953): 41.

(= Fissistigma maclurei Merr.)

pannosa (Dalz.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J., §

(1951): 604.

(= Unona pannosa Dalz.)

subsessilis (Ast.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 15

(1956): 14

(= Cyathocalyx subsessilis Ast.)

Melodorum aberrans (Maingay) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull.

Sing., 14 (1953): 41. /

== Polyalthia aberrans Maingay.)

blandfordianum (C.E.C. Fischer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 46.

(= Sphaerocoryne blandfordiana C.E.C. Fischer.)

XIV Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Miliusa arborea (Elmer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14

(1955): 378.

(= Saccopetalum arboreum Elmer.)

koolsii (Kostermans) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 378.

(= Saccopetalum koolsii Kostermans.)

longiflora (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 378.

(= Saccopetalum longiflorum Hk. f. et Th.)

tomentosa (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 378.

(= Uvaria tomentosa Roxb.)

unguiculata (C.E.C. Fischer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 378.

(= Saccopetalum unguiculatum C.E.C. Fischer.)

vidalii J. Sinclair, nom. nov. l.c.: 378.

(= Saccopetalum longipes Vidal.)

Mitrella dielsii J. Sinclair, nom. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956): 14-16.

(= Melodorum beccarii Diels.)

Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull.

Sing., 14 (1955): 273-4.

(= Cyathocalyx marginalis Scheff.)

Oncodostigma monosperma (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair. comb. nov. in

Sarawak Mus. J., 5 (1951): 605-6.

(= Cananga monosperma Hk. f. et Th.)

Orophea ovalifolia (Ridley) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J..

5 (195192 607:

(= Melodorum ovalifolium Ridley.)

Oxymitra alpina J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14 (1955):

455-6

argentea J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 461-3.

kingii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 453-4.

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex Don) J. Sinclair. comb. nov. in Gard.

Bull. Sing., 14 (1955): 374-5.

(= Uvaria ophthalmicus Roxb.)

Polyalthia brunneifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14 (1955):

301-2.

cauliflora Hk. f. et Th. var. beccarii (King) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.:

294-5.

(= Polyalthia beccarii King.)

var. desmantha (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 295-6.

(= Unona desmantha Hk. f. et Th.)

var. wrayii (Hemsl.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 296-7.

(= Unona wrayii Hemsl.)

congesta (Ridley) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J., 5

(1951): 607.

(= Xylopia congesta Ridley.)

glabra (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing.,

14 (1955): 315.

(= Ellipeia glabra Hk. f. et Th.)

hirtifolia J. Sinclair, nom. nov. l.c.: 300.

(= Polyalthia hirta Ridley.)

lateritia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 290-1.

motleyana (Hk. f.) Airy Shaw var. oblonga (King) J. Sinclair, stat.

nov. l.c.: 304.

Burkill — Biographic Notes XV

Popowia tomentosa Maingay var. crinita J. Sinclair, var. nov. in Gard.

Bull. Sing., 14 (1955): 475.

Pseuduvaria beccarii (Scheff.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing.,

15 (1956): 7.

(= Orophea beccarii Scheffer.)

cerina/J. Sinclair, sp. nov, l.c., 14 (1955): 418-21.

costata (Scheff.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c., 15 (1956): 7.

(= Orophea costata Scheffer.)

dielsiana (Lauterb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. lI.c. 14 (1955): 403.

(= Goniothalamus dielsianus Lauterb.)

dolichonema (Diels.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c., 15 (1956): 7.

(= Orophea dolichonema Diels.)

filipes (Lauterb. ex K. Schum.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 7.

(= Orophea filipes Lauterb. et K. Schum.)

galeata J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 14 (1955): 414-6.

grandifolia (Warb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c., 15 (1956): 7.

(= Stelechocarpus grandifolia Warb.)

lignocarpa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 7-9.

macrophylla (Oliv.) Merr. var. cymosa J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c., 14

(1955): 410-2.

var. sessilicarpa J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 411-2.

mollis (Warb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c., 15 (1956): 9.

(= Goniothalamus mollis Warb.)

monticola J. Sinclair, sp. nov. Ic., 14 (1955): 408.

multiovulata (Fischer) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c., 14 (1953): 43, 47.

(= Mitrephora multiovulata Fischer.)

nervosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 14 (1955): 416-7.

nova-guineensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 15 (1956): 9-11.

pulchella (Diels) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 10.

(= Orophea pulchella Diels.)

rhytidophylla (Diels) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 10.

(= Orophea rhytidophylla Diels.)

sessilifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 10, 12-13.

setosa (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c., 14 (1953): 43.

(= Orophea setosa King.)

var. major J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c., 14 (1955): 406.

silvestris (Diels) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c., 15 (1956): 13

(= Orophea silvestris Diels.)

taipingensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 14 (1955): 406-8.

Pyramidanthe prismatica (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair. comb. nov. in Gard.

Bull. Sing., 14 (1955): 362-4.

(= Melodorum prismaticum, Hk. f. et Th.)

Stelechocarpus cauliflorus (Scheff.) J. Sinclair, comb, nov. in Gard. Bull.

Sing., 14 (1953): 43.

= Sageraea cauliflora Scheff.)

XVI Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Trivalvaria dubia (Kurz) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing.,

14 (1953). 47.

(= Popowia dubia Kurz.)

nervosa (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c., 14 (1955): 197-8.

(= Ellipeia nervosa Hk. f. et Th.)

pumila (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 48.

(= Ellipeia pumila King.)

Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. var. flava (Teys. et Binn.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14 (1953): 44.

(= Uvaria flava Teys. et Binn.)

hahnii (Finet et Gagnep.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 44.

(= Unona hahnii Finet et Gagnep.)

Xylopia beccarii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Sarawak Mus. J., 5 (1951): 609.

caudata Hk. f. et Th. var. veticulata J. Sinclair, var nov. l.c.: 608-9.

ferruginea (Hk. f. et Th.) Hk. f. et Th. var. oxyantha (Ak. f. et Th.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 14 (1955): 345.

(= Habzelia oxyantha Hk. f. et Th.)

sub-dehiscens (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 345-6.

(= Alphonsea sub-dehiscens King.)

LABIATAE

Plectanthrus gesneroides J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.

Edin., 22 (1948): 124, Pl. CCLXI.

MYRISTICACEAE

Gymnacranthera bancana (Miq.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. in Gard. Bull.

Sing., 16 (1958): 436-9.

(= Mpyristica bancana Miq.)

bancana (Miq.) J. Sinclair, var. borneensis (Warb.) J. Sinclair, comb.

nov. l.c.: 439.

(= Gymnacranthera murtonii (Hk. f.) Warb. var. borneensis

Warb.

eugeniifolia (A.DC.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 444-7.

(= Mpyristica eugeniifolia A.DC.)

var. griffithii (Warb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 447-50.

(= Gymunacranthera farquhariana Wall. var. griffithii (Hk. f.)

Warb. )

forbesii (King) Warb. var. crassinervis (Warb.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

l.c., 17 (1958): 102-4.

(= Gymunacranthera crassinervis Warb.)

paniculata (A.DC.) Warb. var. zippeliana (Miq.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov-

l.c.: 108-12.

(= Mpyristica zippeliana Maiq.)

Horsfieldia macrocoma (Miq.) Warb. var. canarioides (King) J. Sinclair

stat. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 16 (1958): 389-93.

(= Mpyristica canarioides King.)

var. rufirachis J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 393.

penangiana J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 408-10.

polyspherula (Hk. f. emend. King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 422-5.

(= Myristica polyspherula Hk. f.)

punctatifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 413-6.

subalpina J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 410-1.

subglobosa (Miq.) Warb. var. brachiata (King) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

L.c.: 430-2.

(= Myristica brachiata King.)

Burkill — Biographic Notes XVIi

Knema ashtonii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 18 (1961):

162-6.

cinerea (Poir.) Warb. var alpina J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 287-8.

var. andamanica (Warb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 174-81.

(= Knema glauca Bl. var. andamanica Warb.)

var. cordata (J. Sinclair) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 181-2.

(= Knema glaucescens Jack var. cordata J. Sinclair.)

var. patentinervia (J. Sinclair) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 182-4.

(= Knema glaucescens Jack var. patentinervia J. Sinclair.)

f. longipedicellata J. Sinclair, f. nov. l.c.: 182-4.

var. rubens (J. Sinclair) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 185.

(= Knema glaucescens Jack f. rubens J. Sinclair.)

var. sumatrana (Miq.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 185-93.

(= Mpyristica sumatrana Bl.)

communis J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 16 (1958): 297-9.

curtisii (King) Warb. var. amoena J. Sinclair var. nov. l.c., 18 (1961):

198-9.

var. arenosa J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 198, 200.

var. linguiformis J. "Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 197, 200-1.

var. paludosa J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 197, 201-2.

erratica (Hk. f. et Th.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 205-9.

(= Mpyristica erratica Hk. f. et Th.)

galeata J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 211-4.

glaucescens Jack, var. cordata J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 16 (1958):

306, 310-2.

var. glaucescens, f. rubens J. Sinclair, f. nov. l.c.. 306-8.

var. patentinervia J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 306, 308-10.

kinabaluensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 18 (1961): 229-32.

kunstleri (King) Warb. var. surigaoensis J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.:

latericia Elmer var. albifolia J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 243.

var. lunduensis J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 244.

meridionalis J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 13 (1951): 297-9.

muscosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 18 (1961): 264-6.

percoriacea J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 268-71.

plumulosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 16 (1958): 312-5.

rigidifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 284-6.

-scortechinii (King) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 288-91

(= Mpyristica scortechinii King.)

‘sstenophylla (Warb.q J. Sinclair, comb. nov. l.c.: 300-2.

(= Gymnacranthera stenophylla Warb.)

uliginosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c., 18 (1961): 281 -3.

-‘woodii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 283-6.

XViil Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Mey ee Fatua J. Sinclair sec. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 23 (1968):

ser. Fuscae J. Sinclair ser. nov. l.c.: 244.

ser. Tenuiveniae J. Sinclair ser. nov. l.c.: 315.

sec. Myristica ser. Cinnamomeae J. Sinclair ser. nov. l.c.: 209.

ser. Hooglandiae J. Sinclair ser. nov. l.c.: 153.

ser. Uncinatae J. Sinclair ser. nov. l.c.: 145.

Myristica carrii J. Sinclair sp. nov. l.c.: 160.

ceylanica A.DC. var. cagayanensis (Merr.) J. Sinclair stat. nov. l.c.:

442. (= M. cagayanensis Merr.)

chrysophylla J. Sinclair sp. nov. l.c.: 254.

var. entrecasteauxensis J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 257.

concinna J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 375.

cornutiflora J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 348.

cylindrocarpa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 337.

elliptica Hk. f. et Th. var. celebica (Miq.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov., l.c., 16

(1958): 356. ;

(= Myristica celebica Miq.)

var. simiarum (A.DC.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 356.

(= Myristica simiarum A.DC.) —

ensifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov., l.c., 23 (1968): 332.

fatua Houtt. var. affinis' (Warb.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov., l.c.: 275.

(= M. affinis Warb.)

var. inutilis (Richard ex A. Gray) J. Sinclair, stat. now. l.c.: 278.

(= M. inutilis Richard ex Gray)

var. magnifica (Beddome) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 282.

(= M. magnifica Beddome)

var. morindiifolia (Bl.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 286.

(= M. morindiifolia Bl.)

var. morobensis J. Sinclair, var nov. l.c.: 289.

var. morotaiensis J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 292.

var. platyphylla (A. C. Smith) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 300.

(= M. platyphylla A. C. Smith)

var. quercicarpa J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 302.

var. sangowensis J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 304.

var. sphanogheana (Miq.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 304.

(= M. sphanogheana Miq.)

var. wenzelii (Merr.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 309.

(= M. wenzelii Merr.)

firmipes J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 355.

flosculosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 359.

gracilipes J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 334.

hooglandii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 156.

a as Gray var. gillespieana (A. C. Smith) J. Sinclair stat. nov.

ra :

(= M. gillespieana A. C. Smith)

Burkill — Biographic Notes xix

var. guillauminiana (A. C. Smith) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 420,

(= M. guillauminiana A. C. Smith)

var. insularis (Kanehira) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. in l.c.: 422.

(= M. insularis Kanehira)

impressinervia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 232.

inopinata J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 199.

lancifolia Poiret var. bifurcata J. Sinclair, var. nov. l.c.: 460.

var. clemensis (A. C. Smith) J. Sinclair, stat nov. l.c.: 463.

(= M. clemensii A. C. Smith)

var. montana (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov. l.c.: 467.

(= M. montana Roxb.)

papyracea J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 133.

pedicellata J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 324.

rosselensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 2085.

smythiesii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 316.

tenuivenia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 327.

umbrosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 147.

uncinata J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 150.

_undulatifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. I.c.: 400.

womersleyi J. Sinclair, sp. nov. l.c.: 249.

MYRSINACEAE .

Ardisia rudis J. Sinclair, nom. nov. Gard. Bull. Sing., 15 (1956): 24.

(= Ardisia ferruginea Mez.)

SAPOTACEAE

Madhuca decipiens J. Sinclair, nom. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 22 (1967):

215-6.

(= Payena grandiflora Ridl.)

selangorica (K. et G.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov. lI.c.: 217-8.

(= Payena selangorica)

VERBENACEAE

Petraeovitex wolfei J. Sinclair, sp. nov. in Gard. Bull. Sing., 15 (1956): 18,

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Iii. A summary of all Sinclair’s collecting in Asia,

Singapore excepted, while on the staff of

the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

(Numbers of collections are quoted after each locality).

1949

22 February —

10 March

7 — 18 April

22 July

9 — 19 September

1950

27 — 29 August

9 — 21 November

23 December

1951

7 October —

4 November

1953

26 March

15 April

14. May

17 June

21 Jone

4 — 18 July

3 — 16 November

Sarawak: Santubong — 65, B. Lintang — 13, Bt.

Segu, Kg. Segu — 17, G. Krian, G. Saburau,

G. Taiton, Bau — 21, Kg. Pengkalan, G.

Senggai, Buso — 7.

East Pakistan: Cox’s Bazar — 74.

Johore: Mersing — 8.

Perak: Maxwell’s Hill — 234.

Johore: 9 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road — 5, G.

Lambak — 11, Kluang F.R. — 6, Ma’okil F.R.

— 12,

Penang: Mt. Olivia, Waterfall Gardens — 23,

Penang Hill — 32, Tiger Hill — 18, Tg.

Tokeng — 5, Kg. Sg. Kluang — 14, B. Uban —

8, Kg. Seronok — 6, Kg. Pa’Bidin — 4.

Johore: 7 m.s. Johore Bahru-Scudai Road — 2.

Penang: Tg. Bunga — 8, Waterfall Gardens — 17,

Balek Pulau — 5, Bayan Lepas — 15, Glugor

— 3, Tk. Bahang — 9, Tk. Aling — 8, Tg.

Duyong — 1, Kg. Sg. Kluang — 2, P. Betong

— 11, Tiger Hill — 16, Penang Hill — 38,

Sg. Pinang — 15, P. Tikus — 7, Genting — 8,

Sg. Burong — 5.

Johore: Summit, G. Pulai — 11, Sg. Ayer Hitam

Besar, G. Pulai — 5S.

Johore: Sg. Ayer Hitam Besar, G. Pulai — 14.

Johore: Sg. Ayer Hitam Besar, G. Pulai — 13.

Johore: Sg. Ayer Hitam Kechil, G. Pulai — 11.

Johore: 73—82 m.s. Johore Baharu-Scudai Road —

Trengganu: Kg. Merabang Tengah — 5, Kg.

Padang Negara — 7, Kg. K. Ibai — 4, Kg.

Batas Baharu — 6, K. Trengganu — 11, Bt.

Cherak China — 2, Sg. Kerak — 6, Kg. Gong

— 6, Bt. Chenering — 9, Kg. Bt. Kalam —

4, Kg. Bt. Penghulu Diman — 5, Sri Bangun,

Bt. Besi — 29, Dungun — 1, Bt. Bauk F.R. —

16, 36-40 m.s. Dungun-Merchang Road — 8,

14-38 m.s. K. Trengganu-Besut Road, Belara

F.R. — 59, 37-38 m.s. Dungun-Marang Road

TOTAL 186 nos.

Selangor: Batu Caves — 23, Kepong — 7, Weld

Hill — 14, Bt. Lagong F.R. — 29, Telok F.R.

— 13, Klang Gates — 14; Negri Sembilan: Sg.

Menyala F.R. — 19, Mantin Pass — 1.

Burkill — Biographic Notes XXI

1954

7 March

8 April

16 April

16 May

21 May

18 June

11 July

1 August

5 September

6 November —

21 November

1955

25 February

1 — 6 April

17 April

6 May

31 May

30 -— 31 July

5 — 25 September

1956

19 — 21 October

1957

24 February

20 — 21 April

1 June — 6 July

25 July

4 — § December

Johore: Mt. Austin Estate — 4.

Johore: G. Pulai — 7.

Johore: Pontian Kechil — 6.

Johore: Pulau Tinggi — 13.

Johore: 232 m.c. Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road — 9.

Johore: Kota Tinggi —7, Sg. Tiram — 5.

Johore: Sg. Tiram — 14.

Johore: 142-192 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road

— 21.

Johore: Sg. Tiram, Nam Heng — 7.

Trengganu: Kg. Merabong Tengah — 4, Kg.

Nibong — 1, K. Trengganu — 7, Kg. Chene-

ring — 6, 11-38 m.s. K. Trengganu-Besut Road

— 57, G. Tebu F.R. — 16, Padang Kandis —

13, Kg. Bukit — 4, 24-37 Jerangan Road,

Dungun — 14, Seborang Taki — 5, B. Rakit

— 4; Kelantan: Kota Bharu — 4.

TOTAL — 135 nos.

Johore: Sg. Tiram — 6.

Malacca: Batu Berendam — 5, Kg. Bt. Piatu — 4,

Bt. Bruang — 6, Sg. Udang F.R. — 32, Cape

Rachado — 7.

TOTAL — 54 nos.

Johore: P. Pisang — 8, P. Sauh — 5.

Johore: Kota Tinggi — 6.

Johore: Kota Tinggi — 3.

Johore: Sg. Tebrau — 3.

Trengganu: K. Trengganu — 5, Kg. Engku Su-

long — 3, Bt. Chenering — 4, Paya Bt. Pak-

beh — 7, K. Trengganu-Besut Road — 110, Kg.

Buloh — 1, Kg. Tassek — 1, Kg. Nyatoh — 4,

‘Bt. Kluang — 12, G. Tebut F.R. — 19, Bt.

Bubus — 7, Bt. Berangan — 1, Bt. Lah — 14,

Kg. Merior — 7, K. Berok — 8, 27-36 ms.

Dungun-Jerangan Road — 17, K. Brang Road,

Ulu Trengganu — 3, Bt. Penghulu Dimau — 3.

TOTAL — 226 nos.

Pahang: Bentong-Kuantan — 9; Fraser’s Hill — 9.

Johore: Johore Bahru — 1,

Malacca: Kg. Gadek, Alor Gajah — 6, Sg. Udang

— 6; Negri Sembilan: Gemas — 1; Johore:

Simpang Dengan — 1.

TOTAL — 14 nos.

North Borneo: Sepilok F.R. — 12, Kundasan —

44, Bt. Kinasaraban — 24, Kg. Kinasaraban —

6, Tenompok — 25, Lumu-lumu — 10, G.

Tibabar — 9, Kambarangan — 36, Paka-paka

Cave — 88, Kinabalu Summit — 41, Ranau —

50, Sandakan — 1, Sepilok — 70.

TOTAL — 416 nos.

Johore: P. Merambang — 3.

Johore: Mersing — 6.

XXI1

1958

5 April

13 — 16 May

25 May —- 5 July

7 October —

5 November

1959

14 January

21 February —

3 March

5 April

20 December

1960

13 January

26 January

4 March

31 July -

7 September

30 September

1961

24 January

8 February

2 March

25 March

29 March

2 April

21 April

30 April

19 May

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Johore: Sg. Sedili Besar — 1.

Japan: Nikko — 50, Enoshima — 13.

TOTAL — 63 nos.

Philippine Islands: Antipolo — 13, Mt. Makiling

— 63, Los Banos — 5, Bicol Nat. Park — 26,

Camarines — 11, Lake Bulusan — 69, Patag —

4, Agargay Lake — 18, Mt. Bulusan — 23,

ray seashore — 18, Baguio-Santo Tomas —

TOTAL — 390 nos.

Selangor: Ulu Gombak — 2, Klang Gates — 4,

Ginting Simpah — 7; Perak: Ipoh — 29, Che-

mor — 11, Dindings — 6, K. Kangsar — 2,

G. Bubu — 27; Pahang: Tanah Rata — 23,

Brinchang — 32.

TOTAL — 143 nos.

Johore: Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road — 12.

Java: P. Handeuleum Sisi — 2, P. Peutjang —

25, Tjiujong Kulon — 5, Ujong Kulon — 5,

Bogor — 27, G. Salak — 10, Tjibodas — 22.

TOTAL — 96 nos.

Ceylon: Nuwara Eliya — 37.

Johore: G. Panti — 1.

Johore: Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road — 5S.

Johore: Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road — 5.

Johore: Nawai — K. Sedili Road — 10.

Sarawak: Semengoh F.R. — 58, Sg. Sobat Tapang,

Serian — 31, G. Gaharu — 40, Bako — 30,

Matang — 23, G. Gading, Lundu — 36, G.

Meroyong, Sampadi F.R. — 17, Batang Kayan

Sampadi F.R. — 2, Miri — 2; Brunei: Anduki

F.R. — 34, Sg. Lumut — 10, Badas Swamp —

28, Bt. Puan, Sg. Belait — 14, Bt. Labi F.R.

—21, Bt. Puan — 11, K. Belait — 6, Bt.

Tepaling — 1, Berakas F.R. — 9, Muara — 1.

TOTAL — 374 nos.

Johore: Mawai-K. Sedili Road — 9.

Johore: Mawai-K. Sedili Road — 7.

Johore: G. Panti F.R. — 1.

Johore: Sg. Ayer Hitam Besar, G. Pulai — 6.

Johore: G. Pulai — 8.

Johore: Sg. Tuenseh, Jason’s Bay — 2.

Johore: Sg. Dodol, 14 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing

Road — 6.

Johore: Lombong, Kota Tinggi — 1.

Johcre: 153 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road — 4.

Burkill — Biographic Notes

4 June

23 June

28 November

5 November

28 November

8 December

1962

18 March

17 May

10 June

17 June

21 June

29 July

28 October

12 — 20 November

1963

6 October*

1965

10 January

30 May

6 June

13 June

20 June

27 June

4 July

11 July

19 September

14 November

21 November

1966

6 February

6 March

13. March

20 March

10 April

2 May

30 June

* This is the date in Sinclair’s accession register:

XXili

Johore: Serkat — 1.

Johore: 182—204 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road

Johore: 204 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road — 7.

Johore: Mawai-Kuala Sedili Road — 1, Jason’s.

Bay — 2

Johore: Mawai-Kuala Sedili Road — 5.

Johore: 21 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road —- 2.

Johore: Pasir Gudang — 2.

Johore: 82 m.s. Mawai-K. Sedili

Jason’s Bay — 2.

Johore: Kg. Sg. Sedili Besar — 4.

Johore: Kg. Senibong, Plentong — 3.

Johore: Kg. Sg. Sedili Besar — 7.

Johore: Sri Pantai, Mersing — 4.

Johore: Sg. Semolok, Mawai — 1.

Selangor: Kanching F.R. — 2, Bt. Lagong,

ge — 9, Klang Gates — 3, Bt. Takun —

TOTAL — 15 nos.

Road — 4,

Johore: Sg. Semagot, 30 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing

Road —

Johore: 2 m.s. Jalan Scudai, Johore Baharu — 1.

Johore: Kg. Kelantan, Kota Tinggi — 7.

Johore: G. Panti F.R. — 9.

Johore: Sg. Tebrau — 6.

pyaenr Sg. Semandan, Sg. Diman, Jason’s Bay —

Johore: 2-8 m.s. Jalan Scudai, Johore Bahru — 4.

Johore: 5 m.s. Jalan Scudai, Johore Bahru — 2.

Johore: G. Panti F.R. — 1.

Johore: G. Pulai — 3.

Johore: Sg. Mupoh, Sg. Tementang, Sg. Dohol, Sg.

Merah, 102-14 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road

Johore: 2 m.s. Jalan Scudai, Johore Baharu — 1.

Johore: Jason’s Bay — 8.

Johore: Gelang Patah — 2, Kangkar Pendas — 2.

Johore: Sg. Bang. Kota Tinggi — 3, 4-52 m.

Jason’s Bay — 7.

Johore: Kangar Pendas — 6.

Johore: 2 m.s. Jalan Scudai, Johore Baharu — 1.

Johore: Sg. Mupoh, Sg. Pak Kenet, Sg. Merah,

103-14 m.s. Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road — 10,

Kg. Kelantan, Kota: Tinggi — 2.

Johore: Kg. Lukut, Kota Tinggi — 2.

10 October in

Bot. Gard. Sing. Ann. Rep. 1963 is wrong.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

EDITOR’S NOTE.

At the time of James Sinclair’s final departure from Singapore

on Ist May, 1967, all the typescript of this monograph lay with the

Printer. About three-quarters had been set and was in various stages

of fairing under the author’s correction. This and the balance of

later set and unread galley was sent to him at his home in Orkney.

Although typesetting had been put in train, it was known that the

author intended to check certain of his statements against facilities

at Kew which were not available at Singapore, with the possibility

of having to make some changes in proof. Illness overtook him and

he never did any more to his text. The monograph is published,

except for general editorial attention, in precisely the form in which

he left it. Whatever amendations he had sae to make have

unfortunately had to be ignored.

The Editor acknowledges the generous understanding of

Mrs. Edith Spence, the author’s sister, for sending all the manu-

scripts and proofs to Dr. R. E. Holttum at Kew; the very great

help of Dr. Holttum in sorting out and putting together all the

printer’s proofs in proper sequence and in reading them against

earlier proofs or the manuscript, a task of no little magnitude; and

the help of Sir George Taylor, Director, and Mr. J. P. M. Brennan,

Deputy Director and Keeper of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, for forwarding all this material to Singapore.

H. M. BURKILL,

Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

17th August, 1968.

Florae Malesianae Precursores—X LII

The Genus Myristica in *Malesia and outside

Malesia

JAMES SINCLAIR

I. INTRODUCTORY PART

Explanation and Scope of this paper

THIS PAPER is complementary to one which appeared in the

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore 16 (1958) 205 namely “‘A Revision

of the Malayan Myristicaceae’”’, and if used in conjunction with

it, will form a more complete account of all known species of

Myristica in Malesia as well as outside Malesia. It follows two

other papers on the family Myristicaceae, “The Genus Gymnacran-

thera in * Malaysia’, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17, 1 (1958) 96 and “The

Genus Knema in Malaysia and outside Malaysia’ Gard. Bull. Sing.

18, 3 (1961) 102. These two papers are also entitled ‘“‘Florae

Malesianae Precursores’ — XX and XXXI respectively. Unlike

Knema which has its second centre of distribution with 20 species

in the Malay Peninsula out of a total of 37, Myristica is poorly

represented in the Peninsula with only 10 out of a total of 72

species. This being so, it will be realized that the short section

dealing with the Malayan species in the first paper cannot purport

to give a very comprehensive account or understanding of the

genus as a whole or the relation of one species to another. The

present study of Myristica, extended particularly to New Guinea,

that great centre of origin and distribution of numerous species,

and onward to the eastern and outer limits of the genus in the

Solomons, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, cannot but reveal many new

and unexpected features not to be found in previous literature.

More important, the general principles and common patterns of

morphological variation which serve as a basis for the classification

and division of the genus into sections and series will also be clearer.

The relationship of species to species and series to series, if at

first a tangle, will in the end, happily become apparent.

*Foot-note:—Malaysia has now come to mean the tterritories of

Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah (British North Borneo).

2 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

The species here are arranged in the order in which they occur

in their respective series and not alphabetically as was the case

in Knema. It is hoped that departure from the alphabetical order

will not cause undue inconvenience. Had I been using the system

solely for myself, I should have continued with the alphabetical

arrangement to save time when searching for any particular species.

I found it extremely difficult and puzzling at first in assigning the

species to their respective series. Diagnostic characters are ex-

tremely uniform in Myristica with a lot of overlapping in closely

related species. Even when well on in the revision my conception

of the relations of species to series was vague, uncertain and often

wrong. Eventually the keys did much to finalize the affinities.

Perhaps if all the closely related taxa with their illustrations are

brought together in the text, then the student will see their relations

more clearly and quickly and get accustomed to this arrangement.

If I have wrongly placed a certain species, it would be easier to

detect the error when arranged in this manner. The flowering and

fruiting stages of several species are still unknown and with the best

judgment, it is not impossible to be misled when assigning such

species to the correct series. (See under heading Work for the

Future.)

For various reasons and much to my regret the study of em-

bryology and germination in the genus is beyond the scope of

the present taxonomic revision. It is a time-consuming study

which requires large numbers of fresh, viable seeds often from

forests afar. Furthermore, seeds in Myristica may become mature

in the absence of an embryo. Even when present it is very difficult

to extract the minute fragile germling from the hard, surrounding,

stony mass of endosperm intact. One cannot hash and smash

valuable type specimens which may only have a single fruit. It

would have been most desirable to know if section I and section II

differ from each other embryologically and if so what general

principles can be applied. Pollen morphology also had to be left

out, but only a detailed study would prove whether it is of use in

distinguishing taxa lower than genera.

In conclusion to these preliminary remarks, it is opportune at this

stage to introduce and stress one important aspect on which the

classification of Myristica in this paper is based. This is the division

of the genus into two main sections based on the structure of the

inflorescence. There are two main types of inflorescence, the woody,

scar-covered, Knema-like, persistent axis which continues to

elongate and to produce flowers from time to time (= section IT)

and the slender, fragile, non-scar-covered, more or less branched

axis which does not persist and bears flowers only once

(= section I). These two types will be discussed in detail later.

Sinclair — Myristica

ul.

"2:

13.

14.

a5.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

Po &

23.

Alphabetical Revised list of

M. agusanensis Elmer

andamanica Hk.f.

. archboldiana A. C. Smith

. argentea Warb.

. beccarii Warb.

. brassii A. C. Smith

. buchneriana Warb.

. earrii J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. castaneifolia A. Gray

10.

ceylanica A.DC.

var. ceylanica

var. cagayanensis (Merr.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

chartacea Gillespie

chrysephylla J. Sinclair, sp.

nov.

var. chrysophylla

var. entrecasteauxensis

J. Sinclair, var. nov.

cinnamomea King

concinna J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

cornutiflora J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

crassa King

crassipes Warb.

cucullata Markgraf

cylindrocarpa J. Sinclair, sp.

nov.

dactyloides Gaertner

elliptica Wall. ex Hk.f.et Th.

var. elliptica

var. celebica (Miq.)

J. Sinclair

var. simiarum (A.DC.)

J. Sinclair

ensifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

fatua Houtt.

var. fatua

var. affinis (Warb.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. inutilis (Richard ex

A. Gray) J. Sinclair,

Stat. nov.

var. magnifica (Beddome)

J. Sinclair, stat. noy.

var. morindiifolia (Bl.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. morobensis J. Sinclair,

var. nov.

var. morotaiensis J. Sinclair.

var. nov.

var. papuana Mef

var. platyphylla (A.C. Smith)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

37.

38.

40.

4}.

42.

43.

species and varieties of Myristica

var. quercicarpa J. Sinclair,

var. nov.

var. sangowoensis

J. Sinclair, var. nov.

var. spanogheana (Miq.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. subcordata (BI.) Mig.

var. wenzelii (Merr.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

. firmipes J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. flosculosa J. Sinclair. sp. nov.

. fragrans Houtt.

. fusca Megf

. garciniifolia Warb.

. gigantea King

. globosa Warb.

. gracilipes J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. guadalcanalensis J. Sinclair,

*sp. nov.

. guatteriifolia A.DC.

. hollrungii Warb.

. hooglandii J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. hypargyraea A. Gray

var. hypargyraea

var. gillespieana (A.C.

Smith) J. Sinclair,:

stat. nov.

var. guillauminiana (A. C.

Smith) J. Sinclair,

Stat. nov.

var. insularis (Kanehira)

J. Sinclair stat. nov.

impressinervia J. Sinclair.

sp. nov.

iners Bl.

inopinata J. Sinclair, sp. noy.

insipida R.Br.

kajewskiit A. C. Smith

koordersii Warb.

lancifolia Poiret

var. lancifolia

var. bifurcata J. Sinclair,

var. nov.

var. clemensii (A. C. Smith)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. montana (Roxb.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

. lepidota BI.

. longipes Warb.

. lowiana King

. Maingayi Hk.f.

. malabarica Lamk

49.

malaccensis Hk.f.

*Foot-note:—Material received since this paper went to the press shows

that M. guadalcanalensis is only M. insipida. 1 have therefore deleted the

Latin description so that this superfluous name will not be valid.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

. markgraviana A. C. Smith

. Maxima Warb.

. neglecta Warb.

. papyracea J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. pedicellata J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. petiolata A. C. Smith

. philippensis Lamk

. rosselensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. schleinitzii Engler

. smythiesii J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. sphaerosperma A. C. Smith

. subalulata Mig.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

at,

succedanea Reinwardt ex Bl.

sulcata Warb.

teijsmannii .Migq.

tenuivenia J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

tubiflora BI.

umbellata Elmer

umbrosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

uncinata J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

undulatifolia J. Sinclair,

sp. nov.

villosa Warb.

womersileyi J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Total number of species and varieties

this paper.

\S: G0) . 7 CN

To-date there are 72 species and 23 varieties of Myristica in

Alphabetical Revised list of Myristica species in section I

M. agusanensis Elmer

. argentea Warb.

. carrii J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. cinnamomea King

. elliptica Wall. ex Hk.f.et Th.

var. elliptica

var. celebica (Miq.)

J. Sinclair

var. simiarum (A.DC.)

J. Sinclair

. fragrans Houtt.

. garciniifolia Warb.

. gigantea King

. guatteriifolia A.DC.

10.

ile Me

hooglandii J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

impressinervia J. Sinclair,

sp. nov.

iners BI.

14.

. Maingayi Hk. f.

inopinata J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

lowiana King

. malabarica Lamk

. malaccensis Hk.f.

. markgraviana A. C. Smith

. Maxima Warb.

. neglecta Warb.

. papyracea J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. philippensis Lamk

. rosselensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. schleinitzii Engler

. succedanea Reinwardt ex BI.

26. umbellata Elmer

. umbrosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. uncinata J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Alphabetical Revised list of Myristica species in section II

M. andamanica Hk.f.

. archboldiana A. C. Smith

. beccarii Warb.

. brassii A. C. Smith

. buchneriana Warb.

. castaneifolia A. Gray

. ceylanica A.DC.

var. ceylanica

var. cagayanensis (Merr.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

. chartacea Gillespie

chrysophylla J. Sinclair, sp.nov.

var. chrysophylla

var. entrecasteauxensis

J. Sinclair, var. nov.

. concinna J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. cornutiflora J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

. crassa King

. crassipes Warb.

. cucullata Mef

. cylindrocarpa J. Sinclair,

sp. nov.

. dactyloides Gaertner

Sinclair — Myristica

17. ensifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

18. fatua Houtt.

var. fatua

var. affinis (Warb.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. inutilis (Rich. ex A.

Gray) J. Sinclair,

stat. nov.

var. magnifica (Beddome)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. morindiifolia (BI.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var.

var. nov.

var. morotaiensis J. Sinclair.

var. nov.

var. papuana Mef

var. platyphylla (A. C. Smith)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. quercicarpa J. Sinclair.

var. nov.

var. sangowoensis J .Sinclair.

var. nov.

var. spanogheana (Miq.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. subcordata (Bl.) Mig.

var. wenzelii (Merr.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

19. firmipes J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

20.

21. fusca Megf

22. globosa Warb.

23. gracilipes J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

24. guadalcanalensis J. Sinclair.

sp. nov.

25. hollrungii Warb.

New Section

morobensis J. Sinclair.

flosculosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

26.

aks

Ja.

33:

34.

36.

“pie

38.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

. kajewskii

. koordersii Warb.

. lancifolia Poiret

hypargyraea A. Gray

var. hypargyraea

var. gillespieana (A. C.

Smith) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. guillauminiana (A. C.

Smith) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. insularis (Kanehira)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

. insipida R. Br.

A. C. Smith

var. lancifolia

var. bifurcata J. Sinclair,

var. nov.

var. clemensii (A.C. Smith)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

var. montana (Roxb.)

J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

lepidota Bl.

longipes Warb.

pedicellata J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

petiolata A. C. Smith

smythiesii J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

sphaerosperma A. C. Smith

subalulata Mia.

sulcata Warb.

teijsmannii Miq.

tenuivenia J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

tubiflora Bl.

undulatifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

villosa Warb.

womersleyi J. Sinclair. sp. nov.

The new section Myristica section Fatua is described.

New Series

The following five new series are described: —Uncinatae, Hoog-

landiae, Cinnamomeae, Fuscae and Tenuiveniae.

New Species

The following 21 new species, eight in section | and 13 in

section II are described in this paper: —

-a. section I — Mpyristica carrii, M. hooglandii, M. impres-

sinervia, M. inopinata, M. papyracea, M. rosselensis, M. um-

brosa and M. uncinata.

b. section II — M. chrysophylla, M. concinna, M. cornutiflora,

M. cylindrocarpa, M. ensifolia, M. firmipes, M. flosculosa,

M. gracilipes, M. pedicellata, M. smythiesii, M. tenuivenia,

M. undulatifolia and M. womersleyi.

6 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

New Varieties

The following six, all in section II, are new varieties: —

M. chrysophylla var. entrecasteaxensis; M. fatua var. morobensis,

var. morotaiensis, var. quercicarpa and var. sangowoensis; M. lan-

cifolia var. bifurcata.

New Status

The following 13, all in section II, receive new status. They are

all former species reduced to varieties: —M. ceylanica var. caga-

yanensis (Merrill); M. fatua var. affinis (Warb.); M. fatua var.

inutilis (Richard ex A. Gray); M. fatua var. magnifica (Beddome);

M. fatua var. morindiifolia (Bl.); M. fatua var. platyphylla (A. C.

Smith); M. fatua var. spanogheana (Miq.); M. fatua var. wenzelii

(Merr.); M. hypargyraea var. gillespieana (A. C. Smith); M. hypar-

gyraea var. guillauminiana (A. C. Smith); M. hypargyraea var.

insularis (Kanehira); M. lancifolia var. clemensii (A. C. Smith);

M. lancifolia var. montana (Roxb.).

New Synonyms

There are some 42 new synonyms, the majority as a result of

reduction in the number of species, others mostly due to transfer

from synonyms of one species to those of another species. The list

does not include synonyms which were new in my previous paper

‘““A Revision of the Malayan Myristicaceae” in Gard. Bull. Sing.

16 (1958) 205: — Myristica albertisii Warb., M. baeuerlenii Warb.,

M. bialata Warb., M. celebica Gandoger, M. cerifera A. C. Smith,

M. chalmersii Warb., M. contorta Warb., M. costata Warb., M.

cumingii Warb., M. cumingii var. floribunda Airy Shaw, M. fallax

Warb., M. hackenbergii Diels, M. lancifolia Merr., M. laxiflora

Merr., M. macgregorii Warb., M. macrantha A. C. Smith, M.

mindanaensis Warb., M. mindorensis Merr., M. montanoides Watb..,.

M. multinervia A. C. Smith, M. negrosensis (Elmer) Merr., M.

nitida Merr., M. nivea Merr., M. pachyphylla A. C. Smith, M.

palawanensis Merr., M. papuana Scheffer, M. plumeriifolia Elmer,

M. procera A. C. Smith, M. radja Miq., M. resinosa Warb., M.

schefferi Warb., M. salomonensis Warb., M. speciosa Warb., M.

sumbavana Watb., M. tristis Warb., M. urdanetensis (Elmer) Merr.,

M. velutina Mgf, M. warburgii K. Schumann, M. wyatt-smithii

Airy Shaw, Gymnacranthera lanceolata Merr., G. negrosensis

Elmer and G. urdanetensis Elmer.

Vernacular Names

The common vernacular names used in Sumatra, Malaya, Java

and Borneo such as chendarah, chendaharan, dara-dara, darahan,

penara, pendarah, pendarahan and penarahan for Myristica, are

equally applicable to the other genera of the Myristicaceae and it is

not necessary to repeat them under each species. They all refer to.

the “‘blood”’ or blood-red sap which the tree contains. The number

of vernacular names for Myristica in New Guinea is overwhelming

but not surprising for that island with its numerous dialects is.

almost a modern Babel.

Sinclair — Myristica 7

Comparison of the present Revision with that of Warburg’s

From the revised list of species it will be seen that there are now

some *72 species and 23 varieties in the genus. Of these, 28 species

and two varieties belong to section I and 44 species and 21

varieties to section Il. There are *22 new species and six new

varieties and of these the new species represent some *30.6 per cent

of the total number of species. It is expected that some more new

species will still turn up in New Guinea. There are 19 series, nine in

section I and ten in section Il. Warburg’s list of series and species

is appended here for comparison while my own follows later.

He has some 82 species, 55 of which he was able to place in

21 series. Merrili, Warburg and A. C. Smith have in turn added

a few more species but some of these had to be reduced. At the

end of the Systematic Part will be found a section dealing with the

obscure and excluded species followed by a list of names in

Myristica which have been transferred to the African and American

genera. Thus all the names and synonyms in Index Kewensis have

been accounted for.

Myristica series and species according to Warburg

Note:—To make the comparison between Warburg’s and the author’s

classification clearer, the revised names of species are added when

they differ from that of Warburg.

series 1 Maxima 1 M. maxima, 2 M. philippensis

series 2 Schleinitzii 3M. schleinitzii

series 3 Celebica ‘ 4 [M. celebica] = M. elliptica var. cele-

bica, 5’ [M. simiarum] = M. elliptica

var. simiarum

Series 4 Maingayi 6 M. maingayi, 7 M. gigantea

series 5 Malabarica 8 [M. borneensis] = M. malaccensis, 9 M.

malabarica, 10 [M. fallax] = M.

iners, 11 M. mialaccensis, 12 M.

andamanica

series 6 Littoralis 13 M. guatteriifolia, 14 [M. cookii], 15

[M. riedelii], 16 [M. littoralis] these

three are all M. guatteriifolia

series 7 Fatua 17 M. villosa, 18 [M. subcordata] = M.

fatua var. subcordata, 19 [M. affinis]

= M. fatua var. affinis, 20 [M.

magnifica] = M. fatua var. magni-

fica, 21 M. fatua

series 8 Lepidota 22 M. lepidota

series 9 Tubiflora 23 M. tubiflora

series 10 Elliptica 24 M. elliptica

* Foot-note:—Excluding M. guadalcanalensis the figures are now 71

and 21 and 29.58 per cent.

8 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

series 11 Suavis 25 [M. suavis] = M. crassa, 26 [M.

cumingii] = M. ceylanica var. cey-

lanica, 27 [M. tristis] = M. globosa,

28 M. cinnamomea

series 12 Speciosa 29 M. argentea, 30 [M. speciosa] = M.

succedanea

series 13 Fragrans 31 M. fragrans, 32 M. succedanea, 33

[M. schefferi) = M. succedanea

series 14 Inutilis 34 [M. macgregorii] = M. insipida, 35

M. hypargyraea, 36 [M. inutilis] =

M. fatua var. inutilis

series 15 Subalulata 37 [M. bialata] = M. subalulata, 38 M.

subaiulata, 39 [M. costata] = M.

subalulata

series 16 Heterophylla 40 [M. heterophylla] = M. hollrungii, 41

M. hollrungii

series 17 Castaneifolia 42 M. castaneifolia, 43 M. crassa, 44 M.

lowiana, 45 [M. mindanaensis] = M.

fatua var. fatua

series 18 Cimicifera 46 M. buchneriana, 47 [M. cimicifera] =

M. insipida, 48 [M. muelleri] = M.

insipida

series 19 Laurifolia 49 [M. beddomceci] = M. dactyloides, 50

M. ceylanica, 51 [M. contorta] = M.

dactyloides, 52 [M. laurifolia) = M.

dactyloides

series 20 Montana 53 [M. montana] = M. lancifolia var.

montana, 54 [M. montanoides] = M.

globosa

series 21 Teysmanni 55 M. teijsmannii

He lists the following species after the key. He could not place

them in any series for the male flowers were then unknown:—

56 M. amplifolia, 57 bancana, 58 beccarii, 59 lancifolia, 60 sericea,

61 iners, 62 garciniifolia, 63 vordermanii, 64 salomonensis, 65

anceps, 66 sumbavana, 67 wallaceana, 68 spanogheana, 69 albertisii,

70 finschii, 71 longipes, 72 resinosa, 73 impressa, 74 sulcata, 75

chalmersii, 76 globosa, 77 baeuerlenii. All names in italics are now

synonyms or varieties with a new status. Names in roman are good

species.

In an “‘Anhang”’ he places 78 neglecta. The following consisted

of loose fruit only: — 79 pseudo-argentea, 80 *avisparadisiacae, 81

macrocarya and at the end of the monograph, page 619, was added

82 koordersii.

*Note:—According to Article 21, recommendation 21B of the Rules of

Botanical Nomenclature the name of a series should be a plural

adjective. Since Myristica is feminine the adjective should end in

ae. Thus series Maxima should be series Maximae. I have accordingly

altered Warburg’s terminations in my own list to a plural ending.

* Foot-note:—Warburg’s original name is M. avis paradisiacae.

Sinclair — Myristica 9

List of Myristica species according to their positions in the series

and text in this paper

section I MYRISTICA

1. series Maximae var. elliptica

1. M. maxima Warb. var. simiarum (A. DC.) J.

2. M. papyracea J. Sinclair Sinclair

1: var. celebica (Miq.) J.

a M. ehiinpens A. DC. Sinclair

2. series Uncinatae 17. M. garciniifolia Warb.

4. M. umbrosa J. Sinclair

5. M. uncinata J. Sinclair

3. series Hooglandiae

6. M. neglecta Warb.

7. M. hooglandii J. Sinclair 7. series Cinnamomeae

18. M. inopinata J. Sinclair

19. M. schleinitzii Engler

20. M. rosselensis J. Sinclair

8. M. carrii J. Sinclair 21. M. cinnamomea King

4. series Maingayae 8. series Littorales

9. M. gigantea King 22. M. guatteriifolia A. DC.

10. M. lowiana King 23. M. agusanensis Elmer

11. M. maingayi Hk. f. 24. M. markgraviana A. C.

5. series Malabaricae Smith

12. M. malabarica Lamk

9. series Fragrantes

13. M. ho Elmer 25. M. fragrans Houtt.

14. M. iners Bl. 26. M. impressinervia .

15. M. malaccensis Hk. f. J. Sinclair

6. series Ellipticae 27. M. argentea Warb.

16. M. elliptica Wall. ex Hk. f. 28. M. succedanea Reinwardt

et “"Thi ex BI.

section IT FATUA

10. series Fuscae part mdraberisia

29. M. brassii A. C. Smith J. Sinclair

30. M. sphaerosperma A. C. var. morotaiensis

Smith J. Sinclair

var. papuana Mgf

31. M. womersleyi J. Sinclair var. platyphylla (A.C.

32. M. fusca Mgf Smith) J. Sinclair

33. M. chrysophylla J. Sinclair var. quercicarpa

' J. Sinclair

var. chrysophylla var. sangowoensis

var. entrecasteauxensis J. Sinclair

J. Sinclair var. spanogheana Mia.)

J. Sinclair

il. series Fatuae

y b ta (Bl.) Mia.

34. M. koordersii Warb. var. subcordata (BI.) Miq

var. wenzelii (Merr.)

35. M. lepidota BI. J. Sinclair

36. M. fatua Houtt. 37. M. villosa Warb.

var. fatua

12. series Tenuiveniae

var. affinis (Warb.) 38. M. smythiesii J. Sinclair

J. Sinclair , <n

eT ee 39. M. beccarii Warb.

var. inutilis (Rich. ;

A. Gray) J. Sinclair 40. M. bucanenans Warb.

var. magnifica (Beddome) 41. M. pedicellata J. Sinclair

J. Sinclair 42. M. tenuivenia J. Sinclair

var. morindiifolia (BI.) 43. M. archboldiana A. C.

J. Sinclair Smith

13. series Tubiflorae

44. M. ensifolia J. Sinclair

45. M. gracilipes J. Sinclair

46. M. cylindrocarpa J. Sinclair

47. M. tubiflora Bl.

48. M. longipes Warb.

49. M. cornutiflora J. Sinclair

50. M. crassipes Warb.

51. M. firmipes J. Sinclair

52. M. guadalcanalensis

J. Sinclair

53. M. flosculosa J. Sinclair

54. M. cucullata Megf

14. series Cimiciferae

55. M. insipida R.Br.

56. M. concinna J. Sinclair

57. M. globosa Warb.

15. series Subalulatae

58. M. subalulata Mig.

59. M. sulcata Warb.

60. M. undulatifolia J. Sinclair

16. series Heterophyllae

61. M. hollrungii Warb.

62. M. kajewskii A. C. Smith

63. M. hypargyraea A. Gray

var. hypargyraea

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

var. gillespieana (A.C.

Smith) J. Sinclair

var. guillauminiana (A.C.

Smith) J. Sinclair

var. insularis (Kanehira)

J. Sinclair

17. series Teijsmanniae

64. M. andamanica Hk.f.

65. M. teijsmannii Mig.

66. M. crassa King

18. series Laurifoliae

67. M. ceylanica A.DC.

var. ceylanica

var. cagayanensis (Merr.)

J. Sinclair

- 68. M. dactyloides Gaertner

19. series Castaneifoliae |

69. M. lancifolia Poiret

var. lancifolia

var. bifurcata J. Sinclair

var. clemensii (A. C.

Smith)

J. Sinclair

var. montana (Roxb.)

J. Sinclair

70. M. chartacea Gillespie

71. M. castaneifolia A. Gray

72. M. petiolata A. C. Smith

Geographical Distribution of the species

The species composition of each geographical area of distribu-

tion, Malesian and Extra-Malesian is now given. Endemics are in

bold type.

MALESIAN SPECIES

SUMATRA:

MALAY PENINSULA:

JAVA:

LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS:

M. cinnamomea; M. crassa; M. elliptica var.

elliptica; M. gigantea; M. guatteriifolia;

M. iners; M. lowiana; M. maingayi pro-

bably; M. maxima. Total 9 species.

Endemic none.

M. cinnamomea; M. crassa; M. elliptica var.

elliptica; M. gigantea; M. guatteriifolia;

M. iners; M. lowiana; M. maingayi; M.

malaccensis; M. maxima. Total 10 species.

Endemic none. [M. fragrans, sparingly but

widely cultivated, is not native, so it is

not counted].

M. guatteriifolia; M. iners; M. teijsmannii.

Total 3 species. Endemic 1 species.

M. fatua var. spanogheana; M. insipida; M.

lancifolia var. montana. Total 3 species

including 2 vars. Endemic 1 variety.

Sinclair — Myristica

BORNEO:

PHILIPPINES:

CELEBES :

MOLUCCAS :

NEW GUINEA:

EXTRA-MALESIAN

SPECIES

INDIA:

CEYLON :

ANDAMANS AND

NICOBARS:

M. beccarii; M. cinnamomea; M. elliptica

var. elliptica and var. celebica; M.

gigantea; M. guatteriifolia; M. iners; M.

lowiana; M. malaccensis; M. maxima;

M. papyracea; M. smythiesii; M. viliosa..

Total 12 species + 1 var. Endemic 4

species.

M. agusanensis; M. ceylanica var. ceylanica

and var. cagayanensis; M. cinnamomea;

M. elliptica var. simiarum; M. fatua var.

fatua and var. wenzelii; M. guatteriifolia;

M. philippensis; M. umbeliata. Total 8

species + 2 vars and including 1 var.

Endemic 3 species + one endemic variety.

M. elliptica var. simiarum is here reck--

oned as a species including a variety.

M. elliptica var. celebica; M. fatua var.

affinis; M. impressinervia; M. koordersii;

M. lancifolia ?var. bifurcata. Total 5

species including 3 vars. Endemic 1

species + 1 var.

M. elliptica var. celebica; M. fatua var.

faiua, var. morotaiensis and var. san-

gowoensis; M. fragrans; M. globosa; M.

koordersii; M. lancifolia var. bifurcata’

and var. montana; M. _ subalulata;

M. succedanea. Total 8 species + 3 vars

and including 2 vars. Endemic 2 species

4-2. vars. |

. section I—M. argentea; M. carrii; M.

garciniifolia; M. hoogiandii; M. inopi-

nata; M. markgraviana; M. neglecta; M.

rosselensis; AZ. schileinitzii; M. umbrosa;

M. uncinata. [Total 11 species]

b. section If{—M. archboldiana; M. bras-

sii; M. buchneriana; M. chrysophylia

var. chrysophylia and var. entrecasteaux-

ensis; M. concinna; Mi. cornutiflora;

M. crassipes; M. cuculilata; Mi. cylin-

drocarpa; M. ensifolia; M. fatua var.

morindiifolia, var. morobensis, var.

papuana, var. quercicarpa and var. sub-

cordata; M. firmipes; M. flosculosa; M.

fusca; M. globosa; M. gracilipes; M.

hollrungii; M. insipida; M. lancifolia var.

lancifolia; var. bifurcata and var. cle-

mensii; M. lepidota; M. longipes; M.

pediceliata; MM. sphaerosperma; WM.

subalulata; M. suleata; M. tenuivenia;

M. tubiflora; M. wundulatifolia; M..

womersleyi. [Total 29 species + 7 vars

and including 1 var.] Grand Total for the

two sections, 40 species + 7 vars and

including 1 var. Endemic 34 species.

+ 6 vars.

M. dactyloides; M. fatua var. magnifica;

M. malabarica. Total 3 species including

1 var. Endemic 1 species + 1 var.

M. ceylanica var. ceylanica; M. dactyloides.

Total 2 species. Endemic none.

M. andamanica. Total 1 species. Endemic

42 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

BURMA: M. guatteriifolia. Total 1 species. Endemic

none.

INDO-CHINA : M. guatteriifolia; M. iners. Total 2 species.

Endemic none.

SIAM: M. crassa; M. elliptica var. elliptica; M.

iners. Total 3 species. Endemic none.

FORMOSA : M._ ceylanica var. cagayanensis; M.

elliptica var. simiarum. Total 2 species

including 2 vars. Endemic none.

AUSTRALIA : M. insipida. Total 1 species. Endemic none.

SSOLOMONS : M. fatua var. papuana’ and _ var.

platyphylla; M. globosa; M._ insipida;

M. kajewskii; M. petiolata; M. schleinitzii.

Total 6 species + 1 var. and including

1 var. Endemic 2 species + 1 var.

“THE BANKS GROUP: M. hypargyraea var. *guillauminiana. Total

1 endemic variety.

New HEBRIDES: M. fatua var. papuana. Total 1 variety.

Endemic none.

Fist: M. castaneifolia; M. chartacea; M. hypar-

gyraea var. gillespieana. Total 3 species

including 1 var. Endemic 2 species.

TONGA: M. hypargyraea var. gillespieana. Total

1 species including 1 var. Endemic none.

SAMOA: M. fatua var. inutilis; M. hypargyraea var.

hypargyraea. Total 2 species including 1

var. Endemic 1 species and 1 var. This

might also be expressed as 2 endemic

vars as in Map 2.

‘CAROLINES

(PALAU ISLANDS): M. hypargyraea var. imsularis. Total 1

species including 1 var. Endemic 1 var.

From a study of the above enumeration, showing the number of

‘species in each region, and from a comparison with the correspond-

ing one for Knema in Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 106, it will be

seen that the distribution of Myristica differs from that of Knema

in a number of ways. The main centre of distribution and origin

of Myristica is in New Guinea and from there it appears to have

spread both eastwards and westwards, while Knema is essentially a

western Malesian genus with its main centre of origin in Borneo

‘and a lesser one in the Malay Peninsula. It only just reached

western New Guinea with a single species, while Myristica attained

its greatest development in New Guinea with some 40 species and

eight varieties out of which no less than 34 species and six varieties

are endemic in that island. From the Solomons the genus extends

eastwards in gradually diminishing numbers of species to the New

Hebrides, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa with a northward extension of

one species to the Carolines and a southerly spur to north and

north-east Australia with one species. In comparison Knema ter-

minates, as stated, in New Guinea without any further eastward

migration and it is absent from Australia. The advance of

*Foot-note:—See Addenda. This var. has now turned up in the Santa

“Cruz Group.

Sinclair — Myristica 13:

Myristica into western Malesia was easier than the eastward route,

being facilitated by the greater continuity of the land-mass over

which it had to pass. It even reached Ceylon where Knema is.

absent but is fewer in species than Knema, especially in Borneo

and the Malay Peninsula. It surpassed Knema in the number of

species in peninsular India but fell behind in Siam, Indo-China and

Burma. It is absent in the Eastern Himalayan region, China and

Hainan. Myristica as a genus is remarkable for the uniformity of

charatcters in all its species but it did not pass from New Guinea

to western Malesia entirely unaltered. It must be apparent by now

that the greater number of species in New Guinea belongs to

section II with a short, woody, scar-covered, persistent, Knema-type

of inflorenscence, while those in western Malaysia show a much

greater development of the branched panicle and belong mostly to:

section I. It may be that the wetter and more uniform climate of

western Malesia has encouraged the development of the slender

branched inflorescence axis. Another point that may be noticed

from the distribution list is the high percentage of endemics in

Myristica for the whole area of distribution, some 75 per cent

as against 46 per cent in Knema. Apart from one species, M. fatua,.

there is not very much polymorphism.

Notes on Distribution in some of the more important areas

a. Malay Peninsula

A few new first records have been added since the revision in Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958). Myristica iners turned up in two more provinces,

namely Kelantan and Negri Sembilan with M. cinnamomea and elliptica

var. elliptica new to Kelantan and maxima new to Trengganu.

b. Borneo

Myristica elliptica var. celebica occurs in the jutting peninsula of North-

East Borneo nearest to Celebes. M. lowiana and maxima were recently

collected in British North Borneo for the first time. The record of endemic

species in Borneo is low in comparison with that of Knema.

c. Philippines

There is nothing new from the Philippines since Merrill’s time.

d. New Guinea

Definition :—The term New Guinea as used in this paper means the

whole island as well as its various off-shore archipelagos and is the same

as van Steenis’s Division IX with its 29 smaller units as used in

Flora Malesiana. His divisions of New Guinea are excellent phyto-

geographical ones and should be retained even if they are to be changed

politically. It should be mentioned, however, that all the main adminis-

trative areas in Australian Papua and T.N.G. are now called Districts.

Those of Papua have recently been changed from Division to District to»

bring them into line with the same terminology which has long been

in use in T.N.G. Thus we have Central District (formerly Central

Division) in Papua corresponding to Morobe District in T.N.G.

Remarkable progress in building up’ of collections from New Guinea

has taken place in the last few years since 1956. Many of Warburg's rare

species known only from a single gathering and destroyed during the war

at Berlin as well as several new species have now been obtained. The

high standard and the fine quality of the specimens with excellent and

most informative field notes are to the credit of a small group of energetic

and exceptionally skilful and discriminating collectors who seem to-

know just what is wanted. I am extremely grateful to them and for the

414 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

service they have rendered to increase our knowledge of the family,

especially with new information about field characters, habitat and dis-

tribution. Among the names deserving special mention are those of

Womersley, Hoogland, Brass, Koster, Kalkman and van Royen. Womersley

and his staff from the Forest Department of Lae have done valuable work

in many areas, particularly in the Eastern Highlands and also in New

Britain. Hoogland has many fine collections from the Northern District

of Papua. Brass recently visited the D’entrecasteaux Islands, a hitherto

botanically unexplored region, and obtained several novelties not only

in Myristicaceae but in other families as well. Outstanding is the large

number of tree ferns recently described by Holttum from the Brass

collection made in that area. Van Royen rediscovered M. neglecta, one

of Warburg’s doubtful species, and obiained first class material of the

also doubtful M. lancifolia from Pulau Waigeo, and from his collection

it can now be proved that P. Waigeo is the type locality and not

P. Bouton (see under notes for that species). The very active Dutch

botanists of the Forest Department at Hollandia, alas, have gone, with

a short and fruitful era closing behind them. They got fine collections of

M. garciniifolia, another species imperfectly known up till recently. It

is a pity that more seeds and living collections of the species in danger

of extinction could not be brought to permanent sites in botanic gardens

in the tropics, for New Guinea, a living plant museum, is doomed and

could soon be denuded of its wonderful forests. It would be best for

science and taxonomic botany if both New Guinea and Borneo could be

evacuated of their entire poulation and turned into a vast nature reserve

under the control of a responsible international body. God protect forests

that remain in what is konwn as the “under-developed” or developing

countries.’’ The future population of the world may one day have to live

on the sea as there will be no standing room on land. Income tax reliefs

and other remunerations will, no doubt, one day be given to people to

encourage them to produce fewer offspring and rigorous family planning

campaigns made compulsory for those who are too fertile. There are

too few systematic botanists to be able to revise all the families before

the forests are felled. They are usually poorly paid and few are able to

visit the forests of remote countries to see and obtain living material for

their studies. Many difficult problems could easily be solved by a check-up

on living material in situ. There are fewer botanists still who have any

influence over stubbern politicians or on the unsympathetic masses of

laymen and labourers. The herbarium botanist is often too complacent

or too busy with routine work to think of conservation in foreign lands.

He fears the opposition he will meet if he tries to interfere. A determined

and militant group of botanists, not afraid to use some force, and backed

by a private army, if that were possible, might accomplish something

before it is too late.

The distribution of Myristica species in the separate 29 divisions of

New Guinea was in Warburg’s day very imperfectly known. It is still

far from complete and changing from time to time. We cannot, with any

certainty state that this particular species is confined to Dutch New Guinea

or that that one occurs only in the south-east end of the island. I shall

however, list here the species that are, to-date, confined to Dutch New

Guinea and those that belong to the Australian part.

(1) Species of the three divisions of Dutch New Guinea.

1. M. argentea, 2. brassii, 3. M. fatua var. subcordata, 4. M.

garciniifolia, 5. M. lancifolia var. bifurcata, 6. M. lepidota, 7.

M. neglecta.

42) Species of Australian territory, i.e. Papua and T.N.G., the Mandated

Territory (former Kaiser-Wilhelmsland)

1. M. archboldiana, 2. M. carrii, 3. M. chrysophylla var. chrysophylla

and var. entrecasteauxensis, 4. M. concinna, 5. M. crassipes, 6.

M. cylindrocarpa, 7. M. ensifolia, 8. M. fatua var. morobensis

and var. quercicarpa, 9. M. firmipes, 10. M. flosculosa, 11. M.

hooglandii, 12. M. inopinata, 13. M. lancifolia var. clemensii, 14.

M. markgraviana, 15. M. pedicellata, 16. M. rosselensis, 17. M.

schleintzii, 18. M. tenuivenia, 19. M. umbrosa, 20. M. uncinata,

21.M. womersleyi.

Sinclair — Myristica 15-

(3) Species common to the whole island

1. M. buchneriana, 2. M. cornutiflora, 3. M. cucullata, 4. M. fatua

var. morindiifolia and var. papuana, 5. M. fusca, 6. M. globosa, 7.

M. gracilipes, 8. M. hollrungii, 9. M. insipida, 10. M. lancifolia

var. lancifolia, 11. M. longipes, 12. M. sphaerosperma, 13. M.

subalulata, 14. M. sulcata, 15. M. undulatifolia, 16. M. tubiflora.

Summarizing the results of the above data for New Guinea, the position

as it stands to-date is as follows :—

1. Out of a total of 40 species and 8 varieties in New Guinea 5 species are

confined to the western or Dutch part, 19 are from the eastern or

Australian part (2 territories, Papua and the Mandated Territory of

New Guinea) while 16 are common to both (1) and (2). The sum of

these three numbers for categories (1), (2) and (3) will total 40 if the

count is made at the species level. Thus in (2) species Nos. 8 and 13

have varieties so the total number is reckoned as 19 and not 21,

M. fatua and lancifolia being common to both the Dutch and

Australian parts as species but not at the varietal level.

2. As already mentioned 34 species and 6 varieties are endemic in

New Guinea.

3. Of those not endemic, 6 species including 2 varieties also occur in

some of the neighbouring territories, e.g. M. fatua var. papuana is

also in the Solomons and the New Hebrides; M. globosa in the

Moluccas and the Solomons; M. insipida, Lesser Sunda Islands and

North and North-East Australia; M. lancifolia var. bifurcata, the

Moluccas and doubtfully Celebes; M. schleinitzii, the Solomons and

M. subalulata, the Moluccas (Kai islands only). It will be noticed

that none of them occurs in Western Malesia.

4. Of the 40 species and 8 varieties in New Guinea, nearly one half,

18 species and 4 varieties are new to science. More new ones are

expected to turn up.

e. Ceylon

The rather rare Ceylon species, M. ceylanica, is not different from the

zommon Philippine species, M. cumingii. At least, I cannot separate them

so the older name M. ceylanica has to be used. This discovery once more

brings out the need to study the extra-Malesian species in a complete revi-

sion. The somewhat unusual geographical distribution, missing the Malay

Peninsula and Borneo, does not come as a shock. A similar case occurs in

the Annonaceae where Anaxagorea luzonica of the Philippines also misses

the Malay Peninsula but occurs in Ceylon where it used to be known as

A. ceylanica. Climatic similarities no doubt play a role in the distribution

of these species. In Ceylon M. ceylanica is found in drier situations

than those in which the closely related species, M. dactyloides, grows.

I was first acquainted with this type of ecological habitat at Mount

Makiling in Luzon where I saw Anaxagorea luzonica growing with M.

elliptica var. simiarum in dense shade in the rocky dried-up bed of a

stream on the lower mountain slopes. M. ceylanica has also been collected

here at Mount Makiling but I did not see it.

f. Siam and Indo-China

There is a paucity of species here. They are found only in the south in

-both these areas and represent a Malayan element.

g. Australia

The widely distributed, coastal sand dune species, M. insipida, has

spread to northern and north-eastern Australia from New Guinea and

Timor Laut. It has been. konwn from Australia for a long time.

h. Samoa

This is the most easterly station known for Myristica, distance and

water now acting as barriers to any further eastward extension.

16 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

General Characters and their Usefulness in Classification

Method of presentation and objects in view

The general characters of Myristica have already been dealt with

to a certain extent in the paper “A Revision of the Malayan

Myristicaceae”’ in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) but since the numbe1

of species described there is not great, a more complete account is

now offered. There are masses of dry facts and details but how

can they be presented so as not to discourage the student? It is

obvious that a selection of the most useful must be made and

arranged in some order before we can name the species. The best

order will be one which corresponds closely with the sub-divisions

of the genus into sections, series, species, etc. It is not for the

pattern to be broken up but for it to be integrated into a whole

‘so that we can see how the major groups are related and what

‘general principles can be laid down. Such an arrangement will

then form the basis for the key. The keys bring certain contrasting

‘characters together which may be useful in the identification of two

‘species but they are not elastic and cannot always be adjusted to

bring in some other desired character simultaneously and con-

veniently. An attempt has been made here to supplement the keys

iby a slightly different arrangement of the useful general characters

of each plant organ. Thus, if a species has leaves with a cordate

base, then the other species that have such bases are also men-

tioned. Cordate bases are not common so the number of species

that have them will not be too numerous to remember. As the

species that have them belong to widely separated series, it would

not be possible to bring them together in the same place in a type

of key which brings certain series together. The most useful

‘characters for identifying species are pointed out under the various

organs in turn and those which are less valuable may be omitted.

Lists of species which have unsual or peculiar characters are given

if such characters are an aid to identification. The student is

advised to read through the introduction before attempting to use

tthe keys.

Habitat

The majority are inhabitants of lowland, tropical, evergreen

rain forest. There are several mountain species, however, especially

in New Guinea, most of these belonging to series Fuscae and

Tubiflorae and ranging from 1,200—-1,500 m above sea-level. A

few of the mountain species are below the 1,000 m line but M.

cucullata, longipes, sphaerosperma and subalulata are exceptional

in reaching 2,000 m or slightly above. Mountain species outside

‘New Guinea are M. ceylanica and dactyloides in Ceylon and koor-

dersii in Celebes. The first, however, does not go above 830 m in its

upper limits. M. buchneriana is a New Guinea species with a pre-

‘ference for ridge tops from 300—1,300 m. A list of mountain species

‘is appended with their altitude ranges. Seashore species are few

and prefer a sandy or rocky substratum. M. guatteriifolia, gar-

ciniifolia, insipida and schleinitzii occur on coastal dunes while

Sinclair — Myristica 17

the first is also found on rocky sea-cliffs, particularly on those of.

small uninhabited islands. M. hollrungii grows on muddy river

banks near the sea or in the upper brackish regions of the man-

grove subject to inundation. M. elliptica var. celebica and M.

impressinervia are recorded from limestone. Quite a few of the

lowland species grow in fresh water swamp or peat swamp forest.

Many of these species have stilt-roots, but often the same species.

tends to lose them if it grows in dry situations. The presence of

these roots is therefore not very reliable as a systematic character,

but it may be helpful at times. I am inclined to believe that most

species would acquire them if induced to grow in swamp forest.

List of mountain species

. longipes 460-2,000 m

. Markgraviana 184-923 m

. sphaerosperma 1,150-2,100 m

. subalulata (mountain forms)

Zaks, EDs

. teijsmannii 100-1,000 m

. tubiflora sea level-1,538 m

. uncinata 1,385 m

. womersleyi 2,000 m

. brassii 1,700 m

. buchneriana 300-1,300 m

. ceylanica 830 m

. crassipes 700-1,385 m

. cucullata 560-2.030 m

dactyloides 300-1,500 m

. flosculosa low-1,538 m

globosa sea level-1,230 m

koordersii 200-1,100 m

Sees is so ee

gezle geez

Species for which stilt-roots have been recorded

M. andamanica M. hollrungii

M. argentea M. iners (very rarely)

M. beccarii M. kajewskii

M. crassa M. koordersii

M. dactyloides M. lancifolia var. clemensii

M. elliptica var. elliptica M. lowiana

M. fatua var. fatua M. malabarica

M. fatua var. magnifica (it also M. papyracea (sometimes)

has knee-roots) M. schleinitzii

M. fatua var. morindiifolia M. smythiesii

M. fatua var. papuana M. succedanea (always?)

M. fatua var. platyphylla M. teijsmannii

M. firmipes M. umbrosa

M. garciniifolia M. villosa

Frequency and Rarity of Species

John Wyatt-Smith, formerly of the Forest Research Institute,

Kepong, Selangor, Malaya, in *unpublished data on silviculture,

informed me that when making surveys of lowland dipterocarp

forest in Malaya, he found that the percentage of Myristicaceae

species to the acre was about three per cent. The percentage in

Sarawak must be slightly higher as I have noticed myself that

in the areas I visited, the Myristicaceae are more numerous per

acre than in Malaya. The number of different species in Sarawak

we already know from these ‘‘Precursores”’ to be greater than in

Malaya. A recent practice in silviculture in Malaya, in order to

preserve the economic dipterocarp species, has been to poison

* Foot-note:—Now published as Malayan Forest Records No. 23

(1963) — Manual of Malayan Silviculture for Inland Forest i

by J. Wyalt-Smith. nian orests, parts 1-3

18 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

or ring-bark the smaller, uneconomic trees of other species in

certain dipterocarp forests. This will give young dipterocarp seed-

lings a chance to grow while the old trees are removed thus produc-

ing a more open type of forest. Surely three per cent Myristicaceae

is not a large number and cannot be in the way in such operations

as they are monopodial trees with mast-like trunks and _ their

branches do not spread. I appeal to foresters to leave them alone

‘as they are rare and their seedlings cannot regenerate outside the

shade of the primary forest. I have had no success using ordinary,

simple methods in trying to grow them from cuttings. That the

shade of the forest is necessary in the propagation of early stages

of many trees, is clearly demonstrated by the following example.

I had a good germination of Parishia paucijuga in a flower pot up

to the cotyledon stage. The pot was in full sun and it was then

noticed that the first seedling leaves appeared at the end of a

rather long epicotyl but never unfolded. They soon began to

‘wither as well as part of the epicotyl. The pot was at once removed

to cool shade and there was an immediate revival. The undamaged

‘parts came to life, the young leaves unfolded and soon the second

pair of foliage leaves appeared. The seedlings were saved just in

time and made good recovery. If left alone in the forest some

species of Myristica do eventually reach 100 ft or over, (see below)

and at that size would have some economic value.

In New Guinea, in particular, there are several species which

are very rare or have been collected once only. Other species,

‘collected once only in an area, are actually common there, as

mentioned on the label, e.g. M. cornutiflora and fatua vai.

sangowoensis. A list of the rarest species is now given for

interest. This may be useful in identification or in using the

key as the following will show. It has often happened in the

past, in the case of two closely allied species, that the amateur

botanist, always keen to find rare or new records, has a tendency

to believe or hope that he has collected the rarer species of the

two. I am referring to all families, not to Myristicaceae in

particular. Erroneous records in the British Isles have, in the

past, often resulted from this trait, coupled with inexperience of the

numerous amateurs. If in Myristica, the species keys out to be

one of the following rare ones, it would be best to check the

identification carefully. The number after the species in the

-appended list indicates the number of times it has been collected.

List of rare species in Myristica

. archboldiana—1 M. hypargyraea var.

brassii—1 guillauminiana—1

M. concinna—3 M. inopinata—2

M. cylindrocarpa—2 M. impressinervia—1

M. ensifolia—1 M. neglecta—4

M. fatua var. morobensis—1 M. pedicellata—1

M. fatua var. quercicarpa—1 M. petiolata —1

M. fatua var. sangowoensis—1 M. tenuivenia—2

but common in the area M. uncinata—2

M. firmipes—1 M. undulatifolia—4

M. gracilipes—2 M. womersleyi—1

Sinclair — Myristica 19

In New Guinea the commonest species are: —M. fatua var.

papuana, M. globosa, M. hollrungii, M. subalulata and to a

less extent M. tubiflora. Outside New Guinea the most frequent

are: — M. elliptica var. elliptica, M. fatua var. fatua, M. fragrans,

M. guatteriifolia and M. iners.

Mountain species tend to be rarer than lowland ones. Species

from isolated areas and islands are often endemic, e.g.

M. hypargyraea var. guillauminiana. Species with numerous

flowers and fruits are often common, also the smaller trees

with small fruits. The small fruits are more easily distributed

by birds and other animals. Polymorphic species and especially

those with several varieties spread far and wide as also do the

coastal dune and seashore species. Those growing along river

banks like Aollrungii are probably distributed by water. Its seeds

are small and light. |

Size

They do not reach the first storey like the dipterocarps but

a few are canopy trees of the second order. The majority reach

_ 30 ft or 10-12 m. The smallest recorded is M. ensifolia 1.5 m

high and the tallest, M. sulcata, 12-43 m. M. gigantea comes

next, 30-40 m high, while there are several over 30 m. Incidentally

some of the tall ones have very small flowers, e.g. M. globosa,

lepidota and malabarica. Mountain species naturally tend to be

smaller than those at a lower elevation. Keys do not usually give

the height of the tree but it is often recorded by foresters on the

herbarium label. A list of the smallest and tallest might be useful

in supplementing the key. The lowest figure where there are two

given will also show approximately how high the tree is when it

first begins to reproduce as my records are based mostly on fertile

specimens.

Height of the smallest species

M. brassii—6 m M. gracilipes—6 m

M. carrii—3-7 m M. impressinervia—6 m

M. cylindrocarpa—6 m M. cornutiflora—S-12 m

M. ensifolia—1.5 m M. subalulata—3-10 m

Height of the largest species

M. archboldiana—30 m M. iners—10-36 m

M. dactyloides—27 m M. lepidota—22-35 m

M. fatua var. magnifica—30 m + M. maingayi—36 m

M. fatua var. papuana—9-30 m M. malabarica—25-30 m

M. fatua var. quercicarpa—37 m M. maxima—15-30m

M. fusca—20-30 m M. papyracea—22-37 m

M. gigantea—30-40 m M. pedicellata—30 m

M. globosa—8-35 m M. sulcata—12-43 m

M. hollrungii—6-36 m M. uncinata—30 m

20 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Bark

The bark is either blackish or blackish grey to some shade of

brown in colour. The blackish type varies from longitudinally

striate to deeply longitudinally fissured. It is rather thin, hard but

brittle and may flake or not in old trees. Species having this type of

bark are M. gigantea, maingayi, lowiana, iners and malabarica.

These mentioned cannot be distinguished from each other by the

bark. The brownish shades of bark are more variable as to

striations and flaking. The striations are generally not so deep

or they may be absent. The flaking may be in very small

rectangular pieces, often following a longitudinal pattern or it

may be irregular in large, thin papery portions such as in villosa

and papyracea. There is a lot of detail in bark manifestations so

it is better to refer to the individual species in the Systematic Part

for the variations. The appearance of the bark in many trees still

remains unknown as collectors have stated nothing about it for

these species on the labels. It may be pointed out here that the two

rather similar species M. iners and malaccensis can easily be dis-

tinguished by the bark. I saw them both growing in the Semengoh

Forest Reserve (Arboretum) near Kuching in Sarawak and I found

the Dyak tree climbers were well acquainted with their differences.

Twigs

Some unrelated species have certain peculiarities in their twigs

but neither these pecularities nor such species will come together

for contrast in the keys which are here based on related species

and the series to which they belong. A large number of species have

very similar twigs, too uniform to be of much use in identification.

M. subalulata, the only species to have myrmecophily, can at once

be eliminated from the rest by the ant swellings on its twigs. These

may not, however, be present on every twig seen on a herbarium

sheet. A few species have two lines stretching from petiole base

to petiole base. These may be faint or distinct, usually faint or

absent in the older, terete portions of the twig.

List of species with two lines on the twigs

fatua var. fatua—lines rather

faint, not always present

. fatua var. inutilis—very faint

or 2-angled at the apex only M. sulcata—distinct

M. hollrungii

. subalulata—very distinct,

sometimes slightly winged

M. crassipes M. fatua var. morotaiensis—very

M. cylindrocarpa—2-angled at the distinct

apex only . fatua var. papuana

M. ensifolia—2-angled at the apex . flosculosa

only

A few species have an abundance of lenticels on the twigs.

Sinclair — Myristica 21

List of species with lenticels

M. argentea—numerous, giving the M. fatua var. sangowoensis

PIES \ Bough Ati ee M. hollrungii—a few

M. castaneifolia—a few

M. crassipes—a few M. hypargyraea var. hypargyraea—

numerous

M. cucullata—a few ; ’

M. fatua var. fatua—numerous M: nye argyraea var. insularis—a

M. fatua var. inutilis—numerous ‘ek Foti

M. fatua var. morindiifolia | een ae

M. fatua var. morotaiensis M. undulatifolia—a few

M. fatua var. papuana M. womersleyi

The species with very thick twigs, 5 mm and over, the semi-

pachycaul species as they might be called, are readily separated

from many which have slender twigs, 1-2 mm thick. The remain-

der and majority are in a class having the twigs 3-5 mm thick.

These measurements are taken in the apical regions of the twigs

and tend to vary. Often tall trees have slender twigs such as M.

gigantea, iners and lepidota.

Thick twigs

kajewskii—3-8 mm

. lowiana—S5-8 mm

. Maxima—5-8 mm

. neglecta—7 mm

. carrii—5-7 mm thick

. castaneifolia—S-7 mm M

and 1 cm lower down M

. chrysophylla-4-6 mm M

. crassa—6-7 mm, more lower M

down . papyracea—5-8 mm

fatua var. wenzelii—6 mm,

8 mm—1 cm lower down

o. = a ome

. umbrosa—5S mm

villosa—1 cm

‘ Slender twigs

M. concinna—1-2 mm M. iners—2-3 mm

M. cylindrocarpa—2-3 mm M. lancifolia var. montana—2 mm

M. ensifolia—2 mm M. lepidota—1-2 mm

M. firmipes—1-2mm M. longipes—2 mm

M. malabarica—2-3 mm

M. fragrans—1-2 mm :

; M. tubiflora—1-3 mm, sometimes

M. gigantea—1-2 mm filiform, 0.4 mm only on

M. globosa—1-2 mm very young twigs

M. impressinervia—2 mm M. umbellata—1 mm

Most species have glabrous twigs or these may be puberulous

or slightly pubescent on the innovations just below the terminal

bud. In contrast, the villose twigs of M. villosa may be easily re-

cognized by the 1-2 mm long hairs on the innovations and by the

glabrous, blackish, cracking bark lower down. Series Maingayae,

series Fuscae, M. inopinata and some of the varieties of M. fatua

have densely tomentose innovations.

Leaves

Leaves are always present and form the main part of a herbarium

specimen on a sheet. They have a lot of easily observable characters

such as shape, thickness, length and breadth, nature of indumen-

tum, colour on drying, shape of base and apex, length of petiole

in proportion to lamina, its thickness, number of veins and whether

22 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (/968)

parallel or curved, distinct or faint, presence or absence of

secondary veins and reticulations. To see these characters, we do

not need to dissect or boil up the leaves as in the case of flowers.

They should be brought into the key; some botanists say we

should start with them. Foresters prefer them and often ignore

the reproductive characters. They are of great use but do not

supercede floral or fruiting characters for the major divisions of

a genus such as sections or series. Leaf characters should be used

with caution as many of them are variable and tend to overlap

with certain species. As Myristica is a uniform genus there tends

to be a lot of overlapping characters, not only in leaves but in

those of other organs as well. Thus the oblong shape of leaves

may overlap or pass over gradually into the oblong-elliptic, or

the elliptic into the elliptic-lanceolate or the oblanceolate into the

obovate in the same species or in two closely related species.

The characters of species at one end of a series may overlap

with those at the adjacent end of the next closely related series.

This is only natural and will show how one series arose from

the next or how one species is related to the next. This may not

please the tidy-minded who would prefer every species and every

series to be divided off sharply from the preceding but much

more is explained by continuity than by a break in morphological

pattern. Let us now consider the various useful characters of

the leaves in turn.

Texture of the leaves

None are membranous or delicate and few are thitily chartaceous.

Several are coriaceous and several are chartaceous; in fact most

vary between chartaceous and thinly coriaceous with a lot of

overlapping. Very few are rigidly coriaceous as the conditions

of the primary lowland rain forest are uniform. The leaves of

mountain species will tend to be more coriaceous. Those of the

following species are brittle and tend to break in herbaria: —

M. elliptica, neglecta and teijsmannii. Generally, the texture is not

of very much use as a distinguishing character in a key.

Rigidly coriaceous leaves Other coriaceous leaves

M. crassa M. _brassi

M. cucullata M. maingayi

M. fatua var. sangowoensis :

; g M. malaccensis

M. lowiana M ‘

. maxima

M. succedanea

M. umbrosa M. sphaerosperma

M. womersleyi M. subalulata, mountain forms

Thinly chartaceous leaves

. lancifolia var. lancifolia M. malabarica—young leaves

Shape of the leaves

Leaf shape alone is of low diagnostic value. The usual ones

are oblong, elliptic and lanceolate and in that order of frequency.

A diverse intergradation or combination of these three shapes, one

Sinclair — Myristica 23.

with the other or less often with the ovate or obovate series is

the rule. Some species do have oblong or elliptic leaves but such

combinations as oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, etc. are much

more common. Especially protean is M. insipida which may have

several shapes on the same tree. An unusual shape which is

sometimes exemplified by one or two leaves on a twig of some

Myristica species but which does not predominate and is of no

systematic value is the panduriform. It may be seen sometimes

in the following along with their normal leaf shapes: -—

M. cornutiflora, longipes, malaccensis, maxima, subalulata, sulcata

and tenuivenia and may turn up in others. In M. insipida

there are sometimes a few falcate leaves among the normal

symmetrically elliptic ones. The only other useful peculiarities

which might help to single out species are the long, narrow-

elliptic leaves of M. ensifolia and the slightly undulate leaf margins

of M. undulatifolia. The leaves in most species have an acute apex,

though acuminate, bluntly acute or less often obtuse ones also

occur. The base is acute or rounded or both in some species.

Species with large leaves often have a tendency to vary from

rounded to sub-cordate or cordate. Such are M. castaneifolia,

chrysophylla, fatua vars morindiifolia and subcordata, fusca,

hollrungii, hypargyraea vars gillespieana and insularis, papyracea,

philippensis and subalulata, though archboldiana, — beccarii,

garciniifolia and schleinitzii, species with medium-sized leaves,

have rounded or subcordate bases also.

Size of the leaves

(a) Lamina

The largest ones are rarely seen in herbaria, the apical ones

are often taken to fit the size of the paper. Some use can be made

of size-class in a key. It is obvious that usefulness will be maximum

only when the smallest can be contrasted with the largest in the

key. For length, three size-classes might be suggested here, but

their overlapping ranges need not be absolute. The following might

be taken, 1-12-(15) cm small; 15-30 cm medium and 30-50 cm

large. Species with the longest leaves are M. castaneifolia, fatua

vars affinis and morindiifolia, philippensis and umbrosa. The

tabulated enumeratio will give details: —

philippensis 18-45-50 cm fatua var. morindiifolia 24-46 cm

hollrungii 20-35 cm maxima 25-40 cm (see note after

fatua var. magnifica 20-37 cm maxima on special leaf-measuring

exercise)

subalulata, fatua vat. wenzelii fatua var. affinis 27-40-(48) cm

and hypargyraea vat. gillespieana fatua var. fatua 30-35 cm

carrii 20-38 cm

all 20-40 cm castaneifolia 30-60 cm (herbarium

hooglandii 22-42 cm sheets, apical leaves 15-24 cm)

papyracea 23-40 cm neglecta 32-40 cm

villosa 24-36 cm umbrosa 37-47 cm

24 | Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Species with the smallest leaves are shown in a list with their

length-measurements. Their breadth is given in brackets.

firmipes 4-8 cm (1.5-2.5 cm) lancifolia var. lancifolia 8-16 cm

concinna 5-11 cm (1-3 cm) (2-6 cm)

tubiflora 6-15 cm (2-6 cm) globosa 8-17 cm (3-5.5 cm)

gigantea 7-10 cm (2-3.5 cm) lepidota 9-14 cm (3.5-4.5 cm)

‘Species with the smallest leaves tend to have the narrowest ones

also. M. ensifolia is a species with medium size-class leaves, 17—22

cm long but the breadth is only 2-3 cm. Among the broadest

leaves in the genus are those of M. fatua var. morindiifolia 9-19

cm; papyracea 10-18 cm and maxima 10-16 cm. Other broad

ones are as follows: —

hollrungii 5-13 cm umbrosa 8.5-15 cm

carri! 7-13 cm brassii 10-12 cm

hypargyraea var. gillespieana hypargyraea var. insularis 10-15 cm

7-14 cm fatua var. affinis 10-16 cm

subalulata & fatua var. fatua

7-15 cm

(b) Petioles

The average length for petioles is 1.5-2.5 cm and the average

thickness 3mm. Advantage may be taken of lengths 4 cm or over

and | cm or under to single out certain species. With regard to

thickness 5—6 mm may be considered stout and 1—1.5 mm slender.

The outsizes will scarcely be noticed if the lamina is in good

proportion to petiole measurement. An example of disproportion

is seen in M. archboldiana where the blade is 13-15 cm long

and the petiole 2.5-4 cm long. The species with the longest

petioles are: —M. petiolata 2.5-6 cm; papyracea 3-5.5 cm;

castaneifolia 3-5.5 cm; kajewskii 2-5 cm, while those with the

‘shortest are beccarii 6 mm—1 cm; malabarica 5 mm — 1.5 cm;

-cylindrocarpa and fatua var. subcordata 7 mm— 1 cm; ensifolia

and lancifolia var. montana 8 mm—1 cm; globosa and tubiflora

8 mm —1.5 cm. Those with the stoutest petioles, 5-6 mm thick,

are M. fatua var. magnifica, maxima, neglecta, villosa and

womersleyi, while concinna 1 mm, lepidota 1-2 mm,

impressinervia 1--1.5 mm and firmipes 1.5 mm are those with the

thinnest.

‘Colour on drying

The colour on drying should not be neglected as a diagnostic

character, for the leaves of many species dry their own particular

shade with a constancy that is remarkable. Yet we cannot always

rely on colour as polymorphic species like iners and globosa show

some variation. Faulty methods of drying may upset the final

‘appearance of the dry product, but on the whole, the specimens

. |

’

Sinclair — Myristica 25.

being tough and bulky, do allow a movement of air into the

press so that they seldom go black. There are species with leaves

which dry a pale straw colour or a pale greenish brown on the

upper surface like M. elliptica, schleinitzii and garciniifolia, all in

series Ellipticae and others which, like umbrosa, take on a rich nut-

brown shade. The blackish brown or dark greyish brown leaves of

sulcata will often distinguish it from the lighter colour in subalulata

when sterile as also will the more vivid green of malaccensis

from the draber tints of iners or the dark brown of lowiana from

the lighter greenish brown of maingayi. Coriaceous leaves usually

dry darker than chartaceous ones. Some leaves retain their gloss

and some lose it; others again are glossy only when dry. Those of

M. hooglandii are extremely glossy and waxy above when dry.

The glaucous colour of the undersurface of fresh leaves usually

changes to a pale grey or whitish grey, that is in species which are

not covered beneath by tomentum. The nerves beneath are often

darker, being reddish brown in fragrans. In tubiflora which has

rather similar leaves, they remain the same colour as the surroun-

ding matrix. In koordersii the nerves beneath are chocolate brown.

Tomentum of the leaves

At every possible opportunity use has been made of hairs and

scales in the keys for separating not only species but certain

series as well. These scales and hairs occur on the lower surface of

the leaf. Many species have scales but only a few have both scales

and hairs. The hairs can be easily and readily seen both in the

field and in the herbarium. There are two kinds of scales, only

one kind being made use of here to separate species and series. It

will be noticed that many species have a whitish, silvery or greyish

homogeneity on the lower surface of the leaf. This phenomenon

is often seen in young leaves, disappearing in older ones. It may,

however, perisit. Thus nearly all the species in series Tubiflorae

have it at least when young except /ongipes where it is more often

absent. It is well marked in series Fragrantes especially in argentea

and succedanea but not always in fragrans. Series Uncinatae and

Maximae show it, but it may be absent sometimes from M. maxima

and philippensis. Under the low power of the microscope this

whitish bloom appears to consist in many cases of minute scales,

very close together and deeply and firmly embedded in the

surrounding tissue of the leaf. In some cases it is probably only

an incrustation or a colouration due to wax or pigment. This type

of scale I have not normally used for separating taxa in the keys

and have counted all such species possessing it as species with

glabrous leaves or “‘without scales’’. The kind of scales used here

26 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

in classification is the larger, lax, powdery ones which are visible

with a hand-lens or the naked eye and which can be easily

rubbed off as a furfuraceous dust and which also disappears with

age. They are usually cinnamon brown in colour, making the

leaves conspicuous at a distance but may vary from yellow to

pale yellow or whitish. They are found in the following: —

section I

series Cinnamomeae — M. cinnamomea

series Littorales — M. agusanensis; M. guatteriifolia;

M. markgraviana

section II

series Tenuiveniae- — M. archboldiana; M. beccarii; M.

buchneriana; M. pedicellata; M.

smythiesii; M. tenuivenia

series Fatuae — M. fatua and its vars.. M. Koordersii,

M. lepidota, M. villosa

series Fuscae — M. brassii; M. chrysophylla; M. fusca;

M. sphaerosperma; M. womersleyi

Hairs as well as scales occur in some of the species in this list.

The hairs are stellate or dendroid, usually branched, rarely

simple, being derived from scales by the elongation of the axis.

They may be 1-3 mm long in chrysophylla var. chrysophylla and

in villosa. Hairs also occur on the young leaves of M. inopinata

in series Ellipticae but they soon disappear. The following have

hairs as well as scales: —

M. guatteriifolia—hairs few and M. sphaerosperma

pistes M. womersleyi

M. markgraviana M. fatua var. morindiifolia

M. buchneriana—hairs mostly in var. quercicarpa

young leaves var. subcordata

M. chrysophylla var. chrysophylla yy. villosa

M. fusca

V enation

One of the most readily observable leaf characters is the number

of pairs of primary nerves and this has been used throughout to

separate two contrasted species in the ultimate dichotomies of

the key when there is no overlapping of such numbers. Species

with the highest number of nerves have the largest leaves and

conversely the small-leaved species have the fewest number of

nerves. The following are among those with the greatest number

of pairs of veins: —M. fatua var. morindiifolia 35, fatua vat.

wenzelii 25-32, neglecta 30, philippensis 18-30 and villosa 20-32

pairs while M. elliptica var. simiarum 8-11, fragrans 8-11, firmipes

8-14, malabarica 9 and lepidota 10-12 pairs are those with the

fewest.

The primary nerves are usually faint and sunk in depressions

on the upper surface of the leaf and raised and prominent on the

lower. In a small number of species they may be very faint, fine and

slender, often with parts of them vanishing or invisible especially

‘Sinclair — Myristica 27

at the leaf-margins or they may be very prominent and thicker

than normal. The following have very faint nerves: —

M. archboldiana, concinna, cucullata, garciniifolia, koordersii,

Jancifolia and its vars, neglecta, pedicellata, rosselensis, smythiesii,

tenuivenia, and umbellata. Their opposites, those with the stoutest

nerves, are:—M. chrysophylla, crassa, fatua var. morindiifolia,

-fusca, lowiana, maxima, philippensis, subalulata, villosa and

womersleyi. Primary nerves are usually reasonably well-spaced

from each other, but in the following species they are closely

-crowded together, yet still equidistant: —M. fatua vars morotaiensis,

subcordata and wenzelii, M. fusca, lepidota, pedicellata, petiolata,

tenuivenia and tubiflora. They arise from the midrib obliquely

at an angle of 45—60° but in some cases the angle of origin may be

70-90° as is seen in M. crassipes, fatua var. morobensis, flosculosa,

globosa malabarica, malaccensis, sphaerosperma and sulcata and

in these examples the veins are deeply curved. In a few instances,

only the veins at the base of the leaf arise at a wide angle, the

‘upper ones are oblique, namely: —M. buchneriana, chrysophylla

var. chrysophylla and fatua var. subcordata. While in some species

the nerves are oblique and nearly parallel, more than half of

them have nerves which curve gradually towards the margins with

-deep arches. A few species have both straight and slightly crooked

veins in the same leaf. Some use has been made in the keys,

especially in section 2, of straight and arcuate nerves to distinguish

certain series. Thus in section 2, the following series have curved

nerves: —Cimiciferae, Fuscae (very strongly curved), Laurifoliae,

Subalulatae and Tubiflorae while the following have more or less

straight ones: —Castaneifoliae, Heterophyllae and Tenuiveniae.

Series Teijsmanniae has both kinds but series Fatuae is unreliable

and better left out of the scheme since most of the varieties of fatua

are straight, others curved and others again both straight and

curved. In section I less use has been made of these two kinds

-of nerves for certain species are unreliable; yet generally series

Maximae, Hooglandiae and Littorales (one species markgraviana

slightly curved) have straight ones, series Fragrantes and Uncinatae

have them curved while the remainder are rather mixed or not

sharply defined.

Interarching of the veins at the margins is the usual feature.

It may be distinct or indistinct, even in the same species and should

never be taken as a decisive character in trying to distinguish

between two closely allied species. I do not understand why so

many beginners fail to understand this nor why they seem to

think that faintness or distinctness of veins in this family should

be stressed for creating two species when there is only one. To

illustrate this I may mention such species like M. chartacea, iners,

lancifolia and longipes where the prominence of the veins varies

with the texture of the leaf. The following species tend to have

prominent intra-marginal anastomosis of the veins: —M. mark-

-graviana, sphaerosperma, subalulata, sulcata, undulatifolia and

womersleyi while fatua var. morindiifolia and fusca may have the

loops of interarching double. In the next group of species, the

28 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

veins tend to vanish at the margins with broken or no loops: —

M. concinna, lancifolia, schleinitzii, succedanea, umbellata and.

others.

In many cases a short secondary nerve is present between two.

primary nerves and the occurrence of such nerves is used as a

subsidiary character in separating series Hooglandiae which has

them from Uncinatae which does not have them or series Castanei-

foliae and Laurifoliae (present in both) from series Heterophyllae-

and Teijsmanniae (absent in both). They are numerous in M.

lancifolia var. montana and M. chartacea of series Castaneifoliae

and are also found in series Tenuiveniae. Secondary nerves are,

however, present in many species, sometimes even only one or two

such nerves and it would probably be hard to find a sheet where

one leaf at least does not show a secondary nerve.

Reticulations may or may not be present but they are never

dense as in the dried leaves of Knema. Their presence is often

unpredictable with variation even in the same species. They are

usually absent or obscure in coriaceous leaves but visible in thin

leaves, even in the same species, e.g. M. lancifolia. They are

generally faint or absent on the upper surface of leaves and

more distinct on the lower if present at all there, but many species,

anyway, do not have them on the lower. Sometimes, however, they

may occur only on the upper. They are more distinct in series

Fuscae than in any other series, being present on both surfaces of

the leaf and giving it a very distinct sub-bullate appearance,

especially in M. chrysophylla var. chrysophylla and in M.

womersleyi. They are mostly scalariform but may be lax and

reticulate in dactyloides, gracilipes and malaccensis on the

lower surface and in cylindrocarpa, inopinata and malabarica om

the upper surface. In M. villosa both scalariform and reticulate

ones occur on the upper surface but are invisible on the lower

surface owing to the tomentum. Their presence and absence, there-

fore, may be useful in distinguishing malaccensis from iners, dac-

tyloides from ceylanica and cylindrocarpa and gracilipes from the

other members of series Tubiflorae.

The Inflorescence

The two types of inflorescence on which the genus has been

divided into two sections have been mentioned at the beginning

of this revision. Species with the first type are mainly of

western Malesian origin while those of the second predominate in

eastern Malesia, especially in New Guinea. The most important

fact about these types is that the first is of short duration, producing

flowers during one season or flowering period and then perishing

while the second is persistent, producing flowers from time to time,

the main axis elongating slightly with each fresh crop.

Going on to details, the first consists in the male, of a panicle

with opposite, less often alternate branches developing in acro-

petal succession and bearing stalked flowers in racemose, um-.

bellate or sub-umbellate fashion at the ends of the branches,

the primary branches sometimes branching again in a similar way.

Sinclair — Myristica 29

‘The lowermost pair of primary branches is usually at right angles

to the main axis. The main axis of the inflorescence is slender and

and never woody. It it terete or often flattened and always

smooth at the base. There is also dichotomous branching (vide

infra). The female inflorescence is shorter than the male with

fewer branches, but often simple, in which case it resembles the

second type, though it will usually still be recognized by its smooth

base. It is therefore not so useful for section determination if too

young or too short. Among the species with the longest male

inflorescences of the first type are: —

_M. maxima 10-18 cm M. iners 2-8 cm, more variable, short

M. maingayi 10-16 cm for a long time and then lengthen-

.M. malaccensis 7-10 cm ing

M. Philippensis 6-10 cm M. malabarica 4-6 cm

M. guatteriifolia 2-10 cm

among those with the shortest male inflorescences are: —

M. hooglandii 1-2 cm M. neglecta 1.5-2 cm

M. guatteriifolia 2-10 cm M. carrii 2-3 cm

M. umbellata has an unbranched male inflorescence, but it is likely

that branching will also occur since this observation was based on

the only one gathering ever known of male flowers. An unbranched

axis is sometimes seen in M. argentea, fragrans and elliptica var.

simiarum.

In the second type of inflorescence the axis is a short, thick,

‘scar-covered, woody tubercle as in Knema. It is mostly simple

but may be bifurcate, trifurcate or in M. hollrungii 1—5-—furcate.

‘There is also dichotomous branching (vide infra). The flowers are

stalked, rarely sessile, and borne in umbels or racemose umbels at

the apex of the axis, also in acropetal succession. The scars are

the marks left by the fallen pedicels and bracts. The main axis is,

on the average, only 5 mm—1 cm long with the shortest 1-5 mm

long and the longest 3-7 cm, though very few species reach the

latter dimensions. The average thickness is greater than that

of section I species, being 5 mm with 1 mm as the minimum

and 1 cm as the maximum. Species with the longest axes are M.

castaneifolia 1.5-7 cm, M. ceylanica var. ceylanica 5 mm-—2 cm,

M. hypargyraea 1-4 cm and M. dactyloides 1-1.5 cm while those

with the shortest are M. tubiflora 1 mm—1.5 cm, M. concinna and

lepidota 2-3 mm and M. globosa and tenuivenia 2-5 mm long.

‘The female inflorescence is similar but often shorter than in the

male.

In series Ellipticae and Fragrantes in section I and in series

Tubiflorae in section II the inflorescence may be dichotomous as

well as unbranched even in the same species. Here dichotomy

results mostly from the suppression of the terminal part of the

main inflorescence axis and is not always complete as_inter-

mediate and transitional stages are often seen between the panicle

and the dichasium, especially in series Ellipticae. Dichotomous in-

florescences in section I are usually distinguished from their

counterpart in section II by their smooth basal portions. They are

30 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

also fragile and caducous, being really only a modification of the

first type while those of section II (series Tubiflorae) usually have

a woody persistent basal part like those of the second type. The

rank of series is, therefore, probably high enough for these groups

of species which show dichotomy as this dichotomy is not com-

plete but can be traced back to a dual origin in both section I and

II.

Pedicel scars may be seen in M. argentea (series Fragrantes)

and also sometimes in all members of series Ellipticae except M.

inopinata. The presence of these scars should not mislead the

student into thinking that he is dealing with a section II type

of inflorescence for the main portion of the axis below the scar-

bearing part is thin; smooth and not woody.

Now if this were the complete picture of the two types of in-

florescence, identification would be simple but several complica-

tions arise in the second type which may be misleading to the

inexperienced. In certain section II species the axis may at times

have a very short, smooth part at its extreme base which might

cause the student to believe he is dealing with a section I plant.

However, from the fact that this smooth initial part is not a

constant feature but rather an abnormality in a particular species,

and that it is stout and woody with the scar-bearing, peduncular

part situated above it or at its apex, the inflorencence still belongs

to the second type. In extreme cases the smooth basal part reaches a

maximum of 2-3.5 cm long as in M. hypargyraea, resembling a

transition to the first type of inflorescence. The stalk of the in-

florescence has to emerge a little distance before flowers can be

produced. It may be that the reproductive phase has received a

check at this stage through some unfavourable climatic conditions

and its growth is arrested. If the transition mentioned above is a

true one, then it is a good thing since it could demonstrate how

the panicular type gave rise to the more frequent Knema-like type.

If there were no connection between them, then Myristica might

have to be divided into two genera or at least into two subgenera.

It may be that the damper, more uniform climate of western

Malesia has favoured the panicular type and the drier, more

seasonal one of eastern Malesia has encouraged the second type

and that the significance of diversity in the inflorescence is less

phyletic than supposed. I believe that this diversity is mostly

phyletic and that climate plays only a minor part, see page 42. In

a uniform genus like Myristica with few evolutionary trends and

living in uniform conditions in sheltered forests, one cannot expect

sharp distinctions between series and series or even between every

species. The continuity and uniformity in a slow but progressive

evolution is more natural and satisfactory than having gaps and

sharp distinctions which cannot be explained. If left alone some

of the more variable species might produce new ones but alas the

day is almost here when there will be gaps as forests in the tropics

are being slashed at daily by destructive humanity in satanic fury,

now with bulldozer and to-morrow probably with even more

devilish instruments.

—— ep

Sinclair — Myristica 31

Here are some species in section If which may have a smooth

basal part to the inflorescence: —M. fusca, ceylanica, andamanica,

crassa, teijsmannii, hypargyraea, lancifolia var. bifurcata with some

species in series Tubiflorae such as cylindrocarpa, gracilipes,

longipes and tubiflora. The student may tend to confuse series

Tubiflorae with series Fragrantes for young inflorescences of the

former do not always show the dichotomy and may at times be

simple as in M. tubiflora itself. Again both young and mature

inflorescences of the latter e.g. M. fragrans may also be simple

as has already been pointed out. A further complication may

be seen in M. longipes (series Tubiflorae) where the basal part

of the inflorescence may be smooth and even thin and fragile as

well, but the youngest stages will often show that the smooti

part is lacking and that we are dealing with the second type of

inflorescence. The dichotomy here is different from the irregular

bifurcations seen in species like hollrungii, ceylanica and dactyloides

where the branches do not diverge, but are usually closely

adpressed to each other or bunched together. The last, at times,

has a very knarled, hand-like inflorescence and hence the name

“dactyloides’’.

Both types of inflorescence always arise in the axil of a leaf

or of a fallen leaf. In M. philippensis several inflorescences are

produced on the short twigs of the present year’s growth each in

the axil of a fallen bract. These twigs will lengthen as they grow

older. Even the youngest inflorescence at the top is lateral and not

terminal as is sometimes stated. The actual terminal bud will be

seen at the very top while the leaves are as yet concealed inside

the bud. It seems that the dry seasonal climate of the Philippines

retards leaf formation until the flowers are over. In M. maxima

and papyracea a few leaves will by this time have opened above

the flowers but not with philippensis if it has been growing in its

native islands. However, (see note under this species and the sheets

Didrichsen 2129 and 2154) when grown in the moist climate of

Bengal, the leaves appear before or at the same time as the flowers.

The position with regard to the other two species might be re-

versed if they were grown in the Philippines where probably the

climate might delay the appearance of the leaves till the flowers

are over.

The average number of male flowers on the ultimate flower-

bearing parts of an inflorescence is from 3-6 but certain series

have fewer or more. Those with only a few flowers at a time, 1-3,

are series Tubiflorae with M. longipes and tubiflora and series

Fragrantes with M. fragrans. Dense clusters of flowers, 6-10 or

more, are found in series Cimiciferge, Subalulatae, Laurifoliae,

Teijsmanniae, some members of Tenuiveniae, and some of the

Ellipticae such as M. elliptica var. simiarum, some varieties of

M. fatua such as var. magnifica with 8-20 and var. inutilis and

in M. lancifolia var. montana. The number of female fiowers in a

cluster in most species is generally only 1-3.

32 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Bracts

Bracts are early caducous and are seldom seen on herbarium

specimens. Bracts up to 2 cm long, the largest in the genus occur

in M. philippensis. Bracteoles will be discussed under the next

heading ‘Flowers’.

Flowers

A certain amount of information about the general characters of

flowers, their size, shape, tomentum, etc. has already been given

in ““A Revision of the Malayan Myristicaceae’”’ in Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 225. Before proceeding further, it may be pointed

out now that female flowers are less useful than male for specific

determinations so no great use has been made of them in the

present account. They tend to be rather uniform, their shape con-

forming to that of the ovary which they accommodate and shelter.

Size

The longest flowers in the genus are the female of M. uncinata,

2 cm long; the male has not yet been seen. The following male

flowers are the next longest and their breadth is given after their

length: —

M. fusca 1.5-1.7 cm x 5 mm M. brassii 1-1.5 cm x 4-5 mm

M. hooglandii 1.3-1.6 cm M. subalulata 1-1.5 cm x 4 mm

x 8 mm—I! cm M. sphaerosperma 1-1.5 cm x 3-4 mm

M. neglecta 1.3-1.5 cm x 6-8 mm

A few others reach | cm in length, the female usually 1 mm shorter

and more swollen. Some female flowers, however, are the same

length and a very few are longer. The following male flowers are

the smallest in the genus: —

M. concinna 2-3 mm x 2 mm M. impressinervia 3-4 mm x 4 mm

M. agusanensis 2-4 mm in diam. M. lepidota 3.5 mm x 2-2.5 mm

M. malabarica 3-4 mm in diam. M. chartacea 5 mm x 3-4 mm

Shape

The shape of the male perianth is at times useful in specific

determination especially the shape in bud. It is globose or sub-

globose in series Maximae, series Littorales and in M. fragrans,

impressinervia and crassa with a tendency to be ovoid-globose in

iners, malabarica and malaccensis. Such overlapping of shapes is

common. It is ovoid in M. ceylanica, dactyloides, castanetfolia

(later ellipsoid), chartacea, hollrungii, hypargyraea, smythiesii and

teijsmannii; ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid in series Hooglandiae,

series Fuscae and M. argentea; oblong or oblong combined with

some other shape in series Maingayae, M. succedanea, umbellata,

schleinizii, koordersii, insipida and andamanica (oblong to sub-

globose in the latter). There is an elongate group which, in series

Tubiflorae, is perfectly tubular, and is used as a diagnostic

character; elongate but not quite so tubular in series Ellipticae

and cylindric or sub-cylindric in concinna, subalulata and

sulcata. The obovoid or clavate shape is rare but may be seen in

buchneriana, dactyloides and fatua var. inutilis. A few species

Sinclair — Myristica 33

have the perianth 3-angled at the apex in bud, often a useful charac-

ter for distinguishing M. cinnamomea and also most members of

‘series Ellipticae. This angulation is very distinct in M. garciniifolia

but less so in M. elliptica. It is visible in M. inopinata when the

dense tomentum covering the flower-buds has been removed. It

has also been observed in M. malaccensis and might help in dis-

tinguishing that species from iners.

The shapes of female flowers are mostly ovoid, globose or sub-

globose and when their lobes begin to reflex, the perianth then

becomes urceolate or campanulate but always conforming to the

shape of the ovary. In the species where the male flower is more

elongate, the female perianth is more or less elongate too, with

the flowers flask-shaped to narrow-conical.

The three lobes of the perianth may be acute or obtuse at the

apex. The male perianth is usually split down at its apex for 4 of

its length by the lobes but in species with an elongate or tubular

perianth the splitting may be only ~ or $ such as: —M. subalulata

“l/s, fusca */,;—'/;, argentea, cornutiflora and neglecta 1, brassii and

crassipes 4-4 and longipes and tubiflora */;. In several species with

less elongate flowers, the split may be 4; rarely does it reach 3 as

in Aypargyraea and villosa except in female flowers of various

species. Female flowers are usually more deeply split than the

male, 5-3, the splitting helping to expose the ovaries for fertiliza-

tion. Here also their lobes tend to be more reflexed, also helping

to display the ovary; they are erect, oblique or less often reflexed

in the male.

Tomentum of flowers

Several species may be identifiable by the tomentum of their

flowers. The following are all densely tomentose, the remainder

being tomentulose, pubescent or glabrous: —Series Maingayae,

series Littorales, M. inopinata, all species in series Fuscae except

M. brassii, series Tenuiveniae, M. fatua and some of its vars, M.

lepidota, villosa, sulcata, undulatifolia, insipida, dactyloides,

teijsmannii (slightly), hypargyraea, castaneifolia and lancifolia var.

bifurcata. The tomentum of M. dactyloides will distinguish it from

the closely allied, only slightly tomentulose ceylanica. In a few

of the above species the tomentum may be described as lanose,

sub-lanose and villose. These are M. markgraviana (sublanose),

M. chrysophylla var. chrysophylla (pale lanose), M. fusca (lanose-

tomentose) and M. villosa (villose).

Androecium

The androecium is not nearly so useful as that of Knema for

distinguishing species especially because the anther number is not

variable and because the anthers are difficult to count. It has

therefore not been used very much here in classification but some

important facts have been observed about it. In section I the

column is rather massive and cylindrical with little or no develop-

ment of the sterile apiculus. The stalk is as thick as the fertile

part and also not very well-developed. There are exceptions in

series Fragrantes where there is a more pronounced sterile

34 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

apiculus and in series Hooglandii where the stalk is much thinner

than the column. In section 2, on the other hand, there is more

differentiation into these three parts. The apiculus is often present,

though it may be absent also. The stalk is not so broad as the

fertile part. It is difficult to know how dependable the androecium

really is in classification as exceptions sometimes occur. Even in

the same species there may be variation. When describing the

androecium I have usually examined 3-4 flowers but in some

sheets where flowers are not plentiful one cannot boil up so many.

There is a good development of the apiculus in argentea, buch-

neriana, cucullata, flosculosa, lepidota, sulcata, teijsmannii and

undulatifolia and maximum development in subalulata. It is poorly

developed in concinna, globosa, fatua var. inutilis, hypargyraea

and longipes while concinna, insipida and longipes may or may

not have an apiculus. Unfortunately male flowers have not been

seen in umbrosa and uncinata where I have very much wanted

to know the real relation of their series Uncinatae to Hooglandiae

and Maximae. Again the column of M. neglecta is not like that

of the rest of the species in series Hooglandiae and perhaps I have

wrongly placed it in that series. I have tried to fit it into other

series such as Tenuiveniae but more important characters keep it

out of the latter. Perhaps it should be placed in a series by itself.

More material is required.

The fertile portion is nearly always longer than the stalk, some-

times three to four times as in some of the section I species,

usually twice as long and often one and a half times as long.

Only in fatua var. papuana, papyracea, rosselensis and tubiflora

is it nearly equal or just slightly longer, one and a quarter times.

The stalk may be completely covered with hairs or glabrous or

with hairs at the base only. A count shows that about 47 per

cent of the species have tomentum on the stalk, 34 per cent are

glabrous and 19 per cent have basal hairs only. I can see no

connection between this variable feature and the classification into

sections and series. Even it is not constant in the various varieties

of M. fatua.

The basic anther count is 10 but we get small variations such

as 6-10 or 10-12. The numbers given for M. maxima and lowiana

in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 341 and 347 should be corrected to

half the numbers given respectively, i.e. they should now be 6-10

and 7. As pointed out the anthers are difficult to count and of no

value for distinguishing species.

Ovary

The ovary is the most uniform organ in the flower and there-

fore is of little or no value in classification. It is covered with some

tomentum in every case, and most often the tomentum is dense.

The shape, as mentioned before, is rather similar to that of the

female perianth, the ovoid and sub-globose being the commonest.

The more elongate perianths have a conical or narrow-conical

ovary. The style is very short or mostly absent, the ovary tapering

into the two stigmatic lobes. These are glabrous and at first closely

ne tow #

. a

Sinclair — Myristica 35-

pressed together. At maturity the lobes diverge like the letter

V and are acute at the apex or in some cases such as M. ceylanica,

fatua var. papuana, globosa, hollrungii, inopinata, koordersii, ros-

selensis and teijsmannii are obtuse, the whole structure then resem-

bling that of a duck’s gaping bill.

Pedicels

Pedicel length in male flowers is frequently used in the keys

as a subsidiary character when two species with different lengths

are directly contrasted or when there is a shortage of comparative

characters. In most species the male pedicels reach 5 mm in length.

The following have the longest male pedicels: —

M. maxima 1i-1.5 cm - M. fragrans 1-1.5 cm

M. hooglandii 1.3-1.5 cm M. subalulata 1-1.5 cm

M. neglecta 1-1.4 cm

The following have the shortest male pedicels: —

maingayi 3 mm

. gigantea 1-2 mm

agusanensis 2-3 mm

. elliptica var. simiarum 2-3 mm

rosselensis 4-5 mm

. lepidota 2-3 mm

. villosa 4 mm

. concinna 0.5-2 mm

. insipida 3-4 mm

. ceylanica 3-5 mm

. lancifolia var. lancifolia 3 mm

. lancifolia var. bifurcata 2 mm

. lancifolia var. clemensii 5 mm

. lancifolia var. montana 3-5 mm

. chartacea 4 mm

RSSSESER

SSARSRSES

It will be noticed that those with the longest pedicels are often

section 1 and those with the shortest section II species. The

following has sessile male flowers: M. chrysophylla. Female

flowers usually have shorter pedicels than the male, being sessile

in several including chrysophylla, tenuivenia, villosa, and fatua

var. magnifica (sessile or 2.5 mm long in the last). They are longer

in flosculosa, lancifolia vars bifurcata and clemensii and in longipes

and tubiflora. Several species have not yet been seen in female

flower, those of gracilipes being 2.7—3.5 cm long in fruit. In a few

others they may be the same length as the male or a little longer

as in buchneriana, markgraviana, sphaerosperma and succedanea.

Thickness is not often recorded, the pedicels being merely described

as slender or stout. Male pedicels are usually slender, about 1 mm

thick but under 1 mm in the following: —series Malabaricae, M.

argentea and M. cornutiflora and in the remainder where direct

measurements are given: —M.tubiflora 0.2-0.3 mm, fatua var.

inutilis 0.5 mm, longipes 0.5—0.7 mm and chartacea 0.75mm. Very

few reach 2 mm such as M. buchneriana, fusca and inopinata.

Female pedicels are in nearly all cases stouter than in the male,

reaching 2-3 mm, but are the same in fusca, 2 mm thick. Those

of markgraviana have a thickened collar 4-5 mm thick just below

the flower.

36 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Bracteoles

Although there is much uniformity in bracteoles and their general

features they exhibit a number of useful minor peculiarities. Nor-

mally the bracteole is situated at the base of the perianth where

the latter joins the pedicel, but in series Tubiflorae it very soon

comes to be 1-5 mm below the base of the perianth. This is the most

useful of all bracteole characters and serves to identify this series.

The following species also have the bracteole 1-3 mm below the

flower: —M. neglecta, brassii and sphaerosperma. At first the

bracteole is the same size as the flower-bud. It is convex on the outer

surface and concave on the inner, thus being the right shape for

protecting the flower-bud. When the flower elongates it soon sur-

passes the bracteole in size so that the latter is then from 4 to 4

the size of the mature flower. It is usually semi-circular in outline,

being mostly broader than long and more often obtuse or rounded

at the apex than acute. Having fulfilled its function, it is no longer

needed and falls early, and in some species very early. Rarely does

it persist in fruit. Here are some general features of bracteoles as

well as special details. The average length of the bracteole is 2 mm.

In small flowers it is 1 mm long. It is only 0.5 mm long in M.

lancifolia var. clemensii. The largest bracteoles are to be found

in M. teijsmanni 6-7 mm long, philippensis 4-6 mm, lowiana and

villosa 5 mm. The broadest are in kajewskii, teijsmannii and villosa

where they are 7 mm broad. Shapes other than the usual semi-

circular are orbicular, suborbicular and ovate. In M. philippensis

the bracteoles may be 1—3—lobed and in M. fatua var. fatua they are

carinate on the back or abaxial surface. Species which have tubular

or elongate flowers such as those in series Ellipticae, Fragrantes and

Fuscae have small bracteoles as the flowers themselves are narrow.

Otherwise large flowers have large bracteoles and small ones re-

duced bracteoles. Bracteoles are very early deciduous in the

following: —M. umbellata, series Fragrantes, some members of

series Ellipticae, M. buchneriana, M. koordersii and M. lancifolia

var. clemensii. They persist for some time in M. fatua, kajewskii,

hypargyraea, teijsmannii, castaneifolia and chartacea. Species which

have tomentose flowers also have the bracteoles tomentose on the

outside but not on the inside where they are always glabrous.

The following have the margins of the bracteoles ciliate: —M.

iners, malaccensis, lancifolia and castaneifolia. The basal remains

of the fallen bracteoles in M. hooglandii and neglecta are thickened

and recurved.

Fruit

The fruit is of great value in the identification of species and it is

safe to say that out of the several features provided by it such

as size, shape, nature of tomentum, thickness of pericarp, descrip-

tion of the stalk, aril and seed, there is usually at least one of the

above which will readily identify most species, provided that the

fruit is not too old or too young. This is fortunate for very often

foresters and others tend to collect more fruiting specimens than

Sinclair — Myristica 37

flowering. In Myristica the unilocular fruit splits along a longi-

tudinal circumferential suture into two valves and contains a single

ovule.

Size

The largest fruits are from 7-10 cm long with one record of

12 cm. They are not numerous and are to be found mainly in

some section I species. The majority of fruits are 4-7 cm in

length while the smallest, of more frequent occurrence than the

largest, measure 1.3-3 cm long and belong mostly to section IL.

The following are examples of the longest, their breadth being

listed second: —

Section I

M. maxima 7-9x3.5-5 cm M. lowiana 6-8x4 cm

M. philippensis 5-8x3-4.5 cm and M. iners 6.5-8.5-(10) x 4-4.5 cm

once recorded as 12 cm long M. malabarica up to 10x4-6 cm

M. papyracea 8-9x4.5 cm M. cinnamomea 6-9 x 4.5 cm

M. umbrosa 6.5-9x4.5 cm M. fragrans 6-9 cm in diam.

M. maingayi 10.5x6-6.5 cm

Section II

M. archboldiana 7x4 cm M. womersleyi 6-9 cm in diam.

(still immature) M. sphaerosperma 6 cm in diam. but.

M. fatua var. magnifica probably reaching the same dimen-

7-10.5x5 cm sions as in womersleyi

M. kajewskii 7-8.5x5.5-7.5 cm

The following is the list with the smallest fruits: —_

Section I

M. elliptica var. simiarum 1.5-2 cm M. schleinitzii 2-3.5x1.5 cm

in diam.

M. rosselensis unknown, but prob-

ably the same size or smaller than

those of schleinitzii

Section II

M. chrysophylla 2-3 cm in diam. M. globosa 1.5-2.5 cm in diam.

M. pedicellata 2x1.5 cm M. concinna 1.8-2x1-1.2 cm

M. beccarii 2.5-3x1.5-2 cm M. insipida 2.5-3.5x1.5-1.8 cm

M. smythiesii 2.5-3x1.8-2 cm M. cylindrocarpa 2.5-2.8x8 mm —

M. fatua var. quercicarpa 1.3-1.5x 1 cm

1.8-2 cm M. gracilipes 2.5-3x1.5 cm

M. fatua var. morobensis 1.5 cm M. lancifolia var. lancifolia 1.6-1.8

in diam. (immature) x1.4-1.5 cm

M. lepidota 2.5-3x1-1.5 cm M. lancifolia var. montana 2-3x1-1.4

M. subalulata 1.6-2.8x1.3-2 cm oA

Shape ,

The fruits of a large number of species are either oblong or

globose, a lesser number ovoid or ellipsoid while only a minority

are obovoid. More common, however, are combinations of these

Shapes such as ovoid-globose, ovoid-oblong, oblong-ellipsoid, while

some variable species may have more than one shape. Actually

38 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

sub-globose is more usual than absolutely globose or perfectly

spherical. Several of the species in series Tubiflorae have elongate,

spindle-shaped fruits, acute at both ends, especially at the apex such

as M. longipes and tubiflora. M. carrii also has rather narrowly

ellipsoid fruits. Among the obovoid ones are M. archboldiana and

lepidota with buchneriana ellipsoid or obovoid, fatua var. papuana

oblong or obovoid and firmipes obovoid-ellipsoid to ellipsoid. Those

of fragrans, though variable, are usually pyriform and drooping.

The following have the apex rather oblique and sometimes slightly

uncinate: —M. castaneifolia, chartacea, fusca, petiolata, uncinata,

villosa, fatua var. subcordata and elliptica and its vars. Myristica

fatua var. quercicarpa has the most unusual fruits of all. They

are disc-shaped with a central mucro and resemble those of an oak.

The following have a mucro without the apex being uncinate or

oblique: —M. hypargyraea, lancifolia var. lancifolia (slightly pro-

minent) pedicellata, subalulata (best developed in this one) and

undulatifolia. A few others have a mucro in young fruits, but

this does not persist for long.

Tomentum

First of all those with a densely tomentose pericarp are easy to

identify and are in the minority so they may be eliminated by the

following list. In it the nature of the tomentum as well as the length

of the hairs is indicated: —

M. philippensis tomentose, 1 mm M. fusca tomentose, 1 mm

M. umbrosa tomentose, 1 mm M. buchneriana tomentose, 0.5 mm

M. uncinata tomentose, 1 mm M. fatua var. morobensis densely

M. lowiana woolly, 1-2 mm velvety, 1-2 mm

M. malabarica tomentose, 1 mm M. fatua var. subcordata velvetv to

M. guatteriifolia tomentose, 1 mm tomentose, 1-2 mm

M. markgraviana furfuraceous- M. villosa villose, 1-2 mm

tomentose, | mm M. petiolata tomentose, 2 mm

M. inopinata densely villose, 2-3 mm M. castaneifolia tomentose, 2 mm

M. chrysophylla lanose or sub-

lanose, 3-5 mm

Four of the above species may be distinguished readily by their

dark chocolate tomentum, namely castaneifolia, petiolata, un-

cinata and womersleyi. The colour is pale brownish yellow in

villosa, a golden yellow in chrysophylla var. chrysophylla, a dark

rusty brown in fusca and usually a medium rusty brown in the

remainder.

Of the species not mentioned above, less than half have a

glabrous pericarp or end up with one. The remainder, more than

half of all the species in the genus are pubescent or tomentulose.

By tomentulose as used in this account, is meant densely covered

with extremely short hairs which look more like stippling than

hairs. Some species such as concinna, hollrungii, iners, insipida

and maingayi are at first invested with a furfuraceous scurf and

later become glabrous, while in fatua vars fatua, morindiifolia and

papuana the scurf persists. The colour of the pubescent, tomentulose

Sinclair — Myristica 39

and furfuraceous fruits referred to in this paragraph is usually a

medium rusty brown, but those of the following tend to be pale

in colour: —M. concinna, cylindrocarpa, garciniifolia, gracilipes,

insipida and fatua var. inutilis. M. sulcata may have them medium

as well as pale brown.

Thickness and Texture of the Pericarp

The pericarp is considerably thicker and softer in unripe fruits

than in mature ones. As the fruit ripens, the seed increases in size

and the pericarp gradually shrinks and hardens. Thus measurements

from herbarium specimens for thickness may not always be reliable

if the fruit is not quite ripe. In the present account measurements

are taken mostly from dried ripe fruits. We cannot go far wrong

with the thinnest which are: —M. concinna 0.5—1 mm; cylindro-

carpa 1 mm; lancifolia var. bifurcata 1 mm; lancifolia var. montana

0.25—0.5 mm; pedicellata 1 mm and schleinitzii 0.5 mm. With the

thickest, one can never be quite certain that the measurements are

final. The following are among the thickest: —M. archboldiana 8

mm—1.2 cm; crassa | cm (will probably become less); crassipes 5-8

mm; cucullata 5—7 mm; elliptica 1 cm; fragrans 5 mm-—1 cm; iners

5 mm-1.3 cm; kajewskii 5-8 mm-(1 cm); lowiana 8 mm-—1 cm;

maingayi 2—2.5 cm (will probably become less); succedanea | cm;

teijsmannit 5 mm; undulatifolia 5 mm and womersleyi 5 mm.

The remainder, the great majority of the species, have a pericarp

of 2-3 mm thick at maturity. The pericarp may be hard and woody

as in M. archboldiana, castaneifolia, cinnamomea, crassipes, cucul-

lata, hypargyraea, kajewskii, lepidota, petiolata, sphaerosperma,

undulatifolia and womersleyi. Sometimes it may be brittle, tending

to break in herbaria, such as in M. chrysophylla, concinna, malac-

censis, fatua var. fatua, and fatua var. papuana. A thin pericarp is

not necessarily fragile. In fact the majority of thin ones is quite

hard. The unripe fruits of M. fatua var. magnifica, M. malabarica

and fragrans have a rather succulent and fleshy pericarp, that of

the latter may be eaten [Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

239]. The pericarp of M. fusca, maxima and uncinata tends to

become wrinkled on drying, sometimes or slightly in flosculosa,

Kajewskii and philippensis, while that of papyracea becomes very

dark and remains smooth and glossy. M. crassipes and hypargyraea

have a warted pericarp rather like that of the rugose fruits in

certain Annonaceae such as Mitrephora and Fissistigma.

Stalk

The section I species which have the longest inflorescence

axis (the peduncle) will naturally tend to have the longest fruiting

peduncles. Sometimes, however, there is no great elongation in

the stalk in section I species for it must be remembered that it is

the male inflorescence and not or less often the female which is

elongate and panicular. The pedicels, especially in female flowers,

are never long anyway so they will not add greatly to the overall

length of the stalk. Stalk measurement in this account is usually

that of peduncle and pedicel combined because in the fruiting stage

it is rather late to tell where the one ends and the other begins.

40 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1958)

However, in species which show dichotomy and have 2-4 fruits in

a dichasium, the forks of the dichasium will mark the delimita-

tions of the peduncle and pedicel. If one of the arms of the fork is

suppressed or absent, a bracteole scar may still be visible indicat-

ing the above delimitations.

The longest stalks, peduncle + pedicel are to be found in M.

maxima where they reach 9 cm. Then come those of papyracea,

philippensis, iners and malabarica, 3-4 cm long. In section Il M.

longipes and tubiflora have stalks 3-3.3 cm long. Those with

sessile or nearly sessile fruits, the stalk 5 mm long or less, are M.

beccarii, castaneifolia, chartacea, chrysophylla, lepidota, villosa and

fatua vars morobensis, subcordata and wenzelii. It is on account

of the broad, rounded base and thick pedicels that some fruits

may appear sessile when their fruit-stalk is actually 5 mm long.

Smaller fruits with 3-5 mm long stalks, e.g. M. lancifolia, are not

in appearance sessile since their pedicels are slender, well-propor-

tioned to the length of the pericarp and not hidden by its base. The

prolongation of the base of the pericarp into a pseudo-stalk is seen

in M. flosculosa, gracilipes, longipes, tubiflora and in most mem-

bers of series Ellipticae.

The thickness of the stalk seems rather a trifling iota, averaging

4 mm and having few extreme values, only some three species

reaching | cm. It should not be ignored, however, for occasionally

it may help in identification. The following have the thinnest stalks,

series Tubiflorae featuring prominently: —

M. elliptica var. simiarum 2 mm M. ensifolia 1.5-2 mm

M. schleinitzii 2-3 mm M. gracilipes \-1.5 mm

M. concinna 1-2 mm M. longipes 2 mm

M. pedicellata 2 mm M. tubiflora 2 mm

M. cylindrocarpa 2 mm

The following have the thickest stalks: —

M. elliptica var. celebica 7 mm M. firmipes 7 mm

M. sphaerosperma 5-7 mm M. kajewskii 1 cm

M. fatua var. wenzelii 5-7 mm M. hypargyraea var. gillespieana

M. undulatifolia 7 mm 8 mm—I cm

M. crassipes 7 mm M. castaneifolia 7 mm

In a few cases, e.g. M. garciniifolia, longipes and tubiflora, the

stalk thickens at its apex, forming a small clavate receptacle to

receive the fruit.

Aril

The aril is so very uniform that it is practically of no value in

species determination. In Myristica it is split down to the base or

nearly to the base by its numerous segments. The latter narrow

and converge towards the apex of the seed. The colour varies

through different shades of red to orange but collectors are seldom

precise about the exact tint, very often never mentioning it at all.

The immature aril is white.

Sinclair — Myristica 4]

Seed

The seed also is of little value in species determination, only

species with large seeds may be worth contrasting with the smallest.

The size and shape of seeds will of course depend to a large extent

on that of their fruits. If data were available, the colour of fresh

seeds might be compared with that of dried ones. When stripped

of their arils all seeds are so uniform except for size. It is on

account of this uniformity that neither Markgraf nor I myself am

able to identify three of Warburg’s species described from seeds

or seeds without arils. These three species, M. avisparadisiacae,

M. macrocarya and M. pseudo-argentea have been relegated by us

to Species obscurae. In Myristica the dried seeds are marked by

a pattern of vertical ridges and furrows, the latter in life being

occupied by the segments of the aril.

The Sections in Myristica and their Significance and Origin

The genus Myristica exhibits few evolutionary trends except for

the two types of inflorescence already mentioned, that is the her-

baceous, branched, deciduous type of section I Myristica and the

contracted, woody, persistent type of section II Fatua. In fact there

is a close and remarkable uniformity in the species and their cha-

racters. The lack of diversity is, however, compensated for by the

large number of species which exists. The uniform and sheltered

habitat in the primary forest will, to a certain extent, be a

moderating factor, limiting the trends of diversity. We have seen

how the female flowers and especially the ovary are so constant as

to be of little use in classification. Similarly the aril and the seed

are of little value in species determination except where, by a

difference in size, two species can be contrasted in a key. Advances

to syncarpy are scarcely possible to a single-seeded, unicarpellate

fruit. If left alone some of the more polymorphic species would

no doubt, over the ages, still produce some new species, but it

looks as if they were now doomed in the rush to bulldoze all forests

in the tropics. It is a pity that some more species besides M. fra-

grans had not been of economic use since cultivation would have

produced some variation and preservation. Man will not help for

he is not interested, but think what he could do if willing with all

his modern scientific means. It would be wonderful if only artifi-

cial swamp forests could be created to save and care for species

which will one day vanish from this earth. Yet this is no dream,

for an artificial swamp forest does exist. It is Cypress Gardens in

Florida — See Reader’s Digest (March 1964) 107.

There are more species with the woody, persistent, section II

type of inflorescence, more than I first realized when the revision

of only the Malayan species was completed. Also there are more

with this type of inflorescence in New Guinea than elsewhere. All

the Malayan species except one Have, as has been emphasized

before, the herbaceous, panicular type of inflorescence which is

characteristic of Western Malesia. We must not forget, however,

that the two types exist together throughout the area except in

Australia and some of the Pacific Islands where the section II

type alone occurs.

42 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Let us call the section I Myristica type of inflorescence M and

the section II Fatua type F for convenience. It might be suggested

that climate would have some effect on the development of the two

kinds of inflorescence, the damp or wet uniform climate pro-

ducing the panicular or M type and the drier, seasonal and more

variable one encouraging the short, woody, scar-covered, persistent

F type. But if this were the case nearly all the trees in other families

belonging to the same geological period and growing in the same

habitat as Myristica would also be expected to respond similarly

to the effects of climate. This would mean that trees in a damp

evergreen forest would have an elongate inflorescence and those

in dry forests, subjected to dry climate, would have a short,

condensed type of axis. This is certainly very far from what we

actually find. Climate might have had some slight effect on certain

Species, but it was not the initiating factor and never alone produced

the M and F types of inflorescence. These can only have arisen due

to some genetic mechanism already present in the primitive an-

cestors of Myristica.

It was mentioned in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 246 and in

Lawrence, Taxonomy of Vascular Plants (1951) 59 that. as an

inflorescence, the branched panicle might be considered the most

primitive. If we accept this and apply it to the M species of

Myristica, we can also add the more clumsy form of staminal

column with little or no development of stalk and apiculus, the

large leaves and the large fruit to support a statement that these

M species are more primitive than the F ones. These primitive

characters are not tremendously important ones so the F species,

after all, are not very much advanced over the M group. The

word primitive does not necessarily mean that the M _ species

arose before those of section F or that the panicular inflorescence

came before the other type although there is a strong degree of

implication.

The question of the origin of the inflorescence is a difficult one.

Which type actually came into being first? I am afraid we shall

never know the exact answer. No theory that I can think of is

immune from attack or contradiction of some kind. It has already

been mentioned on page 30 that the stalk of the inflorescence has

to emerge a little distance before flowers can be produced. In some

very young inflorescences of section Fatua, even where there is as

yet only one flower, the pedicel appears to be almost sessile, arising

from the wood of the twig. However, if examined by a hand-lens

an actual inflorescence will be seen, represented by a minute swel-

ling or protuberance between the pedicel and the twig. This

tumescence consists of at least more than one layer of cells high.

In Cryptogams the inflorescence or fructification, even if buried in

the tissue of the fertile branch, usually has a stalk consisting of

a few cells. Only in the lowest Cryptogams is the stalk reduced to

one cell or entirely absent. In the archetypes of Myristica there

must always have been a stalk, however short. This does not bring

us any nearer to the answer for the stalk primordium in the arche-

type could at once proceed to develop and produce either an

elongate inflorescence or a woody Knema-like one. Since section

Sinclair — Myristica 43.

M is supposed to be the most primitive with the most primitive

inflorescence, it seems only reasonable to suppose that the panicular

type came first and this is the view that I am obliged to accept

and the rest of what happened will be based on this assumption

although the reverse way could also be possible. However, for

a fuller explanation and discussion of the archetypes see ahead

under the origin of Knema and migration.

How is it that the M species, though more primitive than the

F have not been the most successful in attaining a species majority?

It could be that the M species were at one time numerous but

many of them have died out. Myristica is supposed to have arisen

in the Jurassic or early Cretaceous, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

240. The climate of that period and more so that of the early

Cretaceous was supposed to be mild and tropical with abundant

rainfall while great rivers, deltas and swamps were being formed.

What ideal conditions for the start and success of Myristica!

The family is a relict one today and not able to survive in con-

ditions outside the primitive forest. Certainly many species of both

sections must have died out, especially those of the M section.

Most of the M species are tall trees with large fruits and take a

long time to develop and reproduce. The species of the other

section, most of them smaller trees with smaller fruits, come into

maturity quicker and the fruits are more easily spread by birds.

Hence they are more numerous and more successful even today.

The destruction by man did not come into the Mesozoic picture,

nor would early man who lived in the forest and depended on its.

canopy for concealment and hunting, have cleared away any

great part of his protective environment.

The question of the migration of Myristica is another difficult one

and can only give rise to endless argument and wild surmise. If

there had only been one centre of origin, say Borneo, then ex-

planations would have been a lot simpler. The problem is further

complicated by other centres and other factors. The centres are

Borneo, New Guinea and the Malay Peninsula though the latter

might be combined as Borneo-Malaya. The existence of the two

kinds of species, one with the herbaceous, panicular inflorescence

and the other with the persistent have also to be taken into con-

sideration in a discussion on migration. The origin of Knema, too,

should not be left out, since it has a woody, scar-covered inflores-

cence similar to that of the F species of Myristica. In fact it is.

possible that the F species might have produced Knema, which is

more advanced since its anthers are free, only their filaments being

fused into a column.

We have the facts of the present to formulate a theory and

to explain the position as we see it today but not the facts of the

past to corroborate our statements. If the F type of Myristica

did produce Knema, we should have expected Knema to be more

abundant in New Guinea since the F species are more abundant

there. But the fact is that only one species of Knema has been

found there, the majority being in Borneo and a lesser number

in Malaya. If Knema had any connection at all with the second

44 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

section of Myristica, it looks as if it arose from that section in

Borneo and not in New Guinea. The ancient land-mass of Asia,

including Borneo is probably older than that of New Guinea,

though the separation of New Guinea took place very early,

earlier than that of Borneo from the main mass when Sundaland

disappeared. The single species of Knema might have reached

New Guinea from the Moluccas (where it is also present) before

these two land-masses were isolated from each other. All Knema

species. could not get to New Guinea but this one made it. It is

not impossible that one or even a few should have reached New

Guinea after the separation but the chances of this are very

remote. We might have expected Knema, a western genus, to have

the elongate type of inflorescence since most of the Myristica

species in Borneo have that type. We have already seen that

climate could not be responsible for initially determining what

type of axis Knema was to have. If Knema really originated from

the F species of Borneo then the latter must have been much more

numerous than they are now. Today there are only three such

species in Borneo and can only three be sufficient? Actually

it seems better to suppose that Knema arose neither from the F

type of Myristica nor from the M but from the archetype and com-

mon ancestor of Myristica. This was probably a tree with pole-

like trunk, stilt-roots, whorled branches, long drooping leaves,

thick twigs and a stout, terminal bud, a pachycaul not very unlike

our present-day M. maxima or Knema hookeriana but with this

essential difference. The inflorescence axis was shorter and mostly

simple but not persistent, there being no scars. In fact it was

much less differentiated than any of the present-day types. This

inflorescence primordium could, we assume, develop with ease

into any type, once it was first determined which genus was to be

produced. Thus the two types of Myristica came into being,

Horsfieldia and Gymnacranthera were also produced by the in-

florescence axis elongating, and Knema by the inflorescence be-

coming woody. Many other factors including genetical and in-

herited characters would also determine the genus but once the

genus was established, the pattern had been set for the numerous

species to evolve.

It seems therefore that the archetypes of Myristica were present

in Borneo and Malaya and that they, not the M and F species,

migrated eastwards to New Guinea and on to the Solomons, Fiji,

Tonga and Samoa. There was also the southward migration from

New Guinea to North Australia, a northward extension to the

Carolines and the westward movement from Malaya to India and

Ceylon. In Borneo and Malaya these archetypes produced the M

species of Myristica with a lesser number of the F ones while in

New Guinea the F ones were produced with a numerical superiority

over the first kind. It is doubtful, however, if the picture was as

simple as this. It is probable that, for longer or shorter distances

over some parts of the course, the M and F species themselves

moved, but the main mass-migrations were completed by the

archetypes.

Sinclair — Myristica 45.

The Series in Myristica and their Significance

When attempting to place species into some systematic order

it became apparent that certain species fell into small natural

groupings with a varying number of species in each group. Three

is a common number forming such triads as M. maxima, papyracea

and philippensis or M. gigantea, lowiana and maingayi. Such species

are close to each other and may sometimes be mistaken for one

another if sterile. They are less likely to be confused with species

outside their own groupings. These natural groups I have called

the series. This taxon is not a major division so therefore it cannot

be expected that the differences between one series and the next

will be very great or numerous. My series, therefore, are rather

similar to those of Warburg, but he has put some species into

the wrong ones probably because of insufficient material at hand.

Some of the species in my classification may also be in the wrong

series for the same reason. I have not attempted to divide the

series into subseries for with too many sub-divisions relations

become obscure and not easy to see. It is necessary for the pattern

not to be broken up but to be integrated into a visual whole so

that one can see how each series is related to the rest, which

series stands at the beginning of the system, which are to be

in the middle, and which is at the end. Why divide a series into

subseries when there is some doubt whether that series itself is

correctly constituted? One can go too far in the opposite direction

also, and lose sight of the natural grouping by uniting two closely

allied series. For example there might be a temptation to unite

series Maingayae with Malabaricae or series Uncinatae with

Maximae. The male flowers of Uncinatae are unknown so it is

better at present to keep the last two separate. It must be remem-

bered that we cannot force species unnaturally into series or

artificial groupings for the genus is a uniform one and it is only

natural that one series should grade slightly into the next. There

will be, in such a system, species that have the majority of their

characters agreeing best with those of their own series but not all of

them. These other characters may be far more suggestive of those

of an allied series. In other words one series, through certain of

its species, grades into the next. There are many examples of

this sort of thing in the series of section II, especially the last four.

Characters may remain distinct but measurements often overlap.

Apart from the inflorescence characters, the following are the

most important ones separating the series: —the presence or

absence of both scales and hairs on the undersurface of the

leaves (perhaps I have placed too much weight on this character),

the shape of the flowers, the position of their bracteole, whether

the perianth is 3-angled or not at the apex in bud and how far it

is split down by the perianth lobes, whether the primary veins

of the leaf are straight or curved, and the presence or absence of

secondary veins and reticulations. Miscellaneous characters such

as measurements and shapes of organs and the nature of their

tomentum if any come last.

46 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Let us examine section II Fatua and see how its series are

related to each other. It would appear that series Fatuae is the

basic one from which most of the others in this section have arisen.

M. fatua itself is a species of some 14 varieties, being more poly-

morphic than all the others and occupying the complete geogra-

phical range of the genus from India to Samoa. Its centre of

origin is really in two regions, each with an equal number of

varieties, (1) the Moluccas-Celebes region and (2) New Guinea.

To series Fatuae also belong M. koordersii, lepidota and villosa

and the series is characterized by the presence of scales or hairs

or both on the undersurface of the leaves. A close off-shoot is

series Tenuiveniae, differing in the finer, oblique veins, the hairs

generally absent and the scales less dense. Its species might have

been included in series Fatuae, but that would only give the latter

an unnatural clumsiness whereby it would no longer be on the

same comparative level with the other well-balanced series of

section II. Series Fuscae, another off-shoot of series Fatuae is

also rather close to Fatuae, differing in having larger flowers with

the perianth not split so far down, and the leaves sub-bullate

with more reticulations and generally longer hairs. Here end the

series which have a dense covering of scales and hairs on the

leaves though there may be, in the remaining series, traces of

minute whitish scales or dye-like colourations which cannot be

removed by rubbing. For all practical purposes the latter may be

disregarded and leaves having such colourations will, in this public-

ation, be counted as glabrous.

The first of the glabrous-leaved series, the Tubiflorae, is a

distinct one, often with dichotomous branching of the inflorescence

and usually an elongate, ellipsoid, less often oblong fruit. It stands

apart from the remainder in having the bracteole some distance

below the mature flower. Unfortunately a number of species have

not been seen in flower, but they seem to fit into this series quite

well on the basis of the fruit. There is a parallel case in section

I where series Fragrantes also shows dichotomous branching of

the inflorescence, mostly by suppression of the terminal part of

the main axis. There is a temptation to derive series Tubiflorae

from Fragrantes if one believes that section I is more primitive

than section II and the other way round if one does not. There is

also dichotomy in series Ellipticae where the inflorescence axis

divides into two equal branches, but the panicle is present too.

M. elliptica may have both types of inflorescence.

Among the other glabrous series, Subalulatae has connections

with Tubiflorae on account of the elongate or tubular shape of the

flowers in both. The latter series may have arisen from the

Subalulatae, certain species in both showing connections with each

other. Thus M. cucullata and flosculosa in Tubiflorae show simil-

arities with M. undulatifolia in Subalulatae. For details see notes

under these species in the Systematic Part. M. crassipes, another

member of the Tubiflorae, shows a relationship with series Fatuae

because of the similar fruit, the thick fruit-stalk, the presence of

two lines on the twigs and some yellowish scales or colouration on

the lower surface of the leaves. The scales in crassipes, however,

Sinclair — Myristica 47

are not lax or powdery and cannot be easily rubbed off. There

is a similarity between series Fuscae and the Tubiflorae through

M. brassii which also has its bracteole some distance below the

flower (?always for only one flowering collection is known) as in

the Tubiflorae. Further resemblances are seen in its elongate

perianth, not split down very far by the lobes, and in the absence

of hairs and scales on the undersurface of its leaves. There are very

minute silvery scales but these are very closely embedded in the

leaf-tissue. It may be that I have wrongly placed M. brassii in

series Fuscae instead of series Tubdiflorae, but there is no trace

of a dichotomous inflorescence in this species unless the material of

it represents the inflorescence in a very young stage and it may

elongate and become dichotomous later. More collections are

really required to settle the relationship.

The series Cimiciferae is a small one, being the nearest’ off-shoot

of the Subalulatae, especially M. globosa, itself a sort of miniature

M. subalulata with rather similar leaves, flowers and fruit but all

on a smaller scale and differing in the absence or poor development

of the apiculus which in the Subalulatae is very prominent.

Series Heterophyllae shows affinities with Subalulatae through

M. hollrungii (for details see notes at the end of series

Heterophyllae) and also with the Castaneifoliae, cf. the long

petioles of both series as seen in such species as M. kajewskii with

those of M. petiolata and castaneifolia. Similarities will also be

found in the flowers of the members of both these series. Series

Heterophyllae is, however, probably closest to series Teijsmanniae,

the leaves and flowers all of a similar shape, but reduced in size

and darker in colour in the latter.

Series Teijsmanniae, in turn, is close to the Laurifoliae differing

from them in minor characters such as stouter twigs, larger leaves

with straighter veins, larger flowers and the fruit more globose

and not oblong. Series Castaneifoliae, besides being nearest to

series Heterophyllae, is also near to series Laurifoliae, differing

from it in having fainter, more oblique nerves, an absence of re-

ticulations, the petiole long in proportion to the lamina, the flowers.

larger or less often the same size and the fruit more ellipsoid

and not oblong. For details, again see the notes at the end of each

relevant series.

Thus all the series with glabrous leaves in section II and especially

the last four, namely Heterophyllae, Teijsmanniae, Laurifoliae and

Castaneifoliae are very similar to each other, differing only in

minor characters. There are plenty of examples of connecting

species to show the intimate inter-relationships of these series.

Grouping in relation to a certain set of similar characters will pro-

duce one alliance while a different grouping is possible through

other combinations. The set-up of relationships in section II may

be compared to those of an isolated island population of the human

species where there are only a few families but these have inter-

married in the past. There will be many resemblances between

family and family, some more obvious than others. There will

also be plenty of examples where the children of one family will

48 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

share certain characters of inheritance with their cousins and

second cousins in another family.

Conclusion

After reviewing both sections we note that certain series in

the first are related to others in the first. There are more series

in the second but these are related among themselves. Only in

certain cases is there an alliance between series in both. The

chief example is where series Fragrantes in the first is related to

series Tubiflorae in the second section through the dichotomy of

the inflorescence. In this section the series with glabrous leaves

are closely allied to each other. Such relations that exist between

series justify a division of the genus into two sections even if in-

florescence characters are not taken into consideration.

Summary

1. There are two types of inflorescence in Myristica, the genus being

divided into two sections chiefly on this account.

2. Climate had little effect on the origin of these two types of in-

florescence.

3. The first type, the caducous, herbaceous panicle probably came before

the second, the persistent, woody, scar-covered Knema-like type.

4. The second did not arise from the first directly but apparently through

an archetype.

5. Archetypes and their particular kind of inflorescence are discussed.

6. The origin of Knema is considered along with that of the two

sections of Myristica since it has a similar inflorescence to that of

Myristica section II.

. The migration of Myristica and Knema is outlined.

. The archetypes of Myristica probably migrated in the first instance

though Myristica itself may have done so later but only over

parts of the course.

9. The series of both sections and their inter-relations are summarized.

10. Both series and species are linked in a reticulate relationship.

11. The assignment of species to series is in certain cases still somewhat

tentative.

co ~]

Work for the Future

It will be seen from the descriptions in the ‘Systematic Part’

and from the accompanying table that male flowers, female flowers

and fruit are still lacking for certain species. Fortunately very few

fruits are missing but the same cannot be said about male flowers

which have still to be recorded and described for a number of

species. When all is known about them, it may well happen that

certain species have been placed in the wrong series. It does not

matter about the female flowers for they are less important in the

determination of series. The table should be a reminder of what

is still required for future collecting and investigation. The positive

is still unknown.

In the introduction it was stated that embryology and pollen

morphology have been left out. It would be interesting to know

if a study of the latter would be of use in distinguishing sections

and series or any of the closely related species from each other.

R. P. Wodehouse, Brittonia 2, 5 (1937) 397 found that the mono-

sulcate pollen grains of the Myristicaceae distinguished the

American genera, but that the variations among the different species

were often relatively slight.

Sinclair — Myristica 49

Table for Future Collecting

The sign O indicates that the parts mentioned in these columns.

have not yet been seen and the + sign that they have.

Species Male flowers Female flowers =‘ Fruit

andamanica i 0 -

archboldiana 0 0 a

beccaril +. immature “ a

brassii = ig 0 0

carril + 0 a9

concinna = a 0 +

crassipes 4 0 +

cylindrocarpa 0 0 +

ensifolia 0 0 +

fatua var.

morobensis 0 0 ==

fatua var.

sangowoensis 0 0 i

fatua var.

quercicarpa 0 0 +

firmipes 0 0 +

gigantea Fe 0 +

gracilipes 0 0 =>

hypargyraea

var.

guillauminiana 0O 0 f-

impressinervia =i 0 0

insipida > 0 F

kajewskii 0 + withered --

remains

neglecta 53 eE + immature

pedicellata 0 0 +

petiolata 0 0 +

rosselensis a3 + 0

smythiesii + immature 0 +

tenuivenia 0 -f +

umbellata + 0 =f

umbrosa 0 0 -

uncinata 0 = +

womersleyi 0 0 +

Acknowledgements

Besides the institutions mentioned in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

247 which were previously acknowledged for assistance given, I

have now to thank the directors and curators of the following who

have since sent their material on loan: —Hamburg Botanic Garden,

Zurich Botanic Garden and Museum, and the Museum of National

History at Budapest. I am grateful to the Curator of the Bernice P.

Bishop Museum, Honolulu, for sending material of Myristica

hypargyraea var. insularis and to the Conservator of the Herbarium

of the University of Tiibingen for a photograph of the type of

Gaertner’s M. dactyloides. | am also grateful to many individuals

for miscellaneous assistance and to others for checking and send-

ing extracts from literature not available in Singapore. I should like

especially to thank C.E.B. Bonner, A. A. Bullock, H. M. Burkill,

Chew Wee Lek, M. Flach, C. X. Furtado, R. E. Holttum, R. D.

Hoogland, L. A. Lauener, F. Markgraf, W. Meijer, P. van Royen,

H. K. Airy Shaw, F. A. Stafleu, W. T. Stearn, T. C. Whitmore, J. S.

Womersley and last but not least C. G. G. J. van Steenis for his

reviving drops of l’eau de la vie which have prevented me from

falling by the wayside and pulled me out of this almost unending

forest of Myristica.

50 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Il SYSTEMATIC PART

KEYS

Large size-class leaves oi 30-50 cm in length

Medium size-class leaves Epes 15-30 cm in length

Small size-class leaves sar 1-15 cm in length

Oblique nerves as used here a. at angle of 45° to midrib

Notes on the Keys

Foremost is the systematic key which is really a series of keys

dividing the family into sections, series, species and where neces-

sary varieties. This is followed by a continuous key for fruiting and

sterile material, and finally there are two regional keys, one for

Borneo and the other for New Guinea. A regional key for the

Malay Peninsula will be found in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 336.

It is recommended that one should read the sections on Leaves

and Fruit in the Introductory Part before attempting to use the

key for fruiting and sterile material. It would be better still if one

can find time to read the other introductory sections which deal

with twigs, inflorescence and flowers.

When naming Myristica the student will see specimens with male

flowers, female flowers, fruit and sterile material. It is not easy to

construct a key for four such kinds of material without making it

long. It will be seen here that some of the keys are unfortunately

long but is it not better to shun brevity than to fail in tracking

down a species? Why, for example, are there as many as 10-15

separate diagnostic characters devoted to some species in the keys.

To answer this and similar questions, take a common, widely dis-

tributed and well known species like M. subalulata. Where can

one meet with a species as easy as this to identify if good material

is at hand? A portion of a twig showing the swollen deformations

caused by ants would be sufficient. But I once saw a miserable

sterile fragment of this species which consisted of the apical part

of a twig with very much smaller leaves than usual, their bases

acute and not rounded or sub-cordate, no ant swellings on the

twigs and no lines or wings running from petiole base to petiole

base. How often do we see as many as ten to fifteen positive

diagnostic characters present at any one time in a herbarium

specimen of a single dioecious Myristica.

There are groups of species with large size-class leaves which

look rather alike when sterile, e.g. M. umbrosa and uncinata, others

with equally similar, small size-class leaves reminding one of M.

fragrans and finally the remainder, an even more bewildering assort-

ment in the medium size-class range. Flowers are so often imma-

ture in herbaria that in many cases we cannot be sure of their real

size. They may or may not have a sterile apiculus to their staminal

columns. The absence of an apiculus, particularly in young mate-

rial, could be misleading and one might develop later. Our know-

ledge of male flowers of certain New Guinea species is still incom-

plete so the keys for these species have been based mostly on fruit-

ing material and leave much to be desired, e.g. certain species in

Sinclair — Myristica 51

series Uncinatae, Tenuiveniae and Tubiflorae. Fruits alter so much

on drying that we are still not sure of their real shape in a few

species. Most Myristica species are so reticulately and closely

related that they differ from each other not by one or two striking

or outstanding characters but rather by a number of minor ones.

Thus the length of the key increases. It must be remembered that

there is a large number of species, too, so the key in any case

cannot be short.

It is an advantage to have as many diagnostic characters and as

much information as possible at our disposal, anything at all which

can be of use when running down the species, for there are so many

stages in the keys where the student can go astray or come to a

jarring halt. He probably goes astray because his specimen lacks

something or fails to show clearly a certain critical ‘character

that will take him from one stage of the key over intervening ones

to the correct and final goal. Imagine the consequences and futility

if there is only one such critical character listed by the author at

such ‘crossing over’ stages of the key and the specimen does not

show it.

The colour of the leaves and sometimes that of their nerves on

drying may be useful when there are few other available distinguish-

ing characters. | have been tempted to use colour often but it will

not always lead to the haven of hope and must be treated with

some caution. It is not always possible to express information about

colour in very short phrases without adding considerably to the

length of the key.

Sometimes certain characters appear to be useful and one is

tempted to draw attention’ to them. It is doubtful whether such

characters are always constant for a particular species if insuffi-

cient material of that species was available for study. In such cases

the word ‘always’ followed by a query and enclosed in brackets

will be seen at certain places in the keys.

I am always changing measurements and shall probably conti-

nue to do so. My faith in them is not shaken. In many cases they

are only meant to supplement statements like “leaves larger or

IE RAE asc as ape st tc.

Sometimes the yellow or brownish scales on the undersurface

of the leaves become very thin in quantity, e.g. as in series Tenui-

veniae and in such cases can scarcely be described as lax or pow-

dery as they are stated to be in the key. Unfortunately such scales

may become white and also very thin in quantity as in M. fatua

var. inutilis. I hope this does not lead to confusion with the species

which are classed as having glabrous leaves with or without white

colourations of wax or very minute microscopic scales which can-

not be rubbed off easily. Usually M. fatua var. inutilis and other

such species will have traces of yellow scales present as well as

the white ones.

a2 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

The Systematic Key

It will be seen that besides the master key to the series in

section Myristica there is a similar but abridged or skeleton key

also to the series in section Myristica. This skeleton key will give

a more concise idea of the basic construction of the master key and

what major divisions separate one series from another. The major

divisions and the essential characters in the master key have been

somewhat obscured by some minor yet necessary trimmings. A

similar skeleton key for the series in section Fatua has not been

considered necessary since the series in this section, especially the

last four are more equally related to each other and are better

indentified by a number of minor characters than by one major

character or sub-division.

I have tried to make a continuous systematic key from the exist-

ing one by joining up the various series according to their position

and sequence in the two master keys. The resulting key is longer

and more cumbersome so I have abandoned the idea.

The systematic key is based mainly on male inflorescences which

give the clue to the sections. The female inflorescence will help in

section determination to a less extent. If both are absent the stu-

dent may be forced to turn to the long key for fruiting and sterile

material.

Key to Fruiting and Sterile Material

A twig and its leaves are the integral parts of a herbarium

specimen and leaves are ever present on the living trees. Here

the emphasis is on leaves for there could be no satisfactory key for

fruits alone in a genus as large as Myristica. Yet it is desirable

to have fruits to supplement leaf characters. If in this key I have

used fruiting characters alone to distinguish certain species, then

I try to come back and cover them by some other combination

using vegetative characters. Similarly if scales are sometimes absent

in species where they normally occur or if the veins on the lower

surface of the leaves are sometimes raised when we expect them to

be flush with the lower surface, then that species is repeated in some

other part of the key to give the student a second chance. Thus

certain species occur several times in this key which covers more

variations and exceptions than the systematic one.

In a uniform genus like Myristica where many species are often

equally inter-related, it is not easy, with the omission of floral

characters, to find major divisions based on leaf characters which

will divide the key into a small number of convenient equal parts.

If these parts are not equal they tend to become numerous, adding

Sinclair — Myristica 53

to the length of the key especially its final stages. In this key a con-

siderable number of species can be eliminated at the beginning in

one move by segregating those with the yellowish scales on the

under-surface of their leaves from the rest which are glabrous or

may at times have some whitish colouration on the leaves. This

glabrous group is still very large but it can be reduced a little by

removing from it small groups of species which have some out-

standing peculiarities such as two lines present on the twigs from

petiole base to petiole base, leaves cordate at the base or lamina

very narrow in proportion to length. After that there is not much

choice but to resort to such procedures as getting rid of species

with small size-class leaves and dividing the remainder into lots

with large and medium size-class leaves. Each of these resulting

categories is then subdivided as to whether their nerves are faint

Or prominent on the lower surface of the leaves. A large group,

thus pushed towards the end is one with medium size-class leaves

having prominent nerves. This one is finally sub-divided according

to whether the leaves are oblong or not. Since fruit may not always

be present, the major divisions have to be made on leaf characters.

This may not be a disadvantage after all for one cannot always

be sure of the correct shape of herbarium fruits. They shrink on

drying and young immature ones which are ellipsoid often become

globose when ripe.

Although the major divisions of this key are very different from

those of the systematic one yet the species that come together in

both in their ultimate dichotomies are often identical. It will be

obvious, however, that there will be some direct confrontations

which have little in common. By way of compensation certain other

species with close similarities now come together in new and de-

sirable combinations not possible in the first key.

The Regional Keys

The two regional keys are probably of more practical value than

the others. It is hoped that they lead to the short cuts in a less

dense jungle of species. The student who takes the wrong turning

here will not be so hopelessly lost that he cannot retrace his steps

or find a new way out. Species with yellow scales on the under-

surface of the leaves are as in the key for fruiting and sterile mate-

tial separated at the beginning. Some of the series with their respec-

tive species follow in the same sequence as in the systematic key

but I have tried to vary the pattern somewhat so as to give a slightly

different arrangement.

54 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

KEY TO THE SECTIONS OF MYRISTICA

1. Inflorescence axis not persistent, producing flowers once only. Male

inflorescence usually a panicle, less often a dichotomous cyme and

rarely a peduncle with 2-3 flowers or a single flower; main axis smooth

at the base, often flattened, slender, herbaceous; total length of the

inflorescence 5 mm—18 cm long. Female inflorescence shorter with

fewer branches or unbranched. Staminal column rarely with a sterile

apiculus except in series Fragrantes and in M. neglecta, the stalk about

as thick as the fertile part. Leaves generally without lax, powdery, yellow

or brownish scales and hairs on the lower surface (some four exceptions)

but a whitish or greyish colouration of very minute scales or matter

which cannot be rubbed off easily sometimes present. Fruit generally

larger than in section Fatua, several with dimensions of 7-10 cm long

occur (1) section Myristica

1. Inflorescence axis persistent, producing flowers from season to season.

Male inflorescence a short, thick, scar-covered, woody tubercle as in

Knema, less often a dichotomous cyme; main axis rarely with a smooth

basal portion free of scars; total length of the inflorescence 1 mm — 3

cm long, rarely 7 cm. Female inflorescence similar to the male, as long

or shorter. Staminal column nearly always with a sterile apiculus (absence

due to immaturity?), the stalk usually thinner than the fertile part.

Leaves with or without scales and hairs. Fruit generally smaller, average

4-5 cm long, a few reaching 7-10 cm long and the smallest 1.8-2

cm long (2) section Fatua

MASTER KEY TO THE SERIES IN SECTION MYRISTICA

1. Male inflorescence paniculate, (exception, some members of series

Ellipticae cymose) a slender main axis with 1-3 or rarely more pairs

of opposite branches (some of them at times alternate) arising in

acropetal succession from base to apex of the main axis, the branches

bearing the flowers at their extremities in umbels, sub-umbels or

fascicles, the lowermost pair of branches sometimes again dividing

similarly into opposite pairs of branchlets. Female inflorescence similar

but often reduced in size and number of branches and flowers.

Staminal column not usually produced into a sterile apiculus, the stalk

mostly (not always) as broad as the fertile part. Lower surface of the

leaves various shades of brown when dry, sometimes whitish or greyish

especially in the large-leaved species of series Hooglandiae, Uncinatae

and less often in Maximae, the lower veins and midrib the same colour

or darker, the lamina generally oblong in large-leaved species and

elliptic in the smaller, the base and apex varying. Fruit diverse, large,

medium or less often small size-class, tomentose to glabrous

2. Indumentum not generally present on lower surface of leaf (except

lax scales in series Cinnamomeae); nerves oblique or curving

3. Leaves large size-class; length 18-50 cm, average 34 cm; breadth

5.5-18 cm, average 12 cm; nerves 16-30 pairs, average 23 pairs,

very distinct; lamina coriaceous or stoutly coriaceous with rounded,

sub-cordate, cordate, less often acute base, lower surface usually

greyish, whitish, occasionally yellowish. Twigs thick, 5 mm or more

at the apex with a large thick terminal bud

4. Male panicles 6-18 cm long (slightly smaller, 2-5 cm long in

M. papyracea) much branched. Male flowers numerous, 5-8 mm

long, globose or ovoid-globose (medium size). Reticulations of

leaf scalariform, often visible on the lower surface when dry.

Fruit oblong and rounded at the apex (1) series Maximae:

4. Male panicles shorter, 2-4 cm long with fewer, less regular

branches, the female about the same length or slightly smaller

(not seen in series Uncinatae). Male flowers fewer and much

larger, among the largest in the genus, 1-1.6 cm long and 5

mm-——1i cm broad, the male not seen in series Uncinatae

(female 2 cm long in M. uncinata), ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid

in bud with an acute or obtuse apex. Reticulations of leaf not

generally visible. Fruit oblong, sub-globose or narrowly oblong,,.

rounded or narrowed at the apex

Sinclair — Myristica 55:

5. Primary nerves of leaf prominent on both surfaces, secondary

nerves absent, base mostly rounded. Flowers densely adpres-

sed-tomentose with 2 mm long hairs (not seen in M. umbrosa).

Stalk of staminal column not seen, probably as broad as

fertile part. Fruit sub-globose when mature, often ellipsoid

when young or that shape as a result of drying or squashing.

in herbaria, tomentose or densely tomentulose

(2) series Uncinatae

5. Primary nerves of leaf more slender, usually not very distinct

above, faint on the Icwer surface, secondary nerves present,

also faint, base mostly acute. Flowers tomentulose or

thinly so, the hairs less than 1 mm long. Stalk of staminal

column narrower than fertile part. Fruit oblong to narrowly

oblong, minutely and thinly tomentulose, tending to become

glabrous (3) series Hooglandiae

3. Leaves medium to less often small size-class; length 5-30 cm, aver-

age 17.5 cm; breadth 1.8-12 cm, average 6.5 cm; nerves 8-22 pairs,

average 15 pairs; lamina mostly chartaceous, sometimes coriaceous

with acute, less often rounded base, lower surface yellowish brown

or various shades of brown, not or less often whitish or glaucous

(glaucous sometimes in fresh leaves, whitish sometimes in M.

malaccensis and M. elliptica when dry). Twigs more slender at the

apex, 2-3 mm thick, the terminal bud also slender

6. Flowers not 3-angled at the apex in bud (slightly angled in

M. malaccensis, always?), ovoid, oblong-ovoid or subglobose.

Bracteoles if persisting about half to nearly as long as the adult

flowers. Scars of pedicels not distinct and not raised on the

secondary branches of the inflorescence. Leaves mostly acute at

the base. Twigs generally a dark grey colour, reddish brown in

the younger parts. Bark blackish and deeply longitudinally

furrowed

7. Inflorescence axis, flowers, terminal bud and innovations rusty-

tomentose or woolly-tomentose. Flowers more or less coria-

ceous, mostly oblong. Inflorescence axis (except in M. gigantea

3-4 mm thick, bracteole (male) 2-5 mm long, not ciliate at the

margins, tending to persist for sometime. Staminal column

acute at the apex. Leaves usually coriaceous

(4) series Maingayae

7. Inflorescence axis, flowers, terminal bud and _ innovations.

glabrous or puberulous, less often pubescent except when

young (e.g. in the young inflorescences of some specimens of

M. iners from E. Borneo) the indument becoming less with

age, greyish or yellowish, never rusty or dark reddish brown.

Flowers with a thin perianth, mostly globose, sub-globose or

ovoid. Inflorescence axis more slender, 1-2 mm thick; brac-

teole (male) 1-2 mm long, ciliate at the margins in two species,

sometimes early caducous. Staminal column rounded at the

apex. Leaves usually chartaceous (coriaceous) in M. malac-

censis (5) series Malabaricae

6. Flowers often 3-angled at the apex, ellipsoid or nearly tubular.

Bracteoles if persisting smaller, {+ the length of the adult flower.

Scars of pedicels often distinct on the older secondary branches

of the inflorescence. Leaves acute or rounded, emarginate or

sub-corate at the base. Twigs often pale straw-coloured or reddish

brown. Bark reddish brown, not generally deeply furrowed

8. Scales if at all present on lower surface of leaf then never

lax or powdery but very closely applied and cannot be rubbed

off easily, whitish in colour. Inflorescence sometimes cymose

and dichotomous. The 3 angles at the apex of the perianth

distinct or sometimes faint or absent (e.g. M. schleinitzii and

rosselensis). Twigs often pale straw-coloured or reddish

brown, the striations not very deep. Leaves rounded or acute,

sometimes sub-cordate at the base, nerves prominent or faint.

secondary nerves present or not,. reticulations present or not.

Fruit ellipsoid or oblong, 2-6-(8) cm long; pericarp less than

1 cm thick, the tissue compact in cross-section when dry. Bark

reddish brown or dark brown (6) series Ellipticae

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

8. Lax powdery cinnamon scales present on lower surface of

leaf, not closely applied but easily rubbed off, hairs never

present. Inflorescence always paniculate. The 3 angles present

at the apex of the perianth distinct. Twigs dark brown with

deep striations. Leaves scute at the base, nerves rather faint,

secondary nerves present, reticulations absent. Fruit ellipsoid,

6-9 cm long, pericarp up to 1.5 cm thick, the tissue woody

and porous or granular in cross-section when dry. Bark

blackish brown (7) series Cinnamomeae

2. Indumentum of hairs or lax cinnamon brown or yellowish powdery

scales present on the undersurface of the leaf; nerves oblique

9. Indument consisting of both hairs and cinnamon brown or yellowish

scales (hairs absent or very rare in M. agusanensis). Secondary

veins almost absent in the leaves, primary veins prominent beneath.

Male inflorescence 2-8 cm long. Male flowers in bud subglobose

but not 3-angled at the apex. Stalk of staminal column shorter than

- the fertile part. Fruit oblong or ovoid-globose, rounded at the apex,

densely tomentose or tomentulose; pericarp hard but scarcely

woody. Bark reddish brown (8) series Littorales

9. Indument of lax cinnamon scales only, hairs absent. Secondary

veins present in the leaves, primary veins faint beneath. Male in-

florescence 5 mm-—1I cm long. Male flowers in bud cylindrical or

narrowly oblong, more elongate, 3-angled at the apex. Stalk of

staminal column as long as fertile part, often swollen. Fruit ellip-

soid, sometimes rather oblique towards the apex, tomentulose;

pericarp very hard and woody. Bark, blackish brown

(7) series Cinnamomeae

Male inflorescence not paniculate, a slender main axis dividing in a

dichotomous pattern, once forked, less often twice, or in one case a

monochasium with the flowers on the upper or one side of the secon-

dary axis only; sometimes the main axis simple with 2-3 flowers or

even reduced to a single flower especially in the female. Staminal column

produced into a sterile apiculus, the stalk narrower and slightly shorter

than the fertile part. Lower surface of the leaves often whitish or

greyish with reddish brown nerves and midrib, the lamina elliptic,

medium to small size-class, base acute and apex apiculate or acuminate.

Fruit large, 6-9 cm long, glabrous or becoming glabrous, never to-

mentose (9) series Fragrantes

Skeleton key to the series in section Myristica*

. Inflorescence a panicle with pairs of opposite branches, the younger in

succession towards the top of the main axis, the largest and lowermost

sometimes with pairs of opposite branches of a second order

2. Indument not generally present on lower surface of leaf (except lax

scales in series Cinnamomeae)

3. Leaves large size-class with 16-30 pairs of veins

4. Panicles large size-class, much branched. Flowers medium size-

class . (1) series Maximae

4. Panicles small size-class, branches few, shorter and more con-

densed. Flowers largest in the genus

5. Secondary veins absent; primary prominent. Perianth to-

mentose. Fruit sub-globose or ellipsoid, tomentose

(2) series Uncinatae

5. Secondary veins present; primary much more slender.

Perianth tomentulose. Fruit narrow, oblong, tomentulose

(3) series Hooglandiae

3. Leaves medium or (small size-class) with 8-22 pairs of veins

6. Perianth not 3-angled at apex in bud

7. Inflorescence axis and flowers rusty-tomentose

(4) series Maingayae

7. Inflorescence axis glabrous, puberulous or (pubescent when

young only) (5) series Malabaricae

*Note:—Refer to previous key for measurements.

Sinclair — Myristica : 57

6. Perianth 3-angled at apex in bud

8. Scales if at all present whitish and very closely adpressed to

lower surface of leaf, never lax and powdery. Leaves with

secondary veins or without, base acute or rounded

(6) series Ellipticae

8. Scales lax and powdery, cinnamon brown. Leaves with

secondary veins, base acute (7) series Cinnamomeae

2. Indumentum present on lower surface of leaf

9. Indumentum consisting of both hairs and Jax, cinnamon brown

or yellowish scales on undersurface of same leaf

(8) series Littorales

9. Indumentum consisting of lax cinnamon scales only

(7) series Cinnamomeae

1. Inflorescence a dichasium once or twice forked, sometimes (in series

Fragrantes) reduced to a main unbranched axis with 1-3 flowers

10. Male flowers ellipsoid and not 3-angled at the apex in bud; bracteole

very early deciduous. Staminal column with an obtuse apiculus, the

stalk slightly narrower than the fertile part. Fruit generally larger.

Nerves of leaves tending to curve widely (9) series Fragrantes

10. Male flowers tubular, sometimes ellipsoid, 3-angled or faintly so

at the apex in bud; bracteole tending to persist, rarely early

deciduous. Staminal column without an apiculus, the stalk mostly

the same thickness as the fertile part. Fruit smaller. Nerves of leaves

(not always reliable) more oblique, tending to curve less

(6) series Ellipticae

1. Key to the species in series Maximae

1. Leaves nearly sub-bullate above when fresh, usually drying a blackish

or dark brown above and glaucous, cinereous or brownish beneath.

Male panicles 10-18 cm long, puberulous to almost glabrous, laxly

branched with slender, 1-1.5 cm long and 0.8 mm thick pedicels.

Bracteoles small, shorter than the flowers, 2 mm long. Bracts of the

inflorescence inconspicuous, about 2 mm long, early caducous. Male

perianth, 4-6 mm long and 4 mm broad in bud and up to 8 mm long

at anthesis, greyish, sub-tomentulose outside, becoming glabrous, female

8-9 mm long. Fruit dark rusty sub-tomentulose, much wrinkled when

dry becoming glabrous (1) M. maxima

1. Leaves not sub-bullate above when fresh, usually drying a paler or

medium brown, sometimes a greenish or yellowish brown above and

various shades beneath. Male panicies shorter, 2-10 cm long, tomen-

tulose, less laxly branched with stouter branches and slightly thicker, 4

mm—I1I cm long and 1.5-2.5 mm thick pedicels. Bracteoles much larger,

4-6 mm long, as large as the (young) flowers (old flowers will exceed

bracteoles which are late in falling). Bracts of the inflorescence conspicu-

ous or not, longer. Male perianth slightly larger, 5-8 mm long and 5-6

mm broad in bud, the tomentum denser, female 9 mm long. Fruit rusty-

tomentulose, tomentose or glabrous

2. Leaves usually drying yellowish green and glossy above, yellowish or

brownish yellow beneath, often broadly obovate but sometimes

broadly oblong, the base rounded or cordate. Male flowers rather few

on a short, flat, firm, 2-5 cm long inflorescence; male perianth 6-7 mm

long and 5 mm broad, dark brown-tomentulose, very coriaceous,

thick and tough; pedicels 4-8 mm, average 5 mm long and 1.5 mm

thick, thickening up to 2.5 mm at their apices; bracts of the inflores-

cence not conspicuous; stalk of staminal column glabrous. Fruit

glabrous or soon glabrous, blackish and smooth when dry

(2) M. papyracea

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

2. Leaves usually drying medium or light brown above, greyish or

whitish beneath, rarely brown, more variable in shape but not so

broad, generally oblong, less often obovate, the base acute, rounded

or in very large leaves (those 30-50 cm long) sub-cordate. Male

flowers more numerous on a less rigid, 6-10 cm long, more branched

inflorescence; male perianth 5-8 mm long and 5-6 mm broad, lighter

brown with laxer, longer tomentum, (the female tomentose not

tomentulose), mot coriaceous, brittle when dry; pedicels 7 mm—I1 cm

long and 1—1.5 mm thick; bracts of the inflorescence very conspicuous

before falling, the largest up to 2 cm long; stalk of staminal column

pubescent. Fruit rusty-tomentulose to tomentose, varying a good

deal in the amount of tomentum and the time it persists, usually very

dense when young, dense or even glabrous when old

(3) M. philippensis

2. Key to the species in series Uncinatae

Leaves rigidly coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, less often oblong, 37-47 cm

long and 8.5—-15 cm broad, drying a rich reddish or medium brown and

often glossy above, whitish beneath, glabrous on the lower midrib.

Terminal bud straight and acute at the apex, minutely puberulous.

Flowers not seen but probably large as in the next species. Fruit 6.5-9

cm long and 4.5—5 cm broad, densely and shortly medium brown-tomen-

tulose. Stilt-roots sometimes present (4) M. umbrosa

. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong, 18-30 cm long and 5.5—10.5 cm broad,

drying a paler or dull greyish brown above and cinereous beneath, the

lower midrib in young leaves covered with adpressed, dark brown hairs,

soon glabrous. Terminal bud uncinate (always?) with 1 mm long, dark

brown, adpressed hairs. Male flowers not seen. Female ellipsoid, large,

2 cm long, densely tomentose with 2 mm long, dark brown, adpressed

hairs, the lobes narrow, much reflexed or uncinate. Fruit 4-6 cm in diam.,

nearly sub-globose, tomentose with dark brown, chocolate-coloured

tomentum. Stilt-roots not reported (5) M. uncinata

3. Key to the species in series Hooglandiae

. Leaves coriaceous, brittle on drying, oblong, often with nearly parallel

sides, the base rounded or sub-cordate, the midrib very stout and raised

on both surfaces, the petiole also stout, 4 cm long and 5 mm thick;

nerves 30 pairs, fine and indistinct as are the numerous, shorter secon-

dary nerves, the line of interarching at the margins indistinct. Male

inflorescence rather short, 1.5-2 cm long but immature and may lengthen:

flowers in a condensed raceme or pseudo-corymb at its apex. Stalk of

staminal column pubescent and nearly as broad as the fertile part, the

sterile apiculus acute and 1.5 mm long (6) M. neglecta

. Leaves chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, not brittle on drying, oblong,

oblong-elliptic or occasionally narrow-elliptic, the base acute; the midrib

raised on both surfaces but less prominent, the petiole not so stout, 1.5—3

cm long and 3 mm thick; nerves 16-22 pairs, fine with fewer secondary

nerves than the above, the line interarching fine but clearly visible. Male

inflorescence 1-2 cm long, laxer, the axis more slender and flattened and

with fewer, 1-4 flowers. Stalk of staminal column glabrous, slender,

much narrower than the fertile part, the sterile apiculus truncate, very

short or absent

2. Tree 12-20 m high. Leaves slightly coriaceous, medium brown and

very glossy and waxy above when dry as if varnished. Bracts of the

inflorescence axis not distichous. Male flowers large, 1.3—-1.6 cm long

and 8 mm—1 cm broad, oblong to almost sub-globose in bud, obtuse

at the apex; female 8 mm in diam., ovoid-globose. Male pedicels

1.3-1.5 cm long. Fruit oblong, 6-7 cm long and 3-3.5 cm broad, but

young ones sub-globose; stalk 1 cm long (7) M. hooglandii

2. Tree 3-7 m high. Leaves chartaceous, greyish brown and dull above

when dry. Bracts of the inflorescence distichous. Male flowers smaller,

1 cm long and 5 mm broad, ellipsoid in bud, acute at the apex; female

unknown. Male pedicels 8 mm—1 cm long. Fruit narrowly oblong or

ellipsoid, 4-5 cm long and 1.5 cm broad; stalk 1-1.5 cm long

(8) M. carrii

Sinclair — Myristica 59

4. Key to the species in series Maingayae

1. Young twigs slender, 2-3 mm thick in the apical parts. Terminal bud

slender, 1-3 mm _ thick. Leaves narrow, spathulate, occasionally

lanceolate, 7-10 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, the apex obtuse, rarely

acute; nerves 12-18 pairs; petiole slender, 1-2 mm thick. Inflorescence

axis rather slender, 1-2 mm thick, the male 2-3 cm long. Male flowers

3-5 mm long; pedicels 1-2 mm long, very slender, 0.5 mm. thick;

bracteole 1 mm long. Fruit ovoid, tomentulose, 5.5 cm long and 4 cm

broad (9) M. gigantea

1. Young twigs stouter, 4-6 mm thick in the apical parts. Terminal bud

stouter, 3—S mm thick. Leaves larger and wider, not spathulate, 12-30

cm long and 4.5-9 cm broad, the apex acute; nerves 17-20 pairs,

also stouter; petiole stouter, 3-4 mm thick. Inflorescence axis 3-4 mm

thick, the male 4-16 cm long. Male flowers 5-6 mm long; the tomentum

slightly longer and more shaggy; pedicels 3-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm

thick. Fruit more oblong, woolly-tomentose or the indumentum very

short and scurfy, soon glabrous, 6-10.5 cm long and 4-6.5 cm broad

2. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, drying blackish brown and extremely

glossy above, rusty-brown beneath, mostly lanceolate, the sides

nearly parallel foi most of their length, 19-30 cm long, the midrib

stout, 33 mm thick and striate when dry; petiole 3-5 cm long and 3-5

mm thick. Indumentum on the innovations of the twigs extending

down a considerable distance, sometimes up to 12 cm at each flush

of new leaves, not so pronounced at other times. Male flowers 4—5

mm long and 2-2.5 mm broad. Fruit densely woolly-tomentose,

ellipsoid or oblong, sometimes ovoid, 6-8 cm long and 4 cm broad.

Tree of peat-swamp forest with stilt-roots (10) M. lowiana

2. Leaves coriaceous, drying olive green above and dull or less glossy,

yellowish or glaucous brown beneath, elliptic-oblong or narrowly

elliptic, sometimes broadest above the middle, the sides less parallel,

slightly smaller, 12-28 cm, average 18 cm long, midrib about 1 mm

narrower, less deeply striate when dry; petiole 2—2.5 cm long and a

trifle more slender, 2-4 mm thick. Indumentum on the innovations

of the twigs rot usually extending down more than 3 cm, again

conspicuous only with the, seasonal flush of new leaves. Male flowers

5-6 mm long and 3.5-4 mm broad. Fruit with reddish-brown, fur-

furaceous scurf, soon becoming glabrous, oblong or oblong-ovoid

and more rounded at the apex, larger, up to 10.5 cm long and 6-6.5

cm broad. Tree of drier situations in lowland primary forest without

stilt-roots (11) M. maingayi

5. Key to the species in series Malabaricae

1. Leaves chartaceous, 8-19 cm, average 12 cm long and 2.5-6 cm, average

3.5 cm broad; nerves rather few and slender, 9-15 pairs

2. Fruit densely rusty-tomentose up to 10 cm long and 4-6:cm broad.

Male inflorescence 4-6 cm long, branched. Male flowers small, 3-4 mm

in diam., globose to sub-globose in bud, later more ovoid, minutely

greyish brown pubescent; pedicels 5-8 mm long; bracteoles usually

present. Stalk of staminal column densely tomentose. Leaves elliptic

or elliptic-lanceclate with about 9 pairs of nerves. Swamp forest

species with stilt-roots (12) M. malabarica

2. Fruit glabrous, (some minute rusty scurf present when young) 5 cm

long and 3-3.5 cm broad. Male inflorescence a 1-2 cm _ long

unbranched (always?), slender peduncle with the flowers in a

perfect umbel at its apex. Male flgwers larger, 6-7.5 mm long and

3-4 mm broad, ovoid-oblong in bud, glabrous, pedicels 7 mm—1 mm

long; bracteoles very early caducous. Stalk of staminal column

glabrous. Leaves mostly narrowly elliptic with 9-15 pairs of slightly

fainter (always?) nerves. No stilt-roots reported (13) M. umbellata

60 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

1. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, larger and more variable in shape,

12-25-(33) cm long and 3-10 cm broad; nerves 12-20 pairs, generally

more prominent but some faint ones at times in M. iners

3. Bark greyish black, flaking and deeply longitudinally fissured. Twigs

slender, 1-3 mm thick and reddish or blackish brown in the apical

parts, greyish and striate in the older. Leaves chartaceous, less often

coriaceous, variable in shape, mostly lanceolate, less often oblong-

lanceolate to oblong or obovate, 12-20 cm long and 3-6 cm broad

(broad forms 7.5-10 cm broad), base acute, rarely rounded, the

lamina usually drying a pale brown on both surfaces, the margins

not revolute; nerves 12-15 pairs, slender, distinct or at times very

faint beneath, oblique; reticulations faint or indistinct. Male in-

florescence 2-8 cm long, depending on age. Male flowers ovoid in

bud, not 3-ridged at the apex, 7-8 mm long and 5-6 mm broad.

Fruit oblong to oblong-ovoid, 5—8.5 cm long and 44.5 cm broad,

the pericarp 5 mm—1.3 cm thick, depending on the progressive

ripening of the fruit, hard. Stilt-roots reported, certainly not always,

mostly absent (14) M. iners*

3. Bark blackish or dark brown, flaking but not longitudinally fissured.

Twigs 3-5 mm thick and rather pale and smooth in the apical parts,

darker and striate in the older. Leaves coriaceous, oblong with

nearly parallel sides, 15—25-(33) cm long and 4-11 cm, average 7

cm broad, base rounded, the lamina usually drying greenish above

and glaucous beneath, the margins revolute; nerves 15-20 pairs, thicker

and stouter, arising from the midrib at a wide angle; reticulations

often forming a lax network beneath. Male inflorescence 7-10 cm

long, Male flowers sub-globose in bud, 3-ridged at the apex (always?

This requires more investigation), smaller, 5 mm long and 3 mm

broad. Fruit oblong, 5-7 cm long and 3 cm broad, the pericarp

thinner and more brittle when dry. Stilt-roots not reported. Not so

common as iners (15) M. malaccensis

6. Key to the species in series Ellipticae

1. Leaves brittle (often breaking in herbaria) glaucous beneath when fresh,

usually drying pale yellowish brown beneath but sometimes retaining

the whitish or glaucous colour, especially in var. celebica (the whiteness

just a colouration or seemingly due to foreign organic or inorganic

matter, lime or salt incrustations or to very minute adpressed scales,

not the normal, lax powdery ones of species like fatua and its allies),

the colour sometimes blackish above when dry in thin-leaved specimens

of var. simiarum (see key to vars), the nerves distinct especially beneath,

secondary nerves not present, base nearly alway acute, if at all rounded

then finally acute at its junction with the petiole. Male flowers nearly

tubular in bud, (4)-8-9 mm long and 2 mm broad, slightly 3-angled in

bud at the apex, nearly glabrous, (densely adpressed-tomentose in the

vars, see key). Fruit entirely glabrous, often gibbous at the base and

oblique at the apex, large in var. elliptica. 7-8 cm long and 3.5-4 cm

broad, smaller in the other vars. The var. elliptica a swamp forest species

with stilt-roots (16) M. elliptica and its vars

1. Leaves not or less brittle (not normally breaking in herbaria) usually

drying a pale brown, sometimes a dark brown beneath, but not glaucous,

nerves distinct or not beneath, secondary nerves usually present, base

mostly rounded and often subcordate or emarginate, less often acute

(acute in rosselensis). Male flowers oblong or ellipsoid, variable in

size, 5 mm-1 cm long and 2-4.5 mm broad, the angles at the apex

more distinct except in 19 and 20, glabrous or tomentose. Fruit glabrous

to tomentose, not gibbous at the base nor oblique at the apex (except

sometimes slightly so in garciniifolia), generally smaller in size. Sea-shore

species with stilt-roots or inland species without them

2. Flowers especially the male prominently 3-angled at the apex in bud,

the latter not deflated on drying, male perianth 8 mm-! cm long and

and 3-4.5 mm broad; main axis of the inflorescence generally stout,

3-4 mm thick. Fruit 3-6 cm long and 2.5-3 cm broad. Twigs 4-5 mm

thick in the apical parts

*Note:—There is a possibility that hybrids between M. iners and

malaccensis may occur. Atypical specimens somewhat inter-

mediate between the two have been found.

Sinclair — Myristica 61

3. Leaves both young and old entirely glabrous, many of them

panduriform or broadest above the middle, emarginate or sub-

cordate at the base; nerves fine and faint, 17-22 pairs with

numerous shorter secondary ones. Apical parts of the twigs and the

flattened inflorescence axis glabrous. Perianth slightly tomentose

at first, later nearly glabrous, the male ellipsoid and acute at the

apex in bud, 8 mm long and 3-4 mm broad; pedicels 5-8 mm

— (1 cm) long and 1 mm thick; bracteole 2 mm long; staminal

column without an apiculus. Female inflorescence 3 cm _ long,

slightly branched with 2-3 flowers. Fruit oblong, pale brown-

tomentose at first, soon glabrous, 5-6 cm long and 3 cm broad,

the base usually narrowed into a short pseudo-stalk; peduncle 1—1.5

cm long and pedicel about the same length, thickening into a

tiny cup-shaped receptacle where it joins the fruit. A species of the

coastal dunes (17) M. garciniifolia

3. Leaves covered with some floccose tomentum when young, very

early glabrous, not panduriform, only the older ones emarginate at

the base; nerves slightly more distinct, 13-18 pairs with much

fewer secondary ones. Apical parts of the twigs and the terete

inflorescence axis densely tomentose. Perianth densely yellowish

brown-tomentose, the male oblong and obtuse at the apex in bud, 8

mm — 1 cm long and 4—-4.5 mm broad; pedicels 4-6 mm long

and 2 mm thick; bracteole 4-5 mm long; staminal column with

a sterile apiculus. Female inflorescence shorter, 4-5 mm long,

unbranched with 1-3 flowers only. Fruit (not quite mature), ovoid

or almost conical, yellowish brown and densely villose, 3 cm long

and 2.5 cm broad, the base broad and horizontally flattened, not

narrowed into a pseudo-stalk; peduncle very short, 5 mm long

and pedicels 5 mm long, not thickening into a cup-shaped

receptacle. An inland species (18) M. inopinata

2. Flowers not 3-angled or only faintly so in bud, the latter often be-

coming deflated on drying, male perianth 5-6 mm long and 2-3 mm

broad; main axis of inflorescence 1-3 mm thick. Fruit smaller, oblong

and rounded at both ends, glabrous or nearly so, 2-3.5 cm long and

1.5 cm broad. Twigs more slender, 2-3 mm thick in the apical parts

4. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong to ovate with a rounded, sub-

cordate or cordate base, generally drying a pale yellowish brown

above, scmetimes with an olive green tinge, 8-21 cm long and

5-8.5-(12) cm broad; nerves 10-15 pairs, raised or not but fairly

distinct beneath. Male and female inflorescences with several

flowers, 3 or more. Female inflorescence branched. Stalk or

staminal column pubescent. Fruit rusty-tomentulose becoming

glabrous, 2-3.5 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, 2-4 in a cluster,

pseudo-stalk 3-4 mm long. A sea-coast species, stilt-roots reported

(19) M. schleinitzii

4. Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic with an acute

or slightly rounded base, drying a dark or blackish green above,

6-16 cm long, average 12 cm long, narrower, 1.8-4 cm _ broad,

average 3 cm broad; nerves 16-20 pairs, very fine on both sur-

faces, not raised beneath, at times indistinct. Male and female

inflorescences with about 3 flowers at the ends of the branches.

Female inflorescence mostly unbranched. Stalk of staminal column

glabrous. Fruit not seen. An inland species, stilt-roots not reported

(20) M. rosselensis

62 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Key to the varieties of Myristica elliptica

1. Male flowers 8-9 mm long, glabrous to slightly adpressed-puberulous

outside; pedicels 5 mm long also glabrous or puberulous. Flowers very

few, 1-3 on a 2-2.5 cm long, only slightly branched inflorescence. Fruit

large, 7-8 cm long and 3.5-4 cm broad, oblong-ellipsoid, often gibbous

and narrowed to an oblique apex; stalk 2-3.5 cm long. Leaves 12-18 cm

long and 4-8 cm broad (28 cm long and 12 cm broad in saplings);

nerves 12-17 pairs. Trees of the fresh water swamp forest, 8-33 m high

with stilt-roots M. elliptica var. elliptica

1. Male flowers smaller, 4-6 mm long, rusty-tomentose to densely adpres-

sed-pilose outside; pedicels 2-3 mm long, densely rusty-tomentose.

Flowers more numerous on a 2.5-5 cm long, more branched in-

florescence. Fruit smaller than the above, more sub-globose, less or not

gibbous with a shorter, less distinctly oblique apex. Leaves about the

same size or slightly smaller; nerves 8-11 pairs. (Size of leaves variable

in all three and not a very reliable diagnostic character)

2. Fruit 3.5-4 cm long and 2.5-3 cm broad, oblong, pseudo-stalk

present, about 5 mm long; stalk 1.3-1.5 cm long and 4~-7 mm thick.

Male inflorescence 2.5-4 cm long, male flowers more numerous than

in var. elliptica, about 5 in the cluster. Leaves drying pale yellowish

brown above as in the typical and sometimes whitish beneath. Trees

of limestone, coral-limestone or sandy substrata, 20-26 m high without

stilt-roots, nearest to var. elliptica in the fruit and to var. simiarum

in the flowers M. elliptica var. celebica

2. Fruit smallest of the three vars, 1.5-2 cm in diam., globose to sub-

globose, pseudo-stalk absent or only 2-3 mm long; stalk more slender,

1 cm long and 2—3 mm thick. Male inflorescence 3-5 cm long, pedicel

scars sometimes more numerous at the apices of the branches; male

flowers numerous, 6-12 in the cluster. Leaves drying the same

colour above and sometimes blackish (probably due to too much heat)

in thin-leaved specimens, not whitish beneath. Smaller trees in the

rocky beds and on banks of streams on hill-sides, 5-15 m high without

stilt-roots M. elliptica var. simiarum

7. Key to the species in series Cinnamomeae

Note: As there is only one species in this series refer to Master Key to the

series in section Myristica where M. cinnamomea appears twice. As

sterile specimens of M. cinnamomea might be confused with M.

beccarii and smythiesii or these two confused with each other a key

is now given, based entirely on vegetative characters, to separate

these. See also the key to the Bornean species where these three

occur together in 4 (1) and 4 (2).

1. Leaves elliptic or narrowly elliptic, acute at the base; nerves 14-20

pairs, very faint beneath; petiole slender, 1.2-2.2 cm long and 2-3 mm

thick. Stilt-roots not reported. Twigs slender, 2-3 mm thick in the

apical parts, not flaking in the older parts (21) M. cinnamomea

1. Leaves elliptic or not, rounded at the base (those at the extreme apex

may be acute); nerves generally fewer, faint of not beneath; petiole

shorter, 6 mm—1.3 cm long. Stilt-roots present. Twigs slender or

stouter, the bark tending to crack in the older parts

2. Twigs 4-5 mm thick, rusty-tomentose and striate on the innovations.

Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, base rounded and

often emarginate or sub-cordate; nerves 11-18 pairs, sunk but visible

above, fairly prominent beneath; length 9-22 cm; breadth 5-9 cm;

petiole 6 mm—1 cm long and 3-4.5 mm thick (39) M. beccarii

2. Twigs 2-3 mm thick, rusty-tomentulose on the innovations. Leaves

less coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or elliptic, base rounded but not

emarginate or sub-cordate;) nerves 12-14 pairs, very fine and faint

on both surfaces, sometimes scarcely visible; length 8-16 cm; breadth

2.5-6 cm; petiole 8 mm—1.3 cm long and 2.5-3 mm thick

(38) M. smythiesii

Sinclair — Myristica 63

8. Key to the species in series Littorales

1. Leaves coriaceous or chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, lanceolate or ellip-

tic, less often elliptic-oblong, often acuminate at the apex, 11-30 cm

long and 3-12 cm broad, the line of interarching of the 15-20 pairs of

veins on the lower surface not distinct; lower surface densely to thinly

covered with minute, powdery, rusty brown, yellowish or whitish yellow

scales. Twigs reddish brown or dark brown in the older parts. Male

panicle 2-8 cm long, much branched with numerous flowers, the

branches not loosely articulated. Male flowers small, 2-7 mm long and

2-5 mm broad; pedicels 2-5 mm long; female flowers 3-7 mm long;

female pediceis 2-4 mm long. Fruit oblong or ellipsoid, densely rusty-

tomentose or minutely tomentulose, 3-5 cm long and 2-4 cm broad

2. Leaves coriaceous, less often chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, less

often elliptic, 15-30 cm long and (3)-5-12 cm, average 8 cm broad,

drying a medium or a rich brown above, indumentum dense or not

beneath, hairs sometimes present, petioles with hairs, later becoming

glabrous; reticulations visible only when indumentum is not dense.

Male inflorescence 2-8 cm long. Male flowers 4-7 mm long; pedicels

5 mm long; bracteole 3 mm long. Fruit oblong, densely dark brown

or rusty-tomentose, 5 cm long and 34 cm broad; stalk 1.5-1.8 cm long

(22) M. guatteriifolia

2. Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate, 11-15-(20) cm long and 2-6 cm,

average 3 cm broad, drying a pale greenish brown above, indumen-

tum very thin, hairs absent, petioles glabrous; reticulations often

visible beneath. Male inflorescence 2-5 cm long, average 3 cm. Male

flowers 2-4 mm long; pedicels 2-3 mm long; bracteole 1.5-2 mm

long. Fruit cblong or ellipsoid, rusty-tomentulose, tending to become

glabrous, 3-3.5 cm long and 2-2.3 cm broad; stalk 5 mm long

(23) M. agusanensis

1. Leaves mostly chartaceous, sometimes thinly coriaceous, broadly elliptic

to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or blunt, not acuminate at the apex, 16-23

cm long, average 19 cm and 6-10 cm broad, average 8 cm, the line of

interarching of the 12-15 pairs of veins rather distinct; lower surface

especially along the midrib covered with minute hairs as well as brownish

or whitish yellow scales. Twigs various shades of grey in the older

parts. Male panicle 3-6 cm long, branched but few-flowered, the

branches often loosely articulated and tending to break up into segments

on drying. Male flowers 7 mm—1 cm long and 5-7 mm broad; pedicels

7 mm—1 cm long; female 7 mm x 7 mm; female pedicels 7 mm—1

cm long. Fruit ovoid-globose, 3—3.5 cm in diam., minutely medium brown

furfuraceous-tomentose (24) M. markgraviana

9. Key to the species in series Fragrantes

1. Leaves chartaceous, small size-class, 6-13 cm long and 3.5-6.5 cm

broad with 8-11 pairs of nerves. Twigs slender, 1-2 mm thick in the

apical parts, glabrous. Male flowers 3-7 mm long. Stilt-roots not

observed

2. Leaves acute or shortly and sharply apiculate at the apex, the lamina

whitish or not beneath when dry; nerves impressed or not above,

often drying with a reddish tinge beneath. Inflorescence axis glabrous,

1-3 cm long, average 2 cm long. Male flowers waxy and glabrous

outside, 6-7 mm long and 2.5-3.5 mm broad (slightly larger when

fresh or in the female), sub-globose to ellipsoid in bud, urceolate

at anthesis, especially the female; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, glabrous.

Stalk of staminal column glabrous. Fruit glabrous (except for some

loose rusty scurf when young), broadly pyriform or sub-globose,

drooping, very aromatic, 6-9 cm long and nearly as broad

(25) M. fragrans

64 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

2. Leaves acute or bluntly acute (always?) at the apex, the lamina a

more ashy white beneath when dry; nerves strongly impressed above,

drying a brownish colour beneath. Inflorescence axis strigose-tomen-

tose, 1.5-5 cm long. Male flowers strigose-pubescent or tomentose,

not waxy, smaller, 3-4 mm long and 4 mm broad, globose in bud,

broadly campanulate at anthesis, facing inwards towards the centre

of the axis or towards the opposing twin inflorescence branch;

pedicels 5 mm long, strigose. Stalk of staminal column tomentose.

Female flowers and fruits not seen (26) M. impressinervia

_ 1. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, larger, 10-25 cm long and 4-11 cm

broad with 9-18 pairs of nerves. Twigs slightly stouter, 2-3 mm thick

in the apical parts, slender in argentea but much stouter in succedanea

especially in the older parts, glabrous or rusty-tomentulose. Male flowers

larger, 7 mm — 1.1 cm long. Stilt-roots sometimes present

_ 3. Twigs slender, 2 mm thick in the apical parts, glabrous, very rough

: with raised lenticels (the roughness a good diagnostic character), the

bark tending to crack. Leaves chartaceous, silvery white beneath

except for the brownish midrib and nerves, elliptic-lanceolate; nerves

9-13 pairs. Male inflorescence forked once. Male perianth ellipsoid,

slightly acute at the apex, glabrous; pedicels 1—-1.3 cm long, filiform,

0.5 mm thick. Fruit ellipsoid, 4.5-8.5 cm long and 4.5—5S.5 cm broad,

narrowed at both ends (27) M. argentea

3. Twigs slightly stouter, 3 mm thick in the apical parts and 5 mm

thick a short distance down, often rusty-tomentulose on the in-

novations, coarsely striate but not so rough and without raised pustular

lenticels and fissured bark. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, brownish

white or a dirty white beneath except for the brownish midrib and

nerves, shape more variable, the same and also broadly elliptic:

nerves 10-18 pairs. Male inflorescence forked 1-2 times. Male perianth

oblong, obtuse at the apex in bud, minutely rusty-tomentulose be-

coming glabrous; pedicels 7 mm—1 cm long, thicker, 1-1.5 mm thick.

Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, 7 cm long and 4 cm broad, more rounded at

the ends (28) M. succedanea

MASTER KEY TO THE SERIES IN SECTION FATUA

1. Lax, powdery, yellowish, cinnamon-brown or less often whitish yellow

scales present on the lower surface of the leaf. Flowers densely to-

mentose or villose. Fruit tomentose, densely tomentose, furfuraceous-

tomentose or villose, less often tomentulose, tending to be larger than

in the elepidote-leaved species of section Fatua, 4-5 cm long and up to

10 cm (smaller in some members of series Tenuiveniae). Twigs with

some indumentum on the innovations, tomentulose, tomentose and even

villose. the indumentum extending down for some distance

2. Hairs as well as scales sometimes present on the lower surface of the

leaf. Hairs tending to be long, 1-3 mm, on parts such as the in-

florescence axis, flowers and fruit. Leaves generally large with a wide

range of dimensions, especially in series Fatuae and M. fatua with its

many varieties, 9-50 cm long and 3.5—15-(19) cm broad; nerves 10-30

pairs, prominent or faint beneath, oblique or curved. Male flowers

large or medium sized, 6 mm—1.7 cm long (smaller in M. lepidota);

pedicels as long as the flowers, often reaching 1 cm long (absent in

M. chrysophylla)

3. Flowers among the largest in section Fatua, the male 8 mm—

1.7 cm long, ellipsoid, split down 1/5-+ into the lobes. Leaves

coriaceous with a slightly revolute margin, the hairs mostly simple

and dark brown, less often pale yellow, absent in M. brassii, the

lamina 16-32 cm long, average 24 cm long and 5-12 cm broad;

nerves and reticulations very prominent on both surfaces giving

the leaf an almost sub-bullate appearance, nerves average 22 pairs,

curving widely. Fruit 6-9 cm long and 4-9 cm broad, (2-3 cm

long in M. chrysophylla), globose, sub-globose or ellipsoid. Twigs

without lines from petiole base to petiole base. Mostly mountain

species without stilt-roots (10) series Fuscae

Sinclair — Myristica 65

3. Flowers not so large, the male (3)-6 mm—1 cm long, smaller in

M. lepidota, campanulate or narrowly campanulate, rarely ellipsoid

except sometimes in bud, split down 3-3, rarely 4 into the lobes.

Leaves chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, the hairs mostly dendroid

(simple in M. villosa) light brown or yellowish, the lamina 20-35

cm long in the majority, 35-50 cm long in some varieties of

M. fatua and only 9-14 cm long in M. lepidota, 5-8 cm broad in

most and 12-19 cm broad in the largest; nerves fairly prominent

but not so impressed above as in series Fuscae, reticulations rare or

absent and the general appearance not sub-bullate, the nerves

20-30 pairs, 10-12 pairs in M. lepidota, straight or curving slightly.

Fruit generally smaller, 2.5-7 cm long and 1-4 cm broad, up to 10

cm long in M. fatua var. magnifica, oblong to sub-globose (very

variable in the varieties of fatua, being discoid in var. quercicarpa).

Twigs sometimes with two faint lines. Lowland species often with

stilt-roots (11) series Fatuae

2. Hairs absent, only scales present on the lower surface of the leaf,

the quantity less, the colour cinnamon-brown (rarely a few hairs

present on the lower surface of young leaves of M. buchneriana).

Hairs shorter on the inflorescence axis and fruit, the fruit tomentu-

lose, less often tomentose, the hairs mostly absent on the innovations.

Leaves smaller, 8-22 cm long, average 15 cm long and 2.5-9 cm

broad, average 6 cm broad; nerves average 15 pairs, oblique, fine

and slender, faint in parts, the interarching less distinct. Male

flowers 2-4 mm iong, 8 mm—1 cm long in the largest; pedicels

about half as long as the flowers (12) series Tenuiveniae

1. Lax, powdery, yellowish or cinnamon-brown scales not present on the

lower surface of the leaf. (Closely adpressed, minute whitish scales or a

glaucous colour may be present especially on young leaves or the sur-

face may dry brownish without any scales. All these states may be found

in the same species. A few lax, yellow scales may be seen in M. crassipes

and cucullata.) Flowers glabrous, tomentulose, less often tomentose. Fruit

glabrous or tomentulose, rarely densely tomentose, tending to be

smaller, 1.6—4 or 5 cm long. Twigs glabrous or nearly so except for the

terminal bud

4, Bracteole or its scar some distance down on the pedicel, 1-3 mm down

or even half-way down at times, only at the apex of the pedicel where

it joins the perianth in very young flowers. Fruit fusiform, narrowly

ellipsoid, acute and attenuate at both ends and often with a pseudo-

stalk, less often oblong; stalk slender and often divided into two

pedicels or branches forming a dichasial inflorescence or undivided

with a single pedicel and with or (in young stages) without a smooth

basal portion to the woody tubercular peduncle, the stalk tending

to be shorter and thicker in species with a thick-walled pericarp and

a heavy oblong fruit. Male inflorescence a woody tubercle which

usually eventually elongates, becoming dichotomous in most of the

species (more material and observations required for M. flosculosa

where it has remained simple). Flowers tubular, especially the male,

tomentulose to glabrous, not densely tomentose, 8 mm—1.5 cm long,

often' minutely 3-angled at the apex in bud, later split down for

a very short distance, about 1/5 of the whole perianth, by the minute

reflexed lobes; pedicels very slender, as long as or longer than the

flower; bracteole very small, 1 mm long or less; stalk of

staminal column glabrous or pubescent. Leaves small or medium size-

class, 4-23 cm long, average 15 cm long, some of them among the

smallest in the genus, mostly elliptic, rarely elliptic-oblong, ensiform

in one species; nerves 8-23 pairs, fine but distinct on both surfaces,

often impressed above, curving widely, line of interarching indistinct;

Teticulations present at times. Small trees, 1.5-15 m high (with two

larger exceptions) half of them mountain species (13) series Tubiflorae

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

4. Bracteole or its scar always at the junction of the pedicel and the

perianth, not some distance down on the pedicel. Fruit quite a

different shape, neither fusiform nor attenuate at both ends; stalk

shorter and stouter proportionately, seldom dividing into two branches

or two pedicels as a result of a dichasial inflorescence. Male and

female inflorescences a woody tubercle, mostly simple or with 1-3-(5)

short, often unequal branches but not regularly dichotomous. Flowers,

especially the male, not tubular, tomentulose to tomentose, rarely

1.5 mm long (except in M. subalulata) usually smaller and split down

more, 3-1 at the apex in the male by the non-reflexed perianth lobes;

pedicels as long as or usually shorter than the flowers; bracteole

longer, 2 mm long or more; stalk of staminal column glabrous or

more often pubescent. Leaves usually larger, less often the same size,

all the other features variable. Trees of various heights, rarely moun-

tain species

5. Male flowers ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, considerably longer than

broad; pedicels mostly longer than the flowers (shorter in M.

concinna and insipida). Veins of the leaves much curved. Fruit

globose, sub-globose or oblong; stalk rather short but usually

slender, 1-5 mm thick

6. Leaves small size-class, generally 5—15-(20) cm long and 1-7.5

cm broad with 10-18 pairs of nerves, petiole 8 mm—1.5 cm long

and 1—2 mm thick. No lines or ant swellings present on the twigs.

Fruit 1.5-3.5 cm long and 1-—2.5 cm broad without an apiculus

except when very young; stalk 3-7 mm long and 1-3 mm thick.

Sterile apiculus of staminal column not usually present

(14) series Cimiciferae

6. Leaves mostly medium, sometimes large size-class, 15-40 cm

long and 3.5-15 cm broad with 15-30 pairs, average 22 pairs of

nerves, petiole 1-2.5 cm long and 2.5—3 mm thick. Two lines

usually present from petiole base to petiole base on the twigs,

ant swellings present in M. subalulata. Fruit 1.6-4 cm long

and 1.3—3.5 cm broad, usually with an apiculus; stalk 3 mm—

1.2 cm long and 3-7 mm thick. Sterile apiculus of staminal

column acute and better developed than in any of the other

series, 1.5-2 mm long in M. subalulata (15) series Subalulatae

5. Male flowers ovoid or sub-globose, sometimes appearing obovoid

when viewed with the bracteole uppermost, the latter in this

position then concealing most of the flower, not much longer

than broad; pedicels longer or mostly shorter than the flowers.

Veins of the leaves straight or curving slightly. Fruit various

shapes, the stalk short but usually stouter

7. Leaves 17—32-(40) cm long and 6—12-(15) cm broad, broadest

above the middle, the base rounded or bluntly acute; nerves

prominent on the lower surface, equidistant and straight, not

curving much, secondary nerves absent or very few. Male flowers

5-8 mm long; pedicels longer or as long as the flowers. Fruit

tending to be ovoid or sub-globose

8. Leaves usually drying a pale brown or yellowish brown

above, often pale or whitish beneath, the base rounded,

emarginate or sub-cordate; nerves 16—22-(30) pairs, average

20 pairs, straight; petiole tending to be long in some of the

species, 1.5—-5 cm, average 3.5 cm long; reticulations some-

times distinct beneath. Male perianth 5-6 mm long; pedicels

1-1.5 mm thick. Fruit tending to be light brown in colour,

glabrous to tomentulose. Stilt-roots present in two species

(16) series Heterophyliae

8. Leaves usually drying a medium brown above, whitish

beneath only in M. andamanica (always?), the base acute to

bluntly acute; nerves 12-22 pairs, average 17 pairs, straight

or curving slightly; petiole 1.5-3.5 cm long; reticulations

absent. Male perianth 4-5 mm long; pedicels very slender,

1 mm or less in thickness. Fruit dark brown, mostly glabrous,

tomentose in M. teijsmannii. Stilt-roots present in all the

species (17) series Teijsmanniae

Sinclair — Myristica 67

7. Leaves smaller, 9-25 cm long and 3-9 cm broad (except in

M. castaneifolia) broadest at the middle, the base acute; nerves

prominent or not on the lower surface, equidistant or not,

straight or crooked, secondary nerves more numerous or con-

spicuous. Male flowers usually smaller, 4-6 cm long except 1 cm

long in M. castaneifolia; pedicels shorter than the flowers. Fruit

tending to be oblong or ellipsoid

9. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate;

length 9-30 cm, average 19 cm; breadth 3-10 cm, average

6.5 cm; nerves prominent, arising at a wide angle to the

midrib, crooked and not equidistant; reticulations distinct

beneath. Male flowers 4-5 mm long; stalk of staminal column

mostly pubescent. Fruit glabrous, 4.5-6.5 cm long, oblong or

oblong-ovoid, rounded at the apex, shortly stalked. Stilt-roots

present in one species (18) series Laurifoliae

9. Leaves mostly elliptic, sometimes lanceolate; length 9-18 cm,

average 13 cm; breadth 3-6 cm, average 5 cm, but larger ones

from the older twigs of M. castaneifolia 30-60 cm long and

up to 15 cm broad; nerves faint, arising at an acute angle,

straight, equidistant and parallel, reticulations absent; petioles.

longer in proportion to the lamina than in the above series.

Male flowers 4-6 mm long and up to 1 cm long in M.

castaneifolia; stalk of staminal column glabrous. Fruit glabr-

ous or dark brown-tomentose, 1.6—4-(5.5) cm long, ellipsoid

or ovoid-ellipsoid, less often oblong, often apiculate and

oblique at the apex, sessile or on a very short stalk. Stilt-

roots absent (19) series Castaneifoliae

10. Key to the species in series Fuscae

1. Leaves ovate-oblong, 20-25 cm long and 10-12 cm broad (the lower

leaves not present; they are probably much longer and broader); nerves

14-17 pairs. Hairs not present on lower surface of leaf; silvery grey

scales present. Male flowers rather large, 1-1.5 cm long and 4-5 mm

broad, adpressed-tomentulose; pedicels 7 mm—1 cm long. Fruit not seen,

probably large (29) M.. brassii

1. Leaves oblong, sometimes elliptic-oblong, variable in length, 16-32 cm

long and average 8 cm broad; nerves 18-28 pairs, average 23 pairs. Hairs

and scales both present on lower surface of leaf, yellowish or brownish.

Male flowers as large or smaller, stalked or sessile

2. Hairs on leaves, innovations, flowers and fruit dark brown. Flowers

stalked. Fruit large, (see below for measurements) generally shortly

stalked; pericarp hard, 2-5 mm thick

3. Fruit globose or sub-globose, 6 cm or more in length and breadth,

minutely dark brown-tomentulose, tending to become glabrous.

Male flowers 1-1.1 cm long and 3-4 mm broad, not inflated,

tomentose, the hairs very short, less than 0.5 mm long: pedicels 1

mm thick (not seen in M. womersleyi)

4. Hairs on lower surface of leaf less than 1 mm long, sparse,

confined to the nerves and midrib, tending to disappear when

old. Scales yellowish. Petioles 1.7-2.5 cm long. Scalariform

reticulations fine on upper surface of leaf. Female flowers 1

cm long and 6 mm broad; pedicels 5 mm—1 cm long. Fruit 6

cm or more in diam.; stalk 1.5 cm long(30) M. sphaerosperma

4. Hairs on lower surface of leaf 1-2 mm long, more densely

and uniformly spread over the whole surface, also some present

in old leaves. Scales dark brown, becoming greyish brown later.

Petioles 1-1.3 cm long. Scalariform reticulations much more

prominent and more deeply impressed above. Female flowers

not seen. Fruit 9 cm in diam.; stalk 5 mm long

(31) M. womersleyi

3. Fruit ellipsoid, 7 cm long and 3.3-(4) cm in breadth; densely

rusty-tomentose, a shade lighter. Male flowers 1.5-1.7 cm long

and 5 mm broad, inflated, densely tomentose, the hairs 1-2 mm

long; pedicels stouter, 2 mm thick. Apical leaves sub-cordate at the

base (32) M. fusca

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

2. Hairs on leaves, innovations, flowers and fruit yellowish brown, light

yellow when young, darker yellow when old. Flowers sessile, smaller.

Male perianth 7-8 mm long and 2.8 mm broad. Fruit smaller, 2—3.3

cm in diam.; sub-lanose with longer, 3-5 mm long hairs, sessile;

pericarp fragile, very thin, 1 mm or less thick. (Note hairs dense on

the flowers and fruit in the var. but absent on the leaves)

(33) M. chrysophylla and its var.

Key to the varieties of Myristica chrysophylla

Undersurface of leaves densely covered with light or dark yellow, 1-3

mm long hairs, yellow scales present also, abundant; reticulations

numerous and deeply impressed on the upper surface of the lamina, base

rounded to subcordate; nerves 18-25 pairs; length 16-30 cm, average

20 cm; breadth 5-13 cm, average 8 cm. Fruit globose to subglobose,

2-2.3 cm in diam var. chrysophylla

Undersurface of leaves without hairs, yellow scales very few or absent

(seen only with low-power microscope), reticulations faint or absent on

the upper surface, base rounded or emarginate, scarcely sub-cordate;

nerves 18 pairs; length 17-22 cm, average 18 cm; breadth 5.5-9 cm,

average 7 cm. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 2.5-3.3 cm long and 2 cm broad

var. entrecasteauxensis

11. Key to the species in series Fatuae

. Leaves small to medium size-class, 9-20 cm long and 3-8 cm broad;

nerves 10-18 pairs, average 13 pairs. Inflorescence axis 2-7 mm long.

Male flowers small, 3-5 mm long and 2-4 mm broad, few in the

cluster, 1-3 usually or up to 5. Fruit very thinly tomentulose, tending

to become glabrous, small, 2.5-4.5 cm long. No hairs, only scales

present on the lower surface of the leaves

2. Leaves 12-20-(23) cm long and 48 cm broad, drying blackish

brown or medium brown above with greyish white or silvery scales

beneath; nerves 12-18 pairs, average 13 pairs, slender, often faint,

chocolate-brown on the lower surface of the leaf, the lower midrib

often drying reddish; reticulations mostly absent; petiole 1.3-2 cm

long and 2.5-3 mm thick. Inflorescence axis 5-7 mm long. Fruit

oblong, orange-brown, 3.5-4.5 cm long and 2.3-3.3 cm broad; stalk

rather long and slender, 7 mm—1 cm long and 3-4 mm broad. Stilt-

roots present. Twigs 3-4 mm thick in the apical parts, lenticels almost

absent. A medium sized tree, 17-25 m high (34) M. koordersii

2. Leaves 9-14 cm long and 3-4.5 cm broad, the smallest in this

series, drying greyish brown above and thinly covered with cin-

namon-brown, rarely greyish white or silvery scales beneath; nerves

10-12 pairs, slender but distinct on the lower surface of the leaf, con-

colorous with the surrounding tissue or slightly reddish; reticulations

faint but present beneath; petiole 1-1.5 cm long and 1.2 mm thick.

Inflorescence axis 2-3 mm long. Fruit obovoid, cinnamon-brown,

2.5-3 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad; stalk stout and thick in proportion

to size of the fruit, 4-5 mm long and 4-5 mm thick, giving the latter

an almost sessile appearance. Stilt-rcots not reported. Twigs very

slender, 1-2 mm thick in the apical parts, lenticels numerous. A

taller tree 22-35 m high (35) M. lepidota

Leaves larger, 20-50 cm long and 7-15 cm broad but varying much,

smaller in some varieties of fatua such as inutilis and papuana; nerves

20-25 pairs. Inflorescence axis 5 mm—2 cm long, also stouter. Male

flowers generally longer, 5-8 mm long and up to 1 cm long in villosa,

4-6 mm broad, many to few in a cluster. Fruit more densely tomentulose

especially when young, villose-tomentose in villosa, larger and up to

10.5 cm long in the largest. Hairs sometimes present on the lower sur-

face of the leaves (not always)

Sinclair — Myristica 69

3. Indumentum sparse or dense, but always short, | mm long or

mostly less, usually yellowish brown or rusty brown, occurring on the

twig innovations, the petioles, the lower suriace of the leaf and

especially its lower midrib, the inflorescence axis, the flowers and

fruits. Indumentum on the leaves mostly of scales but dendroid hairs.

also occurring especially in fatua var. morindiifolia and var. quer-

cicarpa. Twigs 3-5 mm thick in the apical parts and there minutely

tomentulose, very soon glabrous, lower down dark reddish brown

and finely striate with numerous lenticels. Inflorescence axis tomentose

or tomentulose, the flowers usually numerous in the cluster. Male

perianth of various sizes in the different varieties, 7-8 mm long

in var. fatua, rusty adpressed-tomentose outside; pedicels 6-8 mm

long. Female flowers 5 mm broad; pedicels 5 mm long. Fruit oblong,

5-7.5 cm long and 3.5-4 cm broad (smaller in some of its vars)

rounded at both ends, shortly rusty furfuraceous-tomentose (denser

when young or in var. morobensis); stalk 1 cm long and 5 mm broad

(sessile in some of the vars) (36) M. fatua yar. fatua

3. Indumentum dense, adpressed, tomentose or villose, 1-3 mm long,

usually pale cinnamon brown or greyish brown, also occurring on the

above-mentioned parts. Indumentum on the leaves consisting of both

scales and hairs, the latter simple. Twigs stouter, up to 1 cm thick in

in the apical parts and there densely tomentose with pale cinnamon,

adpressed, 1-2 mm long hairs, lower down blackish and greyish, rough,

the bark cracking but without lenticels. Inflorescence axis villose, at

times almost concealing the flowers, especially the female, the flowers

not numerous and usually not more than 1-2 present at any one time

during flowering. Male perianth 7 mm—1i cm long, pale brown

villose-tomentose outside; pedicels 4 mm long. Female flowers 8 mm

broad, sessile. Fruit ovoid, 4.5-6 cm long and 3-3.5 cm broad, often

oblique or uncinate at the apex, densely pale brown or less often

rusty brown, velvety-tomentose with hairs 1-2 mm long; stalk 5

mm long and 5 mm broad or fruit sessile (37) M. villosa

Key to the varieties of Myristica fatua

1. Leaves large, length 20-50-cm, average 34 cm; breadth 7-19 cm,

average 12 cm; nerves numerous, 20-36 pairs, average 28 pairs. Twigs

stout, 4-7 mm thick in the apical parts. Fruit large, 5.5-10.5 cm long

and 3-5 cm broad, smaller in var. spanogheana

2. Indumentum on lower surface of leaves yellow, pale yellow, whitish

yellow or nearly white, very thin in amount and depth, but evenly

distributed. Leaves 20-40 cm long

3. Leaves oblanceolate, broadest near the apex or well above the

middle and gradually narrowed to the rounded base, apex obtuse

or bluntly acute, lamina 20-40 cm long and 7-10 cm broad; indu-

mentum whitish, petiole stout, 5 mm thick; nerves 35 pairs or

over, more numerous than in the other varieties. Twigs very stout,

7 mm thick, rough, tomentulose and dark grey in the apical parts.

Fruit mostly sub-globose or shortly oblong, 6 cm long and 5 cm

broad (not quite mature) densely tomentulose, rusty or slightly

reddish brown, nearly sessile or on a very short, thick, 2-3 mm

long and | cm thick stalk. Distribution Philippines, south-east

part var. wenzelii

3. Leaves not oblanceolate, mostly broadest at the middle and from

there gradually narrowed to both ends, the base mostly acute, but

if rounded, then ultimately acute where it joins the petiole, the

apex sharply acute or acuminate, the lamina shorter in length

than in the preceding, (20)-30-35 cm long and 5-15 cm

broad: indumentum yellow or sometimes whitish and tending to

be very thin; petiole 3-4 mm thick; nerves 20-25 pairs. Twigs more

slender, 3-4 mm thick at the puberulous apex, a glossy, reddish

brown, glabrous intermediate portion then present, succeeded by

the oldest, greyish, striate portion. Fruit oblong, larger or smaller,

tomentose or tomentulose, sessile or stalked

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

4. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 7-15 cm broad, average 12 cm;

nerves oblique or curving slightly. Fruit 5—7.5 cm long and

3.5-4 cm broad (smaller fruits seen may be immature), rusty

furfuraceous-tomentulose, the pericarp fragile, often breaking in

herbaria; stalk 1 cm long and 5 mm thick. Stilt-roots present.

Distribution chiefly in the Moluccas, but also in the Philippines,

south-east part var. fatua

4. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrower at the middle and

more gradually narrowed from there to the apex, 5-10.5 cm

broad, average 7 cm, the scales much less or almost absent on

the lower surface but not always; nerves strictly oblique. Fruit

smaller, 2.3-3.5 cm long and 1.5—-2 cm broad, densely and

shortly rusty-tomentose, the pericarp thicker and not fragile,

the apex sometimes slightly oblique; stalk 3 mm long, the

fruit nearly sessile. Stilt-roots not reported but probably pre-

sent. Distribution Lesser Sunda Islands var. spanogheana

2. Indumentum on lower surface of leaves a rich yellow or a reddish

yellow, denser than in the above varieties. Leaves larger, 24-48-(60)

cm long

Fruit 7-10.5 cm long and 5 cm broad, larger than that of the

other varieties. Leaves with a reddish-golden indumentum of

stellate scales beneath; nerves 20-26 pairs; petioles 5-6 mm

thick. Male flowers 5 mm long and 4 mm broad (but probably im-

mature); pedicels very short, 2.5 mm long. Knee-roots reported.

Peninsular India var. magnifica

. Fruit 5.5-6 cm long and 3 cm broad. Leaves with a rich yellow

or dark yellow indumentum beneath; nerves 26-32 pairs; petioles

4-5 mm thick. Male flowers longer, 7-8 mm long and 6 mm

broad; pedicels 6-8 mm long. Knee roots not present

6. Leaves 10-16 cm broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, broadest

below the middle and gradually narrowed upwards from the

broad acute or rounded base tc the acute apex; indumentum

very uniform, short, consisting of scales only; secondary nerves

present, shorter, often one present between two primary nerves.

Twigs greyish brown-tomentulose or pubescent for a consider-

able distance down from the apex, also pubescent in quite old

portions; no immature, folded leaf-blades below the terminal

bud in the apical parts. Fruit globose with yeilowish velvety to-

mentum, the same colour as that of the leaves, later more oblong

with less dense tomentum. Distribution Celebes var. affinis

6. Leaves 9-19 cm broad, apparently the broadest of all the

varieties, oblong with nearly parallel sides, the base rounded or

sub-cordate, the apex rounded and acute; indumentum denser

but mcre patchy, furfuraceous and tending to shed, consisting

of scales and dendroid hairs, longer because of the hairs;

secondary nerves not observed. Twigs with ferrugineous, floccose

tomentum on the innovations, but the tomentum not extending

down so far as in the above variety, reddish brown smooth parts

present underneath this tomentum and hidden by it, lenticels

present in the older, striate, glabrous portions; several immature

folded leaf-blades sometimes present below the terminal bud.

Fruit oblong, the tomentum rusty-furfuraceous like that on the

leaves, tending to rub off later. Stilt-roots present. Distribution

northern part of New Guinea including the Mandated Ter-

ritory and New Britain var. morindiifolia

1. Leaves smaller, length 12-25 cm, average 19 cm; breadth 3.5-11 cm,

average 7 cm (out-sized leaves in var. papuana up to 30 cm long and in

Var.

morotaiensis up to 30-35 cm long); nerves fewer, 16-30 pairs,

average 22 pairs. Twigs more slender, 1-3 mm thick in the apical parts.

Fruit smaller, 1.3-4 cm long and 1.5-4 cm broad (larger in var.

platyphylla)

7. Leaves obovate, 15-26 cm long and 7—11 cm broad; nerves 20-26 pairs.

Lenticels numerous

Sinclair — Myristica 71

Twigs with two lines in the apical portions. Leaves chartaceous or

thinly coriaceous, 11-25 cm long and 7-11 cm broad but out-sized

ones 30-35 cm long and up to 16 cm broad occur, the indumentum

very thin and whitish, disappearing when old; nerves 22-26 pairs

and up to 30 pairs in these larger out-sized specimens, petioles

2.5—-3 mm thick. Fruit ovoid, immature, tomentulose, becoming

glabrous, light coloured. Distribution Morotai, Batjan, Obi and

the Sulu Islands. Nearest to the nearly glabrous, whitish forms of

var. fatua var. morotaiensis

. Twigs without two lines in the apical portions. Leaves rigidly

coriaceous, 17—26 cm long and 8-10 cm broad, the indumentum a

trifle denser, cinnamon-brown, persisting; nerves 20-24 pairs,

petioles 3-4 mm thick, more rigid. Fruit sub-globose, 4-5 cm long

and 4 cm broad, the indumentum denser, tomentulose, the same

colour as that on the leaves. Distribution Morotai, confined to

Gunong Sangowo. Nearest to var. papuana or probably to the

yellowish smaller leaved forms of var. fatua var. sangowoensis

7. Leaves not generally obovate (one or two leaves slightly obovate

among the oblong ones in var. quercicarpa) smaller, 13-22 cm long

and 3.5-—9 cm broad (a few out-sized ones up to 30 cm long in var.

papuana); nerves 16—20-(26) pairs. Lenticels present or not

Indumentum on lower surface of leaf very dense, consisting of hairs

as well as scales, blackish yellow or dark yellow in colour. Fruit

very peculiar, discoid with a prominent central mucro and broader

than long, 1.3-1.5 cm long and 1.8-2 cm broad, the indumentum

rather harsh, floccose-furfuraceous and blackish brown; stalk quite

long in proportion to the size of the fruit, 1.3 cm long. Distribution

Papua, a single record. (Placed here in the absence of flowers; if

wrongly placed then may be in section I series Littorales, near M.

mark graviana) var. quercicarpa

. Indumentum on lower surface of leaf not so dense, consisting of

scales only, not blackish or dark yellow. Fruit of the usual typical

shape, oblong or globose without a distinct mucro, never discoid

and not broader than long at the base, various sizes but mostly

longer, the indumentum diverse, not harsh and not blackish yellow;

stalk 3 mm—1 cm long, not unduly out of proportion to the length

of the pericarp, sometimes the fruit sessile

10. Leaves cordate or sub-cordate at the base, ovate-oblong, drying

a rich medium brown above and often glossy, the base very

broad; midrib very clearly standing out in a groove above;

nerves almost horizontal to the midrib in the basal part of the

leaf; petiole short, 7 mm—1 cm long. Fruit oblong, sometimes

with an oblique apex, densely rusty velvety when young, later

tomentose, sessile or nearly sessile. Distribution Dutch New

Guinea var. subcordata

10. Leaves not cordate at the base, the lamina various shapes,

- elliptic-lanceolate, lanceolate, elliptic or oblong, not ovate-

oblong, drying various shades above, glossy or not, the base not

broad or out of proportion; midrib often in a groove but not

standing out so clearly; nerves not almost horizontal in the

basal part of the leaf; petiole 8 mm—2.5 cm long. Fruit oblong

or not, indumentum dense or not; stalk present or fruit sessile

11. Undersurface of leaf without indumentum. Fruit sub-

globose, 1.5 cm in diam. (not quite mature), densely rusty

velvety with 1-2 mm long hairs; stalk very short, 3-5

mm long or fruit sessile. Distribution New Guinea, Morobe

District, a single record. (Placed here in the absence of

flowers. If not a var. of fatua, then probably a distinct

species in the same series) var. morobensis

11. Undersurface of leaf always with indumentum. Fruit not

sub-globose, indumentum very short, never densely to-

mentose or velvety; stalk longer

12.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, less often elliptic-

oblong, base narrowed and rounded, less often acute;

length 20-35 cm, average 25 cm; breadth 7-13 cm,

average 10 cm; petiole.3—3.5 mm thick; nerves 20-30

pairs, average 25 pairs. Twigs 4-5 mm thick in the

apical parts and 5-6 mm thick lower down. Fruit

5-6.5 cm long and 5 cm broad (always?). Confined

to the Solomons var. platyphylla

Leaves lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, oblanceolate or

narrowly oblong, smaller and narrower, base mostly

acute, less often rounded; length 13-25 cm, rarely 30

cm, average 20 cm; breadth 4~7 cm, rarely 10 cm,

average 5 cm; petiole 2-3 mm thick; nerves 16-26

pairs, average 20 pairs. Twigs 2.5—-3 mm thick in the

apical parts and for some distance down. Fruit 3-4.5

cm long and 1.6—3 cm broad

13. Leaves 13-25-(30) cm, average 20 cm long and

4-7-(10) cm broad, indumentum pale yellowish or

more often a rusty or medium brown _ beneath;

nerves 18-26 pairs,average 20 pairs, oblique, the same

colour as the lower surface of the leaf; petiole 1—2

cm long. Male flowers 6-9 mm long and 3 mm

broad; pedicels 6 mm—1 cm long. Fruit oblong

or obovoid, 3.3-4.5 cm long and 2-3 cm broad; in-

dumentum medium brown or rusty-furfuraceous;

stalk 5-7 mm long and 5 mm thick. Twigs greyish

brown in the apical parts, often with two distinct

lines from petiole base to petiole base. Stilt-roots

present. Tree 9-30 m high. Distribution wide,

throughout New Guinea, Aru Islands and some of

the islands off the east coast of New Guinea, also

in the Solomons and the New Hebrides

var. papuana

13. Leaves 13-22 cm, average 20 cm long, narrow, 4-6

cm broad, indumentum pale yellow or whitish

yellow, a trifle less in quantity; nerves 16-20 pairs,

average 18 pairs, some of them rather crooked,

mostly reddish brown on the lower surface of the

leaf; petiole 1.5—2.5 cm long. Male flowers 5-6 mm

long and 2-2.5 mm broad; pedicels 4 mm long.

Fruit oblong, 3—3.6 cm long and 1.6—2.3 cm broad,

indumentum pale yellow, very short, not furfura-

ceous; stalk slender, 6 mm—1 cm long and 2-3 mm

thick. Twigs reddish brown in the apical parts, the

two lines occasionally present, fainter. Stilt-roots

not reported. Tree 4-15 m high. Distribution, con-

fined to Samoa var. inutilis

12. Key to the species in series Tenuiveniae

1. Petiole short, 6 mm—1.5 cm long

2. Fruit cinnamon-tomentulose or sub-tomentulose with a thin fragile

pericarp sometimes breaking in herbaria, 1 mm thick or less, ellipsoid

to oblong, 2.5-3 cm long and i.5—2 cm broad; stalk less than 1 cm

long. Male flowers very immature, about 2 mm long, will probably

reach 4 mm when mature; pedicels 2 mm long and 1 mm thick.

Indumentum of scales fairly copious on the undersurface of young

leaves, old leaves always with some trace of them. Bark of twigs

rough and tending to crack in the older parts. Stilt-roots present

Twigs 2-3 mm thick and rusty-tomentulose in the apical parts.

Leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 8-16 cm long and 2.5-6 cm

broad, the base mostly rounded; nerves 12-14 pairs, often very

faint. Fruit-stalk 5-7 mm long and 3 mm thick (38) M. smythiesii

. Twigs 4-5 mm thick and rusty-tomentose in the apical parts.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, larger, 9-22 cm long and

5-9 cm broad, the base rounded and often sub-cordate; nerves

11-18 pairs, more distinct. Fruit-stalk 3-5 mm long and 5 mm

(39) M. beccarii

Sinclair — Myristica 73

2. Fruit rusty-tomentose with a firmer, 3 mm thick pericarp, hard and

not easily broken, mostly obovoid, sometimes oblong, 4 cm long and

1.8-2 cm broad, narrowed gradually at the base into a stout stalk;

stalk 1 cm long and 6 mm thick. Male flowers larger, 8 mm—1 cm

long (the immature 4 mm long); pedicels 4-5 mm long and 2 mm

thick. Indumentum thin on the undersurface of young leaves, adult

leaves mostly *glabrous. Bark of twigs not so rough and not tending

to crack in the older parts. Stilt-roots not present

(40) M. buchneriana

1. Petiole longer, 2-4 cm long.

4. Fruit with a very slender, 2 mm thick stalk. Fruit oblong or sub-

globose, small, 2 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, the pericarp very thin,

1 mm or less thick; stalk 1.5-1.8 cm long. Leaves usually drying a

medium brown above, narrowly oblong with parallel sides, 13-20 cm

long and 4-6 cm broad; nerves faint, 20-25 pairs (41) M. pedicellata

4. Fruit with a stout, 5 mm thick stalk. Fruit various shapes, larger, the

pericarp much thicker and harder; stalk longer or shorter than the

above. Leaves usuallly drying a blackish colour above, as long or

shorter but no so narrow in proportion to the length, widest at the

middle or above the middle, often broadly panduriform; nerves fewer,

slightly more prominent, 16-20 pairs

5. Fruit rusty to light brown sub-tomentulose, becoming nearly

glabrous, oblong, oblong-ovoid or sub-globose, 3.5—4 cm long and

2.6—4 cm broad; stalk 5-8 mm long. Male flowers not seen. Female

sessile, densely rusty-tomentose, 4-5 mm long and 3 mm broad.

Leaves rounded at the base; Jength 10-20 cm, average 15 cm;

breadth 4-7 cm, average 5 cm (42) M. tenuivenia

5. Fruit rusty and densely tomentulose, obovoid, narrowed towards

the base, much larger, 7 cm long and 4 cm broad, pericarp much

thicker, 8 mm-—1.2 cm thick but will probably become thinner at

maturity; stalk 2.5 cm long. Flowers not seen. Leaves rounded and

slightly emarginate at the base; length 13-15 cm; breadth 6.5—7 cm.

(43) M. archboldiana

13. Key to the species in series Tubiflorae

1. Leaves ensiform (long in proportion to width, very narrowly lanceolate

and gradually acuminate towards the apex) 17-22 cm long and 2-3 cm

broad, older leaves probably longer still; nerves 18-20 pairs forming

very distinct loops of interarching; reticulations indistinct. Flowers not

seen. Fruit 4.5 cm long and 1.3 cm broad, fusiform (like that of

tubiflora but smaller) acute at the apex and acuminate at the base into

a pseudo-stalk; stalk broken, probably very short. A shrublet 1.5 m high

(44) M. ensifolia

1. Leaves mostly elliptic, less often elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, not

ensiform (not so long in proportion to width) the majority 4-15 cm long

and 3-6-(9) cm broad, if longer (flosculosa and cucullata), or if narrower

(firmipes and guadalcanalensis) then the length and breadth in pro-

portion; nerves generally fewer, 8-15 pairs but up to 23 in the larger-

leaved species, line of interarching distinct or not; reticulations distinct

or more often indistinct. Fruit 2.5-7 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad,

fusiform, ellipsoid or oblong, acute or less often rounded at the apex,

acute or rounded at the base. Small trees, average 15 m high, taller in

firmipes and guadalcanalensis

*Note:—Care should be taken with this species when using a key. The

paucity or absence of an indumentum of scales on the undersurface

of the leaves might unfortunately result in its exclusion from this

series by those not well acquainted with it.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

2. Fruit-stalk slender, 0.5-2 mm thick, (5S mm)- 1-3.5 cm _ long.

Dichotomy of the inflorescence usually early apparent; smooth-

portion of main axis if present usually over 5 mm long

3. Fruit cylindrical or oblong; pseudo-stalk present or not. Leaves

reticulate beneath with prominent secondary nerves and closely

adpressed, minute whitish scales. Flowers not seen

Leaves drying dark brown above, 14-20 cm long, narrowly

oblong-obovate, base rounded or bluntly acute, apex shortly

and sharply acuminate; nerves 12-16 pairs; petiole 1—-1.5 cm long

and 3-4 mm thick, somewhat swollen. Fruit oblong, dark brown,

solitary (always?) 2.5-3 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, rounded

and mucronate at the apex, narrowed into a 5-7 mm long

pseudo-stalk at the base; (stalk) peduncle 2-3 mm long, pedicel

2.7-3.5 cm long and 1-1.5 mm thick (45) M. gracilipes

. Leaves drying pale greenish or yellowish brown above, (rather

like those of M. fragrans) 10-13 cm long, elliptic, base acute,

apex bluntly acuminate or acute; nerves 10-15 pairs, more

deeply curved and leaving the midrib at a wider angle; petiole

7 mm—1 cm long and 1.5-2 mm thick, not swollen. Fruit

cylindrical, light brown, solitary or more often 2-4 together,

2.5-2.8 cm long, narrower, 8 mm—licm broad, slightly narrowed

and mucronate at the apex, no distinct pseudo-stalk at the

base; (stalk) peduncle 7 mm—1.2 cm long and pedicel 5-7 mm

long and 1-2 mm thick (46) M. cylindrocarpa

3. Fruit elongate, fusiform or ellipsoid, acuminate at the apex;

pseudo-stalk present. Leaves not distinctly reticulate beneath and

secondary nerves not so prominent (they may be quite numerous,

however, e.g. cucullata), scales present or not. Male flowers tubular,

elongate or subulate, female flask-shaped (with an inflated base) or

cylindrical

Twigs slender, 1 mm thick at the apex and 3 mm thick lower

down. Leaves mostly elliptic with a slender acumen, drying a

pale greyish green above and yellowish brown to glaucous

greyish beneath; petiole slender, 1-1.5 mm thick (less often

2 mm thick). Flowers pale yellowish or less often reddish brown

when dry; the male 1.5—2-(2.5) mm broad, their pedicels filiform,

0.2-0.3 mm thick; stalk of staminal column glabrous, very

slender, half as thick as the fertile part. Fruit pendulous, mostly

single, 4-7 cm long and 1.3-2.5 cm broad, the pericarp thin

and wrinkled when dry; stalk very variable in length and

thickness, 5 mm—2.5 cm long (including peduncle and pedicel)

0.5-2 mm thick (47) M. tubiflora

. Twigs stouter, 2 mm or more thick at the apex and 4 mm thick

lower down. Leaves more variable in shape, elliptic, elliptic-

lanceolate, ovate-elliptic, obovate-elliptic or panduriform, apex

bluntly acute, less often shortly acuminate, drying dark brown

above and medium brown or greyish white beneath (pale or

yellowish to greenish brown often with dark patches above and

pale brown beneath in cornutiflora); petiole stouter, 2-3 mm

thick. Flowers reddish or dark brown when dry; the male 2-3.5

mm broad, their pedicels 0.5-1 mm thick; stalk of staminal

column adpressed-pubescent, nearly as thick as the fertile part.

Fruit not pendulous, mostly in pairs on a forked peduncle,

sometimes single, 3.5-4.5 cm long and 1.5—2.5 cm broad, the

pericarp thicker, smooth when dry; stalk 1.5-3.3 cm long (in-

cluding peduncle and pedicel) 2 mm thick, the pedicel ending

in a collar-like ring or minute cupular receptacle where it joins

the fruit

Sinclair — Myristica 75

6. Male flowers more or less tubular, 1 cm long and 1-3 per

fascicle; bracteole-scar usually 1-3 mm below the base of the

perianth in mature flowers. Female flowers 7 mm long with

a 3 mm broad base. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, much drawn

out at both ends, pericarp usually drying medium to dark

brown. Leaves 6-15 cm long, average 11 cm; 3.5-6 cm broad,

average 4.5 cm; nerves 10-16 pairs, faint beneath, less often

prominent (48) M. longipes

6. Male flowers subulate, 1-1.5 cm long and 5-8 per fascicle;

bracteole-scar sometimes at the base of the perianth and

sometimes below, apparently taking longer to descend. Female

flowers 8 mm—1 cm long with a 3-4 mm broad swollen base,

more constricted between the base and the neck than in

longipes. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to nearly sub-globose, much

less drawn out at both ends, the apex scarcely so at all

except for a short mucro when young, soon rounded, pericarp

usually drying a pale colour (always?). Leaves usually

broader, 8-24 cm long, average 15 cm; 6-10 cm broad,

average 7 cm; nerves 16-18 pairs, usually prominent beneath

(49) M. cornutiflora

2. Fruit-stalk stout, 4-7 mm thick, 5 mm—1.7 cm long. Dichotomy of

the inflorescence delayed or not apparent in the early stages; smooth

portion of main axis present, 5 mm long or less

7. Fruit ellipsoid, 4-6 cm long and 2.5-3.3 cm broad. Leaves elliptic,

chartaceous to slightly coriaceous, 4-15 cm long and 1.5-5 cm

broad

8. Leaves 10-15 cm long and 3.5-5 cm broad, the apex sharply

acuminate, the upper surface drying mostly dark brown, the

lower with minute, closely adpressed yellowish or less often

whitish scales or just a colouration; nerves 14-20 pairs, average

18 pairs; petiole 2-2.5 mm thick. Male flowers tubular, 8-9 mm

long and 2.5—3 mm broad, several in a cluster from a woody

tubercle, tomentulose outside; pedicels 5-7 mm long; stalk of

staminal column adpressed-pubescent, as broad as but shorter

than the fertile part. Twigs 3 mm thick at the apex and 4 mm

thick lower down, often rough with numerous lenticels. Pericarp

of fruit slightly rugose or minutely tuberculate. Tree 7-27 m

high on mountains (50) M. crassipes

8. Leaves smaller, more numerous, the apex bluntly acute, not

acuminate, the upper surface drying dark or pale brown, the

lower with or without minute scales; nerves fewer; petiole very

slender, 1-1.5 mm thick. Male flowers not seen. Twigs 1-2 mm

thick at the apex, lenticels not observed. Pericarp smooth, not

rugose or tuberculate. Taller trees up to 34 m high, not con-

fined to mountains

?, Stilt-roots present. Leaves thinly coriaceous, drying a greenish

brown above and thinly covered with some minute, closely

adpressed whitish scales beneath, elliptic, 4-8 cm long and

1.5-2.5 cm broad (among the smallest in the genus); nerves

8-14 pairs. Flowers not seen. Fruit-stalk 7 mm. thick

(S51) M. firmipes

9. Stilt-roots not reported. Leaves chartaceous, drying a pale

yellowish brown above and paler still beneath without scales,

narrowly elliptic, sometimes some of them falcate, 6-12

cm long and 2-4 cm broad; nerves 10-15 pairs, less distinct

with more secondary nerves. Male flowers not seen. Female

flowers urceolate, 4 mm, long and 2.5-2.75 mm _ broad;

pedicels 2.5—-3 mm long and bracteole 1 mm below base

of perianth. Fruit-stalk 3.5 mm thick

(52) M. guadalcanalensis

7. Fruit oblong or oblong-ovoid, larger or smaller. Leaves broadly

elliptic to oblong, more coriaceous, longer and broader, 11-23

cm long and 4-9 cm broad, average 7 cm broad

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

10. Leaves broadly elliptic, less often elliptic-lanceolate, drying

a pale yellowish brown above, the midrib reddish brown on

both surfaces; nerves 15-20 pairs, reddish brown, curving

deeply and leaving the midrib at a wide angle, 70-90°, deeply

impressed above, prominent and raised beneath, secondary

nerves neither numerous nor conspicucus. Twigs reddish brown

in the apical parts, sometimes with two faint lines running

from petiole base to petiole base. Male flowers (woody

tubercles only, dichasia so far not seen) perfectly tubular, 8

mm—1 cm long and 2 mm broad; stalk of staminal column

pubescent at the base only, not very much thinner than the

fertile part; pedicels 5 mm long; bracteole very small, about

1 mm long. Fruit 1-2, oblong-ovoid, 3 cm long and 2-2.3 cm

broad with a 3-4 mm long pseudo-stalk, the base somewhat

truncate, the apex rounded and minutely apiculate, pericarp

2 mm thick (53) M. flosculosa

10. Leaves oblong or oblong-elliptic, the sides often parallel for

part of their length, drying a pale yellowish above or in thin

leaves a blackish brown, the midrib beneath concolorous or

slightly darker than the background, not reddish brown;

nerves 16-23 pairs, average 20 pairs, dark brown, or concolor-

ous, more oblique and much thinner and finer with more

numerous, secondary nerves not raised beneath. Twigs blackish

in the apical parts, often angled but without the two lines. Male

flowers oblong-ovoid in bud, later more tubular, (5)-8 mm-—1

cm long and 3-6 mm broad; stalk of staminal column glabrous,

much thinner than the fertile part; pedicels 6-7 mm long;

bracteole “cucullate”, larger, sheathing and almost entirely

covering the young flower. Fruit solitary, narrowly oblong,

longer, 3-6 cm long and 2-3.5 cm broad, rounded at both ends,

pericarp 5-7 mm thick (54) M. cucullata

14. Key to the species in series Cimiciferae

1. Leaves drying a pale colour on both surfaces and often glossy above,

narrowly elliptic with 10-15 pairs of faint or distinct nerves, the base

acute, sometimes rounded in insipida, the apex variable (see below).

Flowers when dry pale yellowish brown, oblong-ellipsoid or sub-

cylindric, tomentulose to tomentose; male pedicels 0.7—-1 mm. thick,

shorter than the flowers which are almost sessile. Fruit pale brown,

oblong; stalk 3—S mm long. Seed pale brown when dry

2. Leaves drying a pale greenish brown above and pale yellowish brown

beneath, 10-20 cm long and 2.5-7.5 cm broad, average 5 cm broad,

base acute or rounded, apex obtuse; nerves fairly prominent beneath,

distantly spaced, the lower midrib only a shade darker than the

lower surface when dry; petiole 1.5-2 mm thick. Twigs 2-3 mm thick

at the apex. Male flowers densely tomentose, 5-6 mm long and

2.5-3 mm broad; pedicels 2-3 mm long. Staminal column with or

without an acute, sterile apiculus. Fruit 2.5-3.5 cm long and 1.5-1.8

cm broad; sometimes with a few weak, 0.5-1 mm long, dendroid

hairs, becoming glabrous; stalk 5 mm long and 3 mm thick. A tree

of coastal dunes with a wide distribution (55) M. insipida

. Leaves drying pale greenish brown above, paler brown but not

yellowish beneath, 5-11 cm long and 1-3 cm broad, average 2-5 cm

broad (among the smallest and narrowest in the genus), base acute,

apex acuminate; nerves faint beneath, closely spaced, the lower

midrib often reddish brown when dry; petiole more slender, 1 mm

thick. Twigs 1 mm thick at the the apex. Male flowers tomentulose,

4-5 mm long and 1-2 mm, average 1.75 mm broad; pedicels 0.5—-2 mm

-ong. Staminal column with an acute sterile apiculus. Fruit smaller,

{.8-2 cm long and 1-1.2 cm broad, the smallest in the genus, thinly

scaly-furfuraceous, soon becoming glabrous; stalk 3-5 mm long and

1-2 mm thick. A rare tree of river banks, confined to New Guinea

(56) M. concinna

Sinclair — Myristica 77

1. Leaves drying a blackish or medium brown and most often dull above,

brownish or glaucous beneath, more variable in shape, mostly elliptic,

also elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate and less often oblanceolate

(slightly smaller than in insipida) with 13-18 pairs of distinct nerves,

the base acute, the apex generally acuminate, though at times acute

to obtuse. (The leaves should be carefully compared and checked with

those of M. fragrans in the case of sterile material where they are, in

fragrans, more glossy above with fewer, 8-11 pairs of nerves). Flowers

when dry more reddish brown, though sometimes pale, ellipsoid, tomen-

tulose to puberulous, male pedicels very slender, about 0.3-0.5 mm

thick and slightly longer than the flowers, 5-6 mm long. Fruit varying

in colour, often darker, rusty-tomentulose, globose or sub-globose, less

often slightly oblong; stalk 5-7 mm long. Seed dark brown when dry. A

taller tree than the above two species with a very wide distribution

(57) M. globosa

15. Key to the species in series Subalulatae

1. Trees 3-10 m high. Twigs often swollen and inhabited by ants, 5 mm

—1 cm thick in the apical parts, the two lines from petiole base to

petiole base sometimes raised into thin narrow wings. Leaves mostly

oblong but variable, often broadest above the middle, panduriform or

obovate, drying a medium brown or a greyish brown above, often

glaucous beneath or whitish grey in mountain specimens, the base

rounded, acute in small leaves, occasionally cordate; 20-40 cm, average

30 cm long and 7-15 cm, average 10 cm broad; nerves 20-30 pairs,

average 25 pairs. Male flowers large, 1-1.5 cm long and 3-5 mm

broad, acute at the apex, rusty-tomentulose outside, split down 1/7-% way

into the lobes; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long; stalk of staminal column

glabrous, apiculus very prominent, 1.5-2 mm long. Fruit dark brown

when dry, 1.6-2.8 cm long and 1.3—-2 cm broad, sub-globose to slightly

longer than broad, usually gradually narrowed into a subulate apex; stalk

short, 3 mm long and 3 mm thick, rarely 5 mm long, the fruit some-

times appearing sessile (58) M. subalulata

1. Trees 6-43 m high. Twigs not swollen nor inhabited by ants, 3-5 mm

thick in the apical parts, the two lines never winged. Leaves oblong or

elliptic, often widest at the middle, only occasionally obovate, less vari-

able, drying differently above and beneath, the base acute or rounded,

the lamina smaller in size; nerves 15-28 pairs. Male flowers smaller,

3-5 mm long and 2 mm broad, obtuse at the apex, densely pale brown-

tomentose outside, split down 4—way into the lobes; pedicels shorter;

stalk of staminal column pubescent, the apiculus prominent but not so

long as in the above species. Fruit pale brown when dry, larger, 3.5-4 cm

long and 2.5-3.5 cm broad, sub-globose, oblong or ovoid, rounded at

the apex and not gradually narrowed or subulate; stalk longer, 7 mm

—1.2 cm long and 5-7 mm thick

2. The two lines on the twigs very distinct and sharp, especially near

the apex, the young smooth portions usually over 8 cm long, the

older slightly rough. Leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 14-22-(32) cm,

average 19 cm long and 6-8 cm broad, drying a dark glossy brown

or blackish brown above, only slightly paler beneath, the base

generally rounded, less often acute and the margins not wavy;

nerves 15-20 pairs. Stalk of staminal column completely covered

with hairs; male pedicels 5-7 mm long. Fruit sub-globose (obovoid

when young) tomentulose, later glabrous (59) M. sulcata

2. The two lines on the twigs very faint at the apex, the smooth portions

much shorter, 5-8 cm long, the older tending to be rougher. Leaves

narrowly oblong with nearly parallel sides, 15-26 cm long and 3.5-7

cm, average 5.5 cm broad, drying a medium brown above with some

reddish blotches or uniformly dark brown in old leaves, often

whitish or cinnamon coloured beneath, the base acute, less often

rounded, the margins undulate or slightly serrulate; nerves 18-28

pairs, average 22 pairs. Stalk of staminal column with basal hairs

only; male pedicels 4-5 mm long. Fruit oblong (ellipsoid when

young), glabrescent becoming glabrous (60) M. undulatifolia

78 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

16. Key to the species in series Heterophyllae

1. Twigs with 2 lines from petiole base to petiole base on the twigs.

Leaves oblong; length 20-35 cm, average 27 cm; breadth 5-13 cm,

average 9 cm; petiole short, 1.5-2 cm long, lower surface of lamina

drying a pale brown but not white, the 16-22 pairs of oblique nerves the

same colour; secondary nerves and reticulations absent or almost so.

Inflorescence axis rather short and mostly without a smooth basal part,

usually not more than 1 cm long (occasionally up to 3 cm), the smooth

part, if present, 3-5 mm long only. Male flowers tomentulose to

minutely puberulous or nearly glabrous, 5 mm long and 4 mm broad,

split down 4+—-way into the lobes; pedicels 6 mm long. Staminal column

with an apiculus, stalk densely pubescent. Fruit thinly tomentulose, soon

glabrous and without warts, the pericarp thin and rather brittle, tending

to break, 3-3.5 cm long and 2-2.8 cm broad; stalk 5 mm long and

4 mm thick. Tree of river banks and at the edges of mangroves subject

to inundation, 6-36 m high with stilt-roots (61) M. hollrungii

1. Twigs without 2 lines from petiole base to petiole base on the twigs.

Leaves oblong but more variable in shape, also oblong-lanceolate,

oblanceolate or obovate, size also more variable, often the same but

also (see below) longer or shorter; petiole longer, 2-5 cm long, lower

surface of lamina usually a waxy white with the 15-30 pairs of nerves

darker; secondary nerves and reticulations often present. Inflorescence

axis longer, 1-4 cm long with a very much longer, 1—2 cm long smooth

basal portion (not seen in kajewskii). Male flowers densely tomentose

(not seen in kajewskii) only slightly larger, 5-6 mm long and 6 mm

broad, split down 3—-way into the lobes; pedicels 5-7 mm long. Staminal

column without an apiculus, the stalk glabrous or with a few hairs at

the base only. Fruit densely and shortly tomentulose often with small

warts, the pericarp hard and not breaking, size the same or much

larger

2. Fruit large, 7-8.5 cm long and 5.5—7.5 cm broad, pale brown-tomen-

tulose, the pericarp 5-8 mm—(1 cm) thick; stalk 5 mm—2 cm long

and 1 cm thick. Leaves oblong, 17-35 cm long and 6-12 cm broad,

average 10 cm broad, the base rounded, occasionally sub-cordate,

secondary nerves and reticulations usually present beneath; primary

nerves 18-25 pairs, dark brown if the upper surface of the leaf is

dark, reddish if the upper surface of the leaf is paler. Flowers un-

known. Tree of the lowland rain forest, 10-25 m high with stilt-roots

(62) M. kajewskii

2. Fruit smaller, 3-4.5 cm long and 2.5-4 cm broad but larger in var.

gillespieana reaching 6 cm in diam. when mature, reddish brown or

pale brown, more distinctly warted, the pericarp thinner, 2 mm thick;

stalk 6 mm—2 cm long and 3-5 mm thick in most of the varieties,

but again stouter, 8 mm—1 cm thick in var. gillespieana. Leaves

more variable in shape (see key to the varieties for details) 14-34

cm long, sometimes up to 40 cm long, 5-15 cm broad, average 9

cm broad, base rounded or often sub-cordate, secondary nerves and

reticulations not so distinct, sometimes absent but the reticulations

clear beneath in var. insularis; primary nerves 15-22 pairs and up

to 30 in var. gillespieana, usually reddish brown beneath. Tree of

wooded hill-slopes, 8-30 m high without stilt-roots

(63) M. hypargyraea and its vars

Note:—Except for the large fruit, the characters in 2 (1) and 2 (2)

for separating these two species are minor and not very satisfactory.

Even the large fruit of species 62 is shared with that of M.

hypargyraea var. gillespieana. See notes after M. kajewskii in the

text for an opinion on its status.

Sinclair — Myristica 79

Key to the varieties of Myristica hypargyraea

1. Leaves mostly oblong. Fruit large, 6 cm in diam. or smaller, 3 cm

long and 2.7 cm broad. Fruit-stalk stout or slender

2. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate; length 14-34 cm, average 23 cm;

breadth 5-11.5 cm, average 7 cm; base rounded, less often bluntly

acute; nerves 16-21 pairs, average 19 pairs; petiole 2-3 cm long.

Fruit sub-globose or slightly longer than broad, 3.2-3.5 cm long and

2.5-2.7 cm broad, minutely warted; stalk slender, 2.2 cm long includ-

ing peduncle and pedicel and 3-4 mm thick. Twigs 4 mm thick in the

apical parts. Tree 10-20 m high, confined to Samoa

var. hypargyraea

2. Leaves oblong with nearly parallel sides; length 20-40 cm,

average 23 cm; breadth 7-14 cm, average 9 cm; base rounded,

emarginate or sub-cordate; nerves 18-30 pairs, average 22 pairs;

petiole 2-4 cm long. Fruit sub-globose or globose (more ellipsoid

when young) 6 cm in diam., not warted; stalk stout, 1-1.5 cm long

and 8 mm—1 cm thick. Twigs 6 mm thick in the apical parts. Tree

8-30 m high, confined to Fiji and Tonga var. gillespieana

1. Leaves obovate. Fruit smaller (see below). Fruit-stalk slender, 5-6 mm

thick

3. Twigs 4 mm thick in the apical parts. Leaves thinly chartaceous,

drying pale greyish brown above, obovate or less often slightly

oblong, 22 cm long and 8 cm broad; nerves 15-18 pairs, secondary

nerves and reticulations absent beneath; petiole 2 mm thick. Fruit

globose to sub-globose, 3-4.5 cm long and 3-4 cm broad, warts

faint, nearly absent; stalk 6 mm long. Confined to the Banks Group

var. guillauminiana

3. Twigs 3-5 mm thick in the apical parts. Leaves chartaceous, some-

times thinly coriaceous, pale or medium brown above, obovate to

broadly obovate, 25-38 cm long and 10-15 cm broad; nerves 17-22

pairs, secondary nerves and reticulations often present beneath; petiole

3-4.5 mm thick. Fruit oblong, 44.5 cm long and 2.8 cm broad,

often warted; stalk 5 mm—l1.5cm long. Confined to the Caroline

Islands (Palau) ‘ var. insularis

17. Key to the species in series Teijsmanniae

1. Twigs moderately slender, 3-4 mm thick in the apical parts and

downwards for some 10 cm. Leaves chartaceous, gradually narrowed

from the middle or above the middle to the acute base; length 12—26—(35)

cm; petiole 1.5-3 mm thick; nerves slender. Inflorescence axis often

with a smooth portion below the scar-covered reproductive part.

Perianth tomentulose or tomentose. Fruit glabrous or dark brown-

tomentulose

2. Leaves rhombic, widest at the middle, 9-12 cm broad (4.5 cm in

small ones) covered with minute, closely adpressed silvery scales

beneath when young; nerves 12-22 pairs. Male flowers tomentulose,

5 mm long and 3 mm broad; bracteole 2.5 mm long. Fruit ovoid to

oblong, glabrous, 5-6.5 cm long and 3-3.5 cm in diam.

(64) M. andamanica

2. Leaves oblanceolate, mostly widest above the middle, 4-7 cm broad,

drying brown with a glaucous tinge beneath without visible scales;

nerves 14-18 pairs. Male flowers dark brown-tomentose, 7-8 mm

long and 4-5 mm broad; bracteole 6-7 mm long. Fruit sub-globose

to globose, dark brown-tomentulose, 4 cm in diam.

(65) M. teijsmannii

1. Twigs stout, 5-7 mm thick in the apical parts and downwards for some

10 cm. Leaves thickly coriaceous, the sides often nearly parallel, less

often curving or broadest above the middle, the base bluntly acute or

rounded; length 18-40 cm; petiole 4 mm thick; nerves stout. Inflores-

cence axis thicker, usually without a smooth portion. Perianth nearly

glabrous. Fruit minutely puberulous becoming glabrous, ovoid-globose

(66) M. crassa

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

18. Key to the species in series Laurifoliae

. Leaves chartaceous, drying light to dark brown beneath, 9-20 cm,

average 16 cm long and 3-9 cm, average 6 cm broad, base acute or

cuneate, seldom rounded or if so, acute where it joins the petiole, apex

acuminate or acute; primary nerves 10-18 pairs; reticulations faint

beneath. Male inflorescence axis simple or sometimes with 2-3 very

short branches. Male flowers minutely rusty, adpressed-tomentulose

outside, 3—3.5 mm broad. Staminal column with an acute or less often

obtuse apiculus, its stalk nearly glabrous with a very few short hairs.

Twigs 2-3 mm in the apical parts, reaching 4-5 mm thick in the oldest

(67) M. ceylanica (typical)

. Leaves slightly more coriaceous, drying glaucous or greyish-silvery

beneath (at least when young) with dark reddish brown nerves, 13-30

cm, average 22 cm long and 6-10 cm, average 8 cm broad, base acuie

or often rounded and then acute where it joins the petiole, apex acute;

primary nerves 14-20 pairs; reticulations forming a fine lax network

beneath. Male inflorescence simple, bifurcate or with 3-4 short knarled

(dactyloid) branches. Male flowers densely dark rusty-tomentose, 2.5

mm broad. Staminal column with a rounded sterile apiculus, its stalk

densely rusty-tomentose. Twigs slightly stouter, 3-4 mm thick in the

apical parts and 4-6 mm in the oldest (68) M. dactyloides

Key to the varieties of Myristica ceylanica

. Twigs 2-3 mm thick in the apical parts, and 4-5 mm thick in the

oldest, reddish brown in varying shades according to the distance down

from the apex, greyish in the oldest. Leaves mostly chartaceous, 9-20

cm long, average 16 cm; 3—9 cm broad, average 6 cm; nerves moderately

distinct on both surfaces or fainter on the upper; petioles mostly 2 mm

thick, occasionally 3 mm var. ceylanica

. Twigs 3-4 mm thick in the apical parts and 5-6 mm thick lower down,

much stouter than in the above variety, darker, purplish or dark

reddish brown, probably greyish in the oldest (lowermost parts not

present). Leaves smaller and more coriaceous, 9-18 cm long, average 13

cm; 4-6 cm broad, average 5 cm; nerves more deeply impressed above

and more prominent and thicker on both surfaces; petioles 3-3.5 mm

thick, 1 mm thicker than in the above variety var. cagayanensis

19. Key to the species in series Castaneifoliac

. Leaves 8-24 cm long and 2-9 cm broad, midrib 1-4 mm broad below,

nerves 12-20 pairs, slender beneath; reticulations not usually visible

beneath; petiole 1-4 mm thick. Twigs 1.5—S5 mm thick in the apical parts.

Male inflorescence axis 2 mm-—1.5 cm long and 1-5 mm thick, smooth

basal portions sometimes present

2. Leaves chartaceous, less often coriaceous, secondary nerves fairly

numerous, petioles 1-2 mm thick. Twigs 1-3 mm thick in the apical

parts. Fruit dark or light brown, minutely tomentulose, 1—2.5 cm

broad, the apex rounded, or narrowed and attenuate, sometimes

apiculate or oblique; stalk 3-8 mm long and 3-5 mm thick. Male

perianth 4-6 mm long, minutely tomentulose, tomentose in some of

the varieties of lancifolia

3. Leaves abruptly acute or cuneate at the base, the petiole 8 mm

—1.5 cm long and up to 2 cm long in var. bifurcata; reticulations

rarely present above, absent beneath; nerves 12-15 pairs, fine

beneath but usually distinct, see key to the varieties for details.

Male flowers oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, 4-6 mm long and 1.8-3

mm broad. Fruit oblong, ellipsoid or sub-globose, very variable,

larger or smaller than in species no 70, see key to varieties; stalk

3-8 mm long and 3 mm thick (69) M. lancifolia and its vars

3. Leaves mostly rounded or bluntly acute at the base; the petiole

longer in proportion to the lamina, 1.5-2.5 cm long; reticulations

mostly present above (not always), absent beneath; nerves 16-20

pairs, very faint beneath. Male flowers ovoid, broader, 5 mm

long and 3-4 mm broad. Fruit oblong, (2.5)—3.5-3.7 cm long and

1.7-2 cm broad with the base often flat or sometimes rounded,

sessile or on a very short, 3-5 mm long and 5 mm thick stalk

(70) M. chartacea

Sinclair — Myristica 81

2. Leaves coriaceous, secondary nerves very few or absent, petioles 3-4

mm thick. Twigs 4-5 mm thick in the apical parts. Fruit dark

chocolate-brown or dark rusty brown-tomentose, 1.7—3 cm broad, the

apex rounded but not attenuate, nearly always apiculate and

oblique; stalk 5 mm—1.7 cm long and 5-7 mm thick or absent. Male

perianth longer, 1-1.2 cm long, densely tomentose, not seen in

petiolata

4. Petiole of apical leaves 1.8-3 cm, average 2.4 cm long; nerves

12-20 pairs, faint and not raised beneath; reticulations mostly

present above, faint or absent beneath; lamina mostly dull above

when dry, sometimes glossy in parts. Twigs greyish and very

rough in the apical parts. Fruit mostly solitary, 4.5 cm long and

2.5-3 cm broad; tomentum dark chocolate-brown (i.e. with a

blackish tinge) or a dark rusty brown, becoming less dense when

old; stalk 5 mm long and 7 mm thick, sometimes almost absent

(71) M. castaneifolia (i.e.) specimens with the

apical portions of twigs only, those usually

seen in herbaria)

4. Petiole of apical leaves 2.5-6 cm, average 4.5 cm long, rather

long in proportion to the lamina; nerves 20-25 pairs, fainter still

beneath than in species no 71; reticulations absent on both surfaces

in the material at hand; lamina very glossy above when dry. Twigs

usually a reddish tinge and striate in the apical parts but never so

rough. Fruit often 3-4 in a cluster, smaller, 2.5-3.5 cm long and

1.7-2.3 cm broad; tomentum also dark chocolate-brown but not a

rusty brown, persisting; stalk longer, 1.5-1.7 cm long, pedicels 5

mm long and 4-5 mm thick (72) M. petiolata

1. Leaves 30-60 cm long and 12-15 cm broad; midrib 5— mm broad

below; nerves about 30 pairs, very prominent beneath; reticulations

scalariform, visible beneath; petiole 6 mm—1 cm thick. Twigs 5-7 mm

thick in the apical parts. Male inflorescence axis very stout and thick,

7 cm long and 7 mm thick with numerous scars, no smooth basal

portions present (71) M. castaneifolia (older leaves and

twigs and the so-called M. macrantha)

Key to the varieties of Myristica lancifolia

1. Fruit small, 1.6-3 cm long and 1—1.5 cm broad. Male inflorescence axis

not bifurcate. Leaves drying a greyish or blackish brown above, some-

times slightly glaucous beneath. Perianth chartaceous

2. Fruit 1.6-1.8 cm long and 1.4-1.5 cm broad, broadly ovoid to nearly

sub-globose, rounded at both ends, the pericarp (at least when young)

3 mm thick, thicker than in the other vars. Leaves variable with

narrow, intermediate and broad forms, but mostly lanceolate, some-

times broadly so, 2-6 cm broad, average 4 cm, drying greyish above or

in the more coriaceous leaves blackish; nerves 12-15 pairs. Male

flowers oblong-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, tomentose outside, 1.8-2 mm

broad; pedicels 3 mm long. Female flowers 3 mm long and 2-2.5

mm _ broad var. lancifolia

2. Fruit 2-3 cm long and 1-1.4 cm broad, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid,

narrowed towards the acute, obliquely acute or less often obtuse

apex, the pericarp 0.25-0.5 mm thick. Leaves also variable, mostly

elliptic and broadest at the middle, 3.5-7 cm broad, average 5 cm,

drying greyish brown or medium brown above; nerves 15-20 pairs.

Male flowers oblong, pubescent to slightly tomentose outside, 2-2.5

mm broad; pedicels 3-5 mm long. Female flowers 4 mm long and

3 mm broad var. montana

1. Fruit larger, 3-5.5 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm broad. Male inflorescence

bifurcate or not. Leaves drying a rich brown or olivaceous above,

not generally glaucous beneath. Perianth coriaceous

3. Fruit 3-4 cm long and 1.5-1.8 cm broad, oblong-ellipsoid, to-

mentulose in patches. Twigs often with rusty hairs on the innovations.

Male inflorescence bifurcate, the main axis 2-8 mm long, smooth,

branched at the apex into two scar-covered, 3—S mm long branches.

Male perianth 4 mm long, densely dark brown, shaggy-tomentose

with 1 mm long hairs; pedicels 2 mm long. Female flowers 5 mm

long; pedicels 5 mm long. Leaves lanceolate, the margins not or

slightly revolute, hairs sometimes present on the lower midrib in

young leaves, 2.5-7 cm broad, average 4 cm var. bifurcata

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

3. Fruit 4.7-5.5 cm long and 2.3-2.5 cm broad, the largest among

the vars, ellipsoid, nearly glabrous. Twigs glabrous on the innovations.

Male inflorescence not bifurcate, 3-S mm long. Male perianth 5-6

mm long, glabrous or tomentulose; pedicels 5 mm long. Female

flowers rather large, 8 mm long; pedicels 4-6 mm long. Leaves

narrowly lanceolate to spathulate with strongly revolute margins,

glabrous, 2-4.5 cm broad, average 3 cm var. clemensii

KEY TO FRUITING AND STERILE MATERIAL

1. Leaves with a lax, powdery, yellowish, cinnamon-coloured or less often

whitish indumentum of scales beneath. [This does not include whitish

or greyish colourations of minute scales or incrustations which do not

rub off easily and which may be present or absent even in the same

species, e.g. M. maxima, fragrans, tubiflora, etc.]

Hairs as well as scales present on the lower surface of the leaves

3. Leaves sub-bullate when fresh; nerves and especially the reticula-

tions very prominent on both surfaces. Nerves arising from the midrib

at a wide angle, usually more than 45°

4. Twig innovations, petioles and lower surface of the leaves densely

hairy or tomentose with hairs 1-3 mm long

5. Leaves sub-cordate, emarginate and rounded at the base. Mature

fruit under 6 cm broad

6. Tomentum on leaves, petioles, twigs and fruit a dark or rusty

brown. Fruit large (still immature) ellipsoid, 7 cm long and 3.3 cm

broad, tomentose, the pericarp hard; stalk 1 cm long (32) M. fusca

6. Tomentum on leaves, petioles, twigs and fruit a golden or light

yellow, darkening slowly with age. Fruit much smaller, sub-globose,

2-3.3 cm in diam., sub-lanose with 3-5 mm long hairs, the pericarp

thin and fragile, sessile or nearly so

(33) M. chrysophyila var. chrysophylla

5. Leaves neither sub-cordate nor emarginate, only rounded at the

base. Mature fruit 6 cm or more broad (31) M. womersleyi

4. Twig innovations, petioles and lower surface of the leaves puberulous,

the hairs much shoter, 0.5 mm long, those on the leaves soon deciduous

(30) M. sphaerosperma

3. Leaves not sub-bullate when fresh; the nerves prominent or not but

the reticulations never so distinct, often absent. Nerves oblique, not

arising at a wide angle except sometimes in fatua var. morindiifolia

7. Twigs very rough with blackish cracking bark in the older portions,

the apical portions up to 1 cm thick and tawny villose with 1-2 mm

long hairs. Leaves often densely villose on the lower surface, especially

along the midrib and veins with pale buff or silvery simple hairs.

Fruit ovoid, also densely villose with pale brown hairs, sometimes

slightly oblique or even uncinate at the apex, sessile or on a very

short, 3-5 mm long stalk (37) M. villosa

7. Twigs smooth or striate, the bark not blackish and cracking, the

apical portions up to 5 mm thick, tomentose or puberulous but the

tomentum not so long and not villose. Leaves tomentose to nearly

glabrous on the lower surface but never villose, the hairs usually

much darker. Fruit various (see below) tomentose or tomentulose but

not villose, the hairs shorter and darker, not oblique or uncinate at

the apex, stalked

8. Leaves large size-class; length 24-46 cm, average 32 cm; breadth

9-19 cm, average 11 cm; the sides often nearly parallel, the base

sub-cordate or emarginate, the undersurface densely tomentose with

minute dendroid hairs; young folded leaves often present among the

apical leaves; nerves 25-32 pairs. Fruit broadly oblong, 5.5-6 cm

long, rusty furfuraceous-tomentose, the tomentum very dense when

young, tending to rub off with age

(36) M. fatua var. morindiifolia

Sinclair — Myristica 83

8. Leaves medium to small size-class, the largest (ie. those of guat-

teriifolia) not usually over 30 cm long, the sides usually curved, the

base mostly acute, less often rounded, not sub-cordate, the under-

surface tomentose or not; young folded leaves not present among the

apical leaves; nerves 12-20 pairs. Fruit oblong or not, not usually

so large, 1.3—-5 cm long, the tomentum furfuraceous or not, but always

present

9. Venation of leaves prominent beneath without secondary veins;

scales abundant on the lower surface. Fruit not obovoid or ellipsoid

10. Lamina 15-18 cm long and 7 cm broad, hairs and scales dark

yellow or blackish yellow. Fruit discoid, broader than long, 1.3—1.5

cm long and 1.8—2 cm broad (36) M. fatua var. quercicarpa

10. Lamina 15-30 cm long and 3-12 cm broad, hairs and scales

cinnamon brown or sometimes silvery. Fruit not discoid, longer

than broad, and much larger than the above measurements

11. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, reaching 30 cm long

with 15-20 pairs of nerves; hairs on the undersurface very few,

sometimes absent. Tomentum on twigs and fruit soft, non-

furfuraceous. Fruit oblong rusty-tomentose, 5 cm long and 4

cm broad. Tree of rocky or sandy seashores, rarely inland

(22) M. guatteriifolia

11. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, more often broadly elliptic, 16-23

cm long with 12-15 pairs of nerves; hairs on the undersurface

dense, especially on the midrib and veins, very short, dendroid.

Tomentum on the twigs and fruit harsh, furfuraceous. Fruit

ovoid-globose, minutely furfuraceous-tomentose or tomentulose,

3-3.5 cm in diam. Tree of primary forest from 184-923 m

(24) M. markgraviana

9. Venation of leaves faint beneath, usually with a few secondary

veins, both sets more slender; scales not abundant on the lower

surface, often absent or very minute, hairs also often absent. Fruit

obovoid or ellipsoid (40) M. buchneriana

2. Scales only, present on the lower surface of the leaves

12. Reticulations prominent and sunk above, leaves sub-bullate. Nerves

curving widely and leaving the midrib at an angle of 60—-90°

13. Leaves broadly ovate or ovate oblong with 14-17 pairs of nerves;

lower surface with silvery scales. Fruit not seen (29) M. brassii

13. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong with 20-25 pairs of nerves; lower

surface with mostly yellowish or yellowish brown scales, if silvery

ones present, then those in patches only and not over the entire

surface. Fruit globose or sub-globose, 6cm or more in diam., pericarp

hard, 3-4 mm thick. Repeated here as the hairs are very often absent

and the scales never very abundant in the little material at hand;

compare carefully with no. 31 (30) M. sphaerosperma

12. Reticulations not prominent and sunk above (except somewhat in

cucullata), leaves not sub-bullate. Nerves oblique and straight or

curving

14. Primary nerves fine and rather faint beneath, close together,

secondary nerves similar to the primary but shorter, often numerous;

indumentum of scales on leaves not very dense. Fruit usually

tomentulose, less often tomentose

15. Nerves curving widely and leaving the midrib at a wide angle,

60-90°. Fruit as a result of dictotomy often in pairs on a short,

thick, 5 mm long, common peduncle and if fruit is young or

unripe the bracteole scar may sometime be seen 1-3 mm below

the perianth scar indicating series Tubiflorae

16. Pericarp slightly warted, the fruit broadly ellipsoid and

bluntly acute at the apex. Leaves small size-class, 10-15 cm

long and 3.5—-5 cm broad, lanceolate; secondary nerves very few

or absent. Twigs medium brown (50) M. crassipes

16. Pericarp not warted, the fruit oblong and obtuse at the apex.

Leaves more variable in size, the same size but more often

larger, 15-23 cm long and 4-7-(9) cm broad, oblong or elliptic-

oblong; secondary nerves numerous. Twigs blackish

(54) M. cucullata

84 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

15. Nerves oblique and straight, usually leaving the midrib at an

angle of about 45°. Fruit mostly single but if more than one

together then not arising as a result of dichotomy on a common

pease which forks or has bracteole scars in the position stated

above

17. Petiole 6 mm-2 cm long

18. Fruit large, 6-9 cm long and 3-4.5 cm broad, the pericarp

hard, woody, porous and granular in cross-section, 5 mm-1.5

cm thick. Leaves acute at the base; petiole 1.2-2.2 cm long

(21) M. cinnamomea

18. Fruit not so large, the pericarp hard or not but not so

thick and woody. Leaves mostly rounded at the base, less

often acute; petiole 6 mm-1.5 cm long

19. Pericarp cinnamon-tomentulose, thin and fragile, some-

times breaking in herbaria, i mm thick or less, ellipsoid to

oblong, 2.5-3 cm long and 1.5-2 cm broad; stalk less than

1 cm long. Indumentum of scales conspicuous on’ the

undersurface of young leaves, less in old ones. Bark of

twigs rough and tending to crack in the older parts

20. Twigs 2-3 mm thick and rusty-tomentulose in the

apical parts. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 8-16 cm

long and 2.5-6 cm broad, the base mostly rounded

(except in apical leaves); nerves 12-14 pairs, often very

faint. Fruit-stalk 5-7 mm long and 3 mm thick

(38) M. smythiesii

20. Twigs 4-5 mm thick and rusty-tomentose in the apical

parts. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, larger, 9-22

cm long and 5.9 cm broad, the base rounded and often

emarginate or sub-cordate; nerves 11-18 pairs, more dis-

tinct, Fruit-stalk 3-5 mm long and 5 mm thick

(39) M. beccarii

19. Pericarp rusty-tomentose, firmer, hard and not easily

broken, 3mm thick, mostly obovoid, sometimes ellipsoid,

4 cm long and 1.8-2 cm broad; stalk 1 cm long. Indumentum

thin on undersurface of young leaves, adult leaves mostly

glabrous and sometimes glaucous beneath. Bark of twigs

not so rough and not tending to crack in the older parts

(40) M. buchneriana

17. Petiole longer, 2-4 cm long

21. Fruit oblong or sub-globose, 2cm long and 1.5 cm broad,

the pericarp very thin, 1 mm or less thick; stalk 1.5-1.8 cm

long, very slender, only 2 mm thick. Leaves usually drying a

medium brown above, narrowly oblong with parallel sides,

13-20 cm long and 4-6 cm broad; nerves 20-25 pairs, faint

(41) M. pedicellata

21. Fruit various shapes, larger, the pericarp much thicker and

harder; stalk longer or shorter than the above, stouter, 5 mm

thick. Leaves usually drying a blackish colour above, as long

or shorter, but not so narrow in proportion to length, widest

at the middle or above the middle, often broadly panduriform;

nerves fewer, 16-20 pairs, slightly more prominent

22. Pericarp rusty to light brown sub-tomentulose, becoming

nearly glabrous, oblong, oblong-ovoid or sub-globose, 3.5—4

cm long and 2.6-4 cm broad; stalk 5-8 mm long. Leaves

rounded at the base; length 10-20 cm, average 15 cm;

breadth 4-7 cm, average 5 cm (42) M. tenuivenia

22. Pericarp rusty and densely tomentulose, obovoid, narrowed

towards the base, much larger, 7 cm long and 4 cm broad,

also thicker but will probably become thinner at maturity,

8 mm-—1.2 cm thick; stalk 2.5 cm long. Leaves rounded and

slightly emarginate at the base; length 13-15 cm; breadth

6.5—7 cm (43) M. archboldiana

14. Primary nerves thicker and more prominent beneath, equidistant

or well-spaced, secondary nerves not numerous and often absent;

indumentum of scales dense or thin. Fruit mostly tomentose, some-

times tomentulose

Sinclair — Myristica 85

23. Lenticels on twigs absent or few and not conspicuous. Com-

bination of the following characters involve :— leaves lanceolate

and nerves very straight and oblique, arising from the midrib at

an angle of about 45°

24. Leaves coriaceous, less often chartaceous, 15-30 cm long and

5-12 cm broad, average 8 cm broad; indumentum of scales

usually fairly dense, rusty or cinnamon brown, less often a

lighter brown (hairs sometimes present). Fruit densely dark

brown tomentose, 5 cm long and 3-4 cm broad; stalk 1.5-1.8

cm long. Usually trees of sandy or rocky seashores, less often

inland (22) M. guatteriifolia

24. Leaves chartaceous, 11—15-(20) cm long and 2-6 cm broad,

average 3 cm broad; indumentum of scales very thin beneath,

tending to disappear, usually more yellowish in colour (hairs

absent). Fruit rusty-tomentulose, tending to become glabrous,

3—3.5 cm long and 2-2.3 cm broad; stalk 5 mm long. A smaller

and more elegant edition of the above species with less indu-

mentum, smaller leaves, flowers and fruit. Not confined to

seashores (23) M. agusanensis

23. Lenticels often numerous. Combinations of the abovementioned

characters not specifically involved

25. Leaves small size-class, 9-14 cm long and 3-4.5 cm broad

with 10-12 pairs of nerves; petiole slender, 1-2 mm thick. Fruit

obovoid, cinnamon-brown tomentulose, 2.5—3 cm long and 1-1.5

cm broad, the pericarp very hard and thick for its size; stalk

stout and thick in proportion to the size of the fruit, 4-5 mm

long and 4-5 mm thick, giving the latter an almost sessile

appearance (35) M. lepidota

25. Leaves larger, medium or large size-class, the nerves more

numerous; petiole stouter. Fruit obovoid or not, mostly oblong,

tomentulose or tomentose, often densely so, 3.3-4.5 cm long and

1.6-3 cm broad in the smallest, and 6—-10.5 cm long and 3-5

cm broad in the largest, stalked or sessile; stalk stout or not

but not out of proportion to the breath of the fruit

26. Leaves medium size-class, 12-25 cm long and 4-8 cm broad.

Twigs 3-4 mm thick in the apical parts

27. Leaves drying blackish brown above, the indument of

scales on the undersurface silvery or grevish white, thin

but uniform; nerves slender, drying a chocolate-brown

against the silvery background (34) M. koordersii

27. Leaves drying a medium brown above, sometimes a pale

colour, the indument of scales on the undersurface brown,

yellow or pale yellow (if at all silvery then mixed with

some yellow) denser or more in quantity; nerves prominent,

not drying a chocolate-brown colour beneath. Here are in-

cluded the smaller-leaved varieties of M. fatua such as

vars inutilis, papuana and subcordata. See key to its vars

(36) M. fatua in part

26. Leaves large size-class, (25)-30-50 cm long and 7-16 cm

broad. Twigs 4-5 mm thick in the apical parts. Here are

included the larger-leaved varieties of M. fatua such as var.

affinis, fatua, magnifica, morotaiensis, playtyphylla, spano-

gheana and wenzelii. See key to its vars

‘36) M. fatua in part.

1. Leaves without a lax, powdery, yellowish, cinnamon-coloured or less

often whitish indumentum of scales beneath. [This does not include

whitish or greyish colourations of minute scales or incrustations which

do not rub off easily and which may be present or absent even in the

same species, e.g. M. elliptica, philippensis, subalulata, etc.]

28. Hairs present beneath (on young leaves)

29. Leaves drying dark brown above and greyish white beneath; hairs

on the midrib beneath simple, dark brown, 1-2 mm long. Terminal

bud uncinate (always?). Fruit’ sub-globose, dark coffee-brown-

tomentose, 4-6 cm in diam. . (5) M. uncinata

86 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

29. Leaves drying a medium or yellowish brown above and slightly

paler brown but not whitish beneath; hairs dendroid or stellate,

floccose, pale yellowish brown, 1 mm long or less, very soon caducous.

Terminal bud not uncinate. Fruit ovoid or almost conical, flattened

at the base, densely medium brown-tomentose or villose, 3 cm long

and 2.5 cm broad (18) M. inopinata

28. Hairs not present beneath

30. Two lines often present on the apical portions of twigs, running

from petiole base to petiole base

31. Twigs often swollen and inhabited by ants, the two lines some-

times raised and expanded into thin narrow wings. (This species is

inserted once more below in case the ant swellings are not present.

They do not occur on every twig and are often absent in narrow,

coriaceous-leaved mountain forms) (58) M. subalulata

31. Twigs not swollen as a result of ants, the two lines not modified

into wing-like appendages. (The next four species are more readily

identified from male flowers)

32. Leaves large, 20-40 cm long and 5—15 cm broad, mostly oblong

with parallel sides, the base sometimes cordate or emarginate in

the oldest and largest leaves

33. Lamina 20-35 cm long and 5-13 cm broad, average 9 cm

broad, drying pale brown above, sometimes with a yellowish

tinge, the lower surface the same colour or paler still, the

base mostly rounded, sometimes cordate or emarginate; nerves

16-22 pairs, mostly straight, oblique and not curving much.

Twigs 3-4 mm thick in the apical parts. Fruit glabrescent to

glabrous, pale yellowish brown, oblong or oblong-ovoid, 3-—3.5

cm long and 2-2.8 cm broad. Stilt-roots present. This species

is often confused with the next when sterile

(61) M. hollrungii

33. Lamina 20-40 cm long and 7-15 cm broad, average 10 cm

broad, but more variable in shape and size, drying a medium

brown above, the lower surface paler brown, sometimes gla-

cous or whitish, the colour of the leaf on the whole being

generally darker than in the above species without a yellowish

tinge, the base similar but sometimes acute; nerves 20—30 pairs,

average 25 pairs, arising from the midrib at a wider angle and

much curved. (Mountain forms occur with smaller, more

coriaceous leaves with a white undersurface and acuie bases,

while their twigs lack the ant swellings.) Twigs 5 mm—-1 cm

thick in the apical parts, less in mountain forms. Fruit rather

similar, minutely tomentulose, dark to medium brown, sub-

globose to oblong, 1.6—2.8 cm long and 1.3-2 cm broad. Stilt-

roots not present (55) M. subalulata

32. Leaves smaller, 11—26-(32) cm long and 3.5—9 cm broad, oblong

with parallel sides in undulatifolia, elliptic with curving sides in

the others, the base not cordate

34. Lamina acute or rounded at the base, the lower surface with

or without a whitish colouration. Fruit not arising as a result

of dichotomy; pseudo-stalk not present

35. The two lines on the twigs very sharp and _ distinct,

especially near the apex, the older portions finely striate.

Leaves drying a dark glossy or blackish brown above, only

slightly paler beneath, the base generally rounded, less often

acute, the margins not wavy; nerves 12-20 pairs. Fruit sub-

globose, (obovoid when young) tomentulose, later glabrous

(59) M. sulcata

35. The two lines on the twigs very faint or absent (perhaps

this is not a good diagnostic character and more material

may show that they are normally absent) the older portions

rough because of numerous lenticels. Leaves drying a

medium brown above (dark brown in old or coriaceous

leaves) often whitish or cinnamon coloured beneath, the

base acute, less often rounded, the margins undulate or

serrulate as a result of thickening; nerves 18-28 pairs,

average 22 pairs. Fruit oblong (ellipsoid when young)

glabrescent becoming glabrous (60) M. undulatifolia

Sinclair — Myristica 87

34. Lamina acute or bluntly acute at the base, not rounded, the

lower surface whitish or pale yellowish beneath. Fruit arising

as a result of dichotomy, single or in pairs with a common

peduncle, the remains of the bracteole scar if present situated

a little distance below the perianth scar indicating series

Tubiflorae; pseudo-stalk present, 3-4 mm long. (Other species

in this series often angled at the apex of the twigs but the

angles not produced far into lines) (53) M. flosculosa

30. Two lines not present on the apical portions of twigs from petiole

base to petiole base

36. Species which have some of their leaves cordate, sub-cordate or

emarginate at the base, usually seen in their largest, oldest or

lowermost leaves, but this character not present in every specimen

37. Leaves very large, some of them the largest in the genus,

18-45-(50) cm long and 6-18 cm broad, smaller in apical leaves

of castaneifolia and in some varieties of hypargyraea. Twigs 4

mm-1 cm thick in the apical parts

38. Leaves on the average oblong, the middle part at least with

nearly parallel sides

39. Nerves prominent beneath, straight, oblique, arising at an

angle of about 45° from the midrib, secondary nerves few

or absent, not conspicuous; reticulations often present,

scalariform

40. Leaves drying a dark or medium brown above, with or

without a whitish colour beneath, large size-class, see

above; nerves very prominent and raised beneath. Fruit

oblong, 5-9 cm long and 3-5 cm broad, not warted

41. Lamina when dry blackish or dark brown above and

slightly paler brown beneath or sometimes with a

whitish or glaucous colouration of minute scales which

cannot be easily rubbed off, some of the leaves at

times sub-bullate. Twigs glabrous or almost so in the

apical parts. Fruit minutely rusty-tomentulose, soon

becoming glabrous, much wrinkled on drying

(1) M. maxima

41. Lamina when dry mostly medium brown, less often

darker brown above, pale or _ greyish beneath,

occasionally whitish, slightly less coriaceous and not

sub-bullate, more variable in shape and sometimes

oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obovate. Twigs _rusty-

tomentulose or tomentose with 1-2 mm long, adpressed,

light brown, less often dark brown hairs in the apical

parts, especially during anthesis or with flushes of new

leaves, glabrous at other times. Fruit densely rusty-

tomentose but sometimes tomentulose or even glabrous

when old (3) M. philippensis

40. Leaves drying a pale brown above, often with a yellowish

or greenish tinge, sometimes a metallic grey, mostly whitish

‘beneath with minute scales or wax which cannot be easily

rubbed off, less often pale brown and without the scales;

nerves slightly less prominent, sometimes not raised above

the level of the lower surface. Fruit more variable but

mostly sub-globose, often warted (see below for details of

measurements)

42. Lamina oblong, 17-35 cm long and 6-12 cm broad,

average 10 cm; primary nerves 18-25 pairs, dark brown

beneath if the upper surface of the lamina is dark,

reddish brown if it is paler. Fruit large, slightly warted,

7-8.5 cm long and 5.5-7.5 cm broad, pale brown-

tomentulose, the pericarp 5-8 mm-(1 cm) thick; stalk

1 cm thick. Stilt-roots present (62) M. kajewskii

88 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

42. Lamina more variable in shape (see key to the vars

for details) 14~34-(40) cm long, 5-15 cm broad, average

9 cm broad; primary nerves 15-22 pairs and up to

30 pairs in var. gillespieana, usually reddish brown

beneath. Fruit smaller, 3-4.5 cm long and 2.5-4 cm

broad but largest in var. gillespieana, reaching 6 cm

in diam. when mature, reddish brown or pale brown,

more distinctly warted (but not always), the pericarp

thinner, 2 mm thick, stalk thinner, 3-5 mm thick but

as thick in var. gillespieana. Stilt-roots not present

(63) M. hypargyraea and its vars

39. Nerves faint beneath, curving more, arising at a wider

angle, more than 45°, secondary nerves numerous, similar

to the primary but shorter; reticulations absent

(6) M. neglecta

38. Leaves on the average elliptic or broadly elliptic, not or

rarely oblong, the sides not parallel

43. Leaves oblong-obovate, 23-40 cm long and 10-18 cm

broad, the nerves very prominent and raised beneath, the

undersurface usually drying yellowish. Fruit 8-9 cm long

and 4-5 cm broad obtuse at the apex, glabrous or soon

glabrous, dark brown or blackish and glossy when dry; stalk

3 cm long (2) M. papyracea

43. Leaves broadly elliptic, the largest ones 30-60 cm long

and 15 cm broad but usually those seen in herbaria are

from the apices of twigs, being medium size class and not

always sub-cordate at the base, 15-24 cm long and 5.5—9 cm

broad, the nerves prominent but those in the smaller-leaved

specimens often not raised beneath, the undersurface not

drying yellowish. Fruit 4.5 cm long and 2.5-3 cm broad,

oblique and often apiculate at the apex, dark chocolate-

brown-tomentose (sometimes tomentulose); stalk 5 mm long

or almost absent (71) M. castaneifolia

37. Leaves medium size-class, 8-30 cm long, average 18 cm long

and 5—10-(12) cm broad, often drying a pale colour, especially

yellowish. Twigs 2-5 mm thick in the apical parts, also tending

to be paler in colour, reddish brown or pale straw-coloured

44. Leaves often whitish beneath with reddish brown nerves.

Fruit often warted. (Placed under 42 (2) where most of the

specimens would be classed but repeated here for those with

smaller leaves under 20 cm long)

(63) M. hypargyraea and its vars

44. Leaves mostly pale yellowish brown beneath. Fruit not

warted

45. Lamina lanceolate or elliptic. Fruit with dense tomentum,

sub-lanose or villose, sessile or on a short thick stalk; stalk

if present 5 m—-1 cm long and 5 mm thick, terete

46. Leaves acute at the apex. Fruit oblong or oblong-ovoid,

2.5—3.3 cm long and 2 cm broad, sessile

(33) M. chrysophylla var. entrecasteauxensis

46. Leaves obtuse at the apex. Fruit ovoid or almost conical,

flattened and horizontal at the base, 3 cm long and 2.5

cm broad, stalked (18) M. inopinata

45. Lamina otherwise. Fruit tomentulose or glabrous, finaily

. becoming glabrous; stalk long and slender, of dichotomous

origin, consisting of a common peduncle 1-1.5 cm long and

2-4 pedicels 5 mm-1.5 cm long, 2-3 mm thick, flattened

47. Leaves ovate, obtuse at the apex; nerves farily pro-

minent, secondary nerves present but few and not

conspicuous. Fruit 2-3.5 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, very

thin-walled, the pericarp 0.5 mm thick

(19) M. schleiniizii

47. Leaves oblong, many of them panduriform, acute at

the apex; nerves fine and faint, secondary nerves numerous,

also fine and faint like the primary but shorter. Fruit 5-6

cm long and 3 cm broad, the pericarp thicker

(17) M. garciniifolia

Sinclair — Myristica 89

36. Species with the leaves normally rounded or acute at the base.

If at all cordate or sub-cordate then these shapes may be present

in the oldest and largest leaves from the lower-most parts of

the twigs

48. Leaves narrow in proportion to length, at least reaching 16 cm

long and 2-3 cm broad

49. Leaves ensiform, acute at both ends, 17-22 cm long and

2-3 cm broad; nerves prominent beneath, line of interarching

distinct; margins not revolute. Fruit narrow, elongate, acute

at the apex, stalk slender, 2 mm thick (44) M. ensifolia

49. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or spathulate but not ensiform,

the base acute and the apex acute or obtuse, 6-16 cm long;

nerves often faint beneath; margins slightly revolute. Fruit

not so narrow and elongate, rounded at the apex, stalk thicker.

Some specimens of lancifolia and gigantea 4 cm broad would

just fail to meet the requirements of this section of the key on

the basis of breadth

50. Secondary nerves present, primary and secondary very

faint, Fruit 2-5.5 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad

51. Fruit arising as a result of dichotomy; stalk a slender

flattened, 1.5—-2 cm long peduncle, pedicels about 5 mm

long, 2 mm thick. Leaves usually obtuse at the apex, the

margins thickened (20) M. rosselensis

51. Fruit not arising as a result of dichotomy, stalk thicker,

terete, 8 mm-1 cm long and 3 mm thick. Leaves acute or

obtuse at the apex, the margins slightly revolute

(69) M. lancifolia var. clemensii

50. Secondary nerves not present or if so not at all numerous,

primary usually also faint in coriaceous leaves, slightly more

prominent if the leaves are thin in texture. Fruit much larger,

5.5 cm long or more and 4 cm broad (9) M. gigantea

48. Leaves not conspicuously narrow in proportion to length, not

narrowly lanceolate, spathulate or ensiform even if small size-

class

52. Leaves small size-class, 1-12 cm long and less often up to

15 cm long, elliptic or lanceolate or combinations of these

shapes. Fruit glabrous or tomentulose

53. Secondary nerves numerous, fine or faint, the primary

similar but longer, mostly oblique

54. Leaves abruptly acute or cuneate at the base, the petiole

8 mm-1.5 cm long and up to 2 cm long in J/ancifolia var.

bifurcata; reticulations rarely present above, absent

beneath; nerves 12-15 pairs, fine beneath but usually

distinct, see key to the varieties for details. Fruit oblong,

ellipsoid or sub-globose, very variable, larger or smaller

than in species no 70, see key to the varieties; stalk 3-8

mm long and 3 mm thick

(69) M. lancifolia and its vars

54. Leaves mostly rounded or bluntly acute at the base,

the petiole longer in proportion to the lamina, 1.5-2.5

cm long; reticulations mostly present above (not always)

absent beneath; nerves 16-20 pairs, very faint beneath.

Fruit oblong, (2.5)—3.5—3.7 cm long and 1.7—-2 cm broad

with the base often flat or sometimes rounded, sessile or

on a very short, 3-5 mm long and 5 mm thick stalk.

Graz ..stesd. AY... (70) M. chartacea

53. Secondary nerves absent or very few, the primary usually

prominent (sometimes faint in concinna and longipes but

not always) usually much curved

55. Specimens with fruit present

56. Fruit showing certain features as a result of dichotomy,

a common peduncle which usually forks into two

pedicels and the remains of the bracteole scar sometimes

visible 1-3 mm below perianth scar; if so then a useful

character indicating series Tubiflorae. Fruit elongate,

fusiform or ellipsoid (sometimes only one develops)

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

57. Peduncle and pedicels long and slender, (5 mm)-

1—3.5 cm long and 0.5—2 mm thick

58. Fruit cylindrical, 2.5-2.8 cm long. Twigs reddish

brown in the apical portions. Leaves drying

yellowish brown above, whitish beneath with red-

dish brown midrib and nerves (leaves rather like

those of M. fragrans); nerves deeply impressed

above with very distinct interarching; reticulations

scalriform, very prominent (46) M. cylindrocarpa

58. Fruit fusiform or narrowly ellipsoid, 3.5-7 cm

long. Twigs greyish or greyish brown in the apical

portions. Leaves drying various shades even in the

same specimen, greyish, blackish or medium brown

above, less often whitish beneath, the nerves not

often reddish brown except sometimes in longipes;

nerves sunk above or not, not so prominent or so

deeply impressed, the interarching usually not dis-

tinct; reticulations faint, often absent

59. Twigs slender, 1 mm thick at the apex and 3

mm thick lower down. Leaves mostly elliptic

with a slender acumen, drying a pale greyish

green above and yellowish brown to glaucous-

greyish beneath; petiole slender, 1-1.5 mm thick

(less often 2 mm thick). Fruit pendulous, mostly

single, 4-7 cm long and 1.3—2.5 cm broad, the

pericarp wrinkled when dry; stalk very variable

in length and thickness, 5 mm-2.5 cm long

(including peduncle and pedicel)

(47) M. tubiflora

59. Twigs 2 mm or more thick at the apex and 4

mm thick lower down. Leaves more variable in

shape, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, ovate-elliptic,

obovate-elliptic or panduriform, apex bluntly

acute, less often shortly acuminate, drying dark

brown above and medium brown or greyish white

beneath; petiole 2-3 mm thick. Fruit not pen-

dulous, mostly in pairs on a forked peduncle,

sometimes single, 3.5-4.5 cm long and 1.5—2.5 cm

broad, the pericarp smooth when dry; stalk 1.5-

3.3 cm long (including peduncle and pedicel), the

pedicel ending in a collar-like ring or a minute

cupular receptacle where it joins the fruit

(48) M. longipes

57. Peduncle and pedicels shorter and thicker, 5 mm-—

1.7 cm long and 4—7 mm thick

60. Leaves 10-15 cm long and 3.5—S cm broad, the

apex sharply acuminate, the lower surface whitish,

sometimes covered with yellowish scales (this species

here repeated in the key in case the yellowish scales

are not obvious or have disappeared); nerves 14-20

pairs; petiole 22.5 mm thick. Twigs 3 mm thick

at the apex and 4 mm thick lower down, often

rough with numerous lenticels. Fruit 4 cm long

(50) M. crassipes.

60. Leaves smaller, more numerous, the apex bluntly

acute, the lower surface whitish or not; nerves

fewer; petiole very slender, 1-1.5 mm thick. Twigs

1-2 mm thick at the apex, lenticels not observed.

Fruit 5-6 cm long

61. Leaves thinly coriaceous, drying a greenish

brown above and thinly covered with some

minutely, closely adpressed whitish scales beneath,

elliptic, 4-8 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm_ broad:

nerves 8-14 pairs. Fruit ellipsoid or obovoid--

ellipsoid; stalk 7 mm thick (51) M. firmipes

Sinclair — Myristica 91

61. Leaves chartaceous, drying a pale yellowish

brown above and paler still beneath without

scales, elliptic, some of them falcate, 6-12 cm

long and 2-4 cm broad; nerves 10-15 pairs, less

distinct, sometimes with a few secondary pairs.

Fruit ellipsoid; stalk 4 mm thick

(52) M. guadalcanalensis

56. Fruit not showing the above features as a result of

dichotomy and not on a peduncle forking into two

pedicels. Fruit not elongate

62. Fruit small, 1.5-2.5 cm in diam.; stalk 3-7 mm long.

Leaves not usually glossy when dry; nerves 12-18

pairs, distinct on both surfaces, but usually not

impressed above

63. Fruit sub-globose or globose, variable in size,

1.5-2.5 cm in diam., rusty tomentulose; stalk 5-7

mm long and 3 mm thick. Leaves variable in size

and shape; length 8-15-(17) cm, average 12 cm;

breadth 3—-5.5 cm, average 4 cm; petiole 8 mm-1.5

cm long and 1.5—2 mm thick (57) M. globosa

63. Fruit ellipsoid or oblong, 1.8-2 cm long and 1-1.2

cm broad, pale brown or yellowish brown, tomen-

tulose, soon glabrous; stalk 3-5 mm long and 1-2

mm thick. Leaves smaller and narrower, usually

drying a paler colour, pale yellowish brown but

with the same reddish tinge of globosa; length 5-11

cm; breadth 1-3 cm; petiole 1 cm long and 1 mm

thick; nerves fainter but not always

(S56) M. concinna

62. Fruit large, 6-9 cm in diam.; stalk 2 cm long.

Leaves usually glossy when dry (not always); nerves

7-11 pairs, distinct on both surfaces, deeply impressed

above and raised beneath, stouter than those of

globosa, 0.25-0.5 mm thick

64. Fruit sub-globose or broadly pyriform, pendulous.

Twigs brownish or reddish brown in the apical

parts, less often greyish. Leaves drying a yellowish

or medium brown above, sometimes with a greyish

or greenish tinge, the nerves usually reddish brown

beneath against a whitish-reddish background or the

white sometimes lacking; apex of lamina with a

1-2 cm long acumen, the point often needle-sharp,

less often acute (25) M. fragrans

64. Fruit not seen but probably similar. Twigs

greyish in the apical parts (always?). Leaves drying

a dark chocolate-brown above, the nerves dark

brown against a more intensely and uniformly

whitish background without a reddish tinge; apex

of lamina acute or bluntly acute (always?)

(26) M. impressinervia

55. Specimens with fruit not present, sterile only.

65. Combinations of the following characters. involved :-—

‘Leaves drying yellowish brown above, whitish with

reddish brown nerves and midrib beneath; nerves deeply

impressed above, their line of interarching very pro-

minent. Twigs reddish brown in the apical portions

66. Reticulations very prominent on both surfaces of

the leaf; nerveh 10-15 pairs. Apex of leaf acute,

bluntly acute or less often shortly and bluntly acu-

minate (46) M. cylindrocarpa

66. Reticulations absent above, sometimes present

beneath but if so then much finer and thinner; nerves

8-11 pairs. Apex of leaf with a 1-2 cm long acumen,

the point often needle-sharp, less often acute

(25) M. fragrans

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

65. Combinations of the above-mentioned characters not

involved

67. Nerves 8-11 pairs, deeply impressed above and

raised beneath; lamina often drying glossy on both

sides

68. Twigs brownish or reddish brown in the apical

parts. Leaves drying a yellowish or medium brown

above, sometimes with a greyish or greenish tinge,

the nerves usually reddish brown against a whitish-

reddish background, or the white sometimes lacking;

apex of lamina with a 1-2 cm long needle-sharp

acumen, less often acute (25) M. fragrans

68. Twigs greyish in the apical parts (always?). Leaves

drying a dark chocolate-brown above, the nerves

dark brown against a more intensely and uniformly

whitish background without a reddish tinge; apex

of lamina acute or bluntly acute (always?)

(26) M. impressinervia

67. Nerves usually more than 11 pairs, often 15, up to

20 in crassipes, not usually impressed above (some-

times in tubiflora), raised or not beneath; lamina dull

or glossy

69. Twigs 3 mm thick in the apical parts and 4 mm

thick lower down, reddish brown and rough with

numerous lenticels (50) M. crassipes

69. Twigs 1-2 mm thick in the apical parts, varying

lower down, various shades but not rough with

lenticels (a few may be present)

70. Combination of the following characters in-

volved:—Leaves drying blackish brown above

and medium brown beneath, the apex sharply

acuminate; nerves prominent beneath but often

not raised; twigs greyish (48) M. longipes

70. Combination of the above characters not in-

volved

71. Leaves 4-12 cm long and 1-3 cm broad,

average 2.5 cm broad, usually drying a pale

yellowish or pale brownish above

72. Apex of leaf acute or shortly acuminate,

lower midrib drying reddish brown

(56) M. concinna

72. Apex of leaf obtuse or bluntly acute, lower

midrib not drying reddish brown

73. Twigs yellowish in the apical portions.

Leaves chartaceous, drying a pale yellowish

brown above and paler still beneath with-

out scales, narrowly elliptic, some of them

falcate, 6-12 cm long and 2-4 cm broad

(52) M. guadalcanalensis

73. Twigs reddish brown in the apical por-

tions. Leaves thinly coriaceous, drying a

greenish brown above and thinly covered

with some minute closely adpressed scales

beneath, elliptic but not falcate, 4-8 cm

long and 1.5-2.5 cm broad

(S51) M. firmipes

71. Leaves generally larger (small one often

occur) 6-15-(17) cm long and 2-5.5 cm broad,

drying vairous shades above

74. Twigs reddish brown in the apical parts.

Leaves drying a reddish-greyish brown on

both surfaces, especially beneath, sometimes

blackish brown above in more coriaceous

leaves, the apex acute, less often acuminate;

reticulations often visible beneath and form-

ing a fine network (57) M. globosa

Sinclair — Myristica 93

74. Twigs greyish in the apical parts. Leaves

drying a pale greyish above, rarely with a

rusty shade, paler brown beneath, sometimes

whitish, the apex mostly acuminate; reticu-

lations usually invisible beneath

(47) M. tubiflora

52. Leaves larger, 15-50 cm long, various shapes. Fruit various

75. Species with leaves large size-class, 30-50 cm long but

many of these at times with some of their leaves below 30

cm long, sometimes 25 cm and as low as 18 cm long. Twigs

5 mm-1I cm thick in the apical parts

76. Primary nerves distinct and prominent on the lower sur-

face

77. Secondary nerves absent

78. Nerves 18-30 pairs, oblique, straight and more or

less parallel to each other. Leaves mostly oblong or

oblong-obovate, the middle portion at least with the

sides more or less parallel to each other, the base

mostly rounded, drying various shades of brown

above and whitish or not below; reticulations usually

present on the lower surface, sometimes absent in

papyracea. Fruit glabrous or tomentose. (The species

here all belong to series Maximae)

79. Fruit minutely dark brown tomentulose, soon be-

coming glabrous. Twig innovations on the pro-

duction of new leaves puberulous or glabrous.

Leaves coriaceous, drying various shades

80. Leaves usually drying a blackish brown less

often a medium brown above, glaucous or

cinereous beneath, less often brownish, oblong,

the scalariform reticulations often visible beneath

when dry; nerves 20-30 pairs. Fruit often

wrinkled and dull when dry (1) M. maxima

80. Leaves usually drying a greenish yellow or

greenish brown above and yellow or yellowish

brown beneath, broadly oblong or _ oblong-

obovate, the scalariform reticulations sometimes

visible beneath and sometimes not when dry;

nerves 20-25 pairs. Fruit smooth and shining

when dry (2) M. papyracea

79. Fruit medium brown-tomentose, less often tomen-

tulose except when very old. Twig innovations on

the production of new leaves tomentose or tomen-

tulose. Leaves coriaceous but sometimes. char-

taceous, drying mostly medium or light brown

above, greyish or whitish beneath, rarely brown

(3) M. philippensis

78. Nerves 18-22 pairs, slightly more curved. Leaves

elliptic-oblong or elliptic, less often oblong: except in

. the largest ones, the base acute, less often rounded,

drying a rich medium brown above and whitish

below; reticulations absent on the lower surface.

Fruit minutely and densely tomentulose. (This species

belongs to series Uncinate) (4) M. umbrosa

77. Secondary nerves present, usually one secondary nerve

between every two primary

81. Leaves coriaceous, 18-40 cm long and 5-12 cm

broad, the sides mostly parallel, the base bluntly

acute or rounded, drying brownish beneath often

with a glaucous tinge; petioles 4 mm thick. Twigs

5-7 mm thick in the apical parts. Fruit 2.5-4.5 cm

in diam (66) M. crassa

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

81. Leaves chartaceous, 20-35 cm long and 5-12 cm

broad (many of them will be too small to qualify for

this section of the key but some will undoubtedly

fall in here) widest at the middle, the sides not or

rarely parallel, the base acute, whitish beneath with

minute scales (probably not always?); petiole 3 mm

thick. Twigs 3 mm thick in the apical parts. Fruit

5-6.5 cm long and 3-3.5 cm broad

(64) M. andamanica

76. Primary nerves faint on the lower surface. Secondary

nerves also present and faint

82. Leaves mostly rounded at the base, oblong with nearly

parallel sides, petiole 5 mm thick; nerves 30 pairs,

curving widely; secondary nerves numerous

(6) M. neglecta

82. Leaves narrowed and mostly acute at the base, some-

times bluntly acute, elliptic, the sides not parallel,

oblong sometimes in carrii, petiole 3 mm thick; nerves

ee pairs, oblique and straight; secondary nerves

ewer

83. Leaves slightly coriaceous, medium brown and very

glossy and waxy above when dry as if varnished.

Fruit oblong, 6-7 cm long and 3-3.5 cm broad but

young ones sub-globose; stalk 1 cm long

(7) M. hooglandii

83. Leaves chartaceous, greyish brown and dull above

when dry. Fruit narrowly oblong or ellipsoid 4-5 cm

long and 1.5 cm broad; stalk 1-1.5 cm long

(8) M. carrii

75. Species with leaves medium size-class, 15-30 cm long but

a few have some leaves that reach 35 cm long, e.g.

andamanica, hypargyraea and kajewskii as well as some

under 15 cm long, e.g. iners, malabarica, umbellata and

elliptica, especially its var. simiarum. Twigs all sizes from

2 mm up to 1 cm thick in the apical parts

84. Fruit very large, 6-10.5 cm long and 4-6.5 cm broad or

6 cm in diam. (Such large fruits often in carpological

collections and not on herbarium sheets)

85. Fruit globose or sub-globose

86. Fruit. dark chocolate-brown-tomentose, sometimes

slightly oblique at the apex. Apex of twigs and ter-

minal bud dark brown tomentose with adpressed, 1

mm long hairs. Terminal bud uncinate (always?).

Secondary nerves not present on the leaves

(S) M. uncinata

86. Fruit minutely tomentulose and of various colours,

not oblique at the apex. Apex of twigs and terminal

bud tomentulose or glabrous. Terminal bud not

uncinate. Secondary nerves usually present on the

leaves, one between two primary nerves

87. Pericarp dark brown. Leaves with prominent re-

ticulations on both surfaces, the upper surface

rather dark, the lower yellowish with minute scales

or cinereous or in older leaves without the scales;

petiole 1.7-2.5 cm long. This species repeated here

in case the scales have disappeared

(30) M. sphaerosperma

87. Pericarp pale brown or sometimes with a rusty

tinge. Leaves without reticulations or sometimes a

a few faint ones present below, the upper surface

a pale yellowish or a metallic greenish grey colour,

the lower mostly whitish, sometimes pale brown;

petiole 2-5 cm long

Sinclair — Myristica 95

88. Pericarp 7-8.5 cm long and 5.5-7.5 cm broad,

slightly warted. Leaves 17-35 cm long; secondary

nerves and reticulations usually present beneath.

Note that some of the leaves will fit into large

size-class, see section 42 (1) of this key

(62) M. kajewskii

88. Pericarp 6 cm in diam., not warted. Leaves

20-40 cm long; secondary nerves and reticulations

not so distinct beneath, often absent. Note that

some of the leaves will fit into large size-class,

see section 42 (2) of this key

(63) M. hypargyraea var. gillespieana

85. Fruit considerably longer than broad, not globose or

sub-globose

89. Fruit oblong or less often oblong-ovoid

90. Pericarp densely rusty tomentose

91. Twigs in their apical parts 4-6 mm thick and

densely rusty tomentose. Leaves rigidly coraceous,

often drying medium brown with patches of dark

rusty brown on the upper surface; nerves 17-20

pairs, very prominent and raised beneath; petiole

3-S_ cm long and 3-5 mm thick. Fruit mostly

oblong but sometimes oblong-ellipsoid or oblong-

ovoid (10) M. lowiana

91. Twigs in their apical parts 1.5-2 mm thick and

glabrous. Leaves chartaceous, drying medium

brown above; nerves 9 pairs, faint and often not

raised beneath; petiole 5 mm-—1.5 cm long and

1.5—2 mm thick. Fruit mostly oblong, sometimes

oblong-ovoid (21) M. malabarica

90. Pericarp glabrous or minutely tomentulose be-

coming glabrous.

92. Leaves coriaceous with a fine lax network of

reticulations on the pale or whitish undersurface.

Twigs 3-5 mm thick in the apical parts

93. Leaves oblong with parallel and slightly re-

volute margins, the colour mostly greenish

above when dry, less often pale brown; the

base rounded; nerves arising at nearly right

angles to the midrib and curving widely. Twigs

often pale yellowish with dark patches. Fruit-

ing peduncle (i.e. the female inflorescence axis)

4 cm long, this length indicating a section I

species, the fruiting pedicels 5 mm-—1 cm long

(15) M. malaccensis

93. Leaves various shapes, mostly _ elliptic-

lanceolate or oblanceolate, widest at the

middle, the sides not parallel, the colour pale

greyish brown above when dry, sometimes with

a pale greenish tinge, the base acute or

rounded; nerves not arising at such a wide

angle, oblique and often rather crooked. Twigs

reddish brown. Fruiting peduncle 1-1.5 cm

long, fruiting pedicels 5 mm-1 cm long

(68) M. dactyloides

92. Leaves coriaceous or chartaceous without a fine

lax network of reticulations on the pale but not

whitish under-surface. Twigs thicker or thinner

in the apical parts (see below)

94. Lamina broadly elliptic or rhombic, 9-12

cm wide at the middle (sometime small leaves

present only 4.5 cm wide); whitish scales often

beneath, later disappearing. A few leaves of

this species reach 35 cm long and would fall

into large size-class 75 (1)

(34) M. andamanica

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

94. Lamina sometimes elliptic but more often

narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, being

more elongate and not so wide, 3-7 cm broad

at the middle, the sides often parallel; whitish

scales not present beneath

95. Twigs stout, 4-5 mm thick in the striate,

tomentose apical parts, the tomentum best

seen at anthesis or when new leaves are

unfolding, the older parts rough with

blackish cracking bark, the terminal bud

hirsute with rusty, 1 mm long hairs. Leaves

coriaceous, the petioles 2.5—3 mm thick

(11) M. maingayi

95. Twigs slender, 1-3 mm thick in the smooth,

glabrous or puberulous apical parts, the

older parts reddish brown or greyish, the

terminal bud greyish, glabrous or puberulous.

Leaves mostly chartaceous, the petioles 1-2

mm thick

96. Bark of trunk blackish. Leaves drying a

pale greenish or greyish brown above and

slightly paler still beneath, less often a

medium brown above, the margins often

parallel at the middle of the lamina; nerves

faint or prominent beneath. Lenticels

absent or not conspicuous on the twigs.

Fruit 5-8.5-(10) cm long and 44.5 cm

broad; fruiting peduncles 1.5—3.5 cm long,

such a length would indicate that they

belong to a section I species

(14) M. iners

96. Bark of trunk brownish (the most

reliable character for distinguishing sterile

material of this species from iners). Leaves

drying a dark or medium brown, some-

times with a dark greenish, tinge above,

also dark or medium brown beneath, the

margins not often parallel, occasionally

parallel only above the middle; nerves

slender but usually prominent beneath.

Lenticels often present on the twigs. Fruit

usually smaller and because of its size only

the largest would qualify for this section

of the key, 4.5-6.5 cm long and 2.2-3.5 cm

broad; fruiting peduncles 5 mm-—1 cm long,

short because they belong to a section II

species (67) M. eceylanica and its vars

89. Fruit ellipsoid

97. Pericarp densely rusty-tomentose. (The shape of

the fruit is mostly oblong in this species, see also

89 (1) and 91 (1) above.) Leaves narrowly oblong

or oblong-lanceolate with more or less parallel

sides; petioles 3-5 cm long. Twigs 4-5 mm thick

and rusty-tomentose in the apical parts

(10) M. lowiana

97. Pericarp glabrous or tomentulose becoming gla-

brous. Leaves elliptic; petioles 1-3 cm long. Twigs

2-3 mm thick and glabrous or minutely rusty-

tomentulose in the apical parts

98. Fruit orange when fresh, dark brown or

blackish when dry, the apex often slightly oblique.

Twigs pale straw-coloured with some blackish

patches. Leaves pale yellowish above, with or

without a whitish colouration beneath, very

brittle and breaking in herbaria

(16) M. elliptica

Sinclair — Myristica 97

98. Fruit yellowish when fresh, probably other

colours as well, medium brown when dry, the

apex not oblique. Twigs reddish brown. Leaves

various colours above, whitish or silvery beneath

when dry.

99. Twigs slender, 2 mm thick in the apical parts,

glabrous, very rough because of raised, pustular

lenticels. Leaves chartaceous, pale yellowish

brown above and silvery white beneath,

elliptic-lanceolate; nerves 9-13 pairs. Fruit gla-

brous, ellipsoid and narrowed at both ends

(27) M. argentea

99. Twigs slightly stouter, 3 mm thick in the

apical parts, often rusty-tomentulose on the

innovations, striate but not rough because of

raised lenticels. Leaves coriaceous, medium

brown above and a brownish white or dirty

white beneath, the shape the same or more

broadly elliptic; nerves 10-18 pairs. Fruit

minutely tomentulose, becoming glabrous,

ovoid-ellipsoid, more rounded at the ends

(28) M. succedanea

84. Fruit not so large or immature or absent

100. Venation on undersurface of leaf faint and usually

not raised

101. Pericarp densely tomentose

102. Leaves chartaceous; petioles 5 mm-—1.5 cm Jong

and 1.5-2.5 mm thick. Twigs 1-3 mm thick and

smooth in the apical parts, becoming finely

striate lower down. Fruit not oblique or uncinate

at the apex

103. Lamina lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate with

a rounded or acute base, the lower surface

sometimes with a yellowish tinge; nerves

12-18 pairs. Twigs minutely tomentulose in

the apical parts. Fruit ellipsoid or obovoid.

Inserted again in case the yellowish scales

on the undersurface of the leaf are not pre-

sent or have been shed (40) M. buchneriana

103. Lamina elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate with

an acute base, the lower surface pale brown,

not yellowish; nerves 9 pairs. Twigs glabrous

in the apical parts. Fruit oblong or oblong-

ovoid (12) M. malabarica

102. Leaves coriaceous; petioles 1.8-6 cm long and

3-5 mm thick. Twigs 5 mm thick and longi-

tudinally striate in the apical parts, rough lower

down. Fruit often oblique or uncinate at the

apex

104. Petiole of apical leaves 1.8-3 cm long,

average 2.4 cm long; nerves 12-20 pairs,

raised or not beneath (raised in large

coriaceous leaves); reticulations mostly

present above, faint or absent beneath (pre-

sent in larger leaves from lower down on

the twigs, see section 43 (2) of this key).

Fruit mostly solitary, 4.5 cm long and 2.5-3

cm broad, tomentum dark chocolate-brown

(i.e. with a blackish tinge) less often a dark

rusty brown, becoming less dense when old;

stalk 5 mm long and 7 mm thick, sometimes

absent. Repeated here to cover the smaller

leaved specimens from the apical portions

of twigs, i.e. those most frequently seen in

herbaria (71) M. castaneifolia in part

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

104. Petiole of apical leaves 2.5-6 cm long,

average 4.5 cm long; nerves 20-25 pairs, faint

and not raised beneath; reticulations absent

on both surfaces. Fruit often 3-4 in a cluster,

smaller, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 1.7-2.3 cm

broad, tomentum also dark chocolate brown

but not a rusty colour, persisting; stalk

longer, 1.5-1.7 cm long, the pedicels 5 mm

long and 4-5 mm thick. Perhaps it will

prove to be only a variety of the above when

more material comes to hand

(72) M. petiolata

101. Pericarp glabrous or minutely tomentulose be-

coming glabrous

105. Secondary nerves present on lower surface of

leaf

106. Leaves slightly to rigidly coriaceous, oblong

or oblong-elliptic, 15-23 cm. long and 4~7-(9)

cm broad; nerves 16-23 pairs; reticulations

sometimes visible beneath, brownish against

a paler background. Twigs dark grey or

blackish grey, 3-4 mm thick in the younger

parts, stouter ones up to 6 mm thick some-

times present: lenticels usually present.

Bracteole scar if at all visible, below perianth

scar on fruiting pedicel. Fruit ellipsoid when

young, later oblong, the pericarp dull and

dark brown; stalk 4 mm thick

(54) M. cucullata

106. Leaves chartaceous, narrowly elliptic, 8-19

cm long, average 12 cm long and 2.5-6 cm

broad, average 3.5 broad; nerves 9-15 pairs;

reticulations absent. Twigs reddish or greyish

brown, 1-2 mm thick in the younger parts;

lenticels absent. Bracteole scar if visible in

the usual position and not below the perianth

scar. Fruit oblong-ovoid and like that of

iners, the pericarp shining, reddish brown;

stalk 2—2.5 mm thick (13) M. umbellata

i wee: nerves absent on lower surface of

107. Twigs pale straw-coloured with dark patches

here and there. Leaves elliptic, drying pale

yellowish on both surfaces, sometimes whitish

beneath, fragile and breaking in herbaria.

(Some specimens of var. simiarum dried at

Manila are blackish because of too much

heat). Fruit single or often 2-4 together,

arising as a result of dichotomy, the peduncle

and pedicels thus rather slender and elongate;

the larger fruits ellipsoid, heavy and therefore

' solitary because of their weight and size, the

smaller fruit, e.g. var. simiarum globose or

sub-globose, 2-4 together and showing their

dichotomous origin more clearly; pseudostalk

usually present, apex of fruit often oblique

(16) M. elliptica and its vars

107. Twigs reddish brown, greyish in the older

parts. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong

with nearly parallel sides or not infrequently

elliptic, drying pale brown above with a

greenish tinge, paler still beneath, chartaceous

but not breaking readily in herbaria. Fruit

not arising as a result of dichotomy, oblong

or oblong-ovoid; pseudostalk absent, apex of

fruit not oblique (14) M. iners

Sinclair — Myristica 99

100. Venation on undersurface of leaf prominent and

raised

108. Leaves oblong, the sides more or less parallel or

at least so at the middle part of the lamina

109. Terminal bud densely tomentose or hirsute

with 1-2 mm long hairs. (The ends of the hairs

may be seen separate from each other as in a

brush.) Pericarp tomentose except in maingayi

110. Twigs rather slender, 3-4 mm thick in the

apical parts, the bark smooth. Fruit sessile

or nearly so and therefore belonging to

section II, sub-globose, densely rusty-velvety-

tomentose, 1.5 cm in diam. Leaves drying

medium brown beneath without any yellow

scales. Inserted here as it is apparently the

only variety of fatua without scales

(36) M. fatua var. morobensis

110. Twigs stouter, 4-6 mm thick in the apical

parts, the bark rough. Fruit stalk, of various

shapes, tomentose or glabrous, larger, more

than 1.5 cm in diam. Leaves drying various

shades beneath

111. Terminal bud uncinate at the apex

(always?). Leaves drying dark chocolate

brown above and whitish beneath. Fruit

sub-globose, dark chocolate-brown-tomen-

tose (3) M. uncinata

111. Terminal bud not uncinate. Leaves

drying otherwise. Fruit oblong, tomentose

or glabrous

112. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, drying

blackish brown above, the colour not

uniform over the whole surface, lan-

ceolate, the sides parallel for most of

their length; petiole 3-5 cm long and

3-5 mm thick. Fruit densely woolly-

tomentose (10) M. lowiana

112. Leaves coriaceous, drying pale green-

ish yellow or greenish brown above,

narrowly oblong but also sometimes

elliptic, the sides often parallel but

not so distinctly so as in lowiana;

petiole 2-2.5 cm long and 2-4 mm

thick. Fruit with some rusty fur-

furaceous scurf soon glabrous. See key

to series Maingayae for more details

(11) M. maingayi

109. Terminal bud not densely tomentose but

glabrous, puberulous or tomentulose.:(Do not

confuse the very short tomentulose hairs of

crassa and hypargyraea with those of the

tomentose species above.) Pericarp minutely

tomentulose

113. Reticulations on lamina very distinct and

sunk above. Leaves drying a dark brown

above (probably not always), nerves arising

at or nearly at right angles to the midrib and

curving widely, secondary nerves present,

usually one between two primary. Fruit dark

brown-tomentulose, globose. Repeated here

in case the yellow scales are not present on

the leaves (30) M. sphaerosperma

100 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

113. Reticulations on lamina not present above.

Leaves usually drying a pale yellowish brown

above,medium brown in crassa, nerves more

oblique and not at right angles to the midrib,

secondary nerves not usually present except

in kajewskii. Fruit pale or medium brown-

tomentulose, sub-globose or slightly oblong

114. Undersurface of leaves usually whitish

or a pale colour; lamina chartaceous or

thinly coriaceous. Twigs greyish brown

in the youngest parts, lenticels numerous

115. Petioles 2-5 cm long; secondary

nerves present; reticulations present

beneath. Fruit large, 7-8.5 cm long

and 5.5—7.5 cm broad; stalk very stout,

1 cm thick (62) M. kajewskii

115. Petioles 2-3 cm long; secondary

nerves absent; reticulations not usually

present beneath. Fruit smaller execpt

in var. gillespieana, 3.2-3.5 cm long

and 2.5—2.7 cm broad (6 cm in diam.

in var. gillespieana); stalk, see below,

usually more slender

116. Leaves often undulate along the

margins, the lamina 3.5-7. cm

broad, average 5.5 cm broad. Fruit

oblong and rounded at the apex,

ellipsoid with a mucro when young,

not warted; stalk 7 mm-—1.2 cm

long and 7 mm thick, rather thick

in proportion to its length and the

length of the pericarp. Repeated

here in case the two lines are noi

present on the twigs

(60) M. undultatifolia

116. Leaves not undulate along the

margins, the lamina 5-15 cm broad,

not always with parallel sides.

Fruit oblong or sub-globose, some-

times warted; stalk usually more

slender except in var. gillespieana,

2-2.5 cm long and 34 mm thick

(8 mm-1 cm thick in var. gilles-

pieana

(63) M. hypargyraea and its vars

114. Undersurface of leaves usually medium

brown; lamina rigidly coriaceous. Twigs

blackish brown in the youngest parts,

lenticels absent (66) M. crassa

108. Leaves not oblong, mostly elliptic or other shapes,

the

117

sides curving slightly and not parallel

. Combination of the following characters

involved :—Leaves drying pale yellow and brittle.

Twigs pale straw-coloured. Fruit globose or

ellipsoid, glabrous; stalk 1-3.5 cm long. Inserted

here once more as nerves may be slightly raised

beneath

118. Fruit sub-globose to globose, 1.5-2 cm in

diam.; pseudo-stalk very small, 2-3 mm long

or absent; stalk 1 cm long and 2-3 mm thick.

Leaves 10-17 cm long and 3.5-6 cm broad,

some of them would fall into small size-class

(16) M. ellipt'ca var. simiarum

118. Fruit more elongate, ellipsoid or oblong-

ellipsoid, not globose, larger; pseudo-stalk 5

mm-1! cm long; stalk usually over 1 cm long.

Leaves the same size or larger

Sinclair — Myristica 101

119. Fruit 7-8 cm long and 3.5—4 cm broad;

Stalk 2-3.5 cm long and 2-3 mm thick

(16) M. elliptica var. elliptica

119. Fruit 3.5-4 cm long and 2.5-3 cm

broad; stalk 1.3-1.5 cm long and 4-7 mm

thick (16) M. eiliptica var. celebica

117. Combination of the above characters not

involved

120. Fruit showing certain features as a result of

dichotomy, a common peduncle divaricate

into two, rarely four pedicels, the number

of fruits 1-4, usually 2; bracteole scar some-

times visible below the perianth scar. All

trees of series Tubiflorae

121. Reticulations usually present on the

leaves. Peduncle and pedicels long and

slender, 2 mm-—1.5 cm long and 1-3.5 cm

long respectively, 1-2 mm thick

122. Leaves drying dark brown with a

reddish tinge, slightly whitish beneath,

becoming brown, the apex shortly and

sharply acuminate; nerves 12-16 pairs;

reticulations present beneath; petiole

1-1.5 cm long and 3-4 mm thick,

somewhat swollen. Twigs reddish

brown. Fruit 2.5—3 cm long and 1.5 cm

broad (45) M. gracilipes

122. Leaves drying straw-coloured with

blackish areas above, the same colour

but slightly paler and without the black

beneath, the apex obtuse or acute;

nerves 16-18 pairs; reticulations pre-

sent above; petiole 1.5-—2.6 cm long

and 2-3 mm thick, not swollen. Twigs

pale straw-coloured with blackish

areas, pale grey in the older parts.

Fruit 3-4.5 cm long and 2-2.5 cm

broad (49) M. cornutiflora

121. Reticulations absent on the leaves or

‘occasionally faintly visible beneath.

Peduncle and pedicels short and _ thick,

3-5 mm long and 1 cm long respectively,

4 mm thick. Inserted again in case the

lines on the twigs are not present

(S53) M. flesculosa

120. Fruit not showing the above features as a

result of dichotomy

123. Fruit rusty-tomentose

124. Twigs stout in the apical parts, 4-7

mm _ thick. Leaves mostly elliptic,

nerves 12-—20-(30) pairs. Fruit-stalk 5

mm long or absent; apex of fruit

sometimes oblique or uncinate. Inserted

again as the nerves may be raised

beneath on the leaves

(71) M. castaneifolia

124. Twigs slender in the apical parts, 3

mm thick. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-

lanceolate, nerves 12-18 pairs. Fruit-

stalk 1 cm long; apex of fruit not

oblique or uncinate. Inserted again as

the nerves may be slightly raised

beneath on the leaves

/ (40) M. buchneriana

123. Fruit glabrous or minutely tomentulose

125. Leaves whitish beneath with reddish

brown midrib and veins

102 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

126. Lamina broadly ovate with the

reticulations sunk above. Fruit

unknown (29) M. brassii

126. Lamina mostly’ elliptic or

narrowly elliptic without such reti-

culations above

127. Twigs 2-3 mm thick in the

apical parts. Leaves 10-25 cm

long and 4-11 cm broad; nerves

9-18 pairs

128. Twigs rough with pustular

lenticels, 2 mm thick and

glabrous in the apical parts,

3 mm thick lower down.

Leaves chartaceous, silvery

white beneath and probably

always so; nerves 9-13 pairs

(27) M. argentea

128. Twigs not rough with

pustular lenticels,5 3 mm

thick and minutely tomen-

tulose in the apical parts, 5

mm thick lower down.

Leaves mostly coriaceous,

brownish white or _ dirty

white beneath, the whiteness

less uniform over the sur-

face; nerves 10-18 pairs

(28) M. succedanea

127. Twigs 3-6 mm thick in the

apical parts. Leaves 14~-30-(40)

cm long and 5-15 cm broad;

nerves 12-30 pairs. Most of the

elliptic leaves will be medium

size-class and will fall into this

section of the key. The oblong

ones will often be over 30 cm

129. Nerves rather straight and

oblique. Fruit not warted

(64) M. andamanica

129. Nerves usually curving

more. Fruit sometimes

warted. Repeated here to

include specimens with ellip-

tic leaves. Such leaves are

less common and_ smaller

than the oblong ones

(63) M. hypargyraea

and its vars.

125. Leaves not or scarcely whitish

beneath (whitish in dactyloides) mostly

medium or pale brown. They are often

glaucous especially when fresh

130. Reticulations deeply impressed

above; nerves arising at almost

right angles to the midrib and

curving widely; secondary nerves

present. This species is repeated

here as the leaves may be elliptic

as well as oblong

(30) M. sphaerosperma

130. Reticulations absent or not deeply

impressed above; nerves more

oblique or only curving slightly;

secondary nerves absent or not

numerous

Sinclair — Myristica 103

131. Leaves mostly elliptic or in

the elliptic series. Twigs 2-3

mm thick in the apical parts

132. Twigs pale yellowish or

yellowish brown in_ the

younger parts. Leaves pale

on both surfaces, often with

a greenish tinge; nerves

curving widely; secondary

nerves usually present; reti-

culations very fine but pre-

sent beneath. Fruit with a

fragile, thin pericarp, pale

brown, 2.5—3.5 cm long and

1.5-1.8 cm broad; stalk 5

mm long or fruit nearly

sessile (55) M. insipida

132. Twigs reddish brown in the

younger parts. Leaves pale

or not when dry;, nerves

more often’ straight and

oblique, the angle of origin

much less, about 45°;

secondary nerves and reticu-

lations mostly absent be-

neath. Fruit with a thicker

pericarp, 3 mm or more

thick, medium or dark

brown, larger 4.5-8.5-(10)

cm long and 2.2-4.5 cm

broad; stalk usually over 5

mm_ long

133. Bark of trunk blackish.

Leaves drying a _ pale

greenish or greyish brown

above and slightly paler

still beneath, less often a

medium brown above

Lenticels usually absent

on the twigs. Fruiting

peduncle 1.5—3.5 cm long

(14) M. iners

133. Bark of trunk brown-

ish. Leaves drying a dark

or medium brown above

and below. _Lenticels

usually numerous on the

twigs. Fruiting peduncle

5 mm-l cm long

(67) Mi .ceylanica and its var.

131. Leaves oblanceolate or obo-

vate, narrowed to the _ base.

Twigs 3-4 mm thick in the

apical parts '

134. Leaves chartaceous, very

gradually and much narrow-

ed from above the middle to

a 1.5-3 cm broad base; reti-

culations not present be-

neath. Fruit globose or sub-

globose (65) M. teijsmannii

134. Leaves coriaceous, narrow-

ed slightly from the middle

or below the middle to a

- 3-6 cm broad base; reticula-

tions and some whitish scales

present beneath (always?)

Fruit oblong

(68) M. dactyloides

104 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

KEY TO THE BORNEAN SPECIES OF MYRISTICA

1. Undersurface of leaf invested with rusty-brown, cinnamon coloured or

pale yellowish hairs or scales or both, the scales lax, powdery, minute,

not closely adpressed to the surface but easily scraped off. Male in-

florescence axis a branched panicle or a scar-covered woody tubercle

2. Hairs and scales both present on the undersurface of the leaf. Bark

reddish brown, rough and flaking but not longitudinally striate. Twigs

rather stout, 5 mm.—1 cm. thick in the apical parts. Fruit oblong,

tomentose or villose

3. Male inflorescence a much-branched panicle, 2-8 cm. long with a

slender main axis and numerous tomentose flowers, sub-globose in

bud; male perianth 4-7 mm. long, split down 4-way at the apex

into the lobes; male pedicels 5 mm. long, female 4 mm. long. Twigs

5 mm. thick and densely rusty-tomentose in the apical parts, lower

down reddish brown, striate and glabrous. Fruit oblong, rounded

at the apex, rusty-tomentose; stalk 1.5-1.8 cm. long. All indumen-

tum on leaves, innovations, inflorescence axis, flowers and fruit

very short, generally a dark or rusty brown colour, that on the

leaves sometimes lighter or more yellowish. Nerves of leaves

15-20 pairs. A tree of rocky, sandy sea coasts, rocky islets or

never very far from the sea. Stilt-roots not reported. Throughout

Borneo except in South Borneo. Many records from British North

Borneo (22) M. guatteriifolia

3. Male inflorescence a short, unbranched, woody, scar-covered

tubercle as in Knema, 1-2 cm. long with few flowers, these mostly

campanulate; male perianth 7 mm.—1 cm. long, split down 3-way

into the lobes, the villose flowers often almost hidden among the

hairs of the inflorescence; male pedicels 4 mm. long or less, female

flowers sessile. Twigs stouter, up to 1 cm. thick in the villose

apical parts, lower down glabrous, blackish, very rough with

the bark tending to crack. Fruit pear-shaped, often slightly

oblique or even uncinate at the apex, pale brown or buff velvety-

tomentose or villose; sessile or on a very short, 5 mm. long and

5 mm. thick stalk. All indumentum on leaves, innovations, in-

florescence axis, flowers and fruit densely villose with hairs 1-3 mm.

long, paler, mostly buff, that on the leaves sometimes silvery

brown. Nerves of leaves 20—-25-(32) pairs. Lowland forest often

in the damper places. Stilt-roots mostly present. Throughout

Borneo (37) M. villosa

2. Hairs absent, scales only present on the undersurface of the leaf,

mostly cinnamon-brown. Bark blackish brown, finely longitudinally

striate. Twigs more slender, 2-3 mm. thick, less often 4-5 mm. thick

in the apical parts. Fruit ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, tomentulose,

the indumentum tending to rub off

4. Fruit large, 6-9 cm. long and 4.5 cm. broad, ellipsoid, narrowed

and sometimes oblique towards the apex, the pericarp thick, hard

and woody, 5 mm.—1.5 cm. thick; stalk 6 mm.—1.2 cm. long. Male

inflorescence axis a branched panicle, 5 mm.—1 cm. long with

numerous flowers. Male perianth 6 mm. long, minutely tomentulose,

narrowly oblong and 3-angled at the apex in bud; pedicels 5-6

mm. long. Twigs slender, 2-3 mm. thick in the apical parts, not

flaking in the older parts. Leaves elliptic or narrowly elliptic, acute

at the base, nerves faint beneath; petiole 1.2-2.2 cm. long.

Stilt-roots not reported, Borneo except East and North-East Borneo

(21) M. cinnamomea

4. Fruit much smaller, 2.5—-3 cm. long and 1.5—2 cm. broad, oblong-

ellipsoid, rounded or very slightly narrowed at the apex, the

pericarp thin, 1-2 mm. thick only; stalk 3-7 mm. long or absent.

Male inflorescence a scar-covered woody tubercle, 3-5 mm.

cm.) long with few flowers. Male perianth shorter, 2-3 mm. long

(immature?), densely rusty-brown-tomentose, ovoid and _ not

3-angled at the apex in bud; pedicels 2 mm. long. Twigs as slender

or stouter, the bark tending to crack in the older parts. Leaves

elliptic or not, rounded at the base, nerves faint or not faint

beneath; petiole shorter, 6 mm.—1.3 cm. long. Stilt roots present

Sinclair — Myristica 105

5. Twigs 4-5 mm. thick, rusty-tomentose and striate on the in-

novations. Leaves coriaceous, lanceloate or oblong-lanceolate,

base rounded and often emarginate or sub-cordate; nerves 11-18

pairs, sunk but visible above, fairly prominent beneath; length

9-22 cm.; breadth 5-9 cm.; petiole 6 mm.—1 cm. long. Stalk

of fruit 3-5 mm. long and 5 mm. thick. Tree 15-25 m. high.

Borneo except West Borneo and Brunei (39) M. beccarii

5. Twigs 2-3 mm. thick and rusty-tomentulose on the innova-

tions. Leaves less coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or elliptic, base

rounded but not emarginate or sub-cordate; nerves 12-14 pairs,

very fine and faint on both surfaces, sometimes scarcely visible;

length 8-16 cm.; breadth 2.5-6 cm.; petiole 8 mm —1.3 cm.

long. Stalk of fruit 5-7 mm. long and 3 mm. thick. Tree 9-18

m. high. Confined to Sarawak and Brunei (38) M. smythiesii

4. Undersurface of leaf glabrous, not invested with hairs or lax, powdery,

brownish or yellowish scales, but usually drying various shades of

brown, slightly paler than the upper surface or quite often glaucous or

greyish white but if the last colour is due to scales, then the scales very

minute, not lax or powdery, but very closely adpressed to the lower

surface and not easily rubbed off. Male inflorescence a lax panicle,

(in elliptica often dichotomous) 2-18 cm. long with mostly opposite

branches and numerous flowers, the main axis terete or often flattened,

slender, not producing flowers from season to season. (The female axis is

shorter but similar with fewer branches. When not too short as in

certain species such as maxima it may alto help in identification, but

when very short and unbranched it can scarcely be distinguished from

that of a section II axis)

6. Leaves large, their dimensions the longest and broadest that may be

found in the Bornean species, 23-50 cm. long and 10-18 cm. broad,

the base rounded; nerves 20-30 pairs, oblique, parallel, very distinct

and impressed above, raised beneath. Twigs stout, 5-8 mm. thick or

more in the apical parts. Bark greyish to light reddish brown, rough,

flaking or not, without deep longitudinal fissures. Inflorescence axis

the largest in the genus in maxima (smaller in papyracea), glabrous

or tomentulose. Male perianth globose or sub-globose especially in

bud. Fruit 7-9 cm. long, oblong, mostly glabrous

7. Leaves almost bullate when fresh, usually drying a blackish brown

above, and glaucous or cinereous beneath (less often brownish),

oblong, rounded at the base (except in apical leaves), reticulations

often visible beneath when dry; nerves 20-30 pairs. Male in-

florescence 10-18 cm. long, laxly branched, the lowermost branches

long and slender. Male perianth thin, 4-6 mm. long, greyish, sub-

tomentulose outside, becoming glabrous; pedicels slender, 1—1.5 cm.

long and 0.8 mm. thick; bracteoles 2 mm. long, half as long as the

young flower. Fruit dark. brown, tomentulose, much wrinkled

on drying, becoming less in tomentum later. Stilt-roots not reported.

Bark not generally flaking. Borneo but rare in British North Borneo

(1) M. maxima

7. Leaves not bullate when fresh, drying greenish yellow or greenish

brown above and yellow or yellowish brown beneath, broadly

oblong or oblong-obovate, rounded or sub-cordate at the base;

reticulations not usually visible beneath when dry; nerves 20-25

pairs. Male inflorescence shorter, 2-5 cm. long, more condensed,

with shorter, fewer, more flattened and more rigid branches. Male

perianth rigidly coriaceous and much thicker, 6-7 mm. long, dark

brown-tomentulose; pedicels stouter, 4-8 mm., average 5 mm.

long and 1.5 mm. thick, their apices thickened up to 2.5 mm.;

bracteoles nearly as long as the young flower or flower-bud. Fruit

glabrous and shining except when very young, blackish and rather

smooth when dry. Stilt-roots reported, probably not always pre-

sent. Bark flaking in thin papery portions. Borneo except South

and West Borneo (2) M. papyracea

106

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

6. Leaves never so large, small to medium size-class, 5-30 cm., average

17.5 cm. long and 1.8-12 cm., average 6.5 cm. broad; the base mostly

acute, sometimes rounded; nerves 9-22 pairs, average 15 pairs,

oblique or more often curving, slightly, distinct but less prominent.

Twigs more slender at the apex, 2-3 mm. thick, not often reaching 5

mm. Bark brownish but more often blackish, fissured or not. In-

florescence axis smaller, glabrous or densely reddish-tomentose. Male

perianth globose or not, glabrous or tomentose. Fruit generally smaller

though sometimes reaching 8 cm. long, more diverse in shape, being

sometimes globose or ellipsoid, generally glabrous though sometimes

densely tomentose

8. Flowers not 3—angled at the apex in bud, glabrous or tomentose.

Male flowers oblong to ovoid or sub-globose, never tubular and

not obliquely inserted on the pedicel; bracteole about as long as

the young flower or flower-bud, not persisting. Twigs with in-

dumentum or not, stout or slender at the apex, brownish, reddish

brown or blackish. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, not pale

straw-coloured above, not glaucous nor conspicuously whitish

beneath when dry (sometimes glaucous or sub-glaucous in malac-

censis and gigantea respectively), often oblong, sometimes lanceolate

or oblong-lanceolate (very variable in iners), the sides often nearly

parallel; nerves oblique, sometimes curving slightly, secondary

nerves often present, shorter than the primary ones; reticulations

sometimes present on the lower surface. Fruit various shapes, not

ellipsoid, not oblique at the apex and not gibbous at the base,

tomentose or if glabrous then with some rusty scurf when_very

young, orange or not when ripe. Stilt-roots not always present.

Bark blackish, fissured or not

9. Inflorescence axis densely rusty or reddish tomentose, also the

innovations, the terminal bud, the flowers, pedicels and fruits;

pedicels 1-2 mm. thick. Male perianth oblong or oblong-ellipsoid

especially in bud, thick and coriaceous; bracteole 2—-S mm. long,

not ciliate at the edges. Fruit never glabrous. Bark blackish,

deeply longitudinally furrowed

10. Fruit densely rusty or reddish woolly with 1 mm. long

hairs, oblong, 6-8 cm. long and 4 cm. broad. Leaves lan-

ceolate, rigidly coriaceous, drying blackish brown and

extremely glossy above, deep rusty brown beneath, the sides

often nearly parallel, the apex acute; length 19-30 cm;

breadth 5-9 cm.; petiole 3-4.5 cm. long and 3—5 mm. thick;

nerves 17-20 pairs. Twigs stout, 5-6 mm. thick in the apical

parts, terminal bud also stout, 3-5 mm. thick. Male perianth

5-6 mm. long, rusty-woolly-tomentose, pedicels 4-5 mm.

long and 1-1.5 mm. thick. Stilt-roots present. Tree of

peat or peat-swamp forest, 10-25 m. high. Common in

Sarawak and Brunei, rarer in the other divisions and absent

in East and North-East Borneo (10) M. lowiana

10. Fruit minutely rusty-tomentose with much shorter hairs,

ovoid, smaller, 5.5 cm. long and 4 cm. broad. Leaves

spathulate, occasionally lanceolate, narrower, coriaceous,

drying an olive green or greenish brown above, sub-glaucous

or pale brown beneath, the sides less often parallel, but

often with slightly revolute margins, the apex obtuse, rarely

acute; length 7-10 cm; breadth 2-3.5 cm.; petiole shorter

and more slender, 1.8 cm. long and 1—2 mm. thick; nerves

12-18 pairs. Twigs slender, 2-3 mm. thick in the apical

parts, terminal bud 2 mm. thick. Male perianth 3—S mm.

long, darker with much shorter hairs, not woolly; pedicels

1-2 cm. long, more slender. Stilt-roots not reported. Tree

of dry lowland forest, taller, 30-40 m. high. Absent in

Brunei, British North Borneo and South-East Borneo

(9) M. gigantea

Sinclair — Myristica 107

9. Inflorescence axis glabrous or puberulous, rarely pubescent

except when very young and if so the indumentum greyish

or yellowish, never reddish or dark brown; other parts where

hairs usually occur i.e. the innovations, terminal bud, flowers,

pedicels and fruits glabrous or nearly so, if a slight pubescence

present the indumentum pale, greyish or yellowish; pedicels

less than 1 mm. thick, often filiform. Male perianth ovoid,

globose or sub-globose, chartaceous or very thin; bracteole

1-2 mm. long, ciliate at the edges. Fruit glabrous, some yel-

lowish brown scurf present when very young, soon lost.

Bark blackish, longitudinally furrowed on not

11. Bark greyish black, flaking and deeply longitudinally fis-

sured. Twigs slender, 1-3 mm. thick and reddish or

blackish brown in the apical parts, greyish and striate in

the older. Leaves chartaceous, less often coriaceous, usually

drying a pale brown on both surfaces, variable in shape,.

mostly lanceolate (less often oblong-lanceolate to oblong,

or obovate) the margins not revolute, the base acute, rarely

rounded; nerves 12-15 pairs, slender, oblique, arising from

the midrib at 45° or less, distinct or at times very faint

beneath; reticulations faint or indistinct; length 12-20 cm.;

breadth 3-6 cm. (broad forms 7.5-10 cm. broad). Male

inflorescence 2-8 cm. long, depending on age. Male

flowers ovoid in bud, 7-8 mm. long and 5-6 mm. broad,

not 3-ridged at the apex. Fruit oblong to oblong-ovoid,

5-8.5 cm. long and 44.5 cm. broad, the pericarp 5 mm.

—1.3 cm. thick, hard. Stilt-roots sometimes reported,

certainly not always. Throughout Borneo, the commonest

and the most variable species (14) M. iners

11. Bark blackish or dark brown, flaking but not longitudin- ©

ally fissured. Twigs 3-5 mm. thick and rather pale and

smooth in the apical parts, darker and striate in the older.

Leaves coriaceous, usually drying greenish above and glauc-

ous beneath (not always), oblong with nearly parallel sides,

the margins strongly revolute, the base rounded; nerves

15-20 pairs, stouter, less oblique, arising from the midrib

at a wider angle; reticulations often forming a lax network

beneath; length 15—25-(33) cm., breadth 4-11 cm., average

7 cm. Male inflorescence 7-10 cm. long. Male flowers sub-

globose in bud, smaller, 5 mm. long and 3 mm. broad,

3-ridged at the apex (always? This requires more investiga-

tion). Fruit oblong, 5-7 cm. long and 3 cm. broad, the peri-

carp thinner and more brittle when dry. Stilt-roots not

reported. Throughout Borneo, common in Sarawak and

Brunei (15) M. malaccensis.

8. Flowers slightly 3-angled at the apex in bud, mostly. glabrous,

sometimes adpressed-pilose, the hairs pale if present. Male flowers

nearly tubular, narrow in proportion to their length, about 2

mm. broad, obliquely inserted on the pedicel; bracteole minute,

1-1.5 mm. long and several times shorter than the whole perianth,

persisting. Twigs entirely glabrous, 3 mm. thick in the apical

parts, pale straw-coloured in parts and especially when fresh.

Leaves chartaceous, fragile, often breaking in herbaria, drying

a pale brown above, paler and sometimes glaucous or whitish

beneath, oblong or elliptic-oblong, the sides not parallel; nerves

rather crooked and curving, secondary nerves absent; reticulations

absent. Fruit ellipsoid, often oblique at the apex and gibbous

at the base, entirely glabrous, orange when ripe. For stilt-roots

see below. Bark reddish brown, silghtly rough but not fissured

(16) M. elliptica and its vars

108

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

12. Fruit large, 7-8 cm. long and 3.5-4 cm. broad; stalk 2-3.5

cm. long and 2-3 mm. thick. Male flowers 8-9 mm. long,

glabrous to slightly adpressed-puberulous outside: pedicels 5

mm. long, also glabrous. Flowers very few, 1-3 on a 2-2.5

cm. long, only slightly branched inflorescence, its branches not

regularly opposite. Leaves less reliable as a diagnostic character

in both varieties, being variable but usually 12-18 cm. long and

4-8 cm. broad with 12-17 pairs of nerves (28 cm. long and

12 cm. broad in saplings), may be glaucous beneath when

fresh but not whitish. Tree of the fresh water swamp or

peat forest 8-33 m. high with stilt-roots. Widely distributed

in Borneo but no records from Brunei or British North

Borneo var. elliptica

12. Fruit smaller, tending to be more oblong, 3.5-4 cm. long and

2.5-3 cm. broad, less oblique at the apex; stalk 1.3-1.5 cm.

long and 4~7 mm. thick. Male flowers smaller, 4-6 mm. long,

pale brown-tomentose to densely pilose outside; pedicels

2-3 mm. long, densely tomentose. Flowers more numerous on a

2.5—4 cm. long, more branched inflorescence, its branches more

regularly opposite, sometimes dichotomous. Leaves about the

same size or slightly smaller with 8-11 pairs of nerves, some-

times whitish beneath. Trees of limestone, coral-limestone or

sandy substrata, 20-26 m. high without stilt-roots. Confined

to East and North East Borneo in a jutting peninsula of E.

Kutei (including Sangkulirang and Berouw) nearest to Celebes

var. celebica

KEY TO THE NEW GUINEA SPECIES OF MYRISTICA

. Leaves with a lax, powdery, yellowish, cinnamon-coloured or less often

whitish indumentum of scales beneath. (This does not include whitish

or greyish colourations of minute scales or incrustations which do not

rub off easily and which may be present or absent even in the same

species, e.g. M. globosa, subalulata, etc.)

2. Hairs as well as scales present on the lower surface of the leaves

3. Inflorescence axis (best seen in the male} a densely tomentose or

lanose panicle 3-6 cm. long, the branches at wide angles to the

main axis and loosely atriculated; male flowers sub-globose or

obovoid, large, 7 mm— 1 cm. long and 5-7 mm. broad; pedicels

7 mm. — 1 cm. long; staminal column without a sterile apiculus.

Leaves with an acute base, the lamina elliptic, medium size-class,

16-23 cm. long and 6-10 cm. broad; nerves 12-15 pairs,

oblique; scales on undersurface often silvery as well as yellowish

(24) M. markgraviana

. Inflorescence axis a Knema-like woody tubercle, mostly tomentose,

especially the non-woody parts, less often tomentulose, short and

about 1 cm. long or less, simple, occasionally very shortly bifur-

cate or trifurcate; flowers mostly ellipsoid but not sub-globose, as

long or longer but only 2.8-5 mm. broad; pedicels various; staminal

column usually with a sterile apiculus. Leaves rarely with an

acute base except sometimes in buchneriana, the base mostly

rounded and sometimes emarginate or sub-cordate, the lamina

various shapes, mostly medium size-class, but occasionally small or

large size-class; nerves more numerous, 18-25 pairs and sometimes

up to 32 pairs, but about the same number, 12-18 pairs in

buchneriana, oblique or more often curving: scales on under-

surface usually only one colour except in sphaerosperma where

some are whitish as well as yellowish

4. Reticulations on leaves absent or not distinct; nerves straight or

curving slightly, usually arising at an angle of about 45°, but

also sometimes at a greater angle; secondary nerves absent or

only a few present here and there, not conspicuous. Male

flowers 3 mm.—1 cm. long, various shapes, sometimes ellipsoid.

Tomentum wherever it occurs, i.e. on twigs, leaves, inflorescence,

flowers, fruit, etc. short, 1 mm. long

Sinclair — Myristica 109

5. Hairs on the undersurface of the leaves (like those of

markgraviana) dendroid, very short, 0.5-1 mm. long but

usually quite abundant; nerves on the undersurface distinct

and raised, usually a darker yellow than their surrounding.

background tissue, not reddish brown. Tomentum of flowers

yellowish. Fruit-stalk 3-4 mm. thick

6. Leaves large, oblong with nearly parallel sides and a

rounded, emarginate or sub-cordate base; length 24—46-(50)

cm., average 32 cm.; breadth 9-19 cm., average 11 c.m.;

nerves 25-32 pairs; petiole 2-4 cm. long. Twigs 4-5 mm.

thick in the apical parts and often with some young folded

leaves above or below the apical developing leaves. Flowers

(female) about 5 mm. long with 3 mm. long pedicels (pro-

bably slightly immature). Fruit oblong, 5.5-6 cm. long

and 3 cm. broad, rusty furfuraceous-tomentulose, the

tomentum dense when young, tending to rub off with age

(36) M. fatua var. morindiifolia

6. Leaves much smaller, oblong or obovate, the sides not

parallel or parallel just for a short distance at their, middle,

the base mostly cuneate, less often slightly rounded, the

indument on the lower surface a darker or a more blackish

yellow than in the preceding species; length 15-18 cm.;

breadth 7 cm.; nerves about 18 pairs; petiole 1.2 cm. long.

Twigs 2-3 mm. thick in the apical portions. Flowers un-

known. Fruit unique, disc-shaped and flattened with a

central mucro, resembling an acorn, broader than long,

1.3-1.5 cm. long and 1.8-2 cm. broad, dark yellowish

brown, floccose-tomentulose

(36) M. fatua var. quercicarpa

5. Hairs on the undersurface of the leaves simple and not den-

droid, about 1 mm. long but not abundant and most often not

present, the scales very sparse also and soon disappearing;

nerves on the undersurface less distinct and often not raised,

usually reddish brown against a paler or glaucous background.

Tomentum of flowers usually also with a reddish or rusty

shade. Fruit-stalk 6 mm. thick. (The reddish tinge of the

nerves against a pale background is a useful character in

distinguishing sterile specimens of this species from the rather

similar ones of fatua var. papuana and var. subcordata

; (40) M. buchneriana

4. Reticulations on leaves very distinct, deeply impressed above

and raised beneath, often giving the leaf a sub-bullate appear-

ance; nerves curving widely, usually arising at an angle of 60°

or more to the midrib, sometimes even at right angles, always

prominent; secondary nerves present, numerous and conspicuous.

Male flowers tending to be longer, usually over 1 cm. long

except in chrysophyla, the range 7 mm.—1.7 cm. long, very

clearly ellipsoid in bud and acute at both ends. Tomentum

wherever it occurs on twigs, leaves, inflorescence, flowers and

fruit, etc. much denser, the hairs 1.3 mm. long (series Fuscae)

7. Hairs, wherever they occur, dark or rusty brown. Flowers,

both male and female, large, 1-1.7 cm. long and 3-5 cm.

broad, stalked, the pedicels 5 mm.—l1 cm. long. Hairs on

fruit very short, 0.5 mm. long, longer, up to 2 mm. long in

fusca

8. Leaves sub-cordate, emarginate or rounded at the base,

densely tomentose on the lower surface. Twigs in the

apical parts and at least for a considerable distance down

(up to 20 cm.) also tomentose, the hairs | mm. or more

long. Male flowers 1.5-1.7 cm. long and 5 mm. broad, the

female 1 cm. long and 7 mm. broad, both sexes inflated and

densely tomentose with 1-2,mm. long hairs; male pedicels

5 mm —1 cm. long, female pedicels 3 mm. long, both 2

mm. thick. Fruit 7 cm. long and 3.3-4 cm. broad, im-

mature, ellipsoid (but shape will undoubtedly alter) densely

rusty-tomentose (32) M. fusca

110 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

8. Leaves rounded at the base but not sub-cordate or

emarginate, tomentose on the lower surface becoming

glabrous. Twigs glabrous to tomentose in the apical parts,

the tomentum not extending so far down. Male flowers 1

cm. long and 3-4 mm. broad, the female 1 cm. long and

6 mm. broad at the base (not seen in womersleyi) not

inflated and less densely tomentose with shorter and

darker hairs than in fusca; male pedicels 8 mm.—1 cm.

long, the female 5 mm.—1 cm. long, more slender than

those of fusca, 1 mm. thick. Fruit 6—9 cm. in diam., globose

or sub-globose, the tomentum darker in colour and much

less dense, minutely tomentulose

9. Hairs on lower surface of leaf less than 1 mm. long,

sparse, confined to the nerves and midrib, disappearing

when old; scales yellowish or silvery, also tending to

disappear; petioles 1.7—2.5 cm. long: scalariform reti-

culations fine on the upper surface. Fruit not reported

to be aromatic; stalk 1.5 cm. long

(30) M. sphaerosperma

9. Hairs on lower surface of leaf 1-2 mm. long, more

densely and uniformly spread over the whole surface,

also some present in old leaves: scales dark brown,

becoming greyish brown later; petioles 1—1.3 cm. long;

scalariform reticulations much more prominent and

more deeply impressed above. Fruit very aromatic; stalk

5 mm. long (31) M. womersieyi

7. Hairs, wherever they occur, yellowish or golden brown,

darkening slightly with age. Flowers, both male and female,

smaller, 7-8 mm. long and 2.8 mm. broad, sessile and

hidden among the hairs of the inflorescence. Hairs on

fruit longer, 3-5 mm. long

10. Undersurface of leaves densely covered with light or dark

yellow, 1-3 mm. long hairs, yellow scales present also,

abundant; reticulations numerous and deeply impressed

on the upper surface of the lamina; base rounded to

sub-cordate; nerves 18-25 pairs; length 16—30 cm., average

20 cm.; breadth 5—13 cm., average 8 cm. Fruit globose to

sub-globose, 2—2.3 cm. in diam.

(33) M. chrysophylla var. chrysophylia

10. Undersurface of leaves without hairs, yellow scales very

few or absent (can only be seen with low-power micros-

cope); reticulations faint or absent on the upper surface;

base rounded or emarginate, scarcely sub-cordate; nerves

18 pairs; length 17-22 cm., average 18 cm; breadth

5.5-9 cm., average 7 cm. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 2.5—3.3

cm. long and 2 cm. broad

(33) M. chrysophylia var. entrecasteauxensis

2. Scales only, present on the lower surface of the leaves

11. Reticulations numerous, usually on both surfaces of the leaves,

impressed or sunk above; nerves curving widely, usually arising

at an angle of 60° or more to the midrib, sometimes even at

right angles. Yellowish scales very sparse and not in any quantity,

sometimes little more than a colouration, often absent altogether.

Trees of mountains, ascending from 560—2,100 m.

12. Male flowers tubular, 5 mm.—1 cm. long and about 3 mm.

broad, arising from a woody tubercle, this later giving rise

to a short dichotomous, 5 mm.—2.5 cm. long axis. Bracteole

scar 2-3 mm. below perianth. Fruiting axis often forked as

a result of dichotomy, 1-2 fruits developing. Reticulations

very fine on both surfaces, not raised beneath; nerves also

not so prominent, more slender; lamina drying various shades

above

13. Pericarp slightly warted, the fruit broadly ellipsoid and

bluntly acute at the apex. Leaves small size-class, 10—15

cm. long and 3.5--5 cm. broad, lanceolate; nerves distinct,

raised or not beneath; secondary nerves very few or

absent. Twigs medium brown. Bracteole about 1 mm. long;

stalk of staminal column pubescent (S50) M. crassipes

Sinclair — Myristica 111

Les

13. Pericarp not warted, but often rugose on drying, the

fruit oblong and obtuse at the apex. Leaves more variable

in size, small ones the same size, but more often larger,

15-23 cm. long and 4—7-(9) cm. broad, oblong or elliptic-

oblong; nerves not raised beneath, flush with the lower

surface; secondary nerves numerous. Twigs blackish.

Bracteole 5-9 mm. long (probably not always so long);

stalk of staminal column glabrous (54) M. cucullata

Male flowers ellipsoid, 1-1.5 cm. long and 3-5 mm. broad,

arising from woody tubercles but not dichotomous later.

Bracteole or its scar at the base of the perianth but not some

distance below. Fruiting axis not bifurcate as a result of

dichotomy and usually only one fruit developing. Reticulations

more distinct and often raised beneath, nerves very prominent,

sunk above and raised beneath; lamina usually drying a dark

brown above, larger, 16-32 cm. long

14. Leaves ovate-oblong, the base broad, about 9 cm. broad

and rounded, sometimes emarginate, lower surface silvery

but the scales rather firmly adpressed and not very lax

(always?); merves 14-17 pairs. Flowers tomentulose;

pedicels 2—2.5 mm. thick. Fruit unknown (29) M. brassii

14. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, the base 6 cm. broad

or less and rounded, the lamina broadest at the middle

and not at the base, lcwer surface with both silvery

and yellow scales; nerves 20-25 pairs. Flowers tomentose;

pedicels 1 mm. thick. Fruit large, globose, 6 cm. or more

in diam.; stalk 1.5 cm. long and 5-7 mm. thick. Repeated

here in case the hairs on the lower surface of the leaf

are absent (30) M. sphaerosperma

11. Reticulations much less numerous, mostiy absent especially above

(present beneath in /epidota); nerves usually straight and not

curving, the angle of origin wide or not. Yellowish scales sparse

or not but usually present except in buchneriana. Trees of low-

land forest, sometimes at sea-level

LD.

15.

Leaves small size-class, 9-14 cm. long and 3-4.5 cm. broad

with 10-12 pairs of oblique nerves; petiole slender 1-2 mm.

thick. Twigs 1-2 mm. thick. Male flowers very small, 3-5 mm.

long and 2-2.5 mm. broad; pedicels 2-3 mm. long. Fruit also

small, 2.5-3 cm. long and 1-1.5 cm. broad, obovoid and

obtuse at the apex, very thinly cinnamon-brown-tomentulose

with a very hard pericarp; stalk very thick giving the fruit an

almost sessile appearance, 4-5 mm. long and 4-5 mm. thick.

Leaves very similar to those of fragrans except that they are

dull when dry and the undersurface is yellow

(35) M. lepidota

Leaves and all other parts mentioned above such as petioles,

twigs, flowers, pedicels, fruit, etc. larger

16. Nerves prominent on the lower surface of the leaf;

secondary nerves not present. Indumentum of scales thin

but usually covering the entire undersurface of the leaf

17. Leaves medium brown and often glossy above when

dry, rounded and sub-cordate at the base, ovate-oblong

to broadly lanceolate, 15-20 cm. long and 7-9 cm.

broad; petiole 7 mm.—1 cm. long; nerves more or

less parallel to each other, those in the lower third

leaving the midrib at an angle of 80—90°, those higher

up more oblique, the angle not so great, mostly

about 45°; midrib and sometimes the nerves above

clearly standing out from the groove in which they

are sunk. Fruit oblong with a flat horizontal base,

narrowed slightly towards the rounded or (when

young) rather oblique apex, densely rusty-tomentose

or when young almost velvety, sessile or nearly ses-

sile (36) M. fatua var. subcordata

112

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

17. Leaves mostly dark brown and dull above, but some-

times glossy, acute or less often rounded at the base,

not sub-cordate, lanceolate, oblancolate or elliptic-

lanceolate, more variable in shape and size, 13—25—(30)

cm. long and 4—7 cm. broad; petiole 1-2 cm. long;

nerves mostly parallel but not always strictly so,

oblique throughout, i.e. arising at an angle of about

45°; midrib and nerves only slightly impressed above

and not standing out clearly from a groove. Fruit

oblong or slightly obovoid, rounded at both ends or

slightly narrowed to the base, rusty-tomentulose, the

much shorter tomentum tending to rub off. stalk

5—7 mm. long and 3-5 mm. broad

(36) M. fatua var papuana

16. Nerves fine, slender and often faint on the lower surface,

oblique; secondary nerves present, fine like the primary

but shorter. Indument of scales very thin, becoming paler

or whitish in old leaves, sometimes absent in buchneriana

18.

Petiole 1-1.5 cm. long. Fruit densely rusty-tomentose.

Undersurface of lamina glaucous when scales are not

present; the upper surface pale and dull when dry;

nerves on the upper surface rather deeply impressed,

those on the undersurface reddish when dry. Pedicels

of female flowers 3 mm. long. Twigs minutely to-

mentulose in the apical parts. Inserted again in case

the hairs are not present on the undersurface of the

leaves. (Rather intermediate between series Fatuae and

series Tenuiveniae. Do not confuse with M. fatua

var. subcordata) (40) M. buchneriana

Petiole 2-4 cm. long. Fruit minutely tomentulose.

Undersurface of lamina yellowish or rusty, greyish

in old leaves, the upper surface more often dark

and glossy when dry, sometimes pale and dull: nerves

on the upper surface not or less deeply impressed,

those on the undersurface not reddish when dry.

Pedicels of female flowers 1 mm. long or flowers

sessile, seen only in tenuivenia. Twigs mostly glabrous

in the apical parts

19. Fruit with a very slender, 2 mm. thick stalk, oblong

to sub-globose, small, 2 cm. long and 1.5 cm.

broad, the pericarp very thin, 1 mm. or less thick:

stalk 1.5-1.8 cm. long. Leaves usually drying a

medium brown above, narrowly oblong with paral-

lel sides, 13-20 cm. long and 4-6 cm. broad: nerves

faint, 20-25 pairs. Stilt-roots reported. (Rather

like M. globosa but twigs thicker, petioles and

fruiting pedicels longer, the undersurface of the

leaves rusty) (41) M. pedicellata

19. Fruit with a stout, 5 mm. thick stalk, various

shapes, larger, the pericarp much thicker and har-

der; stalk longer or shorter than the above. Leaves

usually drying a blackish colour above, as long

or shorter but not so narrow in proportion to the

length, widest at the middle, often broadly panduri-

form; nerves fewer, slightly more prominent, 16—20

pairs. Stilt-roots not reported

20. Fruit rusty to light brown sub-tomentulose,

becoming nearly glabrous, oblong, oblong-

ovoid or sub-globose, 3.5—4 cm. long and 2.64

cm. broad; stalk 5-8 mm. long. Male flowers

not seen. Female sessile, densely rusty-tomen-

tose, 4-5 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. Leaves

rounded at the base; length 10-20 cm., average

15 cm.; breadth 4-7 cm., average 5 cm.

(42) M. tenuivenia

Sinclair — Myristica 113

20. Fruit rusty and densely tomentulose, obovoid,

narrowed towards the base, much larger, 7

cm. long and 4 cm. broad, pericarp much

thicker, 8 mm.—1.2 cm. thick but will pro-

bably become thinner at maturity; stalk 2.5

cm. long. Flowers not seen. Leaves rounded

and slightly emarginate at the base; length

13-15 cm.; breadth 6.5-7 cm.

(43) M. archboldiana

1. Leaves without a lax, powdery, yellowish, cinnamon-coloured or less

often whitish indumentum of scales beneath. (This does not include

whitish or greyish colourations of minute scales or incrustations which

do not rub off easily and which may be present or absent even in the

same species, e.g. M. fragrans, tubiflora, umbrosa, etc.)

21. Hairs sometimes present beneath on young leaves

22.

Leaves drying dark or medium brown above and greyish white

beneath; hairs simple, dark brown, 1-2 mm. long on the lower

midrib. Terminal bud uncinate (always?). Female flowers 2 cm.

long (the largest in the genus) with dark brown tomentum,

split down 4-way into the perianth lobes; pedicel 1 cm. long.

Fruit sub-globose, dark chocolate- or coffee-brown-tomentose,

4-6 cm. in diam.; stalk 2.5 cm. long (5) M. uncinata

Leaves drying a medium or yellowish brown above and slightly

paler brown but not whitish beneath; hairs dendroid or stellate,

floccose, pale yellowish brown, 1 mm. long or less, very early

caducous. Terminal bud not uncinate. Female flowers 9 mm.

long with yellowish brown tomentum, split down }-way into the

perianth lobes; pedicel 3 mm. long. Fruit ovoid or almost

conical, flattened at the base, densely medium brown-tomentose

or villose, 3 cm. long and 2.5 cm. broad; stalk 8 mm.—1 cm. long

(18) M. inopinata

21. Hairs not present beneath

23.

Inflorescence axis elongate, 1-8 cm. long (longer in some western

Malesian species) slender, herbaceous and producing flowers

once only, the female less branched and shorter than the male

(section I species)

24. Male inflorescence axis unbranched

25. Axis extremely reduced, consisting of a peduncle and a

pedicel ending in a single flower. (In this species the

female inflorescence axis is also often simple, consisting

of a single flower) (25) M. fragrans

25. Axis similar but ending in 3 flowers

26. Leaves 6-13 cm. long and 3.5-6.5 cm. broad with

8-11 pairs of nerves, usually glossy above when dry,

the undersurface pale brown or _ reddish-whitish

brown. Male flowers 6-7 mm. long and 2.5—3.5 mm.

broad, sub-globose to ellipsoid in bud. Twigs rather

glossy and smooth, not covered with pustular lenti-

cels. Not native, always cultivated. (25) M. fragrans

26. Leaves very similar but larger, 10—-20-(25) cm. long

and 4-6-(10) cm. broad with 9-13 pairs of nerves,

dull above when dry, the undersurface always

silvery. Male flowers 7 mm.—1.1 cm. long and 5 mm.

broad, ellipsoid. Twigs dull and rough with pustular

lenticels. Native of New Guinea but also cultivated

(27) M. argentea

24. Male inflorescence axis branched

27. Male inflorescence a branched panicle and the female

similar with fewer branches but certain species may

through suppression of the upper part of the main axis

of the panicle then show dichotomy, e.g. series Ellip-

ticae (here the paniculate inflorescence is more usual

than the dichotomous). Leaves various sizes

114

28.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968).

Leaves mostly large size-class, 30-47 cm. long and

5.5-15 cm. broad but some of the species with

smaller leaves, these at times falling into the medium

size-class range, e.g. uncinata 18-30 cm. long,

lamina dark or medium brown above and often

whitish beneath; nerves 16-30 pairs. Twigs 5-7 mm.

thick in the apical parts. Male inflorescence strictly

a panicle. Male flowers ellipsoid or less often sub-

globose, large, 1-2 cm. long and 5 mm.—1 cm. broad,

not 3-angled at the apex in bud: pedicels 8 mm.—

1.5 cm. long. Unfortunately information incomplete

as the flowers are still unknown for several of these

large-leaved species. Fruit 4-9 cm. long. (Here

belong series Uncinatae and Hooglandiae)

29. Leaves often sub-cordate at the base

(6) M. neglecta

29. Leaves rounded or acute at the base

30. Primary nerves of leaf prominent on both

surfaces, secondary nerves absent. Flowers

densely adpressed-tomentose with 2 mm.

long hairs (not seen in umbrosa). Fruit ellip-

soid or sub-globose, tomentose or tomen-

tulose

31. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, oblong- ellip-

tic or elliptic, less often oblong except

in the largest ones, 37-47 cm. long and

8.5-15 cm. broad, drying a rich reddish

or medium brown and often glossy

above, whitish beneath. Terminal bud

straight and acute at the apex, minutely

puberulous. Flowers not seen but prob-

ably large as in the next species. Fruit

6.5-9 cm. long and 4.5-S cm. broad,

densely and shortly medium brown-

tomentulose. Stilt-roots sometimes pre-

sent (4) M. umbrosa

31. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong, 18-30

cm. long and 5.5—10.5 cm. broad, drying

a paler or dull greyish brown above and

cinereous beneath. Terminal bud un-

cinate (always?) with 1 mm. long, dark

brown, adpressed hairs. Male flowers

not seen. Female ellipsoid, large, 2 cm.

long, the largest in the genus, densely

tomentose with 2 mm. long, dark brown,

adpressed hairs, the lobes much re-

flexed or uncinate. Fruit 4-6 cm. in

diam., nearly sub-globose, dark choco-

late-brown-tomentose. _Stilt-roots not

reported (5) M. uncinata

30. Primary nerves of leaf more slender, usually

not very distinct above, faint on the lower

surface, secondary nerves present, also faint.

Flowers thinly tomentulose, the hairs less

than 1 mm. long. Fruit oblong to narrowly

oblong, the tomentum very short, tending

to become glabrous

32. Leaves mostly rounded at the base,

oblong with nearly parallel sides, the

petiole stout, 5 mm. thick; nerves 30

pairs, curving widely: secondary nerves

numerous. Male_ inflorescence rather

short, 1.5-2 cm. long but immature and

may lengthen: flowers in a condensed

raceme or pseudo-corymb at its apex.

Stalk of staminal column pubescent and

nearly as broad as the fertile part, the

sterile apiculus acute and 1.5 mm. long

(6) M. neglecta

Sinclair — Myristica

28.

115

32. Leaves narrowed and mostly acute at the

base, sometimes bluntly acute, elliptic,

the sides not parallel (sometimes oblong

in the largest specimens of carrii and

then slightly parallel for a short dis-

tance) the petiole 3 mm. thick; nerves

16-22 pairs, oblique, straight and not

curving much, not arising at such a wide

angle; secondary nerves fewer. Male in-

florescence 1-2 cm. long, more slender

and flattened with fewer, 1-4 flowers.

Stalk of staminal column = glabrous,

slender, much narrower than the fertile

part, the sterile apiculus truncate, very

short or absent

33. Tree 12-20 m. high. Leaves slightly

coriaceous, medium brown and

glossy and waxy above when dry as

if varnished. Male flowers large, 1.3-

16 cm. long and 8 mm:Il cm.

broad, oblong to almost sub-globose

in bud, obtuse at the apex; female

8 mm. in diam., ovoid-globose in

bud. Male pedicels 1.3—1.5 cm. long.

Fruit oblong, 6-7 cm. long and 3—

3.5 cm. broad, but young ones sub-

globose; stalk 1 cm. long

(7) M. hooglandii

33. Tree 3-7 m. high (always?). Leaves

chartaceous, greyish brown and dull

above when dry. Male _ flowers

smaller, 1 cm. long and 5 mm.

broad, ellipsoid in bud, acute at the

apex; female unknown. Male pedicels

8 mm.—1 cm. long. Fruit narrowly

oblong or ellipsoid, 4-5 cm. long and

1.5 cm. broad; stalk 1-1.5 cm. long

(8) M. carrii

Leaves mostly medium size-class, 15-30 cm. long

and 1.8-11- cm. broad, but one of them rosselensis

small size-class, lamina usually drying a yellowish

colour on both sides; nerves 10—22 pairs, usually less

prominent but not always. Twigs 2-5 mm. thick in

the apical parts. Male inflorescence a panicle but

sometimes a dichasium through suppression of the

terminal part of the main axis. Male flowers oblong

or slightly tubular, less often ellipsoid, smaller,

5 mm.—1 cm. long and 2-4.5 mm. broad, sometimes

3-angled at the apex in bud; pedicels 4-6 mm. long.

Fruit slightly smaller, 2-6 cm. long. Here belongs

series Ellipticae

34. Flowers especially the male prominently 3-angled

at the apex in bud, the latter not deflated on

drying, male perianth 8mm.-1 cm. long and

3-4.5 mm. broad: main axis of the inflorescence

generally stout, 3-4 mm. thick. Fruit 3-6 cm.

long and 2.5-3 cm. broad, tomentulose to

tomentose. Twigs 4-5 mm. thick in the apical

parts. Leaves 16-30 cm. long

35. Leaves oblong, many of them panduriform

and broadest above the middle, emarginate

or subcordate at the base: nerves fine and

faint, 17-22 pairs with numerous shorter

secondary ones. Apical parts of the twigs

and the flattened inflorescence axis glabrous.

Perianth slightly tomentose at first, later

nearly glabrous, the male ellipsoid and acute

at the apex in bud, 8 mm. long and 34 mm.

116 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

broad; pedicels 5-8 mm._(1 cm.) long and

1 mm. thick; bracteole 2 mm. long; staminal

column without an apiculus. Female inflo-

rescence 3 cm. long, slightly branched with

2-3 flowers. A species of coastal dunes

(17) M. garciniifolia

35. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,

not panduriform; nerves slightly more dis-

tinct, 13-18 pairs with much fewer secondary

ones. Apical parts of the twigs and the

terete inflorescence axis densely tomentose.

Perianth densely yellowish-brown tomentose,

the male oblong and obtuse at the apex in

bud, 8 mm—1 cm. long and 44.5 mm.

broad; pedicels 4-6 mm. long and 2 mm.

thick; bracteole 4-5 mm. long; staminal

column with a minute apiculus. Female

inflorescence shorter, 4-5 mm. long, un-

branched with 1-3 flowers only. An inland

species (18) M. inopinata

34. Flowers not 3-angled or only faintly so in bud,

the latter often becoming deflated on drying,

male perianth 5-6 mm. long and 2-3 mm. broad;

main axis of the inflorescence 1-3 mm. thick.

Fruit smaller, oblong and rounded at both ends,

2-3.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad, glabrous or

nearly so. Twigs more slender, 2-3 mm. thick

in the apical parts. Leaves 6-21 cm. long

36.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong to ovate

with a rounded, sub-cordate or cordate base,

generally drying a pale yellowish brown

above, sometimes with an olive green tinge,

8-21 cm. long and 5-8.5-(12) cm. broad;

nerves 10-15 pairs, raised or not but fairly

distinct beneath. Male and female _ inflo-

rescences with several flowers, 3 or more,

female inflorescence branched. Stalk of

staminal column pubescent. A_ sea-coast

species, stilt-roots reported

(19) M. schleinitzii

Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate or narrowly

elliptic with an acute or slightly rounded

base, drying a dark or blackish green above,

6-16 cm. long, average 12 cm. long,

narrower, 1.8-4 cm. broad, average 3 cm.

broad; nerves 16-20 pairs, very slender on

both surfaces, not raised beneath, at times.

indistinct. Male and female inflorescences

with about 3 flowers at the ends of the

branches, female inflorescence mostly un-

branched. Stalk of staminal column glabrous.

An inland species, stilt-roots not reported

(20) M. rosselensis

27. Male inflorescence mostly dichotomous, the female also:

dichotomous or simple. Leaves medium or small size-

class

37. Leaves elliptic, acute at the base, drying pale or

whitish beneath with reddish brown, deeply curving

nerves.

Inflorescence axis terete. Male flowers ellip-

soid, not 3-angled at the apex in bud; pedicels

1-1.5 cm. long; bracteole very early deciduous;

staminal column with a sterile apiculus. Fruit mostly

single, glabrous, large, 6-9 cm. long. Bark of trunk

black. Here belong series Fragrantes

Sinclair — Myristica 117

ads

38. Leaves 6-13 cm. long and 3.5~6.5 cm. broad

with 8-11 pairs of nerves, the undersurface pale

brown or reddish-whitish brown. Male _ inflo-

rescence axis 1-3 cm. long. Female flowers

7 mm. long and 4-5 mm. broad. Fruit broadly

pyriform or sub-globose, 6-9 cm. long and nearly

as broad. Not native, cultivated. See also under

26 (1) (25) M. fragrans

38. Leaves larger, 10-20-(25) cm. lang and 4~-6-(10)

cm. broad with 9-13 pairs of nerves, the under-

surface always silvery. Male inflorescence 2-5

cm. long Female flowers 1-1.2 cm. long and 5-6

cm. broad. Fruit ellipsoid, 4.5-8.5 cm. long and

4.5-5.5 cm. broad, narrowed at both ends. Native

of New Guinea but also cultivated. See also

under 26 (2) (27) M. argentea

Leaves oblong, panduriform and other shapes but

less often elliptic, rounded or acute at the base,

sometimes emarginate or sub-cordate, usually drying

a pale brown or yellowish beneath, the nerves not

reddish and not deeply curving but more oblique

and straight. Inflorescence axis flattened except in

inopinata. Male flowers tubular, oblong or sometimes

ellipsoid, 3-angled or faintly so at the apex in bud;

pedicels 4-8 mm.-(1 cm.) long; bracteole tending to

persist, rarely early deciduous; staminal column

without a sterile apiculus. Fruit mostly in pairs or

3-4 as a result of dichotomy, tomentose or glabrous,

smaller, 2-6 cm. long. Bark of trunk reddish brown.

Here belongs series Ellipticae, see also under 28 (2)

to 36 (2) for other details of the species

39. Twigs 4-S mm. thick in the apical parts. Leaves

16-30 cm. long. Fruit 3-6 cm. long, pseudo-stalk

present or not

40. Leaves mostly panduriform with very faint

primary and _ secondary’ nerves. Female

flowers slightly tomentose at first, later nearly

glabrous, 1 cm. long; pedicels 8 mm. long,

their scars often conspicuous. Fruit oblong,

pale brown-tomentose as first, soon glabrous.

5-6 cm. long and 3 cm. broad, the base

usually narrowed into a short pseudo-stalk;

the axis glabrous, flattened, the peduncle

1-1.5 cm. long and the pedicels about the

same length, thickening into a tiny cup-

shaped receptacle where they join the fruit.

Twigs glabrous in the apical parts. See also

under 35 (1) (17) M. garciniifolia

40. Leaves not panduriform but oblong-lanceolate

or ovate-lanceolate with more distinct pri-

mary nerves, the secondary nerves very few.

Female flowers densely tomentose, 9 mm.

long; pedicels 2 mm. long, their scars not

conspicuous. Fruit (not quite mature) ovoid

or almost conical, yellowish brown and

densely villose, 3 cm. long and 2.5 cm. broad,

the base broad and horizontally flattened,

not narrowed into a pseudo-stalk; the densely

tomentose axis terete, the peduncle very

short, 5 mm. long, the pedicels about the

same length, not thickening into a cup-shaped

receptacle. Twigs densely tomentose in the

apical parts. See also under 35 (2)

(18) M. inopinata

39. Twigs 2-3 mm. thick in the apical parts. Leaves

6-21 cm. long. Fruit smaller, 2—3.5 cm. long,

pseudo-stalk usually present

118 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

41. Leaves oblong to ovate with a rounded, sub-

cordate or cordate base, 8-21 cm. long and

5-8.5-(12) cm. broad; nerves fairly distinct

beneath. Female inflorescence _ slightly

branched or simple, 4-5 cm. long. Fruit

oblong, 2-4 together, rusty-tomentulose be-

coming glabrous, the pseudo-stalk 3-4 mm.

long; the axis flattened and variable in length,

2-2.5 cm. long including peduncle and pedi-

cels. See also under 36 (1)

(19) M. schleinitzii

41. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly elliptic with

an acute or slightly rounded base, 6-16 cm.

long and 1.8-4 cm. broad; nerves very faint

on both surfaces, not raised beneath, at times

partly invisible. Female inflorescence simple,

1.5-2 cm. long. Fruit not seen but probably

very similar to that of schleinitzii and perhaps

smaller. See also under 36 (2)

(20) M. rosselensis

23. Inflorescence axis less elongate, 1 mm.—1 cm. long, less often

up to 3 cm. long and rarely longer, the main axis a short,

thick, scar-covered, woody tubercle as in Knema, persistent and

producing new flowers from time to time, mostly simple, some-

times with one or two very short branches, the main axis

increasing very slowly in which case it may be occassionally

smooth at the base with the scar-covered portion higher up

(best seen in some members of series Tubiflorae where the

axis later may become dichotomous), the female inflorescence

similar to the male. (The majority of the New Guinea species

have this Knema type of axis)

42. Combination of the following characters involved:— Fruit

with dense tomentum and leaves medium size-class, 12-22

cm. long and 3.5-9 cm. broad; nerves 12-18 pairs. (The

flowers are tomentose also, but not seen in M. fatua var.

morobensis)

43. Leaves drying pale yellowish brown and dull above,

less often medium brown, the lower surface glaucous

with reddish brown, straight, slender nerves. Male

flowers reddish brown-tomentose, clavate or obovoid

in bud; pedicels half the length of the flowers, 4-5 mm.

long. Fruit 4 cm. lang and 1.8-2 cm. broad, ellipsoid

to obovoid, shortly medium to dark brown-tomentose

with 0.5 mm. long hairs; stalk 1 cm. long and 6 mm.

thick. This species is repeated here in case the scales

on the lower surface of the leaf are not present

(40) M. buchneriana

43. Leaves drying a rich medium brown and glossy above,

the lower surface the same colour or only slightly

paler, the nerves not reddish brown but more or less

the same colour as the undersurface, more prominent

and much curving. Male flowers lanose, not clavate, not

seen in fatua var. morobensis but probably tomentose;

pedicels various. Fruit slightly smaller, not ellipsoid or

obovoid, much more densely tomentose, see below,

sessile or nearly so

44. Lamina rounded or emarginate at the base; average

breadth at the middle 7cm. Male flowers golden

yellow, oblong-ovoid in bud, later nearly tubular,

7-8 mm. long and 2.8 mm. broad, sessile. Fruit

oblong-ovoid, 2.5-3.3 cm. long and 2 cm. broad,

sub-lanose with 3-5 mm. long hairs

(33) M. chrysophylla var. entrecasteauxensis

Sinclair — Myristica 119

44.

Lamina acute or less often slightly rounded at the

base, not emarginate; average breadth at the middle

4.5 cm. Male flowers not seen but probably like

those of fatua var. papuana. Fruit sub-globose, 1.5

cm. in diam. (still immature) densely rusty-velvety

with 1-2 mm. long hairs

(36) M. fatua var. morobensis

42. Combination of the above characters not involved

45. Leaves with a cordate, sub-cordate or emarginate base

(not the apical leaves but the largest and oldest ones)

see again under 59 (1) and 59 (2)

46. Lamina 20-35 cm. long and 5-13 cm. broad, average

46.

9 cm. broad, drying pale brown above, sometimes

with a yellowish tinge, the lower surface the same

colour or paler still, the base if not cordate mostly

rounded; nerves 16-22 pairs, mostly straight, oblique

and not curving much. Twigs 3-4 mm. thick in the

apical parts, the two lines which run from petiole

base to petiole base not expanded into thin, narrow

wings; ant swellings not observed on the twigs.

Fruit glabrescent to glabrous, pale yellowish brown,

oblong or oblong-ovoid, 3—3.5 cm. long and 2-2.8 cm.

broad. Stilt-roots present. A tree of river banks

subject to inundation, also in the upper drier parts

of the mangrove. Forms from drier situations and

higher altitude with narrower leaves and without

stilt-roots (61) M. hollrungii

Lamina 20-40 cm. long and 7-15 cm. broad, average

10 cm. broad but more variable in shape and size,

drying a medium brown above, the lower surface

paler brown, sometimes glaucous or whitish, the -

colour of the leaf on the whole being generally

darker than in the above species without a yellowish

tinge, the base similar but more often acute especially

in apical or small leaves; nerves 20-30 pairs, average

25 pairs, arising from the midrib at a wider angle

and much curved. Twigs 5 mm.—1 cm. thick in the

apical parts, less in mountain forms, the two lines

which run from petiole base to petiole base raised

and expanded into thin, narrow wings; ant swellings

often present on the twigs. Fruit rather similar,

minutely tomentulose, dark to medium brown, sub-

globose to oblong, 1.6-2.8 cm. long and 1.3-2 cm.

broad. Stilt-roots not present. A wide-spread tree

of many ecological situations but usually avoiding

wet places. (Mountain forms occur with smaller,

more coriaceous leaves with a white undersurface

and acute bases, while their twigs lack the ant

swellings) (55) M. subalulata

45. Leaves not cordate, sub-cordate or emarginate at the

base

47. Bracteole or its scar some distance down on the

pedicel, usually 1-3 mm. down, present only at the

junction of the pedicel and the perianth in very

young flowers. Fruit fusiform, narrowly ellipsoid,

acute and attenuate at both ends and often with a

pseudo-stalk, less often oblong; stalk slender and

often divided into two pedicels or branches forming

a dichasial inflorescence or undivided with a single

pedicel and with’ or (in young stages) without a

smooth basal portion to the woody tubercular

peduncle, the stalk tending to be shorter and thicker

in species with a thick-walled pericarp and a heavy

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

oblong fruit. Male inflorescence a woody tubercle

which eventually elongates, becoming dichotomous

in most of the species (more material and obser-

vations required for M. flosculosa where it has

remained simple). Flowers especially the male,

tubular, tomentulose to glabrous, not densely

tomentose, 8 mm.—1.5 cm. long, often minutely 3-

angled at the apex in bud, later split down for a

very short distance, about 1/5, by the minute

reflexed perianth lobes; pedicels very slender, as

long as or longer than the flowers, bracteole very

small, 1 mm. long or less. Leaves small or medium

size-class, 4-23 cm. long, average 15 cm. long;

nerves 8-23 pairs, fine but distinct on both surfaces,

often impressed above, curving widely, line of inter-

arching distinct; reticulations present at times. Small

trees 1.5—-15 m. high, many of them mountain species.

Here belong the members of series Tubiflorae

48. Leaves ensiform (long in proportion to width,

very narrowly lanceolate and gradually acumi-

nate towards the apex) 17-22 cm. long and 2-3

cm. broad, older leaves probably longer still;

nerves 18-20 pairs, forming very distinct loops

of interarching; reticulations indistinct. Flowers

not seen. Fruit 4.5 cm. long and 1.3 cm. broad,

fusiform (like that of tubiflora but smaller and

narrower) acute at the apex and acuminate at

the base into a pseudo-stalk: stalk broken, pro-

bably short. A shrublet 1.5 m. high

(44) M. ensifoiia

48. Leaves mostly elliptic, less often elliptic-

lanceolate or oblong, not ensiform (not so long

in proportion to width) the majority 4-15 cm.

long and 3-6-(9) cm. broad, if longer (flosculosa

and cucullata or if narrower firmipes) then the

length and breath in proportion; nerves generally

fewer, 8-15 pairs but up to 23 in the larger-

leaved species, line of interarching distinct or

not; reticulations distinct or more often in-

distinct. Fruit 2.5-7 cm. long and 1-3.5 cm.

broad, fusiform, ellipsoid or oblong, acute or

less often rounded at the apex, acute or rounded

at the base. Small trees 15 m. high, taller in

firmipes

49. Fruit-stalk slender, 0.5—-2 mm. thick (5 mm.)-

1—3.5 cm. long. Dichotomy of the inflorescence

usually early apparent, smooth portion of the

main axis if present usually over 5 mm. long

50. Fruit cylindrical or oblong; pseudo-stalk

present or not. Leaves reticulate beneath

with secondary nerves and_ closely

adpressed, minute whitish scales. Flowers

not seen

51. Leaves drying dark brown above,

14-20 cm. long, narrowly oblong-

obovate, base rounded or bluntly

acute, apex shortly and sharply acu-

minate; nerves 12-16 pairs; petiole

1-1.5 cm. long and 3-4 mm. thick,

somewhat swollen. Fruit oblong,

dark brown, solitary (always?) 2.5-3

cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad, rounded

and mucronate at the apex, narrowed

into a 5-7 mm. long pseudo-stalk:

(stalk) peduncle 2-3 mm. long, pedicel

2.7-3.5 cm. long and 1-1.5 mm. thick

(45) M. gracilipes

Sinclair — Myristica

121

51. Leaves drying pale greenish or

yellowish brown above (rather like

those of M. fragrans) 10-13 cm. long,

elliptic, base acute, apex bluntly

acuminate or acute; nerves 10-15

pairs, more deeply curved and leaving

the midrib at a wider angle; petiole

7 mm—l1 cm. long and 1.5-2 mm.

thick, not swollen. Fruit cylindrical,

light brown, solitary or more often

2-4 together, 2.5-2.8 cm. _ long,

narrower, 8 mm.—1 cm. broad, slightly

narrowed and mucronate at the apex,

no distinct pseudo-stalk at the base;

(stalk) peduncle 7 mm.—1.2 cm. long

and pedicel 5-7 mm. long and 1-2

mm. thick (46) M. cylindrocarpa

50. Fruit elongate, fusiform or _ ellipsoid,

acuminate at the apex; pseudo-stalk

present. Leaves not distinctly reticulate

beneath and secondary nerves not so

prominent (they may be quite numerous,

however, e.g. cucullata), scales present

or not. Male flowers tubular, elongate or

subulate, female flask-shaped (with an

inflated base) or cylindrical

52. Twigs slender, 1 mm. thick at the

apex and 3 mm. thick lower down.

Leaves mostly elliptic with a slender

acumen, drying a pale greyish green

above and _ yellowish brown to

glaucous-greyish beneath; petiole

slender, 1-1.5 mm. thick (less often

2 mm. thick). Flowers pale yellowish

or less often reddish brown when

dry, the male 1.5—2-(2.5) mm. broad,

their pedicels filiform, 0.2-0.3 mm.

thick; stalk of staminal column

glabrous, very slender, half as thick

as the fertile part. Fruit pendulous,

mostly single, 4-7 cm. long and

1.3-2.5 cm. broad, the pericarp thin

and wrinkled when dry; stalk very

variable in length and thickness, 5

mm.—2.5 cm. long (including peduncle

and pedicel), 0.5—2 mm. thick

(41) M. tubiflora

Twigs stouter, 2 mm. or more thick

at the apex and 4 mm. thick lower

down. Leaves more variable in shape,

elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, ovate-

elliptic, obovate-elliptic or panduri-

form, apex bluntly acute, less often

shortly acuminate, drying dark brown

above and medium brown or greyish

white beneath (pale or yellowish to

greenish brown often with dark

patches above and pale brown beneath

in cornutiflora); petiole stouter, 2-3

mm. thick. Flowers reddish or dark

brown when dry; the male 2-3.5 mm.

broad, their pedicels 0.5—-1 mm. thick;

stalk of staminal column adpressed-

pubescent, nearly as thick as the fer-

tile part. Fruit not pendulous, mostly

in pairs on a_ forked peduncle,

sometimes single, 3.5-4.5 cm. long

and 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, the pericarp

122 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

thicker, smooth when dry; stalk 1.5-

3.3 cm. long (including peduncle and

pedicel), 2 mm. thick, the pedicel

ending in a collar-like ring or minute

ring receptacle where it joins the

ruit

53. Male flowers more or less tubular,

1 cm. long and 1-3 per fascicle;

bracteole-scar usually 1-3 mm.

below the base of the perianth in

mature flowers. Female flowers

7 mm. long with a 3 mm. broad

base. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid,

much drawn out at both ends,

pericarp usually drying medium

to dark brown. Leaves 6-15 cm.

long, average 11 cm. long; 3.5-

6 cm. broad, average 4.5 cm.

broad; nerves 10-16 pairs, faint

beneath, less often prominent

(48) M. longipes

53. Male flowers subulate, 1—-1.5 cm.

long and 5-8 per fascicle;

bracteole-scar sometimes at the

base of the perianth and sometimes

below, apparently taking longer

to descend. Female flowers 8 mm.

—-1 cm. long with a 34 mm.

broad, swollen base, more con-

stricted between the base and

the neck than in longipes. Fruit

broadly ellipsoid to nearly sub-

globose, much less drawn out at

both ends, the apex scarcely so

at all except for a short mucro

when young, soon rounded, peri-

carp usually drying a pale colour

(always?). Leaves usually broader,

8-24 cm. long, average 15 cm.

long; 6-10 cm. broad, average 7

cm. broad; nerves 16-18 pairs,

usually prominent beneath

(49) M. cornutiflora

49. Fruit-stalk stout, 4-7 mm. thick, 5 mm. —1.7

cm. long. Dichotomy of the inflorescence

delayed or not apparent in the early stages,

s smooth portion of the main axis rarely

present, 5 mm. long or less

54. Fruit ellipsoid. Leaves elliptic, chartaceous

to slightly coriaceous, 4-15 cm. long and

1.5—5 cm. broad

55. Leaves 10-15 cm. long and 3.5—5 cm.

broad, the apex sharply acuminate,

the upper surface drying mostly dark

brown, the lower yellowish or

whitish; nerves 14-20 pairs. average

18 pairs; petiole 2-2.5 mm. thick.

Twigs 3 mm. thick in the apical parts

and 4 mm. thick lower down, often

rough with numerous lenticels. Male

flowers tubular, 8-9 mm. long and

2.5-3 mm. broad, several in a cluster

from a woody tubercle, tomentulose

outside; pedicels 5-7 mm. long; stalk

of staminal column __adpressed-

pubescent. Pericarp slightly rugose or

minutely tuberculate. Mountain tree

(SO) M. crassipes

Sinclair — Myristica

{23

55. Leaves 4-8 cm. long and 1.5—2.5 cm.

broad (the smallest in the genus) the

apex bluntly acute, not acuminate,

the upper surface drying a greenish

brown, the lower sometimes with

some minute, closely adpressed

whitish scales, becoming glabrous;

nerves 8-14 pairs; petiole 1-1.5 mm.

thick. Twigs 1-2 mm. thick in the

apical parts, lenticels not observed.

Flowers not seen. Pericarp smooth,

not rugose or tuberculate. Tree of

ridge crests at 100 m. altitude

(51) M. firmipes

54. Fruit oblong or oblong-ovoid. Leaves

broadly elliptic to oblong, more coria-

ceous, longer and broader, 11-23 cm.

Jong and 4—9 cm. broad, average 7 cm.

broad

56. Leaves broadly elliptic, less often

56.

elliptic-lanceolate, drying a _ pale

yellowish brown above, the midrib

reddish brown on_ both surfaces;

nerves 15-20 pairs, reddish brown,

curving deeply and _ leaving the

midrib at a wide angle, 70—90°, deeply

impressed above, prominent § and

raised beneath, secondary nerves

neither numerous nor conspicuous.

Twigs reddish brown in the apical

parts, sometimes with two faint lines

running from petiole base to petiole

base (not always). Male flowers

(arising from woody tubercles, di-

chasia so far not seen) perfectly

tubular, 8 mm.—1 cm. long and 2 mm.

broad; stalk of staminal column

pubescent at the base only; pedicels

5 mm. long; bracteole very small,

about 1 mm. long. Fruit 1-2, oblong-

ovoid, 3 cm. long and 2-2.3 cm.

broad with a 3-4 mm. long pseudo-

stalk, the base somewhat truncate, the

apex rounded and minutely apiculate,

pericarp 2 mm. thick

(55) M. flosculosa

Leaves oblong or oblong-elliptic, the

sides often parallel for part of their

length, drying a pale yellowish above

or in thin leaves a blackish brown,

the midrib beneath concolorous or

slightly darker than the background,

not reddish brown; nerves 16-23

pairs, average 20 pairs, dark brown

or the same colour as the background,

more oblique and much thinner and

finer with mumerous secondary

nerves, not raised beneath. Twigs

blackish in the apical parts, often

angled but without the two lines.

Male flowers oblong-ovoid in bud,

later more tubular, (5)}-8 mm.—1 cm.

long and 3-6 mm. broad; stalk of

staminal column glabrous; pedicels

6-7 mm. long; bracteole ‘“cucullate”’,

larger, sheathing and almost entirely

covering the young flowers. Fruit

solitary, narrowly oblong, longer,

3-6 cm. long and 2-3.5 cm. broad,

rounded at both ends, pericarp 5-7

mm. thick (54) M. cucullata

124

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

47. Bracteole or its scar always at the junction of the

pedicel and the perianth, not some distance down on

the pedicel. Fruit quite a different shape, neither

fusiform nor attenuate at both ends, globose, sub-

globose or oblong, stalk shorter and stouter pro-

portionately, seldom dividing into two branches or

two pedicels as a result of a dichasial inflorescence.

Male and female inflorescences a woody tubercle,

mostly simple, less often with 1-—3-(5) short, often

unequal branches but not dichotomous. Flowers,

especially the male, not tubular, tomentulose to

tomentose, rarely 1.5 cm. long (except in subalulata)

usually smaller and split down more, }—+ at the apex

in the male by the non-reflexed perianth lobes;

pedicels as long or usually shorter than the flowers,

bracteole longer, 2mm. long or more. Leaves usually

larger, less often the same size, all their other

features variable. Trees of various stature, rarely

mountain species

57. Leaves mostly medium size-class, sometimes a

few of them large size-class, 15-40 cm. long and

3.5-15 cm. broad; veins prominent, 18-30 pairs.

Apical portions of the twigs usually with two

lines running from petiole base to petiole base,

absent mostly in undulatifolia (more observation

required for undulatifolia). Male flowers 5 mm.

-1.5 cm. long and 3-5 mm. broad; pedicels

5 mm.—1.5 cm. long. Fruit 1.5-4 cm. long and

1.3-3.5 cm. broad; stalk 5 mm.—1.5 cm. long

58. Flowers glabrous, puberulous or minutely

tomentulose, the male 5 mm.—1.5 cm. long

and 3-5 mm. broad. Lamina 20-40 cm. long

and 5-15 cm. broad, mostly oblong with

parallel sides

59. Lamina 20-35 cm. long and 5-13 cm.

broad, average 9 cm. broad, drying pale

brown above, sometimes with a yellowish

tinge, the lower surface the same colour

or paler still; nerves 16-22 pairs, straight

or not curving very much. Ant swellings

not present on the twigs and the two

lines which run from petiole base to

petiole base not expanded into wings.

Male flowers glabrous or puberulous,

sub-globose or ovoid-globose, rounded

and obtuse at the apex in bud, 5 mm.

long and 4 mm. broad, split down $-way

by the lobes; staminal column with a

densely pubescent stalk and a very short,

0.5 mm. long sterile apiculus; pedicels

6 mm. long. This species is often con-

fused with the next especially when

sterile. For more information see section

46 (1) and 46 (2) of this key

(61) M. hollrungii

59. Lamina 20-40 cm. long and 7-15 cm.

broad, average 10 cm. broad, but more

variable in shape and size, drying a

medium brown above, the lower surface

paler brown, sometimes glaucous or

whitish, the colour of the leaf on the

whole being generally darker than in the

above species without a yellowish tinge;

Sinclair — Myristica

125

nerves 20-30 pairs, average 25 pairs

arising from the midrib at a wider angle

and much curved. Ant swellings often

present on the twigs except sometimes

in coriaceous-leaved mountain forms, the

two lines from petiole base to petiole

base often raised and expanded into

narrow wings. Male flowers rusty-

tomentulose, narrowly ellipsoid-clindrical,

narrowed towards the slightly acute apex

in bud, 1-1.5 cm. long and 3-5 mm.

board, split down 4-3-way by _ the

lobes; staminal column with a glabrous

stalk and a 1.5-2 mm. long. sterile

apiculus; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long (but

much shorter in immature flowers)

(SS) M. subalulata

58. Flowers densely tomentose, the male 4-5 mm.

long and 2 mm. broad. Lamina 11-—26-—(32)

cm. long and 3.5-9 cm. broad, oblong with

parallel sides in undulatifolia, elliptic with

curving sides in sulcata

60. The two lines on the twigs very distinct

and sharp, especially near the apex.

Leaves drying a dark glossy or blackish

brown above, only © slightly paler

beneath, the base generally rounded, less

‘often acute, the margins not wavy:

nerves 12-20 pairs. Stalk of staminal

column completely covered with hairs;

male pedicels 5~7 mm. long. Fruit sub-

globose (obovoid when young) tomentu-

lose, later glabrous (59) M. sulcata

60. The two lines on the twigs very faint

or absent (perhaps more material may

show that they are normally absent).

Leaves drying a medium brown above

(dark brown in old or coriaceous leaves)

often whitish or cinnamon coloured

beneath, the base acute, less often

rounded, the marigns undulate or ser-

rulate as a result of unequal thickening;

nerves 18-28 pairs, average 22 pairs.

Stalk of staminal column with basal hairs

only; male pedicels 4-5 mm. long. Fruit

oblong (ellipsoid when young) glabre-

scent, later glabrous

(60) M. undulatifolia

57. Leaves mostly small size-class, sometimes a few

of them medium size-class, e.g. M. insipida and

some of the varieties of lancifolia, 5—15-(20) cm.

long and 1-7.5 cm. broad, average 4 cm. broad:

veins prominent or faint, 10-15 pairs. Apical

portions of the twigs without two lines running

from petiole base to petiole base. Male flowers

smaller, 2-5 mm. long and 2-3 mm. broad;

pedicels i-6 mm. long. Female flowers also pro-

portionately smaller. Fruit generally smaller,

1.5—2.5 cm. long and 1-2.5 cm. broad but some

as large, e.g. M. lancifolia var. clemensii and

var. bifurcata. On the whole species with many

similarities to those in section 57 (1) but smaller

in all their parts

126 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

61. Primary nerves faint and slender on the

lower surface, well spaced and much curving,

secondary nerves few and not conspicuous;

reticulations present or not, fine and slender.

Bracteole very early deciduous. Stalk of

staminal column mostly pubescent (pubescent

or glabrous in globosa). Pericarp thin and not

very hard, breaking, shrinking or wrinkled

on drying, Here belong the species of series

Cimiciferae. See under the key to series Cimi-

ciferae for other details

62. Leaves 10-22 cm. long and 2.5-7.5 cm.

broad, drying pale yellowish and glossy

above, slightly paler still beneath, the

midrib and nerves the same colour or

slightly darker but not reddish brown.

Male flowers 5-6 mm. long, pale brown-

tomentose; pedicels only 2—3 mm. long.

Fruit oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long and 1.5—

1.8 cm. broad, at first sparsely covered

with 0.5—1 mm. long, pale dendroid hairs

which soon break off, soon nearly gla-

brous; stalk short, 5 mm. long. A tree of

coastal dunes with a wide distribution

(55) M. insipida

62. Leaves slightly smaller, 5-17 cm. long and

1-5.5 cm. broad, drying various shades.

but usually darker and dull above,

slightly paler beneath and sometimes with

a glaucous shade, the midrib and nerves

or the midrib only usually reddish brown.

Male flowers 4-5 mm. long, reddish

brown or pale brown-tomentulose; pedi-.

cels various, see below. Fruit various

shapes but generally smaller, 1.5—2.5 cm.

long and 1-2.5 cm. broad, minutely

tomentulose becoming glabrous; stalk

various

63. Leaves 8-17 cm. long and 3-5.5 cm.

broad; petiole 1.5-2 mm. thick. Male

flowers 5 mm. long and 3 mm.

broad; pedicels 5-6 mm. long. Fruit

globose or sub-globose, dark or light

brown, 1.5—2.5 cm. in diam.; stalk

5-7 mm. long (57) M. globosa

63. Leaves smaller and narrower, 5-11

cm. long and 1-3 cm. broad; petiole

1 mm. thick. Male flowers 4-5 mm.

long and 1-2 mm. broad; pedicels

0.5-2 mm. long. Fruit ellipsoid or

oblong, very pale yellowish brown,

1.8-2 cm. long and 1-1.2 cm. broad;

stalk 3-5 mm. long

(56) M. concinna

61. Primary nerves faint and slender on the

lower surface, sometimes scarcely visible,

straight and oblique, not curving, secondary

nerves more numerous, similar to the pri-

mary but shorter, the two sets rather close

together; reticulations absent; the midrib

slightly more raised above than in 61 (1).

Bracteole often persistent. Stalk of staminal

column glabrous. Pericarp thin but hard

and durable, usually smooth, not wrinkled

nor breaking on drying

(69) M. lancifolia and its vars.

Sinclair — Myristica 127

MYRISTICA

Mpyristica [L. Gen. Plant. ed. 2 (1742) 524] Grovonius, Fl. Or.

(1755) 141; Boehmer in Ludwig, Def. Gen. PI. (1760) 513;

Houttuyn, Nat Hist. Pl. 2, 3 (1774) 332 excl. M. sylvestris

Houtt.: Rottb. Act. Univ. Hafn. 1 (1778) 281; L.f. Suppl. PI.

(1781) 40 et 265; Gaertner, de Fruct. et Sem. Plant. 1 (1788)

194 excl. M. irya et M. iryaghedhi; Lamarck, Hist. Acad.

Roy. des Sc., Paris for the year 1788 (1791) 148 excl. M.

~ globularia; Willd. Sp. (4th edit) 4, 2 (1806) 869 pro parte;

Persoon, Syn. Pl. 2 (1807) 635 pro parte; Blume, Bijdr.

2 Tl -Yieeo) «oie pre. ‘parte’’-et° ‘Rompoia "2 ' (1837)

180 sect. Myristica Bl. tantum; Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. (2nd

edit. 1841) 174; Hk fet ‘Th. Fl. Ind. (Feb: 1855)_ 162 ‘sect.

Eumyristica Hk.f.et Th. excl. M. horsfieldii, M. obtusifolia et

M. superba; A.DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 4, 4 (Nov. 1855) 29 sects

Caloneura A.DC. et Eumyristica Hk.f.et Th. tantum excl.

plerisque spec.; Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 189 Eumyristica ( excl.

M. eugeniifolia A.DC.) et 192 sect. Caloneura excl. M. sylvestris,

M. obtusifolia et M. superba; de Vriese, Plant. Ind. Or. (1857)

92 pro parte; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 53 pro parte

- excl. sect. 3, 4, 5, 6 et 7; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1, 2 (1864)

205 pro parte et Ann. 2, 1 (1865) 46 pro parte; Benth. et Hk.f.

Gen. Pl. 3 (1880) 136 sects Eumyristica et Caloneura; Hk.f.et

Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 102 sect. Eumyristica; Prantl in Nat. Pfl. -

Ist aufl. 3, 2 (1891) 41 sect. Eumpristica et Nachtr. 1 (1897)

167; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 286 sect.

Eumyristica excl. subsect. Horsfieldia; Koorders et Val. Med.

Lands. Pl. Tuin 17 (1896) 171 pro parte; Warb. Die Muskatnuss

(1897) 1-628 et Monog. Myrist. (1897) 374; Boerlage, Hand.

Fl. Ned. Indié 3, 1 (1900) 83; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5,

23 (1912) 226; Merrill, En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 178; Ridley,

Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 62; Gamble, Fl. Pr. Madras 2, 7 (1925)

1212; Hutchinson, The Families of Fl. Pl. 1 (1st edit. 1926)

93; Markgraf in Bot. Jahb. 67, 2 (1935) 154; Corner, Wayside

Trees of Malaya 1 (1940) 477 et edit. 2 (1952) 477; A.C.

Smith, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 66 (1941) 397; Sinclair in Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 333; Hutchinson, The Families of FI.

Pl. 1 (2nd edit. 1959) 142; Uphof in Nat. Pfl. 17a2 (1959) 213;

Duke, Fl. Panama in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 49, 4, 5 (1963)

214.

Synonyms: Comacum Adans. Fam. 2 (1763) 345: Adans. ex

Steudel. Nom. ed. 2, 2 (1841) 174.

Pre-Linnaean Name: Palala Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 (1741) 14.

TYPE OF THE GENUS: Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Some of the earlier references are not straightforward and easy

to *cite since at that time the genus, Myristica contained the othet

genera Knema, Horsfieldia, Gymnacranthera, etc. and these have

*Foot note:—These and other references which I have left out are

better cited under the family name Myristicaceae and not under the

generic name Myristica.

128 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

to be excluded from it by adding the words “‘pro parte” or when

not too complicated by mentioning the actual sections or species.

Warburg (1897) was the first to divide Myristica into its present-

day genera, though Loureiro, as early as 1790 recognized Knema

as a separate genus. Willdenow (1806) had also recognized

Horsfieldia. Blume, Hooker filius and Thomson and Alphonse De

Candolle divided Myristica into sections and these correspond

more or less with what are now the genera. Blume puts the true

Myristica species in section Myristica Bl. and creates two sections

Knema and Pyrrhosa to separate Knema and Horsfieldia from the

true Myristica species. Although his section Myristica contains

several true Myristica species and includes M. fragrans, the type

of the genus, it does not correspond with my section Myristica

for it has some others which belong to my section IJ. Hooker

filius and Thomson create sect. Eumyristica for what they believe

are true Myristica species. Alphonse De Candolle puts some of

the species into sect. Eumyristica, with a sect. Caloneura A.DC.

for the rest. He creates other sections for the remaining genera.

Unfortunately, even with all these sections, they put species which

later turn out to be Gymnacranthera and Horsfieldia into the

sections reserved purely for Myristica. In one case M. obtusifolia

Wall. does not even belong to the family. Also their sections

Eumyristica and Caloneura do not correspond to any of my two

sections. Warburg was also the first to divide Myristica into series.

The Sections of Myristica

Myristica sect. I Myristica

Inflorescentia mascula gracilis, herbacea, elongata, 3-18 cm.

longa, raro 5 mm.—1 cm. longa, paniculata, ramis oppositis raro

alternatis praedita vel in una serie dichotoma, praeter apices

floriferos levis, post anthesin decidua. J/nflorescentia feminea

brevior, saepe simplex. Columna staminalis primitiva, quam in

‘sectione Fatua magis contracta, stipite brevissime vel fere obsoleto,

apiculo sterili plerumque nullo. Folia subtus generaliter elepidota

atque epilosa (quatuor species tantum squamulas laxas vel pilos

habent). Fructus quam in sectione Fatua maior, saepe 7-10 cm.

longus.

TYPE: Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Myristica sect. II Fatua J. Sinclair, sect. nov.

Inflorescentia mascula lignosa, tuberculiformis, brevis, vulgo

5 mm.—Icm., interdum 1-5 mm. vel 3—7 cm. longa, 1 mm.—1 cm.

crassa, simplex vel irregulariter 2—5—dactylina vel in una serie

dichotoma, omnino cicatricosa vel inferne nonnihil levis, persistens,

gradatim incrementis minutissimis augens, iterum atque iterum

eodem apice flores novos efferens. Inflorescentia feminea similis,

brevior. Columna staminalis quam in sectione Myristica generaliter

in partes tres i.e. stipitem, antheras atque apiculum sterilem clarius

divisa. Folia subtus saepe squamulis laxis vel pilis tecta. Fructus

quam in sectione Myristica plerumque minor.

TYPE: M*yristica fatua Houtt.

Sinclair — Myristica | 129

sect. Myristica

Inflorescence axis not persistent but of short duration, producing

flowers during one flowering period or season only and not from

time to time. Male inflorescence a panicle with opposite, rarely

alternate branches developing in acropetal succession (the oldest

and longest branches at the base, the younger towards the apex

of the axis) and bearing stalked flowers in umbellate or sub-

umbellate fashion at the ends of the branches, the oldest primary

branches often branching again in a similar way; less often the

inflorescence a dichotomous cyme, the main axis forked into two

equal branches, with or without a central flower, the fork

occasionaly repeating the dichotomy and rarely the inflorescence

reduced to a peduncle with 2-3 flowers or a single flower; main

axis smooth at the base, often flattened, slender, herbaceous,

never a woody scar-covered tubercle (scar-covered reproductive

portions are rare but may be present at the ends of the main

branches); total length of the inflorescence 3—8 cm. long, reaching

18 cm. in M. maxima and 16 cm. in a few others, 5 mm.—1 cm.

the minimum size. Female inflorescence similar but much shorter

with fewer branches or unbranched in which case it may then

resemble that of a section II inflorescence, though usually its

extreme base will be smooth. Staminal column rarely with any

development of a sterile apiculus, the stalk about as thick as the

fertile part (exception series *Fragrantes and partly series Hoog-

landiae). Leaves generally without lax, powdery yellow or brow-

nish scales and hairs on the lower surface; four species only

have such scales and two of these four have hairs as well. Fruit

generally larger than those in section II, several with dimensions

of 7-10 cm. long occur.

sect. Fatua

Inflorescence axis persistent and of unlimited growth, producing

new flowers from season to season, elongating slowly with each

fresh crop of flowers. Male inflorescence a short, thick, scar-

covered, woody tubercle as in Knema, mostly unbranched with

stalked, rarely sessile flowers borne in umbels or racemose-umbels

at its apex also in acropetal succession, if branched then the

branches similar but shorter than the main axis, 2, rarely 5,

arising together or irregularly; in one series the inflorscence a

dichotomous cyme but some of its members having woody tuber-

cles only; main axis rarely with a smooth portion at the base

free of scars, but if so (especially in species with dichotomy)

then the scar-covered portion higher up at the end of the axis

or its branches (such smooth basal portions may be present or

absent in the same species and although they are short, 1-5 mm.

long, reaching a maximum of 1 cm. long, care should be taken

not to mistake them for those of a section I species); total length

of the axis 5 mm.—l cm. long but 1-5 mm. long in the smallest,

3 cm. long in several = and rarely 7 cm. long, much stouter

*Foot note:—This series has an apicdlus to “the staminal columti as in

section Fatua so fortunately stands as a connecting link between these two

sections, indicating that they are not subgenera, but form a natural group.

130 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

than in section I, usually 5 mm. thick, with 1 mm. the minimum

and 1 cm. the maximum thickness. Female inflorescence similar

to the male but shorter. Staminal column nearly always with a

sterile apiculus, the stalk usually thinner than the fertile part.

More species have the lax, powdery scales and hairs than in

the first section (nearly one third of them). Fruit generally smaller,

average 4-5 cm. long, a few species reaching the 7-10 cm. class

while the smallest fruits, 1.8-2 cm. long, occur in this section.

THE SERIES AND SPECIES OF SECTION I

1. SERIES MAXIMAE

series Maximae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 374; *Uphof in

Nat. Pfl. 17a2 (1959) 216.

Twigs stout, 5 mm. or more thick and nearly smooth in the

apical parts, mostly glabrous or in philippensis with some tomen-

tum on the innovations, lower down striate. Leaves coriaceous,

glabrous, large size-class, 18-50 cm. long and 6—18-(20) cm.

cm. broad, those of M. maxima being about the broadest in the

genus, drying medium brown to dark brown or even blackish

above, paler brown, cinereous or yellowish beneath, mostly

oblong, sometimes oblong-obovate and less often oblong-lanceo-

late, the base mostly rounded, sometimes sub-cordate or acute,

apex rounded and then obtuse or acute, less often simply acute;

nerves 18-30 pairs, very prominent, oblique and nearly parallel;

reticulations faint, sometimes a few seen beneath in maxima;

petiole 2-3 cm. long and up to 5.5 cm. long in papyracea. Male

inflorescence a much branched panicle with opposite branches,

the longest in the genus in maxima, 10-18 cm. long, but only 2-5

cm. long in papyracea, the axis thin and often flattened, rather

fragile, glabrous or with some tomentum and usually numerous

small flowers. Female inflorescence, similar but smaller, more

condensed with fewer and shorter branches. Male flowers rather

small, the perianth thin, glabrous to tomentose, globose or sub-

globose in bud, split down 4-—3-way by the rather erect, non-

reflexed lobes, 5-8 mm. long and 4-6 mm. broad; pedicels

slender, fragile, 4 mm.—1.5 cm. long; staminal column obtuse at

the apex, mostly without a sterile apiculus, stalk glabrous or

pubescent, stout and about as thick as the fertile part; bracteole

2-6 mm. long, bracts often seen in philippensis where they are

rather large and up to 2 cm. long in the female inflorescence but

very soon caducous. Female flowers larger than the male, 8-9 mm.

long, urceolate with reflexed lobes. Fruit large, 5-9 cm. long and

3-5 cm. broad, oblong, glabrous or densely dark brown-tomentose,

smooth or wrinkled on drying; stalk 5 mm.—3 cm. long and 5 mm.

thick, — 3 species, M. maxima, papyracea and _ philippensis.

TYPE SPECIES: M. maxima Warb.

*Foot note:—As Uphof in Nat. Pfl. 17a2 (1959) 214-217 only copied

Warburg’s system of classification of series no further reference under

series in this article will be made to him.

Sinclair — Myristica 31

The chief characters of this Western Malesian series are the

large coriaceous leaves with prominent, oblique nerves, the stout

twigs and thick terminal bud, the long, much-branched, slender

inflorescence with numerous small globose or sub-globose flowers,

the slender pedicels, much longer than the flowers, the staminal

column often without an apiculus, its stalk rather clumsy and ill-

defined and the large fruit. These are all rather primitive charac-

ters which show that this series is one of the least advanced in

section I. The male inflorescence in M. maxima is one of the best

examples of the branched panicular type on which the genus is

divided into two sections. It is also the longest inflorescence in the

genus. It does not grow thick or woody nor does it persist and

produce flowers the following season. Series Maxima is closest

to two other large-leaved ones in New Guinea, namely Uncinatae

and Hooglandiae. The arrangement of the male flowers in the

inflorescence of M. papyracea, a species confined to Borneo

approaches that of M. neglecta in series Hooglandiae. In Western

Malesia and particularly in Malaya series Maximae leads on to

two other closely related series, namely Maingayae and Mala-

baricae. In series Maingayae the leaves have become slightly

smaller, and smaller still in series Malabaricae. The flowers, too,

have become slightly smaller, but have retained the same shape

in this last series and so has the fruit decreased in size. The

flowers have changed their shape to oblong in series Maingayae

but here differ more as they have together with the inflorescence

axis taken on a dense tomentose or woolly, reddish brown indu-

mentum, while the fruit is not any smaller.

Warburg has also put M. maxima and philippensis into this

series but not payracea as it was unknown in his day.

(1) Myristica maxima Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 385; Gamble,

Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 228; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3

(1924) 63; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 339 f.20-21 &

Plate III-IVA.

Synonym: M. bracteata (non A.DC.) King in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 286 pl. 107 (excl. pl. 106 = M. philip-

pensis Lamk).

SUMATRA ArTIEH: Tamiang, Perupok, bb9794 (BO).

EAST COAST: South of Tebingtinggi near Badjalingga,

Sibolangit, Lorzing 7516 (BO).

PALEMBANG : Bajung Lintjir, Thorenaar (Endert) Nos.

S5SEIPS551I (BO, L); 55E/P572 (BO, L)

& S5SEIP601 (BO, K, L, P): Banjuasin

& Kubestreken, Thorenaar (Endert)

Nos. YSEIP623 (BO, L); 55E/P624 (BO,

G Boiss., K, L, P, SING, U) & Grashoff

Nos. 878 (BO, L); 908 (BO, L, SING)

& 9/9 (BO, L); Dermo Enim, Teijs-

mann 3794 (BO, CAL).

132

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

PULAU

SIMALUR:

MENTAWAI

ISLAND :

MALAYA PENINSULA:

BORNEO SARAWAK:

BRUNEI:

WEST BORNEO:

SOUTH AND

SOUTH-EAST

BORNEO :

EAST AND

NORTH-EAST

BORNEO :

PULAU

NUNUKAN :

BRITISH

NORTH

BORNEO :

Achmad 613 (BO, L, SING).

Pulau Sipora, Iboet 507 (BO, L, SING);

Kloss S.F.N. 14772 (BO, K, SING).

Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Johore

and Singapore. For list see Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 341. Now recorded for

the first time from Trengganu, Bukit

Bauk Forest Reserve, Dungun, Yacob

bin Yusoff K.F.N. 100163 (KEP).

Ist Division :—Matang, Beccari 1556 (FI,

K, P). 3rd Division:—Bukit Raya,

Pelagus, Kapit, Anderson SAR 14382

(A, K, L, SAN, SAR, SING). 4th

Division :—Bukit Buan, Tatau, Ashton.

SAR 16490 (L, SING).

Sungei Ingei, Ashton 118 (BO, K, KEP,

L, SAR, SING).

Melawi, B. Melaban Ketchil (Ketjit),

bb28342 (A, BO, K, L, SING); Liang-

gagang, Hallier 2851 (BO, L, SING).

Keminting near Kuala Kuajan, Sampit

River Region, Kostermans 8053 (K, L);

Dirungsilarung, Puruktjahu, 6b/0175

(BO); Mukret, Ma., Terreh, bb/0077

(BO).

Melinau, Tidungsche Landen, bb/781/9 (A,

(BO, L); Berouw, bb19/39 (A, BO, L);

No. 24 L. Iboet, West Kutei, Endert

2576 (A, K, L); Mo. Antjalong, bb/6511

(A, BO, L); Central Kutei, Gunong

Sahari, Belajan River, Forman 468

(BO, K, L, P, SING); Belajan River,

G. Kelepok near Tabang, Kostermans

10450 (K, L, SING); Sungei Tiram,

Kutei, Schut K.6 (BM, BO, K, L, P,

SING); East Kutei, Sungei Kerajaan,

north of Sangkulirang, Kostermans

5605 (BO, (1K, U0 Ps. PNE, SENG);

Mentawir River Region near G. Men-

tawir, Balikpapan, Kostermans 10144

(BM, K, L, P, SING); Sungei Wain

Region, north of Balikpapan, Koster-

mans 4476 (BO, K, L); Sungei Mukun

near Sangasanga, Samarinda, Koster-

mans 7718 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING);

Loa Djanan, west of Samarinda, Kos-

termans 6589 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING).

Zainal Abidin 23 = bb34625 (BO, K, L);

Bulungan, Kabiran, S. Bengalow,

bb11692 (BO).

Tumundong Camp, Sandakan, James Ah

Wing SAN 19037 (L): Beaufort Hill

P.F.R., Beaufort, G. Mikil SAN 30172

(K,L, SAN, SING); ulu Mendalong,

6 miles S.S.E. of Malaman, G.H.S.

Wood SAN 16808 (KEP, L, SAN

SING).

Sinclair —- Myristica 133

DISTRIBUTION : Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. maxima Warb. King’s collector Nos.

5513 & 6960; Scortechini 1872; Curtis

1497 and Beccari 1556 all syntypes.

See Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 341 for

distribution of type material.

King had only three collections of this Malayan species to work

with, and wrongly identified it with M. bracteata A.DC. from

the Philippines of which he had not seen all the syntypes. There

was none of Cuming’s material of bracteata available to him

though he had seen Wallich 6800A & B cultivated in Calcutta

Botanic Gardens, reputed to have come from Mauritius and

named bracteata by Alphonse De Candolle. He tried to match

this with the Malayan material and unfortunately thought it

was the same. M. bracteata A.DC., however, must be replaced by

the older M. philippensis Lamk while M. maxima Warb. is the

correct name for the Malayan and Bornean plant. For further

notes see under M. philippensis.

A special leaf-measuring exercise was carried out to compare

the measurements of herbarium material with those from leaves

on the living tree and to find out if there were any significant

differences. Measurements from the tree on Lawn Z, Botanic

Gardens, Singapore show that many of the leaves reach 45 cm.

long but only a few are over 50 cm. Some were 18-20 cm. broad

and one had a petiole 4 cm. long. The largest I could find and

reach from the ground was 54 cm. long and 17.5 cm. broad, its

petiole being 3 cm. long and the nerves 33 pairs. It is unlikely,

however, that any of those higher up on the tree will measure

more in length. These measurements are greater than those taken

from herbarium sheets and published in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16

(1958) 339 as length 25-40 cm.; breadth 10-16 cm.; petiole 2-3

cm. long; nerves 23-30 pairs. No. doubt the maximum length

of other large-leaved species will also be greater than what the

measurements from herbarium specimens show.

(2) Myristica papyracea J. Sinclair, sp. nov.—Fig. 1.

Species valde affinis M. maximae a qua foliis flavidis’ in sicco,

inflorescentia compacta, breviore, dense brunneo-tomentella,

pedicellis brevioribus atque crassioribus, bracteolis majoribus,

floribus magis coriaceis, fructibus nitido-glabris inter alia recedit.

Arbor excelsa, 22-37 m. alta, radicibus epigeis nonnunquam

praedita. Cortex atro-griseus, assulas tenues papyraceas abscidens

(in arboribus juvenilibus assulae probabiliter subnullae); latex

roseus exilis. Ramuli sat crassi, glabri, atro-brunnei, supra in

partibus apicalibus fere leves, 5-8 mm. in diam., infra in partibus

adultis rugulosi vel excidentes, 8 mm.—1.2 cm. in diam. Folia

coriacea glabra, supra in vivo atro-viridia, nitida, subtus pallida,

134 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Fig. 1. Myristica papyracea J. Sinclair.

A, apex of leafy twig with female flowers. B, female inflorescence.

C, female flower. D, ovary. E, twig with male inflorescence. F—G,

male flower-buds. H, staminal column. I, fruit. J, aril and seed.

A-D from X.F. 55 (BO). E-H from Wood A4775 (SING holo-

type). I-J from Kostermans 5732 (SING).

Sinclair — Myristica 135

supra in sicco vel in foliis delapsis flavo-viridia etiam nitida,

subtus flavo-brunnea, oblongo-obovata vel saepe late oblonga,

23-40 cm. longa, 10-18 cm. (vulgo 13 cm.) lata, apice obtusa

vel rotundata, basi plerumque cordata vel saepe rotundata; nervi

20-25-jugati, obliqui, paralleli, supra depressi, subtus valde elevati;

reticulationes paucae, scalariformes, inconspicuae vel saepe invisi-

biles; petioli 3-5.5 cm. (vulgo 4 cm.) longi, 4 mm. crassi.

Inflorescentia mascula 2-5 cm. longa, applanata, longitudinaliter

striata, fusco-tomentella, brevi-ramosa, ramuli 2-3; flores apicibus

ramulorum fasciculati. Perianthium masculum 6-7 mm. longum,

5 mm. latum, coriaceum, extus fusco-tomentellum, intus glabrum,

in lobos tres, acutos, ovatos 4-3-fissum, bracteola obtusa, mox

decidua, perianthia fere aequilonga; pedicelli striati, 4-8 mm.

(vulgo 5 mm.) longi; columna staminalis oblongo-cylindtica, 4

mm. longa, apiculus obtusus, stipes sterilis 2 mm. longus, antheris

aequilongus, glaber, antherae 9-10. Inflorescentia feminea ut in

mascula. Flores feminei masculis quoque similes, sed ab eis

perianthii lobis patentioribus, pedicellis brevioribus, 4-5 mm.

longis differentes; ovarium ovoideum, 3 mm. longum, ferrugineo-

tomentosum, stigma bilobatum glabrum. Fructus oblongus, lignosus,

8-9 cm. longus, 4-5 cm. latus, glaber, flavus in vivo, nitidus,

atro-fuscus vel nigrescens in sicco; stipes 3 cm. longus. Semen

6 cm. longum, 3 cm. latum, nitido-fuscum in sicco.

Lofty tree, 22-37-(43) m. high, sometimes with stilt-roots.

Bark dark grey, flaking in thin papery strips (in young trees

these flakes probably not present); sap pink, not copious. Twigs

quite stout, glabrous, dark brown, nearly smooth and 5-8 mm.

in diam. in the apical parts, slightly wrinkled, or flaking and 8

mm.—1.2 cm. in diam. in the old parts. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous,

dark green and shining above when fresh with a pale lower

surface, yellowish green when dry or in fallen leaves, also shining

above, yellowish brown beneath, oblong-obovate or often broadly

oblong, apex obtuse or rounded, base mostly cordate, often

rounded; nerves 20-25 pairs, oblique, parallel, depressed above,

prominent and raised beneath; reticulations few, scalariform,

inconspicuous or often not visible; length 23-40 cm; breadth

10-18 cm., average 13 cm.; petiole 3—5.5 cm. long, average 4 cm.

Male inflorescence 2-5 cm. long, flattened, dark brown-tomen-

tulose, longitudinally striate, slightly branched with 2-3 short

branches and the flowers fascicled at the ends of the branches.

Male perianth 6-7 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, coriaceous, dark

brown-tomentulose outside, glabrous inside, split down 4—} into

the three acute, ovate lobes, bracteole obtuse, early deciduous,

almost as long as the perianth; pedicels striate, 4-8 mm., average

5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. thick, thickening up to 2.5 mm. at their

apices; staminal column oblong-cylindrical, 4 mm. long, with a

minute, obtuse apiculus, stalk equal to the anthers, 2 mm. long,

glabrous; anthers 9-10. Female inflorescence as in the male.

Female flowers similar to the male, the lobes of the perianth

136 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

more patent, the pedicels shorter, 4-5 mm. long; ovary ovoid,

3 mm. long, rusty-tomentose, stigma bi-lobed, glabrous. Fruit

oblong, woody, 8-9 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad, glabrous, yellow

when fresh, dark brown or becoming black and glossy when dry;

stalk 3 cm. long. Seed 6 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, dark brown and

shining when dry.

BORNEO SARAWAK: Ist Division:—slopes of Gunong Gaharu,

Serian, Sungei Sabal Tapang, Nahar

SAR 12680 (SAR) and Sinclair 10233

(A, B, E, K, L, SAR, SING).

4th Division:—Ulu Sinrok, Similajau

F.R., Ashton SAR 18329 (L, SING).

EAST AND Berouw, Mt Ilas Bungaan, Kostermans

NORTH-EAST 13878 (CANB, K, L, SING); West

BORNEO : Kutei, Bukit Lajang, bb/6/62 (BO, L);

East Kutei, Sungei Susuk Region,

Kostermans 5732 (BO. K, L, PNH,

SING); Mentawir River Region, Balik-

papan District, Kostermans 10150

(CANB, K, L, P, SING).

BRITISH Sipaku, Tawau, Kamis 4280 (K, L, SING);

NORTH Cpt A, Plot 13, Bombay-Burmah Tim-

BORNEO : ber Co. Concession, Kalabakan, 30

mls W.N.W. of Tawau, Wood A3666

(KEP, L, SING); Cpt. 15, N.B. Timber

Co. Concession area, Bukit Kretam,

Lahad Datu, Wood A4775 (KEP, L,

SAN, SING); Mentok Camp, Kinaba-

tangan River, Elopura, Sandakan,

Kwang Chua Ming A3106 (K, KEP,

L, SAN, SING); Tedong, Kinabatan-

gan, J. Singh SAN 31080 (L, SAN,

SING).

CULTIVATED: Hort. Bog. ex Borneo X.F.55 (BO, SING)

& X.F. 55a (BO, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : Borneo except West and South Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: Wood A4775 (A, KEP, L, MEL, SAN,

SING holotype).

A lofty tree from Borneo with thin, papery, flaking bark, leaves

drying yellowish or some bright shade of yellow, a short, dark

brown rusty-tomentulose inflorescence and a glabrous fruit. It is

nearest to M. maxima in vegetative characters but takes after

philippensis in floral ones, especially the size of the bracteole,

the nature of the tomentum on the perianth and in the stalked

staminal column. Regarding the colour of the leaves on drying,

there is one specimen Kamis 4280 in which the colour is not

yellowish but dark brown like that in maxima. Otherwise the

yellow colour seems to be fairly constant and should help in

distinguishing the two species. There should be no difficulty at

all when flowers are present. The perianth is much more coriaceous

and thicker than that of maxima; the pedicels, too, are thicker,

especially the male. The thick perianth is the most striking

difffference; others, including the shorter male inflorescence axis,

are given in the accompanying table.

Sinclair — Myristica

Differences between M. maxima and M. papyracea

Characters

Bark

Leaves

(1) Colour

(2) Shape

(3) Base

Male

inflorescence

Female

inflorescence

Pedicels

Bracteoles

Male flowers

Female flowers

Fruit

Not generally flaking

(perhaps there is flak-

ing in very old trees).

Drying black or dark

brown above and

greyish oor blackish

brown beneath.

Oblong, less often ob-

long-obovate.

Rounded or acute at the

base, occasionally sub-

cordate.

Long and lax, glabrous

or glabrescent with

some short, sparse,

greyish tomentum.

Short with a_ few

branches. Tomentum

when present as in the

male.

Slender.

About half as long as

the flower.

Perianth 4-6 mm. long

when dry, thin, sparse-

ly tomentulose outside

with greyish or

greyish brown hairs,

becoming glabrous.

Staminal column ses-

sile or stalk 2 mm.

long. Anthers 6-10.

Perianth thin, tomentum

as in the male.

Rusty brown-tomentu-

lose.

M. papyracea

Flaking in thin papery

portions.

Drying greenish yellow

or greenish brown

above and yellow or

yellowish brown be-

neath. Useful in iden-

tification.

Broadly oblong or ob-

long-obovate.

Cordate or sub-cordate,

less often rounded.

Much shorter and more

condensed with dark

brown, short tomen-

tum.

Short but with stouter

or more rigid branches.

Tomentum dense as in

the male.

Shorter and _ thicker.

Nearly as long as the

flower.

Perianth 6-7 mm. long,

more coriaceous, dark

brown tomentulose

outside, the tomentum

much denser. Stalk of

staminal column 2

mm. long. Anthers 9-

10.

Perianth more coria-

ceous, tomentum as in

the male.

Glabrous and _ shining

except when very

young.

138 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

(3) Myristica philippensis Lamarck Hist. Acad. Roy. des Sc. Paris

“for the year 1788” (1791) 161; Encycl. Méth. Bot. 4 (1797)

387; Willd. Linn. Sp. ed. 4, 4, 2 (1806) 870; Persoon, Synopsis

Plant. 2 (1807) 635; Spreng. Linn. Syst. Veg. edit. 16, 3 (1826)

65; Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 186; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. *1(2),

1 (1858) 60; Baillon in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1 (1885) 455;

Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 386 t.12 f.1-8; Merr. in Phil.

Bureau Forestry Bull. 1 (1903) 20; Warb. in Perkins, Frag. FI.

Philip. (1904) 49; Merr. Phil. J. Sc. 1, Suppl. 1 (1906) 55; Sp.

Blancoanae (1918) 151 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 179;

Humbert, Fl. de Madagascar 79th Famille (1952) 11. Synonyms:

M. commersonii Bl. Rumphia 1 (1837) 181; A.DC. Prodr. 14,

1 (1856) 193; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 61. M. macrocarpa

Bl. Rumphia 1 (1837) 185 = [nux moschata quarta seu oblonga

et maxima ex monte Balete ad St Mathaeum collecta Camello

Fruct. et Arb. in Ins. Luzone nascent, in Ray, Hist. Pl. 3, App.

58 sine descr.|; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 207; F.-Vill. Novis.

App. (1880) 178; Vidal, Fl. For. Fil. Atlas (1883) excl. pl. 57

Al, 2 & 3 = [K. glomerata (Blanco) Merr.]. M. luzonica Blanco,

Fl. Filip. (1837) 664 et ed. 2 (1845) 462 & 463 et ed. 3, 3 (1879)

69 & 70; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 207; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

1(2), 1 (1858) 72. M. bracteata A.DC. (incl. var longifolia A.DC.

page 193) Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 192; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880)

177; Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 139 et Rev. Pl. Vasc.

Filip. (1886) 221. M. madagascariensis (non Lamk) Auctt.:

Bojer, Hort. Maurit. (1837) 275 et Vent. ex A.DC. Prodr. 14,

1 (1856) 192 sub syn. M. bracteata A.DC. M. sylvestris (non

Houtt.) Sieber ex A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 192 sub syn. M.

bracteata A.DC.—Figs. 2-3.

Tree 6-15 m. high. Bark blackish brown, longitudinally fissured.

Twigs glabrous except the innovations and terminal bud which

are covered with light or less often dark brown, 1—2 mm. long,

adpressed hairs, stout, 3-4 mm. thick at the apex, lower down

dark reddish brown, sometimes with a purplish tinge and longi-

tudinally striate and finally, in the oldest parts, 4-5 mm. thick,

dark greyish brown and fissured. Leaves varying somewhat in

texture, size and shape, chartaceous to coriaceous, rather brittle,

oblong, oblong-obovate or less often oblong-lanceolate, glabrous,

medium green and slightly glossy above with paler midrib and

veins, drying a dark brown if thin, and usually a medium brown

with an olive tinge if thick, dull or at times retaining some gloss,

glaucous beneath or paler green with yellowish green midrib and

nerves, the latter brown when dry, apex acute, rounded or in

very large leaves occasionally sub-cordate; midrib flat above and

*Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. There are two volumes both numbered 1. The above

reference is in the alternate volume. It may also be quoted as 12.

Sinclair — Myristica 139

ad,

: Hf

NuRAim:

DEL 1961

Fig. 2. Myristica philippensis Lamarck.

A, leafy twig and male inflorescence with bracts and bracteoles. B,

male inflorescence at an earlier stage than A. C, male inflorescence,

the bracts and bracteoles have fallen. D, male flower-bud. E,

staminal column. A from Ramos 22372 (SING). B from Merrill

2304 (NY). C from Cuming 148] (NY a syntype of bracteata

A.DC). D-E from Ramos 22372 (SING).

140 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

lying in a groove, prominent beneath; nerves 18-30 pairs, oblique

and nearly parallel, equidistant, sunk above, raised and prominent

beneath; length 18-45 cm., rarely 50 cm., average 30 cm., breadth

6-14 cm., average 10 cm., petiole stout, 2-3 cm. long. Male

inflorescence a large panicle, the oldest about 6-10 cm. long,

several arising laterally on each side of the youngest portions of

the twigs, i.c. on the innovations of the present year’s growth,

these inflorescences developing in basifugal succession towards the

terminal bud which usually remains unopened at the time of

flowering (see note below), the main axis of each individual

inflorescence and the axis of its branches flattened and light brown

or greyish brown, adpressed-tomentulose, the branches opposite,

ending dichotomously in 3 flowers or in fascicles of 4-6 flowers, the

youngest or apical flower in the centre; bracts of the inflorescence

conspicuous and numerous but soon deciduous, leaf-like and

acute at the apex, the largest up to 2 cm. long. Female inflorescence

as in the male, but much shorter, 2-3 cm. long, with fewer

branches and fewer flowers. Male flowers rather fragile, tomen-

tulose outside with the same kind of tomentum as on the inflores-

cence axis, bracts and pedicels, glabrous inside, sub-globose or

ovoid in bud, obtuse at the apex, 5-8 mm. long and 5-6 mm. in

diameter, split down at the apex into the 3 obtuse, rather erect

perianth lobes; bracteole at the base of the perianth, half sur-

rounding it, thin, 1-3 lobed and obtuse at the apex, 4-6 mm. long;

pedicels slender, 7 mm.—1 cm. long and 1-1.5 mm. thick; staminal

column cylindrical or club-shaped, the fertile part 4-5 mm. long

and the sterile, pilose stalk 1.5—-2 mm. long, anthers 8-10 (Warburg

states 14-20), extending right up to the obtuse apex of the column

with a very short sterile portion or sometimes without any.

Female flowers similar to those of the male, but slightly larger,

up to 9 mm. long, more coriaceous and with the perianth segments

reflexed and slightly acute at the apex; ovary ovoid, 4 mm. in

diam., adpressed-tomentose, narrowed at the apex into the glabrous,

bifid stigma; pedicels 4-5 mm. long. Fruit tomentulose or minutely

and shortly rusty-brown-tomentose, but varying a good deal in

the amount of tomentum and in the time it persists, sometimes

nearly glabrous before maturity or not glabrous at all, oblong

and obtuse at both ends, occasionally sub-globose or sub-globose

only when young, 5-8 cm. long and 3-4 cm. in diam. (a 12 cm.

long fruit was once collected from a tree cultivated in Madagascar),

the wall thick but getting thinner as the fruit ripens; stalk 5-8

mm. long and 5 mm. thick. Seed narrowly oblong, conform to

the fruit, dark brown and slightly glossy when dry.

Sinclair — Myristica

14]

JuURAmI

DEL i196!

Fig. 3. Myristica philippensis Lamarck.

A, leaves and fruit. B, female inflorescence about to open. C, female

inflorescence with flowers open. D, female flower. E, ovary. A from

Ramos & Convocar 83742 (NY). B from Ahern’s collector 3190

(NY). C-E from M.D. Sulit 3431 (PNH).

142

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

PHILIPPINES s.L.:

MINDORO :

LUZON :

Loher Nos. 6717 (K, M, US) & 6719 (K,

M); Sonnerat s.n. (G).

Bongabong River, Merritt 3686 (K).

Prov. Ilocos Norte :—Klemme 7128 (US);

Merrill & Darling 13873 (BO, CAL);

Bangui to Claveria, Ramos 33020 (BO,

CAL, L); Bangui, Paraiso 31260 (NY).

Prov. Abra :—Adduru 21953 (A, BM, BO,

P, US).

Prov. Isabela:—lIlagan, Vidal 3569 (K).

Prov. Ilocos Sur:—Paraiso Nos. 13005

(BO); 23619 (A, US) & 25464 (A).

Prov. Benguet :—Sablan, Elmer 6169 (G

Boiss., K, NSW, NY, P, TI, US).

Prov. Pangasinan:—Balungao, Merrill

2863 (BM, US); Domingo 21678 (A, UC,

US).

Proy. Zambales:—Maule 385 (US); Me-

dina 23545 (US); Botolan, Merrill 2984

(BM, K, NY, US); Elgincolin 27840 (UC).

Prov. Pampanga:—Mt. Arayat, Curran

17667 (P, US).

Prov. Bataan:—Alvarez 12929 (BM,

NSW, P); Lamao River, Mt Mariveles,

_ Ahern’s Collector 1438 (K, NSW, NY,

US); Barnes 52 (BM, BO, K, NSW, NY,

SING, US); Borden Nos. 628 (BO, K,

NSW, NY, SING, US); 76] (BM, K,

NSW, NY, SING) & /791 (BM, E, K,

NSW, NY, SING); Whitford 361 (G

Boiss., K, NY, P, US); Williams 537 (A,

K, -NY;,..U8):

Prov. WRizal:—Ahern’s Collector 3190

(BO, K, NY, US); Loher Nos. 13918 (M,

UC) & I15050 (A); Botanic Garden,

Manila, Loher Nos. 4194 (K) & 6713 (K,

M) with Knema glomerata also mounted

on sheet; Manila, Calawan, Callery 33

(P); Antipolo, the following three, Aherns’

Collector 99 (A, NY); Merrill 178 (A,

BM, BO, CAL, K, L, NSW, NY, P, US,

W) & Vidal 855 (FI, K, L); Bosoboso,

Merrill 2834 (BM, K, NY, US); Ramos

1053 (A, BO, "CAL. NY,. US): . Lome

5195 (CAL, K, M, US); Bosoboso, San

Jose, Morong, Vidal 1678 (FI, K, L);

Tanay, Merrill 2304 (A, K, NY, US).

Prov. Laguna:—Los Banos, Elmer 8314

(BO, BP, CAL, E, FI, K, NY); Dahican

River, Ramos 1118 (BRSL, FI, G, M, U,

US, Z); San Antonio, Ramos 20531 (P,

US); Mt Makiling, Canicosa 9716 (PNH);

Forestry School 20111 (US); Foxworthy

Nos. 9 (A); 31 (US); 54 (US) & 20th Nov.

1914 (US); M.D. Sulit Nos. 2 (A); 5 (NY)

& 3431 (PNH); Whitford 19730 (K, L, P).

Prov. Batangas:—Cuming 1481 (BM, C,

CGE, FI, G & Boiss., K, L, M, NY, P,

UPS); Ramos 22372 (A, BRI, CAL, K,

NSW, NY, P, SING, US); Tamesis 21513

BM, K).

Sinclair — Myristica

SAMAR:

LEYTE:

BASILAN :

MINDANAO:

CULTIVATED :—

MAURITIUS:

MADAGASCAR:

INDIA CALCUTTA:

143

Prov. Quezon:—Baler, Principe, Merrill

(Garcia) 1023 (A, CAL, K, NY, SING,

US); Tayabas, Cuming 829 (BM, CAL,

CGE, FI, G & Boiss., K, MEL, P); Pacto-

Piapi, Tayabas, Curran 10119 (BO); Mt

Pular Tayabas, Ramos 19437 (BRI, US);

Alabat Island, Ramos & Edano 48195

(DD, NY, UC).

Prov. Camarines:—Miranda 21141 (US).

Prov. Sorsogon:—Lake Bulusan, Sinciair

& Edano 9595 (A, E, K, L, PNH, SING).

Cenabre, Cortes & Sherfesee 20990 (US);

_ Ramos 17462 (K).

Rosenbluth 12783 (BM, P); Wenzel 134

(A, E, G, NSW, US).

Hutchinson 4012 (K); Miranda 18928

(BM, BO, K, L, P, S, US); Mt Bulanting,

Hutchinson 127 (BRSL, CAL). :

Prov. Surigao:—Lake Mainit, Ramos &

Convocar 83431 (NY).

Proy. Agusan:—Diuata Mts, Ramos &

Convocar 83742 (NY).

Proy. Davao:—Angeles Selorio 27709

(BRI, NY, SING).

Prov. Zamboanga del Sur:—Ramos &

Edano Nos. 37070 (A, K, L) & 37097

(BM, BO, K); Ahern 558 (US); Sax River,

Williams 2145 (NY, US); Tetuan, Quad-

ras. 258 (NY, US).

Bojer, date 1833 (G Prodr.) as M. mada-

gascariensis (non Lamk) Bojer, AHort.

Maurit. (1837) 275 [non M. madagas-

cariensis Iamk = Brochoneura acuminata

(Lamk) Warb.]; Commerson 80 (G, P) as

M. sylvestris f. latifolia Commerson (not

cited by A.DC., but mentioned by Warb.,

page 390); Commerson (Bourbon) date

‘ 1821 (G & Prodr., L) as M. commersonii

Bl. & muscadier palla bois; Hardviche

s.n. (G) as M. madagascariensis (non

Lamk) Vent.; Herb. Lemann s.n. (CGE,

G Boiss.) as M. sylvestris (non Houtt.)

Sieber & M. salicifolia (non Willd.) Sieber;

Sieber Nos. 75 (G Boiss., M); 365 (BP,

BR, E, G & Prodr. & Boiss., L) & s.n.

(FI) as M. sylvestris (non Houtt.) Sieber;

Du Petit Thouars, date 1815 (G Prodr.,

); Ventenat (Céré) s.n. (G) as M. mada-

gascariensis (non Lamk) Vent. and mus-

cadier sauvage des iles Philippnes male.

Chapelier s.n. (P) not seen, introduced

from Mauritius.

Didrichsen, Galathea Expedition, ex Herb.

Wallich Nos. 2129 (C) as M. macrophylla,

probably an error for M. macrocarpa

Bl. & 2154 (C) as M. sylvestris (non

Houtt.) Sieber; Gaudichaud, date 1837

(CAL, G, P) voyage of the Bonite; Gri-

ffith 4353 (K, P) as M. grandiflora Wall.

& M. madagascariensis (non Lamk) Vent.;

Wall. Cat. Nos. 6800a (BM, CAL,

E, K) & 6800b (BM, BR, CAL,

CGE, E, G & Prodr., K, M) as M.

sylvestris (non Houtt.) Sieber, and M.

grandiflora Wall. both introduced from

Mauritius. The epithet grandiflora does

not appear in Wail. Cat. but is taken from

the herb. sheet, Wall. Cat. 6800b (K).

144 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

MARTINIQUE: St Pierre, Hahn 1137 (K, P); Hohenacker

784 (M).

DISTRIBUTION : Philippines.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. philippensis Lamk, Sonnerat s.n. (G,

P herb. Juss. holotype). M. commersonii

Bl., Commerson s.n. date 1821 (G &

Prodr., L) as muscadier palla bois. M.

macrocarpa Bl. This is the nux moschata

quarta seu oblonga et maxima of Camello

in Ray, Hist. Pl. 3 append. p. 58 (without

description). There is no type specimen

preserved but Blume names it M. macro-

carpa by reference to trees in Hort. Bot.

Manila ex Mt Balete & St Matheus and

Camello’s publication. He apparently did

not see any connection between it and

philippensis. Warburg states that it can-

not be proved absolutely that the two

are the same although most probably

they are. The only other species it could

be is M. ceylanica (cumingii) and to this

I also agree. M. luzonica Blanco, several

plants from several localities mentioned,

but no type specimen preserved. M.

bracteata A.DC. Bojer, date 1833 (G

Prodr.); Callery 33 (P); Cuming 1481

(BM, C, CGE, FI, G & Boiss., K, L, M,

NY, P, UPS); Wall Cat. 6800 (BM, BR,

CAL, CGE, E, G & Prodr., K, M); Du

Petit Thouars s.n. (G & Prodr., P); Sieber

365 (BP, BR, E, G & Prodr. & Boiss.,

L, NY} etc... See. ADC Froar. 0.

M. bracteata var. longifolia A.DC., Cum-

ing 829 (BM, CAL, CGE, FI, G & Boiss.,

K, MEL, P). M. grandiflora Wall. Cat.

6800b, see note above under CALCUTTA.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Bagir (Ilk.); balintua (Sub.); dogan (Tag.,

Bik.); dugan (Tag.); dugoan (Tag.); dugon

(Tag.); duguan, the most widely used

name (Tag., Pamp.); durugo (Tag.); hin-

durugu-babae (Tag.); kutu (Ting.); lagu

(Yak.); mabolonggubat (Tag.); malama-

bolo (Pang.); matumbau-babae (Tag.);

mundara (Ilk.); palong (Ilk.); | paraya

(Pamp.); pau (Ting.); talang-talang (Tag.);

talihagan (Neg.); tambalau (Sbl., Tag.);

tambalau-babae (Tag.); tambau (Tag.);

tatalong (Sub.).

A common species, widely distributed in the Philippines from

low and medium altitudes up to 1,000 ft. and hence some variation

in the leaves and in the tomentum of the fruit. King confused the

Malayan M. maxima with this species. He called the Malayan

plant bracteata A.DC. He states, however, that he had not seen

any Philippine specimens. He saw the specimens cultivated in

Calcutta from Mauritius but failed to distinguish them from the

Malayan. He was not in a fortunate position since the Malayan

plant was then known only from three collections. The leaves of

philippensis are like those of maxima but less coriaceous and

do not usually dry a black colour. The inflorescence is smaller,

less laxly branched and with thicker branches and stouter pedicels.

The bracts are larger and bracteata would be a good name if it

had had priority. The bracteoles, too, are larger and the whole

inflorescence, including the flowers is covered with a denser and

more brownish coloured tomentum than in maxima. The fruit,

Sinclair — Myristica 145

also, is more densely tomentose especially in the younger stages.

Sterile specimens of philippensis can at times be confused with

those of M. ceylanica (cumingii). The leaves are generally larger

and the twigs thicker in the former, but I have seen material of

philippensis with small leaves and thin twigs which if sterile

would be impossible to distinguish from ceylanica, especially

ceylanica with large robust leaves. The nearest relative to M.

philippensis in New Guinea is M. uncinata. See notes under that

species. The flowers appear before the leaves in the Philippines

where there are marked dry and wet seasons. However, in the

damp climate of Bengal the leaves probably appear before or at

the same time as the flowers. This is actually seen in Didrichsen

2129 and 21/54 ex Herb. Wallich from Calcutta where the leaves

above the flowers are well developed. See also heading ‘“‘Inflore-

scence” in the Introduction.

The plant quoted as M. philippensis Lamk by Markgraf in

Bot. Jahrb. 67 (1935) 158 (Schlechter 16789) from New Guinea is

M. markgraviana A.C. Sm.

Myristica philippensis Lamk, cultivated in Mauritius and

Calcutta has been wrongly identified and quoted in the other

literature as M. sylvestris Houtt. and also as M. madagascariensis

Lamk, the latter now in Brochoneura. See under CULTIVATED

above, where they are mentioned in detail. It was at that time

thought to be native in Mauritius. Sieber and Ventenat were

responsible for these errors in identification. M. sylvestris Sieber

or sensu Sieber has nothing to do with M. sylvestris Houtt. which

is now Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb. Myristica madagas-

cariensis Vent. or sensu Vent. is not M. madagascariensis Lamk

now a synonym of Brochoneura acuminata (Lamk) Warb. but

M. philippensis Lamk. Bojer in his catalogue Hort. Maurit. (1837)

275 also refers to M. madagascariensis Lamk but again the citation

should not be Lamarck but (non Lamk) Bojer. This catalogue

contains a list of names of plants with their localities only but

no descriptions or valid publications of new species. Alphonse

de Candolle in his Prodromus sorted out the erroneous names of

Sieber and Ventenat and placed them as synonyms of his M.

bracteata. This name, of course, has now to be replaced by the

older M. philippensis Lamk.

2. SERIES UNCINATAE

series Uncinatae J. Sinclair, ser. nov.

Ramuli in partibus apicalibus 5 mm. crassi. Gemma terminalis

apice uncinata, pilis appressis 1 mm. longis induta. Folia coriacea,

magna 18-47 cm. longa, 5.5—-15 cm. lata; nervi 16—22-jugati,

obliqui, leviter curvati; nervi secundarii et reticulationes nulli.

Flores masculi nondum collecti. Flores feminei (in M. uncinata

tantum visi), pauci, pro genere maximi, 2 cm. longi, ellipsoidei,

pilis 2 mm. longis fuscis appressi, in lobos uncinatos 4-fissi;

pedicelli 1 cm. longi. Fructus magnus vel modicae dimensionis,

4-9 cm. longus, 4-6 cm. latus, tomentosus.

TYPE SPECIES: M. uncinata J. Sinclair.

146 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Twigs 5 mm. thick and dark brown-pubescent on the apical

portions, glabrous and coarsely longitudinally striate in the older

portions, the terminal bud stout and in M. uncinata uncinate at

the apex with 1 mm. long, adpressed, dark brown hairs. Leaves

coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-oblong, drying a rich medium brown

or a greyish brown above, whitish or cinereous-glaucous beneath,

large size-class, 37-47 cm. long in umbrosa and smaller, 18-30

cm. long in uncinata, 5.5-15 cm. broad, 10.5 cm. being the

maximum in uncinata, base mostly rounded, sometimes cuneate

in younger leaves, apex acute; midrib prominent and in uncinata

the lower midrib sometimes with dark brown hairs, soon glabrous;

nerves 16-22 pairs, prominent, oblique but slightly curved,

secondary nerves absent; reticulations more or less absent; petiole

1.5-4 cm. long, rather stout. /nflorescence, the female only seen,

5 mm.—1 cm. long, flattened, simple or with a few branches, section

I type. Flowers known only from the female in uncinata, rather

remarkable, being the largest in the genus, 2 cm. long, ellipsoid

in bud with 2 mm. long, adpressed, dark brown hairs, similar to

those on the innovations, inflorescence axis and pedicels, split

down 4-way into the acute, refiexed or uncinate lobes; ovary 5

mm. in diam., densely pilose; pedicels 1 cm. long. Fruit large or

medium-size, 4-9 cm. long and 4-6 cm. in diam., densely dark

chocolate-brown, tomentose or tomentulose, sub-globose, ellipsoid

when young; stalk 5 mm —2.5 cm. long and 5 mm. thick —2

species, M. umbrosa and uncinata.

A small series with large leaves near to series Maximae and

series Hooglandiae. It is unfortunate that the male inflorescence

and male flowers are absent in its two species as this would

have told us more about the relationship of the series to its

neighbour-series Maximae and Hooglandiae. However, from the

remarkable female flowers which are present in M. uncinata, it is

possible to predict, to a certain extent, what the male flowers

and inflorescence will be like. The male flowers in Myristica are

nearly always smaller than the female with the same colour of

indumentum. Where the female flowers are lacking in M. umbrosa

we still can tell the colour of their indumentum from that of the

fruit which is present. This then means that the male inflorescence

and flowers in umbrosa will be densely reddish brown-tomentose

and dark chocolate brown-tomentose in wuncinata. The size,

appearance and shape of the inflorescence axis and flowers will

be less certain. However, the inflorescence is probably laxly

branched and fairly long but not so long as in M. maxima. It

will probably reach 6 cm. or more and the flowers will be larger

but not so large as the female flowers of uncinata. Their shape

would either be oblong or ellipsoid like the female of uncinata.

So thus we have a series differing from series Maximae in its larger,

and fewer but more tomentose male flowers and densely tomentose

inflorescence axis, being on analogy with series Maingayae which

also differs from Maximae in the rusty-tomentose and differently

shaped (oblong) flowers. The tomentulose or nearly glabrous

inflorescence axis and flowers of series Hooglandiae would then

compare with or be on an analogy with those of series Malabaricae.

Sinclair — Myristica 147

Series Hooglandiae is separated from series Uncinatae chiefly by

the absence of secondary nerves in the leaves of the latter, but

also by the flowers and inflorescence densely tomentose in

Uncinatae and tomentulose or nearly glabrous in Hooglandiae.

There are other differences too, such as the more distinct primary

nerves and the shape of the staminal column in series Uncinatae.

(4) Myristica umbrosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 4.

Species ex affinitate M. uncinatae a qua foliis magis coriaceis,

supra in sicco praeclaro-brunneis, nitidis, fructibus modice brun-

neis, tomentellis distinguitur.

Arbor 18-26 m. alta, radicibus epigeis interdum _praedita.

Cortex nigro-brunneus, longitudinaliter fissuratus et assulas tenues

abscidens; latex roseus. Ramuli in partibus apicalibus 5 mm.

crassi, atro-brunnei, tomentelli vel (gemma _ terminali inclusa)

cinereo-brunnei, tomentelli, infra in partibus adultis 5-8 mm.

crassi, glabri, rugosi valde longitudinaliter striati. Folia rigide

coriacea, oblonga vel elliptico-oblonga, supra in vivo nitida, in

sicco praeclaro-brunnea, nitida sed non semper, subtus glauca

vel albido-squamulosa, apice acuta, basi cuneata vel in foliis

vetustioribus rotundata, 37-47 cm. longa, 8.5-15 cm. lata; costa

prominens, lata, utrinque elevata, supra prope basim foliae plana;

nervi 18—22-jugati, utrinque elevati, gradatim ascendentes et

curvati, subtus in sicco brunnei; reticulationes non generaliter

visae sed interdum supra visibiles, paucae, tenuissimae, scalari-

formes; petiolus 2-4 cm. longus, profunde canaliculatus, margini-

bus involutis provisus. Inflorescentia fructifera tantum visa; axis

brevissimus, 5 mm-—1 cm. longus, applanatus, simplex vel bifur-

catus. Flores masculi femineique non visi. Fructus unicus vel bini,

dense molliter tomentellus modice brunneus, late ellipsoideus in

juventute, oblongo-ovoideus (vel probabiliter subglobosus) in senec-

tute, in sicco apice leviter acutus vel apiculatus, 6.5—9 cm. longus,

4.5-5 cm. latus, cum lineo suturali prominenti; stipes 5 mm-—l

cm. longus, 5 mm. crassus. Arillus roseus. Semen in vivo fere

nigrum, in sicco atro-fuscum nitidum, 4.5 cm. longum, 2 cm.

latum.

Tree 18-26 m. high, sometimes with stilt-roots. Bark blackish

brown, longitudinally fissured and flaking in thin portions; sap

red. Twigs 5 mm. thick and dark brown-tomentulose or (including

the terminal bud) ashy-brown tomentulose in the apical portions,

5-8 mm. thick, glabrous, rugose and coarsely longitudinally

striate lower down in the older parts. Leaves rigidly coriaceous,

oblong or elliptic-oblong, glossy above when fresh, drying a rich,

medium brown and often glossy also, but not always, lower

surface glaucous or whitish with minyte scales, apex acute, base

cuneate or in the older leaves rounded; midrib prominent, broad,

raised on both surfaces, but flat near the base on the upper

Surface; nerves 18-22 pairs, raised on both surfaces, gradually

ascending and curving, brown on the lower surface when dry;

/ /

/ J

)

EIS /

SS y

Fig. 4. Myristica umbrosa J. Sinclair.

A, twig with leaves and fruit. B, fruit. C, aril and seed. A from

Womersley N.G.F. 2957 (CANB). B from Carr 16410 (CANB

isotype) dried fruit in bottle. C from Hoogland & McDonald 3421

(CANB) in bottle.

Sinclair — Myristica 149

reticulations not generally present, but now and then visible on

the upper surface, few, very slender, scalariform; petiole 2-4

cm. long, deeply channelled with inrolled margins; length 37-47

cm.; breadth 8.5-15 cm. Inflorescence axis (seen only in the fruiting

material) very short, 5 mm.—1 cm. long, flattened, simple or with

two branches (not tuberculate with scars as in Knema). Male

and female flowers unknown. Fruit single or in pairs, densely and

shortly tomentulose, of a rich medium brown shade, broadly

ellipsoid when young, oblong-ovoid (or probably subglobose)

when mature, 6.5-9 cm. long and 4.5-5 cm. broad, the apex

acute or apiculate (see note below), the line of the suture prominent;

stalk 5 mm.—1 cm. long and 5 mm. thick. Aril pink. Seed almost

black when fresh, dark brown and shining when dry, 4.5 cm.

long and 2 cm. broad.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Northern District: —Kokoda, Carr 16410

(BM, CANB, K, L, SING); about 1 km

inland from Iwaia Village, Robinson Bay,

Hoogland & MacDonald 3421 (CANB);

about 3 km north of Divinikoari Village,

Hoogland 3522 (A, BM, CANB, K, L,

LAE, US).

Central District:—Sogeri Region, Lane-

Poole 206 (BRI).

T.N.G. Morobe District:—Busu Hills near Lae,

Floyd N.G.F. 5634 (LAE); Morobe,

Womersley N.G.F. 2957 (BRI, CANB, K,

LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the above collections.

TYPE MATERIAL: Carr 16410 (BM, CANB, K holotype, L,

SING).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Inene (Sogeri Region); po’i (Orokaiva

language, Iwaia Village); sopa (Orokaiva

language at Mumuni).

A handsome species, conspicuous by the large leaves with a

white under-surface, and drying a rich medium brown on the

upper surface. It has a limited distribution and ascends to 370 m.

(1,200 ft.) on ridges and lower hill slopes. Because of the large

leaves, affording shade and casting a shadow, I have named it

umbrosa. The leaves and fruit recall those of M. philippensis (series

Maximae) but I have placed it in series Uncinatae as it is closer to

M. uncinata. Unfortunately both male and female flowers are

unknown but they are probably large like those of uncinata which

I have kept out of series Maximae chiefly on account of the larger

flowers and their different shape. The leaves of M. umbrosa are

larger and more coriaceous than those of M. uncinata and dry a

lighter shade of brown. The colour of the fruit is a medium brown

with shorter hairs and not the dark chocolate colour of M.

uncinata.

Here are some further notes on the, fruit of M. umbrosa. The

rather large fruit is ellipsoid when young and oblong-ovoid when

older, but I think its shape is really nearly subglobose when

mature and without an acute or apiculate apex. With the Canberra

duplicate of Hoogland & MacDonald 3421 are a number of dry

150 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

fruits in a bottle. These have shrunk very much on drying and

the walls have collapsed, accentuating the acute apex and the

ellipsoid shape. In other fruits preserved and pressed, but rather

squashed on the herbarium sheet, Womersley 2957, the shape is

almost globose while that of Carr 16410 from the Canberra collec-

tion, also preserved in a bottle, is oblong-ovoid and not ellipsoid.

In this specimen, the walls have shrunk less, but even here the

fruit would tend towards a more globose shape still, had there

been no apical shrinkage. I have, many times, observed the effects

and distortions caused by drying the fruits of other Myristica

species in the sun. Those with a globose fruit appear quite altered

_in shape and tend to be ellipsoid when thus dried, more so if

halves or longitudinal sections are selected. Young fruits are

usually at first pointed at each end and appear to have a beak

(Hoogland 3522) and also cf. M. fusca, but they “fill out’ and

tend to be more sub-globose as they mature, the pericarp-wall

becoming thinner and _ thinner.

(5) Myristica uncinata J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 5.

Species affinis M. philippensi a qua nervis foliorum paucioribus,

Supra minus insculptis, floribus ellipsoideis non subglobosis, dense

atro-brunneis pilosis, apice uncinatis, fructibus subglobosis, atro-

brunneis non modice brunneis nec ferrugineis differt.

Arbor 30 m. alta. Cortex non visus, Ramuli in partibus horno-

tinis fusco-pubescentes, saepe striati, in annotinis rugulosi, glabri;

gemma terminalis pilis atro-brunneis 1 mm. longis appressis dense

obtecta, apice uncinata. Folia tenuiter coriacea, oblonga, glabra

nisi ad costam inferiorem foliorum juniorium, in sicco supra

griseo-brunnea vel modice brunnea et subtus cinereo-glauca nervis

costaque atro-brunneis, apice acuta vel obtuse acuta, basi rotun-

data; 18-30 cm. longa, 5.5-10.5 cm. lata; costa prominens,

utringue plana vel leviter elevata; nervi 16—20—jugati, obliqui,

nonnunquam irregulariter curvati, supra graciles, leviter insculpti,

subtus elevati, magis distincti; reticulationes nullae; petiolus

1.5-2 cm. longus. Jnflorescentia (feminea tantum visa); axis

applanatus, 1 cm. longus, pilosus, 1—2-florus, ex ramulo hornotino

folioso ortus. Flores feminei coriacei, in alabastro ellipsoidei,

extus piloso, pilis atro-brunneis 2 mm. longis appressis praediti,

intus cremei, glabri, 2 cm. longi in lobos acutos uncinatos vel

reflexos 4—fissi; pedicelli 1 cm. longi, fusco-pilosi; bracteola rigida,

mox decidua, parte basali persistente, semi-circulari, margine

incrassato leviter insculpto; ovarium ovoideum, 5 mm. in diam.,

dense pilosum; stylus glaber (stigmate bilobato incluso) 2-3 mm.

longus. Fructus subglobosus, nigro-brunneus vel coffeato-tomen-

tosus, 4-6 cm. in diam.; stipes 2.5 cm. longus, 4-5 mm. crassus.

Semen oblongum 3.5 cm. longum, 2.3—2.5 cm. latum.

Tree 30 m. high. Bark not seen. Twigs dark brown-pubescent

and often striate in the portions of the present year’s growth,

glabrous and rugulose in those of the previous year’s; terminal

bud uncinate, densely covered with adpressed, 1 mm. long, dark

Sinclair — Myristica 15]

{

y oe

hy)

Y y/

iSy/

’ Pf

Fig. 5. Myristica uncinata J. Sinclair.

A, twig with leaves and uncinate terminal bud. B, female flower. C,

female flower at maturity. D, ovary. E, fruit. F, aril and seed.

A from Carr 14907 (SING isotype). B from Carr 14907 (CANB

isotype). C from Carr 14907 (SING isotype). D from Carr 14907

(CANB isotype). E-F from Carr 14908 (SING).

152 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

brown hairs. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong, glabrous except for

some 1-2 mm. long simple hairs on the lower midrib of the

younger leaves, drying greyish brown or medium brown above

and cinereous-glaucous with dark brown nerves and midrib

beneath, apex acute or obtusely acute, base rounded; midrib

prominent, flat or slightly raised on both surfaces; nerves 16-20

pairs, oblique but sometimes rather crooked, slender above and

slightly grooved, raised beneath and more distinct; reticulations

absent; length 18-30 cm.; breadth 5.5-10.5 cm.; petiole 1.5—2 cm.

long. Inflorescence (the female only seen): the axis flattened,

1 cm. long, pilose, 1—2-flowered, arising near the apex on

leafy twigs of the present year’s growth. Female flowers coriaceous,

ellipsoid in bud, 2 cm. long, pilose outside, with adpressed,

2 mm. long, dark brown hairs, similar to those on the

innovations, inflorescence and pedicels, glabrous and cream-

coloured inside, split down 4-way into the acute, reflexed or

uncinate perianth lobes; pedicels 1 cm. long, dark brown-pilose;

bracteole rigid, early deciduous, the base persisting, semi-circular

with a thickened, grooved margin; ovary ovoid, 5 mm. in diam.,

densely pilose; style glabrous, 2-3 mm. long, including the bi-

lobed stigma. Fruit sub-globose, dark chocolate or coffee brown-

tomentose, 4-6 cm. in diam.; stalk 2.5 cm. long and 4-5 mm.

thick. Seed oblong, 3.5 cm. long and 2.3—-2.5 cm. broad.

NEW GUINA PAPUA: Central District:—Boridi, Carr Nos. 14907

(CANB, K, L, SING) & 14908 (A, BM,

CANB, K, L, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : Papua, known only from the above.

TYPE MATERIAL: Carr 14907 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING

holotype).

A rare or little-known tree, collected at altitude 1,385 m. (4,500

ft.). I have named it uncinata because of the hooked terminal

bud and the perianth lobes, uncinate at the apex. The outstanding

features are the large female flowers, the largest in the genus.

They are ellipsoid in bud, cream-coloured on the inside, dark

brown, densely pilose on the outside and have uncinate perianth

segments. Other parts of the plant have this similar, dark-coloured

tomentum, namely the terminal bud, young twigs, inflorscence

axis, pedicels and ovary. The hairs on the sub-globose fruit, also

of the same dark colour, are much shorter. There are very few

Myristica species with this colour of tomentum and scarcely any

so densely covered with such long hairs on the flowers. The

leaves, however, are closest to those of M. philippensis and sterile

material of uwncinata can be readily confused with that species.

When I first saw Carr’s plant, I indeed thought it was philippensis

with a new extension of its geographical range but was puzzled

to find no records from Celebes or the Moluccas. The leaf of

philippensis, however, has more veins and these are sunk and

more deeply grooved on the upper surface of the leaf. M. uncinata

is related to a group of species, all with somewhat similar

characters. These species are carrii, hooglandii, neglecta and

umbrosa. For other information see under these species.

Sinclair — Myristica 153

3. SERIES HOOGLANDIAE

series Hooglandiae J. Sinclair, ser, nov.

Ramuli in partibus apicalibus 5-7 mm. crassi. Folia magna,

20-42 cm. longa, 6.5—13 cm. lata; nervi 16—30—jugati, tenuissimi,

obliquiusculi, nervi secundarii inter primarios dispositi; reticula-

tions nullae. /nflorescentia mascula 5 mm.—2 cm. longa, complanata,

simplex vel laxe ramosa, pauciflora, nonnunquam persistentes,

saepe distichae. Flores masculi magni, 1—-1.5 cm. longi, 5 mm—1

cm. lati, ellipsoidei, tomentelli vel fere glabri, in lobos acutos

4-3-fissi; pedicelli 8 mm.—1.5 cm. longi; stipes columnae staminalis

quam pars fertilis angustior, an semper? (M. neglecta excepta,

vide descr.). Fructus oblongus vel angusto-ellipsoideus, minute

tomentellus, 4-7 cm. longus, 1.5—3.5 cm. latus; stipes gracilis,

1-1.5 cm. longus.

TYPE SPECIES: M. hooglandii J. Sinclair

Twigs glabrous, smooth, purplish or brownish grey and 5-7

mm. thick in the apical parts, wrinkled and greyish brown in

the older. Leaves mostly chartaceous, drying a medium brown or

pale brownish grey above, very glossy and waxy as if varnished

in hooglandii, glaucous, ashy or whitish beneath, oblong, oblong-

elliptic or narrowly elliptic, large size-class, 20-42 cm. long and

6.5-13 cm. broad; nerves 16-30 pairs, very fine and slender,

slightly oblique; secondary nerves present; petiole 1.5-4 cm. —

long. Male inflorescence few-flowered, 5 mm.—2 cm. long, the

axis flattened, simple or laxly branched. Male flowers large, 1—1.5

cm. long and 5 mm.—1l cm. broad, ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid,

greyish brown to golden brown-tomentose or nearly glabrous,

split +4-way down into the acute lobes; pedicels 8 mm—1.5

cm. long, slender with the bracteole at their apex; staminal column

obtuse or truncate at the apex without a sterile apiculus, the

stalk glabrous, shorter and much narrower than the fertile part,

rather different in neglecta with an acute, sterile apex and a thick,

adpressed-pilose stalk, the stalk nearly as broad as the fertile part

but much shorter; bracts sometimes persisting, distichous in M.

carrii. Female flowers more swollen than in the male, 6-8 mm.

in diam., the lobes reflexed. Fruit oblong or narrowly ellipsoid,

minutely rusty-tomentulose, 4-7 cm. long and 1.5-3.5 cm. broad;

stalk slender, 1-1.5 cm. long — 3 species, M. carrii, hooglandii and

neglecta.

The chief features are the large leaves with the fine venation of

primary as well as secondary nerves, the rather short and lax

inflorescence with few branches, the large flowers with very little

indumentum, the slender pedicels, the variable staminal column,

rather different in M. neglecta and the narrowly oblong, nearly

glabrous fruit. M. neglecta and hooglandii are close to each other

in their venation, while carrii hds fewer secondary nerves. The

flowers of carrii however, are closest to those of neglecta. However,

carrii is probably nearest, after all, to hooglandii, their staminal

columns being almost exactly alike while that of neglecta with an

apiculus seems a bit out of place here. It is nearer to that of

154 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

M. papyracea in series Maximae but that of papyracea has a longer,

glabrous stalk. The relationship to the other series of section I is

discussed under series Uncinatae. Series Hooglandiae is confined to

New Guinea.

(6) Myristica neglecta Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 542 t. 17

f. 1-3; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 170. — Fig. 6.

Tree 25 m. high. Bark brown, flaking in long narrow strips;

wood reddish brown. Twigs (only the upper portion, 18 cm. long,

present) stout, 7mm. thick, glabrous except the terminal bud,

purplish brown, shining, nearly smooth. Leaves slightly coriaceous,

but brittle on drying, dark green above, greyish green beneath,

drying a greyish green above and greyish brown beneath, oblong,

apex acute, base rounded or sub-cordate; midrib very distinct,

raised on both surfaces, especially on the lower; nerves 30 pairs,

oblique, parallel, sunk above, very fine and faint on both surfaces;

reticulations absent; length 32-40 cm.; breadth 11-12.5 cm;

petiole glabrous, very stout, 4 cm. long and 5 mm. thick. Male

inflorescence a non-tuberculate peduncle, 1.5—-2 cm. long (may

lengthen or branch later) bearing a condensed pseudo-raceme of

flowers at the apex. Male flowers 1.3-1.5 cm. long and 6-8 mm.

broad, narrowly ellipsoid, minutely greyish brown or golden brown-

tomentulose outside, the apical teeth 2 mm. long or 3 of the whole

perianth, triangular, bluntly acute; staminal column 1.3 cm. long

and with 8-10 anthers, the apical sterile portion 1.5 mm. long

and acute, the stalk 3 mm. long, adpressed-pilose with light brown

hairs; bractole amplexicaul, rigid, recurved, 1-3 mm. below base

of perianth (always?); pedicels 1-1.4 cm. long and 1.5 mm. thick.

Female flowers as long as the male, but broader and swollen at

the base due to the flask-shaped ovary; pedicels shorter and thicker

than in the male, about 6 mm. long; ovary tapering at the apex

into the stigmas, densely covered with light brown, adpressed hairs.

Fruit very immature, ellipsoid, narrowed to an acute or slightly

apiculate apex, but probably becoming sub-globose later, 3 cm.

long and 2 cm. broad; medium brown-tomentulose; stalk 7 mm.

long and 3 mm. broad.

NEW GUINEA voGELkoe Ramoi, Sorong (Soron), Beccari FI Acc.

(DUTCH Nos. 7702 (FI); 7703 (FI); & 7704 (FD;

WEST NEW road from Steenkool to Tembuni at

GUINEA) : 20.5, van Royen 3498 (CANB, K, L,.

SING, UC).

DISTRIBUTION : Very rare. Confined to the above.

TYPE MATERIAL: Beccari FI Acc. Nos. 7702; 7703 and 7704

(all FI).

A rare tree of primary forest at low altitude. Beccari’s material

consists of a leaf and separate, detached male and female flowers.

The leaf, on account of its very faint veins and because of its

detachment led Warburg to doubt whether it belonged to the

Myristicaceae. He suggested that it might be that of Fagraea.

Beccari, however, was right. The leaf is genuinely that of Myristica

as can be seen clearly in van Royen’s better material collected

recently. The immature fruit is nearest to that of umbrosa, the:

155

Sinclair — Myristica

Y. hyo .

Fig. 6. Myristica neglecta Warb.

male flower.

E, staminal column. A from van Royen 3498 (CANB). B—C from

Beccari 7703 (FI syntype). D-E from Beccari 7704 (FI syntype),

ovary. D,

A, twig with male flowers. B, female flower. C

156 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

tomentum slightly less. The leaves are rather similar also, but

their veins are different, being fainter and more slender with

numerous secondary nerves. M. neglecta is a problematic species,

however, and I am not quite satisfied that I have it in the correct

series. The staminal column is more like that of a section II

species, being unlike that of M. carrii and hooglandii. The rather

short inflorescence also is rather different but it may lengthen later.

I can see no trace of bract or pedicel scars on the basal portion

of it so it seems to be alright for that of a section I species. Some

characters show a resemblance to those of series Tenuiveniae,

especially to M. bunchneriana but the leaves are too large and

lack the lax, yellow, powdery scales of that series. There is a

trace of scales deeply embedded in the leaf tissue but these are

of an ashy grey, not different from what we see in section I cf.

the closely allied series Maximae and Uncinatae. For this reason

I cannot say that neglecta belongs to series Tenuiveniae. 1 should

like to see more leaves. The flowers are too large for Tenuiveniae

but not tomentose enough.

At a late date, long after the above notes were written, I insert

this final paragraph. There is some resemblance between this

species and large-leaved specimens of cucullata. Some of its flowers

do show the scars of the bracteoles a little distance below the

base of the perianth as in cucullata, but I do not know how far

this is constant. It may be that neglecta belongs to series Tubiflorae

and should be placed there next to cucullata. Its leaves, however,

are larger than any known from that series and probably it is better

to leave it in series Hooglandiae until we know more about it.

(7) Myristica hooglandii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. —Fig. 7.

Probabiliter M. neglectae affinis praecipue in aspectu foliorum,

sed nervis magis distinctis, paucioribus, alabastris oblongis vel fere

subglobosis, latioribus, lobis perianthii longioribus, obtusis, stipite

columnae staminalis angustiore differt.

Arbor 12-20 m. alta. Cortex extus 5 mm. crassus, longitudinaliter

fissus et abscidens, intus rubro-brunneus; latex atro-ruber. Ramuli,

gemma terminali excepta, glabri, in partibus juvenilibus leves,

purpureo-brunnei, in vetustioribus rugosi, griseo-brunnei. Folia

chartacea vel tenuiter coriacea, oblongo-elliptica, vel angusto-

elliptica, glabra, supra nitidissima (etiam in sicco), atro-viridia in

vivo, modice brunnea in sicco, subtus albido-cinerea, 22-42 cm.

longa, 6.5-11 cm. lata apice et basi acutiuscula, costa utrinque

convexo-elevata; nervi 17—22-jugati, leviter obliqui, irregulariter

curvati, graciles, utrinque prominuli, leviter elevati sed nonnunquam

subobscuri, subtus modice brunnei, nervi secundarii breviores,

gracillimi indistincti; reticulationes fere obsoletae; petioli 2-3 cm.

longi. Inflorescentia lateralis vel subterminalis ex axilla bracteae

orta, ipsa in ramulis brevibus lateralibus posita, applanata, 1-2 cm.

longa, appresso pubescens, pauciflora (floribus 1-4). Flores masculi

coriacei, odorati, ovoideo-ellipsoidei, 1.3-1.6 cm. longi, 8 mm. —

1 cm. lati, in alabastro oblongi vel fere subglobosi, extus griseo-

brunnei, tomentelli, intus glabri, cremei, apice in lobos tres obtusos

Sinclair — Myristica 157

SS)

ZY WS

——

VM Sd MMT

Midd,

Lit

1 i ;

Jf pili

Fig. 7. Myristica hooglandii J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig, female tree. B, male inflorescence. C, staminal column.

D, female flower and ovary. E, ovary. F, immature fruit. G, fruit

dehiscing. H, aril and seed. A from Hoogland 4534 (CANB). B—C

from Brass 25471 (CANB). D-E from Saunders 12 (LAE). F—H

from Hoogland 3701 (CANB) in bottle.

158 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

4-3-fissi; pedicelli 1.3-1.5 cm. longi; bracteolae rigidae, subrotun-

datae recurvatae, apice pedicellorum affixae; bracteae bracteolis

similes, diu persistentes; columna staminalis 5-6 mm. longa, 2.5—3

mm. lata, prismatica, in diam. triangularis, apice triangulariter

excavata, antherae 12-13 in excavatione apicali inflexae; stipes

tenuis brevis, quam columna angustior, glaber. Flores feminei

masculis similes, sed ovoideo-globosi, 8 mm. in diam.; perianthium

in lobos acutos reflexos partitum; ovarium ovideum, 6-7 mm. in

diam., pilis appressis 2 mm. longis indutum; stigma glabrum, 1-2

mm. longum, bifidum. Fructus lignosus, oblongus (immaturus sub-

globosus) 6-7 cm. longus, 3-3.5 cm. latus, primum ferrugineo-

tomentellus, deinde subglaber; stipes 1 cm. longus. Arillus

coccineus. Semen 3.5 cm. longum, 1.2 cm. latum, nigro-griseum,

(pallido-stramineum in sicco).

Tree 12-20 m. high. Bark 5 mm. thick, longitudinally fissured

and flaking; inner bark reddish brown; sap dark red. Twigs

glabrous except for the terminal bud, smooth and purplish brown

in the young parts, wrinkled and greyish brown in the older.

Leaves chartaceous or slightly coriaceous, oblong-elliptic or

occasionally narrow-elliptic, glabrous, very glossy on the upper

surface, even when dry, dark green above, drying a medium brown,

whitish beneath, somewhat acute at the base and apex, midrib

convex and raised on both surfaces, nerves 17-22 pairs, slightly

oblique, somewhat crooked, slender, faint and raised on both

surfaces, but sometimes rather obscure, medium brown beneath;

secondary nerves shorter, very slender and not distinct; reticula-

tions not very clear; length 22-42 cm;; breadth 6.5—11 cm.; petiole

2-3 cm. long. Inflorescence with a flattened, 1-2 cm. long axis,

few-flowered. (flowers 1-4), arising in the axil of a bract and

lateral or sub-terminal on a short, usually lateral branch of the

present year’s growth, the terminal bud and other leaf-buds of

which have still not opened at the time of flowering. Male flowers

scented, coriaceous, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.3-1.6 cm. long, 8 mm.—1 cm.

broad, oblong or almost sub-globose in bud, greyish-brown-

tomentulose outside, glabrous and cream-coloured inside, split

4-4—way down into the obtuse perianth lobes; pedicels 1.3—1.5 cm.

long; bracteoles rigid, sub-rotund, recurved, attached to the apex

of the pedicels; bracts similar, persistent for a long time; staminal

column 5—6 mm. long and 2.5-3 mm. broad, prismatic, more or

less triangular in cross-section with a shallow, triangular depression

at the apex, stalk short, slender, glabrous; anthers 12-13, extending

to and bent back into this apical depression (cf. some species of

Horsfieldia and M. philippensis). Female flowers as in the male,

but ovoid-globose, 8 mm. in diam., perianth lobes acute, reflexed;

ovary ovoid, 6-7 mm. in diam., covered with 2 mm. long,

adpressed hairs, stigma glabrous, 1-2 mm. long, bifid. Fruit hard,

oblong (sub-globose when young), 6-7 cm. long and 3-3.5 cm.

broad, at first rusty-tomentulose, later sub-glabrous; stalk 1 cm.

long. Aril bright red. Seed 3.5 cm. long and 1.2 cm. broad, dark

grey, but pale straw-coloured when dry.

Sinclair — Myristica 159

NEW GUINEA Papua: Northern District:—about 3 km north of

Divinikorai Village, Hoogland 370] (A,

CANB, K, L, LAE); about 2 km. north

of Kumoara Village, Tufi sub-district,

Hoogland 4206 (A, BM, BO, CANB,

K, L, LAE, US); near Budi Barracks,

Tufi sub-district, Hoogland 4534 (A, BM,

CANB, L, LAE); Sesagara Hills near

Uiaku River, Tufi sub-district, Saunders

12 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, LAE).

D’ENTRE- Normanby Island, Waikaiuna, Brass

CASTEAUX 2547] (A, CANB, K, L).

ISLANDS :

DISTRIBUTION : Seems to be confined to S.E. Papua and

the D’entrecasteaux Islands.

TYPE MATERIAL: Hoogland 4206 (A, BM, BO, CANB, K

holotype, L, LAE, US).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Dzagarat (Onjob language at Naukwate);

fuféri (Orokaiva language at Mumuni);

jaganat (Onjob language at Koreaf, Tufi

sub-district); torua (Baruga language at

Guruguru).

A tree of the primitive forest at low elevations. I have com-

pared it with the species in series Maximae and Uncinatae which

have large, somewhat similar leaves with an ashy-brown or

whitish pubescence. It is a very distinct species and will be

distinguished from these others by the leaves, extremely glossy

on the upper surface, even when dry, looking as if they had been

waxed over with car polish, and by the larger flowers, obtuse at the

apex. The latter character, a most important one, will distinguish

this species beyond all doubt, from the others..The flowers of

carrii and neglecta look somewhat similar, but are all narrower

and with shorter, acute, not obtuse perianth lobes. In M. umbrosa

(flowers not seen) the leaves are sometimes also glossy above

when dry, but they lack the more artificial, polished look of

Hoogland’s Nutmeg. M. neglecta is near on account of the

rather similar, obscurely veined leaves; its flowers are also similar

in one or two characters. The staminal column, however, is

different, since it has a sterile, acute apex and an adpressed pilose

stalk. The staminal column of hooglandii, on the other hand, is

more like that found in maxima and also in some Horsfieldia

species. The origin and development of the inflorescence, arising

laterally on a short twig of the present year’s growth, is like

that found in M. philippensis in that this short twig, itself usually

lateral, is still bare of leaves at the time of flowering. There is

a well-developed terminal bud and also some lateral leaf buds.

These produce leaves after the flowers have fallen, but in certain

Malay Peninsula species, M. lowiana, maingayi and maxima

(these I have personally observed for this type of growth), the

leaves appear first and are well developed -at anthesis. This type

of growth, exhibited in M. hooglandii and philippensis, is pro-

bably influenced and brought about by the drier and more

seasonal climate of the Philippines and New Guinea. In the

160 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

damper, humid and more equable climate of Malaya the growth

of the leaves will be more rapid and the resting period of the

leaf-buds shorter. Hence the leaves will appear with the flowers.

It would be interesting to grow M. hooglandii and philippensis

in Malaya and to see later how the trees react to the climate.

They might then behave like the Malayan species M. lowiana,

maingayi and maxima. Or, will the effects of climate throughout

the ages have altered the genoplasm to such a degree that

reversion is now no longer possible? I do not think so. (See notes

under M. philippensis regarding Didrichsen Nos. 2129 and 2154

and also under the heading Jnflorescence in the Introduction.)

Fig. 8.

A M. hooglandii cui proxima haec species foliis minus coriaceis

supra opacis non nitidis, floribus angustioribus apice acutis,

fructibus angustioribus distinguitur. Etiam affinis M. uncinatae a

qua foliis tenuioribus, floribus cinereo-tomentellis, fructibus

anguste ellipsoideis tomentellis differt.

Arbor 3-7 m. alta. Cortex atro-brunneus _longitudinaliter

fissuratus; latex ruber. Ramuli glabri, brunneo-grisei, rugosi,

5-7 mm. crassi. Folia chartacea, oblonga vel anguste oblonga,

glabra, opaca (non nitida), supra grisea vel pallido-griseo-fulvida

(in sicco), subtus cinereo-glauca, apice obtuse acuta _ vel

obtusiuscula, basi acuta vel cuneata, 20-38 cm. longa, 7-13 cm.

lata; costa utrinque convexo-elevata, in parte basali 3-4 mm. lata:

nervi 16—20-jugati, gracillimi, utrinque prominuli, levissime elevati,

prope margines indistincte anastomosantes; nervi secundarii

breves, supra saepe visi, subtus pauciores; reticulationes nullae;

petiolus 1.5—-3 cm. longus. /nflorescentia vulgo ex ramulis tenuibus

brevissimis 2-3 cm. longis orta vel aliquando ex hornotinis

ramulorum normalium emergens; axis eius applanatus, cinereo-

pubescens, 2-—3-florus, 5 mm.—l cm. longus, axillaris; bracteae

inflorescentiae distichae, semicirculares, rigidae, cicatricibus earum

trochlearibus, marginibus incrassatis et canaliculatis. Flores masculi

ellipsoidei, 1 cm. longi, 5 mm. lati, utrinque acuti, extus cinereo-

tomentelli, intus cremei, glabri, apice in Jobos 4+4-fissi: pedicelli

graciles, 8 mm.—1 cm. longi, apice bracteolati; columna staminalis

4-5 mm. longa, sine apiculo sterili, antheris 12-14, stipes glaber

gracilis, 0.5-1 mm. longus, quam columna 4-angustior. Flores

feminei ignoti. Fructus anguste ellipsoideus, minute ferrugineo-

tomentellus, 4-5 cm. longus, 1.5 cm. latus; stipes tenuis, 1-1.5 cm.

longus. Arillus coccineus. Semen in vivo ex collectore fere nigrum,

in sicco pallido-brunneum, 3 cm. longum, 8 mm. latum.

Tree 3-7 m. high. Bark dark brown, longitudinally fissured;

sap red. Twigs glabrous, brownish grey, rugose, 5-7 mm. thick.

Leaves chartaceous, oblong or narrowly obolong, glabrous, dull,

drying a greyish or pale brownish grey above, glaucous or ashy

grey beneath, apex obtusely acute or somewhat blunt, base acute

or cuneate; midrib raised and convex on both surfaces, 3-4 mm.

broad at the base; nerves 16-20 pairs, very slender and fine on

(8) Myristica carrii J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Sinclair — Myristica 16}

Fig. 8. Myristica carrii J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with fruit. B, aril and seed. C—D, male inflorescences.

E, male flower. F, staminal column. A-B from Hoogland 3521

(CANB isotype). C from Hoogland 3702 (CANB). D from

Hoogland 3702 (LAE). E-F from Hoogland 3702 (CANB).

162 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

both surfaces, very slightly raised, anastomosing indistinctly at

the margins; secondary nerves short, often present above, fewer

beneath; reticulations absent; length 20-38 cm.; breadth 7-13 cm.;

petiole 1.5-3 cm. long. Jnflorescence usually arising on the

youngest, very short, slender, 2-3 cm. long twigs, the terminal bud

of which opens after flowering, or sometimes on ordinary twigs

of the present year’s growth; axis flattened, cinerous-pubescent,

2-3-flowered, axillary, 5 mm.—l cm. long; inflorescence bracts

distichous, semi-circular, rigid, their scars resembling a pulley

with thickened, grooved margins. Male flowers ellipsoid, 1 cm.

long and 5 mm. broad, acute at both extremities, ashy-tomentulose

outside, glabrous and cream-coloured inside, split down 3}+4-way

by the perianth lobes; pedicels slender, 8 mm.—lcm. long with an

acute bracteole at the apex; staminal column 4-5 mm. long without

a sterile apiculus, anthers 12-14, stalk glabrous, slender, 0.5—-1 mm.

long and about 4 narrower than the column. Female flowers

unknown. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, minutely rusty-tomentulose,

4-5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad; stalk slender, 1-1.5 cm. long.

Aril bright red. Seed almost black when fresh, but drying pale

brown, 3 cm. long and 8 mm. broad.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Northern District:—Kokoda, Carr Nos.

16128 (CANB, K, L, SING); 16/29

(CANB, K, SING) & 16344 (BM, CANB,

L, SING); about 3 km. north of Divini-

koari Village, Hoogland Nos. 3521 (A,

CANB, K, L, LAE) & 3702 (CANB, L,

LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : Confined to the above in lowland primary

forest. .

TYPE MATERIAL: Hoogland 3521 (A, CANB, K_ holotype,

L, LAE).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Fuféri; para (Orokaiva language at

Mumuni).

This species is nearest to M. hooglandii but differs in the less

coriaceous leaves which do not have that waxy bloom above.

The flowers are smaller and are acute, not obtuse at the apex,

best seen in bud. The fruit is narrower and more elongate. The

staminal column, with its narrow stalk, is very similar in both.

4. SERIES MAINGAYAE

series Maingayae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 347.

Synonym: series Castaneifoliae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

380 quoad M. lowianam specimina Scortechinii tantum (excl. King

Nos. 5537 et 7258 = M. crassa King).

Twigs 5-6 mm. thick and with some rusty indumentum on the

apical parts, more slender, 2-3 mm. thick in gigantea, striate,

greyish or blackish in the older parts, terminal bud always covered

with some reddish or brownish hairs. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous,

drying olive green or medium brown above, sometimes blackish

brown, paler brown beneath, narrowly oblong, oblong or elliptic-

lanceolate, the base acute, the apex acute or obtuse, small to

Sinclair — Myristica 163

medium size-class, 7-30 cm. long and 2-9 cm. broad; nerves

12-20 pairs, oblique or slightly curving, prominent; secondary

nerves present; petiole 1.8-2.5 cm. long and up to 5 cm. long in

lowiana. Male inflorescence always covered with reddish or dark

brown tomentum, most marked and almost woolly in lowiana,

the axis a much branched panicle, 2.5-16 cm. long and 34 mm.

thick, more slender, 1-2 mm. thick in gigantea. Male flowers

with the same kind of indumentum as on the inflorescence, reddish

or dark brown-tomentose, woolly-tomentose in /owiana, oblong,

obtuse at the apex in bud, 3-6 mm. long, the lobes erect to

obliquely spreading in flower; pedicels 1-5 mm. long and about

1-1.5 mm. thick but not filiform, bracteole 2-5 mm. long; staminal

column without any development of the sterile apiculus, acute

at the apex, the pubescent stalk as long and as broad as the

fertile part. Fruit mostly oblong, sometimes ovoid, large, 5.5—10.5

cm. long and 4-6.5 cm. broad, almost glabrous with some

furfuraceous scurf to tomentose or densely woolly-tomentose;

stalk 5 mm.—2.5 cm. long — 3 species, M. gigantea, lowiana and

maingayl.

TYPE SPECIES: M. maingayi Hk. f.

The most outstanding feature of this series is the dense

indumentum of the innovations, terminal bud, inflorescence axis,

flowers and pedicels. It varies from tomentose to woolly and is

reddish, rusty or dark brown in colour. Thus, the densely

tomentose inflorescence will at once separate this series from the

glabrous or less often puberulous one of series Malabaricae. The

thickness of the main axis and branches of the inflorescence is

greater than that in series Malabaricae. This applies also to the

pedicels, the twigs and the terminal buds. The leaves too, tend

to be more coriaceous and the petioles stouter. Some of these

contrasting measurements do not always hold for gigantea which

has smaller leaves, petioles, flowers, pedicels, bracteoles, etc. than

in the other two and approaches nearer to some of the measure-

ments in series Malabaricae. The leaves are much smaller than

those of series Maximae and the flowers are of a different shape,

oblong and not globose or sub-globose. Warburg has also placed

gigantea and maingayi in this series but not /owiana because he

was misled by King who confused flowering material of crassa

with lowiana.

(9) Myristica gigantea King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3

(1891) 288 pl. 110; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 400; Gamble,

Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 229; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3

(1924) 64; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 343 f. 22.

Synonym: M. motleyi Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 400 et

673 t. 14 f. 1 quoad Motley 145, nomen nudum, Warb. msc.

SUMATRA West Coast: Sidjungdjung, Muara, bb58/6 (BO, L).

INDRAGIRI : Teluk Region near camp Dewnin I,

Central Sumatra, W. Meijer 422/ (L,

SING).

164 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

MALAY PENINSULA: Perak, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor and

Negri Sembilan. For list see Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 343.

BORNEO SARAWAK: Ist Division:—Semengoh F.R., Kuching,

Tree No. 1113, Sinclair 10300 (A. B,

BM, BO, E, FI, K, L, M, NY, SAR,

SING).

WEST BORNEO: Melawi, Tjatit, Bukit Gontuk, bb27000

(BO, K, L, SING); Melawi, Bukit Mela-

ban Ketchil, bb28323 (BO, K, L, SING).

EAST AND Berouw, bb/8495 (A, BO, L); West

NorTH-EAST Kutei, Bukit Lajang bb/6284 (BO, L);

BORNEO: Central Kutei, Belajan River near Long

Bleh, Kostermans 10225 (K, KEP, L, P,

SING); Salimbatu, bb/1176 (BO); 29299

(BO, L) and 29323 (BO, K, L, SING) .

LABUAN : Motley 145 (CAL, K).

_PULAU Near. British. border, Paymans J] =

NUNUKAN: bb34613 (L).

DISTRIBUTION : Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: King’s Collector Nos. 5866 (CAL, K,

MEL, SING, UPS) & 6050 (CAL, CGE,

E, FI, K, KEP, P, SING, US) and

Scortechini 1949 (BM, CAL, FI, G, K, L).

Apart from its relations with M. maingayi [see Gard. Bull. Sing.

16 (1958) 345 and 350], this species superficially resembles

M. lancifolia var. clemensii from New Guinea in the leaves but

is not in the least related to it. M. motleyi was not validly published

by Warburg as he did not have enough material for a proper

description. He gave it the name M. motleyi only in the illustra-

tions and on page 673. He refers to it as Motley 145, a sterile

Myristica, on page 400 of the text in the notes on M. maingayi.

(10) Myristica lowiana King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3

(1891) 293 pl. 120 f. 2, 3, 4 tantum [f. 1, 5, 6, 7 = M. crassa]

et quoad spec. Scortechinii tantum; Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 496 quoad spec. Scortechinii tantum; Gamble, Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 235 excl. spec. Kingiana; Ridley, FI.

Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 66 excl. spec. Kunstleri; Sinciair in Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 345 f. 23 & pl. IVB.

Synonym: M. hackenbergii Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 60, 3 (1926)

308 syn. nov.? (see note).

I have now seen one female inflorescence of this species. It will

be noted that the female flowers were hitherto unknown, Sinclair

in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 345. There is nothing unusual about

them. They are more or less what I expected they would be ic.

like those of M. lowiana’s nearest allies. A description is now

given.

Sinclair — Myristica

165

Female inflorescence (only one seen) a 1 cm. long, unbranched,

rusty-tomentose, 2-3 mm. thick peduncle, bearing 3 sessile flowers

at its apex. Perianth more swollen and more ovoid than in the

male due to the shape of the ovary, 5 mm. long and 4 mm. broad,

the tomentum also as in the male, the lobes short and recurved,

extending down about i-length of the whole perianth; ovary

rusty-tomentose, filling the perianth and conforming to its shape.

SUMATRA East COAST:

INDRAGIRI:

PALEMBANG :

BANKA:

RIOUW

ARCHIPELAGO:

LINGGA

ARCHIPELAGO:

MALAY PENINSULA:

BORNEO SARAWAK:

BRUNEI:

Labuan Batu, Sei Palas, bb//489 (BO);

Sialang Lengan, Bengkalis, bb/7368 (A,

BO, L, SING); Parangas, Bengkalis,

bb17546 (A, BO, SING); Tamansari,

Bengkalis, Beguin 263 (BO, L); Pulau

Rangsang, Beguin 493 (BO); Bilia below

Rantau Perapat, Lorzing 14260 (L).

Pagarumbei, Tjenako, bb25785 (A, BO,

L); Kuala Belilas, bb27632 (A, BO, K, L,

SING); Muara Pedjangki, bb27428 (BO,

L); Belimbing, bb28552 (BO, L, SING);

Indragirische Bovenlanden, P. Gelang,

bb29157 (BO, K, SING); Simpang, Riouw

en Ond. bb9962 (BO).

Banjuasin, Grashoff 750 (BO).

Blinju, Grashoff 114 (BO, L).

Pangka, Karimun, bb736/] (BO).

M.Labuh, P. Singkep, bb5372 (BO).

Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca, Johore

and Singapore. For list see Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 347.

ist Division:—Kuching, Haviland &

Hose 3645 (CAL, K, SAR).

2nd Division:—Triso Protected Forest,

Suhili SAR 14524 (SAR); Sungei Klauh,

Simanggong, Anderson SAR 13273 (A, K,

L, SAN, SAR, SING).

3rd Division:—Pulau Bruit, Binatang,

Anderson SAR 128 (SAR) and Sanusi b.

Tahir SAR 9227 (BO, K, KEP fruit

only, L, SAR, SING); Naman F.R., Sibu,

Anderson & Sanusi b. Tahir’SAR 5503

(K. L, SAN, SAR, SING).

4th Division:—Niah-Jelalong P.F., Bin-

tulu, Brunig SAR 8865 (K, L, SAR,

SING); Miri, Sungei Dalam, Md Salleh

SAR 1212 (K, L, SAR, SING).

Bukit Puan, Ashton SAR 7878 (BO, K,

KEP, L, SAR, SING); Belait, Moksin b.

A. Bakar SAR 1904 (KEP); Anduki F.R.,

Sinclair 10419 (A, B, E, FI, K, L, M,

NY, SAR, SING); Sungei Lumut, Sinclair

10426 (A, E, K, L, SAR, SING); Berakas

F.R., Anderson SAR 2176 (KEP, SAR,

SING); summit of Bukit Patoi, Tem-

burong, Ashton, Smythies & Wood SAN

17417 (KEP, L, SING).

166 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

West BorNEO: Sungei Raja, Pontianak, Mondi 19 (BO,

K, L, SING); B. Singkadjang, Teijsmann

8684 (BO, FI, SING); Palo, Becking 11

(BO).

SOUTH AND

SOUTH-EAST

BORNEO: Sampit, 532388 (BO, L).

BRITISH Cpt 11, Kimanis F.R. Mandahan, Papar,

NORTH Meijer SAN 36277 (L, SING); Merin-

BORNEO : taman, Sipitang, Md Thaufeck SAN

27981 (K, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo

except East and North East Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. lowiana King, Scortechini 7851 (CAL,

K_ lectotype). King quotes this as 1551

but I take the writing in Kew to be

1851. M. hackenbergii Diels, see in note

below.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Kumpang kiong (Iban) Bintulu.

A peat swamp forest species nearest to M. maingayi but

distinguished from the latter by its woolly-tomentose fruit. See

notes in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 347. The tomentum at the

apical portions of the twigs and the distance it extends downwards,

mentioned as a character for separating this species from maingayi,

is not now so important as it was first thought to be. This

tomentum will be present at each flush of new leaves and flowers

but will tend to disappear when the leaves are mature. The male

flowers are slightly smaller than those of maingayi, 4-5 mm. long

and 2-2.5 mm. broad as against 5-6 mm. long and 3.54 mm.

broad in maingayi. M. lowiana has only recently been discovered

in British North Borneo.

I venture to place M. hackenbergii Diels as a synonym of M.

lowiana. The type material of Diels’s species, Hackenberg 86

male and 86a female, collected at Sampit in South Borneo and

deposited in Herb. Berlin was destroyed during World War II.

Diels says that it is near M. guatteriifolia, but J think it cannot

be that species since he states that the undersurface of the leaves

re glabrous and that the bark is black. Further the plant was

not obtained from the seashore. His description agrees very well

with that of M. lowiana which has been recorded from Sampit.

[It is not likely that M. hackenbergii represents anything new or

Kostermans and other collectors who have worked in this area

would surely have met with it.

(11) Myristica maingayi Hk. f.

See Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 348.

A specimen in fruit from Sumatra, Hoeta Padang, Asahan,

East Coast, Krukoff 4384 (A, BO, BR, BRI, G, L, NY, SING,

US) is probably M. maingayi rather than M. gigantea, but confirm-

ation of maingayi as a record from Sumatra should be postponed

until more adequate material is at hand. There is no reason why

it should not occur in Sumatra.

Sinclair — Myristica 167

5. SERIES MALABARICAE

series Malabaricae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 375 excl. M.

andamanica Hk. f.

Twigs slender, glabrous except for the thin, elongate, acute,

puberulous terminal bud, smooth, reddish brown and 1-3 mm.

thick in the apical parts, greyish and finely striate in the older

parts, slightly thicker, 3-5 mm. thick and paler in the apical parts

in malaccensis. Leaves mostly chartaceous, less often slightly

coriaceous, drying medium or pale brown above, often with a

greenish shade, paler beneath, glaucous or cinereous in malaccensis,

glabrous, varying a lot in shape, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate,

narrowly elliptic or oblong, the base mostly acute, occasionally

rounded, the apex acute or acuminate, small to medium size-class,

sometimes as long as those in series Maingayae but on the average

just slightly smaller, 8—25—(33) cm. long and 2.5-10 cm. broad;

nerves distinct or sometimes faint, 9-20 pairs, average 15 pairs,

oblique or more often curving; secondary nerves sometimes present,

very faint; reticulations very faint or absent except in malaccensis;

petiole slender, 5 mm. — 2.5 cm. long. Male inflorescence a slender

branched panicle, (unbranched in umbellata) 2-10 cm. long with

numerous flowers, the axis fragile, 1-2 mm. thick only, mostly

glabrous or puberulous, never tomentose, if at all pubescent as

occasionally in the young inflorescence of iners then the indu-

mentum pale in colour, greyish or pale yellow, never rusty, dark

brown or reddish. Male flowers mostly glabrous or with the

indumentum (if present) like that of the inflorescence axis and

pedicels, globose, sub-globose or ovoid in bud, 5-8 mm. long,

and 3-6 mm. broad, split down 4-way into the non-reflexed lobes;

pedicels 5 mm.— 1 cm. long, about twice as long as the flowers,

filiform, less than 1 mm. thick. Female inflorescence shorter than

the male, the flowers broadly ovoid or urceolate, often inflated

(iners) with reflexed lobes. Fruit mostly subglobose, also oblong,

variable in size, large to medium, 5-10 cm. long and 3-6 cm.

broad, mostly glabrous or becoming glabrous, densely rusty-

tomentose in malabarica; stalk slender, 5 mm. — 3.5 cm. long

4 species, M. iners, malabarica, malaccensis and umbellata.

TYPE SPECIES: M. malabarica Lamk.

The outstanding features are the glabrous or nearly glabrous

inflorescence, flowers and pedicels. In fact there is a tendency

for hairs to be absent on all the parts where they normally occur.

If present they are usually grey or pale yellowish, the exception

being those on the rusty-tomentose fruit of M. malabarica. Other

features to note are the chartaceous leaves, the tendency for the

nerves to be fainter than they are in series Maingayae, the acute

base and the slender petioles, the globose or sub-globose male

flowers and their filiform pedicels.. As already pointed out, this

series is nearest to series Maingayae. Some might prefer to unite

them or to have the following classification:—series Malabaricae,

subseries Malabaricae and subseries Maingayae. The differences

between the two series are not very great. In fact differences in

168 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

the rank series, i.e. between one series and another in any genus

can never be great. In series Malabaricae, the leaves, inflorescence

axis and pedicels are all much thinner than in series Maingayae.

In fact the species in series Malabaricae are more elegant and

glabrous editions of the species in series Maingayae. Further com-

parisons will show that the staminal column has an obtuse apex

and not the conical, acute apex seen in Maingayae. Otherwise it is

similar, the glabrous or pubescent stalk being as long and as broad

as the fertile part. The sterile apiculus is absent in both series.

M. iners, the commonest species, has a wide distribution in

Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. M. malaccensis is

nearest to it and could easily be confused with it so numerous

details for separating the two have been fully set out in the keys.

M. malabarica is confined to the swamp forests of peninsular

India and should be easily recognized by its large tomentose fruit

and numerous small globose flowers and small leaves. M. umbellata

from the Philippines is rare and not likely to be met with. Its

male inflorescence axis is slender and unbranched and the flowers

are in umbels on filiform pedicels.

I agree that all the species placed by Warburg in series

Malabaricae belong there except M. andamanica. M. umbellata

is not there as it was unknown in his day. He was not able to

account for iners which he had seen in fruit only, but he has

correctly placed its synonym M. fallax in this series.

(12) Myristica malabarica Lamarck in Hist. Acad. Roy. des Sc.

Paris “‘for the year 1788” (1791) 162; Encyci. Méth. Bot. 4

(1797) 388 et Tab. Encycl. Illus. des gen. 2, 5 (1800) exel. pl.

833 f. 2a-d=M. dactyloides Gaertn.; Blume, Rumphia 1

(1837) 185; Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 163; A.DC. Prodr.

14, 1 (1856) 194; Drury, The useful Pl. of India (edit. 1858 &

1873) 305; Dalzell & Gibson, The Bombay Flora (1861)

4; Drury, Handb. of Ind. Flor. 3 (1869) 78; Baillon, Nat. Hist.

Pl. 2 (1870) 503; Beddome, Fl. Syl. 2 (1872) t. 269; Gamble,

Man. Ind. Timbers (1881) 314 et (edit. 1902 et 1922) 555;

Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 103; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. 3 (1891) 288 pl. 109; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. Ind. 5

(1891) 314; Dymock, Pharm. Indica 3 (1892) 197; Warb.

Uber Nutzb. Musk. Ber. Pharm. Gesellsch. (1892) 224; Talbot,

Syst. List Trees, Shrubs, Bomb. Pres. (1894) 165 et 2nd edit.

(1902) 280; Warb. Die Muskatnuss (1897) 338, 375-383, 476

& 499 et Monog. Myrist. (1897) 403 t. 12 f. 1-8 exci. M.

heyneana Wall. Cat.; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bomb. 2, 2 (1906) 530;

Brandis, Ind. Trees (edit. 1906 et 1911) 524; Talbot, For. FI.

Bomb. Pres. and Sind 2 (1911) 378 f. 459; Gamble, FI. Pres.

Madras 2, 7 (1925) 1213; Burk. Dict. 2 (1935) 1530.

Synonyms: M. dactyloides (non Gaertner) Wall. Cat. (1832)

No. 6786 nom. nud. M. notha Wall. Cat. 6787 nom. nud. M.

tomentosa (non Thunb.) Graham, Cat. Plants growing in

Bombay and its Vicinity (1839) 175 pro parte, altera pars =

M. dactyloides Gaertn.

Sinclair — Myristica 169

Pre-Linnaean Literature: (Panam-Palka) Panem-Palka,

Rheede, Hortus Malabaricus 4 (1683) 9 t. 5 quoad inflor. masc.

tantum. Nux myristica major, spuria malabarica, Ray, Hist. PI.

2 (1688) 1524. Nux myristica spuria, Plukenet, Almagest. (1696)

265. Note:—For list of other pre-Linnaean names (but some of

these are M. dactyloides Gaertner) see Warb. page 403. ——

Fig. 9.

Tall tree 25-30 m. high with stilt-roots. Bark greenish black,

smooth with lenticular spots (Gamble), but probably becoming

longitudinally striate when old; sap red. Twigs glabrous, smooth

to finely longitudinally striate, medium brown and 2-3 mm. thick

from the apex to some distance down, only slightly thicker, 4 mm.

or so at 10-16 cm. down where the bark may begin to crack.

Leaves chartaceous, thin, the youngest almost membranous, elliptic

or elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous, shining above, dull below, drying

a medium brown above and slightly paler beneath, apex acute or

bluntly acute, base acute; midrib lying in a groove above, raised

beneath; nerves about 9 pairs, oblique, sunk above and raised

beneath; not prominent, sometimes very faint beneath, curving

and interarching at the margins, a secondary one sometimes

present between a primary pair; reticulations very faint, sometimes

visible above, forming a lax, sunk network, absent beneath; length

10-16 cm; breadth 3.5-4.5 cm; petiole slender, 5 mm.—.1.5 cm.

long. Male panicles rather numerous, 4-6 cm. long, laxly branched,

the axis slender, flattened, the flowers sub-umbellate at the tips

of the ultimate branchlets.Male flowers sub-globose to ovoid,

obtuse in bud, the perianth 3-4 mm. in diam., thin, reddish brown

and covered with a minute greyish brown pubescence outside, lobes

short, triangular; staminal column with 10-15 anthers (usually 10)

3 mm. long, including the 0.75 mm. long, densely tomentose,

swollen stalk, bluntly acute to slightly apiculate at the apex;

bracteole sub-orbicular, closely applied to the base of the flowers,

2 mm. long and covered with the same pubescence as in the

flowers, the margins pubescent also, but not ciliate; pedicels

filiform, 5-8 mm. long and less than 1 mm. thick. Female flowers

larger than in the male and in simple, few-flowered, rather stout

umbels not much longer than the petioles; ovary 5 mm. in diam.

and 4 mm. high, ovoid-globose, densely rusty-tomentose; stigmas

sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit in clusters of 2—3, less often single, oblong

or oblong-ovoid, bluntly pointed at the apex, densely rusty-

tomentose, up to 10 cm. long and 4-6 cm. broad with a

thick, fleshy pericarp. Aril scarlet when fresh, orange when dry

with many fine narrow laciniations,.the ends of these forming a

convolute conical mass at the apex of the fruit. Seed oblong,

shining, brown, 4-4.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. broad; cotyledons

divaricate, sub-connate with very slightly undulate margins, not

laciniate.

170 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 9. Myristica malabarica Lamarck.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescence. C, male

flower. D, staminal column. E, ovary. F, fruit. G, aril and seed.

H, seed in cross-section. I, embryo. A-—D from Beddome 6713

(SING). E-F after King’s plate 109. G-—I after Warburg’s t. 12.

Sinclair — Myristica

PENINSULAR s.L.

INDIA

BOMBAY

PRE-

SIDENCY :

MySORE:

KERALA:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

171

Herb. Heyne, Wall. Cat. 6786 (BM,

CAL, CGE, G. K, M) male and female

flowers, sub nom. M. dactyloides Wall.

and also named M.? tomentosa Graham,

Cat. Bomb. Pl. but this number is not

cited by Graham.

No” dave, Daizell s.n. (CAL, DD);

South Concan:--Gibson s.n. (A, K, P)

on the A & K sheets is also mounted

M. dactyloides. That on the K_ sheet is.

named M. contorta by Warburg.

North Kanara:—Malimane, Bor 11282

(DD, PNH); Talbot 3720 (DD, K); Devi-

mane, Bor Nos. 11315 (DD, PNH,

sats, . 71552 (DD, SING) &. 11593

(DD); top of Devimane Ghat, .Kumta-

Sirsi Road, Fernandes 171 (A); North

Kanara without locality, Talbot 10

(CAL); Wuddu Ghat, Talbot Nos. 301

(CAL) and 302 (CAL, E); Coompta,

Talbot, 27th Nov. 1882 (DD).

South Kanara:—Beddome_ s.n. (PDA);

Beddome Nos. 15 (PDA); 6713 (SING);

6714 (BM); 6715 (SING) and 6716

(SING).

Coorg:— near Mercara, Hohenacker 515

(BM, BP, E, FI, G & Boiss., HBG, K.

L, M, P, U, UPS); Makut, Laurie, 24th

January, 1940, DD Acc. No. 83687 (DD);

Chippehole, Range Officer, Coorg, DD

Acc. No. 84902 (DD).

Malabar:—Plains near Nilambur. Bed-

dome s.n. (K).

Cochin:—Kavalay, Meebold s.n. (CAL)

Travancore:—s.1., C. C. Calder & M. S.

Ramaswami 1431 (CAL); Colatoorpolay,

Bourdillon Nos. 91 (CAL); 115 (CAL,

K); 7/8 (K); 1202 (DD) and Lawson,

26th November, 1893 (K); Alleppey

(Aleppe) Wall. Cat 6787 (K); sub nom.

M. notha Wall., “Wild Nutmeg from

Aleppe”’; Quilon, Wight Nos. 870 (E)

and 2490 (A, K, P).

West Coast of Peninsular India in the

damp valleys at the foot of the. Ghaats.

M. malabarica Lamk, no type specimen

preserved or quoted but his description

is based on four pre-Linnaean names

three of which are cited at the end of

the literature under my species No. 12,

M. malabarica; the other is Nux indica

oblonga, J. Bauhin, Hist. Plant. 1 page

339, which I think must be M. dactyloides

Gaertner. See also my notes after that

species. M. dactyloides Wall. (non

Gaertn.) Wall. Cat. 6786; this is actually

given as M. dactyloides Gaertner in the

Wall. Cat. Wallich thought it was the

true dactyloides Gaertn. M. notha Wall.,

Wall. Cat. 6787; the actual author’s name

“Wall.” is not added after notha in the

¥vz

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

VERNACULAR NAMES:

ECOLOGY :

Wall. Cat., but is implied. M. tomentosa

(non Thunb. nec Sprengel) Graham.

Graham gives South Concan as the type

locality, refers to the plant as M. tomen-

tosa Sprengel, Syst. 3 p. 65 and also cites

Rheede’s unfortunate t. 5 which is partly

M. malabarica Lamk and partly M.

dactyloides Gaertn. He does not quote

any collectors’ numbers but does state

“Can this be the M. dactyloides of Col.

Sykes?” The specimen collected by Sykes

is correct as M. dactyloides. Since Gra-

ham names his species tomentosa he

probably had in mind M. malabarica, a

tree with a tomentose fruit but mis-

identified it as M. tomentosa of Sprengel

which is the same as M. tomentosa

Thunberg, now M. fatua var. fatua. How-

ever, M. tomentosa sensu Graham must

again be quoted in the literature under

dactyloides Gaertner since he referred to

Rheede’s ambiguous plate in his citation.

Jangli-jaiphal; kaiphal and_ ranjaiphal

(Hindi); kanagi (Kanarese); panam-palka

(Malayalam, Malabar); patthiri (Tamil);

pindi-kai = seeds (Kanarese); ponnam-

panau (Malayalam); rampatri = mace

(Hindi).

There is an article by K. Krishna

Moorthy on the “Myristica Swamps in

the Evergreen Forests of Travancore” in

The Indian Forester 86, 5 (May 1960)

314 where he says that in the valleys of

the Shendurney, Kulathupuzha and

Anchal ranges of Travancore (Kerala) a

distinct plant association is noticeable.

It fringes sluggish streams in _ flat-

bottomed valleys, the altitude of which

is below 1,000 feet. The whole area is

subject to more or less complete in-

undation during the greater part of the

year and certainly between the months

of June and January. The height of the

forest is usually about 80-100 feet and

the trees have clean and comparatively

slender boles. The whole association is

evergreen in character and occurs in the

midst of tropical evergreen rain forest.

The ground is covered more or less

completely by the looped “knee roots”

which are very similar in appearance to

those of mangroves. The floristics are

as follows: I. Myristica magnifica (very

frequent), M. laurifolia (occasional), M.

canarica [now Gymnacranthera _ far-

quhariana] (frequent), M. malabarica

(occasional), Lagerstroemia flos-reginae

(frequent), Lophopetalum wightianum,

Anthocephalus cadamba, Eugenia mon-

tana and Carallia integerrima (occasional).

II. Undergrowth is sparse and consists

of certain aroids, and sedges growing

gregariously where the ground is not

covered with the “knee roots” and where

Sinclair — Myristica

USES:

173

overhead-light penetrates on the floor, as.

on the margins. The tree composition of

the association is remarkably constant

and the predominant species is Myristica

magnifica. He goes on to say that it is

rather unfortunate that most of these

swamps have been destroyed due to the

clamour for land for food production.

They are easily converted into ideal paddy

land but it remains to be seen how far

these paddy fields will offset the serious

depletion of ground water resources of

which these swamps were evidently the

reservoirs. He proposes the name “Myris~

tica swamp” for this association.

Probably no special uses now-a-days...

According to Gamble the wood has been

used for building, but is only moderately

hard and not durable. The aril (Bombay

mace or rampatri) and the nuts (ran-

jaiphal) were exported from North

Kanara via Bombay to Germany where

they were used as an adulterant with

true nutmergs, but they have little value

as a spice, being almost flavourless.

Bombay mace is easily detected from

true mace by chemical tests. The oil has

been used for ulcers and allaying pain

and for purposes of illumination. The aril

has been used to stop vomiting and as

a nervine tonic. Both the aril and the

nutmegs have been roasted along with

unripe plantains and a little opium by

Indians in Ambon to cure dysentery.

Dymock states that Rumphius relates.

that in 1683 a minister of Amboyna was.

given three roasted nuts by his wife in

mistake for nutmegs to cure a chronic

diarrhoea; in a few hours he became

giddy, making strange gestures and talk-

ing wildly, nor did he get any relief until

he had taken several cups of tea and

been blooded. He then slept profoundly

and perspired very freely. On waking,

no bad effects remained, and _ the

diarrhoea had ceased. Rumphius remarks.

that if he had taken three real nutmegs,

he would have suffered much more.

According to Watt’s Dictionary the nuts

are roasted and ground into powder as

an astringent for diarrhoea; the expressed

oil as a stimulating applicant to indolent

ulcers and an anti-rheumatic; the aril to

stop vomiting.

The most important character for separating this species from

iners, malaccensis and umbellata is its rusty-tomentose fruit. It

differs from the first in the fewer veins in the leaves, and from the

second by its smaller leaves, not rounded. at the base and their

much fainter venation. From umbellata it differs in having a

branched male inflorescence, the flowers more spherical and

smaller and the leaves broader with fewer veins.

174 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

The only other Indian species with tomentose fruit is M. fatua

var. magnifica, but that has a short, woody, Knema-like inflores-

cence and brown or cinnamon scales on the lower surface of much

larger leaves. Lamarck definitely states in his description that the

fruits of malabarica are tomentose, but some of the pre-Linnaean

references on which he bases his description are not altogether

in agreement. There is no doubt, however, as to the plant he had

in mind as his own description of it agrees with our present species.

His figure, unfortunately, must be excluded as it is almost

exactly the same as that of Gaertner’s M. dactyloides which he

-must have copied. This drawing depicts the seed and embryo but

not the fruit. Lamarck would surely have rejected the drawing,

had the fruit been present, for then he would have noticed the

absence of hairs on the pericarp. The embryo, also, is quite unlike

that of malabarica or at least different from that figured by

Warburg for malabarica and copied from him by myself.

Rheede in his description, makes no mention of the fruit being

tomentose but states that it was greenish yellow (“‘fructus extus

viridi-flavescentes”) which is the colour of the fruit of the

majority of the glabrous species. His drawing, as far as I can see,

consists of two different species. The leafy twig with the fruit

must be M. dactyloides Gaertner, synonym M. laurifolia Hk. f. et

Th. as the fruit there is glabrous and one leaf shows the charac-

teristic secondary venation and reticulations of that species. He

does not fill in the rest of the leaves with the reticulations, but

shows the main veins only. The male inflorescence and flowers,

(it would be drawn from a different specimen as Myristica is

dioecious) is that of another Myristica species. It is of the

branched, panicular type and must be that of true M. malabarica

since that is the only Indian species with this type of inflorescence

apart from Gymnacranthera farquhariana (G. canarica). This

latter one is ruled out because it has very much larger leaves

than malabarica.

(13) Myristica umbellata Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 5 (1913) 1816;

Mermill, En.’ Phil. FI, Pl. 2 (1923) 180. Fig. 10.

Small tree about 12 m. high, with spreading branches, the

ultimate ones numerous, lax and slender. Bark smooth or scaling

in thin flakes, greyish, inner bark reddish brown. Twigs greyish

brown, glabrous, slightly striate, the ultimate very slender, | mm.

thick, nearly smooth, the terminal bud narrow, tapering to an

acute apex, minutely puberulous. Leaves chartaceous to coriaceous,

narrowly elliptic, dark green and shining above when fresh,

greyish beneath, drying a pale greenish brown above and a pale

greyish brown beneath, the apex obtuse, the base sharply acute

and slightly decurrent on to the petiole; midrib lying in a groove

and sunk above, raised and reddish brown beneath; nerves 9-15

pairs, oblique, extremely fine and faint on both surfaces, a

Sinclair — Myristica 175

35mm

elit E> =

Sede a oe

ed Lee? Pe

L aad OL Lh ad sa

OY." 9 kn Peers

bce

J LR

Fig. 10. Myristica umbellata Elmer.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, leaf to show slight variation.

C, male flower. D, staminal column. E, pollen grain x 300 times.

F, fruit showing aril and seed. A, C—E from Elmer 12820 (A

syntype). B from Elmer 13166 (BO syntype). F from Edano 7781/5

(NY).

176 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

secondary nerve sometimes present between two main ones; reticu-

lations absent; length 8-19 cm, average 12 cm.; breadth 2.5-6 cm.,

average 3.5 cm.; petiole 1—2.5 cm. long. Male inflorescence a very

slender, axillary, glabrous, sub-terete, 1-2 cm. long peduncle,

unbranched, the flowers borne in a perfect umbel at its distal end.

Male flowers glabrous, oblong-ovoid, thin, chartaceous, obtuse at

the apex in bud, but their 3 lobes acute at the apex, split down

4-way by the lobes, 6-7.5 mm. long and 3-4 mm. broad below

the middle; staminal column 5.5 mm. long with 10 anthers, the

stalk glabrous, fleshy, about as long and as broad as the fertile

‘portion, broader than it at its base, the apex of the column

narrowed gradually to a blunt point, the anthers reaching right

up to the extreme apex; pedicels slender, 7 mm.— 1 cm. long and

less than 1 mm. thick, spreading, glabrous, sub-compressed; brac-

teole early deciduous, its remains represented by a minute, ().25

mm. long ridge at the apex of the pedicel. Female flowers not seen.

Fruit in clusters of 1-3, pendant, egg-shaped, yellowish green,

covered with some minute rusty-tomentum when young, soon

‘glabrous, 5 cm. long and 3-3.5 cm. broad, slightly immature,

pericarp hard and thick; stalk 1-2 cm. long and 2-2.5 mm. thick.

PHILIPPINES PaLawan: Puerto Princessa, Mt Pulgar, Elmer Nos.

12820 (A, BM, BO, BP, BR, BRSL, CAL,

E, FI, G, K, L, NSW, NY, P, SING, U,

US, Z) male flowers and /31/66 (A, BM,

BO, BP; BRSL, CAL) 2 ee ee

NY, NSW, P, U, US, Z) fruit; Mt.

Balagbag, Edano 77815 (A, NY) fruit.

DISTRIBUTION : As above. Rare.

TYPE MATERIAL: Elmer 12820 and 13166 syntypes.

A rare tree of the Philippines in lowland forest from 230-800

m. (750-2,600 feet). The chief features are the faint venation of

the leaf, the unbranched, umbellate male inflorescence with slender

peduncle and almost filiform pedicels and the glabrous fruit.

There is some alliance with M. malabarica as has already been

pointed out under that species, but the leaves of umbellata are

narrowly elliptic with more veins and the flowers more regularly

umbellate in the inflorescence. M. umbellata is also close to

cinnamomea, the leaves being almost the same, except that they

lack the pale brown scales seen on the lower surface of the latter.

Further, in cinnamomea the male inflorescence is branched and its

axis and pedicels much thicker. The flowers are covered with

tomentum and the perianth is sharply 3-angled in bud. The stalk

of the staminal column is tomentose and not glabrous, the bracteole

persists longer and the very much thicker, rusty-scaly pericarp

does not become glabrous. It is rather unique that the male

inflorescence is unbranched in M. umbellata. Perhaps we cannot

rely on this for, so far, male flowers are represented by but a

single gathering. It is to be hoped that the tree is not entirely

extinct.

Sinclair — Myristica 177

(14) Myristica iners Bl. Bijdr. 2, 11 (1826) 575 et Rumphia 1

(1837) 184 t. 58; Hasskarl, Cat. Pl. (1844) 174; A.DC. Prodr.

14, 1 (1856) 190 [excl. sp. Roxb. = M. lancifolia var. montana

et sp. Cum. = M. ceylanica (M. cumingii)]; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat

1(2), 1 (1857) 57 (excl. sp. Roxb. et Cum.); Koorders et Valeton,

Bijdr. Booms. 4 (1896) 175; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 521 t.

16 f. 1-3; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 230;

Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912) 257; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3

(1924) 64; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1 (1927) 647; Sinclair in Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 363 f. 30 & pl. VB; Backer et Bakh. f. Fl. Java

1 (1963) 139.

Synonyms: M. sublanceolata Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1

(1858) 58. M. fallax Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 410; Merr.

En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. sp. number (1921) 269

syn. nov. M. vordermanii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 525 t.

14 f. 1-3 original spelling vordermanni. M. heritiertifolia Pierre

ex Lecomte in Not. Syst. 1, 4 (1909) 99 et in Flor. Gén. de

L’Indo-Chine 5, 2 (1914) 98. M. cumingii Warb. var. floribunda

Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 1939, No. 10 (1940) 539 —— syn. nov.

M. wyatt-smithii Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 1948, No. 2 (1948)

251 Syn. nov. Fig. 11. |

Tree 10-36 m. high; stilt-roots sometimes present. Bark brittle,

greyish black, flaking, longitudinally fissured; wood white, turning

reddish; sap pink, watery, copious. Twigs with dark reddish brown

bark which tends to crack; youngest parts slender, 1-3 mm.,

average 2 mm. thick at the apex, glabrous with an elongate, slender,

minutely pubescent terminal bud. Leaves extremely variable in

texture, size and venation, generally chartaceous, but often coria-

ceous, medium to dark green above and shining to dull, paler

green and dull beneath, drying pale or dark above, generally paler

below, mostly jianceolate but also oblong-lanceolate to oblong or

occasionally somewhat obovate, base acute, less often rounded,

rarely cuneate and decurrent on to the petiole, apex acute; midrib

flat, iying in a groove flush with the upper surface, 1 mm. broad,

paler green than the rest of the leaf, raised and yellowish green

beneath; nerves 12-15 pairs, distinct above, usually faint beneath,

but in many cases also very distinct beneath, oblique, but usually

curving near the margin, the line of anastomosis broken or indis-

tinct, also at times less oblique and curving more gradually; reti-

culations faint or indistinct; length 12-20 cm; breadth 3-6 cm.,

but ranging from 7.5—10 cm. broad in the broadest forms (inclu-

ding M. wyatt-smithii and in Mohd Shah & Kadim 506 from

Kelantan); petiole 1.5—2.5 cm. long, slender. Male inflorescence

an axillary panicle, 2-8 cm. long, its length depending on its age,

the flowers borne in sub-umbels on the shorter secondary branches

which are much condensed for some time and then expand at

anthesis with a lax effect; pedicels short and thick for a long time,

then lengthening and becoming slender, 5 mm.— 1 cm. or more

178 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

JURAIMI DEL-

Fig. 11. Myristica iners Bl.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescence with

flowers in various stages. C, male flower. D, staminal column. E,

female inflorescence. F, female flower. G, ovary. H, fruit showing

aril and seed. A-—D from Wood A1967 (SING). E-G from

S57EIP591I (SING). H from Smythies SAR 15202 (SING).

Sinclair — Myristica 179

long and 1 mm. or less in thickness; bracteoles at the base of the

flower, 1-2 mm. long, deciduous, minutely ciliate at the margins.

Male flowers ovoid, narrowed towards the apex, rusty-puberulous

outside, varying in the amount of tomentum, 7-8 mm. long and

5-6 mm. broad, membranous, split down about }-way by the 3

acute lobes; androecium 6 mm. long with 9-10 anthers and ending

in a blunt apex; stalk minutely tomentose, 3 mm. long or as long

and as broad as the fertile part, much shorter when young. Female

inflorescence 1-3 cm. long, much less branched, the pedicels stouter,

3-4 mm. long. Female flowers campanulate; ovary sub-globose,

minutely rusty-pubescent. Fruit glabrous when mature, minutely

tusty-scaly when young, pale yellow, oblong to oblong-ovoid,

variable in size, S-8.5-(10) cm. long and 44.5 cm. broad, line of

dehiscence faint; pericarp 5 mm.—l.3 cm. thick; stalk rather

slender, 1.5-3.5 cm.long. Aril bright red, divided nearly to the

base or down to 1 cm. from it, the divisions more numerous and

narrower towards the apex. Seed shining, brownish black, 4.2—5 cm.

long.

INDO- SOUTH

CHINA VIETNAM

(COCHIN-

CHINA): Baria, Herb. Pierre 5435 (P).

CAMBODIA : Forest of Phnom Phen, Bejaud 1/22 (P).

SIAM SOUTH Chanburi, Makham, Ban Ang, Put 419

EASTERN (BKF); Salak Pet, Kaw Chang, Kerr Nos.

DIVISION : 9237 (BK, BM) and 9237a (BK, BM, K).

PENINSULAR Tambon, Kao Panom, Krabi, Kerr 19392

DIVISION: (BK, BM, K); Nakawn Sritamarat, Kiri-

SUMATRA ATIEH:

TAPANULI:

WEST COAST:

East COAST:

INDRAGIRI:

DJAMBI:

BENKULEN:

‘(BKF, SING);

wong, Khao Na Rawn, Plernchit 382

(BKF, SING); Trang, Chawng, Din 240

am Put 255 (BKF);

Klawng Ton, Satul, Kerr 1459] (BK,

BM).

Gajo Loeus, Gunong Agosan, bb22429

(BO, L, SING).

Pulau Musala (Mursala), Pulau Poene,

Sibolga, bb3772 (BO); Aek Labuan, P.

Poene, bb/9290 (A, BO, L); Pangkalan

Tapoes Complex, Sibolga and Ommenlan-

den, Manduamas, bb28/89 (BO, L);

Baroes, P.T. Complex 6b28442 (BO, L,

SING).

Duku, Painan, 553/28 (BO, L).

Pulau Berhala, Wyatt-Smith K.F.N. 76458

(KEP).

Indrag. Uplands, Lake Mengkuang,

bb27505 = Buwalda 86 (BO, L, SING)

and Buwalda 6619 (BO, G, K, L, P,

SING); Kuala Belias,* Buwalda 6718 (BO,

K, L, SING): Riouw and Ond., Indrag.

Uplands, Belimbing, bb2856/ (BO, L,

SING) and R. & O., Muara Pedjanki,

bb27482 (BO, L).

Betaro, bb12862 (BO).

Redjang, Lobok Binjai, bb2300 (BO, L).

*Foot-Note:—Buwalda 6718 in not typical iners. It may be atypical

maxima or of hybrid origin.

180

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

PELEMBANG:

PULAU

SIMALUR:

PULAU

ENGGANO:

BANKA:

BILLITON :

MALAY PENINSULA:

JAVA

KELANTAN:

NEGRI

SEMBILAN :

S.L. ;

WEST JAVA:

S.L.», L285 {BOy

Lematang Ulu, Grashoff 239 (BO, U);

Lematang TIlir, the following four:—

Semangus Reserve, bbNos. 31680 (BO, K,

L, SING) & 31957 (BO, L) and Gunong

Megang (Dorst) Thorenaar T3P543 (BO,

SING) and T73P599 (BO). Suka Radja,

Sungei Rupit, Forbes 297] (A, BM, FI,

L, P, SING); Rawas, Grashoff 1120 (BO,

L); Banjuasin & Kubestreken, the follow-

ing four:— Musi Ilir, F.A. Verduyn

Lunel T.B. 1081 (BO); Mangsang, Musi

Tlir, bb18653 (A, BO); s.1 57EIP591 (BO,

SING) and /85E2P942 (BO). Bajunglint-

jir, the remainder:— Endert 57EIP554

(BO, L, SING, U); Endert 57EIP575

(BO, SING); (Endert) Thorenaar

57EIP596 (BO, L, SING): Endert

S7EIP589 (BO, L); Endert I85EIP88&3

(BO, L) and /85E2P1005 (BO, L, SING).

Achmad Nos. 203 (BO, L); 204 (BO, L,

Oy: '289 “60, L.- t) 3 (ee 2.

SING, U); 953 (BO, L, SING, U); 1123

(BO, L, SING, U) and 1/548 (BO, SING).

Boea-Boea, Lijtjeharms 4560 (A, BO,

BRL K, Lo NY. 2. US SING.

Rindik, bb/18]2 (BO); Nibung, South

Banka, bb/1652 (BO).

Tanjong Pandan, A. Malie, bb9182 (BO):

T. Pandan, Bantan, bb//833 (BO); Pulau

Mendanau, Vorderman (19) s.n. (CAL, L).

Kedah, Penang, Perak, Trengganu,

Pahang, Selangor, Malacca, Johore, Singa-

pore. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16

(1958) 365. The following new records

are added :—

Kampong Gobek, Kerilla Estate, Mohd

Shah & Kadim 506 (A, E, K, L, PNH,

SING).

Sungei Menyala, Port Dickson, Wyatt-

Smith K. F. Nos. 64474 (KEP); 64754

(KEP) & 64785 (KEP) and Kochummen

K.F.N. 72496 (KEP).

Herb. de Bunge (P); Kollmann, date

1891 (G. Boiss.); Korthals s.n. (BO, CAL,

L, U); Teijsmann 13913 (BM) and

Teijsmann s.n. (L).

1’ Forbes’ 544 °-(8M, . BO. oGG

Prov. Bantam:—Tjemara, Udjung Kulon,

Koorders 5264 (BO); Gunong Pajung.

Reinwardt s.n. (L); Pandeglang, Sangiang,

Ja 3960 (A, BO, L).

Bogor Proyv.:—Natur Monument Dungus.

Iwul, about 10 km. from Djasinga, Bogor,

Ja 1959 (BO); G. Salak and Seribu,

(localities not given on sheets) Blume s.n.

(“CAL L, M, NY, FF, 3° Ge

Prov. Preanger:—Pelabuanratu, Suka-

bumi, Koorders Nos. 5249 (BO, CAL, K,

L, P) and 5252 (BO); Tasikmalaja,

Koorders Nos. 43398 (BO, L) and 4761/1

(BO); G. Gede, Sukabumi, Ja 3136 (A,

BO, L).

Sinclair — Myristica

MID JAvA:

EAST JAVA:

BORNEO SARAWAK:

BRUNEI:

WEST BORNEO:

SOUTH AND

SOUTH-EAST

BORNEO:

EAST AND

NorTH-EAST

BORNEO:

181

Pekalongan, Subah, Koorders 27480 (BO,

L); Oengaran, Semarang, Horsfield s.n.,

K sheet is 683 (BM, CGE, K, UV).

S.1., not Amboina, Forbes 1/57 (A, BM,

CAL); Besuki, Gunong Kemiri Sanga,

Backer 30570 (BO).

Ist Division:—Semengoh Forest Reserve,

Kuching, Tinggi SAR 43 (KEP, SAR,

SING); Matang, Beccari 1590 (FI); Bako

National Park, Briinig SAR 6744 (SING);

Sabal F. Reserve, Gunong Gaharu,

Serian, Nahar SAR Nos. 12668 (K, L,

SAR, SING); 1/2684 (K, L, SAR, SING);

and 12685 (K, L, SAR, SING) and

Sinclair 10235 (A, B, E, K, L, SAR,

SING); G. Gading F. Reserve, Lundu,

Browne 63 (KEP, SAR); Gunong Santu-

bong east, Haji Bujang SAR 12795 (K,

L, SAN, SAR, SING).

3rd Division:—Sungei Nangar, Matu

Daro Protected Forest, Binatang, Sanusi

bin Tahir SAR 12320 (K, L, SAR, SING);

left bank of Rejang River, 10 km. below

Belaga, Segaham Range, near Belaga

airfield, M. Jacobs 5424 (CANB, G, K,

L,. SAK, SING).

4th Division:—Baram, Haviland & Hose ©

3289 (K); Entoyut River, Baram District,

Hose 392 (BM, K, PNH); near Long

Kapa, Mt. Dulit, Ulu Tinjar, Richards

Nos. 1522 (K, SING) and /6/5 (A, K,

SING).

Andulau F. Reserve, Ashton, Symthies &

Wood SAN 17502 (BRUN, KEP, L,

SING).

Sanggau, Emperit, bb/4239 (BO) sterile.

Sampit, 6bb7935 (BO); Ben. Dajak,

Terusan, bb9882 (BO).

Mara, Bulungan, 5bb/0760 (BO) _inter-

mediate, approaching malaccensis but

leaves with rounded and acute base on

same specimen; Salimbatu near Bulungan

bb11238 (BO); West Kutei the following

two :—Sabintulung, bb/5868 (BO): near

L. Puhus, Endert 5001 (BO, K, L);

Berouw, bb Nos. 12141 (BO); 12171] (BO)

and /898] (BO, L); E. Kutei, Sangkuli-

rang, Kampong Palawan, bb//898 (BO)

intermediate, approaching malaccensis; S.

Susuk Region, E. Kutei, Kostermans Nos.

3475. (BO, K,. KEP, L, P, PNH, SING)

and 5597 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING) this

last one intermediate somewhat, approach-

ing malaccensis; Loa WHaur, West of

Samarinda, Kostermans Nos. 6789 (BM,

BO, G, K, L, PNH, SING) and 6972

(BO, K, ‘L, SING); Sg. Wain Region,

North of Balikpapan, Kostermans 4400

(BO, K, L): Berikan Bulu, Peak of Balik-

papan, Kostermans 7451 (BO, K, L):

Gunong Beratus, Peak of Balikpapan,

Sulamandau, Kostermans 7600 (BO, K,

L, PNH, SING).

182 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

BRITISH Serudong, Tawau, W. Meijer SAN 19541

NorTH Borneo: (L); Sepilok Forest, Sandakan, Kadir

A2570 (BO, CANB, K, KEP, SAN,

SING); Sepilok Forest, Compt 12,

Sinclair 8948 (A, B, E, K, L, M, SAN,

SING); Cpt 13, Wood A1967 (K, KEP,

L, SAN, SING) and Compt 16, Sinclair

9293 (A, B, BM, E, K, L, M, SAN,

SING); Sibugal River, Agullana 3887 (A,

BO, K, NY, UC, US); Mt Kinabalu,

Penibukan Ridge, Clemens Nos. 30524

(A, em, BO, G, K, L, M, NY, UC);

40614 (A, BM, G, K, L, M) and 40947

(A, BM, G, K, L, M, UC); Ranau above

hot springs, W. Meijer SAN 24053 (K,

L, SING).

PULAU

NUNUKAN: Paymans 149 (DD, L).

CULTIVATED: All in Hort. Bog.:— Beccari 4027 =

FI Accession Nos. 7680 (FI) and 7682

(FI) as var. megalocarpa Warb. nom.

ined.; IVG 73 {A, US); IVG 77 (US);

IVG 99 (NY, US); IVH 17 Sinclair

10034 (E, K, SING) & sine collector

(NY).

DISTRIBUTION : Southern Indo-China (Cochin-China and

Cambodia), Southern Siam (South Eastern

and Peninsular Divisions), Sumatra,

Malay Peninsula, West Java, less.

abundant in Mid and East Java, Borneo,

all territories.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. iners B1. type locality is G. Seribu.

Blume s.n. and s.1. (A, C, CAL, L, M,

NY, P, S, U) may also represent speci-

mens from Salak as he later mentions it

from Salak in Rumphia. There are several

sheets Blume s.n. in L. M. sublanceolata

Mig. Horsfield s.n. & K sheet 683 (BM,

CGE, K, U holotype) from Oecengaran,

Mid Java. M. fallax Warb. Beccari 1590

(FI). M. vordermanii Warb. Vorderman

s.n. (CAL, L holotype) Pulau Mendanau.

M. heritieriifolia Pierre ex lLecomte,.

Pierre 5435 (P). M. cumingii var. flori-

bunda Airy Shaw, Richards 1615 (K

holotype, SING). M. wyatt-smithii Airy

Shaw, Wyatt-Smith K.F.N. 52149 (K

holotype, SING).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Chandaeng; chan pa (Siam); kayu luo

(Sundanese); kumpang; kumpang kiong

(Sarawak); Jlakka (Sundanese); pala

meliedjok (P. Mendanau).

Since I dealt with this species in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

363, I have seen much more material, especially many Bogor

specimens collected in Sumatra. I have repeated and enlarged the

description to include the numerous variations, since M. iners is

very polymorphic in regard to its leaves. My original description

refers to the typical form which has narrow, chartaceous, lanceolate

leaves with an acute base and the nerves faint or indistinct on the

lower surface. Although there are many forms and variations,

I find I cannot group them into distinct varieties as they grade

into each other without any relation to geographical distribution.

Sinclair — Myristica 183:

Thus the typical form, originally from Java, but also found in

Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo, with narrow leaves, average

breadth 2-3.5 cm, leads on through broader forms (4-8 cm broad)

to M. wyatt-smithii and a somewhat similar plant from Kelantan,

Mohd Shah & Kadim 506 having leaves 8-10 cm. broad. (Incident-

ally I have now transferred M. wyatt-smithii from a synonym of

malaccensis to a synonym of iners, see notes under malaccensis).

I have seen other sheets of iners with broad and narrow leaves.

on the same specimen. The leaves are coriaceous as well as

chartaceous and may have a broad rounded base or an acute one

and there may be leaves with acute and rounded bases on the

same specimen. The venation on the lower surface may be

distinct as well as faint. In fact there are examples of specimens.

with every combination of the following characters:—1 narrow

leaves, la broad leaves, 2 chartaceous leaves, 2a coriaceous leaves,.

3 rounded base, 3a acute base, 4 strong venation, 4a weak venation

and I find that combinations of such characters have no relation

to geographical grouping. These combinations may be further

complicated by plants having both the contrasting characters 1

and la, etc. being present in the same specimen, producing a

reticulate pattern with each form grading into the next and not a

series of isolated intra-specific taxa. Of all the forms there is one

which is more distinct from the rest. Here the Jeaves are charta-

ceous, narrow with a cuneate base almost decurrent on to the

petiole, but the upper part of the leaf near the apex is rounded,

obtuse and broadens out, ending in a 1 cm. long apiculus so that

the shape is somewhat obovate. This is seen in Kostermans 6789

and 6972 from Loa Haur, East Borneo. I might have named them

as a separate variety had it not been that some of the leaves on

Kostermans 6789 have almost parallel sides and an acute or

rounded, non-cuneate base. Further these two sheets lead on,

on the one hand to Kostermans 5475 which is somewhat similar

but the leaves are slightly more coriaceaus, broader for the most

part, and narrowed to a rounded base. On the other hand they

pass on to a series with leaves similar in texture i.e. chartaceous

with an acute base and distinct venation but even among these,

there are specimens with a rounded base. The apex of the leaf

does not broaden out and the sides are sometimes nearly parallei.

Examples of such are the plants that have been called M. fallax

and cumingii var. floribunda, Beccari 1590 and Richards 1522 and

1615 and similar sheets Kadir A2570, Sinclair Nos. 8948 & 9293

and Wood A1957. These in turn grade into specimens with more

coriaceous ieaves and a rounded base.

The compact or lax inflorescence is no guide either to sub-

division. The inflorescence when young is rather compact with

thick pedicels and branches. These remain close together for a

long time, but just before flowering’ elongate and become lax, the

pedicels then appearing quite slender. Such plants with lax, mature

inflorescences have been called M. fallax and M. cumingii var.

floribunda.

184 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

One, at times, meets with specimens which look deceptively

intermediate between iners and malaccensis or approach malac-

censis. They may be of hybrid origin, but since all seem to me

to be nearer to iners, I have placed them under that species rather

than with malaccensis. An example is Kostermans 5597 which has

rounded and acute leaves on the same specimen, the nerves rather

numerous and like those of malaccensis, but the texture of the

leaf too thin and the margins not reflexed. Hose 392 is somewhat

less intermediate. For differences between M. iners and malaccensis

see notes under the latter.

The original spelling of M. vordermanii was M. vordermanni

Warburg. This is corrected to M. vordermannii in Flora Malesiana

1, 1 (1950) 550, the double i being in accordance with the Code.

But since the collector’s name was Adolphe Guillaume Vorderman,

I have to alter it to M. vordermanii.

(15) Myristica malaccensis Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 104;

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 287 pl. 107 bis;

Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 411; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mai. Pen.

5, 23 (1912) 230; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 64 non M.

malaccensis Gandoger (1919)= Ardisia teijsmanniana Scheff.;

Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 356 f. 27.

Synonyms: M. borneensis Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 401

t. 14 f. 1-3, non M. borneensis Gandoger (1919) = M. villosa

Warb.; Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. sp. number

(1921) 269. M. pandurifolia Hubert Winkler in Bot. Jahrb. 49,

3 & 4 (1913) 367; Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. sp.

number (1921) 269.

Tree 5—20 m. high. Bark blackish brown or dark reddish brown,

flaking in a general longitudinal pattern, but not furrowed, flakes

scale-like, small, thin, brittle; sap copious, dark red. Twigs

glabrous, rather pale and smooth in the younger parts, darker,

striate and sometimes flaking in the older, 3-5 mm. thick at the

apex. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, elliptic-oblong with the sides

nearly parallel, or panduriform, glabrous, dark glossy green above

and retaining some of the glossy green colour when dry, pale green

beneath and dull, the margins slightly revolute; nerves 15-20 pairs,

leaving the midrib at almost right angles and curving gradually

to the margins, impressed above and raised beneath, reticulations

invisible or faint above, more distinct beneath and at times forming

a loose network; length 15—25—(33) cm; breadth 4-11 cm., average

7 cm.; petiole 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Male inflorescence an axillary

panicle, 7-10 cm. long, bearing the flowers in sub-umbellate cymes;

bracteoles 2 mm. long, reniform, membranous, tomentulose with

ciliate margins; pedicels 3 mm. — 1 cm. long and less than | mm.

thick. Male flowers oblong, obtuse in bud, slightly coriaceous,

tomentulose with greyish hairs outside, 5 mm. long and 3 mm.

Sinclair — Myristica 185

broad, 3-angled at the apex with three blunt teeth extending about

half-way down the perianth; androecium 2.5—-3 mm. long when

mature, including the 0.5—-1 mm. long, swollen, pilose stalk, anthers

7-8, the apex of the column slightly convex or nearly flat without

an apiculus. Female inflorescence very short, 7 mm. — 2 cm. long,

little branched. Female flowers and bracteoles as in the male, but

the perianth a little longer and more swollen; ovary densely

tomentose. Fruit oblong, 5—7 cm. Jong and 3 cm. broad, pale

yellow, minutely rusty-tomentulose, becoming glabrous when old,

pericarp very thin and brittle when mature and dry, one to several

fruits present on a rather slender, 4 cm long axis, the individual

stalks 5 mm.—1 cm. long, thickening into a cone at the base of

the fruit. Aril orange-red. Seed filling the carpel, dark brown

when dry.

MALAY PENINSULA: Selangor, Malacca and Pahang. For list

see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 358. De-

lete the Bukit Lagong records of M.

wyatt-smithii mentioned there and trans-

fer to M. iners. The Kedah record is only

M. iners.

BORNEO SaRAwWwak: 1st Division:—Kuching, Beccari Nos. 652

(FI, G, K, M, NY, P, S); 666 (FI, G, K,

M, P) & 1270 (FI); Matang, Beccari Nos.

15/74 (re EV. GG, BoP) & 1575 (FD);

Semengoh Forest Reserve, Kuching, Haji

Bujang SAR 12752 (K, L, SAR, SING);

Sinclair Nos. 10178 (K, L, SAR, SING)

& 10194 (A, B, E, K, L, SAR, SING) and

Yacup 9350 (BO, K, L, SAR, SING);

Sungei Sabal Tapang, Serian, Sinclair

10280 (A, E, K, L, SAR, SING); Gunong

Gaharu, Serian, Sinclair 10286 (E, K, L,

SAR, SING); Bako National Park, Telok

Tajor, Ardzi & Rashid SAR 10251 (K,.

L, SAR, SING); Gunong’ Gading,

Beccari 2328 (FI).

3rd Division:—Path to Bukit Kementan.

Ulu Muput Kanan, Anap, Ilias Paie SAR

19511 (L).

4th Division:—Tatau, Kakus-Pandan F.

Reserve, Briinig SAR 11956 (SAR,

SING); Lambir Hills F.R., Miri, Dan b.

Haji Bakar SAR 4365 (SAR, SING):

Gunong Api, Baram, Anderson SAR

4343 (SAR, SING).

BRUNEI: Andulau F. Reserve, Ashton BRUN Nos.

577 (BO, K, KEP, L, SAR, SING) and

5945 (BO, K, KEP, L, SAR, SING);

Sungei Belait at Kuala Ingei, Ashton

BRUN 186 (BO, K, KEP, L, SAR, SING)

probably; north slopes of Bukit Patoi,

Temburong, Ashton, Smythies & Wood

SAN 17126 (BRUN, K, KEP, L, SING);

4 mile south of summit of Bukit Patoi,

Ashton, Smythies & Wood SAN 17421

(KEP, L, SING).

SOUTH AND

SOUTH-EAST Hayup, Hubert Winkler 2405 (BM, BO,.

BORNEO: K, L, P; BER, Saves; £).

186 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

*EAST AND Bukit Kasian, Amdjah 73 (BO, SING);

NORTH-EAST D. Parei, Mahakam, 56b20714 (BO):

BORNEO: Bloe-oe, Jaheri 131] (BO); L. Petah, W.

Kutei, Endert 3456 (BO).

BRITISH

NORTH Beluran River, Labuk, D.D. Wood 673

BORNEO: (A, PNH).

DISTRIBUTION : Malay Peninsula (Selangor, Malacca and

Pahang) rare. Borneo, common _ in

Sarawak and Brunei.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. malaccensis Hk.f., Maingay 1305 (A,

CAL, K_ holotype, Z). M. borneensis

Warb., Beccari Nos. 652; 666; 1270; 1574;

1575 and 2328 (see above) all syntypes.

M._ pandurifolia Hubert Winkler,

Winkler 2405 (B holotype burnt, BM,

BO, K, L, 'P,; PNH,. SING, 2):

Since I dealt with M. malaccensis in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

356 much more material has been received and I have been able to

add notes about the bark characters and other aspects of external

morphology not mentioned there. A fresh description of this species

is therefore now given. M. malaccensis is near to iners and at one

time, I thought that I might have to unite them. However, I have

now seen both species growing in the Semengoh Forest in Sarawak

and from the appearance of the bark they can at once be

separated. The Dyak collectors whose local knowledge of the

forest and trees is considerable, assured me that the two trees were

quite distinct from each other. The colour of the bark and its

flaking is about the same in both, but that of malaccensis does not

have the longitudinal fissures seen in iners. The twigs of malaccensis

are much thicker at the apex than those of iners while the leaves

of the former also are generally more coriaceous and broader, dry

a greenish colour above, are more rounded at the base, with the

margins slightly inrolled towards the lower surface and the veins

more prominent and less oblique, leaving the midrib at a wide

angle and curving gradually from midrib to margin. However, there

are specimens of iners in which the leaf is also coriaceous and broad

and the veins equally prominent, curving gradually from midrib to

margin. The male flowers in malaccensis are sub-globose in bud

and smaller than in iners where they are more ovoid and slightly

narrowed to the apex. The three ridges on the perianth does not

seem to be present in iners.

It will be noticed that I have transferred M. wyatt-smithii from

a synonym of malaccensis to a synonym of iners. It is really only

a broad-leaved form of iners (also see notes under iners) and the

ciliate character of the bracteole seen in wyatt-smithii does not serve

to separate malaccensis from iners as both have ciliate bracteoles.

I have now seen a great deal of material of the latter since my

account of it in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 363 was written.

*Foot-note:—The specimens from East-Borneo may be atypical

maxima with very thin leaves.

Sinclair — Myristica 187

6. SERIES ELLIPTICAE

series Ellipticae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 377.

Synonyms: series Celebicae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 374.

Series Schleinitziae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 374.

Twigs pale straw-coloured, pale brown, or reddish brown, less

often dark (rosselensis) generally glabrous or nearly so except

inopinata. Leaves chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, sometimes

breaking in herbaria, medium to small size-class, glabrous, drying

a pale yellowish brown above, often glaucous beneath when fresh

and becoming a similar pale brown when dry, whitish, very closely

adpressed scales (never lax or powdery) sometimes present in

elliptica var. celebica, the white colour often (not always) persisting

when dry, base acute, generally rounded, sometimes emarginate or

sub-cordate; nerves distinct or faint, secondary nerves present

except in elliptica. Inflorescence axis slender and often flattened,

branched or simply bifurcate, the branches opposite, the lowermost

generally at a wide angle, the uppermost smaller and more oblique.

Perianth elongate, tubular, ellipsoid, strongly three-angled at the

apex and for some distance down (garciniifolia, inopinata and to a

less extent in elliptica) the angles very faint or absent in schleinitzii

and rosselensis, often obliquely attached to the pedicel, the bracteole

small, much shorter than the flower, also obliquely attached and

adpressed to the base of the flower but diverging from it higher up

towards its own apex i.e. the apex of the bracteole. Female flowers

urceolate with reflexed lobes. Staminal column usually without a

sterile apiculus, its stalk glabrous or pubescent and smaller than

the fertile part (sterile apiculus present in inopinata and sometimes

seen in rosselensis. More observations should be made). Fruit

generally rather small, largest in elliptica, glabrous or becoming

glabrous, less often tomentulose, rarely densely villose (inopinata),

ellipsoid or oblong, gibbous at the base and oblique at the apex in

elliptica, slightly oblique in garciniifolia. 5 species — elliptica,

garciniifolia, inopinata, rosselensis and schleinitzii.

TYPE SPECIES. M. elliptica Hk. f. et Th. var. elliptica.

Series Ellipticae is linked to series Malabaricae especially through

M. elliptica. The lack of secondary nerves in that species separates

it from the remaining New Guinea members of the Ellipticae which

have them, but ally it to series Malabaricae where secondary nerves

are mostly absent. The twigs, glabrous in all species except

inopinata, also indicate a relation with series Malabaricae. An

important difference between the two series is that the male perianth

has changed its shape from the globose or ovoid of series

Malabaricae to the ellipsoid or almost tubular of Ellipticae. In

addition the perianth has become three-angled at the apex in bud

in most of the species including elliptica. Only one species in the

Malabaricae, namely M. malaccensis has a three-angled perianth.

188 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

The ridges there are not always distinct but the trait has at least

appeared. Series Ellipticae is also related to series Cinnamomeae

through the presence of a similar three-ridged perianth but differs

in the absence of the powdery cinnamon scales on the undersurface

of the leaf.

It will be noticed that Warburg has only one species, namely

elliptica, in series Ellipticae, and that he has put the others into

two separate series viz. Schleinitzii and Celebicae, the latter con-

sisting of the two species M. celebica and M. simiarum which he

did not unite with M. elliptica. He saw only fruiting specimens of

garciniifolia and did not know where to place it. The remaining

‘species were unknown in his day.

(16) Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (Feb. 1855)

162; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 196; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1

(1858) 58; Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 102; King in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 295 pl. 113; Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 437 t. 16 f. 1-3; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912)

231; Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. sp. number (1921)

269; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 65; Burk. Dict. 2 (1935) 1524:

Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya 1 (1940 & 1952 editions) 477

text figs 159 & 161; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 353

f. 26, pl. VIA-B.

Synonyms: M. elliptica Wall. Cat. 6798a nom. nud. M. macro-

carpa Wall. Cat. 6798b nom. nud. (see notes below). M. calocarpa

Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 71; Suppl. 1 (1860) 156 & 3

(1861) 383 et Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 48. M.

sycocarpa Migq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 68; Suppl. 1 (1860)

156.

var. elliptica — Fig. 12G and H.

SIAM PENINSULAR Tako, Langsuan, Put 1693 (BK, BM, K);

DIVISION: Khao Luang, Nakawn Sritamarat,

Smitinand 850 (A, SING); Chawng, Kiah

S.F.N. 24381 (BK. BM, K, SING).

SUMATRA TaPANnuLli: Sibolga, Barus, bb29535 (BO, L); Barus,

Pankalan Tapus, bb29548 (A, BO, L,

SING).

West Coast: Ophier, Air Bangis, bb19848 (A, BO, L);

Sidjungdjung, Teijsmann 477 (BO, WU):

Priaman, Teijsmann & Diepenhorst 482

(BO, U); Priaman, eee oe 2570 (U)

& Teijsmann 2082 (BO,

East Coast: Sibolangit, Lérzing = (BO. LL.»

Masihi F.R., Asahan, Krukoff 4125 (A,

BO, BR, BRI, G, L, NY, SING, US);

along S. Muka between Tanah Datar &

Tanjong Tiram, Batu Bahru, Bartlett 7177

(G, K, L, NY, US); Batu Bahru, Yates

2123 (B, BO, NY, UC); Upper Delhi,

Central Petani Valley, Ldérzing 15237 (L).

INDRAGIRI : Riouw & Ond., Indrag. Bovenlanden,

Belimbing bb28470 Buwalda 247 (BO,

P); Indrag. Bovenlanden, Kuala Lau,

Buwalda 6862 (K, L, SING); Kw.

Keritang bb28698 (BO).

DJAMBI: Simpang, bb/13148 (BO).

Sinclair — Myristica

PALEMBANG:

BANKA:

' BILLITON:

RIOUW

ARCHIPELAGO:

MALAY PENINSULA:

BORNEO ~— SARAWAK:

WEST

BORNEO:

SOUTH AND .

SOUTH-EAST

BORNEO:

EAST AND

NorTH-EAST

BORNEO:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

VERNACULAR NAMES:

189

S.1., Dorst 154E1P846 (BO, SING) &

154E1P940 (BO, L, SING); Banjuasin,

Selubut, Thorenaar T1208 (BO); Bosch

Samiang, B. van Vreeden 138 (BO);

Banjuasin & Kubestreken, Grashoff 881

(BO, SING) & Thorenaar T1141 (BO).

Rias, bb/5395 (BO); Sungei Slan, Teijs-

man s.n. (BO); Toboalei, Teijsmann s.n.

(BO).

Tanjong Pandan, Bantan, Air Malih,

bb9172 (BO) & bb10238 (BO).

Gunong Bientang, Teijsmann s.n. (BO).

All provinces except Perlis and Province

Wellesley. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing.

16 (1958) 355. Now recorded for the first

time in Kelantan:— Kemahang Forest

Reserve, Tanah Merah, Hamzah_ bin

Tahir K.F.N. 93623 (KEP) and Jalaludin

bin Munaf K.F.N. 92595 (KEP).

1st Division:—Kuching, Beccari Nos. 287

(FI); 613; @1,~G);, 702 (FL, G, KieoP)y &

3550 (FI, G, K, P): Haviland & Hose

3726 (K); Dickson 9 (SING); Mt Poi,

Clemens 20118 (A, BO, NY, SAR);

Sungei Ensebang, Balai Ringin Protected

Forest, Serian, Muas SAR 13367 (K, L,

SAN, SAR, SING).

4th Division:—S. Kelawit, Tatau, Ashton

SAR 16467 (L, SING).

S.1., de Vriese s.n. (L); Teijsmann & de

Vriese sn. (L); Landschap Kubu,

Ambawang, 6bb7/50 (BO, L); Kapuas,

Teijsmann Nos. 8681 (BO, FI, SING) &

8682 (BO); Sungei Landak, Teijsmann

s.n. (BO); Suka Lanting, Hallier 24 (BO).

Sampit, Buwalda 7956 (A, BO, K, L);

near Sampit, Kostermans 4687 (BO, K,

L); Gunong Pematton, Korthals s.n.

(CAL...L)

S.1., Jaheri, date 1893 (BO, SING) pro-

bably on the border of west Borneo;

Sungei Makaham near Samarinda, E.

Kutei, Kostermans 6125 (A, K, L, P,

PNH, SING).

Peninsular Siam, Sumatra, Malay Penin-

sular and Borneo except Brunei and

British North Borneo.

Mpyristica elliptica Hk.f.et. Th. Wall. Cat.

6798a (BM, CAL, CGE, E, G, K _ holo-

type, M, NY, P) Porter, Penang. M.

calocarpa Mig. Teijsmann 477 (BO, U

holotype). Sidjungdjung. M. sycocarpa

Miq. Diepenhorst & Teijsmann 482 (BO,

U_ holotype) Priaman. M. macrocarpa

Wall. Cat. 6798b (K holotype) Singapore.

Fruit correct for M. elliptica but a

strange leaf mounted on sheet which may

or may not belong to a Knema. The

epithet macrocarpa does not appear in

the Wall. Cat. but is taken from the

herbarium sheet 6798b.

Chan-muang (Pen. Siam): sunkit-sunkit

(Sumatra, Indrag. Uplands); swamp nut-

meg (English); tabah; tajam_ penggali

(Johore).

190 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore— XXIII (1968)

This species is allied to M. garciniifolia and M. schleinitzii. It is

perhaps nearest to the latter in the shape and structure of the

flowers. Both have similar bracteoles with the flower inserted rather

obliquely on the pedicel. The tubular perianth, sharply angled at

the apex is common to all three, while the same number of anthers

and the presence of hairs on the stalk of the staminal column are

also features in common. M. elliptica differs from the other

members of its series in not having secondary nerves. For other

differences see under these species.

The typical form of M. elliptica is a fresh water swamp forest

_tree with a large oblong fruit, glabrous or slightly pubescent flowers

and a glabrous or simetimes pilose stalk to the staminal column.

The flowers of its other two varieties are smaller, more numerous

and densely pilose. See under these varieties and in the key for more

details. The var. celebica is in some respects nearer to var. elliptica

cf. the fruit, but its flowers are closer to those of var. simiarum,

a variety or subspecies with a much smaller fruit. The geographical

distribution of the three forms is interesting, especially the occurrence

of var. celebica in Borneo. The species may have been distributed

by birds, but I have pointed out in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 214

that the fruits and seeds of M. elliptica even without the aril float.

The small-fruited forms such as var. celebica and simiarum would

be readily carried and disseminated by birds or water while the

larger fruit of var. elliptica might be distributed by water only so

hence its occurrence in wet places. M. elliptica var. elliptica does

not occur in Brunei or North Borneo, the parts of Borneo nearest

to the Philippines so it is absent also from the Philippines. The

variety simiarum is entirely absent from Borneo. It does not even

occur in those nearest parts just mentioned which are opposite to

the Philippines so there is less chance of it turning up in other parts

of Borneo. This distribution would explain why it is rather different

from the other two varieties, and might also be a good reason for

classifying it as a subspecies rather than a variety. Variety celebica

on the other hand occurs in that part of East Borneo, the jutting

peninsula of East Kutei, which is at no great distance from Celebes

while the typical variety elliptica is also present in East Borneo,

the nearest locality to that of var. celebica being at Samarinda just

south of the East Kutei peninsula.

var. simiarum (A.DC) J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 356.

Basionym: Myristica simiarum A.DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 4,

4 (Nov. 1855) 29 et Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 192; Mig. FI. Ind. Bat.

1(2), 1 (1858) 60; F-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 177; Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 397 t. 13 f. 1-2; Hayata, Icones Plant. Formosana-

rum 3 (1913) 156 et General. Index FI. Form. (1917) 61; Merr.

En. Philip. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 180; Kudo et Masamune in Ann. Rep.

Taihoku Bot. Gard. 2 (1932) 89; Kanehira, Form. Trees, rev. edit.

(1936) 194; Hui-Lin Li, Woody Flora of Taiwan (1963) 195.

Synonym: M. discolor Merr. in Philip. J. Sc. C. Bot. 13, 5

(1918) 281.

19]

Sinclair — Myristica

Y JuRrAm'

DEL./96/.

Fig. 12. Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hk. f. et Th. and its varieties.

A-C, male inflorescences of var. simiarum (A.DC.) J. Sinclair with

variations in branching. D, male flower of var. simiarum. E,

staminal column of var. simiarum. F, fruit of var. celebica (Miq.)

J. Sinclair. G, fruit of var. elliptica. H, aril and seed of var.

elliptica. I, fruit of var. simiarum. J, aril and seed of the same.

A from Ramos 32718 (SING). B from Ramos 80173 (SING).

C from Ramos 1543 (PNH). dot E from Ramos 80173 (SING).

F from Forman 37la (BO). G from Ridley s.n., Bukit eee

date 1893 (SING). H from Corner S.F.N. 29402 (SING).

from Sinclair 9469 (SING).

192 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Nomina nuda: M., elliptilimba Merr. nom. nud. in sched. M.

sulphurascens Elmer (sub M. simiarum A.DC.) Leafi. Phil.

Bot 10 (1939) 3809; Index Kew. Suppl. 10 for 1936-40 (1947)

149 Gymnactanthera sulphurascens Elmer, nom. nud. in sched.—

et Merr. in En. Philip. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 180 in notulis sub M.

simiarum A.DC. M. verruculosa Merr. nom. nud, in sched.—

Fig. 12A-E and I-J.

Tree 5-15 m. high Bark slightly rough, reddish or greyish brown;

wood white; sap dark red, copious. Twigs medium brown, glabrous

-and nearly smooth when young, older parts striate and straw-

coloured. Leaves chartaceous, very brittle when dry and breaking in

herbaria, medium green and glossy above, glaucous beneath with

yellowish green lower midrib and veins, drying a pale yellowish

brown, often with a blackish tinge, or sometimes nearly black

(black when heat is used), elliptic, ovate-elliptic or ovate; nerves

8-11 pairs; length variable but generally smaller than the typical

form, 10-17 cm., average 12 cm.; breadth 3.5-6 cm. Male inflore-

scene 3—5 cm. long, branched several times, the first pair of branches

often at right angles to the main axis, the scars of fallen pedicels

often prominent, the flowers clustered at the apices of the ultimate

branches in racemose-umbels. Male perianth yellow and densely

adpressed, dark rusty-tomentose or pilose outside, tubular, obliquely

attached to the pedicel and 3—angled at the apex as in the typical

form, 4-6 mm. long when dry; staminal column 2.5 mm. long,

obtuse at the apex without an apiculus, stalk 1 mm. long, densely

rusty-pilose, anthers 8-10; pedicels 2-3 mm. long, densely rusty-

tomentose. Female inflorescene shorter. Female perianth as in the

male, but urceolate and swollen with reflexed segments. Fruit

glabrous, orange, globose or sub-globose, rounded and then

minutely and obliquely apiculate at the apex, 1.5—2 cm. in diam.;

stalk slender, 2 mm. thick and 1 cm. long. Aril dark red, much

divided into narrow segments. Seed mottled with dark and lighter

brown when fresh.

FORMOSA BOTEL Taito, Botel Tobago (Hung-tou-yn; Lanyu

TOBAGO or Kotosho Island) Y. Kikuchi 2630 (TI):

ISLANDS : Mt Irararai, Tyosyun Sata 1270 (Z).

PHILIPPINES BATAN Batan Island, Mt Iraya, Ramos Nos

ISLANDS : 80064 (NY) & 80173 (K, NY, SING).

LUZON : Prov. Llocos Norte:—Paraiso 26484 (US);

Burgos, Ramoa Nos. 27276 (BO, P, US)

& 32718 (A, BRI, NY, SING).

Prov. Cagayan:—Vicinity of Penablanca,

Adduru 128 (A, BRI, K, P, US).

Prov. Isabela:—lIlagan, Vidal 3570 (K).

Prov. La Union:—Paraiso 23632 (A, US).

Prov. Benguet:—Twin Peaks, Elmer 6357

(G Bows, ‘Kh. NYSP) Ti," US):

Prov. Bataan:—Lamao River. Mt. Mari-

veles, Borden Nos. 470 (CAL) & 1244

(BO, BR, CAL, NSW, NY, US); Meyer

2630 (NSW, NY, SING, US) & Whitford

346 (NY, US).

Sinclair — Myristica

CATANDUANES:

SAMAR:

LEYTE:

PANAY :

MINDANAO:

DISTRIBUTION :

193

Prov. Rizal:—Calawan, Manila, Callery

34 (Gr Prodr., P).

Prov. Laguna:—Mt. Makiling, Curran

fanssaneBM; K; L. P, US); . Forestry

Senoor’ Z0L12 (BM, kK, _ L, P...US);

Mt. Makiling, Foxworthy, J8th Nov.

1914 (US); Sinclair 9469 (A, E, K, L, P.

SING) & Villamil 20398 (US).

Prov. Quezon:—the following three

Tayabas, Curran 10219 (US); Mauban,

Ramos 19465 (US); Infanta—Siniloan

Trail, Ramos & Edano 29206 (A, K, P,

US); Mt. Binuang, Ramos & Edajo

28709 (K, US).

Prov. Camarines:—Curran 10641 (CAL);

Ramos 1543 (A, BM, BO, BRI, CAL, G,

L, NSW, NY, P, PNH, SING).

Prov. Camarines Sur:—Mt. Madooy,

Edano 76037 (NY, SING).

Prov. Albay:—Casiguran, Vidal 3550 (K).

Prov. Sorsogon:—lIrosin, Mt. Bulusan,

Elmer 15469 (BM, BO, BP, C, CAL, FI,

i’ ho. NOW, NY. PINE, & olreG,

U, UC, US, W, Z).

Ramos & Edano 75198 (CAL, NY, SING,

Ve 7):

S.1., Ramos 1609 (BM, BO, BRI, CAL,

Ly NyY,. ©. ONY, SENG); ’Catubig

River, Ramos 24472 (A, BM, BO, BRI,

CALA K, dig NY} 2, SING, EB US).

Palo, Elmer 7377 (A, BO, BP, E, G, K,

LE, NY); s. 1., Wenzel 439 (A, BM, G, ~

US).

Jamindan, Ramos & Edano 31173 (MB,

Tre) Pcoukt

Prov. Surigao:—Bolster 317 (BM, NSW);

Cenabre, Ponce & Sherfesee 21649 (K,

Lis); fonce 23917 (A,,.BO, By, Pi. BS)s

Ramos & Pascasio 34469 (A. NSW);

Tomeldan 28634 (A): Wenzel Nos. 2773

(Ar RB, BR, to; KM, UC, 2) &. 2994

(AS BR, °BO, BR, GS, KK, MANY, UC, Z).

Prov. Agusan:—Cabadbaran. Mt. Urda-

neta, Elmer 13502 (A, BM, BO, BP, CAL,

BFE iG») K; BA NSW) NY}oR Uys OC,

US, Z); Asiga River, Ramos & Convocar

83692 (NY); sub-prov. Butuan, Miranda,

Ponce & Rafael 20766 (BM, K, P, US) &

Weber 1076 (A, E, G, K, MEL, NSW,

P, PNH, UC, US, 2).

Prov. Misamis Oriental:—Camiguin

Island, Ramos 14657 (BM, US).

Proy. Davao:—A. de Mesa 27584 (K, US).

Prov. Zamboanga del Norte:—Frake

38347 (L).

Philippines and Formosa (Botel Tobago

Island).

194 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica simiarum A.DC., Callery 34

(G Prodr. holotype, P) Calawan, Manila.

M. discolor Merr., Curran 13155 (BM,

K, L, P, US) Mt. Makiling. The follow-

ing are the sheets referring to the

nomina nuda:—M. elliptilimba Merr.,

Ramos & Edano 31173 (BM, K, P, US).

G. sulphurascens Elmer, 7377 (A,

BO, BP, E, G, K, LE, NY). M. sulphur-

ascens Elmer, Ramos 1609 (BM, BO,

BRI, CAL, G, L, NY, P, PHN, SING).

M. verruculosa Merr. de Mesa 27584 (K,

US); Ramos & Edafio 29206 (A, K, P,

US) and Ramos & Pascasio 34469 (A,

NSW).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Antao-nikuzuki (Formosa, Japanese);

anuping (Sul.); duguan (C. Bis.); lupau

(Ilk.); paria (Tag.); pokipok (Ilk.);

tambalau (Tag.).

Differs from the typical form in the smaller, more numerous

flowers which are more densely clustered at the ends of a more

branched inflorescence. The flowers and pedicels are more densely

pilose outside and not glabrous to slightly pilose. The stalk of the

staminal column is densely pilose as compared with glabrous or

slightly pilose in the typical form. The best distinguishing character

is the fruit, 1.5-2 cm. in diam., globose as against the oblong,

7-8 cm. long one in var. elliptica; the fruit-stalk is more slender.

The leaves though generally smaller, are variable and of little use

in distinguishing it from those of the other two forms. I reduced

M. simiarum to a vareity of elliptica in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

356, but some botanists may prefer to regard it as a subspecies.

I would have regarded it as a subspecies myself, had it not been for

the existence of a more intermediate variety, namely var. celebica

from Borneo, Celebes and the Moluccas which has a slightly larger

fruit, but not so large as that of the typical form. As pointed out

both var. elliptica and var. celebica occur in East Borneo. At least

I cannot separate the Bornean material from that of Celebes. It is

important that a cytological study should now be made of these

forms, the taxonomy of which cannot be settled further in the

herbarium.

var. celebica (Miq.) J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 356.

Basionym: Myristica celebica Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat-

2, 1 (1865) 47; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 395 t. 15 f. 1-6:

Koorders, Fl. van N.O. Celebes (1898) 570 non M. celebica

Gandoger (1919) = M. fatua Houtt.

Synonym: M. fragrans (non Houtt.) Miq. f. sylvestris Miq. Ann.

Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1, 2 (1864) 205; Ann. 2, 1 (1865) 48 sub

M. celebica Miq. — Fig. 12F.

Tree 20-26 m. high. Leaves as in var. elliptica, variable in size.

14-24 cm. long and 4-8 cm. broad. Male inflorescence 2.5—4 cm.

long, similar to that of var. simiarum, but usually with fewer

flowers. Male flowers as in var. simiarum, densely adpressed, rusty-

pilose or sericeous outside, glabrous inside, 4-6 mm. long and

2 mm. in diam.; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; anthers 8-10, stalk of

staminal column densely adpressed-tomentose. Female flowers also

Sinclair — Myristica

195

similar to those of var. simiarum. Fruit larger than that of var.

simiarum and oblong with a prominent, oblique apiculus at the

apex, and often ridged along the line of dehiscence, 3.5—-4 cm. long

and 2.5-3 cm. broad, pericarp 3-4 mm. thick; stalk thicker,

1.3-1.5 cm. long and 7 mm. thick (4 mm. thick in the Bornean

specimens).

BORNEO EAST AND

NORTH-EAST

BORNEO:

CELEBES NortTH

PENINSULA:

CENTRAL

CELEBES:

SouTH WEST

PENINSULA:

PULAU

MOENA:

MOLUCCAS BatTIAN:

BURU:

SULA

ISLANDS:

Mt. Ilas Bungaan, Berouw, Kostermans

Nos. 13772 (BM, CANB, K, KEP, L, P,

SING) & 13866 (K, L, SING); Mt.

Medadam, north of Sangkulirang,

Kostermans 13365 (BO, K, L); Gunong.

Sekrat, south-east of Sangkulirang, E.

Kutei, Kostermans 5895 (BO, K, L, P,

PNH, SING); Sg. Susuk Region, E.

Kutei, Kostermans 5623 (BO, K, L, PNH,

SING’.

Minahassa, Manado, Koorders Nos.

18155 (BO) & J8159 (BO); Forman

371A (BO, K, L, SING); Teijsmann

5872 (BO, SING, U); de Vriese s.n (CAL

K, L, U); Gunong Kawatak, Minahassa,

Alston 16254 (BM); Lemo, Manado,

bb Nos. 7524 (BO) & 7543 (BO); Bang-

gai, Pongian, bb3/880 (A, BO,) L);

Lolombulan near Paku-ure, Koorders

18143 (BO); Gunong Klabat, bhb/13508

(BO); Forman 272 (K) & Koorders Nos.

18165 (BO, L) & 18166 (BO, K, L, P);

Mt. Masarang, Tomohon, Forman 201

(K, L); Wagio Crater, Mt. Mahawae,.

Tomohon, Forman 372 (L); Tondano,

Forsten s.n. (L) Makalongso, Tondano,.

Koorders 17437 (BO); sine coll. (L) as

M. fallax Mig., nom. nud. in sched.

(ined.); the next seven Ratahan or near

‘Ratahan:—near Liwutung Koorders

Nos 18149 (BO) & J18154 (BO, L);

Ratahan. Koorders 18168 (BO, L); Pulah,

Koorders 18187 (BO); near Ratahan,

Koorders 19749 (BO); Ratahan, Koorders

24064 (BO, L) & Teijsmann 5801 (BO,

U). The following four Kaju-watu,

Manado:—Koorders Nos 18139 (BO,

L); 18160 (BO, L); 7/8167 (BO, K, L, P)

& 8162 (BO, K,. L.° P). Totok near

Ratatotok, Koorders 18163 (BO, L);

‘Bolaang, Solog, Mongondow, bb/9609

(A, BO, LL); Palu, Sidaunta, Manado,

bb28230 (A, BO, K. L, SING); Tuloa,

Gorontolo, bb/3678 (BO).

Malili, Maleku, 5b23908 (BO, L).

Palopo, Batang, bb20897 (BO, L).

Raha, Wasalangka, bb2/331 (A, BO, L).

Teijsmann & de Vriese s.n. (L, U); de

Vriese (L, MEL).

de Vriese’s.n. not seen.

Kali Wai Gaj, bb28806 (A, BO, K, L,

SING) and 288/4 (A, BO, K, L, SING);

Bovenloop, Wai Fowata, bb28824 (A,

BO, K, L, SING); P. Mangoli, bb29828

(A, BO, L, SING) and 29830 (BO, L,

SING).

196 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

DISTRIBUTION : East Borneo (Peninsular part of E Kutei

including Sangkulirang and _ neighbour-

hood), Celebes and Moluccas (Batjan,

Buru and Sula Islands).

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica celebica Migq., Forsten s.n. (L)

Tondano; Teijsmann 5801 (BO, VU)

Ratahan; de Vriese s.n. (L, MEL) Batjan;

de Vriese s.n. Buru, no specimen seen,

perhaps none preserved. All syntypes.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Dahan-ritek (Celebes); kena-poa (Sula

Islands); /awoting-ritek (Cel.); montikus

(Cel.); parias (Baree dialect, Cel.); rahaan

Cel.).

USES: Wood for house construction.

This variety is close to var. simiarum in the hairiness and size of

the flowers but has a larger fruit with a thicker stalk. I cannot

separate the Bornean specimens from those of Celebes. The tree

is found in that part of East Borneo which is nearest to Celebes,

namely a jutting peninsula of East Kutei including Sangkulirang

and Berouw. The Bornean records are from limestone or coral-

limestone, rather different from the swampy habitat of var. elliptica.

Unfortunately the Celebes records give little indication of the

substrata on the labels, but I have noted, “sand, and rocky ground”.

In the Philippines, var. simiarum is often found on hillsides. My

specimens are from the rocky, almost dried-up bed of a stream

on the hillside at Mt Makiling. The variety elliptica with the large

fruit, as pointed out, prefers swampy ground when it develops

stilt-roots. It can grow in dry ground in which case there is then

little or no production of stilt-roots.

Teijsmann 5872 (BO, SING, U) Manado was identified by

Miquel with a query as a wild form of Myristica fragrans in Ann. I,

page 205 namely Myristica fragrans forma sylvestris e Celebes

strips masc. spontanea? In Ann. II, page 48 he corrects himself,

placing it under M. celebica.

(17) Myristica garciniifolia Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 525

t. 19; Mgf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 169.—Fig. 13.

Tree 13-25 m. high with small buttresses (= stilt-roots?). Bark

dark brown, not fissured or flaking; sap scarlet, copious. Twigs

smooth, glabrous, reddish brown and 4—5 mm. thick in the young

or apical parts, greyish and tending to crack lower down. Leaves

coriaceous or parchment-like, glabrous, oblong, many of them

panduriform, broadest above the middle, acute at the apex and

narrowed towards a rounded, emarginate or sub-cordate base,

drying light to medium brown on both surfaces, the upper generally

glossy, the lower dull; midrib flat above, raised beneath; nerves

17-22 pairs, very faint on both surfaces, more distinct in thin-leaved

specimens, close together, oblique with a pair of secondary nerves

between many of the primary ones; reticulations invisible or very

indistinct, scalariform; length 16-30, average 18 cm.; breadth

Sinclair — Myristica 197

‘JURAIM|

DEL 196\

Fig. 13. Myristica garciniifolia Warb.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower-bud showing

the three-angled apex. C, staminal column. D, young fruit. E,

female flowers. F, ovary. A-C from Runtoboy BW3326 (SING).

D from Iwanggin BW5205 (SING). E-F from Koster BW4320 (L).

198 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

5.5-11 cm.; petiole 2 cm. long, reddish brown when dry. Male

inflorescence a glabrous or almost glabrous flattened axis, 4 cm.

long, branched dichotomously into 2 or 3 lesser branchlets, the

flowers developing in racemose-umbels on the short ultimate

branchlets which elongate and bear the scars of fallen flowers

when old. Male perianth yellow, at first covered with loose floccose

tomentum, soon glabrous or almost so, 8 mm. long and 3-4 mm.

broad, ellipsoid, sharply angled in the upper half due to the

perianth lobes which extend down 4-? the length of the flower,

lobes ovate, acute at the apex; staminal column narrow-cylindric,

' obtuse at the apex, the fertile portion 4 mm. long, reaching the

apex without an apiculus, the stalk densely rusty-tomentose, 1 mm.

long, anthers 10-12; bracteole very small, 2 mm. long, at the base

of the flower on one side and adpressed to it, ovate, acute or

obtuse; pedicels 5-8 mm.—(1 cm.) long, slender, 1 mm. thick, striate,

flattened. Female inflorescence axis 3 cm. long. Female flowers

rather similar to the male, but fewer in the inflorescence, 1 cm.

long and 5 mm. broad; ovary rusty-tomentulose with two glabrous,

divaricate, sessile, stigmatic lobes; pedicels 8 mm. long, 3 mm.

thick, stouter than in the male. Fruit usually in pairs on the

forked peduncle, oblong, pale brown-tomentulose at first, glabrous

when old, 5—6 cm. long and 3 cm. broad; peduncle 1—1.5 cm. long

and 2-3 mm. thick, pedicel 1-1.5 cm. long, expanding into a

4-5 mm. thick, cup-shaped receptacle in which the fruit sits. Seed

3.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad.

NEW GUINEA DuTcH North coast, without exact locality,

NORTH Atasrip 79 also numbered 7/6 (BO, L);

NEw Nabire, Kanehira &Hatusima 11518 (A,

GuINEA: BO, TNS); Humbolt Bay, Beccari FI

Acc. Nos. 7735 (FI) & 7735a (FD;

Polimac, Hollandia, Iwanggin BW5202 (L,

SING) & Koster BW1162 (CANB, K, L,

SING); Tami River, Hollandia, Runioboy

BW3326 (K, L, SING); Cycloop Mts

above Hollandia, Koster BW4320 (K,

KEP, L, SING); Sekoli, south of Lake

Sentani, Schram BW9461 (L, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : As above, very local, but common in the

Cycloop Mts.

TYPE MATERIAL: Beccari FI Acc. Nos. 7735 (Fl) and 7735a

(FI), Humbolt Bay. In Warburg’s day

the FI material apparently had not yet

been given an accession number. He

quoted Beccari s.n., Humbolt Bay. This

was the only material he saw then. The

two sheets are obviously from the same

gathering and are both type material.

If one wishes to chose one of these

sheets as a holotype, although it is not

necessary, he is at liberty to do so. The

one is as good as the other so let 7735

(FI) be the holotype and 7735a an

isotype.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Paa (Skou dialect); itaie and itaiu (Kem-

toek).

Sinclair — Myristica 199

A tree with a very local distribution in coastal rain forest or

not very far from the coast, ascending to 90 m. It is noted for its

glabrous leaves, parchment-like with very faint nerves, the

flattened inflorescence axis, the perianth at first floccose-tomentose

and later glabrous, strongly 3-angled at the apex, and the pubescent

stalk of the staminal column. I have placed it with M. schleinitzii

and elliptica on account of the pale yellow glabrous leaves, the

similar type of: inflorescence, flowers and bracteoles, and the

glabrous fruit. M. schleinitzii is also confined to coastal dune but

has a much wider distribution extending to the D’entrecasteaux

Islands, New Britain, New Ireland and the Solomons. It differs

from garciniifolia in having more slender, paler twigs, fewer but

more distinct veins in the leaves, a more slender and longer

inflorescence with smaller, hairy flowers, not or faintly 3-angled

at the apex and a smaller fruit with thinner pericarp.

(18) Myristica inopinata J. Sinclair, sp. nov.—Fig. 14.

Species ex affinitate M. rosselensis et M. schleinitzii a quibus

innovationibus, inflorescentia, floribus fructibusque dense tomen-

tosis, pedicellis floriferis crassioribus distinguitur.

Arbor 20 m. alta. Ramuli novelli 5 mm. crassi, pilis brevibus

dendroideis ferruginei, sub indumentum leves, nitidi, rubro-brunnei;

partes adultae non visae. Folia subcoriacea, supra in sicco glabra,

nitida, modice brunnea, subtus in juventute pilis stellatis pallido-

brunneis laxe tecta, mox glabra, pallidiora vel flavido-brunnea,

oblongo-lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, 16-27 cm. longa, 7-10 cm.

lata, basi rotundata vel emarginata, apice abrupte obtusa; nervi

13—18—jugati, supra leviter depressi, utrinque graciliusculi, sensim

arcuati sed saepe irregulariter curvati, prope margines indistincti

vel evanidi, interdum nervus secundarius unicus inter duos pri-

marios visus; reticulationes supra laxe depressae, non valde

distinctae, subtus invisibiles; petioli tomentosi mox glabri, 2 cm.

longi, 3-4 mm. crassi. Inflorescentia mascula ferrugineo-tomentosa,

axis levis, sine cicatricibus, 1-2 cm. longus, simplex vel brevissime

bifurcatus. Flores masculi coriacei, ferrugineo-tomentosi sub

indumentum apice valde 3-angulati, 8 mm.—1 cm. longi, 4-4.5 mm.

lati, in alabastro oblongi et apice obtusi,.in lobos 4-fissi; columna

Staminalis minute apiculata, pars fertilis 5 mm. longa cum 8-10

antheris, stipes 2 mm. longus supra glaber, basi pilis setosis, | mm.

longis praeditus; pedicelli 4-6 mm. longi, vulgo 4 mm., 2 mm.

crassi; bracteolae floribus 4-breviores, tomentosae, mox deciduae.

Inflorescentia feminea multo reducta, pedunculus communis 4-5

mm. longus in pedicellos duos 2 mm. longos et 3 mm. crassos

divisus. Flores feminei 9 mm. longi, 7 mm. lati, urceolati cum

dentibus reflexis; ovarium ovoideum, ferrugineo-tomentosum, 5

mm. longum 6 mm. latum, basi pilis setosis ornatum, stigma

glabrum, lobis obtusis. Fructus (nondum maturus) ovoideus vel

fere conicus, basi applanatus, dense flavido-villosus (pilis 2-3 mm.

longis) 3 cm. longus, 2.5 cm. latus; pedunculus 5 mm. longus;

pedicelli 3-5 mm. longi, 5 mm. crassi.

200 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

athe ” a < “ae \

ARSE

AX WOK

TURAIM! Dez.

Fig. 14. Myristica inopinata J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, male flower-bud with tomentum partly removed to

show the three-angled apex. E, hair from indumentum on young

leaf. F, twig with female flower. G, immature fruit. A—E from

Brass 28055 (A isotype). F—G from Brass 28126 (BO).

Sinclair — Myristica 201

Tree 20 m. high. Young twigs 5 mm. thick, rusty with short

dendroid hairs, smooth, shining and reddish brown underneath

the indumentum; adult parts not seen. Leaves sub-coriaceous,

glabrous, shining and medium brown above when dry, loosely

covered beneath when young with pale brown stellate hairs, soon

glabrous, paler or yellowish brown, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-

lanceolate, rounded at the base, slightly sub-cordate or emarginate

in the oldest and largest leaves, abruptly obtuse at the apex; nerves

13-18 pairs, slightly depressed above, somewhat slender on both

surfaces, gradually arching but often rather crooked, indistinct

near the margins, sometimes a single secondary nerve seen between

two primary ones; reticulations sunk and lax above, not very

distinct, invisible beneath; 16-27 cm. long, 7-10 cm. broad; petioles

tomentose, soon glabrous, 2 cm. lon gand 3-4 mm. thick. Male

inflorescence rusty-tomentose, the axis smooth without scars, 1—2

cm. long, simple or very shortly bifurcate. Male flowers coriaceous,

rusty-tomentose, 8 mm.—l cm. long and 4—4.5 mm. broad, oblong,

obtuse at the strongly 3-angled apex in bud, the angles seen after

removing the indumentum, split down 4-way into the lobes; sta-

minal column minutely apiculate, the fertile part 5 mm. long with

8-10 anthers, the stalk 2 mm. long, glabrous above, covered at

the base with 1 mm. long setose hairs; pedicels 4-6 mm., average

4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; bracteoles 4 the length of the flowers,

tomentose, soon deciduous. Female inflorescence much reduced,

a common peduncle, 4-5 mm. long, divided into 2 mm. long and

3 mm. thick pedicels. Female flowers 9 mm. long and 7 mm.

broad, urceolate with reflexed teeth; ovary ovoid, rusty-tomentose,

5 mm. long, 6 mm. broad, furnished at the base with setose hairs,

stigma glabrous with obtuse lobes. Fruit (not quite mature) ovoid

or almost conical, flattened at the base, densely medium brown-

villose, (the hairs 2-3 mm. long) 3 cm. long and 2.5 cm. broad;

peduncle 5 mm. long; pedicels 3-5 mm. long and 5 mm. thick.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Milne Bay District:—Louisiade Archi-

pelago, Rambuso, Sudest Island, Brass

Nos. 28055 (A, CANB, K, L), and 28/26

(4c BO, K; 1).

DISTRIBUTION : Known from the above only. On a ridge

in rain forest, altitude 150 m. °

TYPE MATERIAL: Brass 28055 (A, CANB, K holotype, L).

A section I species which seems to be allied in a fair measure

to M. rosselensis and schleinitzii, two species in the same geo-

graphical area. There is a certain suggestive similarity in the leaves,

all having an obtuse apex and rather fine venation. Those of

schleinitzii differ in usually having a cordate base. Those of the

present species are covered with a loose tomentum beneath but it

drops off very soon. The inflorescence axis, a section I type without

scars, is also similar, being short, simple or only once branched.

It is stouter with thicker pedicels than in the other relatives and

is densely invested like the flowers, fruits and young twigs with

202 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

medium brown tomentum, this serving as a good diagnostic

character for separating the species from its allies. The perianth

is seen to be strongly 3-ridged at the apex when the thick

indumentum is removed, a character which some of the members

of this series with more glabrous perianths show, cf. especially

M. garciniifolia. No details of bark characters are given. The trees

were in flower in mid-September and young fruit was also present

at the same time.

(19) Myristica schleinitzii Engler in Bot. Jahrb. 7, 5 (1886) 455;

. Engler in Forschungsreise S.M.S. “Gazelle” Botan. Siphono-

gamen 4 (1889) 29 t. 9; Schumann & Hollrung, Fl. Kais.-

Wilhelmsl. (1889) 46; Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. 13, 3-4 (1891) 308;

K. Schumann, “Pl. Bamler.,” in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1

(1895) 49; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 392 t. 19 f. 1-2; K.

Schum. “‘Die Fl. v. Neu-Pomm.”’ in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

2 (1898) 117; K. Schumann & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzg.

i.d. Siidsee (1900) 325; Rechinger in Denkschr. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, Math.-Natw. Kl. 89 (1913) 554; Megf in Bot. Jahrb. 67,

2 (1935) 166; A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 74.

Synonyms: M. mas (non Rumphius) Labil. Relat. du Voy.

a la Rech. de la Pérouse 1 (1799) 237. M. spanogheana (non

Miq.) K. Schum. in Bot. Jahrb. 9, 2 (1887) 200. M. faroensis

Hemsl. in Ann. Bot. 5 (1891) 506.—Fig. 15.

Tree 6-15 m. high with pyramidal branching and _ stilt-roots.

Bark dark brown with numerous, fine, longitudinal fissures, flaking

in thin, narrow strips; inner bark pink with copious, red watery

sap; wood straw-coloured, becoming pinkish. Twigs slender, 2 mm.

thick in the apical parts, pale brown, yellowish brown or less often

reddish brown, finely longitudinally striate. Leaves thinly coria-

ceous, glabrous,almost distichous, oblong or often ovate, apex

obtuse, base rounded or cordate, rarely acute, drying a pale brown

or yellowish brown with a pale greenish tinge above, greyish or

paler still below; midrib lying in a grrove above, raised beneath;

nerves 10-15 pairs, fine and usually sunk above, more prominent

beneath, curving and ascending gradually to the margins, the line

of anastomosis faint and broken in places; reticulations invisible

above, occasionally a few faint ones seen beneath; length 8-21

cm.; breadth 5-8.5-(12) cm.; petiole 1-2 cm. long. Male

inflorescence glabrous, 5-7 cm. long, branched, the first two

branches often at right angles to the main axis, the axis flattened,

the ultimate branches when old marked with the scars of fallen

flowers, the flowers in racemose-umbels at the ends of these

branches. Male flowers cream, usually obliquely attached to the

pedicel, membranous, oblong (ellipsoid in bud), puberulous with

pale brown hairs when young, becoming glabrous, split down about

4-way into the perianth lobes, 5-6 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad,

obtuse at the apex in bud and with an acute or obtuse, tomentose

bracteole at the base; anthers 6-8-(10) without an apiculus, 2.5

Sinclair — Myristica 203

3mm

Fig. 15. Myristica schleinitzii Engler.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, female inflorescence. ee female flower. F, ovary. G,

fruit. A-C from Brass 3288 (BRI). D—F from Brass 24387 (LAE).

G from Kajewski 1582 (BRI).

204 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

mm. long on a pubescent, 1.5—2 mm. long stalk; pedicels slender,

hair-like, 5 mm. long. Female inflorescence 4-5 cm. long, less

branched and with shorter branches than in the male. Female

perianth urceolate with reflexed teeth, 5 mm. long and 4 mm.

broad; ovary 4 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, ovoid, light brown-

tomentose, slightly rostrate at the apex and with a minute bi-lobed

stigma. Fruit oblong, glabrous, yellowish, medium brown when dry,

2-3.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad including the 3-4 mm. long

pseudo-stalk, very thin-walled, the pericarp when dry only 0.5

mm. thick; stalk slender, 2—2.5 cm. long (including peduncle 1.5

- cm. and pedicels 5 mm.—1I cm. long) and 2-3 mm. thick. Aril red,

much divided. Seed oblong, greyish brown, shining.

NEW GUINEA Papua: S.1., South East New Guinea, Chalmers 7

(MEL).

Milne Bay District:—Kirikirikona, Cruit-

well 32 (K); Cape Vogel Peninsula

between Tapio & Kai-yo Bay, Hoogland

4329 (A, BM, CANB, L, LAE); Menapi,

Brass 21764 (A, G, K, L, LAE).

Central District:—Doini. Forbes 18

(MEL).

T.N.G. Sepik District:—Torricelli Range,

Schlechter 14512 (BO, BRSL).

Madang Disirict:—Bogia coast, Robbins

1717 (CANB); Stephansort, Nyman Nos.

46 (BM, BRSL, UPS) & /039 (BRSL,

UPS): probably Astrolabe Bay, Leder-

mann 6514 (SING): Bili-Bili Island,

Astrolabe Bay, Warburg 20712 (C, L, M,

P): Friedrich Wilhelmshafen, Siar,

Astrolabe Bay, Biro Nos. 159 (BP) & 163

(BP) & Nyman 1049 (UPS).

Morobe District:—Sio Mission, Clemens

8000 (A, B, SING): Kalueng, Finschha-

fen, Hollrung /53 (BO, K, MEL); Bumi

River, Finschhafen, Lauterbach Nos. 1346

(BO, BRSL, CAL, L, S, SING) & 1492

(L); Finschhafen, Warburg 20710 (C, FI,

G & Boiss., L, M, P) & date 1889 (M):

Bulu, Schlechter 16037 (E, G, K, NY);

Bongu, Lauterbach 771 (BRSL).

D’enTRE- Bolu Bolu, Goodenough Island, Brass

CASTEAUX Nos. 24387 (G, K, L, LAE) & 24388

ISLAND: (A, Ke; Aly LAB).

NEw S.1., Waterhouse 919 (K); Ulamona, Nair

BRITAIN: N.G.F. 1873 (BRI, LAE); Massawa,

Schlechter 13723 (BM, BO, BRSL, K).

NEw S.1., Labillardiére s.n. (FI, G); Souo

IRELAND: Island, Labillardiére s.n. (G), Port

Carteret, Barclay 3530 (BM, BRI);

Lamehat, P.O. Kavieng, Peekel 16 (BO);

Duke of York Islands, Bradtke 296 (BRI,

MEL, NSW).

SOLOMONS Kieta, Kajewski 1582 (A, BM, BO, BRI,

BOUGAINVILLE G, L, SING); Karngu, Buin, Kajewski

ISLAND: 2236 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G, L, P); north

side of Tonolei harbour, Whitmore BSIP

4168 (L, SING).

Sinclair — Myristica 205:

SANTA ISABEL ‘Tasia, Brass 3288 (BO, BRI); Karua

ISLAND: Island, Meringe Lagoon, Whitmore BSIP

2684 (L, LAE, SING); Fara _Island,.

Guppy 209 (K) on label as Faro.

NAVOTANA

ISLAND: Brass 3237 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G, L).

New GeorciA Baga Island, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP’

GROUP: 3011 (L, SING); Gizo Island, Whitmore's

collectors BSIP 5626 (L, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : Beach and strand forests on the east coast

of Papua and New Guinea, New Britain,

New Ireland and the Solomons. Speci-

mens from the Tami Islands, Mioko and

the Hermit Islands in Berlin Herbarium

were destroyed. In New Britain, said to

be common in the Calophyllum-Kwilia

association on basaltic outcrops near the

sea.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. schleinitzii, Naumann, 20th July 1875,

New Hanover (B holotype) destroyed.

M. faroensis, Guppy 209 (K).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Jagarnata (Onjob language at Koreaf,

Milne Bay District); mogisigisi (N.E.

Division of Papua); pohrapapura (Gabo-

bora language at Tapio, Milne Bay

District. U-we-pekira (Bougainville

Island, Solomons).

A tree of the coastal sand dunes or beach and strand forest,

nearest to M. rosselensis but also resembling the rarer M. garcinii-

folia and replaced by it in Dutch North New Guinea. The chief

features are the glabrous leaves, often with a cordate base, pale

brown on drying, the branched, flattened inflorescence with small,

oblong to ellipsoid male flowers on very slender pedicels and the

oblong, thin-walled fruit with slender stalks. I have also grouped

it with M. elliptica and M. garciniifolia. The flowers are nearer

to those of elliptica while the leaves seem to be nearer to those of

garciniifolia. The habitat is similar to that of garciniifolia. For

other notes see under these species.

M. schleinitzii, Hollrung 153 was wrongly named M. spano-

gheana by K. Schum. in Bot. Jahrb. 9 (1887) 200 and also wrongly

given as M. mas Rumphius by Labillardiére in his Relat. du Voy.

a la Rech. de la Pérouse | (1799) 237. This is not the M. mas of

Rumphius. M. mas Rumphius or rather Nux myristica mas is

now M. fatua Houtt.

(20) Myristica rosselensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 16.

Species ex affinitate M. schleinitzii, a qua radicibus epigeis

carentibus, foliis brevioribus angustioribus, basi acutis vel rotun-

datis (non cordatis), nervis minus distinctis, floribus paucioribus,

stipite columnae staminalis glabro inter alia recedit.

Arbor 7-25 m. alta. Ramuli rubro- vel nigro-brunnei, longitu-

dinaliter striolati, graciliusculi, superne 2 mm. crassi, inferne 4—5

mm. crassi, gemma terminali excepta, glabri; gemma ipsa elongata,

tenuis, griseo-puberula apice acuta. Folia chartacea, glabra,

lanceolata vel anguste elliptica, supra in sicco nitida, virido-

brunnea, subtus pallido-griseo-brunnea, marginibus fere parallelis

206 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

notata; costa inferiore rubro-brunnea, apice obtusa vel obtuse

acuta, basi acuta vel leviter rotundata, 6-16 cm. longa, vulgo 12

cm., 1.8-4 cm. lata, vulgo 3 cm.; costa supra insculpta, subtus

paullo elevata; nervi 16—20-jugati, obliqui, utrinque tenuissimi,

interdum prope apice marginesque evanescentes; reticulationes

subnullae; petioli 1-1.5 cm. longi, tenues. Jnflorescentia mascula

paniculata, in superiore tertia distali parte tantum ramosa; axis

primarius glaber, tenuis, complanatus, 4-6 cm. longus, 2 mm.

latus; ramuli secundarii oppositi, 1—2—jugati, horizontaliter vel

patentissime dispositi, breves, 2 mm.—2 cm. longi, basi leves,

- complanati, sursum saepe cicatricibus pedicellorum delapsorum

obtecti, apice cum floribus 2—3-(5) coronati. Flores masculi flavidi,

fragrantes, oblongo-cylindrici vel ellipsoidei, membranacei, extus

in juventute appresso-tomentelli mox glabrescentes, 5-6 mm. longi,

2-3 mm. lati, apice in lobos tres obtuse acutos }fissi; columna

staminalis 5 mm. longa, apice leviter angustata, ibique apiculo

obtuso minuto sterili coronata, stipes glaber, 2.5 mm. longus,

partem fertilem in longitudine et latitundine aequans, antherae

8; bracteola 1 mm. longa, apice obtusa, ad basim_perianthii

affixa, pedicelli filiformes, 4-5 mm. longi. /nflorescentia feminea:

axis simplex, 1.5—-2 cm. longus, ut in mascula complanatus, apice

cum floribus 3-4 in cymulam simplicem terminatus; pedicelli

quam masculi breviores et crassiores, 2-4 mm. longi, 1 mm. crassi.

Flores feminei glabri, urceolati, etiam fragrantes, 4-6 mm. longi,

3 mm. lati, apice in lobos obtusos brevissimos reflexos 4 fissi;

ovarium ferrugineo-tomentosum, 3.5 mm. longum, apice angusta-

tum; stigma obtuse bi-lobatum; bracteola minuta, squamiformis,

reflexa. Fructus non visus.

Tree 7-25 m. high. Twigs reddish or blackish brown, finely

longitudinally striate, somewhat slender, 2 mm. thick at the apex

and 4-5 mm. thick lower down, glabrous except for the terminal

bud which is itself elongate, thin, greyish-puberulous, and acute

at the apex. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, lanceolate or narrowly

elliptic, often with the margins nearly parallel, drying a dark

greenish brown and glossy above, pale greyish brown beneath

with the lower midrib reddish brown, obtuse or bluntly acute at

the apex, acute or slightly rounded at the base; midrib sunk

above and lying in a groove, slightly raised beneath; nerves 16-20

pairs, oblique, very fine on both surfaces, sometimes vanishing

near the apex and margins; reticulations hardly any; length 6—16

cm, average 12 cm.; breadith 1.8-4 cm., average 3 cm.; petiole

1-1.5 cm. long, slender. Male inflorescence paniculate, branched

only in the upper distal third; primary axis glabrous, thin,

flattened, 4-6 cm. long and 2 mm. broad; secondary branches

opposite, 1—2 pairs, arising horizontally or at a wide angle, short,

2 mm-— 2 cm. long, the basal part smooth and flattened, higher

up covered with the scars of fallen pedicels and with 2—3-(5)

flowers at the apex. Male flowers yellow, fragrant, oblong-

cylindrical or ellipsoid, membranous, adpressed-tomentulose out-

side when young, soon becoming glabrous, 5-6 mm. long, 2-3

mm. broad, split down }-way at the apex into the three obtusely

acute lobes; staminal column 5 mm. long, with a minute, obtuse,

Sinclair — Myristica 207

Fig. 16. Myristica rosselensis J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with female inflorescences. B, female flower. C, ovary.

D, male inflorescence. E, male flower. F, the same showing the

staminal column. G, old male inflorescence showing the scars of

fallen pedicels. A-C from Brass 2796] (A). D—-F from Brass 27447

(A isotype). G from Brass 28245 (L).

208 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

sterile apiculus at the slightly narrowed apex or apiculus absent,

stalk glabrous, 2.5 mm. long, equalling the fertile part in length

and in breadth, anthers 8; bracteole 1 mm. long, obtuse at the

apex and attached to the base of the perianth; pedicels filiform,

4-5 mm. long. Female inflorescence: the axis simple, 1.5—2 cm.

long, flattened as in the male and with 3-4 flowers grouped at

the apex in a simple little cyme; pedicels shorter and thicker

than the male ones, 2-4 mm. long and | mm. thick. Female

flowers glabrous, urceolate, also fragrant, 4-6 mm. long and 3

mm. broad, split down t—way at the apex into the very short,

‘obtuse reflexed lobes; ovary rusty-tomentose, 3.5 mm. long,

narrowed at the apex; stigma with two rounded, obtuse lobes:

bracteole minute, scale-like, reflexed. Fruit not seen.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Milne Bay District:—Louisiade Archi-

pelago, Mount Sisa, Misima Island, Brass

27447 (A, K, L); Mount Riu, Sudest

Island, Brass 27961 (A, K, L): Abaleti,

Rossel Island, Brass 28245 (A, K, L).

DISTRIBUTION : Confined so far to the Louisiade Archi-

pelago. Frequent on the crests of ridges

in rain forest, 50-450 m altitude.

TYPE MATERFAL* Brass 27477 (A, K holotype, L).

The distinctive or noteworthy features of this tree are the

narrow leaves with fait venation and-almost parallel sides, the

thin, flattened, sparingly branched inflorescence axis, indicating

‘a section I species, the slender pedicels, the thin, glabrous male

perianth, the urceolate, Vaccinium-like female one with reflexed

lobes and the glabrous stalk of the staminal column which is as

broad as the fertile part where they meet. The leaves at once

recall those of M. lancifolia var. clemensi, a section II species,

and in the absence of flowers care should be taken not to confuse

them with those of the latter. They also resemble the leaves of

M. iners, M. gigantea and M. umbellata.

The nearest ally is M. schleinitzii, a more robust edition of the

present plant. Unlike schleinitzii, it does not appear to have stilt-

roots and so far has not been found in maritime situations. The

leaves are smaller and narrower with much finer venation and

not cordate or sub-cordate at the base. They usually dry a dark

green above and not pale brown. The flowers are a trifle narrower

and fewer and have a glabrous stalk to the staminal column in

contrast to the pubescent one of schleinitzii. The female inflores-

‘cence is unbranched in the material available.

M. rosselensis shows a relationship with the preceding series

Malabaricae through M. umbellata, especially as stated above,

in the leaves. Both species have rather similar leaves with faint

venation, those of umbellata tending to be wider at the middle.

more cuneate at the base and slightly decurrent on to the petiole.

The inflorescence axis of M. umbellata in the few sheets that exist

is unbranched and not flattened and there are no conspicuous

pedicel scars as the flowers all seem to open about the same

time. I, however, do not see any great systematic value in the

flattened axis as iners and some other species may have terete as

Sinclair — Myristica 209

well as flattened ones. If further collections of umbellata can be

obtained, I should not be surprised if they do show some examples

with a branched or flattened axis, especially in specimens where

the axis is large and well developed. The male flowers of umbellata,

although larger and more numerous in the umbel with much

longer pedicels, resemble those of rosselensis in some respects.

Both are thin in texture and dry the same colour. Those of

rosselensis are slightly pubescent when young but glabrous as in

umbellata when mature. Their shape, however, is rather different

and for this reason they are in a different series. The staminal

column in both is almost exactly the same. The glabrous stalk is

about the same length as the fertile part and passes into it without

any constriction or change in breadth.

7. SERIES CINNAMOMEAE

series Cinnamomeae J. Sinclair, ser. nov.

Synonym: series Suaves (Suavis) Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 377 quoad M. cinnamomeam King tantum.

Ramuli graciles, in partibus apicalibus 2—3 mm. crassi. Folia

parva vel modicae dimensionis, 15-20 cm. longa, 3—6.5 cm. lata,

subtus squamulis cinnamomeis induta; nervi 14—-20-jugati, nervi

secundarii inter primarios conspersi; reticulationes nullae. /nflores-

centia mascula brevis, 5 mm.—1 cm. longa, ramis 1-2 paribus

praedita. Flores masculi 6 mm. longi, minute pubescentes, in

alabastro 3—angulati, in lobos reflexos 4-fissi; pedicelli floribus

aequilongi; columna staminalis vix vel non apiculata, stipes pubes-

cens parti fertili aequilongus. Fructus magnus, 6-9 cm. longus,

4.5 cm. latus, lignosus, ellipsoideus, nonnunquam basi leviter

gibbosus, minute tomentellus.

TYPE SPECIES: M. cinnamansea King

Twigs slender, 2-3 mm. thick and cinnamon-brown-tomentulose

in the apical parts, striate and dark brown lower down. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, drying greenish brown above or pale yellowish

brown, densely covered beneath with lax or powdery, cinnamon-

brown scales but no hairs, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, medium

to small size-class, 15-20 cm. long and 3-6.5 cm. broad, the

base acute, the apex bluntly acute; nerves 14~20 pairs, fine and

faint beneath, secondary nerves present; reticulations absent;

— 1 cm. long, terete with 1—2 pairs of opposite branches. Male

flowers strongly 3-ridged at the apex in bud, 6 mm. long,

minutely pubescent, split down 4—way by the slightly reflexed

lobes; pedicels 5 mm. long, as long as the flowers: bracteole

minute, 2 mm. long; staminal column without a sterile apiculus

or if present very minute and reduced.,. stalk pubescent, as long

as the fertile part. Fruit rather large, 6-9 cm. long and 4.5 cm.

broad, woody, thick-walled, ellipsoid, sometimes slightly gibbous

at the base, minutely rusty or cinnamon-tomentulose — | species,

M. cinnamomea.

210 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

This series is close to series Ellipticae because of the flowers

being strongly 3—angled at the apex, but differs from it chiefly in

the presence of the lax, powdery cinnamon scales on the lower

surface of the leaf. Other minor characters of difference are the

more coarsely striate twigs and the darker bark. I may be putting

too much stress on scales and perhaps series Cinnamomeae should

be united with series Ellipticae. M. cinnamomea appears to be

connected with the section II species M. beccarii and smythiesii

or their archetypes. Could it have given rise to them? The existence

of these section II species also with similar scales is an indirect

reason for keeping M. cinnamomea apart from the Ellipticae in

‘a series of its own. Thus, if M. beccarii and smythiesii can be kept

out of series Fatuae, the one next to their own series, then simi-

larly can M. cinnamomea be kept out of series Ellipticae. Sterile

material or material in fruit of M. cinnamomea should also be

compared with these two species as all three species could be

confused. However, in spite of this, M. cinnamomea although

common, has no synonyms and has not, as yet, been mistaken

for these two species. I have included a special key for sterile

material in case there is any difficulty.

Series Cinnamomeae is also close to series Littorales, resembling

it in the shape of the leaves with their oblique nerves and

secondary nerves and in the presence of the cinnamon scales in

both. The latter, however, differs in the presence of hairs as well,

the larger flowers, not 3—angled at the apex and in the different

staminal column.

It is a “‘good thing’, once more, that series Cinnamomeae

shows an affinity with both series Ellipticae and Littorales. It

would be odd if it were stuck in here without connections, reasons

-or resemblances. In fact, its presence does much to illustrate the

continuity of the natural sequence and the wonderful uniformity

which extends from species to species and series to series.

Warburg puts M. cinnamomea into a series Suavis with a most

heterogeneous assortment of unrelated species from both sections

I and II. He has M. suavis, cumingii and tristis in this series.

M. suavis itself is a synonym of M. crassa which belongs to series

Teijsmanniae.

(21) Myristica cinnamomea King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc.

3 (1891) 292 pl. 116; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 445; Gamble,

Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 232; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3

(1924) 65; Burk. Dict. 2 (1935) 1523; Corner, Wayside Trees

of Malaya 1 (1940 & 1952 editions) 477; Sinclair in Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 358 f. 28 & pl. VITA.

The female flowers have now been obtained. I describe them

from the Singapore duplicate of a specimen collected by Wyatt-

Smith:—Kampong Gajah F.R., Perak, Malaya, Wyatt-Smith

K.F.N. 786335.

Female inflorescence a very short, 3-5 mm. long main axis

with 2—4 flowers. Female perianth 4-5 mm. long and 3 mm. broad,

ovoid or urceolate, split down nearly to the middle by the lobes

Sinclair — Myristica

211

which are erect and obtuse at the apex; ovary pale brown-

tomentose, 2 mm. long and 1 mm. broad at the base; pedicels

4-5 mm. long and longitudinally 1—2-sulcate; bracteole about

half as long as the perianth.

SUMATRA East Coast:

INDRAGIRI :

PALEMBANG:

MALAY PENINSULA:

BORNEO SaARAWAK:

WEST BORNEO:

BRUNEI:

SOUTH AND

SouTH-EAST

BORNEO:

EAST AND

NORTH-EAST

BORNEO:

BRITISH NorTH

BORNEO:

Huta Padang, Asahan, Krukoff 4343 (A,

BU, €3,,L, NY, SUNG, UC, US).

Kuala Belilas, Buwalda 674/ (BO, K, L,

SING).

Bajunglintjir, Endert 236 (BO); 183E1P884

(BO, L, SING, U) & Dorst 183E1P942

(BO, L, SING); Banjuasin & Kubestreken,

Grashoff 913 (BO).

Perak, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor,

Johore and Singapore. For list see Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 360. Now recorded

for the first time from Kelantan :—Batu

Mengbekang, Fouk. Kuala Krai, Hashim

bin Mohamad K.F.N. 68330 (KEP).

Ist Division:—Semengoh F.R., Anderson

SAR 11036 (SAR); Sungei Sabal Tapang,

Serian, Sinclair 10232 (A, E, K, L, SAR,

SING); Gunong Gaharu, Serian, Sinclair

10242 (A, B, E, K, L, NY, SAR, SING).

3rd_)=s Division:—Ulu Musing, Muput

Kanan, Anap, Ashton SAR 19432 (L,

SING).

4th Division:—G. Mulu, Baram. Ander-

son & Keng Ki12 (A, BO, K, L, SAN,

SAR, SING).

Melawi, Tjatit, B. Gontuk, bb27019 (BO,

(EL).

Bukit Telingan, Rampayoh, Ashton

BRUN 2] (K, KEP, L, SAR, SING):

mile 7, Kuala Abang Road, Ashton

BRUN 5097 (K, KEP, L, SAR, SING);

Ulu Ropan-Belalong watershed, Ashton

BRUN 5244 (K, KEP, L, SAR, SING);

Andulau F.R., Ashton & Whitmore

BRUN 581 (BO, K, KEP, L, SAR,

SING).

Puruk Tjahu, bb/0022 (BO).

Lelebulan Teputsey, Jaheri 95/7 (BO).

Batu 17, Apas Road, Tawau, Aban

Gibot SAN 29565 (L, SAN, SING); Sepilok

Forest Reserve, Jalan Hujong Tanjong,

W. Meijer SAN 20022 (SING); Compt

8, Sepilok F.R., Nicholson & Charington

SAN Nos. 17726 (K, KEP, L, SING) and

21553 (L, SING); Cpt. 12, Sepilok F.R.,

Sinclair 8950 (B, E, K, L, M, SAN,

SING): Kabili F.R., Sales 1489 (K, L);:

Lungmanis, 6th mile railway on the only

big ridge, Whitmore SAN 17651 (K, L,

SING); mile 3, British Borneo Timber

Co. Concession, Bukit Garam, Kina-

batangan, Wood A4748 (KEP, L, SAN,

SING);, Sungei Sapi, Beluran, Suah

Tingguan SAN 18788 (SING) and SAN

36312 (L, SAN); mile 154 Beaufort Road,

Papar, J.K. Lajangah SAN 32/98 (L,

SAN): mile 14 north-east of Beaufort

Township, Wood SAN 15066 (K, KEP,

L. SAN, SING).

212 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

PULAU Northern part, Kostermans Nos. 8647

NUNUKAN: (BO, K, L, P, SING); 8667 (BO, K, L,.

P, SING) & 8960 (BO, K, L, P, SING);

Paymans 76 (BO, L).

PHILIPPINES Minpanao: . Surigao, Tinago Island, Ahern 42] (BO,

NY, US) wrongly quoted as M. laxiflora

Merr. in En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 179,

but is not the type.

DISTRIBUTION : Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and

the Philippines (Mindanao). Rare in the

Philippines.

TYPE MATERIAL: Wray and King’s numbers. See Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 360.

Distinguished from M. beccarii by the leaves with longer petioles,

fainter nerves, and with an acute, seldom rounded base. The

inflorescence is totally different, a branched, flattened axis, bearing

umbellate cymes, never a condensed, Knema-like, woody tubercle

as in beccarii. The fruit is larger with a much harder and thicker

pericarp. See also M. smythiesii for differences.

8. SERIES LITTORALES

series Littorales Warb. (*Littoralis) Monog. Myrist. (1897) 375.

Twigs 2-4-(5) mm. thick and rusty-furfuraceous-tomentose in

the apical portions, reddish brown to greyish brown and striate in

the oldest portions. Leaves chartaceous, less often coriaceous,

drying medium brown often with a dark greenish lustre above,

the lower surface covered with hairs and lax powdery scales,

varying in colour, cinnamon brown, yellowish, pale yellow or

whitish, the hairs very few or absent in agusanensis and densest

in markgraviana, the lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblong or lanceolate,

medium to small size-class, 11-30 cm. long and 3-12 cm. broad,

the base acute, the apex acute or bluntly acute, less often acu-

minate; nerves 12-20 pairs, prominent, oblique and _ parallel,

secondary nerves very few and faint; reticulations faint, mostly

obscured by the scales on the lower surface; petiole 1.5—2.5 cm.

long. Male inflorescence a 2-8 cm. long, laxly branched, rusty-

furfuraceous panicle, the flowers numerous in guatieriifolia and

agusanensis, fewer and much larger in markgraviana. Male flowers

densely tomentose, globose or sub-globose in bud, 2—7 mm. long,

larger, 7 mm.—l cm. long in markgraviana, split down 4—4-way into

the lobes; pedicels about as long as the flowers, 2-7 mm. or 7 mm

— 1 cm. long; bracteole ovate to orbicular, closely adpressed to

the flower, 1.5—3.5 mm. long, depending on the size of the flower,

early caducous; staminal column oblong or cylindrical with an

obtuse apex and no sterile apiculus, the stalk very short, thick

and pubescent. Female inflorescence shorter than the male with

fewer branches. Female flowers ovoid-globose with reflexed teeth.

Fruit oblong to ovoid-globose, medium sized, 3-5 cm. long and

2-4 cm. in diam., tomentulose to tomentose; stalk 5 mm.—1.8 cm.

long—3 species, M. agusanensis, guatteriifolia and markgraviana.

TYPE SPECIES: (M. litoralis Mig.) = M. guatteriifolia A.DC.

Foot-note:—* This is Warburg’s original spelling of the name of the

series but M. litoralis Mia. is the original spelling of the specific epithet.

Sinclair — Myristica 213

There are several outstanding features which should make

recognition easy. The distinctly branched slender panicles will tell

at once that this is a series in section I. The presence of both hairs

and lax scales will also help greatly in determining the series

since Littorales is the only one in section I that has both hairs

and scales on the lower surface of the leaf. The elliptic leaves

with oblique and. parallel nerves are characteristic and the staminal

column too, is distinct. M. guatteriifolia will always be associated

with the sea-shore and with small rocky islands. It can be spotted

at a distance. It is absent from muddy places, preferring rocks or

sand. It has a wide distribution. M. agusanensis is a more elegant

replica of it from the Philippines. M. markgraviana from New

‘Guinea fits in very well here, but, as is reasonably expected, owing

to geographical separation, has greater differences. The flowers and

pedicels are larger and the leaves are smaller. It is also the only

species in section I from New Guinea that has both hairs and

scales.

Warburg lists M. guatteriifolia, cookii, riedelii and litoralis as

belonging to this series but the last three are now synonyms of

the first. The other two species M. agusanensis and markgraviana

were unknown in his day.

(22) Myristica guatteriifolia A.DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 4, 4

(1855) 30 (original spelling guatteriaefolia) et Prodr. 14, 1 (1856)

193; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (2), 1 (1858) 61; F.-Vill.

Novis. App. “(¥880) 177; ‘Rolfe im J. Linn. ‘Soc. 21

(1884) 298; Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Phil. (1885) 139 et Rev. PI.

Vasc. Filip. (1886) 221; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 412 t. 13

f. 1-4; Merr. in Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 1 (1903) 21; Warb. in

Perk. Frag. Fl. Phil. 1 (1904) 49; Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 3

(1911) 1062; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 235:

Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. special number (1921)

269 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 178; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3

(1924) 63; Merr. Pl. Elm. Born. Cal. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 74:

Burk. Dict. 2 (1935) 1530; Corner, Wayside Trees of Malaya |

(1940 & 1952 editions) 478; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16

(1958) 350 f. 25; Backer et Bakh. f. Flora Java 1 (1963) 139.

Synonyms: M. *litoralis Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), I (1858)

57; Koorders et Valeton, Bijdr. Booms. 4 (1896) 173; Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 418: Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912)

257; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. | (1927) 647; M. cookii Warb. Monog.

Myrist (1897) 414 t. 15 f. 1-5; Lecomte, Not. Syst. 1, 4 (1909)

98 et in Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine 5, 2 (1914) 97. M. riedelii

Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 417 t. 15 f. 1-2. M. palawanensis

Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. C. Bot. 13, 5 (1918) 283 et En. Phil. FI.

Pl. 2 (1923) 179—syn. nov.

BURMA: South-eastern ‘Shan States, Keng Tung

Territory, Muang Len ridge, Mekong

River basin, Rock Nos. 1990 (A, E, UC)

and 1993 (A).

Foot-note:—* This is the original spelling.

214 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

INDO-CHINA:

SOUTH

VIETNAM

(COCHIN-

CHINA):

SUMATRA TAPANULI:

WEST COAST:

BENKULEN:

PALEMBANG:

BANKA:

BILLITON:

RIOUW

ARCHIPELAGO:

MALAY PENINSULA:

JAVA S.L.:

WEST JAVA:

Mip JAVA:

ISLANDS NEAR

S.W. BANTAM:

KANGEAN

ARCHIPELAGO:

MADURA:

All from Pulau Condor, Capt. Phillips

(Cook’s 3rd Exped.) (BM, C); Harmand,

date 1875-77 (K, P); Herb. Pierre (De

Perry) 5433 (BM, BO, BR, CAL, E, G &

Boiss., K, P).

Pulau Poene, Sibolga, bb19664 (A, BO,

L).

Mid Sumatra, Koorders 10384 (BO).

Tanjong Serawai, bb/812 (BO, L); Red-

jang, Sukomarindu, bb8865 (BO).

Rembio, Buurman van Vreeden 135 (BO).

Lobok Besar, Kostermans & Anta 389

(BO, K, L, SING).

Riedel, Oct. 1876 FI Acc. Nos. 7749 (FI)

& 7749a (FI) see also under CULTI-

VATED.

Pulau Karimon, Koorders 12] (BO).

Trengganu (Pulau Tenggol, Dungun),

Pahang (P. Chibeh, P, Tioman), Johore,.

Singapore (cultivated in Bot. Gard. Sing.).

For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

351. Extra record, Mersing, South of Rest

House, Johore, Sinclair 9368 (L, SING)

several trees seen at sea-shore.

Hasskarl & Teijsmann s.n. (L); Horsfield

Nos. (4) (CGE, K); 297 (K) and 623

(BM).

Prov. Bandung, Herb. Pierre 5460 (P);

Pulau Dua, Dyjakarta, J. J. Smith Dec.

1906 (BO); Pendjaliran, Djakarta, J. J.

Smith 64 (BO).

The following Kedungdjati, Semarang :—

Koorders Nos. 543a (BO, K); 5229 (BO,

CAL, K, L); 5230 (BO, L); 523/ (BO, L);

5232 (BO, L);, 5233, (BO, KR. ok} 32394

(BO); 5235 (BO, P); 5236 (BO); 13143

(BO, CAL, K, L, P); 24876 (BO); 25300:

(BO); 26099 (BO); 27227 (BO, K, L);

27230 (BO, SING); 28132 (BO). Japara

or Djapara, Div. Taju, Afd. Djuwana,

Koorders Nos. 35030 (BO) & 35031 (BO);

Japara, Teijsmann s.n. (BO, L, P, U) the

P duplicate collected by Teijsmann, has

Herb. Pierre 5457 on the label. Pierre

used his own number for unnumbered

collections which he acquired for his

herbarium, Tjabak:—Koorders’ Nos.

42288 (BO); 42302 (BO); 42315 (BO);

42329 (BO) and 42356 (BO); Kediri,

Rembang, Tambakredjo, Sekar, Ja 1607

(BO); Rembang, Thorenaar 3 (BO).

Pulau Panaitan, near Tyjiharashas, van

Borssum Waalkes Nos. 352 (BO) and

north of Mt Parat, 797 (BO, L); Pulau

Peutjang, (Kostermans) UNESCO 7 (BM,

G, K, KEP, L,SING).

Pulau Kangean:—Tambajangan, Backer

Nos;27612 (BO, K, L, (Jy SING) &

27824 (BO, L, SING) & Paliat, Backer

29419 (BO); Desa Kangajan, Dames 2

(BO); Djoekoeng-djoekoeng, Dommers

203 (BO).

M. Geger, Teijsmann 1756 (BO).

Sinclair — Myristica

PULAU BAWEAN:

KARIMUNDJAWA

ARCHIPELAGO:

LESSER SUNDA BALI:

ISLANDS

BORNEO SaRAWAK:

BRUNEI:

WEST BORNEO:

EAST AND

NORTH-EAST

BORNEO:

BRITISH

NORTH BORNEO:

215

Telaga Kastoba, Ja 4224 — Buwalda 3142

(A, BO); above village of Koduk-Koduk,

Buwalda 3001 (L).

Pulau Karimundjawa, Japara, Semarang,

Ja 1712 (BO); Karimun Islands, Teijs--

mann, June 1854 (BO).

Sine coll. s.n. (L) as M. littoralis.

4th Division:—Miri River, Baram Dis-

trict, Hose 532 (BM, G, K, P, PNH,.

SING); Miri, Md. Salleh SAR 1456 (KEP,

SAR, SING); Riam Road, Miri, Forest

Staff, Miri SAR 9778 (K, L, SAR, SING).

S.1., K.F.N. 30450 (KEP); Jemaong,.

Hassan SAR 2210 (BRUN, SAR, SING);

Sungei Satu west of Sungei Belait, Sin-

elair 10523 (A, B, BE, K,' L, NY, SAR,

SING) and Sungei Dua, Sinclair 10527

(A, B, E, K, L, SAR, SING); in the same

area, sand bank forest on road from

Kuala Belait to Kuala Baram, Corner

BRUN Nos. 5364 (K, KEP, SAR, SING)

& 5365 (K, KEP, L, SAR, SING).

Palo, Becking 36 (BO) & 56 (BO).

Loa Haur, west of Samarinda, Koster-

mans 6982 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING);

the following three East Kutei:—Gunong

Tepian Lobang, bb14788 (BO) & Kos-

termans 5422 (BO, K, L, P, PNH, SING);

Sangkulirang Island, Kostermans 4873

(BO! Bh L, P; PNH, SING).

Tawau, Elmer 20850 (A, BM, BO, BP,.

Be. 4a, kK. L, M, NY, P, PNH, 5S,

SING, U, UC, Z); Langas Island, Sem-

porna, Agama & Valera 9447 (K, KEP,

L, SING) also numbered 44620; Jabu-

Jabu, Timbun Mata F.R., Keith 9919 (K,

L, SING); Lahad Datu, Harvey A 115

(BO, CANB, K, KEP, PNH, SAN, SING,

US); head of a small bay on south side

of Tabawan Island, Lahad Datu, Wood

& Wyatt-Smith A 4287 (A, BRI, K, KEP,

L, SAN, SING); Taliwas Hill, Upper

Segama River, + mile south of Lahad

Datu, Wood SAN 16146 (KEP, L, SAN,

SING); foot of north-east slopes of Mt

Silam, 12 miles W.S.W. of Lahad Datu,

Wood SAN 16051 (KEP, L, SAN, SING);

Lubuk Buaya, west of Bilit, Kinabatan-

gan, W. Meijer SAN 23128 (K, L, SING);

Jambongan Island, Cabiling 3832 (DD,

PDA, UC); Jesselton, Clemens 9633 (A,

BO, PNH, UC) & W. Meijer SAN 20217

(K, KEP, L, SAR, SING); Pulau Gaya,

Bayak 2623 (K, L, PNH); Kandilis 6203

(K, L, SING); south end of P. Gaya, near

Jesselton, Wood & Wyatt-Smith A 4505

(KEP, L, SAN, SING); Mempikit,

Keningau, Angian 7763 (K, KEP, SING);

Mempakul, Mail 7062 (BO, K, L, PNH,

SING); Kampong Kilugus, Mempakul,

Goklin 1977 (K, L); Manggis Hill, Goklin

2051 (K); Pulau Tiga, (Pascual 2/6)D. D.

Wood 2367 (SING, UC); Kampong

nen Kimanis, D. D. Wood 1219 (A,

216

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

BANGUEY

ISLAND:

LABUAN:

KARIMATA

ISLANDS:

PULAU LAUT:

PULAU

NUNUKAN:

PHILIPPINES

BALABAC

ISLAND:

PALAWAN:

DUMARAN:

CULION:

MINDORO:

LUZON:

SIBUYAN:

MASBATE:

PANAY:

GUIMARAS

ISLAND:

SULU

ISLANDS:

BASILAN:

Castro & Melegrito 1624 (A, BM, P, UC).

Motley 139 (CAL, K).

Pulau Pelapis, Tiangbalai, Mondi J31

(BO, K, L, P, SY, SING? VU).

Sei Sakujang, bb2357 (BO).

Southern part, Kostermans 9230 (BO, G,

K, L, P, SESS).

Vidal 3556 (K).

S.1., Curran 3839 (BO, K, P); Danao

21590 (A, NY, US); Dawara, Manalo

7437 (NY, US); Taytay, Merrill Nos.

9257 (BM, CAL, K;, LL," NSW, NY, &

PNH, SING, US) & 9353 (BO, BRI, CAL,

K, L, NSW, NY, P, PNH, US); Puerto

Princessa, Cenabre Nos. 29153 (BK) and

29189 (A, BO, SING, W).

Paragua Island, Vidal 1677 (A, FI, K,

L)s

Herre 1078 (A, NY, UC): Merrill 605 (A,

BM, CAL, K, NSW, NY, SING, US).

Merritt Nos. 8607 (BR) & 8640 (NSW).

S.1.,"Lebd sn. CR).

Prov. Laguna:—McGrcegor 22824 (K. P.

US).

Prov. Batangas:—Cuming Nos. 1582 (BM.

C, CGE, G & Boiss. & Prodr., K, L, M,

P, UPS) & 1583 (K).

Proy. Quezon (Tayabas):—A guilar 20185

(US): Pagbilao, Merrill Nos. 1917 (K,

NY, SING, US); 1924 (K, NY, US) &

2849 (BM, K, P, NY): Guinayangan,

Merrill 2052 (A, CAL, K, NY, SING,

US); Pitoga, Merrill 2117 (K, US); Mal-

bog, Oro 30713 (SING, Z); Kinatakutan,

Oro 30801 (NY, SING).

Prov. Camarines:—Alvarez 23698 (A,

SING, US): de Mesa & Magistrado 26511

(BM, BO, L).

Prov. Camarines Norte:—Paracale.

Ramos & Edafio Nos. 33459 (A, CAL,

L, NY, SING) & 33505 (A, CAL, L, NY,

SING).

Prov. Camarines Sur:—Pasacao. Ahern

20 (BO, CAL, NY. UC, US); Mt Isarog.

Curran 10496 (NY); s.l. Curran 10692

(CABOLY:

S.1., Franco 18833 (P); Magallanes, Mt

Giting-giting, Elmer 12228 (A. BM, BO,

BP, ‘BESL, CAE-E, FRUG, Eb oy:

US, 2

Palanoc, Vidal 3553 (K).

Hoilo, Vergara 23566 (A, US).

Gammill 281 (BM, NSW. NY, US):

M. D. Sulit 11778 (A, L, PNH).

Vidal 3562 (K).

Miranda 18973 (DD) very glabrous form:

Retllo ‘»J 167 {BRSL, FL G, M, UU, us.

Z): Mt Bulanting, Hutchinson 130 (BRI).

Sinclair —-Myristica 217

MINDANAO: Proy. Zamboanga:—Alhern 590 (US);

Quadras 294 (US); Malangas, Zamboanga

del Sur, Ramos & Edano 36982 (A, BM,

BRI); Whitford & Hutchinson 9454 (US).

CULTIVATED: Hort. Bog. Beccari FI Acc. Nos. 7749

(FI) origin Billiton and 7750 (FI) origin

Singapore as M. longifolia nom. nud.,;

IVG 79 (BO).

DISTRIBUTION : Burma, Indo-China (Cochin-China, P.

Condor), Sumatra, Malay Peninsula (east

coast only), Java, Bali, Borneo, Philip-

pines.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. guatteriifolia A. DC., Cuming 1582

(BM, CGE, “G7 é Boiss: 4. Prodr.

holotype, K, L, RE PP, UPS) Prov.

Batangas. M. cookii Warb., Cpt. Phillips

(Cook’s 3rd Exped.) s.n. (BM _ lectotype,

C); Herb. Pierre 5433 (BM, BO, BR, CAL,

G & Boiss., K. P) syntype which is also

M. condorensis Pierre Msc, nom. nud.

but excl. Nelson s.n. (BM) quoted by

Warburg = Knema corticosa Loureiro.

M., litoralis Miq., Teijsmann s.n. (BO, L,

P, U holotype) Japara, Java. M. pala-

wanensis Merr., Merrill 9253 (BM, CAL,

Kc, INSW? IN Yo°P, PNH, SING US)

Taytay, Palawan, isotypes, the PNH

duplicate being a replacement from the

British Museum for the original PNH

holotype which was destroyed; Merrill

9353 (BO, . BRI, CAL, K, L, NSW, NY,

P, PNH, US) Taytay, paratype and

Manalo 7437 (NY, US) Dawara, Palawan,

paratype. M. riedelii Warb. (Riedel)

Beccari FI Acc. No. 7749 (FI holotype).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Philippines:—Alanagni (Sul.); barakbak

(Neg.); dagaun (S.L. Bis.); dalihagan

(Neg.); dogoan (S.L. Bis.); doguan (Tag..,

P. Bis.); dugan (Tag., P. Bis); dughan (P.

Bis.); duguan (Tag., Bik.); kamas (Sul.);

lago (Tagb.); laho (Kuy.); talang-bundok

(Tag.); tugan (Tag.).

USES : Sometimes for timber in North Borneo,

but not to any extent.

A very distinct species related to M. agusanensis Elmer. It should

be best recognized by the brown or silvery stellate scales on the

undersurface of the leaves. Other diagnostic features are the brown

bark, the branched inflorescence with sub-globose, rusty-tomentose

flowers and pedicels and the densely tomentose fruit of the same

colour. Further it is a coastal species of the sandy and rocky

sea-shore (there are not many maritime Myristicaceae). \t may

grow inland on a coral, granitic-sand, or limestone substratum. Its

presence on small rocky islands is likely due to the fact that

these are usually uninhabited and the tree is left undisturbed to

flourish. It is especially common in Brunei on the strand forest

(white sand) forming a belt at the back of Casuarina equisetifolia,

just across and east of the Sungei Belait. It is also common on

remote and lonely places on the east coast of Malaya from

Johore to Trengganu, but never on the west coast of Malaya. It

should be looked for on rocky islands south of Singapore. There are

218 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

two gatherings by Rock from the Mekong river-valley in the

Shan States, Burma, in male flower and fruit. I have examined

these closely and cannot separate them from guatteriifolia. The

nearest locality to this somewhat unexpected one is Pulau Condor,

an island off the Mekong Delta in South Vietnam and the locus

classicus for the synonym M. cookii. It will be noticed that guat-

tertifolia ends in Bali, the Wallace Line passing between Bali and

Lombok. Could its male inflorescence axis have contracted and the

yellow scales on the lower surface of its leaves become less giving

way to fatua var. spanogheana, a variant of fatua which might be

mistaken for it? The latter actually begins in Sumbawa but further

search for it should be made in the deep valleys of mountainous

Lombok.

(23) Myristica agusanensis Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 8 (1915) 2775:

Merr. En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923)178.

Synonyms: Gymnacranthera lanceolata Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. 1

Suppl. 1 (1906) 55; Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 3 (1911) 1058

[non M. lanceolata Wall. Cat. (1832) nom. nud. = Knema

corticosa Loureiro]—syn. nov. M. laxiflora Merr. in Phil. J.

Sc. 17, 3 for Sept. 1920 (12th Jan. 1921) 254 et En. Phil. FI.

Pl. 2 (1923) 179—syn. nov. M. lancifolia Merr. En. Phil. FI.

Pl. 2 (1923) 178 [non M. lancifolia Poiret (1816)]—syn. nov.

M. sorsogonensis Elmer ex Merr. En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 178

in obs. pro synonym M. agusanensis Elmer, nom. nud.; Elmer,

Leafl. Phil. Bot. 10 (1939) 3809 pro synonym M. agusanensis,

nom. nud.; Kew Index Suppl. 10 for 1936-40 (1947) 149—

Fig. 17.

Tree 9-12 m. high, branched at the top in a dense crown.

Bark brown, flaking slightly in small portions: sap red. Twigs

slender, 2-3 mm. thick from the apex to some distance down,

medium to dark brown, glabrous, striate. Leaves chartaceous,

less often thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, shining to dull and glabrous

above, covered with minute silvery, cinnamon brown or yellowish

scales beneath, especially in young leaves, often becoming glabrous

when old, apex narrowed, acute, acuminate or sometimes the

acumen blunt, base acute, midrib lying in a groove above, raised

beneath; nerves 15-18 pairs, fine and sunk above, raised beneath,

oblique, leaving the midrib at an angle of 45°, equidistant,

sometimes with a secondary nerve between the primary ones;

reticulations not visible above, sometimes visible beneath, but

fine and faint, forming a lax network; length 11—15-(20) cm.:

breadth 2-6 cm., average 3 cm.; petiole 1.5—2.5 cm. long, slender,

deeply grooved. Male inflorescence 2-5 cm. long, a_ branched

panicle or sometimes unbranched with clusters of sub-umbellate

flowers at the ends of the branches. Male perianth rusty-tomentose

outside, cream and glabrous inside, 2-4 mm. long, in bud sub-

globose, becoming oblong and obtuse at the apex, the lobes

spreading or slightly reflexed in flower; bracteole at the base of

the flower, semi-circular, amplexicaul, 1.5—2 mm. long: pedicels

2-3 mm. long; staminal column cylindrical, obtuse at the apex,

Sinclair — Myristica 219

}

Rail

Dei vos

Fig. 17. Myristica agusanensis Elmer.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, scales from the undersurface of a leaf. E, female

inflorescences. F, female flower. G, ovary. H, fruit. A-D from

Elmer 11136 (NY). E-G from Meyer 3236 (BO isotype of Gymnac-

ranthera lanceolata Merr.). H from Ahern Y58 (NY).

oo Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

1.5-2 mm. long, the pubescent stalk 4 the length of the total

structure; anthers 7-8. Female inflorescence shorter and_ less

branched than the male. Female perianth as in the male, but

ovoid and more swollen; ovary 1.8 mm. long and 1 mm. in diam.,

ovoid, adpressed-tomentose, narrowed at the apex into the bi-lobed

stigmatic surface. Fruit single or in pairs, oblong or ellipsoid,

rusty-brown-tomentulose, becoming glabrous, thin-walled when dry,

3—3.5 cm. long and 2-2.3 cm. broad; stalk 5 mm. long.

PHILIPPINES

Si: Loher 6716 (K, M).

LUZON: Proy. Bataan:—Mt. Mariveles, Ahern

758 (BO, NY, US); Lamao F.R., Mt. Mari-

veles, Meyer 3236 (BO, K, NY, US).

Prov. Sorsogon:—Curran 10556 (K, NY,

US): Irosin (Mt. Bulusan) Elmer 16010

(A, BM, BO, BP, C, CAL, FI, G, K, L,

NSW, N¥. P, PNH, S, US UC, DS. WZ).

POLILLO: Karlagan, Fox 9061 (A, L, PNH).

MARINDUQUE: Vidal 1679 (K) the FI & L duplicates are

Knema glomerata.

SIBUYAN : Magallanes (Mt. Giting-giting) Elmer

12537 (A, BM, BO, BP, BRSL, CAL, E,

FI, G, K,..L, LE, NSW, NY, U.S, 'Z).

BASILAN: Reillo 15498 (A, BM, BO, CAL, K, L,

NY; _P; | SING, US).

MINDANAO: Prov. Agusan:—Cabadbaran (Mt. Urda-

neta) Elmer 13284 (A, BM, BO, BP, C,

CAL; E, FI, Gy KL, NSWONY2 ee.

Zz):

Proy. Bukidnon:— Vicinity of Tanculan,

Fenix 26011 (A, K, NY, US).

Prov. Davao:—Todaya (Mt. Apo) Elmer

47936 (A, BM RO,.BP, BRSL, CAL,

PinG, K, Ly LES NSW, NY, OSs, 2E

DISTRIBUTION : Philippines except in the north. In primary

forest up to 800 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica agusanensis Elmer, Elmer

13284 (A, BM, BO, BP, C, CAL, E, FI,

G, Koi,” NEW, NYS Uy es ee eee

laxiflora Merr. Reillo 15498 (A, BM,

BO, GAL; K, |L,. NY,,.Py, SINGS US ae.

sorsogonensis Elmer, Elmer 16010 (A,

BM, BO, BP, C, CAL, FI, G, K, L, NSW,

NY, 3P)) PNB, S200; Be) Ba. Wie.

Gymnacranthera lanceolata Merr. Meyer

3236" (BO, *K NY, Us).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Balai (Bik.); dugoan (Mbo.); malatalang

(Tag.).

It should not be difficult to see that this species is related to

M. guatteriifolia. It is, par excellence, a more elegant edition of it.

Although close in many ways, it is not liable to be confused with

guatteriifolia. The leaves with similar veins and cinnamon or

yellow scales beneath are smaller, narrower and much thinner in

texture. The indumentum is not so dense and does not persist

so long. The inflorescence and flowers are very similar. They

are, however, much smaller in all their parts, miniature replicas

of those of guatteriifolia. The smaller fruit is not densely tomentose,

but minutely tomentulose, becoming glabrous later. Finally M.

agusanensis is not a sea-shore species like its ally.

Sinclair — Myrtstica 221

M. sorsogonensis Elmer, without a description, is a nomen

nudum. It was never validly published although it was distributed

as Elmer 16010 and later confirmed by both Elmer and Merrill

as a synonym of M. agusanensis.

(24) Myristica markgraviana A. C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, |

(1941) 66.

Synonym: M. philippensis (non Lamk) Mef in Bot. Jahrb. 67,

2 (1935) 158.—Fig. 18.

Tree 5-30 m. high with the lower branches nearly horizontal

and when old with small buttresses. Bark medium to dark

brown, finely longitudinally fissured, flaking vertically when old

in rectangular strips; sap brownish red. Twigs densely and shortly

medium brown, furfuraceous-tomentose on the apical parts for

some distance down, 3-3.5 mm. thick but glabrous, medium

srey, slightly rough and stouter, (5-6 mm. thick) lower down.

Leaves chartaceous, sometimes thinly coriaceous, drying a glossy,

greyish green on the upper surface, glabrous above except when

young on the lower part of the upper midrib, covered beneath

with minute, silvery or cinnamon scales and on top of these

bedecked with a very short, furfuraceous, medium brown tomentum

of branched or dendroid hairs, the latter rubbing off easily, but

persisting for a longer time on the midrib and nerves and at

least some of it present in the oldest leaves, elliptic, occasionally

elliptic-lanceolate, the apex acute, bluntly acute, sometimes shortly

acuminate and occasionally obtuse, base acute to bluntly acute;

midrib and the 12-15 pairs of slender, oblique, nearly parallel

and equidistant nerves sunk above and raised beneath with a

very clear line of sub-marginal interarching beneath: reticulations

absent or very few, widely-spaced in scalariform fashion on the

lower surface; length 16—23 cm., average 19 cm.; breadth 6—10 cm.,

average 8 cm.; petiole 1.5—2 cm. long, shortly tomentose becoming

glabrous, flat or scarcely grooved on the upper surface. Male

inflorescence a panicle, 3-6 cm. long with several branches, the

latter generally opposite and leaving the main axis at a wide

angle, the lowermost usually at right angles, loosely articulated

(the lateral branches and pedicels breaking and separating in

herbaria into a number of segments so that it is difficult to see

the exact configuration), the whole structure including perianth,

pedicels and bracteoles densely tomentose or lanose with branched,

I-1.5 mm. long hairs, pedicels 7 mm.—1 cm. long. Male flowers

obovoid to sub-globose in bud, split down j4-way at the apex

into the lobes, 7 mm.—l cm. long and 5-7 mm. broad, rather

fleshy, remaining inflated when dry and not opening very much

at the apex, glabrous inside; lobes oblong-deltoid, obtuse to

sub-acute at the apex, incurved or slightly erect, neither spreading

nor reflexed; bracteole 3.5 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad, closely

adpressed to the flower and surrounding it on one side, ovate

to orbicular, obtuse at the apex, concave and glabrous inside:

staminal column sessile or nearly sessile, cylindrical or obtusely

trigonous, obtuse at the apex without a sterile apiculus, 4-5 mm.

long and 2.5 mm. broad, the stalk | mm. long or less, glabrous

222 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

JuRAIMIOEL

Fig. 18. Myristica markgraviana A. C. Smith.

A, leafy twig. B, scales from undersurface of leaf. C, male inflores-

cence. D, staminal column. E, female inflorescence with very

young fruit. F, fruit. G, hair from undersurface of leaf. A—B

from Saunders 443 (CANB). C-D from Schlechter 16789 (S).

E from Clemens 1817 (SING). F from L. S. Smith N.G.F. 1313

(BRI). G from Carr 16446 (SING).

~» ——__

Sinclair — Myristica 223

but arising from a ring of hairs at the bottom of the perianth:

anthers (7)-10-12, reduced anthers with only | loculus sometimes

filling up spaces between the normal anthers. Female inflorescence

shorter and less branched than in the male, also loosely articulated.

Female flowers ovoid-globose, 7 mm. long and 7 mm. broad;

ovary obovoid, rusty-lanose, the hairs 2-4 mm. long; pedicels

7 mm.—l cm. long, stout, gradually thickened from a 3 mm. broad

base to a 4-5 mm. thick apex, a small collar present at their

apices where they are attached to the ovary. Fruit ovoid-globose,

flattened at the base, medium brown and minutely furfuraceous-

tomentose, 3-3.5 cm. long and 3-3.5 cm. broad and with a

prominent groove of dehiscence; stalk 1 cm. long and 5—7 mm.

thick.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Northern District:—Kokoda, Carr 16446

(BM, CANB, K, L, SING).

Milne Bay District:—Mapo, L. S.

Smith N.G.F. 1313 (BRI, LAE).

T.N.G. Madang District:—Minjim sub-district,

Kambo, Stephansort, Schlechter 16789 (A,

BG, K, L>- NY. S, Z) hot Kadio’ as

stated by Markgraf and A. C. Smith;

Ramu Valley, about 5 miles south-east

of Faita airstrip, lower slopes of Bis-

marck Range, Saunders Nos. 296 (CANB,

L, EAE); 310 (CANB,: L); 364 (CANB,

L); 384 (CANB, L, LAE); 409 (CANB,

L); 415 (CANB, L); 4/9 (CANB, L); 425

(CANB, L); 426 (A, BM, CANB, K, L,

LAE); 428 (CANB, L, LAE); 443 (CANB,

L); 491 (CANB, L); 499 (CANB, L,

LAE)s, 326\(CANB, Ly LAE) US) not

Gymnacranthera paniculata var. Zip-

peliana as stated by me in Coll. List to

Gymnacranthera; 533 (CANB):; 537

aa 538 (CANB, L) & 562 (CANB,

Morobe District:—Quembung, Clemens

1142 (B, L, SING) & 2183 (A, B, SING);

Wareo, Clemens 1817 (B, SING); Busu

River,Henty N.G.F. 14828 (K, L, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : Papua and the Mandated Territory of

New Guinea. The altitude records are

from 600-3,000 feet (184-923 m.).

TYPE MATERIAL: Clemens 1142 (A holotype, B, L, SING).

VERNACULAR NAMES: JHokol; kolakol; saksak (Amele); galas;

gedagod; gilus; ‘mobo; ubub (Bilia);

dzidzit; gaigihab; gegeram; kisek; kuat;

muruara; susuik; yambuang (Dumpu);

amu; gamuka or more ' frequently

gamukua; gomugala; tuai; wawau; wime

(Faita); talela (Upper Waria).

This is a very distinct species and not likely to be confused

with any other. It has an unusual combination of characters,

namely a branched inflorescence (section I type) and the presence

of both scales and hairs on the lower surface of the leaf. No other

species in section I, except agusanensis and guatteriifolia has

such a combination. In these two, in very young leaves there are

hairs among the scales. These sdon drop off, however, and

then only the scales remain. The flowers, though smaller, and the

staminal column, are both comparable with those of markgraviana.

224 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Other noteworthy features of markgraviana are the elliptic,

‘“‘medium size-class’ leaves, glossy on the upper surface when

dry, the large, sub-globose or obovoid, densely rusty-tomentose

flowers with a large bracteole, and the tomentose fruit, flattened

at the base.

There is not much fertile material of markgraviana available.

Of the many specimens collected by Saunders and quoted here

only two are fertile. His specimens show good leaf samples and

have informative notes, but only the young upper tomentose part

of the twig has been collected. The Schlechter specimen 16789

was wrongly identified by Markgraf [Bot. Jahrb. 67 (1935) 158]

as M. philippensis Lamk, a species which does not occur in

New Guinea.

9. SERIES FRAGRANTES

series Fragrantes (Fragrans) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 378.

Synonym: series Speciosae (Speciosa) Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1877) 377.

Twigs generally slender, glabrous or with very little tomentum,

1-2 mm. thick in the apical parts, stouter in succedanea. Leaves

mostly chartaceous, sometimes coriaceous, small to medium

size-class, 6-20 cm. long and up to 25 cm. long in succedanea

but average 15 cm., 3.5—6.5-(11) cm. broad, glabrous but covered

beneath in varying degrees with very closely adpressed, minute

silvery or whitish scales, these neither powdery nor lax and not

easily rubbed off, sometimes not present in fragrans or present

only on its young leaves, denser in argentea, the base acute, the

apex acute or acuminate to apiculate; nerves 8-13 pairs and

up to 18 in succedanea, prominent and much curved, brownish

or reddish brown when dry beneath. /nflorescence axis 1-5 cm.

long, very slender, the axis and branches 1—2 mm. thick, usually

only once forked at the apex into two branches, sometimes

2-forked, at times not branched at all but with single flowers

male or female arising from the main axis; pedicels filiform.

Male flowers thin in texture, sub-globose to ellipsoid in bud,

rounded or slightly acute at the apex, generally glabrous, less

often minutely tomentulose, J—-1.3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. long only

in impressinervia, split down 1/5—t-way at the apex into the

obliquely spreading or slightly reflexed lobes; staminal column

with a very small obtuse apiculus, the stalk almost as long as the

fertile part, about the same thickness or slightly thinner, glabrous

or tomentose: bracteole very small and early deciduous. Female

flowers more swollen than the male with reflexed lobes. Fruit

glabrous, large, up to 10 cm. long, pyriform or ellipsoid, pendulous,

aromatic.—4 species, M. argentea, fragrans, impressinervia and

succedanea.

TYPE SPECIES: M. fragrans Houtt.

A distinct series differing in many ways from the others in

section I. One of the chief differences is seen in the branching

of the inflorescence, following a dichotomous pattern or not

Sinclair — Myristica 225

branched at all and often with single flowers. Other features are

the rather small elliptic leaves with widely curved venation, the

tendency to get rid of hairs on most parts where they normally

occur, the reddish brown slender twigs, rough with lenticels in

argentea, the rather large flowers and in particular the elongate

shape of the male.

There seems to be some relation through the dichotomy of

the inflorescence to the species in series Tubiflorae. There also

seems to be some relationship with series Ellipticae where the

species sometimes show dichotomy by suppression of the terminal

part of the main inflorescence axis above the first pair of lateral

branches.

I have united Warburg’s series Speciosae with his (Fragrans)

Fragrantes. M. speciosa is not different from M. succedanea but

he puts the latter in series Fragrantes. Series Fragrantes could be

divided into subseries Fragrantes and subseries Speciosae with

M. fragrans and impressinervia in the first and argentea and

succedanea in the second.

(25) Myristica *fragrans Houtt. Nat. Hist. 2, 3 (1774) 333;

Christmann, Pflanzensyst. 2 (1777) 322; Houtt. Verhandl. Holl.

Maatsch. d. Wetensch. te Harlem 26 (1789) 211-224 c. fig.:

Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 180 t.55; Hasskarl, Cat.

Pl. (1844) 174; Lindley, Veg. Kingd. (1846) 301 f. 209;

ADC.» Prodr...14,,1 (1856), 189; -de. Vriese,, Pl. Ind. Bat.

Or. 2 (1857) 92; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 53; A.DC. in

Martius, Fl. Bras. 5, 1 (1860) 107 t.38; Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. 1, 2 (1864) 205 (excl. f. sylvestris Mig. = M.

elliptica var. celebica) et Ann. 2, 1 (1865) 46; Baillon, Nat.

Hist. Pl. 2 (1870) 498 et Engl. edit. (1872) 492 f. 298-306;

bentley -< itimen, Med. Pi..3 (1876) t.218: HK. Fi. Br.

Ind. 5 (1886) 102; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891)

287 pl. 108; Watt, Dict. 5S (1891) 311; Warb. in Ber. Pharm.

Ges. Berlin (1892) 217; K. et V. Bijdr. Booms. 4 (1896) 194;

Warb. Die Muskatnuss (1897) 1-628 t.1, t.3 f.1-6 et t. P.292 et

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 458; Costerus in Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 15

(1898) 40-43, t. 10; Koorders, Fl. van N. O. Celebes (1898) 571;

Zippel, Ausland, Kulturpfl. Atlas, 4th edit. 1 (1899) t.15:

Janse in Ann. Jard. Btzg 16 (1899) 17-45 pl. 1 et 19 (1904)

1-10 t.1; Lecomte, Not. Syst. 1, 4 (1909) 98; Gamble, Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 233; Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912)

256; Lecomte in FI. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine 5, 2 (1914) 98:

L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. 4 (1916) 2095 £.2425; Merr.

Int. Rumph. (1917) 229; I. H. Burkill, Gard. Bull. Str. Settlem.

2 (1918) 158; Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. special

number (1921) 269: Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 63; Heyne,

Nutt. Pl. 1 (1927) 640; Burk. Dict. 2 (1935) 1524: Merr. in J.

Arn. Arb. 19, 4 (1938) 342; A. C. Joshi in J. Ind. Bot. Soc.

25 (1946) 139-143; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 361

Foot-note:—* See Index Lond. 4 (1930) 350 for illustrations mostly from

text-books on general botany.

226 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

f.29 et pl. VIIB; Uphof in Pfl. 17a2 (1959) 216 f.48; Worthington,

Ceylon Trees (1959) 351 cum pl.; Duke, Fl. Panama in Ann.

Miss. Bot. Gard. 49, 4, 5 (1963) 215 f.167; Backer et Bakh.

f. Fl. Java 1 (1963) 139.

Synonyms: M. officinalis Linn. f. Suppl. Pl. (1781) 265;

Murray, Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14 (1784) 493; J. Gaertner de

Fruct. et Sem. 1 (1788) 194 t.41 f.1 (excl. nux myristica mas

Rumph.); Hk. in Curt. Bot. Mag. 54 (1827) £.2756 & 2757.

M. moschata Thunb. Act. Holm. sive Kongl. Vet. Acad. Nya

Handl. Stockholm 3 (1782) 49 t.1 f.1; Nov. Gen. Plant 5 (1784) 83

et Diss. de Myristica (1788) 3; Willdenow in Usteri et Roem.

Mag. Bot. 3, 9 (1790) 21 t.1 & 2 et Sp. Pl. ed. 4, 4, 2 (1806) 869;

Persoon, Synopsis Pl. 2 (1807) 635; Bl. Bijdr. 2, 11 (1826) 575;

Sprengel, Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 3 (1826) 64; Roxb. FI. Ind.

3 (1832) 843. Drury, The Useful V1. of India (edit. 1858 &

1873) 305. ? M. americana Rottb. in Act. Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1

(1788) 302. M. aromatica Swartz, Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. |

(July 1788) 96. M. aromatica Lamk in Hist. Acad. Roy. des Sc.

Paris “‘for the year’ 1788 (1791) 155 pl. 5—7; Encycl. Méth. Bot.

4, 1 (1797) 385 et Tab. Encycl. Illus. des gen. (1800) t.832 & 833

f.1; Roxb. Pl. Corom. 3, 3 (11) (1820) 70 t.274. M. amboinensis

Gandoger in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66 (1919) 225 in clavi. M.

laurella Gandoger 1.c. 225 in clavi. M. philippinensis Gandoger

lic. 225 in clavi. Pre-Linnaean Names: —Nux myristica; Pala.

Rumphius, Herb. Amb. 2 (1741) 14 t.4. He describes 5 varieties

namely: —1l. Pala Boy, 2. Pala Pentsjoeri, 3. Pala Radja, this

name refers also to M. succedanea, 4. Pala Hollanda or Pala

Puti, 5. Pala Domine. For a complete list of pre-Linnaean names

and literature see Warb. Monog. Myrist. p.459-467 and Blume,

Rumphia | p.180.

I NATIVE. M. fragrans is native in Ambon and Banda but some

of the following may be from trees cultivated there.

MOLUCCAS S.L.: Ex Herb. Burman 2382 (G) in Houttuyn’s.

handwriting and from his herbarium; ex

Herb. Houtt. s.n. (L) 2. sheets in

Houttuyn’s handwriting, L Acc. Nos.

908133-1765 and 908133-1784; s. coll.,

probably Vahl (L) dedit Houtt., L Acc.

No. 908133-1797.

AMBON : S.1., Atasrip 1 (BO, SING); Forsten s.n.

(L); Labillardiére s.n. (FI, G, P); Lesson

d’Urville s.n. (P); Robinson Nos. 245 (A,

BM, BO, K, L, NY, P, US) and 246

(A, CAL, K, P, SING, US) as nux

myristica; Ventenat s.n. (G); de Vriese,

date 1860 (A, L, LY); Hatiu Besar,

bb10149 (BO); Batu Merah, Rant 823

(BO.)

BANDA : Atasrip 2 (BO, SING): ex Herb. Vahl

sn. also ex Herb. Houttuyn (C) dedit

Houttuyn; Challenger Expedition. Mose-

ley, date 1875 (BM, K): Christopher

Smith, May 1797 (BR Herb. Roxb., G,

MEL, NSW, SING) & C. Smith 299 (BM)

these two probably all one collection;

Teijsmann & de Vriese s.n. (L, U); Thun-

berg s.n. (S).

Sinclair — Myristica Zar

II CULTIVATED. The northern Moluccan specimens from

Ternate, Batjan and Obi are listed here. It is unlikely that they

are native.

INDIA S.L.:

WEST BENGAL:

MADRAS:

KERALA:

NICOBARS:

CEYLON :

INDO-CHINA

SOUTH VIETNAM

(COCHIN-CHINA) :

SIAM CENTRAL

DIVISION:

PENINSULAR

DIVISION:

SUMATRA S.L.:

East COAST:

MALAY PENINSULA:

JAVA S.L.:

Wall. Cat. 6785b (K) Herb. Roxb. as

M. aromatica; Wall. Cat. 6785c (K) Herb.

Heyne as M. moschata; Wall. Cat. 6785d

(K) Herb. Finlayson as M. aromatica;

Herb. Burman s.n. (G).

Bot. Gard. Calcutta, Herb. Pierre 5430

(P); Wall. Cat. 6785f (K) as M. moschata;

Roxburgh s.n. (P); Gaudichaud 187 (G)

ex Herb. Wall.

S.1., Wight Nos. 109 (E) & 2814 (E);

Nilgiris, Gamble 11558 (K); Kuttalam

(Courtallam), Beddome 6732 (BM); Wall.

Cat. 6785a (CAL, CGE, G, K); Wight

722 (E) & Paluncotta, Courtallam, Wight

2488 (CAL, E, K, L, P).

Cochin:— Bolghati, Gamble, Sept. 1894

(K).

Philippi, date 1843 (C).

S.1., Dyke 79 (A, K, P); Pailett (Herb.

Lemann) s.n. (CGE); Nilambre Estate,

Galeta Road, Worthington 3021 (BM);

Kandy, Worthington 5589 (BM); the

remainder Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya,

Appuhany, 6th Feb. 1952 (PDA); Baker

124 (A, BO, C, E, K, NSW, P, PDA, U,

UC, Z); Pearson 963 (CGE) & F.W. de

Silva, 5th Oct. 1929 (PDA) & 8th Aug.

1931 (PDA).

Cochinchina, Exped. Harmand, Godefroy

814 (P); Botanic Garden, Saigon,

Alleizette 6151 (L).

Bangkok, Lakshnakara 435 (BM, BK).

“Trang, Collins 2352 (BM, K, P, US):

Trang Chawng, Smitinand F.D. 8583

(BKF).

Forbes, date 1881-82 (BM); de Vriese

(L).

Bindjei, Langkat, Lorzing 16826 (K, L);

Medan, Lérzing 13283 (K, L); Ria na

Poso, between Djoema Tombak &

Taratak, Tana Djawa, Simelungun,

Bartlett 8283 (NY, US): Sibolangit,

Lorzing Nos. 5220 (BO, K, L, U) & 5504

(BO, L); Aer Djoman, Asahan, Rahmat

Si Boeea Nos. 8242 (A) and 8368 (A, L).

For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

361. Singapore, Cuming 2418 (BM, CAL,

FI, G & Boiss., K, LY, P, UPS) not

Philippines.

Bhumne*\ sh. {60;° BRS, L); Herb.

Chislaw, date 1813 (G Prodr.) as M.

vera; Friedmann, date 1846 (BR);

Hasskarl s.n. (L); Junghuhn, date 1855

(LY) type of M. laurella Gandoger; M.

le Comte Hoffmantegg, date 1837 (G

Prodr.); Reinwardt s.n. (L); Waitz s.n.

(L); Zollinger Nos. 392 (FI, G, Boiss. &

Prodr., K, L, P, Z); 13/0 (S) & 1313 (BM,

FL, G & Bous., P, 7):

228 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

WEST JAVA: The following Bogor or Hort. Bog.:—

Barbey, date 1891 (G Boiss.); Gilbert

(IVH 55) (BR, K); Fevrell & Heide, May

1922 (S); Koorders Nos. 39669 (BO); '

Pledang, Koorders 39670 (BO): Nyman,

12th Sept. 1897 (UPS): Sinclair Nos. .

10032 (1VH 69) (A, B, E, K. L, M, NY,

SING) and 1/0033 (IVH, 55) (SING);

van Steenis 416 (BO): Teijsmann s.n. (G

Boiss.. MEL, P): Warburg Nos. 1740

(C, FI, G Boiss., L, M) and //006 (G

Boiss., P): collections from trees num-

bered in Hort. Bog.:—JVG 76 (A, BO,

NY, SING, US): IVG 76a (BO, SING);

IVH 69 (NY, US) & IVH 70 (BO, NY,

US). Pengangsaan, near Bogor, Backer

Nos. 33975 (BO) & 33976 (BO): Tyjiomas,

Backer 37596 (L); Kotaparis, Bakh. v.d.

Brink f. 1614 (BO, WU): Tjibalagung,

Bakh. f. 3611 (BO, L): near Djakarta

(Batavia), Kollmann (BM, G Boiss.).

East JAVA: Klakah, Pasuruan, v. Slooten 2389 (BO).

BORNEO Sarawak: Kuching, Beccari FI Aec. Nos. 7659 (FI)

& 7660 (FI).

PHILIPPINES Luzon: Prov. Laguna, Mt Makiling, M.D. Sulit

15023 (L. PNH).

CELEBES Nortu S.1., C. Hose 819 (BM, K); Boowl =

PENINSULA: (Boeol), Taba-muang, Kaudern 7 (L);

Minahassa, Don du Major (Herb. Sa-

viniére) s.n. (P). r

MOLUCCAS TERNATE: Atasrip Nos 7 (BO, SING): J/9 (BO,

SING); 1/23 (BO); 124 (BO); 125 (BO);

129 (BO) & 130 (BO, SING); Beccari

FI Acc. Nos. 7661 (Fl); 7662 (Fl); 7663

(FI); 7664 (FI); 7665 (FI); 7666 (FI);

7667 (FI); 7672 (FI) & 7673 (FI); 7699

(FI); 7700 (FI) & 7701 (FI); Palatuin,

K.P.M., Beguin Nos 786 (BO); 787 (BO,

L); 788 (BO); 789 (BO) & 1382 (BO);

s.l., Teijsmann 7821 (BO).

BATJAN: Teijsmann 5891 (BO, CAL, PDA, U): de

Vriese s.n. (L).

OBI: Atasrip Nos. 111 (BO, K, L) & J12 (BO,

SING); de Vriese s.n. (L).

NEW GUINEA VoceLkop Fak-Fak, Expt. Garden, Kalkman BW

(DuTCH Nos. 6340 (L, SING); 6341 (KEP, L,

WEST SING); 6342 (L, SING) & 6347 (KEP,

NEw L, SING).

GUINEA):

AFRICAN

ISLANDS ZANZIBAR: Sacleux, June 1891 (P).

MADAGASCAR: Chapelier s.n. (P); Du Petit Thouars s.n.

(P).

MAURITIUS Céré (Herb. Lamarck) s.n. (P) several

(ILE-DE- sheets; Labillardiére sn. (FI, G, P);

FRANCE): Maire (Herb. Lamarck) s.n. (P); Lahaye

s.n. (G Prodr.); Martin s.n. (G); Sieber

Nos. 126 (BM, BP, E, G & Prodr., K, L,

P) & 258 (BP, E, G & Prodr., L, P) as

M. moschata; Thunberg (Herb. Jussieu)

Richard Cat. No. 16700 (P).

REUNION Boivin 1293 (G & Boiss., P); Perrotet,

(BOURBON). dates 1820 (G Prodr.) & 1821 (G); Potier

s.n. (K, P).

Sinclair — Myristica

WEST

INDIES s.L.:

CUBA:

JAMAICA:

Dominica:

MARTINIQUE:

ST. VINCENT:

GRENADA:

TOBAGO:

TRINADAD:

SOUTH

AMERICA FRENCH

GUIANA

(CAYENNE) :

SURINAM

(DuTCH

GUIANA):

BRAZIL:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

VERNACULAR NAMES:

229:

Herb Lindley 1123 (L)

Soledad, Cienfuegos, Prov. Santa Clara,

Jack 8509 (P).

Castleton Gardens, Harris, 4th July 1903

(UC).

Eggers (Toeppler) 568 (BR, FI, G &

Boiss. wk P, UC) = Acc. No. 21659).

Decaisne, date 1871 (P); L’Hahn Nos.

345 (BM, FI, G & Boiss., K) and 346

(BM, G & Boiss.); L’Hahn, date 1867-

1870 (P).

Lindley, date 1827 (G Boiss., MEL).

The Bower, St. Georges, Broadway 4393

(BR); Belvedere, Eggers 6153 (P).

Scarborough, Broadway 4828 (BM, E, G).

Botanic Garden, St. Ann’s, . Broadway

520 CF, "Gy UC).

Poiteau, date 1824 (K, P); Richard date

1874 (G & Prodr.); Herb. Jussieu,

Richard Cat. 16700a (P); Sagot 1254

(BM, P).

Splittgerber 534 (L).

S.1., Lund 179 (G Prodr.); Rio Negro,

Martius s.n. (L); Para, Burchell 9577

(K, P); Bot. Garden, Rio de Janeiro,

s. coll. (BR); Guillemin, date 1839, Cat.

No. 113 (G & Prodr., P) & Miers 3391

(K).

This tree is native in the Southern

Moluccas, but probably most of the

collectors listed here obtained it from

plantations rather than from the forest.

None of them states the type of habitat

on the labels, and there are no recent

collections. Blume says that it is native

in Ceram, but I have seen no collections.

The Portuguese first found it wild in

Banda and pigeons are known to have

carried seeds and spread it to various

surrounding islands. There are collec-

tions from Ternate where it was obtained:

when Europeans first began to exploit

the trade, but I have placed the Ternate

material under “Cultivated” as it may

not be native there.

See at the end of the notes where it is

more convenient to deal with this subject.

Buah pala (Malay); bunga pala (Malay

= the mace); chan-thet (Laos and Siam);

jaddikai (Tamil); jadi pattiri (Tamil =

the mace); jaiphal (Hindi); japatr (Hindi

= the mace); jouzuttib or jouzalteib

(Arabic); jouzbewa (Persian); low how

(Hokien); muskatnuss (German); noix

‘muscade (French); nootmuskaat (Dutch);

nos moscada (Portugese); nutmeg (Eng-

lish); sadikka; saddikka (Ceylon), Sin-

halese); sadikkai (Ceylon, Tamil); tou

k’ou (Mandarin); tow khow (Cantonese).

230 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

HISTORY AND USES: _ See Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 237-239.

There are also good accounts in Ridley,

Spices (1912) 94; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.

of India 5 (1891) 311 and Burkill, Dict.

Econ. Prod. Mal. Pen. 2 (1935) 1524.

CULTIVATION : J. M. Janse, “De nootmuskaat-cultuur

op Banda en in de Minahassa” in Meded.

’s-Lands Plantentuin 28 (1898) 1-233. R.

Nichols and A.M. Cruickshank in Trop.

Agric. 41, 2 (April 1964) 141.

The inflorescence, although less branched than that of species

such as guatteriifolia, lowiana, maxima, philippensis and others, is

still typical of that of section I. The main axis of the male inflores-

cence is slender, 1—1.5 cm. long and branches dichotomously at the

‘top into two equal, slender branches. Rarely are there more than

two branches. These vary in size with age, but they are shorter than

the main, axis. They continue to grow at the apex bearing few

flowers on slender pedicels. . The portion bearing the bract and

pedicel scars is slightly thickened. The older this portion the more

scars will there be. Sometimes the male inflorescence is entirely

simple with a single flower. The female axis is usually unbranched

with only one flower. The main portion of it is also slender and

not a woody-knob like that of a section II species or of a Knema.

The student will learn to recognize that he is still dealing with a

section I species.

The other members of this series, namely argentea, impressinervia

and succedanea have a somewhat similar inflorescence, also with

less branches than the species mentioned at the beginning of these

notes. For the chief differences and similarities see the notes under

each of the members of series Fragrantes. Other species have

leaves somewhat similar to those of fragrans. These are globosa,

lepidota and tubiflora. See also under these for differences.

The page number of the reference for M. fragrans Houtt. in

Nat. Hist. 2, 3 (1774) is 333 and not 233 as stated in many of the

older publications. This error seems to have been perpetuated

faithfully.

In a recent paper ‘‘Vegetative Propagation of Nutmeg (Myristica

fragrans) in Grenada, West Indies” in Trop. Agric. 41, 2 (1964)

141, R. Nichols and A. M. Cruickshank review the old as well as

the most recent methods in vegetative propagation of nutmeg.

As a result of a hurricane in 1955 in Grenada, many of the nutmeg

trees were damaged and the production of the crop fell by a half.

To offset this loss investigations were started by the Regional

Research Centre in Trinidad and the Department of Agriculture

in Grenada with a view to improve existing methods of vegetative

propagation. The best results-were obtained from approach-grafting

with marcotting second and although these two methods gave

good results on a commercial scale they can still be improved

considerably. Ordinary propagation from cuttings was too slow

Sinclair — Myristica 231

and required extreme care. This technique has never become an

established commercial practice with nutmegs, but recently con-

siderable success has been achieved with rubber (another species

difficult to root) using mist propagation. If more female nutmeg

plants were readily available and the rubber methods tried out,

the results might be better. If successful such methods would be

cheaper than marcotting or approach-grafting.

Here are the details of the type material: —

Myristica fragrans Houtt. Houttuyn bases his description mostly

on that of Rumphius, Herb. Amb. 2 (1741) 14 but aiso refers

to C. Bauhin, Clusius, Dodonaeus and Weinmann and to the

names nux moschata fructu rotundo of Bauhin and nux myristica

foemina of Clusius. The type locality is Banda but he does not

select any actual specimen as a type. There is, however, authentic

material named but not collected by him. Vahl and Burman(n)

gave him specimens for his herbarium, but these must have been

collected not by themselves, but by someone else. Houttuyn’s own

herbarium with the sheets from these here-mentioned botanists is

now incorporated in various national herbaria. His sheets are

best cited as ex Herb. Houtt. There is one lot ex Herb. Vahl from

Banda (C, W). The C sheet is cited by Merrill in J. Arn. Arb.

19 (1938) 342. The W sheet was destroyed. There is another

sheet bearing Houttuyn’s handwriting in G ex Herb. Burman,

Moluccas, sine locality. There are two sheets in L without locality,

bearing Houttuyn’s handwriting and a third sheet, also without

locality, probably given to him by Vahl.

M. amboinensis Gandoger, de Vriese s.n., date 1860 (L, LY

holotype) Ambon.

M. aromatica Swartz, based on flowers in spirit from Banda and

Mauritius, kept by Joseph Banks in his Museum (now the British

Museum) and fruit from that illustrated by Thunberg in Act.

Holm. (1782) 46 and the same as nux moschata. Lamarck and

Swartz both published M. aromatica independently of each other,

each making no reference to the other. It may be that Swartz,

aware of the reading of Lamarck’s paper at the meeting of the

Académie Royale in 1788 in Paris and knowing. that its publication

would be delayed, “‘beat him to it” and published M. aromatica

Swartz in 1788. Lamarck’s paper, although being “‘for the year

1788” did not actually appear till 1791 so the priority goes to

Swartz. In this paper of Lamarck’s it will be noticed that he cites

authors’ names and references for species not published by himself

but where there is no name it clearly shows that the species was

his own. In his later account for Myristica in the Encycl. Méth.

Bot. page 385 he certainly puts his own name to M. aromatica,

leaving out all reference to Swartz. We can draw our own conclu-

sions. Lamarck bases his species mostly on Céré’s description

with a list of references to C. Bauhin, Clusius, Piso, Lobelius,

Plukenet, Ray (Raj.), Valentini, Rumphius, Blackwell, Garcia

and Sonnerat.

232 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

M. laurella Gandoger, Junghuhn s.n., date 1855 (LY holotype)

Java.

M. moschata Thunb. Thunberg s.n., (S) Banda. This sheet is

not quoted under the original description, but the author refers to

Herb. Amb. and to the plate t. 4 there. On pages 16 and 18 of

Herb. Amb. the name nux moschata is given.

M. officinalis L.. There is a type specimen in the Linnaean

Herbarium, Burlington House, London, which I was kindly allowed

to inspect. This can be taken as the type of M. officinalis Lf.

It is numbered 1204.1 both on the sheet and in Savage, A

Catalogue of the Linnaean Herbarium (1945). On the sheet is

also written Myristica vera H.B. The word Myristica is in the

handwriting of Linnaeus and vera in J. E. Smith’s. I am indebted

to Dr. W. T. Stearn of the British Museum who showed and

explained to me the Museum’s microfilm copy of this sheet.

M. philippinensis Gandoger, Cuming 2418 (BM, CAL, FI,

G & Boiss., K, LY holotype, P, UPS) Singapore.

(26) Myristica impressinervia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. Fig. 19.

Species in seriem Fragrantes ponenda atque affinis M. argenteae,

succedaneae et fragranti a quibus floribus minoribus dense strigoso-

tomentosis differt. A. M. fragranti, cui proxima, foliis apice minus

acutis, subtus albidis, floribus campanulatis, stipite columnae

staminalis piloso recognoscitur.

Arbor 6 m. alta, ramosissima. Ramuli graciles, 2 mm. crassi,

glabri, sat grisei vel partim nigro-grisei, longitudinaliter striatuli.

Folia chartacea, elliptica, nonnunquam oblongo-elliptica, supra in

sicco atro-brunnea, subtus argentea, costa nervisque brunneis

exceptis, basin versus rotundata, immo basi abrupte acuta, apice

acuta vel obtuse acuta, 8-12 cm. longa; 4.5—6 cm. lata: costa supra

insculpta, subtus elevata; nervi 8—11-jugati, supra valde impressi,

subtus distincti, tenues, elevati, marginem versus gradatim curvati;

reticulationes nullae; petioli 1-1.3 cm. longi, tenues, 1-1.5 mm.

crassi. Inflorescentia mascula 1.5-S cm. longa, gracilis, teres,

strigoso-tomentosa, apice vulgo bifurcata vel interdum trifurcata,

ramuli secundarii 5 mm.—2 cm. longi, floribus 3-5 in cymis

monochasialibus praediti. Flores masculi + unifarii, introrsi,

coriacei, late campanulati (in alabastro globosi), extus dense

ferrugineo-strigosi, intus cremei, glabri, 3-4 mm. longi, 4 mm.

lati, apice in lobos tres obtuse acutos 4-fissi; columna staminalis

(stipes inclusus) 3 mm. longa, cylindrica vel in juventute dolei-

formis et sessilis, in apicem sterilem brevem obtusum terminata:

antherae 8-12; stipes pilosus vel tomentosus, 1 mm. longus, basi

latus, apice angustatus; pedicelli ut in floribus tomentosi, graciles,

5 mm. longi; bracteola similimodo tomentosa, semi-orbicularis,

amplexicaulis 2-3 mm. longa. Flores feminei et fructus non Visi.

233

Sinclair — Myristica

J. Sinclair.

inervia

istica impress

Fig. 19. Myr

male

portion of leaf from above

column. A-E from Kjellberg 2427 (BO

showing nerves lying in grooves. C, male inflorescence. D

E, staminal

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences.

flower.

isotype).

234 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

A tree 6 m. high, much branched. Twigs slender, 2 mm. thick,

glabrous, medium grey or blackish grey in parts, finely longitudi-

nally striate. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic or sometimes oblong-

elliptic, drying dark brown above and silvery beneath with brown

lower midrib and nerves, rounded and then abruptly acute at the

base just above the petiole, acute at the apex; midrib sunk above,

lying in a groove, raised beneath; nerves 8-11 pairs, very strongly

impressed above, distinct, slender and raised beneath, curving

gradually towards the margin; reticulations absent; length 8-12

cm; breadth 4.5-6 cm; petiole 1—1.3 cm. long, slender, 1-1.5 mm.

thick. Male inflorescence 1.5—5 cm. long, slender, terete, strigose-

tomentose, commonly bifurcate, less often trifurcate at the apex,

the secondary branches 5 mm.— 2 cm. long, bearing 3—5 flowers

in monochasial cymes. Male flowers more or less in one row,

facing inwards towards the axis or towards the flowers of the

Opposing twin branch, coriaceous, broadly campanulate (globose

in bud), densely rusty-strigose outside, cream-coloured and glabrous

inside, 3-4 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, split down half-way at

the apex by the 3, obtusely acute perianth lobes; staminal column,

including its stalk 3 mm. long, cylindrical or barrel-shaped and

sessile when young, obtuse at the short, sterile apex, its stalk

1 mm. long, tomentose or pilose, broad at the base and narrowed

at the apex where it joins the anthers; anthers 8-12 with shallow

cup-shaped pollen grains; pedicels slender, tomentose like the

perianth, 5 mm. long; bracteole with similar tomentum, semi-

orbicular, amplexicaul, 2-3 mm long. Female flowers and fruit

not seen.

CELEBES CENTRAL CELEBES: Tolala, Kjellberg 2427 (BO, S holotype).

DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the above, on lime-

stone.

TYPE MATERIAL: See above.

This species I have put into series Fragrantes along with

M. argentea, succedanea and fragrans. It agrees with the first two

in having the lower surface of the leaves whitish, but the leaves

themselves are smaller, being of the same shape and size as those

of fragrans. It might, indeed, be mistaken for fragrans if sterile,

but fragrans has a more acute leaf apex. It has the nerves impressed

on the upper surface of the leaf as are those of these other three

species. It also differs from the rest in its smalier, densely

strigose-tomentose flowers, succedanea being the nearest with

tomentulose flowers. M. fragrans and argentea have them glabrous.

Its flower buds are obtuse at the apex, like those fragrans and

succedanea. In argentea they are acute. The stalk of the staminal

column is tomentose or pilose like that of succedanea whereas

it is glabrous in argentea and fragrans. The last character is

probably not important and I do not know how far it is reliable.

However, to sum up, the main diagnostic characters of impressi-

nervia are the “‘fragrans” type of leaf with slender petiole, sunk

nerves and whitish undersurface and the tomentose-strigose flowers.

Sinclair — Myristica 235

I have chosen the name impressinervia so as to call attention

to another species —M. impressa Warb. with which I at first

associated it, but after having carefully compared the descriptions

of both, I have come to the conclusion that they do not agree.

M. impressa Warb. was collected in Celebes once only by Warburg,

but unfortunately the single gathering was destroyed in Berlin

during the war. The details are:—

Myristica impressa Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 537 t. 15 f. 1-3.

Wao-Kraeng, Lande Goa, Celebes, Warburg 16716 (B holotype,

burnt) fruit.

M. impressa is described as having sunk veins and a white

undersurface to the leaves, but the veins are oblique and not

curved gradually towards the margins. The petiole is 2-3 mm.

thick, whereas it is slender and 1-1.5 mm. thick in my species.

Unfortunately there are no flowers and the description of the

fruit is not very helpful as M. koordersii and elliptica var. celebica

both from Celebes have a somewhat similar fruit. M. koordersii

has a white undersurface to the leaves and those of elliptica var.

celebica are also at times whitish. M. koordersii usually has an

oblong leaf, with parallel sides, but I have seen a specimen from

Bogor, Teijsmann 472, where some of the leaves are ovate or

ovate-oblong (those of impressa were described as ovate or

obovate-lanceolate). The ovate leaves of Teijsmann 472 are those

from the extreme apex of a twig and so therefore are not typical.

M. impressa is certainly not M. lancifolia var. bifurcata while the

only other known species from Celebes, M. fatua var. affinis is

ruled out since it has yellow scales on the undersurface of the

leaf. M. impressa may have been an atypical specimen of koordersii,

but since the evidence is not conclusive and the type is lost, I have,

with regret, to relegate it to ““Excluded Species”.

(27) Myristica argentea Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. 13, 3-4 (1891) 311;

Uber d. nutzb. Muskatnusse, Ber. d. Pharmac. Ges. Berlin

(1892) 212-217 t. (without number) f. 8-10; Die Muskatnuss

pieer) 13 125,.206, 226-9243; 2554289. 335, 345,.346;. 347,

348-365, 475, 499 t. 2 and text plate opposite page 348 et

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 446; Valeton in Bull. Dép. Agric.

Indes Néerl. 10 (1907) 13; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1 (1927) 638;

Burk. Dict. 2 (1935) 1523; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2

(1935) 165.

Synonym: M. finschii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 534

pro parte; Schum. et Lauterb. FI. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d.

Siidsee (1900) 328 pro parte. Fig. 20.

Tree 15-20 m. high, sometimes with stilt-roots. Bark dark grey

or blackish grey with very small roundish scales or flaking portions

arranged in a longitudinal pattern; sap red. Twigs slender, 2 mm.

thick at the apex, 4 mm. thick 20-30 cm. lower down, dark brown,

rough with numerous raised lenticels and tending to crack in the

Fig. 20. Myristica argentea Warb.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, scales from undersurface of leaf. E, female flower.

F, ovary. G, fruit. H, embryo. A-D from Kalkman BW6346

(SING). E-F from Kalkman BW6344 (SING). G partly from

Kalkman BW6344 (SING) and partly after Warburg's plate t. 2 in

Die Muskatnuss. H after Warburg’s plate t. 2 in Die Muskatnuss.

Sinclair — Myristica 257

oldest portions. Leaves chartaceous, mostly elliptic-lanceolate, but

sometimes oblong-lanceolate, drying a pale yellowish green above

and white beneath with minute silvery scales except on the brick-

coloured midrib and nerves, apex sharply acuminate or apiculate

with a 1-2 cm. long acumen; midrib and the 9-13 pairs of nerves.

sunk above, prominent beneath, the latter curving gradually and

ascending to the margin, the ascent rather crooked at times,

reticulations not generally visible except under a lens, forming a

scalariform series; length 10—20-(25) cm.; breadth 4-6-(10) cm.;

petiole 1.5-2 cm. long. Male inflorescence slender, 2-5 cm. long,

simple or mostly once forked, the forks bearing the scars of

fallen flowers and bracts towards their apices. Male flowers 3-5

with slender pedicels 1 mm. or less thick and 1-1.3 cm. long;

bracteoles very early caducous (not seen), but their basal remains.

forming a ring near the base of the perianth; perianth ellipsoid.

7 mm.—1.1 cm. long and 5 mm. broad, medium brown and

glabrous outside or sometimes with a few, very minute, adpressed

hairs, glabrous and greenish white inside, bluntly acute at the

apex and split down 4-way; staminal column with 10-12 anthers,

ending in a minute, obtuse, sterile apex (or the sterile apex

wanting), the stalk glabrous and 3 mm. long, the fertile portion

6 mm. long and slightly thicker than the stalk. Female inflorescence

1-1.5 cm. long, the main axis usually simple, but sometimes

bifurcate, the 8 mm.—1 cm. long pedicels thicker than in the

male, 1.5—-2 mm. thick. Female fiowers ovoid-ellipsoid, 1-1.2 cm.

long and 5-6 mm. broad, narrowed into a beak-like apex; ovary

flask-shaped, minutely light brown-tomentose, 3-4 mm. broad and

7 mm. long including the beak-like stigmatic portion. Fruit

4.5-8.5 cm. long and 4.5-5.5 cm. broad, ellipsoid, narrowed

slightly at both ends, glabrous, yellow with some brown pustules,

medium brown and very hard when dry; stalk 1 cm. long and

3 mm. thick. Avil thin, red. Seed oblong-cylindric, broadening at

the base, blackish brown, shining, 3.5—4 cm.: long.

NEW GUINEA Between Andai and Bivac II, Tuyama

VOGELKOP 1908 (*RINR); Kambu Keeper, Atasrip

(DuTcH WEST 707 (BO, L); Roriese, Babo, Aet (Lund-

NEW GuINEA): quist) 169 (BO, L) & bb32713 = Lund-

quist 94 (BO, L); Sigar (Sekar) Mac-

Cluer Gulf, Warburg 20717 (C, FI, G

Boiss., L, M, P); Itaro, east of Temina-

buan, Schram BW Nos. 6158 (L) and

6159 (L); Fakfak, Kampong Agonda,

Babo, bb32986 = Lundquist 267 (BO,

L); Agricultural Exp. Garden, Fak-fak,

Kalkman BW Nos. 6343 (L, SING);

6344 (K, L, SING) & 6346 (K, KEP, L,

SING); Pulau Faor (Faur) Beccari 42

(FI); Bahagdan, bb22222 = Z. Salverda

302 (A, BO, L, SING); Wairoro, Geel-

vink Bay, Beccari FI Acc. Nos. 7733 (A,

FI); 7733a (FI); 7733b (FI) & 7733c (FI).

Foot-note:—* RINR=Royal Institute for Natural Resources, Tokyo.

238 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

DISTRIBUTION: Dutch West New Guinea. Mostly cul-

tivated. Fairly common but not well

represented in herbaria. Schram BW

Nos. 6158 and 6159 from primary forest,

sandy clay on limestone rock, are stated

to be rather common.

TYPE MATERIAL: Warburg 20717 (B holotype burnt, C, FI,

G Boiss., L, M, P).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Akum (Maibrat language); gagom (Nara-

masa); heen (Iha); kakomo (Yense); long

nutmeg; Macassar nutmeg; Papuan nut-

meg (English).

USES: The Papuan nutmeg is cultivated to some

slight extent in Dutch West New Guinea,

but the aromatic properties are faint in

the nut. The aril, Macassar mace, has

more fragrance than the nut and has

been used to mix with true mace. The nut,

however, is used medicinally mostly in

Java, as a substitute for the nuts of M.

fatua.

The nut is larger and longer than that of M. fragrans and the

aril is thinner and less divided. It has about four major laciniations.

The leaves are larger than those of M. fragrans and are at once

distinguished by their silvery white undersurface. They are less

coriaceous than those of succedanea. Warburg has observed stilt-

roots, but I do not know if they are always present. Perhaps, in

dry ground, they may be absent or greatly reduced. The twigs are

rough with numerous lenticels and this should distinguish argentea

from the other species in this series. The male flowers are larger

than those of fragrans being more elongated and more acute at

the apex. The stalk of the larger staminal column is glabrous in

both species but pubescent in succedanea and impressinervia.

According to Markgraf, page 169 M. finschii consists of loose

fruit of M. fatua var. papuana and a leafy twig of M. argentea.

(28) Myristica succedanea Reinwardt (Herb. et sched. msc. no

1501) ex Bl. Rumphia 1 (1837) 186; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856)

189; de Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Or. 2 (1857) 94; Migq. Fl. Ind.

Bat. 1(2) 1 (1858) 56 et Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2, 1

(1865) 46; Baillon, Nat. Hist. Pl. 2 (1872) 497; Scheffer in

Ann. Jard. Btzg 1 (1876) 46 pro parte (altera pars = M. schefferi

Warb.; altera pars = M. resinosa Warb.); Warb. in Ber. d.

Pharm. Ges. (1892) 219; Die Muskatnuss (1897) 369 t. 3 f. 8 et

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 474 t. 17 f. 1-4; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1

(1927) 647. Synonyms: M. radja Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. 1, 2 (1864) 206 pro parte quoad specimen Teijs. ex Batjan,

Cult. in Hort. Bog. et in Warb. Monog. Myrist. sub syn. M.

speciosa Warb. = *Pala Radja, vide infra syn. nov.

M. succedanea var. brevifolia Scheffer et Teijsmann in Ann.

Jard. Btzg 1 (1876) 61 in foot-note, nomen nudum. M. schefferi

Warb. in Ber. d. Pharm. Ges. (1892) 220; Die Muskatnuss

(1897) 372 et Monog. Myrist. (1897) 477 t. 17 f. 1-4; Heyne,

Nutt. Pl. 1 (1927) 647 —— syn. nov.

WSee p. 297.

Sinclair — Myristica 239

M. speciosa Warb. in Ber. d. Pharm. Ges. (1892) 219 t.

(without number) f. 11; Die Muskatnuss (1897) 365 t. 3 f. 7 et

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 453 t. 17 f. 1-4; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1

(1927) 647 —— syn. nov.

Nomen: Pala Radja, see Teijsmann in Natuurk. Tijdsch.

Ned. Ind. 23 (1861) 337 = M. radja Miq. [non pala radja

Rumphius, Herb. Amb. 2 (1741) 16 t. 4 f. h = M. fragrans

Houtt. with an abnormal fruit and very small nut]. Fig. 21.

Tree 8-10 m. high with stilt-roots (always?) and a pyramidal

crown. Twigs glabrous except at the rusty-tomentulose apex, stout,

3 mm. thick near the apex, 5 mm. thick lower down, aromatic,

medium brown, rough, but not nearly so rough or warted as in

argentea, the bark tending to shrink and crack. Leaves rigidly

coriaceous, broadly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate,

less often oblong-ovate or oblanceolate dark green and shining

above, sometimes even when dry, pale to medium brown

above when dry, covered beneath with brownish white or dirty

white, minute silvery scales when young, these tending to be shed

in old leaves, the lower midrib and nerves brownish or reddish

brown, base acute or rounded and then acute, apex rounded and.

then shortly and bluntly acuminate, the acumen 5 mm. 1 cm.

long, margins slightly revolute; nerves 10-18 pairs (average 13

pairs) from faint to impressed above, prominent beneath, oblique

or slightly curving, interarching indistinctly at the margins; reticula-

tions faint or mostly invisible; length 11-25 cm. (average 15 cm.);

breadth 4-11 cm. (average 6 cm); petiole 1-1.5 cm. long, deeply

furrowed. Male inflorescence rusty-tomentulose, usually bifurcate:

and sometimes each branch forking again, the main axis 1-2 cm.

long and about 3 mm. thick; pedicels 7 mm.—1 cm. long and

1-1.5 mm. thick. Male flowers 7 mm.—1 cm. long and 4 mm.

broad, oblong, obtuse at the apex in bud, medium brown-

tomentulose outside, cream-coloured and glabrous inside, fragrant,

split down 1/5-1 by the minute perianth lobes; bracteole cup-

shaped, almost surrounding the flower, early deciduous; staminal

column ending in a small blunt apiculus, fertile portion 4-6 mm.

long, narrowed to the apex and nearly as broad at the base as

the 2 mm. long, pubescent stalk; anthers 8-10. Female inflorescence

shorter than the male, 5 mm.— 1 cm. long, simple or occasionally

bifurcate; pedicels 1 cm. long and 1.5—2 mm. thick. Female flowers

fragrant, ovoid, narrowed to the apex, 7 mm.—1 cm. long and

5 mm. broad. the lobes acute, reflexed and about 1 the length

of the whole perianth; ovary rusty-tomentulose. Fruit tomentulose

becoming glabrous, sub-globose to ovoid-ellipsoid, slightly narrowed

towards both ends with a cushion of thickening just above the

stalk, 7 cm. long, 4 cm. broad and the pericarp 1 cm. thick; stalk

1 cm. long. Seed broadly oblong, tending towards sub-globose, 3

cm. long and 2.5 cm. broad, endosperm aromatic.

240 Garaens’ Buileiin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 21. Myristica succedanea Reinwardt ex BI.

A, leafy twig with female inflorescences. B, female flower. C, ovary.

D, male flower. E, staminal column. F, fruit. G, aril and seed.

A-C from Hort. Bog. IXB4a (BO). D-E from Teijsmann s.n.

(BO syntype of M. schefferi Warb.) Ternate. F-G from H. J. Lam

3713 (RQ).

Sinclair — Myristica

MOLUCCAS TERNATE:

TIDORE:

BATIJAN:

CULTIVATED:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

241

Atasrip Nos. 4 (BO); 126 (BO, SING);

127 (BO SING) & 128 (BO, SING);

Beccari FI Acc. Nos 7694 to 7698

(FI); Beguin 1006 (BO, L); Teijsmann

Nos 7586 (BO, K,L, MEL) & 7587 (BO,

fae 1): Feijsrmann s.n. (BO, L).

Gunong Mala-Mala, HJ. Lam 3713

(BO, K, L) as Gosora Onin; Toppo

Reinwardt s.n. (CAL, L, P).

Beccari FI Acc. Nos. 7730 (FI); 7731

(PD; 77sia (©; 77sfb: (Fl) & 773Ic

(FI); Teijsmann 5621] (BO) another

sheet in BO is fatua var. fatua; (Herb.

Pierre 5454) = Teijsmann s.n. (P);

Téeysmoann sn. (C, MEL, P, UO); Teijs-

mann & de Vriese s.n. (L); de Vriese

s.n. (BO, C, L, M); Gunong Sibella,

Warburg 18297 (B burnt) and Warburg

s.n., date 1888 (G Boiss., P).

Hort. Bog. IVH 85 (BO, L); IVH 84a

(BO, L); IVH 86, Sinclair 10028 (A, B,.

E, K, L, SING) and IXB 4 (BO, L) &

Woerjantoro 98 (L); Hort. Bog./ IXB

4a (BO, L); Nyman s.n. (UPS); Teijs-

mann s.n. ex Batjan (U) type of M.

radja Miq.

Northern Moluccas, Ternate, Tidore and

Batjan. Has_ been’ cultivated in

Halmaheira (Pala Maba or Halmaheira

nutmeg) see Warburg in “Die

Muskatnuss”, page 370, but no speci-

mens seen in herbaria. Except where

cultivated it is a tree of mountain

forests and is probably rare to-day.

M. succedanea Reinwardt ex BI., Top-

po, Tidore, Reinwardt s.n. (CAL, L ho-

lotype, P) this was given the msc. no:

1501 see de Vriese p. 94. Blume

adopted the name M. succedanea from

Reinwardt, either from the latter’s

herbarium sheets or his manuscript or

both. M. succedanea var. brevifolia

Scheffer et Teijsmann, nomen nudum,

Ternate, Teijsmann 7586 (BO holo-

type, K, L, MEL). M. radja Mig. cult.

Hort. Bog. ex ‘Batjan, Teijsmann s.n.

(C, MEL, P, U lectotype) pro parte,.

altera pars = detached unripe fruit

from Batjan and detached nuts without

arils from Halmaheira (L) = M.

fragrans, see note below under M.

radja. M. schefferi Warb. Ternate,.

Teijesmann s.n. (BO) as Pala Onin or

Onem; cult Hort. Bog. Warburg s.n.

(B burnt) and Ternate, Beccari Fl] Acc.

Nos 7694 to 7698 (FI) probably all

one collection, also as Pala Onin. M.

speciosa Warb., syntypes, Batjan,

Beccari FI Acc. Nos 7730 (FI) and

7731 (FI); G. Sibella, Batjan, Warburg

18297 (B not seen, burnt) and Teijs-

mann s.n. which is also the type of

M. radja Migq., cited above.

242 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

VERNACULAR NAMES:

USES:

Gosora onin or gosara onin (Tidore);

pala hutan (Batjan); pala maba or

Halmaheira nutmeg (Halmaheira) this

name used by Warburg for succedanea;

pala onin or onem (Ternate) for

schefferi. Teijsmann informed Warburg,

see Die Muskatnuss, page 372 that this

plant originally had come from Onin

a district in New Guinea near the

MacCluer Gulf and was cultivated in

Ternate. He must have been misinform-

ed, however, as succedanea is never

found in New Guinea, but argentea

comes from near the MacCluer Gulf.

If M. succedanea did come from Onin,

then it must have been cultivated there

but I have never heard of it being

cultivated in New Guinea. When

Warburg wrote his account. of

succedanea he saw material with im-

mature male flowers, but for pala onin,

he had large mature male flowers and

immature fruit. The fact that the

flowers were large, being mature, and

the wrong information that the plant

came from New Guinea, probably led

him to describe it as a _ separate

species, namely M. schefferi.

The nuts are quite aromatic and the tree

was formerly cultivated to a _ small

extent by the inhabitants of the North-

ern Moluccas, probably mostly for

their own use. They made little profit

for the trees did not produce any

great quantity of fruit and the nuts

are smaller than those of M. fragrans.

The Dutch political administrators

ordered all the trees to be cut down

so as to keep the true nutmeg pure.

Even if M. fragrans and succedanea

did hybridize spontaneously in nature,

the chance that succedanea would

threaten the trade in the commercial

product must have been remote. Such

vandalism in exterminating an interest-

ing and useful species is to be deplored,

but fortunately H. J. Lam in 1926

found wild material of this species on

Gunong Mala-Mala in Tidore, which

goes to show that their diabolical acts

did not altogether succeed.

This species is more than a robust edition of M. fragrans. The

twigs are stouter, rougher, and have some pubescence at the apex,

those of fragrans being glabrous. The leaves, though somewhat

similar, are larger, broader and much more coriaceous and have

slightly revolute margins. Their undersurface is covered with

minute, dirty white or brownish white scales, but with age these

tend to disappear and then the colour is brownish and more like

that of fragrans. The inflorescence axis and pedicels are thicker

than in fragrans. The male flowers are larger and of a different

shape, being obtuse at the apex in bud and tomentulose outside.

Sinclair — Myristica 243

The female flowers, too, are slightly larger and also less acute at

the apex than those of fragrans. The stalk of the staminal column

is pubescent and not glabrous. The fruit is rather similar, but

smaller, and the seed is also smaller and more rounded in shape.

Sometimes it is nearly sub-globose.

From argentea the present species also differs in its more coria-

ceous leaves, but in argentea the scales of the undersurface of the

leaves are whiter and persist. Both have rough twigs, but those

of argentea appear rougher as its lenticels are larger, raised and

more numerous. The inflorescence axis is longer, but not so thick

as that of succedanea; the pedicels are also not so thick, the

flowers a trifle larger, more acute at the apex in bud and not

tomentulose outside. The stalk of the staminal column is glabrous

and not pubescent, while the fruit, too, seems to be without

tomentum.

I am not able to distinguish between succedanea and the

specimens with the broader leaves which Warburg called speciosa.

One Leiden sheet of de Vriese’s Batjan collection has broad and

narrow leaves on the same specimen. A similar variable range in

leaf width may sometimes be found in other collections of plants

named succedanea and speciosa. Warburg did not see Atasrip’s

specimens from Ternate in Herb. Bogor. when he created speciosa.

These are intermediate in width of leaf between the two extremes

as are also my own specimens from the tree IVH 86 in Hort.

Bogor. There was not a great amount of material available to him

when he wrote his monograph, and he would therefore not have

seen the range in leaf size that there now is. The material of

succedanea that he saw had immature male flowers so that is

probably one of the reasons why he created schefferi from speci-

mens which had larger mature flowers. See note above under

vernacular names. He included var. brevifolia, actually a nomen

nudum, in typical succedanea and here I am inclined to agree.

The specimens are somewhat intermediate between M. fragrans

and narrow-leaved forms of succedanea, but a trifle nearer to

succedanea, so I have placed them with the latter. They could be

Jarge-leaved specimens of fragrans or even hybrids, but only

experiments with living material and patience can settle such

problems which are beyond the scope of this present monograph.

Warburg created the name speciosa to cover the broad-leaved

specimens because the name M. radja Miq. was a mixtum compo-

situm. See Warburg, Monogr. Myrist. page 45 and Die

Muskatnuss, page 367. See Teijsmann in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind.

23 (1861) 337 Pala Radja; see also Merrill, Int. Rumph. (1917) 230.

‘The one part, the leaf specimen from Batjan (U) with unripe fruit

was correct as succedanea. When in Batjan, Teijsmann met with a

plant which he was told was called Pala Radja. The real Pala Radja

as described by Rumphius was an abnormal fruit of M. fragrans

with a very small nut. Teijsmann wrote about this Pala Radja and

received some ripe fruits from the Sultan of Batjan which he

planted in Bogor. The Sultan also gave him some unripe nuts

244 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

from the forest and these were sent to Leiden. De Vriese too,

sent some ripe nuts without arils under the name of Bitjoeli-bitjoeli

from Halmaheira to Leiden. These, for some reason, got mixed

with the nuts which Teijsmann thought were Pala Radja as weil

as with the leaf specimen and Miquel therefore described the

material as M. radja. Some of them were probably those of

M. fragrans and the others M. succedanea.

THE SERIES AND SPECIES OF SECTION I

10 SERIES FUSCAE

series Fuscae J. Sinclair, ser. nov.

Ramuli in partibus apicalibus 5 mm. crassi, generaliter tomentosi.

Folia coriacea, saepe subbullata, modicae dimensionis, 16-32 cm.

longa, 5-12 cm. lata, basi rotundata, emarginata vel subcordata,

subtus squamulis et pilis fuscis vel flavidis 0.5-2 mm. longis induta

(M. brassii squamulas argenteas tantum habet); nervi 22-jugati,

utrinque distinctissimi, supra valde impressi, subtus elevati, a

costa horizontaliter vel angulo maximo exeuntes, ad marginem

valde et sensim curvati; nervi secundarii etiam prominentes; reticu-

lationes scalariformes, numerosae, bene notatae, supra insculptae.

Flores masculi pro genere magni, 7 mm.— 1.7 cm. longi, 2.8—5

mm. lati, ellipsoidei, oblongo-ellipsoidei vel fere tubuliformes,

dense tomentosi vel lanosi, sessiles vel pedicelli floribus aequilongi:

columna staminalis apiculata vel non, stipes quam antherae

brevior, tenuior, basi tantum setaceus. Fructus 2-9 cm. longus,

globosus, subglobosus vel ellipsoideus, tomentosus, lanosus vel

tomentellus; stipes brevis, crassus vel nullus.

TYPE SPECIES: M. fusca Megf

Twigs mostly shortly tomentose and 5 mm. thick in the apical

parts, glabrous in brassii, no lines present from petiole base to

petiole base. Leaves coriaceous with slightly revolute margins,

oblong or oblong-elliptic, medium size-class, 16-32 cm. long,

average 24 cm. long and 5—12 cm. broad, average 8 cm, the lower

surface covered with dark brown or yellowish hairs and scales,

the hairs 0.5—-2 mm. long, the hairs absent in M. brassii and in

one of the vars of chrysophylla though abundant in the other var.,

the scales silvery-grey in brassii, the base rounded, emarginate or

sub-cordate, the apex rounded, mostly bluntly acute, sometimes

shortly apiculate; nerves numerous, average 22 pairs, very distinct

on both surfaces, deeply impressed above, raised beneath, secondary

nerves also present, both sets leaving the midrib at a wide angle

and often horizontal towards the base, curving gradually from

midrib to margin; reticulations scalariform, numerous and also

very prominent, fainter in M. brassii and sphaerosperma, deeply

impressed above (the leaves almost sub-bullate in M. womersleyi

and M. chrysophylla var. chrysophylla); petiole stout, about 5 mm.

thick. Inflorescence axis tomentose, stout, scar-covered, 5 mm. —

1.5 cm. long, simple. Male flowers, large for the genus, 1-1.7 cm.

Sinclair — Myristica 245

long and 4-5 mm. broad (smaller in M. chrysophylla, 7-8 mm.

long and 2.8 mm. broad) ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, rather blunt

at both ends, nearly tubular in chrysophylla, split down 4-way

into the lobes, tomentose, often densely so with yellowish or dark

brown hairs, so densely covered with hairs in chrysophylla and

its var. that their shape is obscured; pedicels about as long as the

flowers or the flowers sessile in chrysophylla; bracteole about half

the size of the young flowers, very early deciduous; stamina]

column with an apiculus except in chrysophylla, the stalk shorter

and thinner than the column and with bushy hairs at the base

only. Female flowers slightly broader than the male, elongate also

but swollen at the base. Fruit sessile or with a short thick stalk,

tomentulose to lanose with the same colour of hairs as on the

innovations, leaves and flowers, globose, sub-globose, or ellipsoid,

not seen in brassii, 6-9 cm. long or 2-3 cm. only in chrysophylla;

pericarp hard and thick, fragile and very thin in chrysophylla

5 species, M. brassii, sphaerosperma, womersieyi, fusca, and

chrysophylla with its var. entrecasteauxensis.

This series is outstanding for the very distinct nerves and reticu-

lations, the former leaving the midrib at a wide angle and curving

gradually. Other features are the presence of scales and hairs on

the leaves, the hairs often dense and long in contrast to those of

other species in the genus, the rather large bluntly elliptic or

oblong-elliptic male flowers also with often long tomentum and

the great variation in the fruit, which is sessile or with a very

short thick stalk. The series is nearest to series Fatuae on account

of the scales and hairs. There may be an alliance with series

Tubiflorae on account of the elongated perianth not quite so

tubular, but also split down only a little way in both.

I have placed M. brassii here as it seems to fit in best in this

series. It is unfortunately known from a single gathering without

fruit. It differs from the other species in this series in not having

hairs on the undersurface of the leaf. The flowers and staminal

column have hairs. The scales are present on the leaves but they

are silvery grey. However, the absence of hairs on the leaves does

not mean that it should not be placed here for the var. entrecas-

teauxensis Of chrysophylla also lacks the hairs on the undersurface

of the leaf though they are plentiful on the flowers and fruits. It

must be remembered that the intermediate specimens Saunders 57,

mentioned on page 259 at once shows the connection between

this variety and its species proper.

(29) Myristica brassii A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 72

quoad flores masculos tantum — Fig. 22.

Tree 6 m. high. Bark characters unknown. Twigs glabrous,

greyish brown, striate. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, drying

dark brown above and silvery beneath with dark brown veins,

apex bluntly acute, base broad and rounded; midrib broad and

flat above, raised beneath; nerves 14-17 pairs, sunk above and

raised beneath, curving gradually from midrib to margin in a wide

246 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 22. Myristica brassii A. C. Smith.

A, leafy twig. B, male inflorescence. C, male flower. D, staminal

column. A-D from Brass 12254 (BRI isotype).

Sinclair — Myristica 247

sweep, interarching faintly; reticulations fine, slightly prominent

and sunk above, faint or absent beneath; length 20-25 cm.;

breadth 10-12 cm.; petiole stout, blackish when dry, 1.8—-2 cm. long

Male inflorescence a woody, 1cm. long, Knema-like tubercle with

several flowers. Male flowers narrowly ellipsoid, 1.1-5 cm. long

and 4-5 mm. broad, pale brown, adpressed-tomentulose becoming

nearly glabrous, split down at the apex for a distance of 2 mm.

into the small, oblong-deltoid, sub-acute perianth teeth; pedicels

7 mm.—l cm. long and 2-2.5 mm. thick with an obtuse, semi-

orbicular bracteole at the base of the perianth; staminal column

6-7 mm. long, a little shorter than the perianth and with a

0.5-1 mm. long, sterile apex; stalk pubescent at the base, as broad

as the fertile part and nearly as long; anthers 7-10. Female flowers

and fruit unknown.

NEW GUINEA DutcH NortH 15 km. south-west of Bernhard Camp,

New GuINEA: Idenburg River, Brass 12254 (BM, BRI,

BO, L, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the above.

TYPE MATERIAL: Brass 12254 (A holotype, BM, BRI, BO,

iL, LAE),

A mountain species at 1,700 m. altitude. The description of the

bark, female flowers and fruit given by A.C. Smith under this

species in J. Arn. Arb. 22 (1941) 72 has to be excluded. It was

taken from Brass & Versteegh 12547, wrongly identified by A.C.

Smith as belonging to this species. I have identified it with M.

spherosperma. The rusty-tomentose female flowers and fruit

exactly agree with those of the latter species. This means that our

present species, M. brassii, is still incompletely known as regards

female flowers and fruit.

(30) Myristica spherosperma A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1

(1941) 71. — Fig. 23.

Tree 13 m. or more high. Bark dark brown, slightly fissured;

sap red, abundant. Twigs dark brown, slightly rugose, glabrous

except at the tomentulose, terminal bud. Leaves coriaceous, oblong

or elliptic-oblong, broadest at the middle, drying dark brown above,

silvery or cinnamon-brown beneath with minute scales which tend

to be shed when older, apex acuminate, base rounded; midrib

lying in a groove above, raised beneath; nerves 20-25 pairs, sunk

above, prominent and brownish on the lower surface of the leaf,

arising nearly horizontally from the midrib, curving gradually at a

wide angle and anastomosing at the margins; reticulations rather

faint on both surfaces; length 16-32 cm.; breadth 6-10.5 cm;

petiole stout, 1.7-2.5 cm. long. Male inflorescence a_ short,

unbranched scar-covered tubercle. Male flowers oblong-ellipsoid

and obtuse at both ends in bud, the same shape or slightly clavate

when mature, dark brown-tomentose but not inflated or with such

long hairs as in fusca, 1-1.1 cm. long and 3-4 mm. broad, split

down 4-way into the lobes; pedicels 8 mm—1 cm. long, slender,

1 mm. thick; bracteole 2 mm. long, half the size of their young

flower-bud and early deciduous, its scar remaining in mature

flowers at the base of the perianth; staminal column with a minute,

248 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 23. Myristica sphaerosperma A. C. Smith.

A, leafy twig. B, female flower. C, ovary. D, fruit. E, fruit in cross-

section. F, male inflorescence. G, male flower. H, staminal column.

A from Brass 4174 (NY isotype). B—C from Brass & Versteegh

12547 (BRI). D from Brass 4174 (BRI isotype). E from Brass 4174

(NY isotype). F—H from Clemens 4527 (A).

Sinclair — Myristica 249

sterile apiculus, its pubescent stalk 3 the size of the fertile part and

slightly narrower, the hairs dark brown and confined to the base

of the stalk. Female inflorescence a very short Knema-like, axillary

tubercle with about 3 flowers. Female flowers ovoid, rusty-

tomentose, 1 cm. long and 6 mm. broad at the base, split into three

acute, spreading teeth near the apex, the remains of the minute

bracteole at the base of the perianth; ovary ovoid, pale rusty-

tomentose; pedicels 5 mm! cm. long. Fruit solitary, spherical,

6 cm. or more in diameter, rusty-tomentulose with a hard, 3-4 mm.

thick pericarp; stalk 1.5 cm. long and 5-7 mm. thick. Seed pale

brown, 3-3.5 cm. in diam.; testa hard, 1 mm. thick.

NEW GUINEA VOGELKOP Mt. Krabo, Manokwari, Koster BW 10780

(DutTcH WEST (L).

NEw GUINEA):

DUTCH 6 km. south-west of Bernhard Camp,

NorRTH Idenburg River, Brass & Versteegh 12547

NEw (A, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE); road from

GUINEA: Netar to coast, Cycloop Mts. Hollandia,

bb25016 (A, BO, L).

PAPUA: Central District:—Mt. Tafa, Brass 4174

(BRI, NY).

T.N.G. Morobe District:—Ogeramnang (Ogeram-

nung), Clemens 4527 (A); Yunzaing,

Clemens Nos. 4074 (A) and 6433 (A, B,

SING).

DISTRIBUTION : New Guinea. Rare. A mountain plant of

elevation 1150-2100 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: Brass 4174 (A holotype, BRI, NY).

M. spherosperma is nearest to M. womersleyi having fruits

almost similar but with longer stalks. I do not know if the seed,

like that of the latter, is aromatic or not. The leaves on the lower

surface have much less tomentum and also their secondary veins

and reticulations are not so distinct or so deeply impressed as in

womersleyi. ‘The two species are certainly rather close to each

other although the leaves are different. It has been pointed out

under M. brassii that Brass & Versteegh 12547 does not belong to

that species but is clearly our present species M. spharosperma.

Its flowers are much more densely tomentose than those of brassii

which soon become glabrous.

(31) Myristica womersleyi J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 24.

Species M. sphaerospermae aspectu frutuum et M. chrysophyllae

var. chrysophyllae facie foliorum similis. A priore foliis bullatis

valde reticulatis, subtus cum pilis ferrugineis tomentosis, fructibus

breviter stipitatis differt; ab altera foliis apice obtusis vel obtuse

acutis non apiculatis, basi rotundatis non emarginatis, pilis non

stellatis recedit. In M. fusca folia etiam subsimilia sed fragiliora,

basi subcordata, sunt.

Arbor 18-20 m. alta. Cortex atro-griseus, duriusculus tamen

fragilis; latex rubro-brunneus. Ramuli in partibus apicalibus,

gemma terminali elongata inclusa, ’ferrugineo-tomentosi, 4 mm.

crassi, in partibus vetustioribus atro-griseo-tomentosi, 7 mm.

crassi, lenticellati. Folia rigide coriacea, supra glabra, leviter

250 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

SCaEy:

Z Te @

re 4

Fig. 24. Myristica womersleyi J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig. B, fruit. C, fruit with half of the pericarp removed to

show the aril and seed. A-B from Womersley N.G.F. 11374

(SING holotype). C from the same (CANB) specimen in spirit.

“e 2=——" gee

Sinclair — Myristica ony |

bullata, in sicco modice brunnea, subtus primum squamulis

appressis pilisque simplicibus vel pauciramosis 2 mm. longis

ferrugineo-tomentosa, deinde glauco-cinerea, minus hirsuta,

oblonga, 18-20 cm. longa (probabiliter in foliis infimis longiora),

7.5-9 cm. lata; basi rotundata, apice obtusa vel obtuse acuta;

costa supra plana, in sulco depressa, subtus prominens; nervi

20-22-jugati, saepe cum nervo secundario brevi inter duos primarios

posito, supra impressi, utrinque prominentes, obliqui, paralleli,

maginibus distincte anastomosantes; reticulationes scalariformes

utringue distinctae; petioli 1-1.3 cm. longi, 5 mm. crassi. Flores

masculi et feminei non visi. Fructus globosus vel subglobosus,

6—9 cm. in diam., pericarpium dense et breviter fusco-tomentellum,

lignosum, 5 mm. crassum; stipes ut videtur 5 mm. longus (a ramulo

separatus est) 5 mm. crassus. Arillus in segmenta multa angusta

fenestratus. Semen intense aromaticum, subglobosum, 3. a6 cm. in

diam., testa lignosa, 2 mm. crassa.

Tree 18-20 m. high. Bark dark grey, rather hard and brittle;

sap reddish brown. Twigs, including the elongate terminal bud

rusty-tomentose, and 4 mm thick in the apical parts, dark greyish-

tomentose, 7 mm. thick and lenticellate in the older parts

Leaves rigidly coriaceous, glabrous, slightly bullate and medium

brown above when dry, at first rusty-tomentose beneath with

adpressed scales and simple or few-branched, 2 mm. long hairs,

later glaucous-cinereous and less hairy, oblong, 18-20 cm. long

(probably larger in the lowermost leaves), 7.5—9 cm. broad, rounded

at the base and obtuse or bluntly acute at the apex; midrib flat

and lying in a groove above, prominent beneath; nerves 20-22

pairs, often with a short secondary nerve between two main ones,

sunk above, prominent on both surfaces, oblique, parallel, distinctly

interarching at the margins; reticulations scalariform, distinct on

both surfaces; petioles 1-1.3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick. Male and

female flowers not seen. Fruit globose or sub-globose, 6—9 cm. in

diam., pericarp densely and shortly dark brown tomentulose,

woody, 5 mm. thick; stalk apparently 5 mm. long (it has been

detached from the twig) and 5 mm. thick. Aril divided into many

narrow segments. Seed intensely aromatic, sub-globose, 3.5-6 cm.

in diam., testa woody, 2 mm. thick.

NEW T.N.G. Eastern Highlands:—Kini Creek, north-

GUINEA east slopes of Mt. Michael, Womersley

N.G.F. 11374 (BM, CANB, K, L, LAE,

SING holotype).

DISTRIBUTION : Known from the above single record.

Altitude (6,500 feet) 2,000 m. Fruiting in

September.

This is a remarkable species and a discovery of great importance

among nutmegs. The seed is intensely aromatic, still retaining its

spicy odour after being five years in the herbarium. In fact the

aroma is as powerful, if not more so than that of M. fragrans,

the nutmeg of commerce. Both the fruits and seeds are larger on

the average than those of the common nutmeg. The fruit of the

latter, however, can reach 9 cm. in diameter in the biggest

specimens, this being the normal size for mature fruits of our new

252 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

species. Every effort should now be made to obtain seeds of

womersleyi for trial plantings and cultivation experiments as it

certainly promises to have or could have a future in the spice

industry. It may be able to succeed in places where M. fragrans

will not grow since it is a mountain species of altitude 6,500 feet.

It should first of all be tried out in hill stations in New Guinea

under the supervision of the Forestry Department and if successful,

the trials could then be extended to such places as the Cameron

Highlands in Malaya or the tea estates of Assam. It will probably

require a moist climate but not a temperature in excess of 60°F.

Flowering material is as yet unknown, but the species belongs to

series Fuscae, coming nearest to M. sphaerosperma another moun-

tain species with a very similar fruit but with quite different leaves.

The leaves of M. womersleyi differ in being slightly bullate above

with very distinct, deeply sunk nerves and conspicuous scalariform

reticulations, the lower surface being covered with rusty, 2 mm.

long hairs and adpressed scales. The petiole is shorter and stouter

and the fruit-stalk is probably shorter also. Another species M.

chrysophylla var. chrysophylla has almost identical leaves but quite

a different fruit. Here the leaves differ from those of womersleyi

in being apiculate or shortly and sharply acuminate at the apex

and sub-cordate at the base. The rusty hairs on the lower surface

of the leaf are mostly stellate and sometimes, in a very slight

degree, shorter. Those of the new species are mostly simple or

sparingly branched with short appendages. The leaves of M. fusca

too, are somewhat similar but more fragile, often breaking in

herbaria. They are sub-cordate at the base and the rusty tomentum

tends to be very slightly shorter.

(32) Myristica fusca Mef in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 158: A.C.

Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 67. — Fig. 25.

Tree 20-30 m. high. Bark black, scaly, sap light red. Twigs

terete, densely covered with very short rusty-tomentum from the

apex downwards for quite a distance (at least 20 cm.) medium

brown in the glabrous parts, almost smooth with very few striations

or markings. Leaves chartaceous (rather brittle when dry) oblong

or sometimes oblong-ovate, drying rusty brown above and below,

glabrous above except for the midrib, entirely covered with short

rusty tomentum on the lower surface, apex acute, base rounded

and sometimes emarginate or sub-cordate; midrib flat above, lying

in a shallow groove, raised beneath; nerves 20—28 pairs, sunk above,

prominent and raised beneath, oblique, parallel and closely spaced,

interarching often in double loops at the margin; reticulations

distinct above and below, scalariform:; length 18-28 cm.; breadth

7-12 cm.; petiole 1-1.8 cm. long. /nflorescence a Knema-like,

rusty-tomentose, scarred tubercle, 1 cm. long or the basal part

smooth for about 4 mm. and then rough and scarred. Male flowers

densely rusty-tomentose or lanose outside as are their pedicels.

yellow and sub-glabrous inside, narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform,

1.5-1.7 cm. long and 5 mm. broad, split down + — +7, the three

apical free lobes very short, 2-3 mm. long, reflexed at anthesis,

Sinclair — Myristica 253

Folin ena

CW,

TURAIM\ rad

DEL /9é1.

Fig. 25. Myristica fusca Mef.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, immature fruit. A-C from Schlechter 16848 (S isotype).

D from Brass & Versteegh 13185 (BRI).

254 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

bracteole minute, at the base of the perianth; staminal column

about 1 cm. long with about 8-10 anthers, the stalk 2 mm. long

and densely setose with 2 mm. long hairs, the sterile apical portion

acute, glabrous and 2 mm. long; pedicels 5 mm.—l cm. long and

2 mm. thick. Female flowers broadly ovoid, 1 cm. long and 7 mm.

broad, split 4-way down into the lobes, tomentose as in the male;

ovary densely setose, ovoid-conical, nearly as long as the perianth,

stigma sub-stipitate; pedicels 3 mm. long and 2 mm. thick. Fruit

immature (the shape will undoubtedly alter) ellipsoid, 7 cm. long

and 3.3 cm. broad, much shrunk, the breadth more in fresh

specimens, probably 4 cm., densely rusty-tomentose; stalk 1 cm.

long and 5-6 mm. thick. Seed oblong-ellipsoid, 3.5 cm. long and

1.8 cm. in diam., dark brown when dry.

NEW GUINEA DuTCH Bernhard Camp, Idenburg River, Brass

NorRTH & Versteegh Nos. 13185 (BM, BO, BRI,

NEw L, LAE) & 13545 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L).

GUINEA:

T.N.G. Madang District:—Minjem sub-district,

near Stephansort, Gati Mts. Schlechter

16848 (A, E, G, K, L, NY, S, SING, Z).

DISTRIBUTION : As above. It is also recorded from the

Sepik District but the Ledermann speci-

men 8220 was destroyed.

TYPE MATERIAL: Schlechter 16848. The holotype in Berlin

was destroyed. There are still several

excellent isotypes. See above.

A very distinct species, found at altitude 100-800 m. in primary

forest. It is aptly named fusca from the dark brown colour of the

tomentum on the innovations, undersurface of the leaves, inflore-

scence, flowers and fruit. Only two other species in this series have

dark brown tomentum, namely sphaerosperma and womersleyi

It can be distinguished from both these by the longer hairs of its

perianth, and by its ellipsoid fruit. From sphaerosperma it can be

recognized by the much greater quantity of tomentum and from

womersleyi by its brittle, chartaceous, non-coriaceous leaves which

are not or scarcely sub-bullate and which have a sub-cordate base

The only possible species with which it might at first be confused

when sterile are Horsfieldia hellwigii, var. pulverulenta and hairy

forms of H. sylvestris, but the leaves of these are narrower, more

acute and less reticulate above. The petiole of sylvestris is shorter,

and there are as well, other minor differences.

(33) Myristica chrysophylla J. Sinclair, sp. nov. var. chrysophylla

— Fig. 26.

Ab alteris speciebus ad seriem Fuscae pertinentibus haec indu-

mento multo pallidiore, floribus fructibusque dense lanosis pilis

3—5 mm. longis praeditis differt. Ex affinitate M. womersleyi quae

folia nonnihil simila habet, foliis apice apiculatis basi subcordatis,

fructibus sessilibus minoribus recedit.

Arbor 7-21 m. alta, ramis horizontalibus. Cortex atro-brunneus

nunc squamulosus nunc abscidens; latex ruber. Ramuli in partibus

apicalibus 4-6 mm. crassi, primum dense aureo-tomentesi cum pilis

2-3 mm. longis, deinde fusco-tomentosi, in partibus ulterioribus

Sinclair — Myristica 255

Be i

\\ iy

A ir \ Y

ra \ 7

\ NAS wy

NASSS i ’)

we h

WS 7S

‘

TURRIMY DEL,

Fig. 26. Myristica chrysophylla J. Sinclair var. chrysophylla.

A, leafy twig. B, male flower. C, staminal column. D, fruit. E, hair

from a fruit. F-G, indumentum from the undersurface of a leaf.

A from K. J. White N.G.F. 9546 (L). B—C from Carr 16228 (L).

D-E from Hoogland 3642 (CANB isotype). F-G from Womersley

NGL ...3255 {CA}.

256 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

glabri, atro-grisei, fere leves vel striatuli. Folia chartacea vel

subcoriacea, oblonga, supra in sicco modice brunnea, glabra, opaca

vel subnitida, subtus pilis 1-3 mm. longis et squamulis stellatis

minutis tenuiter obsita, indumento eo primum chryseo deinde

fuscescente, 16-30 cm. longa, vulgo 20 cm., 5-13 cm. lata, vulgo

8 cm., basi rotundata, subcordata, apice breviter acuminata vel

apiculata; costa supra applanata, in sulco depressa; nervi

18—25-jugati, in parte basali foliorum horizontales, in partibus

ceteris generaliter angulo plusquam 45° orti, supra depressi,

utrinque prominentes, marginibus valde anastomosantes; reticula-

tiones scalariformes, plerumque utrinque distinctae; petiolus

1-1.2 cm. longus, 4-5 mm. crassus, tomentosus, glabrescens.

Inflorescencentia tomentosa, lignosa, tuberculiformis. Flores masculi

per fasciculum plures, in alabastro oblongo-ovoidei, postea tubuli-

formes, 7-8 mm. longi, 2.8 mm. lati, sessiles, extus pallido-brunnei

lanosi, intus cremei glabri, in lobos 3-fissi, lobi apice acuti et leviter

reflexi; columna staminalis elongata, 6 mm. longa cum 10 antheris

praedita, apiculus 0.5-1 mm. longus, stipes 2 mm. longus, setis

pallido-brunneis 1.5 mm. longis tectus; bracteola lanosa 4 mm.

longa. Flores feminei elongato-urceolati, 7 mm. longi, 3 mm. lati;

ovarium 5 mm. longum, dense setosum; stigma anguste bilobatum.

Fructus 1-4, conferti, sessiles vel fere sessiles, subglobosi, 2—2.3 cm.

in diam., sublanosi, pilis 3-5 mm. longis, chryseo-brunneis vel

modice brunneis, simplicibus vel pauci et breviramosis induti;

pericarpium maturum fragile. Arillus coccineus. Semen oblongo-

ovoideum, in vivo griseum, in sicco pallido-brunneum, nitidum.

Tree 7-21 m. high with horizontal branches. Bark dark brown,

finely scaly, later flaking slightly; sap red. Twigs 4-6 cm. thick

in the apical parts, densely golden-tomentose with 2-3 mm. long

hairs and darkening later, glabrous and blackish grey in the older

parts further down and there almost smooth or finely striate.

Leaves chartaceous or sub-coriaceous, oblong, glabrous, dull or

slightly shining and medium brown above on drying, lower surface

thinly covered with 1-3 mm. long hairs and minute stellate scales,

this indumentum at first golden, later becoming a dark yellow or

brownish yellow, the base rounded and sub-cordate, the apex

shortly acuminate or apiculate; midrib flat and lying in a groove

above; nerves 18-25 pairs, horizontal in the basai part of the leaf,

usually arising at an angle of more than 45° in the other parts,

sunk above, prominent on both surfaces, boldly arching at the

margins; reticulations scalariform, generally distinct above and

below, length 16-30 cm. average 20 cm.; breadth 5-13 cm., average

8 cm.; petiole 1—-1.2 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, tomentose, becoming

glabrous later. Inflorescence a tomentose, woody tubercle. Male

flowers several in the fascicle, oblong-ovoid in bud, later nearly

tubular, 7-8 mm. long and 2.8 mm. broad, sessile, pale brown-

lanose outside, cream-coloured and glabrous inside, split down

1-way into the lobes which are acute and reflexed at the apex:

staminal column elongate, 6 mm. long with 10 anthers, the apiculus

0.5-1 mm. long, the stalk 2 mm. long or 4} of the whole column,

Sinclair — Myristica | 257

and covered with 1.5 mm. long, pale brown, setose hairs; bracteole

lanose, 4 mm. long. Female flowers elongate-urceolate, 7 mm. long

and 3 mm. broad; ovary 5 mm. long and densely setose with a

narrow bi-lobed stigma. Fruit 1-4, sessile or nearly so, sub-globose,

2—2.3 cm. in diameter, sub-lanose, covered with 3—5 mm. long,

golden brown or medium brown hairs which are simple or have

a few short branches; pericarp of the ripe fruit fragile. Aril bright

red. Seed oblong-ovoid, grey when fresh, pale brown and shining

when dry.

NEW GUINEA PAPUA: Northern District:—about half way be-

tween Patikiari and Gwaiari Villages,

Hoogland 3642 (A, BM, CANB, L, LAE);

Kokoda, Carr 16228 (BM, CANB, K, L,

SING).

T.N.G. Morobe District:—Quembung Mission,

Clemens 2200 (A, B, SING); Busu Bridge

Bridge near Lae, K. J. White N.G.F.

9546 (BO, CANB, K, L, SING); forest

near Markham River, Lae, Henty N.G.F.

10548 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING); Red

Hill area, Oomsis, K.J. White N.G.F.

10467 (CANB, K, L, SING); Red Hill,

Wau Road, Womersley N.G.F. 3255 (A,

BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE); Oomsis,

Womersley N.G.F. 9405 (CANB, K, L,

SING.

DISTRIBUTION: New Guinea, Morobe District and the

adjacent Northern District. Sea Level to

370 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: Hoogland 3642 (A, BM, CANB, L

holotype, LAE).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Andosusa; para (Orokaiva language at

Patikiari and neighbourhood).

Fig. 27.

A typo foliis paullo minoribus basi emarginatis (non subcordatis)

subtus glabris, nervis paucioribus, reticulationibus minus distinctis,

fructibus oblongo-ovoideis non subglobosis differt.

Arbor 15-20 m. alta, ramis horizontalibus. Folia supra in vivo

atroviridia, in sicco nitida, modice brunnea, subtus glauca, in sicco

etiam glauca vel flavido-brunnea, minute punctata, glabra vel fere

glabra, vel (squamulis stellatis minutissimis sub microscopio

tantum visibilibus), 17-22 cm. longa, vulgo 18 cm., 5.5—9 cm. lata,

vulgo 7 cm., basi rotundata et emarginata vix subcordata; nervi

18-jugati. Flores ut in var. chrysophylla. Fructus oblongo-ovoideus,

2.5—3.3 cm. X 2 cm., modice brunneus, sublanosus.

Tree 15-20 m. high with horizontal branches. Leaves dark green

above, drying glossy and medium brown, glaucous beneath, drying

also glaucous or a yellowish brown, minutely punctate, glabrous

or almost glabrous, or (with extremely minute stellate scales,

visible only under the microscope) base rounded and emarginate,

scarcely sub-cordate; nerves 18 pairs; length 17-22 cm., average

18 cm., breadth 5.5-9 cm., average 7 cm. Flowers as in var.

chrysophylla. Fruit oblong-ovoid, more elongate, 2.5-3.3 cm. X

2 cm., medium brown, sub-lanose.

var. entrecasteauxensis J. Sinclair, var. nov.

258 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 27. Myristica chrysophylla J. Sinclair var. entrecasteauxensis J.

Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, fruit. E, fruit dehiscing. A-C from Brass 25986 (L).

D from Womersley & E. Gray N.G.F. 8613 (A). E from Brass

25869 (L).

Sinclair — Myristica 259

NEW GUINEA D’ENTRE- Fergusson Island:—Lamelele No. 1, Brass

CASTEAUX 25986 (K, L).

ISLANDS: Normanby = Island:—Waikaiuna, Brass

Nos 25869 (A, CANB, K, L) and 25893

(A, CANB, K, L, LAE); Waikaiuna Bay,

Sewa Bay, Womersley & E. Gray N.G.F.

8613 (A, BM, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L,

NSW, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: -As above. At or near sea-level.

TYPE MATERIAL: Brass 25893 (A, CANB, K, L holotype,

LAE) Normanby Island.

Intermediate specimen

PAPUA: Northern District:—about 1 mile north-

west of Penari, Tufi subdistrict, Saunders

57 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, LAE, US).

VERNACULAR NAMES: lagisa (Onjob language at Naukwati);

ruruswaen (Minufia language at Kabubu).

This is a common tree with a rather local distribution. At first

I thought two species were involved, one with tomentose leaves

and the other with glabrous. The flowers, however, are exactly

the same in both and furthermore, they are sessile or almost so

in both sexes. The fruit of the typical variety is sub-globose and

of var. entrecasteauxensis oblong-ovoid. Fortunately an_ inter-

mediate specimen, Saunders 57 from the Tufi sub-district, a locality

also intermediate between the centres of distribution of the two

respective varieties is available and it provides the most conclusive

and convincing evidence that we are here dealing with only one

species. In it the base of the leaf is rounded and emarginate but

not sub-cordate being like that of the insular plant. The reticulations

are invisible above, also as is the case in the insular plant, but

beneath they are present, though faint and not so bold as in the

tomentose variety. The lower surface of the leaf, however, is not

glabrous. It is thinly covered with tomentum, though much shorter

than in typical chrysophylla. Actually some of the island specimens

appear to be absolutely glabrous on the undersurface of the leaf

with the naked eye or with a hand-lens, yet under the low power

of the microscope a few stellate scales may be seen. The fruit also

tends to be intermediate in shape between the sub-globose ones

of var. chrysophylla and the more elongated ones. of var.

entrecasteauxensis.

M. chrysophylla is distinguished from the other species of series

Fuscae in having sessile flowers with a shorter and narrower

perianth. (Those of womersleyi have not yet been collected.) The

whole inflorescence is invested with a mass of pale yellow wool

in which the flowers are hidden. One has to search for them.

The indumentum of the twigs, leaves, flowers and fruits is also

of this same colour, not the darker rusty brown shade of the other

species. It may darken slightly in older leaves, but is absent, as has

been stated from the leaves of the var. entrecasteauxensis. The

260 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

mature fruit is smaller and the pericarp thinner than that of the

allied species (that of M. brassii is still unknown). In fact the

pericarp is fragile, easily breaking up in dried specimens. The

leaves of the typical variety are similar to those of womersleyi in

several ways, especially in the sub-bullate appearance with deeply

impressed nerves but differ in being chartaceous or less coriaceous

with lighter tomentum. They are more sharply acute at the apex

and sub-cordate at the base. It is unlikely that M. chrysophylla

will be mistaken for womersleyi and no chance if fruit is present.

ll. SERIES FATUAE

series Fatuae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 376.

Synonyms: series Lepidotae Warb. l|.c. 376. Series Castanei-

foliae Warb. l.c. 380 quoad M. mindanaensem tantum. Series

Inutiles (Inutilis) Warb. |.c. 379 quoad M. inutilem tantum.

Twigs 3-4 mm. thick in the apical paris, stouter in some vars of

fatua eg. affinis, morindiifolia and wenzelii, stoutest of all, 1 cm.

thick in M. villosa, two faint lines present from petiole base to

petiole base in some vars of fatua but often interrupted and never

so distinct as the species of series Subalulatae, the apical parts

glabrous (koordersii and lepidota), greyish brown puberulous to

pubescent in the majority, pale tawny-villose with 1-2 mm. long

hairs in villosa, this pubescent area often followed by a shining,

reddish brown portion, lenticellate in /epidota and in most vars of

fatua and finally the older portions glabrous, dark grey and striate,

blackish with very rough cracking bark in villosa (there is a lot

of individual variation in these three portions in the vars of fatua,

see key to vars). Leaves mostly chartaceous, sometimes coriaceous

in the larger-leaved species, oblong-elliptic or elliptic, often widest

at the middle, less often obovate, mostly medium size-class,

20-35 cm. long, average 30 cm. long and 5-8 cm. broad, but large

size-class, 35-50 cm. long and 12-19 cm. broad in a few (fatua

var. affinis, var. morindiifolia and var. wenzelii) and 9-14 cm. long,

average 10 cm. long in lepidota the smallest (small size-class) in

this series, base acute, sometimes slightly rounded, less often

broadly rounded or sub-cordate, apex acute, less often shortly

acuminate, lower surface covered with yellowish or cinnamon-

brown powdery scales, less often yellowish white and rarely white

scales (koordersii), the amount of this indumentum varying greatly

in the vars of fatua, a moderate quantity present in the young

leaves of most of the vars, but glabrous in var. morobensis and

dense in vars morindiifolia and magnifica, long, simple, tawny-

villose hairs present as well in M. villosa, a shorter, floccose-

furfuraceous indumentum of scales and scale-like dendroid (not

simple) hairs present in var. morindiifolia and var. quericarpa;

nerves 20 pars in the majority of the medium size-class species,

30 pairs in the large-leaved species and 10-12 pairs only in lepidota,

;

Sinclair — Myristica 261

impressed and faint above, prominent beneath and interarching

at the margins, oblique or often curving slightly and at times

rather crooked, those in the basal part of the leaves sometimes.

arising at a wider angle, 60—90° to the midrib, close together and

equidistant, secondary nerves present but never distinct or

numerous; reticulations sometimes present but mostly obscured

by the scales beneath; petiole closely and deeply inrolled towards

the upper surface of the leaf, 1.5—-2.5 cm. long in the majority,

2.5-4 cm. long in the longest and 1—1.5 cm. in lepidota, 2-3 mm.

thick in the majority, 4-6 mm. thick in the longest and 1-2 mm.

thick in lepidota. Inflorescence axis (2)-5 mm.—2 cm. long, simple

or sometimes bifurcate in the larger-leaved species, tomentose.

Male flowers ovoid-globrose to ellipsoid in bud, narrow-

campanulate to campanulate when ‘mature, tomentose outside,

villose in villosa, 3 mm.—1 cm. long and split down from 4—#-way

into the acute, spreading or reflexed lobes; pedicels as long as

or shorter than the flowers; staminal column usually with a sterile

apex, the stalk shorter and narrower than the fertile part with

hairs at its base. Female flowers urceolate to campanulate, with

shorter pedicels than in the male, sessile in villosa; bracteole

attached to apex of pedicel. Fruit very variabte, oblong to sub-

globrose, less often obovoid, peculiarly shaped in var. quercicarpa,

discoid like an acorn, small to medium size-class, 2.5-7 cm. long,

largest in var. magnifica, 7-10.5 cm. long, the tomentum also very

variable, mostly rusty-tomentulose, sometimes densely tomentose

when young, villose in villosa, the apex rounded but uncinate in

villosa; stalk 4 mm.—1 cm. long, generally stout and short in

proportion to the fruit, sessile or nearly so in villosa and in two

vars of fatua, more slender in koordersii — 4 species, fatua (with

14 vars), koordersii, lepidota and villosa.

TYPE SPECIES: M. fatua Houtt.

Much of the minor details here, especially those of the fruit and

indumentum, result from the great variation of M. fatua with its

14 varieties. The series itself is closest to Tenuiveniae and Fuscae

with certain characters that tend to overlap in some species. From

the former series it differs in the larger leaves with more indu-

mentum beneath; the scales are usually yellow and less often a

cinnamon brown, hairs being present in viliosa and in some of the

vars of fatua (absent in Tenuiveniae). The more numerous nerves

are thicker, more prominent with more distinct interarching and

tend to curve somewhat. In Tenuiveniae they are fine, slender, apt

to fade in parts, and are always oblique. The male flowers, except

for those of lepidota are larger. Their pedicels are as long as the

flowers but only half as long in Tenuiveniae.

Series Fatuae differs from series Fuscae chiefly in the appearance

of the leaves and in the shape of the flowers. The fruit is very

variable in both series, there being plenty of characters to separate

262 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

individual species. The leaves are larger and never sub-bullate

(due to numerous impressed reticulations) as in series Fuscae;

their indumentum consists mostly of dendroid hairs as in some of

the vars of fatua, whereas it is simple, longer and darker in colour

in Fuscae. M. villosa is an exception. The perianth is more deeply

split by the lobes while the fruit is rarely globose or sub-globose

as is the case in series Fuscae. Other details will be found in the

key.

(34) Myristica koordersii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 619;

Koorders, Fl. van N.O. Celebes (1898) 572. — Fig. 28.

Tree 17—25 m. high with stilt-roots; sap deep red. Twigs 3-4 mm.

thick near the apex, minutely rusty-puberulous on the terminal bud,

glabrous below it, blackish or dark grey in the younger parts,

lighter grey or brownish grey in the older parts, most parts slightly

rough with longitudinal striations. Leaves chartaceous tv

coriaceous, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, drying medium brown to

dark blackish brown or greenish brown above, glossy or dull,

whitish beneath due to minute, closely adpressed scales, the lower

nerves and midrib chocolate brown, standing out in contrast

against the white background, apex acute, base cuneate; midrib

flat and lying in a groove above, raised beneath; nerves 12-18 pairs,

mostly 13 pairs, sometimes with an occasional shorter secondary

nerve between a main pair, very fine and slender on both surfaces,

best seen beneath, oblique, sometimes slightly crooked, interarching

faintly at the margins; reticulations invisible; length 12-23 cm.;

breadth 4-8 cm.; petiole 1.3-2 cm. long and 2.5—-3 mm. broad.

Male and female inflorescences a short, 5-7 mm. long, pubescent,

woody tubercle with 3-5 flowers. Male flowers (immature) oblong

or oblong-ellipsoid and obtuse at the apex in bud, 4-5 mm. long

and 3 mm. broad, dark brown-tomentose outside, split down about

4-way into the lobes; staminal column 2.8 mm. long with an

obtuse, 0.5 mm. long apiculus, anthers 10, stalk stout, glabrous or

nearly so, about 4 the length of the whole column; pedicels slender,

5 mm. long, probably longer when mature; bracteole nearly as

long as the flower and surrounding it on one side, obtuse at the

apex, early deciduous. Female flowers 5 mm. long and 4 mm. broad,

ovoid in bud, urceolate with reflexed lobes wher mature, also split

down 4-way by the lobes; ovary 2.5 mm. long, dark brown-strigose,

stigma glabrous, rounded and obtuse like a duck’s bill; pedicels

5-6 mm. long. Fruit ellipsoid when young, later oblong and rounded

at the apex with the remains of the stigma, 3.5-4.5 cm. long and

2.3—3.3 cm. broad, orange-brown-tomentulose, the tomentum dense

and closely adhering to the pericarp, not furfuraceous or floccose;

stalk 7 mm.—1 cm. long and 3-4 mm. broad. Avril dark red when

dry. Seed reddish brown, ellipsoid, 2.8 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad.

Sinclair — Myristica , 263

WN JUuRAIM) Dez.

Fig. 28. Myristica koordersii Warb.

A, leafy twig with female flower-buds. B, fruit. C, male inflorescences.

D, male flower. E, staminal column. F, female flower. G, ovary.

H, aril and seed. A-B from bb26017 (L). C-E from Elbert 3025

(L). F-G from Cel/II 403 (BO). H from Pleyte 310 (L).

264 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

CELEBES NORTH The following five Minahassa:—Wian

PENINSULAR : Complex north of Mt Klabat, Forman

381 (K); north slope of Mt Klabat,

Forman 262 (BO, K, L, SING); Tondano,

Manado, Koorders 18144 (BO); near

Kajuwatu, Manado, Koorders 18128 (BO,

K, L); Kakas, Manado,Koorders 18129

(BO, L).

CENTRAL The following three Malili :—

CELEBES : Angkona, bb Nos 23913 (L) and 24966

(L); Tominanga, bb 26017 (A, BO, K, L,

SING); Usu, Cel II-403 (A, BO, BRI,

K, L, SING).

SOUTH-WEST Palopo, Malenjong, bb24/3] (A, BO, I

PENINSULA : SING); Todjambu, Kjellberg 2962 (BO

S); Pangkadjene, Teijsmann Nos 11722

(BO, SING); 1/738 (BO, SING) and

1211/8 (BO); Baleh Angin, Teijsmann

Nos. 12571 (BO, SING) and /2670 (BO);

Malino above Makassar (Macassar,

various spellings) Rant 472 (BO): Loka,

Bonthain, Teijsmann 14063 (BO, SING).

SOUTH-EAST Rumbia, Elbert 3025 (L) male flowers.

PENINSULA :

MOLUCCAS HALMAHEIRA: Gunong Sembilan, Pleyte 3/0 (BO, K, L).

BATJAN : Waringin, bb23157 (BO, L, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : Celebes widely distributed and Moluccas

(Halmaheira and Batjan). Altitude 200-1,

100 m. Common on Gunong Sembilan.

TYPE MATERIAL: Koorders Nos 18128 (BO, K, L); 18129

(BO, L) and /8/44 (BO); Minahassa,

three syntypes.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Wande bokka (Tobela, Celebes); suka-

suka (Batjan).

This species must go into series Fatuae. It ts nearest to fatua

being distinguished from fatua var. fatua by its smaller leaves and

indument of white, closely adpressed scales on the undersurface

of the leaf instead of the usual yellow ones of that species. The

leaves are elliptic or narrowly elliptic, widest at the middle and

have a cuneate base. The veins are finer and more slender, but

stand out well on the lower surface against the white background.

The fruit is smaller than in typical fatua and the short tomentum

is never loose, furfuraceous or floccose. The male flowers (still not

mature and seen only in Elbert 3025) are very similar to those of

fatua, but are darker in colour on the outside. In fact all the

members of the Fatuae series have very similar flowers. The female

pedicels are rather long in proportion to the size of the flowers.

5—6 mm. long, and they will, like those of the male, probably

lengthen still more.

Sinclair — Myristica 265

(35) Myristica lepidota Blume, Rumphia | (1837) 183 t. 57; A.DC.

Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 191; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 59;

Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 45; F.v. Miller, Descr.

Notes on Pap. Pl. 1, 5 (1877) 96; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

434 t. 19 excl. spec. Forbesianis; Anonymus in Kew Bull. (1899)

109 excl. spec. Giulianettii= M. tubiflora; Valeton in Bull. Dép.

Agric. Indes Néerl. 10 (1907) 13; Pulle in Nova Guinea 8 (1912)

637 excl. Branderhorst 11 et 294 =M. insipida; Markgraf in Bot.

Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 161 excl. descr. flor. masc. et sp. Forbes. et

Ledermann. et excl. syns. M. resinosa et M. warburgii=M.

longipes.

Synonym: M. microcarpa Zipp. msc. nomen nudum. — Fig. 29.

Tall tree 22-35 m. high; sap red, not copious. Bark characters

unknown. Twigs slender, 1-2 mm. thick at the apex, dark brown,

finely striate and with several yellowish brown lenticels, glabrous

except the dark brown, puberulous, elongate terminal bud. Leaves

chartaceous, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or ijanceolate, drying greyish

brown above and covered with minute cinnamon-brown, less often

silvery brown scales beneath, base acute, apex acuminate; midrib

slender, lying in a groove above, raised beneath; nerves 10-12 pairs,

slender, faint above but visible, oblique or curving slightly, rather

close to each other; reticulations scalariform, faint or not visible

on both surfaces; length 9-14 cm., average 10 cm.; breadth

3-4.5 cm. (small size-class); petiole 1-1.5 cm. long, slender,

1-2 mm. thick. Male inflorescence on a small, Knema-like woody

tubercle, 2-3 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, with 3-5 flowers. Male

flowers yellow, 3-5 mm. long and 2-2.5 mm. broad, oblong-

cylindrical, slightly narrowed at the obtuse apex, densely rusty-

tomentose as are the bracteoles and pedicels, membranous, split

down 4-way at the apex by the obtuse lobes; staminal column

narrowed abruptly towards the sterile apex, the fertile part 2.5 mm.

long and as long as broad as the tomentose stalk; anthers 10;

pedicels 2-3 mm. long; bracteole semi-orbicular, obtuse, attached

to the base of the perianth. Female inflorescence as in the male,

but the axis very short, Imm. long. Female flowers 2-5, campanu-

late, split down 4-way by the acute reflexed teeth, 3 mm. long and

2.5 mm. broad, densely rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous inside;

Ovary rusty-tomentose, narrowed into a short, conical bi-lobed

stigma; pedicels 2 mm. long, tomentose. Fruit mostly single,

occasionally in pairs, obovoid, rounded at the apex, cinnamon-

brown-tomentulose, 2.5-3 cm. long and 1-1.5 cm. broad, the

pericarp very hard when dry, 1-2 mm. thick; stalk broad, giving

the fruit an almost sessile appearance, 4-5 mm. long and 4-5 mm.

thick. Aril red, the segments thin. Seed oblong, rounded at each

end and slightly narrowed to the base, reddish brown, shining,

slightly aromatic; cotyledons patelliform with wavy edges.

266 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

[om

Fig. 29. Myristica lepidota BI.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C. staminal

column. D, female flowers. E, fruit. F, aril and seed. G, scales

from the undersurface of a leaf. A—C from Aet 279 (BO). D-E

from bb25255 (A). F from bb32819 (BO). G from bb25255 (A).

Sinclair — Myristica 267

NEW GUINEA bDuTCcH souTH_ §.1., Zippelius s.n. (CAL, L, P, U) the

NEW GUINEA: CAL specimen numbered 36; the follow-

ing Mimika:—Sg. Jera (Siera) Aet

(Exped. Lundquist) 256 (BO, L) & 279

(BO, L); Siera, Oeta, bb32840 = Lund-

quist 121 (BO, K, L); Umar, Oeéeta,

bb32819 = Lundquist 100 (BO, K, L):

Najaja, Oeta, bb32856 = Lundquist 137

(A, BO, K, L).

ARU ISLANDS: Pulau Wokam:—Dosinamalu, Buwalda

Nos 4906 (A, BO, K, L, PNH) & 5/32

(A, BO, K, L) & bb Nos 25255 =

Buwalda 221 (A, BO, K, L, SING) &

bb25368 = Buwalda 335 (A, BO, K, L.,

SING); Sinfin, Goda, bb15068 (BO, L).

DISTRIBUTION : Dutch South New Guinea and Aru

Islands. Low elevation, sometimes at sea-

level.

TYPE METERIAL: M. lepidota Bl., Zippelius s.n. coast of

Dutch South New Guinea and neighbour-

ing islands, without exact locality (CAL,

L holotype, P, U) as M. microcarpa

Zippel. Msc.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Kaibita-bita; kapietas molum (Arw

Islands); maramea; mirawa and mireta:

(Tarie at Mimika, New Guinea).

A tall tree with very smali, insignificant flowers. There is an.

excellent illustration of it with ripe fruit in Blume’s Rumphia.

The fruit, obovoid with a 1ather short, massive stalk, is never

6 cm. long as stated by Warburg. It will be seen that he has.

included some Forbes’s numbers of M. longipes among his material.

cited, so hence the reason for the big fruit and the statement that.

the plant is rather variable. M. lepidota is confined to a small area.

and is not variable at all. Markgraf also confused this species with:

longipes, including some Forbes and Ledermann numbers of

longipes in his otherwise, authentic material and cited, as well,

the synonyms resinosa and warburgii which I have disposed of

under M. longipes. His appended description of the male flowers

is also that of longipes.

M. lepidota, although belonging to series Fatuae, has resem-

blances to M. globosa, but differs from it chiefly in the presence

of the cinnamon scales on the lower surfaces of the leaves and in

the obovoid fruit with the short, rather massive stalk. The flowers.

are rather similar but are less flattened and more tomentose. They

seem also to be slightly smaller, but are rather young in the:

available material of both species. The staminal column has an

acute sterile apex which is apparently lacking in globosa. Among

the minor features of difference is the presence of the numerous

yellowish lenticels on the twigs in lepidota, giving then a slightly’

rougher appearance, the leaf tends more towards the elliptic series

and less to the lanceolate; the apex is generally more acute and the:

acumen longer. Not a single collector has said a word about bark

characters.

‘268 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

(36) Myristica fatua Houtt. Nat. Hist. Pl. 2, 3 (1774) 337 [non

M. fatua Swartz (1788) =Virola surinamensis (Rottb.) Warb.j

et excl. spec. Zoll. in Herb. A.DC. = M. fatua (non Houtt.) Zoll.

ex. Bl. sub synon. Cylicodaphne obtusifolia var. venosa Meissn.

in A.DC. Prodr. 15, 1 (1864) 208= Litsea obtusifolia (Nees)

Boerl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. edit. 4, 4, 2 (1806) 870; Persoon, Synopsis

Pl. 2 (1807) 635; Spreng. Syst. Veg. edit. 16, 3 (1826) 65;

Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 185 t. 59; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1

(1856) 189; de Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Or. 2 (1857) 93; Mig. FI.

Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 55; Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 1, 2

(1864) 205 incl. var. macrocarpa Miq. (ex Banda) et exel.

specimina celebica =[var. affinis (Warb.) Sinclair] et Ann. 2, 1

(1865) 46 excl. spec. de Vriesiana ex Borneo = M. villosa Warb.:;

Baillon, Nat. Hist. Pl. 2 (1870) 503; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880)

177; Vidal, Sin. Atlas (1883) 36 t. 77 {.B 1-3: Warb. in Ber.

Pharm. Ges. Berlin (1892) 217 et 229 t. (without number) f. 1-3:

‘die Muskatnuss (1897) 148; 327; 329; 331-347 & 399 t. 3 f. 10-11

et Monog. Myrist. (1897) 425 t. 11 f. 1-7; Koorders, Fl. van N.O.

‘Celebes (1898) 570 (excl. spec. = var. affinis); Merr. int. Rumph.

Herb. Amb. (1917) 230; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1 (1927) 640; Burk.

Dict. 2 (1935) 1524; Uphof in Nat. Pfl. 17a2 (1959) 215; Backer

et Bakh. f. Fl. Java 1 (1963) 139.

Synonyms: M. tomentosa Thunb. Act. Holm. sive Kongl. Vet.

Acad. Nya Handl. 3 (1782) 49 t. 1 f. 2, 5 & 6 [non M. tomentosa

(non Thunb.) Bl. in Bijdr. (1826) = Knema laurina; nec (non

Thunb.) Grah. (1839) = M. malabarica et M. dactyloides nec

Hk. f. et Th. (1855) = Horsfieldia tomentosa]; ejusd. Noy. Gen.

Plant. 5 (1784) 84; Murray, Linn. Syst. Veg. edit. 14 (1784) 493;

Thunb. Dissert. de Myrist. (1788) 4; Willd. in Usteri et Roem.

Mag. Bot. 3, 9 (1790) 26; Willd. Linn. Sp. Pl. edit. 4, 4, 2 (1806)

2 & 870 excl. syn. M. dactyloides Gaertn.; Persoon, Synopsis

Pl. 2 (1807) 635; Spreng. Linn. Syst. Veg. edit. 16, 3 (1826) 65. M.

spadicea BI. Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2, 11 (1826) 577. M. macrophylla

Roxb. Fl. Ind. Carey’s edit. 3 (1832) 846 [non Spruce ex Benth

1853) =Iryanthera macrophylla (Benth.) Warb.; nec A. Gray

(1854) = M. castaneifolia A. Gray; nec Zippelius ex Mig. (1865)

= M. subalulata Miq.]; M. mascula Reinw. msc. nom. nud. ex de

Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Or. 2 (1857) 93. M. mindanaensis Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 497 t. 13 f. 1-2 [non sensu Merr. (1903)

= Knema korthalsii Warb.] — syn. nov. M. nivea Merr. in Phil.

J. Sc. 1 Suppl. 3 (1906) 191 et En. Phil. Fl. P!. 2 (1923) 179 —

syn. nov. M. plumeriifolia Elmer, Leaf. Philip. Bot. 3 (1911)

1063; Merr. En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 180 — syn. nov. Pre-

Linnaean literature: Nux moschata mas oblongior, Lobelius,

Plant. Stirp. Hist. (1576) 570 (This is the earliest reference to

the plant). Nux myristica mas, Clusius, Exot. libr. 1 (1605) 14 &

189; Rumphius, Herb. Amb. 2 (1741) 24 t. 5 [For a further list of

pre-Linnaean references see Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 426.]

Sinclair — Myristica 269

var. fatua — Fig. 30.

Tree 10-20 m. high with stilt-roots. Bark greyish brown, finely

longitudinally striate; sap red. Twigs rather stout, 3 mm. usually

4 mm. thick, near the apex and up to 1 cm. wide in the oldest

parts, dark reddish brown, smooth and shining in the younger

parts, greyish brown-tomentulose at the extreme apex and for a

distance of some 3-5 cm. downwards, soon glabrous, finely striate

in the older parts often with numerous lenticels, lines from petiole

base to petiole base not usually present but sometimes the younger

parts show two incomplete, faint or indistinct ones near the apex.

Leaves usually chartaceous, occasionally slightly coriaceous, dark

green, glossy and glabrous above, drying a greenish or yellowish

brown above, lower surface pale yellow, whitish yellow or

occasionally white due to minute scales, these tending to become

less or to get rubbed off with age, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, widest at.

the middle and from there equally and gradually narrowed towards.

both ends, the apex sharply acute or acuminate, the base mostly

acute but also often rounded and then acute where the petiole

joins the blade; midrib flat and lying in a groove above, 2—3 mm.

broad at the base, raised beneath; nerves 20-25 pairs, sunk and

sulcate above, raised beneath, oblique and parallel, interarching.

near the margins; reticulations absent; length (20)—25-35 cm.,

usually 30-35 cm. (large size-class); breadth 7-15 cm., average

12 cm.; petiole 1.5—2 cm. long and 4 mm. broad, deeply grooved

when dry. Male inflorescence a Knema-like. woody, scarred

protuberance, 5 mm.—1 cm. long, usually simple but occasionally

2-3-branched from or near the base. Male fiowers coriaceous,

7-8 mm. long and 6 mm. broad, rusty-adpressed-tomentose outside,

glabrous and cream coloured inside, ellipsoid to sub-globose in:

bud, narrowed slightly towards the apex but campanulate at

anthesis and split down nearly half-way into the spreading, broadly

ovate-triangular, reflexed lobes, their apices acute; staminal column

with 10 anthers, and a minute obtuse apiculus, the fertile part.

2-21 times longer than the glabrous, furrowed stalk; pedicels:

slender, 6-8 mm. long, tomentose; bracteoles conspicuous,

tomentose, narrow and carinate on the outer convex surface,.

glabrous and concave inside, acute at the apex, as long as the:

flower-bud and half as long as the flower but only half- or barely

half-surrounding it on one side and situated at the apex of the

pedicel. Female flowers rather similar to the male but more broadly

campanulate or ovoid, 6 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, the lobes.

reflexed, the pedicels shorter and stouter, 5 mm. long and 2.5 mm.

thick; ovary adpressed-tomentose with a very short, sessile,

2-lobed stigma. Fruit large, 5-7.5 cm. long and 3.5—4 cm. broad,

oblong, rounded at both ends, shortly rusty-furfuraceous-

tomentulose, the tomentum denser when young, the pericarp rather

than and brittle when dry, tending to crack; stalk 1 cm. long and

5 mm. broad. Aril orange. Seed oblong, the testa shining and dark

chocolate-brown outside.

270 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

‘Fig. 30. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. fatua.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, female inflorescence. E, female flower. F, ovary. G,

scales from the undersurface of a leaf. H, fruit dehiscing. I, aril

and seed. A-C from Sinclair 10024 (SING) with spirit material.

D-G from Sinclair 10023 (SING) with spirit material. H—-I from

Kuswata & Soepadmo 272 (SING).

Sinclair — Myristica

PHILIPPINES BASILAN:

MINDANAO:

MOLUCCAS HALMAHEIRA:

TERNATE

BATJAN :

BURU :

CERAM :

AMBON :

BANDA :

CULTIVATED:

DISTRIBUTION :

27h

Hutchinson 3454 (K, US).

Prov. Davao:—Baracatan Creek ravine..

Todaya (Mt Apo), Elmer 11063 (A, MB,.

BO} pr, BRSL, CAL, EF, FI, G, K, L,

NSW, NY, US, Z); Taumu, Warburg:

13300 (G* Boiss., K, L, M).

Prov. Cotabato:—Koronadal, Ramos &

Edano 84981 (A).

Prov. Zamboanga del Sur:—San Ramon..

Copeland, March 1905 (US).

W. Pitu, Beguin 2231 (BO); Kampong.

Goal, Picyte 1735 (BO K.. L, PP; PNG,

SING).

Reinwardt s.n. (L).

de Vriese s.n. (L); Masurung, bb Nos

23138 (BO, L) and 6bb23139 (SING);

Saoran, Domut, bb Nos 23183 (BO, L) &

bb23201 (A, BO, L).

Teijsmann Nos. 1830 (U) and 1895 (BO,

U); Teijsmann and de Vriese s.n. (L, U);

de Vriese s.n. (BO, CAL, L, NY).

East Ceram:—Wai Masiwang, Kornassi

990 (BO, L, SING, VU), Artafela,

bb25816 (BO, K, L, SING); Kiandarat.

bb25849 (A, BO, L, SING).

West Ceram:—Kairatu, Gemba, Kuswata

& Soepadmo Nos 14 (K, L, SING); 39

(L, SING); 57 (BM, K, L, SING); 7/ (K,

EE. SENG) and 125 (K, L, SING):

Binnendijk s.n. (BO, L, SING); Waai,

bb25990 (A, BO, L) and Buwalda 6146

(GO;K, L, LAE, PNH, SING); slope

of Gunong Salahutu, Waai, Kuswata

and Soepadmo 272 (K, L, SING); G.

Toena, Boerlage 281 (BO); Teijsmann

s.n. (BO, SING); Teijsmann 5148 (BO,.

U); de Vriese s.n. (L); Hitu, Warburg

17676 “GG Botss., i, Mj); near Paso,* de

Wiljes-Hissink 127 (L).

Reinwardt s.n. (Herb. Blume) ex Banda,

Cults Hort. Bog (L, P,. U); C.. Smith 300

(BM) as M. tomentosa Thunb. and 2640:

(BR) as M. macrophylla Roxb.; C. Smith

s.n. (G. & Prodr.) as M. macrophylla and.

C. Smith, date 1797 (CAL) as M. tomen-

toso Thunb.

Hort. Bog., sine col. 49 (MEL); IVH 62’

(US); IVH 62a (US); IVH 66 (L); IVH

66a_(i.) IVG Si (US)»dVG:91 (NY.,.

US); IVG 91b (L); IVG 94 (US); Beccari.,.

date 1876 (FI); Beccari FI Acc. Nos. 7669

(FI); 7670 (FI) & 7671 (FI) origin Ambon:

Blume s.n. (L); Forbes 1156 (A, BM,

CAL, K) near Ambon; Fevrell & Heide,

Dec. 1921 (S); Koerniasih (IVH 66) 16

BO, K, L, P); Korthals s.n. (L); Rein--

wardt 1371 (L) & (67) (L) both as M..

mascula; Reinwardt s.n. (L) as M. spadi-

cea; Sinclair Nos. IVG 91) 10023 (B, E,.

K, L, SING) and (IVG 96) 10024 (E, K,

L, SING); Sutrisno (IVH 66) 119 (K, L,.

SING); Warburg 174] (P) origin Ambon.

Philippines. (Basilan and Mindanao);

Moluccas (Halmaheira, Ternate, Batjan,.

Buru, Ceram, Ambon and Banda).

Z12 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica fatua Houtt. There is no type

specimen quoted, but his description

is based mostly on Nux myristica mas,

Pala Lacki-Lacki of Clusius in the

account by Rumphius, Herb. Amb. 2

p. 24, locality Banda and later Ambon.

M. fatua var. macrocarpa Migq., Teijs-

mann 5148 (BO, U holotype) Ambon. M.

macrophylia Roxb. no type specimen

quoted by him but the oilowing two

specimens named by him may be taken

as the authentic material: —C. Smith s.n.

(G & Prodr.) and C. Smith 2640 (BR)

Banda. M. mascula Reinw. Reinwardt

sn. (67) (L) ex Banda & 137] (L) ex

Banda, cult. Hort. Bog. M. mindanaensis

Warb., Warburg 13300 (B holotype burnt,

G Boiss., K, L, M) Mindanao. M. nivea

Merr. Hutchinson 3454 (K, US) Basilan

and Copeland s.n. March 1905 (US)

San Ramon, Mindanao both syntypes.

M. plumeriifolia Elmer, Elmer 11063

(4, BM, BO, BP: BRS. CAL £.

Mi, G, KK, L,. BSW, NY tk ee

Mindanao. M. spadicesa Bl., Reinwardt

s.n. Herb. Blume (L holotype, P, U) cult.

Hort. Bog. ex Banda. M. tomentosa

Thunb., type locality is Banda but no

collector or type material quoted by him.

C. Smith 300 (MB) and C. Smith s.n.

(CAL) both from Banda, have M.

tomentosa Thunb. written on them.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Philippines :—lago (Bag): nyatnyat

(Basilan). Moluccas:—ga; hai (Ceram);

pala utan; palala; pala ala (Ambon);

pala laki-laki, the modern spelling; pala

fuker (Banda); mannetjes nooten (Dutch):

nux myristica mas (classical names of

Clusius and Rumphius).

USES: Very little used now. The wood has been

used for posts in house-building (Rum-

phius). The nuts have been’ used

medicinally for headaches and _ other

sicknesses or (in the Malay Peninsula)

pounded with senna as a _ purgative

(Ridley). The fresh nut is faintly aroma-

tic but loses its aroma on drying and

storage.

From a glance at the geographical range and records, it will be

seen that M. fatua sensu lato is the commonest species with the

widest distribution in the genus Myristica. It is also the most

polymorphic one with the greatest number of forms and varieties.

Besides the typical var. fatua, thirteen other varieties are dis-

tinguished here. While M. fatua is, itself, easily recognized as a

large-leaved section II species with a yellowish indumentum on the

lower surface of the leaf, its further division into infra-specific

taxa or units presents quite a formidable problem. With its wide

distribution, especially in Eastern Malaysia, it seems to come very

near to what might have been the basic or primitive type of nutmeg

of section H. It also seems probable that many of the other species

developed and evolved from a nutmeg of this kind along various

evolutionary lines. M. fatua var. fatua was probably much more

common in the Moluccas in pre-historic times or in the era when

Sinclair — Myristica 273

primitive men lived by hunting and fishing, not still having reached

the stage, when through sheer increase in numbers, they would

have been forced to fell the forests and turn to agriculture. The

forests on the coastal strips of the smallest islands would be the.

first to disappear and with them our present species, both in its.

typical form and possibly in other variations which do not exist

today. Probably the islands between Ceram and the Eastern Sunda.

Group such as the South Eastern Islands, the South Western

Islands, the Damar Islands, the Babar Islands and other small ones

in the Banda Sea all had populations of fatua, especially ones with

narrow leaves, lacking the yellow tomentum beneath. I mention

this as fatua does have such glabrous forms in Ceram, these

reappearing, but with a smaller fruit in the Lesser Sunda Islands,

right along the chain from Damar to Wetar, Timor, Solor, Flores,

Sumba and Sumbawa as the var. spanogheana. This variety is.

replaced in East Java by M. teijsmannii which resembles it in

certain details, especially in the leaves. The student may experience

difficulty in deciding whether some of the specimens from the

Lesser Sunda Islands belong to this variety or to M. teijsmannit..

(See notes under that species.) It may be that the one species gave

rise to the other, but which way round will depend (see Intro-

duction) in which direction the migration of section I] Myristica

species proceeded. We know that M. fatua has spurs of migration

in various directions and if it is really a basic species, then it could

have given rise to M. teijsmannii through the loss of the scales on

the lower surface of the leaf. Some of the specimens of M. fatua

var. spanogheana have already lost their scales while in others the

indumentum is very thin.

Myristica fatua was first known from Banda and later from

Ambon and is dealt with at length by Rumphius in his Herb.

Amboinense 2 (1741) 24 under the name of Nux myrisiica mas and

vernacular name Pala Lacki-Lacki. Rumphius, however, got the

name Nux myristica mas from Clusius. There are a good many

collections from Banda and Ambon as well as from trees cultivated

in Hort. Bog. which originally came from these two places. These

collections represent the typical var. fatua and they do not vary

much. The typical is distinguished from the other varieties chiefly

by its larger fruits, 5-7.5 cm. long and 3.5-4 cm. broad. The

pericarp is brittle when dry, tending to break in herbaria and it is

covered with a short, rusty-furfuraceous tomentum. Also the leaves

are widest at the middle and from there taper off gradually to an

acute base and apex and have yellow scales beneath. Both male

and female flowers are campanulate at anthesis.

The specimens named M. plumeriifolia and mindanaensis from

the Philippines, as far as I can see, are not different from var. fatua

so I have included them as new synonyms. Except for the whitish

lower surface of the leaves of M. nivea, also from the Philippines,

there is no obvious difference, so I have merged it with var. fatua

also. It must be remembered that the leaves of var. fatua may

sometimes be white on the lower surface as well as yellow. I have

274 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

‘also included var. macrocarpa Mig. here since it seems that the

fruit of var. fatua is itself normally quite large and that most of

‘the smaller fruits that one may meet in herbaria are either

immature or have shrunk on drying.

The differences between typical fatua and the other varieties are

‘discussed in detail under each in turn but a few general remarks

about some of them and their relationships are included here. As a

rule, varieties which are further away from Banda and Ambon, the

locus classicus of the typical, tend to be the most distinct. Thus var.

inutilis from remote Samoa with its smaller leaves and fruits

‘certainly differs sufficiently from var. fatua to be reckoned as a

subspecies. So does var. papuana from New Guinea for that matter,

but the differences between it and var. inutilis are not great. Jf var.

inutilis were raised to a subspecies then var. papuana would be

best considered as a variety of that subspecies. M. fatua var.

magnifica from India would also seem to merit subspecific rank.

Although its leaves are very similar to those of typical fatua, there

‘are a number of differences in floral characters. The two varieties

morotaiensis and sangowoensis are close to each other and some

forms of morotaiensis show a near approach to var. fatua. No doubt

these forms will hybridize with each other or with var. fatua making

it difficult to decide where they ought to be placed. The large

‘coriaceous-leaved form of var. affinis fron: Celebes with crooked

veins and copious yellow indumentum is distinct enough as a

variety but can it pass as a subspecies? Neither Koorders nor

Miquel recognized the Celebes specimens as distinct from typical

fatua. The thinner- and smaller-leaved forms of the same plant

‘with less indumentum will show that var. affinis is not so very

distinct after all from var. fatua, and Koorders and Miquel, after

‘seeing them, probably thought that they were not worth distinguish-

ing from typical fatua. Warburg, too, admits they are very close,

‘but always cautious in decisions of this kind, does not unite them.

Variety wenzelii from the Philippines, contrary to expectation,

‘seems to be nearer to var. affinis than to the other Philippine

‘species of Elmer and Merrill which I conclude are best sunk into

‘var. fatua. The specimens from the Lesser Sunda Islands which I

have designated as var. spanogheana seem to be slightly better as

a variety than as a subspecies, though one could argue over this

‘question, too. Variety morindiifolia fron. New Guinea with large

leaves, rounded or cordate at the base, copious indumentum and

large fruit is rather distinct. It is, if not actually, well on the way to

being a subspecies, but has followed a line of evolution that has

‘brought it nearer to var. fatua in general appearance than to var.

spapuana. The variety subcordata is less satisfactory, being more

‘variable, and having characters somewhat intermediate between

var. papuana and var. morindiifolia. In this complex var. subcordata

may also be crossing with var. papuana.

Thus we see that all the variants from the typical form do not

stand out and differ from it in equal proportion or degree of

‘distinctness any more than they do from each other. One should

‘neither be forced nor force oneself into trying to pigeon-hole all

Sinclair — Myristica 275

the variants into unnatural groupings. There can be no definite

rules as to how many varying characters are necessary for deter-

mining a variety or how many more will be required in establishing

a subspecies. We are not dealing with exact mathematical pro-

gressions but rather with digressions, the n‘* or n®+1 term of

which is governed by evolution. Thus, while certain variants such

as inutilis or magnifica might be classed as subspecies on

geographical grounds, the subspecies classification would not be

satisfactory in dealing with others such as affinis, sangowoensis and

morotaiensis, where, as has just been pointed out, the degree of

variability is not so great or so clearly defined. It is not so much

the number of varying characters that matters but the status of the

taxa concerned. Some of the variants, especially the ones that differ

less from fatua would look ridiculous if given the rank of sub-

species. Perhaps a chromosome analysis would help. Since there

is none, I prefer the simpler classification using varieties as the

units of division, but have to admit that such a system hardly

shows the relationship of these units in the best perspective. The

ideal classification would be one with several subspecies and

some of these subdivided into varieties, but to propose one now,

in the absence of a proper chromosome count and other evidence,

would only mean messing up the system of nomenclature.

var. affinis (Warb.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: M. affinis Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 422; Burk.

Dict. 2 (1935) 1523.

Synonyms: M. fatua (non Houtt.) Auctores: Mig. Ann. Mus.

Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1, 2 (1864) 205 excl. var. macrocarpa Miq. l.c.

205; Koorders, Fl. van N.O. Celebes (1898) 570 (see notes under

var. fatua and below). M. celebica Gandoger in Bull. Soc. Bot.

France 66 (1919) 225 in clavi, [non M. celebica Miq. (1865) =

M. elliptica var. celebica (Miq.) Sinclair] — syn. nov. — Fig. 31.

Twigs stout, 4-5 mm. thick near the apex, dull, greyish-brown-

tomentulose or pubescent and striate in the apical parts and for a

considerable distance down, also pubescent in quite old portions.

Leaves coriaceous, less often thinly coriaceous, yellowish brown

above when dry, often a dark blackish brown in coriaceous forms,

lower surface with more copious indumentum than in var. fatua,

oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, often broadest below the middle

and gradually narrowed from there upwards to the acute or bluntly

acute apex, base rounded or rounded and then sub-acute; midrib

very stout and longitudinally striate beneath when dry, 5 mm.

broad at the base, broader than in the typical; nerves (22)—26—30

pairs, oblique but often crooked, the angle of origin rather wide:

length 27-40-(48) cm.; breadth 10-16 cm. Flowers as in var. fatua,

the stalk of the staminal column tomentose at the base. Fruit

globose when young, later oblong, large, 6 cm. long and 3 cm.

broad, but still not mature, densely yellowish-velvet, later

‘ttomentulose; stalk 1.3 cm. long.

276 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 31. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. affinis (Warb.) J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with female flowers and fruit. B, female flower. C, ovary.

D, scales from the undersurface of a leaf. E, male inflorescences.

F, male flower. G, staminal column. A—D from Sinclair 10043

(SING). E-G from 6b20757 (BO).

Sinclair — Myristica

CELEBES sS.L.:

NORTH

PENINSULA :

CENTRAL CELEBES:

SOUTH-WEST

PENINSULA :

SOUTH-EAST

PENINSULA :

PULAU MOENA:

CULTIVATED:

DISTRIBUTION :

TPPE MATERIAL:

VERNACULAR NAMES:

Teijsmann 1837 (U) and s.n. (LY).

Manado, Riedel 5823 (U); Teijsmann

3741 (BO, U%; de Vriese s.n (K, L, S).

The remainder near Manado :—

Dulamjo, Boalemo, bb/3807 (BO); Popaja,

Boalemo, bb/5697 (BO, L); Lumpias,

bb14538 (BO); Bambamate, Donggala,

bb17057 (BO); Tangkilisan 2 = bb33116

(BO, K, L); Kajuwatu, Rakas, Koorders

Nos 18125 (BO, L); 18126 (BO); 18127

(BO, L); 1/8131 (BO, L); 18/38 (BO, L);

& 181/45 (BO, L); Paku-ure, Koorders

Nos. 18141 (BO) & 18148 (BO, L); Pulah

near Ratahan, Koorders 18142 (BO, L):

Ratahan, Koorders 18151 (BO); Totok,

Ratatotok near Ratahan, Koorders 18153

(BO) and near Ratahan, Koorders 19736

(BO, L); south slope of Gunong Manim-

porak, Lam 2438 (BO, L). ;

Poso, Lape, bb29482 (A, BO, L, SING):

Malili, Kawata (or Thawata), CEL/V250

(BO, L, SING).

Pelenkahu, Teijsmann 30 (BO); Tod-

jambu, Kjellberg 1736 (BO, S).

Tolala, Kjellberg 2447 (BO, S); Preho,

Lelewaoe, Kjellberg 2504 (BO, S).

Raha, Lamanoe, bb20757 (A, BO, L);

Raha, Wasalangka, bb21130 (A, BO) and

bb21330 (A, BO, L).

Hort. Bog. IVG 82, Sinclair 10043 (A, B,

E, K, L, M, NY, SING) the same tree

probably as the Beccari FI Acc. Nos

which now follow; Beccari, date 1876 =

FI Acc. Nos 7668 (FI) & 7668a (FI);

Sutrisno 125a (K, L, SING).

Celebes.

Myristica affinis Warb., three syntypes :—

(1) de Vriese s.n (K, L, S)’ Manado. (2)

Beccari, date 1876 = FI Acc. Nos 7668

(FI) & 7668a (FI) cult. Hort. Bog. (3)

Treub, date 1891 (B destroyed) cult. Hort.

Bog. M. celebica Gandoger, Teijsmann

sm. (LY).

Celebes:—daan; laka; lau; mararu

(Manado); ogindolu (P. Moena).

This variety is best distinguished from typical var. fatua by the

dull, tomentulose or pubescent twigs, the tomentum persisting for

a long time even in the older portions, and by the larger and

broader leaves with more veins and a more prominent midrib,

striate when dry beneath and much broader, 5 mm. as against

2-3 mm. broad at the base of the leaf. The leaf itself is generally

more coriaceous, though there are thin-leaved forms too; the apex

is never sharply acute or acuminate and the base is less acute,

usually rounded or rounded and then sub-acute. There is a tendency

278 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

for the upper surface of the leaf to be dull above on drying, but

this character is not constant. In coriaceous forms it dries a dark

blackish brown above. The indumentum is denser than in the

typical form and the nerves have a tendency to be rather crooked.

The fruit is nearly as large as in the typical form. Miquel and

Koorders thought that the Celebes plant was the same as typical

M. fatua Houtt. At least they did not make it a new variety of

fatua but simply included it in the existing M. fatua Houtt.

var. inutilis (Richard ex A. Gray) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Myristica inutilis Richard ex A. Gray, in Wilkes,

United States Explor. Exped. 1 (1854) 34; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1

(1856) 191; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 481 t. 18 f. 1-4;

Guillaumin in J. Arn. Arb. 14, 1 (1933) 59 excl. specimina

Kajeweskii = (M. fatua var. papuana); Christophersen in B.P.

Bish. Mus. Bull. 128 (1935) 87; A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22,

1 (Jan. 1941) 74 excl. sp. Ins. Solom. et New Hebrid; A.C. Smith

in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 68, 6 (June 1941) 400 guoad spec. ex

Samoa tantum; Yuncker, ‘‘Plants of Tonga,” in B.P. Bish. Mus.

Bull. 220 (1959) 117 quoad spec. ex Samoa tantum. — Fig. 32.

Tree 4-15 m. high, usually 7 m. Bark dark greyish brown. Twigs

slender, 2.5-3 mm. thick for some distance down from the minutely

puberulous apex, then reddish brown and slightly rough with

numerous small lenticels, greyish brown and siriate in the older

parts. Leaves thinly chartaceous, dark glossy green above, drying

a pale greyish brown or greenish brown, glossy or dull, the lower

surface covered with minute, closely adpressed scales, pale yellowish

brown or in the older leaves, becoming whitish brown, not rusty

or medium brown, the nerves and midrib standing out a reddish

brown in contrast, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, sometimes

broadest at the middle, sometimes above the middle, base bluntly

acute or rounded, apex acuminate; nerves 16—20 pairs, average 18

pairs, impressed and not very distinct above, fine and slender

beneath curving slightly, sometimes rather crooked, the line of

interarching at the margins fairly distinct; reticulations mostly

invisible; length 13-22 cm., average 20 cm.; breadth 4-6 cm.;

petiole 1.5—2.5 cm. long, rather slender, 2.5—3 mm. thick, channelled

and the edges inrolled and close together when dry. Male inflore-

scence a 3-5 mm. long, rusty-tomentose, woody tubercle. Male

flowers sub-umbellate, 8-12 in a cluster, thin in texture, obovoid

in bud, narrowly clavate when mature, shortly rusty-tomentose

outside, glabrous inside, 5-6 mm. long and 2-2.5 mm. broad, split

down 4-way by the bluntly acute, reflexed lobes; staminal column

44.5 mm. long with 6-8 anthers and a sterile, acute, 0.2-0.5 mm.

long apiculus, the stalk 2 mm. long, as long as or just slightly

shorter than the fertile part, rusty-tomentose; bracteole ovate or

rhomboid, 2 mm. long, rusty-tomentose like the perianth and

pedicels, persisting until the flower-bud opens; pedicels 4 mm.

long, slender, 0.5 mm. thick, longitudinally striate, often flattened.

Sinclair — Myristica 279

Fig. 32. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. inutilis (Richard ex A. Gray) J.

Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with fruit. B, male inflorescences. C, male flower. D,

staminal column. E, female inflorescence. F, female flower. G, ovary.

H, fruit. I, aril and seed. J, scales from the undersurface of a leaf.

A from Eames 186 (A). B—D from Setchell 67 (UC). E-G from

Christophersen & Hume 2612 (UC). H—I from Cpt. Potts 1 (UC).

J from Christophersen 984 (UC).

280 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Female flowers much fewer in the cluster, smaller, 4 mm. long and

2.5 mm. broad, urceolate with reflexed, triangular, acute lobes;

ovary rusty-tomentose; pedicels 2 mm. long, slightly stouter than

in the male. Fruit 1-4 in a cluster, oblong, obtuse at both ends,

the apex sometimes with a minute apiculus in the centre, thin-

walled, pale yellowish brown, minutely tomentulose, 3-3.6 cm.

long and 1.6—2.3 cm. broad: stalk slender, 6 mm.—1 cm. long and

2-3 mm. thick. Avil red, reddish brown when dry. Seed oblong,

shining, reddish brown, rounded at each end, 2.5 cm. long and

1.3 cm. broad.

SAMOA sS.L.: Pickering, Cpt. Wilkes Exped. 1838-42

(A, K, P); Whitmee Nos 86 (K); 89 (K)

& s.n. (A, BM).

SAVAII: Salailua, Christophersen & Hume 2612

(BO, K, UC); Taga. shore forest,

Christophersen 2838 (K, L, P, UC); above

Sili, Christophersen 3202 (A, BO, Ky);

near Samalaeulu, Christophersen 3473

BO... K.P. DG).

UPOLU: Graeffe Nos 36 (HBG); 105 (HBG); 5/2

(HBG) and s.n. (A, BM, HBG) the A

sheet is numbered 79 in pencil; Horne 10

(K) another sheet of the same number in

K is hypargyraea var. hypargyraea; Horne

date 1846 (BM); Mueller s.n. (BM) and

Mueller 149 (BM) both as M. graeffii a

msc. name; Vaiaberg, Rechinger Nos

1224 (BM) and /491 (BM); Moa-moa

Plantation, Eames 186 (A,L) the BO

sheet of the same number is hypargyraea;

Ululaloa, B.P.G. MHochreutiner 3436

(G, Z); top of Mafa Pass, McKee 2909

(K, L, NSW); Apolau, Reinecke 97

(BO, BRSL, E, G Boiss.); Vailele Kamin,

Reinecke 103 (BO, BRSL, E, G Boiss.,

L).

TUTUILA : Ridge summits, Bryan 73 (P, UOC);

reservoir trail above Naval _ Station,

Christophersen Nos 984 (P, UC) and 995

(P, UC); Pagopago, Meebold 21351 (BM,

M); Fagasa trail, W. A. Setchell 67

(UC) and Cpt. Potts 1 (UC).

TAU: Back of Faleasao, Fitiuta trail, Garber

609 (K).

IFU ISLAND? Yuncker 9541 (K).

DISTRIBUTION: Samoa.

TYPE MATERIAL: Pickering, Cpt. Wilkes Exped. s.n (A

holotype, K, NY, P, US) the NY and US

sheets not seen. The holotype may be the

US specimen. See notes under M. cas-

taneifolia.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Atone (Tutuila}; atogi (Upolu).

A common tree in Samoa from sea-level to 300 m., fruiting

throughout the year. Warburg places it along with M. hypargyraea

in series /nutiles. He says that it may only be a variety of that

species. Christophersen also has had some difficulty at times in

Sinclair — Myristica 281

distinguishing them. He says, in B.P. Bish. Mus. Bull. 128 (1935)

87, that Eames 186 and Christophersen 314 have the smaller,

narrower leaves of M. inutilis and the sub-globose, dark brown,

densely pubescent fruits characteristic of M. hypargyraea. The

young leaves are glabrous, bringing the specimens closer to M.

hypargyraea; but the seeds (3/4) are broader than originally

described in this species, measuring 3 cm. by 2.6 cm. (original

description 3.2 cm. by 2 cm.). I have seen Eames 186 which is a

mixture. The A sheet (fruit) belongs to inutilis and the BO sheet

to hypargyraea var. hypargyraea. Christophersen 314 is also M.

hypargyraea var. hypargyraea.

I must, however, state that my difficulty has not been in dis-

tinguishing between these two species but between inutilis and fatua

var. papuana, especially the rather variable material of the latter

from the Solomons and the New Hebrides which both Guillaumin

and A.C. Smith have named inutilis. I have excluded these

specimens from inutilis which is, in my opinion, a tree entirely

confined to Samoa. In fact inutilis is more closely related to fatua

var. papuana than to M. hypargyraea and must go into series

Fatuae. Also it is not anything more than another variety of fatua

and should not rank as a species. M. fatua var. papuana in the

Solomons is even more variable than it is in New Guinea, there

being forms with broad leaves, narrow leaves, one with rather

narrow coriaceous leaves described as M. procera, others like it

with thin chartaceous leaves and finally one with smaller, narrower

leaves. The fruits of the latter approach the form in the New

Hebrides, having more slender fruit staiks than those of typical

fatua var. papuana, but the leaves of the New Hebrides plant are

fairly broad, more like those of typical fatua var. papuana. The

fruits of all these specimens are of a darker brown colour than

those of var. inutilis and so is the undersurface of their leaves.

The variation of this variety in the Solomons is undoubtedly due

to its separation in the various islands. The New Hebrides really

form a continuation of the Solomon chain and it seems not

unreasonable to find fatua var. papuanau extending from the

Solomons to these islands. Samoa is much more remote and lies

well outside this group, some 20° of longitude further east. In fact

Samoa is the eastern limit of the genus Myristica and we would

scarcely expect to find fatua var. papuana extending so far east.

M. fatua var. inutilis may, however, have arisen from it direct or

through a common stock, the chief differences being the smaller,

clavate-shaped flowers and the paler indumentum of the leaves

and fruit in var. inutilis. These differences are best shown in tabular

form. Also see notes under fatua var. papuana. M. hypargyraea

is a different tree with stouter twigs, larger and broader leaves

which have a white undersurface, a coriaceous, campanulate male

flower, split down much further into the lobes, a differently shaped,

stouter staminal column with a truncate apex and a sub-globose

fruit, darker in colour.

282

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Differences between M. fatua var. inutilis and var. papuana

M. fatua var. inutilis M. fatua var. papuana

Twigs Reddish brown, the two | Greyish brown, less shin-

lines faint, occasionally ing, the two lines more

present distinct and more

| frequent

Leaves |

colour :— Drying a pale greyish or | Drying a darker brown

greenish brown above above, pale yellowish

and ae pale yellow but more often a rusty

beneath, whitish in the or medium brown

older leaves, the veins beneath

reddish brown

nerves :— 16-20 pairs, average 18 18-26 pairs, average 20

pairs, some rather pairs, more oblique

crooked

size: 4-6 cm broad. 4-10 cm _ broad, more

variable in shape

petiole .—— 1.5-2.5 cm long. 1-2 cm long

Flowers

male :— Narrowly clavate, 5-(6) | Nearly tubular, larger,

mm long and 2-2.5 mm 6-9 mm long and 3 mm

broad. broad.

Pedicels 4 mm long. An- | Pedicels 6 mm — 1 cm

thers 6-8. long. Anthers 10.

female :— 4 mm long and 2.5 mm 5-6 mm long and 4 mm

broad. broad

Fruit Oblong, 3-3.6 cm _ long Oblong or obvoid, 3.3-4.5

and 1.6-2.3 cm_ broad, cm long and 2-3 cm

tomentum a pale yellow, broad, tomentum rusty

very short, not fur- or medium brown, fur-

furaceous; stalk slender, furaceous; stalk stouter,

6 mm — I cm long and 5-7 mm long and 5

2-3 mm thick. mm _ thick

var. magnifica (Beddome) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Myristica magnifica Beddome, FI. Syl. 7 (1872) 268

t. 268; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timbers (1881) 314 et (edit. 1902 et

1922) 556; Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 104; King in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 291 pl. 119: Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 424; Talbot, Syst. List Trees, Shrubs, Bomb. Pres. edit. 2

(1902) 280; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bomb. 2, 2 (1906) 531; Brandis,

Indian Trees (edit. 1906 et 1911) 524; Talbot, For. Fl. Bomb.

Pres. and Sind 2 (1911) 381; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 2, 7

(1925) 1214; Krishna Moorthy in Ind. For. 86, 5 (May 1969) 314

— Fig. 33.

Tree 30 m. or more high with stilt-roots and often with

buttresses, some of the roots from the base spreading along the

ground and rising in loops above the surface. Bark purplish black,

smooth. Twigs 4-5 mm. thick at the apex, densely dark rusty-

tomentose on the first 7 cm. from the apex downwards, then dark

283

‘Sinclair — Myristica

A a A ARRAY =

Jurgaim DEL.

—

s—

\ . ae ti

Hho, wh fl ih i |

EH Pa EY fe

/ | tH

Se > ,

eagle z f

oS es 5 y

a ae Sn Sp Vf pili fys,s Vf 4 |

~ = : f / ttf / ff [yf i

——s os {if ip

> = - > t FRA / ny / ;

= t/ If / Ley p tae ‘

/ JL) /; Wi f y / { ’

VAY Hf, fy / f fi a he (Use iif! f /

MANY Lf it! TY Yh, jj j LL kA LLY HI /

UY, yy / fe / / TAF /; / SLD PF ALY | Hf /

Y f/ 7°57 / / hf /) 4} by / ay / L/y fA ff

WW 44] } / ,j yh ff BUS, f ff fst Uf 7 /

Men y by) Y ? Jil / V / Wi y,

7 i / / y a ke / / ff / ag

y “4 7, / ye / Vi he i 4 tf i (

Z y Lf i? ; / f | ly iy f,

y 4 ye {fy /y / b /

7 g | pg /} ff LP ty ff / if LS If tp ffl ih’ 7

/ ff f/f if / f Vf /, Lh fff d //

/ / ‘ }, ty

/ / ; / 79

Vf Y SN / Lily

/ AT

Fig. 33. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. magnifica (Beddome) J. Sinclair.

male flower. D, staminal

arp removed to show aril

male inflorescences. C,

and seed. F, young fruit. A from Bourdillon 730 (DD). B-E after

King’s plate 119. F from Bor 1144] (DD).

column. E, fruit with part of the peric

A, leaf on left viewed from the undersurface, the one on the right

from the upper. B

284 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

reddish brown, glabrous and shining, older greyish brown. Leaves

coriaceous, oblong or oblong-elliptic, rather variable in shape,

apex bluntly acute or acuminate, base rounded, dark glossy green

on the upper surface, dark brown or olive green and retaining the

gloss when dry, lower surface covered with densely packed,

reddish-golden, stellate scales, these being shed with age; nerves

20-26 pairs, equidistant, oblique or curving slightly, interarching

at the margins, sunk above, prominent beenath; reticulations

invisible above, faintly visible and scalariform beneath; length

20-37-(60) cm.; breadth 10-12 cm.; petiole 2—2.5 cm. long and

5—6 mm. thick. Male inflorescence a 1 cm. long, simple or bifurcate

woody tubercle. Male flowers 8-20 in a sub-umbellate cluster,

coriaceous, ovoid-globose, densely rusty-tomentose outside,

glabrous inside, 5 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, split down 4-way

into the acute lobes; staminal column about 3 mm. long, shorter.

than the flower, the fertile portion with 8-10 anthers and obtuse

with a minute apiculus at the apex, the stalk 4 the length of the

anthers and with hairs on its basal portion; pedicels very short or.

absent, 2.5 mm. long; bracteole semi-orbicular, sericeous, acute at

the apex. Fruit solitary or in pairs, oblong-ovoid, densely rusty-

tomentose when young, becoming tomentulose when old, 7—10.5

cm. long and 5 cm. broad, pericarp fleshy, 4 mm. thick; stalk very

short. about 5 mm. long. Aril orange-red. Seed 6 cm. long and

3 cm. broad, egg-shaped.

PENINSULAR BOMBAY North Kanara:—Katli Ken, Bor 1/44f

INDIA PRESIDENCY : (DD); Malamani Ghat, Sedgwick & Bell

7191 (CAL); Gairsoppa Ghat, Talbot

3723 (CAL).

KERALA: Travancore:—South Travancore Beddome

242 (K); Colatoorpolay, Bourdillon Nos.

730 (CAL, DD, K) and 731 (CAL, K),

and Lawson Nos. 90a (CAL): 90b (CAL);

93 (CAL) and Lawson, 26th Nov. 1893

(CAL, DD, K); on the Travancore.

Madras border in Travancore for the

following three :—Courtallam Hills,

Beddome s.n. date 1873 (K); Tinnevelly

Ghats, Beddome Nos. 6725 (BM) and

6726 (BM).

DISTRIBUTION : Peninsuluar India as above, also re-

ported by Krishna Moorthy, Ind. For.

(1960) 314 to be common in the valieys

of the Shendurney, Kulathupuzha and

Anchal Ranges of Travancore.

TYPE MATERIAL: The type locality given by Beddome is.

South Travancore in the dense moist

forests in the valleys at the foot of the.

Ghats round Mimoote near Colatoor-

polay. He does not quote any of his.

own numbers. There is a specimen in K,

Beddome 242, South Travancore, but

the locality Colatoorpolay is not actually

written on the sheet. All Beddome’s.

specimens quoted in the present account

may be taken as syntypes or authentic-

material of this species.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Kottha panu (Malabari).

Sinclair — Myristica 285

ECOLOGY: An immense, gregarious tree with looped

“knee roots” which are very similar in

appearance to those of the mangroves.

K. Moorthy refers to this tree as the

predominant species in the Mpyristica

Swamp Association which fringes sluggish

streams in the damp valleys at the foot

of the Ghats. Also see notes on this

association under M. malabarica. Accord-

ing to Beddome, one of the finest trees

in S. India, flowering in February and

fruiting in August.

After much consideration, and with profound reluctance I feel

obliged to reduce this magnificent nutmeg of India to yet another

variant of M. fatua. Like a great colonizer M. fatua has spread

out in diverse directions from its centre of origin, settling and

adapting itself to each new environment with the minimum of

modifications. When compared with other variants of fatua such as

inutilis, papuana and morindiifolia, magnifica does not seem to

diverge in any greater degree of proportion from fatua than these

others do. There is a striking similarity between the leaves of

magnifica and those of typical var. fatua. In fact if someone were

to place a few of the former side by side with those of var. fatua

and to ask if they were the same without revealing the identity and

locality of magnifica, then I should unsuspectingly say ‘‘surely they

must be identical’. If variants like inutilis, papuana and morindii-

folia can be brought under the specific range of M. fatua surely also

can magnifica. It has already been pointed out in the notes under

var. fatua that, while magnifica is probably best considered as a

subspecies, it is simpler at present in this interim, non-genetical

classification to consider all the variants as varieties.

The following now are the chief differences between our present

variety and the typical. In var. magnifica the male flowering pedicels

are much shorter or absent — probably a good character. If they

are immature, then all the better, for they may lengthen and then

indicate a closer alliance with var. fatua. The flowers are smaller

with a denser tomentum. They are ovoid-globose and not campanu-

late in shape. They are more numerous in the clusters. The fruit is

larger, 7-10.5 cm. x5 cm. The largest fruits I have seen in fatua

var. fatua are those of Kuswata & Soepadmo 272 from Ambon

and these measure 7.5 cm.x4 cm. The presence of the looped

“knee roots”, noted by Krishna Moorthy, must surely have some

value. They have not been seen in any other species of Myristica

and are probably unique in the family. I wonder if they really

belonged to a Myristica? Other genera in swamps can have such

roots. The vast distance tn geographical separation cannot be

ignored. The minor distinctions are the stouter twigs with their

denser and darker tomentum on the innovations, the more

coriaceous leaves with stouter petioles and rounded base (other

varieties of fatua such as var. affinis have equally coriaceous ones

with stout petioles and similar base) and the denser, darker and

slightly longer indumentum on the lower surface of the leaves.

286 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968).

This indumentum is nearest to that of fatua var. morindiifolia, and

although more tightly packed, is not so long. It is of a more reddish

tinge, consisting of stellate scales and not the dendroid hairs of var.

morindiifolia which look like tiny moss plants with obtuse,

imbricate leaves. Warburg excludes figures 4 and 5 in King’s plate

depicting the aril, and thinks that they belong to that of M.

malabarica. | cannot agree with him as the aril is so uniform as

to be of little use in separating species of Myristica.

The true status of magnifica cannot be conclusively settled by

alpha taxonomy in the herbarium. If a chromosome examination

shows that the patterns are greatly out-of-step with those of the

Other varieties of fatua, then its rank might be raised. If it is a

species, it is not one which differs ostentatiously from fatua.

var. morindiifolia (Bl.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Myristica morindiifolia Bl. Rumphia 1 (1837) 186

(original spelling =M. morindaefolia Bl.); A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1

(1856) 193; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 61; F. v. Miiller,

Descr. Notes on Pap. Pl. 1, 5 (1877) 96.

Synonym: M. cordifolia Zipp. Herb. (and one sheet M. cordi-

formis Zipp.) nom. nud. pro parte [altera pars = var. subcordata

(Bl.) Mig.}] non M. cordifolia Mart. ex A.DC. (1856) = Virola

sebifera Aubi.; Zipp. ex Mig. Ann. Mus. Boi. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1

(1865) 46 pro parte et pro syn. —Fig. 34.

Tree 12-25 m. high with horizontal branches and _ stilt-roots.

Bark greyish black or brownish black; sap red, watery. Twigs

ending in a large, elongate, 3.5 cm. long terminal bud and often

with young folded leaves above or below the apical developing

leaves, stout and rather similar to those of var. fatua, but covered

with a ferrugineous-floccose tomentum on the innovations, shining

and dark reddish brown underneath that indumentum, 4-5 mm.

thick in the apical portions, lower down faintly striate and covered

with lenticels. Leaves coriaceous, dark glossy green above, the

lower surface glaucous, but covered with a yellowish, floccose-

furfuraceous indumentum which tends to rub off when old, the

upper surface drying a yellowish brown or medium brown, duli

or slightly glossy in parts, oblong with nearly parallel sides or

occasionally broadest above the middle, base rounded or sub-

cordate, the apex acute or shortly acuminate; nerves numerous,

25-32 pairs or more, sunk and sulcate above, raised beneath,

oblique or leaving the midrib at an angle of 60—70°, interarching in

a double loop at the margins; length 24-46 cm., average about

32 cm. (large size-class) and breadth 9-19 cm., average 11 cm.;

petiole 2-4 cm. long, average 3 cm. long, stout. Female flowers

5 mm. long and 5 mm. broad; pedicels 3 mm. long, stout. Fruit

5.5-6 cm. long and 3 cm. broad, about the size and shape of a

hen’s egg, larger than in var. papuana but smaller than those of

var. fatua, covered with a rusty-furfuraceous tomentum which is

dense when young but tends to rub off with age; stalk 1 cm. long-

and 4 mm. thick.

Sinclair — Myristica 287

JURAIM DEL

Fig. 34. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. morindiifolia (Bl.) J. Sinclair.

A, leaf. B, twig with a female inflorescence and with young leaves and

an older one, the last viewed from the undersurface. C, female

inflorescence. D, young fruit. E, a hair from the undersurface of a

leaf. A from Zippelius s.n. Leiden Acc. No. 903252—140 (L syntype

of M. morindiifolia Bl. and M. cordifolia Zipp. p.p.). B—C from

Floyd N.G.F. 6652 (BO). D-E from Floyd N.G.F. 6652 (BRI).

288 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

NEW VOGELKOP Inanwaten, Muturi, Steenkool, bb3268/

GUINEA (DutcH West (BO, L); Ajamaroe, Schram BW6099 (L)

NEW GUINEA): somewhat approaching var. subcordata.

DutcH SoutH S.1., Zippelius s.n., three sheets in L

NEw GUINEA: numbered as follows :—903252-140 (L);

903255-9 (L) and 903255-10 (L); Sg.

Aendua (Aindua) near Oeta and Mimika,

(Exped. Lundquist 3) Aet 486 (A, BO, K,

L) and Lundquist 193 = bb32912 (BO,

L); Mimika (Siera) Jera, Oeta, Lundquist

113 = 6b32832 (BO, K, L); Komor,

Asmat Region, Nautje BW6614 (L).

T.N.G. Eastern Highlands:—Gusap to Arona,

Womersley N.G.F. 5103 (BRI, CANB,

K, LAE); Mt. Woodfield, Markham-

Arona Road, Womersley N.G.F. 6008

pare L, LAE); Arau, Brass 31999 (K,

Morobe District:—Kikiepa Village, Wan-

toat Area, Womersley & Thorne N.G.F.

12625 (K).

New Britain: Keravat, Floyd N.G.F. 6652 (A, BO,

BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE); Warangoi

Valley, Gazelle Peninsula, Womersley &

Kazakoff N.G.F. 7070 (A, BRI, K, L,

SING); Pulie River near Eliak Creek

junction, south New Britain, K.J. White

N.G.F. 10049 (CANB, K, L, SING);

near Urin, south N.B., K.J. White N.G.F.

10035 (CANB, L, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : Northern part of New Guinea. New

Britain.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica morindiifolia B1. Zippelius s.n.

(L) three sheets with the Leiden Acc.

Nos. 903252-140; 903255-9 and 903255-

10 = part of the cordifolia of Zipp.

nomen nud., the rema:nder being var.

subcordata. See notes below.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Kosley (New Britain); mituru (Mimika):

Osaar (Asmat); sapar (Maibrat).

Miquel at first recognized M. morindiifolia, but he later united it

with subcordata under the circumscription M. fatua var. subcordata

(Bl.) Mig. Warburg and Markgraf included it as a synonym under

M. subcordata Bl. and both added the words “pro parte” after

M. morindiifolia Bl. which they should have omitted. Warburg

states that Blume’s M. morindiifolia was a mixtum compositum

with two kinds of leaves and that the single leaf belongs to that

of an unidentified myrmecophilous species and that the rest is

subcordata. I have examined this sheet in Leiden under the L Acc.

No. 903252-10 and it consists of two twigs showing young apical

leaves as well as a large single detached leaf. This leaf is not at all

that of any myrmecophilous species but is a good example of a

well-developed adult leaf of fatua var. morindiifolia showing the

yellow scales on the lower surface and the cordate base. Had

Warburg seen specimens of the fine material of this var. from the

Eastern Highlands or from New Britain with their large well-

developed leaves he probably would not have made this mistake

Sinclair — Myristica 289

nor added the words “‘pro parte’’. On this above-mentioned sheet

collected by Zippelius, there is in Miquel’s handwriting ““M. fatua

var. subcordata f. glabrior and M. morindiifolia Blume’’. It also

bears the number 172/6 in the handwriting of Zippelius, but I do

not see Blume’s writing on this sheet nor on any of the others.

Miquel took this to be the type of Blume’s morindiifolia, but there

are two other sheets in Leiden collected by Zippelius named M.

cordifolia and without a number. Miquel has written M. fatua var.

subcordata on these. They are obviously all from the same

gathering and agree perfectly with Blume’s description of M.

morindiifolia and should also be considered part of the type

material as well as the other sheet 903252—/0. I have used the

Leiden accession numbers to designate them. (See under the heading

Type Material as well as in my citation of specimens.) Blume did

not quote any numbers under his morindiifolia but simply stated

that it (that is the cordifolia of Zippelius) was without exact

locality and came from New Guinea. The locality was probably

somewhere in the Asmat region in Dutch South New Guinea.

The rest of the material of Zippelius’s cordifolia is different and

belongs to var. subcordata (B!.) Mig. It also bears no number or

exact locality except “‘in maritime woods, New Guinea’’, but I

suspect it also came from the Asmat region as it matches quite well

the recent material collected by Nautje at Asmat.

Variety morindiifolia is nearest to var. affinis which has similar

large leaves but those of the former have morse or less parallel

sides and a sub-cordate or rounded base. The veins are less oblique

and tend to leave the midrib at a wider angle. The larger leaves,

with more numerous nerves and the long petioles should at once

distinguish it from var. papuana.

The material from New Britain has a much denser indumentum

on the lower surface of the leaf than that of Zippelius’s type

collection, but as the leaves become older the indumentum becomes

much less dense. This can also be seen in some of the sheets from

New Britain. Again 5b3268/ from the mainland of New Guinea is

just as dense in indumentum as that of the N.B. material while the

amount of indumentum on the specimens from the Eastern

Highlands also varies with age. As I have pointed out before, (see

under var. morotaiensis) and especially as is the case with fatua

var. fatua, the amount of tomentum cannot be taken as a dis-

tinguishing character or one on which to separate further these

New Britain specimens or others on the mainland from the less

glabrous forms.

var. morobensis J. Sinclair, var. nov. — Fig. 35.

Haec arbor probabiliter varietas M. fatuae tantum est, affinis

var. subcordatae et var. papuanae. A priore foliis basi acutis vel

subrotundatis nec subcordatis; ab altera fructibus dense velutinis

et ab ambabus squamulis pilisque foliorum carentibus differt. A

M. chrysocarpa var. entrecasteuxense cui etiam subsimilis, foliis

minoribus, basi non emarginatis, fructibus atro-brunneis discrepat.

290 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

SJurMe| DE.

Fig. 35. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. morobensis J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig. B, young fruit. C, hair from fruit. A from Womersley

N.G.F. 3142 (LAE isotype). B—C from the same (CANB isotype).

Sinclair — Myristica 291

Arbor magnitudinis incertae. Ramuli modice graciles, 3-4 mm.

crassi, in partibus apicalibus ferrugineo-tomentelli. in partibus

adultis atro-grisei, striatuli. Folia chartacea, utrinque glabra, costa

subtus excepta, supra in sicco saepe nitida, utrinque modice

brunnea, anguste oblonga vel anguste elliptica, interdum lanceolata,

basi acuta vel subrotundata, apice acuminata, 12-21 cm. longa,

3.5—7 cm. lata, vulgo 4.5 cm., costa supra in sulco depressa, subtus

elevata, glabra vel primum squamulis pilisque minutis induta, nervi

c. 16-jugati, supra graciles subtus prominentes, valde curvati, a

costa angulo 60-90° excurrentes, marginibus indistincte anasto-

mosantes; reticulationes vix visibiles, nonnunquam paucae supra

obscure visae; petioli 8 mm —l cm. longi, 2 mm. crassi. Flores

masculi et feminei non visi. Fructus fere sessilis, immaturus, sub-

globosus, 1.5 cm. in diam., ferrugineo-velutinus cum pilis 1-2 mm.

longis; stipes 3-5 mm. longus, 3-4 mm. crassus. Arillus in segmenta

multa angusta divisus. Semen immaturum, oblongum, 7 mm.

longum, 4 mm. latum.

Tree of uncertain height. Zwigs moderately slender, 3-4 mm.

thick, rusty-tomentulose in the apical paris, dark grey and finely

striate in the adult parts. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous on both

surfaces except the lower midrib, often shining above when dry,

medium brown on both surfaces, narrowly oblong or narrow-

elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, acute or slightly rounded at the base,

acuminate at the apex, midrib sunk in a groove above, raised

beneath, glabrous or at first covered with minute scales and hairs;

nerves about 16 pairs, slender above, prominent beneath, curving

widely, running out from the midrib at an angle of 60-90°,

indistinctly interarching at the margins; reticulations scarcely

visible, sometimes a few faintly seen above; length 12-21 cm;

breadth 3.5—7 cm., average 4.5 cm.; petiole 8 mm.—1 cm. long and

2 mm. thick. Male and female flowers not seen. Fruit nearly sessile,

immature, sub-globose, 1.5 cm. in diam., densely rusty-velvety

hairy with hairs 1-2 mm. long; stalk 3-5 mm. long and 3—4 mm.

thick. Aril divided into many narrow segments. Seed immature,

oblong, 7 mm. long and 4 mm. broad.

NEW GUINEA T.N.G. Morobe District:—Morobe, Womersley

W.GE 3142 (A,- BRI CANS, Ke 5,

LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : Morobe District, rain forest on moun-

tain slopes. In fruit in January.

TYPE MATERIAL: Womersley N.G.F. 3142 (K holotype).

I am not sure of the exact status of this plant, known from a

single gathering in fruit. It may be a variety of M. fatua or on the

other hand, a distinct species. If further material should prove that

this is so, then it may be raised to specific rank. As it is distinct,

it seems best to give it some name. It differs from the other

varieties of fatua in not having the lower surface of the leaf

covered with minute scales. There are, however, scales and hairs

on the lower midrib in the younger leaves. The fruit is densely

covered with dark brown, rusty hairs resembling velvet or plush-

292 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 36A.

A typo ramulis apice 2-costatis, glabris vel cum tomento

sparsiore indutis, foliis brevioribus, obovatis, basi rotundatis, subtus

squamulis fere carentibus differt.

Arbor 10-12 m. alta. Ramuli apice 2-costati, rubro-brunnei,

glabri vel leviter pubescentes. Folia tenuiter coriacea vel chartacea,

obovata vel late obovata, supra medium latissima et inde usque

ad basim gradatim angustata, basi rotundata, apice rotundata et

breviter acuminata vel acuta, subtus pallido-brunnea vel cinerea,

squamulis paucis vel subnullis, 15-25 cm. longa, 7-11-(16) cm.

lata; nervi 22-30-jugati, vulgo 26, obliqui, paralleli, inter se

proxime dispositi. Flores ut in var. fatua. Fructus immaturus,

tomentellus, pallido-brunneus.

A tree 10-12 m. high. Twigs with two lines or ridges at the apex,

reddish brown, glabrous or with less tomentum than in the typical.

Leaves thinly coriaceous or chartaceous, obovate or broadly

obovate, broadest above the middle and from there gradually

narrowed to a rounded base, apex rounded and then shortly

acuminate or acute; nerves 22—30 pairs, average 26 pairs, oblique,

parallel and close to each other; length 15-25 cm., rarely 30 or

35 cm.; breadth 7—11-(16) cm. Flowers as in var. fatua. Fruit

immature, tomentulose, pale brown.

var. morotaiensis J. Sinclair, var. nov.

MOLUCCAS Mororal: Totodoku, Kostermans Nos. 697 (BO, K,

L) and 77] (A, BO, K, L, LAE, PNH,

SING).

BATJAN : Pulau Kasiruta, Dinga bb/6446 (BO, L).

OBI: Atasrip 48 (BO, L, SING).

SULA P. Mangole, Dyiko Sangatumba, van

ISLANDS : Hulstijn (Atje) 370 (BO, L, SING) some-

what intermediate, approaching — var.

fatua.

BuRU: Binnendijk s.n. (BO, L); Wafulahut,

bb22844 (BO, L).

AMBON: Binnendijk Nos. 17944 (BO) and 17990

(BO).

DISTRIBUTION Moluccas.

TYPE MATERIAL: Kostermans 771 (A, BO, K holotype, L,

LAE, PNH, SING) Morotai.

In Morotai there are two varieties of M. fatua, this one and the

coriaceous-leaved, mountain variety from Gunong Sangowo which

I have named var. sangowoensis. Our present plant, var.

morotaiensis is a lowland variety with much thinner leaves and

very little tomentum on their lower surfaces. The main character

which these two varieties have in common is the obovate leaf,

gradually narrowed from above the middle to a rounded base.

Also it is the most reliable non-variable character for separating

var. morotaiensis from var. fatua. I do not think that the amount

of scaly indumentum nor its colour matters greatly for that is so

variable in M. fatua generally. The presence of the two ridges on

the twigs also is only a secondary guide. It is true that they are

more distinct in var. morotaiensis and that most specimens of fatua

do not show them, yet there are forms of fatua var. fatua from

Sinclair — Myristica 293

JuRAIMI DEL. 4cm

Fig. 36. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. morotaiensis J. Sinclair and var

sangowoensis J. Sinclair.

A, Myristica fatua var. morotaiensis, leafy twig with young fruit.

B-C, Myristica fatua var. sangowoensis. B, twig and leaf viewed

from undersurface. C, fruit. A from Kostermans 771 (SING

isotype). B—C from Kostermans 1039 (BO isotype).

294 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

some of the southern islands of the Moluccas that have them.

The other specimens quoted here under var. morotaiensis from P.

Obi and Buru have broader, longer and thinner leaves with more

veins and more tomentum than the Morotai specimens. | have

included them here under var. morotaiensis because of their

obovate leaves, rounded at the base. They show some approach to

var. fatua, specially to some forms of it with a sparse indumentum

of pale yellow scales from West Ceram collected by Kuswata and

Soepadmo. These I cannot place in var. morotaiensis because the

leaves are for the most part not obovate, but look exactly like

typical var. fatua except that they have less scales. There are other

typical specimens of var. fatua from East and West Ceram with

abundant indumentum, again showing that one cannot depend on

the indumentum for separation. Some of the southern Moluccan

forms have narrow leaves like those of var. spanogheana from the

Lesser Sunda Islands. It is fortunate that the recently collected

West Ceram specimens with their thin indumentum turned up in

time, because, if I had not seen them, I might not have noticed the

connection between them and var. fatua on the one hand with its

fairly dense coating of yellow scales and the nearly glabrous var.

morotaiensis on the other. For a long time I was puzzled by this

plant from Morotai (it was not in flower) and would have probably

described it as a distinct species owing to its scarcity of tomentum,

had I not seen these southern Ceram specimens. The fruit of var.

morotaiensis, though immature, is smaller and less dense in

tomentum than that of fatua var. fatua.

var. papuana Markgraf in J. Arn. Arb. 19, 2 (1929) 77 et 214: Bot.

Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 160 [excl. syn. M. schefferi Warb. = M.

succedanea Reinw. ex BI. et excl. syn. M. succedanea (non BI.)

Scheff. = M. longipes Warb. p.p. et M. succedanea Reinw. ex BI.

p.p.|.

Synonyms: Myristica “‘sp. probably fatua Houtt.” (non fatua

Houtt. var. fatua) F. v. Miiller, Descr. Notes on Pap. Pl. 1, 5

(1877) 96 et ibid. Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2nd Ser. 9

(1916) 143. M. finschii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 534 t. 19

f. 1-2 pro parte; Schum. et Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb.

id. Siidsee (1900) 328 pro parte. M. sericea Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 521; Schum. et Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb.

id. Siidsee (1900) 328. M. wallaceana Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 530 t. 19. M. multinervia A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1

(1941) 70 — syn. nov. M. procera A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22,

1 (1941) 79 — syn. nov. — Fig. 37.

Tree 9-30 m., average 20 m. high with stilt-roots and 4-5

branches in a whorl. Bark dark greyish brown or greyish black,

slightly rough with longitudinal striations and a few flakes when

old; sap wine-red. Twigs more slender than in the typical, about

3 mm. thick at the apex and for some distance down, finely striate

and greyish brown-tomentulose on the innovations, no smooth,

glossy, reddish brown portions as in the type, dark greyish brown,

striate and often slightly rough with lenticels in the older parts,

Sinclair — Myristica

JURMMIDEL .

aa:

SEAN

ares

co dat ir

big

sis

————

Pe te

=a <=

| 3cm

Fig. 37. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. papuana Mef.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, female flowers. E, ovary. F, fruit. G, aril and seed.

A-C from Brass 24093 (A). D-E from Sinclair 10042 (SING)

spirit material. F-—G from Koster BW1061 (L).

296 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

the two lines occasionally present near the apex but faint. Leaves

chartaceous, dark green and glossy above, drying a dark brown or

usually darker and duller than in the typical, sometimes the gloss

is retained, lower surface with a thin indumenium of yellow or

rusty scales, lanceolate, oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, often

widest above the middle, base acute or less often rounded, apex

acute or shortly acuminate; nerves 18-26 pairs, average 20 pairs,

oblique; length 13-25 cm., rarely 30 cm., average 20 cm.; breadth

4-7-(10) cm., average 5 cm.; petiole 1-2 cm. long and 2-3 mm.

thick, more slender than in the type, deeply grooved. Male

inflorescence as in the type. Male flowers coriaceous and tomentose

as in the typical but narrower, both in bud and when expanded,

6-9 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at the base, 4.5 mm. broad at the

apex when fully open, the buds narrow, ellipsoid, but not quite

tubular, narrowly campanulate with spreading or slightly reflexed,

acute lobes when in full bloom, the perianth split down only 4-way

by the lobes, its undivided portion nearly tubular; staminal column

8 mm. long with 10 anthers and an acute, 0.5 mm. long sterile

apiculus, the fertile portion, including the apiculus, 4.5 mm. long,

the stalk only slightly shorter, 3.5 mm. long, its basal half densely

adpressed-tomentose, the upper half glabrous and furrowed;

pedicels 6 mm.—l cm. long. Female flowers few in the cluster, 1—3

only, coriaceous, urceolate, 5-6 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, split

4-way into the acute, spreading or reflexed lobes; ovary 3 mm. long

and 2 mm. broad, minutely rusty-tomentulose, the stigmas glabrous

with 2 obtuse lobes like a duck’s gaping bill; pedicels shorter and

stouter than in the male, 5 mm. long and 2 mm. broad. Fruit 1-3

in a cluster, smaller than in the type, 3.3-4.5 cm. long and 2-3 cm.

broad, average 3.5 cm. long and 2.3 cm. broad, oblong or slightly

obovoid, rounded at both ends or slightly narrowed to the base,

the pericarp hard but rather brittle, covered with short rusty-

furfuraceous tomentum which tends to rub off; stalk 5-7 mm. long

and 3-5 mm. broad. Aril red, fleshy, glossy when dry. Seed oblong,

rounded at both ends with parallel sides, dark reddish brown and

glossy when dry, 2.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad.

NEW VOGELKOP S.1., Tuyama 1176 (*RINR); Sorong

GUINEA (DuTcH WEST near Kadamak, Pleyte 512 (A, BO, K, L,

New GuwINEA): PNH, SING); Warsamson River, 25 km.

east of Sorong, Schram BW2967 (L):

Momi, Manokwari, Kostermans 262 =

bb33461 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING):

N. Oransbari, Brandes BW7288 (L);

Jakati near Babo, MacCluer Gulf,

(Exped. Lundquist) Aet Nos. 142 (BO,

L) and /47a (BO).

DutcH NortH WNabire, Geelvink Bay, Kanehira and

New GuwINEA: Hatusima 11656 (A, BO); Pionier Bivak,

Mamberamo, bb31303 (BO); Oereb, +

200 km. west of MHollandia. Schram

BW9274 (L):; Tami River, Hollandia,

Schram BW 2801 (CANB, K, L,); mouth

of the Tami River, Versteegh BW Nos.

3802 (CANB, K, L) and 38/0 (CANB,

K, KEP, L, SING).

*Foot-note:—RINR = Royal Institute for Natural Resources, Tokyo.

Sinclair — Myristica

DutTcH SOUTH

NEW GUINEA:

PAPUA:

T.N.G.

NEW IRELAND (NEU

(MECKLENBURG):

ADMIRALTY

ISLANDS:

PULAU JAPAN:

NUMFOOR:

SALAWATI:

MISOOL :

ARU ISLANDS:

SOLOMONS BOuGAINVILLE

ISLAND:

FAURO:

SHORTLAND

ISLAND:

TREASURY

GROUP:

Ros Roy

ISLAND:

WAGINA ISLAND:

Aria, Mimika, Lundquist 145 =

bb32864 (BO, L); Kamare, Lundquist 225

= bb32944 (BO, L); Utakwa, Exped. to

Carstensz, Boden Kloss s.n., 12th Nov.

1912 (BM).

Northern District:—Dobodura Area,

N.G.F. 2028 (BRI, LAE).

Milne Bay District:—Fife Bay, Lister

Purners: Ill.) (8M, BRI):,,.Peria Creek,

Kwagira River, Brass 24093 (A, G, K, L).

Central District:—Port Moresby, Captain

Root s.n. (MEL); Dieni, Ononge Road,

Brass 3914 (A, BO, BRI, NY); Cocolands,

Baramata, E. Gray N.G.F. 7161 (A, BO,

BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, SING); Mori

River, McDonald N.G.F. 8189 (K, L).

Gulf District:—Aroara, Vailala River,

Brass 1070 (BRI, K, P).

Sepik District:—Sepik, Ledermann 6727

(SING).

Madang District:—Ramu Valley, 5 miles

south-east of Faita airstrip, Saunders 522

{L,).

Morobe District:—Late, N.G.F. 926

(BRI, LAE).

Namatanai near Nabumai, Peekel Nos.

241 (B burnt, not seen) and 400 (B burnt,

not seen); Nusa, Warburg 20722 (B

burnt, not seen).

Manus Island, Loniu, (Mair) Heppleth-

waite N.G.F. 550 (BRI, L, LAE).

Serui, 5bb30320 (A, BO, L) probably:

Aisao, Schram BW10527 (L).

Namber, Koster BW Nos. 1016 (CANB,

L) and 1061] (CANB, K, L, SING).

Kaloal, Koster BW Nos. 1434 (BO,

CANB 9K, *L)e 7450. (CANB; K, -L);

1458 (L) and 1485 (CANB, K, L).

Waigama, Teijsmann s.n. (BO, SING).

P. Wokam_ (Vokan), Dosinamalaoe,

Beccari FI Acc. Nos. 7707 (Fl) 7707A

(FI) and 7707B (FI); bb25263 (A, BO, K,

L, P, SING) and Buwalda 4918 (A, BO,

K, L); Warburg 2072] (B burnt, not seen).

Kieta, Kajewski 1587 (BM, BO, BRI,

G); Lake Luralu, Koniguru, Buin,

Kajewski 2101 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G,

LiPy

Eastern peninsula, Whitmore BSIP 4128

(L, LAE, SING).

Inland from Harapa Village, Whitmore’s

collec:ors BSIP 5741 (L, SING).

Mono Island, Whitmore BSIP 417] (L,

LAE).

Ridge top, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP

5354 (L, SING).

Ridge top, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP

5490 (L, LAE, SING).

298

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

SANTA ISLAND:

ISLAND

(YSABEL) :

NEW GUINEA:

GROUP:

RUSSELL

ISLANDS:

MALAITA :

GUADALCANAL :

SAN CRISTOBAL:

CANAL :

NEW HEBRIDES

Epi! ISLAND

EFATE ISLAND:

NGUNA ISLAND:

TANNA ISLAND:

ANEITYUM ISLAND:

CULTIVATED:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

Tatamba, Brass 3434 (BM, BO, BRI, L)

and Whitmore BSIP Nos. 2697 (L, LAE,

SING); 270] (L, LAE, SING) and 2735

(L, LAE) Maringe Lagoon, Mt. Sasari,

Whitmore BSIP Nos. 2415 (L, LAE,

SING) and 2439 (L, LAE, SING);

Bogotu, Parega Village, Whitmore BSIP

2760 (L, LAE, SING).

Baga Island, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP

3075 (L, SING); Kolombangara Island,

Merusu Cove, Whitmore BSIP Nos. 1411

(L, LAE, SING) and /429 (L, AE); New

Georgia Island, Roviana Lagoon, river

near Nusahope Village, Whitmore BSIP

1945 (L, LAE, SING); Rendova Island,

north of Kenelo Plantation on first main

ridge, Whitmore BSIP 1900 (L, LAE,

SING); Vangunu Island between Vura

Village and Gevala River, Whitmore BSIP

892 (L, LAE, SING); Gizo Island

Whitmore’s collectors BSIP 5607 (L, LAE,

SING).

Banika Island, Stoddard 29 (A).

Are Are _ District, west coast, Kiu,

Lipaqueto BSIP Nos. 3420 (L, SING) &

3522 (L, SING).

Rere River, about three miles inland,

Whitmore BSIP 3829 (L, SING).

Star Harbour, Brass 3106 (A, BM, BO,

BRI, L); Wairaha River, Whitmore BSIP

4214 (L, LAE, SING).

Valley of the River Hibau, Nelson Bay,

Aubert de la Riie, 19th Nov. 1935 (A).

Undine Bay, Kajewski 220 (A, K).

Mt Mawasi, near summits Benjamin

C. Stone 2211 (BISH, K, P, US).

Lenakel, Kajewski 44 (A).

Anelgauhat Bay, Kajewski 757 (UC).

Hort. Bog. IVG 16, M. Jacobs, 6th March

1956 (BO, K, L, P, SING); Sinclair

10042 (BO, K, L, P, SING) and Sutrisno

122 (K, L, SING) all from the same tree.

A wide distribution throughout New

Guinea, including its surrounding islands,

the Solomons and the New Hebrides.

Myristica fatua var. papuana Mef, Brass

1070 (A holotype not seen, BRI, K, P)

Vailala River, Papua. M. multinervia A.C.

Smith, Brass 3914 (A holotype, BO, BRI,

NY) Papua. M. procera A.C. Smith,

Brass 3434 (A holotype not seen, BM,

BO, BRI, L) Ysabel Island, Solomons.

M. sericea Warb. Warburg 20722 (B holo-

type, burnt) New Ireland. M. wallaceana

Warb., Beccari FI Acc Nos 7707; 7707A

and 7707B (all FI) and Warburg 20721

(B burnt) two syntypes, both from the

Aru Islands.

Sinclair — Myristica 299

VERNACULAR NAMES: New Guinea:—baa (Sko); bafak (Mooi);

bepus (Hatam); betelohooi and bomsij

or bomsy (Manikiong); hornuo (Totobu

at Baramata); ibuumdebrong (Kemtuk);

laklakan (P. Wokam); madoriapi

Samber, Japen dialect); orsen (Berik);

ramon (Waria); ransowan (Numfoor);

sebehonggwa (Manikiong).

Solomons: ambu’ynor (New Georgia

Group); e’ehara (New Georgia Group);

kakala (Santa Isabel and New Georgia

Group); kakalaa (New Georgia Group);

kakalaa (New Georgia Group); kuku

(Santa Isabel and New Georgia Group).

This variety differs from the typical in a number of characters

and is certainly a good variety if not a subspecies. It is very

variable with regard to leaf shape and texture, size of fruit and

length and thickness of the fruiting pedicel. The forms and variants

grade into each other in such a way that it is almost impossible

to name them and to draw up a satisfactory key. The twigs are

generally more slender and the tomentum often extends down the

twigs, completely covering the innovations. In this respect the

twigs resemble those of var. affinis. The leaves are smaller both in

length and breadth than those of the typical, though at times

out-sizes occur. They generally dry a darker colour above and are

often dull but not always. There is a tendency for them to be

broadest above the middle, though again this is by no means the

rule. The petiole is more slender. The flowers are narrower, both

in bud and when expanded, but they may be just as long or even

longer than those of the typical. They may be described as narrow-

campanulate while those of var. fatua are broadly campanulate.

The perianth is split down 4-way by the lobes and below that the

entire portion is nearly tubular but not quite. In the typical the

split extends down 4-way or more and the united portion is of a

more triangular shape. The fruits are smaller and when young,

their tomentum is less dense.

M. fatua var. papuana is even more variable in the Solomons

than it is in New Guinea. There are forms with broad and also

with narrower leaves than usual. Those with really broad leaves

have been disposed of under var. platyphylla. Its flowers, however,

are not really different from those of var. papuana. Those described

by A.C. Smith were immature.

I have to reduce A.C. Smith’s M. procera from the Solomons to

fatua var. papuana. Its rather long narrow leaves are coriaceous

and it seemed at first that this form was worth retaining, but there

are other very similar specimens with different degrees of leaf

texture between thin and sub-coriaceous which at once show that

procera is only var. papuana. Examination of the following two

gatherings will make this clear. Kajewski 1587 has thin leaves

while those of Brass 3106 are sub-coriaceous or intermediate in

texture, being also long and narrow’ and coming near to those of

procera. The most distinct form of the Solomons is Kajewski 2101

from Bougainville Island with smaller, very narrow leaves. Its

fruit stalks are longer and thinner than those of typical fatua var.

300 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

papuana, being 3 mm. thick as against the 4-5 mm. thick stalks

of the latter. There is a tendency for the fruiting pedicels of the

Solomon Islands’ material to be slightly thinner than those of var.

papuana from New Guinea, but this is not absolutely constant as I

have seen two collections from New Guinea with thin stalks also.

This Bougainville Island gathering, Kajewski 2/01, somewhat

approaches the specimens of var. papuana from the New Hebrides

in having thin fruiting pedicels, but the leaves of the latter are in

no way different from those of many of the specimens from New

Guinea. The specimens from the New Hebrides are best left as var.

papuana and so also the Bougainville specimen. If many identical

collections were to turn up from Bougainville with small leaves and

thin fruiting pedicels, then I might consider describing them as a

new form of var. papuana. I cannot do much with one or two

gatherings, especially when the leaves are so variable and also

when so many intermediate connecting forms exist and are liable

to cross with each other. The two numbers Brass 31/06 and

Kajewski 1587 resembling procera, the narrow-leaved Bougainville

Island plant Kajewski 2/01] and the New Hebrides specimens have

all been referred to as M. inutilis by A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22

(1941) 74, but that plant, see my notes under inutilis, although very

similar, is confined to Samoa.

M. finschii Warb. according to Markgraf, page 169, consists of

loose fruit of M. fatua i.e. fatua var. papuana and a leafy twig of

M. argentea. M. multinervia A.C. Smith is only var. papuana with

longer leaves than usual. There are some specimens of var. papuana

with slightly out-sized leaves but otherwise they are not different

from the normal. I have seen the Beccari specimens of the type

material of M. wallaceana and agree with Markgraf that they are

the same as those of his var.papuana. I have not seen M. sericea

which was destroyed in Berlin, but I accept Markgraf’s decision

that it is also synonymous since he had the material before him

when he reduced it to a synonym of his own variety papuana.

Also his description of it fits that of var. papuana.

var. platyphylla (A.C. Smith) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Myristica platyphylla A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb.

22, 1 (1941) 76.

Tree 15-24 m. high with stilt-roots. Bark dark brown. Twigs

sometimes faintly 2-angled, dark brown and glabrous except for

the minutely puberulous innovations, 4-5 mm. thick at the apex

and 5-6 mm. thick lower down. Leaves chartaceous, mostly

obovate or oblong-obovate and widest above the middle, less often

elliptic or oblong, drying greenish brown to medium brown above,

lower surface thinly covered with yellowish or cinnamon scales.

base narrowed and rounded, less often acute, apex acuminate or

cuspidate; nerves 20-30 pairs, average 25 pairs, oblique; reticula-

tions absent; length 20-35 cm., average 25 cm.; breadth 7-13 cm.,

average 10 cm.; petiole 2-3 cm. long and 3-3.5 mm. thick. Flowers

as in var. papuana (those of the type immature). Fruit hard but

brittle, pale brown, scurfy-tomentulose, correct shape difficult to

Sinclair — Myristica 301

ascertain through shrinkage on drying, probably oblong-obovoid

but described as ellipsoid, mature fruits 5—6.5 cm. long and 5 cm.

in diam., apparently larger than those of var. papuana; stalk

8 mm.—1 cm. long and 3-5 mm. thick. Aril red. Seed oblong, 4 cm.

long and 2.3 cm. broad.

SOLOMONS BOUGAINVILLE Torokina, Mount Kamo, Kieta District,

ISLAND : Volk & Robinson N.G.F. 599 (BRI, LAE)

approaching var. papuana; Kugumaru,

Buin, Kajewski 1916 (BM, BRI, G, L,

SING).

NEW GEORGIA Kolombangara Island, Sandfly Harbour,

GROUP: Whitmore BSIP 1478 (L, LAE, SING);

New Georgia Island, iru _ River,

Cowmeadow & Teona BSIP 2533 (L,

LAE, SING).

GUADALCANAL : Konga, 20 miles south-east of Honiara,

Whitmore BSIP 736 (L, LAE, SING);

Berande, Kajewski 2442 (A, BM, BO,

BRI, G, L, NSW, P, SING); Tinomeat

Trail between Toni and _ Tinahula

Rivers, Whitmore BSIP 683 (L, LAE).

SANTA CRUZ Vanikoro Island, near Peou, Whitmore

GROUP: BSIP 1662 (L, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : Confined to the Solomons.

TYPE MATERIAL: Kajewski 2442 (A holotype, BM, BO,

BRI, G, L, NSW, P, SING) Guadalcanal,

v.n. Toro-bagere. Kajewski 1916 (BM,

BRI, G, L, SING) Bougainville, paratype

cited by A.C. Smith.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Chigu (Bougainville); kakala (Kwara’ae

New Georgia, Guadalcanal and Santa

Cruz); toro-bagere (Guadalcanal).

USES: The latex is used to check nasal haemor-

rhage in Guadalcanal.

Myristica platyphylla is certainly not very far removed from

fatua var. papuana, but if one wants to distinguish taxonomically

between the two, it can be done. The chief difference is best seen

in the broader leaves of platyphylla which are also longer and have

more veins, average 25 pairs as against 20 pairs in var. papuana.

Their shape is mostly obovate or oblong-obovate and widest at the

middle, but other shapes occur too. The texture, not always

reliable, is usually just a bit thinner than that of var. papuana.

The petioles and the twigs tend to be slightly stouter. What may be

a good character is the apparently larger fruit with its larger seed.

The shape unfortunately (see above) is not very obvious, but it

does not seem to be very different from that of var. papuana.

Many of the specimens of both in herbaria have immature fruits

which shrink or get squashed on drying.

There are specimens of var. papuana in the Solomons which

approach var. platyphylla and there is one in particular, Volk and

Robinson N.G.F. 599 which has its leaves broader than those of

var. papuana but not so broad as those of var. platyphylla. Its

petioles, however, are like those of the latter. At first I thought

that this specimen was only var. papuana with broader leaves than

usual and this made me inclined to reduce platyphylla to var.

302 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

papuana. Now I feel that they are best kept as separate varieties

and that the intermediate specimen should be classed with var.

platyphylla and not with var. papuana. It has been already stated

that var. papuana in the Solomons is rather variable (see under

that var.) and that the small and narrow leaved forms of it also

raise problems. My first task, however, is to draw attention to the

forms and variants which stand out morphologically and

taxonomically. If they cannot be named satisfactorily in the

herbarium, they may be examined genetically later.

var. quercicarpa J. Sinclair, var. nov. — Fig. 38D, E & F.

Var. papuana forma atque magnitudine foliorum proxima a qua

indumento dense floccoso, fructu disciformi applanato distinguitur.

Arbor 37 m. alta; truncus 24 m. altus basi leviter canaliculatus.

Cortex subniger, rugosus, fissuris verticalibus horiontalibusque

tenuibus obtectus, eis transversis paucioribus minus distinctis.

Ramuli hornotini graciles, 2-3 mm. crassi, fusco-tomentosi,

annotini striatuli, cinerascentes, glabri. Folia chartacea, supra in

sicco Opaca, modice brunnea, subtus indumento fulvo floccoso

dense obtecta, basi cuneata vel leviter rotundata, apice breviter

acuminata, supra medium saepe latissima, 15-18 cm. longa, 7 cm.

lata; nervi c. 18-jugati, obliqui. Fructus 1.3-1.5 cm. longus, 1.8—2

cm. latus, aspectu nauci quercus similis, disciformis, fuscus

floccoso-tomentosus convexus, basi applanatus, apice mucronatus:

stipes 1.3 cm. longus, 3 mm. crassus. Semen oblongum, utrinque

rotundatum, 2 cm. longum, 1.3 cm. lJatum, atro-brunneum, sub-

nitidum.

Tree 37 m. high; bole 24 m. high and slightly channelled at the

base. Bark blackish, rough, covered with fine vertical and

horizontal fissures, the transverse ones fewer and less distinct.

Twigs of this year’s growth slender, 2-3 mm. thick, dark yellowish

brown-tomentose, those of last year finely striate, ashy grey and

glabrous. Leaves chartaceous, dull above when dry and of a

medium brown colour, the lower surface densely covered with a

dark yellowish brown floccose indumentum, obovate or oblong,

the base cuneate or slightly rounded, the apex shortly acuminate.

often broadest above the middle, lamina 15-18 cm. long and 7 cm.

broad; nerves about 18 pairs, oblique; petiole 1.2 cm. long. Fruit

1.3-1.5 cm. long and 1.8-2 cm. broad, similar to an acorn in

appearance, disc-shaped, dark yellow-brown’ with floccose

tomentum, convex, flattened at the base and mucronate at the

apex, stalk 1.3 cm. long and 3 mm. thick. Seed oblong, rounded

at both ends, 2 cm. long and 1.3 cm. broad, dark brown and

slightly shining.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Northern District:—Buna hinterland, 7

miles north-west of Embi Lakes, L.S.

Smith N.G.F. 1270 (BRI, LAE, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: As above. A single collection so far. In

rain forest at 92 m above sea-level.

TYPE MATERIAL: L.S. Smith N.G.F. 1270 (BRI holotype).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Hotei (Upper Waria).

Sinclair — Myristica 303

“JURAIM! DEL.

Fig. 38. Myristica fatua NHoutt. var. subcordata (Bl.) Mig. and _ var.

quercicarpa J. Sinclair.

A-C, M. fatua var. subcordata. A, leafy twig with young fruit. B,

fruit dehiscing. C, showing upper midrib lying in a groove. D-F,

Myristica fatua var. quercicarpa. D, leaves, upper and under-

surface. E, twig with fruit. F, aril and seed. A-C from Zippelius

sn. L Acc. No. 903255-3 (L syntype). D-F from L. S. Smith

N.G.F. 1270 (BRI holotype).

304 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

This is a curious entity with unique and striking acorn-like fruits.

They are disc-shaped and flattened at the base, being broader

than long. The remains of the style shows up as a mucro at the

convex centre of the disc. Unfortunately there are no specimens in

flower, but this new variety seems to be near to var. papuana.

Its leaves are similar in size and shape to those of var. papuana,

but differ in having a dense covering of dirty yellow-brown,

floccose indumentum beneath. It is placed here with varietal rank

but may even be a distinct species. There is a possibility, but a

more remote one, that it might be related to M. markgraviana in

section I, series Littorales. This problem could easily be solved if

flowers were available.

var. sangowoensis J. Sinclair, var. nov. — Fig. 36B & C.

A var. morotaiensi foliis rigide coriaceis, subtus squamulis

cinnamomeis tectis, fructibus saturate ferrugineo-cinnamomeis,

pericarpio crassiore differt.

Arbor 15 m. alta. Ramuli crassi, lenticellati, teretes sine lineis

vel costis. Folia rigide coriacea, obovata, supra olivaceo-brunnea,

subtus squamulis cinnamomeis tecta, 17-26 cm. longa, 8-10 cm.

lata, nervi 20—24-jugati. Flores non visi. Fructus oblongus vel

globosus, 5 cm. longus et 4 cm. latus vel 4 cm. x 4 cm.; pericarpium

lignosum, 1 cm. crassum, saturate ferrugineo-cinnamomeo-

tomentellum.

Tree 15 m. high. Twigs stout, lenticellate, terete without lines or

ridges from petiole base to petiole base. Leaves rigidly coriaceous,

obovate, drying a greenish brown above and covered with cinnamon

scales beneath, 17-26 cm. long and 8-10 cm. broad; nerves 20—24

pairs. Flowers not seen. Fruit oblong or globose, 5 cm. long and

4 cm. broad or 4 cm. X 4 cm.; pericarp hard and woody, 1 cm.

thick, tomentulose and of a rich, rusty-cinnamon; stalk 5 mm. long.

MOLUCCAS MoROTAI: Gunong Sangowo, Kostermans 1039 (A,

BO, K, L, LAE, PNH, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Morotai.

TYPE MATERIAL: Kostermans 1039 (K holotype).

A very coriaceous-leaved, mountain variety from 800 m. on

Gunong Sangowo and stated by Kostermans to be common. The

leaf is exactly of the same obovate shape as that of the lowland

var. morotaiensis (see under that variety), but is covered with

cinnamon scales beneath. The fruit also is of a similar but slightly

more vivid cinnamon brown, while that of the lowiand plant is

pale brown with a thinner pericarp. The twigs lack the two ridges

seen in var. morotaiensis or at least they are not present in the

portions collected.

var. spanogheana (Miq.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Myristica spanogheana Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 47; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 531 t. 15 f. 1+.

Sinclair — Myristica 305

Synonyms: M. glauca (non Bl.) Spanoghe in Linnaea 15 (1841)

346. M. caesia Zipp. ex Spanoghe, l.c. 346 pro synonym M.

glauca (non Bl.) Spanoghe; Index Kew. 3 (1894) 282 nomen

nudum. *M. sumbavana Warb. Monog. Myrist (1897) 529 t. 15

f. 1-4 — syn. nov. — Fig. 39.

Tree 12-20 m. high with blackish bark. Twigs 3 mm. thick in

the apical parts, 4-5 mm. thick lower down, greyish brown,

longitudinally striate, a few lenticels present but no lines, glabrous

except for some pubescence on the extreme apical parts. Leaves

chartaceous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed from

the middle to the apex, drying a glossy greenish brown above and

yellowish to glaucous beneath, the indumentum very thin and

deciduous, sometimes entirely absent in old leaves, apex acute to

shortly acuminate, the base rounded or rounded and then shortly

acute, slightly decurrent on to the petiole; nerves 22-28 pairs,

close but equidistant, very oblique, arising at an angle of 35-45°,

sunk above, fairly prominent beneath, secondary nerves often

present; reticulations faint above but not always present, more

distinct beneath when not obscured by the scales; length 20-42 cm.;

breadth 5—10.5 cm.; petiole 1.5-3 cm. long and 3-4 mm. thick.

Male flowers not seen. Female inflorescence a 7 mm.—1 cm. long

woody tubercle. Female flowers rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous

inside, ovoid in bud, nearly sessile, 5-6 mm. long and 4 mm. broad

at the base; ovary conical, densely tomentose, 3 mm. long and

2 mm. broad, the bifid stigmatic lobes glabrous. Fruit densely and

shortly rusty-tomentose, oblong, mostly rounded at the apex,

sometimes slightly oblique, thick-walled, 2.3-3.5 cm. long and

1.5—2 cm. broad, nearly sessile on a 3 mm. long stalk. Avil red with

numerous narrow segments. Seed reddish brown, oblong, 2.5 cm.

long and 1.5 cm. broad.

LESSER SUMBAWA : Zollinger 1106 (P); Ro Mts, Elbert 3809

SUNDA (A, BO, CANB, G, K, L, PNH, S, SING);

ISLANDS: Mt Batulanteh, trail from Batudulang to

summit, Kostermans 18113 (G, K, L,

SING); Batudulang to Pusu, Kostermans

19075 (K, L); Singa, de Voogd 1617

(BO, L).

SUMBA : Waingapu, Jboet J05a (BO, SING);

Kananggar, Iboet 519 (BO, L, U);

Karita, Teijsmann s.n (BO); Tobundung,

Teijsmann s.n. (BO).

FLORES : Bao Feo, Endeh, bb8933 (BO); Ngada,

Nderu, 5b11396 (BO); Sita, Rensch 1414

(BO); Mt Kelimutu, de Voogd 1802 (BO,

L).

SOLOR : Belodua, bb15972 (BO).

WEST TIMOR: Kupang, Ortalu, 56b12446 (BO); s.1.,

Spanoghe s.n (BO, CAL, K, L, S, VU).

WETAR: Kali M. Leraiten, north-west of Ilwaki,

bb27204 (BO, K, SING).

DAMAR : Riedel s.n. (K).

DISTRIBUTION: Lesser Sunda Islands as above.

* Foot-note:—M. sumbavana is the original spelling.

306 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Fig. 39. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. spanogheana (Miq.) J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with upper leaves. B, older twig with lower leaves.

C, female inflorescences. D, portion of the same with immature

female flowers. E, fruit. F, fruit showing uncinate apex. G, aril

and seed. A from Iboet 10S5Sa (BO). B from 6bb27204 (SING).

C-D from Spanoghe s.n. (L isotype of M. spanogheana Miq.)

West Timor. E from Rensch 1414 (BO). F from Iboet J0S5a

(SING). G from de Voogd 1617 (BO).

Sinclair — Myristica 307

TYPE MATERIAL: M. spanogheana Miq. = M.caesia Zipp.

msc. and M. glauca (non BI.) Spanoghe,

Spanogney.s.n. (BO; CAL, K, L,.S&,

U holotype) West Timor. M. sumbavana

Warb. Warburg 16983 (B holotype burnt)

Sambori, Sumbawa.

This variety differs from var. fatua chiefly in the much smaller

fruit with denser tomentum and thicker pericarp. The fruit

characters are very constant and reliable. It also differs in the

shape of the leaves, these being more lanceolate and gradually

narrowed from the middle to the apex; the indumentum, though

variable, is less dense and often almost absent. The scales are

usually yellow, but may be white also. The colour and density of

the indumentum or lack of it bear no relation to the geographical

distribution of this variety within the various islands.

It must be pointed out that M. caesia Zipp., a manuscript name

for the specimens from Timor which Spanoghe identified with a

query as ““Myristica glauca? Bl.’ and published as ‘“‘M. glauca?

Bl.” in Linnaea 15 (1841) 346 were later described by Miquel as

M. spanogheana. 1 have now reduced spanogheana to fatua var.

spanogheana but I inadvertently included M. caesia as a synonym

of Knema cinerea when preparing my revision of Knema. I did

not realize that Spanoghe was in doubt about the specimens really

being M. glauca for in Index Kewensis there is no query. Blume’s M.

glauca is a synonym of K. cinerea and there is only one species of

Knema which occurs in Timor namely cinerea var. cinerea. I had

not at that stage examined all the Myrvistica species in full detail

nor had I noticed the manuscript name caesia which is written on

the Leiden type sheets of M. spanogheana. M. caesia should there-

fore be deleted from page 169 of my paper on Knema in Gard.

Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 169 as a synonym of K. cinerea var. cinerea.

var. subcordata (Bl.) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865)

46 pro parte excl. syn. M. morindiifolia Bl. (see Notes under var.

morindiifolia and subcordata), Scheff. in Ann. J. Bot. Btzg 1

(1876) 45 pro parte.

Basionym: M. subcordata Bl. Rumphia 1 (1837) 186; A.DC.

Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 190; Miq. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 56; F.v.

Miller, Descr. Notes on Pap. Pl. 1, 5 (1877) 96; Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 420 t. 19 f. 1-2 pro parte; Mef in J. Arn. Arb. 10,

2 (1929) 214 pro parte et in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 161 pro

parte excl. syn. M. morindiifolia BI.

Synonyms: M. cordifolia Zipp. Herb. nomen nud. pro parte,

[altera pars =var. morindiifolia (Bl.) J. Sinclair] non M. cordi-

folia Mart. ex A.DC. (1856) =Virola sebifera Aubl.; Zipp. ex

Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 46 pro parte et pro

syn. M. wallaceana Warb. var. keyensis Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 531. — Fig. 38A, B, C.

Tree 12-21 m. high. Twigs more slender than in var. morindii-

folia, of the same thickness as in var: papuana but glossy and dark

reddish brown underneath their covering of indumentum. Leaves

coriaceous, medium-brown and often (but not always) shining

308 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

above when dry, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, often broadest

below the middle, base rounded and sub-cordate, apex acute or

bluntly acute, the indumentum furfuraceous-floccose but less dense

than in var. morindiifolia; midrib lying in a groove above; nerves

about 26 pairs, parallel and close to each other, those in the lower

third of the leaf leaving the midrib at an angle of 80—-90°, those

higher up towards the apex more oblique; length 15-20 cm.;

breadth 7-9 cm.; petiole 7 mm.—l cm. long. Male flowers rather

young, 5-6 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad, densely rusty-tomentose;

stalk of staminal column pilose at its base; pedicels 3 mm. long.

Female flowers campanulate, densely rusty-tomentose as in the

male, 8 mm. long and 5 mm. broad; nearly sessile, pedicels 2 mm.

long. Fruit oblong with a flat horizontal base, narrowed slightly

towards the rounded or (when young) rather oblique apex, densely

rusty-tomentose or when young almost velvety, 3.5-4 cm. long

and 2-—2.5 cm. broad, sessile or nearly sessile.

NEW GUINEA: VOGELKOP 15 km north of Ransiki, Kostermans

(DUTCH WEST 2842 (A, BO, K, L): Ransiki, Kostermans

NEW GUINEA): (Soehanda) 46 (A, BO, K, L); Putat, Mt

Arfak, Beccari 9/3 (FI).

(DUTCH NORTH Rouffaer River, Drs van Leeuwen 9856

NEW GUINEA): (A, BO, K, L, PNH).

(DUTCH SOUTH §S.1., Zippelus s.n (K,L, P, S, U) the

NEW GUINEA): Leiden sheets numbered as _ follows

according to the L Acc. Nos:—903252-

139 (L); 903255-3 (L); 903255-6 (L) and

908133-1170 (L); Erma, Asmat Region,

Nautje BW6559 (A, L, PNH).

DISTRIBUTION: Northern part of New Guinea and

according to Markgraf the Kei Islands

(Warburg 20720 as M. wallaceana var.

keyensis Warb.) but this specimen was

destroyed in Berlin.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica subcordata Bl. Zippelius s.n

(K, L, P, S, U) L includes the four Leiden

sheets with the Leiden Acc. Nos:—

903252-139; 903255-3; 903255-6 and

908133-1170 (L) = part of the cordi-

folia of Zipp. nomen nudum, the

remainder being var. morindiifolia. M.

wallaceana Warb. var. keyensis Warb.

Warburg 20720 (B holotype, burnt). This

was destroyed before I saw it but I accept

Markgraf’s treatment of it as a synonym

of var. subcordata. He separated in from

wallaceana proper to which both he and

I agree is a synonym of his own var.

papuana.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Bendoei (Ransiki); oser (Asmat).

This variety is nearer to var. papuana than to var. morindiifolia

and more variable in leaf shape. It is not such a distinct or well-

‘defined variety as morindiifolia. Perhaps it arose as the result of

some degree of hybridization between the two. Variety subcordata

can be recognized by the sub-cordate leaf, broadest in the basal

section, giving the leaf an ovate-oblong appearance, the close

Sinclair — Myristica \ 309

proximity of the nerves to each othet and from the fact that they

arise at right angles or almost so to the midrib in the basal part of

the leaf. The upper surface of the leaf dries a yellowish or medium

brown and often tends to be glossy. The midrib on the upper

surface of the leaf lies in a furrow. The fruit is sessile or almost

so and is more densely tomentose or velvety (especially when

young) than that of the other varieties except var. morobensis

where the tomentum is about the same in quantity.

Blume recognized two species M. subcordata Bl. and M.

morindiifolia Bl. and he was aware that they were close to M. fatua.

At first Miquel in 1858 also recognized Blume’s two species as

being distinct but later in i865 he united them both under fatua

var. subcordata (Bl.) Mig. Warburg and Markgraf followed him.

Blume had a rational conception of species and good judgment

when dealing with closely related but yet distinct taxa and thus

many of his species still stand good to this day. He was, in my

Opinion, certainly justified in separating Zippel’s cordifolia into

these two above entities which are close to M. fatua, but there was

not enough material at that time for him to see that they were

better classed as varieties of fatua rather than two closely related

species. Perhaps if Warburg had seen the great mass of var.

papuana that is now available as well as the fine material of var.

morindiifolia from the Eastern Highlands and New Britain, he

would not have been so emphatic about keeping M. subcordata

distinct from fatua. I therefore follow Blume in maintaining sub-

cordata and morindiifolia distinct as there are many differences

between them, but I recognize them as varieties of fa‘ua.

var. wenzelii (Merr.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Myristica wenzelii Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. C. Bot. 10,

4 (1915) 270 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 180. — Fig. 40.

Tree 10-15 m. high. Twigs very stout, 7 mm. thick in the apical

portions. Leaves long and narrow, broadest near the apex or well

above the middle, the sides gradually narrowed to the rounded

base, the blade slightly decurrent on to the petiole, the lower

surface greyish or pale yellowish due to the minute scales; midrib

very prominent, flat to convex above, smooth on both surfaces,

convex and scarcely longitudinally striate beneath when dry, broad

at the base ( 5 mm. broad); nerves oblique and parallel, more

numerous and closer together than in the typical, 35 pairs or more,

sometimes with a secondary one between two main ones; length

20-40 cm. long and 7-10 cm. broad in the broadest part, 3-4 cm.

broad only near the base; petiole 1.5-3 cm. long, stout. Flowers

as in the typical and the lower part of the stalk of the staminal

column densely adpressed tomentose as in var. papuana. Fruit

sub-globose to shortly oblong, densely rusty-tomentulose, 6 cm.

long and 5 cm. broad, not still mature; sessile or with a very short,

2-3 mm. long and 1 cm. thick stalk. }

310 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

SLRAIM! DEL.

Fig. 40. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. wenzelii (Merr.) J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig. B, fruit. C, older portion of a twig with male inflores-

cences. D, immature male flower. E, staminal column, rather

immature. A-B from Edafio 15449 (SING). C-E from Wenzel 1152

(A isotype).

Sinclair — Myristica 311

PHILIPPINES SAMAR: Mt Purog, Edano 15449 (BM, L, PNH,

SING); Catubig River, Ramos 24507

(K, US).

LEYTE: Masaganap near Jaro, Wenzel 1152 (A,

BM, G).

MINDANAO : Prov. Surigao: Razon 23019 (K, US).

Prov. Davao :—Compostela, Pancho

33269 (PNH).

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines as above, altitude 100-700 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. wenzelii Merr., Wenzel 1152 (A, BM,

G, PNH holotype burnt) Leyte.

Differs from the typical in the longer and narrower leaves, which

are broadest near the apex, the sides gradually narrowed to the

rounded, 3-4 cm. broad base, and in the more numerous and more

closely spaced nerves. The smooth midrib is more prominent,

scarcely or not striate when dry and broader at the base.

(37) Myristica villosa Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 419 t. 14 f.

1-3; Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. special number

(1921) 270; Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 1939 no. 10 (1940) 539;

Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 356 in observ. sub syn.

M. malaccensis Hk. f.

Synonyms: M. fatua (non Houtt.) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 46 quoad spec. born. de Vriesiana tantum.

M. borneensis Gandoger in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66 (1919) 225

in clavi, non Warb. (1897) — Fig. 41.

Tree 10-30 m., average 20 m. high, sometimes with stilt-roots.

Bark dark reddish brown with blackish patches, rough and flaking

profusely in thin pieces as in Knema hookeriana (not longitudinally

furrowed as in the majority of Myristica species); sap red, copious.

Twigs stout, 1 cm. thick at the apex, the innovations densely

tomentose with pale cinnamon-brown, fine, adpressed, 1-2 mm.

long hairs, the older portions blackish and greyish, very rough,

the bark cracking irregularly. Leaves coriaceous, dark green and

glossy above with paler or whitish midrib, drying a greyish green,

the lower surface and petioles at first tomentose with cinnamon

brown or greyish brown, fine, adpressed, 1-3 mm. long hairs, the

hairs soon shedding to expose the coating of minute whitish scales

which lies beneath them, oblong-elliptic, widest at the middle or

sometimes above the middle, apex acute, base narrowed and then

acute or bluntly acute, rarely rounded; midrib flat and lying in a

groove above, raised beneath and longitudinally striate when dry;

nerves 20—25-(32) pairs, oblique, equidistant, sometimes rather

crooked, sunk above, prominent and raised beneath, the line of

interarching distinct on both surfaces; reticulations sometimes

visible above, fine, scalariform with fainter, irregular ones inter-

woven between the scalariform set, almost invisible beneath owing

to the indumentum; length 24-36 cm.; average 30 cm.; breadth

8-11-cm.; petiole stout, tomentose at first, later glabrous, 1.5—2.5

cm. long and 5-6 mm. thick. Inflorescence axis a villose-tomentose,

1-2 cm. long, woody tubercle, few-flowered, the older ones some-

times bifurcate from near the base. Male flowers coriaceous,

312 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

“Asks A

Se) sen

ee bo sat

COT TLL

Vee 2 sy

ELSES:

ara ees

JURAIM) DEL.

Fig. 41. Myristica villosa Warb.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, scales and hairs from under-

surface of a leaf. C, male flower. D, staminal column. E, female:

flower. F, ovary. G, fruit. A-B from Zainal Abidin 24 (SING).

C-D from Paymans 33 (SING). E-F from Briinig SAR 118F

(SING). G from Wood SAN 15253 (SING).

Sinclair — Myristica 313

fragrant, 7 mm.—l cm. long and 5 mm. broad, densely adpressed,

pale brown villose-tomentose outside, cream inside, ovoid in bud,

campanulate at anthesis with obliquely spreading ovate lobes, their

apices acute and their bases originating ¢-way down the perianth;

pedicels 4 mm. long, villose-tomentose; bracteole also villose-

tomentose outside, closely adpressed to and half surrounding the

lower half of the flower, 5 mm. long and 7 mm. broad, semi-

orbicular, obtuse; staminal column 5.5—6 mm. long, obtuse at the

apex with a minute apiculus, the fertile portion with 10-12 anthers

and 4 times as long as the tomentose stalk. Female flowers few,

1-2, half hidden among the hairs of the inflorescence axis, sessile,

broader than the male, about 8 mm. broad, and their lobes more

reflexed; ovary densely villose, ovoid, stigma glabrous, 1.5 mm.

long. Fruit ovoid, often slightly oblique or even somewhat uncinate

at the apex, 4.5-6 cm. long and 3-3.5 cm. broad, densely pale

brown or buff, velvety-tomentose with hairs 1-2 mm. long, sessile

or on a very short, 5 mm. x 5 mm. stalk. Avil red. Seed 3.5-4.5 cm.

long and 2 cm. broad.

BORNEO SARAWAK: Ist Division:—Matang, Beccari 1526 (FI,

K); Semengoh F.R., Anderson SAR Nos

12571 (K, L, SAR, SING) and 1/2925

(K, L, SAR, SING) tree No 1313;

Ghazalli SAR 13665 (A, K, L, SAN,

SAR, SING) and Sinclair 10181 (A, E,

K, L, SAR, SING); Sabal F.R., Gunong

Gaharu, Nahar SAR 12677 (SAR).

2nd Division:—Simanggang, Sungei

Klauh Anderson SAR 13280 (K, L, SAN,

SAR, SING).

4th Division:—Melinau Gorge, Baram,

Anderson SAR 4325 (A, K, L, SAN, SAR,

SING); Merurong Plateau, Bintulu,

Bruning SAR 8895 (SAR, SING); near

Long Kapa, Mt Dulit, Ulu Tinjar,

Richards 1190 (A, K, SING).

BRUNEI: Andulau F.R., Ashton BRUN 5513 (K,

KEP, L, SAR, SING) and _ Sinclair

10434 (E, K, L, SAR, SING); Bukit

Puan, Ashton & Whitmore BRUN 634

(BO, K, KEP, L, SAR, SING); Bukit

Teraja, Briinig SAR J1181 (K, SAR,

SING).

WEST BORNEO: Probably West Borneo but without exact

locality, Teijsmann & de Vriese s.n (A,

K, L); de Vriese s.n. (B burnt, BO, K, L,

W burnt); Korthals s.n (CAL, LY, S, U);

Sentimo, Sambas, bb7094 (BO, L).

SOUTH AND Sampit region near Kuala Kuajan,

SOUTH-EAST Kostermans 8085 (A, BO, CANB, K, L,

BORNEO : SING).

EAST AND East Kutei, Sangkulirang, Palawan,

NORTH-EAST bb11887 (BO); Pengadan, E. Kutei,

BORNEO : bb12959 (BO, L); Tanjong Bangko region

near mouth of Mahakam _ River,

Kostermans 7012 (BO, K, L, PNH,

SING); Loa Djanan, west of Samarinda,

Kostermans 6438 (BO, K, L, PNH,

SING); Balikpapan District, Sungei

Wain, -(Achmat, also spelling Achmad)

bb Nos 34341 (BO, L); 34380 (BO, L)

and 34410 (BO, L); Mentawir River

region, Kosternans /0093 (K, L).

314 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

BRITISH S.1., Villamil 249bis (BO, K, P, SING,

NORTH BORNEO: US); Ulu Sungei Salimpupon, Tawau, A.

Bakar SAN 24984 (K, L, SING); mile 3.

British Borneo Timber Co. Concession,

Bukit Garam, Kinabatangan, Wood

A4747 (KEP, L, SAN, SING); Sibulu

River, Mengalong F.R., 34 miles S.S.W.

of Sipitang, Wood SAN 15253 (K, KEP,

L, SAN, SING); compartment 8, Sepilok

F.R., Wood SAN 16550 (BO, KEP, L,

SAN, SING); cpt 12, Sepilok F.R.,

Sinclair 8951 (SING) and cpt 13, Sinclair

8941 (A, B, E, K, L, M, P, SAN, SING);

Sungei Sapi Camp, Beluran, Suah

Tingguan SAN 37370 (L, SING);

Beaufort Hill, G. Mikil SAN 30178 (L).

LABUAN : Motley 166, also numbered 26 (K, MEL).

PULAU NUNUKAN: bb26194 (A, BO, L); near British border

on the east coast, Paymans Nos 15 (BO, L)

and 33 (BO, K, L, SING) and Zainal

Abidin 24 (BO, K, L).

DISTRIBUTION: Throughout Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. villosa Warb. Beccari 1526 (FI, K)

Matang; de Vriese s.n. (B burnt, BO,

K, L, W_ burnt) West Borneo, both

syntypes. M. borneensis Gandoger,

Korthals s.n. (CAL, LY holotype, S, U)

probably West Borneo.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Gampusu (Dyak, Sebakung language, P.

Nunukan).

Warburg has placed this species in series Fatuae, and while the

resemblance to fatua in a number of characters is clear enough,

yet there ought to be no difficulty in distinguishing the two. M.

villosa is confined to Borneo whereas fatua does not occur there.

The vegetative features alone will distinguish it from fatua. It

differs in the dense indument of simple, adpressed, pale brown

hairs which invest the lower surface of the leaf, the petioles, the

young twigs, the flowers, the flowering pedicels, the inflorescence

axis and even sometimes the upper midrib of the leaf. In fatua var.

morindiifolia there is an indumentum of erect, furfuraceous

dendroid, scale-like hairs which resemble little moss plants, each

beset with obtuse leaflets —see fig. 34, but these can never be

confused with the simple hairs of villosa. The colour of the scales

beneath, when the hairs are shed, is of a silvery white while those

of fatua are usually yellow and rarely white. The petioles are

stouter and the twigs much thicker at their apices. Their bark is

blackish or greyish and has a much cracked surface not seen in

fatua. The male pedicels of villosa are much shorter than those of

fatua and the flowers more densely hairy. Similarly the fruit is

much more densely hairy, approaching that of fatua var. sub-

cordata, but the tomentum of the latter is of a darker brown than

the pale buff colour of villosa. The fruit of var. fatua is larger than

that of villosa, but fruits of some of the other varieties of fatua

are about the same size as in our present species. In the field, the

blackish flaking bark, peeling off in thin portions like that of

Knema hookeriana and its allies, is diagnostic. Most species of

Myristica have either blackish or brownish, longitudinally furrowed

bark.

Sinclair — Myristica 315

12. SERIES TENUIVENIAE

series Tenuiveniae J. Sinclair, ser. nov.

Synonym: series Cimiciferae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 380

quoad M. buchnerianam tantum.

Ramuli in partibus junioribus 3-6 mm. crassi, vulgo 4 mm.,

lineis ex petiolo ad petiolum carentibus. Folia chartacea vel tenuiter

coriacea, modicae dimensionis vel parva, 8-22 cm., vulgo 15 cm.

longa, 2.5-9 cm., vulgo 6 cm. lata, basi lata, rotundata, aliquando

emarginata vel subcordata, subtus squamulis cinnamomeis tenuiter

obtecta, costam inferiorem secundum pilis minutis raro obsita;

nervi 15-jugati tenues, obliqui, supra saepe invisibiles, subtus

distinctiores, nervi secundarii inter primarios conspersi; reticula-

tiones nullae; petiolus supra profunde involutus, brevis vel in

‘“‘speciebus n. 41-43” pro rata longiusculus. Flores masculi (in

quibusdam speciebus ignoti vel immaturi) (2)-4 mm. vel 8 mm.—1

cm. longi, dense ferrugineo-tomentosi, oblongi vel oblong-

ellipsoidei, in alabastro ovoidei, utrinque obtusi, in lobos }-fissi;

pedicelli quam flores 4-longi; columna staminalis minute apiculata,

stipes basi tantum setaceus. Flores feminei sessiles. Fructus

generaliter parvus, 2.5—-4 cm. longus (in M. archboldiana \ongior)

oblongus, subglobosus vel obovoideus, tomentellus vel (in M.

buchneriana) tomentosus; stipes diversus, crassus brevis vel

tenuiter elongatus.

TYPE SPECIES: M. tenuivenia J. Sinclair

Twigs 3-5 mm. thick in the apical parts, average 4 mm. but

5-6 mm. in archboldiana, no lines present from petiole base to

petiole base, the innovations usually puberulous to tomentulose,

the intervening portions striate, the older dark grey or blackish and

sometimes rough with cracking bark. Leaves chartaceous to thinly

coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, less often oblong,

sometimes (broad in proportion to length) broadly panduriform,

medium size-class or bordering between small size-class and

medium, small in smythiesii, in general 8-22 cm. long, average

15 cm. long and 2.5-9 cm. broad, average 6 cm. broad, base nearly

always broad and rounded, sometimes emarginate or sub-cordate,

apex acute, bluntly acute, less often shortly acuminate, lower

surface thinly covered with cinnamon or rusty minute scales, these

becoming ashy-brown when old, closely adpressed, sometimes

slightly powdery, the indumentum in buchneriana rather variable,

mostly very scant, the leaves often becoming glabrous and glaucous

beneath, at times the indumentum denser and hairs present along

the lower midrib; nerves average 15 pairs, oblique and very slender.

close together, generally invisible to faint above, slightly more

distinct beneath; secondary nerves present; reticulations not visible;

petiole much inrolled towards the upper surface with a deep

resulting groove, tending to be rather long in proportion to the

lamina, 2-4 cm. long, but shorter, ‘6 mm.—1.3 cm. in smythiesii,

beccarii and buchneriana, the latter being intermediate in length

between these first two species and the remainder. /nflorescence

316 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

axis very short, pubescent, scar-covered. Male flowers (unfortunate-

ly not seen in several species and thus some helpful information

about this series may be lacking) generally small, (2)-4 mm. or

8 mm.—1 cm. long, densely rusty-tomentose, ovoid, oblong, clavate

or oblong-ellipsoid in bud, blunt at each end, split down 4-way by

the perianth lobes, the pedicels half the length of the flowers;

bracteole early deciduous, half the length of the young flower;

staminal column mostly young but the fertile part with a minute,

sterile apiculus (always?), the stalk shorter and thinner with hairs

probably confined to its basal portion. Female flowers densely

rusty tomentose; sessile. Fruit generally small, 2.54 cm. long,

with a thin pericarp, larger in archboldiana with a thicker pericarp,

tomentum sparse and short, denser in buchneriana, cblong, sub-

globose or obovoid; stalk generally short and thick, thin in

pedicellata, longer in archboldiana.

Six species —M. smythiesii, beccarii, buchneriana, pedicellata,

tenuivenia and archboldiana.

The chief or outstanding features of this series are the thin,

closely-spaced oblique veins, the presence of cinnamon or rusty

scales in small quantity on the lower surface of the leaf, the broad,

rounded leaf-base, the absence of reticulations, the rather long

petioles and the small densely tomentose flowers. The fruit, more

variable, will serve better for identifying the individual species.

I have had great difficulty in knowing where to place M.

buchneriana. Finally it was decided to place it in this series.

It stands in a position between the first two which are Bornean

species and the remaining New Guinea ones. It is near to some of

the members of series Fatuae but the longitudinally striate bark

suggests series Tenuiveniae. The absence of stilt-roots (they are

not required as the species grows on ridges) tends to rule it out

of series Fatuae. The occasional presence of hairs suggests Fatuae

but the numerous, slender, oblique veins and the structure of the

flower are signs of series Tenuiveniae. The first two members, the

Bornean species, are close to each other, the one being a more

elegant edition of the other. When sterile they both closely

resemble M. cinnamonea, a section I species from which they may

have arisen with the shortening of the inflorescence axis. A special

key is added to separate these three species. The last three, all

New Guinea species, are close to each other, especially in their

leaves, those of tenuivenia and archboldiana being the most similar

and differing little except in the base of the latter being slightly

emarginate. A better knowledge of the male flowers in this series

would be an advantage in determining its relations with other

series, but it seems likely that it is an off-shoot of the Fatuae

complex or of their ancestors.

(38) Myristica smythiesii J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 42.

Myristicae beccarii in aspectu inflorescentiae atque florum

proxima, sed ab ea nervis foliorum obscuris, stipite fructus tenuiore

haec species differt. Foliis M. cinnamomeam revocat a qua petiolis

brevioribus, inflorescentiis dissimilibus, fructibus multo minoribus

discrepat.

Sinclair — Myristica 317

Fig. 42. Myristica smythiesii J. Sinclair.

“A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescences. C,

immature male flower. D, immature staminal column. E, fruit.

A-D from Ashton, Smythies and Wood SAN 17440 (SING

holotype). E from Ashton BRUN 5511 (SING).

318 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Arbor 9-18 m. alta, radicibus epigeis parvis ronnunquam

praedita. Cortex griseo-fuscus, longitudinaliter striatus. Ramuli

apice ferrugineo-tomentelli, infra apicem glabri, griseo-brunnei

rugosi, in partibus infimis excidentes. Folia subcoriacea, angusto-

elliptica vel elliptico-lanceolata, supra atro-viridia, in sicco modice

brunnea, subtus squamulis cinnamomeis vel cinereis obtecta, apice

acuta, basi leviter rotundata vel acuta, 8-16 cm. longa, 2.5-6 cm.

lata, petioli 8 mm—1.3 cm. longi; nervi 12—14-jugati, gracillimi,

supra leviter impressi, utrinque subobscuri vel vix visibiles;

reticulationes nullae. /nflorescentia 5 mm.—l cm. longa, ut in

Knema, lignosa, tuberculata (mascula leviter ramosa et longior).

Flores masculi (immaturi) 2-3 mm. longi, dense ferrugineo-

tomentosi; pedicelli 2 mm. longi; columna staminalis 1.5 mm.

longa cum antheris 10-12 praedita; stipes sterilis brevissimus

(fortasse deinde paullo longior). Flores feminei non visi. Fructus

ellipsoideus vel oblongus, pallido-ferrugineo-tomentellus, 2.5—3 cm.

longus, 1.8-2 cm. latus, pericarpio tenui; stipes brevis, 5-7 mm.

longus, 3 mm. crassus. Semen (in sicco) rubro-brunneum, nitidum.

Tree 9-18 m. high, sometimes with small stilt-roots. Bark dark

greyish brown, with fine striations. Twigs rusty-tomentulose and

2-3 mm. thick at the apex, lower down glabrous, greyish brown

and rough, flaking slightly in the lowermost parts. Leaves sub-

coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, dark green and

glossy above, drying a medium brown, dull and covered with

minute, cinnamon or ash-coloured scales beneath, apex acute, base

mostly rounded, acute in the apical Jeaves; nerves 12-14 pairs,

very fine, sunk above, faint or scarcely visible on both surfaces;

reticulations not present; length 8-16 cm.; breadth 2.5-6 cm.;

petiole 8 mm.—1.3 cm. long and 2.5—3 mm. thick. /nflorescence a

rusty-tomentose, Knema-like woody tubercle, 5 mm.—l cm. long

(slightly branched and longer in the male). Male flowers (immature)

ovoid in bud, densely rusty-tomentose, 2-3 mm. long on a 2 mm.

long pedicel, anthers 10-12 on a 1.5 mm. long column, its basal

sterile portion very small (perhaps it may elongate later). Female

flowers not seen. Fruit oblong or slightly ellipsoid, thin-walled,

pale rusty-tomentulose, 2.5—-3 cm. long and 1.8—2 cm. broad; stalk

5-7 mm. long and 3 mm. thick. Aril red. Seed reddish brown and

shining when dry.

BORNEO Sarawak: 4th Division:—Miri, F. G. Browne 70

(SAR, SING); Lambir Hills Forest

Reserve, Miri, Dan b. Haji Bakar SAR

4366 (A, K, L, SAN, SAR, SING).

BRUNEI: Sungei Rampayoh, Ashton BRUN 30 (K,

KEP, L, SING); Sungei Belait at Kuala

Ingei, Ashton BRUN 189 (BO, K, KEP,

L, SAR, SING); Badas,Ashton, Smythies

& Wood SAN 17440 (K, KEP, L. SING);

Andulau F.R., Ashton BRUN S511 (K, L,

SAR, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : Confined to Brunei and a small area of

Sarawak adjoining it.

Sinclair — Myristica 319

TYPE MATERIAL: Ashton, Smythies & Wood SAN 17440

(K, KEP, L, SING holtype). This number

is also deposited in A, BO and BRI but I

have not see their duplicates.

A tree of primary forest on loam or on mixed peat-swamp

overlying clay. I, myself, on first examination, confused it with both

beccarii and cinnamomea. The leaves of all three have cinnamon-

coloured scales beneath. Those of the present species can be

distinguished from those of cinnamomea by their shorter petioles

and from those of beccarii by their much fainter or almost obscure

nerves. They are also less coriaceous than those of beccarii and are

acute or rounded at the base, never emarginate, as is sometimes

the case in beccarii. Those of cinnamomea nearly always have an

acute base. The inflorescence in both beccarii and the present

species is of the Knema-like type, a short, woody axillary tubercle

but the flattened branched axis-type is present in cinnamomea.

The flowers of the first two are very similar, densely tomentose,

while those of cinnamomea are tomentulose. Unfortunately | have

seen very poor, immature flowering material of the first two and

can make no more statements. The fruit also is like that of heccarii

except that the stalk is not quite so stout. Thus the species is more

closely allied to beccarii than to cinnamomea, a section I species.

(39) Myristica beccarii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 518 t. 14 f.

1-3; Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. special number

(1921) 269. — Fig. 43.

Tree 15-25 m. high, often with a few stilt-roots. Bark brownish

black, longitudinally striate. Twigs rough, 4-5 mm. thick in the

apical parts, the bark cracking in the older blackish parts, rusty-

tomentose on the apical bud and on the striate innovations. Leaves

coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, dark green and glossy

above when fresh, dull when dry, lower surface dull and covered

with minute cinnamon or greyish brown scales, apex acute, base

mostly rounded or less often emarginate; nerves 11-18 pairs, sunk

above, and slightly raised beneath, indistinctly arching at the

margins; reticulations invisible; length 9-22 cm.; breadth 5-9 cm.;

petiole short, 6 mm.—1 cm. long and 3-+4.5 mm. thick. /nflorescence

axis a5 mm. long, Knema-like woody tubercle with very immature,

sessile, densely rusty-hairy flower buds (the males as yet only

2 mm. long and almost covered on one side by the subtending

bracetole); staminal column 1.75 mm. long, also very immature

and as yet with no sterile basal portion); anthers about 6-7.

Female flowers sessile, tomentose as in the male, 5 mm. long and

3 mm. broad, the perianth apices recurved. Fruit single, oblong or

slightly ellipsoid, rusty-tomentulose, thin-walled, 2.5-3 cm. long

and 1.5—2 cm. broad, almost sessile on a stout, 3-5 mm. long and

5 mm. thick stalk. Aril red, finely laciniate to the base. Seed

shining, medium brown, 1.5 cm. long and 1 cm. broad.

320 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 43. Myristica beccarii Warb.

A, twig with apical leaves, male inflorescences and very immature male

flowers. B, twig, older leaf with sub-cordate base, female flower

and fruit. C, aril and seed. D, seed. E, female flower. A from

Sinclair 10299 (SING). B—E from Kostermans 8671 (SING).

Sinclair — Myristica 321

BORNEO SaRAwak: Ist Division:—Kuching, Beccari 247 (FI,

G, K, M, P); Matang, Beccari 2053 (FI);

Semengoh Forest Reserve, Kuching,

Sinclair 10299 (A, B, E, K, L, NY, SAR,

SING); Sabal Forest Reserve, Serian,

Nahar SAR 12705 (K, L, SAR, SING);

Gunong Gaharu, Serian, Sinclair 10245

(A, E, FI, K, L, M, SAR, SING).

SOUTH AND Dusun Ulu, Gunong Pararawin, Dachlan

SOUTH-EAST 95 (BO).

BORNEO:

EAST AND Tidungsche Landen, bb/17807 (A, BO, L).

NorTH-EAST

BORNEO:

BRITISH Serundong, Tawau, W. Meijer SAN 19560

NorTH (BO, SING).

BORNEO:

PULAU Northern part, Kostermans 8671 (BO, kK,

NUNUKAN: L, P, SING); Paymans 16 = bb34618

(BO, DD, L).

DISTRIBUTION : Endemic in Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: Beccari Nos. 247 and 2053 syntypes.

An endemic Bornean tree of lowland primary forest, chiefly in

Sarawak. The leaves resemble those of M. cinnamomea, but the

nerves are more distinct, the base rounded and sometimes

emarginate, and the petioles shorter. The leaves recall also those

of M. smythiesii, another species with cinnamon scales beneath,

but in beccarii they are more coriaceous with more distinct nerves.

The fruit is like that of Jepidota but larger. It also recalls that of

M. smythiesii, but has a stouter stalk.

(40) Myristica buchneriana Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. 13, 34 (1891)

311 et Monog. Myrist. (1897) 498 t. 19 f. 1; K. Schum. et

Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. id. Siidsee (1900) 328;

Markgraf in J. Arn. Arb. 10, 4 (1929) 213 (sp. Brassii excl. = M.

insipida R. Br.) et in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 367 quoad Warb.

20714 tantum. — Fig. 44.

Tree 10—20 m. high with horizontal branches. Dark dark brown

or greyish brown, vertically fissured; sap red. Twigs slender, 3 mm.

thick and rusty-tomentulose in the young parts, glabrous, finely

striate and greyish brown tn the older parts. Leaves chartaceous,

glabrous and drying a medium or pale brown above, glabrous and

glaucous beneath or sometimes sparingly covered with some very

minute yellow scales and in two cases (see notes) with hairs as well,

lanceolate or occasionally ovate-lanceolate, base cuneate or

rounded, apex acute; midrib lying in a groove above, raised

beneath and when young slightly scaly-furfuraceous; nerves 12-18

pairs, sunk and open above, thin on both surfaces, oblique, those

in the basal part (of the lamina) often horizontal; reticulations

invisible; length 14-21 cm.; breadth 4.5-8 cm., average 6 cm.;

petiole 1-1.5 cm. long and 2-3 mm., thick. Male inflorescence a

5-8 mm. long woody tubercle, simple or at times bifurcate. Male

flowers several, subumbellate, coriaceous, clavate or obovoid in

bud, adpressed-rusty-tomentose outside, 8 mm.—Il cm. long and

322 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Fig. 44. Myristica buchneriana Warb.

A, leafy twig. B, male inflorescences. C, male flower. D, staminal

column. E, female flower. F, fruit. G, aril and seed. A from Floyd

N.G.F. 7218 (L). B from Hoogland 4996 (L). C-D from Clemens

1860 (A). E from Pullen 1391 (L). F from Floyd N.G.F. 7218

(CANB). G from Pullen 1898 (L).

Sinclair — Myristica 3S

4-5 mm. broad, split down {-way at the apex into the acute lobes

staminal column 6 mm. long with 10 anthers, the sterile ies

obtuse, 0.75 mm. long, the stalk 2 mm. long, its base adpressed-

setose; bracteole sub-orbiculai, early deciduous; pedicels 4-5 mm.

long and 2 mm. thick. Female flowers \1—2 per tubercle, ovoid,

densely rusty-tomentose, 8 mm. long and 5 mm. broad; pedicels

5 mm. long, stouter than in the male. Fruit 1-3, ellipsoid or

sometimes obovoid, shortly and densely rusty-tomentose, 4 cm.

long and 1.8—-2 cm. broad, the base gradually narrowed into the

stalk; stalk stout, 1 cm. long and 6 mm. thick. Avil red with narrow

divisions. Seed ellipsoid, 2.5 cm. long and 1.2 cm. broad.

NEW GUINEA DutTcH NortuH Holtekang, Hollandia, Brouwer BW834

New GUINEA: (CANB, K, L) and Schram BW1542

(CANB, L).

PAPUA: Milne Bay District:—Modewa Bay, Gara

River, Brass 28894 (A, K, L).

T.N.G. Sepik District:—Hill at west end of But

airstrip, 40 miles west of Wewak, Wewak-

Angoram Area, Pullen 1319 (BM, CANB,

K, L); 4 mile north of Tawe, Angoram

sub-district, Pullen 1898 (CANB, L);

ridge near Dagus, Pulsford & Floyd

N.G.F. 5440 (A, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L,

LAE, SING); Garamambu, Womersley

N.G.F. 3734 (A, BRI, CANB, K, LAE).

Madang District:—Josephstaal, K. J.

White N.G.F. 10259 (CANB, K, L,

SING); near Jal Village along road to

Bamesos, Gogol River Valley, Hoogland

4996 (A, BM, CANB, G, K, L, US).

Morobe District:—trail to Wareo, Sattel-

berg, Clemens 1860 (A); mouth of

Butaueng River, Finschhafen, Warburg

20714 (B burnt, G. Boiss.); on ridge top,

Gabensis Bump near Gabensis Creek,

_ Floyd N.G.F. 7218 (A, BM, BO, BRI,

CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW, PNH, SING);

hillside near ridge, Oomsis logging area,

Henty N.G.F. 11944 (BM, K, L, SING);

Yalu near Lae, Womersley N.G.F. Nos.

3194 (30, BRI,’ CANB,’”’K, -L, LAE);

3220 (A, BRI, CANB, LAE) & 3243 (A,

BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE); Atzera

Range, Yalu near Lae, Womersley N.G.F.

3206 (A, BRI, CANB, K, L,, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : East side of New Guinea from Dutch

North N.G. to Mandated _ Territory

(Sepik, Madang and Morobe Districts).

TYPE MATERIAL: Warburg s.n. in the original publication

and later, in his monograph, numbered

20714 (B_ holotype burnt, G. Boiss.)

mouth of Butaueng River, Finschhafen,

N. Guinea, date April 1889.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Estumoh; ilis (Jal, Madang); gaa gala

(Hollandia); kKwolung (Angoram); madut

(Sempi, Madang); nggwambih (Maprik);

nogumur (Kaigorin); san (Bembi).

It was, with extreme good fortune, that I found in Herb. Boissier,

Geneva in 1963 an isotype of this species, the holotype of which

was destroyed at Berlin. In the original publication Warburg states

that the type came from Butaueng near Finschhafen. Here he does

324 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

not give it a number. Neither does he give any of the other

Myristicaceae mentioned in this paper numbers whether collected

by himself or by others. In his monograph it is numbered Warburg

20714, mouth of the Butaueng River, Finschhafen. The specimen

according to the label was collected by him in April 1889. The

Geneva specimen must have been distributed before he gave it a

number, but M. buchneriana Warburg appears on the sheet in his

own handwriting with the locality and date. There is, in addition,

a seedling grown in Java mounted on the same sheet. The isotype

is an exact match of the numerous, subsequent material which

has accumulated in herbaria, even down to the reddish, rather

dense tomentum of the male flowers. Not all of the specimens

quoted by Markgraf in his two publications are M. buchneriana.

The Brass specimens belong to M. insipida and the Ledermann

ones to M. lancifolia var. lancifolia. I do not know if Schlechter

16226 is correct since it was destroyed in Berlin. In herbaria M.

buchneriana is often confused with insipida.

M. buchneriana is a tree of ridge tops and grows at an altitude

of 300-1,300 m. Most of the collections are fruiting specimens.

It is easily distinguished from the members of its own series by

the much thinner indumentum of scales on the lower surface of

the leaves, these often disappearing later. One collection, Brass

28894 shows an indumentum of very short hairs as well as scales,

but again both these tend to disappear in adult leaves. Hairs have

not been seen on the leaves in the other species. The tomentum

on the fruit is longer and denser than that of the other species.

The petioles are shorter than those of the other New Guinea

members, a character which M. buchneriana shares with the two

Bornean allies.

There is a resemblance to M. fatua var. papuana but our present

species can be recognized from the longer. more reddish tomentum

on its flowers, pedicels and fruits, the latter having a harder and

thicker pericarp, the base of which is gradually attenuate into the

stalk and not abruptly so as in var. papuana. Forms of var.

papuana with shorter and broader leaves than usual look very

similar but they have more veins and a much denser covering of

scales beneath than in M. buchneriana. Finally the twigs are not

rough like those of var. papuana.

(41) Myristica pedicellata J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 45.

Species probabiliter affinis M. smythiesii praecipue propter folia

fructusque aliquantum similes sed petiolis et pedicellis fructiferis

multo longioribus inter alia facile distinguitur.

Arbor 30m. alta, radicibus brevibus epigaeis suffulta. Cortex

griseo-brunneus, absidens. Ramuli in partibus apicalibus 3-4 mm.

crassi, longitudinaliter striati, fusci, minute puberuli, in partibus

adultis atro-brunnei, lenticellati, magis rogosi. Folia chartacea,

supra modice brunnea, subtus squamulis minutis nitidis appressis

cinnamomeis tecta (folia adulta cinerascentia) anguste oblonga vel

lanceolata cum marginibus fere parallelis, basi rotundata, apice

Sinclair — Myristica 325

Fig. 45. Myristica pedicellata J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with fruit. B, fruit. A from Pullen 944 (L holotype).

B from the same (CANB isotype).

326 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

breviter acuminata; costa supra in sulco depressa, subtus elevata;

nervi 20—25-jugati, supra subdepressi, utrinque gracillimi, tenuissimi

in partibus subevanidi, inter se approximati, obliqui, paralleli;

reticulationes nullae; 13-20 cm. longa, 4-6 cm. lata; petioli 2-2.5

cm. longi, 2—2.5 mm. crassi. /nflorescentia (sect. 2) lignosa, 3—5

mm. longa. Flores masculi et feminei non visi. Fructus 1-2,

oblongus raro subglobosus, 2 cm. longus, 1.5 cm. latus, utrinque

obtusus, stigmate persistente, pericarpium minute ferrugineo- vel

cinnamomeo-tomentellum, tenue, 1 mm. crassum, lignosum; stipes

1.5—-1.8 cm. longus, 2 mm. crassus tantum.

Tree 30 m. high with short stilt-roots. Bark greyish brown,

flaking. Twigs 3-4 mm. thick, longitudinally striate, dark brown

and minutely puberulous in the apical parts, blackish brown,

lenticellate and rougher in the adult parts. Leaves chartaceous,

medium brown above, covered beneath with shining, adpressed,

minute cinnamon scales, the adult leaves turning ashy grey,

narrowly oblong or lanceolate with the margins nearly parallel,

rounded at the base, shortly acuminate at the apex; midrib lying

in a groove above, raised beneath; nerves 20-25 pairs, slightly

depressed above, very slender and thin on both surfaces, almost

vanishing in parts, close to each other, oblique, parallel; reticula-

tions absent; length 13-20 cm.; breadth 4-6 cm.; petiole 2-2.5 cm.

long and 2-2.5 mm. thick. Inflorescence (section 2) woody, 3-5

mm. long. Male and female flowers not seen. Fruit 1-2, oblong or

sometimes sub-globose, 2 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad, obtuse at

both ends, the stigma persisting, the pericarp minutely rusty or

cinnamon-tomentulose, thin, | mm. thick, woody; stalk 1.5—1.8 cm.

long, slender, 2 mm. thick only.

NEW GUINEA T.N.G. Madang District:—South-east of Aiome

Patrol Post, east side of Tiganant’s Creek

on track to Apenam, Pullen 944 (A, BM,

BRI, CANB, L holotype, LAE, MEL,

US) only the A, BM, CANB and L

duplicates seen by me.

DISTRIBUTION : Single record, altitude 350 ft. (about

107 m) in Pome-ia-Celtis forest, river

terrace.

VERNACULAR NAME: Ileldumuk (Jal).

The spot characters of this species are the minute cinnamon

scales on the lower surface of the leaves, their long petioles and

the long and slender stalked, rather small, oblong, rusty-

tomentulose fruits. Unfortunately male and female flowers are

as yet unknown. It is unique among the Myvistica species with

small fruits except M. tubiflora on account of its longer, slender

fruiting-pedicels. It seems to be very near to M. smythiesii

especially in the leaves with their faint slender venation and scales

and in the almost similar fruit but differs from it in the longer

petioles and the long, slender fruiting-pedicels. M. archboldiana

has somewhat similar leaves but they are slightly emarginate at

the base and the fruit is very much larger and on a thicker pedicel.

Sinclair — Myristica 327

(42) Myristica tenuivenia J. Sinclair sp. nov. — Fig. 46.

Species affinis M. archboldianae et M. pedicellatae. A priore

fructibus oblongis vel subglobosis minoribus; ab altera fructibus

majoribus, stipitibus crassioribus, multo brevioribus differt.

Arbor 10-25 m. alta. Ramuli 4-5 mm. crassi, longitudinaliter

striatuli, apice et paullo infra ferrugineo-puberuli, mox glabri,

nigro-brunnei. Folia chartacea, supra glabra, in sicco nitida, flavo

vel nigro-brunnea, subtus primum minute ferrugineo-squamulosa,

dein pallido-grisea, glabrescentia, oblonga vel panduriformia, saepe

supra medium latissima, basi rotundata in petiolum leviter decur-

rentia, apice obtuse acuta, 10—20 cm. longa, vulgo 15 cm., 4-7 cm.

lata, vulgo 5 cm.; nervi 16—20-jugati, supra immersi, subtus

leviter elevati, utrinque tenues, inter se approximati, obliqui vel

subarcuati; reticulationes invisibiles; petioli 2—2.5-(3) cm. longi,

2 mm. crassi. Flores masculi non visi. Inflorescentia feminea lignosa,

brevissima, 2-3 mm. longa. Flores feminei coriacei, dense conferti,

sessiles vel cum pedicellis | mm. longis, 2 mm. crassis praediti,

late urceolati, extus ferrugineo-tomentosi, 4-5 mm. longi, 3 mm.

lati, in lobos 1—(4)-partiti, lobi ipsi ultimo reflexi, apice obtusiuscull;

Ovarium ovoideum vel lateraliter applanatum, dense ferrugineo-

tomentosum, stigma bilobatum crassum glabrum. Fructus 1-2

ferrugineo-subtomentellum denum in partibus fere glabrescens

oblongus, ovoideo-oblongus (subglobosus), lignosus, 3.54 cm.

longus, 2.6—4 cm. latus; stipes (pedunculo incluso) 5S—8 mm. longus,

pedicellus ipse 4-5 mm. longus, 5 mm. crassus. Arillus ruber,

segmentis coriaceis. Semen badium, nitidum.

Tree 10-25 m. high. Twigs 4-5 mm. thick, finely longitudinally

striate, rusty-puberulous at the apex and a little bit below, soon

glabrous, blackish brown. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous above,

shining when dry, yellowish or blackish-brown, at first minutely

rusty-squamulose, later pale grey, becoming glabrous, oblong or

panduriform and often widest above the middle, base rounded and

slightly decurrent on to the petiole, apex obtusely acute, 10-20 cm.

long, average 15 cm., 4-7 cm. broad, average 5 cm.; nerves 16-20

pairs, sunk above, slightly raised beneath, slender on both surfaces,

close to each other, oblique or slightly curving; reticulations invisi-

ble; petiole 2—2.5—(3) cm. long, 2 mm. thick. Male flowers not seen.

Female inflorescence woody, very short, 2-3 mm. long. Female

flowers coriaceous, densely clustered, sessile or on a | mm. long

and 2 mm. thick pedicel, broadly urceolate, rusty-tomentose out-

side, 4-5 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, split down }~(4)-way by the

lobes, the latter ultimately reflexed and somewhat obtuse at the

apex; ovary ovoid or laterally flattened, densely rusty-tomentose,

stigma bi-lobed, thick, glabrous. Fruit 1-2, rusty sub-tomentulose,

becoming nearly glabrous in parts, oblong, ovoid-oblong (or sub-

globose, see notes) woody, 3.5—4 cm. long and 2.6—4 cm. broad:

stalk (including the peduncle) 5-8 mm. long, the pedicel itself

4-5 mm. long and 5 mm. thick. Aril red with coriaceous segments.

Seed chestnut-brown, shining.

328 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

FURAIM / DEL

Fig. 46. Myristica tenuivenia J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with female inflorescences. B, female flower. C, ovary.

D, fruit. E, aril and seed. F, fruit. A-E from Brass 27658 (L

isotype). F from Brass 28528 (L).

Sinclair — Myristica 329

NEW GUINEA LouisiIADE Misima Island, Quartz Mountain, Brass

ARCHI- 27658 (A, BO, K, L); Rossel Island, Jinju,

PELAGO: Brass 28528 (A, BO, K, L).

DISTRIBUTION : Louisiade Archipelago. Rain forest at low

elevations.

TYPE MATERIAL: Brass 27658 (A, BO, K holotype, L).

This species seems to be near M. archboldiana, pedicellata and

smythiesii on account of the cinnamon or rusty scales on the lower

surface of the leaves. In fact the leaves of archboldiana are so

similar that they can only be distinguished by their slightly

emarginate base while those of pedicellata tend to have more

strictly parallel sides, being oblong in shape. The fruits of

archboldiana are much larger while the smaller fruits of pedicellata

have longer, thinner pedicels. | am putting the Rossel Island plant,

Brass 28528 with tenuivenia, but the fruit is larger, 3.5-4 cm. in

diameter, globose or sub-globose in shape and lighter in .colour

than the oblong fruits of fenuivenia which are immature and

measure 3.8—4 cm. long and 2.6—2.8 cm. in diameter. Those of the

Rossel Island plant have been slit laterally to assist them in drying

and the resulting globose shape may not be altogether natural.

The true shape may be more oblong as in the type. The leaves

have dried a paler colour above but otherwise they are the same.

The Rossel Island plant may be a variety but I cannot be certain

from a single gathering so I include it with the type until more

material becomes available.

(43) Myristica archboldiana A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1

(1941) 73. — Fig. 47.

Tree up to 30 m. high with straight bole and pale brown,

lenticellate bark. Twigs 5-6 mm. thick, glabrous, slightly angled and

purplish at the apex, blackish there when dry, dark grey or

blackish grey lower down, rough and longitudinally striate with

slightly fissured bark. Leaves chartaceous or thinly coriaceous,

glabrous above and drying greyish brown, rusty brown to ashy

grey beneath due to minute adpressed scales (not powdery), elliptic-

oblong, base rounded and emarginate or slightly sub-cordate, apex

cuspidate or shortly acuminate; midrib flat, narrow and lying

in a groove above, raised beneath; nerves 17-20 pairs, oblique,

close together, sunk above, slightly raised beneath, fine and slender

on both surfaces; reticulations absent; length 13-15 cm.; breadth

6.5—7 cm.; petiole 2.5—-4 cm. long (long in proportion to the leaves)

and rather slender, 2 mm. thick. Male and female flowers unknown.

Fruit obovoid, 7 cm. long and 4 cm. broad, narrowed towards the

base, rounded and broadly obtuse at the apex, rusty-tomentulose,

pericarp 8 mm.—1.2 cm. thick but will become thinner later as fruit

is still immature; peduncle 2.5 cm. long and 5 mm. thick; pedicel

short, 3 mm. long. Seed ellipsoid, 2.5 cm. long.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Western District:—Palmer River, 2 miles

below junction with Black River, Brass

6982 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : Known from the above only.

TYPE MATERIAL: Brass 6982 (A holotype).

330 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

a | Wf Uff! /

\, Ws \i \\ WN Mm SS ~ Wy ; 4

\ \\

\\\

x . . = y

\ ‘

ad oe

AANA ,

SA \\ \\ AN

—— - ~ en

——s4 ams ae oes

< . _— = =. ‘ee Ke .

L Q

fu i) A i

HBA ‘

Allteds Wt

uy |

c 4

37cm i

Fig. 47. Myristica archboldiana A. C. Smith.

A, leafy twig. B, fruit, still immature. C, aril and seed. D, scales from

the undersurface of a leaf. A-D from Brass 6982 (BRI isotype).

Sinclair — Myristica 331

The outstanding features are the large, thick-walled, obovate

fruits, the long-petioled leaves, emarginate at the base, rusty to

ashy grey beneath and their slender, oblique venation. The nearest

relatives appear to be M. pedicellata and M. tenuivenia. See also

under these species.

13. SERIES TUBIFLORAE

series Tubiflorae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 376.

Twigs generally slender at the apex, 1-2 mm. or 2-3 mm. thick

and in two species, cucullata and flosculosa, of medium thickness,

3-4 mm., glabrous, mostly reddish brown and nearly smooth in the

youngest parts, sometimes two-angled, but with faint or very

fine striations, greyish and 4-6 mm. thick in the older portions.

Leaves chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, more coriacecus in

cucullata and flosculosa, small to medium size-class (the smallest

in the genus in firmipes, guadalcanalensis and some forms of tubi-

flora, slightly larger in floseulosa and cucullata, average about

15 cm. long and the largest 23 cm. long, the smallest 4 cm. long,

mostly elliptic, occasionally oblong, the base acute, the apex acute

or acuminate, the lower surface sparsely covered with minute

adpressed whitish or rarely yellowish scales when young, the

scales never lax or powdery, the same species may be with or

without the scales; nerves 8-23 pairs, average I5 pairs, much

curved or arcuate and leaving the midrib at a wide angle,

occasionally slightly oblique, slender but generally distinct;

secondary nerves always present, shorter but never numerous or

conspicuous except in M. cucullata. Inflorescence a woody tubercle

with or without a smooth basal portion, but mostly the smooth

part well developed especially in longipes, the main axis or peduncle

slender, simple or bifurcate, the forks forming an acute angle, well

seen in longipes and crassipes (M. tubiflora has both types). Male

flowers tubular, the perianth 8 mm. to 1 cm. or 1.5 cm long, split

down 7/;-1 into the lobes; bracteole always some distance down

on the pedicel below the base of the perianth and in this respect

this series differs from all others in Myristica; staminal column

with a good development of the apiculus, the fertile part mostly

broader and longer than the pubescent or less often glabrous stalk.

Female flowers also elongate or urceolate, smaller and fewer. Fruit

unique in this series because of its narrow-ellipsoid, or fusiform

shape, acute at both ends, often with a pseudo-stalk. less often

oblong or narrowly oblong, the stalk, 1-2 mm. thick or very stout,

4-7 mm. thick, the tomentum very fine and short, light to dark

brown, often glabrous, becoming glabrous, generally smooth,

minutely tuberculate in crassipes. 11 species —M. ensifolia,

gracilipes, cylindrocarpa, tubiflora, longipes, cornutiflora, crassipes,

firmipes, *guadalcanalensis, flosculosa and cucullata.

TYPE SPECIES: M. tubifiora Bl.

*Foot-note:—Since this paper went to press M. guadalcanalensis has

turned out to be M. insipida, which belongs to Series Cimiciferae.

332 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

The majority are small trees averaging 15 m. high but ensifolia

is a shrublet 1.5 m. high only, while firmipes and guadalcanalensis

are tall trees reaching 34 m.; half of them are mountain species

ascending to 2,000 m., often on ridge crests, and the rest lowland

while one species M. cylindrocarpa occurs in lowland forest subject

to seasonal inundation. Another species, M. firmipes has stilt-

roots. The species in this series are all closely allied and should

not be difficult to name. Many of them have not been described

before and unfortunately some of them are not yet known in

flower. Therefore, because of this, the key has been based mostly

on fruit and some of my suggestions on their relations may not

be correct owing to the lack of male flowers. We have much more

yet to learn about this very interesting and uniform series, perhaps

more uniform than all the other series, but one with some unique

‘diagnostic characters not found in the other series. Among such

‘characters at once apparent are the tubular flowers, the ellipsoid

fruit, acute at both ends with slender peduncles and pedicels, the

small elliptic leaves and above all the presence of the bracteole

well below the base of the flowers. Series Tubifiorae with several

mountain species is probably nearest to series Subalulatae, and

probably arose from it or from the same basic stock. One species

M. crassipes on the other hand, may have been partly derived

from the series Fatuae, the fruit similar in shape with a thick stalk,

the presence of two lines on the twigs with some tomentum on the

apical regions of the twigs and the yellowish scales on the lower

surface of the leaves all suggest such an alliance. Series Tubiflorae

may have arisen from series Fragrantes. The inflorescence axis has

‘he same dichotomous pattern of branching as well as an unbranch-

ed pattern, seen in both. There is a greater development of the

scar-bearing portion in series Tubiflorae. The small elliptic leaves

are very similar in both series.

Fig. 48.

Species ad seriem Tubiflorae pertinens quae, non tantum ab

‘omnibus speciebus in hac grege sed etiam ab omnibus Myristicis,

foliis angustissimis (angustis pro longitudine comparatis) distin-

guenda. Fructus ut in M. tubiflora, in forma subsimilis sed minor.

(44) Myristica ensifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Arbor parva, 1.5 m. alta, gracilis. Ramuli novelli tantum visi,

graciles, 2 mm. crassi, glabri, nisi apicem puberulum versus, rubro-

brunnei, leves, nitidi, 2-angulati. Folia chartacea, glabra, supra

in sicco sordida, virido- vel griseo-brunnea, subtus pallidiora,

squamulis albidis paucissimis in foliis juvenilibus tantum, angus-

tissime elliptica vel ensiformia, cum marginibus undulatis fere

parallelis, basi acuta, apice acuta vel acuminata, 17-22 cm. longa.

2-3 cm. lata; costa supra in sulco depressa, subtus prominens;

nervi 18—20-jugati, apicem versus evanidi, supra depressi, subtus

magis distincti, late curvati, intra margines anastomosantes;

reticulations invisibiles; petioli 8 mm—I1l cm. longi, 2 mm. crassi.

Sinclair — Myristica

~tyd

oS)

"ne

SSG

) TeiRA A DEX -

Fig. 48. Myristica ensifolia J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig. B, fruit broken off from its point of attachment. A-B

from Brass 6857 (A holotype).

334 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Flores masculi et feminei non visi. Fructus solitarius, anguste

ellipticus vel fusiformis, 4.5 cm. longus, 1.3 cm. latus, pallido-

brunneus, tomentellus, apice mucronatus, basi in pseudo-pedem

1 cm. longum attenuatus; pericarpium tenue; stipes gracilis, basi

2 mm. crassus, sursum probabiliter 1.5 mm. crassus et probabiliter

saltem 1 cm. longus (infeliciter stipes fractus est).

Small tree, 1.5 m. high, slender. Young twigs only seen, slender,

2 mm. thick, glabrous except the puberulous apex, reddish brown,

smooth, shining, 2-angled. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, dull and

greenish or greyish brown above when dry, paler beneath with a

very few minute whitish scales in young leaves only, very narrow-

elliptic or ensiform with the margins undulate and nearly parallel,

base acute, apex acute or acuminate, midrib sunk in a furrow

above, prominent beneath; nerves 18-20 pairs, vanishing towards

the apex, depressed above, more distinct beneath, curving widely

and forming loops within the margins; reticulations invisible:

length 17-22 cm.; breadth 2-3 cm., narrow in proportion to the

length; petiole 8 mm—1l cm. long and 2 mm. thick. Male and

female flowers not seen. Fruit solitary, narrow-elliptic or fusiform,

4.5 cm. long and 1.3 cm. broad, pale brown, tomentulose,

mucronate at the apex, narrowed at the base into a 1 cm. long

pseudo-stalk, pericarp thin; stalk slender, 2 mm. thick at the base,

probably 1.5 mm. thick higher up and probably 1 cm. long

(unfortunately the stalk is broken).

NEW GUINEA PapPuA: Western District:—Fly River, 528 mile

camp, Brass 6857 (A holotype).

DISTRIBUTION : No other records. Ridge forest under-

growth. Altitude 80 m. In fruit in May.

A dwarf species belonging to series Tubiflorae but differing

from the rest of the members in the long, narrow leaves, narrow in

proportion to their length. In fact the leaves are also narrower

than those of any other Myristica species on a breadth to length

basis and they recall somewhat those of Knema rufa. The fruit is

nearest to that of M. tubiflora in shape but is smaller in size

than the average tubiflora fruit. Unfortunately the fruiting pedicel

is broken so its exact length is not known. It is probably short.

(45) Myristica gracilipes J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 49.

Species affinis M. cylindrocarpae a qua foliis obovatis, apice

acuminatis, pedicellis fructiferis longioribus, fructibus basi in

pseudo-pedem attenuatis distinguitur. Species duae ipsae propter

stipites fructiferos tenues in subdivisionem seriei Tubiflorae

ponendae. Subdivisio altera huius gregis stipes crassos habet.

Arbor 6 m. alta. Ramuli novelli glabri, rubro-brunnei, 3 mm.

crassi, adulti griseo-brunnei, crassiores, rugulosi' Folia chartacea

vel tenuiter coriacea, glabra, supra saturate brunnea (non nigro-

brunnea), subtus pallidiora, hic illic squamulis minutis albidis

appressis parce praedita (probabiliter primum eis dense tecta)

deinde fere calva, anguste oblongo-obovata, basi rotundata vel

obtuse acuta, apice breviter acuminata, 14-20 cm. longa, 4.5-6 cm.

lata; costa supra plana, in sulco depressa, nervi 12—16-jugati,

Sinclair — Myristica 335

Fig. 49. Myristica gracilipes J. Sinclair

Leafy twig with fruit from Kanehira & Hatusima 12277 (BO isotype).

336 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

interdum cum nervo secundario inter duos primarios jacente, a

costa late curvati vel oblique ascendentes praecipue prope

margines; reticulationes supra invisibiles, subtus distinctae et laxe

conspersae; petioli 1-1.5 cm. longi, 3-4 mm. crassi tumidiusculi.

Flores masculi et feminei non visi. Fructus solitarius (an semper?),

pallido-brunneus, tomentellus, oblongus, 2.5—-3 cm. longus, 1.5 cm.

latus, pericarpio tenui, apice rotundatus, mucronatus, basi rotun-

datus et in pseudo-pedem 5-7 mm. longum attenuatus, pedunculus

brevissimus, 2-3 mm. longus, pubescens; pedicellus insignis,

gracilis, 2.7-3.5 cm. longus 1—1.5 mm. crassus, glaber, cicatrice

bracteolae 5 mm.—1 cm. infra apicem notatus.

Tree 6 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, reddish brown, 3 mm.

thick, the old ones greyish brown, thicker, slightly rough. Leaves

chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, glabrous, dark brown above (not

blackish brown) lower surface paler, thinly provided here and there

with some minute, whitish, adpressed scales (probably at first

‘densely coated with these), later almost bare of them, narrowly

oblong-obovate, base rounded or obtusely acute, apex shortly and

sharply acuminate; midrib flat and sunk in a groove above: nerves

12-16 pairs, sometimes with a secondary nerve between two main

ones, curving widely from the midrib or obliquely ascending.

especially near the margins; reticulations invisible above, fairly

‘distinct beneath and laxly scattered around; length 14-20 cm.;

breadth 4.5-6 cm.; petiole 1—1.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, somewhat

‘swollen. Male and female flowers not seen. Fruit solitary (always?),

pale brown tomentulose, oblong, 2.5—3 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad

with a thin pericarp, rounded and mucronate at the apex, rounded

‘and narrowed at the base into a 5-7 mm. long pseudo-stalk:

peduncle very short, 2-3 mm. long, pubescent, pedicel remarkable,

‘slender, 2.7-3.5 cm. long and 1-1.5 mm. thick, glabrous, marked

‘5 mm.—1 cm. below the apex with the scar of the bracteole.

‘NEW GUINEA puTCH NoRTH Dalman, 45 km inland from Nabire,

NEW GUINEA: Kanehira & Hatusima 12277 (A, BO).

PAPUA: Southern Highlands:—Mubi River-Lake

Kutubu Divide near Tage, Schodde 229]

(L, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : The above two records. Rain forest,500—

923 m altitude, the type fruiting March,

the other specimen September.

TYPE MATERIAL: nr & Hatusima 12277 (A holotype,

A small tree with small size-class leaves and a small oblons

fruit. The leaves look like those of other small-leaved species such

-as lancifolia and globosa but it is at once evident frem the fruit

that it belongs to series Tubiflorae and is nearest to M. tubiflora

and cylindrocarpa, especially to the latter. It differs from the latter

‘in having a pseudo-stalk to the fruit, while the genuine stalk is

longer than that of cylindrocarpa. The remains of the bractevle can

be seen 5 mm.—1 cm. below the apex of the pedicel. Series Tuhi-

florae could be divided into two subseries, one with a thick fruit-

stalk and the other with a thin one. Here it is very thin like that

-of both cylindrocarpa and tubiflora, being only 1—1.5 mm. thick.

Sinclair — Myristica 337

Such a thin remarkable structure must have a very efficient,

compact conducting system as well as a rigid mechanical tissue all

laid down in a small area of stalk. This type of fruiting pedicel

is seen also in such species of Horsfieldia as schlechteri, subtilis

and crux-militensis, and is a good aid to identification. The leaves

of the type are a darker brown than those of Myristica cylindro-

carpa, being rounded at the base and more acuminate at the apex.

Also they are widest above the middle, being more obovate in

shape and the veins slightly more oblique. Unfortunately no flowers

have as yet been seen.

(46) Myristica cylindrocarpa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 50.

Species in seriem Tubiflorae ponenda et M. tubiflorae affinis a

qua foliis paullo crassioribus, supra in sicco nitidis, subtus albido-

squamulosis cum nervis rubro-brunneis, fructibus cylindricis (non

ellipsoideis nec fusiformibus) differt.

Arbor vel frutex 6 m. alta. Ramuli novelli glabri, 2-angulati,

rubro-brunnei, 2—3 mm. crassi, adulti grisei, 4-5 mm. crassi, teretes,

rugulosi. Folia chartacea, glabra, supra in sicco pallido-virido-

brunnea, nitidula, subtus squamulis appressis albidis detersilibus

tecta, tarde calva, pallido-brunnea, elliptica vel anguste elliptica,

utringue acuta, marginibus incrassata, 10-13 cm. longa, 3-6 cm.

lata; costa supra in sulco depressa, utrinque rubro-brunnea: nerv:

10—15-jugati, supra depressi, subtus prominentes, rubro-brunnei,

valde arcuati, marginibus anastomosantes; reticulationes supra

laxae, scalariformes, subtus invisibiles; petioli 7 mm.—1 cm. longi,

1.5-2 mm. crassi. Flores masculi femineique non visi. Fructus

solitarius vel vulgo binis aut quaternis dispositus, pallido-brunneus,

minute tomentellus, cylindricus apice mucronatus, 2.5—2.8 cm.

Jongus, 8 mm.—1 cm. in diam., pericarpio 1 mm. crasso tantum,

pedunculus 7 mm.—1.2 cm. longus tenuis, 2 mm. crassus, apice

levis vel pauci-cicatricosus; pedicellus 5-7 mm. longus tenuissimus,

| mm. in diam., cicatrice bracteolae delapsae 1-2 mm. infra apicem

notatus. Arillus ruber in segmenta primaria quattor divisus. Semen

oblongo-cylindricum, atro-brunneum, nitidum, 2 cm. longum, 8 mm.

latum.

Tree or shrub 6 m. high. Young twigs glabrous, 2-angled, reddish

brown, 2-3 mm. thick, the old ones greyish, 4-5 mm. thick, terete,

slightly rough. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, drying pale greenish

brown and slightly glossy above, lower surface covered with

minute, adpressed, whitish scales which tend to be cast off, later

slowly becoming free of them and pale brown, elliptic or narrowly

elliptic, acute at both ends; midrib lying in a groove above,

reddish brown beneath; nerves 10-15 pairs, depressed above,

prominent beneath, reddish brown, curving boldly and interarching

at the thickened margins; reticulations lax and scalariform above,

invisible beneath; length 10-13 cm.; breadth 3-6 cm.; petiole

7 mm.—1 cm. long and 1.5—2 mm. thick. Male and female flowers

not seen. Fruit solitary, usually in ‘pairs but also four together,

pale brown, minutely tomentulose, cylindrical, mucronate at the

apex, 2.5—2.8 cm. long, 8 mm.—l cm. broad, the pericarp 1 mm.

338 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

i \

TurRAIM)

6cm Der-

Fig. 50. Myristica cylindrocarpa J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with fruit. B, fruit. C, aril and seed. A-B from

K. J. White N.G.F. 10288 (CANB isotype). C from Robbins 1567

(CANB).

Sinclair — Myristica 339

thick only, the peduncle 7 mm-—1.2 cm. long, thin, 2 mm. thick,

smooth at the apex or with a few scars, the pedicel 5-7 mm. long,

‘very thin, | mm. in diam., marked with the scar of the fallen

bracteole 1-2 mm. below the apex. Aril red, divided into 4 main

segments. Seed oblong-cylindrical, dark brown, shining, 2 cm. long

cand 8 mm. broad.

‘NEW GUINEA PAPUA: Central District:—about | mile north-

west of Maipa Village, Kairuku_ sub-

district, Darbyshire 929 (L. LAE).

T.N.G.:! Madang _—iDistrict:—Pondoma _ Village.

Josephstaal, K. J. White N.G.F. 10288

(CANB, K, L, SING); Lower Ramu-

Atitau. Area near Samarikan, Guam

River, Robbins 1567 (CANB).

‘DISTRIBUTION : New Guinea, Madang District. Fruit

September. In low-lying forests subject -

to seasonal inundation.

TYPE MATERIAL: KJ. White N.G.F. 10288 (CANB, K

holotype, L, SING).

Another species of series Tubiflorae belonging to that division of

it with the thin, slender, fruiting pedicels and peduncles. It is

nearest to M. tubiflora but the leaves are slightly thicker and larger

with minute, whitish scales and reddish brown nerves and midrib

beneath. The upper surface is somewhat glossy when dry, not dull

like that of tubiflora. The upper midrib, too, is usually reddish

brown but not the nerves on the upper surface. While the leaves

in tubiflora are generally small, there are in that species ones just

as big as those of our new species. The fruit is never so big as

‘that of tubiflora, being cylindrical in shape and not drawn-out at

both ends, and having no pseudo-stalk.

(47) Myristica tubiflora Bl. Rumphia | (1837) 182 t. 56; A.DC.

Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 191; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 59;

Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 45; F.v. Miller, Descr.

Notes Pap. PI. 1, 5 (1877) 96; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 436;

Valeton in Bull. Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl. 10 (1907) 13; Pulle in

Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 636; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935)

162. — Fig. 51.

Tree or shrub 3-20 m. high with slender, spreading branches.

Bark greyish brown, finely longitudinally fissured; sap red. Twigs

‘greyish brown, finely longitudinally striate, glabrous, very slender

-and often only 1 mm. thick near the apex, 3 mm. thick lower down;

terminal bud almost filiform, 0.4 mm. thick, greyish puberulous,

actue at the apex. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, elliptic or elliptic-

lanceolate, dark glossy green above and drying a dull, pale greyish

green, glaucous beneath and drying a medium brown or grey, the

nerves more or less the same colour as the lower surface or a

little darker, apex acuminate, base acute, less often slightly rounded

and then acute; nerves 8-15 pairs, average 10, slender, impressed

above, raised beneath, leaving the midrib in bold curves at an

angle of 70-85°, close together but équidistant; reticulations very

faint or absent, but may sometimes be seen with a lens, forming

-a weak scalariform series; length 6-15 cm., average 10 cm:

340

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

No Za

SuRmiMt DEX

Fig. 51. Myristica tubiflora Bl.

A, leafy twig with female flowers. B, female flower with unusually

long stalk and partly split to show ovary. C, fruit dehiscing.

D, fruit. E, old male inflorescence showing scars of fallen pedicels.

F, maie flower. G, staminal column. H, young male inflorescence

with almost sessile tubercular part. A—C from Hoogland 3971

(CANB). D from 5b30671 (SING). E from Carr 15501 (SING).

F-H from Atasrip 709 = 3 (BO).

Sinclair — Myristica 341

breadth 2-6 cm., average 4 cm. (small size-class); petiole 8 mm.—1.5

cm. long, slender, 1—-1.5-(2) mm. thick. Male inflorescence short,

slender, mostly simple, occasionally bifurcate, the main smooth

portion 1 mm.—1.5 cm. long and 0.5-0.7 mm. thick depending on

age, Or sometimes absent altogether, the scar-covered portion

generally shorter though sometimes even longer than the main part,

but never very much thicker, 1 mm. up to 1.2 cm. long and

1-1.2 mm. thick. Male flowers few at a time, tubular, cream-

coloured, glabrous to minutely puberulous, blunt to somewhat

acute at the apex in bud, 8 mm.—1.2 cm. long and 1.5—2—(2.5) mm.

broad, split down 1/5-way by the very small, rather blunt perianth

lobes; staminal column c. 9.5 mm. long, narrow-cylindric with a

minute, obtuse, sterile apex, its stalk glabrous, c. 4 mm. long, as

long as or slightly less than the fertile part but narrower, anthers

10; pedicels 8 mm.—I cm. long, filiform, 0.2—-0.3. mm.’ thick;

bracteole minute, obtuse, amplexicaul, median on the pedicel or

some distance below the base of the perianth (the original position

is at the base of the perianth in very young flower-buds). Fernale

inflorescence simple, the main part up to 5 mm. long. Female

flowers bottle-shaped, 8 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at the base,

the neck tapering into the three, obliquely spreading or horizontal

perianth lobes which are 1/5 the length of the tube; ovary dark

brown-tomentose, fusiform; pedicel longer than in the male, 5 mm.—

4 cm. long. Fruit pendulous, orange, soon glabrous, narrowly

ellipsoid or fusiform, rostrate or sub-rostrate at the apex, 4-7 cm.

long and 1.3—2.5 cm. broad, narrowed at the base into a pseudo-

stalk, the pericarp thin but hard and much wrinkled when dry;

stalk generally long and filiform but varying much from 5 mm.—

2.5 cm. long, these measurements including those of pedicel and

peduncle combined, 2 mm. thick with the bracteole or part of it

persisting at some distance below the base of the fruit as in the

male and with a small collar where the pseudo-stalk joins the

pedicel. Avil bright red, fimbriate at the apex, but mostly covering

the seed except for two equidistant slits down to the base on each

side, aromatic as is the seed. Seed oblong-ellipsoid, blunt at each

end, pale brown.

"NEW GUINEA VOGELKOP Kambu Kepper, Atasrip 709 also

(DUTCH WEST numbered 3 (BO, L, SING): Sausapor,

NEW GUINEA): Sorong, Versteegh BW 3974 (K, Ly);

Steenkool, road to Temboeni, van Royen

3457 (K, L); Inanwatan, Tisa, Steenkool,

bb32650 = Lundquist 31 (BO, L); Momi,

Manokwari, Kostermans Nos 146 =

bb33369 (BO, K, L); 263 6b33462 (BO,

K, L, SING); 289 = bb33481 (BO, K, L)

& 2666 (A, BO, L); Warnapi, north of

Ransiki, Kostermans Nos 47a (BO, L);

2665 (BO) & 2665a (K, L): Warsui

near Ransiki, Kostermans 2667

(A, BO, K, L); Ransiki, Kostermans 47

(A, K, L); Oransbari, Schram BW 1896

(BR, CANB, K, KEP, L); Anggi Giti

Lake, Arfak, Kostermans 2440 (BO, L);

Lobo (Lowo) Zippelius s.n. (CAL, L, P);

Skendi north of Teminabuan, Versteegh

BW7475 (L).

342 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

DUTCH NORTH

NEW GUINEA:

DUTCH SOUTH

NEW GUINEA:

PAPUA:

TING.§

PULAU JAPEN:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

VERNACULAR NAMES:

van Rees Mts, Drs v. Leeuwen 9217 (A.

BO, K, L); Meerlakte Motor Bivac,

Rouffer River, Drs v. Leeuwen J/115

(BO, L); Holtekang, Hollandia, Schram

BW1503 (BR, CANB, L) & Versteegh

BW39 (BO, CANB, L); Berap, Hollandia,

bb28934 (A, BO, K, L, SING); Tami,

Giellerup 274 (BO, K, L, U).

Noord River, Sabang Camp. von Roémer

304 (L) & Branderhorst 329 (BO, K, L,

U); Oeta, Aet 182 (BO, K, L): Sg.

Aendoea, near Oeta, Aet 485 (A, BO, K,

L); Mimika, Lundquist 228 = bb32947

(BO, L): behind Bivouac Island, Pulle 53

(A, BO, K, L).

Northern District:—Mt. Scratchley,

Giulianetti, date 1896 (K); Kakoda, Carr

16167 (BM, CANB, L, SING); Lala

River, Carr 1/5800 (A, BM, K, L, SING):

Isuarava, Carr Nos 15501 (A, BM, CANB,

K, L, SING); 1/6086 (BM, CANB, K, L,

SING); 16087 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING);

near Saga Village, Yodda Valley,

Hoogland 3935 (A, BM, CANB, K, L,

LAE. US) & about 1 km north of Pitoki

Village, Hoogland Nos 3971 (A, BM,

CANB, L, LAE) & 3972 (A, BM, CANB,.

K, L, LAE, VS).

Gulf District:—Kikori sub-district, Seribi

River, near Middletown, Floyd, Gray &

Middleton N.G.F. 8079 (A, BRI, CANB,

K, L, LAE, SING); Vailala River, Thu,

Brass 940 (A. BRI, K, P).

S.1. Schlechter 17795 (K).

Sepik District:—Ledermann 9810 (L);

Hunsteinspitz. Quellenlager, Ledermann-

8372 (SING).

Madang District:—Bismarck Range..

Schlechter 18670 (E, G, K, L, NY, S, Z).

Serui, bb3067] (A, BO, L, SING).

New Guinea, more plentiful in the west

than the east, ascending from sea-level

to 1,538 m in damp forests.

M. tubiflora Bl., (Lowo) Lobo, Zippelius

s.n. (CAL, L holotype, P).

Aposi (Yense): bengemun (Ransiki);

bomsij or bomsi the commonest name

(Manokwari); Aamana (Orokaiva language-

at Mumuni); kamare (Oeta); maru-maru

(Kiwai); medak (Mooi): sanggit (Tehid).

This species might easily be confused with frugrans if sterile for

the leaves have a striking and close resemblance to those of the:

commercial nutmeg. I, myself, was even puzzled when at the

beginning of my studies, I first saw some of the sterile material

collected by Kostermans from the Manokwari Region. Also at that

time, I was not yet well-acquainted with M. tubiflora, for I had

seen little material of it. I began to wonder if the Manokwari

plant could be a wild form of fragrans and a first record for New

Guinea. Dr. Kostermans who was present at the time, assured me

that it was not fragrans and that the leaves and twigs were not-

Sinclair — Myristica 343:

aromatic. It will be noticed that the nerves on the lower surface of

the leaf in fragrans dry a reddish brown, and the contrast between,

their colour and that of the background of the leaf is striking. In

tubiflora there is no such sharp contrast, the nerves are either of

the same colour as the matrix of surrounding tissue or are slightly

darker. The number, 8-15 pairs in tubiflora as against 8-11 pairs.

in fragrans may help. There are excellent coloured plates of both.

species in Blume’s Rumphia.

Apart from the leaf similarity, M. tubiflora is not closely related

to fragrans. In fact, it is a very distinct plant in a distinct series.

Its similarities, suggesting a close relationship with longipes, are-

well seen in the type of inflorescence, the tubular flowers, the

migration of the bracteole from the original and normal position

at the base of the perianth to one at some little distance below the-

base or even as far down as the middle of the pedicel (a unique:

diagnostic character seen only in the Tubiflorae) and in the peculiar,

spindle-shaped or ellipsoid.fruit which is beaked at the apex, has.

a pseudo-stalk and collar at the base and is borne on a long,

rather slender stalk. The following differences between the two:

species are to be noted:—M. tubiflora is not confined to mountains

like longipes. In fact there are more records from lowland forest

than from high altitudes. The leaves are thinner in texture and less.

variable in shape. They are elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate but not

obovate or panduriform. The inflorescence is usually simple and

rarely bifurcate. Its scar-covered part may be long or very short,

but not so thick as that of M. longipes. The flowering pedicels are-

much thinner and those of the female often very much longer.

They are exceptionally long in Hoogland 3971, reaching 4-5 cm.

The perianth is thinner in texture and not so broad. The fruit is.

penduluous and not erect. It is nearly always solitary since the

inflorescence axis is not or rarely bifurcate. There will consequently

be no knee-joint and bend on the fruiting stalk as in longipes..

The pericarp is wrinkled and not smooth when dry since it is much

thinner. The thicker pericarp of Jongipes will resist shrinkage and

wrinkling on drying. The mature pericarp is glabrous and not

tomentulose. The stalk as pointed out above, is usually long and

slender in both species, but the fruit may sometimes be nearly

sessile in tubiflora, thus baffling the beginner.

(48) Myristica longipes Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 535.

Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 163 excl. Ledermann 9728.

Synonyms: M. succedanea (non Reinw. ¢x BI.) Scheff. in Ann.

Jard. Btzg 1 (1876) 46 pro parte et sub syn. M. resinosa Warb.

see notes. M. resinosa Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 536 t. 17 f. 1

—syn. nov. M. warburgii K. Schum. in Schum. et Lauterb.

Nachtrag z. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzegb. id. Siidsee (1905) 267 —

syn. nov. M. pachyphylla A.DC. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1

(1941) 69 — syn. nov. — Fig. 52.

Tree 6-20 m. high. Bark dark. brown or almost black, flaking

in thin, irregular pieces when old; sap yellowish red. Twigs slender,

2 mm. thick near the apex and 4 mm. Jower down, glabrous, finely

striate, greyish brown, often with darker intervals here and there

344 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 52. Myristica longipes Warb.

A, leafy twig with female flowers. B, ovary. C, male flowers. D,

staminal column. E, fruit. F, fruit, only one has developed. A—B

from Carr 14403 (SING). C—D from Carr 12707 (SING). E from

Carr 13395 (SING). F from Carr 12870 (SING).

Sinclair — Myristica 345

Leaves rather variable in texture, shape and distinctness of nerves,

coriaceous or mostly thinly coriaceous, sometimes chartaceous,

elliptic-lanceolate, ovate-elliptic, obovate-elliptic or panduriform,

widest at the middle and then often abruptly narrowing just below

the middle, the margins very slightly recurved beneath in the more

coriaceous ones, glabrous, medium green above and greyish green

below, drying a dark brown above and medium brown below, apex

shortly acuminate or bluntly acute, base acute, rounded or rounded

and then acute; midrib raised above and below; nerves 10-16 pairs,

fine and slender, oblique or curving slightly, sunk above or some-

times scarcely visible, raised or not beneath; reticulations mostly

invisible, but sometimes seen above in the more coriaceous leaves

where they are sunk and never very numerous; length 6-15 cm.,

average 11 cm.; breadth 3.5-6 cm., average 4.5 cni.; petiole slender,

1-1.5 cm. long and 2-3 mm. thick. Male inflorescence a. slender,

5 mm.—3.5 cm. long main axis, lengthening with age, bifurcate at

the apex, the branches shorter and covered with numerous scars

of fallen flowers or sometimes in early stages the main axis a

3-5 mm. long, simple woody tubercle; pedicels slender, 5-6 mm.

long and 0.5—-0.7 mm. thick. Male flowers coriaceous, tubular,

cream-coloured, puberulous outside, glabrous inside, the perianth

1 cm. long and 2-3.5 mm. broad, split down about 1/5-way into

the small, 1 mm. long, deltoid, sub-acute or obtuse lobes; bracteole

narrow, sheath-like, 4 mm. long with an obtuse apex, only present

in the very youngest flowers, i.e. those up to 7 mm. long, its

position in the early stages at the base of the perianth, then

caducous and visible as a scar or a fragment 1-3 mm. below the

base of the perianth; staminal column with a 3.2-4 mm. long,

adpressed-pubescent stalk, the fertile portion 3.4-6 mm. long with

6-8 anthers, as broad as the stalk at their junction, but tapering

to a slender needle-like or subulate, 1.4 mm. long sterile apiculus.

Female inflorsecence bifurcate as in the male, but the main part

shorter, 5 mm. long, yet lengthening to 1 cm. long in fruit. Female

flowers flask-shaped, 7 mm. long, tapering into a short, narrow,

1.5-3-(4) mm. long neck above the swollen portion, the swollen

portion 3 mm. broad, the minute, obtuse perianth lobes divaricate

but not reflexed; ovary 6 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, conform to

the shape of the perianth, dark brown, adpressed-tomentose;

pedicels 8 mm. long, lengthening to 1.5 cm. in very young fruit;

bracteole also very early caducous, its remains 1-3 mm. below

the base of the perianth. Fruit single or in pairs, orange when ripe,

medium brown when dry, tomentulose, becoming glabrous with

age, spindle-shaped, mucronate at the apex, 3.5-4-(5) cm. long and

1.5—2.3 cm. broad, narrowed at the base into a 7 mm. pseudo-

stalk; stalk consisting of the main branch of the inflorescence axis,

now | cm. long and the 1.7-2.3 cm. long pedicel which is

thickened at the apex to form a narrow, collar-like ring or minute

cupular-receptacle to which the pseudo-stalk is attached. Aril red,

even when dry, very thin, the segments narrow, rather few and

widely spaced, exposing the seed. Seed ellipsoid with obtuse ends,

pale brown, 3 cm. long and 1.7 cm. broad.

346 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

‘NEW GUINEA DUTCH NORTH

NEW GUINEA:

PAPUA:

PIN: Gare

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

Bernhard Camp, Idenburg River. Brass

& Versteegh 13573 (BM, BO. BRI. L.

LAE); 15 km south-west of Bernhard

Camp, Brass & Versteegh 11925 (A, BM.

BRI, L) and Brass Nos 12147 (A. BM.

BO, BRI, L) and Brass Nos. 12/47 (A,

BM, BO, BRI, K,L, LAE) & /2/73 (BM.

BO, BRI, L, LAE); 6 km south-west of

Bernhard Camp, Brass & Versteegh Nos

12574 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE) and

12597 A, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE) these

two may be crossing with cucullata.

Milne Bay District:—north slopes of Mt.

Dayman, Maneau Range, Brass 2324] (A,

L, LAE).

Central District:—Sogeri Region. Forbes

Nos 242 (BM, CAL, K, L, P); 396 (A, BM,

CAL, 3 FL te Bek. mew, Pere,

SING, US); 592 (BM. CAL) & 647 (BM.

CAL. E. FI, K, L. P): Koitaki. Carr Nos

12707 (BM, CANB, K, L, NY, SING) &

12870 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING): Boridi,

Carr Nos 13122 (A, BM, CANB, K, L.

SING); /3238 (A, BM, CANB. K, L.,

SING); 1/3239 (A, BM, CANB, K, L,

SING); /3284 (A, BM, CANB. K. L,

SING): /3394 (A. BM. K. L. SING):

13395 (A, BM, K, L, SING); /3524 (BM,

CANB., K, L, SING); /4397 (BM, CANB,

K, L. SING): 14403 (A. BM, K, L. SING)

& 14609 (BM, K, L, SING).

Sou‘hern Highlands:—above Kiburu.

Mendi Valley, Schodde 1390 (L. LAE).

Senvik Déstrict:—Ledermann Nos. 10244

(L); 10249 (L) and 9828 (L).

Eastern Highlands:—Alyura Range.

L.S. Smith N.G.F. /007 (BRI, LAE) &

Womerslev N.G.F. 6022 (A. BO. BRI.

K, L, LEE, NSW): Kini Creek, north

east slopes of Mt Michael, Womersley

N.G.F. 1/422 (CANB, K, L. SING).

Morobe _ Déistrict:—Sattelberg. Biro 2]

(BP); Clemens Nos 1015 (A, L) & 1717

A, B, L, SING); Ogeramnang, Clemens

4836 (A): Bulolo, K. J. White N.G.F.

10149 (K, L, SING).

New Guinea, on mountain _ slopes,

altitude 460—-2,000 m (1,500—6.500 ft).

M. longipes Warb. Mt Yule, Central

District. MacGregor s.n. (B_ holotype

burnt). I have not yet chosen a neotype

for longipes as it should be quite easy to

collect new material from near the

summit of Mt Yule, the _ original

“locus classicus’” and make that the

neotype. M. pachyphylla A.C. Smith,

Bernhard Camp, Brass 12173 (A_ holo-

type, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE). M. resinosa

Warb. Hort. Bog. cult., ex Dutch New

Guinea. north-west coast. Teijs:mann,

date /878 (B_ holotype burnt). M.

warburgii K. Schum., Sattelberg, Biro

21 (B holotype burnt. BP).

Sinclair — Myristica 347

A New Guinea species from mountain slopes with certain

distinctive features which should help in recognizing it. Notable

among these is the unusual spindle-shaped or elongate-ellipsoid

fruit with a beak at the apex and a pseudo-stalk and collar at the

base. The stalk is long and slender, consisting of the basal peduncle

or main axis of the inflorescence and joined to this is the actual

pedicel, forming a portion of the fork of the inflorescence. Some-

times both branches of the inflorescence are present and we get a

letter Y-shaped structure with two fruits. If only one fruit has

developed or if the other is broken off, the whole fruit-stalk has

then the appearance of a long single bent one with a kink or knee

below the middle. The Jeaves are 6-15 cm. long, average 11 cm.,

that is, they are small as far as the genus Myristica may be divided

on basis of size-class of leaves. There are several species in New

Guinea with small leaves like those of /ongipes. Among such are

globosa and lepidota and in the Moluccas M. fragrans. The majority

of Myristica species on this comparative basis have much larger

leaves, 15-30 cm. in length, while the !argest are 30-50 cm. long.

This classification of “‘large’’ and “‘small-leaved’’ species might

seem useful in a key when dealing with sterile material, but

unfortunately the matter is not so simple as that. Often large-leaved

species may have a few small leaves, say 10-15 cm. long, present

among the normally large ones and conversely with the small-

leaved species, when they may have leaves of « size in excess of

the standard laid down for division in a classification or key.

One is often tempted to use this system in a key, but it can be

disastrously misleading.

Other salient features are the fine, slender nerves, sometimes

rather indistinct beneath, the raised midrib on the upper surface of

the leaves, the tubular flowers, the presence of the bracteole or

rather the remains of it on the pedicel a short distance below the

adult perianth and not at the actual base of the flower except in

developing flower-buds, and the bifurcate infiorescence with a

rather short main axis. When very young, the stalk or peduncle of

the main axis is extremely short and flowering can even take

place at that stage before the axis lengthens to its normal size or

before the two lateral branches or the usual pedicel-scars are in

evidence. In such cases one should easily recognize the inflorescence

as belonging to section 2. When the main axis lengthens and

especially in young fruit, then one will really see just how

appropriate the name longipes is for this species. Though related

to M. fragrans in having a slender bifurcate inflorescence, this

species appears to be nearest to M. tubiflora. This is exemplified

to a slight degree in the leaves, but much more so in the tubular

perianth with the final position of the bracteole also some distance

below it and not at its actual base, the somewhat similar, ellipsoid

fruit with a long, thin stalk and in’the slender inflorescence axis

with the numerous pedicel-scars. For other similarities and

differences see under M. tubiflora.

348 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67 (1935) 611 places M. resinosa and

warburgii, Berlin types which are now destroyed, as synonyms

of lepidota. Apart from some of the specimens which he quotes

there as lepidota and which are correctly identified as /epidota,

many of the numbers quoted, especially the Forbes and Ledermann

numbers, belong to longipes. The description of the male flowers

appended there is also that of /ongipes. In fact his general idea

of lepidota does not represent that species, but is based on

specimens which are mostly Jongipes. It is very likely then that

these two synonyms represent /ongipes and not lepidota. In fact

the original descriptions of them agree fairly well with that of

longipes. I have now seen Biro 21, isotype of M. warburgii on

loan from Budapest (BP) and it is in fact longipes.

M. resinosa Warb. was based on Teijsmann s.n. cultivated in

Hort. Bog. and brought from the north-west coast of Dutch

New Guinea by Teijsmann. This was destroyed at Berlin. I have

failed to find any trace of a duplicate sheet in Bogor. The Berlin

sheet according to Warburg is also M. succedanea (non Blume):

Scheffer, pro parte. See Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Btzg 1 (1876) 46.

Here I have followed Warburg since Markgraf, as pointed out

above, partly mixed up Jepidota with longipes, putting this

specimen as a synonym of lepidota. Also Warburg’s description

answers best to that of longipes. The leaves are whitish on the

undersurface, and the fruit-stalk only 2.5 mm. thick, so the plant

is unlikely to be /epidota. I disagree, however, with Warburg as

regards his view on Scheffer’s full conception of M. succedanea,

page 46. According to Warburg M. succedanea (non BI.) Scheffer,

as he puts it, consists of two parts (1) M. resinosa as stated

above which I have reduced to longipes and (2) the specimen

with the rather variable leaves which Warburg thought was

different from the true succedanea and which he named M. schefferi

Warb. Markgraf placed M. schefferi and M. succedanea “‘ex

Scheffer” i.e. the same material, as a synonym of M. fatua var.

papuana. | have seen this material and in my opinion it is not

different from the true succedanea Reinw. ex BI. Scheffer was

therefore not so far wrong after all in his conception of M.

succedanea Bl., part of the material he refers to being correct

as M. succedanea Bl., the other part which he did not distinguish

being M. resinosa Warb., now put by me in /ongipes.

(49) Myristica cornutiflora J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Figs 53 & 54.

A M. longipede cui proxima haec species ramulis adultis.

griseis, pallidioribus, profundius striatis, foliis latioribus, in

sicco plerumque pallidioribus, nervis subtus prominentioribus,.

inflorescentia mascula longiore et melius evoluta cum floribus

subulatis (non tubuliformibus) magis numerosis et paullo.

longioribus, floribus femineis majoribus basi tumidioribus, fructibus

medio latioribus non utrinque angustatis differt.

Arbor 5-12 m. alta. Truncus basi anteridibus tabularibus

50 cm. longis, 75 cm. latis praeditus. Cortex griseus, minute

fissuratus, squamulosus. Ramuli in partibus apicalibus 2-4 mm.

crassi, glabri, nigro-brunnei, verticaliter striati, in partibus adultis

Sinclair — Myristica 349

JURAIM( DEL.

‘Fig. 53. Myristica cornutiflora J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescence. C, male

flower. D, staminal column. E, the three-angled apex of the male

flower-bud. A-E from Kalkman BW64]13 (L holotype).

350 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

3 cm

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 54. Myristica cornutiflora J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with female inflorescences. B, ovary. C, male flowers

at a stage more advanced than in fig. 53, the bracteole scar now

well below the base of the perianth. D, fruit. E, aril and seed.

F, young fruit. A-B from Kalkman BW6460 (L). C from Leder-

mann 9728 (L). D from Schodde 2260 (LAE). E from Gray

N.G.F. 8142 (L). F from Gray N.G.F. 8142 (BRI).

Sinclair — Myristica 331

pallido-grisei. Folia chartacea vel tenuiter coriacea, supra in sicco

virido-brunnea hic nigricantia, illic pallidiuscula, subtus pallido-

brunnea, omnino glabra, elliptica, interdum oblongo-elliptica,

utrinque acuta vel obtuse acuta, marginibus incrassata et leviter

revoluta, 8-24 cm. vulgo 15 cm. longa, 6-10 cm. vulgo 7 cm. lata;

‘costa supra in sulco depressa, subtus elevata; nervi 16—18-jugati,

multo arcuati, supra impressi, subtus prominentes, nervi secundarii

inter primarios conspersi; reticulationes supra visae, subtus

invisibiles; petiolus 1.5-2.6 cm. longus, 2-3 mm. crassus.

Inflorescentia mascula pendens, 3-6 cm. longa, axis levis, 1.5—3.5

cm. longus, 1.5—2.5 mm. latus, apice bifurcatus, ramuli cicatricosi.

Flores masculi per fasciculum 5-8, turbinato-subulati vel corni-

culati, tumidi, 1-1.5 cm. longi, 2-3.5 mm, lati, rubro-brunnei

in sicco, minute appressi-puberuli, mox glabri, apice valde et

brevissime 3-angulati et in lobos ovatos 1-1.5 mm. longos }-fissi:

pedicelli graciles, 3 mm.—1.8 cm. longi, vix 1 mm. crassi; bracteola

citissime decidua, non visa, cicatrix eius semi-orbicularis, diu

apice pedicelli manens, denique per auctum floris 1-3 mm. infra

basin perianthii descendens; columna staminalis 6-8 mm. longa,

tenuis, sine apiculo sterili vel cum eo vix tandem emergente,

stipes pubescens parti fertili aequilongus. /nflorescentia feminea

2-3.5 cm. longa, cymosa cum 2-3 floribus tantum. Flores feminei

glabri, ampulliformes, 8 mm.—1l cm. longi, basi tumidi, 3-4 mm.

lati, apicem versus attenuati, 1.5—-2 mm. lati; ovarium 7 mm.

longum, 3 mm. latum, tomentellum, utrinque angustatum; pedicelli

7 mm.—l cm. longi, 1 mm. crassi. Fructus solitarius vel in paribus

dispositus, glaber, in sicco lignosus, late ellipsoideus vel aliquantum

subglobosus, 3-4.5 cm. longus, 2—2.5 cm. latus, basi in pseudo-

pedem 5 mm. longum productus, apice in iuventute mucronatus;

stipes 2 mm. crassus cum pedunculo 7 mm.—1.5 cm. longo et

pedicellis 1-1.5 cm. longis.. Semen elongatum, pallidum, 2.5 cm.

longum, 7 mm. latum.

Tree 5-12 m. high. Trunk with buttresses 50 cm. long and

75 cm. wide. Bark grey, finely fissured and with small scales.

Twigs 2-4 mm. thick, glabrous, blackish brown and _ vertically

striate in the apical parts, pale grey in the adult parts. Leaves

chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, greenish brown above when

dry, blackish in some parts and somewhat pale in others, pale

brown beneath, quite glabrous, elliptic or sometimes oblong-

elliptic, acute or obtusely acute at both ends, thickened and

slightly revolute at the margins, 8-24 cm, long, average 15 cm.,

6-10 cm. broad, average 7 cm.; midrib lying in a groove above,

taised beneath; nerves 16—18 pairs, much curved, impressed above,

prominent beneath; secondary nerves present among the primary;

reticulations visible above but not beneath; petiole 1.5—2.6 cm.

long and 2-3 mm. thick. Male inflorescence drooping, 3-6 cm.

long, the main axis smooth, 1.5-3.5 cm. long and 1.5-2.5 mm.

broad, divided into two equal scar-covered branches at the apex.

Male flowers 5-8 in the cluster, coriical-subulate or horn-shaped,

swollen, 1-1.5 cm. long and 2-3.5 mm. broad, reddish brown when

dry, minutely adpressed-puberulous, soon glabrous, strongly but very

hm 4 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

shortly 3-angled at the apex where they are split down }-way into

the ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long lobes; pedicels slender, 3 mm.—1.8 cm.

long and scarcely 1 mm. thick; bracteole very soon deciduous, not

seen, its scar semi-orbicular, remaining for a long time at the

apex of the pedicel and finally through growth of the flower

descending 1-3 mm. below the base of the perianth; staminal

column 6-8 mm. long, slender, without a sterile apiculus or with

it scarcely as yet emerging, the stalk pubescent, equalling the

fertile part. Female inflorescence 2-3.5 cm. long, cymose with

2-3 flowers only. Female flowers glabrous, ampulliform, 8 mm.—

1 cm. long, swollen and 3-4 mm. broad at the base, narrowed

towards the apex and there 1.5—-2 mm. broad: ovary 7 mm. long

and 3 mm. broad, tomentulose, narrowed towards both ends;

pedicels 7 mm.—1 cm. long and | mm. thick. Fruit solitary or in

pairs, glabrous, woody when dry, broadly ellipsoid or somewhat

sub-globose, 3-4.5 cm. long and 2-2.5 cm. broad, produced into.

a 5 mm. long pseudo-stalk at the base, mucronate at the apex

when young; stalk 2 mm. thick with the peduncle 7 mm.—1.5 cm.

long and the pedicels 1—-1.5 cm. long. Seed elongate, pale, 2.5 cm.

long and 7 mm, broad.

NEW GUINEA DUTCH SOUTH’ Subdivision Moejoe:—Jibi, 5 km _ north

NEW GUINEA: from Ninati, Kalkman BW6413 (G, L,

LAE); Opka, about 10 km north-east from

Ninati, Kalkman BW6460 (L, LAE).

PAPUA: Southern Highlands:—near Tage. Lake

Kutubu, Schodde 2260 (L, LAE): Lake

Kutubu on ridge behind Government

Station, Gray N.G.F. 8142 (A, BO, BRI,

CANB, K, LAE).

T.N.G. : Sepik District—Ledermann 8730 (SING);

April River, Ledermann 9728 (L).

DISTRIBUTION : New Guinea as above. Stated to be com-

mon at 50 m altitude in secondary forest

at Jibi. The Tage material was obtained

at 2,700 ft. or 830 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: Kalkman BW6413 (G, L holotype, LAE).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Badumsusoga (Kutubu language); mong

(Moejoe language).

This species is nearest to M. longipes and differs from it chiefly

in the larger flowers (the male non-tubular), the fruit broader at

the middle and very much less attenuate at both ends and in the

more prominent veins of the leaves. Besides these three major

differences there is also a number of minor ones. The twigs are

more deeply striate with their older portions often a lighter

colour. The leaves tend to be broader and have thicker margins;

their colour on drying is slightly different, there being light and

dark greyish patches above with an occasional suggestion of a

greenish tinge while the lower surface is paler and parchment-like.

The male flowers are more numerous in the cluster than those

of longipes. They are nearly mature but not quite as the pollen

sacs have not yet dehisced nor has any apiculus appeared on

the staminal column. I do not think that the apiculus is lacking

since the rather large one in longipes is late in developing and

Sinclair — Myristica 352

does not protrude until the anthers begin to shed their pollen.

The female flowers are more swollen at the base than those

of longipes. The apex of the fruit when young is slightly produced

into a mucro but this tends to disappear with age while the basal

pseudo-stalk is smaller in all proportions.

Care should be taken not to mistake M. cornutiflora for a

species in series Ellipticae because of certain deceptive similarities

such as the flowers of both sexes being 3-angled at the apex in

bud, the cymose inflorescence and the fruit in pairs on slender

pedicels. I, myself, at first thought this species to be allied to

M. garciniifolia because of these characters, and more especially

because the bracteole scars were at the base of the male perianth

in the type, Kalkman BW64/3. But since the male flowers there

are not quite mature, the bracteole scars will eventually move or

be pulled down into a position 1-3 mm. below the base of the

flower as in the male flowers of Ledermann 9728 and, in the

female flowers of Kalkman BW6460. In M. longipes the phase

of retraction of the bracteole scar appears to be of much shorter

duration; the bracteole there is either seen at the base of the

very young flower or as a scar 1-3 mm. below the base of older

flowers.

(50) Myristica crassipes Warb. in Schum. et Lauterbach, FI.

Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 326; Markgraf in Bot.

Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 162. — Fig. 55.

Tree 7-27 m. high. Twigs 3 mm. thick at the apex, and 4 mm.

thick for a considerable distance down, minutely puberulous,

brownish, finely striate, slightly rough with a few lenticels in the

older parts, slightly angled or with 2 faint lines in some of the

internodes. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous and drying medium or

dark brown above, greyish yellow or whitish yellow to glaucous

beneath due to very minute, closely adpressed scales, the nerves

and midrib brownish, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, less

often elliptic, occasionally broadest above the middle, base acute

or bluntly acute, at times slightly rounded, apex shortly acuminate;

midrib flat and lying in a groove above, raised beneath; nerves

14-20 pairs, mostly 18, close together, leaving the midrib at a

wide angle, often 90°, curving gradually and interarching near

the margins, depressed above, fine on both surfaces: reticulations

faint on both surfaces, often indistinct; length (small size-class)

10-15 cm.; breadth 3.5—5 cm.; petiole 1 cm. long and 2-2.5 mm.

thick. Male inflorescence a short, Knema-like axis with numerous

scars, mostly simple, but sometimes bifurcate or trifurcate,

5 mm.—2.5 cm. long. Male flowers coriaceous, tubular, 8-9 mm.

long and 2.5-3 mm. broad, rusty-tomentulose outside, split down

4-~-way at the apex into the short, obtuse lobes; staminal column

7 mm. long, without an apiculate apex, the pubescent stalk

about as long as the 8 anthers of the fertile part; bracteole

1 mm. long, obtuse at the apex and situated 1-2 mm. below

the base of the perianth; pedicels 5-7 mm. long. Female flowers

not seen. Fruit single, rusty-tomentulose, rugulose, broadly ellipsoid

or oblong-ellipsoid, slightly gibbous with an acute, oblique apex

354 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XII1 (1968)

YF fuRnim DEL.

Fig. 55. Myris‘tica crassipes Warb.

A, leafy twig with fruit. B, male inflorescences. C, male flower. D,

staminal column. A from Carr 14897 (SING). B from Robbins:

1155 (CANB). C—D from Carr 16091 (SING).

Sinclair — Myristica 355:

and slightly acute base, 4 cm. long and 3 cm. broad with a very

hard, woody, 5-8 mm. thick pericarp; peduncle short, 5 mm.

long; pedicel 5 mm.—1 cm. long, both stout and woody, 7 mm.

thick.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Northern District:—Isuarava, Carr Nos.

15509 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, SING) and

16091 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING).

Central District:—Boridi, Carr 14897 (A,

BM, CANB, K, L, SING).

T.N.G. : Sepik District:—Schraderberg, Leder-

mann Nos 11769 (B burnt, not seen) and

12026 (B burnt, not seen).

Western Highlands:—near Wahgi River

at Kup, Mini sub-district, Robbins 1155

(CANB).

Morobe District:—Finschhafen, Sattel-

berg, Bamler 50 (B burnt, BRSL); Patep:

Creek, Wau Road, Womersley N.G.F.

| 13447 (L).

DISTRIBUTION : As above. A mountain species, altitude

4 700-1,385 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: Bamler 50 (B holotype burnt, BRSL) not

51 as quoted by Warburg.

I place this species with M. longipes and tubiflora in series

Tubiflorae. There is a similarity in the leaves, the tubular flowers

with the bracteole 1-2 mm. below the base of the perianth and

in the fruit. The flowers are nearest to those of longipes. The

fruit differs from that of both in being less elongate at the base

and apex, the pseudo-stalk shorter, the pericarp harder, thicker

and sometimes minutely warted and the real stalk much stouter

and thicker. The leaves are rather similar also to those of M.

flosculosa but smaller with more crowded nerves. For other

differences see under that species.

(51) Myristica firmipes J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 56.

Species in seriem Tubiflorae ponenda et M. crassipedi affinis

a qua foliis multo minoribus, fructibus majoribus, levibus (non

rugulosis) differt.

Arbor excelsa, radicibus epigaeis praedita, Cortex brunneus.

Ramuli glabri, graciles, juvenes 1-2 mm. crassi, rubro-brunnei,

adulti 3-4 mm. crassi, grisei, rugulosi. Folia chartacea vel tenuiter

coriacea, supra virido-brunnea vel olivacea, subtus pallido-brunnea,.

in partibus squamulis minutis albidis parce induta, anguste

elliptica, utrinque acuta, 4-8 cm. longa, 1.5—2.5 cm.' lata (pro

genere parva); costa supra in sulco depressa, subtus elevata;

nervi 8—14-jugati, supra impressi, subtus prominuli, apicem versus.

fere obsoleti, a costa usque ad margines valde arcuati; reticulationes

paucissimae, obscurae, sub lente tantum visae; petioli graciles,.

1-1.3 cm. longi, 1.5 mm. crassi. Inflorescentia (sectio 2) lingosa,

5 mm. longa. Flores masculi et feminei non visi. Fructus minute

ferrugineo-tomentellus, ellipsoideus vel obovoideo-ellipsoideus,,.

inaequilateralis, 5.5—6 cm. longus, 3.3 cm. latus (nondum maturus),

basi in pseudo-stipitem angustatus, apice obliquus, pericarpium

crassum, lignosum, linea suturalis prominens; stipes 1-1.5 cm.

longus, 7 mm. crassus.

356 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

= |

i JURAIM| Des.

Fig. 56. Myristica firmipes J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with fruit. B, fruit. C, young fruit, one half of pericarp

removed to show aril and seed. A from Brass 7181 (BO isotype).

B the same (LAE holotype). C the same (BRI isotype).

Sinclair — Myristica 357

Tall canopy tree with stilt-roots. Bark brown. Twigs glabrous,

slender, the young ones 1—2 mm. thick, reddish brown, the old

ones 3-4 mm. thick, grey, slightly rough. Leaves chartaceous or

thinly coriaceous, greenish brown or olivaceous above, pale brown

and thinly covered beneath in parts with minute whitish scales,

narrowly elliptic, acute at both ends; midrib lying in a groove

above, raised beneath; nerves 8-14 pairs, impressed above, slightly

prominent beneath but almost obsolete towards the apex, curving

boldly from the midrib to the margins; reticulations very few

and obscure, visible only with a lens; length 4-8 cm.; breadth

1.5—2.5 cm. (the smallest in the genus); petiole slender, 1—1.3 cm.

long and 1-1.5 mm. thick. /nflorescence (section 2) woody, 5 mm.

long. Male and female flowers not seen. Fruit minutely rusty-

tomentulose, ellipsoid or obovoid-ellipsoid, unequal-sided, 5.5—6

cm. long and 3.3 cm. broad (not yet mature), narrowed into

a pseudo-stalk at the base, oblique at the apex, the pericarp thick

and woody, the line of dehiscence prominent; stalk 1-1.5 cm.

long and 7 mm. thick.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Western Disirict:—-Palmer River. 2 miles

below junction with Black River, Brass

7181 (BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION : The above record only, in fruit in July.

Forests of higher ridge crests at 100 m

altitude.

TYPE MATERIAL: Brass 7181 (BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE holo-

type).

The spot characters are the small leaves and the large, thick-

walled, unequal-sided fruit with its oblique apex, thick stalk

and a pseudo-stalk. Such a fruit will at once place it in series

Tubiflorae where the bracteole is a short distance below the base

of the perianth. The fruit of this new species is similar to that

of crassipes and longipes but slightly larger. Unfortunately the

flowers are as yet unknown, but they will probably be of a

similar tubular shape like the other members of this montane

group.

(52) Myristica guadalcanalensis J. Sinclair, sp. nov.

Synonym: M. buchneriana (non Warb.) C. T. White in Walker,

For. Br. Sol. Islands Prot. (1948) 146 et 2nd edit. (1962) 146;

C. T. White in J. Arn. Arb. 31, 1 (1950) 83. — Fig. 57.

I have deleted the Latin description of this species so that the

name M. guadalcanalensis will not be valid. Since this paper went

to the press, better material of it was sent in by T. C. Whitmore’s

collectors for naming and from this I saw that it was only M.

insipida R.Br. and not a new species. It will be noted that Walker

& C. T. White 36, the proposed type of guadalcanalensis was in

female flower and fruit. When preparing my description of

insipida no female flowers were then available to me, otherwise

I might have seen that the two were the same. The recent speci-

mens are also from Guadalcanal, namely F. Kere BSIP 4987 and

5003.

358 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

JURAIM | DEL,

Fig. 57. Myristica guadalcanalensis J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with female flowers. B, female flower-buds. C, female

flowers fully expanded. D, fruit. A from Walker & C. T. White

BSIP 36 (L isotype). B—C the same (BRI holotype). D the same

(BRI) a second sheet from the same gathering as the holotype.

Sinclair — Myristica 359

Tall tree 34 m. high, the bole bare up to 16 m. Bark nearly

black, finely longitudinally fissured; sap copious, deep red. Twigs

slender, 1-3 mm. thick, glabrous, finely striate vertically, usually

blackish grey but yellowish in parts, especially towards the apex.

Leaves numerous, chartaceous, glabrous, yellowish brown, paler

beneath, narrowly elliptic with an occasional falcate one, acute

at both ends, thickened but scarcely revolute at the margins;

nerves 10-15 pairs, average 12 pairs, often with a short secondary

nerve here and there, slightly depressed above, very fine on both

surfaces, indistinct or vanishing at the margins and apex, deeply

and irregularly curved; reticulations not at all distinct above,

invisible beneath; length 6-12 cm., average 9 cm.; breadth 2-4

cm., average 2.5 cm. (small size-class); petiole slender, 1—1.5 cm.

long and 1-1.3 mm. thick. Male flowers not seen. Female flowers

1-4, arising from woody, 1-3 mm. long pustules: perianth ellipsoid

in bud, urceolate and split down 4-way with acute, reflexed

lobes at flowering, minutely adpressed-puberulous, 4 mm. long

and 2.5-2.75 mm. broad; pedicels 2.5-3 mm. long, 0.75 mm.

thick; bracteole 1 mm, long and situated 1 mm. below the apex

of the pedicel. Fruit ellipsoid, attenuate and acute at both ends,

at first rusty-tomentulose, later glabrous, 5 cm. long and 2.5 cm.

broad, pericarp 1-2 mm. thick; stalk 8 mm—1 cm. long, 3.5 mm.

thick. Aril bright orange. Seed oblong-elliptic, 3 cm. long and

1.3 cm. broad.

SOLOMONS GUADALCANAL: North coast near Nalimbin (Malimby)

River, Walker & C.T. White BSIP 36

(BRI holotype, CANB, K, L).

DISTRIBUTION : This single record in riverine rain forest

in female flower and fruit in August.

VERNACULAR NAME: | Aininiu.

This species would seem to belong to series Tubiflorae firstly

on account of the bracteole being situated a little below the base

of the perianth and secondly because of the ellipsoid fruit, very

similar to that of Jongipes. It is slightly smaller with a thinner

stalk and pericarp than that of firmipes, but more attenuate and

not oblique at the apex. The leaves of both, small size-class, are

rather similar, those of the Solomon species being thinner without

whitish scales beneath and the nerves less distinct but generally

more (1-2 extra) in number. This is the first record of a series

Tubiflorae species outside New Guinea. |

(53) Myristica flosculosa J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Figs 58-59.

Species M. crassipedi proxima a qua foliis majoribus, nervis

inter se distantioribus, floribus masculis paullo tenuioribus,

pedicellis brevioribus atque gracilioribus, fructibus oblongo-

ovoideis (non gibbosis) apice rotundatis, stipitibus tenuioribus

differt.

Arbor 6-15 m. alta. Cortex griseo-brunneus, per longitudinem

leviter fissus; latex rubro-brunneus. Ramuli glabri, 3-4 mm. crassi,

partes juveniles 2-angulatate, 10-20 cm. longae, leves, rubro-

brunneae, partes adultae griseo-brunneae, striatulae. Folia

360 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

JuRAi DEL.

Fig. 58. Myristica flosculosa J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, twig with male inflorescences.

C, male flower fully expanded. D, staminal column. A from

Hoogland 3717 (A isotype). B the same (CANB isotype). C—D

the same (L holotype).

Sinclair — Myristica 361

mediocria, coriacea, glabra, supra atroviridia, in sicco pallido-

brunnea vel flavescentia, subtus minute cinereo- vel flavido-

squamulosa nervis costaque rubro-brunneis exceptis, late elliptica,

oblongo-elliptica vel elliptico-lanceolata, basi obtuse acuta, apice

in acumen breve obtusum -producta, 11-23 cm. longa, vulgo

17 cm., 4-9 cm. lata, vulgo 7 cm.; costa supra plana in sulco

immersa, subtus convexa, elevata; nervi 15—20-jugati, supra

impressi, subtus prominentes, a costa angulo 70—-90° abeuntes,

primum valde arcuati, deinde sensim ascendentes; reticulationes

supra invisibiles, subtus scalariformes, graciles, saepe indistinctae;

petioli 1-1.5 cm. longi, 3 mm. crassi. /nflorescentia mascula ut

in Knema, lignosa, tuberculiformis et cicatricosa, c. 5 mm. longa,

apice floribus 4-5 confertis. Flores masculi tubiformes pallido-

flavi, 8 mm.—l cm. longi, 2 mm. lati, minute tomentelli vel fere

glabri, apice in alabastro obtusi vel ad anthesin in lobulos late

patentes vel reflexos 4-fissi; lobuli apicibus incrassati, obtuse acuti;

columna staminalis anguste cylindrica, 9 mm. longa ex ore

perianthii c. 1 mm. exserta; pars fertilis antheris 7-8 praedita,

breviter apiculata (apiculo 0.3-0.5 mm. longo) quam stipes duplo

longior sed eum aequilata; stipes sparsim pubescens vel basi

tantum pilis appressis obtectus: pedicelli graciles 5 mm. longi;

bracteola c. 1 mm. longa, | mm. infra basim perianthii affixa.

Flores feminei 1-3, vulgo 2, ex tuberculo brevi orti; perianthium

elongato-ovoideum, minute tomentellum, 5—6 mm, longum, paullo

supra basim 3-3.5 mm. latum, apice ut in masculis 4-partitum;

ovarium ferrugineo-tomentosum in stigmata attenuatum; pedicelli

6-8 mm. longi, medio minute bracteolati. Fructus solitarius vel

binis, oblongo-ovoideus; infra basim truncatum in brevem pseudo-

pedem, 3-4 mm. longum productus, apice rotundatus et minute

apiculatus, ferrugineo-tomentellus, 3 cm. longus, pseudo-pede

incluso, 2.3 cm. in diam., pericarpium lignosum, 2 mm. crassum;

stipes 1 cm. longus, 4 mm. crassus. |

Tree 15 m. high. Bark greyish brown with shallow, longitudinal

fissures; sap reddish brown. Twigs glabrous, 3-4 mm. thick, the

young parts 2-angled, 10-20 cm. long, smooth and reddish brown,

the old parts greyish brown and finely striate. Leaves medium

size-class, coriaceous, glabrous, dark green above, pale brown

or becoming yellowish brown when dry, the lower surface

cinereous or pale yellowish with minute scales except the reddish

brown midrib and nerves, broadly elliptic, oblong-elliptic or

elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acute at the base and drawn out at

the apex into a short blunt acumen: midrib flat and lying in

a groove above, convex and raised beneath; nerves 15-20 pairs,

sunk above, prominent beneath, leaving the midrib at an angle

of 70-90°, curving with deep arches at first, then gradually

ascending; reticulations invisible above, fine, scalariform and

often indistinct beneath; length 11-23 cm., average 17 cm.;

breadth 4-9 cm., average 7 cm.; petiole 1-1.5 cm. long and

3 mm. thick. Male inflorescence as in Knema, a woody, scar-

covered, 5 mm. long tubercle with 4-5 flowers at the apex.

362 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

GY |

(Lg

\ NZ

/ Yf

SY SWAY a \

————

‘AN

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N\\\

'\B

ics

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JuRAIm DEL-

Fig. 59. Myristica flosculosa J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with fruit. B, two fruits from a sing’e inflorescence.

C, two female inflorescences. D, female flower. E, ovary. A from

Carr 15550 (A). B from Carr 15550 (SING). C-E from Carr

15549 (SING).

Sinclair — Myristica 363

Male flowers tubular, pale yellow, 8 mm.—1l cm. long and 2 mm.

broad, minutely tomentulose or almost glabrous, obtuse at the

apex in bud or split down 4-way by the small, spreading or reflexed

lobes when the buds unfold, lobes thickened and obtusely acute

at their apices; staminal column narrowly cylindrical, 9 mm.

long, projecting about 1 mm. out of the mouth of the perianth,

the fertile part with 7-8 anthers, shortly apiculate (the apiculus

0.3-0.5 mm. long) twice as long as the stalk but equalling it

in breadth, the latter sparsely pubescent or covered with adpressed

hairs at the base only: pedicels slender, 5 mm. long; bracteole

about 1 mm. long and attached to the pedicel about 1 mm.

below the base of the perianth. Female flowers 1-3, usually

2 arising from a short tubercle; perianth elongate-ovoid, minutely

tomentulose, 5-6 mm. long and 3-3.5 mm. broad a little above

the base, split down 4-way at the apex as in the male; ovary

rusty-tomentose, attenuate into the stigmas; pedicels 6-8 mm.

long with a minute bracteole at the middle. Fruit solitary or in

pairs, oblong-ovoid, produced into a 3-4 mm. long pseudo-stalk

below the truncate base, rounded and then minutely apiculate at

the apex, rusty-tomentulose, 3 cm. long, including the pseudo-

stalk, 2.3 cm. broad, pericarp woody, 2 mm. thick; stalk stout,

1 cm, long and 4 mm. thick.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Northern District:—Isuarava, Carr Nos.

15549 (BM, CANB, G, K, L, SING) and

15550 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, SING);

Divinikoari Hill, about 3 km south of

Divinikoari Village, Hoogland 3717 (A,

BM, BO, CANB, K, L, LAE, US).

Milne Bay District:—about 2 miles south

of Binigura, Baniara sub-district, foothills

of Maneau Range, Saunders 175 (A, BM,

CANB, L).

DISTRIBUTION : South-east Papua. In lowland rain forest

up to 1,538 m (5,000 ft) in the hills.

Flowering Aug.-Sept., fruiting Feb.

TYPE MATERIAL: Hoogland 3717 (L_ holotype).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Kearara (Onjob language at Naukwate);

mafureb (Minufia language at Kabulu);

para (Orokaiva language at Mumni).

The outstanding features of this species are the dark reddish

brown twigs, smooth and faintly 2-angled for a considerable

distance downwards before they become greyish and striate, the

pale brownish colour of the leaves (medium size-class) on the

upper surface when dry, the deep curves of their veins, the

graceful, tubular, minutely tomentulose to almost glabrous male

flowers and their long staminal column and the oblong-ovoid

fruit with broad base, very short pseudo-stalk and collar, rounded

apex and fairly stout stalk.

364 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

M. flosculosa another member of series Tubiflorae is nearest

to crassipes, especially in the leaves which also have about the

same number of veins. In crassipes the leaves are smaller,

however, and the veins are closer to each other. The fruit differs

in being rounded at the apex. It is not gibbous like that of

crassipes and the stalk, although stout, is not so thick. Carr’s

specimens from the higher elevation (5,000 ft.) have slightly

smaller leaves than the lowland specimens of flosculosa. They

are slightly more yellowish on the lower surface also, but other-

wise I can see no specific differences.

(54) Myristica cucullata Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 166.

— Fig. 60.

Tree 6-25 m. high. Bark dark grey to nearly black, flaking

slightly longitudinally; sap-wood pale straw, heart-wood pale

brown; sap red. Twigs glabrous, dark grey or blackish grey, often

slightly shining, smooth or finely longitudinally striate with a

few scattered lenticels, 3-4 mm. thick in the younger parts,

stouter ones up to 6 mm. thick sometimes present. Leaves varying

in texture, slightly coriaceous to rigidly coriaceous, the margins

slightly revolute, dark green and glossy above, drying dark to

pale yellowish brown or (in the thinner leaves) blackish brown,

the lower surface greyish or whitish grey due to very minute

scales sunk in the tissue of the leaf (not powdery or loose),

rarely a few yellowish scales present, oblong or oblong-elliptic,

the sides tending to be parallel, base bluntly acute or rounded,

the apex also bluntly acute or obtuse; midrib smooth, flat or

slightly convex and lying in a groove above, 2-3 mm. broad at

the base and 1 mm. broad higher up; nerves 16-23 pairs, average

20, often with a shorter, secondary one between a main pair,

close together, nearly parallel or curving slightly, arising at an

angle of about 60—80° from the midrib, slender on both surfaces,

sunk, above, level with the lower surface, rarely raised, their

brown colour beneath contrasting with the paler background;

reticulations not always visible, fine, faint and scalariform on

both surfaces when present; length 15-23 cm.; breadth 4~7-(9) cm.:;

petiole 1.55 cm. long and 24 mm. thick, drying black.

Inflorescence a short woody tubercle or later a main axis,

8 mm.—l cm. long with two divaricate branches of about the

same length, male 3-5 flowered, female 1-3 flowered. Male

flowers (those seen rather poor and immature) light brown

adpressed-tomentulose outside, cream inside, oblong-ovoid and

slightly 3-angled at the apex in bud, elongate later, (5)-8 mm.—l cm.

long and 3-6 mm. broad, split down about 4-way into the perianth

lobes which are broadly ovate and bluntly acute at the apex;

staminal column 5 mm. long with 8-10 anthers and an acute,

0.75 mm. long sterile apiculus, stalk glabrous, 2.5 mm. long,

as long as the fertile part and its apiculus; bracteole triangular,

sheathing, at first entirely enclosing the young flower except for

365

Sinclair — Myristica

\\\

k AN

VANS

\\\\\

Fig. 60. Myristica cucullata Mef.

male flower. C, staminal

column. D, leaf with rounded base from a more coriaceous form.

female flower with ovary and basal

remains of perianth. I, female flower. A-—C from von Rémer 1063a

(BO). D—-F from Brass & Versteegh 12512 (L). G from Ledermann

10131 (L isotype). H-I from Womersley & Millar N.G.F. 8444

(BRI).

male flower-buds from the L isotype

at this stage almost completely covered by the bracteoles except

E, fruit. F, aril and seed. G,

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences.

for a small lateral gap. H

366 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

a narrow portion at its margins, later its scar 1-3 mm. below the

base of the perianth and 5 mm. below in fruit; pedicels 6-7 mm.

long, slender. Female flowers 1-3, flask-shaped, suddenly narrowed

above the 4 mm. broad base, 7 mm. long and split down

4-way at the apex into the reflexed teeth; ovary rusty-tomentulose:

pedicel 6 mm. long, angled, stouter than in the male. Fruit

single, 3-6 cm. long and 2-3.5 cm. broad, narrowly oblong, obtuse

at the apex or slightly narrowed, often appearing acute in

herbaria since it readily splits into two halves when dry, at first

minutely rusty-tomentulose, glabrous and shining when old,

pericarp hard, 5~7 mm. thick; stalk 1-1.5 cm. long and 4 mm.

thick. Aril red. Seed oblong or narrowly oblong-ovoid, dark

brown and glossy when dry, 3.5 cm. long and 1.8 cm. broad.

NEW GUINEA DutcH Nortu: Sidoarsi Mts, Iwanggin BW9041 (L), Mt

New GUINEA: Moasets, south-west of Sarmi, Hollandia,

Karstel BW Nos. 5321 (L) & 5324 (L);

Bernhard Camp, Idenburg River, 6 km

south-west of the above, Brass & Vers-

teegh 12512 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L):; 8

km south-west of the above, Brass 12738

(A, BO) and 4 km south-west of the

above, Brass & Versteegh 13523 (BM,

BO, BRI, L, LAE) some of the duplicates

of these three numbers may have Brass

only as the collector.

DutcH SoutH §S.1., von Romer 1063a (BO): Wissel

NEw GUINEA: Lakes Region, biv. 16-17, alt. 1380-1600

m, Eyma 4283 (BO, L); Doglia, north of

Kebo, Wissel Lakes, Vink & Schram

BW8792 (L).

PAPUA: Central District:—Tapini sub-district,

Woitape Area, McVeagh N.G.F. 10750

(SING).

T.N.G. : Sepik District:—Etappenberg, Leder-

mann 9110 (L); Lordberg, Ledermann

10131 (L).

Eastern Highlands:—Aiyura, L. S. Smith

N.G.F. 1076 (BRI, LAE) & Womersley

N.G.F. 3393 (A, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L,

LAE).

Morobe District:—Sattelberg Area _ the

following Clemens Nos:— Ogeramnang,

Clemens Nos 4764 (A); 4971 (A); 5153

(A, BRI) & 5475 (A, B, SING); Sambanga,

Clemens Nos. 7810a (A, B, L, SING) &

7810b (B); Samanzing, Clemens 9312 (A,

B, L, SING); Wau-Salamaua Road, near

Skindewai, Womersley & Millar N.G.F.

8444 (A, BRI, K).

DISTRIBUTION : The mountains of the east coast of New

Guinea, altitude 560-2,030 m _ from

Hollandia to Morobe and one record in

Dutch South New Guinea.

TYPE MATERIAL: Ledermann 10131 (B_ holotype, burnt,

L); Ledermann 9110 (L paratype).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Betelohoi (Manikiong language): gudua

(Woitape Area); kame (Kapaukoe lan-

uage, Wissel Lakes); namperaro (Aiyura);

nawbakara (Kwerba language at Mt

Moasets); sigari (Kamano); soeroem (Mt

Moasets, probably Kwerba).

Sinclair — Myristica 367

A mountain species which I have placed in series Tubiflorae.

It has affinities with longipes, both having somewhat similar

leaves with fine slender nerves and reticulations. The nerves are,

however, more numerous in cucullata and the margins of the

leaves tend to be more parallel. The flowers are less tubular

and the fruit is broader at the middle, rounded and not attenuate

towards both ends and on a shorter and thicker stalk. Dichotomy

can be present but the axis grows slowly and is shorter with

usually only one fruit reaching maturity. The name cucullata

refers to the shape of the bracteoles which almost entirely cover

the young flowers; they drop off early and their scais may be

seen 1-3 mm. below the base of the older flowers. There are

certain specimens of longipes from the Idenburg River in which

the fruit approaches that of cucullata, being less elongate than

that of typical longipes. Is it possible that these two species

hybridize?

In cucullata there is considerable variability in the texture and

breadth of the leaves. The veins are usually fine and not raised

on the lower surface; numerous secondary ones are also present.

The specimens from the Idenburg River have broader and more

coriaceous leaves with thicker petioles and twigs than the rest

of the material but otherwise they are the same. A. C. Smith

has also named them cucullata. Material from Dutch South New

Guinea (including the Wissel Lakes) differs slightly in having

the veins more prominent and slightly raised on the lower

surface. The specimens of Womersley N.G.F. 3393 from the

Eastern Highlands have rather slender twigs but their BO duplicate

has thicker twigs and broader leaves more like those of the

typical. If infra-specific taxa ought to be recognized here, I am

not prepared to define any major ones on the variability of leaves

alone, remembering the parallel instances of this kind seen in

species like iners and even longipes. What may be of significance

in deciding subordinate taxonomic limits is the fact that the

flowers of the Wissel Lakes and Morobe District specimens are

considerably smaller than those of the type from the Sepik

District or of those from the Sidoarsi Mountains. It seems that

the specimens with the largest leaves tend to have the largest

flowers but how far this is true is not known since material

from some of the important areas lacks flowers. The selection

of flowering material on the whole is poor, inadequate and mostly

immature. We do not yet know what the flowers of the Idenburg

specimens are like nor in which category to place specimens

like N.G.F. 3393 from the Central District, which have both

large and small leaves on the same tree. Some of the large-leaved

specimens from Hollandia are said to be from young trees.

368 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

14. SERIES CIMICIFERAE

series Cimiciferae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 380 excl. M.

buchneriana Warb.

Synonyms: series Inutiles (Inutilis) Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 378 quoad M. macgregorii Warb. tantum. Series

Montanae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 381 quoad M.

montanoides Warb. tantum. Series Suaves (Suavis) Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 377 quoad M. tristem Warb. tantum.

Twigs slender, 1-3 mm. thick and reddish brown in the apical

portions, glabrous except the minutely puberulous terminal bud,

greyish and longitudinally striate in the older portions. Leaves

mostly chartaceous, sometimes thinly coriaceous, drying various

shades, pale grey, yellowish brown to medium brown or slightly

blackish above, pale brown, yellowish brown or sometimes

glaucous beneath in globosa, mostly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,

the base mostly acute, the apex acute, bluntly acute, less often

acuminate, small size-class (those of concinna among the smallest

in the genus) 5—20 cm, long, average 12 cm.; 1-7.5 cm. broad,

average 4 cm.; nerves 10-18 pairs, average 14 pairs, slender,

much curved, leaving the midrib at a wide angle, distinct except

in concinna, secondary nerves absent: reticulations mostly absent,

some faint ones seen with a lens on the lower surface; petiole

slender, 8 mm.—1.5 cm. long and 1-2 mm. thick. /nflorescence

a short unbranched, 2-5 mm. long woody tubercle with dense

clusters of ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid flowers (fewer in the

clusters in globosa). Male perianth pale yellowish-tomentulose to

tomentose, 4-6 mm. long and 1.2-3 mm. broad, split down

4-way at the apex into the non-reflexed lobes; pedicels variable,

as long as the flowers, 5-6 mm. long and filiform in globosa to

shorter, 0.5-3 mm. long and 1 mm. thick in the other two;

bracteole minute, situated at the apex of the pedicel and at

the base of the perianth; staminal column without a sterile

apiculus, the stalk tomentose or tomentose at the base only,

narrower than the fertile part and about half as long. Female

flowers (in globosa) urceolate, 6 mm. long and 4 mm. broad;

pedicels 5-7 mm. long, stouter than in the male (not seen in

the other two species). Fruit 1.5-3.5 cm. long and 1-2.5 cm.

broad, pale brown or yellowish brown, globose, sub-globose, less

often oblong or ellipsoid, without a central apiculus except when

very young, glabrous or soon becoming glabrous, the pericarp

thin and liable to break in herbaria; stalk 3-7 mm., average

5 mm. long and 1-3 mm. thick — 3 species, M. concinna, globosa

and insipida.

TYPE SPECIES: (M. cimicifera R.Br.) = insipida R. Br.

The outstanding features of this series are the small thin,

mostly elliptic leaves with widely curving nerves, the absence

of secondary nerves and the paucity of reticulations, the slender

glabrous twigs, the small ellipsoid male flowers with long or

short pedicels, the absence of the sterile apiculus to the column

and the small globose to oblong fruits with a thin pericarp.

Sinclair — Myristica 369

Two of the species, insipida and globosa are very common, and

have a wide distribution while concinna is very rare. The wide

distribution of insipida even to Northern Australia may be due

to the fact that it is a species of the costal dunes. The fruits

of all three are small and could easily be distributed by birds,

especially those of M. globosa. M. concinna probably evolved

from globosa later and has had less time to spread very far.

At least it seems to be nearer to globosa in general apperance

as well as in other details, but rather strange to say it has the

short male pedicels of insipida and its male flowers too are

closer to those of insipida. I should have expected that the

length of the pedicels, a rather minor character, would have,

in this small series, been long like those of globosa. In fact,

I was surprised to find this variation of the pedicels in an

otherwise uniform series.

This series through M. globosa seems to come nearest to

series Subalulatae. In many ways M. globosa is like a miniature

M. subalulata. The shape of the flowers, the long pedicels, the

appearance of the leaves and fruit are similar, though all on a

smaller scale. The twigs, however, lack the two lines from

petiole base to petiole base, the fruit has a central mucro only

when young and the apiculus of the staminal column is absent

or poorly developed in comparison with that of the Subalulatae.

At one time before the Master Key to the series was prepared,

I thought that series Cimiciferae was near to series Laurifoliae

and was about to unite the two. Series Cimiciferae differs from

the last-mentioned in its ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid male flowers,

those of the latter being ovoid or sub-globose. The leaves also

are much larger in Laurifoliae, but they are of less importance.

Probably I ought to have placed insipida in series Laurifoliae,

and then concinna with short pedicels would have to go there

too. On the other hand globosa might have been placed in series

Subalulatae. It probably does not matter very much as the last

few series in section II ie. those without the yellow powdery

scales on the lower surface of the leaves (excluding the Tubiflorae)

are all rather similar, differing only in minor characters. Grouping

in relation to certain sets of similar characters will produce one

arrangement and a different arrangement is possible by a grouping

which depends on other combinations of related characters. Once

again, series are but minor divisions and differences oe them

are not spectacular.

Attention has been drawn to the fact that sterile specimens

of globosa might be confused with sterile ones of fragrans since

the leaves are in some ways similar. See notes under the

description of M. globosa for details.

(55) Myristica insipida R. Br. Prodr. Fl. N. Holl. ed. 1 (1810)

400 et ed. 2 (1827) 256; Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. Bot.

Suppl. 4, 1 = 12 (1816) 36; Spreng. Syst. ed. 16, 3 (1826) 65;

A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 206; Benth. Fl. Austr. 5 (1870) 281;

F.v. Miller, (First) Syst. Census Austr. Pl. (1882) 3; F. M.

Bailey, Syn. Queensl. Fl. (1883) 419; Queensl. Woods (1886)

370 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

64 and (edit. 1888) 94; Rep. Gov. Sci. Exp. Bell.-Ker (1889)

54: J. H. Maiden, Usef. Nat. Pl. Austr. (1889) 577; F.v. Muller,

Sec. Syst. Census Austr. Pl. (1889) 6; F. M. Bailey, Cat. PI.

Queensl. (1890) 39; J. F. Bailey in Queens]. Agric. J. 5 (1899)

401; F. M. Bailey, Queens]. Woods (edit. 1899) 107-108 et

Queensl. Fl. 4 (1901) 1287; W. F. Fitzgerald in J. Proc. Muell.

Bot. Soc. W. Austr. 2 (1903) 54; F. M. Bailey in Meston

Exp. Bell.-Ker (Parliam-Rep.) (1904) 14 et Compreh. Cat.

Queensl. Pl. (1913) 419 f.407-409; Ewart et Davies, Fl. North.

Terr. (1917) 111; Francis in Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl. 39 (1928)

t.11; Blake in Austr. J. Bot. 2, 1 (1954) 124; Specht et

Mountford, Rec. Exped. Arnhem Land 3 (1958) 229 et 409.

Synonyms: M. cimicifera Soland. ex R. Br.Fl. N. Holl. ed. 1

(1810) 400 et ed. 2 (1827) 256; Poiret in Lamarck Encycl.

Méth. Bot. Suppl. 4 (1816) 36; Spreng. Syst. ed. 16, 3 (1826)

65; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 191; Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 499 t.18 f.1-6; Britten, Illustr. Austr. Pl. Banks &

Soland. 3 (1905) 78 t.251; Domin in Biblioth. Botan. 22 (1925)

671. M. cimicifera var. typica Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

501; Domin in Biblioth. Botan. 22 (1925) 672. M. cimicifera

var. insipida (R. Br.) Warb. l1.c. 501; Domin l.c. 672. M.

cimicifera var. acutifolia Warb. 1.c. 502 = (var. kingii Warb.

Msc. nomen nudum in sched.); Domin 1|.c. 672. M. cimicifera

var. muelleri (Warb.) Domin l1.c. 672. M. muelleri Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 502. M. macgregorii Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 479: Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 168

excl. Ledermann 779 = (M. globosa Warb.) syn. nov. —

Fig. 61.

Tree 6-20 m. high with straight bole and horizontal branches.

Bark dark brown to almost black, longitudinally striate, flaking

in rectangular portions when old; sap pink. Twigs glabrous

except the terminal bud, finely longitudinally striate, yellowish

or reddish brown when young, greyish brown when old, some-

what slender, 3 mm. thick at the apex and 4-5 mm. thick lower

down. Leaves chartaceous to slightly coriaceous, glabrous, medium

to dark green and glossy above when fresh, paler and dull or

slightly glaucous with yellowish green midrib beneath, drying

a pale greenish brown and glossy or dull above, and a pale

yellowish brown beneath, variable in shape, mostly narrowly

elliptic but also lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate

on the same tree and even in the same specimen, base acute

or less often rounded, apex bluntly acute or obtuse, occasionally

acute; midrib lying in a groove above; nerves 10-15 pairs,

closely or distantly spaced, slender, sunk above, slightly prominent

beneath, curving gradually from midrib to margin; reticulations

Sinclair — Myristica 371

JURAIM/ DEL. 5 cm

Fig. 61. Myristica insipida R. Br.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower C, staminal

column. D, fruit. E, aril and seed. F, cluster of fruit. A-C from

Brass 6430 (A). D from Brass 1633 (A). E from Brass 8122 (BO).

F from Brass 8122 (BRI).

372 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

very faint on both surfaces when the texture of the leaf is

thick, mostly absent in thin leaves; length 10-20 cm.; breadth

2.5-7.5 cm., average 5 cm. (often large and small ones on the

sanfe specimen); petiole 1-1.5 cm. long and 2 mm. thick. Male

inflorescence Knema-like with a dense cluster of up to 10 flowers

arising from the apex of each 2-5 mm. long, woody tubercle.

Male flowers coriaceous, oblong or narrowly ellipsoid, obtuse at

the apex in bud, densely pale brown-tomentose outside, cream-

coloured and glabrous inside, 5-6 mm. long and 3 mm. broad,

split down 41-way into the deltoid, acute perianth teeth; pedicels

tomentose, slightly shorter than the perianth, 2-3 mm. long;

bracteole semi-orbicular, half-embracing the perianth on one

side, tomentose outside, glabrous inside, closely adpressed to the

base of the perianth, 1.5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad; staminal

column 4-5 mm. long, the fertile part 3 mm. long with 8-10

anthers, cylindrical and rounded at the apex with or without a

sterile apiculus, the stalk 1.5-2 mm. long, half to nearly as

long as the fertile part, and slightly narrower than it, striate,

thinly hairy at the base with 1 mm. long, whitish hairs. Female

flowers not seen. Fruit oblong, rounded at the apex, only slightly

narrowed at the base above the stalk, pale brown and sparsely

covered with 0.5-1 mm. long, dendroid hairs, these breaking

and appearing short when old, the pericarp thin and wrinkled

on drying, 2.5-3.5 cm. long and 1.5-1.8 cm. broad; stalk short,

5 mm. long and 3 mm. thick. Aril red. Seed oblong, rounded

at both ends, pale yellowish brown, shining, 1.8 cm. long and

1.3 cm. broad.

LESSER SUNDA P. BaBar: Letwurung, J.v.B. Waalkes 3217 (K, L).

ISLANDS

Timor Laut: Forbes 3368 (A, BM, CAL, K, SING);

Riedel (per Dr. Meyer) June 1884 (K);

Mejano Das, bb24416 (A, BO, K, L,

SING); Adaut, Pulau Selaru, J.v.B.

Waalkes 3143 (K, L, P, SING).

NEW GUINEA DutcH SoutH Ginu, Okaba, Branderhorst 11 BO,

New GUINEA: K, L, U); Merauke, Branderhorst 294

(BO, K, L, U) and Koch 708 (BO, L).

PAPUA: Milne Bay District:—Barawara, W.

McGregor 12 (MEL).

Central District:—Rubologo Creek,

Brown River Road, Port Moresby, E.

Gray N.G.F. 8085 (A, BM, BO, BRI,

CANB, K, L, NSW, SING); Rubologo

Creek, Mt Lawes Timber’ Reserve,

Jackson N.G.F. 4521 (A, BO, BRI,

CANB, K, L, LAE, SING); Yule Island,

C.T. White 734 (BRI); Toulon Island,

Lister Turner, Nov. 1930 (BM, BRI):

Kalo, Brass 510 (A, BRI, K, P); Mori

River Bras 1633 (A, BRI, K, P).

Western District:—Mabaduan. Brass

6505 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE); Daru

Island, Brass 6430 (A, BM, BO BRI, K,

L); Lower Fly River, east bank, opposite

Sturt Island, Brass 8122 (A, BM, BO,

BRI, L, LAE).

ISLETS IN Thursday Island, Jaheri, date 16th May

TORRES STRAIT: 190] (BO).

Sinclair — Myristica

AUSTRALIA WESTERN

AUSTRALIA:

NORTHERN

TERRITORY :

QUEENSLAND :

CULTIVATED:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

Swan River, Lieut King s.n. (BR, G);

York Island, Brunswick Bay, Herb.

Hooker (J. Smith) sn. (CAL; K) &

Cunningham 288 (BM, K).

Port Darwin, R. Brown 25 (G, Boiss., P)

and s.n. (BM) probably the same collec-

tion: Holtze 6151 (Z); Darwin, Hill 432

(NSW); Holtze’s Jungle near Darwin,

M.R. Jacobs 9 (NSW); Port Essington,

Armstrong 580 (K); Yirkala, Arnhem

Land, Specht Nos 841 (K, L, LAE, NSW)

and 84/b (K, L, LAE, NSW); Groot

Eglandt, Specht 666 (K, L) and Tindale

N.S.W. Acc. No. 43136 (NSW); Chasm

Island, R. Grown 2312 (BM).

Carpentaria, R. Brown 3012 (E, K); Cape

York, Thozet, date 1870 (G); Albany

Island, Hill 80 (K); Cooktown, Mt Cook,

Warburg 19500 (B, burnt); Daintree

River, Kajewski 1392 (BM, E, K, P,

SING); Mossman River Gorge, Brass

2134 (K, P); Mawbrag River, Brass 1987

(K, P); Fitzroy Islands, Endeavour River,

Lieut. King s.n. (G & Prodr., K) and

Banks & Solander, date 1770 (BM; K);

Fitzroy Islands, Cunningham 312 (BM,

K) & s.n. (G & Prodr.); Bellenden-Ker.

C.T. White 1284 (NSW); Gadgarrah

River, Atherton, Kajewski Nos 1007 (K,

P, UC) and 1168 (E, K, P); Innisfail,

Michael 5 = N.S.W Acc. No 43139

(NSW); Rockingham Bay, R. Brown s.n.

(BO, P) and Dallachy (Herb. v. Muller)

s.n. (FI, K, NSW) and Wilhelmi s.n. (B,

burnt); Sandy Cape, Port Bowen,

McGillivray 102 (BM, NSW); Sarina,

C.E. Hubbard & Winders 6510 (K); Bay-

field just north of Keppel Bay, C.T.

White 8140 (BM).

Hort. Bog., IVG24, Sinclair 10027 (A, B,

BM, E, K, L, NY, SING); IVG24 from

same tree, Sutrisno 124 (A, BO, L, SING)

the BO duplicate has a portion of

lancifolia var. montana mounted on the

sheet.

Lesser Sunda Islands (P. Babar and

Timor Laut), Coast of New Guinea,

especially on the southern shores, the

coast of Queensland down to latitude

23°N (the southern limit of the genus

Myristica), Northern Territory and that

portion of the Western Australian coast

opposite Timor Laut. The locality of Lt.

King’s specimen from the Swan River,

Western Australia must be an error.

Domin suggests that the label has got

mixed up with that of some other plant

and interchanged.

M. insipida R. Br. Brown Nos 25 (G.

Boiss., P) Port Darwin; 30/2 (E, K)

Carpentaria and 23/2 (BM) Chasm Island,

Northern Territory three syntypes. M.

cimicifera R. Br., Banks & Solander

date 1770 (BM, K holotype) Endeavour

River, Queensland. M. cimicifera var.

acutifolia Warb. = var. kingii Warb.

Msc., nomen nudum in sched., ined., Lt.

King s.n. (BR, G) Swan River, Western

374 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Australia. M. macgregorii Warb., Mac-

Gregor 12 (B holotype burnt, MEL)

Barawara, Papua. M. muelleri Warb.,

Dallachy (Herb. v. Miller) s.n. (FI, K,

NSW); Wilhelmi s.n. (B burnt) both

Rockingham Bay, Queensland and War-

burg 19500 (B, burnt) Cooktown, Queens-

land, three syntypes.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Untuhul (P. Babar’. Saoda _ (Koiari

dialect, Port Moresby). Queensland

nutmeg (Australia); gooroombah (Tully

River Natives); kurroonbah (Barron

River).

A tree of the coastal sand dune forest; often on the shores

of small islands, but never very far inland. Warburg’s contention

that cimicifera, a Solander’s manuscript name, (Warburg, page

501) was in use before the name insipida, cannot stand under

Article 57 of the Code. Bentham was the first to unite these

two species and the right to choose one of them for all time

remains with him. Blake follows Bentham in reducing cimicifera

to a synonym of insipida and also points out Warburg’s mistake

in nomenclature [Austr. J. Botany 2 (1954) 124]. Warburg using

cimicifera as the starting point, regarded insipida as a variety of

it. He describes yet another variety, namely acutifolia Warb.

under it, but creates a new species, M. muelleri, to dispose of

three other specimens which he says are near to cimicifera.

There is some variation in the shape, size and texture of the

leaf in M. insipida. Large and small leaves with an acute or

rounded base, the veins close together or distantly spaced, are

frequent, not only on the same tree, but even in the same

specimen. The general colour of the upper surface of the leaf

is dark green and glossy when fresh and pale yellowish brown

or olive-green when dry, the gloss often being retained. Small

leaves, especially if the veins beneath have a reddish tinge,

resemble the leaves of M. globosa. Markgraf mistook Ledermann

7799 (M. globosa) and cited it with M. macgregorii Warb.,

another synonym of insipida. Since insipida is distributed over

a fairly wide area, some variation, especially in leaf characters,

is expected, but such variants in leaf form are not confined to

any one distinct area. Since they are, as pointed out above,

to be seen in the same specimen, I find then quite useless in

separating the various varieties given by Warburg. I cannot

even maintain his M. muelleri, mentioned above, separate from

insipida. Whether the fertile part of the staminal column ends

in an apiculus or not seems immaterial. I have examined many

flowers of the New Guinea material of insipida and find that an

apiculus may or may not be present even in the same specimen.

I also find that long or short hairs on the fruit will not separate

muelleri and cimicifera as is stated by Warburg nor will it, in fact,

separate any of the other so-called species or varieties. The

hairs are very brittle and break off at their ends when old,

becoming shorter. This can be seen on wrinkled fruits in

Sinclair — Myristica 375

herbarium specimens. The fruit shrinks on drying and the hairs

at the bottom of depressions formed by the wrinkles are often

protected and remain unbroken. Extra protection is afforded

to such fruits when wrapped in paper and kept in packets on

the sheet.

M. insipida is nearest to globosa which is a taller tree, usually

confined to inland situations. The following are the chief

differences between the two. The leaves of insipida are slightly

larger and dry a paler colour, The apex is generally obtuse and

the veins fewer. The flowers (male) are paler and more numerous

in the clusters. They have thicker but shorter pedicels, these

also being shorter than their own perianths. The fruit is larger

and more oblong (not globose or sub-globose) and the stalks

slightly shorter than those of globosa.

(56) Myristica concinna J. Sinclair, sp. nov. — Fig. 62.

Species valde affinis M. globosae a qua foliis angustioribus,

floribus subcylindricis angustioribus, subsessilibus vel pedicellis

floriferis brevioribus, fructibus minoribus ellipsoideis differt.

Arbor elegans, 8-15 m. alta. Cortex atro-brunneus, per

longitudinem leviter fissus, lenticellis ferrugineis pustulosis sparse

obtectus, intus stramineo-brunneus; latex ruber. Ramuli glabri,

striolati, prope apicem et pro 6-12 cm. deorsum gracillimi,

1-2 mm. tantum crassi, rubro-brunnei, inferne 3-4 mm. crassi,

griseo-brunnei. Folia chartacea, anguste elliptica, supra in sicco

pallido-griseo-brunnea, nitida vel opaca, subtus paullo pallidiora,

costa inferiore rubro-brunnea eminente, basi acuta, apice acuta

vel acuminata, 5-11 cm. longa, 1-3 cm. lata, vulgo 2.5 cm.; nervi

12—15-jugati, tenuissimi, supra generaliter invisibiles, subtus haud

prominentes, hic illic subocculti vel evanescentes, a costa angulo

70-90° abeuntes, sursum gradatim curvati et prope margines

arcuati; petioli 1 cm. longi, tenuissimi, 1 mm. crassi. /nflorescentia

mascula ut in Knema, tuberculiformis, lignosa et cicatricosa,

2-3 mm. longa, 2 mm. lata. Flores masculi flavi (in sicco modice

brunnei) conferti, membranacei, subcylindrici vel tubuliformes,

basi tumidiusculi, appresso-tomentelli, 4-5 mm. longi, 1-2 mm.

lati, vulgo 1.75 mm., apice in lobos minutos obtusos 1 /5—4-fissi;

pedicelli breves, 0.5-2 mm. longi, vulgo 1 mm., bracteola

semiorbicularis vel deltoidea, apice obtusa, ad basin perianthii

affixa; columna staminalis angusto-cylindrica, 3.5-4 mm. longa,

in apicem minutum acutum sterilem terminata, antherae 8, stipes

appresso-setosus, 1.2-2 mm. longus, partem fertilem in longitudine

aequans vel 4-brevior, in diam. quam ea paullo angustior. Flores

feminei nondum visi. Fructus 1.8-2 cm. longus, 1—1.2 cm. latus,

ellipsoideus, pallido-brunneus vel flavido-brunneus, _ tenuiter

lepidoto-furfuraceus, indumento detersili, mox glabrescens; peri-

carpium in sicco vel in maturitate tenuis, 0.5-1 mm. crassum;

stipes 3-5 mm. longus, tenuis, 1-2 mm. crassus. Arillus ruber,

usque ad basim in segmenta plus’ minusve 4 tenuia fenestratus.

Semen pallido-brunneum, oblongum, utrinque rotundatum,

carpellum implens.

376 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

TuRAIM DEL.

Fig. 62. Myristica concinna J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twigs with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescences. C, male

flower expanded. D, staminal column. E, immature fruit. F, mature

fruit. G, aril and seed. A—D from Saunders 28 (LAE). E from

Hoogland 4215 (CANB). F-G from Hoogland 3773 (CANB).

Sinclair — Myristica 377

A graceful tree, 8-15 m. high. Bark dark brown, slightly

longitudinally fissured and sparsely covered with rusty, pustular

lenticels, inner bark straw-brown; sap red. Twigs glabrous and

finely striate, reddish brown and very slender from the apex

downwards for a distance of 6-12 cm. (only 1-2 mm. thick),

lower down 3-4 mm. thick and greyish brown. Leaves chartaceous,

narrowly elliptic, drying a pale greyish brown and glossy or

dull on the upper surface, a little paler still on the lower

with the reddish brown midrib standing out in contrast, base

acute, apex acute or acuminate; nerves 12-15 pairs, very slender,

generally invisible above, not at all prominent on the lower

surface, half-hidden or vanishing here and there, leaving the

midrib at an angle of 70-90°, curving gradually upwards and

arching near the margins; length 5-11 cm.; breadth 1-3 cm.,

average 2.5 cm.; petiole very slender, 1 cm. long and 1 mm.

thick. Male inflorescence as in Knema, tuberculate, woody,

2-3 mm. long and 2 mm. broad and covered with scars. Male

flowers yellow (medium brown when dry) clustered together,

membranaceous, sub-cylindrical, but somewhat swollen at the

base, adpressed-tomentulose, 4-5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. broad,

average 1.75 mm. broad, split down 1/5—4-way at the apex into

the minute, obtuse lobes; pedicels short, 0.5—-2 mm. long, average

1 mm.; bracteole semi-orbicular or deltoid, obtuse at the apex,

attached to the base of the perianth; staminal column narrow-

cylindrical, 3.5-4 mm. long, ending in a minute, acute, sterile

apex, anthers 8, stalk adpressed-setose, 1.2-2 mm. long, equal

to the fertile part in length or half the length of it and a little

narrower than it in diameter. Female flowers not yet seen. Fruit

1.8—2 cm. long, and 1—1.2 cm. broad, ellipsoid or oblong, pale brown

or yellowish brown, thinly scaly-furfuraceous, soon becoming gla-

brous, the indumentum tending to rub off; pericarp thin when dry or

in ripe fruit, 0.5—-1 mm. thick; stalk 3-5 mm. long, slender, 1-2 mm.

thick. Aril red, fenestrate to the base into about 4 ihin segments.

Seed pale brown, oblong, rounded at both ends, filling the carpel.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Northern Districi:—about 1 km _ north-

west of Anonda Airstrip along the Girua

River, Hoogland 3773 (A, BM, BO,

CANB, G, K, L, LAE, US); along the

Musa River near Guruguru Village, Tufi

sub-district, Hoogland 4215 (A, BM,

CANB, K, L, LAE, US); about 3 miles

from Aku on track to Kuruaku, Tufi

sub-district, Saunders 28 (A, BM, CANB,

KL, LAE):

DISTRIBUTION : Papua. Dense rain forest. Altitude low,

5-25 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: Saunders 28 (A, BM, CANB, K holotype,

Ic LAE):

VERNACULAR NAMES; Etsupat (Onjob language at Naukwate,

Tufi sub-district); inene (Orokaiva lang-

uage at Mumuni, Girua River); ruswaen

(Minufia language at Kububu, Tufi sub-

district).

378 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

An elegant tree with leaves narrower and fruits smaller than

those of any other Myristica species. Although a near neighbour

of globosa, it differs in certain important characters which

would seem to indicate a distinct specific rank rather than a

varietal alliance. If it is only a variety, then why does it stand

so wide apart from the other close variants that make up

globosa? If it originated in the distant past from globosa or

from some common stock, then it has gone a long way beyond

the realms of varietal rank. It has, in my opinion, at least

reached the border-line of specific demarcation with enough

qualifications to pass as a new species. Although it has made

the grade without impressive distinctions, it is more than an

incipient species, the incipient and “‘dead end” stages down this

highway of evolution have, no doubt, perished without a fossil

record.

The chief diagnostic features separating it from globosa are

as follows: — the narrower leaves, the narrowest in the genus,

the narrower male flowers, almost tubular except for their

slightly swollen bases, the shorter male flowering-pedicels, 0.5—2

mm. long, and the smaller fruit, ellipsoid and not globose in

shape with thinner walls when dry or ripe, scarcely thicker

than the shell of a duck’s egg and finally, though not always

their slightly paler colour. It will sometimes be noticed that

the pericarp is quite glossy or polished in parts where the scurfy

indumentum has been rubbed off. The faintness of the venation

of the leaves, another notable feature, will not distinguish

concinna from globosa, as the latter may have both faint and

distinct nerves, depending on the texture of the leaf. I have

noted in the herbarium specimens that the pedicels are short

even in mature flowers that have opened at the apex, displaying

their erect perianth lobes with the staminal column protruding a

very short distance beyond the lobes. The anthers here have

already dehisced, revealing their yellow pollen. The unopened

flower-buds (much more numerous than the mature flowers)

have, at this stage, shorter pedicels than similar flower buds

of globosa in the same stage of growth. Finally, the shortness

of the pedicels, if constant, will go a long way in supporting

the view that M. concinna is a distinct species and not a variety

of M.globosa.

(57) Myristica globosa Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 540 t.19

f.1-2; Moore in Journ. Bot. 61, Suppl. (1923) 41 as M. sp.

Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 169.

Synonyms: M. *baeuerlenii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 541

t.19 f.1-3; Markgraf in Bot Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 168 — syn. nov.

M. chalmersii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 539 t.19 — syn. nov.

M. montanoides Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 514 — syn. nov.

M. salomonensis Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 527; Schum. et

*This is the corrected spelling in the index to Warb. Monog. Myrist.

page 665. The original spelling Warb. page 541 is M. bduerlenii Warb.

Sinclair — Myristica 379

Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. id. Sutidsee (1900) 328;

Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 69, 3 (1938) 397; A. C. Smith in

Journ. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 75 — syn. nov. M. tristis Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 444 t.19; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67,

2 (1935) 166 (excl. nos Branderhorst et Ledermann) — syn. nov.

M. schumanniana Warb. in Schum. et Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch.

Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 328 — Fig. 63.

Tree 8-35 m. high, average 18 m. with horizontal branches

and cylindrical crown. Bark mostly dark brown, but also pale

or medium brown, slightly longitudinally striate, flaking in small

thin rectangular pieces; sap watery, red, copious. Twigs slender,

1-2 mm. thick in the apical parts, 3-4 mm. lower down, finely

striate, reddish brown, becoming greyish brown in the old parts,

glabrous except the slender, elongate, minutely puberulous

terminal bud. Leaves slightly variable in shape, texture and: colour

on drying, mostly chartaceous, sometimes thinly coriaceous,

mostly elliptic, also narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, elliptic-

lanceolate, narrowly elliptic or less often oblanceolate, generally

dark glossy green above and glaucous or greyish beneath when

fresh, but also from pale to dark green above on the same tree,

drying a dull greyish or rusty brown above or sometimes blackish

brown in thin leaves, lower surface generally a paler brown

with a greyish shade, the nerves beneath very often a reddish

brown or darker than the surrounding tissue, apex shortly and

bluntly acuminate to acute, base acute; midrib sunk above and

slightly prominent beneath; nerves 13-18 pairs, average 15,

slender but distinct, close to each other, sunk above, faintly or

not raised beneath, curving gradually from the midrib at a wide

angle (often 90°); reticulations faint above or absent, faint and

lax below, best seen with a lens; length (small size-class) 8-17

cm., average 12 cm.; breadth 3-5.5 cm., average 4 cm.; petiole

slender, 8 mm.—1.5 cm. long, 1.5—2 mm. thick. Male inflorescence

a short, 2-5 mm, long, Knema-like, woody, axillary tubercle with

numerous flowers. Male flowers yellow or pale yellow, tomentulose

to puberulous outside, ellipsoid and obtuse in bud, membranous,

5 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, split down 3-way by the small

obtuse lobes; pedicels 5-6 mm. long, filiform, 0.3—0.5 mm. thick,

tomentulose; bracteole ovate, thin, tomentulose outside, obtuse

at the apex, arising from the base of the perianth and closely

applied to it; staminal column elongate, cylindrical, the fertile

part 3 mm. long, with 10 anthers extending right up to the

obtuse apex, stalk 1 mm. long, densely tomentose to glabrous,

slightly narrower than the fertile part. Female inflorescence as

in the male, but with 1-3 flowers only. Female perianth urceolate,

ovoid in bud and narrowed to an obtuse apex, 6 mm. long and

4 mm. broad, coriaceous; pedicels 5-7 mm. long, stouter than

in the male: ovary dark rusty brown-tomentose, ovoid and

elongated above the middle, 4 mm. long, stigma with 2 flat

obtuse lobes. Fruit single or in pairs, globose, sub-globose or

less often slightly oblong, orange, minutely pale greyish or rusty

brown-tomentulose, the tomentum longer when young but tending

380 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 63. Myristica globosa Warb.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, female inflorescence. E, female flower. F, ovary. G,

fruit. H, aril and seed. A—C from van Royen 3579 (CANB). D—F

from Carr 15861 (SING). G—-H from Womersley N.G.F. 3238

(CANB).

¢.1° ee

Sinclair — Myristica

381

to become shorter and less when old, thin-walled, shrinking or

wrinkled when dry, varying in size, 1.5—2.5 cm. in diam.; stalk

5-7 mm. long and 3 mm. thick. Aril red with thin laciniations.

Seed aromatic, dark brown, shining, filling the carpel.

MOLUCCAS Mororat:

TERNATE:

P. OBI:

CERAM :

NEW GUINEA VOoOGELKoP

(DUTCH

WEST

NEw

GUINEA):

DUTCH

NORTH

NEW

GUINEA:

PAPUA:

D’ENTRE-

CASTEAUX

ISLANDS:

G. Sangowo, Kostermans Nos. 7887 (BO,

K, L, PNH, SING) & 7889 (BO, K, L,

LAE, PNH. SING).

Beccari FI Acc. Nos. 7756 (FI); 7756a

(FI); 7756b (FI) and 7756c (FI).

Laiwui, bb23777 (BO, L, PNH, SING).

Kampong Kiandarat, G. Kilia, Buwalda

Nos. 5597 (K, L) & 5641 (A, K, L) and

bb25843 (A, BO, K, L, SING).

Sorong (Soron), Beccari 96 (FI) 2 sheets,

also numbered FI Acc. Nos. 7657 (FI) &

7657a (FI); Warsamson River, + 25 km.

east of Sorong, Iwanggin BW5713 (K, L,

SING) & Schram BW2984 (K, L); Steen-

kool, Road to Temboeni, km. 1.5, oppo-

site police barracks, v. Royen 3579

(CANB, K, L); Wersar, about 6 km.

south of Teminabuan, Schram BW6065

(L); Soeroeremi, Mangold BW2334

(KEP).

Berap (Nimburan) Hollandia, bb28987 (A,

BO, K, L, SING); south of Sentani-Meer

between Sekoli & Sairum, Hollandia,

Kalkman BW3776 (L) and Schram

BW9374 (L); mouth of the Tami River,

Versteegh BW3818 (CANB, K, KEP, L,

SING); Pioneer Bivak, Mamberamo,

6b31320 (BO, L).

S.1., N.G.F. 331 (BRD.

Northern District:—Dobodura Area,

N.G.F. 2037 (BRI, LAE, SING); Tufi

_ sub-district, about 1 km. east of Aku,

Hoogland 4393 (A, BM, BO, CANB, G,

hits? RAE; US): Lala Valley, Carr

15861 (BM, CANB, G, K, L, SING).

Milne Bay District:—Menapi, Cape

Vogel Peninsula, Brass 21808 (A, K, L,

LAE) & Biniguni Camp, Gwariu River,

Brass 23882 (A, G, K, L, LAE).

Central District:—Sogeri, Barrett N.G.F.

4168 (A, BO, BRI, K, L, LAE, SING)

& Forbes 212 (BM, CAL); Brown River,

E. Gray & Coppack N.G.F. 7152 (A,

BM, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW,

SING); Dieni, Ononge Road, Brass

3946 (A, BO, BRI, K, NY, US); Koitaki,

Carr’ Nos. 12890 (A, BM, CANB, K, L,

SING) & 12899 (BM, CANB, K, L,

SING); Boridi, Carr Nos. 13265 (A, BM,

CANB, K, L, SING); /4325 (A, BM,

CANB, K, L) & 1490] (A, BM, CANB,

K, L, SING); Runa Falls, Carr 12374 (A,

De. SANB,..K,..L,. NY, - SONG); s.1.,

Chalmers 5 (MEL); South Cape, Chal-

mers 10 (MEL).

Western District:—Strictland River,

Baduerlen I (MEL).

Normanby Island, beach near Labadowa

River, Sewa Bay, Womersley N.G.F. 8684

(A, BO, BRI, K, L).

382

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

LOUISIADE Sudest Island, Tagula Island, Mt Riu,

ARCHI-

PELAGO:

"TIN Gas 7

NEW

BRITAIN :

PULAU

JAPEN:

Mios

NOEM:

Brass Nos 27813 (A, L) and 2791/8 (A,

CANB, K, L); Rossel Island, Abaleti,

Brass 28302 (A, BO, K, L).

Sepik District:—April River. Ledermann

Nos 7799 (SING); 8779 (SING); 8819

(SING) & /2333a (L): Timbomeri,

Womersley N.G.F. 3708 (A, BM, BO,

BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW).

Madang District:—near Utu Village,

southern foothills of Adelbert Range,

about 30 km inland, Hoogland 4938

(A, BM, CANB, K, L, LAE, US); Ramu

Valley, Rodatz & Klink (Tappenbeck) 70

(BRSL); Ramu Valley, about 5 miles

south-east of Faita airstrip, Saunders Nos

219 (CANB, L, LAE); 244 (CANB, L):

335 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, US); 43/

(CANB, L); 456 (A, BM, CANB, G, K,

L, US); 510 (CANB, L, LAE); 5/4

(CANB, L, LAE) & 5/6 (CANB, L):

Sakula Valley, Lower Ramu-Atitau Area,

Pullen 1173 (BM, CANB, L).

Morobe Di‘strict:—Highlands-Gusap Road

near Water-rice,» Robbins 10/0 (BM,

CANB, L); Kajabit, Markham Valley,

Clemens 10479 (A); Markham River,

Henty N.G.F. 10546 (CANB, K, L,

SING); rain forest, edge of Botanic

Gardens, Lae, K.J. White N.G.F. Nos

9671 (BO, CANB, K, L, SING) & 9697

(CANB, K, L, SING) & A.N. Millar

N.G.F. 9781 (CANB, K, L, SING);

Oomsis near Lae, Henty N.G.F. 10673

(CANB, K, L, SING): Red Hill Area.

Oomsis K.J. White N.G.F. 10476

(CANB, K, L, SING): Oomsis, Brass

29239 (K, L, LAE) & Womersley N.G.F.

9403 (BM, BO, CANB, K, L, NSW,

SING); Yalu, Womersley N.G.F. Nos

3190 (A, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE) &

3238 (BO, BRI, CANB, L, LAE); Yalu,

east side of Munim Water, Austr. For.

Survey Co. N.G.F. 270 (BRI, LAE):

Umboi Island, K.J. White N.G.F. 9647

(CANB, K, L).

Near Wasissi Village, Talasea sub-district,

K.J. White N.G.F. 10939 (CANB, K, L,

SING): Mora Mora-Rikau Road, Talasea

sub-district, KJ. White N.G.F. 10865

(BM, CANB, K, L): Galilo Village, near

Cape Hoskins, West Nakanai, Floyd

N.G.F. 6433 (A BM, BRI, CANB, K, L,

LAE, NSW, PNH): Lodi River, Mair

N.G.F. 1835 (BRI, LAE): the following

three Gazelle Peninsula:— Keravat,

Floyd N.G.F. 3450 (A, BO, BRI, CANB,

K, L, LAE); Vudal Divide, Keravat,

Womersley N.G.F. 7931 (A, BM, BO,

BRI, CANB, K, L, NSW, SING):

Warangoi Valley, Womersley & Kazakoff

N.G.F. 7069 (A, BM BO, BRI, CANB,

K, L, NSW, SING).

Serui, Mariattu, bb Nos 30458 (BO, L) &

30459 (A, SING): Serui bb Nos 30768

(A, BO, L, SING) & 30833 (A, BO, L,

SING).

bb Nos 30960 (BO, L) & 30971 (A, BO,

L, SING).

Sinclair — Myristica

SALAWATI:

SOLOMONS BouGAIN-

VILLE

ISLAND :

CHOISEUL

ISLAND:

WAGINA

ISLAND:

NEW

GEORGIA

GROUP:

RUSSEL

ISLANDS :

MALAITA:

GUADAL-

CANAL:

SAN CRISTO-

BAL:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

VERNACULAR NAMES:

383

Kaloal, Koster BW1445 (CANB, L).

Tonolei harbour, Whitmore BSIP 4160

(L, LAE, SING).

Near Ruruvai, Whitmore BSIP 3967 L.

LAE, SING).

Ridge top, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP

5496 (L).

Baga Island, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP

2880 (L, SING); New Georgia Island.

Viru- River, Cowmeadow & Teona

BSIP 2542 (L, LAE): Rendova Island,

north of Kenelo Plantation, Whitmore

BSIP 1901 (L, SING).

Banika Island, Stoddard 10 (A).

Quoi-mon-apu, Kajewski 2373 (BM, BO,

BRI, C, G, L, NSW, P, SING)

Uulolo, Mt Tutuve, Kajewski 2552 (A,

Mt Austen. near Honiara, Whitmore

BSIP 769 (L, LAE, SING).

S.1., Comins 121 (K); Magoha River,

Brass 2744 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L).

Moluccas (Morotai, Ternate, P. Obi,

Ceram) New Guinea (except Duutch

South New Guinea), New Britain and

the Solomons. Lowland forest from sea-

level to 1,230m.

M. globosa Warb., Forbes 212 (BM,

CAL) Sogeri and Chalmers 10 (B burnt,

MEL) South Cape. M. baeuerlenii Warb.,

Baduerlen 1 (B holotype burnt, MEL). M.

chalmersii Warb., Chalmers 5 (B_ holo-

type burnt, MEL). M. montanoides Warb.

Beccari FI Acc. Nos 7756 (FI); 7756a

(ERE 6e (Fl) am 7/56e. (FT). M.

schumanniana Warb., Rodatz & Klink

(Tappenbeck) 70 (B_ holotype burnt,

BRSL). M. salomonensis Warb., Comins

121 (K_ holotype). M. tristis Warb.,

Beccari 96 (FI) 2 sheets.

New Guinea:—Hokolkol; saksak (Amele);

san (Bembi); gesepasup; gisingas; mobo;

rok (Bilia); kKwaridzim (Bogia); mansindor

(Bosneh, P. Japen); djakwin; dzidzit;

gaigihab; pasif (Dumpu); gadun; gamuka;

gomugala (Faita); uli (Jal, Lower Ramu);

babijag (Karoor), kekre; orokali

(Kemtuk); medak (Mooi language near

Sorong); fer (Utu). New Britain:—La

gegesi (Galilo Village). Solomons :—

Aiba’asa (Guadalcanal); aiba’asi (New

Georgia Island); mansi-mansi (Guadal-

canal); pai-passi (Malaita); tolou (San

Cristobal).

All the scientific names except the last are of the same date.

I have chosen M. globosa for the name of the plant as the

epithet globosa aptly describes the fruit. Being a common tree

with a wide distribution, this speciés shows some slight variation

mostly in respect of the leaves, while the fruit varies somewhat

in size. Most of the material collected is in fruit, flowering

specimens seem to have received less attention. M. chalmersii,

384 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

globosa (I can see no difference between the first two),

salomonensis and the material from New Britain have fruit of

the same size. The specimens with the smallest fruits are from

Morobe District. Those of montanoides tend to have a slightly

oblong fruit, but otherwise they are the same. M. haeuerlenii has

the leaves somewhat thinner than the others and is typical of

of Morobe specimens. The leaves of the material from New

Britain nearly always have the nerves on the lower surface of

the leaf distinctly reddish-brown when dry. Material from other

regions may not always show the red colour so clearly. I have

united all these so-called species as they grade into each other

with every stage of intermediates and not one of them is really

worth even varietal rank. At most, they are forms or sub-forms

and I am unable to draw up any satisfactory key to separate

them. Markgraf reduced M. schumanniana to globosa and

chalmersii to tristis. He did not include salomonensis nor

montanoides, but then he was not concerned with these as they

were outside his area.

The leaves of globosa show some similarity with those of

fragrans and are of the same size-class. In fragrans, however,

they are more sharply acuminate or acute at the apex, more glossy

above, more elliptic and broader at the middle, with fewer nerves

(8-11 pairs) and these are more prominent and raised on the

lower surface. M. globosa has already been compared with

lepidota in the notes after that species.

15. SERIES SUBALULATAE

series Subalulatae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 379.

Twigs 3 mm.—l cm. thick at the apex with two lines running

down from petiole base to petiole base (the lines faint in

undulatifolia), often thinly winged in subalulata, ant swellings

and deformations also present in this species. Leaves chartaceous,

coriaceous in specimens from mountains, large to medium

size-class, 20-40 cm. long and 7-15 cm. broad, average 10 cm.

broad in subalulata, smaller, 15—26—-(32) cm. long and 3.5-8 cm.

broad in the other two, oblong, the base rounded or acute,

less often sub-cordate or cordate, the apex acute or rounded

and shortly acuminate, drying medium brown above, or darker

in sulcata, the lower surface paler brown, or in undulatifolia and

mountain specimens of subalulata whitish with minute but never

powdery scales; nerves 15-30 pairs, average 22 pairs, impressed

above, distinct beneath, much curving and leaving the midrib

at a wide angle; secondary nerves absent or rare. Inflorescence

stout, very typical of section 2, the basal smooth portion absent.

Male flowers elongate and ellipsoid or narrowly oblong, pale

tomentulose to tomentose outside (often darker in subalulata),

3-5 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, much longer, 1-1.5 cm. long in

subalulata, not split down very far into the non-reflexed lobes;

pedicels 4-7 mm. long, 1-1.5 cm. long in subalulata, equal to or

longer than the flowers in the same inflorescence; staminal column

Sinclair — Myristica 385

distinct in having a well-developed, acute sterile apiculus, longer

than in the other series (1.5—-2 mm. long in subalulata), the stalk

shorter than the fertile portion and slightly thinner, pubescent or

glabrous. Female flowers more ovoid or urceolate, smaller than

in the male. Fruit dark or light brown, minutely tomentulose

becoming glabrous, sub-globose, ovoid or shortly oblong, rather

small, 1.6-4 cm. long and 1.3-3.5 cm. broad and often with an

apiculus, especially when young; stalk 3 mm —1.2 cm. long and

3-7 mm. thick. 3 species — M. subalulata, sulcata and undulatifolia

confined to the Kai Islands (Moluccas) and New Guinea.

TYPE SPECIES: M. subalulata Miq.

The oustanding features are: — the presence of the two lines

on the twigs, the ant swellings in subalulata, the large leaves,

the distinct, much curved primary veins, the absence of

conspicuous secondary veins, the ellipsoid male flowers not split

down very far into the non-reflexed lobes, the well-developed,

acute, sterile apiculus to the staminal column and the small rather

similar fruits. The nearest related series is series Cimiciferae

and the similarities can be seen best through comparison with

M. globosa in that series and M. subalulata in the present.

M. globosa has similar leaves but on a very much reduced scale,

the curving of the nerves being identical. Also its ellipsoid flowers

with long pedicels are comparable with the larger similar ones

of subalulata while the shorter pedicels of concinna and insipida

are comparable to the shorter ones of sulcata and undulatifolia

in the present series. Other parallels can be found in the fruit.

A less striking relation is that of series Tubiflorae to the present

one, both again having the curved veins, Here the two species

through which the bonds of relationship at once stand out are

M. undulatifolia and M. flosculosa. Look at the staminal column

of both in the illustrations figs 67 and 58. They are identical,

both having hairs only at the base of the column. The fruit,

usually narrowly ellipsoid in series Tubiflorae, passes on to a

more oblong shape in the latter half of this series, approaching

that seen in undulatifolia. Now look at the fruit of cucullata

with its reduced stalk and the resemblance is complete. The two

faint lines on the twigs of undulatifolia can also be compared

with the faint ones on flosculosa or better still the more prominent

ones of subalulata with those of flosculosa.

(58) Myristica subalulata Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1

(1865) 47; Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 45; F.

von Miiller, Descr. Notes Pap. Pl. 1, 5 (1877) 96; Schumann

in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenburg 31 (1890) 120; Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 484 t.19 f.1-5; Schum. et Lauterb. FI.

Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 327; Valeton in Bull.

Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl. 10 (1907) 13; Pulle in Nova Guinea

8 (1912) 637; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 2nd Ser.

9, 1 (1916) 144; C. T. White in Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. 34

(1922) 31; Moore in J. Bot. 61 Suppl. (1923) 41; Markgraf

in J. Arn. Arb. 10, 4 (1929) 214 et in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935)

163.

386 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Synonyms: M. macrophylla Zipp. ex Mig. in Ann, Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 47 nomen nudum pro syn. M. subalulata.

M. myrmecophila Beccari, Malesia 2 (1884) 37 t.1; Warb.

in Bot. Jahrb. 13, 3 & 4 (1891) 308 et in Biol. Centralblatt

12 (1892) 140; Bower in Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow 18 (1889)

323—-see my notes below. M. heterophylla K. Schum. in Schum.

et Hollrung, Fl. Kais.-Wilh.-Land (1889) 45 pro parte quoad

Hollrung 718, excl. Hollrung 648 et 701 =(M. hollrungii Warb.)

[non M. heterophylla F.-Villar (1880) = Knema_ glomerata

(Blanco) Merr.] et excl. syn. M. spanogheana (non Miq.)

K. Schum. = (M. schleinitzii Engl.); Schum. in Verh. Bot.

Ver. Prov. Brand. 31 (1890) 118 pro parte; Schum. et Lauterb.

Fl. Deut. Schutzeg. id. Stidsee (1900) 327 quoad nomen

tantum, omnibus speciminibus exclusis; Warb. in Bot. Jahrb.

13, 3 & 4 (1891) 309 pro parte. M. bialata Warb. in Bot.

Jahrb. 13, 3 & 4 (1891) 308 et Monog. Myrist. (1897) 483;

Schum. et in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2 (1898) 117; Schum.

et Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 326;

Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 159 (excl. syn. M. albertisii

Warb.) — syn. nov. M. costata Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. 18, 1 & 2

(1893) 191 et Monog. Myrist. (1897) 487 t.19: Schum. et

Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch. Schutgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 327:

Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 166 — syn. nov. M.

velutina Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 1 (1935) 165 — syn. nov.

— Figs 64 & 65.

Small tree 3-10 m. high, the bole 5-10 cm. diam. with short,

drooping horizontal branches. Bark smooth or in old trees finely

longitudinally striate, greyish brown, dark brown or brown

mottled with green, inner bark pale brown; wood white, turning

brown when cut due to the pink sap. Twigs glabrous except

for the puberulous, 1-3 cm. long, narrow-elongate, acute terminal

bud, stout. 5 mm.—l cm. thick, occasionally sparsely lenticellate,

myrmecophilous with hollow, swollen, ant-inhabited deformities,

reddish brown, smooth and often shining in such parts, the older

non-myrmecophilous parts generally solid, greyish brown, rough

or striate, the apical parts quadrate, smooth and also solid, two

lines or often two narrow wings running from leaf base to leaf

base, one on each side, the lines present throughout the length

of the twig but becoming modified into wings in the swollen

parts. Leaves rather variable, mostly chartaceous, often coriaceous

in specimens from mountain habitats, glabrous, medium to dark

green and glossy above when fresh, medium brown when dry,

pale or whitish beneath with very minute scales, the latter

moulded and firmly set into the tissues of the leaf, not rubbing

Sinclair — Myristica

387

EEE

Fig. 64. Myristica subalulata Mig

A-B, twigs with swellings caused by ants. C, apical leaf. D, twig with

- wings and two lines, also male inflorescences. A from Pulle 508

(L). B from Clemens 300 (L). C from Aet 16 (BO). D from

Gjellerup 183 (L).

388 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 65. Myristica subalulata Mig.

A, portion of twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, female inflorescences and young fruit. E, female flower.

F, ovary. G, cluster of fruit. H, mature fruit. I, aril and seed.

A-C from Hoogland & Pullen 5831 (CANB). D—F from Hoogland

& Pullen 5850 (CANB). G from Womersley & Brass N.G.F. 11018

(L). H-I from Carr 13348 (CANB).

Sinclair — Myristica 389

off easily, lamina oblong with nearly parallel sides or broadening

out above the middle or panduriform and obovate, the base

generally acute in small leaves, mostly rounded or only

occasionally cordate in large ones, the apex broad, rounded and

then acute or less often shortly acuminate: midrib sunk in a

groove above, reddish brown beneath when dry; nerves 20-30

pairs, average 25 pairs, sunk above, prominent and reddish

brown beneath, equidistant, oblique or often leaving the midrib

at a more or less steep angle, curving and ascending gradually

and anastomosing near the margins in distinct loops; reticulations

invisible or sometimes a few, faint scalariform ones seen beneath;

length (size-class large) 20-40 cm., average 30 cm.; breadth

7-15 cm., average 10 cm.; petiole 7 mm.—2 cm. long, fairly stout,

3 mm, thick. Male inflorescence of Knema-like, scarred, large

woody tubercles, generally 5 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, or

occasionally reaching up to 2 cm. long when very old. Male

flowers numerous, variable in size with age, the largest mature

ones 1-1.5 cm. long, average 1.3 cm. long and 3-5 mm. broad,

coriaceous, rusty-tomentulose outside, cream-coloured inside,

narrowly ellipsoid-cylindrical, narrowed towards the slightly acute

apex in bud, the lobes more or less erect during anthesis, bluntly

acute at the apex, very small, 2 mm. long and about 1/7-4 the

length of the whole perianth; staminal column elongate-cylindrical,

9 mm.—1l.1 cm. long, the fertile part with 10-12 anthers and as

broad as the stalk and drawn out at the apex into a 1.5—-2 mm.

long apiculus, stalk glabrous, 2-3 mm. long, about 4 the length

of the fertile part: bracteole broadly triangular, acute at the-

apex, 2-4 mm. long, early deciduous, leaving a prominent,

half-ring-like scar at the apex of the pedicel where it was attached;

pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, slender, sometimes longitudinally striate

when dry. Female inflorescence as in the male but shorter and

with fewer flowers. Female flowers coriaceous, ovoid, narrowed

towards the apex, 7-9 mm. long and 5-6 mm. broad, split down

i-way by the obtuse teeth; ovary 4-5 mm. long, adpressed-rusty-

tomentose, narrowed into the bi-lobed stigma, the lobes narrow

and touching each other or slightly reflexed; pedicels short and

thick, 2-3 mm. long and 2-3 mm. broad. Fruit nearly sessile,

solitary or 2 or 3 together, orange when ripe, dark to medium

brown when dry, minutely tomentulose, sub-globose to slightly

longer than broad, 1.6-2.8 cm. long and 1.3-2 cm. broad,

minutely apiculate at the apex, the apiculus sharp, 2 mm. long

and 1 mm. broad, the pericarp thin-walled but hard when dry:

stalk 3 mm. long and 3 mm. thick. Avil red with fine, slender

laciniations. Seed oblong, rounded at each end, 2 cm. long

and 1.3 cm. broad, medium brown, slightly rough and dull.

390 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

MOLUCCAS Kat ISLANDs:

NEW GUINEA: VOoGELKopP

(DUTCH WEST

NEW GUINEA:

DuTcH NORTH

NEw GUINEA:

DUTCH SOUTH

NEw GUINEA:

Jaheri 85 (713) (BO, L, SING) and 9/

(712) (BO. Li.

S.1., Lesson s.n. (P); Remoe, Sorong,

Pleyte 483 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING):

road to Klamono, Sorong, v. Royen 3017

(CANB, L); road from Steenkool to

Temboeni, km 8, v. Royen 3475 (CANB,

K, L); Kapaor, Beccari 70 (FI):

Ramoi, Beccari 403 (FI): Kambu Kepper,

Atasrip 4 (BO, L): Tuyama Nos. 767

(RINR); and J//85 (RINR): Bostuin,

Tafelberg, Manokwari, Kalkman Nos.

BW3509 (CANB, L, SING) and BW3696

(K, L); Momi, sub-district Manokwari,

Kostermans Nos. 209 (A, BO, K, L) and

162 = bb33384 (A, BO, K, L); Sidei,

+ 50 km west of Manokwari, v.d. Sijde

BW5557 (L): Andai, Teijsmann 7584 (BO,

C, K, L, MEL); Kofo, Anggi, Arfak, E.

Mayr 227 (BO); Tisa near Babo, Aet 3

(A, BO, K, L); S. McCluer, Moetoeri near

Babo, Aet 1/6 (A, BO, K, L): Skendi,

north of Teminabuan, C. Versteegh

BW7454 (L): Adi Island, Fak-fak, C.

Versteegh BW7579 (L); Triton Bay, M. le

Guillou, date 1838-40 (P): Etna-bi, Koch

Nos. 19 (BO, L) and 20 (BO, L); Napan

District, Akama, IJjiri & Niimura 455

(TNS) and Wati, Jjiri & Niimura 660

(TNS).

Dalman, Nabire, Kanechira & Hatusima

Nos. 12091 (A) and /2223 also numbered

11691 (A, BO, RINR): Mamberamo,

Feuilletau de Bruyn 149 (BO); Albatros

Bivak, Mamberamo, Drs v. Leeuwen Nus.

9085 (A, K, L); 11297 (BO, L); 11330 (A,

BO, K, L) and //402 (BO): Mamberamo

River near Scholte Island, Versteegh

BW25 (CANB, L); Otkin River, Drs v.

Leeuwen 11403 (BO, K, L): van Rees

Mts. Drs v. Leeuwen 9181 (BO, K, L):

van Gelder River, van Rees Mts. Drs v.

Leeuwen 9306 (A, BO, K. L): Rouffer

River, Drs v. Leeuwen Nos. 9844 (A,

BO, K, L, PNH, SING) and 9845 (BO):

Bernard Bivak, Meiier Drees Nos. 614

(BO, K, L) and 63/ (A, BO, K, L); 4

km south-west of Bernard ' Bivak,

Idenburg River, Brass 13706 (A, BM, BO.

BRI, L, LAE): Gunong Mesan. Hol-

landia, bb30596 (A, BO, L. SING):

Humbolt Bay, Hollandia. Giellerup 183

(BO. K, L, U); Arso, Gjellerup 644 (BO,

-. 2).

S.1., von Rémer Nos. 96 (L); 260 (L) and

1063 (L): Pulle Nos. 7 (A, BO, K, L)

and /7 (BO, K, L): G.M. Versteeg Nes.

1758 (BO, K, L, U) and 1/786 (BO, K, L,

U); Zippelius s.n. (CAL, K, L, U); Canoe

Camp, Mt. Carstensz, Kloss, June 1913

(BM, K, SING); Nassau Mts, Drs v.

Leeuwen 10651 (A, BO, K, L): Butopare,

Kokonao, Mimika, Warint BW5156 (L):

Noord River, G.M. Versteeg 1367 (BO,

L); Utumbuwe near Zwaluv. Biak,

Branderhorst 435 (BO, K, L. VU):

Perameles Forest. Pulle 508 (BO, L):

Kloof Bivak, Pulle 1232 (BO, K. L): I

km east of junciton of Bon and Minam

Rivers. Mt. Antares, Star Mts., Kalkman

4368 (L).

Sinclair — Myristica

PAPUA:

T.N.G. :

391

Northern District:—Kokoda, Carr

16259 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, SING); near

Pitoki Village, Kokoda Station, Hoogland

3982 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, LAE, US);

Bisiatabu River, Brass 570 (A, BRI, K,

P).

Milne Bay District:—U-uma_ River

headwaters, Brass 1454 (A, BRI, K, P);

north slopes of Mt. Dayman, Brass 23427

et. Terk ts).

Central District:—S.1., probably Central

District, Chalmers 6 (MEL); Vaimuru,

Vanapa River, McDonald N.G.F. 8161

(BM, BO, CANB, K, L, NSW, SING);

Obree Range, Sayer 2 (MEL); between

Owen Stanley Range and the South Coast,

Burke s.n. (K, L); Koitaki, Carr 12597

(BM, CANB, K, L, SING); Boridi, Carr

Nos. 13267 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, SING);

13348 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING) and

14302 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING); Sogeri

Region, Forbes 404 (BM, CAL; E, FI,

K, L, MEL, P); Berg Meroka, Sogeri

Region, South Cape, Forbes 916 (BM,

Ei ohk o. L,._P); Sogeri and Javararie,

C. T. White 386 (BRI).

Gulf District:—Biara, Kikori sub-district,

Floyd & E. Gray N.G.F. 8054 (A, BM,

BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW,

SING); Mafulu, C. T. White 551 (BRI

NSW).

Southern Highlands:—near Tage, Lake

Kutubu, Schodde 2187 (L, LAE); near

Moro, Lake Kutubu, Schodde 2420 (L,

LAE).

Western District:—Palmer River, 2 miles

below junction of Black River, Brass Nos

7273 (A, BRI, L) & 7274 (A, BO, BRI,

L); Fly River, d’Albertis 3 (MEL) and

ag aon date 1877 = FI Acc. No. 7746

(FI).

- Sepik District:—Ledermann 12802a (L);

April River, Ledermann 9712 (B burnt) °

male plant and male flowers determined

by Markgraf as M. costata; August River,

Womersley N.G.F. 3804 (A, BO, BRI,

CANB, K, L, LAE, SING).

Madang District:—Bismarck-Ebene. Lau-

terbach 2489 (BRSL); + mile south- west

of Aiome, Lower Ramu-Atitau Area,

Pullen 960 (BM, CANB, L); on the road

from Ramu to the coast, Schlechter 14144

(BRSL); Nuru River, Astrolabe Bay,

Lauterbach 2865 (K, L) quoted as 2865

by Markgraf but on the label as 865;

Kami (Kani) Mts., Schlechter’ 17749 (A,

Schlechter 16452 (A, E, G, K, L, NY, S,

Z).

Western Highlands:—near Wankl Village,

5 km. south-east of Mt Hagen Station,

Hooglang & Pullen Nos 5831 (BM, BO,

CANB, K, L, US) & 5850 (BM, CANB,

G, K. L); Nebelyer limestone divide, Mt

Hagen sub-district, Robbins 474 (CANB);

Mt Kum near Mt Hagen, Ross N.G.F.

9609 (L); Nondugl, Womersley N.G.F.

4333 (A, BRI, K, L, LAE); 4+ mile south

of Kiliga, Mt Oga, Saunders 707 (CANB,

L).

392

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

D’ENTRECASTEAUX

ISLANDS:

DUKE OF YORK

ISLAND (NEU

LAUENBURG):

MISOOL :

ARU ISLANDS:

CULTIVATED:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

Eastern Highlands:—Okapa, Henty

N.G.F. Nos 10622 (CANB, K, L) and

10623 (SING) & K. J. White N.G.F. 9577

(BO, CANB, K, L, SING); Atyura, L.S.

Smith N.G.F. 1040 (BRI, LAE);

Kainantu-Ramu Divide, Robbins 976

(CANB, L).

Morobe __ District:—Sattelberg, Bamler

2 (BRSL); Biro Nos 61 (BP) & 209 (BP);

Clemens Nos 178 (A, B, L); 300 (L); 426

(L) & 21/86 (B, SING); Hellwig 247 (B

burnt) holotype of M. costata; Nyman

424 (UPS) quoted by Markgraf as 724;

Warburg 20704 (L, M); Lambanga near

Sattelberg, Clemens 7783 (A, B); Kulung-

tufu, Sattelberg, Clemens 6650 (B, SING);

Ogeramnang (Ogeramnung), Clemens

5440a (A, B, SING); Boana, Clemens

Nos 8219 (A, B); 8245a (A, B, SING) &

41310 (A); Middle Bumi River, Weinland,

June 1890 (BO, BRSL, CAL, L, M, §S,

SING, US); Wan Area, Lae, N.G.F. 2504

(LAE); near Salt Springs, McAdam 230

(BRI, LAE); near Skindewai, Womersley

& Millar N.G.F. 8442 (A, BO, BRI, K, L,

SING); Bulowat East, 2nd Australian

Forest Survey Co. N.G.F. 2504 (BRI,

LAE); Bulolo Valley, the remainder: —

Brass 29146 (K, L); Floyd & Havel

N.G.F. 7446 (A, BM, BO, BRI, CANB,

K, L, LAE, NSW, SING); Womersley &

Brass N.G.F. 11018 (CANB, L, SING);

Womersley & Gray N.G.F. 4075 (A, BO,

BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, SING).

Fergusson Island, mountains between

Agamoia and Ailuluai, Brass 27129 A, L).

Ulu Island, Warburg 20706 (B burnt, G,

Boiss., M, P).

Pleyte 1099 (BO, K, L).

Giaubu-lengan (Vokan) Wokam, Beccari

FI Acc. Nos 7742 (FI) & 7745 (FI).

Hort. Bog., Zippelius s.n. (L) type of M.

macrophylla Zipp. nomen nudum; Hort.

Bog. XF77 (L).

A common species widely distributed

throughout New Guinea and the Aru and

D’entrecasteaux Islands. Also in Ulu

Island but seems to be absent from New

Britain. In the Moluccas it is found only

in the Kai Islands.

M. subalulata Miq., Zippelius s.n. (CAL,

K, L, U holotype) s.1. Dutch South New

Guinea. M. subalulata var. impressa

Warb. nomen nudum in sched., Jaheri 19

(712) (BO, L) Kai Islands. M. subalulata

var. subcordata Warb. nomen nudum in

sched., Jaheri 85 (713) (BO, L, SING)

Kai Islands. M. bialata Warb., Warburg

20706 (B holotype burnt, G Boiss., M, P)

Ulu Island, near Duke of York Island,

Neu Lauenburg Group. M. costata

Warb., Hellwig 247 (B holotype, burnt,

not seen) Sattelberg near Finschhafen.

M. heterophylla K. Schum., Hollrung 178

(B burnt not seen) Kalueng, Finschhafen

Sinclair — Myristica 393

syntype; the two other syntypes of M.

heterophylla K. Schum., namely Hollrung

Nos 648 and 70] are M. hollrungii, see

under that species for details. M. macro-

phylla Zipp., nomen nudum, Zippelius

s.n. (L) cult. Hart. Bog. M. myrmecophila

Becc., Beccari Nos 70 (FI) Kapaor; 403

(FI) Ramoi; FI Acc. Nos 7742 (FI) and

7745 (FI) Aru Islands, syntypes. M.

velutina Mgf, Ledermann 11175 (B holo-

type, burnt, not seen) Sepik District;

Ledermann 12802a (L) Sepik District,

the only existing paratype, all other

paratypes cited by Markgraf [see Bot.

Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 165] have been des-

troyed.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Aigarap (Chimbu, Masul); keep; kip;

marra-kip (Hagen sub-district, Togoba);

kobbugmongond (Wahgi, Minj); kojjon

(Tehid); mansfoor (Biak); mate-mate

(Amele, Lower Ramu, Madang Distr.);

on-a (Jal, Lower Ramu-Atitau area); para

(Orokaiva language at Mumuni); piprim

(Hollandia, Moeries_ dialect); sugwihi

(Manikong language at Momi); wennoh

(Argoeni language); woriasi (Tisa near

Babo).

A common species with a wide distribution and hence some

variation in leaf form, though not so much as might be expected.

It does not seem to be very particular about habitat and soil

requirements as it occurs from sea level to montane forest at

2,215 m. (7,200 feet).. It has been found in secondary forest

and disturbed areas as well as in primary. It is usually present

in the drier areas in lowland forest, but has been obtained from

swampy forest too. Tolerant of a wide pH range, it thrives

on limestone as well as on acid soils. It is often associated with

Pometia in the lowlands and Nothofagus in the Highlands.

M. subalulata is distinct from all other members of the family

in being an ant-plant and the special morphological modifications

that have been evolved as a result of the myrmecophilous habit

are well-known and useful diagnostic characters. Such portions

of the twigs that are inhabited by ants are hollow and often

swollen or variously deformed. The swellings seem to be absent

from the extreme apical portions as well as from the older, solid,

striate parts. The two lateral lines which run down from petiole

base to petiole base (also found in certain species of Horsfieldia)

are very distinct in the myrmecophilous parts where they form

thin wings on each side of the twig. M. hollrungii and sulcata

also have the lines but lack the wings and the swollen portions

and are not inhabited by ants. ;

The other salient or useful diagnostic features may be

mentioned in turn. The large leaves are acute, rounded or less

often cordate at the base. They are usually chartaceous in lowland

and coriaceous in mountain plants. I do not, however, recognize

Warburg’s unpublished varieties impressa and subcordata, nor

have I found it necessary to create any other infra-specific taxa

based on leaf characters. It seems that Warburg must have,

on later consideration, thought it best to abandon his idea of

394 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

publishing these here-mentioned varieties. The lower surface of

the leaf is of a pale colour and often silvery white. It is usually

silvery white and more scaly in mountain plants. I am unable

to separate M. velutina Markgraf, a mountain plant with smaller

leaves and no ant-swellings from M. subalulata. The type and

all paratypes except one in Leiden have been destroyed. This

remaining paratype is not a good specimen, but there are several

other similar sheets from the mountains collected by Clemens

as well as others by the Forest Department at Lae. These help

greatly to solve the problem. They have similar, small leaves

with a silvery undersurface and although the ant-swellings on

the twigs seem to be fewer in such mountain plants, some of

the specimens do show them. It seems that such portions without

them are mostly the younger or apical parts of the twigs and

that the portions showing them have just not been collected.

On the other hand it may be that they have not been invaded

yet by ants or that the ants which prefer them are absent in

the district. Ants cannot always be present. The flower structure,

including the staminal column, is exactly the same as in the

typical. Sleumer and van Royen have also recently collected this

same mountain form, but again I have included it in the typical

since it is difficult to draw any exact line of demarcation between

it and other coriaceous-leaved specimens of subalulata which

have a white undersurface to the leaves and which grade into

the mountain forms with change of altitude. The following sheets

of these here-mentioned collectors arrived rather late to be

included conveniently with the rest in the appropriate place of

citation and so they are mentioned now: — Cycloop Mountains,

Sleumer and van Royen Nos 5972 (K, L) and 6005 (K, L).

The flower of subalulata varies in size, but it is certain that

many of the smaller flowers on herbarium sheets are immature.

I have taken my description and measurements from the largest

flowers available. The staminal column is very distinct in its

long drawn-out sterile apiculus and in its general narrow-elongate

appearance. The sub-globose fruit will be recognized by its short,

sharp, apical mucro.

The existing isotype material of M. bialata is poor and scrappy,

but I feel that it is closer to M. subalulata than to hollrungii,

although the geographical distribution might suggest the latter.

One should try to go again to the type locality in Ulu Island

and see which of these two species really occurs there. M. bialata

is an older name than hollrungii and if the two should prove

similar, then the well-known name of the latter would unfortunately

have to be dropped. The undersurface of the leaf in the type

material of bialata is more like that of subalulata and further

the stalk of the staminal column is glabrous as in that species

and not pubescent as in hollrungii. Warburg states that it is

very close to subalulata but then he was always reluctant to

make any reduction and would name every species he came

across, even if it were a seed out of the stomach of a paradise-

bird. His own specimens were usually short, scrappy portions.

Sinclair — Myristica 395

It is unfortunate that both the type of M. costata Warb.

and the Ledermann number Ledermann 9712 with male flowers

which Markgraf subsequently added, were both destroyed at

Berlin. Warburg states that the plant is near to subalulata but

that there are no hollow portions present in the twigs. It was so

named costata because of the four to six ridges or wings present

on the twigs, but such a freak has never turned up again. I

have written to Dr. Markgraf explaining how close costata is

to subalulata and that I am prepared to consider them the same.

He has now reviewed the position and is of the opinion that I

should unite the two. He mentions that the type specimen was.

extremely swollen and looked strange (he saw it before it was

destroyed) and also remarks about Warburg’s habit of naming

all specimens and his hesitation in making reductions. He says.

that the only real difference between Ledermann 9712 and

subalulata was its shorter perianth, but I have found out, as

stated earlier that very few of the perianths observed in herbarium

sheets are really mature. A good point in favour of the reduction

is that the stalk of the staminal column of the Ledermann

specimen is glabrous like those of subalulata and it really seems:

that this is a constant character here.

It must be pointed out that M. heterophylla K. Schumann in

Schumann et Hollrung, Fil. Kais-Wilh.-Land (1889) 45 consists.

of three syntypes, only one of which is M. subalulata. The

other two are M. hollrungii. These are:— (1) Hollrung 178,

Kalueng, Finschhafen = M. subalulata. (2) Hollrung 648, Lower

August River = M. hollrungii. (3) Hollrung 701, Second August

Station = M. hollrungii. Schumann also added the synonym M.

spanogheana (non Mig.) K. Schum. to his citation of literature

but this synonym has to be excluded as it is M. schleinitzii and |

not heterophylla or spanogheana of Mig. M. heterophylla K.

Schumann was later emended by Warburg in his monograph,

page 489 when he excluded from it both Hollrung 178 and 701,

leaving only Hollrung 648. He added another specimen namely

Lauterbach 1107 in his citation, this specimen also being M.

hollrungii. Although Warburg thought that M. heterophylla K.

Schumann emend. Warb. was now a good species, it is really

only M. hollrungii. In spite of all this, emended or not, M.

heterophylla is a later homonym of M. heterophylla Fernandez-

Villar (1880). ,

Bower’s reference in the Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow 18 (1889):

323 to Myristica myrmecophila Beccari wrongly appeared as.

Myristica myrmecophila Bower in the 2nd List of Addenda et

Emendanda to Index Kewensis, 1st Suppl. 1886-1895 (1906) 509.

This is a pure compiler’s error and hence also a nomen nudum.

I have excluded it from the citation of literature. Bower’s paper

is entitled “‘On Humboldtia laurifolia, Vahl, as a Myrmekophilous

Plant’ (Humboldtia is a small genus of the Leguminosae). It is

clear that Bower’s attention had been drawn to myrmecophilous.

plants by Beccari’s then recently published papers on this subject

in Malesia (1884-5), and Bower’s reference to Myristica

396 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

myrmecophila is clearly to Beccari’s species, and has nothing to

do with anything in Ceylon as stated in Jndex Kewensis. Here

is a transcript of the paragraph in which the reference occurs: —

“Of the myrmekophilous plants cited by Beccari, that most

nearly corresponding to Humboldtia is Clerodendron fistulosum,

a new species, here also the internodes are swollen, and hollowed,

and inhabited by ants, which gain access to the interior of the

slit-like holes, two of which are situated, one on either side, at

the upper end of each internode. Beccari is of opinion that both

the swollen form of the internodes and the first origin of the

holes have become inherited characters of the species, as an

adaptation to the requirement of the protecting ants. Somewhat

similar slit-like holes are to be found in Myristica myrmecophila,

also a new species. The form of the orifice in this case also

would suggest that the initiative in their formation is taken by

the plant”.

I am indebted to Mr. Airy Shaw of the Kew Herbarium for

sending me a copy of the above transcript, the original publica-

tion not being available in the library of the Botanic Gardens,

Singapore.

(59) Myristica suleata Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 538 t.19

f.1-2; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 169.

Synonym: M. anceps Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 528 —

. 66.

Tall tree 12-43 m. high, average 25 m. with horizontal branches

and sometimes with buttresses. Bark generally greyish brown,

but also medium to dark brown, smooth when young, slightly

longitudinally fissured and flaking when old, thick, brittle, inner

bark reddish brown; sap reddish brown, not copious. Twigs

glabrous, sharply 2-angled with two lines running down from

petiole base to petiole base, one on each side of the twig, young

parts dark reddish brown or blackish brown, nearly smooth and

about 3 mm. thick, the older greyish brown, longitudinally striate

and stouter, 5-6 mm. thick. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous,

dark green and glossy above, medium green and slightly glossy

beneath with a yellowish green lower midrib, greyish brown or

blackish brown above when dry, retaining their gloss, lower

surface only slightly paler with the nerves often reddish brown,

the lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, sometimes panduriform,

widest at the middle, acute or rounded at the base, rounded and

then shortly and acutely acuminate at the apex, the acumen

1 cm. long; nerves 15-20 pairs, sunk above, prominent beneath,

equidistant and almost horizontal when they leave the midrib,

curving in bold, wide arches and anastomosing at the margins,

the marginal loops best seen on the lower surface; reticulations

faint or invisible, scalariform when present; length 14~-22-(32)

cm., average 19 cm.; breadth 6-8 cm.: petiole 1.5—2.5 cm. long,

rigid, 3 mm. thick. Male inflorescence with rather small, 3-5 mm.

long, scar-covered tubercles, each bearing a cluster of flowers.

Male flowers fragrant, 4-5 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, cylindrical

Sinclair — Myristica 397

Fig. 66. Myristica suleata Warb.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescences. C, male

flower. D, staminal column. E, female flower. F, ovary. G, young

fruit. H, mature fruit. I, aril and seed. A from Hoogland 3772

(LAE). B—D from Kostermans 306=b6bb33494 (BO). E-F from

Koster BW1124 (CANB). G from Brouwer BW2629 (CANB).

H-I from Hoogland 4257 (CANB).

398 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

or slightly clavate, obliquely inserted on the pedicel, densely

light to medium brown-tomentose, obtuse at the apex in bud,

split down 4-way by the obtuse or obtusely acute, erect teeth:

staminal column 3.5 mm. long with 7-10 anthers and ending

in a minute, obtuse apiculus, stalk adpressed-tomentose, as long

and as broad as the fertile part; pedicels slender, tomentose,

arcuate, 5-7 mm. long; bracteole at the apex of the pedicel,

about 2 mm. long and early deciduous. Female flowers fewer

in the cluster, 3 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at the base, ovoid

or urceolate with patent teeth; ovary ovoid, light brown

adpressed-tomentose, stigma with two. glabrous, divaricate,

cylindrical lobes; pedicels 3-4 mm. long. Fruit sub-globose,

3.8-4 cm. long and 3-3.5 cm. broad with a very hard, 2-3 mm.

thick pericarp, light or medium brown tomentulose at first,

becoming nearly glabrous when old; stalk 1 cm. long and 5 mm.

thick. Aril red with numerous, narrow laciniations. Seed 2.5 cm.

long and 2 cm. broad, dark brown, shining.

NEW GUINEA VOoGELKop Plateau north of River Pami, + 8 km

(DUTCH WEST north-west of Manokwari, Koster

NEW GUINEA): BW4348 (L); Dessa, Momi, Manokwari,

bb33494=Kostermans 306 (BO, K, L);

Sidei near Manokwari, Iwanggin BW5775

(L) and Schram BW172] (CANB, KEP,

L); Oransbari, Ransiki, Brouwer BW Nos.

2537 (L) and 2629 (CANB, L): Koster

BW1124 (CANB, K, KEP, L) and

Schram BW1876 (CANB, L); Prafi,

Manikiong, Schram BW523 (L); Andai,

Beccari 681 (FI).

DutcH Nortu Sekoli Plain, Division Hollandia, Jwang-

NEW GUINEA: gin BW9184 (L) and Noesi BW8137 (L).

PAPUA: Northern District:—Girua River, about

1 km north-west of Anonda_ airstrip,

Hoogalnd 3772 (A, BM, BO, CANB, K,

L, LAE, US): Buna hinterland about 9

miles north of Embi Lakes, L. S. Smith

N.G.F. 1263 (BRI, LAE); Dobodura

area, N.G.F. 2041 (BRI, LAE); about 5

km north of Wanigela airstrip, Tufi sub-

district, Hoogland 4257 (A, BM, CANB,

K, L, LAE, US).

Milne Bay District:—north slopes of Mt.

Dayman, Maneau Range, Brass 23293

(A, K, L, LAE).

Central District:—Mori River.

McDonald N.G.F. 8191 (BM, K, L,

SING). ~

T.N.G. : Madang District:—Ramu Valley about 5

miles south-east of Faita — airstrip,

Saunders Nos. 207 (CANB, L): 257

(CANB, L); 275 (CANB, L, LAE); 369

(CANB, L, LAE); 388 (CANB, L) and

412 (CANB, L, LAE).

Morobe District:—Quembung, Clemens

2152 (A, B, SING).

CULTIVATED: Hort. Bog. sub IVH28, Sinclair 10038

. (A, B, E, K, L, NY, SING): Sutrisno 69

(BM, G, K, KEP, L, P, SING) and

Rastini 222 (K, L, SING) all from the

same tree.

‘DISTRIBUTION : Vogelkop, Dutch North N.G., Papua and

Mandated Territory.

Sinclair — Myristica 399

TYPE MATERIAL: M. sulcata Warb., Chalmers s.n. date

1878 (B holotype, burnt) Papua. M.

anceps Warb., Beccari 681 (FI) Andai.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Biob; ~gegagod; taru (Bilia); dzidit;

gaigon; kisek (Dumpu); gamukua; goga;

sigiria; yawa (Faita); hokol; kolakol;

otaant; uliga (Amele); jakisa (Onjob

language at Koreaf); rokali (Kemtoek

also spelling Kemtuk); sebohonggwa;

sikwahi (Manikiong); sopa (Orokaiva

language at Mumuni).

I have not seen the type of this species which was one of

those destroyed, but I follow Markgraf who was the last

monographer to see it. He says that M. anceps is not different

and reduces it to a synonym of the present species. The specimens

I quote here all match anceps and agree well with Warburg’s

description of sulcata. The leaves in many cases dry a dark

brown on both surfaces so any specimens not of this shade

should be checked carefully. Besides the colour of the leaves

on drying, the chief diagnostic features of this species are the

presence of two lines on the twigs, the wide curves of the

equidistant veins which leave the midrib at an angle of 70—90°,

the small tomentose flowers, obliquely attached to the longer,

slender, arcuate pedicels and the large, sub-globose fruit which

has a hard pericarp and becomes almost glabrous when old.

M. sulcata is like a large edition of M. globosa, but differs

from it in the presence of the two lines on the twigs. It resembles

M. subalulata which also has two lines on the twigs, but can

be distinguished from the latter by the absence of both the

myrmecophilous inflations and the wing-like extensions of the

lines. The rather similar leaves are generally smaller so their.

size and their more arched veins ought to distinguish them from

those of subalulata. 1 must admit that there might be some

difficulty in distinguishing the younger, sterile apical portions.

of twigs of subalulata which have similar small leaves and

which show the two lines, but which do not yet have the

inflations or wings. Perhaps the colour of the leaves on drying

might then help in identification. Those of subalulata are usually

paler beneath but not necessarily so above. Other differences

between the two species are the much smaller flowers of sulcata

with denser tomentum and often arcuate pedicels, the shorter

staminal column, with a shorter, less elongate sterile apiculus

and finally the larger fruit without a central mucro. M. sulcata

is also related to hollrungii. For differences see under that species.

There are two collections of Brass from Goodenough Island

which may be sulcata but they are not very typical. I have not

been able to identify them with certainty. They may represent

a species near to sulcata, but I should like to see more material.

The flowers are very similar to those of sulcata, having exactly

the same tomentum, but the apiculus of the staminal column is

lacking. The specimens are Brass 24706 (A, K, L, LAE) and

Brass 24772 (A, K, L).

400 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

(60) Myristica undulatifolia J. Sinclair, sp. nov. Fig. 67.

Species affinis M. sulcatae a qua lineis vel angulis duobus

ramulorum minus distinctis, foliis angustioribus subtus argenteo-

cinnamomeis, fructibus oblongis (non subglobosis), stipitibus

crassioribus differt.

Arbor 6-25 m. alta, truncus rectus, nudus usque ad 20 m. altus,

superne ramificatus. Cortex atro-fuscus, leviter fissuratus, in

senectute paullo abscidens. Ramuli in partibus junioribus nigro-

brunnei, 3-4 mm. crassi, obscure 2-angulati, in partibus senioribus

nigro-grisei, rugulosi cum lenticellis pustulosis, corticati, gemma

terminali minute griseo-puberula elongata excepta, omnino glabri.

Folia chartacea vel tenuiter coriacea supra modice viridia, subtus

propter squamulas appressas argenteo-cinnamomea, supra in sicco

modice brunnea, secus costam atque hic illic rubro-maculata

vel in foliis veteribus atro-brunnea, concoloria, angusto-oblonga

cum marginibus fere parallelis undulatis revolutis et interdum

parce et minute spinoso-denticulatis, vulgo integris, basi acuta

vel rotundata, apice acuta vel breviter acuminata; 15-26 cm.

longa; 3.5—-7 cm. lata vulgo 5.5 cm. lata; costa supra in sulco

depressa, subtus elevata; nervi 18—28-jugati, vulgo 22 paria,

supra depressi, subtus + eminentes, late et irregulariter curvati,

prope margines anastomosantes; reticulationes scaliformes haud

conspicuae; petioli 2-2.5 cm. longi, 2.5 mm. crassi. J/nflorescentia

mascula brevissima, 3-5 mm. longa, tomentosa, lignosa, tuberculi-

formis, floribus apice subumbellatim confertis. Flores masculi

(nondum maturi) coriacei, anguste oblongi, vel breviter tubulli-

formes, apicem obtusum versus angustati, 5 mm. longi, 2 mm.

lati, extus pallido-brunnei, tomentosi, in lobos 4-partiti: columna

staminalis in apicem sterilem argutum, 0.5 mm. longum terminata,

antheris 10 praedita, pars fertilis 1.5 mm. longa, stipes 1.5 mm.

longus, basi minute pubescens; pedicelli 4-5 mm. longi, graciles,

tomentosi; bracteolae ovatae acutae vel acuminatae quam flores

4-breviores. Flores feminei urceolati, 4 mm. longi et 4 mm. lati;

pedicelli 2 mm. longi. Fructus 1-2, pallido-brunneus, primum

minute tomentellus demum fere glabrescens, immaturus ellip-

soideus, maturus oblongus, 3.5 cm. longus, 2.5 cm. latus, apice

mucronatus, pericarpium 5 mm. crassum cum linea _suturali

prominenti; stipes 7 mm.—1.2 cm. longus, 7 mm. crassus.

Tree 6-25 m. high, the bole straight and bare up to 20 m. high,

the branches at the apex. Bark dark brown, slightly fissured,

flaking somewhat when old. Twigs blackish brown, faintly

2-angled and 3-4 mm. thick in the younger parts, dark grey

and slightly rough with pustular lenticels in the older parts,

glabrous throughout except on the minutely greyish, puberulous,

elongate terminal bud. Leaves chartaceous or thinly coriaceous,

medium green above, silvery cinnamon beneath due to very

small adpressed scales, drying a medium brown above, blotched

with red here and there or along the midrib, dark brown and

of one colour in old leaves, narrowly oblong with the margins

nearly parallel, undulate, revolute and at times sparingly and

minutely spinose-denticulate, mostly entire, base acute or rounded,

Sinclair — Myristica 401

eH,

Sh a

Ww.

Wid

Wes

\ ‘5

LY,

amm

TuRBIM! DEL.

Fig. 67. Myristica undulatifolia J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with young fruit. B, cluster of young fruit with aril and

seed exposed. C, mature fruit. D, male inflorescences. E, male

flower: F, staminal column. G, a leaf showing the thickened

margins, slightly toothed due to thickening and involution. A from

Floyd & Gray N.G.F. 7173 (SING isotype). B from the same

(A isotype). C from Carr 11917 (SING). D-—G from Kalkman

BW6491 (L).

402 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

apex acute or shortly acuminate, midrib sunk in a groove above,

raised beneath; nerves 18—28 pairs, average 22 pairs, sunk above,

more or less prominent beneath, curving widely and rather

crooked, anastomosing at the margins: reticulations scalariform

and not at all conspicuous; 15-26 cm. long and 3.5—7 cm. broad,

average 5.5 cm.; petioles 2-2.5 cm. long and 2.5 mm. thick.

Male inflorescence very short, 3-5 mm. long, tomentose, woody,

tubercular with the flowers clustered in sub-umbellate fashion

at the apex. Male flowers (not yet mature) coriaceous, narrowly

oblong or shortly tubular, narrowed towards an obtuse apex,

5 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, pale brown-tomentose outside and

split down 4-way into the lobes; staminal column with 10 anthers

and ending in a sharp, sterile, 0.5 mm. long apex, the fertile part

1.5 mm. long, the stalk 1.5 mm. long, minutely pubescent at the

base; pedicels 4-5 mm. long, slender, tomentose; bracteoles ovate,

acute or acuminate, situated at the base of the perianth and 4 as

long as the flowers. Female flowers urceolate, 4 mm. long and

4 mm. broad; pedicels 2 mm. long. Fruit 1-2, pale brown, at

first minutely tomentulose, finally becoming almost glabrous, the

immature ellipsoid, the mature oblong, 3.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm.

broad, mucronate at the apex, the pericarp 5 mm. thick with a

prominent line of dehiscence: stalk 7 mm—1.2 cm. long and

7 mm. thick.

NEW GUINEA Dutcu SouTtH Awemko, + 55 km north of Mindiptana,

New GUINEA: subdivision Moejoe, Kalkman BW649/

(L).

PAPUA: Central District:—Koitaki, Carr 11917

(A, BM, CANB, K, L, SING); Kokoda

Trail, about 5 miles north of Sogeri,

Schodde 2886 (L, LAE, SING).

Gulf District:—Aird Hills. behind bark

factory, Kikori sub-district, Floyd & Gray

N.G.F. 7173 (A, BM, BO, BRI, CANB,

K, L, LAE, NSW, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : New Guinea, four records. Forest on

lower slopes of hills.

TYPE MATERIAL: Floyd and Gray N.G.F. 7173 (K_ holo-

type).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Krikket (Mandobo language at Awemko);

mong (Moejoe).

This species seems to be nearest to M. sulcata, especially in

the flowers which look almost the same and have the same pale

brown tomentum. The pedicels are slightly shorter. The two

lines or angles on the twigs are fainter than in sulcata and are

often interrupted or not visible in some portions of the twigs,

particularly in the older. They may be missed altogether as

they sometimes are in hollrungii, another species with which this

‘one may be confused. The leaves, with petioles of about the

same length (i.e. as in sulcata) are narrower with more nerves,

having parallel sides and a thin investment of closely adpressed,

silvery or cinnamon scales beneath. In this respect they are more

like those of subalulata which often have a similar silvery tinge

beneath with the sides parallel or not. The staminal column,

like that of all three above-mentioned species, has a sharp

——— aa

Sinclair — Myristica 403

apiculus, but the hairs are confined to the basal part of the

stalk. The young fruits are like those of subalulata while the

mature ones resemble those of hollrungii. The stalk is thicker

than that of all three. The colour of the upper surface of the

dried leaf seems to be rather variable. In the type there are

blotches of red here and there and especially along the midrib.

If this feature is at all constant then it would be useful in

diagnosis. The leaves of Carr 11917 are dark brown and glossy

above and do not show such colourations. This is probably

because they are older and more coriaceous. Yet I fear that the

colouration is purely accidental. The white scales on their lower

surface have mostly disappeared. The margins of the leaves are

slightly undulate and curiously in Kalkman 649] there are a

few very short, 1 mm. long, spinous teeth. This may be natural

or more likely due to inrolling on drying, the margin being

thicker in some parts, especially in the undulations. If this

character is usual it would also be a good diagnostic one for

there are no other examples of denticulate leaves in the

Myristicaceae.

16. SERIES HETEROPHYLLAE

‘series Heterophyliae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 379 based on

M. heterophylla K. Schumann emend. Warb. = (Hollrung 648

= M. hollrungii Warb.)

Synonym: series Inutiles (Inutilis) Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 378 quoad M. hypargyraeam A. Gray tantum.

Twigs moderately stout, 3-4 mm. thick in the apical parts, |

‘7 mm—l cm. thick lower down in the oldest, the youngest parts

dark reddish brown, the oldest greyish and striate, lenticels usually

present, two distinct lines present from petiole base to petiole

base in hollrungii. Leaves chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, drying

pale brown or yellowish brown above, paler beneath or whitish,

the nerves the same colour in Aollrungii and darker in the

-Other two, reddish brown in hypargyraea, dark brown in kajewskii

if the upper surface of the leaf is dark, but reddish brown if

the leaf above is paler, oblong mostly in shape but more variable

in the vars of hypargyraea, being also oblong-lanceolate,

-oblanceolate or obovate (var. insularis), medium to large size-

Class, 20-35 cm. long and 5-13 cm. broad, average 7-9 cm.

broad, but also very variable in size especially in the vars of

hypargyraea, reaching 40 cm. long in its var. gillespieana and

15 cm. broad in var. insularis, base mostly rounded but often

sub-cordate, apex rounded and then acute or bluntly acute, less

often shortly acuminate; nerves prominent beneath, straight,

oblique, equidistant and parallel, interarching distinctly at the

margins, mostly 16-22 pairs but with 18-30 pairs, average 22

pairs in var. gillespieana; secondary nerves and reticulations

present in kajewskii and in hypargyraea var. insularis, less distinct

404 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

or absent in the others; petiole 1.8-2 cm. long in hAollrungii,

noticeably longer and up to 5 cm. long in the others, especially

in kajewskii. Male inflorescence (not seen in kajewskii) 5 mm—

4 cm. long, stout, with or without a smooth basal portion, the

later, if present, usually well developed, 2-3 scar-covered branches

sometimes present, the scars rather distant in hypargyraea. Male

flowers ovoid to sub-globose or in bud sometimes obovoid but

never elongate or ellipsoid, their apices obtuse and not acute

in bud, pale brown, glabrous to tomentose. 5-6 mm. long and

4-6 mm. broad, split down 4—}-way into the non-reflexed lobes;

pedicels 5-7 mm. long, slender, flattened; staminal column with

an apiculus in Aollrungii, the apiculus absent in the others, stalk

densely pubescent in hollrungii, mostly glabrous in the others or

with a few hairs at its base; bracteole as large as the flower buds.

Female flowers smaller, 3-5 mm. long, also deeply lobed, the

pedicels shorter and stouter, 2.5-3 mm. thick. Fruit glabrous to

tomentulose, oblong-ovoid to globose or sub-globose, the pericarp

smooth and thin in hollrungii, very hard and thick in the others

with some warts, medium size-class, 3—3.5 cm. long and 2-2.7 cm.

in diam., much larger in kajewskii and var. gillespieana, 6—8.5

cm. long: stalk short, very stout in Aollrungii and kajewskii,

more slender and up to 2 cm. long in hypargyraea. 3 species —

M. hollrungii, kajewskii and hypargyraea with its four vars —

var. hypargyraea, var. gillespieana, var. guillauminiana and var.

insularis.

TYPE SPECIES: M. heterophylla K. Schum. emend. Warb.

= M. hollrungii Warb.

The chief features of this series are the large or medium-sized,

oblong leaves with a rounded base and straight venation, the

ovoid or sub-globose medium-sized male flowers obtuse at the

apex in bud, the pedicels about the same length or slightly longer,

the perianth of both sexes split down 4-3 and not refiexed

and the glabrous or tomentulose sub-globose fruit. In this series

Warburg places M. hollrungii and M. heterophylla K. Schum.

emend. Warb. The latter emended is really only M. hollrungii.

See notes on heterophylla under both subalulata and hollrungii.

The three species form a natural series with M. kajewskii

intermediate between hAollrungii and hypargyraea. Their relations

are also strictly in keeping with their geographical distribution.

From the key and descriptions it would appear that kajewskii

is actually closer to Aypargyraea than to hollrungii. At least the

last two have more characters in common with each other than

with hollrungii. The disjunct insular distribution of M. hypargyraea

in a number of islands widely cut off by sea has given rise

to no less than four distinct varieties and these have all been

considered at one time or other as distinct species. In comparison

M. hollrungii has as wide a distribution, probably covering a

greater area of land, but it is not variable. Its distribution is

of course continuous and not interrupted by wide stretches of

water so hence its uniformity.

Sinclair — Myristica 405

The series shows affinities with the preceding one Subalulatae

through M. hollrungii. This species has often been confused with

M. subalulata when sterile due to the fact that both have the

two lines present on the twigs and that the leaves of both are

rather similar but differ in the more curved veins of the latter.

The male flowers, however, are rather different from those of

subalulata which have an acute apex and will expand later into

an ellipsoid perianth, not split so far down by the perianth

lobes. This is the best reason for not placing hollrungii in series

Subalulatae. The long petioles of kajewskii suggest an alliance

with series Castaneifoliae. There is, however, a closer alliance

with series Teijsmanniae, the leaves and flowers all a similar

shape but reduced in size and darker in colour on drying in

the latter.

(61) Myristica hollrungii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 490 t.19

f.1-2; Schum. et Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Sudsee

(1900) 328 excl. pro parte syn. M. heterophylla; Mgf in J. Arn.

Arb. 10, 4 (1929) 213 et in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 159; A. C.

Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 67.

Synonyms: M. heterophylla K. Schum. in Schum. et Hollrung,

Fl. Kais.-Wilh.-Land (1889) 45 pro parte quoad Hollrung Nos

648 et 701 excl. Hollrung 178 = (M. subalulata Mig.) [non M.

heterophylla F.-Villar (1880) = Knema_ glomerata (Blanco)

Merr.] et excl. syn. M. spanogheana (non Mig.) K. Schum. =

(M. schleinitzii Engl.); K. Schum. in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov.

Brand. 31 (1890) 118 pro parte: Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. 13,

3 & 4 (1891) 309 pro parte et in Monog. Myrist. (1897) 489

t.11 f£.1-2; Schum. et Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. 1.d.

532 t.19 f.1-2 — syn. nov. M. euryocarpa Warb. in Schum.

et Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 327.

— Figs. 68 & 69.

A medium to tall tree, 6-36 m high, average 24 m with pyramidal

crown, slender bole, horizontal whorled branches and stilt-roots.

Bark dark greyish brown, finely vertically fissured and flaking;

wood straw-coloured, darkening when cut, soft with large pores;

sap red, copious. Twigs glabrous, varying from 3—4 mm thick near

the apex to 7 mm—1l cm lower down, smooth and reddish brown

to dark brown in the younger parts, greyish brown and striate

with a few lenticels in the clder parts, 2 lines present from petiole

base to petiole base, usually visible throughout the length cf the

twig. Leaves thinly ccriaceous, glabrous, medium green above,

pale cr glaucous beneath with yellowish green veins, drying a

pale or yellowish brown above, paler still beneath except the

sometimes slightly darker nerves, oblong or less often oblong-

lanceloate, the base rounded, sometimes cordate, the apex acute

or acuminate; nerves 16-22 pairs,’ oblique, parallel, equidistant,

level with the upper surface or in thicker leaves slightly depressed

and sulcate, thin but prominent beneath; reticulations mostly

invisible; length 20-35 cm, average 27 cm; breadth 5-13 cm,

406 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Fig. 68. Myristica hollrungii Warb.

A, apex of twig with leaf. B, older part of the same with male-

inflorescences. C, twig with leaf and fruit. A-B from Brass 5765;

(BRI). C from Kalkman BW379] (L).

Sinclair — Myristica 407

Fig. 69. Myristica holltrungii Warb.

A, twig with male inflorescences. B, twig with young male inflores-

cences. C, male flower. D,,staminal column. E, female flower.

F, ovary. G, fruit. H, aril and seed. A from Schram BW1996 (L).

B from ~Prs v. Leeuwen 9700 (BO). C—F from Brass 8008 (A)

the leaf specimen is male but male and female flowers are also

present in packets mounted on this sheet. G-H from Womersley

N.G.F. 3889 (L).

408 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

average 9 cm (large or medium size-class); petiole 1.5-2 cm long

and 3-4 mm thick. Male inflorescence a simple or 2—5—branched,

woody, scar-covered tubercle, 1 cm long and 5 mm broad,

occasionally up to 3 cm long, the smooth basal part, if present,

3-5 mm long only. Male flowers coriaceous, sub-globose or ovoid-

globose, obtuse at the apex, 5 mm long and 4 mm broad, pale

brown-tomentulose to minutely puberulous or nearly glabrous

outside, pale yellow when fresh and white and glabrous inside,

split down 4-way into the erect lobes, staminal column about 4

mm long, the fertile portion 2.5—-3 times as long as the densely

pubescent stalk and broader with a rather flattened apiculus and

10 anthers; bracteole at the base of the perianth, ovate-orbicular,

obtuse, half as long and half as broad as the flower; pedicels

slender, 6 mm long. Female flowers as in the male but on a shorter,

2-3 mm long and thicker, 3 mm broad pedicel; ovary broadly

ovoid, tomentose. Fruit oblong or oblong-ovoid, rounded or slightly

narrowed at the apex, the central apiculus more evident in young

fruits, the pericarp wall rather hard, orange and with some minute

scurf when ripe, soon becoming glabrous, drying a pale to medium

brown, 3-3.5 cm long and 2-2.8 cm broad; stalk 5 mm long and

4 mm thick. Aril orange. Seed 2.2 cm long and 1.3 cm broad.

NEW GUINEA VOGELKoP S.1., Tuyama 1013 (RINR).

(DuTCH WEST Manokwari area:—Sidei, about 65 km

NEw GUINEA): west of Manokwari, Koster BW6820 (K,

KEP, L, SING) and Iwanggin BW5742

(L); valley of the Lower Pami River,

about 5 km _ north of Manokwari,

Koster BW Nos 4370 (L) and 437] (L);

Manokwari, Nielsen 901 (C): Roose

Kolonisatie, Manokwari, 55/5904 (BO,

L); Andai, Beccari 669 (FI); Afrai,

Mangold BW2221 (L); Warnapi, 15 km

north of Ransiki, Kostermans 2664 (A,

BO, K, L, PMH SING).

Ransiki Onderafd:—Oransbari, Lasschuit

BW4512 (L) and Mangold BW2150

(CANB, L); Mios (Meos) Waar Island,

Koster BW Nos 1220 (BO, CANB, K, L,

SING) and /305 (CANB, K, L); Wandos

Waar, Mios Waar, Versteegh BW3864

(K. 35).

Nappan District:—Waobe, Y. Satake

& T. Niimura 809 (TNS).

DutrcH Nortu Slieber, Nabire, Kanehira & MHatusima

NEw GUINEA: 12670 (A, BO, RINR); Mamberamo

River, near Scholte Island, Versteegh

BW18 (BO, CANB, K, L, PNH); Takar,

Sarmi, Mangold BW2276 (L): Obefareh,

Boe River, Sarmi, Karstel BW5339 (L);

mouth of Tami River, Hollandia, Schram

BW1996 (BR, CANB, K, L): Hollandia,

Tami/Holtekang, Brouwer BW839 (L);

Holtekang, Brouwer BW862 (L); Janim

Besar, south-west of Sentani Meer,

Hollandia, Kalkman BW3791 (L); Memo,

Schram BW Nos 2756 (CANB, L) and

2795 (CANB, L): Rouffer River, Meer-

vlakte Motor Bivak, Drs v. Leeuwen Nos

11088 (A, BO, K, L) and J///02 (A, BO,

K, L, SING); Bernard Bivak, bb25679

(A, BO, K, L, SING).

Sinclair — Myristica

DuTcH SOUTH

NEW GUINEA:

PAPUA:

i.N-G..-

409

S.1., Romer 206 (L); Canoe Camp. Mt

Carstensz, Kloss Nov. 1912 (K); Erma,

Asmat, Bouman BW3225 (DD, K, KEP,

L) and Nautje BW6581 (L); Digul River

near Kueh, Versteegh BW4847 (L); v.d.

Willigen River, Drs v. Leeuwen 9700

(A, BO, K, L); Merauke River, Jaheri,

25th March 1901 (BO); Merauke River,

east bank of Merau River, south of

Senajo, v. Royen 4670 (CANB, K, KEP,

L, SING) not 4570.

Northern District:—Gona Road, 2 miles.

south of Gona Mission, Edwards N.G.

F) 10726 (K, L).

Central District:—Lower Mori River,

Brass" 1552 *(A;" BRI, “KK, P).

Western District:—Fly River, d’Albertis

9 (FI, MEL) the FI material is also

numbered FI Acc. Nos. 7655 & 7655a;

Lower Fly River opposite Sturt Island,

Brass 8008 (A, BM, BO, BRI, K, L,

LAE); Wuroi, Oriomo River, Brass Nos.

5765 (A, .BO, BRI, NY, US) and 5766

(BO, BRI, NY); Jackson N.G.F. 2737 (A,

BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, SING) and

E. Gray & K. J. White N.G.F. 10418

(CANB, K, L, SING).

S.l., Lauterbach (2) 638 (K, BRSL)

quoted as 2638 by Markgraf but on the

label 638.

Sepik District:—Ledermann Nos.

6852 (SING) and 7888 (SING);

Wewak-Angoram Area, inland from

Balam Village on the But-Kauk road,

Pullen 1339 (BM, CANB, L); Lower

August River, Hollrung 648 (BO);

Second Augusta Station, Hollrung 701

(BO, K, MEL); Sepik River, Herre 309

(BO, NY) and 330 (NY); Sepik River

near Mount Meander, Womersley

WG?» 3774 (A, BRI, CANB, -K, -L,

LAE, NSW) and Sepik River near

Yesan, Womersley N.G.F. 3755 (A,

BRI, CANB, LAE); Yellow River near

Sepik, Womersley N.G.F. 3889 (A, BO,

BRI, K, L, LAE, SING); Yellow River

Hills, Womersley N.G.F. 3931 (A, BO,

BRI, K, L, LAE, SING); Karosomeri

River, Womersley N.G.F. 3687 (BO,

BRI,’ 'CANB, \'K,: L,, LAE).

Madang District:—Astrolabe Bay,

Lauterbach Nos. 1107 (BRSL) and

1188 (BRSL); Ramu River, Rodatz &

Klink (Tappenbeck) Nos. 3 (BRSL, L)

and 33 (BRSL); Lower Ramu-

Atitau Area, + mile west of Aiome

airstrip, Saunders 921 (CANB, L) and

Mirap, Saunders 965 (BM, CANB, L);

Atemble, Robbins 1347 (CANB); Jose-

phstaal, K. J. White N.G.F. 10251

(CANB, K, L, SING).

410 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

NEw BRITAIN:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

VERNACULAR NAMES:

Morobe _ District:—Kajabit, Markham

Valley, Clemens 10511 (A, UC); junction

of Cnr. Lae-Nadzal Road and _ the

Narakapoor Road, Yalu, Plains of the

Markham, Austr. For. Survey Co.

N.G.F. 246 (BRI, LAE); Lae, Henty

N.G.F. 13648 (BM, L, SING): edge of

rain forest, Botanic Gardens, Lae, K-.J.

White N.G.F. 9699 (CANB, K, L, SING):

Maralumi Creek, Erap near Lae, Henty

N.G.F. 11520 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING):

Bulowat East, 2nd Austr. For. Survey

Co. N.G.F. 2516 (BRI. LAE); Manki,

Bulolo, E. Gray N.G.F. 4071 (A, BO,

BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, SING); Bulolo,

K.J. White N.G.F. 10118 (CANB, K, L,

SING). .

Talasea sub-district:—at the old village

of Miluputu on Mt Mataleloch, K-.J.

White N.G.F. 10943 (CANB, K, L, SING)

and south-west of Rikau Village, K-J.

White N.G.F. 10810 (CANB, SING).

New Britain District:—Nantambu. Open

Bay, Mair N.G.F. 1877 (BRI, LAE).

New Britain and throuughout New

Guinea in the lowlands by river banks,

and mangrove, rarely ascending (see notes

below).

M. hollrungii Warb., Hollrung 701 (B

burnt, BO, K, MEL) Second Augusta

Station; Beccari 669 (FI) Andai:

Lauterbach 1188 (B- burnt, BRSL)

Astrolabe Bay, three syntypes given by

Warburg in his monograph but since he

emended M. heterophylla K. Schum. with

its three Hollrung numbers and selected

one of them as M. hollrungii then this

one Hollrung 701 could be taken more

strictly as the type of M. hollrungii. M.

albertisii Warb., d’Albertis 9 (B holotype

burnt, FI, MEL) Fly River. M. ecuryo-

carpa Warb., Rodatz & Klink (Tappen-

beck) 33 (B_ holotype burnt, BRSL)

Ramu River. M. heterophylla K. Schum.

Two of the three syntypes quoted by

Schum. are M. hollrungii; these are

Hollrung 648 (B burnt, BO) Lower August

River and Hollrung 70] (B burnt, BO, K,

MEL) Second Augusta Station. The third

syntype is not hollrungii but subalulata,

namely Hollrung 178 (B burnt) Kalueng,

Finschhafen. M. heterophylla K. Schum.

emend. Warb. in Monog. Myrist. pages

489 and 490. The type is strictly Hollrung

648 but he has also added Lauterbach

1107 (B burnt, BRSL) Astrolabe Bay.

Mangrove Nutmeg (English). New Guinea

languages:— estumoh (Jal at Madang):

guma (Maprik at Sepik): iboem or

ibuumkwarapsane (Kemtuk); kieta (Awju):

lamanaru Talasea, New Britain): mate-

mate (Amele); menalara (Mori River,

southeast Papua); niet (Kebar); sebong-

gwa; sebehongwa (Mios Waar Island);

segwehi (Manikiong); sumtar (Amber-

baken); tantar (itik and Mander); warg-

doo (Wein); watan (Berik).

i i i a nt i

ee OO

a= oD

Sinclair — Myristica 41]

A tall tree with stilt-roots in mangrove and wet places along

river banks, subject to inundation. It is one of the commonest

wild nutmegs in New Guinea and it may be confused in herbaria

with the equally common M. subalulata, especially if the latter is

sterile. It is a taller tree than subalulata, being 6-36 m high as

against 3-10 m in the latter, which has no stilt-roots and usually

grows in drier ground. Occasionally it ascends to 923 m (3,000 ft)

in which case the leaves tend to be slightly narrower and the stilt-

roots reduced in size or absent, e.g. Gray 4071 and White 10118. I

have not given such specimens any varietal name as there are

intermediates, the leaves of which tend to become smaller with

increase of altitude, and anyway, the variation from the typical

lowland tree is very slight. The ant-swellings, so characteristic of

the twigs in subalulata are absent as well as the wings, but both

species have the two lines extending from petiole base’to petiole

base. M. sulcata has these lines too, but then its leaves are darker

when dry. It is because of the pale colour of the rather similar

leaves (on drying) that Aollrungii and subalulata are so often

confused in herbaria. Those of hAollrungii, however, tend to be

on the average, smaller with fewer, more oblique and less deeply

arched veins than those of subalulata, the base rounded or cordate,

seldom acute. The texture of the leaf in both is similar except in

the mountain forms of subalulata where it is naturally more

coriaceous. The male flower of Aollrungii is smaller and _ sub-

globose in shape, not elliptic-cylindrical, more deeply lobed at the

apex and with a much shorter staminal column and sterile apiculus.

Its sterile stalk is densely pubescent, not glaborous, and the flower-

ing pedicels are only half as long as those of subalulata. The

glabrous fruit is larger and more oblong with a less prominent

central apiculus. When young it is much more similar to that of

subalulata, then being more sub-globose with a distinct central

beak. In fact, in the early stages that of M. sulcata is similar also.

It is about the same size as that of hollrungii when mature, but

retains its sub-globose shape and lacks the central apiculus. All!

three are orange, becoming glabrous. For differences between

hollrungii and kajewskii see the notes under the latter. M. hetero-

phylla K. Schumann is a mixtum compositum with three syntypes.

It was later emended by Warburg. For a full explanation see notes

above in the Type Material of hollrungii and again in the notes

after subalulata. Markgraf makes M. albertisii Warb. a synonym

of M. biaiata Warb. which he keeps up. Warburg states that it is

nearest to hollrungii. I find that it is not different either. I have put

it as a synonym of hollrungii.

It is difficult to decide whether to place hollrungii in series

Subalulatae or in series Heterophyllae. It will be seen from the above

comparison that hollrungii and subalulata have various points of

resemblance. In fact hollrungii is the species which connects the

present series with the Subalulatae. 1 would have put hollrungi

with subalulata, only the male flowers are quite different, their

shape being sub-globose and acute at the apex in bud like those

412 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

of series Heterophyllae, not elongate, tubular or acute at the apex

as in subalulata. Less important is that the staminal column and

straight veins are also more in keeping with what is found in the

other members of the Heterophyliae. Once again it is the general

rule in a uniform genus like Myristica to find and expect to find

species which connect one series to others. Warburg like myself

has not put M. hollrungii with M. subalulata, but then his series

Heterophyllae is uniform consisting only of hollrungii and hetero-

phylla, the latter really only hollrungii. Series Heterophyllae sensu

mihi would be more uniform if hollrungii were removed from it

as the two remaining species kajewskii and hypargyraea are closer,

both morphologically and geographically. If hollrungii has to be

separated from these two species and if they continue to exist as

a series then a new series, namely Hypargyreae will have to be

created for them.

(62) Myristica *kaiewskii A. C. Smith in J. Arb. 22, 1 (1941)

68: C. T. White in Walker, For. Br. Sol. Islands Proc. (1948) et

2nd edit. (1962) 146.

Synonym: M. cerifera A. C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, I

(1941) 77—syn. nov.—Fig. 70.

Medium to large tree, 10-25 m high with stilt-roots. Bark red-

dish brown, rough with longitudinal cracks and flaking in crinkly,

paper-thin flakes; sap red. Twigs stout, 3-8 mm thick, depending

on the distance down from the apex, glabrous, striate, dark blackish

brown or less often medium brown in the younger parts, rough and

greyish in the older. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, glabrous,

dark glossy green above, glaucous or whitish beneath, drying a

pale brown above (as in M. hollrungii), pale or cinereous beneath

with darker veins, oblong, rounded at the base, acute or bluntly

acute at the apex; midrib prominent on both surfaces, becoming

longitudinally striate on the lower surface when dry and there

3—4 mm broad near the base; nerves 18-25 pairs, oblique, equi-

distant, faint above, level with the surface or slightly sulcate, raised

beneath; reticulations invisible above, a fine scalariform set

beneath interwoven with a fainter network; length 17-35 cm;

breadth 6-12 cm (large to medium size-class); petiole 2-5 cm long,

often drying black, stout, 3-4 mm thick. Male flowers unknown.

Female, the remains present on a Knema-like woody tubercle, the

perianth thickly coriaceous, 6-7 mm long and 5S—6 mm broad,

tomentulose, the lobes 3 mm long and 3 mm broad, acute at the

apex, ovary densely brown-tomentose, striate, stigma deeply bi-

lobed; bracteole 3 mm long and 7 mm broad, obtuse; pedicels

very short. Fruit single or in pairs, large, 7-8.5 cm long and 5.5—7.5

cm broad, broadly oblong to nearly sub-globose, sometimes with

a few warts, pale brown-tomentulose, the pericarp hard and woody,

5-8 mm-(1 cm) thick; stalk 5 mm-—2cm long, very stout, 1 cm

thick. Seed oblong, rounded at the apex, slightly rounded at the

base, 4 cm long and 2 cm broad, hard, medium brown, glossy and

having a spicy fragrance.

Foot-note:—*See Addenda, page 512.

Sinclair — Myristica 413

Fig. 70. Myristica kajewskii A. C. Smith.

A, leafy twig. B, young fruit. C, older fruit. D, fruit in longitudinal

section. E, aril and seed. A from Kajewski 2613 (A holotype).

B from Kajewski 1736 (A). C from Kajewski 2613 (BRI isotype).

D-E from Kajewski 2068 (A).

414

SOLO-

MONS

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore ~ X XIII (1968)

BOUGAINVILLE

ISLAND:

FAURO:

SHORTLAND

ISLAND:

CHOISEUL

ISLAND:

SANTA

ISLAND:

NEw GEORGIA

GROUP:

MALAITA:

GUADALCANAL:

SAN CRISTOBAL:

DISTRIBUTION:

TYPE MATERIAL:

VERNACULAR NAMES:

USES:

Kupei Gold Field, Kajewski 1736 (A,

BM, BO, BRI, G, P); Kugumaru, Buin,

Kajewski 1827 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G, L);

Lake Luralu, Koniguru, Buin, Kajewski

2068 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G, L, P);

Siwai, Waterhouse 166 (K); Tonolei

harbour, Whitmore BSIP 4148 (L, LAE,

SING).

Kariki, Whitmore’s

5698 (L, LAE, SING).

Inland from Harapa Village, Whitmore’s

collectors BSIP 5737 (L, SING).

Inland from Liliu Village, Whitmore’s

collectors BSIP 5659 (L, LAE, SING);

Solovae Inlet, 1 mile south of Choiseul

Bay Whitmore’s collectors BSIP 5685 (L,

LAE, SING); ultrabasic outcrop, Ruravi,

Whitmore BSIP 2981 (L, LAE, SING).

Garona, a few miles west of Maringe

Lagoon, Whitmore BSIP 2484 (L, LAE,

SING).

Gizo Island, Whitmore’s collectors

BSIP 5601 (L, LAE, SING); Kolomban-

gara Island, Kape harbour, Womersley &

Whitmore BSIP 805 L, LAE, SING); Le

River, New Georgia Island, Walker &

C. T. White 198 (BRI, K); Baga Island,

Whitmore BSIP 1373 (LAE, SING).

Are Are District, Kiu, Lipaqueto BSIP

3545 (L, LAE).

Uulolo, Tutuve Mt, Kajewski 2613 (A,

BM, BO, BRI, G, L, P, SING).

Wairaha River, Whitmore BSIP 4251

(L, LAE, SING).

Solomons.

M. kajewskii A. C. Smith, Kajewski

2613 (A holotype, BM, BO, BRI, G, L,

P, SING). M. cerifera A. C. Smith,

Kajewski 1827 (A holotype, BM, BO,

BRI, G, L).

Hig-ham-bure (Guadalcanal); kakola

New Georgia); kuku (New Georgia and

Santa Isabel); mu; or-wu-pekira; voraga

(Bougainville).

collectors BSIP

The bark is macerated and the liquid

drunk to check haemorrhages.

A common tree in lowland rain forest from 150—1,200 m altitude.

M. cerifera is not really different so I reduce it to a synonym of

our present species. M. kajewskii is also close to hollrungii but

differs as follows:—The two lines on the twigs of the latter do

not seem to be present. The leaves are generally more coriaceous

but not always. The midrib is stouter and the petiole longer, some-

times up to 5 cm, but usually 3 cm long. The undersurface tends

to be whiter with more distinct reticulations. The most important

difference lies in the much larger fruit with a thicker woody peri-

carp and a stouter stalk. It is most unfortunate that male flowers

are lacking in kajewskii for they might have told us more about

the exact position of this species since it is also close to hypar-

gyraea.

Sinclair — Myristica 415

It may be and it is my own opinion that M. kajewskii is but yet

only another variety of the widely distributed and variable M.

hypargyraea which has spread from Fiji east to the cther island

groups. A glance at key no. 16 will show that the characters for

separating the two are not very satisfactory. All are minor ones

except the large fruit and even that character is shared by the

var. gillespieana of hypargyraea, the variety which is nearest to

kajewskii both morphologically and geographically. In fact, sterile

material of both is sometimes indistinguishable. Yet, in the

absence of male flowers, I am unable to confirm whether M.

kajewskii is distinct or not and can make no reduction at present.

I had hoped that Whitmore’s recent collection would have pro-

vided the much awaited solution, but unfortunately there were

no flowering specimens among the several sheets collected by him.

(63) Myristica *hypargyraea A. Gray in Wilkes, United States

Explor. Exped. 1 (1854) 33 pro parte quoad spec. ex Samoa

tantum; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 194 pro parte; Seemann, F1.

Vitiensis (1867) 205 pro parte; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

479 1.18 f.1-5 pro parte; Rechinger in Denkschr. Akad. Wiss.

Wien. Math.-Natw. KI]. 84 (1908) 485 (“Aypargyracea’) et ibid. 85

(1910) 282 pro parte; Kanchira in Tokyo Bot. Mag. 45 (1931)

280 excl. spec. ex Micronesia; Fl. Micron. (1933) 113 £.34 et

Enum. Micron. P1. (1935) 319 excl. spec. ex Micronesia; Chris-

tophersen in B.P. Bish. Mus. Bull. 128 (1935) 86; Markgraf in

Bot. Jahrb. 69, 3 (1938) 397 excl. spec. ex Micronesia et Fiji;

A. C. Smith in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 68, 6 (1941) 403 [excl. spec.

ex Tonga = hypargyraea var. gillespieana (A. C. Smith) Sinclair];

Yuncker, “Plants of Tonga” in B.P. Bish. Mus. Bull. 220 (1959)

116 excl. spec. ex Tonga.

var. hypargyraea—Fig. 71.

Tree 10-20 m high. Twigs glabrous, the young parts moderately

slender in the typical Samoan plant, average about 4 mm thick

but becoming thicker in the older parts, greyish brown, finely

striate, numerous small lenticels present. Leaves chartaceous,

glabrous, dark green above, drying a greenish metallic grey, often

slightly shining, greyish white beneath with reddish brown midrib

and nerves, the whiteness due to very minute, non-powdery, waxy

scales sunk in the tissue, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, base rounded

or less often bluntly acute, apex acute; nerves 16-21 pairs, average

19 pairs, raised or slightly impressed above, fairly prominent

beneath, straight or at times slightly crooked, the line of inter-

arching at the margins prominent; reticulations indistinct or

invisible: length 14-34 cm, average 23 cm; breadth 5-11.5 cm.

average 7 cm; petiole deeply channelled and closely inrolled, 2-3

cm long and 2.5-3.5 mm thick. Male inflorescence 1-4 cm long,

simple or mostly bifurcate, section 2 type but both the smooth

* Foot-note:—See Addenda, page 511.

416 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

OWRD

C7 4

M\NR5

9cmM \

JUPAIM/ DEL «

Fig. 71. Myristica hypargyraea A. Gray var. hypargyraea.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, older leaf. E, fruit. F, fruit with minute warts. A—C

from Reinecke 133 (L). D from Horne 10 (A). E from Graeffe 2

(HBG). F from Graeffe 66 (HBG).

Sinclair — Myristica 417

basal part and the floriferous part elongating, the latter rusty-

tomentose and with a few scars. Male flowers coriaceous, rusty or

yellowish brown tomentose, ovoid-globose in bud and angled at

the apex, completely covered by the bracteole on one side, sub-

campanulate at anthesis and split down to below the middle or

3-way by the broadly ovate lobes, 5-6 mm long and 6 mm broad;

staminal column 5 mm long, the fertile part 3 mm long and 1.5-2

mm broad with 10 anthers and truncate on the top without an

apiculus, the stalk narrower, 2 mm long, glabrous or with a few

hairs at its very base; bracteole about 4 as long as the mature

flower, broadly ovate or semi-orbicular; pedicels slender, 5-7 mm

long and 1-1.5 mm broad, flattened and longitudinally striate.

Female flowers also deeply lobed, 5 mm long, the ovary globose,

densely rusty-tomentose; pedicels 5 mm long and 2—2.5.mm thick.

Fruit sub-globose or slightly longer than broad with a minute

apiculus, 3.2-3.5 cm long and 2.5-2.7 cm broad, dark brown-

tomentulose, rather like that of a Knema, minutely warted, the

line of dehiscene rather prominent, the pericarp thin but hard

and woody, 2 mm thick; stalk slender, 3-4 mm thick, the peduncular

part 1.2 cm long and the pedicel | cm long. Aril red with many

fine laciniations. Seed with a dark brown, hard, glossy testa when

dry, the embryo (after Warburg) crateriform with wavy margins.

SAMOA S.L.: Graeffe s.n. (BM); Horne Nos. 10 (A, K)

a second sheet of No. 10 in K is fatua

var. inutilis; 29 (K); Powell 204 (K);

Vaupel 300 (K, M, NSW); Whitmee Nos.

87 (K); 88 (K); 90 (K); /0/ (K) and s.n.,

date 1876-77 (A, BM, C, CGE, E, SING);

Pickering, Cpt. Wilkes Exped. s.n. (A, K,

NY, P, US) the Tonga specimen = var.

gillespieana is also mounted on the A

sheet. The NY and US specimens not

seen by me.

SAVAIL: Graeffe 211 (HBG); near Samalaeulu,

Christophersen & Hume 2486 (BO) and

Christophersen No. 3474a (UC) and

3474b (K); above Sili, Christophersen

3203 (Reb Po lJC),

UPOLU: Graeffe Nos. 2 (HBG); 66 (HBG); 66a

(HBG) and s.n. (HBG); Malololelei,

Christophersen Nos. 150 (K, P, UC) and

314 (K, P, UC); Moa-moa Plantations,

Eames 186 (BO, K) the A and L sheets

of this number are fatua var. inutilis; top

of Mafa Pass, McKee 2876 (K, L);

Apolau, Reinecke 133 (BM, BO, BRSL,

E, G & Borss., K, 2, Z); Lauli’i River

Region, Reinecke 248 (E, G Boiss.).

TUTUILA: S.1., Reinecke 445 (E, G Boiss.); Pago-

pago, Garber 928 (BO); reservoir trail

above Pago-pago, Yuncker 9419 (A); near

summit of Vatia Pass on Vatia side,

Setchell 342 (UC).

DISTRIBUTION : Samoa.

418 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

TYPE MATERIAL: Pickering, Cpt. Wilkes Exped. s.n. (A, K,

NY, P, US) Samoa. The A sheet has the

Tonga specimen of M. hypargyraea

(which I have now separated as the var.

gillespieana) also mounted on it. I have

not seen the NY and US sheets. The

holotype according to A.C. Smith, Bull.

Torr. Bot. Club 1.c. 403 is the A sheet

but I think it may be the US sheet. For

reason see under M. castaneifolia, section

Type Material. The lectotype of M.

hypargyraea var. hypargyraea should be

taken as the Samoan specimen on the

US sheet since the material was distri-

buted by the Smithsonian Institution.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Atone (Savaii, Upolu); atone-ulu (Tutuila).

var. gillespieana (A. C. Smith) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: M. giliespieana A. C. Smith in B.P. Bish. Mus.

Bull. 141 (1936) 67 f.32 et in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 68,6, (1941)

404; J. W. Parham, Plants of the Fiji Islands (1964) 59.

Synonym: M. hypargyraea A. Gray in Wilkes, United States,

Explor. Exped. | (1854) 33 pro parte quoad spec. ex Tonga

tantum; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 194 pro parte; Seemann,

Fl. Vitiensis (1867) 205 pro parte; Kanehira in Tokyo Bot. Mag.

45 (1931) 280 excl. spec. ex Micronesia; A. C. Smith in B.P.

Bish. Mus. Bull. 141 (1936) 66 et in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 68,

6 (1941) 403 pro parte; Yuncker, “Plants of Tonga” in B.P.

Bish. Mus. Bull. 220 (1959) 116 pro parte quoad spec. ex Tonga

tantum.—Fig. 72.

Tree 8-30 m high, average 15 m with branches more or less

horizontal. Twigs stouter than in the typical, 6 mm thick in the

younger parts and 8 mm-—1 cm thick in the older, blackish or

purplish brown and smooth in the younger parts, rougher and

greyish brown in the older. Leaves more coriaceous than in the

preceding, oblong with nearly parallel sides, sometimes oblong-

obovate, base rounded and often emarginate or sub-cordate, apex

acute or bluntly acute; nerves 18-30 pairs, average 22 pairs;

reticulations usually absent but sometimes a few faint, scalariform

ones in the younger leaves; sizes rather variable, often larger than

in the typical, 20-40 cm long, average 23 cm; 7-14 cm broad,

average 9 cm; petiole 2-4 cm long. Flowers as in the typical. Fruit

obovoid-ellipsoid when young, 3-5 cm long and 2.6-3 broad,

later globose, sub-globose and less elongate when mature, 6 cm in

diam., generally with paler tomentum; stalk much stouter than

in the typical, 1-1.5 cm long and 8 mm-1 cm thick.

Sinclair — Myristica 419

53mm

JuRAW DE.

Fig. 72. Myristica hypargyraea A. Gray var. gillespieana (A. C. Smith)

J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, immature male flower.

C, staminal coitumn. D, female flower. E, ovary. F, very young fruit

G, young fruit. H, older fruit but not mature. A from Setchell &

Parks 15432 (UC). B-C from A. C. Smith 1457 (A). D-F from

Yuncker 15064 (A). G from A. C. Smith 964 (UC). H from

McDaniels 1066 (A). ’

420 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

FUT sas

VANUA LEVU:

VANUA MBALAVU:

Koro:

Viti LEvuU:

MOTURIKI:

TONGA TONGATAPU

(TONGATABU) :

‘Eua ISLAND:

Kao ISLAND:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

VERNACULAR NAMES:

USES:

Gillespie 4648 (A); probably Nawang-

gambena, B. E. Parham 1295 (A).

Thakaundrove, Maravu near Salt Lake,

Degener & Ordonez 14155 (A, K, UC);

Mbua, Upper Ndama River Valley, A.C.

Smith 1597 (A, BO, K, P, UC); Mbua

Lower Wainunu River Valley, A.C.

Smith 1745 (A, BO, K, P, UC) small

leaves; Mbua, southern portion of Seatovo

Range, A.C. Smith 1537 (A, BO, K, P,

UC) small leaves.

Malatta, A.C. Smith 1457 (A, BO, K,

UC) on limestone.

Eastern slope of Main Ridge, A.C. Smith

946 (A, BO, K, NY, UC) NY not seen.

Mba, vicinity of Nalotawa, eastern base

of Mt. Evans Range, A.C. Smith 4445

(A, K) small leaves; Lautoka, Mt. Evans,

Greenwood 953 (A, K); west of Suva

near coast, MacDaniels 1066 (A);

Nandronga and Narosa (Tholo West)

southern slopes of Nausori Highlands,

Namosi Creek above Tumbenasolo, A.C.

Smith 4715 (A, K, L) small leaves;

Natasiri Province, Lami near Suva,

Tothill 682 (K); s.1., Seemann Nos. 6

(A, BM, G, K) and 7 (A, BM, CAL, G

& Boiss., K, P).

Storck 866 (A, BM, G & Boiss., K) the

BM sheet has in addition a leaf of M.

castaneifolia.

Pickering, Cpt. Wilkes’ Exped. s.n. (A,

K, P) the A sheet also has the Samoan

specimen of M. _ hypargyraea var.

hypargyraea mounted on it. Graeffe 68

(HBG); Langi, Mua, Setchell & Parks

15275 (A, K, UC); Vahe and Ha’ake

Districts, Setchell & Parks 15432 (G, K,

NSW, UC): van Dieman’s Point, Setchell

& Parks 15505 (UC); towards lagoon near

Fatai, Hiirlimann 56 (Z); Hufangalupe

near Vaini Village, Yuncker 15064 (A,

BM).

Lister, date 1889-90 (K); Parks 16160

(A, BM, C, K, UC); on terrace south

Vaingana River, Hiirlimann No. 279 (Z)

and 280 (Z): trail to summit of eastern

ridge, Yuncker 15385 (BM).

Yuncker 15968 (BM).

Fiji and Tonga.

M. gillespieana A.C. Smith, Smith 946

(A, BO, K, NY holotype, UC) Fiji.

Katone or kotone (Tonga): male (Fiji).

Stem for making banana shooks, the aril

for ornaments.

var. *guillauminiana (A. C. Smith) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: M. guillauminiana A. C. Smith in Bull. Torr. Bot.

Club 68 (1941) 405.

Synonym: Myristica sp. Guillaumin in J. Arn. Arb. 13, 2

(1932) 83.—Fig. 73.

Foot-note:—* See Addenda, page 425.

Sinclair — Myristica 421

Fig. 73. Myristica hypargyraea A. Gray var. guillauminiana (A. C. Smith)

J. Sinclair.

Leafy twig with fruit from Kajawski 422 (BRI isotype).

422 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Tree 25 m high Twigs young parts only present, dark brown,

glabrous except the terminal bud, fairly slender, 4 mm _ thick.

Leaves thinly chartaceous to almost membranous, drying a pale

greyish brown above, whitish beneath, oblong or obovate; nerves

15-18 pairs; length 22 cm; breadth 8 cm; petiole slender, 2—3.5

cm long and 2 mm thick. Flowers not seen. Fruit globose to sub-

globose, 3—4.5 cm long and 3-4 cm broad, very similar to those

of the typical, the tomentum lighter in colour, the warts nearly

absent, the apex minutely apiculate; stalk much shorter and

slightly thicker, the peduncle 3 mm long, the pedicel 3 mm long

and 5-6 mm thick.

BANKS GROUP (near Vanua Lava Island, Kajewski 422 (A

New HEprRIDEs): holotype, BRI, K, NY) the NY sheet

not seen by me.

DISTRIBUTION : Banks Group, known from this single

collection, but a common tree there at

sea _ level.

var. insularis (Kanehira) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Myristica insularis Kanehira, Fl. Micronesica (30th

June, 1933) 115 f.35; Bot. Mag. Tokyo 47 (20th October, 1933)

671 et Enum. Micron. Pl. in J. Dep. Agr. Kyushu Imp. Univ.

4, 6 (1935) 320; Mgf in Bot. Jahrb. 69, 3 (1938) 397; A. C.

Smith in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 68, 6 (1941) 402.

Synonym: M. hypargyraea (non A. Gray) Auctores: Kanehira

in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 45 (1931) 280 et Fl. Micron. (1933) 113

£.34 quoad spec. ex Micronesia tantum; Mgf in Bot. Jahrb.

69, 3 (1938) 397 quoad spec. ex Micronesia tantum; Glassman,

Fl. Ponape in B.P. Bish. Mus. Bull. 209 (1952) 53; Fig. 74.

Large tree 10-30 m high. Twigs glabrous except the rusty-

pubescent terminal bud and short innovations, fairly stout, 3—5

mm thick in the apical parts, 5-6 mm thick in the older, medium

brown and longitudinally striate, greyish brown with coarser

striations and a few lenticels lower down. Leaves mostly chart-

aceous, sometimes thinly coriaceous, drying a pale or less often

medium brown above and waxy white or cinereous beneath due

to very closely adpressed (not lax) minute scales, the lower midrib

and nerves standing out a medium or reddish brown, obovate or

broadly obovate, broadest above the middle and from there

narrowed to the rounded or mostly sub-cordate base, rounded at

the apex and then obtuse or bluntly apiculate; nerves 17-22

pairs, rarely a secondary one arising between two main ones,

sunk above, prominent and raised beneath, oblique and more

or less parallel; reticulations invisible above, visible beneath only

in thin leaves, scalariform; length 25-38 cm; breadth 10-15 cm

(4-8 cm broad at the base) but short leaves, 15 cm long and 7.5

cm broad sometimes present at the apex or on fruiting twigs:

petiole 1.5-3.5 cm long, fairly stout, 3-4.5 mm thick. Male in-

florescence as in the typical (only one seen by me) a striate, rusty-

pubescent, slender main axis, 2—3.5 cm long, probably also shorter

or nearly absent, dividing at its apex into two thick, scar-covered,

1 cm long branches, the flowers crowded at their apices. Male

Sinclair — Myristica 423

mat? “ye Lee

uu i

apoE.

;

Fig. 74. Myristica hypargyraea A. Gray var. insularis (Kanehira) B.

Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, fruit. E, fruit with minute warts. A-C from Glassman

2729 (BISH). D from Kanehira 727 (BISH). E from Tuyama 9th

Aug. 1939 (TI) Mt Todai-yama.

424 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

flowers as in the typical, rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous and

cream-coloured inside, campanulate, 5-6 mm long and 6 mm broad

(still immature) ovoid-globose in bud with an obtuse apex; stalk

of staminal column glabrous except for a few hairs at its base,

fertile part twice as long as the stalk and ending in a minute

obtuse or truncate, sterile apiculus; pedicels slender, 5-7 mm

long. Fruit oblong, rounded at the apex with a short mucro,

44.5 cm long and 2.8 cm in diam., rusty-brown-tomentulose, the

pericarp hard and thick, sometimes verruculose, the line of

dehiscence prominent; stalk 5 mm-—1.5 cm long and 5 mm thick.

CAROLINES PALAu: Babeithuap Island (Baobeltoab):—

ISLANDS: Galdok, Kanehira & Hatusima 5009 (A,

NY not seen); Ngathpang, 7. Tuyama,

16th Aug. 1939 (TI).

Urukthapel Island:— Todai-yama,

Kanehira 1865 (K, NY not seen, P, TNS);

ditto, T. Tuyama, 9th Aug. 1939 (TI,

TOFO).

PONAPE: s.l., Kanehira Nos. 1512 (NY not seen):

1529 (P) and 1545 (K, NY not seen, US

not seen); G. Koidzumi, Jan. 1915 (TI):

Riesenberg 57 (BISH); Takamatsu 1023

(BISH). Mt. Seleterah, Glassman 2729

(BISH) male flowers; Takalide, Hosokawa

5522 (BISH); Palikir, Kanehira 727 (A

not seen, BISH, NY not seen, TI);

Sankaku-yama, Kanehira 763 (NY not

seen, TNS); Anapeng-pa, Takamatsu 713

(BISH).

DISTRIBUTION : Confined to the Carolines (Palau Islands

and Ponape).

TYPE MATERIAL: Kanehira 1865 (FU holotype not seen,

K, NY not seen, P, TNS).

VERNACULAR NAME: Ka’rara or kararah.

Myristica hypargyraea is a rather variable species since it is

spread over different areas isolated by seas. The type of M.

hypargyraea A. Gray consists of specimens from two localities,

namely Samoa and Tonga, both collected by Pickering during the

U.S. Expedition of Captain Wilkes, Duplicates were distributed by

the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Actually on the A sheet

the specimens from these two localities are mounted side by side.

I have not seen the US herbarium material. In Gray’s criginal

publication of M. hypargyraea it is apparent that he based his

description of it on male and fruiting specimens from Samoa and

that the account of the only female flowers he saw was from

Tongatabu (Tonga) specimens which also had young “forming”

fruits present in their inflorescences. Since the greater part of his

description was therefore taken from the Samoan material, I pro-

pose to designate the Samoan material as M. hypargyraea var.

hypargyraea. 1 have excluded and called the Tonga material which

is slightly different M. hypargyraea var. gillespieana since the

name gillespieana is available and can be used. Thus we have

M. hypargyraea var. gillespieana confined to Tonga and Fiji and

var. hypargyraea to Samoa.

Sinclair — Myristica 425

The variety gillespieana differs from the typical in its much

thicker fruiting pedicels, 8 mm— 1 cm thick as against 3-4 mm in

the typical. The young fruit is more elongate and more attenuate

at the base into the stalk. Mature fruits become more or less sub-

globose like the typical, but they are larger, being 6 cm in diameter

and not warted. The colour of tomentum on the pericarp is often

paler but this is not a reliable character. There are other minor

differences such as the stouter twigs and the larger, more coriaceous

leaves, often sub-cordate at the base and with more nerves. The

size of the leaves is not always reliable, however, as they vary

a good deal in their dimensions and small ones may be present

which do not differ much from those of the typical. Some of these

small-leaved specimens have been incorrectly named M. castanei-

folia, but I have placed them under hypargyraea var. gillespieana

with the inscription “small leaves” after the specimens cited. Also

see notes under castaneifolia. Thus it can be seen that the differ-

ences between var. gillespieana and var. hypargyraea are not very

striking and certainly not sufficient for gillespieana to remain as

a separate species. It is not surprising, therefore, that Asa Gray

considered them (the Tonga and Samoa specimens) to be but one

species for there are sterile specimens which are sometimes

indistinguishable.

M. guillauminiana A. C. Smith is no more than another variety

of hypargyraea and probably arose as the result of isolation in

the Banks Islands. The leaves are thinner and sometimes obovate,

while the fruit-stalk is shorter and a little thicker, but not so thick

as in var. gillespieana. The fruit is globose or sub-globose, very like

that of the typical, but the warts are faint or nearly absent. It is

not possible to say much more about it, since it was described

from a single gathering.

M. hypargyraea var. insularis is said to be common in the

Palau Islands. It differs from the other varieties in the leaves being

obovate or broadly obovate, rounded or mostly sub-cordate at

the base and the mature fruit oblong. The leaves of var. guillau-

miniana are sometimes obovate but thinner in texture. The fruit

of var. insularis is often slightly warted and in this respect it

resembles that of var. hypargyraea but its stalk (i.e. insularis) is

shorter and a little thicker but not so thick as that of var. gilles-

pieana. The flowers are more or less similar. Most of the speci-

mens I have seen from the Carolines are named M. hypargyraea and

not insularis and I cannot see that they are anything very different

in spite of their great separation by distance and by sea. I fail

to agree with Kanehira and A. C. Smith that they represent a

different species and the most I can do is to make them a variety

on account of the broad obovate leaves and the oblong fruits.

Markgraf who examined them recognizes both insularis and

hypargyraea in the Carolines. Fosberg has also named some of

the sheets Aypargyraea. The hairs on the perianth are, as A. C.

Smith states, transversely fusiform ,with the apical cell often

elongate. In fact they consist of a small basal one with several

others placed on top of it in an imbricate fashion and each larger

than the preceding. If there are only two cells the resulting form

426 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

is a star with four rays. This type is not infrequent among the

others but the majority have more than four rays and are probably

older than the four-rayed ones. Those of var. gillespieana have

mostly stellate hairs while those of var. hypargyraea have simple,

one-celled or separate ones mixed with a few stellate ones. They all

look the same under a lens when magnified 8 or 10 times and

they are essentially all derived from one kind of hair with the

same yellow pigment. One cannot make such trifling characters

the basis for specific delimitation. The majority of foresters would

ignore such minute details.

M. hypargyraea var. hypargyraea has been confused in herbaria

with the other Samoan tree Myristica fatua var. inutilis as their

leaves are rather similar at times. I, personally, have not ex-

perienced any difficulties here and there should be no trouble in

recognizing them when male flowers are present. For more details

see under M. fatua var. inutilis. It has already been pointed out

that hypargyraea has been wrongly identified with castaneifolia

at times. It is near to castaneifolia especially in its flowers but

the floriferous part of its male inflorescence axis is more elongate,

the scars of fallen flowers being fewer and more distant from

each other. It can be distinguished from castaneifolia by the

general absence of numerous secondary nerves on its leaves.

17. SERIES TEISSMANNIAE

series Teijsmanniae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 382.

Synonyms: series Castaneifoliae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

380 quoad M. crassam King et M. lowianam King, King Nos

5537 et 7258 = (M. crassa King) tantum. Series Malabaricae

Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 375 quoad M. andamanicam Hk. f.

tantum. Series Suaves (Suavis) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

377 quoad M. suavem King tantum.

Twigs glabrous except the terminal bud, medium to dark brown

or reddish brown, longitudinally striate, moderately slender, 3—5

mm thick or in one species 5—7 mm thick in the apical parts.

Leaves chartaceous to stoutly coriaceous, glabrous, silvery beneath

in M. andamanica when young, rhombic, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-

lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute at both ends, large to medium

size-class, 12-40 cm long, average 26 cm long and 4—12 cm broad,

average 7 cm; nerves 12-22 pairs, average 17 pairs, oblique and

nearly parallel, straight or curving slightly, a few secondary nerves

present but these short and never conspicuous or numerous;

reticulations faint or absent. Male inflorescence axis generally stout

in the reproductive part, with or without a straight smooth portion.

Male flowers ovoid or sub-globose, less often oblong, 4-8 mm

long and 3-5 mm broad; pedicels 6-7 mm long; bracteole early

deciduous. Fruit glabrous or tomentulose, ovoid or sub-globose:

2.8-6.5 cm long and 3-4.5 cm in diam. Species 3 M. andama-

nica, crassa and teijsmannii.

TYPE SPECIES: M. teijsmannii Miq.

Sinclair — Myristica 427

Very close to series Laurifoliae differing only in minor characters

such as larger leaves, stouter twigs, veins more oblique and not

curving even if they arise from the midrib at a wide angle, flowers

larger, fruit more globose, not oblong. Both have the perianth

slightly 3-angled at the apex. There is more development of the

apiculus in the staminal column and the stalk is glabrous or less

hairy. The apiculus may be present or absent in teijsmannii so this

character may not have much significance.

(64) Myristica andamanica Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 103:

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 294 pl. 115; Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 411; Brandis, Ind. Trees (edit. 1906 et

1911) 524; Parkinson, Forest Flora of the Andaman Islands

(1923) 223 pl. 3 f. 53. M. elliptica (non Wall. ex Hk. f. et Th.)

Kurz, For. Fl. Br. Burma 2 (1877) 282. —— Fig. 75A-E.

A handsome tree 7-12 m high with horizontal branches and

stilt-roots. Bark blackish; sap blood red. Twigs glabrous except the

rather slender, elongate, pubescent terminal bud, medium to dark

brown, longitudinally striate, 3-5 mm thick depending on the

distance down from the apex. Leaves chartaceous to thinly coria-

ceous, seldom rigidly coriaceous except in the oldest leaves,

glabrous, dark green and glossy above, pale greenish brown and

often glossy when dry, lower surface covered with minute, silvery

scales when young, the scales disappearing and the colour pale

green or when dry medium brown, elliptic, broadly elliptic, oblong- _

elliptic or nearly rhombic, widest at the middle and from there

tapering gradually to both. ends, base acute, less often rounded

but if so, then bluntly acute where it joins the petiole, apex acute

or shortly acuminate; nerves 12—22 pairs, average 18, equidistant,

oblique, nearly parallel, impressed above, raised beneath; reticula-

tions scalariform, faint on both surfaces, dimensions variable,

usually about 20-24 cm long and 9-12 cm broad but small ones

13 cm long and 4.5 cm broad and out-sizes up to 35 cm long and

14 cm broad; petiole 2-3.5 cm long and 3-4 mm thick. Male

inflorescence a woody tubercle, 5 mm— 1 cm long, covered with

scars to the base or often with a smooth basal portion 2-3 mm

long, simple or sometimes shortly bifurcate with the branches 2-3

mm long. Male flowers many in the cluster, rusty-tomentulose

outside, cream-coloured inside, oblong but in bud sub-globose to

oblong and obtuse at the apex, coriaceous, (4) —5 mm long and

3 mm broad, split down 4-4-way at the apex by the obtusely

acute, erect or later slightly reflexed perianth lobes; staminal

column about 3.5 mm long, the fertile part cylindrical with (6)

— 8-10 anthers, obtuse at the apex with or without a blunt sterile

apiculus, slightly broader than the stalk and 2-3 times longer;

stalk nearly glabrous or with some minute hairs; bracteole tomen-

tulose, semi-orbicular, surrounding the lower half of the flower

428 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

JIE

—-

Fig. 75. Myristica andamanica Hk. f. and M. crassa King.

A-E, M. andamanica. A, leaf. B, male inflorescence. C, male flower.

D, staminal column. E, fruit. F, leaf of M. crassa King. A-D

from Parkinson 636 (DD). E from King’s collector, 5th March,

1893 (CAL) Anikhet Hill Jungle. F from King 7258 (BO).

Sinclair — Myristica 429

on one side, acute, obtuse or 3-lobed at the apex; pedicels slender,

slightly longer than the flowers, 6-7 mm long. Female flowers not

seen. Fruit broadly ovoid like a peach or a large hen’s egg or

sometimes oblong, narrowed to the obtuse apex or not, glabrous,

5—6.5 cm long and 3-3.5 cm broad; stalk 1 cm long and 3-4 mm

thick. Seed shining, ovoid, 4-5 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad.

ANDAMANS: S.1., Carter 178 (CAL); King’s collector,

date 1884 (BM, CAL, G, K).

Middie Andaman:—Long Island, Parkin-

son 669 (CAL, DD, K) and Mt. Barring-

ton, Parkinson 636 (CAL, DD); Claudius

Range, Middle Andaman, Parkinson

1170 (CAL, DD); Porlob Island, Kirat

Ram 3777 (DD).

South Andaman:—S.1. Kurz 265 (CAL);

Port Blair, King’s collector 186 (CAL,

FI); Hobodaypur, King’s collector, 6th

September, 1890 (CAL, K); North Bay,

King’s collector, 12th September, 1891

(CAL, P); Mt. Harriet, Kurz, 2nd Feb-

ruary, 1875 (BO, CAL, K, L); Corbyn’s

Cove, King’s collector, 13th February,

1892 (BM, CAL); Anikhet Hill Jungle,

King’s collector, 5th March, 1893 (CAL,

NICOBARS: S.1., Didrichsen 3688 (C).

DISTRIBUTION: The Andamans and Nicobars. Not un-

common on evergreen hills in_ the

Andamans. It should be looked for in

the forests of Tenasserim and the islands

of the Mergui Archipelago.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. andamanica Hk.f. The collection of

Kurz and King’s collector from _ the

Andamans. No _ holotype chosen by’

| Hooker f.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Jaiphal (Andamans).

ECOLOGY : Flowers July-August. Fruits December-

February.

It is obvious that Warburg did not notice the similarity of

M. andamanica and crassa since he placed andamanica in series

Malabaricae near to malabarica (probably at Hooker’s suggestion,

see Fl. Br. India 5 page 103) and crassa in series Castaneifoliae.

I have noted the following differences between the two:— In

M. andamanica the twigs are more slender and the leaves not! so

coriaceous. They are always broader at the middle. and from

there taper to the acute base and apex. At times they may be

almost rhombic. Those of crassa are narrower, more elongated

and usually have the sides nearly parallel. If at all they are broad,

then the broad portion is above the middle, near the apex. The

undersurface is at first covered with minute silvery scales in

andamanica. These seem to be lacking in crassa. In andamanica

the male flowers are slightly smaller and rusty-tomentulose in

contrast to the glabrous or nearly glabrous ones of crassa. Female

flowers of andamanica are lacking, but they are probably not

different from the female of crassa. The fruit is usually of the

same shape, but it sometimes tends to be oblong in andamanica.

430 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

(65) Myristica teijsmannii Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858)

57 original spelling teysmanni; Koorders et Valeton, Bijdr.

Booms. 4 (1896) 180; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 516 t. 16

f. 1-4; Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912) 257; Heyne, Nutt.

Pl. 1 (1927) 648; Backer et Bakh. f. Fl. Java 1 (1963) 139.

Synonym: M. hyposticta Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat 1(2), 1 (1858) 55;

Koorders et Valeton, Bijdr. Booms. 4 (1896) 178. —— Fig 76.

Tree 12-15 m high with some stilt-roots. Bark with a few flakes

but no ridges or furrows; sap red, copious. Twigs reddish brown,

glabrous except the rusty-puberulous terminal bud and young

apical parts, finely longitudinally striate, the portions of the current

year’s growth rather slender, 2.5-4 mm thick, those of previous

years 4-6 mm thick, slightly darker and often with a greyish tinge.

Leaves chartaceous and rather fragile, medium green and glossy

above, glaucous beneath with a greenish yellow midrib, drying a

greenish brown above and greyish or pale brown beneath, some-

times with a yellowish tinge, ob!ong-lanceolate, lanceolate or

mostly oblanceolate, often broadest just above the middle and

narrowed to an acute base, apex obtuse or shortly and bluntly

apiculate; midrib flat and lying in a groove above, raised and

reddish brown; nerves 14-18 pairs, often with a secondary one

between two main ones, impressed above, raised beneath and

rather slender, also drying reddish brown, semi-patent or curving

slightly with crooked ones here and there; reticulations invisible;

length 12-26 cm, average 20 cm; breadth 4-7-(10) cm; petiole

1.5—2 cm long, slender, 1.5—2.5 mm thick, reddish brown, inrolled

and deeply channelled. Inflorescence axis, the male a short woody

tubercle, 4 mm long and simple (section II type) or elongating

up to 1 cm and then dividing by simple dichotomy into a central

flower and two very short, 2 mm long lateral axes bearing 6-10

flowers, the basal portion of the axis smooth, flattened and with

the appearance of a very short section I or an incipient section I

type, the female much shorter, 2-3 mm long, but its basal portion

also smooth, 1—3-flowered. Male flowers ovoid, 7-8 mm long and

4-5 mm broad, dark brown and shortly adpressed-tomentose

outside, cream and glabrous inside, obtuse at the apex in bud,

split down 4-4-way into the lobes; staminal column about 5

mm long with 10-12 anthers, the stalk 2 mm long, rusty adpressed-

pubescent, broad at the base, the fertile portion 3 mm long, rather

obtuse or flat at the apex with a very short sterile portion or with

most of the anthers ending at the apex; pedicels 6 mm long or

about as long as the flowers, often slightly curving inwards, the

apical portion slightly broader than the rest; bracteole amplexicaul,

almost enclosing the young flowers, 6-7 mm long and 4 shorter

in length than the mature flower, broadly ovate, acute, obtuse or

emarginate at the apex. Female flowers very stoutly coriaceous,

7-8 mm long, 5-6 mm broad and 1 mm thick, urceolate, the

Sinclair — Myristica 43?

JURAINI DEL.

Fig. 76. Myristica teijsmannii Miq.

A, leafy twig with female inflorescence and fruit. B, male inflores-

cences. C, male flower. D, staminal column. E, female flower.

F, ovary. G, fruit. H, aril and seed. A from (Hort. Bog. IVG78)

Forman 14th Feb. 1956 (SING). B—D from Teijsmann & de Vriese

s.n. (L) East Java. E-F from (Hort. Bog. IVG78) Sinclair 10025

(SING) spirit material. G-H from de Vriese s.n.=L Acc. No.

90996 (L) East Java.

432 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

lobes patent or reflexed; ovary 4 mm in diam., dark brown-

tomentose, the stigmas glabrous and obtuse like a duck’s bill;

pedicels 3-5 mm long, stout, 2.5-3 mm thick. Fruit often 2 together,

globose or sub-globose, dark brown-tomentulose, 4 cm in diam.,

pericarp hard, 5 mm thick; stalk 5-7 mm long and 5 mm thick.

Aril red. Seed conform to the carpel.

JAVA MID Java: Baron Bay, Djokja, Burger 2/55 (BO,

SING).

East JAVA: S.1., Horsfield 196 (CAL); Teijsmann

21616 (BM); Teijsmann & de Vriese s.n.

(L); de Vries s.n. (L). The following in

Kedin :—Gadungan Pare, Koorders Nos.

13594 (BO, CAL, K, L, P); 22738 (BO,

CAL, K, L) & 22794 (BO, K, L); Gunong

Parang, Kediri, Koorders Nos. 13596

(BO, CAL, P); 22854 (BO, CAL, K, L)

& 23051 (BO, L); Patjitan, Horsfield s.n.

(BM, CGE, K, UU); Gunong Willis,

Backer Nos. 11487 (BO) & 1157] (BO, K,

L, SING); Lorzing 961 (BO): Koorders

38776 (BO) & Warburg s.n. (C, FI, G,

Boiss., L, P); West of Prigi, Backer 11826

(BO, L, SING); Sumbing, Teijsmann s.n.

(BO, K, U, W) and Hasskarl (15) (L)

probably same collection; Mt. Kawi,

Warburg, date 23rd April, 1898 (G Boiss.,

M); Malang, Pagersari, Ja 2694 (A, BO,

L); Ngandjuk, Ja 3069 (L). The following

three Pasuruan:— Bantur, Backer 30445

(BO, SING); Tangkil S. Range, Koorders

Nos. 23394 (BO, L) & 23612 (BO).

CULTIVATED: Hort. Bog. Beccari FI Acc. No. 7654 (FI);

Forman 34 (IVG78) (BO, K, L, SING)

the K sheet numbered 34, the others

dated 14th February, 1956 are probably

from the same gathering; Sinclair Nos.

10025 (I1VG78) (E, K, SING) & 10026

(IVG78a) (B, E, SING); s. coll. IVG78a

(NY, US); Teijsmann (Herb. Hasskarl)

s.n. (L, P); Warburg s.n. (L).

DISTRIBUTION : East Java, altitude 100-1,000 m. One

record from Mid Java.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. teijsmannii Miq., Teijsmann s.n. (BO,

K, U holotype W) Sumbing, Kediri. M.

hyposticta Miq., Horsficld s.n. (BM,

CGE, K, U holotype) Patjitan.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Durenan; kalakalu; pala djawa; rah (E.

Java); kosar (Sundanese).

Warburg placed this species in a series of the same name and

I have now to add two others, namely M. andamanica and crassa.

All three are closely related and might even be considered three

subspecies or three varieties. I had originally intended to make

crassa a variety of andamanica with teijsmannii as a separate

species but this hardly makes sense as the differences between the

three are not disproportionate. I admit that this is a border-line

case and that the grounds for separating or uniting them as

we)

Sinclair — Myristica 433

varieties or subspecies of one unit are about fifty-fifty. The

geographical distribution favours a separation since the distribution

of feijsmannii is discontinuous and terminates in East Java. A

separation is further aided by the fact that there is a curious

apparent similarity that is in reality deceptive between M. teijsman-

ni and M. fatua var. spanogheana. It may be that fatua through

variants like var. spanogheana with very little indumentum on

the lower surface of the leaves gave rise to the glabrous feijs-

mannii. If the latter is related to fatua then this suggests that it is

a species rather distinct from andarmanica. M. jatua vat. spano-

gheana ends in Sumbawa but we might have expected a further

extension of it to Lombok and feijsmannii on to Bali as it will

be recalled that Knema cinerea var. sumatrana ended in Bali and

was replaced by its var. cinerea in Lombok, the Wallace Line

passing between these two islands. The eastward spread of M.

guatteriifolia similarly terminated in Bali.

Apart irom the absence of the indumentum, feijsmanmii can

always be distinguished from fatua var. spanogheana by its

narrower leaf-base with the veins not crowded at the very base,

the fewer and less oblique veins, the perinath not split down so

far by the lobes and the more globose fruit with less indumentum.

The male inflorescence axis in fatua var. spanogheana and also

in the other varieties of fatua is usually without a smooth basal

portion. In teijsmannii the basal portion is often smooth and may

elongate up to 1 cm long. It may then divide once into a very

short fork, each arm being only 2 mm long. It seems here that

there is some reversion to the section I type of axis. We could

also argue that the section I species of western Malesia in giving ~

rise to section II with the shortening of the inflorescence axis did

not always complete this process. It was not so well perfected

in this species as in fatua. If the evolution proceeded in this

direction, fteijsmannii occurring at the barriers of western and

eastern Malesia would have evolved before fatua and might even

have given rise to fatua var.spanogheana. If the evolution proceeded

from east to west with fatua as the basic species then it may

have given rise to var. spanogheana as mentioned at the beginning,

and this in turn led on to feijsmmanmii again at stepping stones to

western Malesia. The tendency for the inflorescence axis to

lengthen was incipient in teijsmmannii but became more pronounced

in the other species of western Malesia except those of section II.

M. teijsmannii differs from crassa chiefly in having more slender

twigs and petioles, much thinner leaves which are not so broad

at the middle and more gradually narrowed to the base, the

nerves thinner and less distinct above, the inflorescence axis more

elongate and not so stout, flowers darker brown and more densely

tomentose (not glabrous) and fruit also with more tomentum.

The differences between the three allies are best illustrated in

tabular form.

434 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

— M. andamanica. | M. crassa. M. teijsmannii.

Twigs (young (Slender, 3 mm_ | Stout, 5-7 mm __ Slender, 3 mm

parts up to 10 | thick, reddish thick, blackish thick, reddish

cm down from _ | brown. brown. heap <

the apex).

Leaves. Chartaceous. Coriaceous to eerie:

rigidly |

coriaceous. |

Usually rhombic, | Elliptic-oblong to Usually

widest at the oblong-lanceolate | oblanceolate and

middle. or oblanceolate — gradually

usually with “narrowed to

parallel sides. the base.

| Base acute. Base bluntly Base acute.

' acute or rounded. |

White scales No scales, No scales,

present beneath —§ glaucous beneath. glaucous beneath.

when young.

Nerves 12-22 Nerves 15-22 Nerves 14-18

pairs, distinct pairs, fairly pairs, faint above,

above, fairly distinct above, | Slender.

' slender. stout.

Length 20-24- Length 18-40 cm. alia 12-26 cm.

(35) cm.

Breadth 9-12 cm | Breadth 5-12 cm. | Breadth 4~7 cm.

[Sm x ones 13

cm X 4.5 cm).

ea kse: | -

Petioles. 3 mm thick. 4 mm thick. 1.5—2.5 mm thick.

Inflorescence Smooth basal Smooth basal Smooth basal

axis (male). part if present

slightly elongate,

3-5 mm long,

rather slender.

Male flowers. Rusty-

tomentulose

5 mm x 3 mm.

Bracteole. 2.5 mm long.

Fruit. Broadly ovoid

to oblong,

glabrous, 5-6.5

cm xX 3-3.5 cm.

part 2-3-(5) mm, part elongate up

shorter but very to 1 cm, slender.

stout. |

_Glabrous or Rusty-tomentose,

nearly so, tomentum darker

4-7 mm xX 3 mm. | than in the other

2 mm long, early 6—7 mm long.

deciduous.

Ovoid-globose, Subglobose to

minutely globose, 4 cm in

puberulous, diam., darker

becoming brown,

glabrous, tomentulose.

2.5-4.5 cm in

diam.

Sinclair — Myristica 435

(66) Myristica crassa King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3

(1891) 293 pl. 117; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 495; Gamble,

Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 234; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3

(1924) 66; Burk. Dict. 2 (1935) 1523; Sinclair in Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 366 f. 31 and pl. VIDA.

Synonyms: M. suavis King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3

(1891) 295 pl. 121; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 441; Gamble,

Mat. FI. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 232; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3

(1924) 65. M. lowiana King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3

(1891) 293 pro parte quoad pl. 120 f. 1, 5, 6, 7 & flowering

material, King Nos 5537 et 7258 tantum. Fig. 75F.

For description see Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 366.

Leaves often with nearly parallel sides, sometimes oblanceolate

and broadest above the middle. The lobes of the female flowers

are reflexed at the apex, but those of the male generally not.

The anthers are 6-10 in number and not 12-18 as stated by

King, Warburg and myself.

SIAM PENINSULAR Kao Kalakiri, Pattani, Kerr 1501/4 (BM).

DIVISION:

SUMATRA INDRAGIRI: Riouw and Ond., Kuantan District, Sun-

gei Rambei, bb23470 (BO, L).

PALEMBANG : Kubestreken, Buurman van Vreeden 139

(BO) and Endert 222 (BO); Banjuasin

and Kubestreken, Grashoff 958 (BO).

MALAY PENINSULA: Perak, Malacca, Johore and Singapore.

For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

366. First-record for Trengganu now seen.

Pulau Tenggol, Dungun, Trengganu,

Kochummen K.F.N. 80586 (K).

DISTRIBUTION : Sumatra, Siam and the Malay Peninsula.

- Does not occur in Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. crassa King, King and Wray’s num-

ber from Perak and Cantley 35 from

Malacca, see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

366. M. suavis King, Cantley s.n. (CAL

holotype) Malacca.

VERNACULAR NAME: Prao Ledong (Siam).

18. SERIES LAURIFOLIAE

series Laurifoliae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 381.

Synonym: series Suaves (Suavis) Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 377 quoad M. cumingii Warb. tantum.

Twigs 2-4 mm thick, reddish brown and nearly smooth in the

apical parts, 4-6 mm thick, greyish brown and longitudinally

striate in the older parts. Leaves chartaceous to coriaceous, medium

to small size-class, length 9-30 cm, average 19 cm; breadth 3-10

cm, average 6.5 cm; drying a greenish or greyish brown above,

often glossy with dark patches, paler brown or with some whitish

scales beneath (these scales not lax and powdery as in the Fatua-

complex) the lamina elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate

436 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

or rarely oblanceolate, broadest at the middle, the base mostly

acute, less often rounded, the apex acute, less often acuminate;

nerves 10-18 pairs in the one species and 13-30 pairs in the other,

curving widely and rather crooked, secondary nerves present;

reticulations faint beneath in the one species and more distinct,

forming a fine lax network in the other; petiole 1.5-3 cm long,

average 2 cm long and 2-4 mm thick, deeply grooved. Male

inflorescence often with a short smooth part below the scar-

covered part, the latter often with short knarled branchlets and

prominent scars (dactyloid). Male flowers numerous in dense

umbels, small, 4-5 mm long and 2.5-3.5 mm broad, ovoid or

less often obovoid, obtuse at the apex in bud, split down 4-4-way

by the non-reflexed lobes, tomentulose in the one species and

densely tomentose in the other; pedicels 3-5 mm long, slender;

bracteole semi-orbicular, 2.2 mm long and 1.5 mm broad, persisting

for sometime; staminal column with an acute or obtuse sterile

apiculus, the stalk in ceylanica nearly glabrous or with very few

hairs, and 4-4 the length of the fertile part, in dactyloides

tomentose and as long as the fertile part. Female flowers urceolate

with reflexed sub-acute lobes. Fruit 4.5-6.5 cm long and 2.2-3.5 cm

broad, oblong or oblong-ovoid, rounded at both ends when mature,

rusty-tomentulose becoming glabrous; stalk 5 mm—¥1 cm long

and 5 mm thick —— 2 species M. ceylanica and dactyloides.

TYPE SPECIES: [M. laurifolia Hk.f.et Th.] = M. dactyloi-

des Gaertner.

A small series related to series Teijsmanniae and differing from

it only in minor characters. These have been already discussed

under that series while its relationship with series Cimiciferae has

also been mentioned under series Cimiciferae. There is also some

affinity with series Castaneifoliae in some minor characters. These

series at the end of section II with the glabrous leaves are all near

to each other and perhaps somewhat artificial. They all over-lap

in certain characters and this lack of gaps is probably a good

sign and will help to show how the one evolved from the other

without missing links. This may not please the tidy-minded who

like pigeon-holes for here they will be in difficulties if they try to

“force” species into series unnaturally. Here they will realize that

in some respects the classification of the Myristicaceae is not as

easy as ABC. However, series Castaneifoliae differs from the

present series chiefly in having fainter, straight and more oblique

nerves, the reticulations absent, the petiole longer in proportion

to the size of the lamina, the flowers slightly larger, less often

the same size, and the fruit more ellipsoid and not oblong.

The two species of the present series are very close to each

other and the differences between them are mentioned in the notes

after each. M. ceylanica occurs in Ceylon where it is rare, and

strange to say in the Philippines where it has a wide distribution.

M. dactyloides is commoner in Ceylon than ceylanica. It is also

found in South India. Both species require protection and might

easily disappear if the forests are cut down.

Sinclair — Myristica 437

(67) Myristica ceylanica A.DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 4, 4 (1855)

29 et Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 190; Thwaites, En. Pl. Zeyl. (1858)

11 et l.c. in Addenda et Corrigenda (1864) 399 (M. zeylanica);

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 289 pl. 111; Trimen,

Hand-Book Flora Ceylon 3 (1895) 434 (M. zeylanica); Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 505 t. 16; Willis, Rev. Cat. Fl. Pl. and

Ferns of Ceylon (1911) 75; Abeyesundere et de Rosayro (edited

by J. Burtt Davy & Hoyle) Draft of First Descr. Check List for

Ceylon No. 4 (1939) 50.

Synonyms: ?M. spuria Bl. Rumphia 1 (1837) 181 nomen

nudum = [Camello’s nux moschata majoris seu macis arbor

(vide infra)]. M. amygdalina (non Wall.) Thwaites ex A.DC.

Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 190 sub M. ceylanica A.DC. = C.P. 2923.

M. iners (non Blume) Auctt.: A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 190

quoad spec. Philip.; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (2), 1 (1858) 57; F.-Vill.

Novis. App. (1880) 177; Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885)

139 et Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 220. M. laurifolia Hk. f. et

Th. var. ceylanica (A. DC.) Trimen, Syst. Cat., Ceylon in J.

Ceyl. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 9, 1, 30 (1885) 74 (and printed separately)

miscited as var. zeylanica Thwaites; Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886)

103. M. cumingii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 442 t. 13 f. 1-2;

Merr. in Phil. Bur. For. Bull. 1 (1903) 21 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2

(1923) 178 — syn. nov. Gymnacranthera negrosensis Elmer,

Leafl. Phil. Bot. 2 (1909) 576 et 3 (1911) 1057 — syn. nov. G.

urdanetensis Elmer Leafl. Phil. Bot. 8 (1915) 2773 — syn. nov.

M. mindorensis Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. C. Bot. 13, 5 (1918) 281

et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 179 — syn. nov. M. nitida Merr.

in Phil. J. Sc. C. Bot. 13, 5 (1918) 282 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923)

179 = (M. alvarezii Merr. nom. ined.) — syn. nov. M. negrosen-

sis (Elmer) Merr. En. Phil Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 179 — syn. nov. M.

urdanetensis (Elmer) Merr. En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 180 — syn.

nov.

Pre-Linnaean Literature: nux moschata majoris seu macis

arbor, Camello in Ray, Hist. Pl. 3 App. (1704) 58 vide supra.

Nux moschata majoris seu macis arbor Indis Dooghan, Dunghan

vel Gonogono, Camello l.c. 58.

var. ceylanica — Fig. 77.

Tree 6-20 m. high with bushy, elongate crown and lax branches.

Bark nearly smooth, flaking slightly when old, brown, inner bark

thick, reddish brown; wood white; sap red. Twigs, the youngest

parts slender, pale reddish brown, 2—3 mm. thick, nearly smooth

or longitudinally striate, the older moderately slender, 3-4 mm.

thick, slightly rougher, darker reddish brown, the oldest 4-5 mm.

thick and greyish brown. Leaves glabrous, chartaceous, occasionally

thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,

generally broadest at the middle, dark green and glossy above,

much paler beneath with a yellowish-green midrib, drying various

shades, generally a greenish brown above with dark brown patches

and often glossy, light to dark brown beneath, base acute or

cuneate, seldom rounded, or if so then acute where it joins the

438 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

3mm ce R NY JuRAM! DEL i962.

Fig. 77. Myristica ceylanica A. DC. var. ceylanica.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, female inflorescences and young fruit. E, female flower.

F, ovary. G, male inflorescences. H, fruit. A-C from M. D. Sulit

3659 (PNH). D-F from M. D. Sulit 3628 (PNH). G from Thwaites

C.P. 2923 (A isotype of M. ceylanica A.DC.). H from Edajio-

34497 (PNH).

Sinclair — Myristica 439

petiole, apex acuminate or acute; midrib sunk and lying in a

groove above, prominent but thin beneath, often longitudinally

striate on drying; nerves 10-18 pairs, sometimes with a short

secondary nerve between a main pair, leaving the midrib at an

acule angle (about 45°), the general pattern oblique, but often

rather crooked or curving irregularly, slender but distinct on

both surfaces, impressed above; reticulations faint or absent, a

few scalariform ones often seen beneath; length 9-20 cm., average

16 cm.; breadth 3-9 cm., average 6 cm.; petiole slender, rather

long, 1.5-2.5 cm., average 2 cm. long and 2 mm., occasionally

3 mm. thick, deeply grooved. Male inflorescence a 5 mm.—2 cm.

long, Knema-like, woody tubercle, covered with pedicel scars, some-

times with 2—3 very short branches, the tubercular part often with

a 2-3 mm. long, smooth main axis at its very base. Male flowers

numerous, crowded, sub-coriaceous, minutely rusty-adpressed-

tomentulose outside, cream coloured and glabrous inside, ovoid,

slightly narrowed to the 3-angled, somewhat obtuse apex, split down

4_+-way by the erect lobes which are obtuse or bluntly acute at

the apex, 4-5 mm. long and 3-3.5 mm. broad; pedicels 3-5 mm.

long, slender; bracteole semi-orbicular, embracing the flower on

one side, obtuse at the apex, tomentulose, 2.2 mm. long and 1.5

mm. broad; staminal column with 7-10, average 8 anthers, fertile

part 2.5 mm. long, ending in a 0.5 mm. long, acute or obtuse

sterile apiculus, stalk 1 mm. long, a third to slightly less than half

the length of the fertile part, but of about the same breadth, nearly

glabrous or with a few very short hairs. Female inflorescence shor-

ter than the male, 2.5 mm. long. Female flowers much fewer than in

the male, 1-3 only on each tubercle, 5 mm. long, urceolate with

reflexted, sub-acute lobes; ovary 2 mm. long and 2 mm. broad at

the base, dark brown-tomentose, the stigma bi-lobed, glabrous,

resembling a duck’s bill; pedicels 2 mm. long. Fruit oblong (ellip-

soid when young) 4.5—6.5 cm. long and 2.2—3.5 cm. broad, average

5 cm. long and 3 cm. broad when dry, minutely rusty-tomentulose,

rounded at both ends; pericarp 3 mm. thick; stalk 5 mm.—1 cm.

long and 5 mm. thick. Aril red, much fimbriated with narrow

segments. Seed oblong, dark brown, shining.

CEYLON S.1., (probably Walker) Herb. Hooker

749 (K); Herb. Hance, Thwaites 5473

(P); Trimen, July 1890 (CAL); Walker

1087 (E, K); Wight Nos. 871 (E) and

872 (E).

Central Province:-—Pallegama, Dambulla,

Alexander, Oct. 1890 (PDA); Naula on

road to Elahera, Alexander, date 18858

(PDA); Matale, Madulkelle, Worthington

1989 (BM); Uma-oya, Thwaites C.P.

2923 (A, BM, BO, BR, CAL, CGE, DD,

tT? 45,. norms. “a Prodr. KK; FP, PDA);

Uma-oya, s. coll., July 1890 (PDA).

PHILIPPINES Minporo: S.1., Merritt 8585 (US).

Mindoro Oriental:— Puerto Galera,

Ramos 46373 (A, BM, BO, K, NY, P,

UC, US) and José Vera Santos 5329 (L);

Badok, Naujan, Celestino & Castro 1995

(Ax BO; BR, L, PNH, SING, UC);

Pinamalayan, Ramos Nos. 40814 (A, BO,

440

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

LUZON:

SIBUYAN:

TICAO:

SAMAR:

LEYTE:

BILIRAN:

NEGROS:

P, US, W); 40867 (A, BO, BRI); 40909

(DD, K, MEL, UC) & 40910 (A, BO, K,

L, P, US); Cauayan, Bongabong River,

Merrill 80 (P); Merritt Nos. 3663 (NY)

& 3698 (K, NY); Mt Yagaw, eastern

slope, M.D. Sulit & Conklin 17645 (L,

PNH).

Prov. Cagayan:—Curran 17202 (US).

Prov. Nueva Ecija, Alvarez 22199 (BM,

K, US).

Prov. Laguna:—Mt. Makiling, Ramos

1016 (BRSL, FI, G, M, U, US, Z); San

Antonio, Ramos 20414 (BM, K, P, US).

Prov. Batangas:—Cuming 1570 (BM, C,

CGE, FI, G & Boiss. & Prodr., K, L,

M, P, UPS).

Prov. Quezon:—Tayabas, Bawan 24935

(A, K, NY, US); Malbog, Tayabas, Oro

30702 (NY, SING); Mt Binuang, Taya-

bas, Ramos & Edano 28865 (A, BM, K,

P, US); Alabat Island, Ramos & Edafo

Nos. 48050 (NY, UC); 48194 (B, NY,

P, SING, UC) & 48388 (UC).

Prov. Camarines:—Alvarez Nos. 21442

(BM, K, L, P, US) & 23709 (A, K, US);

Ramos 1542 (BM, BO, BRI, CAL, G, L,

NSW, NY, P, PNH, SING).

Prov. Camarines Norte:—Paracale,

Alambra 27411 (K, P, US) and Ramos

& Edano 33497 (A, BRI, NSW).

Prov. Camarines Sur:—Kamugong River,

Edano 75863 (G, NY, SING, U); Isarog,

Ramos 22046 (P, US).

Prov. Albay:—Cuming 903 (BM, K); Mt.

Malinao, Edano 34497 (BM, BRI, K, L,

PNH, SING); Tivi, Vidal 854 (K).

Prov. Sorsogon:—Ramos 23322 (A, BM,

K, NY, PNH, US); Irosin, Mt. Bulusan,

Elmer 16921 (A, BM, BO, BP, C, CAL,

FI, G, K, L, NSW, NY, P, PNH, S, U,

UC, W, Z): banks of Lake Bulusan,

M.D. Sulit Nos. 3628 (BR, L, PNH) &

3659 (A, L, PNH).

Magallanes, Mt. Giting-Giting, Elmer

12414 (A, BM, BO, BP, BRSL, CAL,

HE, FIG, K,L, LE, NSWNY, PZ)

Rosenbluth 12523 (US).

Catubig River, Ramos 24147 (A, NY, US)

and Sablaya 8 (A, K); Laquilacon, Mc-

Gregor 43717 (UC).

Palo, Elmer 7345 (A, BO, BP, C, CAL,

FL G; Ey ory

Mt. Suiro, M.D. Sulit 21548 (L, PNH).

S.1., Contreras 24099 (BM, K, L, NY,

US).

Prov. Negros Occidental:—Masias, Sareno

& Torrible 30131 (UC); Iglamgam, Dias

* 29890 (NY, UC).

Prov. Negros Oriental:—Dumaguete,

Cuernos Mts, Elmer 10133 (A, BM, BO,

BP, BRSL, E, G, K, L, LE, NSW, NY,

US, Z¥.

Sinclair — Myristica

MINDANAO:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

441

S.1., Ahern 363 (BO).

Prov. Surigao:—Placer, Wenzel Nos.

3437 (BO, BR, G, M, NY, UC) & 3537

(AY RYONY, UC, Z); Mt. Kabatuan,

Mendoza & Convocar 103 20°48, PNH).

Prov. Agusan:— Cabadbaran, Mt. Urda-

neta, Elmer Nos. 10133 (BM, L); 12414

(BM, L); 13294 (A, BM, BO, BP, CAL,

FieG; K, L, LE, NSW, NY, P, U, UC,

US, Z) & 13295 (A, BM, BO, BP, CAL,

Peo. ek ES LE NSW, NY, P. U, UC,

US, Z); Jabonga, Ramos & Convocar

83614 (NY); Asiga River, Ramos & Con-

vocar 83678 NY).

Prov. Bukidnon:—Mt. Dumalucpihan;

Ramos & Edano 83971 (A, K, L, P, US).

Prov. Davao:—Mati, Ramos & Edano

49001 (B, BM, BR, NY, P, SING, UC).

Prov. Cotabato:—Ferraris 23041 (A, K,

NY, P. US); Buayan, Ramos & Edano

85171 (A).

Prov. Zamboanga del Sur:—San Ramon,

Hallier 4699 (NY).

Ceylon in the drier forests, rare. Philip-

pines, widely distributed in lowland

forest, ascending to 830 m., common.

M. ceylanica A.D.C., Thwaites C.P.

2923 (A, BM, BO, BR, CAL, CGE, DD,

FI, G & Boiss., & Prodr. holotype, K,

P, PDA), Uma-oya, Ceylon. Also as

M. amygdalina (non Wall.) Thwaites ex

A.DC., a misidentification and not a

nomen nudum; Thwaites did not use this

name himself and did not refer to it in

his En. Pl. Zeyl. Compare the similar

case of M. tomentosa (non Thunb.)

Thwaites cited here under M. dactyloides

Gaertner. M. cumingii Warb., 4 syntypes, -

Cuming Nos. 903 (BM, K) Prov. Albay

and Cuming 1570 (BM, C, CGE, FI, G

x Bos, Ko LE MT UPS) Prov.

Batangas; Vidal Nos. 854 (K) Prov.

Albay and excl. Vidal 1679 (K) =

agusanensis and the FI and L duplicates

are K. glomerata, Marinduque Island.

M. iners (non Blume) A.DC. et Auctt.

Cuming 1570 (BM, C, CGE, FI, G &

Boiss. K, L, M, P, UPS) misidentifica-

tion for iners. M. mindorensis Mertr.,

Merritt 3698 (K, NY, PNH _ holotype

burnt) Cauayan, Mindoro. M._ nitida

Merr., Alvarez 22199 (BM, K, PNH

holotype burnt, US) = also the type of

M. alvarezii Merr. nomen ined., Prov.

Nueva Ecija. M. spuria Blume, Luzon,

no type specimen seen or chosen, but

based on Camello’s nux moschata etc. in

Ray, Hist. Pl. 3 App. (1704) 58. Gymnac-

ranthera negrosensis Elmer, Elmer 10133

(A, BM, BO, BP, BRSL, E, G, K, L,

LE, NSW, NY, PNH holotype burnt,

US, Z), Cuernos Mts, Negros Oriental.

G. urdanetensis Elmer, Elmer Nos. 13294

(A, BM, BO, BP, CAL, EB. Ft G KL.

LE, NSW, NY, P, PNH burnt, U, UC,

US, Z),and 13295 (A, BM, BO, BP, CAL,

E, G, K, L, LE, NSW, NY, P, PNH

burnt, U, UC, US, Z) both Mt. Urdaneta,

Prov. Agusan, Mindanao.

442 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

VERNACULAR NAMES: Malaboda or malabodde (Ceylon, Sin-

halese) also used for the other Ceylon

species M. dactyloides. Philippines :—

Bantolinau’ (Mbo.); duguan (Bik., C.

Bis., P. Bis., Tag.); imos (Mbo.); kalau

(C. Bis.); malabakau (C. Bis); malatalang

(Tag.); ugau (Bik.).

Formerly used for house construction in

rural areas in the Philippines like so

many other kinds of wood. Nearly all

rural houses are made of wood so hence

the great shortage of forests and trees

to-day. More recently houses are being

made of brick or other more costly

materials as a result of injudicious forest

felling while native trees are confined to

ridges or inaccessible places. According

to M.D. Sulit, the bark is boiled in the

Philippines and the decoction drunk to

prevent the spitting blood.

var. cagayanensis (Merrill) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Bastonym: Myristica cagayanensis Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. 17,

3 for Sept. 1920 (12th Jan. 1921) 255 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2

(1923) 178; Kanehira, Form. Trees, rev. edit. (1936) 193 f. 141;

Hui-Lin Li et Hsiuan Keng in Taiwania 1 (1950) 112; Sinclair

in Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 226; Hui-Lin Li, Woody Flora

of Taiwan (1963) 193.

Synonyms: M. laurifolia (non Hk. f. et. Th.) Hayata, Mat. FI.

Form. reprinted from J. Coll. Sc. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30, 1 (1911)

236. M. heterophylla (non F.—-Vill.) Hayata, Gen. Index. FI.

Form. (1917) 61. M. philippensis (non Lamk) Kanehira et

Sasaki in J. Soc. Trop. Agr. 5 (1933) 307. M. glomerata (Blanco)

Kudo et Masamune in Ann. Rep. Taihoku Bot. Gard. 2 (1932)

89 nomen superfl. non Sterculia glomerata Blanco (1837) =

Knema glomerata (Blanco) Merr.

Tree 8 m high. Twigs dark reddish or purplish brown, 3-4 mm

thick near the apex and 5—6 mm thick lower down, much stouter

than in the typical. Leaves smaller and much more coriaceous,

9-18 cm long, average 13 cm and 4-6 cm broad, average 5 cm;

nerves more deeply impressed above and more prominent and

thicker on both surfaces; nearly parallel or curving slightly; petioles

2-3 cm long, stouter, 3—3.5 mm thick. Flowers and fruit as in the

typical. .

FORMOSA MAINLAND: Hengchun, Hsiuan Keng, date 1950 (US)

not seen by me.

BoTEL TOBAGO Botel Tobago, also called Lanyu, Kotosho

oR LANYU Island or Hung-tou-yn, Sasaki s.n. date

ISLANDS: 1912 (TI); Kawakami & Sasaki, date

1912 (TI); Mt. Satuyji, Tyosyun Sata 1260

(Z).

LUTAO Kawakami & G. Nakahara, date 1905-06

ISLAND : (TI).

PHILIPPINES BATANES Batan Island, Ramos Nos. 80422 (K,

ISLANDS : NY, SING) & 80600 (K, NY).

BABUYAN Camiguin Island, Fénix 4/05 (G, PNH.

ISLANDS: SING, US) and Balatubat, Camiguin

Island, Edano 79290 (BO, NY, SING).

Sinclair — Myristica 443

LUZON: Prov. Cagayan:—San Vicente, Bernardo

24277 (probably PNH, burnt) not seen.

DISTRIBUTION : Southern tip of Formosa mainland, Lanyu

and Lutao Islands, islands in the extreme

north of the Philippines and Prov. Caga-

yan.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. cagayanensis Merr., Bernardo 24277

(probably PNH holotype burnt, not

seen).

Koto-nikuduku (Japanese); ngabngab

(Negrito, Philippines).

I have realized early in my studies on the genus Myristica the

close resemblance between M. cumingii and the Ceylon M.

ceylanica. On examining the male flowers from the type of the

latter, I find that they are, in all characters even down to the last

details of the staminal column, in no way different from those of

cumingii. | now have to unite these two species as I am unable

to separate them in a key. Neither King nor Warburg have

suggested any alliance. The latter, when examining ceylanica, saw

a single gathering only, namely the type. M. ceylanica seems to be

rare in Ceylon, at least it has not been frequently or recently

collected. It is found in drier areas than those of its common,

related, Ceylon neighbour M. dactyloides Gaertn. (laurifolia). Ta

the Philippines it is common and widely distributed. M. dactyloides

is very similar to ceylanica, but has more coriaceous leaves, thicker

twigs and more densely tomentose flowers (see notes under that

species). There is, in the Annonaceae, a parallel instance where a

member, Anaxagorea luzonica, like M. ceylanica, common in the

Philippines, misses the Malay Peninsula, but is also found in

Ceylon. It was formerly known under the name of A. ceylanica,

but has now been reduced to luzonica. This distributional pattern

would suggest that M. ceylanica is a very old species.

Blume states that Camello’s nux moschata seu macis arbor Indis,

Dooghan, Dunghan v. Gonogono may or may not be similar to

cumingii and creates the name M. spuria BI. for it. Warburg adds

M. spuria as a doubtful synonym. From Camello’s and Blume’s

description I cannot be certain in the absence of a type whether

the plant is M. ceylanica var. ceylanica (M. cumingii) or M.

philippensis or some other species of Myristica. Sterile material of

philippensis with small leaves and slender twigs can at times be

confused with large-leaved, sterile specimens of cumingii. (See

notes under M. philippensis). So it may be difficult to separate

the two even when specimens are at hand unless one has flowers

or fruit.

Warburg’s figure of M. cumingii is not a good one. He has

drawn the smooth part of the inflorescence axis much too long

and it thus resembles that of iners where the axis 1s of the branched

section I type. The leaves of ceylanica at times resemble those cf

iners, especially those with the more distinct type of venation, but

they are generally broader in the former. Airy Shaw mistook

certain Bornean specimens of iners ‘for cumingii which he named

cumingii var. floribunda while several authors, De Candolle, Miquel,

Fernandez-Villar and Vidal thought that the Philippine specimens

444 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

of cumingii were iners. In the list of synonyms here will also be

found M. mindorensis, negrosensis, nitida and urdanetensis which

are not different from ceylanica.

Thwaites on page 399 of his Enumeratio states: —‘‘Myristica

Zeylanica, Alph. DC.” — Certe M. laurifoliae, Hook. f. et Thoms.,

varietas vei forma. ——

As far as I can see there is no formal combination here and

M. laurifolia var. or forma would appear to be a synonym of

M. zeylanica A. DC. Now Trimen in his Systematic Catalogue,

page 74, apparently from the above circumscriptions thought that

Thwaites was involved or made the combination as he (Trimen)

states : —

MYRISTICA LAURIFOLIA, Hk. f. & Th. 11.

var zeylanica, Thw. 11 & 399.

Actually it was Trimen who made the reduction and combination

which should be Myristica laurifolia Hk. f. et Th. var. ceylanica

(A. DC.) Trimen. Trimen uses small capitals to indicate that the

tree is endemic in Ceylon. The figures 11 & 399 are the page

references in Thwaites Enumeratio.

M. ceylanica var. cagayanensis is a variant of the typical with

smaller, much more coriaceous leaves and thicker twigs. It probably

arose due to long and continued exposure in such habitats as rocky

mountains or windy coasts where the full strength of the sun

beats down during the hot season in a salt-laden atmosphere and

where the lower temperatures of the more northerly latitude take

effect during the cold season. At one time I thought that the

specimens belonged to guatteriifolia which they certainly resemble

except for the absence of the yellow scales on the lower surface

of the leaf. This view I had to abandon when Hui-Lin Li’s book,

Woody Flora of Taiwan appeared depicting the male inflorescence

and male flowers. This inflorescence is a condensed Knema-like

one, very different from the elongate, branched type of guatteriifolia

while the male flowers and staminal column are exactly like those

of ceylanica.

The Formosan specimens of var.cagayanensis being rather poor

were at first identified by Hayata as M. laurifolia Hk. f. (et Th.)

with a query and later altered by him to M. heterophylla F.—Vill.

Actually the M. heterophylla of F—Vill. is Knema glomerata

(Blanco) Merr., synonym Knema heterophylla (F—Vill.) Warb.

Knema glomerata was based on Sterculia glomerata Blanco, but

Kudo and Masamune then created the superfluous name Myristica

glomerata Kudo et Masamune for the Formosan specimens. This

name is shown as a combination, Myristica glomerata (Blanco)

Kudo et Masamune in the original publication in Ann. Rep.

Taihoku Bot. Gard. 2 (1932) 89 and in Kew Index, Suppl. 9 for

1931-35 (1938) 184 since it was based on Sterculia glomerata

Blanco. I pointed out in Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 226 that the

Formosan specimens were a coriaceous leaved variety of M.

cumingii also known as M. cagayanensis Merr., but I did not know

at that time that cumingii was a synonym of ceylanica.

fe tomy oa

Sinclair — Myristica 445

(68) Myristica dactyloides J. Gaertner, de Fruct. et Sem. Plant.

1 (1788) 195 t. 41 £. 2 a-d [excl. M. dactyloides (non Gaertner)

Wall. Cat 6786 (1832) = M. malabarica Lamk]; Alston, Suppl.

Hand-Book FI. Ceylon 6 (i931) 247; Abeyesundere et de

Rosayro (edited by J. Burtt Davy & Hoyle) Draft of First

Descr. Check-List for Ceylon No. 4 (1939) 50; Worthington,

Ceylon Trees (1959) 350 with pl.

Synonyms: M. tomentosa (non Thunb.) Moon, Cat. Ind.

et Exot. Pl. Ceylon (1824) 70 pro parte, altera pars = M.

malabarica Lamk. M. tomentosa (non Thunb.) Graham,

Cat. Pl. Bombay et Vic. (1839) 175 pro parte, altera

pars = M. malabarica Lamk. M. tomentosa (non Thunb.)

Thwaites ex A.DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 4, 4 (1855) 29 et

Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 191 sub M. diospyrifolia A.DC. (Thwaites

C.P. 416). M. heyneana Wall. Cat. (1832) No. 6789 pro parte,

nomen nudum [altera parts cum foliis = Knema attenuata (Hk.

f. et Th.) Warb. non folia Lauracearum fide Warb., see notes

under Type Material]. M. laurifolia Hk. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1

(Feb. 1855) 163 [non M. laurifolia Spruce, Herb. No. 2361

nom. nud. in sched. et Spruce ex A.DC. (1856) pro syn. =

Campsoneura sprucei (A.DC.) Warb.]; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1

(1856) 191; Thwaites, En. Pl. Zeyl. (1858) 11; Beddome FI.

Syl. (1872) 267 t. 267; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timbers (1881) 314

et edit. (1902 & 1922) 555; Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 103

quod vars laurifolia et lanceolata sed excl. var. zeylanica; King,

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 290 pl. 112; Talbot,

Syst. List Trees Shrubs etc. Bombay Pres. (1894) 165 et 2nd

edit. (1902) 280; Trimen, Hand-Book Flora Ceylon 3 (1895)

434; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 509 t. 16 f. 1-3; Brandis

Ind. Trees (edit. 1906 & 1911) 524; Willis, Rev. Cat. Fl. Pl.

and Ferns of Ceylon (1911) 75. M. diospyrifolia A.DC. in Ann.

Sc. Nat. Bot. 4, 4 (Nov. 1855) 29 et Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 191.

M. laurifolia Hk. f. et Th. var. lanceolata Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5

(1886) 103. M. beddomei King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3

(1891) 291 pl. 118 f. 1-8; Talbot, Syst. List Trees, Shrubs etc.

Bombay Pres. (1894) 165 et 2nd edit. (1902) 280; Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 504 (incl. King pl. 118 f. 1); Gamble,

Man. Ind. Timbers (edit. 1902 & 1922) 556; Cooke, FI. Pres.

Bombay 2, 2 (1906) 530; Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay Pres. and

Sind 2 (1911) 380; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 2, 7 (1925) 214.

M. contorta Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 507 t. 16 f. 1-3

[excl. pro parte syn. M. tomentosa (non Thunb.) Graham, Cat.

Pl. Bombay & Vic. (1839) 175 et: specimina M. malabaricae a

syntypo Gibson s.n. excl.]; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 2, 7 (1925)

1214 —— syn. nov.

446 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Pre-Linnaean Literature: Nux Indica oblonga, intrinsecus

similem nuci moschatae, J. Bauhin, Hist. Pl. 1, 2 (1650) 399.

Panam-palca, Rheede, Hortus Malabaricus 4 (1683) 9, t. 5

pro parte quoad folia et fructus tantum. Nux moschata mala-

barica Valentini, Mus. 1 Epist. Orient. (1716) 83 t. 4. Myristica

fructu inodoro, Linn. f. Fl. Zeyl. (1747) n. 588 Fig. 78.

Tall tree up to 27 m high, stilt-roots present when old. Bark

rather smooth, orange-grey. Twigs glabrous except for the narrow,

elongate, minutely puberulous, acute terminal bud, the younger

parts 3-4 mm thick, dark reddish brown, smooth and often shining,

the older 4-6 mm thick, longitudinally striate and greyish brown.

Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, shining above, drying a pale greyish

brown with a slight greenish metallic gloss above, glaucous or

greyish-slivery colour beneath with dark reddish brown nerves

and midrib, the silvery colour due to minute scales, oblong-

lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, broadest at the

middle, though occasionally broadest above the middle, acute at

the apex, acute or often rounded at the base and then bluntly

acute at the junction of the petiole; nerves 14-20 pairs, sometimes

with a secondary one between a main pair, impressed above,

slender but raised beneath, oblique but rather crooked, curving

irregularly, interarching at the margins; reticulations absent or

indistinct above, forming a fine lax network beneath, the loops

with an irregular, rounded outline; length 13-30 cm, average 22

cm; breadth 6-10 cm, average 8 cm; petiole 1.5-3 cm long,

generally 2 cm long, and 3-4 mm thick. Male inflorescence a short,

woody, tomentose, knarled, scar-covered, 1-1.5 cm long axis,

simple or often bifurcate, sometimes with 3-4 short branches

(dactyloid). Male flowers rather numerous in dense umbels,

coriaceous, densely dark rusty-tomentose, ovoid or obovoid and

rounded at the apex and base in bud, 5 mm long and 2.5 mm

broad, split down } to nearly 4-way into the broadly ovate, erect,

somewhat obtuse lobes; staminal column cylindrical, the fertile

part 2 mm long with 10 anthers, obtuse at the apex with a minute

rounded apiculus, the stalk 2 mm long, as long as the fertile part

and almost as broad, densely rusty-tomentulose; pedicels 3-4 mm

long and 1-1.3 mm thick, densely rusty-tomentose as is the

minutely obtuse, orbicular-ovate bracteole. Female flowers fewer in

the fascicle, sessile, the ovary oblong-globose, narrowed to the

apex, adpressed-pubescent. Fruit solitary or in pairs, densely

rusty-tomentulose, oblong or oblong-ovoid, 6 cm long and 3 cm

broad, the pericarp hard, 3 mm thick, the apex obtuse or in

immature fruit apiculate-uncinate; stalk 1 cm long and 5 mm thick.

Aril red, fleshy. Seed chocolate-brown, 2-3 cm long and 1.3-1.8

cm broad, smooth.

Sinclair — Myristica 447

TJuURAIMI DEL

Fig. 78. Myristica dactyloides J. Gaertner.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescences. C, male

flower. D, staminal column. E, fruit. A from DD Acc. No. 83152

(DD). B—D from Joseph Fernandez 845c (A). E from DD Acc.

No. 91326 (DD).

448

SL;

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

PENINSULAR sS.L.:

INDIA

CEYLON:

BOMBAY

PRESI-

DENCY :

MYSORE:

KERALA:

MADRAS:

Probably Ceylon, ex Herb. Gaertner,

Tiibingen Univ. Dept. coll. 963 (TUB).

Herb. Heyne, Wall. Cat. 6789 (CAL, K)

as Myristica heyneana Wall., not M.

malabarica as stated by Warburg. There

are some leaves of Knema attenuata (not

Lauraceae) also mounted on the sheet.

Dalzell s.n. (CAL, DD, K); Dalzell 1328

(A); Bhoema Shunkur, Colonel Sykes

(Herb. Royale) 28th Jan. 1826 (BR) and

Ist May 1828 (BR); Jog Falls, Jog Forest,

region east of Goa boundary, Joseph

Fernandes 845C (A); South Concan,

forest below Hurrichunder towards

Sakurbae, Gibson s.n. (A, K) mixture of

M. malabarica and dactyloides, the latter

as M. contorta Warb.

Carnatic (Southern Mahratta Country :—

Astoli, Belgaum, Talbot 2036 (DD).

North Kanara:—s.1., Talbot 33 (CAL)

andYoung, 22nd May 1881 (BM); Tinai

Ghat, Sedgwick 3368 (CAL); Gairsoppa

Falls, Talbot s.n. (DD); Devimane Ghat,

Bor 9588 (DD); summit of Devimane

Ghat, Talbot 225 (K); Wuddu Ghat,

Talbot 304 (CAL, DD, E); Kodkani, Bor

No. 11182 (DD) and 1/1221] (DD): Kali

Ken, Bor 11/427 (DD).

Coorg:—Coorg. Beddome 113 (PDA):

Mercara, Cleghorn, date 1857 (E); Kerti,

Range Officer DD Acc. No. 91326 (DD);

Balabudan Hills, Kulkisty, Meebold 9455

(BP, BRSL, Z).

Malabar:—Silent Valley, Bor 8297

= DD. Acc. No. 80843 (DD) and Bor

8298 = DD Acc. No. 80844 (DD):

Wynaad, Drew, date 1857 (E); Lawson,

date 1884 (DD, K); Chandarathodu, Bor

8503 (DD); Gudalur Ghat, Wynaad

District, Barber 5547 (K) and Gamble

Nos. 14912 (CAL, K) and 18294 (BM,

K).

Travancore:—Vendamettu, Meebold

12964 (CAL); Santhanpara Meebold

13134 (CAL); Rockwood Estate,

Colatoorpolay, Lawson 94 (CAL, DD, K).

S.1., Beddome 231 (PDA); 263 (K) and

327 (PDA); Nilgiri Hills, Nadooputtah

Wight 2487 (A, C, CAL, K, L, P, PDA);

Sispara Ghat, Nilgiris, Gamble Nos.

13415 (K) and 14466 (K): Karian Shola,

Coimbratore, Forest Ranger DD Acc. No.

95436 (DD); Honnamettia Shola, Kollegal

Taluk, Coimbratore, V. Narayanaswami

3866 (DD); Udumanparai, Anamalai Hills,

Barber 4108 (K); Anamalai Hills,

Beddome s.n. (BM); Courtallam Hills,

Beddome, date 1873 (K): Kollimalai,

Trichinopoly, Herb. Madras 11327 (K):

Lower Pulneys, Tandigudi, Bourne 2093

(CAL, K): Tinnevelly, Kannikatti,

Barber Nos. 2941 (K, NSW); 2942 (CAL,

K) and 2955 (CAL); Tinnevelly Ghats,

Beddome s.n. (BM).

S.., Gardner 749 (BM, CGE, K);

Hermann 588, specimen not found;

Walker 170 (P) & s.n. (FI).

Sinclair — Myristica

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

449

North Central Province:—Trincomalee,

District Forest Officer, 16th Feb. 1950

(PDA); Dolasbaga Gardens, Thwaites

C.P. 416 (BM, BO, CAL, CGE, DD, FI,

G'& Boiss. & Prodr., K, P, PDA);

Kadugannawa, Worthington 1259 (BM);

Kalatuwawa Catchment, Worthington

3512 (BM).

Sabaragamuwa Province:—Wallandka

Forest, Pamilla, sine coll., Dec. 1893

(PDA).

Ceylon and in Peninsular India on the

Western Ghats from Bombay to the

Tinnevelly Hills in South Madras. In the

moist valleys mostly at the foot of the

hills, but ascending from 1,000-5,000 feet,

(300-1,500 m). In Ceylon common in the

wet moist forests at the same altitude

while the rarer, near allied species M.

ceylanica is found in drier places.

M. dactyloides Gaertner. He did not

choose a type but Hermann 588, Ceylon

is quoted. It has not been located.

Authentic material of dactyloides, Ex.

Herb. Gaertner Tubingen Univ. Dept.

Ref. No. 963 (TUB) exists and Gaertner’s

illustration appears to have been drawn

from this. See discussion in the notes.

M. beddomei King, no type specimen

chosen nor any numbers quoted, but type

locality is given as Western Ghats from

Kanara to Travancore. King’s plate 118

f.3 and 4 are copied from Beddome’s

plate of M. jJaurifolia. Warburg later

added the numbers Beddome Nos 6719

and 6721 and Wight 2487. M. diospyri-

folia A.DC., Thwaites 416 (BM, BO,

CAL, GCE, G & Boiss. Prodr. holotype,

K, P, PDA) Ceylon. Although De

‘“Candolle gives M. tomentosa (non

Thunb.) Thwaites as a synonym of

diospyrifolia, i.e. C.P. 416, Thwaites

himself does not use the name tomentosa

Thwaites in his Enumeration. The name

M. tomentosa Thunb., a misidentification,

appears on the three Geneva sheets of

C.P. 416 but not on the Kew one. M.

contorta Warb., four syntypes (1) Gibson

s.n. (A, B burnt, K) S. Concan, the A

and K sheets also have M. malabarica

mounted on them, but probably the B

sheet had a single species; (2) Talbot s.n.

(K) fruit and female flowers, must be

Talbot 225 (K); (3) Thomson s.n. (K) fruit

in museum, Malabar and (4) Gamble s.n.

(BM) fruit, South India. M. heyneana

Wall. Cat 6789 (CAL, K)_ without

locality; there are some leaves of Knema

attenuata also mounted on the sheet. M.

heyneana is wrongly named Lauraceae

and M. malabarica by Warburg and must

be excluded from the latter. M. laurifolia

Hk.f. et Th. three syntypes, Gardner,

Thwaites and Walker, Ceylon. These are

without numbers but Warburg cites them

with the following numbers:—

Gardner 749 (BM, CGE); Thwaites 416

(BM, BO, CAL, CGE, DD, G & Boiss.

i. Fipdr.,. ta tis PDA) = also the

diospyrifolia of A. DC. see above and

450 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Walker 1087. The last is M. ceylanica

rather than Jaurifolia but Walker 170

(P) and Walker s.n. (Fl) are alright for

dactyloides. M. laurifolia var. lanceolata

Hk. f. Beddome s.n. (K) South India; the

Kew sheet, Beddome 263 (K) is marked

as the type of this variety as it was the

one with the narrow leaves.

VERNACULAR India :—Jajikai (Kanarese),; jayajhal

NAMES: (Maharatti); kathujathikai (Tamil);

patthapanu (Malayalam). Ceylon:—

Malaboda; perimavara (Sinhalese);

palmanikam (Tamil).

USES The wood has been used for making tea

chests, but it splits too freely on season-

ing to be of much good. According to

Trimen, the bark and the leaves are

boiled in Ceylon and the liquid used as

a gargle in throat infections.

The differences between dactyloides and its rarer ally ceylanica

are rather slight, especially in sterile material. In Ceylon the

former is found in the wetter regions, the latter mostly in the

drier areas. The twigs in the former are stouter and the leaves

more coriaceous. Their undersurface, at least in young leaves,

is usually whitish due to minute scales. A fairly good mark of

distinction is the presence of numerous, fine, lax reticulations with

a crazy pavement-like pattern on the lower surface of the leaf

when dry. In ceylanica they are usually absent or there may be

a few, very faint, scalariform ones. The veins are usually more

numerous in dactyloides. The flower is densely tomentose, often

a dark brown colour and so are the pedicels and bracteoles, while

all these parts are only minutely tomentulose in ceylanica. The

amount of tomentum seems to be one of the best distinguishing

features. The stalk of the staminal column, too, is more hairy.

It is glabrous or nearly so in ceylanica. There is a tendency

for the woody tubercles to be more branched than those of

ceylanica, hence the name dactyloides, but this character is not

reliable as both of them may be simple or branched.

The best known name for our species is M. laurifolia Hooker

f. et Thomson. These authors originally gave this name to the

Ceylon material, not knowing then that the species occurred in

India as well. However, Hooker filius in Flora Br. India, page

103, recognized M. laurifolia i.e. var. laurifolia as a tree both of

India and Ceylon. He created var. lanceolata Hk.i., for a narrow-

leaved form collected by Beddome in South India, but Warburg

included var. lanceolata in M. beddomei King. I, myself, have

included this variety in laurifolia and hence in dactyloides. Hooker

filius lists another variety, namely var. zeylanica, confined to

Ceylon. This is Alphonse De Candolle’s M. ceylanica, our previous

species which is indeed confined to Ceylon. Actually Trimen, in

his Systematic Catalogue (1885) made this reduction and com-

bination (see notes after M. celanica) but assigned it to Thwaites,

probably because of the latter’s citation on page 399 of his,

Thwaites’ Enumeratio. King created the species M. beddomei,

mentioned above, for the Indian tree and Warburg and Cooke

followed him, but I cannot see any difference between beddomei

Sinclair — Myristica 45}

and Jaurifolia var. laurifolia and agree with Hooker filius. Gamble

also used the name beddomei. In his Manual of Indian Timbers

he considered this tree to be in both India and Ceylon. In Flora

Pres. Madras, page 1214, he did not say that the tree is found

in Ceylon but regarded the Indian material of /aurifolia (except

the flowering branch of Beddome’s plate 267) and Jaurifolia var.

lanceolata as synonymous with beddomei. Beddome’s plate in his

Flora Sylvatica is correct for laurifolia and the leaves and flowers

are not M. malabarica as stated by King and later by Warburg and

Gamble. M. contorta Warb. is also not different from J/aurifolia

and dactyloides. The fruit is immature and the slightly apiculate,

falcate beak may be due to shrinkage on drying or more probably,

as is common in other Myristica species, due to its immaturity,

and will disappear when the fruit “‘fills out” on ripening. Incident-

ally, Warburg’s synonym M. tomentosa (non Auctt.) Graham

will have to be excluded partly from his citation of contorta for

it is partly M. malabarica and partly dactyloides. See notes under

M. malabarica in Type Material. Also some of the sheets of the

syntype Gibson s.n. have a specimen of malabarica mounted on

them as well as contorta (laurifolia). This has already been

mentioned under the syntypes of contorta.

Some authors have pointed out that they believe that Gaertner’s

M. dactyloides is the oldest name for laurifolia but they have not

used it. Thus Trimen on page 434 of A Hand-Book to the Flora

of Ceylon states “M. dactyloides, Gaertner, Fruct. 194, however

seems to be M. laurifolia; his figure, t.41 f.2, agrees so far as it

goes and he quotes FJ. Zeyl. n.588, which is, no doubt, this tree,

but was not named by Linnaeus, as there was no specimen in

Hermann’s Herbarium”. King mentions Trimen’s view, and _ his

own comments are that Gaertner’s figure does agree well with

laurifolia but that Gaertner probably included other species under

the name dactyloides. Warburg, who was most cautious about

reducing or uniting other botanist’s species, remarks that there

is a very close resemblance between Gaertner’s figure and Jauri-

folia especially on account of the deep raphe of the seed, but that

the locality for dactyloides is not given. He goes on to say that

the synonymy includes M. malabarica and Raphe sp. and that

the name dactyloides agrees well with that of Rheede’s descrip-

tion for malabarica; dactyloides cannot be given priority if it

consists of a mixture.

The modern view is to regard dactyloides as the oldest and the

correct name for /aurifolia. Alston has used it and so have the

present day foresters Abeyesundere and de Rosayro as well as

Worthington in Ceylon Trees, but unfortunately without explana-

tions. My own arguments for the typification of dactyloides about

to follow may not be entirely convincing, but for those who remain

in doubt or who refuse to accept it, there must be the disturbing

thought that they cannot now believe in the priority of laurifolia

with the same confidence and they will have difficulty in proving

that laurifolia is not dactyloides.

452 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XII (1968)

It is true that no specimen No 588 has been found in the

Hermann herbarium, now in the British Museum, nor No. 598

which is Gaertner’s next species Horsfieldia irya but Gaertner

must have had some reason for quoting this number. There is a

specimen, however, which everyone has overlooked and this is in

the Gaertner collection in Tiibingen. It is named M. dactyloides

Gaertner, Dept. Coll. Ref. No 963 but there is no locality stated

on the label. I have to thank Dr. Klaus Ulrich Leistikow kindly

for sending me a photograph of this specimen. Can this specimen

be Hermann 588 and how did Gaertner come by it?

Now let us consider this specimen, Gaertner’s plate, description

and references for the case of dactyloides and see if they clarify

the problem. The drawing in Gaertner’s illustration consists of

two convex halves of a seed (a and b); c the cut surface of one of

the halves showing the cracks of rumination and the embryo

cavity; d the peculiar embryo with deep multi-lobed cotyledons

and D the same enlarged. In b the seed is shown with a raphe.

This is the only species for which the fruit is not illustrated by

Gaertner. The photograph of the specimen also consists of two

convex halves of a seed corresponding to a and b, and the same

two viewed with the cut surfaces showing the rumination and

embryo cavity. The embryo appears to have been removed from

the cavity possibly for drawing but it is not shown in the photo-

graph. The raphe is not apparent either. In detail the items in the

drawing are not exactly the same as those in the specimen but

many of the lines of rumination correspond. I should say that

the drawing is a simplified representation of the photograph.

Certainly both the drawing and the photograph represent a single

species of the same identity and more than one species is not

involved. They both agree with M. Jaurifolia but might also pass

for ceylanica. | say might as we do not know what the cotyledons

of ceylanica look like. The drawing is almost the same as that of

Lamarck’s for his malabarica except for some of the minute details

of the ruminations. It is clear that Lamarack used Gaertner’s

drawing for his own illustration of malabarica but he actually had

in mind a different species with a tomentose fruit.

Gaertner does not describe the leaves but then he was dealing

mostly with fruits and seeds in his publication. Flowers are not

dealt with either except in general in his generic description of

Myristica. The fruit is described as ovate-oblong which is correct

for both Jaurifolia and ceylanica. He says that it is “viride

flavescens” which is the usual colour for glabrous fruits of

Myristica including laurifolia. He does not actually use the word

glabrous here but it is implied from his reference mux indica

oblonga, intrinsecus similis nuci moschatae, J. Bauhin, Hist. PJ. 1

page 399, nuci moschatae being M. moschata = fragrans which

has a glabrous fruit. If the fruit were tomentose he would surely

Sinclair — Myristica 453

have mentioned the fact. His dactyloides therefore cannot be

M. malabarica Lamarack for that has a densely tomentose fruit.

The remarkable appearance of the cotyledons already mentioned

might be of great value in distinguishing dactyloides from ceylanica

if only we knew what those of the latter look like. We also do not

know what those of its synonyms cumingii, negrosensis, nitida,

etc. look like and we have no idea if this cotyledon character is

even constant for dactyloides. | have looked through Warburg’s

illustrations but very few cotyledons at all are depicted. The two

connate cotyledon lobes are either simple or only slightly crenate

round the margins and this is their usual appearance as found in

Myristica. Nothing similar to those of dactyloides is illustrated

in Warburg. Fresh nuts are necessary for a study of the embryo

and then it is difficult to extract the minute germling intact from

the hard surrounding mass of endosperm. One cannot mutilate

fruits of rare type specimens on loan from outside herbaria look-

ing for embryos which may not even be present. Actually embryos

are not always formed in the Myristicaceae and the fruit may

develop quite well without them. We might expect series

Teijsmanniae which is closely related to series Laurifoliae to have

similar cotyledons but again Warburg has no illustrations of any

from the former series. Lastly since ceylanica is close to dactyloides

in many ways, I am of the opinion that its cotyledons will not be

very different either.

Let us now examine the accompanying literature cited by

Gaertner under dactyloides and see what may have to be excluded.

Actually the species is not quite the mixture that King and Warburg

have suggested. The first reference nux indica oblonga, intrinsecus

similis nuci moschatae, J. Bauhin, Hist. Pl. 1 page 399, already

mentioned is alright as it shows that we are dealing with a

glabrous fruit like that of M. moschata = officinalis and fragrans.

The second, panam-palca, Rheede, Hortus Malabaricus 4, page

9, t. 5 (various spellings) is only partly alright. It is correct as to

the drawing of the twig with reticulate leaves and glabrous fruit

but the flowering branch with male flowers has to be excluded

from the citation since the latter is M. malabarica Lamarck, see

my revision under that species. This reference is of value as it tells

us that Gaertner’s dactyloides is found in India, malabarica also

being found in India. The next reference nux moschata malabarica,

Valentini, Mus. 1 Epist. Orient. page 83 t.4, is more or less the

same as the preceding —the species occurs in India and has a

glabrous fruit. Once again it is not the M. malabarica of Lamarck

with the densely tomentose fruit which was published three years

after Gaertner’s species. The last reference, Myristica fructu

inodoro, Linn. F1. Zeyl. Hermann No 588 is the most important

of all for it explains that the fruit was not fragrant (cannot be

M. fragrans) and that it occurs in Ceylon. There are not many

Myristica species in Ceylon so the problem should be easy now.

Up till the time of Gaertner’s publication there were not many

plant collecting expeditions which’ brought in Myristicaceae and

very few species of Myristica were known. Those that did exist

were M. fragrans Houtt. 1774, M. officinalis L.f. 1781, M. moschata

454 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Thunb. 1782 and M. aromatica Swartz 1788. These represent

really only one species M. fragrans Houtt. The others were M.

fatua Houtt. 1774 and a synonym of it M. tomentosa Thunb. 1782.

Gaertner in his account dealt with only four Myristicaceae and

these were all from India cr Ceylon or both. They are M.

officinalis which is fragrans, M. dactyloides and the two Hors-

fieldia species H. irya (Gaertner) Warb. and H. iryaghedhi

(Gaertner) Warb. Apart from dactyloides these three can be iden-

tified very readily from his illustration even without leaves and

twigs. H. irya is especially clear because of the hollow cavities

in the globose nut, and the figure of officinalis is a well-known one,

being reproduced later as fragrans in several text-books.

We therefore have M. dactyloides, a species with a glabrous,

oblong, non-aromatic fruit and peculiar cotyledons which occurs

in both India and Ceylon. M. fragrans is a cultivated species

with a glabrous fruit occurring also in India and Ceylon but we

have eliminated it and its synonym Officinalis dealt with by

Gaertner for fragrans differs from dactyloides, the latter having

an oblong non-aromatic fruit. It is not really necessary to consider

the Indian species any further once we have found one

corresponding to dactyloides with a glabrous fruit which occurs

in Ceylon as well as India. M. ceylanica is a species with a

glabrous fruit confined to Ceylon so that does not suit. Our

only choice therefore is /aurifolia for that occurs in both India

and Ceylon and fulfills all the conditions. So Myristica laurifolia

and not ceylanica is a synonym of dactyloides, the last being

the oldest name for our present species. There is one minor

point. M. ceylanica, as pointed out, is not a common species

so the chances are also that Gaertner would be describing

laurifolia rather than ceylanica.

19. SERIES CASTANEIFOLIAE

series Castaneifoliae (Castaneifolia) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

380 quoad M. castaenifoliam tantum.

Synonym: series Montanae (Montana) Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 381 excl. M. montanoides Warb.

Twigs slender, 1-3 mm. thick in the apical parts to stouter

lower down, 5-6 mm. thick in the large-leaved species. Leaves

mostly chartaceous, coriaceous in large-leaved specimens, small

or medium size-class, not usually exceeding 24 cm. long except

in the oldest leaves of castaneifolia which are 30 cm. long or

over and may reach 60 cm., mostly elliptic, sometimes lanceolate,

the base acute, the apex obtuse, the upper surface drying medium

brown or greyish brown, the lower paler brown or glaucous

even in the same species; nerves 12—20 pairs but up to 30 in the

old leaves of castaneifolia, oblique, close together, rather fine

and faint even in large leaves, secondary nerves present, abundant

in lancifolia and chartacea, fewer or rare in large-leaved species:

Sinclair — Myristica 455

reticulations faint, present above but indistinct or absent below

except in lancifolia var. bifurcata; petiole generally well developed

in proportion to the lamina. Male inflorescence small with

numerous scars, 1-3 mm. long in the small-leaved species,

occasionally with a slight development of a smooth basal portion

(petiolata and lancifolia var. bifurcata), sometimes with an

abnormal development 1-7 cm. long and closely covered with

scars in castaneifolia. Male flowers rather small, 4-6 mm. long

and up to 1 cm. long in the largest, oblong or oblong-ellipsoid,

more ovoid or ovoid-globose in the large-leaved species,

tomentulose to tomentose outside, split down 4—4-way into the

non-reflexed lobes; pedicels shorter to as long as the flowers:

bracteole as long as the flower-buds; staminal column mostly

with a sterile apex, the fertile part longer and broader than the

mostly glabrous stalk. Fruit small size-class, 1.6-4-(5.5) cm. long

and 1-3 cm. broad, oblong, oblong-ellipsoid to sub-globose, the

apex often oblique in those with ellipsoid fruits, tomentum pale,

sparse and short (tomentulose) but dark chocolate-tomentose in

petiolata and castaneifolia, sessile or on a rather short and

proportionately thick stalk, 3-5 mm. thick. 4 species — M.

lancifolia with vars bifurcata, clemensii and montana and

M. chartacea, castaneifolia and petiolata.

TYPE SPECIES: M. castaneifolia A. Gray

The outstanding features are the elliptic or lanceolate leaves,

the faint, oblique, straight nerves, the small flowers split down

11-way into the lobes, the small fruits and the rather long

petioles. Series Castaneifoliae might have been divided into two

by separating M. lancifolia from the rest of it as Warburg has

done, but this species is so close to the next M. chartacea, that

it cannot be left out. In fact sterile material of the two can be

confusing. Both have a good development of secondary nerves,

especially the first. The male perianth is deceptively similar in

both but tends to be more ovoid and just slightly longer in

chartacea and this is the shape that we find in the remainder of

the species. The considerable variation in the size and shape

of the fruit in the first is in keeping with its wide distribution.

However, if one had to pick out the two. species in this series

which most closely resemble each other, the answer is chartacea

and castaneifolia for the latter is a more robust edition of the

former on a larger scale. Sometimes there is difficulty in separating

small thin-leaved specimens of the one from the other. Gradually

and almost imperceptibly we end up with M. petiolata which

has many similarities with the preceding M. castaneifolia, seen

in the long petioles, the elliptic leaves with similar venation and

strikingly in the dark chocolate-brown-tomentose, oblique, ellipsoid

fruits. Thus there is an unmistakable, almost elastic continuity,

stretching from one end of the series to the other, holding as

it were, the species in place and the changes from one species

to another are so gradual, congruous and progressive that we

pass from one to the next without scarcely being aware of the

transitions.

456 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

What about the relationship of this series to its neighbours?

I do not think that the full answer is in the key so hence I ask

this question. Most of the series are clearly related to certain

others but I have had greater difficulty with this one than with

any of the other glabrous leaved ones from Cimiciferae onwards.

It is probably nearest to series Heterophyllae, being connected

to M. kajewskii through M. petiolata by the long petioles. I have

considered putting petiolata in series Heterophyllae but that does

not work. There is also a comparison between the sub-globose

male flower-buds of species like hollrungii and hypargyraea with

those of castaneifolia. A certain similarity to M. globosa through

M. lancifolia especially var. montana exists but may be only

superficial. The last four series are all close to each other though

their species are distinct.

(69) Myristica lancifolia Poiret in Lamarck Encycl. Méth. Bot.

Suppl. 4, 1 = 12 (1816) 35 [non M. lancifolia Poepp. ex Warb.

(1897) (M. lancifolia Poepp. msc.) = Virola venosa (Benth.)

Warb. et non M. lancifolia Merr. (1923) = M. agusanensis

Elmer]; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 192; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.

1 (2), 1 (1858) 60; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 519 t.19 f.1-2;

Schum. et Lauterbach, FI. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. id. Stidsee

(1900) 328; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 169.

Synonyms: M. papuana Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg

1 (1876) 46; F.v. Miller, Descr. Notes on Pap. Pl. 1, 5 (1877)

96; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 168 — syn. nov.

M. montana Roxb. var. papuana (Scheffer) Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 514; Schum. et Lauterbach, FI. Deutsch.

Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 328.

var. lancifolia — Fig. 79.

Tree 6-20 m. high. Bark brownish black, longitudinally fissured

in old trees but not flaking; sap red, copious. Twigs greyish

brown, finely striate, rather slender, 2-4 mm. thick in the apical

parts and 4-5 mm. thick lower down, glabrous except the

adpressed-pubescent terminal bud. Leaves coriaceous to charta-

ceous, dark green above when fresh, paler beneath, drying a

blackish or a greyish brown above depending on the texture and

an ashy-brown beneath, rather variable in shape, mostly lanceolate

or broadly lanceolate, less often elliptic or narrowly elliptic and

not so proportionately broad at the middle as in var. montana,

apex acute or bluntly acute, base acute, rounded or rounded

and then slightly acute where it joins the petiole; midrib fiat

and lying in a groove above, raised beneath; nerves 12-15 pairs,

close together, nearly parallel, often with some secondary ones,

invisible or almost so above, fine but more distinct beneath or

quite obscure when the leaf is coriaceous: reticulations invisible:

length 8-16 cm., average 12 cm., breadth variable, 2-6 cm.,

average 4 cm.; petiole 8 mm.—1.5 cm. long. Male inflorescence a

simple, woody scar-covered tubercle, occasionally bifurcate. Male

flowers numerous on the tubercles, membranous, cream-coloured,

pale brown-tomentose outside, the tomentum not so thick or so

Sinclair — Myristica 457

3cm

JURAIM | PEL.

Fig. 79. Myristica lancifolia Poiret var. lancifolia.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, fruit from a different twig

on the same sheet. C, showing leaf variability. D, female inflores-

cences. E, female flower. F, ovary. G, male inflorescence. H, male

flower. I, staminal column. J, fruit. A-B from van Royen 5328

(L) Pulau Waigeo. C from Moll BW9701 (L). D—-F from McVeagh

N.G.F. 8283 (L). G—I from Ledermann 7793 (SING). J from

Aet & Idjan 864 (L).

458 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

shaggy as in var. bifurcata, oblong-ellipsoid or ellipsoid in bud

with an obtuse apex, 4-5 mm. long and 1.8-2 mm. broad, the

perianth lobes 4 of the whole flower; pedicels 3 mm. long; staminal

column 3 mm. long with about 6 anthers, ending in a minute,

obtuse, sterile apiculus, stalk 4 the length of the whole column,

glabrous; bracteole membranous, amplexicaul, 1 mm. long,

tomentose outside and ciliate along the edges, closely applied to

the perianth at its base, slightly diverging from it at its apex.

Female flowers 3-5, fewer in the cluster, ovoid, 3 mm. long

and 2-2.5 mm. broad, tomentum as in the male; pedicels 2-3 mm.

long. Fruit orange when ripe, cinnamon-brown when dry, minutely

tomentulose, becoming nearly glabrous, broadly ovoid to nearly

sub-globose, 1.6-1.8 cm. long and 1.4-1.5 cm. broad, rounded

at both ends, the remains of the stigma present as a minute

apiculus at the apex; pericarp-wall hard, 3 mm. thick, thicker than

in the other varieties: stalk 4-5 mm. long 3 mm. thick. Seed

ellipsoid, 1.4 cm. long and 9 mm. broad.

NEW GUINEA VOGELKoP Vogelkop, Tuyama 1552 (*RINR); near

(DutcH West Andai, Teijsmann 7585 (BO, L) in pencil

NEw GUINEA): on the BO sheet is written without

authors mames M. microcarpa_ var.

oblonga, a nom. nud. (M. microcarpa

Willd. is not Myristicaceae, see Sinclair

Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 173. How-

ever the microcarpa intended here is

probably that of Zippel, a nomen nudum

which is M. lepidota (Bl); Sidei, Koster

BW6753 (K, KEP. L); Arfak, Angi Gita

Lake, Manokwari, Kostermans 2439 (BO):

Mt Arfak, Putat, Beccari 903 (FI);

Tanjong Bair, Beccari 27 (Fl); Fak-fak

(Pik-pik) 6b22228 (BO, L); Dyjitmau,

south of Lake Ajamaru, Schram BW 6112

(L.)

DuTcH NoRTH Nabire, Chaban, Kanehira & Hatusima

NEw GUINEA: Nos 11902 (BO) and 1/903 (A, BO);

Patima, Inokuma & Hara 498 (TOFO);

Boden River, 60 km south-east of Sarmi,

Koster BW8057 (L): hill north of

Hollandia, bb25049 (A, BO, K, L, SING):

mouth of Tami River, Hollandia,

Schram BW2815 (BO, CANB, L); Dok 5,

Hollandia, v.d. Sijde BW4062 (K, L).

PAPUA: Central District:—Subitana area, Sogeri

Plateau, Schodde 3139 (L, LAE).

Gulf District:—Bamu River, A.

Cameron 38 (L, LAE).

Western District:—Upper Oriomo River,

40 miles from the coast McVeagh N.G.F.

8283 (BM, K, L, SING).

T.N.G.: Sepik District:—Ledermann Nos. 6653

(L, SING); 6664 (SING); 747] (SING) &

7793 (SING).

Madang District:—Ramu River,

Lauterbach 2683 (BM, BRSL, G Boiss.,

K, M) quoted by Markgraf as 2683 but

on the label as 683; Gogol, Lauterbach

1139 (BRSL); Josephstaal, K. J. White

N.G.F. Nos 10235 (SING) and 10265

(CANB, K, L, SING).

* Foot-note:—RINR = Royal Institute for Natural Resources, Tokyo.

Sinclair — Myristica 459

SCHOUTEN Pulau Biak:—East from Son, Moll

ISLANDS : BW9688 (L); near Son, Moll BW9701

(L) and BW9703 (L); Saribi, Riekerk,

Moal!l BW2388 (L).

PULAU Serui. bb Nos 30255 (A, BO, L, SING);

JAPEN: 30696 (A, BO, L); 30766 (A, BO, L);

30814 (A, BO, L, SING): 30872 (A,

BOsns LL). and 350900. (BO.,...E);.., Sei

Arompaul, near Serui, Aet & Idjan Nos

548 (BO, K, L); 550 (BO, L) and 864

(A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING).

PULAU Labillardiere s.n (FI, P) two sheets, see

WAIGEO: notes; Pig River, south-west of Kabare,

Radjah Ampat, van Royen 5328 (K,

KEP, L).

ARU ISLANDS: Pulau Trangan, Ngaibor, bb2546] (BO,

L, SING) and Buwalda 5428 (BO, L);

Giabu-lengan, Beccari FI Acc. Nos. 7754

+ a+ b (FD; 7755 + a to e (FD.

DISTRIBUTION : New Guinea except the south and south-

east.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica lancifolia Poiret, Labillardiere

s.n. (B burnt, FI, P, holotype) Pulau

Waigeo, not Buton, see notes. M. papuana

Scheffer, Teijsmann 7585 (BO holotype,

L) Andai (Anda)j).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Betelehoi (Manikiong); korbojan (Aru

Islands); mansindor; masinda (P. Japen);

orson (Tor); smis (Maibrat); suane

(Kiunga district).

This variety is best distinguished from the others by the

shape of the fruit, broadly ovoid to nearly sub-globose. The

hard pericarp in the dry state is thicker than that of the other

varieties. It does become thinner as in most Myristica species

when the seed matures ‘so perhaps this is not a reliable character.

The size of the mature fruit, 1.6-1.8 cm. long and 1.4-1.5 cm.

broad, may help also as here its measurements are smaller than

in the others. The inflorescence is usually simple but occasionally

it may be bifurcate. The perianth is not so fleshy nor so densely

tomentose as that of var. bifurcata, but is more tomentose than

in var. montana. The leaves, though less reliable, are more like

those var bifurcata, being usually lanceolate, whereas they tend

to be broader or more broadly elliptic in var. montana. The

actual type has narrow elliptic leaves and Poiret states that

Pulau Buton is the type locality for this species collected by

Labillardiére. There are two sheets in Herb. Paris: the localities,

however, on these are given as Pulau Waigeo and Java. There

are also two sheets in FI, the one from Pulau Waigeo and the

other from Pulau Bouton. Warburg expresses doubt about P.

Buton being the type locality and thinks P. Waigeo is the correct

one. Now van Royen has recently obtained excellent material, an

exact match of the type, and far better specimens. They are from

Pulau Waigeo. After seeing these there is no doubt that the

original came from Pulau Waigeo which is also more in keeping

with the geographical range of the other material of this variety.

The Java specimen probably came from material cultivated in

Bogor but originally collected in Pulau Waigeo. I have tried to

460 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

separate the type with the narrower leaves from the rest of the

New Guinea material but have failed. There are other collections

namely Koster BW6753 where the Leiden duplicate has narrow

leaves like the Waigeo specimens but in the Singapore duplicate

there are two broad leaves on the same twig as the narrow

leaves. The Josephstaal collections also show broad and narrow

leaves on the same specimen. M. papuana Scheff. is very similar

to the Waigeo plants, but some of the leaves are a trifle broader.

These lead on through plants with intermediate leaves to some

with broader lanceolate leaves from P. Biak. Some of the Biak

specimens have a few narrow or intermediate leaves also so one

just cannot separate the specimens on this basis. Both coriaceous

and thin leaves occur so this character, too, cannot be used as a

criterion for separating var. lancifolia from the other varieties.

In the coriaceous forms the veins tend to be indistinct or not

visible. The leaves of the other varieties usually dry a medium

brown above whereas in /ancifolia they may dry blackish brown

(in coriaceous leaves) or medium to greyish brown (in thin leaves)

so the black colour again cannot be used as an absolute criterion

for separation. M. lancifolia with three other varieties is a

somewhat variable species. Its nearest relative on the western side

appears to be M. smythiesii, the flowers of which are almost

identical with those of the var. bifurcata, having a similar shape

with the same dense rusty-brown kind of tomentum. A similar

tomentum is found on the flowers of Knema laurina. The fruit,

too, is similar to that of M. smythiesii. M. smythiesii, however,

far from being a distant geographical variant or subspecies of

lancifolia, is very distinct in having the undersurface of the

leaf covered with cinnamon-coloured scales. It can also be

separated by its thicker twigs with the bark tending to crack,

the leaves more coriaceous with shorter, stouter petioles, the

midrib thicker and the veins less distinct. In latitudes further

east the nearest ally seems to be M. chartacea with somewhat

similar veins, fine or indistinct, and especially the presence of

secondary ones among the primary. The small fruit is also

somewhat similar but differs in being sessile or almost so and not

narrowed to the apex.

var. bifureata J. Sinclair, var. nov. — Fig. 80.

A var. montana et a var. lancifolia innovationibus et floribus

magis tomentosis, inflorescentia bifurcata fructibus maioribus

differt.

Arbor 14-20 m. alta. Cortex atro-brunneus. Ramuli innova-

tionibus ferrugineo-furfuraceis exceptis, glabri. Folia chartacea,

glabra, (costa subtus in iuventute pilis ferrugineis parce obtecta)

lanceolata, supra in sicco saepe nitida, modice vel atro-brunnea,

subtus pallido-brunnea, 8-18 cm. longa, vulgo 13 cm.; 2.5—7 cm.

lata, vulgo 4 cm.; nervi c. 15-jugati; reticulationes plerumque

invisibiles; petioli 1.5—-2 cm. Jongi, graciles. Inflorescentia mascula:

axis primarius simplex, laevis, brevis, 2-8 mm. longus, apice in

ramulos cicatricosos 3-5 mm. longos bifurcatus. Flores masculi

oblongi, 4 mm. longi (nondum aperti) carnosi, pilis ferrugineis

Sinclair — Myristica 461

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 80. Myristica lancifolia Poiret var. bifurcata J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescences. C, male

flower. D, staminal column. E, female inflorescence. F, female

flower. G, fruit. H, aril and seed. A from Kostermans 944 (BO).

B-D from Kostermans 6 = bb33723 (BO). E-F from 6b23800

(BO). G-H from Beguin 1778 (SING).

462 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

1 mm. longis dense villosi; columna staminalis 2—3.5 mm. longa,

stipes parti fertili brevior; antherae 8-10. Inflorescentia feminea

simplex, 8 mm. longa, apice cum floribus duobus praedita. Flores

feminei 5 mm. longi: pedicelli 5 mm. longi. Fructus oblongo-

ellipsoideus, apicem obtusum versus leviter angustatus, parce

tomentellus, 3-4 cm. longus, 1.5—1.8 cm. latus; stipes tenuiusculus,

8 mm. longus, 3 mm. crassus. Semen 2 cm. longum, 1.3 cm.

latum, atro-brunneum, nitidum. Alia signa ut in var. montana.

Tree 14-20 m. high. Bark dark brown. Twigs glabrous except

for the rusty-furfuraceous innovations. Leaves chartaceous,

glabrous (the lower midrib sparsely covered with rusty hairs when

young) lanceolate, drying a medium to dark brown above and

often glossy as well, pale brown beneath; nerves about 15 pairs;

reticulations for the most part invisible on both surfaces

(ocassionally seen); length 8-18 cm. long, average 13 cm.:

breadth 2.5—7 cm., average 4 cm.; petiole 1.5—2 cm. long, slender.

Male inflorescence: the main axis simple, smooth, short, 2-8

mm. long, branched at the apex into two scar-covered, 3-5 mm.

long branches. Male flowers oblong, 4 mm. long and 3 mm.

broad, (not yet open) fleshy, densely covered with 1 mm. long,

shaggy hairs; staminal column 2-3.5 mm. long, the stalk thinner

and slightly shorter than the fertile part, glabrous or almost

glabrous, the apiculus absent (it is probably present in mature

stages); anthers 8-10; pedicels 2 mm. long. Female inflorescence

simple, bearing two flowers at its apex. Female flowers 5 mm.

long, pedicels 5 mm. long. Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, narrowed slightly

towards the obtuse apex, tomentulose in patches, 3-4 cm. long,

1.5-1.8 cm. broad and pericarp 1 mm. thick when ripe; stalk

rather slender, 8 mm. long and 3 mm. thick. Seed 2 cm. long

and 1.3 cm. broad, dark brown, shining. Other characters as in

var. montana.

CELEBES CENTRAL Lengkobale, 5625533 (A, BO, L, SING)?

CELEBES :

SOUTH-WEST Todjambu, Kjellberg 2990 (BO, S)?

PENINSULA:

MOLUCCAS MOROTAI: Mt. Permatang, Kali Sangwo, Kostermans

944 (A, BO, K, L, LAE, PNH, SING).

The remaining four from Tobelo:—

Daruba, Kostermans 6 = 6b33723 (A,

BO, K, L); Totodoku, Kostermans 7] =

bb33767 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING);

North Tjao (Tjaw) Kostermans 23] =

bb33901 (A. BO, K, L; LAE, PNH,

SING); Tjaw, Kostermans 1506 (A, BO,

K, L, LAE, PNH, SING).

HALMAHERA : Tiloppe, Weda, G. de Haan 446 =

bb24844 (A, BO, K, L); Galela, Beguin

1778 (BO, SING); Gunong Sembilan,

Pleyte 339 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING).

OBI: A Kasina, bb29800 (BO, L).

SULA Pulau Sanana, Kabauw, 5528880 (BO, K,

ISLANDS: L, SING): Pulau’ Mangoli, North

Mangoli, bb29751] (A, BO, L).

NEW GUINEA VOoGELKopP Warnapi. north of Ransiki, Kosiermans

(DuTcH WEST 4743 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING).

NEw GUINEA):

Sinclair — Myristica 463

DISTRIBUTION : Moluccas (Morotai, Halmaheira, Obi and

Sula Islands), Dutch West New Guinea.

The Celebes records are rather doubtful,

see notes below.

TYPE MATERIAL: Kostermans 944 (A, BO, K_ holotype, L,

LAE, PNH, SING) Morotai.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Au-au (Morotai); pongamagasara (Moro-

tai and Halmaheira).

The most reliable character for distinguishing this variety from

the other two is its large fruit. Other good characters are the

bifurcate inflorescence and the more densely tomentose flowers.

The inflorescence should not be mistaken for that of a section

I species as the main axis is too short and the whole structure

appears to be persistent. Occasionally var. lancifolia has a

bifurcate inflorescence also, but the leaves, although not always

reliable, are usually more coriaceous with a thicker midrib and

lack the hairs that are often seen on those of var. bifurcata on

the lower midrib when young. Sometimes the leaves of bifurcata

also retain their gloss on the upper surface when dry while those

of the other two varieties are dull. The veins on the lower

surface of the leaf vary a lot in degree of distinctness according

to its texture but they are generally less distinct in bifurcata

than in var. montana. The flowers have a denser tomentum than

that of var. lancifolia. They are villose with erect hairs and look

like those of Knema laurina. Another diagnostic character of

lesser importance is the presence of rusty-furfuraceous tomentum

on the innovations.

I have, with some doubt, placed two specimens from Celebes

here. Possibly one of them if not both, represents yet another

variety of M. lancifolia, but I am not prepared to describe it

as new unless I can see more material from Celebes. The specimen

Kjellberg 2990 has a large fruit which is very similar to that of

var. bifurcata, but the other, bb25533 has a much smaller fruit

which appears to be mature. Its leaves also are for the most

part smaller. However, the largest of them are exactly like the

smallest of the Kjellberg plant, both having dried a blackish brown.

It would thus appear that the Kjellberg plant is the same as

bb25533 and hence the same as var. bifurcata. If future collections

repeatedly showed plants with small black coriaceous leaves

and smali fruits, only then one would be justified in separating

them. This is a problem that the future student should try to

verify in the field and it should be done quickly before all the

forest in Celebes is cut down.

var. clemensii (A. C. Smith) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Myristica clemensii A. C. Smith in Journ. Arn.

Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 87. — Fig. 81.

Tree 10-30 m. high, sometimes with stilt-roots. Bark dark

brown or blackish, flaking, hard: sap red, watery. Twigs greyish

or blackish, glabrous except the terminal bud, striate, of medium

width, 3 mm. thick at the apex and 5 mm. thick lower down.

Leaves coriaceous to chartaceous, narrowly lanceolate or spathulate,

464 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

ae < Se

SSS

—— SS

— — —— >

—————

——————— ~ =

Nes

{ Ny

Hah

f Wy |

ra i nan i

A The ai) 1;

‘ \ A} Phy

} i

\ \'\ }!

ji h

JuRAM DEL.

Fig. 81. Myristica lancifolia Poiret var. clemensii (A. C. Smith) J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male flower. C, staminal

column. D, female inflorescences. E, female flower. F, ovary. G,

fruit. H, aril and seed. A from K. J. White N.G.F. 10949 (CANB).

B-C from Clemens 1668 (SING isotype). D—F from Womersiley

N.G.F. 3148 (CANB). G—-H from Womersley N.G.F. 3148 (LAE).

Sinclair — Myristica 465

drying glossy and olive green above (dull in Brass 7079 and

White N.G.F. 10949) and a rich dark-yellowish brown beneath,

the margins usually thickened and revolute, base acute or less

often rounded, apex acute or bluntly acute; midrib sunk and lying

in a groove above, raised and prominent beneath; nerves 10-15

pairs, sunk above, very fine and faint, often invisible beneath;

reticulations invisible; length 10-17 cm.; breadth 24.5 cm.,

average 3 cm.; petiole 1 cm. long and 1-2 mm. thick, rather

sender. Male inflorescence a short woody, tuberculiform unbranch-

ed axis, 3-5 mm. long, completely covered with scars or smooth at

the very base for the first 2-3 mm., bearing several flowers in

umbellate fashion at the apex. Male perianth coriaceous, medium

brown when dry, glabrous or tomentulose, 5-6 mm. long and

2-3 mm. broad, oblong or nearly tubular, angled at the apex,

spilt down 41-4 of its length by the oblong-deltoid lobes which

are obtuse at their apices: pedicels slender, 5 mm. long; bracteole

at the base of the perianth, early caducous, 0.5 mm. long; staminal

column about 5 mm. long, the glabrous stalk 2 mm. long and

the fertile portion 3 mm. long, as broad as the stalk and ending

in a minute, rounded sterile apiculus; anthers 10-12. Female

inflorescence 1-4-flowered, generally 3-flowered, the short rigid,

smooth, main axis 4-5 mm. long and the pedicels 4-6 mm.

long, often curved, rigid, 2 mm. thick. Female flowers ovoid,

narowed at both ends, coriaceous, 8 mm. long and 4 mm. broad

at the middle, prominently 3-angled where the lobes meet at

the apex. Fruit ellipsoid, medium brown, nearly glabrous, 4.7—5.5

cm. long and 2.3—2.5 cm. broad, the pericarp thin but very hard

when dry, 1-2 mm. thick; stalk 8 mm—1l cm. long and 3 mm.

thick. Aril dark red when dry. Seed cylindrical, narrowed and

rounded at each end, 3.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Central Dis‘rict:—Sogeri Region,

Forbes 710 (BM, CAL).

Western District:—Palmer River, 2 miles

below junction of Black River, Brass

7079 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE).

T.N.G. : Morobe District:—Wareo cart’ road,

Clemens 1668 (A, B, L, SING); Morobe,

Womersley N.G.F. 3148 (A, BRI, CANB,

K, L, LAE); ridge above Markham Point,

Henty N.G.F. 14884 (L).

NEw Upper slopes of Mt. Mataleloch, Talasea

BRITAIN: suub-district, K. J. White N.G..F. 10949

(CANB, K, L, SING). |

DISTRIBUTION : Papua, Mandated Territory and New

Britain. A medium-sized tree in forest on

mountain slopes, ascending from 100-

677 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: Clemens 1668 (A holotype, B, L, SING).

The Clemens material in B was not

destroyed.

The Berlin isotype of Clemens 1668 bears the following note

writen by Mrs. Clemens: — “It was under this tree that my soul

companion for over 40 years of wedded life, bade me farewell

for the higher life.” He died in New Guinea of food-poisoning.

466 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

M. clemensii was described as a species by A. C. Smith from

a single gathering, Clemens 1668. Its leaves are rather similar to

those of M. rosselensis, a section I species, but its inflorescence

and flowers are very different. It is much more variable than one

might imagine, the type collection alone being hardly sufficient

to give one a proper conception of its diversities or to provide

a clue to its relation with other species. It was, in fact, due to its

variability that I have been able to determinine its systematic

position, but not until after much study. It was noticed that

certain specimens of M. lancifolia var. lancifolia came near to

it. Brass 7090 which had been named M. papuana, seemed to

me to be rather out of place there and suggested a relation with

M. clemensii as well as with var. lancifolia (M. papuana). On

examining the flowers carefully, I found that they were very

similar to those of clemensii and that the long, narrow leaves,

although not revolute at the margins, were more like those of

clemensii than the leaves of lancifolia var. lancifolia. I have

therefore had to remove it from the latter to clemensii and

further have had to reduce clemensii from a species to a variety

of lancifolia. Actually var. clemensii is nearer to var. bifurcata

than to var. lancifolia. There are specimens of it where the leaf

is exactly like that of var. bifurcata even down to the revolute

margin. Occasionally one may find leaves of var. lancifolia which

show a slightly revolute margin, though they are normally quite

flat in this as well as in var. bifurcata.

The variety clemensii, a tree of the mountain forest usually

above 600 m. (2,000—2,500 feet), may be distinguished from the

other vars by the following: — The leaves, 2-4.5 cm. broad,

average breadth 3 cm., are narrower. The broadest ones (as

pointed out above) resemble those of bifurcata. They are generally

coriaceous, often retaining their gloss above when dry, but this

character is not reliable as thin, dull ones are also to be found.

The margins are revolute except in Brass 7090 (see above),

but again this character does not always seem to be reliable;

the undersurface often dries a yellowish colour. The male

inflorescence is not bifurcate. This character will separate it

from bifurcata. The amount of tomentum on the perianth seems

to vary from minutely tomentose in the New Britain material

to nearly glabrous in the type and entirely glabrous in the female

flowers of Womersley 3148 (the latter, however, look as if they

might have had tomentum and lost it). The perianth is fleshy and

coriaceous as in var. bifurcata, not membranous as in vars

lancifolia and montana. The female flowers are large, larger than

those of the other varieties, but I do not know how far this is

reliable as I have seen very few female flowers of these other

varieties. The fruit is also larger, not unlike that of bdifurcata,

but larger still. The best distinguishing characters, therefore, seem

to be the narrower leaves and the large fruit, which the others

Sinclair — Myristica 467

mentioned are either minor or not very reliable. In fact the

differences are not sufficiently striking to elevate the plant to

the status of a separate species, though they are probably adequate

enough to justify reasonable varietal rank. The above lengthy

description and notes, fuller than that normally given to a variety,

is intended for the guidance and information of those who may

be surprised at the reduction of M. clemensii from a species to

a variety. They will, if in doubt, naturally wish to have the

details of the similarities as well as the differences between this

variety and its related species.

var. montana (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: M. montana Roxb. [Hort. Beng. (1814) 105 nomen

nudum] et FI. Ind. 3 (1832) 846; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

512 t.15 f.1-6.

Synonym: M. diversifolia Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Mat.

1, 2 (1864) 205. — Fig. 82.

Tree 6-15 m. high. Bark greyish brown, nearly smooth, the

inner soft, reddish brown: sap copious, red. Twigs greyish brown,

striate, glabrous except at the extreme tips, rather slender, 2 mm.

thick at the apex, and 3-4 mm. thick some distance down.

Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, variable in shape, elliptic, or

oblong-elliptic, dark green and glossy above, paler beneath and

slightly glossy and with a yellowish green lower midrib, drying

a greyish brown above and pale brown or slightly glaucous

beneath, apex acute or bluntly acute, base mostly acute,

occasionally rounded; midrib flat above and lying in a groove,

raised beneath and darker brown than the surrounding matrix;

nerves 15-20 pairs, nearly parallel, very faint or invisible above,

fine and close together beneath, often with some secondary ones;

reticulations absent on both surfaces or very sparse and visible

only with a lens beneath; length 9-16 cm., average 12 cm.;

breadth 3.5-7 cm., average 5 cm.; petiole 8 mm —1 cm. long,

rather slender. Male inflorescence Knema-like with several flowers

on 1-5 mm. long, simple, rarely bifurcate, woody tubercles, the

smooth basal portion absent. Flowers of both sexes fragrant,

cream-coloured, membranous, adpressed-pubescent to slightly

tomentose with minute hairs outside and glabrous inside. Male

flowers oblong, often oblique on the pedicel, obtuse at the apex

in bud, 4-6 mm. long and 2-2.5 mm. broad: perianth lobes 4 the

length of the whole flower, oblong, rounded at the apex and

then obtusely acute; staminal column 3-4 mm. long, the stalk

41 the length of the whole column, glabrous, anthers 5-6

extending almost to its obtuse apex which usually ends in a

sterile, obtuse apiculus; bracteole membranous, amplexicaul,

1 mm. long, tomentose outside and ciliate along the edges, closely

applied to the perianth at its base, slightly diverging from it

at its apex; pedicels slender, 3-5 mm. long, their tomentum

similar to that of the perianth and bracteole. Female flowers

arising in clusters of 1-3 driectly from the twigs or from much

shorter tubercles than in the male, ovoid and narrowed to the

468 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

JuRAMI DEL .

Fig. 82. Myristica lancifolia Poiret var. montana (Roxb.) J. Sinclair.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescences. C, male

flower. D, staminal column. E, portion of twig with female inflores-

cences. F, female inflorescences. G, female flower. H, ovary. I, fruit.

J, aril and seed. A—D from Sinclair 10030 (SING) herbarium

specimen and spirit material. E-H from Sinclair 10031 (SING)

herbarium specimen and spirit material. I-J from Sadnan 22 (BO).

Sinclair — Myristica 469

apex in bud, 4 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at the base, the

lobes bluntly acute and reflexed at the apex after opening; pedicels

2 mm. long and 1 mm. thick; ovary ovoid, 2 mm. long, rusty-

tomentose with a glabrous bi-lobed stigma. Fruit 2-3 cm. long

and 1-1.4 cm. broad, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, narrowed

towards the acute, obliquely acute, or less often obtuse apex,

yellowish to orange when ripe, cinnamon-brown and minutely

tomentulose when dry, becoming almost glabrous and the pericarp

then only 0.25—0.5 mm. thick; stalk 3 mm. long and 3 mm. broad.

Aril red. Seed dark brown, filling the carpel.

LESSER

SUNDA

ISLANDS Timor: Forbes 3308 (CAL, K).

TANIMBAR ISLANDS Ilgnei-Otimmer, bb Nos. 24257 (BO, L,

(Timor LAUvUT): SING) and 24304 (BO, K, L, SING);

Jamdena, Central part near Ranarmoje

River near Norkese, J. v. Borssum

Waalkes 3300 (K, L).

MOLUCCAS Osi ISLAND: Pulau Bisa, Sadnan 50 (BO, L, SING).

BURU: Leksula, Toxopeus 641 (BO, L, SING).

CERAM : Rumoga to the W. Tasikmi, a tributary

of River W. Semos, Buwalda 5927 (BO,

K, L, SING); West Ceram, forest near

Gemba, Kairatu, Kuswata & Soepadmo

Nos. 13 (K, L, SING); 16 (K, L) and

90 (BM, K, L, SING); Wai (Wahai),

Riocapa, Rutten 1614 (L); south of Eti,

Rutten 1652 (BO), south of Lisabata,

Wai, Rutten 2097 (L, U); Wai, Teijsmann

Nos. 1951 (A, BO, SING, VU) & 16751

(BO, L, SING) de Vriese s.n. (L); East

Ceram, Kwaos, Kornassi 954 (BO, L);

North Ceram, Wai Ake Ternate, Kornassi

(Rutten) 1068 (BO, SING).

AMBON : - §.1. Robinson Nos. 242 (US); 243 (US);

244 (US); 1877 (A, BM, BO, K, L, NY,

Py a2033 Cy... BM; BO. 2K; ,L,, N¥; P)

ana 2Ze7z -{(BM,. BO, K, L, NY, P):

Teijsmann 5057 (BO, U, SING); de

Vriese sn. (L. U); Kampong Waai,

Buwalda 6115 (BO, K, L); Wai, Teijs-

mann 1964 (BO, U) and Teijsmann s.n.

(BO, K, SING); Pulau Poka, Sadnan 22

(BO, L); Mt. Salahutu, Teijsmann _ s.n.

-BO, SING).

BANDA: ’ Smith, Herb. Roxb. s.n. (BR, G & Prodr.,

K, P) and Wall. Cat. 6792 (Herb. Roxb.

(CAL, K, M). ‘

KAI ISLANDS: Jaheri Nos. 84 (BO); 87 (BO): 89 (BO);

93 (BO); 94 (BO).

CULTIVATED: Hort Bog., Fevrell & Heide, Jan. 1922

(S); June 1922 (S; UPS) and ‘Sept.

1922 (S, UPS) all three ex Ceram;

Binnendijk 2 (BO, L) ex Ambon;

Binnendijk 92 (FI) and /38 (BO, FI, L,

SING) both ex Ceram; Rastini 95

(IVH63) (K, L); Sinclair Nos. 10030

(IVH79) (A, E, K, L, SING) & /0031

(I1VH63) (A, B, E, K, L, M, NY, SING)

and Sutrisno 123 (IVH63) (BO, L, SING)

all four ex Cerani; Warburg 17645

(L) ex Ceram: Hort. Mauritius,

Labillardiere s.n. (F1)..

470 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

DISTRIBUTION : Moluccas and the eastern islands of the

Sunda Group nearest to the Moluccas

(Timor and Timor Laut); lowland forests,

ascending to 400 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. montana Roxb. Roxburgh gives the

Moluccas as the type locality, but men-

tions no collectors’ numbers. The speci-

mens which he saw and which may be

taken taken as authentic material were

from Banda, namely Wall. Cat. 6792

(CAL, K, M) and Smith s.n. (Herb. Roxb.)

(BR, G, K, P). M. diversifolia Miq.,

Ceram and Ambon given by Midq. as

type locality but no collectors’ numbers

mentioned. However, the material in

Utrecht on which he based his descrip-

tion may be taken as the authentic

material, namely Tcijsmann 195] Ceram,

Teijsmann No. 1964 and 5057 Ambon,

and de Vriese s.n. Ambon.

The leaves of this variety, although more variable in shape

than those of the other varieties, tend to be more broadly elliptic

with more distinct veins. They usually dry medium brown or

greyish brown above. The best guide lies in the shape and size of

the fruit. It is larger than that of var. lancifolia but smaller than

those of the other two, the shape being ellipsoid or oblong-

ellipsoid and narrowed at the apex. The apex may be obtuse

but more often it is acute or obliquely acute. The base is

broader than the apex. The perianth is generally less dense in

tomentum than that of vars lancifolia and bifurcata.

(70) Myristica chartacea Gillespie in B.P. Bish. Mus. Bull. 83

(1931) 5 f.2; A. C. Smith in BP. Bish. Mus. Bull. 141 (1936)

66 et in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 68, 6 (1941) 401; J. W. Parham,

Plants of the Fiji Islands (1964) 59.

Synonym: M. hornei Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 107 et

494: A. C. Smith in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 68, 6 (1941) 406

nomen nudum = Horne 966. — Fig. 83.

Tree 5—20 m. high with slender bole. Twigs glabrous except

the elongate, puberulous, terminal bud, reddish or greyish brown

and slender in the younger parts, 1.5 mm. thick at the apex and

2 mm. thick for a considerable distance down, greyish brown

or grey and 3-4 mm. thick in the oldest parts, finely longitudinally

striate throughout. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, drying a

yellowish-greenish brown above, dull or slightly shining in parts,

slightly paler beneath, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, base bluntly

acute to obtuse but mostly rounded, sometimes a trifle unequal-

sided, apex acute or obtuse; midrib lying in a groove above,

raised beneath; nerves 16-20 pairs, average 18 pairs, very fine

and slender on both surfaces, sometimes only parts of them

visible, at other times a little more prominent, sunk above, ievei

with the lower surface or only slightly projecting, oblique but

Sinclair — Myristica 471

ocm SURI DEL.

Fig. 83. Myristica chartacea Gillespie.

A, leafy twig with fruit. B, female inflorescence. C, male inflorescence.

D, male flower. E, staminal column. F, fruit almost sessile with

broad base. G, fruit with uncinate apex. A from Degener 14134

(A). B from Degener 14134 (UC). C—E from Parham 5633 (A).

F from Horne 966 (A). G from A. C. Smith 5842 (A).

472 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

some of them rather crooked, close together, often with a

secondary one between two main ones; reticulations faint or

absent, sometimes a few lax, sunk ones seen above; length

(S)-8-15 cm., average 10 cm.; breadth 2-5.5 cm.; petiole slender,

1.5-2.5 cm. long and 1.5—2 mm. thick. Male inflorescence a very

short, 2-5 mm. long, simple, pubescent, section 2 axis with the

scars and the 3-6 flowers in sub-umbellate fashion at its apex.

Male flowers ovoid and obtuse at the apex in bud, rather thin

in texture, medium or yellowish brown, adpressed-tomentulose or

when young shortly tomentose outside, glabrous inside, 5 mm.

long and 3-4 mm. broad, split down to about half-way by the

slightly reflexed lobes; staminal column with 10 anthers, the

fertile part 3 mm. long, including the 0.75 mm. long blunt or

truncate, sterile apex, stalk glabrous, 2 mm. long; bracteole as

long as the flower bud, later surpassed by it, 24 mm. long

when mature, early deciduous, its semi-circular remains at the

base of the perianth; pedicels slender, 4 mm. long and 0.75 mm.

thick. Female flowers usually only 2 in the cluster, sub-campanulate

or sub-globose, 4 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, more coriaceous

than in the male, split down 4-way by the acute, reflexed lobes;

ovary densely rusty-tomentose, bracteole persisting when flower

is mature; pedicels 1 mm. long only. Fruit single or in pairs,

oblong with a flat, horizontal base and a rounded, shortly

apiculate, often uncinate apex, rusty-brown-tomentulose (the

tomentum tending to disappear with age) 3.5-3.7 cm. long and

1.7-2 cm. broad, pericarp hard and thick, sessile with the base

adpressed to the twig or on a very short, stout stalk, 3-5 mm.

long and 5 mm. thick. Aril scarlet. Seed oblong, greyish brown,

2 cm. long and 1.5 cm_ broad.

FIJI VANuUA LEvu: Thakaundrove:—Maravu near Salt Lake,

Degener & Ordonez 14134 (A, K, L, UC);

south slopes of Korotini Range, below

Navitho Pass, A. C. Smith 50] (A, BO,

K, P, UC); Yanawai River Region, Mt.

Kasi, A. C. Smith 1825 (A, BO, K, P,

UC).

Vitl LEvu: Nandronga and Narosa (Tholo West):—

vicinity of Mbelo near Vatukarasa,

Degener 15289 (A, K, L, UC).

Mba _ (Tholo’ North):—Hills between

Nggaliwana and Nandala Creeks, south of

Nauwanga, A. C. Smith 5842 (A, K, L);

vicinity of Nandarivatu, Valley of Siga-

toka (Singatoka), Gillespie 4206 (UC).

Namosi Province:—Gillespie 4264 (A, K).

Navosa Province:—ravine between

Matasa (Natosa) and Beila, Horne 966

(A, K).

Naitasiri Province:—Central Road .Suva,

Tothill Nos. 423 (A, K) and 57] (K).

East Coast:—Tailevu, Ravalevu Road,

B. E. Parham 5633 (A).

MOALA: Forest near Naroi, A. C. Smith Nos.

1316 (A, BO, K, P, UC) and 19/9 (A,

BO; K, "Fe UC).

Sinclair — Myristica 473

DISTRIBUTION : Fiji.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. chartacea Gillespie, Gillespie 4206

(BISH holotype, not seen, UC); Gillespie

2871 (BISH paratype, not seen); Gillespie

4264 (A, K_ paratype); Parks 20457

(BISH paratype, not seen).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Male (most frequent name on labels);

kalimale; kau-yalewa; wale (the correct

name is wale according to Gillespie).

However, “male” is applied to all mem-

bers of the genus in Fiji.

A miniature and more elegant edition of M. castaneifolia with

more slender, smoother twigs, smaller leaves of exactly the same

shape, but with finer, and at times partially indistinct veins,

smaller flowers with a shorter indument, more slender pedicels

and a smaller fruit with shorter tomentum. There are specimens

of castaneifolia with small leaves which at times come close to

the present species and which may give difficulty in identification.

In most cases they will prove to be the apical portions of young

twigs of castaneifolia from exposed ridges. I do not think they

are so likely to be hybrids between the two species, though the

possibility should not be ruled out. As the two are close, I see

no reason why they should not hybridize. See also under

M. castaneifolia. M. chartacea seems to be very close also to

M. lancifolia, especially the Moluccan var. montana in the very

similar leaves with faint venation and short secondary veins but

differs in the longer petioles. The flowers too are very similar,

even the staminal column, but they are slightly larger and

broader in chartacea. Again the fruit with its very short tomentum

and short stalk is comparable, that of chartacea being somewhat

broader and its stalk thicker. The nuts of chartacea are eaten

and distributed by pigeons.

(71) Myristica castaneifolia A. Gray in Wilkes, Bot. United States

Explor. Exped. 1 (1854) 32 original spelling castaneaefolia;

A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 193: Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (2),

1 (1858) 62; Seemann in Bonplandia 10 (1862) 295 et. FI.

Vitiensis (1867) 205 excl. Seemann No. 6; Warb. Die Muskatnuss

(1897) 374 t.3 f£.9 et Monog. Myrist. (1897) 492 t.18 f.1-2:

A. C. Smith in B.P. Bish. Mus. Bull. 141 (1936) 66 £f.32, et

in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 68, 6 (1941) 399; J. W. Parham,

Plants of the Fiji Islands (1964) 58.

Synonym: M. macrophylla A. Gray in Wilkes, Bot. United

States Explor. Exped. 1 (1854) 33 illegit. isonym [non M.

macrophylla Roxb. (1832) = M. fatua Houtt. var. fatua; nec

Spruce ex Benth. (1835) = /ryanthera macrophylla (Benth.)

Warb.; nec Zippelius ex Mig. (1865) = M. subalulata Migq.}.

M. grandifolia A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 194: Seemann, FI.

Vit. (1867) 205: A. C. Smith in B.P. Bish. Mus. Bull. 14, 1

(1936) 69 et in Bull. Torr. Bot. Clubs 68 (1941) 406; J. W.

Parham, Pl. of the Fiji Islands (1946) 60. M. macrantha A. C.

Smith in B.P. Bish. Mus. Bull’ 141 (1936) 67 f. 33 et in Bull.

Torr. Bot. Club 68, 6 (1941) 399: J. W. Parham, Pl. of the

Fiji Islands (1964) 60 — syn. nov. — Fig. 84.

474 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

rer)

y ts

> AR

Vics SA ee ‘

So ne oe,

ASS 4 $ i

> VER, . we

JuRA(M DEL.

TmMmM

Fig. 84. Myristica castaneifolia A. Gray.

A, leafy twig with apical leaves and male inflorescences. B, male

inflorescence. C, male flower. D, staminal column. E, fruit. F, female

inflorescence. G, male inflorescence. H, male flower. I, staminal

column. A from A. C. Smith 4946 (A). B—D from Gillespie 3964

(UC). E from Degener 14723 (A). F from A. C. Smith 1719

(UC isotype of M. macrantha A. C. Smith). G—I from A. C. Smith

1719 (BO isotype of macrantha).

Sinclair — Myristica 475

Tree 7-20 m. high with horizontal branches. Twigs glabrous

except the pubescent terminal bud, very stout, S-7 mm. thick in

the upper portions and 1 cm. thick lower down, greyish brown

or greyish with very rough, fissured bark, slightly glossy here

and there, a few lenticels present. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous,

drying a greyish-yellowish brown above, dull or glossy in parts,

lower surface the same colour or slightly paler, oblong or broadly

elliptic, broadest at the middle and from there equally narrowed

to both ends, base acute or rounded, sometimes slightly cordate,

apex obtuse or rounded, occasionally bluntly acute; midrib very

stout on both surfaces, flat above and 5-(7) mm. broad on the

upper surface at the base; nerves 15-30 pairs, average 20 pairs,

rather fine and slender in the apical leaves, much more prominent

beneath, especially in the older and larger leaves, raised above

but in depressions of the leaf surface, oblique, parallel; close

together, interarching at the margin, a short secondary one often

present between two main ones; reticulations fine, scalariform,

best seen above: length very variable (those of herbarium speci-

mens nearly always the smaller apical ones) these 15-24 cm.

long, average 18 cm., the largest ones 30-60 cm. long, average

30 cm.; the apical 5.5—9 cm. broad, average 7 cm. but up to

15 cm. in the broadest; petiole (apical leaves) 1.8-3 cm. long,

- average 2.4 cm., 3-4 mm. thick, 3-—3.5 cm. long in the largest

and 6 mm. thick, drying blackish. Male inflorescence axis mostly

1.5 cm. long, stout, woody, closely covered with scars, no smooth

portion, the flowers confined to its tomentose apex, simple or

bifurcate (the axis in so-called macrantha up to 7 cm. long and

7 mm. thick). Male flowers (all young and only half-developed

in the material available, mature in macrantha), 1 cm. long

(probably reaching 1.2 cm.) and 5 mm. broad, densely tomentose

outside (the hairs 0.75-1 mm. long) coriaceous, ovoid-globose in

bud, narrowly ellipsoid when older, split down 4-way by the

obtuse, oblique and slightly reflexed lobes; staminal column with

10 anthers, the fertile part 5 mm. long including the 0.75 mm.

long, obtuse, sterile apex, stalk slightly narrower, glabrous,

2.5 mm. long; pedicels 6 mm. long and | mm. thick. Female

flowers as in the male but broader, 1 cm. long and 7—7.5 mm.

broad; ovary densely tomentose. Fruit oblong, 4.5 cm. long and

2.5—-3 cm. broad, dark brown-chocolate-tomentose, the apex

apiculate and often oblique, the pericarp hard and woody, 5 mm.

thick; stalk 5 mm. long and 7 mm. thick or almost absent. Aril

bright red. Seed oblong, 3-3.5 cm. long and 1.7 cm. broad.

FIJI s.v.: Horne Nos. 205 (A) and 1129 (K).

VANUA LEVU: South-west slopes of Mt. Bbatini, Tha-

kaundrove, A. C. Smith 613 (K, UC);

Lower Wainunu River Valley, Mbua,

A. C. Smith 1719 (BO, K, UC); Ma-

thuata, southern slopes of Mt. Numbui-

loa east of Lambasa, A. C. Smith Nos.

6336 (K, L) and 6383 (A, K, L)

atypical, with smaller leaves, the fruit

not so tomentose.

476 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

TAVEUNI:

Koro:

Virt Levu:

OVALAU:

KANDAVU:

DISTRIBUTION :

TYPE MATERIAL:

VERNACULAR NAMES:

Trail from Somo-somo, Gillespie 4832

(UC).

Main Ridge, A. C. Smith 1048 (A, BO,

a, seo.

Mba (Tholo North) Nandarivatu, the

following: —Greenwood 857 (A, K, UC)

and Mead S.F.N. 1980 (K); Nauwanga,

Otto Degener 14608 (A, BM, K, L, UC):

Mt. Matomba, Nandala, Degener 14723

(A, K, UC); 2 miles down the Ba Road,

Gillespie 4216 (UC); southern slopes of

Mt. Ndelainathovu on the escarpment

west of Nandarivatu, A. C. Smith 4946

(A, K, L); western and southern slopes

of Mt. Tomanivi (Mt. Victoria), A. C.

Smith 5122 (A, K, L).

Nandronga and Narosa (Tholo West):—

northern portion of Rairaimatuku Plateau

between Nandrau and Nanga, A. C.

Smith 5550 (A, K, L).

Serua:—Vicinity oi Ngaloa. Vatuvilakia,

Degener 15127 (A, K, L, UC); Vatutava-

the, Degener 15184 (A, K, UC): Sigatoka

(Singatoka River), Gillespie Nos. 3964

(UC) and 43/2 (K, UC).

Namosi Province:—Mt. Naitaradamu,

Gillespie 3357 (K, P).

Natasiri Prov.:—Tamavua woods. 6 miles

from Suva, Gillespie Nos. 2032 (K, UC)

and 2056 (BO, P, UC): summit, Central

Road, Suva, Tothill 683 (K) M. hypar-

gyraea var. gillespieana is also mounted

on this sheet.

Rewa Prev.:—slopes of Mt. Korombamba.

Gillespie 2311 (K, UC).

Lavoni Valley, Horne 234 (A, K); Cpt.

Wilkes, U.S. Exped. s.n. date 1838-42

(A, RK, NY, P,- US); Coe. Wiker, 0S,

Explor. Exped. s.n. (US) as holotype of

M. macrophylla A. Gray.

Hills above Namalata and Ngaloa Bays,

A. C. Smith 124 (A, BO, K, P, UC).

Fiji.

M. castaneifolia A. Gray, Cpt. Wilkes

s.n. date 1838-42 (A, K, NY, P, US)

Ovalau, the NY and US specimens not

seen by me. A. C. Smith states that the

A sheet is the holotype, but the A sheet

which I had on loan has a label with the

words “Distributed by the Smithsonian

Institution from the herbarium of the

U.S. South Pacific Exploring Expedition

under the command of Cpt. Wilkes

U.S.N. 1838-42”. Unless there is a dupli-

cate of this in A in a special cabinet for

types then it seems to me that the US

sheet will be the actual holotype. M.

macrantha A. C. Smith, Smith 1719 (A,

BO, K, NY holotype, UC, US) the A,

NY and US sheets not seen by me,

A. C. Smith 613 (K, UC) paratype. M.

macrophylla A. Gray, Cpt. Wilkes s.n.

a goyee) Ovalau=M._ grandiflora

Kali (the most frequent name); male--

wangga (macrantha); mbaumbulu.

Sinclair — Myristica 477

Warburg placed this species in a series of the same name.

There should be no difficulty in recognizing typical specimens

of this tree. It varies, however, greatly in the size of its leaves

and small-leaved specimens with more slender twigs approach,

as has been pointed out, M. chartacea. Other specimens with

smaller leaves, but with shorter and less dense tomentum on the

fruits have also been placed under castaneifolia. Some of these,

mostly from Vanua Levu are alright as that species but the

majority are in fact hypargyraea var. gillespieana. Although their

leaves are smaller, they usually have parallel sides, not widest at

the middle and from there not gradually tapered to both ends as

we find in castaneifolia. Being small in size, their veins are

consequently close to each other. The twigs are not so stout or

so rugose as in castaneifolia. The fruit also is more sub-globose,

with a shorter, rusty tomentum and the stalk is longer than in

castaneifolia. Probably these specimens are from more exposed

situations or are representative of the younger twigs. There may

be some hybridization involved but it is very difficult to be sure

of this from herbarium specimens.

I cannot see that A. C. Smith’s species, M. macrantha with

the large leaves up to 60 cm. long is a different species. Nearly

all the specimens of castaneifolia seen in herbaria consist of

leaves from the apices of twigs. The exceptions are the type

and paratype specimens of macrantha, the leaves of which are

from much older branches. They are in no way different from

those apical leaves except that they are larger with more strongly

developed veins. Their flowers are mature and about | cm. long.

In every case the flowers from the rest of the material are all

immature being of a sub-globose shape. They elongate later and

their size given by Warburg and others is consequently less than

that of what the mature flowers ought to be. The long, elongate

inflorescence of macrantha seen in A. C. Smith’s specimens is

essentially the same as that of normal specimens, both having

numerous scars, but it is only natural that they should be longer

when they are from older portions of the twigs. In fact they

are not all long; there are short ones present as well. Very often

one sees exceptionally long and old inflorescences in other

Myristica species too. There are good examples in M. hollrungii,

longipes and tubiflora and even in the related Aypargyraea where

the woody axis continues to grow and to produce flowers from

time to time at its apex. In Knema also, there are numerous

examples of this kind. I have seen the holotype of M. macrophylla

A. Gray and agree with Warburg that it is not different from

M. castaneifolia. The leaves again are from the lower portions

of the twigs and not from the apex. Hence they are larger.

478 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

(72) Myristica *petiolata A. C. Smith in J. Arn. 22, 1 (1941)

69. — Fig. 85.

Tree. Twigs glabrous except the puberulous terminal bud,

dark reddish brown, longitudinally striate, a few lenticels present,

moderately slender, 5 mm. thick, only the young portions present.

Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, drying a rich, glossy, medium brown

above, slightly paler brown beneath with a waxy bloom, oblong

or elliptic-oblong, base rounded or broadly obtuse, slightly

decurrent on to the petiole, apex bluntly acute or obtusely

cuspidate, midrib lying in a groove above, reddish brown and

prominent beneath; nerves 20-25 pairs, average 22 pairs, fine

on both surfaces, slightly impressed above, a little more prominent

beneath, oblique, parallel and rather close together, the interarching

indistinct; reticulations invisible or absent; length 18-23 cm.,

average 20 cm.; breadth 5-8 cm., average 7 cm.; petiole 2.5—6

cm. long, average 4.5 cm., glabrous, longitudinally striate when

dry, 3 mm. thick. Flowers not seen. Fruit. arising from a woody

tubercle, solitary or 3-4 in a cluster, oblong-ellipsoid, slightly

oblique and apiculate at the apex, 2.5-3.5 cm. long and 1.7-2.3

cm. broad, the pericarp dark chocolate-brown-tomentose (hairs

2 mm. long), hard and woody; peduncle 1.5—1.7 cm. long, pedicels

5 mm. long and 4-5 mm. thick. Seed ellipsoid.

SOLOMONS YSABEL Tatamba, Brass 3434A (A holotype, not

ISLAND: seen, BM, BO, BRI, G, L, SING).

DISTRIBUTION : Known from this single collection. In

fruit in January. Altitude 50 m.

It is not possible to say much about this species since it is

known from a single gathering. I am of the opinion that it is

allied to M. castaneifolia on account of a distinct similarity in

the leaves, their shape, oblique venation and long petioles and

in the fruit, dark chocolate-brown-tomentose in both species.

M. castaneifolia differs in that its leaves often have distinct

reticulations and its fruit is sessile or nearly so. The collector’s

notes on the label of Brass 3434A, the type of M. petiolata

actually refer to Brass 3434 which is M. fatua var. papuana Mgf

(M. procera A. C. Smith). The A was apparently added to the

number later when it was discovered that it consisted of two

different species. The words “‘tall, slender tree, the bark grey,

slightly fissured, the branchlets rusty brown’? copied from the

labels of these above numbers also appear under A. C. Smith’s

descriptions of both petiolata and procera when they should, more

properly, apply to procera.

*Foot-note:—See Addenda, page 513.

479

Sinclair — Myristica

: ,

\ :

SSS

S\ :

Fig. 85. Myristica petiolata A. C. Smith.

Leafy twig with fruit from Brass 3434A (BRI isotype).

480 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES

Species obscurae (Warburg, New Guinea).

The following three species were described by Warburg from

seeds with arils or seeds only. Sometimes even the testa is not

present. Very few Myristica species can be identified from such

parts alone. Their seeds are so uniform, differing in size only.

Neither Markgraf nor I, myself, have succeeded in being certain

of what they are and I feel that no one will be able to do so

correctly. The names attributed to them by Warburg are probably

in any case just synonyms of other common or well-known

species and I propose to exclude them from the list of known

species from New Guinea. They will be mentioned briefly with

their references and then dismissed.

(1) Myristica avis paradisiacae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

528 1.19; Mgf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 169.

Note: The spelling in the index to Warburg's Monograph, page 665, is

M. avis-paradisi Warb.

Seeds without arils, 1.3-1.5 cm. long and 8 mm. broad in the

stomachs of Birds of Paradise, the testa 4 mm. thick, grey, deeply

grooved with the configuration of the aril.

NEW GUINEA: S.1.

TYPE MATERIAL: (L.)

Warburg has stressed the presence of the marks on the testa

left by the aril. This feature will not serve to identify the species

as all Myristica species show similar marks when the aril is

removed. He states that the seeds are the smallest in the genus.

Several species have small seeds, the smallest being M. lancifolia

var. lancifolia and M. concinna. It is quite impossible and a

waste of time trying to match these seeds with those of any

known species and they should never have been given a name.

Incidentally the specific epithet avis paradisiacae ought to have

been avisparadisiacae or avis-paradisiacae.

(2) Myristica macrocarya Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 533 t.19

f.1-2; Mgf in Bot. Jahrb. 67. 2 (1935) 170.

Only a seed with an aril. Seed 4 cm. long and 2.2 cm. broad,

odourless. Avil with broad segments.

NEW GUINEA Papua: Gulf District:—Aird River.

TYPE MATERIAL: (B).

Again it is quite impossible to say to which species the seed

belongs. Among seeds of this size is M. fatua var. papuana,

a common species with a wide distribution. However, to make

any suggestion as to its identity is only guessing.

Sinclair — Myristica 481

(3) Myristica pseudo-argentea Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 453

t.19 f.1-2; Schum. et Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d.

Siidsee (1900) 326; Mef in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 170.

Fruit like that of M. argentea, 7 cm. long and 5 cm. broad,

glabrous, globose: stalk 7 mm. long and 5 mm. thick. Aril with

more numerous and finer divisions than in argentea. Seeds 4 cm.

long and 2 cm. broad, testa dark reddish brown.

NEW GUINEA T.N.G.: Madang District:—Astrolabe Bay.

TYPE MATERIAL: (B, HBG) the specimens obtained by the

New Guinea Company, were shown at

a Colonial Exhibition in Berlin in 1896

and later presented to the Berlin and

Hamburg Botanical Museums.

Markgraf states that he does not know what the description

of the fruit was taken from as he saw seeds only. Similiarly I

have seen the Berlin and Hamburg material and in both cases

it consisted of seeds only. I might have been able to identify

it had I seen fruit but certainly not from seeds alone. The Lane-

Poole specimen,Lane-Poole 206 (BRI) which Markgraf mentions

- but did not see is not M. pseudo-argentea as it has densely and

shortly tomentulose medium brown fruit. I have placed it under

M. umbrosa and have seen the Brisbane material. The references

to it mentioned by Markgraf are:— Lane-Poole, The forest-

resources of the territories of Papua and New Guinea (1925) 87;

White and Francis in Proc. R. Soc. Queensland 38 (1927) 229.

Species obscura (Warburg, Celebes).

Myristica impressa Warb. Monog, Myrist. (1897) 537 t.15 f.1-3.

This species was destroyed at Berlin. It is dealt with in the

notes after M. impressinervia. It may have been an atypical

specimen of M. koordersii.

Mixtum compositum now destroyed.

Myristica finschii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 534 t.19 f.1-2;

Mef in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 169.

NEW GUINEA 1T.N.G.: Sattelberg near Finschhafen, Warburg

20715 (B holotype, burnt).

The holotype and only sheet was destroyed at Berlin, but this

will not matter now as Markgraf has seen it and says that it is

only a leaf-twig of M. argentea with loose fruit of M. fatua

(var. papuana). I have therefore entered the name M. finschii

pro parte under both these species in the citation of literature

in this revision.

482 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Excluded Species (Gandoger Names)

None of the Gandoger names stand. Some of them are synonyms

of well-known species of Knema and Myristica, and these have

been dealt with. The following, however, does not belong to

Myristicaceae: —

Myristica malaccensis = Ardisia teijsmanniana Scheff.

Gandoger

Excluded Species (Wall. Catalogue)

6790 Myristica glaucescens = Litsea venulosa (Meissner)

Wall. Hk.f. (Teéiranthera venu-

losa Meissner).

6793 Myristica finlaysoniana = Fissistigma fulgens (Wall. ex

Wall. Hk.f.et Th.) Merr.

68025 (M. sp.?) Singapore = Lauraceae, most probably.

1822 Not Myristicaceae.

6808 Myristica ? obtusifolia = Sapotaceae probably but not

Wall. Myristicaceae.

6809 Myristica ? sesquipedalis = Actinodaphne _ sesquipedali

Wall. Wall. ex O.K.) Hk.et Th.

ex Meissner.

Gamble, page 180, gives 68026 as Litsea noronhae BI., but this

species is not found in Singapore. Note Gamble’s incorrect citation

of Wall. Cat. 6802b under L. noronhae. He gives it as Myristica

hookeriana Wall. Cat. 6802? Wallich’s citation under 68026 is b?

Singapore 1822. Now Wall. Cat. 6802, Penang is certainly Knema

(Myristica) hookeriana but 6802b is left blank by Wallich.

Warburg suggests Myristica maingayi Hk.f. for 6808. This was

later published as Myristica obtusifolia Wall. ex HK. f. et Th. in

Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 163.

Excluded Species (Lamarck and Willdenow)

Myristica microcarpa Willd. = Non Mpyristicaceae. Will-

denow thinks that it is the

same as M. uviformis. I

do not think so.

Myristica uviformis Lamarck = Euphorbiaceae (Aporosa sp.).

For details see Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 173 and 174.

Excluded Species (Kew Index, Compilers’ Errors)

Myristica bombycina King ex = Machilus bombycina King

HK.f ex Hk-f.

Myristica duthiei King ex HK.f = Machilus duthiei King ex

Hk.f.

Myristica gamblei King ex HK.£ = Machilus gamblei King ex

Hk.f.

Myristica kurzii King ex HK.f. = Machilus kurzii King ex

Hk.f.

Myristica myrmecophila Bower = Myristica subalulata Miq.

(M. myrmecophila_ Bec-

cari).

For explanation of the last see notes after Myristica sabalulata

Mig. of this revision.

Sinclair — Myristica 483

Page 859 of Flora of British India, vol. 5, Additions and Cor-

rections, begins with some additional species of Myristica. These

are followed by additional species of Machilus (Lauraceae). On

pages 860 and 861 more species of Machilus are given, including

the above four, Machilus bombycina, duthiei, gamblei and kurzii.

The words Myristica and Machilus both begin with the letter M,

and when Index Kewensis, 1st Supplement was being prepared, it

seems that the compilers mistook the M of Machilus in FI. Br. Ind.

for the M of Myristica and thought they were still dealing with

species of Myristica when they had actually finished with them and

had started on Machilus. Unfortunately, as a result, the four

species of Machilus were put under Myristica.

Other Miscellaneous Excluded and Doubtful Species

These are taken from the Index Kewensis and from Warburg,

page 651.

(a) Excluded Species

Myristica

integrifolia Steud. Nom. Ed. = in error for Myrica integri-

2, 2 page 174 sphalm. folia Wall.

leucoxyla Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. = non Mpyristicaceae,

Suppl. 1, 3 (1861) 385

orinocensis H.B. et K. = Euphorbiaceae. Vide Benth.

in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot.

5/1853). 1.

sapida Steud. Nom. Edit. 2, = in error for Myrica sapida

2 page 175 sphalm. Wall.

(6) Doubtful Species

Myristica

sparsa without author in = ? M. fatua Houtt. (Stated to

Schnizl. Iconogr. 3, Text be an East Indian Islands

to t.173 nomen nudum (an species).

corrupt. e spadicea?)

verrucosa without author. = probably M._ guatteriifolia

A certain M. verrucosa A.DC.

from Indo-China, a nomen

nudum mentioned in

Christy’s Commercial

Plants No. 8 (1885) 26 is

according to Warburg,

Monog. Myrist., page 416 ’

probably M. cookii. The

latter is a synonym of M.

guatteriifolia.

484 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

List of Names in Myristica for Species now in the

African and American Genera

The names in Myristica from Index Kewensis and elsewhere

(left-hand column) have been placed in the genera assigned to

them by the most recent authors working on African and

American genera. I have not revised these genera myself so the

circumscriptions are not necessarily in accordance with any view

held by me. The list is merely for convenience. Other names tn

Myristica will be given when the revision of Horsfieldia is com-

pleted.

Myristica

acuminata Lamk

angolensis Welw.

angolensis Th.et H.Dur. p.p.

angustifolia Lamk I cannot find

angustifolia in Index Kewen-

sis nor on page 164 of

Mém. Acad. Roy. Soc. Paris

1788” (1791) as stated by

Warburg.

balsamica Poepp. (msc.) ex

Warb.

bicuhyba Schott

calophylla Spruce ex Warb. a

nomen nudum and herb. spe-

cimen mentioned in a paper,

“On the mode of branching

of some Amazon trees” by

R. Spruce in J. Linn. Soc

London 5 (1861) 4.

capitellata Poepp. (msc.) ex

A.DC.

carinata Spruce ex Benth.

chapelieri Baill.

cordifolia Mart. ex A.DC. pro

syn.

cumara Poepp. (msc.) ex A.DC.

in Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 199

pro syn. M. otoba.

Brochoneura acuminata

(Lamk) Warb.

Pycnanthus angolensis

(Welw.) Warb.

Pycnanthus angolensis

(Welw.) Warb. var.

angolensis.

? Virola surinamensis

(Rottb.) Warb.

Virola pavonis (A.DC.) A.C.

Smith.

Virola oleifera (Schott) A.C.

Smith.

Virola calophylla Warb.

Compsoneura capitellata

(Poepp. ex A.DC.) Warb.

Virola carinata (Spruce ex

Benth.) Warb.

Brochoneura chapelieri

(Baill.) H. Perr.

Virola sebifera Aubl.

Dialyanthera parvifolia Met.

Sinclair — Myristica

cumara Poepp. ex A.DC. in

122 pro syn. M. otoba.

cuspidata Spruce ex Benth.

(Spruce p.p.)

— var. globifera Spruce ex

A.DC.

— var. rufula A.DC.

dardaini Heckel

debilis Spruce (Herb.) ex

A.DC.

egensis Poepp. ex Warb. pro

syn. Virola venosa_ vat.

poeppigii (A.DC.) Warb.

(egensis = corrected spelling

used by A. C. Smith)

eyensis Poepp. msc. = pro-

bably the original spelling.

The locality is Ega according

to Warburg.

elongata Benth.

fatua Swartz

fulva Richard ex Warb.

gardneri A.DC.

gordoniaefolia A.DC.

gracilis A.DC.

grandis Freire Allem.

gutemalensis Hemsl.

hostmanni Benth.

hypoleuca Spruce ex Warb. a

nomen nudum and_ herb.

specimen mentioned in a

paper, “On the mode of

branching of some Amazon

trees” by R. Spruce in J.

Linn. Soc. London 5 (186i)

kombo Baill.

lancifolia Poepp. (msc.) ex

Warb.

485

Dialyanthera parvifolia Mef.

Virola cuspidata (Spruce ex

Benth.) Warb.

Virola cuspidata (Spruce ex

Benth.) Warb.

Virola elongata (Benth.)

Warb.

Brochoneura dardaini

Heckel.

Composoneura debilis

(Spruce ex A.DC.) Warb.

Virola venosa (Benth.)

Warb.

Virola venosa (Benth.)

Warb.

Virola elongata (Benth.)

Warb.

Virola surinamensis (Rottb.)

Warb.

= Virola sebifera Aubl.

= Virola gardneri (A.DC.)

Warb.

Dialyanthera gordoniifolia

(A.DC.) Warb.

Virola carinata (Spruce ex

Benth.) Warb.

Virola gardneri (A.DC.)

Warb.

Virola gutemalensis (Hemsl.)

Warb.

Iryanthera hostmanni

(Benth.) Warb..

Virola carinata (Spruce ex

Benth.) Warb.

Pycnanthus angolensis

-(Welw.) Warb.

Virola venosa (Benth.)

Warb.

486

laurifolia Poepp. (msc.) ex

Warb. may be an error for

lancifolia Poepp. but accord-

ing to Warburg = Véirola

venosa var. poeppigii

(A.DC.) Warb.

laurifolia Spruce (Herb.) ex

A.DC. pro syn.

longicuspis Spruce (msc.)

published as Virola elongata

(Benth.) Warb. var. longi-

cuspis Spruce ex Warb.

longifolia Welw. (msc.) ex

Christy (1885) pro syn.

macrocarpa Welw. (msc.)«

Christy (1885) pro syn.

macrophylla Spruce (msc.) ex

Benth.

madagascariensis Lamk

mannii Benth.

melinonii Benoist

membranacea Poepp. (msc.) 2x

A.DC.

mexicana Hemsl.

microcephala Benth.

miohu Baill. ex Lanessan, PI.

Util. Colon. Franc. (1886)

802, nomen

moca Poepp. (msc.) ex

mollissima Poepp. (msc.) ex -

A.DC.

mouchico Baill. ex WLanessan

= spelling in Index

Kewensis

mouchigo Baill. = _ original

spelling by Baillon in foot-

note as a species without

descr., vol. 2 page 504 and

in English edit. page 498

mouchio Stone = spelling in

A. C. Smith and Wode-

house’s account of American

Species of Myristicaceae

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Virola venosa (Benth.)

Warb.

Compsoneura sprucei

(A.DC.) Warb.

Virola elongata (Benth.)

Warb.

? Pycnanthus niohue (Baill.)

Warb.

? Staudtia pterocarpa Warb.

Iryanthera macrophylla

(Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.

Brochoneura acuminata

(Lamk) Warb.

Scyphocephalium mannii

(Benth.) Warb.

Virola_ melinonii (Benoist)

A. C, Smith.

Virola cuspidata (Spruce ex

(Benth.) Warb.

Compsoneura sprucei

(A.DC.) Warb.

Pycnanthus microcephalus

(Benth.) Warb.

Pycnanthus niohue (Baill.)

Warb.

Virola sebifera Aubl.

Virola_ mollissima

ex A.DC.) Warb.

Iryanthera sagotiana

(Benth.) Warb.

(Poepp.

Iryanthera sagotiana

(Benth.) Warb.

Iryanthera sagotiana

(Benth.) Warb.

Sinclair — Myristica

niohne Baill. ex Lanessan, Pl.

Util. Colon. Franc. (1886)

342

niohue Baill. Adansonia 9

(1868) 79. This is also the

spelling used by Warburg,

page 259

niohue_ Baill. ex Engl. et

Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, 2 (1888)

42 sine descr.

ocuba Humb. et Bonpl. A

manuscript error for M.

otoba from Brongn, Weisner

etc. (Rohstoffe des Pflanzen-

reiches, page 233)

Officinalis (non Mart.) Benth.

in Hk. Kew Journ. Bot. 5

(1853) 3 pro parte

officinalis Mart. p.p. (1) date

1828 non Lf. (1781)

officinalis Mart. p.p. (2)

Virola bicuhyba (Matt.)

Warb.

oleifera Schott

otoba Humb. et Bonpl. (msc.)

ex Willd.

— var. glaucescens A.DC.

pacimonensis Spruce (msc.) ex

Warb. Warburg says that it

is the same as Virola surina-

mensis

panamensis Hemsl. A. C. Smith

reduces V. panamensis

(Hemsl.) Warb. to V.

sebifera Aubl.

paradoxa Schwacke

pavonis A.DC.

peruviana A.DC.

platysperma Spruce (Herb.) ex

A.DC.

punctata Spruce (Herb.) ex

Benth.

rufula Mart (Herb.) ex A.DC.

pro syn.

487

Pycnanthus niohue (Baill.)

Warb.

Pycnanthus niohue

Warb.

(Baill.)

Pycnanthus niohue (Baill.)

Warb.

Dialyanthera otoba (H.et B.

ex Willd.) Warb.

Virola gardneri (A.DC.)

Warb.

Virola officinalis Warb.

Virola oleifera (Schott)

A. C. Smith.

Virola oleifera (Schott)

A. C. Smith.

Dialyanthera otoba (H.et B.

ex Willd.) Warb.

= Dialyanthera parvifolia Mef.

Virola carinata (Spruce ex

Benth.) Warb.

Virola sebifera Aubl.

Iryanthera paradoxa

(Schwacke) Warb.

Virola pavonis (A.DC.)

A. C. Smith.

Virola peruviana (A.DC.)

Warb.

Osteophloeum platyspermum

(Spruce ex A.DC.) Warb.

Virola elongata (Benth.)

‘Warb.

Virola elongata (Benth.)

Warb.

488

rugulosa Spruce, herb. speci-

men and nomen nudum. It is

mentioned in a paper, “On

the mode of branching of

some Amazon trees” by R.

Spruce “ma *3. “Lith. Soc.

London 5 (1861) 4

rugulosa Spruce ex Warb. pro

SYN.

sagotiana Benth.

sebifera [non (Aubl.) Swartz]

Rusby Virola boliviensis

Warb.

sebifera (non Swartz) Seemann

= Virola panamensis

(Hemsl.) Warb.

sebifera Swartz (1788) = sebi-

fera (Aubl.) Swartz

— var. cordifolia A.DC.

— var. curvinervia A.DC.

— var. longifolia Lamk

sebophora Neck.

sessilis A.DC.

, sprucei A.DC.

subsessilis Benth.

surinamensis Rolander ex

Rottb. (This is the citation

in Index Kewensis)

theiodora Spruce (Herb.) ex

Benth. = V. theiodora

(Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.

uaupensis Spruce (Herb.) ex

A.DC. = spelling in A.DC.

Prodr. (uapensis = spelling

in Index Kewensis)

venosa Benth.

— var. poeppigii A.DC.

virola Raeusch.

voury Baill. This is apparently

the original spelling but War-

burg changed it to vouri. It

would have been better as

vourii.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Virola rugulosa Warb.

Iryanthera sagotiana

(Benth.) Warb.

Virola sebifera Aubl.

Virola sebifera Aubl. (1775).

Virola sebifera Aubl.

Virola surinamensis (Rottb.)

Warb.

Virola sebifera Aubl.

Virola sessilis (A.DC.)

Warb.

Compsoneura sprucei

(A.DC.) Warb.

Virola subsessilis (Benth.)

Warb.

Virola surinamensis (Rottb.)

Warb.

Virola elongata (Benth.)

Warb.

Virola cuspidata (Spruce ex

Benth.) Warb.

Virola venosa (Benth.)

Warb.

Virola venosa (Benth.)

Warb.

Virola sebifera Aubl.

Brochoneura acuminata

(Lamk) Warb.

Sinclair — Myristica 489

LIST OF COLLECTORS’ NUMBERS

ACHMAD (ACHMAT) — 203: 204: 289 & 519 iners; 613 maxima: 953:

1123 & 1548 iners.

ADDURU — 128 elliptica var. simiarum; 21953 philippensis.

AET —3 & 16 subalulata; 142 & 147a fatua var. papuana; 169

argentea; 182 tubiflora; 256 & 279 lepidota; 485 tubiflora;

486 fatua var. morindiifolia.

AET & IDJAN — 548; 550 & 864 lancifolia var. lancifolia.

AGAMA & VALERA — 9447 & 44620 guatteriifolia.

AGUILAR — 20185 guatteriifolia.

AGULLANA — 3887 iners.

AHERN — 20 guatteriifolia; 363 ceylanica var. ceylanica;421 cin-

namomea; 558 philippensis; 590 guatteriifolia; 758 agusanensis.

AHERN’S COLLECTOR — 99; 1438 & 3190 philippensis.

ALAMBRA — 27411 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

d’ALBERTIS — 3 subalulata; 9 hollrungii—FI-Acc. No. 7746

subalulata.

d’ALLEIZETTE — 6151 fragrans.

ALSTON — 16254 elliptica var. celebica.

ALVAREZ — 12929 philippensis; 21442 & 22199 ceylanica var.

ceylanica; 23698 guatteriifolia; 23709 ceylanica var ceylanica.

AMDJAH — 73 malaccensis.

ANDERSON, J. A. R. — SAR Nos. 128 & 2176 lowiana; 4325 villosa; -

4343 malaccensis; 11036 cinnamomea; 12571 & 12925 villosa;

13273 lowiana; 13280 villosa; 14382 maxima.

ANDERSON, J. A. R. & KENG, H. — K12 cinnamomea.

ANGIAN — 7763 guatteriifolia.

ARDZI & RASHID— SAR 10251 malaccensis.

ARMSTRONG — 580 insipida.

ASHTON—BRUN Nos. 21 cinnamomea; 30 smythiesii; 118

maxima; 186 probably malaccensis; 189 smythiesii; 577

malaccensis; 5097 & 5244 cinnamomea; 5511 smythiesii; 5513

villosa —SAR Nos. 5945 malaccensis; 7878 lowiana; 16467

elliptica var. elliptica;s 16490 maxima; maxima; 18329

papyracea; 19432 cinnamomea; 19511 malaccensis.

ASHTON; SMYTHIES & Woop, G. H. S.— SAN Nos. 17126 malac-

censis; 17417 lowiana; 17421 malaccensis; 17440 smythiesii:

17502 iners.

ASHTON & WHITMORE — BRUN Nos. 581 cinnamomea; 634 villosa.

ATASRIP — 1 & 2 fragrans; 3 tubiflora; 4 subalulata & succedanea:

7 & 19 fragrans; 48 fatua var. morotaiensis; 79 garciniifolia;

111; 112; 123; 124 & 125 fragrans; 126; 127 & 128 succedanea;

129 & 130 fragrans; 707 argentea; 709 tubiflora; 716 garcinii-

folia.

490 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

ATJE — 370 fatua var. morotaiensis.

AUSTRALIAN FOREST SURVEY COMPANY —N.G.F. Nos. 246 holl-

rungii; 270 globosa; 2504 subalulata: 2516 hollrungii.

BACKER, C. A. — 11487; 11571 & 11826 teijsmannii; 27612; 27824

& 29419 guatteriifolia; 30445 teijsmannii; 30570 iners; 33975;

33976 & 37596 fragrans.

BakAR, A.— SAN 24984 villosa.

Baker, C. F.— 124 fragrans.

BAKHUIZEN V.d. BRINK, fil. — 1614 & 3611 fragrans.

BAMLER — 2 subalulata; 50 crassipes.

BARBER — 2941; 2942; 2955; 4108 & 5547 dactyloides.

BARCLAY — 3530 schleinitzii.

BARNES — 52 philippensis.

BARRETT — N.G.F. 4168 globosa.

BARTLETT — 7177 elliptica var. elliptica; 8283 fragrans.

BAUERLEN — | globosa.

BAWAN — 24935 ceylanica var. ceylanica

BAYAK — 2632 guatteriifolia.

bb Nos. — 1812 guatteriifolia; 2300 iners; 2357 guatteriifolia; 3128

& 3772 iners; 5372 lowiana; 5816 gigantea; 7094 villosa; 7150

elliptica var. elliptica; 7361 lowiana; 7524 & 7543 elliptica

var. celebica: 7935 iners; 8865 guatteriifolia; 8933 fatua var.

spanogheana; 9172 elliptica var. elliptica; 9182 iners; 9794

maxima; 9882 iners; 9962 lowiana; 10022 cinnamomea: 10077

maxima; 10149 fragrans; 10175 maxima; 10238 elliptica var.

elliptica; 10760 iners approaching malaccensis; 11176 gigantea;

11238 iners; 11396 fatua var. spanogheana; 11489 lowiana;

11652 iners; 11692 maxima; 11812 & 11833 imners; 11887

villosa; 11898 iners approaching malaccensis; 12141 & 12171

iners; 12446 fatua var. spanogheana; 12862 iners; 12959

villosa; 13148 elliptica var. elliptica; 13508 & 13678 elliptica

var. celebica; 13807 fatua var. affinis: 14239 iners; 14538

fatua var. affinis; 14788 guatteriifolia; 15068 lepidota; 15395

elliptica var. elliptica; 15697 fatua var. affinis; 15868 iners:

15904 hollrungii; 15972 fatua var. spanogheana; 16162

papyracea; 16284 gigantea; 16446 fatua var. morotaiensis:

16511 maxima; 17057 fatua var. affinis; 17368 & 17546

lowiana; 17807 beccarii; 17819 maxima: 18495 gigantea:

18653 & 18981 iners; 19139 maxima; 19290 iners; 19609

elliptica var. celebica; 19664 guatteriifolia; 19848 elliptica var.

elliptica 20714 malaccensis; 20757 fatua var. affinis; 20897

elliptica var. celebica; 21130 & 21330 fatua var. affinis; 21331

elliptica var. celebica; 22222 argentea: 22228 lancifolia var.

lancifolia; 22429 iners; 22844 fatua var. morotaiensis; 23138

& 23139 fatua var. fatua; 23157 kordersii; 23183 & 23201

fatua var. fatua; 23470 crassa; 23777 globosa; 23800 lancifolia

var. bifurcata; 23908 elliptica var. celebica; 23913 & 24131

Sinclair — Myristica 491

koordersii; 24257 & 24304 lancifolia var. montana; 24416

insipida; 24844 lancifolia var. bifurcata; 24966 koordersii:

25016 sphaerosperma; 25049 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 25255

lepidota; 25263 fatua var. papuana; 25368 lepidota; 25461

lancifolia var. lancifolia; 25533 lancifolia probably var. bifur-

cata or var. nov.; 25679 hollrungii; 25785 lowiana; 25816

fatua var. fatua; 25843 globosa; 25849 & 25990 fatua var.

fatua; 26017 koordersii; 26194 villosa; 27000 gigantea; 27019

cinnamomea; 27204 fatua var. spanogheana; 27428 lowiana:

27482 & 27505 iners; 27632 lowiana; 28189 iners; 28230

elliptica var. celebica; 28323 gigantea: 28342 maxima; 28442

iners; 28470 elliptica var. elliptica; 28552 lowiana; 28561

iners; 28698 elliptica var. elliptica; 28806; 28814 & 28824

elliptica var. celebica; 28880 lancifolia var. bifurcata; 28934

tubiflora; 28987 globosa; 29157 lowiana; 29299 & 29323

gigantea; 29482 fatua var. affinis; 29535 & 29548 elliptica

var. elliptica; 29751 lancifolia var. bifurcata; 29828 & 29830

elliptica var. celebica; 30255 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 30320

fatua var. papuana; 30458 & 30459 globosa; 30596 subalulata;

30671 tubiflora; 30696 & 30766 lancifolia var. lancifolia;

30768 globosa; 30814 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 30833 globosa;

30872 & 30900 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 30960 & 30971

globosa; 31303 fatua var. papuana; 31320 globosa: 31680

iners; 31880 elliptica var. celebica; 31957 iners; 32388 lowiana;

32650 tubiflora: 32681 fatua var. morindiifolia; 32713 argentea;

32819 lepidota; 32832 fatua var. morindiifolia; 32840 &

32856 lepidota; 32864 fatua var. papuana; 32912 fatua var.

morindiifolia; 32944 fatua var. papuana; 32947 tubiflora:

32986 argentea; 33116 fatua var. affinis; 33369 tubiflora:

33384 subalulata; 33461 fatua var. papuana: 33462 & 33481

tubiflora; 33494 sulcata; 33723: 33767 & 33901 lancifolia

var. bifurcata; 34341; 34380 & 34410 villosa: 34613 gigantea:

34618 beccarii; 34625 maxima.

BECCARI — 27 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 42 argentea; 70 subalulata:

96 globosa; 247 beccarii; 287 elliptica var. elliptica; 403

subalulata; 613 elliptica var. elliptica; 652 & 666 malaccensis;

669 hollrungii; 681 sulcata; 702 elliptica var. elliptica; 903

lancifolia var. lancifolia: 913 fatua var. subcordata; 1270

malaccensis; 1526 villosa; 1556 maxima; 1574 & 1575 malac-

censis; 1590 iners; 2053 beccarii; 2328 malaccensis; 3550

elliptica var. elliptica; 4027 iners. See also under FI Acc. Nos.

BECKING — 11 lowiana; 36 & 56 guatteriifolia.

BEDDOME — 15 malabarica; 113 & 231 dactyloides; 242 fatua var.

magnifica; 263 & 327 dactyloides; 6713; 6714; 6715 & 6716

malabarica; 6725 & 6726 fatua var. magnifica: 6732 fragrans.

BEGUIN — 263 & 493 lowiana; 786: 787; 788 & 789 fragrans; 1006

succedanea; 1328 fragrans: le lancifolia var. bifurcata; 2231

fatua var. fatua.

BEJAUD — 122 iners.

BERNARDO—24277 ceylanica var. cagayanensis.

492 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

BINNENDIJK — 2; 92 & 138 lancifolia var. montana.

Biro — 21 longipes; 61 subalulata; 159 & 163 schleinitzii; 209

subalulata.

BopDEN KLoss, C. — See Kloss.

BOERLAGE — 281 fatua var. fatua

BolviIN — 1293 fragrans.

BOLSTER — 317 elliptica var. simiarum.

Bor — 8297; 8298; 8503; 9588; 11182 & 11221 dactyloides; 11282

& 11315 malabarica; 11427 dactyloides; 11441 fatua var.

magnifica; 11552 & 11593 malabarica.

BORDEN — 470 elliptica var. simiarum; 628 & 761 philippensis;

1244 elliptica var. simiarum: 1791 philippensis.

BORSSUM WAALKES, J. van — 532 & 797 guatteriifolia; 3143 &

3217 insipida; 3300 lancifolia var. montana.

BouMAN, C. — BW 3225 hollrungii.

BOURDILLON — 91; 115 & 118 malabarica; 730 & 731 fatua var.

magnifica; 1202 malabarica.

BOuRNE — 2093 dactyloides.

BRADTKE — 296 schleinitzii.

BRANDERHORST — 11 & 294 insipida: 329 tubiflora; 435 subalulata.

BRANDES — BW 7288 fatua var. papuana.

Brass — 510 insipida; 570 subalulata; 940 tubiflora; 1070 fatua

var. papuana; 1454 subalulata; 1552 hollrungii: 1633; 1987 &

2134 insipida; 2744 globosa; 3106 fatua var. papuana; 3237

& 3288 schleinitzii; 3434 fatua var. papuana: 3434a petiolata;

3914fatua var. papuana; 3946 globosa; 4174 sphaerosperma;

$765 & 5766 hollrungii; 6430 & 6505 insipida; 6857 ensifolia:

6982 archboldiana; 7097 lancifolia var. clemensii: 7181

firmipes; 7273 & 7274 subalulata; 8008 hollrungii: 8122

insipida; 12147 & 12173 longipes; 12254 brassii; 12738

cucullata; 13706 subalulata: 21764 schleinitzii; 21808 globosa;

23241 longipes; 23293 sulcata; 23427 subalulata; 23882

globosa; 24093 fatua var. papuana; 24387 & 24388 schleinitzii:

24706 & 24772 sulcata or sp. aff.sulcata; 25471 hooglandii;

25869; 25893 & 25986 chrysophylla var. entrecasteauxensis;

27129 subalulata: 27447 rosselensis; 27658 tenuivenia; 27813

& 27918 globosa; 27961 rosselensis; 28055 & 28126 inopinata;

28245 rosselensis; 28302 globosa; 28528 tenuivenia; 28894

buchneriana: 29146 subalulata; 29239 globosa; 31999 fatua

var. morindiifolia.

Brass & VERSTEEGH — 11925 longipes; 12512 cucullata; 12547

sphaerosperma; 12574 & 12597 longipes; 13185 fusca; 13523

cucullata; 13545 fusca: 13573 longipes.

BroAaDway — 4393; 4828 & 5220 fragrans.

Brouwer, A. — BW Nos. 834 buchneriana: 839 & 862 hollrungii;

2537 & 2629 sulcata.

Sinclair — Myristica 493

Brown, R. — 25: 2312 & 3012 insipida.

Browne, F. G.— 63 iners; 70 smythiesii.

BRUNIG — SAR Nos. 1181 villosa; 6744 iners; 8865 lowiana; 8895

villosa: 11956 malaccensis.

BRUYN, FEUILLETAUDE — 149 subalulata.

BRYAN — 73 fatua var. inutilis.

BuJANG (Haji) b. SEpIK — SAR Nos. 12752 malaccensis: 12795

iners.

BURCHELL — 9577 fragrans.

BURGER — 2155 teijsmannii.

BuwaLpa — 86 iners; 221 lepidota; 247 elliptica var. elliptica; 335

lepidota; 3001 & 3142 guatteriifolia; 4906 lepidota; 4918

fatua var. papuana; 5132 lepidota; 5428 lancifolia var.

lancifolia; 5597 & 5641 globosa; 5927 & 6115 lancifolia var.

montana; 6146 fatua var. fatua; 6619 & 6718 iners; 6741

cinnamomea; 6862 & 7956 elliptica var. elliptica.

CABILING — 3832 guatteriifolia.

CALDER, C. C. & RAMASWAMI, M. S. — 1431 malabarica.

CALLERY — 33 philippensis; 34 elliptica var. simiarum.

CAMERON, A. — 38 lancifolia var. lancifolia.

CANICOSA — 9716 philippensis.

CarRR — 11917 undulatifolia; 12374 globosa; 12597 subalulata;

12707 & 12870 longipes; 12890 & 12899 globosa; 13122;

13238 & 13239 longipes; 13265 globosa; 13267 subalulata;

13284 longipes; 13348 subalulata; 13394; 13395 & 13524

longipes; 14302 subalulata; 14325 globosa; 14391; 14403 &

14609 longipes; 14897 crassipes:; 14901 globosa; 14907 &

14908 uncinata; 15501 tubiflora; 15509 crassipes; 15549 &

15550 flosculosa; 15800 tubiflora; 15861 globosa: 16086 &

16087 tubiflora; 16091 crassipes; 16128 & 16129 carrii; 16167

tubiflora; 16228 chrysophylla var. chrysophylla: 16259

subalulata; 16344 carrii; 16410 umbrosa; 16446 markgraviana.

CARTER — 178 andamanica.

Castro & MELEGRITO — 1624 guatteriifolia.

CEL. Nos. — Cel II- 403 koordersii; Cel. V- 250 fatua var. affinis.

CELESTINO & CASTRO — 1995 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

CENABRE — 29153 & 29189 guatteriifolia.

CENABRE; CORTES & SHERFESEE — 20990 philippensis.

CENABRE, PONCE & SHERFESEE — 21649 elliptica var. simiarum.

CHALMERS — 5 globosa: 6 subalulata; 7 schlenitzii; 10 globosa.

CHARINGTON & NICHOLSON—SAN Nos. 17726 & 21553 cin-

namomea.

494 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

CHRISTOPHERSEN — 150 & 314 hypargyraea var. hypargyraea: 984;

995; 2838 & 3202 fatua var. inutilis; 3203 hypargyraea var.

hypargyraea; 3473 fatua var. inutilis; 3474a & 3474b hypar-

gyraea var. hypargyraea.

CHRISTOPHERSEN & HUME — 2486 hypargyraea var. hypargyraea;

2612 fatua var. inutilis.

CLEMENS — 178; 300 & 426 subalulata; 1015 longipes; 1142

markgraviana; 1668 lancifolia var. clemensii; 1717 longipes;

1817 markgraviana; 1860 buchneriana; 2152 sulcata; 2183

markgraviana; 2186 subalulata; 2200 chrysophylla var. chry-

sophylla; 4074 & 4527 sphaerosperma; 4764 cucullata; 4836

longipes; 4971 & 5153 cucullata; 5440a subalulata; 5475

cucullata; 6433 sphaerosperma; 6650 & 7783 subalulata;

7810a & 7810b cucullata; 8000 schleinitzii; 8219 & 8245a

subalulata; 9312 cucullata; 9633 guatteriifolia; 10479 globosa;

10511 hollrungii; 20118 elliptica var. elliptica; 30524; 40614

& 40947 iners; 41310 subalulata.

COLLINS — 2352 fragrans.

CoMINS — 121 globosa.

COMMERSON — 80 philippensis.

CONTRERAS — 24099 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

Coppack & Gray, E. C. G.—N.G.F. 7152 globosa.

CORNER — BRUN Nos. 5364 & 5365 guatteriifolia.

COwMEADOW & TEONA — BSIP Nos. 2533 fatua var. platyphylla;:

2542 globosa.

C. P. Nos. — 416 dactyloides; 2923 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

CRUTTWELL — 32 schleinitzii.

CUMING — 829 philippensis; 903 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 1481

philippensis; 1570 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 1582 & 1583

guatteriifolia; 2418 fragrans.

(CUNNINGHAM, A. — 288 & 312 insipida.

CUNNINGHAM, H. M. — 3839 guatteriifolia; 10119 philippensis;

10219 elliptica var. simiarum; 10496 guatteriifolia; 10556

agusanensis; 10641 elliptica var. simiarum; 10692 guatteriifolia;

13155 elliptica var. simiarum; 17202 ceylanica var. ceylanica;

17667 philippensis.

DACHLAN — 95. beccarii.

DALZELL — 1328 dactyloides.

DAMES — 2 guatteriifolia.

Dan b. Hast BAKAR — SAR Nos. 4365 malaccensis; 4366 smythiesii.

Danao — 21590 guatteriifolia.

DARBYSHIRE — 929 cylindrocarpa.

Dp Acc. Nos. — 80843; 80844 & 83152 dactyloides; 83687 &

84902 malabarica; 91326 & 95436 dactyloides.

DEGENER — 14608: 14723; 15127 & 15184 castaneifolia; 15289

chartacea.

Sinclair — Myristica 495

DEGENER & ORDONEZ — 14134 chartacea; 14155 hypargyraea var.

gillespieana. |

Dias — 29890 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

Dickson — 9 elliptica var. elliptica.

DIDRICHSEN — 3688 andamanica.

DIEPENHORST — 2570 elliptica var. elliptica.

Din — 240 iners.

DocTERS van LEEUWEN, W. M. — 9085 & 9181 subalulata; 9217

tubiflora; 9306 subalulata; 9700 hollrungii; 9844 & 9845

subalulata; 9856° fatua var. subcordata; 10651 subalulata;

11088 & 11102 hollrungii; 11115 tubiflora; 11297; 11330;

11402 & 11403 subalulata.

DOMINGO — 21678 philippensis.

DoMMERS — 203 guatteriifolia.

Dorst — 154E1P846 & 154E1P940 elliptica var. elliptica;

183E1P942 cinnamomea. See also Endert, Thorenaar and

EIP, E2P and T3P Nos.

DykE — 79 fragrans.

Elp, E2P; T3p Nos., ETC. —55E1P551; 55E1P572; 55E1P601;

55E1P623 & SSEIP624 maxima; 57EIP554; 57E1P575;

57E1P589; S57EIP591 & S7EIP596 iners; 154E1P940 &

154E1P846 elliptica var. elliptica; 185E1P883 iners; 183E1P884

& 183E1P942 cinnamomea; 185E2P942; 185E2P1005; T3P543

& T3P599 iners; T1141 & T1208 elliptica var. elliptica.

EaMES — 186 fatua var. inutilis and hypargyraea var. hypargyraea.

Epano — 15449 fatua var. wenzelii; 34497 & 75863 ceylanica var.

ceylanica; 76037 elliptica var. simiarum; 77815 umbellata:

79290 ceylanica var. cagayanensis.

EpwarbDs —N.G.F. 10726 hollrungii.

EGGERS — 568 & 6153 fragrans.

ELBERT — 3025 koordersii; 3809 fatua var. spanogheana.

ELGINCOLIN — 27840 philippensis.

ELMER — 6169 philippensis; 6357 elliptica var. simiarum; 7345

ceylanica var. ceylanica; 7377 elliptica var. simiarum; 8314

philippensis; 10133 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 11063 fatua var.

fatua; 11136 agusanensis; 12228 guatteriifolia; 12414 ceylanica

var. ceylanica; 12537 agusanensis; 12820 & 13166 umbellata;

13284 agusanensis; 13294 & 13295 ceylanica var. ceylanica;

13502 & 15469 elliptica var. simiarum; 16010 agusanensis;

16921 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 20850 guatteriifolia.

ENDERT — 222 crassa; 236 cinnamomea; 2576 maxima; 3456

malaccensis; S001 iners — 57E1P554; 57EI1P575; S7EILPS89

& 185E1P883 iners.

EyMA — 4283 cucullata.

496 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

FENIX — 4105 ceylanica var. cagayanensis; 26011 agusanensis.

FERNANDES, J. — 171 malabarica; 845C dactyloides.

FERRARIS — 23041 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

Fi Acc. Nos. — Herb. Beccari, mostly all collected by Beccari —

7654 teijsmannii; 7657 & 7657a globosa; 7659; 7660; 7662;

7663; 7664; 7665; 7666 & 7667 fragrans; 7668 & 7668a fatua

var. affinis; 7669; 7670 & 7671 fatua var. fatua; 7672 & 7673

fragrans; 7680 & 7682 iners; 7694; 7695; 7696; 7697 & 7698

succedanea; 7699; 7700 & 7701 fragrans; 7702; 7703 & 7704

neglecta; 7707; 7707a & 7707b fatua var. papuana; 7730;

7731; 7731a; 7731b & 7731c succedanea; 7733; 7733a; 7733b

& 7733c argentea; 7735 & 7735a garciniifolia; 7742 & 7745

subalulata; 7746 (coll. d’Albertis) subalulata; 7749 & 7749a

(coll. Riedel) guatteriifolia; 7750 guatteriifolia; 7754; 7754a:;

7754b; 7755; 7755a; 7755b; 7755c; 7755d & 775S5e lancifolia

var. lancifolia; 7756; 7756a; 7756b & 7756c globosa.

FLoyD — N.G.F. Nos. 3450 globosa; 5634 umbrosa; 6433 globosa;

6652 fatua var. morindiifolia; 7218 buchneriana.

FLoyp & Gray, E-C.G.—N.G.F. Nos. 7173 undulatifolia; 8054

subalulata.

FLOYD; Gray, E.C.G. & MIDDLETON — N.G.F. 8079 tubiflora.

FLoypD & HAVEL —N.G.F. 7446 subalulata.

ForBEs — 18 schleinitzii; 212 globosa; 242 & 396 longipes; 404

subalulata; 544 iners; 592 & 647 longipes; 710 lancifolia var.

clemensii; 916 subalulata; 1156 fatua var. fatua; 1157 & 2971

iners; 3308 lancifolia var. montana; 3368 insipida.

FORESTRY SCHOOL, MT. MAKILING — 20111 philippensis; 20112

elliptica var. simiarum.

FOREST STAFF, Miri —SAR 9778 guatteriifolia.

FORMAN — 34 teijsmannii; 201 elliptica var. celebica; 262 koor-

dersii; 272 elliptica var. celebica; 318 koordersii; 371a & 372

elliptica var. celebica; 468 maxima.

Fox, R. B.— 9061 agusanensis.

FoxworTHy — 9; 31 & 54 philippensis.

FRAKE — 38347 elliptica var. simiarum.

FRANCO — 18833 guatteriifolia.

-GAMBLE — 11558 fragrans; 13415; 14466; 14912 & 18294 dacty-

loides. |

‘GAMMIL — 281 guatteriifolia.

‘GARBER — 609 fatua var. inutilis; 928 hypargyraea var. hypargy-

raea.

‘GARCIA — 1023 philippensis.

‘GARDNER — 749 dactyloides.

‘GAUDICHAUD — 187 fragrans.

GHAZALLI b. SERUJI — SAR 13665 villosa.

Sinclair — Myristica 497

GiBOT, A— SAN 29565 cinnamomea.

GILLESPIE — 2032; 2056 & 2311 castaneifolia; 2871 chartacea:

— 3357 & 3964 castaneifolia; 4206 chartacea; 4216 castaneifolia;.

4264 chartacea; 4312 castaneifolia; 4648 hypargyraea var-

gillespieana; 4832 castaneifolia.

GJELLERUP — 183 subalulata; 274 tubiflora; 644 subalulata.

GLASSMAN — 2729 hypargyraea var. insularis.

GODEFROY — 814 fragrans.

GOKLIN — 1977 & 2051 guatteriifolia.

GRAEFFE — 2 hypargyraea var. hypargyraea; 36 fatua var. inutilis;

66 & 66a hypargyraea var. hypargyraea; 68 hypargyraea var-

gillespieana; 105 fatua var. inutilis; 211 hypargyraea var.

hypargyraea; 512 fatua var. inutilis.

GRASHOFF — 114 lowiana; 239 iners; 750 lowiana; 878 maxima;

881 elliptica var. elliptica; 908 maxima; 913 cinnamomea;

919 maxima; 958 crassa; 1120 iners.

Gray, E.C.G.—N.G.F. Nos. 4071 hollrungii; 7161 fatua var.

papuana; 8085 insipida; 8142 cornutiflora.

Gray, E.C.G. & Coppack — N.G.F. 7152 globosa.

Gray, E.C.G. & WHITE, K.J.— N.G.F. 10418 hollrungii.

GREENWOOD -— 857 castaneifolia; 953 hypargyraea var. gilles-

pieana.

GRIFFITH — 4353 philippensis.

GUILLEMIN — Cat. No. 113 fragrans.

Guppy — 209 schleinitzii.

Haan, G.A.L. De — 446 lancifolia var. bifurcata.

L’HAHN — 345 & 346 fragrans; 1137 philippensis.

HALLIER — 24 elliptica var. elliptica; 2851 maxima; 4699 ceylanica

var. ceylanica.

HAMZAH B. TAHIR —K.F.N. 93623 elliptica var. elliptica.

Harvey — A115 guatteriifolia. .

HASHIM B. MOHAMAD — K.F.N. 68330 cinnamomea.

Hassan — SAR 2210 guatteriifolia.

Havitanp & Hose — 3289 iners; 3645 lowiana; 3726 elliptica

var. elliptica.

HELLWIG — 247 subalulata.

HeNTy —N.G.F. Nos. 10546 globosa; 10548 chrysophylla var.

chrysophylla; 10622 & 10623 subalulata; 10673 globosa; 11520

hollrungii; 11944 buchneriana; 13648 hollrungii; 14828 mark-

graviana; 14884 lancifolia var. clemensii.

HEPPLETHWAITE — N.G.F. 550 fatua var. papuana.

HERRE — 309 & 330 hollrungii; 1078 guatteriifolia.

HILL — 80 & 432 insipida.

498 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

HOCHREUTINER — 3436 fatua var. inutilis.

HOHENACKER — 515 malabarica; 784 philippensis.

HOLLRUNG — 153 schleinitzii; 178 subalulata; 648 & 701 hollrungii.

HoLtze — 6151 insipida.

HOOGLAND — 3521 carrii; 3522 umbrosa; 3642 chrysophylla var.

chrysophylla; 3701 hooglandii; 3702 carrii; 3717 flosculosa:

3772 sulcata; 3773 concinna; 3935; 3971 & 3972 tubiflora;

3982 subalulata; 4206 hooglandii; 4215 concinna; 4257 sulcata:

4329 schleinitzii; 4393 globosa; 4534 hooglandii; 4938 globosa;

4996 buchneriana.

HOOGLAND & MCDONALD — 3421 umbrosa.

HOOGLAND & PULLEN — 5831 & 5850 subalulata.

Herb. HookER — 749 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

Horne — 10 fatua var. inutilis and hypargyraea var. hypargyraea;

29 hypargyraea var. hypargyraea; 205 & 243 castaneifolia;

966 chartacea; 1129 castaneifolia.

HORSFIELD — 196 teijsmannii; 297 & 623 guatteriifolia; 683 iners.

Hort. BoG. CULTIVATED —IVG 16 fatua var. papuana; I1VG 24

insipida; IVG 73 iners; IVG 76 & 76a fragrans; IVG 77

iners; IVG 78 & 78a teijsmannii; [VG 79 guatteriifolia;

IVG 81 fatua var, fatua; IVG 82 fatua var. affinis; 1VG 91;

IVG 91lb & IVG 94 fatua var. fatua; IVG 99 & IVH 17

iners; IVH 28 sulcata; IVH 55 fragrans; IVH 62 & IVH

62a fatua var. fatua; IVH 63 lancifolia var. montana; IVH

66 & IVH 66a fatua var. fatua; IVH 69 & IVH 70 fragrans;

IVH 79 lancifolia var. montana; [IVH 83: IVH 84a; IVH

86; IXB 4 & IXB 4a succedanea; XF 55 & XF 55a papyra-

cea; XF subalulata.

Hose — 392 iners; 532 guatteriifolia; 819 fragrans.

Hosokawa — 5522 hypargyraea var. insularis.

HUBBARD, C.E. & WINDERS — 6510 insipida.

HULSTIIN VAN, P. — 370 fatua var. morotaiensis.

HURLIMANN — 56; 279 & 280 hypargyraea var. gillespieana.

HUTCHINSON — 127 philippensis; 130 guatteriifolia; 3454 fatua

var. fatua; 4012 philippensis.

HUTCHINSON & WHITFORD — 9454 guatteriifolia.

InoeET — 105a fatua var. spanogheana; 507 maxima; 519 fatua

var. spanogheana.

Iyirnt & NiimurA — 455 & 660 subalulata.

IL14s — SAR 19511 malaccensis.

INOKUMA & HARA — 498 lancifolia var. lancifolia.

IWANGGIN— BW Nos. 5202 garciniifolia; 5713 globosa; 5742

hollrungii; 5775 sulcata; 9041 cucullata; 9184 sulcata.

;

Sinclair —— Myristica 499

Ja Nos. — 1607 & 1712 guatteriifolia; 1959 iners; 2694 & 3069

teijsmannii; 3136 & 3960 iners; 4224 guatteriifolia.

Jack — 8509 fragrans.

JACKSON — N.G.F. Nos. 2737 hollrungii; 4521 insipida.

Jacoss, M. — 5424 iners.

Jacoss, M.S. — 9 insipida.

JAHERI — 84 lancifolia var. montana: 85 subalulata: 87 & 8&9

lancifolia var. montana: 91 subalulata: 93 & 94 lancifolia

var. montana; 712 & 713 subalulata: 951 cinnamomes: 1311

malaccensis.

JALALUDIN b. MUNAF — K.F.N. 92595 elliptica var. elliptica.

KapDIM & Moup SHAH — 506 iners.

KabDIR — A2570 iners.

KaAsyeEwSkI — 44 & 220 fatua var- papuana: 422 hypargyraea var.

guillauminiana; 757 fatua var. papuana; 1007; 1168 & 1392

insipida; 1582 schleinitzii; 1587 fatua var. papuana: 1736 &

1827 kajewskii; 1916 fatua var. platyphylla; 2068 kajewskui:

2101 fatua var. papuana; 2236 schleinitzii; 2373 globosa:

2442 fatua var. platyphylla; 2552 globosa: 2613 kajewskii.

KALKMAN — BW Nos. 3509 & 3696 subalulata: 3776 globosa;

3791 hollrungii; 4368 subalulata; 6340; 6341 & 6342 fragrans;

6343; 6344 & 6346 argentea; 6347 fragrans: 6413 & 6460

cornutifiora; 6491 undulatifolia.

KAMIs — 4280 papyracea.

KANDILIS — 6203 guatteriifolia.

KANEHIRA — 727; 763; 1529; 1545 & 1865 hypargyraea var.

insularis.

KANEHIRA M HaTUSIMA — 5009 hypargyraea var. insularis: 11518

garciniifolia; 11656 fatua var. papuana; 11691 subalulata:

11902 & 11903 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 12091 & 12223

subalulata; 12277 gracilipes; 12670 hollrungii.

KaARSTEL — BW Nos. 5321 & 5324 cucullata: 5339 hollrungii.

KAUDERN — 7 fragrans.

KEITH — 9919 guatteriifolia.

KERR — 9237; 9237a & 14591 iners; 15014 crassa; 19392 iners.

K.F. Nos. — 30450 guatteriifolia.

KiAH — S.F.N. 24381 elliptica var. elliptica.

KIKUCHI, Y. — 2630 elliptica var. simiarum.

KING — 186 andamanica.

KJELLBERG — 1736 fatua var. affinis; 2427 impressinervia; 2447

& 2504 fatua var. affinis; 2962 koordersi; 2990 lancifolia

probably var. bifurcata.

KLEMME — 7128 philippensis.

Ktoss — S.F.N. 14772 maxima.

500 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

KocH — 19 & 20 subalulata; 708 insipida.

KOCHUMMEN — K.F.N. 72496 iners.

KOERNIASIH — 16 fatua var. fatua.

KOORDERS — 121; 543a; 5229; 5230; 5231; 5232; 5233; 5234;

5235 & 5236 guatteriifolia; 5249; 5252 & 5264 iners; 10384

& 13143 guatteriifolia; 13594 & 13596 teijsmannii; 17437

elliptica var. celebica; 18125; 18126 & 18127 fatua var.

affinis; 18128 & 18129 koordersii; 18131 & 18138 fatua var.

affinis; 18139 elliptica var. celebica; 18141 & 18142 fatua var.

affinis; 18143 elliptica var. celebica; 18144 koordersii; 18145

& 18148 fatua var. affinis; 18149 elliptica var. celebica; 18151

& 18153 fatua var. affinis; 18154; 18155; 18159; 18160; 18161;

18162; 18163; 19165; 18166; 18168 & 18187 elliptica var.

celebica; 19736 fatua var. affinis; 9749 elliptica var. celebica;

22738; 22794; 22854; 23051; 23394 & 23612 teijsmannii;

24064 elliptica var. celebica; 24876; 25300; 26099; 27227 &

27230 guatterifolia; 27480 iners; 28132; 35030 & 35031

guatteriifolia; 38776 teijmannii; 39669 & 39670 fragrans;

42288; 42302; 42315; 42329 & 42356 guatteriifolia; 43398

& 47611 iners.

KorRNASSI — 954 lancifolia var. montana; 990 fatua var. fatua:

1068 lancifolia var. montana.

KOSTER — BW Nos. 1016 & 1061 fatua var. papuana; 1124

sulcata; 1162 garciniifolia; 1220 & 1305 hollrungii; 1434

fatua var. papuana; 1445 globosa; 1450; 1458 & 1485 fatua

var. papuana; 4320 garciniifolia; 4348 sulcata; 4370 & 4371

hollrungii; 6753 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 6820 hollrungii;

8057 lancifoia var. lancifolia; 10780 sphaerosperma.

KOSTERMANS — 6 lancifolia var. bifurcata; 46 fatua var. subcor-

data; 47 & 47a tubiflora; 71 lancifolia var. bifurcata; 146

tubiflora; 162 & 209 subalulata; 231 lancifolia var. bifurcata;

262 fatua var. papuana; 263 & 289 tubiflora; 306 sulcata:

697 & 771 fatua var. morotaiensis; 944 lancifolia var. bifur-

cata; 1039 fatua var. sangowoensis; 1506 lancifolia var.

bifurcata; 2439 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 2440 tubiflora; 2664

hollrungii; 2665; 2665a; 2666 & 2667 tubiflora; 2842 fatua

var. subcordata; 4400 iners; 4476 maxima; 4687 elliptica var.

elliptica; 4743 lancifoia var. bifurcata; 4873 & 5422 guat-

terlifolia; 5475 & 5597 iners; 5623 elliptica var. celebica;

5732 papyracea; 5805 maxima; 5895 elliptica var. celebica;

6125 elliptica var. elliptica; 6438 villosa; 6589 maxima:

6789 & 6972 iners; 6982 guatteriifolia; 7012 villosa; 7451 &

7600 iners; 7718 maxima; 7887 & 7889 globosa; 8053 maxima;

8085 villosa; 8647 & 8667 cinnamomea; 8671 beccarii; 8960

cinnamomea; 9230 guatteriifolia; 10093 villosa; 10144 maxi-

ma; 10150 papyracea; 10225 gigantea; 10450 maxima; 13365;

13772 & 13866 elliptica var. celebica; 13878 papyracea;

18113 & 19075 fatua var. spanogheana.

KOSTERMANS & ANTA — 389 guatteriifolia.

Sinclair — Myristica 50]

KRUKOFF — 4125 elliptica var. scm pat 4343 cinnamomea; 4384

probably maingayi.

Kurz — 265 andamanica.

KuSWATA & SOEPADMO — 13 lancifolia var. montana; 14 fatua

var. fatua: 16 lancifolia var. montana; 39: 57 & 71 fatua var.

fatua; 90 lancifolia var. montana; 125 & 272 fatua var. fatua.

Kwanc, CHuA MING — A3106 papyracea.

LAKSHNAKARA — 435 fragrans.

Lam, H. J.— 2438 faua var. affinis; 3713 succedanea.

LANE-POOLE — 206 umbrosa.

LasscHuIT — BW 4512 hollrungii.

LAUTERBACH — 771 schleinitzii; 1197 hollrungii; 1139 lancifolia

var. lancifolia; 1188 hollrungii; 1346 & 1492 schleinitzii; 2489

subalulata; 2638 holllrungii = (638); 2683 lancifolia var.

lancifolia = (683); 2865 subalulata = (865).

LAWSON — 90a 90b & 93 fatua var. magnifica; 94 dactyloides.

LEDERMANN — 6514 schleinitzii; 6653 & 6664 lancifolia var

lancifolia; 6727 fatua var. papuana; 6852 hollrungii; 7471 &

7793 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 7799 globosa: 7888 hollrungii;

8372 tubiflora; 8730 cornutiflora; 8779 & 8819 globosa: 9110

cuculata; 9712 subalulata; 9728 cornutiflora; 9810 tubiflora;

9828 longipes; 10131 cucullata; 10244 & 10249 longipes;

11175 subalulata; 11769 & 12026 crassipes; 12333a globosa;

12802a subalulata.

Hers. LINDLEY — 1123 fragrans.

LipaQueTo (Lipageto on label= Lipangeto) — BSIP 3420 & 3522

kajewskii.

LOHER — 4194;; 5195 & 6713 philippensis; 6716 agusanensis;

6717; 6719; 13918 & 15050 philippensis.

LORZING—961 teijsmannii; 5220 & 5504 fragrans; 5578 elliptica

var. elliptica; 7516 maxima; 13283 fragrans; 14260 lowiana;

15237 elliptica var. elliptica; 16826 fragrans.

Lunpb — 179 fragrans.

Lunpquist — 3 fatua var. morindiifolia 31 tubiflora; 94 argentea;

100 lepidota; 113 fatua var. morindiifolia; 121 & 137

lepidota; 145 fatua var. papuana; 169 argentea; 193 fatua var.

morindiifolia; 225 fatua var. papuana; 228 tubiflora; 256

lepidota; 267 argentea; 279 lepidota.

LUTJEHARMS—4560 iners.

HerB. MaprAas — 11327 dactyloides.

MalIL — 7062 guatteriifolia.

MaiR—N. G. F. Nos 550 fatua var. papuana; 1835 globosa;

1873 schleinitzii 1877 hollrungii-

MANALO — 7437 guatteriifolia.

MANGOLD — BW Nos 2150; 2221 & 2276 hollrungii; 2334 globosa.

502 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

MASIAS; SARENO & TORRIBLE — 30131 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

MAULE — 385. philippensis.

Mayr, E. — 227 subalulata.

McApaM — 230 subalulata.

McDANIELS — 1066 hypargyraea var. gillespieana.

McDonaLpD, G. —N. G. F. Nos 8161 subalulata; 8189 fatua var.

papuana; 8191 sulcata.

MCGILLIvray, J. — 102 insipida.

McGrecor, R. C.— 22824 guatteriifolia; 43717 ceylanica var.

ceylanica.

McGrecor, W. — 12 insipida.

McKEE — 2876 hypargyraea var. hypargyraea; 2909 fatua var.

inutilis.

McVEAGH —N. G. F. Nos 8283 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 10750

cucullata.

MeEaAp —S. F. N. 1980 castaneifolia.

MEDINA — 23545 philippensis.

MEEBOLD — 9455; 12964 & 13134 dactyloides; 21351 fatua var.

inutilis.

MEIER, W. — 4221 gigantea. SAN Nos. 19541 iners; 19560 bec-

carii; 20022 cinnamomea; 20217 & 23128 guatteriifolia;

24053 iners; 36277 lowiana.

MEIER DREES, E.— 614 & 631 subalulata.

MENDOZA & CONVOCAR — 10321 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

MERRILL — 80 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 178 philippensis; 605

guatteriifolia; 1023 philippensis; 1917; 1924; 2052 & 2117

guatteriifolia; 2304 & 2834 philippensis; 2849 guatteriifolia;

2863 & 2984 hilippensis; 9253 & 9353 guatteriifolia.

MERRILL & DARLING — 13873 philippensis.

MERRITT — 3663 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 3686 _philippensis;

3698 & 8585 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 8607 & 8640 guatterii-

folia.

Mesa, A DE — 27584 elliptica var. simiarum.

Mesa, A. DE & MAGISTRADO — 26511 guatteriifolia.

MEYER, R.— 2630 elliptica var. simiarum; 3236 agusanensis.

MICHAEL — 5 insipida.

Miers — 3391 fragrans.

MIkIL, G.— SAN Nos. 30172 maxima; 30178 villosa.

MILLAR — N.G.F. 9781 globosa.

MIRANDA — 18928 philippensis; 18973 guatteriifolia; 21141 philip-

pensis.

MIRANDA; PONCE & RAFAEL — 20766 elliptica var. simiarum.

MOHAMED SALLEH — SAR Nos. 1212 lowiana; 1456 guatteriifolia-

}

’

;

Sinclair — Myristica 503

MOHAMED SHAH & KapimM b. TAssim — 506 iners.

MoksIN b. A. BAKAR — SAR 1904 lowiana.

MoLL — BW Nos. 2388, 9688; 9701 & 9703 lancifolia var. lanci-

folia.

Monp!I — 19 lowiana; 131 guatteriifolia.

MotTLey — 26 villosa; 139 guatteriifolia; 145 gigantea; 166 villosa.

Muas — SAR 13367 elliptica var. elliptica.

MUELLER — 149 fatua var. inutilis.

NAHAR — SAR Nos. 12668 iners; 12677 villosa; 12680 papyracea;

12684 & 12685 iners; 12705 beccarii.

NARAYANASWAMI, V.— 3866 dactyloides.

NAUTJE — BW Nos. 6559 fatua var. subcordata; 6581. hollrungii;

6614 fatua var. morindiifolia.

N.G.F. Nos. (sine collector) — 246 hollrungii; 270 & 331 globosa:

926 & 2028 fatua var. papuana; 2037 globosa; 2041 sulcata;

2504 subalulata; 2516 hollrungii.

NICHOLSON & CHARINGTON—SAN Nos. 17726 & 21553 cinna-

momea.

NIELSEN — 901 hollrungii.

NoegsI — BW 8137 sulcata.

N.S.W. Acc. Nos. — 43136 & 43139 inspida.

NyMAN — 46 schleinitzii; 424 subalulata; 1039 & 1049 schleinitzii.

Oro — 30702 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 30713 & 30801 guatterii-

folia.

Pare, In1as — SAR 19511 malaccensis.

PANCHO — 33269 fatua var. wenzelii.

PaRAISO — 13005 & 23619 philippensis; 23632 elliptica var.

simiarum; 25464 philippensis; 26484 elliptica var. simiarum;

31260 philippensis.

PARHAM — 1295 hypargyraea var. gillespieana; 5633 chartacea.

PARKINSON — 636; 669 & 1170 andamanica.

PaRKS — 16160 hypargyraea var. gillespieana; 20457 chartacea.

PASCUAL — 216 guatteriifolia.

PAYMANS — 11 gigantea; 15 villosa; 16 beccarii; 33 villosa; 76

cinnamomea; 149 iners.

PEARSON — 963 fragrans.

PEEKEL — 16 schleinitzii; 241 & 400 fatua var. papuana-.

De Perry — 5433 guatteriifolia.

HERB. PIERRE — 5430 fragrans;, 5433 guatteriifolia; 5435 iners;

5454 succedanea; 5457 & 5460 guatteriifolia.

PLERNCHIT — 382 iners.

504 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

PLEYTE — 175 fatua var. fatua; 310 koordersii; 339 lancifolia var.

bifurcata; 483 subalulata; 512 fatua var. papuana; 1099

subalulata.

PONCE — 23917 elliptica var. simiarum.

Potts — 1 fatua var. inutilis.

POWELL — 204 hypargyraea var. hypargyraea.

PULLE —7 & 17. subalulata; 53 tubiflora; 508 & 1232 subalulata.

PULLEN — 944 pedicellata; 960 subalulata; 1173 globosa; 1339

hollrungii; 1391 & 1898 buchneriana.

PULSFORD & FLOYD —N.G.F. 5440 buchneriana.

Put — 255 & 419 iners; 1693 elliptica var. elliptica.

QuaApDRAS — 258 philippensis; 294 guatteriifolia.

RAHMAT SI BOEEA — 8242 & 8368 fragrans.

RAM, KIRAT — 3777 andamanica.

RAmMOs — 1016 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 1053 & 1118 philippensis;

1542 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 1543; 1609 & 14657 elliptica

var. simiarum; 17462 & 19437 philippensis; 19465 elliptica

var. simiarum; 20414 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 20531 philip-

pensis; 22046 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 22372 philippensis;

23322 & 24147 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 24472 elliptica var.

simiarum; 24507 fatua var. wenzzelii; 27276 & 32718 elliptica

var. simiarum; 33020 philippensis; 40814; 40867; 40909;

40910 & 46373 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 80064 & 80173

elliptica var.. simiarum; 80422 & 80600 ceylanica var. caga-

yanensis.

Ramos & CONVOCAR — 83431 philippensis; 83614 & 83678 cey-

lanica var. ceylanica; 83692 elliptica var. simiarum; 83742

philippensis.

RAMOS & EDANO — 28709 elliptica var. simiarum; 28865 ceylanica

var. ceylanica; 29206 & 31173 elliptica var. simiarum; 33459

guatteriifolia; 33497 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 33505 & 36982

guatteriifolia; 37070 & 37097 philippensis; 38971; 48050 &

48194 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 48195 philippensis; 48388 &

49001 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 75198 elliptica var. simiarum;

84981 fatua var. fatua; 85171 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

Ramos & PASCASIO — 34469 elliptica var. simiarum.

RANT — 472 koordersii; 823 fragrans.

RASTINI —- 95 lancifolia var. montana; 222 sulcata.

RAZON — 23019 fatua var. wenzelii.

RECHINGER, K. — 1224 & 1491 fatua var. inutilis.

REILLO — 1167 guatteriifolia; 15498 agusanensis.

REINECKE — 97 & 103 fatua var. inutilis; 133; 248 & 445 hypar-

gyraea var. hypargyraea.

REINWARDT — 1371 fatua var. fatua.

RENSCH — 1414 fatua var. fatua.

Sinclair — Myristica 505

RICHARD CATALOGUE — Herb. Jussieu 16700 & 16700a fragrans.

Ricuarps, P. W. — 1190 villosa; 1522 & 1615 iners.

RIEDEL — FI Acc. Nos. 5823 fatua var. affinis; 7749 & 7749a

guatteriifolia.

RIESENBERG — 57 hypargyraea var. insularis.

ROBBINS — 474 & 976 subalulata; 1010 globosa; 1155 crassipes;

1347 hollrungii; 1567 cylindrocarpa; 1717 schleinitzii.

ROBINSON, C.B.—242; 243 &-244 lancifolia var. montana; 245 &

246 fragrans; 1877; 2033 & 2042 lancifolia var. montana.

Rock—1990 & 1993 guatteriifolia.

Ropatz & KLINK—3 & 33 hollrungii; 70 globosa.

ROMER von, L.S.A.M.—96 subalulata; 206 hollrungii; ‘260 subalu-

lata; 304 tubiflora; 1063 subalulata; 1063a cucullata.

ROSENBLUTH—12523 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 12783 philippensis.

Ross—N.G.F. 9609 subalulata.

ROYEN van, P.—3017 subalulata; 3457 tubiflora; 3475 subalulata;

3498 neglecta; 3579 globosa; 4670 hollrungii; 5328 lancifolia

var. lancifolia.

RUNToBOY, R.—BW 3326 garciniifolia.

RUTTEN—1068; 1614; 1652 & 2097 lancifolia var. montana.

SAANAN—22 & 50 lancifolia var. montana.

SABLAYA—8 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

SAGoT—1254 fragrans. _

SALES—1489 cinnamomea.

SALLEH, MD.—SAR Nos. 1212 lowiana; 1456 guatteriifolia.

SALVERDA, Z.—302 argentea.

SANTOS, JOSE VERA—5329 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

SANUSI b. TAHIR—SAR Nos. 5503 & 9227 lowiana; 12320 iners.

SATA, T.—1260 ceylanica var. cagayanensis; 1270 elliptica var.

simiarum.

SATAKE & NiIMURA—880 hollrungii.

SAUNDERS—12 hooglandii; 28 concinna; 57 intermediate between

chrysophylla var. chrysophylla and var. entrecasteauxensis;

175 flosculosa; 207 sulcata; 219 & 244 globosa; 257 & 275

sulcata; 296 & 310 markgraviana; 335 globosa; 364 markgra-

viana; 369 sulcata; 384 markgraviana; 412 sulcata; 415; 419;

425; 426 & 428 markgraviana; 431 globosa; 443 markgraviana;

456 globosa; 491 & 499 markgraviana; 51%, 514 & 516 globosa;

522 fatua var. papuana; 526; 533; 537; 338 & 562 markgra-

viana; 707 subalulata; 921 & 965 hollrungii.

SAYER—2 subalulata.

506 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

SCHLECHTER—13723 schleinitzii; 14144 subalulata; 14512 & 16037

schleinitzii; 16452 subalulata; 16789 markgraviana; 16848

fusca; 17749 subalulata; 17795 & 18670 tubiflora.

SCHODDE—1390 longipes; 2187 subalulata; 2260 cornutiflora; 2291

gracilipes; 2420 subalulata; 2886 undulatifolia; 3139 lancifolia

var. lancifolia.

SCHRAM—BW Nos. 523 sulcata; 1503 tubiflora; 1542 buchneriana;

1721 & 1876 sulcata; 1896 tubiflora; 1996; 2756 & 2795

holirungii; 2801 fatua var. papuana; 2815 lancifolia var

lancifolia; 2967 fatua var. papuana; 2984 & 6065 globosa;

6099 fatua var. morindiifolia; 6112 lancifolia var. Jancifolia;

6158 & 6159 argentea; 9274 fatua var. papuana; 9374 globosa;

9461 garciniifolia; 10527 fatua var. papuana.

SCHUT—K6 maxima.

SEDGWICK—3368 dactyloides.

SEDGWICK & BELL—7191 fatua var. magnifica.

SEEMANN—6 & 7 hypargyraea var. gillespieana.

SELORIO—27709 philippensis.

SETCHELL—67 fatua var. inutilis; 342 hypargyraea var. hypargy-

raea.

SETCHELL & PARKS—15275; 15432 & 15505 hypargyraea var.

gillespieana.

SHAH, Monp. & Kapim b. Tassim—S06 iners.

SIEBER—75 philippensis; 126 & 258 fragrans; 365 philippensis.

SIJDE—BW Nos. 4062 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 5557 subalulata.

SINCLAIR—8941 villosa; 8948 iners; 8950 cinnamomea; 8951 villosa;

9293 iners; 9368 guatteriifolia; 9469 elliptica var. simiarum;

10023 & 10024 fatua var. fatua; 10025 & 10026 teijsmannii;

10027 insipida; 10028 succedanea; 10030 & 10031 lancifolia

var. montana; 10032 & 10033 fragrans; 10034 iners; 10038

sulcata; 10042 fatua var. papuana; 10043 fatua var. affinis;

10178 malaccensis; 10181 villosa; 10194 malaccensis; 10232

cinnamomea; 10233 papyracea; 10235 iners; 10242 cinna-

momea; 10245 beccarii; 10280 & 10286 malaccensis; 10299

beccarii; 10300 gigantea; 10419 & 10426 lowiana; 10434

villosa; 10523 & 10527 guatteriifolia.

SINCLAIR & EDANO—9595 philippensis.

SINGH, J—SAN 31080 papyracea.

SLOOTEN van—2389 fragrans.

SmiTH, A.C.—124 castaneifolia; 501 chartacea; 613 castaneifolia:

946 hypargyraea var. gillespieana; 1048 castaneifolia; 1316 &

1319 chartacea; 1457; 1537 & 1597 hypargyraea var. gilles-

pieana; 1719 castaneifolia; 1745 hypargyraea var. gillespieana,

1825 chartacea; 4445 & 4715 hypargyraea var. gillespieana:

4946; 5122 & 5550 castaneifolia; 5842 chartacea; 6336 & 6383

castaneifolia.

Sinclair — Myristica 507

SMITH, C.—299 fragrans; 300 & 2640 fatua var. fatua.

SmiTH, J.J —64 guatteriifolia.

SMITH, L.S.—N.G.F. Nos. 1007 longipes; 1040 subalulata; 1076

cucullata; 1263 sulcata; 1270 fatua var. quercicarpa; 1315

markgraviana.

SMITINAND—850 elliptica var. elliptica, F.D. 8583 fragrans.

SPECHT—666; 841 & 841b insipida.

SPLITTGERBER—534 fragrans.

STEENIS van—416 fragrans.

STODDARD—10 globosa; 29 fatua var. papuana.

STORCK—866 hypargyraea var. gillespieana.

SUHILI (Haj1)—SAR 14524 lowiana.

Suit, M.D.—2; 5 & 3431 philippensis; 3628 & 3659 ceylanica var.

ceylanica; 11778 guatteriifolia; 15023 fragrans; 21548 ceylanica

var ceylanica.

Suit, M.D. & CONKLIN—17645 ceylanica var. ceylanica

SUTRISNO—69 sulcata; 119 fatua var. fatua; 122 fatua var. papuana;

123 lancifolia var. montana; 124 insipida; 125a fatua var.

affinis.

TAKAMATSU—713 & 1023 hypargyraea var. insularis.

TaLBot—10 malabarica; 33 & 225 dactyloides; 301 & 302 mala-

barica; 304 & 2036 dactyloides; 3720 malabarica, 3723 fatua

var. magnifica.

TAMESIS—21513 philippensis.

TANGKILISAN—2 fatua var. affinis.

TAPPENBECK—3 & 33 hollrungii; 70 globosa.

TEIJSSMANN—30 fatua var. affinis; 477 elliptica var. elliptica; 1756

guatteriifolia; 1830 fatua var. fatua; 1837 fatua var. affinis;

1895 fatua var. fatua; 1951 & 1964 lancitolia var. montana;

_ 2082 elliptica var. elliptica; 3741 fatua var. affinis; 3794

maxima; 5057 lancifolia var. montana; 5148 fatua var. fatua;

5621 succedanea and a Bogor sheet is fatua var. fatua; 5801

& 5872 elliptica var. celebica; 5891 fragrans; 7584 subalulata:

7585 iancifolia var. lancifolia; 7586 & 7587 succedanea; 7821

fragrans; 8681 & 8682 elliptica var. elliptica; 8684 lowiana;

11722; 11738; 12118; 12571 & 12670 koordersii; 13913 iners;

14063 koordersii; 16751 lancifolia var. montana; 21616

teijsmannii. |

TEIJSMANN & DIEPENHORST—482 elliptica var. elliptica.

508 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

THAUFECK, MOHD—SAN 27981 lowiana.

THORENAAR—3 guatteriifolia; 5S5SE1P551; 55E1P572; 55E1P601;

SSE1P623 & 55E1P624 maxama; 57E1P596 iners; T1141 &

T1208 elliptica var. elliptica; T3P543 & T3P599 iners.

THWAITES—C.P. Nos. 416 dactyloides; 2923 & 5473 ceylanica var.

ceylanica.

TINGGI—SAR 43 iners.

TINGGUAN, S—SAN Nos. 18788 & 36312 cinnamomea; 37370

villosa.

TOEPPLER—568 fragrans.

TOMELDAN—28634 elliptica var. simiarum.

TOTHILL—423 &571 chartacea; 682 hypargyraea var. gillespieana;

683 castaneifolia and hypargyraea var. gillespieana.

Toxopeus, L.J.—641 lancifolia var. montana.

TURNER, R. LISTER — 111 fatua var. papuana.

TUYAMA — 767 subalulata; 1013 hollrungii; 1185 subalulata; 1186

fatua var. papuana; 1552 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 1908

argentea.

U.N.E.S.C.O. (Kostermans) — 7 guatteriifolia.

VAUPEL — 300 hypargyraea var. hypargyraea.

VERDUYN LUNEL, F. A. — T.B. 1081 iners.

VERGARA — 23566 guatteriifolia.

VERSTEEG, G. M. — 1367; 1758 & 1786 subalulata.

VERSTEEGH, C.— BW Nos. 18 hollrungii:; 25 subalulata; 39 tubi-

flora; 3802 & 3810 fatua var. papuana; 3818 globosa; 3864

hollrungii; 3974 tubiflora; 4847 hollrungii; 7454 subalulata:

7475 tubiflora; 7579 subalulata. — 13573 longipes.

VIDAL y SOLER, S. — 854 ceylanica var. ceylanica; 855 philippensis;

1677 guatteriifolia; 1678 philippensis; 1679 agusanensis; 3550

elliptica var. simiarum; 3553; 3556 & 3562 guatteriifolia; 3569

philippensis; 3570 elliptica var. simiarum.

VILLAMIL — 249bis villosa; 20398 elliptica var. simiarum.

VINK & SCHRAM — BW 8792 cucullata.

VoLK & RosBINSON — N.G.F. 599 fatua var. platyphylla but

approaching var. papuana.

de Voocp — 1617 & 1802 fatua var. spanogheana.

VREEDEN, BUURMAN van — 135 guatteriifolia; 138 elliptica var.

elliptica; 139 crassa.

Sinclair — Myristica 509

WALKER, G. W. — 170 dactyloides; 1087 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

WALKER & Wuite, C. T. — 36 (guadalcanalensis) insipida; 198

kajewskii.

WALL. CaT. — 6785a (moschata) fragrans; 6785b (aromatica) fra-

grans; 6785c (moschata) fragrans; 6785d (aromatica) fragrans;

6785e (aromatica) fragrans; 6785f (moschata) fragrans; 6786

(dactyloides Gaertn. & ? tomentosa Herb. Heyne) malabarica;

6787 (notha) malabarica; 6789 (heyneana *Wall.) dactyloides

+ leaves of Knema attenuata; 6790 (glaucescens *Wall.)

Lauraceae, Litsea venulosa (Tetranthera venulosa); 6792

(montana) lancifolia var. montana; 6793 (finlaysoniana *Wall.)

Fissistigma fulgens; 6798a (elliptica *Wall.) elliptica var.

elliptica; 6798b (macrocarpa Wall. This name does not appear

in the Wall. Cat. but is on the herb. sheet) elliptica var.

elliptica + a leaf of an unknown plant, may be a Knema;

6800a (sylvestris) philippensis 6800b (grandiflora. This name

does not appear in Wall. Cat.) philippensis; 6802b probably

Lauraceae; 6808 (? obtusifolia *Wall.) not. Myristicaceae,

probably Sapotaceae; 6809 (? sesquipedalis *Wall.) Actino-

daphne sesquipedalis. Other Wall. numbers:— 2129 & 2154

philippensis. These are not Wall. Cat. numbers. The asterisk

denotes that the author’s name “Wall.” actually appears

after the specific epithet in the Wall. Cat.

WaARBURG — 1740 fragrans; 1741 fatua var. fatua; 11006 fragrans;

13300 fatua var. fatua; 16716 impressa; 16983 fatua var.

spanogheana; 17645 lancifolia var. montana; 17646 fatua var.

fatua; 18297 succedanea; 19500 insipida; 20704 & 20706

subalulata; 20710 & 20712 schleinitzii; 20714 buchneriana:

20715 argentea & fatua var. papuana; 20717 argentea; 20720

fatua var. subcordata; 20721 & 20722 fatua var. papuana.

WARINT — BW 5156 subalulata.

WATERHOUSE, J. H. L. — 166 kajewskii; 919 schleinitzii.

WEBER, C. M. — 1076 elliptica var. simiarum.

WENZEL — 134 philippensis; 439 elliptica var. simiarum; 1152

fatua var. wenzelii; 2773 & 2994 elliptica var. simiarum;

3437 & 3537 ceylanica var. ceylanica.

WHite, C. T. — 386 & 551 subalulata; 734; 1284 & 8140 insipida.

White, K. J.— N.G.F. Nos. 9546 chrysophylla var. chrysophylla;

9577 subalulata; 9647; 9671 & 9697 globosa; 9699 hollrungii;

10035 & 10049 fatua var. morindiifolia; 10118 hollrungii;

10149 longipes; 10235 lancifolia var. lancifolia; 10251 holl-

rungii; 10259 buchneriana; 10265 lancifolia var. lancifolia;

10288 cylindrocarpa; 10467 chrysophylla var. chrysophylla;

10476 globosa; 10810 hollrungii; 10865 & 10939 globosa;

510 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

WHITFORD — 346 elliptica var. simiarum; 361 & 19730 philippensis.

WHITFORD & HUTCHINSON — 9454 guatteriifolia.

WHITMEE — 86 fatua var. inutilis; 87 & 88 hypargyraea var.

hypargyraea; 89 fatua var. inutilis; 90 & 101 hypargyraea var.

hypargyraea.

WHITMORE & COLLECTORS — SAN 17651 cinnamomea. BSIP Nos.

683 & 736 fatua var. platyphylla; 769 globosa: 892 fatua var.

papuana; 1373 kajewskii; 1411 & 1429 fatua var. papuana;

1478fatua var. platyphylla; 1622 hypargyraea var. guillaumi-

niana; 1662 fatua var. platyphylla: 1726; 1801A; 1817

hypargyraea var. guillauminiana; 1900 fatua var. papuana;

1901 globosa; 1945; 2415 & 2439 fatua var. papuana; 2484

kajewskii; 2684 schleinitzii; 2697; 2701; 2735 & 2760 fatua

var. papuana; 2880 globosa; 2981 kajewskii; 3011 schleinitzii;

3075 & 3829 fatua var. papuana: 3967 globosa; 4128

fatua var. papuana; 4148 kajewskii; 4160 globosa; 4168

schleinitzii; 4171 & 4214 fatua var. papuana; 4251 kajewskii;

4274 petiolata: 5354 & 5490 fatua var. papuana; 5496 globosa;

5601 kajewskii; 5607 fatua var. papuana; 5626 schleinitzii;

5659; 5685; 5698 & 5737 kajewskii; 5741 fatua var. papuana.

WHITMORE & WOMERSLEY — BSIP 805 kajewskii.

Wicut — 109 & 722 fragrans; 870 malabarica; 871 & 872 ceylanica

var. ceylanica: 2487 dactyloides; 2488 fragrans; 2490

malabarica; 2814 fragrans.

WILJES-HISSINK, E. A. de — 127 fatua var. fatua.

WILLIAMS, R. S.— 537 & 2145 philippensis.

WING, JAMES AH — SAN 19037 maxima.

WINKLER, HUBERT — 2405 malaccensis.

WOERJANTORO — 98 succedanea.

WoMERSLEY — N.G.F. Nos. 2957 umbrosa; 3142 fatua var. moro-

bensis; 3148 lancifolia var. clemensii; 3190 globosa; 3194;

3206 & 3220 buchneriana; 3238 globosa; 3243 buchneriana;

3255 chrysophylla var. chrysophylla; 3393 cucullata; 3687

hollrungii; 3708 globosa; 3734 buchneriana; 3755 & 3774

hollrungii; 3804 subalulata; 3889 & 3931 hollrungii; 4333

subalulata; 5103 & 6008 fatua var. morindiifolia: 6022

longipes; 7931: 8684 & 9403 globosa; 9405 chrysophylla var.

chrysophylla; 11374 womersleyi; 11422 longipes; 13447

crassipes.

WoMERSLEY & BRASS —N.G.F. 11018 subalulata.

Sinclair — Myristica 511

WomeErRSLEY & Gray, E. C. G—N.GF. Nos. 4075 subalulata:

8613 chrysophylla var. entrecasteauxensis.

WoMERSLEY & KAZAKOFF — N.G-F. Nos. 7069 globosa: 7070 fatua

var. morindiifolia.

WoMERSLEY & MillsaR—N.GF. Nos. 8442 subalulata: 8444

cucullata.

Woop, D. D. — 673 malaccensis; 1219 & 2367 guatteriifolia.

Woop, G. H. S. — A Nos. 1967 iners; 3666 papyracea: 4747 villosa:

4748 cinnamomea: 4775 papyracea. SAN Nos. 15066 cin-

namomea; 15253 villosa; 16051 & 16146 guatteriifolia: 16550

villosa: 16808 maxima.

Woop, G. H. S. & Wyatr-SmMiITH—A Nos. 4287 & 4505 guat-

teriifolia.

WORTHINGTON, T. B.— 1259 dactyloides; 1989 ceylanica var.

ceylanica: 3021 fragrans; 3512 dactyloides; 5589 fragrans.

WyaTT-SMITH — K.F. Nos. 64474: 64754; 64785 & 76458 iners.

Yacus b. YusSorFF — K.F.N. 100163 maxima.

Yacur — SAR 9350 malaccensis.

YATES — 2123 elliptica var. elliptica.

‘YUNCKER — 9419 hypargyraea var. hypargyraea: 9541 fatua var.

inutilis; 15064; 15385 & 15968 hypargyraea var. gillespieana.

ZAINAL ABIDIN — 23 maxima: 24 villosa.

ZOLLINGER — 392 fragrans; 1106 fatua var. spanogheana: 1310 &

1313 fragrans.

Addenda

Some unexpected and additional- collections made by Dr.

T. C. Whitmore and his collectors in the Solomons have arrived

since the main one was examined and incorporated into this

account. The script has already been altered and retyped three

times to accommodate them. New information. now at hand,

must go into a postscript. It cannot be inserted conveniently at

this late stage in any other place without upsetting text, introduc-

tion and keys. In the enumeration of specimens I have attempted

to give at least one record for every island where a species occurs

rather than to quote all the numbers in Whitmore’s long list.

Mpyristica hypargyraea A. Gray

var. guillauminiana (A. C. Smith) J. Sinclair

>12 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

To the description given earlier in the text add:—

Bark grey, finely superficially fissured. Leaves membranous to

slightly coriaceous. Fruit with a few scattered warts. Aril bright red.

SOLOMONS Santa Cruz Vanikero — Island:—Emwa. Whitmore

GROUP: BSIP 1726 (L, LAE); 30 years old re-

growth forest near Peou, Whitmore BSIP

1622 (L, LAE, SING); secondary forest

near plantation, Peou, Whitmore BSIP

I801A (L, LAE, SING); ridge near Peou,

Whitmore BSIP 1817 (LAE).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Kuku (Kwara’ae language).

This tree is now recorded for the Santa Cruz group at the

extreme southern tip of the Solomons, the first and only other

record being from Vanua Lava Island in the Banks group, near

the New Hebrides. Geographically the Santa Cruz group should

be included with the New Hebrides rather than with the Solomons

or considered as a separate unit allied to the New Hebrides.

The characteristic sub-globose fruits with their hard pericarp at

once identify these collections with the variety from the Banks

Islands. The fruits tend to be slightly more warted than those of

the single gathering from the type locality. The obovate character

of the leaves (they can also be oblong) holds, but the new speci-

mens show that the leaves can be slightly coriaceous as well as

membranous.

Myristica kajewskii A. C. Smith

Many more fruiting collections of this species have been

obtained, but at last there is one, Whitmore BSIP 1373 with male

flowers. Here is the description: —

Male inflorescence 1-2 cm. long and 5 mm. thick, simple or

bifurcate, woody, the scars close together without any smooth

basal portion. Male flowers coriaceous, dark brown, tomentulose

outside, sub-globose in bud and half-surrounded by a triangular,

amplexicaul bracteole, split down 4—3-way into the perianth

segments, 6-8 mm. long and 5-6 mm. broad; staminal column

5 mm. long including the 2 mm. long, furrowed, glabrous

stalk, the fertile part somewhat triangular in outline with 12

anthers and obtuse at the apex with a short obtuse or truncate

sterile apiculus; pedicels 3 mm. long and 1—1.5 mm. thick, flattened.

From this single gathering the inflorescence and male flowers

differ from those of M. hypargyraea in the following characters: —

absence of smooth portions on the inflorescence axis, larger flowers,

darker in colour with less dense tomentum, staminal column with-

out basal hairs but ending in a sterile apiculus (only var. insularis

seems to have one) and shorter pedicels.

It will be recalled that M. kajewskii is near to M. hypargyraea

but differs in a number of vegetative features including the

presence of stilt-roots and in its large fruit. It was pointed out

that M. hypargyraea var. gillespieana is the variety that most

resembles kajewskii, also having a large fruit, but that in the

absence of flowers it was doubtful whether kajewskii could be

regarded as anything more than just another variety of hypargyraea..

Sinclair — Myristica 513

After having seen these flowers I have now greater hopes of

kajewskii being retained as a distinct species. They show more

differences than I had expected. The flowers of the varieties of

hypargyraea hardly differ at all from each other especially those

of var. hypargyraea and var. gillespieana. I therefore do not

intend to make any alteration in the status of kajewskii as a species

but a genetic study of its chromosomes and those of the varieties

of hypargyraea would be desirable.

Myristica petiolata A. C. Smith — Fig. 86.

This species has now been collected for the second time and

the specimens bear male flowers. A drawing, figure 86, has been

added as well as the following descriptive notes: —

Bark scaly-fissured. Leaves with minute, golden, stellate scales

beneath. (The scales were not seen in the type. Possibly they are

confined to young leaves and may not be a constant feature.)

Male inflorescence 1—2.5 cm. long, simple or bifurcate, the basal

portion, smooth, woody and flattened, 5 mm.—l cm. long. Male

flowers 5-6 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, coriaceous, dark brown-

tomentose outside, cream inside, sub-globose or ovoid-globose in

bud, slightly 3-angled at the apex, split down half-way into the

lobes; staminal column obtuse at the apex without an apiculus,

4.8 mm. long including the 0.8 mm. long, glabrous stalk, the

base of the latter surrounded by some hairs which probably

originated from the bottom of the perianth and not from the

stalk itself; pedicels 2-3 mm. thick; bracteole about half as high

as the mature flower.

SOLOMONS San _ Wairaha River, 5 miles from the north

CRISTOBAL: coast, Whitmore BSIP 4274 (L, LAE,

SING).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Kuku (Kwara’ae language).

This species is close to M. castaneifolia in its rather similar

male flowers but should be kept separate. The scales on the lower

surface of the (young?) leaves, if present, should help as an

additional character to distinguish the two. The male flowers

differ from those of castaneifolia in their smaller size, finer

tomentum, shorter pedicels and absence of a sterile apiculus to

the staminal column. How far the last character is constant

remains to be seen. The hairs on the flowers of castaneifolia are

coarse and shaggy while those of petiolata have, in contrast, a

“‘well-groomed”’ look as if they had been cut, combed and sleeked

back.

514 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Me PR :

j S S <= rs ,

~~ ,

<< ~Sss

SSX

S S SS S j

}

‘

JURAIMI DEL.

Fig. 86. Myristica petiolata A. C. Smith.

A, leafy twig with male inflorescences. B, male inflorescence. C, male

flower (rather young). D, staminal column. E, scales from under-

surface of a leaf. A-E from Whitmore BSIP 4274 (SING).

515

Sinclair — Myristica

oe!)

‘pausidjy snues oy} Jo vonnqiisiq

0S! or! er\ et

‘| dew

‘

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

5316

‘saioads Jo Joquunu [e}0} 94}

MOJIG BOY} “solWapUs jUssoIdal UDYdAY dy} DAOGE S}ITZIP DY] ‘SUOITII dJeIed9s dy} Ul [PAZ] SoIdods ye YINSUAPF JO UONNQuUysIG

‘7 dep

517

Sinclair — Myristica

QieM pubaUYoNG bolisudp

‘¢ dew

ee ee eeieinnh —

“7 Co

‘DINUDIAII “IBA “OC “Y vIIun{Aad vaIsudkpw ‘py dew

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

518

5h9:;

Sinclair — Myristica’

+ = s1epulg ‘ff Majsuawom “pw

@ = I5W YPIsn{ “(W

<-. = SIVA OM} BAOQR ay} UPEMIJEq USUUIDaddsS 9}eIPsWLe}U]

y= Tiepouls | sisuaxnvalspoasjua “I@A pykydoskayo ‘WN

0 = piyjX<ydosksyo “rea rrepoulg “¢ pyjydasdayo voysudp “¢ dey

oe ost ort Oct ozt Ole

0:4

520

Gardens’ Bulletin

, Singapore — XXII] (1968)

Map 6. Myristica cinnamomea King.

521

Sinclair — Myristica

"0 = aepuig “¢ COM “*Y) Udnavitmis “1eA

‘wore podun = sepuig ‘¢ (bIP,) VIIGajao “41eA

@ = Poudiyja ‘ver

‘SIBA S}L puB “YUL 19 ‘J “YH PINdIJa DINSUAPF *L dew

7 =

@‘’s’.

. 0 i

. fe .

ov ocr ort ocr ott or oe

52? Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

Map 8. Myristica gigantea King

————— Ch lel ee

523

Sinclair — Myristica

‘QIeAM DSOgO]s DIIISIAAK JW

"6 dey

524

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968),

Map 10, Myristica guatteriifolia A. DC.

Sinclair — Myristica 525

: 0

Di:

Po eo

ram

° Nd

5 =

Pcl

—

aS)

—

Q.,

(5°)

2 =

Sc.

‘Tq suaur pousud~ “71 dew

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

526

Sinclair — Myristica

‘y vpidisut pousud~ ‘ey dew

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

‘528

O = dWepulg ‘¢ (qxoYy) PuPjUuOW “IRA

+ = WepUlg “f (YWWE ‘O'Y) suaiuajo “IRA

+ = eypoulg ‘f YIpoan{ig “IRA

@ = vpyofiour] “rea

‘SIVA S}I pu JOIIOg PIOflouv] vaIsUukWw “pl dew

529

Sinclair — Myristica

‘SUIS DUDIMO] DINSIAKPW

‘Cl dew

‘YS “O “VY PudlADsdy ADU pousudKw “9, dep

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

530

53t

Sinclair — Myristica

‘Buu Aq pasopoue UOCTINGIISIP JO Csie [e1oues

Wepoulg “¢ Paanakdnd *pw

= QIeA DUIXDU DIIISUKP

‘LI dew

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

532

@ = 4apsugq M21ula]yos *W

- = jRpUIg “f sisuajasso4 vINSUAP “8h dey

> all

533

Sinclair — Myristica

bi, DIDjNJoGns poysukA 6] dew

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

534

‘1q vaopliqm vousudp~ ‘07 “AeW

535

Sinclair — Myristica

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: y y2cobia ice

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Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXIII (1968)

536

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INDEX

(a) New Taxa and binomials in bold.

(6) Taxonomic synonyms and vernacular names in italics.

Characters for classification of

Myristica, 16

Collectors’ numbers of Myristica, 489

Comacum Adans, 127

Geographic distribution of Myristica,

Maps, 515

Gymnacranthera lanceolata Merr.,

negrosensis Elmer, 437

sulphurascens Elmer, 192

urdanetensis Elmer, 437

Habitats of Myristica, 16

Keys to Myristica, 50

Bornean spp., 104

New Guinea spp., 108

Fruiting material, 82

Sterile material, 82

Sections, 54

Series of Sec. Fatua, 64

Sec. Myristica, 54

Spp. of Ser. Castaneifoliae, 80

Cimiciferae, 76

Cinnamomeae, 62

Ellipticae, 60

Fatuae, 68

Fragrantes, 63

Fuscae, 67

Heterophyllae, 78

Hooglandiae, 58

Laurifoliae, 80

Littorales, 63

Maingayae, 59

Malabaricae, 59

Maximae, 57

Subalulatae, 77

Teijsmanniae, 79

Tenuiveniae, 72

Tubiflorae, 73

Uncinatae, 58

Vars. of M. ceylanica, 80

chrysophylla, 68

elliptica, 62

fatua, 69

hypargyraea, 79

lancifolia, 81

Maps of Myrisiica species distribu-

tion, 515

Myristica (L.) Grov., 127

Sections, 41

Sec. Fatua J. Sinclair, 128, 129

Myristica, 128, 129

Series, 45

Ser. Castaneifoliae Warb., 162, 260,

426, 454

Celebicae Warb., 187 ,

Cimiciferae Warb., 3/5, 368

Cinnamomeae J. Sinclair, 209%

Ellipticae Warb., 187

Fatuae Warb., 260

Fragrantes Warb., 224

Fuscae J. Sinclair, 244

Heterophyllae Warb., 403

Hooglandiae J. Sinclair, 153

Inutiles Warb., 260, 368, 403.

Laurifoliae Warb., 435

Lepidotae Warb., 260

Littorales Warb., 212

Maingayae Warb., 162

Malabarica Warb., 167, 426

Maximae Warb., 130

Montanae Warb., 368, 454

Schleinitziae Warb., 187

Speciosae Warb., 224

Suaves Warb., 209, 368, 426.

435.

Subalulatae Warb., 384

Teijsmanniae Warb., 426

Tenuiveniae J. Sinclair, 315

Tubiflorae Warb., 331

Uncinatae J. Sinclair, 145

Myristica affinis Warb., 275

agusanensis Elmer, 218

amboinensis Gandoger, 226

americana Rottb., 226

amygdalina Thw., 437

anceps Warb., 396

andamanica Hk.f., 427

archboldiana A. C. Smith, 329

argentea Warb., 235

aromatica Lamk, 226

aromatica Swartz, 226

avis paradisiacae Warb., 480

538

Myristica baeuerlenii Warb., 377

beccarii Warb., 319

beddomei King, 445

bialata Warb., 386

borneensis Gandoger, 311

bornecnsis Warb., 184

bracteata A.DC., 138

bracteata King, 131

brassi A. C. Smith, 245

buchneriana Warb., 321

buchneriana C, T. White, 357

caesia Zipp., 305

ccagayanensis Merr., 442

calocarpa Miq., 188

carrii J. Sinclair, 160

castaneifolia A. Gray, 473

celebica Gandoger, 275

celebica Migq., 194

cerifera A. C. Smith, 412

«ceylanica A.DC., 437

var. cagayanensis

Sinclair, 442

chalmersii Warb., 378

-chartacea Gillespie, 470

(Merr.) J.

.chrysophylla J. Sinclair, 254

var. entrecasteauxensis J. Sinclair,

251

cimicifera Soland., 370

-cinnamomea King, 210

clemensii A. C. Smith, 463

commersonii Bl., 138

concinna J. Sinclair, 375

contorta Warb., 445

_cookii Warb., 213

cordifolia Zipp., 286, 307

cornutiflora J. Sinclair, 348

costata Warb., 386

crassa King, 435

crassipes Warb., 353

cucullata Megf., 364

cumingii Warb. var.

Airy Shaw, 177

floribunda

ccylindrocarpa J. Sinclair, 337

dactyloides J. Gaertner, 445

dactyloides Wall., 168

diospyrifolia A.DC., 445

discolor Merr., 190

diversifolia Mig., 467

ensifolia J. Sinclair, 332

elliptica Kurz, 427

elliptica Wall., 188

var. celebica (Migq.) J. Sinclair,

194

var. elliptica, 188

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

var. simiarum (A.DC.) J. Sin-

clair, 190

elliptilimba Merr., 192

euryocarpa Warb., 405

fallax Warb., 177

faroensis Hemsl., 202

fatua Houtt., 268

affinis (Warb.) J. Sinclair,

215

inutilis (Rich.) J. Sinclair,

278

Var.

var. magnifica (Bedd.) J. Sinclair,

282

var. morindiifolia (Bl.) J. Sin-

clair, 286

var. morobensis J. Sinclair, 289

var. morotaiensis J. Sinclair, 292

Var.

papuana Megf., 294

plaiphylla (A. C. Smith) J.

Sinclair, 300

quercicarpa J. Sinclair, 302

sangowoensis J. Sinclair, 304

spanogheana (Mig.) J. Sin-

clair, 304

subcordata (Bl.) Miq., 307

wenzelii (Merr.) J. Sinclair,

309

fatua Migq., 311

finschii Warb., 235, 294, 481

Var.

firmipes J. Sinclair, 355

flosculosa J. Sinclair, 359

fragrans Houtt., 225

fragrans Miq., f. sylvestris Miq.,

194

fusca Mef., 252

garciniifolia Warb., 196

gigantea King, 163

gillespieana A. C. Smith, 418

glauca Spanoghe, 305

globosa Warb., 378

glomerata (Blanco) Kudo & Masa-

mune, 442

gracilipes J. Sinclair, 334

grandifolia A.DC., 473

gaudalcanalensis J. Sinclair nom.

nud.) 357

guatteriifolia A.DC., 213

guillauminiana A. C. Smith, 420

hackenbergii Diels, 164

heritieriifolia Pierre, 177

heterophylla Hayata, 442

heterophylla K. Schum., 386, 405

heyneana Wall., 445

hollrungii Warb., 405

hooglandii J. Sinclair, 156

hornei Warb., 470

hypargyraea A. Gray, 415

var. gillespieana (A. C. Smith) J.

Sinclair, 418

Sinclair — Myristica SHE “29% 539

var. guillauminiana (A. C. Smith) myrmecophila: Becc., 386

.,J. Sinclair, 420, 511 - negli¢ta Warb., 154

var. insularis (Kanehira) J. Sin- pnegrosensis (Elmer) Merr., 437

clair, 422. nitida Merr., 437

hyposticta Miq., 430 nivea Merr., 268

= ‘impressa’ Warb., 235, 481 notha Wall., 168

officinalis Linn, f., 226

pachyphylla A. DC., 343

palawanénsis Merr.,'213

pandurifolia H. Winkl., 184

Ppapuana Scheff., 456

impressinervia J. Sinclair, 232

insipida R. Br., 369

insubaris Kanehira, 422

iners Auctt., 437.

iners BI., 177 ~

inutilis Richard, 278 papyracea J. Sinclair, 133

kajewskii A. C. Smith, 412, 512 pedicellata J. Sinclair, 324

koordersii Warb., 262 . petiolata A. C. Smith, 478, 513_

lancifolia Merr., 218 philippinensis Gandoger, 226

lancifolia“Poitét=456 =. .2 °° 2°20 >~ philippensis Kanehira, 442

var. bifurcata J. Sinclair, 460 philippensis Lamk, 138

var. clemensii (A. C. Smith) J. philippensis Megf., 221

Sinclair, 463 platyphylla A. C. Smith, 300

var. montana (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, plumeriifolia Elmer, 268

467 procera A. C. Smith, 294

laurella Gandoger, 226 pseudo-argentea Warb., 481

laurifolia Hk. f. & Thw.. 437, 445 resinosa Warb., 343

laurifolia Hayata, 442 riedelii Warb., 213

laxiflora Merr., 218 rosselensis J. Sinclair, 205

lepidota Blume, 265 salomonensis Warb., 378

litoralis Miq., 213 schefferi Warb., 238

longipes Warb., 343 schleinitzii Engler, 202

lowiana King, 164, 435 schumanniana Warb., 379

luzonica Bl., 138 sericea Warb., 294

macgregorii Warb., 370 simiarum A. DC., 190

macrantha A. C. Smith. 473

macrocarpa Bl., 138

macrocarpa Wall., 188

macrocarya Warb., 480

macrophylla A. Gray, 473

macrophylla Roxb., 268

macrophylla Zipp., 386

madagascariensis (non Lamb) auct.,

smythiesii J. Sinclair, 316

sorsogonensis Elmer, 218

spadicea Bl., 268

spanopheana Migq., 304

spanogheana K. Schum., 202

speciosa Warb., 239

sphaerosperma A. C. Smith, 247

138 spuria Bl., 437

magnifica Bedd., 282 suavis King, ~—

maineayi Hk. £, 166 subalulata Miq., 385

malabarica Lamb. 168 subcordata Bl., 307

malaccensis Hk. f., 184 sublanceolata Miq., 177

markgraviana A. C. Smith. 221 succedanea Reinw., 238

nage Labi: 262 var. brevifolia Scheff. et Teijsm..,

: o 238

mascula Reinw., 268 succedaneo Scheff., 343

maxima Warb., 131 sulcata Warb., 396

microcarpa Zipp., 265

mindanaensis Warb.. 268

mindorensis Mertr., 437

montana Roxb., 465, 467

montanoides Warb., 378

morindiifolia Bl., 286 .

moschata Thunb., 226 tenuivenia J. Sinclair, 327

motleyi Warb., 163 tomentosa Graham, 168, 445

multinervia A. C. Smith, 294 tomentosa Moon, 445

sulphurascens Elmer, 192

sumbavana Warb., 305

sycocarpa Miq., 188

sylvestris Sieber, 138

, teijsmannii Miq., 430

540 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XIII (1968)

Myristica tomentosa Thunb., 268 wenzelii Merr., 309

tristis Warb., 379 womersleyi J. Sinclair, 249

tubiflora Bl., 339 wyatt-smithii Airy Shaw, 177

umbellata Elmer, 174 Myrmecophily, 394

umbrosa J. Sinclair, 147 Nux moschata mas oblongior Lobel-

ius, 268

Nux myristica, 226

uncinata J. Sinclair, 150

undulatifolia J. Sinclair, 400

urdanetensis (Elmer) Merr., 437

velutina Mgf., 386 Obituary of J. Sinclair, i

verruculosa Elmer, 192 Pala, 226

villosa Warb., 311

vordermanii Warb., 177

wallaceana Warb., 294 Palala Rumphius, 127

warburgii K. Schum., 343 Panem-Palka Rheede, 169

Nux myristica mas Clusius, 268

Pala radja, 239

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