INDEX, VOL. XXVIII

Basionyms and synonyms appear in italics, new taxa, names and status in

boldface. Plates are expressed by page numbers with letters.

Achyranthes aspera 225

Adenia microphylla var. singaporeana 239

singaporeana 239

Adinandra acuminata 246

dumosa 246, 247

huliettii 247

Agathis forest 127

Aizoaceae 256

Allmania nodiflora 255

Alsodeia echinocarpa 237

floribunda 237

grandiflora 237

Alternanthera amoena 255

sessilis 255

Amaranthus blitum 255

caudatus 256

lividus 255

paniculatus 256

spinosus 255

tricolor 256

Viridis 255

Ancistrocladus tectorius 252

Anisoptera costata 248, 249

megistocarpa 248, 249

Antiaris 183

Antiaropsis 183

Antigonon leptopus 258

Areca 191, 192

wallichiana 192, 216, 218

Archytaea vahlii 247

Aristolochia tagala 254

ungulifoa 254

Aristolochiaceae, key 253

Artocarpus 184, 187, 188, 190

Basella alba 257

rubra 257

Begonia coccinea 241

heracleifolia 241

masoniana 242

rex 242

semperflorens 242

Benincasia cerifera 240

P hispida 240

Beta Vulgaris 256

Bixa orellana 237

Bixaceae, key 237

Boerhaavia diffusa 257

Bougainvillea glabra 257

spectabilis 257

Brackenridgea hookeri 252

palustris 252

Brochoneura 73, 74

Broussonetia 190

Cactaceae, key 253

Calamus 212

Calophyllum 127

austrocoriaceum 244

biflorum 244

burmannii 245

costulatum 244

curtisii 245

ferrugineum 244

floribundum 245

incrassatum 244

inophylloide var. singapurense 245

inophyllum 244

kunstleri 245

macrocarpum 244

molle 244

pissiferum 244

pulcherrimum 244

retusum 245

rigidum 245

rubiginosum 245

saigonense 245

soulattri 245

spectabile 245

sundaicum 245

tetrapterum 245

teysmannii 245

wallichianum 245

Carica papaya 240

Caryophyllaceae 254

Casearia capitellata 238

clarkei 238

coriacea 238

lobbiana 238

tuberculata 238

Celosia argentea 256

var. plumosa 256

var. cristata 256

Cereus peruvianus 253

286

Citrullus lanatus 240

vulgaris 240

Cochlospermum religiosum 237

Cratoxylum arborescens 243

cochinchinensis 244

formosum 243

polyanthum 244

Cucumis sativus 240

Cucurbita maxima 240

moschata 240

pepo 240

Cucurbitaceae, key 240

Cymbiduim 259

Cythula prostrata 256

Dactylocladus stenostachyo 22

Dendrobium Elizabeth 260, 261

Ng Eng Cheow 260, 261, 265-267,

267A—D

Dianthus caryophyllus 254

chinensis 254

Dillenia 243

aurea 242

exama 242

excelsa 243

grandifolia 242

indica 242

reticulata 242

scortechinii 242

suffrutiocosa 243

Dilleniaceae, key 242

Dipterocarpaceae, key 249

Dipterocarpus caudatus 249

cornutus 248, 249

kerrii 248, 249

penangiarus 248, 249

Drymaria cordata 255

Epiphyllum oxypetalum 253

Erythroxylum cuneatum 235, 236

kochummenii 235, 236

Eugeissona tristis 220

Eugenia filiformis var. constricta 227

spicata var. cordata 277

Eurya acuminata 247

Euterpe 213

Euthemis leucocarpa 252

minor 253

Ficus 127, 183, 190

Flacourtia jangomas 238

rukam 238

Flacourtiaceae, key 238

Garcinia atroviridis 245

bancana 245

dulcis 245

eugenifolia 245,246

forbesii 245

griffithii 245

hombroniana 245

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVII1 (1975-76)

mangostana 246

nervosa 246

nigrolineata 246

parvifolia 246

rostrata 246

Geonoma pynaetiana 221, 222

Gigliolia 191, 197

subacaulis 197, 215

Gomphia corymbosa 252

hookeri 252

serrata 253

sumatrana 253

Gomphrene globosa 256

Goniothalamus velutinus 22

Gonystylus bancanus 22

Gordonia multinervis 247

penangensis 247

singaporeana 247

Guttiferae, key 244

Gymnacranthera 163, 164, 165, 166

farquhariana var. griffithii 94

paniculata var. zippeliana 124,

159, 164, 165, 170

zippeliana 165

Gymnopetalum cochinchinensis 241

Homalium grandiforum 238

Hopea griffithii 248, 250

mengarawan 248, 250

Horsfieldia 1

index of collectors 171

amklaal 125

amygdalina 20, 35, 43

ardisiifolia 3, 5, 6, 91, 151, 155

aruensis 132, 135

australiana 6, 120, 138

bartlettii 16

batjanica 83, 88,91, 92,121

bivalvis 121, 163, 167, 170

brachiata 8, 17, 32

var. brachiata 13

var. laticostata 9,11, 12

var. polyspherula 33

var. ridleyana 33

bracteosa 18-20, 44, 140, 154

var. bracteosa 18

var. microcarya 21

var. sumatrana 9, 11-13, 17,

20, 26,.32, 43, 47,133

canariformis 83, 162, 163,170

carnosa 21

confertiflora 112, 124, 150, 155

costulata 150

crassifolia 17, 23, 26, 150, 158

crassithyrsa 155 .

cruxmilitensis 26, 60, 139

erubescens 6

flocculosa 28, 30

fragillima 31

Index

fulva 22, 28, 33-35, 95, 141

var. paludicola 23

glabra auct. 112

glabra (B1.) Warb 35, 75, 95, 124,

131, 140, 154

var. tonkinensis 20

glabrescens 50, 53

globularia (B1.) Warb 83, 89, 93,

121, 165

var. minahassae 83, 88

globularia auct. 132

grandis 28, 30, 48, 108

hainanensis 74, 75

hellwigii 49, 59, 142, 149

var. hellwigii 50, 56, 59

X var. pulverulenta 58

var.- novobritannica 50, 54, 59

var. pulverulenta 50, 53, 56, 58,

149

irya 17, 26, 61, 89, 121, 155, 159

var. moluccana 155

iryaghedhi 68, 150, 158

kingii 74, 132, 154

labillardieri 83, 89, 91

laevigata 83

lauterbachii 132, 135, 138

lemanniana 46,101

macrobotrys 81, 82

macrocoma 75, 89, 121, 122, 127,

155, 159, 164, 168

macrothyrsa 35, 45

majuscula 13,17

megacarpa 151,155

minahassae 83,155

montana 36, 42, 46—48

motleyi 30, 81, 108

nesophila 5, 132, 164

novaelauenburgiae 112, 119

novoguineensis 84, 90, 95, 98, 100,

£12, 118, 123

var. moseleyana 112,118

obscurinervia 90, 92

odorata 69, 73

oligocarpa 46, 104

Olivaeformis 112,119

pachycarpa 113,119

pachythyrsa 88, 150, 155

palauensis 112, 124

parviflora 43, 82, 89, 91, 100, 122,

155, 159-163, 165,170

paucinervis 29, 30, 93

penangiana 20, 94, 95

287

polyantha 95,119, 158, 168

polyspherula 44, 46, 47, 101, 158

var. oligocarpa 22, 102, 104

var. polyspherula 102, 150

var. tenuifolia 102, 105

punctatifolia 20, 105, 140, 154

ralumensis 50, 53, 54, 142

ramosii 83, 90

ramuensis 132, 135, 138

reticulata 29—31, 33, 82, 107, 108,

ill

ridleyana 108

rostrata 136, 138

roxburghii 83,90, 91, 121, 162, 163,

170

rufo-lanata 29, 30,111

sabulosa 158

salicifolia 148

schlechteri 137

sepikensis 100, 125, 127

smithii 112, 119, 120

solomonensis 113, 119, 120

spicata 5, 6, 8, 60, 88, 90, 91, 98,

100, 152, -439, 159, 163, 168

X H. sepikensis 130

var. spicata 113

var. sepikensis 99, 113, 125

subalpina 131, 154

subglobosa auct 13, 96, 98

subglobosa (Miq.) Warb 16, 17

var. brachiata 9

subtilis 8, 28, 60, 132, 138

var. rostrata 132, 136

var. schlechteri 132, 137

var. subtilis 132, 159

sucosa 44, 47, 139, 154

superba 23, 28, 34, 95, 141

sylvestris 53, 58, 121, 142, 159, 160

var. villosa 142, 147, 148

thorelii 35, 42

tomentosa 29, 30, 82, 149

tonkinensis 20, 35, 38, 42

var. multiracemosa 35, 38, 42

tuberculata (Schum) Warb 5, 112,

120

valida 33, 44, 74, 75, 131, 150

villamilii 151, 155

vulcanica 6, 151,155

wallichii 74, 150, 156

warburgiana 14, 16, 17

xanthina 36, 43, 46, 48

Hypericaceae, key 243

pilifera 8, 113, 119, 120 Hypericum japonicum 244

288

Iguanura 191

distribution in Borneo 196

key to Malayan taxa 201

key to species 199—201

ambigua 192, 194, 201, 202, 204,

215

arakudensis 192, 199, 204, 215

bicornis 191—194, 197, 201, 202,

204, 205, 207, 208, 210, 213

borneensis 192, 194, 202, 205,

206, 208

var. australis 205

brevipes 192, 212-214

corniculata 192, 194, 196, 201,

202, 205, 208, 210, 214

diffusa 192, 199, 217, 221

elegans 192, 194, 197, 202, 204—

207

ferruginea 191, 192, 199, 212,

214

geonomaeformis 199, 216-218,

223

var. malaccensis 222, 223

var. ramosa 222, 223

leococarpa 192-194, 198, 202,

207, 208

macrostachya 192—194, 202, 208,

214, 215

var. prolifera 214

malaccensis 192, 217, 218, 222,

223

melinauensis 194—196, 202, 205,

208, 226A

minor 194, 200, 203, 206, 209,

226B

myochodoides 194, 195, 199,

203, 204, 210, 212, 215

var. angustisecta 211, 212

var. lenta 196

var. magna 212, 226C

var. palmuncula 204, 211, 224

parvula 192, 205, 212, 213

polymorpha 192, 194, 196, 198,

199, 201, 203, 207, 208, 210,

212—214, 226D

var. canina 212

prolifera 194, 201, 203, 214, 215,

226D

remotiflora 192, 194, 195, 203,

204, 215

ridleyana 192, 207

sanderiana 192-194, 203, 211,

215, 216

spectabilis 192, 217, 221, 222

speranskyana 191, 192, 198, 224

wallichiana 192—195, 198—201,

203, 204, 209, 211, 213,

215—219, 222, 223

var. major 192, 216, 221, 220

var. malaccensis 204, 209, 214,

216, 218, 222

var. minor 192, 221

subsp. malaccensis 201, 216,

218, 220, 222—224

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVII1 (1975-76)

var. elatior 216, 219, 220, 224

var. humilis 216, 218—220,

223, 224

subsp. wallichiana 220, 224

var. major 192, 216, 218-

220, 224

var. wallichiana 192, 216, 218,

220, 221

Iryaghedhi zeylonensibus 69

Isoloma ovatum 22

Johannestejjsmannia perakensis 222

Knema attenuata 34

cinerea 168

var. cinerea 159, 168

var. sumatrana 167

corticosa 34

furfuracea 34, 95, 167

globularia 104

glomerata 69

intermedia 34

latericia 34, 95, 167

plumulosa 34

tomentella 159, 167

Korthalsia rigida 213

Lagenaria siceraria 241

Licuala ferruginea 191, 214

Linospadix 198, 213

Luffa acutangula 241

aegyptiaca 241

cylindrica 241

Maclura 190

Mammea americana 246

Mammillaria 253

Mesua ferrea 246

Mirabilis jalapa 257

Mollugo pentaphylla 256

Momordica charantia 241

Myristica 163

agusanensis 34, 95

amygdalina auct. 18

amygdalina (Wall) Warb 35

ardisiifolia 3,5

argentea 34

aruana 112,118,122

aruensis 132

batjanica 83

bivalvis 83, 88

brachiata 8,11

canariformis 83, 88, 162, 163, 166

carnosa 21

castaneifolia 34

chartacea 34

collettiana 17

costulata 150, 155

crassifolia 23, 25

crassithyrsa 150

edulis 142, 148

elliptica 19

var. celebica 159

' Index 289

exaltata 25, 42 pendulina 142, 147

fatua var. fatua 159, 160 pinnaeformis Miq. 142, 148

var. morotaiensis 159 pinnaeformis auct. 50, 53

var. papuana 159 polyantha 96

var. sangowoensis 159 polyspherula 9, 103

flocculosa 30 pulverulenta 56, 58

floribunda 35, 42 radja 160

fragrans 34, 159, 164 reticulata 107

fulva 33, 34 ridleyana 109, 110

fusca 58 rosselensis 34, 95

glabra B1. 35, 42,122 rubiginosa 48, 49

var. grandifolia 35, 42 salacifolia 121, 142

var. sumatrana 16,17 schleinitzii 34, 95

glabra auct. 112, 118 spicata 112, 118

globosa 159 subalulata 159

globularia B1. 83, 88, 91, 163, 166 subglobosa 16, 23, 26

globularia auct. 101 subtilis 132, 135

glomerata Miq. 69, 73 succedanea 159, 160

glomerata Thunb. 69, 73 sucosa 139, 140

grandis 48, 49 superba 141

griffithii 94 sylvestris 142, 147

guatteriifolia 34, 95 tingens 83, 90, 161, 166

hellwigii 50, 53 tomentosa 149, 150

horsfieldia B1 69, 73 tuberculata 112,119

horsfieldia auct. 11, 23, 101, 150, 156 uviformis 162

integra 13,15, 16, 43 valida 150, 155

irya auct. 112,118 wallichii 156

gm Be ois Naucleopsis 190

. crassifolia 23, : Z

var. longifolia 11 sadn es

forma crassifolia 23, 25 Nenga 191, 192, 197

iryaghedhi 72 Neoscortechinia kingii 22

Kingii 74, 75 Nepenthes ampullaria 254

koordersii 159 bicalcarata 22

Kurziti 42 gracilis 254

labillardieri 83 phyllamphora 254

laevigata 87, 89, 93 rafflesiana 254

lancifolia var. bifurcata 159

var. lancifolia 159 Nux myristica 159

var. montana 159, 167, 168 ore

lemanniana 101 Nyctaginaceae, key 257

lepidota 159 Ochna kerkii 253

—— 22 i Ochnaceae, key 252

macrothyrsa : '

Sivuseuie 13, 16,18 Opuntia monacantha 253

microcarpa 168 vulgaris 253

var. beta. 170 Osmelia philippina 238

var. gamma 170 Palala aruana 122

var. microcarpa 170 burong 160

minahassae auct. 150 canariformis 83, 88, 162, 164, 170

minahassae (Warb) Koord. 83 dentaria 83, 88, 162, 170

montana 168 globularia 83, 88, 164, 165, 170

motleyi 81 kitsjil 160, 168

nesophila Miq. 83, 90 minima 170

nesophila sensu altero 95, 100, 112, 118, quarta 83, 88, 162,170

123 quinta 83, 88, 165,170

notha 72 secunda 142, 160

odorata 69, 73 sexta 167

oligocarpa 104 tertia 83, 90,161

olivaeformis 112 tingens 83, 90, 161,170

pachythyrsa 150 Pangium edule 238

paludicola 23, 26

parviflora 82, 88, 121 Parartocarpus 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190

paucinervis 93 : becarrianus 188

290

bracteatus 183, 186, 188, 189

ssp. borneensis 187

ssp. forbesii 187

forbesii 188

microcarpus 183—188

venenosus 183, 188

ssp. borneensis 186—188

ssp. forbesii 183, 184, 186, 189

ssp. papuanus 186—189

ssp. venenosus 186—188

Passiflora foetida 239

laurifolia 239

quadrangularis 239

subrosa 239

Passiloraceae, key 239

Pereskia grandifolia 253

Phelima 73

Pinanga 191, 192, 197

canina 204

simplicifrons 213

Pisonia grandis 257

Ploiarium alternifoluim 247

Polygonaceae 258

Polygonum barbatum 258

chinensis 258

hydropiper 258

Pometia-Intsia rain-forest 8

Portulaca grandiflora 258

oleracea 258

quadifida 258

Portulacaceae, key 257

Pseudojaca 190

Pycnanthus 73, 74

Pyrenaria acuminata 247

Pyrrhosa glabra 35

horsfieldii 69

Rhopaloblaste 191, 197

singaporensis 197

Rinorea anguifera 237

lanceolata 237

Rivina humilis 256

Roystonea 213

Ryparosa hullettii 239

wallichii 239

Saurauia pentaphylla 243

tristyla 243

Scolopia marophylla 239

Sesuvium portulacastrum 256

Shorea bracteolata 248, 250

curtisii 248, 250

gibbosa 250, 251

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975-76)

gratissima 250, 251

leprosula 250, 251

macroptera 250, 251

ovalis 250, 251

pachyphylla 22

parvifolia 250, 251

panciflora 250, 251

platycarpa 251, 252

Slackia 192, 193

geonomaeformis 192, 216, 218

insignis 216

Sommieria 197

Spinacia oleracea 256

Talinum paniculatum 258

patens 258

triangulare 258

Ternstroemia bancana 247

wallichiana 247

Tetracera akara 242

arborescens 242

euryandra 242

fagifolia 242

indica 243

lucida 242

macrophylla 243

sumatrana 242

sylvestris 242

Theaceae, key 246

Thottea dependens 254

grandiflora 254

Treculia 184, 188, 190

africana 184, 188

Trichosanthes arguina 241

celebica 241

wallichiana 241

wawraei 241

Tristania pontianensis 229

razakiana 227, 228

Turhera subulata 239

ulmifolia 239

Vaccinium dialypetalum 234

pseudodialypetalum 231, 233

whitmorei 231, 232

Vatica maingayi 251, 252

ridleyana 251, 252

wallichii 251, 252

Viola odorata 237

Violaceae, key 237

Wormia 243

excelsa 243

pulchella 243

suffruticosa 243

Zygocactus 253

Typographical Corrections in the Index

page

285 alter (Aristolochia) ungulifoa to ungulifolia

286 indent Ng Eng Cheow under Dendrobium

286 alter Homalium grandiforum to grandiflorum

287 alter (Horsfieldia) oliyocarpa to oligocarpa

287 alter (Horsfieldia) villamilii to villamilii

288 alter (Myristica) arakudensis 192, 199, 204, 215 to 192, 199, 204 205

288 alter (Iguanura) myochodoides ... 203, 204, 210, 212, 215 to 203, 210, 226A

288 insert beneath (Iguanura) myochodoides this entry: (Iguanura) palmuncula 191,

192" 194-201, 203, 204, 210, 212, 215

289 alter (Myristica) irya gaertin to irya Gaertn.

289 alter (Myristica) labillardieri to labillardieri

oat '

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1975 NX

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a GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XXVIII, Part I © * (it April, 1975

CONTENTS

PAGE

J. Sinciair: The genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae) in and outside Malesia II - - 1-181

DHE KE PE PE DE YOBOMOYOBO

Kea

“aK

Oe eR

Kem Ke RE

To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore

Price: S $18

OK DK

Published by Authority

Zror

—w

Printed by the Singapore National Printers (Pte) Ltd

1975

mH SOLE YOY EGY CLEAR A RAR ARS KE DAO DK

EES

GARDENS “Bk HEN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XXVIII, Part I

llth April, 1975

The Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae)

in and outside Malesia II*

t by J. Sinclair

Botanic Gardens

Singapore

CONTENTS

Abstract - - : . , :

Acknowledgements~— - “ E :

Species descriptions - - - 3 :

Keys:

to separate H. ardisifolia from H, spicata -

to varieties of H. brachiata -

to species with a 3-lobed perianth, subglobose male flowers and

tomentum on leaves” - = 2

to species with obovoid male flowers and a 3-lobed perianth

te varieties of H. hellwigii - - -

to separate H. parviflora from H. spicata -

to separate H. polyantha from H. spicata -

to varieties of H. poiyspherula - =

to varieties of H. spicata

to varieties of H. subtilis - 2 -

Appendix on Rumphian Mpyristicaceae - -

Index to Collectors - -

* continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 27:133-141.

PAGE

Ww Ww

Pd Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Abstract

The author describes for the first time: Horsfieldia brachiata var. laticosta, H. bracteosa

var. microcarya, H. hellwigii var. novobritannica and H. polyspherula var. tenuifolia. An

unnamed infraspecific hybrid of H. hellwigii: var hellwigii x var pulverulenta is also described.

He further proposes the new combinations:

—H. parviflora comb. nov. based on Myristica parviflora Roxb.

—H. hellwigii var. pulverulenta stat nov. based on H. pulverulenta Warb.

—Hporsfieldia brachiata var. sumatrana comb. mov. based on Myristica glabra var. sumatrana

Mig.

— polyspherula var. oligocarpa stat. nov. based on H, oligocarpa Warb.

spicata comb, nov. based on Myristica spicata Roxb.

Hy,

is 8

— H. spicata var. sepikensis stat. nov. based on H. sepikensis Markgraf

H. subtilis var. rostrata stat. nov. based on H. rostrata Markgraf

subtilis var. schlechteri stat. nov. based on H. schlechteri Warb.

Acknowledgements

The Singapore Botanic Gardens are grateful to the authorities of the herbaria or musea

of institutes listed below for having very generously loaned their material to the late author.

Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley.

Botanischer Garten and Museum, Berlin-Dahlem,

Herbarium Bogoriense.

Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane.

C.S.I.R.O., Canberra.

Botanical Museum of the University of Copenhagen.

Botany Branch, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun.

Herbarium Universitatis Florentinae, Firenze.

Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Massachusetts.

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Forest Research Institute, Kepong.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Forest Research Officer, Forest Department, Kuching.

Conservator of Forests, Kuching.

Department of Forest, Lae.

Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

National Museum, Manila.

| Horsfieldia ardisiifolia 3

National Herbarium of Victoria, Melbourne.

Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Forest Department, Sandakan.

Botaniska Avdelingen, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm.

The National Science Museum, Tokyo.

Department of Botany, University of Tokyo.

Institut fiir Spezielle Botanik und Pharmakognosie der Universitat, Tiibingen.

Botaniska Museet, Uppsala.

Botanischer Garten, Ziizich.

Horsfieldia ardisiifolia (A.DC.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 274 excl. fr., original

spelling is ardisiaefolia; Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. 1 Suppl. 1 (1906) 55 (excl. Borden

2487 = H. brachiata var. sumatrana); Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 3, 56 (1911) 1061;

Merr. En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 181 [excl. nom. nud. H. vulcanica Elmer = H.

valida (Miq.) Warb.].

Basionym: Myristica ardisiifolia A.DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 4, 4 (1855) 31 t.4 et

Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 203; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 67; F.-Vill. Novis. App.

(1880) 177; Vidal, Phan. Cuming Phil. (1885) 139 et Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886)

mel.

Synonym: H. gigantifolia Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 9, 123 (1925) 3120 et 3129 in

obs. nomen nudum; 1.c. 10, 136 (1939) 3763, descr. angl. nom. nud.

Tree 5-10 m high, the bole 30 cm across, the branches divaricate. Bark dark

grey outside, reddish brown just below the surface, slightly longitudinally furrowed;

wood rather soft. Twigs glabrous except for the rusty-tomentose terminal bud,

4-5 mm thick in the apical parts, 5 mm —1 cm thick lower down, hollow in portions,

pale straw-coloured or the same with a reddish or brownish tinge, dull or often

glossy, 2-angled with the two lines from petiole base to petiole base distinct,

smooth from the apex for some distance downwards, then finely striate and often

tuberculate with lenticels, these mostly circular in outline, their elongate stomata-

like openings parallel to the vertical striations. Leaves chartaceous, dark green and

glossy above, drying a greyish yellowish green or less often in the thickest leaves a

dark or blackish grey above and pale yellowish brown tinged with green beneath,

dull on both surfaces, rarely the upper surface slightly shining, glabrous or occa-

sionally with a few hairs on the lower midrib, oblong, elliptic-oblong or elliptic,

the apex acuminate, the acumen 2-4 cm long but very often worn or broken off,

the base acute or cuneate; midrib flat and lying in a groove above, very prominent

and raised beneath; nerves 20-30 pairs, visible above with portions of them

Taised here and there but most of them immersed in the tissue, raised beneath,

equidistant, curving gradually from midrib to margin in bold curves, interarching,

4 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII (1975)

double loops sometimes present at the base of the blade in large leaves; reticula-

tions absent or seen only with a lens, present in thin leaves on both surfaces but

more distinct on the lower surface, the main ones scalariform, the rest forming a

lax network often interspersed with dots of drying; length (18)—22-35-(42) cm,

average 30 cm; breadth (5)—7—15-(17.5) cm, average 11 cm; petiole (1}-1.5 cm

long and 34 mm thick, not deeply channelled. Male inflorescence a branched,

pyramid-shaped panicle 10-16 cm long, at first invested with deciduous buff-

coloured hairs, later glabrous, the main axis stout, 3 mm thick, terete or flattened

in parts, longitudinally striate when dry, the branches oblique at first, becoming

horizontal as the flowers mature, the main ones at the base 5 cm long. Male

flowers in racemes, fragrant, yellow (lemon yellow) drying dark brown or blackish,

at first with some minute pubescence, later glabrous, coriaceous, reniform and

sometimes with a basal sinus where the pedicel is attached, split down ?-way into

the two valves, 2.5-3 mm long and 4-(4.5) mm broad, androecium laterally com-

pressed, 3 mm across and 2 mm high with 10-12 anthers, these rolled back into

the hollow interior; pedicels pubescent becoming glabrous, 2-3 mm long and 0.5

mm thick. Female inflorescence as in the male but shorter, 7 cm long with the

main branches 2-4 cm long. Female flowers thicker than in the male, subglobose

in bud, becoming more ellipsoid as the flower opens, the base, tending to be

bluntly acute rather than rounded, narrowing by a minute degree into the stout

pedicels, 2 mm long and 2-2.5 mm broad; ovary glabrous or almost so, 2 mm

in diam., the stigma very minute; pedicels 1.5-2 mm long and 0.8-1 mm thick,

minutely pubescent or glabrous. Fruit orange red, glabrous, drying dull medium

brown with a matt surface as in most Horsfieldia species, the shape between sub-

globose and oblong, usually being 2-3 mm longer than broad, rounded at both

ends, 2—2.3 cm long and 1.5—2 cm broad, the commonest size being 2 cm long and

1.8 cm broad, pericarp only 2-3 mm thick at maturity in dried specimens; stalk

5-7 mm long and 2-2.5 mm thick. Seed cream-coloured or very pale brown.

PHILIPPINES

MINDORO:

S.L. Merritt 11440 (CAL).

Mindoro Oriental:—Vicinity of Puerto Galera, H.H. Bartlett 13755 (A); Puerto

Galera, Ramos 46414 (A, B, BM, BO, BRSL, NY, P, UC, SING); Gusay, Naujan,

Celestino & Castro 1925 (BO, L, PNH, SING): Mt Halcon, Ramos & Edafio 40673

(DD, G); Pinamalayan, Ramos 40823 (A, K, P, US); Bongabong River, Whitford

1412 (CAL, US); Mt Yagaw, Mansalay, Conklin 17461 (L, PNH); Mt Agong,

Mansalay, L.E. Ebalo 160 (A); Bulalacao, Bermejos 1518 also numbered 42885 (A,

BO, NY? P. Us):

Mindoro Occidental:—Paluan, Ramos 39770 (A, K, L, P, US).

DUMARAN:

Paragua Island, Vidal 3567 (K) on the same sheet is mounted H. irya.

LUZON:

Prov. Sorsogon:—Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Elmer 17220 (A, BM. BO, C, CAL, FI, G,

K, L, NSW, NY, P, PNH, U, UC, US, Z).

- Horsfildia ardisiifolia 5

SIBUYAN:

Prov. Capiz:—Potos River, Magallanes, Mt Giting-giting, Elmer 12067 (A, BM, BO,

BP, BRSL, CAL, E, FI, G, K, L, NSW, NY, US, Z); Sinuban Creek, Magallanes,

Elmer 12337 (A, BM, BO, BRSL, CAL, E, FI, G, K, L, NSW, NY, US, Z).

SAMAR:

Cuming 1702 (BM, CGE, FI, G & Prodr., K, L, M, P, SING, UPS); Parras &

Aduviso 28297 (BM); Loquilon, Wright, M.D. Sulit 6236 (A).

LEYTE:

Palo, Elmer 7094 (A, BO, BP, E, FI, G, K, NY).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Philippines especially in Mindoro. The distri-

bution seems rather odd but it may be that this species has not been properly

collected. It is found in lowland forest in moist valleys.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. ardisiifolia A.DC., Cuming 1702 (BM, CGE, FI, G, &

Prodr. holotype, K, L, M, P, SING, UPS) Samar. H. gigantifolia Elmer, not validly

published because the description is in English. It was based on Elmer 17220 (A,

BM, BO, C, CAL, FI, G, K, L, NSW, NY, P, PNH, U, UC, US, Z) Irosin, the

PNH specimen is a replacement from the BM.

ECOLOGY: Records of flower and fruit for most months of the year.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Aragay (Mang., Mindoro); dagoan (C. Bis.); tapol

(Tagb.).

Key to separate Horsfieldia ardisiifolia from spicata

1. Male flowers 4-(4.5) mm broad, the majority of them reniform in shape. Twigs

4-5 mm thick in the apical parts. Leaves rather large, usually 30 cm or over

in length and 10 cm or over in breadth, the complete range being (18)—22-35

~(42) cm long and (5)—7—15-(17.5) cm broad. Terminal bud rusty-tomentose.

Fruit between subglobose and oblong in shape, usually about 2-3 mm longer

than broad, the average size 2 cm long and 1.8 cm broad, the complete range

Peencmeoroncrand 15-2 enpibroad 1.ica000. 3.00065 ..070018. 020k. H. ardisiifolia

1. Male flowers 2-3 mm broad, the majority turbinate or obtriangular in shape.

Twigs usually more slender, 2-4 mm thick in the apical parts. Leaves normally

smaller, usually 20 cm long and about 8 cm broad, the complete range being

(10)—15-30-(44) cm long and (3.5)-6—-10-(16.5) cm broad. Terminal bud

minutely greyish or greyish brown puberulous. Fruit oblong, usually 5 mm

longer than broad, the average size 2.5-3 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad, the

meee 1.75.5 cin long and 't.2=2:7 cm broad. ..........02 oie ne eee H., spicata

A. ardisiifolia may be said to be the super de lux or king-size edition of

spicata. A systematist with a rather broad concept of species might be inclined

to unite the two. Schumann in Flora Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land page 46 and also in

Verh. bot. Verein Prov. Brandenb. page 120 has drawn attention to their similarity.

He does not, of course, use the name spicata but refers to its synonyms nesophila

(Mig. of Ann. 2) and tuberculata. In fact the type material of tuberculata from

the Admiralty Islands has leaves which approximate most nearly in size to those

of ardisiifolia. I agree then that the two are close and have at various times seriously

considered uniting them. But in the case of such widely distributed species too

6 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

much “lumping” is not always desirable and I now feel that any separation of

spicata into forms and varieties should be confined to New Guinea and the

Solomons and not be extended to the Philippines.

H. ardisiifolia differs from spicata in its larger male flowers, reniform rather

than turbinate or obtriangular in shape, the stouter twigs and the larger leaves.

These are usually 30-40 cm long and 10 cm or more broad but smaller leaf-

sizes often occur. There are also some minor differences but I do not know if they

are always reliable. Thus the terminal bud has a denser rusty or medium brown

tomentum, and the inflorescence axis may be pubescent or glabrous, but it seems

likely that it is pubescent at first, becoming glabrous later. In spicata the inflore-

scence may be initially either pubescent or glabrous. The fruit is generally smaller

than that of spicata but not always. It has never been found larger than the

maximum sizes attained by that species. Warburg’s measurements of the fruit of

ardisiifolia are much too large, especially the thickness of the pericarp. They were

based on Vidal 3563 which he quotes on page 275 of his monograph and which

is H. valida. The shape, ovate-globose, would also refer to that species and not

to the present one. We have, therefore, to exclude his description of the fruit from

ardisiifolia.

On page 182 of En. Phil. Fl. Pl. Elmer 7092 should be 7094. Elmer 17045

referred to there as H. vulcanica Elm. nomen nudum is wrongly identified as

ardisiifolia and should be H. valida.

H. australiana S.T. Blake in Aust. Journ. Bot. 2(1954) 124.

N.B. The first manuscript name is Horsfieldia erubescens J. Sinclair sp. nov. This was

changed by the author to Horsfieldia australiana Blake with concurrent deletion of the latin

diagnosis. Appropriate changes in the text have been made by the editor.

Tree 10-30 m high, mostly 20 m. Bark dark brown or dark greyish brown,

slightly fissured vertically but not deeply, eventually flaking. Twigs sparsely and

minutely puberulous towards the termina! bud, soon becoming glabrous, slender,

1.5-3 mm thick in the apical parts, greyish brown, often pale grey or whitish grey,

shining slightly here and there, finely and closely striate, the striations tending to

vanish towards the apex and there only seen with a lens, lenticels very often not

present, very small and inconspicuous. Leaves chartaceous or thinly chartaceous,

dark green and glossy above, paler beneath, drying a dark brown (more accurately

chocolate brown) above or less often a greyish, greenish brown, glossy or not

and beneath slightly paler, often with a greenish tinge, sometimes with some whitish

blister patches on both surfaces, glabrous, narrowly elliptic, less often elliptic.

acuminate at both ends, (9)-10—-15-(17) cm long, average 13 cm long and 2-6 cm,

average 4 cm broad; midrib brown beneath drying a reddish brown (hence the

epithet erubescens in the first manuscript name); nerves (10)-12-16-(18) pairs,

usually 12 pairs, very slender on both surfaces, almost invisible above, beneath

also reddish brown like the midrib, oblique, interarching at the margin in a

double loop; reticulations for the most part invisible except in thin leaves, very few,

forming an open network and best seen with a lens; petiole 1-1.5 cm long and

1.5-2 mm wide. Male inflorescence paniculate, (3)-6-8-(10) cm long and 1-1.5

mm thick, rounded or flattened in parts, at first minutely pale brown (buff coloured)

puberulous, becoming glabrous at flowering, main branches alternate, oblique,

horizontal or reflexed, short, 1-3 cm long, the secondary ones having their lowest

pair usually opposite and the rest higher up, alternate, and bearing the flowers

in racemes or umbels; bracts densely tomentulose above and below, pale brown,

1 mm long or less. Male flowers fragrant, yellow, drying a dark brown, glabrous,

_ Horsfieldia australiana 7

thin with a minutely granular texture, dull, subglobose, slightly flattened, split

down 4-4—way into the two lobes, 1.5 mm long and 1.5 mm broad; the pedicels

shorter than the perianth, at first 0.5 mm long and then 1-1.2 mm long when

in full flower, very thin, 0.1-0.2 mm thick only; androecium also flattened and of

the same shape as the perianth with 10 anthers. Female inflorescence similar

to the male but thicker, 2-5-(9) cm long, 1.5—-2 mm thick; branches 5 mm -3 cm

long. Female flowers as in the male but ovoid-globose, thick, 2 mm long and 2 mm

broad; ovary pale cinnamon-tomentose, conforming to the shape of the perianth;

pedicels 1-1.5 mm long and 0.5-0.8 mm thick. Fruit not yet quite ripe, changing

from green to greenish yellow, dark brown when dry with a minute granular

texture, glabrous, oblong-globose, slightly gibbous, not perfectly spherical because

of the prominent suture and the small basal 2 mm long pseudo-stalk, woody, 2 cm

long and 1.5—1.8 cm broad (1.2 cm x 1.2 cm and 3-4 mm thick in the immature

younger ones); stalk 5 mm -1 cm long and 2 mm thick. Aril orange,

NEW GUINEA

DutTcH: SOUTH NEW GUINEA:

Along the Digoel River near Waghabang, Chr. Versteegh BW4888 (L.)

PAPUA:

Northern District:—Dobodura Area, N.G.F. 2038 (BRI, LAE); about 3 km west

of Serene Village, Hoogland & McDonald 3516 (A, BM, BO, CANB, K, L, LAE,

US); Big Embi Lake, G. McDonald N.G.F. 8247 (K, L, SING).

Milne Bay District:—Menapi, Cape Vogel Peninsula, Brass Nos 21821 (A, K, L,

LAE); 21996 (A, K, L, LAE) and 2/997 (A, K, L, LAE); Dabora, Cape Vogel

Peninsula, Brass 21912 (A, K, L, LAE).

Central District:—Rona, Laloki River, Brass Nos 3607 (A, BO, BRI, NY, US) and

3663 (A, BO, BRI, NY, US); Mafulu, Brass 5386 (A, BRI, NY); Rouna, Carr

12398 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, NY, SING).

a N.G:: :

Sepik District:—About 4 mile north of Tawe, Angoram sub-district, Wewak-

Angoram Area, Pullen 1896 (CANB, L, LAE).

Madang District:—Ramu Valley, about 5 miles south-east of Faita airstrip,

Saunders 528 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, LAE, US).

Morobe District:—Heldsbach, Clemens 877 (L); between Heldsbach and Sattelberg,

Clemens 4418 (A, B, SING); vicinity of Kajabit Mission, Clemens 10825 (L); ridge

above Yalu Village, T.G. Hartley 9968 (L, LAE); Oomsis Creek, 18 miles west of

Lae, T.G. Hartley 10421 (L); 3 miles south of Garagos River bridge along Lae-

Bulolo Road, 7.G. Hartley 11029 (L.).

D’ENTRECASTEAUX ISLANDS:

Normanby Island:—Waikaiuna Bay, Womersley & Brass N.G.F. 8664* (A, BM, BO,

BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW, SING); Lebudow River, Brass 25503 (A, CANB,

K, L, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION: New Guinea except the northern part, Australia, N. Territory.

TYPE MATERIAL EX AMINED:S.T. Blake 17019 (BRI holotype, SING).

*originally intended as type of Horsfieldia erubescens,

8 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII (1975)

ECOLOGY: Mostly in primary lowland forest as a sub-canopy tree. R. Pullen

states that it occurs in the Sepik District on low hilly terrain of clays and marls in

the Pometia-Intsia rain-forest. Brass collected it on limestone at Dabora, Cape

Vogel Peninsula.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Gaigihab (Dumpu); hamana (Orokaiva language at

Mumuni); ilis (Jal at Madang); Kia (Djair, Digoel River Region); numba (Angoram);

saksak (Amele).

This species is a smaller and more elegant edition of that form of spicata from

the Sepik District with the smaller flowers and hairy inflorescence which has been

called pilifera. Other features, of course, have entered into the general make up

to give it a “new look’’ but plenty of evidence of the old remains. Thus the male

flowers have that same minutely granular matt surface also seen in specimens from

the Sepik District. This is different from the usual glossy surface of spicata flowers

from other areas. The fruit although smaller is also very similar; it is apparently

immature in the specimens examined but I do not think it will increase more in

size. Some of the new features are as follows: —the very constant shape of the

leaves, i.e. narrowly elliptic, their glossy appearance when dry but they can also

be dull, the reddish brown colour of the midrib and nerves beneath, the more

slender twigs without two lines from petiole base to petiole base but with much

finer striations and the fewer, smaller lenticels. H. australiana should not be difficult

to distinguish from spicata. Sterile specimens of the latter with smaller leaves than

usual might be confused.

The species, however, that actually looks like australiana is subtilis. Here

again while flowering and fruiting specimens are easily named there could be

difficulty with sterile material chiefly because the leaves of both are about the

same size. There may be problems in the separation of the two species if the

fruit of australiana is very small and immature and if the reddish colour of the

lower midrib and nerves has faded away on drying. Sterile specimens which are apt

to give trouble will have in contrast to subtilis more oblique, less curving, fainter

veins with less distinct loops of interarching at the margins, the secondary veins

absent, the reticulations mostly absent and the sides of the leaves curved and not

more or less parallel. The texture of the undersurface of the leaf on drying may

be just a trifle smoother in australiana if that will help any in identification. One

may with the aid of a hand-lens occasionally see some very minute dots in the

tissue of subtilis. The twigs will not be of much help but generally tend to be

more reddish than those of subtilis. At other times they are grey but if so they

are usually, though not always, of a lighter grey. They may even be whitish grey

whereas those of subtilis are of dark grey.

Young developing fruit when it has reached a certain stage will then be rather

similar in size and appearance to that of subtilis. It will be dark brown, however,

and not black as in subtilis and will have thicker pedicels.

Most collectors as usual have described the flowers of this species simply as

‘‘vellow’’. In one case they are said to be deep cream and in another yellow—

orange. The exact colour then is probably a fairly rich medium shade of yellow.

Horsfieldia brachiata (King) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 325; Gamble, Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 218; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 59.

Basionym: Myristica brachiata King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 311

pl. 144.

_ Horsfieldia brachiata 9

Synonyms: M. polyspherula Hk. f. Fl. Br. Ind, 5 (1886) 108 pro parte quoad

Griff. 4351. Horsfieldia subglobosa (Miq.) Warb. var. brachiata (King) Sinclair in

Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 431 f. SIE.

Key to the varieties of Horsfieldia brachiata

1. Twigs 3-4 mm thick in the apical parts with or without two lines present from petiole

base. Leaves chartaceous to coriaceous, 15-32 cm long and 5-10 cm broad; midrib

1-2 mm broad at the base of the lamina; petiole 3-4 mm thick.

2. Twigs with two lines present. Nerves of the leaf rather closely spaced, 8 mm — 1.5 cm

distant from each other, the average distance 1 cm; petiole 5 mm — 1.5 cm long,

average 1 cm long. Male inflorescence 8-20 cm long; male flowers small, 1.3—-1.5 mm

in diam. Fruit ovoid, pointed at the apex, 2.5-3 cm long and 2 cm broad, rarely

re lOne and, OSechy feroadel 2, 4.7.04 Zeek ached. Cae cn dn 108 An leees var. brachiata

2. Twigs without two lines. Nerves of the leaf not so closely spaced, 1-2 cm distant

from each other, the average distance 1.5 cm; petiole 1-2.3 cm long, average 1.3 cm

long. Male inflorescence 3-13 cm long, male flowers the same size or (majuscula)

2-2.5 mm in diam. Fruit mostly subglobose but several other shapes, ovoid, ellipsoid,

oblong or combinations of these also occur, obtuse or less often pointed at the apex,

2.7-5 cm long and 2.3—3.7 cm broad, the average 3 cm long and 2.7 cm broad ......

eS) 00k hese atee es < SAg. RADE aes toed PEE ann vrais caewnciendbeececsncwesevrcucsens var. sumatrana

1. More robust with the following combination of characters: —Twigs 5-7 mm thick in the

apical parts without two lines from petiole base to petiole base. Leaves rigidly coria-

ceous, 21-30 cm long and broader 7-12 cm broad; midrib about 5 mm broad at the

base of the lamina; petioles stout, 5-8 mm thick ........................0..05. var. laticostata

var. brachiata

Tree 5-20 m high. Bark reddish brown, rough and with shallow, longitudinal

striations. Twigs with two lines running down from petiole base to petiole base,

minutely lenticellate, 3-4 mm thick in the younger parts, often blackish just

below the puberulous apex, then medium brown for some distance and finally

greyish brown in the longitudinally striate oldest parts. Leaves mostly chartaceous,

brittle, dark to medium green and glossy above, paler beneath, retaining the green

above on drying or becoming greyish or brownish green, the lower surface pale

brown, glabrous, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, the base acute, the apex acute or shortly

acuminate; nerves 17—24 pairs, average 20 pairs, oblique or often at an angle of

more than 60°, more or less parallel, rather closely spaced, 0.8-1.5 cm from each

other, the average distance being 1 cm, slender but very distinctly raised on both

surfaces, interarching in bold loops at the margins; reticulations scalariform, a

few at times visible mostly on the lower surface, depending on the texture of the

leaf; length 17-32 cm, average 22 cm; breadth 6-9 cm: petiole 3-4 mm thick,

rather short, 0.5-1.5 cm long, average 1 cm long. Male inflorescence 8-20 cm long,

a much branched panicle, the lowermost branches 3-10 cm long and branched

again, the axis flattened; less often terete, striate, rusty-pubescent to glabrescent

with minute dendroid and stellate hairs: bracts 2-5 mm long and 1-2 mm wide,

acute at their apices, densely pubescent on the inside next the flowers, glabrescent on

the outside. Male flowers dark yellow, fragrant with the odour of Peru balsam,

rather fleshy and waxy, globose, subglobose or often oblate and sometimes cuneate

towards the base, 1.5 mm in diam., split down to nearly half-way by the triradiate

marks of their three segments; pedicels 1-2 mm long and 0.3 mm thick, terete or

longitudinally sulcate, broadening out towards their apices where they join the

perianth, glabrous or minutely puberulous; androecium sessile or nearly sessile,

trigonous, the 8-10 anthers attached at their bases but free at their edges and at

their acute and erect apices. Female inflorescence shorter and with fewer branches,

the 8-14 cm long axis stouter and more rigid. Female flowers yellow, fragrant,

fleshy and waxy, glabrous, often decurved on their pedicels, subglobose or ovoid-

globose or obovoid, 2-2.5 mm in diam.; ovary subglobose, glabrous, 1.5 mm in

10 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

diam., ridged on one side and grooved on the other, the groove opposite and

continuous with the ridge; pedicels 1.5-2 mm long and 0.5—1 mm thick. Fruit

yellow, later tinged reddish, glabrous, ovoid, pointed at the apex, 2.5-3 cm long

and 2 cm broad, rarely 3.5 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, usually produced in

quantity, stalk 0.5-1 cm long and 3 mm thick. Avil orange-pink, fleshy, covering

the ovoid seed.

THAILAND

PENINSULAR DIVISION:

Gangao, Surat, Kerr 18185 (BK, BM, K); Kaw Pa-ngan, Surat, Put 1184 (K);

Kao Sataw, Krabi, Kerr 12426 (BK, K); Trang, Chawng, Din 241, also numbered

11866 (BKF, SING); Kopah, Puket, Haniff 3855 (SING); Banang Sta, Pattani,

Kerr 7426 (BM, K); Betong, Pattani, Kerr 7690 (K).

SUMATRA

TAPANULI:

Hutarimbaru (Huta Imbaru), Division Padang Si Dimpuan, Subdivision Padang

Lawas, Rahmat Si Toroes 4657 (A, G, K, L. NY, UC, US).

EAST COAST:

Bandar Puluh (Pulau), Asahan, Yates 160] (BO, BRI, K, NY, UC); Gurach Batu,

Asahan, Yates Nos 1658 (BO, NY, S, UC) and 1/805 (BO, NSW, NY, P, UC);

vicinity of Aek Salabat, Asahan, Rahmat Si Boeea 9632 (A, L):; Aek Kanopan,

Lundut Concession, (Kuala) Kualu, H.H. Bartlett 87110 (L, NY, US); Hitean,

Haloban, south of Rantau Parapat, Subdivision Labuhan-Batu (Labuanbatu), Dis-

trict of Bila, Rahmat Si Toroes 4234 (A, NY, UC, US); Si Mandi Angin, Sungei

Kanan, Labuhan-Batu, District Kota Pinang, Rahmat Si Toroes 4124 (A, L, NY,

UC, US).

BENKULEN:

Lais, Talang Benal, bb8801 (BO).

PALEMBANG:

-~Lematang Ulu, Lambach 1341 (BO, L); Muara Doewa, Teijsmann 3572 (BO):

Muara Sarah, Teijsmann 3819 (BO).

MALAY PENINSULA

Kedah, Kelantan, Perak, Trengganu, Pahang, Malacca and Johore. For list see

Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 431. Note that Haniff S.F.N. 14334 cited in the above

should be transferred to H. brachiata var. sumatrana. Although the twigs are 2-

angled at the apex (not 2 lines from petiole base to petiole base) the fruit is

globose and the nerves are more distantly spaced than in var. brachiata.

BORNEO

EAST AND NoRTH-EAST BORNEO:

Simengaris (Samenggaris) Amdjah 1088 (BO, L, SING, U); Sungei Kuwak, Salim-

batu, Bulungan, 55/1236 (BO); Bulungan along the Sabakis River, Kostermans

9321 (BO, K, L); Sungei Menubar Region, East Kutei, Kostermans 4988 (BO, K,

L, SING) and 5078 (BO, K, L, P, PNH, SING); Lelebulan Teputsey, Jaheri 955

(BO); Sungei Mukun near Sangasanga, Kostermans 7721 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING);

Sungei Wain, north of Balikpapan, Kostermans 4448 (BO, L).

Horsfieldia brachiata 11

SABAH:

Tawau Residency:—Mile 15, Quoin Hill Road, Tawau, Aban Gibot SAN 32932

(SAN); Mile 11, Apas Road, Tawau, D. Brand SAN 21487 (K); Serudong, Tawau,

D. Brand & H.S. Martyn SAN 21509 (K, KEP, SING).

Sandakan Residency:—Leila Forest Reserve, Sandakan, Sayu bin Elleh SAN

35658 (SING) probably.

PULAU NUNUKAN:

Northern Part:—Kostermans Nos 8746 (BO, K, L, P, SING); 8777 (BM, BO, K,

L, SING); 9070 (BO, K, L, SING) and 90/8 (BO, K, L); W. Meijer Nos 2032

(BO, K, L) and 2259 (BO, K, L, P, PNH, SING); Sungei Simengkadu, W. Meijer

Nos 2380 (BO, K, L, SING) and 2385 (BO, K, L, P, PNH, SING).

Southern Part:—Kostermans Nos 9155 (BO) and 9/7/ (A, BO, K, L).

DISTRIBUTION: Thailand, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo. The distribu-

tion in Borneo is limited to the north east.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica brachiata King, Scortechini 1649 (CAL, K, L)

Perak; King 4704 (BO, CAL, K, L, PDA) Gopeng, Perak; King 6771 (CAL, FI,

G, K) Larut, Perak; Griffith 4351 (A, CAL, CGE, K, M, P, S, U) Malacca, The

CGE sheet, Herb. Lemann, is still unnumbered. See Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

424. From the way in which King in the text separates another number cited,

namely King 7447 from these syntypes, it would appear that he does not intend

it to be considered as part of the type material. This is just as well for the

specimen is H. irya. He actually quotes this number a second time as one of the

syntypes of his Myristica irya var. longifolia King. King states that brachiata is

one of the plants mixed up by Wallich in his 6806 from Singapore, but as far as

I can see there is no element of brachiata in 6806 and further brachiata does not

occur in Singapore. See my notes under H. wallichii regarding M. horsfieldia (non

Bl.) Wall.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Thailand: —Luat kwoi; tawng pra.

There should be little difficulty over the recognition of var. brachiata for the

best diagnostic character is the presence of the two lines on the twigs from petiole

base to petiole base. One should be careful, however, to distinguish mere angulari-

ties at the extreme apices of the twigs for the lines. For this reason one is more

likely to mistake the var. suwmatrana for the present variety than vice versa. I

myself, made this mistake with Haniff S.F.N. 14334 from Perak, which, see above

under specimens cited, should be transferred to var. sumatrana. The globose fruit,

the long petioles and the more distantly spaced nerves ought to have reminded

me of sumatrana. Apart from the two aberrant Pulau Nunukan specimens men-

tioned below in the notes after var. /aticostata, the variety brachiata is not or hardly

variable. These two specimens might not after all be correctly assigned to brachiata

for without them, the collections are very uniform.

If for some reason the two lines on the twigs are faint or absent or if an

insufficient length of twig has been collected, then the student will find the

following combination of characters helpful in identifying var. brachiata: —

Leaves thin, chartaceous, the nerves generally more closely spaced than in

sumatrana, being on the average | cm apart, the petiole rather short, 0.5-1.5 cm

long (it may be the same length or longer in var. swmatrana or the same specimen

in var. sumatrana may have long and short petioles), the male inflorescence axis

12 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

as long or often longer, the male flowers small (they may be the same size or

larger in var. sumatrana) and the fruit ovoid and uniform in size.

var. laticostata J. Sinclair, var. nov.

A typo petiolis et ramulis crassioribus, illis teretibus (nec bicostulatis), foliis

rigide coriaceis, latioribus, costis prominentioribus basi circiter 5 mm latis differt.

Arbor 12-30 m alta. Ramuli apicem versus 5~7 mm crassi. Folia rigide

coriacea, 21-30 cm longa, 7-12 cm lata; costa utrinque valde distincta, basi saepe

5 mm lata; nervi 17—24-jugati, utrinque prominentes et elevati, margines versus

perspicue anastomosantes; reticulationes nonnunquam visae; petioli 1—1.5 cm longi,

vulgo 1 cm longi, 5-8 mm crassi. /nflorescentia mascula 10-15 cm longa, axis

ferrugineo-tomentellus, c. 4 mm crassus; bracteae 1—3.5 mm longae, 0.5-2.5 mm

latae, apice plerumque acutae. Flores masculi flavidi, leviter fragrantes, immaturi,

I-1.5 mm in diam., apice 3-angulati; pedicelli 1.5-2 mm longi. /nflorescentia

feminea 4-7 cm longa. Flores feminei nondum evoluti. Fructus ruber, ovoideo-

ellipsoideus vel ellipsoideus, 3.5-4 cm longus, 2.3—2.7 cm lata; pericarplum 4 mm

crassum; stipes 5 mm longus, 3 mm crassus. Arillus aurantiacus. Semen ellipsoi-

deum, 2.7 cm longum, 1.5 cm latum.

Tree 12-30 m high. Twigs very stout, 5-7 mm thick towards the apex, no

lines present from petiole base to petiole base. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, 21—30

cm long and 7-12 cm broad (broader than in the other vars); midrib very distinct

on both surfaces, often 5 mm broad at the base; nerves 17-24 pairs, raised and

prominent on both surfaces, very clearly interarching at the margins; reticulations

sometimes visible; petiole 1-1.5 cm long, usually 1 cm long, stout, 5-8 mm thick.

Male inflorescence 10-15 cm long, the axis rusty-tomentulose, about 4 mm thick;

bracts 1-3.5 mm long and 0.5-2.5 mm broad, usually acute at the apex. Male

flowers yellow, slightly fragrant, immature, 1-1.5 mm in diam., three-angled at the

apex in bud; pedicels 1.5—-2 mm long. Female inflorescence 4-7 cm long. Female

flowers very immature, completely hidden at this stage by the bracts. Fruit red,

ovoid-ellipsoid or ellipsoid, 3.5-4 cm long and 2.3—2.7 cm broad, the pericarp 4 mm.

thick; stalk 5 mm long and 3 mm thick. Aril orange. Seed ellipsoid, 2.7 cm long

and 1.5 cm broad.

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ist Division:—Kuching, Haviland 3074 (CAL, K, SAR, SING); Gunong Santubong,

East, Haji Bujang bin Sedik SAR 13689 (K, L, SAN, SAR, SING); Sungei Pirian

Forest Reserve, Lundu, Chew Wee-Lek 637 (SING) and Paul Chai SAR 18519

(K, L, SING); Sungei Sabal Tapang, Serian, Sinclair 10265 (A, E, K, L, SAR,

SING).

WEST BORNEO:

Bukit Melawi, Melawi, Tjatit, bb28128 (BO, K, L, SING) somewhat approaching

robust specimens of var. sumatrana but probably best here.

DIST RIBUTION: Borneo (Sarawak and West Borneo). In swamps with some peat

and sand.

TYPE MATERIAL: Sinclair 10265 (A, E, K holotype, L, SAR, SING).

This is a robust, ecological form of var. sumatrana growing in swamp forest —

with some peat and sand. I might have lumped it with that variety but nevertheless

it can be distinguished so I feel it ought to have a name. It will be best known

Horsfieldia brachiata 13

by the following combination of characters: —stout twigs and petioles, large,

broad coriaceous leaves with distinct venation and a very prominent midrib,

the latter being about 5 mm broad at the base of the leaf. The male flowers are

immature but it appears that they will remain small like those of var. brachiata.

There are two specimens from Pulau Nunukan, namely Kostermans Nos 8777

and 9010 with thick twigs, broad, coriaceous leaves and a rather broad midrib.

They closely approach this variety but the leaves are a trifle less coriaceous and

not quite so broad. One may ask why they could not be treated as robust specimens

of var. sumatrana with slightly broader leaves than usual. I am inclined to group

them with var. brachiata however, for there are faint traces of lines here and there

on the twigs. Perhaps these are not proper lines but only angularities and it must

be remembered that every internode of twig will not always show the lines clearly.

I can only go by the evidence at hand from a small portion of twig on a herbarium

sheet, but had I personally been confronted with the tree in the field, there would

have been no difficulty over the question of the lines.

Normally there should not be much difficulty in distinguishing the var.

laticostata from broad coriaceous-leaved forms of the other varieties if one relies

on the combination of diagnostic characters given above. In a variable species like

H. brachiata which has a wide distribution there is bound to be some approach

of the varieties to each other or some indication of their origin from a particular

one. I am happier with this state of relationship rather than with a series of clear-

cut forms, having little or no connection with each other. As pointed out before,

I can be more certain that such closely related varieties belong to a single species

and not to a mixture. The future and continuing success of the genus and the

family greatly depends on such polymorphic species with a large number of inter-

fertile varieties that can breed with each other to produce more and more useful

combinations of characters besides the already existing ones. This statement is

exemplified by the fact that H. brachiata var. sumatrana is one of the commonest

Horsfieldia species along the banks of small streams in deep shade in the Catch-

ment Area of Singapore. Flowers and fruits are produced in great abundance, the

smaller the fruits the more numerous they are in the inflorescence. It is unfortunate,

however, that such species do not endure outside the shade of the forest and are

doomed to failure when the forest is cut down. The weakness seems to lie in the

seedling stage where the young plant then cannot tolerate the hot sun. If only

one of the genes would come up with a character for hardiness which could enter

into the other combinations then the species could endure in the open and be in

less danger from extinction.

var. sumatrana (Miq.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basionym: Myristica glabra Bl. var. sumatrana Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat.

2, 1 (1865) 49.

Synonyms: M. integra Wall. Cat. (1832) No 6799 nomen, pro parte altera pars =

H. parviflora. M. collettiana King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 312 pl.

147, M. majuscula King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 310 pl. 143.

Horsfieldia majuscula (King) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 315; Gamble, Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 215; Ridley Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 57. H. subglobosa [non

(Mig.) Warb.] Auctt.: Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 328 t. 21 f.1-2 excl. spec.

Celebicis (see note below); Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 220: Ridley,

Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 60; Burk. Dict. 1 (1935) 1199; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing.

16 (1958) 425 figs 48-50 & 51 A-D (all based in error on M. subglobosa Mig. =

14 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

H. irya). H. warburgiana Elm. Leafl. Phil. Bot. 3 (1911) 1061; Merr. En. Phil. FI.

Pl. 2 (1923) 183 —syn. nov. H. sp. Merr. ‘“‘Pl. Elm. Born.” in Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot.

15 (1929) 77 quoad Elmer 21338. H. bartlettii Merr. ““New Sumatran Plants IV”

in Papers Mich. Acad. Sc. Arts and Letters 24, 1 for 1938 (1939) 71 — syn. nov.

Nomenclatural Note

This ternary name has meanwhile been published by T. C. Whitmore as Horsfieldia

brachiata var. sumatrana (Miq.) Sinclair ex Whitmore comb. nov. in Tree Flora of Malaya,

1 (1972) 325. Whitmore’s combination involves a reduction in rank from species to varietal

level. Horsfieldia sumatrana Miq., is his basionym. — Ed,

Twigs without two lines from petiole base to petiole base though they may be

occasionally angled at the extreme apex. Leaves chartaceous to coriaceous, elliptic,

oblong-elliptic or less often obovate; distance between nerves 1-2 cm, the average

1.5 cm; length 15-28 cm, average 18 cm; breadth 5-10 cm; petiole 1-2.3 cm,

average 1.3 cm long, mostly of a uniform length in each specimen, though occa-

sionally both long and short in a single specimen on a herbarium sheet. Male

inflorescence 3-13 cm average 8 cm long, very variable in the amount of indumen-

tum, minutely puberulous or pubescent, less often tomentose. Male flowers 1.3-1.5

mm in diam., 2—2.5 mm in the larger forms (majuscula); pedicels slender, 1-2

mm long and 0.3 mm thick. Female inflorescence as in the type, 3-6 cm long, the

branches about | cm long. Female flowers subglobose to obovoid, 2—-2.5 mm in

diam.; pedicels 1.5-2 mm long and 1 mm thick. Fruit, the shape mostly sub-

globose, but also globose, ovoid-globose or ovoid, less commonly ellipsoid, oblong

or oblong-ellipsoid, sometimes several shapes occurring on the same specimen,

2.7-5 cm long and 2.3-3.7 cm broad, the average size being 3 cm long and 2.7

cm broad, the largest 5 cm long and 3.7 cm broad, pericarp rather thick (always?)

3-4 mm thick; stalk 5-7 mm long and 3 mm thick.

SUMATRA

WEST COAST:

S.L. as Sumatra occidentalis, Korthals s.n. (A. BP, BR, K, L, MEL, S, U); Ayer

(Mancior) = Mantjoer, Padang, Beccari 791 (FI, K, L) the FI material is also

numbered FI Acc Nos 7633 (FI); 7633a (FI) and 7633b (F1.).

East COAST:

Asahan:—Masihi Forest Reserve, Krukoff 4138 (A, BO, BRI, G, L, NY, SING,

US); vicinity of Lumban Ria, Rahmat Si Boeea Nos 7692 (A, S, SING, UC, US);

7833 (A, S, SING, US) and 80/2 (A, S, SING, US); Adian Rindang, vicinity ol

Huta Tomuan, Dolok, Rahmat Si Boeea &772 (L); vicinity of Aek Munte, Rahmat

Si Boeea Nos 9257 (A, L) and 9331 (A, L); Aek Kanopan, Lundut Concessions

Kualu, H. H. Barttlet Nos 6867 (G, K, L, US) and 6990 (G, K, L, US).

INDRAGIRI: |

Upper Riouw, Pakanbaru, Tenajan River, Soepadmo Nos 15 (K) and 230 (K).

PALEMBANG:

Grashoff 719a (BO, SING); Bosch Talangtotong, between Simpang and Sepatuhu,

N. Ranaumeer, van Steenis bb7464 (BO).

MENTAWAI ISLANDS: Pulau Siberut, Jboet 31] (B, BO, L, SING) and C. Boden

Kloss S.F.N. 14597 (BO, K, SING, UC).

Horsfieldia brachiata 15

MALAY PENINSULA

Perak, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca, Johore and _ Singapore.

For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 426. There are still no new

records for the remaining states of Malaya. The following, however, have come in

and the synonym M. integra Wall. from Singapore was omitted last time.

PAHANG:

Gunong Lalang, Camp 5, Pulau Tioman, Kadim & Noor 586 (B, BKF, BRI, DD,

KEP, NY, SING) altitude 2,500 ft, large fruit; Gunong Kajang, Camp 5, Pulau

Tioman, Kadim & Noor 610 (A, BO, K, L, LAE, PNH, SING) alt. 2,500 ft, large

fruit; Lubok Tamang, Cameron Highlands, Henderson S.F.N. 23646 (SING) 3,500

ft; Sungei Wi, Cameron Highlands, Ja’amat F.M.S. 35947 (KEP, SING).

SINGAPORE:

Wall. Cat. 6799 (CAL, K) type of Myristica integra Wall.

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ist Division:—Semenggoh Forest Reserve, Haji Bujang bin Sedik SAR 12751 (K,

SAR, SING) and ditto Muas SAR 221 (KEP, SAR, SING); Gunong Pueh Forest

Reserve, Briinig SAR 6259 (SING).

2nd Division:—Ulu Gunong Ladang, Omar 65 (SAR, SING) a form with small

leaves but probably better here than in H. polyspherula.

3rd Division:—Temiai-Temalad watershed, Ulu Mujong, Balleh, P.S. Ashton SAR

13987 (SING).

4th Division:—Bintulu, Meruong Plateau, Briinig SAR 8718 (SAR, SING); Baram,

Haviland & Hose 3306 (K, SAR).

BRUNEI:

S.L., K.F. Nos 32645 (KEP) and 35714 (KEP).

WEST BORNEO:

Ketapang, Muara Kojong, Sungei Kelik 557464 (BO); Sungei Kenepai, Hallier

214] (BO, L).

EAST AND NorTH-EAST BORNEO:

Bulungan, Sungei Sebakis Region, Kostermans 9285 (BO, K, L); Loa Djanan, West

Kutei, Endert Nos 5088 (A, BO, K, L) and 5097 (A, BO, K); Tundung Plateau,

Djohan-asa, West Kutei, Kostermans 12613 (K, L); Balajan River, near Long

Bleh, Central Kutei, Kostermans 10696 (L, P); Sungei Bambangan, south-east of

Samarinda, East Kutei, Kostermans 6093 (A, BO, K, L, SING); Mentawir River

near Mentawir Village, Balikpapan District, Kostermans 10176 (K, L, SING);

Balikpapan, bb25571 (BO, L, SING).

SABAH:

Tawau Residency:—Tawau, Elmer Nos 21338 (A, BM, BO, BP, C, G, K, L, M,

NY, P, S, SING, U, UC, Z) and 2/364 (A, BM, BO. BP, C, G, K, L, M, NY, P,

PNH, S, SING, U, UC, Z); mile 114, Apas Road, 11 miles east of Tawau, Wood

_ SAN 17186 (KEP, L, SAN, SING); mile 16, Apas Road, A. Bakar SAN 25045

(K, L, SING).

16 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII (1975)

Sandakan Residency:—Kabili Forest Reserve, Otik 4412 (K, SING); cpt 15,

Sepilok Forest Reserve, Wood A2995 (K, KEP, L, SAN, SING); Leila Forest

Reserve, Sandakan, Forest Ranger Madu SAN 27105 (SAN) tree 223; Sungei

Paitan, Paitan Forest Reserve, Labuk, Sayu bin Elleh SAN 34395 (SING).

Interior Residency:—Mengalong Forest Reserve, Sipitang, Melegrito F.D. 2487

(K, L).

West Coast Residency:—Cpt 8, Mandahan Forest Reserve, District Papar, M.

Udarbe SAN 28152 (K).

PHILIPPINES

LUZON:

Prov. Bataan:—Lamao River, Mt Mariveles, Borden 2487 (BO, K, NY, SING, US)

wrongly identified and quoted as confertiflora in En. Phil. Fl. Pl.

SIBUYAN:

Magellanes, Mt Giting-giting, Elmer 12297 (A, BM, BO, BRSL, CAL, E, FIL G,

K, L, NSW, NY, US, Z).

SAMAR:

Kadapnan Bo., Bantayan, Oras, Castro 5704 (A, PNH).

MINDANAO:

Proy. Agusan:—Tungao So., San Mateo Bo., Butuan, D. Mendoza 42247 (K, SING).

CULTIVATED: Hort. Bog. 1VG&0O (US).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and the Philippines.

TYPE MATERIAL: Mpyristica glabra Bl. var. sumatrana Miq. Korthals s.n. (A,

B burnt, BP, BR, K, L, MEL, S, U two sheets) West Sumatra. H. bartlettii Merr.

Rahmat Si Bozea 8772 (A holotype not seen, L isotype) East Coast, Sumatra. M.

collettiana King, King Nos 3620 (CAL, CGE, E, K, US) Larut, Perak; 3899 (CAL,

FI, G, K, P) Larut, Perak; 6672 (CAL, PDA, SING) Larut, Perak, and 6737 (BM,

CAL, K, L) Larut Perak; Maingay 1286 partly, the other part is H, polyspherula

(BM, CAL, FI, G, K, L,* PDA) Malacca. M. integra Wall. Cat. 6799 (CAL, K.)

Singapore, the sheet in the special cabinets at Kew has in addition to var.

sumatrana a sterile specimen of H. parviflora, identified by me from its very short

petiole. This collection would be from the tree in Singapore Botanic Gardens

which is still flourishing. M. majuscula King, King Nos 5059 (BO, CAL, G, K, L,

Z) Larut, Perak; 6004 (BM, BO, CAL, G, L, SING) Gopeng, Perak; 7965 (BM,

K) Larut, Perak and 10413 (CAL, FI, K, P, PDA) Ulu Bubong, Perak; Wray Nos

2218 (CAL, SING) Taiping, Perak and 2705 (CAL, SING) Taiping, Perak;

Hullett 590 (K, SING) Singapore. King puts a query before Hullett. The Singapore

specimens have a smaller fruit and vary slightly from M. majuscula, see my notes —

below. H. warburgiana Elm., Elmer 12297 (A, BM, BO, BRSL, E, FI, G, K, L,

NSW, NY, US, Z) Sibuyan, Philippines.

I must confess that I blindly followed Warburg, Gamble and Ridley and

called this species H. subglobosa (Miq.) Warb. var. subglobosa in Gard, Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 425. It appears that Warburg did not examine the type of M.

subglobosa Miq. when writing up his monograph. He certainly does not quote any

* Author had intended to check on the Leiden specimen.

Horsfieldia brachiata 17

of the syntypes of H. subglobosa among the specimens cited on page 330 of his

monograph. He was aware that Miquel later altered the identification to H.

irya but it seems that he (Warburg) was confused for he cites as a synonym

M. irya Miq. (non Gaertner) in Ann. 2, p. 49 pro parte quoad subglobosa et

laevigata pro parte. When I came to examine the type of M. suglobosa Miq.

at Utrecht I found that it was the true H. irya (Gaertn) Warb. and no part con-

sisted of H. subglobosa sensu Warb. Consequently we cannot use the name H.

subglobosa (Miq.) Warb. and the tree has now to be called H. brachiata (King)

Warb. var. sumatrana (Miq.) Sinclair. In his original description of M. subglobosa

Miquel quotes two syntypes namely (1) Sumatra, Palembang near Muara Enim,

Teijsmann (U) and (2) West Sumatra, Priaman, Diepenhorst (U). Here the speci-

mens are unnumbered, but in Utrecht the Teijsmann specimen is numbered H.B.

3189 and the Diepenhorst one HB.2148. However there is a second Diepenhorst

specimen from Priaman in the Utrecht herbarium named M. subglobosa and

numbered H.B. 2362. It is not irya but H. crassifolia. We may consider it is a

third syntype but on the other hand since it is not specifically mentioned on page

384 with M. subglobosa Migq. it could be regarded as merely another plant col-

lected from the same locality by Diepenhorst and not one of the syntypes of

M. subglobosa Miq.

The type material of M. glabra var. sumatrana as collected by Korthals from

Sumatra has chartaceous, medium-sized leaves, petioles 1.5-1.7 cm long, a rather

short sparsely tomentulose male inflorescence and small male flowers. In fact it

matches fairly well specimens from other parts of Sumatra, Singapore, Johore,

Malacca, North Borneo, the Philippines and the synonyms M. collettiana King

and H. warburgiana Elmer. There is, however, considerable variation in the shape

and size of the fruit, but the various forms grade into one another and there may

be different shapes even on the same specimen. Other variable features are the

texture of the leaves, the length of the petiole, the length of the male inflorescence

and the amount of hairs on it, the size of the male flowers, and whether they

are numerous or few. Many combinations of these characters occur, resulting in

a large number of minor forms with a reticulate relationship.

I may have gone too far by including the whole of H. majuscula King in the

var. sumatrana. King, Warburg, Gamble and Ridley kept it apart. Part of it might

however be regarded as another variety of brachiata but not as a separate species.

For those who wish to distinguish it, the following specimens apart from the type

are quoted — Haniff & Nur 2477, Ridley 11919, Wray 122 and Rahmat Si Boeea

8012. It has larger male flowers and larger fruits then typical var. sumatrana. The

leaves are coriaceous with a short petiole and the male flowers fewer in a short,

rusty-tomentose inflorescence. In fact King’s plate 143 gives one a very good idea

of what is intended.

I am not convinced, however, that all the syntypes chosen by King for

majuscula represent one form only. The Wray numbers have less coriaceous leaves

than the King numbers and seem to be more like a form also common in Perak

represented by Haniff S.F.N. 14334 and in Selangor by Nur S.F.N. 34117. These

lead on to other Selangor specimens With broad leaves collected by Denny. The

Singapore specimens collected by Hullett have smaller fruits and are very typical

of the Korthals collection of var. sumatrana. If we were to put all the specimens

with large fruits into a separate genus cover we should get a group of very

heterogeneous plants, some with thin leaves like Corner S.F.N. 30556 from

Kemaman and others with coriaceous leaves like some of the Pahang specimens.

Although the type material has large fruits there are other specimens with larger

18 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

fruits still; and some of these, especially those from the Cameron Highlands and

from the hills on Pulau Tioman have large fruits of a different shape. I could

hardly class them under majuscula. Again since many of the specimens are in

fruit and have large fruits, they need not necessarily all have large flowers as well.

Since the Hullett syntype of M. majuscula from Singapore is the same as Korthals’

var. sumatrana, we would have to give a new varietal name to the syntypes with

the large fruits if we wish especially to distinguish them. One form leads to

another and the whole lot seems to be linked together in a reticulate relationship

so I have left them in var. sumatrana.

This var. does not occur in Celebes. The Celebes specimens of Beccari cited

by Warburg belong to H. valida.

Horsfieldia bracteosa Hend. in Gard. Bull. Sing. Str. Settl. 7, 2 (1933) 120 pl. 30;

Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 419 £.46.

Synonym: M. amygdalina [non (Wall.) Warb.] Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 57

pro parte quoad spec. (Foxworthy) Abu 3317 tantum.

Twigs glabrous and 3-4 mm thick in the apical parts. Petiole 3-(4) mm thick

when dry, 4-5 mm thick when fresh. Male inflorescence up to 21 cm long with

3-4 successive orders of ramification, the lowermost main branches of the first

order up to 9 cm long. Male flowers rather fleshy, drying blackish and retaining a

slight waxy bloom; pedicels 4 mm thick.

var. bracteosa

Fruit when dry 3.7-4 cm long and 2.5-2.7 cm broad, pericarp 3-5 mm thick;

stalk 3-4 mm thick. Seed 2.5-3 cm long and 1.5-2 cm broad. For measurements

of fresh fruit see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 421.

SUMATRA

S.L,:

Marsden, Herb. Hooker, date 1841 (K); Wall. Cat. 6804 (K) this specimen, named

M. amygdalina, is from the general herbarium and not from the special Wallichian

collection. In the Wall. Cat. there is no number 6804. The numbers cited there are

6804a and 6804b and they are not from Sumatra.

ATJEH:

Jungle trail over mountains from Kabajakan to Tretel, W.N. & C.M. Bangham

882 (A, K, NY).

BENKULEN:

Tanjong Serawai, Redjang, Dusun Tabah Penandjung, bb1799 (BO, L).

PALEMBANG:

Lematang Ilir, Semangus, bb31936 (BO, L); Lematang Ilir, (Thorenaar) Dorst Nos

T3P511 (BO, SING) and T3P59] (BO); Lematang Ulu, Lambach 1311 (BO, L).

MALAY PENINSULA

Kelantan, Province Wellesley, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Johore and

Singapore. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 421. There are still

no records for the other remaining states of the Peninsula since the above revision

appeared. The following collections which have recently come in are mentioned,

should one require specimens, for very soon material of this tree may be hard

to come by.

Horsfieldia bracteosa 19

KELANTAN:

Cpt 31, Kemahang F.R., Tanah Merah, Ahmad bin Kassim K.F.N. 93676 (KEP).

SELANGOR:

Bukit Chanchang, Ulu Langat, Gadoh anak Umbai for A.H. Millard 1825 (K,

SING) phytochemical survey of Malaya.

MALACCA:

Bukit Sedanan F.R., F.S.P.Ng FRI 1252 (KEP).

JOHORE:

Cpt 72, Panti Reserve, Kota Tinggi, A. Bakar K.F.N. 93645 (KEP); Sungei

Tementang, 12th mile Kota Tinggi— Mersing Road, Sinclair 10841 (FI, G,

SING) young sapling.

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula in lowland forest.

TYPE MATERIAL: H. bracteosa Henderson var. bracteosa, Henderson S.F.N.

24521 (A, BO, DD, K, SING holotype) Tembeling, Pahang.

VERNACULAR NAME: Sumatra: —Pianggu talang.

In preparing this account of H. bracteosa I made a special trip by car to the orchard

of J. A. le Doux, 2nd mile Kota Tinggi-Mawai Road to obtain fresh leaves from the tree

which I had formerly collected there and cited in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 421. I wished

to compare the fresh leaves with ones of sucosa and punctatifolia which I then had on my

desk and which I obtained without any difficulty from the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

J. A. le Doux, who first showed me this tree and who took some pride in it, died on Ist

April, 1961 [see obituary in Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 328] but his elderly cook who still

resides there recognized me and gave me permission to look around. When I failed to find it,

he admitted with some embarrassment that he had felled the tree and thrown it out to

plant some bananas. This is a pitiful tale but more the pity that the tree had not fallen and

felled him. This is the second time now that a special tree of this species has been destroyed.

It will be recalled [Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 421] that the tree, Sinclair & Kiah S.F.N.

39937, on the Trengganu-Besut road was cut down and a wooden hut built on top of it.

There were trees of other genera there but they were not touched. This tree had produced

an abundance of fruit and was the chief source of my description and notes in Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 419. When I returned the following season, hoping to get female flowers from

it, I found that it had met with this untimely disaster. The blows that felled these trees

have been blows to me, especially the Kota Tinggi one. It is shameful that all the forest

in this part of Johore south of Kota Tinggi has been felled and that one is obliged to

travel a distance of some ninety miles from Singapore and back in order to reach the nearest

primary forest when living specimens of plant material are required for scientific study.

The drawers of water and the unwanted hewers of wood in this surplus of the present day

world’s population may have some interest in bananas and prefer them to wild nutmegs.

Unfortunately this type of person even in Johore or Trengganu will not help in writing

botanical notes on the trees before he cuts them down. In fact he is not likely to be an

expert even in growing bananas and could never write a simple scientific paper on their

cultivation. It is a pity that he could not be kept in the confines of his banana patch or

among the apples of his eye and taught to surround them for shade and protection by a

hedge of nutmegs or some of the rarer forest trees which he would only cut down if given

a free hand. Providence has been too bountiful in the bestowal of trees in the tropical

rain belt. There are too many different kinds of genera and species in some areas for the

people to cope with and to appreciate properly so utilization and conservation are out of

step. If there had been just a few, say eight species here and ten there, necessity the mother

of invention, would have found a use for them long ago, and possibly more than one use

for some of them.

After this misfortune in the garden of le Doux I continued a few miles more beyond

Kota Tinggi. My luck now changed for I was extremely fortunate after all in finding a

sapling tree of bracteosa in the lowland forest by the banks of the Sungei Tementang. It has

slightly larger leaves than those of the adult tree and in the sterile stage could easily be

confused with Myristica elliptica, the Swamp Nutmeg. The leaves look very similar when

fresh and so do the pale twigs. On drying the leaves will change and then look like those

of a Horsfieldia. The twigs differ in having fine striations. We get accustomed to the

appearance of the herbarium specimens through constant handling yet we hesitate when

20 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

confronted with the living tree. I regret to say that this has been my experience with

bracteosa which I have so far seen only three times in the living state. There are no trees

in cultivation that I know of and after this incident at Kota Tinggi I now regret that I did

not try to grow it when I had the chance from the Trengganu material. I shall try to get it

growing if I ever again procure viable seeds.

In my revision in Gard, Bull, Sing. 16 (1958) 419 H. amygdalina (Wall.) Warb.

from Burma was regarded as a good species but most of the Malay Peninsula

material so named amygdalina was placed with bracteosa. I now hold a narrower

view as to how much of it is bracteosa. Of the Malayan material quoted by

Warburg, Gamble and Ridley there seems to be only one collection truly belonging

to bracteosa and that is one cited by Ridley, namely (Foxworthy) Abu 3317. From

the list of Collectors’ Numbers it will be seen that Murton 76 is H. punctatifolia

and Wall. Cat. 6799 consists of two parts, namely H. brachiata var. sumatrana and

a sterile specimen of H. parviflora and not sucosa as I at one time imagined. I

have no note of the Penang Hill, Curtis s.n. specimen, altitude 1,500 feet, cited

by all three which is supposed to be at Kew and which is cited as amygdalina.

Can this plant be Curtis 2548 (CAL, SING) from Penang Hill, altitude also 1,500

feet which I described as H. penangiana and which is really not different from

H. tonkinensis and which I now alter to H. glabra var. tonkinensis? I have not

seen any duplicate of Curtis 2548 in Kew so perhaps Curtis s.n. is from the same

batch of material and for some reason or other failed to get a number. If this is so

then Ridley’s conception of amygdalina for the Malay Peninsula would include

the true amyegdalina as well as bracteosa.

var. microcarya J. Sinclair, var. nov.

Synonym: Horsfieldia sp. Merr. “Pl. Elm. Born.” in Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 15

(1929) 77 quoad Elmer 21607.

A typo fructibus et seminibus minoribus differt. Fructus in sicco 1.5-2.5 cm

longus, 1.2—-1.5 cm latus, pericarpium 1-2 mm crassum; stipes 1.5—2 mm crassus.

Semen 1.3—1.6 cm longum, 0.8-1.3 cm latum. |

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ist Division:—Arboretum, Semengoh F.R., Kuching, Rosli SAR 14971 (K, SAR,

SING).

WEST BORNEO:

Landschap Simpang, Djerungkong, bb8310 (BO) sterile but probably this variety.

SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST BORNEO:

Sampit River Region, near Kuala Kuajan, Kostermans 8081 (K); Hayup, Hubert

Winkler 2373 (BM, G, K, L); Mt Uja, Hubert Winkler 2695 (BM, BO, G, K, L, P)

EAST AND NorTH-EAST BORNEO:

Loa Djanan, west of Samarinda, Kostermans 9973 (BO, K, L, P, SING); Looplyn,

Lendok, Sangkulirang, E. Kutei, bb14823 (BO); No 36 near L. Petah, West Kutei,

Endert 3213 (K, L); Basung, Karang-Intan, bb2358 (BO).

SABAH:

Tawau Residency:—Tawau, Elmer 21607 (A, BM, BO, BP, C, G, K, L, M, NY,

P, S, U, UC, SING, Z); Pinayas F.R., St Lucia, Tawau, Orolfo 27 (K, L, PNH).

Horsfieldia carnosa 21

Interior Residency:—Beaufort Hill, 14 miles north-east of Beaufort township,

Wood & Kapis bin Sisiron SAN 16971 (K, KEP, L, SAN, SING); Sibubu River,

Mengalong F.R., 34 miles south-west of Sipitang, Wood SAN 15254 (KEP, L, SAN,

SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: H. bracteosa var. microcarya J, Sinclair, Wood & Kapis SAN

16971 (K. holotype, KEP, L, SAN, SING).

The Bornean material of bracteosa differs from that of Malaya and Sumatra

in having a smaller fruit and smaller seeds so I have described it as a variety. But

does this var. microcarya occur throughout Borneo to the complete exclusion of

the var. bracteosa? This is a question which | cannot answer yet with certainty.

The material cited above from West Borneo was sterile. All of the specimens

from Sabah and East Borneo which bore fruit had small seeds and carpels. Material

coming in from the states of Borneo next to Malaya such as Sarawak and West

Borneo should be checked.

For further notes on bracteosa see under sucosa, its nearest relative.

Horsfieldia carnosa Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 348 and 619; Merr. En. Born.

J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. special number (1921) 268.

Synonym: Myristica carnosa (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl, Ind. 3, 1(1900)87 nom. alt.

Small tree, 4 to 10 m high, the bole 7-10 cm in diam. Bark slightly rough,

flaking only in the oldest trees, very light in colour, pale yellowish brown or with

an Orange tinge; sap pale pink, watery. Twigs entirely glabrous, 4-5 mm thick in

the innovations, sometimes becoming flattened at the extreme apex on drying

because of the softer tissue there, the bark also pale yellowish brown, straw-

coloured or with an orange tinge, flaking or shrinking slighty longitudinally, a

few scattered lenticels sometimes present. Leaves chartaceous to thinly coriaceous,

brittle on drying, glabrous, dark green and glossy above, paler and dull beneath,

drying dull, parchment-like and papillose on both surfaces, the upper pale greyish

brown with a greenish tinge, the lower copper red, oblanceolate, less often oblong-

lanceolate, the apex acute, the base narrowly acute and decurrent on to the petiole;

midrib flush with the upper surface, flat and broadening out towards the base,

raised and more prominent beneath; nerves 16-20 pairs, very faint and not visible

in parts of the upper surface, slightly raised beneath, yet slender, arising at rather

a wide angle, 60—90° to the midrib, interarching faintly some distance from the

margins; reticulations absent; length (20)-32-(40) cm; breadth 7-12 cm, average

9 cm; petiole 1—1.5-(2) cm long and 4-5 mm thick. Male inflorescence rusty

puberulous, much branched, 6-12 cm long, rather slender, 2 mm thick at the base

and 1 mm or less in the smaller branches, the flowers numerous in racemes but the

ultimate branchlets usually bearing three flowers, one terminal and two lateral;

bracts rusty puberulous, rhomboid, 0.5—1 cm long. Male flowers glabrous, yellow,

sweet scented, coriaceous, 0.25 mm thick, probably becoming thinner later (not

quite mature), sub-globose, 2 mm in diam.; pedicels glabrous, | mm long and 0.5

mm thick; androecium subglobose to slightly longer than broad, 1.5 mm in diam.,

with a 3-4-radiate apical crack or depression and a much larger basal cavity into

which the very short, + mm long stalk is inserted; anthers 10. Female inflorescence

(observed from fruiting portions) 2-3 cm long. Female flowers not seen. Fruit

glabrous, oblong, rounded at each end, rather small, 2 cm long and 1-1.3 cm

broad, the pericarp hard, the perianth persisting in very young fruit; stalk 3-5 mm

long and 2-3 mm thick. Aril orange. Seed pale brown when dry.

22 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ist Division:—Kuching, Beccari Nos 344 also numbered FI Acc. No 7624 (FI)

and /242 also numbered FI Acc. No 7625 (FI, K, P); (Haviland) Kalong 1949

also numbered 2443/1949 (K, SAR); near Kuching, Haviland & Hose 2096 (BM,

CAL, K, L, SAR, SING); 4th mile Rock Road, (Native Collector) Dabong 1167

(PNH, US); 6th mile Rock Road, Egon 566 (SAR); Matang Road, (Native Col-

lector) Dabong 676 (A, K, P, PNH, US); s./., probably Matang Road, Native Col-

lector Nos 1833 (PNH) and 1970 (A, K, PNH, US); Matang, Clemens 22345 (A,

BO, K, NY, SAR); Setapok Road, Ahmad 22 (SING); Setapok F.R., Muas SAR

2264 (SING); Stampin F.R., F.R. Browne 367 (KEP, SAR); Ulu Tojor, Bako

National Park, Paul Chai SAR 18011 (L, SING).

2nd _ Division:—Abok sawmill, Bujang bin Bakri SAR 15456 (L, SING).

3rd Division:—Sungei Sawei, Batang Lassa, Sibu, Anderson SAR 15955 (K, L,

SING); Singat, Binatang District, Sanusi bin Tahir SAR 9739 (SAR, SING).

4th Division:—Similajau F.R., Bintulu, Briinig SAR 8629 (SAR).

BRUNEI:

Badas, Ashton, Smythies & Wood SAN 17438 (BRUN, K, KEP, L, SING); Badas

F.R., Briinig SAR 1071 (K, SAR, SING); Sungei Lumut, Sinclair 10428 (E, K, L,

SAR, SING); Sungei Sugei, Briinig SAR 1000 (SAR, SING).

WEST BORNEO:

G. Klam, Hallier 2381 (BO, L, SING, U); Sungei Bika, Hans Winkler 1435

(HBG).

SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST BORNEO:

Sampit River region, Keminting near Kuala Kuajan, Kostermans 8043 (L). |

SABAH:

Interior Residency:—Lumat, Beaufort, (Pascual 205) D.D. Wood 2378 (K, UC).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo except East Borneo. Never common in any locality

but more records from Sarawak than the other divisions.

TYPE MATERIAL: Beccari Nos 344 also numbered FI Acc. No 7624 (FI) very

young male flower and /242 also numbered FI Acc. No 7625 (FI, K, P) fruit.

Both of these syntypes are from Kuching.

VERNACULAR NAME: Kumpang terada (Binatang).

ECOLOGY: In peat swamp forest, often with some sand. Associated with

Goniothalamus velutinus, Nepenthes bicalcarata, Isoloma ovatum, Myristica

lowiana, Horsfieldia polyspherula var. oligocarpa and in drier situations with

Shorea pachyphylla, J.A.R. Anderson in Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 195 states that

it is a member of ‘‘Phasic Community No 1” and on the field notes of a label

as P.C.2, associated with such species as Gonystylus bancanus, Dactylocladus

stenostachys and Neoscortechinia kingii. Flowering August to December and

fruiting January to June.

Horsfieldia crassifolia 23

A rather small tree usually about 5 m high growing in peat swamp forest

often with some sand. It probably also grows in ‘“‘kerangas’’ soil where the peat

is less and the sand more, but I have no definite information about this. I shall

always remember it as a species with a very light, orange-tinted bark. Although

the parchment-like dry leaves resemble those of H. fulva and superba it is not

closely related to them and has a very differently shaped perianth and staminal

column.

Horsfieldia crassifolia (Hk.f.et Th.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 323 excl. King

Nos 1828, 4078 et 10413; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 217; Merr. En.

Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. special number (1921) 268; Ridley Fl. Mal. Pen. 3

(1924) 59; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 386 f.34 & pl. XA; Anderson

in Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 195.

Basionym: Myristica crassifolia Hk.f.et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 160; A.DC. Prodr. 14,

1 (1856) 204; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 68; Hk.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 108;

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 308 pl. 140.

Synonyms: M. horsfieldia (non Bl.) Wall. Cat. (1832) No 6806 pro parte (alterae

partes = H. polyspherula var. polyspherula et H. wallichii). M. subglobosa Miq.

Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1, 3 (1861) 383 pro minore parte quoad Diepenhorst 2362

tantum (altera pars = H. irya). M. irya Gaertn. var. crassifolia Mig. ex Hk.f. FI.

Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 108 pro syn. M. paludicola King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3

(1891) 328 pl. 169. H. fulva (King) Warb. var. paludicola (King) Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 299.

Tree 6-20 m high, average 9-10 m or 30 feet. Twigs 3-4-(5) mm thick and

a rich warm medium brown in the apical parts, sometimes darker towards the

brown or greyish brown tomentulose to tomentose terminal bud and becoming

greyish in the oldest and thickest parts, rough or finely longitudinally striate,

minute pustular lenticels present here and there but lines from petiole base to

petiole base absent. Leaves besides the other shapes also lanceolate or oblong

lanceolate, occasionally some of the scales on the lower surface silvery as well

as rusty brown; nerves mostly sunk in the tissue above but sometimes level or

raised; lamina on the average 20 cm long and 7 cm broad; petiole (1)—-1.3-3 cm

long, average 2 cm long and average 3 mm thick, Male flowers 1-1.5 mm in diam.,

0.8-1 mm in diam. in dried specimens; pedicels very slender, about 0.2 mm thick.

Female pedicels 1 mm thick. Fruit drying reddish brown; stalk 5-7 mm long and

2.5-3 mm thick.

SUMATRA

TAPANULI:

Division Padang Si Dimpuan:—Subdivision Padang Lawas, Hatiran, Rahmat Si

Toroes 4829 (A, L, NY, UC, US).

Sibolga & Ommelanden, Complex Pangkalan Tapus:—Mandu Amas, bb28/69 (A,

BO, K, L, SING); Barus, bb28399 (BO, L); ditto, 5b29545 (BO, L, SING); Pobang

west of Barus, Theunissen Nos 2 (BO); 59 (L) and 60 (BO, K, L).

WEST COAST:

S.L. Korthals s.n. (K, L, M, P) four L sheets named M. irya and one L sheet,

Korthals 51, named M. irya forma crassifolia; Priaman, (Diepenhorst) Teijsmann

H.B. 2362 (BO, U); Balai Selasa, Muara Saku, 655952 (BO, L).

24 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

East COAST:

Vicinity of Rantau Parapat, Bila, Rahmat Si Toroes 2156 (A, NY, SING, UC,

US); Selat Panjang, Tanjong Rumbia, Pulau Padang, bb21290 (A, BO, L); Pulau

Rangsang, near P. Bengkalis, Beguin 502 (BO).

INDRAGIRI:

Pulau Gelang, Indrag. Bovenlanden 5629154 (BO).

MENTAWAI ISLANDS:

Pulau Siberut, Cecil Boden Kloss S.F.N. 14568 (BO, K, SING); Herb. Monacense,

gs.n.s. col. (M).

BANKA:

Blinju District, Grashoff 117 (BO, L): Sungei Liat, Teijsmann s.n. (BO).

BILLITON:

Tanjong Pandan, Bantan, 6b7570 (BO).

Rriouw ARCHIPELAGO:

Pulau Karimon, Taga Radja, 555383 (BO); Paralabu, 5520375 (A, BO, L).

MALAY PENINSULA

Perak, Trengganu, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore and Singapore. For

list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 388. It seems strange that there are no Pahang

records.

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ist Division:—3 miles from Kuching, (Garai) Haviland & Hose 1020/865 (K, SAR,

SING); near Kuching, Haviland & Hose 2436/1941 (A, BM, BO, CAL, CGE, K,

L, SAR, SING) on some of the sheets as 1947 only; Talan, Tanjong Pandada,

Briinig 101 (SAR); Sungei Sabal Tapang, Serian, Sinclair & Kadim b. Tassim 10239

(E, FI, SAR, SING).

2nd Division:—Sungei Tissak, Triso, J.A.R. Anderson SAR 3188 (KEP, SAR,

SING).

3rd Division:—Tanjong Kibong (probably Kabong) Daud & Tachun S.F.N. 36078

(SAR, SING); Daro F.R., Sibu, J.A.R. Anderson SAR 127 (SAR); Naman F.R.,

Sibu, J.A.R. Anderson Nos 672 (KEP, SAR, SING) and 688 (KEP, SAR, SING)

and Sanusi b. Tahir SAR 5502 (A, BO, K, L, SAN, SAR, SING); Loba Kabang

South Protected Forest, Sibu, J.A.R. Anderson SAR Nos 524 (KEP, SAR, SING)

and 2716 (KEP, SAR, SING); Sungei Retus, Igan, J.A.R. Anderson SAR 6]

(SAR); Surong Irit, Binatang, Sanusi b. Tahir SAR 5204 (BO, K, L, SAR, SING);

Pulau Bruit, J.A.R. Anderson SAR 9028 (K, L, SAR, SING) and ditto Sanusi b.

Tahir SAR Nos 9226 (K, L, SAR, SING) and 9279 (BO, BRUN, K, KEP, L, SAR,

SING); Matu Daro P.F., Binatang, Sanusi b. Tahir SAR 12325 (L, SAR, SING).

5th Division:—Ulu Mendalam, Limbang: Briinig SAR 1195 (K, SAR, SING).

BRUNEI:

Badas swamps, J.A.R. Anderson SAR 2826 (SAR); ditto, Sinclair 10473 (A, B,

E, K, L, SAR, SING); Berakas, Ashton BRUN 838 (BO, BRUN, K, KEP, L, SAR,

SING); Labu, Ashton, Smythies & Wood BRUN 375 (BO, BRUN, K, KEP, L,

SAR, SING). |

Horsfieldia crassifolia 25

WEST BORNEO:

S.L. Teijsmann & de Vriese s.n. (L) 2 sheets in L named M. irya forma crassifolia,

one of there is numbered de Vriese 52; de Vriese s.n. (L, U) Ambon (locality

should be Borneo, one sheet in L as M. irya var. crassifolia; Pontianak, Sungei

Raja, Mondi 5] (BO, K, L, NY, SING, UV).

SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST BORNEO:

Sei Lauk, J.F. Labohm 2086 (BO); Benedin Dajak, Terusan, bb9937 (BO, L);

Sampit, 5b32404 (BO, L).

EAST AND NORTH-EAST BORNEO:

Sungei Wain Region, north of Balikpapan, Kostermans 4189 (BO, L, SING);

Mentawir River Region, Balikpapan District, Kostermans Nos 9857A (L) and

10097 (CANB, K, L, P, SING).

SABAH:

West Coast Residency:—Sepalit, Bongawan, S.H. 10604 also numbered Pingkun

F.D. 55088 (K, KEP, L, SING); one mile east of mile 34 on North Borneo Railway

in Kimanis F.R., Papar District, Wood & Wyatt-Smith A4598 (KEP, L, SAN,

SING).

Interior Residency:—Pasah Camp, Sipitang, Raschid & Md Thaufeck* SAN

27131 (K, SING); Masapol F.R., Sipitang, G. Mikil SAN27183 (SAN, SING);

Mengalong F.R., 8 miles south-west of Sipitang, Wood & Wyatt Smith A4562 (L,

SAN, SING); Lumat, Beaufort, /. Singh SAN24313 (K, L, SING); Seratok Camp,

Kota Klias, Beaufort, Othman SAN26811 (K); Kota Klias, Beaufort, Rivera Arum-

pad SAN27826 (K, SING).

DIST RIBUTION: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and all territories of Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: Mpyristica crassifolia Hk.f.et Th., Griffith 4350 (CAL, K

holotype, P) Malacca. Not 4550 as cited by Hooker f. and King. Warburg cited

it correctly as 4350. See in the notes that follow for the rest of the type material.

ECOLOGY: Peat and fresh water swamp forest in the lowlands. It can flower

during any month of the year depending on favourable conditions.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Kumpang ensuliue (Iban Assam); Kumpang sadara

(Mil. kijang); ta’dara (Mil.). These names are from J.A.R. Anderson in “The

Flora of the Peat Swamp Forest of Sarawak and Brunei, etc.”’ in Gard. Bull. Sing.

20 (1963) 195.

FULLER NOTES ON TYPE MATERIAL

Myristica irya Gaertn. var. crassifolia or forma crassifolia. Miquel had not actually

published this as a variety or as a form but wrote the name on the following

herbarium sheets: —Korthals (51) s.n. (L) Sumatra as forma crassifolia; Teijsmann

& de Vriese s.n. (L) Borneo, two sheets as forma crassifolia, one of them numbered

52, probably not a collector’s number; de Vriese s.n. (L) Ambon but should be

Borneo, one sheet as var. crassifolia. The name M. irya var. crassifolia is first

published by Hooker f. F/. Br. Ind. as a synonym under his M. crassifolia Hk.f.et

Th. and again later by King under the same species. In the Ann. 2, page 49

Miquel mentions it under his M. irya Gaertn. but does not, as pointed out above,

give it a formal name, All he says is ““Formam crassifoliam legerunt, in Sumatra:

Korthals, in Borneo: de Vriese.

’ * This could be F. G. Md. Thaufeck. Rashid.

26 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

M. paludicola King, King Nos 4267 (BM, CAL, FI, G, K, L, SING) Gopeng,

Perak; 4706 (BM, CAL, K, L, Gopeng; 6688 (CAL, L) Larut and Wray 3071

(CAL, G, K, L, SING) Taiping, Perak.

M. subglobosa Miq., Diepenhorst 2362 (BO, U) Priaman, West Coast, Sumatra.

This could be considered one of the syntypes of M. subglobosa as pointed out by

me in the notes under H. brachiata var. sumatrana and also under H. irya. In FI.

Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1, 3 (1861) 384 Miquel under his M. subglobosa quotes as type

material Teijsmann s.n., Palembang near Muaraenim and Diepenhorst s.n. Prov.

Priaman. These specimens were given numbers later, namely Teijsmann H.B. 3189

and Diepenhorst Nos. H.B. 2148 and H.B. 2362. The first two are H. irya but

Diepenhorst H.B. 2362 is H. crassifolia. It does have, like the others, the words

M. subglobosa Mig. written on it and it has just the same right as Diepenhorst

H.B. 2148 to be considered a syntype of M. subglobosa.

This tree can be recognized easily at a distance or from the window of a

passing car by the rusty or cinnamon brown colour of the lower surface of the

leaves. It is constant in morphological characters, foliage, bark, floristic features

and fruit, the conditions under which it grows being also very constant. I am not

able to add much more to my previous description of it and its distribution in

the Malay Peninsula remains the same. J.A.R. Anderson has collected a fine series

of specimens of this species from peat swamp forests in Sarawak and Brunei.

In my previous treatment there are some minor points to note. On page 386

the words ‘‘and Pl. 172 Fig.4 only” should be deleted. On page 388 only Griffith

4350 is type material of crassifolia and not Anderson 9 and Wall. Cat. 6806 in

part. They were quoted later by Hooker filius in F/. Br. Ind. but not under the

original description in FI. Indica where Griffith’s Malaccan specimen alone was

given.

Besides H. irya, crassifolia is the only other native Horsfieldia in Western

Malesia that has a bilobed perianth. Species with a bilobed perianth in Eastern

Malesia (New Guinea, Moluccas, Philippines etc.) have a rather different staminal

column in which the anthers are more united laterally and form a laterally elongate

compressed cup with a depression or hollow in the centre. In crassifolia the anthers

are large in proportion to the small flower and almost completely free at the sides,

looking less like a cup and more like the staminal column of a Knema especially

when only six anthers are present. When there are ten present the laterally

elongate, cup-shaped androecium with a central cavity is more in evidence.

Horsfieldia cruxmilitensis Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 148 (in the original

publication as H. crux militensis Markgraf).

Shrub or small tree 3-6 m high. Bark characters unknown. Twigs dark

brown-tomentulose or furfuraceous in the 2-3 mm thick apical parts, then reddish

brown, striate and sometimes glossy, lower down grey or pale grey. Leaves

chartaceous (very variable in colour, shape and size) drying either a blackish

chocolate) brown above and only slightly paler beneath (as in the type) or a pale

greenish grey to greyish brown and beneath a pale brown, dull on both surfaces

or sometimes glossy above when the leaves dry blackish, glabrous above, minutely

dark brown puberulous on the midrib and nerves beneath becoming glabrous or

persisting on the midrib, mostly elliptic but often narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate,

occasionally broadly elliptic or obovate, acute at the base or in broad-leaved

specimens bluntly acute, acuminate at the apex, acute or obtuse in the broader

ones; midrib lying in a groove above or raised and the groove closed up; nerves

Horsfieldia cruxmilitensis 27

12-15-18 pairs, average 15 pairs, a short secondary pair between each primary

pair, slender, depressed above or sometimes raised, very prominent and raised

beneath, leaving the midrib at a wide angle, 70—90°, running out horizontally or

nearly so and forming a triple series of interarching loops in a distinct pattern

interwoven with the secondary ones and the lax scalariform reticulations; length

(5)}-14-18-(28) cm, average 16 cm; breadth 5-7-10 cm, average 6 cm; petiole much

inrolled on the upper surface, (5S mm)-1-1.3 cm long, average 1 cm, and (1)-2

mm thick. Male inflorescence a slender dark or medium brown dendroid-tomentose

axis, 3-6 cm long and 0.8-1 mm thick, the short, 1-3 cm long, alternate branches

bearing the flowers in lax racemose umbels. Male flowers yellow. coriaceous,

clavate, rounded at the apex, tomentulose to puberulous with the same kind of

hairs as on the inflorescence axis and pedicels, split down about }-way by the

two lobes, 5 mm long and 2 mm broad, gradually attenuate into the pedicels, their

limits of union thus rather ill-defined; pedicels 5 mm long and 0.5 mm thick;

androecium rather peculiar, clavate with a long stalk, conforming to the shape

of the flowers, rather like a flower within a flower, the 8 anthers arranged in the

shape of a military cross and confined to the extreme apex of the column, the

remainder and greater part of which is sterile. Female inflorescence 1-3 cm long,

simple or with very few short branches and very few flowers. Female flowers as

in the male but narrowed and slightly acute towards the apex (the correct shape

of the only mature one difficult to ascertain because it has been much flattened)

5 mm long and 4 mm wide, ovary ovoid, densely rusty-tomentose, 4 mm long and

3 mm wide; pedicels 5 mm long. Fruit red becoming brown when dry, glabrous,

ovoid-globose, apiculate, the base ending in a very small, 1-2 mm long pseudo-stalk,

1.5 cm long and 1 cm broad, the pericarp thin; stalk very slender and fragile

1-1.5 cm long and 1 mm thick. Aril (reported red when fresh but more probably

orange), dark reddish brown when dry. Seed pale brown, ovoid, rounded at the

base and slightly apiculate at the apex, 1.3 cm long and 7 mm broad.

NEW GUINEA

PAPUA:

Northern District:—About 5 km north of Divinikoari Village. Hoogland 3523 (A,

BM, CANB, K, L, LAE, US); between Gorasata and Patikiari Villages, Hoogland

3623 (A, BM, CANB, L, LAE); about 1 km north-west of Gwaiari Village,

Hoogland 3663 (A, BM, BO, CANB, K, L, LAE, US).

T.N.G::

Morobe District:—Udu, Waria, Schlechter 17408 (G, NY): Jaduna, Waria,

Schlechter 19246 (E, G. K, L, NY, S, Z).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the above small area in New Guinea.

TYPE MATERIAL: Schlechter 19246 (B holotype), burnt, E, G, K, L, NY, S, Z)

Jaduna, Waria. Schlechter 17408 (G, NY) is a paratype.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Hamana (Orakaiva language at Mumuni).

There is not much new to add to the original description of this species. The

new specimens which have come in also show that the leaves are variable in size

and shape. Most of them are like those of the paratype and this seems to be the

usual shape, narrowly elliptic or elliptic, not broadly elliptic or broadly obovate

28 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

like those of the type. One new collection, Hoogland 3523 has considerably smaller

leaves than usual. The new material at first sight looks rather different from the

original because the leaves have dried a pale greyish greenish brown, so different

from the blackish colour of the former where it seems too much heat may have

been used to dry them. The student must be on the lookout for this sort of thing;

it can be confusing.

The most remarkable feature of this species to my mind is the clavate shape

of the male flower. Not many species have flowers of this shape. H. fulva and

superba are examples but then they have a three-lobed perianth. It is unfortunate

that the flowers of the recent material are immature, the longest of them only 3

mm long, clearly clavate with a clavate staminal column and anthers confined to

the apex of the column. The latter is or rather has to be clavate for a clavate

column conforms best to the unusual shape of the perianth. In Horsfieldia the

column is always nicely accommodated inside the perianth, the same shape but a

size smaller. In an androecium of this shape one can see how the anthers will

more or less have to be confined to the apex because there would be no room for

them to spread out laterally and down into the Jong narrow stalk. I do not attach

much importance to their arrangement, said to look like that of a military cross.

One can see how it comes about because of the clavate shape of the column and

its laterally elongated apex. Looking down on the apex from above the figure

presented is that of a narrow ellipse. Arrange eight anthers round such a figure,

two at each end and four at the sides and the shape of a cross is apparent. But what

will happen if there should be ten anthers, the normal number in Horsfieldia? It

will be very difficult then to maintain the analogy.

Finally what about the systematic position of this species? Surely the alliance

must be with subtilis. Signs of it can be seen in the leaves of the latter especially

in certain leaves where the veins show up clearly on drying. The same pattern

of loops, secondary veins and reticulations is there —not quite so elaborate

perhaps but very convincing. The small fruits, too, their slender pedicels and

similar branching in the infructescence can also be seen. Such fruits may even

have an apiculus, not only when young, but sometimes up to maturity.

* * *

Key to species with a 3-lobed perianth, sub-globose male flowers

and tomentum on the leaves

1. Leaves scabrous above, very distinctly reticulate above and below, more so

than in any of the other species, sub-cordate or rounded at the base ............

ud ebee as endiere vd dtiels othe sh OEE SNORT ERE Jeter, cen ens em aoe H. grandis

1. Leaves not scabrous above, reticulate or not but never so distinctly so over

the whole surface, the reticulations sometimes obscured by tomentum, acute

or less often rounded at the base, not sub-cordate

2. Male flowers the largest in this group, 3 mm long, mostly slightly oblong,

often sub-globose, sometimes obovoid; androecium longer than broad; male

pedicels 3-4 mm long. Young fruit with a persistent perianth. Leaves

coriaceous, drying dull, papillose and greyish brown above; tomentum very

dense and light buff-coloured beneath; reticulations absent or hidden by the

dense tomentum: béneath eid. rota. viele aoe H. flocculosa

Horsfieldia Key 29

Male flowers less than 3 mm long or in diam, mostly globose or sub-

globose and not elongated lengthwise; androecium sub-globose discoid,

often broader than long, male pedicels less than 3-4 mm. Young fruit with

or without a persistent perianth. Leaves coriaceous to membranous, drying

variously above, tomentum never so dense and usually darker beneath

(reticulata may at times have tomentum the same colour); reticulations

absent or if present not hidden by tomentum beneath

Twig innovations stout, 5-8 mm thick. Leaves coriaceous, less often

thinly coriaceous, tomentum usually fairly dense becoming less; reticula-

tions prominent; petiole 4-7 mm thick (a form of reticulata from E.

Borneo has thinner twigs and petioles and less tomentum on the thinner

leaves but the reticulations are prominent)

Leaves large, 20-42 cm long and 6-16 cm broad, mostly drying a rich

medium brown above; nerves 18-22 pairs, impressed above but not

flat and convex in a groove (sometimes flat in thin-leaved specimens

as in the form from E. Borneo). Male inflorescence 10-18 cm long,

richly branched, the tomentum medium brown with 0.5—-1 mm long

hairs. Male flowers 1-2 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad, the perianth

very thin; male pedicels 1-2 mm long, very slender, } mm thick;

anthers 8-10. Fruit ovoid-globose, at first rusty-tomentulose becoming

glabrous, the perianth persisting at its base for some time; stalk 5-8

eens intar CINICK .2.” 8e Se ess css vec ete seve H. reticulata

Leaves smaller, 16-22 cm long and 5,5—12 cm broad, drying a greenish

brown or dark brown above; nerves 13-15 pairs, usually flat or con-

vex above and lying in a groove. Male inflorescence, shorter, 5-10 cm

long (always?) with very few, shorter branches, the tomentum dark

brown (always?) with 1-2 mm long hairs. Male flowers 2 mm in diam.

the perianth slightly coriaceous; male pedicels 1-(1.5) mm long and

0.5 mm thick; anthers 13—15-(20). Fruit oblong, young stages not

seen, glabrous, the perianth not persisting in ripe fruit; stalk very

SHOT cain IONS and. 3 TM MMCK es cae. nnn nn da « 2d H. rufo-lanata

3. Twig innovations more slender, 2-5 mm thick. Leaves chartaceous or

membranous, less often thinly coriaceous, tomentum not dense except in

the midrib and nerves beneath; reticulations mostly absent; petiole 1.5-3

mm thick.

Leaves 7-13 cm long and 3-6.5 cm broad (the smallest in this group);

nerves 5-9 pairs; tomentum on the lower midrib, nerves and in-

florescence reddish brown, that on the latter shaggy with 1-2 mm long

hairs. Fruit smallest of any in this group (but still immature) 1 cm

long and 7 mm broad, almost sessile ........................ H. paucinervis

Leaves larger, 12-25 cm long and 5-12 cm broad with more nerves;

tomentum medium, dark or yellowish brown, not reddish, that on the

inflorescence compact not shaggy, the hairs 0.5—-1 mm long. Fruit larger,

22.5 cm long and 1.5—2.5 cm broad; stalk 5 mm—1I cm long

Leaves drying blackish brown above and dark brown beneath, mem-

branous or chartaceous; nerves 12-15 pairs. Twigs 2-3 mm thick in

the apical parts. Male inflorescence 5-10 cm long with branches 5

mm —4 cm long. Male flowers 2 mm in diam.; male pedicels 2-3 mm

long; anthers 10-15, average 10. (Fruit ovoid, 2-2.5 cm long and

LSyom broad) rks ereeell. clem-asesal - ws. .vd: cute H. tomentosa

30 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

6. Leaves drying greenish or medium brown above and a medium

(rusty) brown beneath, mostly chartaceous; nerves 15-22 pairs. Twigs

3-5 mm thick in the apical parts. Male inflorescence 10-18 cm long,

more richly branched with branches 5 mm-—7 cm long. Male flowers

1 cm in diam.; male pedicels 1 mm long; anthers 5-8. (Fruit sub-

globose or broadly ellipsoid, 1.5 cm long and 1.2 cm broad) .........

conta eens dd CNRG: UIE. Wide Miia ly Hoe Mages Meloes of H. motleyi

This group of species consisting of grandis, flocculosa, reticulata, rufo-lanata,

paucinervis, tomentosa and motleyi is confined to Borneo, Malay Peninsula and

Sumatra.

The chief characters: —Leaves tomentose beneath, remaining so or the tomen-

tum becoming less. Twig innovations and inflorescence also densely covered with

the same indumentum. /nflorescence axis long and richly branched. Male flowers

small, 3-lobed, 1-3 mm in diam., mostly sub-globose or slightly elongated laterally,

rarely elongate lengthwise, the androecium conforming to the shape of the flower,

a sub-globose or discoid rarely elongated lengthwise mass of about 10 anthers

but (5)}-10-13-(20) and the mass slightly depressed in the centre. Fruit small and

glabrous or becoming glabrous, sometimes with the perianth persistent at its base

in young stages, length 1-3 x 0.7-2.5 cm average 1.8 x 1.5 cm.

* * *

Horsfieldia flocculosa (King) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 297; Gamble, Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 210; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 55; Sinclair in Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 398 f.38.

Basionym: Myristica flocculosa King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891)

302 pl. 131.

Twigs up to 8 mm thick in the apical parts. Leaves dark green above, drying

a greyish brown, rounded at the apex and then acute, sub-acute or obtuse; petiole

7 mm thick. Male flowers slightly oblong but often sub-globose or obovoid;

androecium mostly obovoid but sometimes oblong especially in the young stages,

anthers 10-(13); pedicelso glabrous, 4 mm thick. Fruit in the young stages with a

persistent perianth.

MALAY PENINSULA

Selangor and Johore. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 400. There is now

a first record for NEGRI SEMBILAN: Sample plot No 102, Sungei Menyala F.R..,

Port Dickson, F.C. Yong K.F.N. 99852 (KEP). A new record is: PAHANG:

Kemasul Forest Reserve, 7.C. Whitmore FRI 48 (KEP). An additional record for

Johore is: Bukit Badak, Layang Layang, Hassan & Kadim 98 (A, K, L, LAE,

SING).

DISTRIBUTION: A rare species confined to Selangor, Negri Sembilan and

Johore.

TYPE MATERIAL: King’s collector 8618 (B burnt, BM, CAL holotype, FI, G,

K, KEP, L, P, Z) Ulu Kerling, Selangor.

This very handsome and rare species has been compared in detail with

grandis in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 400. It differs from all the tomentose-leaved

species in its group by its larger male flowers and their longer pedicels. While

Horsfieldia fragillima 31

some of the male flowers are sub-globose or obovoid, the majority are slightly

more oblong when compared with the globose and sub-globose ones of its nearest

relatives. The androecium, conforming to the shape of the perianth, tends to be

more elongate also. In general appearance the persent species has affinities with

reticulata but its leaves are rougher and slightly papillose above, drying a greyish

colour and never the smooth, sometimes glossy, rich brown colour of reticulata;

beneath they are more densely invested with tomentum of the same, though more

often of a lighter shade and the reticulations are absent or invisible, being obscured

by the tomentum. Also the ultimate branches of the inflorescence tend to be longer.

Horsfieldia fragillima Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 1939 No 10 (1940) 542.

Tree 10-30 m high. Bark reddish brown with longitudinal striations and a few

small flakes; sap orange-pink. Twigs blackish or dark greyish brown, lenticellate,

finely longitudinally striate and minutely puberulous to glabrous in the apical parts,

5—7 mm thick, but rather abruptly narrowed down to 3 mm in the last 5 mm of

their length, hollow in the younger portions except where leaves arise, older

portions lighter in colour, greyish or greyish brown, more coarsely striate and the

bark occasionally flaking slightly. Leaves chartaceous, brittle and breaking in

herbaria, dark green and dull to slightly glossy above, pale green beneath, drying

a greyish-greenish brown above and a medium rusty brown beneath, glabrous

except for the puberulous lower midrib which soon becomes glabrous, oblanceolate,

acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed gradually in the lower third to the

bluntly acute or less often slightly rounded base, very slightly decurrent on to

the short petiole; midrib whitish green above and yellowish green beneath when

fresh, flat above and rounded beneath, broadest just above the petiole on the

upper surface; nerves 20-30 pairs, more or less equidistant, oblique or curving

slightly, raised on both surfaces, less prominent above than below, interarching

close to the margins; reticulations scalariform, mostly absent above, very slender

beneath and not seen well except with a lens; length 23-40 cm; breadth 7-12 cm,

average 8 cm; petiole rather stout in proportion to the length of the lamina,

1-1.5 cm long and 4 mm thick, deeply channelled above, drying blackish.

Male inflorescence 10-30 cm long, striate and rusty puberulous, the branches

mostly horizontal, the lowermost 9-12 cm long and the uppermost 4-5 cm long,

the flowers numerous, those on the ultimate ramuli with a tendency to arise in

ternate fashion, one terminal and the other two lateral; larger bracts not seen,

already fallen, the smaller ones of the ultimate ramuli persisting in one young

inflorescence observed, but falling when the flowers reach more than 0.5 mm in

diam., 1-2 mm long and 0.5 mm broad. Male flowers yellow, glabrous, sub-globose,

oblate (slightly elongate laterally) depressed in the centre, 1.5 mm in diam. when

dry and about 2 mm when fresh (scarcely 1 mm in diam. in those of the type which

are immature), the 3-radiate mark of the perianth segments reaching down about

4-way on the flower-bud, not thickened and not very prominent; pedicels slightly

longitudinally striate, glabrous, 1 mm long and 4 mm thick, broadening out

where they join the flower; androecium 0.75 mm long and 1 mm broad, flattened

and discoid with a shallow, 0.3-0.5 mm long and 0.5 mm deep central cavity or

depression, the 7-10 anthers bent down over the broad rim of the cavity. Female

inflorescence 34 mm long, the flowers very minute and immature in the example

seen, and at this stage, covered by the large outer bracts, the smaller bracts of the

ultimate ramuli not yet developed; outer bracts rhomboid, rusty-tomentulose, 1.2

cm long and 5 mm broad. Fruit mostly in groups of three, one terminal and the

other two lateral on the inflorescence, rose-pink, 7-10 cm long and 4 cm broad

32 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

(still not quite ripe), the pericarp 0.5—2 cm thick, fleshy, oblong-ovoid, smooth

when fresh but becoming rough, blackish and shrinking on drying because of the

fleshy contents undergoing chemical change, the enlarged female perianth persisting

for some time at the base of the young fruit; stalk 1 cm long and 5 mm thick.

Aril orange. Seed pale brown when dry, 4 cm long and 2 cm broad.

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ast Division:—Gunong Gading F.R., Lundu, J/lias Pa’ie SAR 13594 (K, L, SAR,

SING); Chew Wee-Lek 606 (SING); Bukit Gebong, Lundu, Anderson SAR 15449

(A, BO, K, L, SAN, SAR, SING), S. Sabal Tapang, Serian, /lias Paie SAR 16985

(SING).

4th Division:—Segan F.R., Bintulu, /lias Pa’ie SAR 15137 (A, BO, K, L, SAN,

SAR, SING); near Long Kapa, Mt Dulit, Ulu Tinjar, Richards 2062 (A, K, SING);

Lambir Hills F.R., Miri, Dan b. Haji Bakar SAR 4361 (A, K, L, SAN, SAR,

SING); Ilias Paie SAR 16614 (K, SING), path to Bukit Kemanatan, Ulu Muput

Kanan, Anap, Paul Chai SAR 19535 (SING).

BRUNEI:

Sungei Ingei, Ashton BRUN 137 (BO, BRUN, K, KEP, L, SAR, SING); Sungei

Temburong above K. Sekurop, Ashton BRUN 766 (BO, K, KEP, L, SAR, SING).

WEST BORNEO:

Melawi, bb28340 (BO); G. Damoes, Hallier 624 (A, BO, K, L, SING).

SABAH:

Tawau Residency:—Pinayas F.R., St Lucia, Tawau, Orolfo F.D. 55493 (KEP).

Sandakan Residency:—Mile 5, British N.B. Timber Co. Concession, Bukit Garam,

Kinabatangan, Wood A4713 (KEP, L, SAN, SING); Sepilok F.R. for the re-

mainder: —cpt 3, Cuadra A865 (BO, CANB, K, KEP, PNH, SAN, SING); cpt 4,

s.p. 18, Charington SAN 24665 (SING); cpt 6, Wood & Kadir SAN 16648 (KEP,

L, SAN, SING); cpt 12, Sinclair, Kadim & Kapis 9332 (B, E, K, L, M, SAN, SING);

cpt 13, W. Meijer SAN 39622 (SING); cpt 14, Wood & Charington SAN 16519

(BO, KEP, L, SAN, SING); cpt 15, Agama A421] (KEP, L, SAN, SING); cpt 15,

Wood A3649 (KEP, L, SAN, SING).

Interior Residency:—Halogilat, Beaufort, J. Singh SAN 27424 (K).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo except the south and east. A tree of lowland dipterocarp

forest.

TYPE MATERIAL: H. fragillima Airy Shaw, Richards 2602 (A, K holotype,

SING) Sarawak, 4th Division, Mount Dulit.

Airy Shaw, the author of this species, associates it with H. brachiata and

notes that it is distinct from brachiata since it does not have the two raised lines

on its twigs which are so characteristic of brachiata. There is certainly a similarity in

the leaves of these two species and in those of brachiata var. sumatrana as well

since all three have raised veins on the upper surface. The presence of the two

lines on the twigs of brachiata is, I agree, a good character for distinguishing it

from fragillima but large-leaved specimens of brachiata var. sumatrana might be

confused with fragillima for neither of these two have lines on their twigs. Airy

Shaw, however, is not convinced that fragillima is so near to brachiata in the

Horsfieldia fulva 33

form of the androecium, nor is he satisfied with Warburg’s classification of the

trimerous-flowered, glabrous-leaved species, in a system which is based on whether

the anthers are united or free at their apices. I share his view also. The staminal

column is certainly different from that of the group of species represented by

brachiata, brachiata var. sumatrana, polyspherula and ridleyana, Warburg’s species

35-38 and for this reason I have associated fragillima with another group including

the species carnosa, bracteosa, sucosa and punctatifolia. This group is closely

related to the group of reticulata and its six allies but differs in having glabrous

leaves. In fact the male flowers and staminal column of reticulata are very similar

to those found in fragillima. Both species have a disc-like column with a little

depression or cavity in the centre.

The outstanding features of fragillima are the thin large leaves, narrowed

gradually to the base in the lower third, the deeply grooved, blackish petioles, short

in proportion to the long oblanceolate leaves, the long, much branched male

inflorescence, its numerous oblate flowers, depressed in the centre, the discoid

androecium conforming to the shape of the perianth and also depressed in the

centre and the large, fleshy fruit supposed to be edible with an acid taste. The

staminal column looks rather like a life-buoy or a soup plate with a broad rim,

its central depression being wider and deeper than that of the other related

species in this group. These characters will never all be present in a single specimen

but I think I should be able to recognize sterile material of this species provided

that it has leaves 30 cm long and over. I see some atypical specimens in the covers

here before me now, small portions from the apices of twigs with undersized

leaves, trimmed down to fit herbarium sheets. Fortunately they have fruit, other-

wise I might not have been able to name them.

The habitat of H. fragillima is primary lowland dipterocarp forest and if this

information is at hand, sterile material of it should not be so readily confused

with sterile material of valida and other higher altitude species which have some-

what similar foliage.

One collector reports the presence of buttresses but it is not clear from his

field-notes whether he means stilt-roots or flanges at the base of the tree.

Horsfieldia fulva (King) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 297; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 210; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 56; Burk. Dict. 1 (1935) 1198

excl. loc. sing.; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 396 £.37.

Basionym: Myristica fulva King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 297

pl.124.

Twigs 4-5 mm thick in the apical parts; pale pink lenticels often present.

Leaves parchment-like when dry; nerves 12—14-(18) pairs; petiole 4 mm _ thick.

Androecium elongate, cylindrical or narrowly oblong to obovoid, 1 mm wide.

MALAY PENINSULA

Perak, Selangor and Malacca. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 396. Now

recorded for the first time from NEGRI SEMBILAN. There is also a record for

Pulau Rumbia.

PERAK:

Pulau Rumbia, Sembilan Islands, Wyatt-Smith 54 (KEP).

34 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

NEGRI SEMBILAN:

Sungei Menyala F.R., Port Dickson, Wyatt-Smith K.F.N. Nos 64487 (KEP); 64628

(KEP); 64737 (KEP); 64771 (KEP) and 6481/8 (KEP).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Malay Peninsula.

TYPE MATERIAL: M. fulva King, Maingay 1304, also numbered 2426 (CAL,

K) Malacca, fruit. Scortechini 184a (BM, CAL, G, K, L) Perak, male flowers.

Both syntypes.

A more elegant edition of superba, having the same kind of elongate staminal

column, but differing in the smaller size of all its parts and lacking the tomentum

on the lower surface of the leaves.

Horsfieldia superba and fulva are two Malay Peninsula species which come

together in the key for Horsfieldia in “‘A Revision of the Malayan Myristicaceae”’

in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 372. The second species is a more elegant, minor

edition of the first and other instances of this kind of parallel similarity will be

recalled in Myristica for M. guatteriifolia and agusanensis; schleinitzii and rosse-

lensis; argentea and fragrans; castaneifolia and chartacea; and in Knema for K.

furfuracea and latericia; plumulosa and intermedia, and, attenuata and corticosa

(globularia). There are in addition a number of less obvious couplets.

The two species superba and fulva have very similar parchment-like leaves,

pink lenticels on the twigs and similar elongate male flowers and also an elongate,

obovoid or cylindrical staminal column. They probably form a series of their own

on account of the shape of the flowers and staminal column and the parchment-

like leaves. The first differs from the second in having dark brown tomentum on

the undersurface of the leaves but saplings of superba tend to have very little

except on the lower midrib. The differences used to separate the two in a key,

however, will be mostly differences in measurements of their various comparable

organs, since the first is a diminutive of the second. The list of numbers and

measurements presented here may at first sight appear to be somewhat formidable,

but it is not intended that any student should ever try to remember any of them

even approximately. The information which I really want to impart here is that

twigs and petioles in superba are thicker than those in fulva and that there is also

a difference in size between the same two as regards leaves, flowers and fruits.

The adjectives large and small, thicker or thinner are only relative so I am com-

pelled to use numerical terms covering a certain maximum and minimum range

to indicate which species is the larger or smaller.

Key to species with obovoid male flowers and a

3-lobed perianth

1. Twigs 5-7 mm-—(1 cm) thick in the rusty pubescent to tomentose apical

portions. Leaves large size class, 25-65-(70) cm long and 10-22 cm broad

with 15-30, average 23 pairs of nerves, the base rounded in the older leaves,

acute on the apical, the lower surface pubescent to tomentose, less dense in

juvenile leaves; petiole 5-7 mm thick. Male flowers 7-8 mm long and

4-5 mm broad; pedicels 3-5 mm long and 1 mm thick; anthers 16-20, the

column 4-5 mm long. Female flowers 9 mm — 1.2 cm long and 8 mm broad;

pedicels 5 mm -— 1 cm long and 3-4 mm thick. Fruit large, 7-9 cm long and

5.5-6.8 cm broad; stalk 1.8 cm long and 4-5 mm thick ............ H. superba

Horsfieldia glabra 35

1. Twigs 4-5 mm thick in the very slightly pubescent to almost glabrous

apical portions. Leaves much smaller, 13-24 cm long and 4-11 cm broad

with 12-14 pairs of nerves, the base acute, the lower surface glabrous (the

lower midrib sometimes with a few hairs in young leaves); petiole 4 mm

thick. Male flowers much smaller and not so broad, 3-5 mm long and 2

mm broad; pedicels 2 mm long and 0.5 mm thick; anthers 10, the column

2-3 mm long. Female flowers 5-6 mm long and 3 mm thick; pedicels 3 mm

long and 2 mm thick. Fruit much smaller, 2.5-3 cm long and 2.5 cm broad;

eRe Se TtICD MO ATW: TT AIOK. 0: «wks aires 08% estas cdapge ve phn jae npade = Seip H. fulva

Horsfieldia glabra (BI.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 313 t.21 f.1-2 excl. M.

globularia (non Bl.) Miq. et M. laevigata (non BI.) Miq.; Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2

(1912) 257; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1 (1927) 636; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

411 £.43; Backer & Bakh.f. Fl. Java 1 (1963) 138.

Basionym: Myristica glabra Bl. Bijdr. 2, 11 (1826) 576 et Rumphia 1 (1837) 191

t.64 f.1; Mig. Pl. Junghuhn. (1852) 172; Hk.f.et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 161 excl. M.

integra Wall. Cat. 6799 nomen; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 202 excl. M. integra

Wall.; de Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Or. 2 (1857) 95; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858)

65 excl. M. integra Wall.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 49 excl. M.

glabra var. sumatrana Mig. = [H. brachiata var. sumatrana (Miq.) Sinclair];

Drury, Handb. Ind. Fl. 3 (1869) 79; Hk.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 107 excl. M.

integra Wall. et spec. e Malacca (Maingay 1286); King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Calc. (1891) 310 pl. 142; K. & V. Bijdr. Booms. 4 (1896) 181; Parkinson, Forest

Flora of the Andaman Islands (1923) 224.

Synonyms: Myristica amygdalina Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1, 4 (1830) 79 t.90 et Cat.

(1832) No 6797; Hk.f.et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 160 pro parte, excl. spec. (Marsden,

Herb. Hk.) Sumatrana et (Griffith 4351) Malacca et Wall. Cat. 6804a et “C”

(M. exaltata Wall.) sed incl. Wall. Cat. 6804b,; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 203

excl. var. hookeri A.DC. I.c. 204; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 67 excl. var.

hookeri A.DC. et Suppl. 1, 1 (1860) 156 and 1, 3 (1861) 384 (excl. spec.

Marsden); Kurz, For. Fl. Br. Burma 2 (1877) 283; Hk.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 106;

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. (1891) 300 pl. 128; Kanjilal & Das, Fl. Assam

4 (1940) 43. M. exaltata Wall. Cat. (1832) No 6804b nomen, excl. Wall. Cat.

6804a et ““C.” M. floribunda Wall. Cat. (1832) No 6805 nomen. Pyrrhosa glabra

(BI.) Hasskarl, Cat. Pl. Hort. Bog. (1844) 174 [Sect. Pyrrhosa (Bl.) Endl. 1839].

M. macrothyrsa Miq. Pl. Junghuhn 1 (1852) 172; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 203;

Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 66 et Sup]. 1 (1860) 156 — syn. nov. M. glabra var.

grandifolia Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 65 et Suppl. 1 (1860) 156. M. kurzii

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. (1891) 310 e King Msc. nomen cit. sub syn.

M. glabra, Horsfieldia amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 310 pro

parte excl. M. integra Wall. Cat. et specimina malayana; Lecomte in Not. Syst. 1, 4

(1909) 99 et in Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine 5, 2 (1914) 102; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 214 eficl. specimina malayana; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 57

excl. spec. malayana. H. macrothyrsa (Miqg.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 307;

Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1 (1927) 637 — syn. nov. H. thorelii Lecomte in Not. Syst. 1, 4

(1909) 99 et in Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine 5, 2 (1914) 100; Sinclair in Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 422 sub syn. H. amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. — syn. nov. H. ton-

kinensis Lecomte in Not. Syst. 1, 4 (1909) 100 et in FI. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine 5, 2

(1914) 101 — syn. nov. H. tonkinensis var. multiracemosa Lecomte in Not. Syst.

36 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

1, 4 (1909) 100 et in Fl. Gén. de L’Indo-Chine 5, 2 (1914) 102 — syn. nov. H.

montana Airy Shaw in Kew Bull, 1939 No 10 (1940) 542 syn. nov. H. xanthina

Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 1939 No 10 (1940) 541.

Tree 5-20 m high. Bark medium brown, rough, longitudinally striate or

furrowed, not flaking, brittle, hard; sap red. Twigs 3-4 mm thick in the apical

parts, mostly medium grey but often light grey or brownish grey, glabrous,

lenticellate and longitudinally striate. Leaves variable in size and texture, chart-

aceous in lowland, more coriaceous in upland material, but nearly always very

brittle when dry, glabrous, dark green and glossy to dull above, paler and dull

beneath with a brownish green lower midrib, drying a greyish brown above, the

shade darker in more coriaceous mountain material, a greenish tinge occasionally

persisting, paler brown beneath, mostly oblanceolate but also obovate and elliptic,

acute or often obtuse at the apex, rounded and then acute in oblanceolate ones,

acute at the base; midrib flush with the upper surface and not very prominent, more

distinct beneath; nerves 9—16-(20) pairs, obliquely ascending and curving towards

the margins, often rather crooked, mostly sunk but portions of them raised or flush

with the upper surface especially in mountain material or vanishing altogether,

slightly more prominent beneath but at times also scarcely raised; reticulations

for the most part invisible; length (10)-13—20-(28) cm; breadth 3.5—8-(10) cm;

petiole variable in length, 1-2.5 cm long and 2-3 mm thick. Male inflorescence

mostly glabrous, sometimes minutely puberulous or in some mountain forms from

Borneo rusty-tomentose, very variable in length and degree of branching, 6-19

cm long, average 10 cm, the lowermost branches 1.5—5 cm long and often branched

again, the flowers laxly or densely disposed in fascicles at the ends of the ultimate

ramuli, the number in each fascicle varying from 1-6 and depending on the

geographical locality of the specimen; bracts lanceolate, acute at the apex, minutely

puberulous and early caducous. Male flowers varying in texture, thin to coriaceous,

glabrous, yellow, drying blackish, less often brownish, subglobose or elongated

slightly lengthwise, the base often slightly triangular where it meets the pedicel, the

apex with three acute perianth lobes, these extending down about 4-way, their

pattern and tri-radiate outline not very prominent in bud, the size of the perianth

also varying according to the geographical distribution, 2-3 mm in diam., pedicels

terete, rarely longitudinally ridged, 1-3 mm long and 0.5 mm thick; androecium a

subglobose or cylindrical column with 6-12 anthers, slightly depressed in the

centre, rarely triangular and not depressed or slightly triangular when very young,

2 mm long and 1.8—2 mm broad. Female inflorescence shorter than the male, 5 cm

long with the lowermost primary branches 1-2 cm long. Female flowers not nearly

so variable in size as the male, 2.5-3 cm in diam., coriaceous, almost subglobose

in bud, broadly ovoid when open, split down 4-way into the short, triangular, acute

lobes; ovary ovoid-globose, glabrous, 2 mm in diam.; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long and

0.75 mm to almost 1 mm thick. Fruit glabrous, ovoid or ellipsoid, yellowish and

rather firmly fleshy when fresh, hard, dark brown and only 2—3 mm thick when

dry, 2-3.5 cm long and 1.5—2.5 cm broad; stalk (pedicels) 5 mm-—1 cm long and

2 mm thick. Aril reddish orange. Seed oblong, 1.6—2.5 cm long and 1.4-1.7 cm

broad, the testa thin and somewhat glossy.

CHINA

YUNNAN:

Sheau-meng-yeang, Che-li Hsien, C.W. Wang 75501 (BP).

Horsfieldia glabra 37

INDIA

ASSAM:

S.L., Jenkins s.n. (BO, CAL, L, M, P, PDA) this is wrongly named kingii; Herb.

Pierre 5462, Jenkins s.n. (P) Pierre often gave his own number to duplicates he

received from other collectors; Masters s.n. (CAL, E); Simmons 114 (L) this is

wrongly named kingii; Dambu Reserve, Garo Hills, U. Kanjilal 5389 (DD); Goal-

para Station, King, Dec. 1890 (CAL); Khasia, Hk.f. & Th. s.n. (CAL, K, P) as

Pyrrhosa glabra; Dawki Forest, Khasi and Jaintia Hills, G. K. Deka 14 ((DD);

near Bholaganj, Khasi and Jaintia Hills, U. Kanjilal 4592 (CAL, DD); Lallachera,

Cachar, U. Kanjilal 4885 (CAL, DD); Bapattu, Sibsagar District, U. Kanjilal 3896

(CAL); Unsaw Forest, K. Biswas 3725 (CAL, PNH); Tepai Mukh, Lushai Hills,

U. Kanijilal 4774 (CAL, DD).

ANDAMANS:

Middle Andaman:—Bomlungta, Parkinson 716 (CAL).

South Andaman:—S.L., King s.n., date 1884 (CAL, G) as M. kurzii; King s.n. (BM)

no date, probably from the same collection“as the preceding; Danda Pet, King s.n.,

date 1890 (CAL, G, K); Hobdaypur, King, 6th Sept. 1890 (CAL, K); Hobdaypur

Hill Jungle, King, 4th March 1893 (CAL); Dhani Khari, King, 15th Jan. 1891 (CAL,

K); between Ali Masjid Reserve and Bumlitan Hill Jungle, King, 2/st Oct. 1893

(CAL); Ali Masjid Reserve, Parkinson 373 (CAL, DD); Baloo Ghat, King, 24th~-

Nov. 1894 (G, L, P); Corbyn’s Cove, King, 12th Jan. 1895 (P, Z); Mt Harriet,

Sen Gupta 6025 (DD); Chiriatapu, Parkinson 886 (CAL, DD).

PAKISTAN

East PAKISTAN:

Sylhet, de Silva & Gomes, Wall., Cat. 6805 (B burnt, BM, CAL, E, G, K); this

locality is on the Assam border and geographically is better considered under

Assam. The BM sheet consists of crassifolia and wallichii in addition to glabra;

Bhomiriaghona, V.M.L. Shurma, date 23rd Jan. 1942, DD Acc. No 90820 (DD)

and V.S. Rao 5646 (DD); Chittagong Hill Tracts, King 268 (BM, FI, G, L)

distributed as kingii.

BURMA

S.L., Brandis 394 (DD) also numbered 925; Kachin Hills, Upper Burma, Shaik

Mokin, date 1898 (G Boiss., CAL); Na Mada, a tributary of the Kaladan River,

North Arakan, Rogers 149 (CAL, DD); Myodwin, Pegu, Brandis 741 (CAL, DD);

Pegu, King 2350 (CAL); Kurz s.n. (P) probably from the same collection as Kurz

984; Kyon, Pa Ti Chg, Thaton District, Ba Pe 13025 (DD); Pyin Madaw, Insein,

Ba Pe 308 (DD); Wagyaung, Insein, Parkinson 61 (CAL, DD); Rangoon, Beddome

6730 (BM); Cleghorn 187 (CAL); Dickason Nos 5516 (A); 5517 (A); 5568 (A);

5657 (A); 65566 (A); 6945 (L, SING); University near P.W.D. shed, Rangoon,

Parkinson 14325 (DD); Kamayut, Rangoon, Po Khant 956 (DD); Karen country

and hills, Kurz 984 (CAL, M, P) the CAL specimen is stated to be from Pegu;

Martaban, Karen country, Kurz 2434 (CAL); Moulmein, Wall. Cat. 6797 (BM,

CAL, G & Prodr., K); Amherst, Falconer s.n. (CAL, P, PDA) the P specimen is

from Pierre’s herbarium and he gave it his own accession number Pierre 5446:

Tavoy, Shaik Mokin 583 (CAL); Tavoy, W. Gomes, Wall. Cat. 6804b (K) as ?

M. exaltata Wall.; Tenasserim, Meebold 15299 (CAL); Kowpok, Meebold 17055

(CAL); as Tenasserim and Andamans, Griffith (Helfer) 4358 (C, CAL, DD, FI, G,

K, M, P, UV).

38 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

INDO-CHINA

NorTH VIETNAM:

(TONKIN)

South Tonkin, Bon s.n. date 1883-189] (P) one sheet as type of H. tonkinensis

var. multiracemosa and three others also type of var. multiracemosa but these

three wrongly bearing the labels of 4302. This number is the type of H. tonkinensis.

Prov. Ha Nam (Phu Ly): —Ninh Thai, Nuon Lang, Bon 4272 (P) 3 sheets; ditto

Bon (4302) (P) type of H. tonkinensis but slip of paper with this number is missing,

being wrongly mounted (see above) on the material of var. multiracemosa.

Prov. Ha Dong (Ha Noi): —(Doi, Biddi) Ke Buoi, Bon 2669 (P).

Prov. Ninh Binh:—Nui Bien, near Chobo, Poilane 13041 (P, SING).

Prov. Phu Ho:—Phu Ho, Pételot 1070 (A, P, UC).

Proy. Hai Ninh:—Chan Uk Village, Taai Wong Mo Shan near Chuk Phai, W.T.

Tsang 29198 (A, SING).

Prov. Vinh:—Ke Kue, Donnat 38164 (P, SING).

SOUTH VIETNAM

(ANNAM & COCHIN-CHINA):

Prov. Quang Tri:—Dent du Tigre, Poilane 10224 (P); massif de Dong Co Pat,

Poilane Nos 11106 (P, SING) and J1119 (P, SING).

Prov. Thua Thien:—high valley of Song Thuy Cam, near Hue, Eberhardt 3050

(P, SING).

Prov. Quang Nam:—Tourane, Clemens 3474 (A, BM, G, K, P, U, Z); foot of Mt

Bana near Tourane, Poilane 29315 (P).

Prov. Kontum:—Plei Krong and Ta Bai, Poilane 18160 (P); between Lang Dak

Mulk and Dak To, Poilane 18308 (P).

Proy. Lang Biang:—Dankia, Lang Biang, Poilane 18615 (P, SING).

Prov. Phanrang:—Phanrang, Poilane Nos 8699 (P) and 12319 (A, P); Ca Na near

Phanrang, Poilane 12439 (A).

Prov. Haut Donnai:—Agricultural station of Blao, Poilane 22394 (P, SING);

Dabac, km 57 on road from Phan Thiet to Djiring, Poilane 19887 (P, SING).

Prov. Bien Hoa:—Arboretum of Trang Bom, Dubourdieu (Chevalier) 39134 (P).

Prov. Baria:—Dinh Mts, Pierre 14 (BM, BO, BR, CAL, E, G & Boiss., K, P);

Dinh near Baria, Thorel 1186 (P) pro parte, the other part as H. irya.

Prov. Ha Tien:—Phu Quoc Island, Pierre 1812 (G & Boiss., P) but Lecomte gives

as locality, riverside, Saigon; perhaps the semicolons are in the wrong place in his

publication, — Cochin-China, s.l. Thorel s.n. date 1862-66 (P) this may be from

same collection as Thorel 1186.

LAOS

Prov. Savannakhet:—Haut Cours de la riv. de Quang-Tri, Poilane 13529 (P);

Haut Cours de la Tchépone, between Prih Xa and Prih Thong, Poilane 13480 (P);

between L. Xoan and L. Po, Poilane 13700 (P, SING).

Horsfieldia glabra 39

CAMBODIA

S.L. Hance s.n. (Herb. Pierre 5469 (BM).

Prov. Pursat:—Mt Elephant, south of Bokor, Poilane 23253 (P).

Prov. Kampot:—Kampot, Poilane 23341 (P).

Prov. Kompong Speu (Thpong): —Knang Repoeu, Pierre 680 (P).

THAILAND

NORTHERN DIVISION:

Between Ta Kaw and Meh Soi, route Chiengmai to Chieng Rai, Rock 1672 (A,

UC); Lampang, Mé Satop, Winit 1471 (BK, BKF, K); Tung Salaeng Luang,

Hansen, Seidenfaden and Tem Smitinand 11181 (C, SING).

NORTH-EASTERN DIVISION:

Ta Uten, Nakawn Panom, Kerr 8439 (BK, BM, K); Pon Pisai, Naung Kai, Kerr

8556 (BK, BM, K).

SOUTH-EASTERN DIVISION:

Koh Chang, near Lem Dan, Schmidt 300 (C).

PENINSULAR DIVISION:

Kaw Pa-ngan, Put 796 (BK, BM, K).

SUMATRA

TAPANULI:

Mandailingea, bb5656 (BO, L); Tobing, Upper Angkola, Junghuhn 559 (BM, K,

L,: U):

WEST COAST:

Muara Sidjundjung, 569053 (BO): Muara Sipoengie, Teijsmann s.n. (U) as M.

glabra var. grandifolia Mig., Padang Tarab, Mid Sumatra, Koorders 10388 (BO);

Ulu Air, B. Sanggul, Pajakumbuh, 555/71] (BO); Muara, Padang Si Baladung,

Pajakumbuh, 556483 (BO); Pajakumbuh, W. Meijer 3307 (BO); north slope of

Mt Sago, W. Meijer Nos 3474 (BO, L); 3680 (BM, BO, G, L, SING) and 4029

(L); Mt Pireo, Mt Sago, W. Meijer 4747 (SING); Mt Malintung, Mt Sago, north

slope, central ridge, M. Jacobs 4667 (K, L, SING); Bukit Tjempago, W. Meijer

4572 (BM, L).

EAST COAST:

Vicinity of Huta Bagasan, Asahan, Rahmat Si Boeea 6668 (A, S, SING, US); Aek

Kanopan, Lundut Concession, Kualu, Bartlett Nos 6991 (G, K, L, NY, US) and

PL. INY,, US).

PALEMBANG:

Bajung Lintjir, Banjuasin and CKubestreken (Thorenaar) Dorst Nos

3T1P3 (BO) and 19/TIP708 (BO); Lematang [lir, 73P264 (BO, L).

LAMPONG:

Tarabangi, Teijsmann 4352 (BO).

40 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

PULAU SIMALUR:

Achmad Nos 205 (BO, L, SING); 241 (BO); 783 (BO, SING); 9/4 (BO, SING);

1342 (BO, L, SING, U); Tapah, Achmad Nos 1634 (BO, SING) and /712 (BO,

SING).

PULAU ENGGANO:

Boea-boea, Liitjeharms Nos 4259 (A, BO, K, L, P); 4420 (K, L) and 4422 (A, BO,

K, L).

LINGGA ARCHIPELAGO:

Kampong Raja, Pulau Singkep, Biinnemeijer 7100 (B, BO, L, SING).

MALAY PENINSULA

Pahang. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 411. Now recently recorded from

a mountain in Selangor by T.C. Whitmore, 27th May 1966.

SELANGOR:

Gunong Bunga Bua, alt. 3,500 ft, T7.C. Whitmore FRI 306 (KEP) form with

obtuse leaves exactly like the type of H. montana Airy Shaw.

JAVA

S.L2

Blume s.n. (B burnt, BP, C, L, M, NY, P, PDA, U) the BP, M and PDA sheets,

sine coll., are probably of Blume; Blume Nos 2160 (L); 2160b (L) and 2206 (A,

L, US); Herb. de Bunge s.n. (P); Herb. Martius s.n. (BR); Zollinger 1202 (A, BM,

FY, 43:Prodr., MEL,.P):

WEST JAVA:

Tjimara, Udjong Kulon, Prov. Bantam, Koorders 5199 (BO) and 5200 (BO, L);

Pulasari, Gunong Karang, Koorders 5198 (BO, K, L); Pandeglang, Backer 7405

(BO); between Tjileles and Gunong Kentjana, Prov. Bantam, Backer 1163 (BO, L);

Depok near Bogor, Backer 22119 (BO, SING); Beumée 6826 (BO, SING) and

Koorders Nos 31017 (BO); 42697 (BO) and 42777 (BO); Gunong Bubut, west of

Bogor, Bakhuizen v.d. Brink Nos 1239 (U) and 5444 (BO, L, P, UC); Tjampea,

Koorders 30471 (BO, L); Tjibata Leuwiliang, west of Bogor, Bakhuizen v.d. Brink

6780 (A, B, BO, K, L, P, SING, U); Gunong Batu near Tjianten, south of Leuwi-

liang, Backer 25748 (BO, SING); Gunong Salak, Koorders 24292 (BO, K, L);

Tjipetir, Burck s.n. (BO); Gunong Paniisan, Bakhuizen v.d. Brink 6140 (BO);

Gunong Batitunggul, Kerawang, De Monchy 98 (BO); Pelabuhanratu, Sukabumi,

Preanger, Koorders 34207 (BO); Takoka, Tjiandjur, Preanger, Koorders Nos 5196

(BO); 5201 (BO); 5209 (BO); 11792 (BO); 12045 (BO); 12047 (BO); 25585

(BO, L); 25588 .(B, . BO... °K): 25595 (BO, .L);.- 32706. (BO); 132825 see

and 39556 (BO); Sanggrawa, Sukabumi, Preanger, Koorders Nos 5266 (BO) and

15523 (BO); Tapos near Tjimonjet, Preanger, Bakhuizen v.d. Brink 3072 (BO,

SING); Pangentjangan, Garut District, Preanger, Koorders Nos 5197 (BO, L)

and 266/3 (B, BO, K); Pasir Dalem above Pasir Pogor, south-west of Masing,

Bakhuizen v.d. Brink 5516 (BO, K, L, P).

Mip JAVA:

Wanaredja near Madjenang, Backer 18854 (BO, SING); Gunong Slamet, Tegal,

Koorders 8230 (BO); Pringombo, Koorders Nos 5202 (BO); 5203 (BO); 5204 (BO,

L); 5205 (BO); 33806 (BO) and 34030 (BO, L); Bandjarnegara, Ja 2548 (A);

Horsfieldia glabra 4]

Gunong Kapal, Bandjarnegara, Koorders 11196 (BO); the following seven Pekalo-

ngan, Subah: —Gondang near Subah, Hoffmann 6564 (BO); Surdjo, Koorders 11228

(BO); Pekalongan, Koorders 11548 (BO); Subah, Beumée 4204 (BO); and Koorders

Nos 13401 (BO); 14246 (BO) and 36944 (BO). Kedu, Ngasiman, Koorders 27874

(BO, K, L, U); Lebah, Wonosobo, Ja 2585 (A, BO, L); Lantjar, Wonosobo, Ja

2617 (BO, L); Mt Ungaran, Semarang, Junghuhn s.n. (U) and 230 (L) probably

both from the same collection; ditto, Koorders 13145 (BO, L); Japara, Sumanding,

Ja 3827 (A, BO, K, L, SING).

EAST JAVA:

Ngebel, afd. Ponorogo, Res. Madiun, Koorders Nos 5271 (BO) and 5272 (BO, P);

Kediri, Gadungan Pare, Koorders 22690 (BO, L); Sukaradja, Kediri, Koorders

22750 (BO); Sumbertangkil, Pasuruan, Koorders 23711 (BO, L); Tokol, Malang,

Pasuruan, Verhoef Nos 38 (BO) and 40 (BO); Gunong Ardjuno, Pasuruan, Koorders

38288 (BO); Tjurmanis, Besuki, Koorders Nos 5207 (BO, K); 5208 & 5210 (BO, K,

L); 5284 (BO, L); 5299 (BO); 20143 (BO); 21635 (B, BO, L, P, SING); 38503 (BO)

and 3997] (BO); Pantjur Idjen, afd. Situbondo, Besuki, Koorders Nos 5300 (BO);

14613 (BO); 14615 (BO, L)); 1/5519 (BO); 16414 (BO); 286/4 (BO) and 286/5

(BO); Banjuwangi, Besuki, Koorders 5228 (BO).

ISLANDS NEAR S.W. BANTAM:

Pulau Panitan, north of Gunong Parat, J.v. Borssum Waalkes 799 (BO, L).

NogESA KAMBANGAN:

Afd. Tyilatjap, Banjumas, Koorders Nos 5206 (BO); 20173 (BO, L, P); 20186

(BO); 20242 (BO, K, L); 24639 (BO); 24751 (BO, SING); 24753 (BO); 26937 (BO,

L, P); 26939 (B, BO) and 2694] (BO, SING, UV).

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

3rd Division:—R. Julan, Usun Apau Plateau, Pickles SAR 3931 (SAR, SING).

4th Division:—Ulu Koyan, Mt Dulit, Richards 1927 (A, K, SING); Mt Dulit,

(Native Collector) Richards 2509 (K, SING); Bukit Naoung, Ulu Muput Kanan,

Anap, Banying anak Nyudong SAR 19396 (L, SING); Gunong Mulu, path to

summit, Anderson SAR 4258 (A, K, L, SAN, SAR, SING).

BRUNEI:

Bukit Pagon Ridge, Ashton BRUN 1053 (BRUN, K, L, SING).

WEST BORNEO:

Mt Amai Ambit, Hallier Nos 3115 (BO) and 3378 (BO).

EAST AND NorTH-EAST BORNEO:

Gunong Tepian Lobang, north-east of Sangkulirang, Kostermans 6044 (A, K, L,

P, PNH); West Kutei, Mt Antjelung, Endert 2/14 (A, BO, K, L, PNH): No 39

near Mt Kemul, Endert 3996 (A, BO, K, L); Mt Kemul, Endert 4276 (A, BO, K);

Gunong Palimasan, near Tabang on Belajan River, Kostermans 13028 (K, L);

Mt Ilas Bungaan, Berouw, Kostermans 13773 (K, L, P).

SABAH:

West Coast Residency:—All Mt Kinabalu or Kinabalu area — Puasa Nos 3592

(K) and 3596 (K); H.T. Sinanggul SAN 38294 (SING); Bukit Sosopodon, (Kunda-

san) Kundasang, W. Meijer 38425 (SING); ditto, Tikau SAN 28914 (K, SING):

42 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

path above Sosopodon, G. Mikil SAN 29239 (K, SING); Bukit Kinasaraban above

Kundasan, Sinclair & Kadim Nos 8977 (B, E, K, L, SAN, SING) and 8987 (E,

L, SAN, SING); Kota Belud, Wood & Wyatt-Smith K.F.N. 80353 (K, KEP, L,

SAN, SING); Kamborangah (various spelling), G. Mikil SAN 33940 (SING);

Tenompok, road to Kamborangah, L. Madani SAN 36778 (SAN, SING); Tenompok,

Carr S.F. Nos 26920 (SING), 27002 (SING), 27351 (SING) & 27450 (SING); ditto,

Clemens Nos 26863 (A, BM, BO, G, K, L, M, NY); 28305 (A, BM, BO, G, K, M,

NY); 28730 (A, BM, BO, G, K, L, M, NY) and 29558 (A, BM, BO, G, K, L, M,

NY, UC); Penibukan, Clemens 32204 (A, BM, BO, NY); Colombon River,

Clemens 32500 (A, BM, BO, G, K, L, M, NY, UC) and 32605 (A, BM, BO, G,

L, NY, UC); Marai Parai, Clemens 33136 (A, B, BM, BO, K, L, M, NY, SING,

UC); Gurulau, Clemens 50513 (A, B, BM, G, K, L, M, SING, UC) and 5072]

(BM, K); Gunong Nunkok, Clemens Nos 32642 (BM, BO, L, NY) and 32800 (A,

BM, BO, L, NY, UC); Mesilau River, Royal Society Expedition, Chew Wee-Lek

& Corner Nos 4116 (K, SING); 4209 (K, SING) and 7000 (K, SING); Bembangan

River, Roy. Soc. Exp. Chew Wee-Lek & Corner 4530 (K, SING).

CULTIVATED: Cult. Hort. Bog. origin Java, X/BXVII41, Martati 113 (K, KEP,

SING); same tree Sinclair 10047 (A, E, K, L, SING); XIBXVIII227, Kostermans

11133 (K, L, P, SING); same tree, Sinclair 10048 (A, E, K, L, SING); Warburg

11007 (B burnt, C, G & Boiss., L, M).

DISTRIBUTION: China (Yunnan), India (Assam and the Andamans), East

Pakistan at Sylhet on the Assam border, Burma, Indo-China, Thailand, Sumatra,

Malay Peninsula (Pahang, rare), Java and Borneo (there confined to a limited area

as on certain mountains, see above).

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica glabra Bl. No numbered type specimen chosen by

Blume who states “Herb. Reinwdt. Crescit in montanis Javae. Nomen: Klappa

tjoun.”’ The following specimens of Blume, however, can be taken as authentic

material: —Blume s.n. (B burnt, BP, C, L, M, NY, P, PDA, U); Blume Nos 2160

(L); 21606 (L) and 2206 (A, L, US); M. glabra var. grandifolia Miq., Teijsmann s.n.

(U holotype) near Muara Sipoengi, West Coast, Sumatra. M. amygdalina Wall.,

Wall Cat 6797 (BM, CAL, G & Prodr., K holotype) Moulmein, Burma. M. exaltata

Wall. Cat. 6804b (K) W. Gomes, Tavoy, Burma. M. exaltata Wall. also consists of

two other elements, namely (1) Wail. Cat. 6804a which is H. macrocoma (Miq.)

Warb. Trogla Hills, banks of the Salween and (2) H. irya (Gaertn.) Warb. from

Moulmein. In certain herbaria the last is marked Wall. Cat. 6804 “‘C’”’ but actually

there is no number ‘“‘C”’ printed in the Wall. Catalogue. M. floribunda Wall. Cat.

6805 (B burnt, BM, CAL, E, G, K) de Silva & W. Gomes, Silhet. See note under

specimens cited by me for East Pakistan. M. kurzii King msc., King, date 1884

(CAL, G) Andamans, but probably other sheets of King from the Andamans also

bear this manuscript name. M. macrothyrsa Miq., Junghuhn 559 (BM, K, L, U

holotype) Tobing, Tapanuli, Sumatra. H. montana Airy Shaw, (Native Collector)

Richards 2509 (K holotype, SING) Mt Dulit. H. thorelii Lecomte, Thorel 1186

pro parte (P) Dinh near Baria, the other part as H. irya. There is also a sheet

Thorel, date 1862-1866 in Paris marked type, and although it is not numbered

1186, it is obviously part of the same gathering. See my note on H. thorelii in

Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 422. H. tonkinensis Lecomte, Bon 4302 (P) Prov. Ninh

Binh, Tonkin. H. tonkinensis var. multiracemosa Lecomte, Bon. s.n. (P) several

sheets. South Tonkin. Unfortunately in the Paris Herbarium some of the type

sheets of this variety have in addition to their own label a slip of paper and

another label bearing the number 4302 which (see above) belongs to the type

Horsfieldia glabra 43

material of H. tonkinensis. It is very easy to detect the mix up as the specimen with

only one label and marked type of H. tonkinensis var. multiracemosa is clearly

from the same gathering as those with more than one label and which are also

marked type of H. tonkinensis var. multiracemosa. Both lots have numerous in-

florescences on the bare twigs below the leaves, i.e. the ‘“‘Nombreuses grappes

rapprochées sur les rameaux definittes” of the original description of this variety.

Prov. Ninh Binh, Tonkin. H. xanthina Airy Shaw, Richards 1927 (A, K holotype,

SING) Mt Dulit, Sarawak.

VERNACULAR NAMES: India:—Dieng-soh-jodao; dieng-ja-lyntep (Khasi); pak-

na-kala (Cachar); bolchok-pok (Garo); dettakarong; pran-dang-arong (Mikir); ching-

liang-pai (Naga); siltui (Lushai). Burma: —nat-kun-thee; nat-thamin; Toung saga.

Thai: —Ton ka nun-nok (Koh Chang Island); Juwat-nok (North-eastern Division).

Sumatra: —Pala rimbu (H. macrothyrsa). Java: —Ki-toengila, klappa_ tjoun

(Sundanese); Kalapa-tjung (Bogor, Preanger, Takokoa); kalakat-jung (Banjumas);

nangkan or nangka-an (Gunong Wilis) because of its resemblance to nangka, Jack

fruit leaves; sanggar (Ungaran); theureu; theureu merah (Madura dialect at Besuki).

The degree of variability in this rather polymorphic species is probably due

not so much to its wide horizontal geographical range but to the fact that it

also ascends from sea-level to some 6,000 feet into the hills over that same area.

To cover this variability I now have to present a new and fuller description than

the one in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 411. The description there was based on

rather scanty material with very immature flowers, the first authentic record of

glabra for the Malay Peninsula, and such small flowers give no idea of the vari-

ability that can take place in flower-size. At that time I had not seen the rich

Javanese collections of it from Bogor nor the Indo-China ones from Paris. In

Paris in 1959 I saw many sheets of H. amygdalina which I am now convinced

is not a separate species. A few authors such as Hooker filius, Thomson, King

and Warburg agreed that the two were close to each other but did nothing further

to unite them. The first author apparently to do so was Koorders who must have

been thoroughly acquainted with glabra for he collected more material of it than

anyone is ever again likely to collect. See K. & V. Bijdr. Booms, 4 (1896) 181

where Valeton also gets credit. Lecomte created tonkinensis and thorelii but

admitted that the first is near to amygdalina and macrothyrsa and the second to

amyedalina. In Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 422 I reduced thorelii to amygdalina.

I held the view at that time that amygdalina was a good species and that most of

the northern forms, that is the material from Indo-China, Burma and Siam,

belonged to it. I had not thought so far of associating it with glabra. I was either

unaware of the reduction to glabra made by Koorders and Valeton or not im-

pressed by it since Warburg, Gamble and Ridley had made no reduction. At that

time I was concerned chiefly with the Malay Peninsula species and had not ex-

tended my studies much to other areas. Hooker filius long ago recognized some of

the northern forms such as the Sylhet and Tenasserim material as belonging to

glabra while King, Warburg and Parkinson also accepted this view. King identified

the Andaman material as glabra, but thought that the Burmese consisted of both

glabra and amygdalina, Hooker filius and Thomson even went as far as to consider

glabra being in Malaya. They cited Myristica integra Wall. Cat. 6799 from Singa-

pore as glabra but it is not that species. It consists of two species, the first H.

brachiata var. sumatrana. and the second the cultivated H. parviflora. The latter

at first sight looks very like sucosa but the petioles are much too short and in my

opinion it must be parviflora. The former is rather like glabra and in Sumatra it

44 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

was first called M. glabra var. sumatrana. Griffith’s Malacca material which in

FI. Ind. (1855) 160 was stated to be amygdalina and in FI. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 107

later numbered Griffith 435] and corrected to polyspherula is brachiata var.

brachiata. Although its leaves are rather small, I do not think it is polyspherula

as there are two lines present from petiole base to petiole base. Griffith never

collected true amygdalina in Malacca but Griffith (Helfer) 4358 (Tenasserim and

the Andamans) is genuine amygdalina. Incidentally, I should like to know which

locality is the correct one as both are given on the label. Maingay 1286 from

Malacca, stated by Hooker filius in Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 107 to be glabra is

brachiata var. sumatrana and polyspherula. These species have rather similar fruit

but differ from (amygdalina) glabra in their smaller flowers, the lobes of the

perianth thickened and angled at the apex, different staminal column, and veins on

the upper surface of the leaves more prominent. The Murton specimen from

Singapore, Murton 76, cited by Gamble and Ridley as amygdalina is punctatifolia

while (Foxworthy) Abu 3317 from Selangor also cited as amygdalina is bracteosa.

Severai specimens in Herb. Sing. gathered by other miscellaneous collectors and

wrongly named amygdalina are also bracteosa. The Marsden specimen, Herb.

Hooker from Sumatra, stated to be amygdalina in FI. Ind. (1855) 160 is again

bracteosa.

On page 421 of Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) I gave some of the differences

whereby the two may be separated. See also the notes under glabra page 413,

punctatifolia 416 and sucosa 419. In Warburg’s key, pages 266-267, glabra and

amygdalina are directly contrasted and it can be seen there that the characters

for separating them are rather unconvincing, the leaves becoming more coriaceous

as the species ascends into the mountains and their variation in size not reliable

any more than the variation in shape and size of fruit. The twigs in glabra,

though sometimes pale are never so light in colour as those of bracteosa and

sucosa. They have a medium grey or reddish tinge not unlike that seen in

punctatifolia but are slightly paler. They can be black with light brown lenticels

in forms from Kinabalu. The fruit without a persistent perianth is not so large as

that of bracteosa and sucosa. The male flowers are much more variable than those

of bracteosa, the staminal column in some of the forms tending to be oblong as

well as subglobose. In Sumatra glabra is more frequent than either bracteosa or

punctatifolia with which it might be confused. The latter has smaller leaves, more

slender petioles, and larger fruit. The punctate marks or pustular erruptions on

the lower surface of its leaves are not such a good distinguishing character as I at

first thought. They are not always present and glabra may occasionally have them

too. Further they are not always dark coloured but may be the same colour as the

surrounding tissue. On Kinabalu glabra might be mistaken for valida. H. valida

differs in having larger leaves, larger fruit and the flowers more crowded together,

their perianth lobes being very much thickened and distinctly angled at the apices

and edges.

At this stage there is one minor point which may be mentioned. In the section

dealing with TYPE MATERIAL an interchange of some of the labels of the type

material of H. tonkinensis with those of its variety multiracemosa has been ex-

plained. There is also a mix-up between the localities cited for H. amygdalina and

those actually given on the label. Thus for Pierre 1812 the locality given is “long

du fleuve de Saigon’? whereas it is Phu Quoc on the label and for Bon 2669 Ké

Buoi appears in Not. Syst. instead of Doi, Biddi on the label. Perhaps the semi-

colens in the publication are in the wrong place.

Horsfieldia glabra 45

It now remains to examine the variability within this present species. In spite

of all the variation I find it most difficult to divide the species into satisfactory

infraspecific taxa which could be distinguished readily in a key. I have tried to

divide glabra into smaller units but these do not differ equally from each other.

The degree of difference between most of them is considerably less than that of

varietal rank but more in the order of form. In fact I cannot divide glabra up

into a number of equal forms but would have to bring in the rank subform as

well and this kind of classification is not popular. Even so I still cannot produce a

satisfactory classification. I cannot do it on leaf characters as they vary very much

in shape and size, and as pointed out before in texture with altitude. I cannot do

it on fruits as they do not vary enough nor on female flowers as they appear to be

constant in size. Male flowers, however, are rather variable especially in size and

that factor taken in combination with some other character might be taken as

the basis of some division. I should not be disappointed that I cannot divide glabra

up satisfactorily. This is evolution at work as nature intended, with one subform

leading on to the next, an ideal species for a plant breeder. There was never any

intention to produce clear-cut forms which delight the tidy-minded. All I can do

is to discuss the forms met with in the various geographical regions and _ this

will show some of the difficulties involved.

Java: —There is a very good coloured illustration of glabra in Blume’s Rumphia.

This would represent the typical form from Java, the locus classicus. There is

not much variation among the Java material except that the leaves become slightly

more coriaceous as one ascends the hills. The leaf apex is mostly bluntly acute

but may be obtuse especially when the lamina is oblanceolate or obovate. The

male flowers are usually 2—2.5 mm in diameter (but see below under Sumatra) and

Jaxly disposed in the inflorescence. The fruit is sometimes ellipsoid as well as

ovoid.

Sumatra: —From my own observations the mature male flowers are larger than

those seen in material from other regions. They are from 2.5-3 mm in diameter.

Specimens from Lingga also have large flowers but I do not know if specimens

from all areas in Sumatra have large flowers as many of them are in fruit or

female flower. Leaf size is also variable in Sumatra. There are specimens with

large leaves having large male flowers and others with small leaves bearing large

flowers. To the former belongs H. macrothyrsa and to the latter a form from Mt

Sago near Pajakumbuh. In the latter the male flowers tend to fewer in the in-

florescence. I did think of separating the Sumatran material on account of its large

flowers but now I find that Backer and Bakhuizen fil. in Flora Java describe the

male flowers from Java material as being 2.5—-3.5 mm long so where is one to

draw a line? Specimens with immature male flowers would always cause difficulty

especially in herbaria as it is not easy to tell whether such flowers have really

reached maturity. They sometimes remain for a long time in a half-developed stage

and then when conditions are suitable for pollination suddenly increase in size once

more. Leaf shape is also more variable in Sumatra than in Java, The above-

mentioned Lingga gathering has rather narrow elongate leaves with almost parallel

sides and a shorter and stouter petiole than usual. In conclusion what we probably

have in Sumatra is a form with large male flowers that might be unsatisfactorily

divided into subforms on leaf characters but I am unable to verify that the

flowers are always large.

46 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Borneo: —The Amai Ambit material is so poor and broken that it is hardly

possible to say much about it except that it has raised lenticels and typical fruit.

Apart from this material there is much variation especially in the forms which

occur on Kinabalu. Common here is one well represented in the collections of the

Royal Society’s expedition by Corner and Chew Wee-Lek and also in some of the

Clemens’ numbers. It has numerous raised lenticels, fairly large coriaceous leaves

and an angular inflorescence axis with angular pedicels. It is very similar to

specimens at altitude 150 m from Gunong Tepian Lobang, namely Kostermans

6044, yet not exactly the same; the rank of subform would again be necessary to

cover the slight deviation as the Kostermans’ material has slightly less coriaceous

leaves and the flowering pedicels are mostly terete and not angled. Yet all the

mountain forms do not have coriaceous leaves for Clemens 32204, though the same

as the above-mentioned common form, has chartaceous leaves and the lenticels

are almost absent.

It is with great reluctance that I have had to include H. xanthina Airy Shaw

in glabra, but there are many intermediate connecting specimens from Kinabalu

which show the connection between this narrow, coriaceous-leaved form and the

more typical ones collected by Corner, Chew and Clemens. Mr. Shaw has pointed

out that the two are close. Actually there was not a great deal of material of

glabra for comparison at Kew when he described xanthina, There is a better selec-

tion of certain variants of glabra at Bogor, Dehra Dun and Paris.

H. montana is a more spectacular form of glabra. It has small, coriaceous,

obovate leaves with an obtuse apex and somewhat raised veins. There is usually

some dark rusty indumentum on the terminal bud and the inflorescence axis. A

series of similar forms with small obtuse leaves occurs on Kinabalu and they are

well represented by specimens from Dr. W. Meijer’s collectors. Airy Shaw remarks

that montana resembles lemanniana and oligocarpa i.e. polyspherula. Independently

I had come to the same conclusion and had tended to regard montana as a

coriaceous-leaved mountain variety of polyspherula. In fact I had provisionally

named such material as a variety of polyspherula so all sheets thus named have

to be altered to glabra. There certainly exist specimens of polyspherula from higher

altitudes which are indeed authentic polyspherula and these should not be con-

fused with the present plant. A Horsfieldia species that has small leaves and raised

veins on the upper leaf surface would naturally resemble polyspherula but the latter

species nearly always has the leaves acute at the apex and not obtuse; forms

like montana may have a few of them acute but the majority are obtuse. If one

looks very closely at the raised veins of the montana—like series it will be found

that in contrast to polyspherula they are not constantly raised. Portions of them

may be sunk or not visible and among the portions that are raised some will often

show longitudinal cracks or sulcae extending along part of their length like open-

ings that have been made on a drain. Those of polyspherula are much more

distinctly raised with less broken or sunk intervals and resemble a pipe or conduit

which is circular in cross-section without openings along the top.

These small montana—like forms with their obovate obtuse leaves and also

their elliptic ones with an acute apex lead on to material with slightly broader

and sometimes thinner leaves, namely Sinclair Nos 8977 and 8987, distributed

also as montana. These in turn lead to forms with larger leaves like the above-

Horsfieldia glabra 47

mentioned specimens of Clemens, Corner and Chew. The Singapore duplicate of

Clemens 50513 shows very well the transition from my own two numbers cited

above to those forms with the larger leaves, numerous raised lenticels, and the

apical portions of the twigs blackish. One of these specimens, namely the Singa-

pore duplicate of Corner and Chew 7000 has narrow leaves and leads on to forms

with elongate coriaceous leaves like xanthina. There are several such specimens,

e.g. G. Mikil SAN 33940 and L. Madani SAN 36778, and these also have the

same blackish twigs with raised lenticels. Another of them, the Singapore duplicate

of Wood & Wyatt-Smith K.F.N. 80353 shows particularly well the transition

between broad and narrow-leaved forms for it has one broad leaf among several

narrow ones on the same twig.

In all this range of specimens the leaves tend to broaden out towards an

obtuse apex. This seems to be a fairly good aid to the recognition of glabra,

especially the Bornean forms. The fact that the leaves tend to dry blackish and

not greenish on the upper surface also helps to distinguish the Bornean forms

from polyspherula and brachiata var. sumatrana.

While investigating the status of montana and xanthina I placed on a slide a

series of staminal columns from all the different forms of glabra in Borneo.

Although there is slight variation (due mostly to age) the column is that of glabra

and not polyspherula. It was observed that the column in very young oblong or

obovoid flower buds may often be elongate and slightiy triangular in outline and

that the anthers may tend to separate from each other at their apices. They appear

to be fewer since they have not yet dehisced. Later, however, in older subglobose

flower buds, the column assumes a more normal shape, that is the familiar sub-

globose mass with a slight central depression. Also there is more cohesion between

the anthers in the later stages.

It must be admitted, then, that the two forms montana and xanthina look

rather different from each other, but I am convinced now that they are all glabra

when I spread them then out in a long line on the bench. I mention in order

the following series of specimens in the Singapore Herbarium in case one may

wish to try it out, It should be possible in the larger herbaria to lay out a similar

or modified series. The specimens are: —Richards 1927 type of H. xanthina;

Pickles SAR 3931; Anderson SAR 4258; Banying anak Nyudong SAR 19396;

G. Mikil SAN 33940; Chew & Corner 7000; Wood & Wyatt-Smith K.F.N. 80353;

Chew & Corner 4530; [JA 3827; Kostermans 11133; Koorders 21635 these three

from Java may be omitted]; Clemens 50513; Sinclair & Kadim Nos 8977 and

8987; G. Mikil SAN 29239; H.T. Sinanggul SAN 38294; W. Meijer SAN 38425

and (Native Collector) Richards 2509 type of H. montana.

Indo-China, Assam, Burma, Thailand and the Andamans:—The most notable

feature about these forms is that the male flowers tend to be more numerous and

more bunched together in more richly branched inflorescence. The flowers are

2-2.5 mm broad; sometimes they are longer than broad. In Eberhardt 3050 from

Indo-China they are of different shapes in the same specimen. There is again

variability in leaf texture, those from the various mountain localities in Indo-China

being slightly coriaceous. There is a tendency for the leaves to be bunched together

at the ends of the twigs as in sucosa but this is far from always being the case.

48 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Malay Peninsula: —An inevitable question arises here which is: With which forms

do the Malay Peninsula and Borneo specimens agree most?* Unfortunately here

the male flowers are far too young and I do not know what their real size will be.

The leaves are very similar to those of some of the southern Burma specimens,

especially those from Rangoon but the flowers are not numerous or bunched

together in the inflorescence as in these examples. The lenticels are slightly raised,

recalling somewhat those seen in the Borneo specimens, but they are not so

numerous and not so large. There is also a connection with H. xanthina, some of

the leaves being of the same shape though not coriaceous and the short male

inflorescences with the young flowers oblong or obovoid. They ought to become

more globose later as they do in Bornean specimens.

Horsfieldia grandis (Hk.f.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 301; Gamble, Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 211; Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. special number

(1921) 268; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 56; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16

(1958) 400 f.39.

Basionym: Myristica grandis Hk.f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 23 (1860) 157.

Synonym: M. rubiginosa King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 302 pl. 130.

Tree 5-18 m high, the bole about 12-20 cm in diam. Bark mostly dark

reddish brown, sometimes with a greyish tinge, longitudinally fissured; sap red.

Twigs 5-7 mm thick in the apical parts. Leaves thinly coriaceous or chartaceous;

petiole 4-6 mm thick. Male inflorescence 6-25 cm long. Female inflorescence 1.5—4

cm long. Flowers with a faint odour. Fruit 7 mm—1 cm in diam., the pericarp

thick, orange outside, pink inside on dehiscence. Aril orange. Seed pale grey,

sub-globose, 8 mm in diam.

SUMATRA

PALEMBANG:

Nusi Ulu, Endert 44 (BO, L, SING).

R1ioUW ARCHIPELAGO:

Pulau Bintan, Tanjong Pinang, Teijsmann s.n. (BO, L).

MALAY PENINSULA

Johore and Singapore. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 402. Now recorded

for the first time from PAHANG. Tasek Bera vicinity. Chew Wee-Lek 261 (A,

G, K, KLU, M, NY, SING). The following material from Johore has also come

in since the publication of my revision for the Malay Peninsula: 153 milestone

(west) Kota Tinggi—Mersing Road, Sinclair 10602 (A, B, BM, E, FI, K, L, M,

NY, SING); Mersing F.R. Jabil K.F.N. 77746 (KEP, SING). I am glad to say

that I have recently seen a sapling of this tree in Mandai Forest, Singapore as

well as one in the Botanic Gardens’ Jungle and others in the MacRitchie Reservoir

forest.

* A specimen had subsequently been received, collected by T. C. Whitmore from the

top of Gunong Bunga Buah in Selangor, altitude 3,500 ft. Although sterile, it has

small, 6-9 cm long, coriaceous leaves obtuse at the apex, and matches very closely

Hs eepalu form of H. montana. Malay Peninsula specimens are nearest to those

rom Borneo.

Horsfieldia hellwigit 49

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ist Division:—Semenggoh F.R., Kuching, Rambli SAR 158 (KEP, SAR, SING).

3rd Division:—Bukit Raya, Kapit, Paul Chai SAR 18940 (L, SING).

4th Division:—Miri, Haviland & Hose 655 (BM, G, K).

BRUNEI:

Andulau F.R., Ashton BRUN 64 (BO, K, KEP, SAR, SING); ditto, cpt. 5, Ashton,

Smythies & Wood SAN 17497 (G, K, KEP. L, SING): Andulau F.R. (west)

Sinclair 10445 (A, E, K, L, SAR, SING); Kampong Gana, Andulau Hills, Wyatt-

Smith K.F.N. 80106 (BO, K, KEP, L, SING); Bukit Biang, Ashton BRUN 3011

(K, L, SING); Berakas F.R., Hassan SAR 4924 (SAR); base of Bukit Tanggoi,

Temburong, Ashton BRUN 752 (BO, K, KEP, L, SAR, SING, US).

WEST BORNEO:

Sanggouw (Sanggau), Hallier 875 (BO, SING); Kapuas, Teijsmann 8688 (BO,

SING).

SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST BORNEO:

Doesoen (Barito River) Korthals s.n. (L); Pasir Labuan, 552665 (BO).

EAST AND NorTH-EAST BORNEO:

Samarinda, Posthumus 2083 (BO): Tanjong Bangko region near mouth of

Mahakam River, Kostermans Nos 7035 (A, BM, BO, G, K, L, PNH, SING) and

7044 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING); West Kutei, No 44 near Loa Djanan, Endert 5081]

(A, BO, K, L); Bloe-oe, Jahari 727 (L).

SABAH:

S.L., Low (Wood) s.n. (K).

Sandakan Residency:— Kabili F.R., Elopura, Castro A83 (BO, CANB, K, KEP, L,

PNH, SING); Kilugos, D.D. Wood (Goklin) (340) 2440 (UC) and (339) 247]

(SING, UC); Labuk Road, J. Singh SAN 39283 (SING); Sungei Sapi Camp,

Beluran, Suah Tingguan SAN 36338 (SAN).

Interior Residency:—Bukit Beaufort, (Orolfo) D.D. Wood 1226 (A, K, UC); 4

mile north-east of Beaufort township, G.H.S. Wood A1741 (K, KEP, L, SAN,

SING); Jalan Ulu, Tomani, Tenom, M. Rundi SAN 43200 (SING).

West Coast Residency:—Gunong Temporangan, Ranau, Sinclair, Kadim & Kapis

9249 (B, E, L, SAN, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula (Pahang, Johore and Singapore) and Borneo,

all territories.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica grandis Hk.f., Low s.n. (K holotype) Sabah. M.

rubiginosa King, King’s Collector 1233 (CAL holotype, K, L).

Nearest to H. flocculosa but the scabrous upper surface of the leaves should

distinguish it from that species and from all the others with tomentose leaves.*

Horsfieldia hellwigii (Warb.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 343; K. Schumann &

Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 325; Markgraf in Bot.

Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 150; A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 61.

*See key on p. 28.

50 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Basionym: Myristica hellwigii Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. 18, 1 & 2 (1893) 192.

Synonyms: M. pinnaeformis (non Zipp. ex Miq.) Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. 13, 3 & 4

(1891) 308 pro parte quoad spec. ex Ralum tantum [altera pars M. pinnaeformis

Zipp. ex Warb. = H. sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb.].

Horsfieldia ralumensis Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 336 (original spelling is

ralunensis but the correct spelling of the locality is Ralum) — syn. noy.; K.

Schumann, “Die Flora von Neu Pommern’’ in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2 (1898)

117 as H. ralumensis Warb.; K. Schumann & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb.

i.d. Siidsee (1900) 324; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 150. H. glabrescens

Warb. in K. Schumann & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d., Siidsee (1900)

325 — syn. nov.; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151 sub H. novoguineensis

Warb.

Key to the varieties of Horsfieldia hellwigii

1. Leaves coriaceous, reticulations and nerves much impressed above, reticulations also

present beneath. Tomentum rather harsh, dark brown, the under-surface of the leaf

punctate with stellate hairs, their scabrid bases remaining even after the hairs are shed,

giving the texture of the leaf a rough, dotted appearance; nerves usually arising at an

angle of 50-70° to the midrib, straight and parallel, not curving much except at the

margins, closely spaced 0.5-1.5 cm apart; average 1 cm apart

2. Under-surface of leaves with a continuous covering of hairs, thickest especially on

the midrib, veins and reticulations. Leaves usually over 20 cm and up to 35 cm long,

the average length 30 CM ........5.00.5..ncccescceccecdeos scree peiutks het iebeehaeteae su MN EERE CR Ove

so-nsige 0 s'gppinkigs cid sip nouteld ce nem eceti te agus Uae, mate aR kT oe eee cence var. pulverulenta

2. Under-surface of leaves nearly glabrous, the hairs present only on the midrib and on

the basal portions of some of the primary veins, the rest of the surface minutely

punctate and rough with dots that probably represent the bases of rudimentary or

deciduous stellate hairs. Leaves not usually over 20 cm long, average length 15 cm

su sean’ int « eae eae eee er var. pulverulenta (a form from limestone, Vink BW12194)

1. Leaves chartaceous or thinly chartaceous, reticulations and nerves not deeply impressed

above, reticulations mostly absent above, present or absent beneath. Tomentum soft,

medium brown or yellowish brown to greenish brown, the under-surface with or without

stellate hairs but if present then the hairs leaving no scabrid persistent bases, the texture

of the leaf being smooth after their fall; nerves usually arising at an angle of 45°, less

often at greater angles, curving frequently but also straight and nearly parallel, the

distance apart variable

3. Apical bud tomentose, twig innovations tomentose or tomentulose. Leaves with a

varying amount of tomentum beneath, the upper surface drying greenish shades of

brown or of grey, the lower surface various due to the colour of the hairs, the shape

variable, usually elliptic with the sides and veins curving, less often oblong with the

sides and veins nearly parallel, the base acute or rounded, the lamina 4.5—7-11 cm

broad; reticulations often present beneath, Inflorescence axis mostly tomentose, the

female 3-6 cm long; pedicels 1.5 mm thick. Flowers when dry usually a dark colour,

blackish or purplish, less often reddish brown. Fruit ellipsoid or oblong, greenish

brown with pale coloured warts or spots when dry .................cceceeeees var. hellwigii

3. Apical bud puberulous, twig innovations minutely puberulous, soon glabrous. Leaves

glabrous beneath, the upper surface drying a medium reddish brown, tinged with

pinkish or purplish shades, the lower surface paler, narrowly oblong with the sides

and nerves tending to be parallel, less often elliptic, the base acute, the lamina

narrower, 3.5-7.5 cm broad, the average breadth 4.5 cm; reticulations rarely present

on the lower surface, but if so, very fine and slender, Inflorescence axis tomentulose,

the female apparently longer, 8-12 cm long (? always); pedicels more slender, 0. 5-

0.8 mm thick (? always). Flowers when dry medium brown with a pinkish tinge.

Fruit oblong, oblong-globose or subglobose (ellipsoid ones not seen), dark reddish

brown with pale coloured warts or spots when dry .................. var. novobritannica

var. hellwigii

Tree 9-25 m, average 15 m high, the branches whorled, nearly horizontal.

Bark dark brown, sometimes with greyish portions longitudinally furrowed; sap

red, copious. Twigs, the apical 10-20 cm length-portions rather smooth, hollow

Horsfieldia hellwigii 51

here and there, 3-4 mm thick, occasionally two lines from petiole base to petiole

base present, tomentulose becoming glabrous, the tomentum dark brown, yellowish

brown or rusty brown, varying in colour, the oldest parts longitudinally striate, 0.5

—1 cm thick, dark reddish brown, greyish brown or grey and with a few scattered

lenticels, the terminal bud densely tomentose. Leaves thinly chartaceous and

sometimes even membranous, dark green above when fresh, drying a greenish

brown or a greenish grey above and various colours beneath, owing to the indu-

ment which varies in amount from a thin sparse coating on the midrib and nerves

to tomentose all over, sometimes also present above in very young leaves emerging

from the bud, consisting of short, soft, downy, yellowish brown or greenish brown,

less often medium brown, 0.4—0.8 mm long, stellate hairs, these also mixed with

simple hairs and persisting or some of them deciduous and leaving a fairly smooth

leaf-surface, the lamina elliptic, oblong-elliptic, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, rarely

oblong-obovate, sometimes slightly falcate, the sides curving or sometimes nearly

parallel, the base bluntly acute or shortly cuneate, less often rounded, the apex

acuminate or rounded and then acuminate; the acumen 1-3.5 cm long; midrib

slender and lying in a groove above, prominent beneath; nerves (12)—15—22 pairs,

rarely 26-30 pairs, arising at an angle of about 45°, either curving gradually towards

the margins or straight, oblique and parallel to each other, equidistant, their

distance apart varying from 1-2 cm in the various forms, slender above, level with

the surface or sunk in a groove, prominent beneath, anastomosing in single or

double loops at the margins; secondary nerves very short, not many ever present;

reticulations faint above, not often visible except with a hand-lens, not impressed,

fine and slender beneath if not hidden by the tomentum, the main ones scalariform,

the finer ones forming a lax network; length (15)—20-30-(50) cm, average length

25 cm; breadth 4.5-7-11 cm; petiole tomentulose, short in proportion to the

length of the lamina, 0.5—-1 cm long and 3-4 mm thick. Male inflorescence a much

branched, 6-10 cm long, tomentose panicle, its main branches alternate, the lower-

most 2-4 cm long, the tomentum soft, consisting of erect, stellate and dendroid,

yellowish brown hairs, their colour being the same as that of the hairs on the

leaves and twig innovations. Male flowers coriaceous, 0.5 mm thick, yellow, drying

reddish brown or dark purplish brown, often rugose through shrinkage on drying,

subglobose to reniform, horizontal at the base or sometimes slightly decurrent there

to meet the pedicel, 2-3 mm long and 3-3.5 mm broad, 4 mm broad in living or

freshly soaked flowers, split down 4-way and later $-way by the two lobes, column

laterally compressed, 1.8-2 mm broad and 1.5-1.8 mm high with the central cavity

extending down 1-way, anthers 10-12; pedicels rather variable in length depending

on the locality, 2-4 mm long and 0.3 mm thick. Female inflorescence 3—6 cm long

(up to 9 cm long in fruit) resembling the male in being much branched but the

axis a trifle stouter and the branches shorter and more rigid. Female flowers as in

the male but more coriaceous, often rugose outside through shrinkage on drying,

subglobose in bud, ellipsoid at anthesis, 2-4 mm in diam., but mostly 3-3.5 mm

in diam., the size in herbaria variable mostly due to age, the two lips of the

perianth thickened, their opening at first very small and confined to the apex,

later extending down about }-way along the edge of the perianth; ovary greyish

brown, adpressed, shining tomentose, ovoid-globose, 2.5 mm across; pedicels very

stout and densely tomentose, 2-3 mm long and 1.5 mm thick. Fruit when ripe

orange and tomentulose with greenish brown hairs, becoming glabrous, the pericarp

2-3 mm thick, hard and woody, drying reddish brown with some whitish deposits,

the latter being the remains of the more succulent outer layers, ellipscid and acute

at both ends or oblong and rounded, 1.8-2.7-(3) cm long and 1.4-1.6 cm broad;

52 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

stalk minutely pubescent, 0.7-1.5 cm long and 3 mm thick. Aril orange. Seed

conform to the fruit, cream-coloured with an over-lying, thin, brownish yellow

testa, 1.5-2 cm long and 0.8-1 cm broad.

NEW GUINEA

PAPUA:

Northern District:—Buna, C.E. Lane-Poole 231 (BRI); about 6 km north-east of

Popondetta, along the Cape Killerton Road, Hoogland 3256 (A, CANB, K, L); along

Popondetta-Saihe Road near Haganahambo Village, Hoogland 3464 (CANB);

Dobodura, N.G.F. 2007 (BRI, LAE); ca. 3 km north of Dobodura Village, Floyd

& Hoogland 3818 (A, BM, BO, CANB, K, L, LAE, US); ca. 1 km east of Aku,

Tufi Subdistrict, Hoogland 4386 (A, BM, CANB, K, L).

Central District:—Near Maipa airstrip, Kairuka Subdistrict, J.C. Saunders 1104

(LAE); Koitaki, Carr 11962 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, SING).

EAN.G:

Madang District:—Josephstaal, K.J. White N.G.F. 10258 (CANB, K, L, SING);

Constantinhafen, Lauterbach 1191 (BRSL, L, S); near Puria River, foot (north-

east) of Mount Hellwig, Hoogland 5210 (A, BM, CANB, L); Ramu River, Tappen-

beck 74 (B burnt not seen, BRSL).

Morobe District:—Wareo Trail, Sattelberg, Clemens 1838 (A, B, SING); Finsch-

hafen, Clemens 78 (L); vicinity of Kajabit Mission, Clemens 10908 (A, L, UC);

Markham Valley near Erap, Womersley & Hoogland 5156 (A, BM, BO, BRI,

CANB, K, L, LAE, PNH, NSW, SING, US); Yalu Area, Cavanaugh N.G.F. 857

(BRI, LAE); ridge above Yalu Village, T7.G. Hartley 9970 (L, LAE); near Yalu

Village, T.G. Hartley 10013 (L, LAE); Yalu, Lae, H.E. Dadswell, L.S. Smith &

C.T. White N.G.F. 1617 (BRI, LAE); Munim Waters at Yalu, N.G.F. 204 (BRI,

LAE); Munim, Lae, E.E. Henty N.G.F. 10540 (CANB, K, L, SING); corner of

Narakapoor Road & Lae-Nadzab Road, Australian Forest Survey Co. N.G.F. 240

(BRI, LAE); Botanic Garden, Lae, K.J. White N.G.F. 9677 (BO, CANB, K, L,

LAE, SING) and 968] (CANB, K, L, LAE, SING); ditto A.N. Millar N.G.F. 9770

(CANB, K, L, SING): Bulolo, D. Fryar N.G.F. 4019 (A, BM, BO, BRI, CANB, K,

KEP, L, LAE, PNH, NSW, SING, US); ditto, McVeagh & Ridgwell N.G.F. 7331

(A, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW, SING).

D’ENTRECASTEAUX ISLANDS:

Goodenough Island, Bolu-Bolu, Brass 24386 (A, K, L, LAE); Fergusson Island,

Saibutu, Brass 25949 (A, K, L, LAE).

NEw BRITAIN:

Galilo Village, near Cape Hoskins, West Nakanai, A.G. Floyd N.G.F. 6410 (A,

BM, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW. SING); near Sabuite Creek on Rikau-

Wasissi track, Talasea Subdistrict, K.J. White N.G.F. 10832 (CANB, K, L, LAE,

SING); Jacquinot Bay, Haas N.G.F. 10540 (BRI, LAE); near Urin, South New

Britain, K.J. White N.G.F. 10018 (CANB. K, L, SING).

Gazelle Peninsula:—Ralum, Warburg 20709 (B burnt, not seen); Keravat, Hoog-

land 3431 (A, BM, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW, PNH, SING); Warangoi,

Kazakoff N.G.F. 7060 (A, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE); ditto Womersley &

Kazakoff N.G.F. 7092 (BO, BRI, K, L, LAE); Nodup, J.H.L. Waterhouse Nos 242

(A, NY) and 3/8 (NY).

Horsfieldia hellwigii 53

DISTRIBUTION: New Britain and the Southern part of New Guinea, i.e. Papua

in Northern and Central Districts, and in the D’entrecasteaux Islands; Territory

of New Guinea mostly in the Morobe District and to some extent, in the Madang

District but here it tends to be replaced by specimens intermediate between var.

hellwigii and var. pulverulenta.

TYPE MATERIAL: Mpyristica hellwigii Warb., Hellwig 416 (B holotype, burnt)

behind Siwitta, Finschhafen, female flowers. I have not seen this but from the

description it closely agrees with the Clemens material collected in this area. Such

specimens have the tomentum on the midrib and veins moderately thick but there

are specimens from other areas with a much denser tomentum and others with a

thinner investment. Horsfieldia glabrescens Warb., Tappenbeck 74 (B holotype

burnt, BRSL) Ramu River. H. ralumensis Warb., Warburg 20709 (B holotype,

burnt) Ralum, Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, male flowers. Warburg at first

wrongly named this specimen M. pinnaeformis but the true pinnaeformis is H

sylvestris.

ECOLOGY: Flowering from November to May and fruiting May to September.

Lowland primary forest ascending to only 560 m.

VERNACULAR NAMES: New Guinea:—Apaap (Wanigela, Northern District);

fohja (Okena at Aku, Northern Dist.); mamasoh (Onjob at Koreaf, Northern Dist.):

o’ henga (Orokaiva at Mumuni).

New Britain:—Lagele kuku (West Nakanai); mu (Gazelle Pen.); nangarm (Urin);

olai (Gazelle Pen.).

USES: Reported to be used for house beams (from information on label of Floyd

6410) and a useful timber (label of Waterhouse 318).

This species tends to vary along certain lines and through a number of

variable diagnostic characters it can be divided into its varieties. A summary of

the chief characters will help us to understand what to look for in the varieties

that follow. These characters all pertain to leaf morphology and are: —

1. Texture of the leaves.

2. Amount of tomentum on lower surface. It varies from glabrous to

tomentose.

3. Softness or harshness of tomentum.

Colour of tomentum. If dark brown or not.

5. Scabrid bases of stellate hairs persisting or not and if leaving any punctate

marks on the leaf tissue after fall.

6. Shape of leaves. Are they oblong or narrowly oblong with the sides parallel

or are they elliptic with curving sides? Other shapes are usually combina-

tions of these two.

7. Veins and reticulations deeply impressed above or not. Usually impressed

in the coriaceous leaves of var. pulverulenta.

8. Veins straight, parallel and closely spaced or curving and more distantly

spaced. In elliptic leaves they tend to curve more.

9. Angle of origin of the primary veins. Are they oblique, arising at 45° to

the midrib or is the angle greater, i.e. 50-70?

10. Reticulations present or absent on both surfaces and if distinct or faint.

54 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore —- XXVIII (1975)

The variety hellwigii is the commonest variant of this species. The leaves

are rather thin in texture and both the elliptic and oblong shapes mentioned above

occur. The former is the more usual but there are many specimens with oblong-

elliptic leaves or the two kinds may occur on the same twig, and we do not tend

to notice the gradual transition from the one to the other. Reticulations are usually

confined to the under-surface where they are as often present as absent; sometimes

they are hidden by the tomentum. The latter is soft, yellowish brown, greenish

brown or less often medium brown and consists of stellate and simple hairs in

very varying quantity all over the lower surface of the leaf or on the midrib and

veins only. The lower surface is not punctate with the scabrid bases of the deciduous

stellate hairs after they fall but remains quite smooth.

A somewhat robust specimen (now destroyed) with leaves 35 cm long from

the Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain was named H. ralumensis by Warburg. There

are several collections now from the Gazelle Peninsula, one of them Hoogland 3431,

having leaves even longer than this and measuring 50 cm. But such leaves are

from the older and thicker twigs and not the apical ones which are only about

20-30 cm long. I do not see that these specimens are outside of the range of var.

hellwigii. The leaves become gradually smaller and narrower and when all the

hairs have gone pass into the glabrous-leaved var. novobritannica.

In N.G.F. 2007 there are distinct lines present on the twigs from petiole base

to petiole base and in a few other specimens there are traces of faint lines. In

most cases, however, they are either absent or the portion of twig collected is

far too short to show them. More evidence of their presence is required and this

should be looked for neither in the apical nor the oldest portions of the twig,

but in the intermediate intervals.

var. novobritannica J. Sinclair, var. nov.

Nomen: Horsfieldia ralumensis (non Warb.) Kanehira & Hatusima, “‘Plants of

New Guinea, etc.”’ in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 52 (1938) 355.

A typo ramulis ac foliis glabris vel cito glabris, gemma terminali, inflorescentiae

axe pedicellisque tomentellis vel puberulis glabrescentibus (nec dense tomentosis),

reticulationibus minus distinctis vel subnullis differt. Inter signa minus eminentia a

typo foliis in sicco rubro-brunnescentibus, saepe angustioribus et paullo crassioribus,

inflorescentia feminea longiore cum pedicellis tenuioribus recognoscitur.

Arbor 8-18 m alta, rami horizontales vel dependentes. Cortex ut in var.

hellwigti. Ramuli gemmis terminalibus elongatis et innovationibus brevissimis

ambabus minute puberulis exceptis, glabri, in partibus novellis fere laeves, rubro-

brunnei, 2-4 mm crassi, in partibus veterrimis striati, griseo-brunnei vel grisei; alia

signa ut in var. hellwigii. Folia vulgo chartacea, infrequenter tenuiter chartacea,

glabra, supra atroviridia, in sicco modice rubro-brunnea, saepe cum purpureo vel

roseo suffusa, subtus similimodo tincta sed pallidiora, vulgo anguste oblonga cum

lateribus fere parallelis, interdum elliptica, oblanceolata, lanceolata vel per occa-

sionem leviter falcata, basi acuta, apice acuta vel breviter acuminata, 12-28 cm

longa, vulgo 20 cm, 3.5-7.5 cm lata, vulgo 4.5 cm; nervi 16—20-jugati, graciles,

0.7-1.3 cm inter se distantes, recti vel leviter curvati, obliqui sub angulo c. 45° e

costa abeuntes; reticulationes utrinque invisibiles vel subtus tantum visae, subtiles,

laxe dispositae, hic illic fractae, in aspectu moniliformes vel granulatae; petiolus

0.5—-1 cm longus, 2-3 mm crassus. /nflorescentia mascula 5-8 cm longa, modice

Horsfieldia hellwigii 55

brunneo-tomentella. Flores masculi ut in var. hellwigii 2 mm longi, 3 mm lati

(probabiliter nondum perfecte evoluti); pedicelli tomentelli glabrescentes, 2-3 mm

longi, 0.3 mm crassi. nflorescentia feminea floribunda, 8-12 cm longa, eius tomen-

tum ut in inflorescentia mascula. Flores feminei coriacei, 0.4 mm crassi, in alabastro

globosi, 2.5—-3 mm in diam., laeves vel per contractionem siccando rugulosi; ovarium

ovoideo-globosum, pallido-brunneum, adpresso-tomentellum, nitidum, 1.5 mm in

diam.; pedicelli 2-3 mm longi, vulgo 2.5 mm, 0.5—0.8 mm crassi. Fructus auran-

tiacus, in sicco rubro-brunneus, oblongus, oblongo-globosus vel interdum sub-

globosus, 2—2.5 cm longus, 1.7—2.3 cm latus; pericarpium durum lignosum 3 mm

crassum, leviter granulatum, reliquiis pulpae pallido-roseis verrucosis ex ciccatis

incrustatum; stipes 0.5—1 cm longus, 3 mm crassus. Arillus rubro-brunneus. Semen

pallido-stramineum, 2 cm longum, 1.5 cm latum.

Tree 8-18 m high, the branches horizontal or drooping. Bark as in var.

hellwigii. Twigs glabrous except the elongate terminal buds and the very short

innovations, both these minutely puberulous; in the youngest parts the twigs almost

smooth, reddish brown and 2-4 mm thick, the oldest parts striate, greyish brown

or grey; other twig characters as in var. hellwigii. Leaves usually chartaceous,

occasionally thinly chartaceous, glabrous, dark green above, drying medium reddish

brown often tinged with purple or pink, the lower surface tinted in the same way

but paler, usually narrowly oblong with the sides nearly parallel, sometimes elliptic,

oblanceolate, lanceolate or occasionally slightly falcate, acute at the base, acute or

shortly acuminate at the apex, 12-28 cm long, average 20 cm long, 3.5—-7.5 cm

broad, average 4.5 cm broad; nerves 16-20 pairs, slender, 0.7—1.3 cm distant from

each other, straight or curving slightly, oblique, leaving the midrib at an angle of

about 45°; reticulations invisible on both sides or seen only beneath, very slender,

forming a lax network, broken here and there and having a moniliform or granulate

appearance; petiole 0.5—-1 cm long and 2-3 mm thick. Male inflorescence 5-8 cm

long, medium brown-tomentulose. Male flowers as in var. hellwigii, but pinkish

brown when dry, 2 mm long and 3 mm broad, probably not yet quite maximum

size; pedicels tomentulose, becoming glabrous, 2-3 mm long and 0.3 mm thick.

Female inflorescence with numerous flowers, 8—!2 cm long, the tomentum as in

the male inflorescence. Female flowers coriaceous, 0.4 mm thick, globose in bud,

drying pinkish brown, 2.5-3 mm in diam., smooth or somewhat wrinkled through

shrinkage on drying; ovary ovoid-globose, pale brown, adpressed-tomentulose,

shining, 1.5 mm in diam.; pedicels 2-3 mm long, average 2.5 mm long and

0.5—0.8 mm thick. Fruit orange when ripe, reddish brown when dry, oblong-globose

or sometimes subglobose, 2—2.5 cm long and 1.7-2.3 cm broad; pericarp hard

and woody, 3 mm thick, slightly granulate, encrusted with dry, shrivelled, pale

pink warted remains of the pulp; stalk 0.5—-1 cm long and 3 mm thick. Aril reddish

brown. Seed pale straw-coloured, 2 cm long and 1.5 cm broad.

NEW GUINEA

T.N.G.:

Madang District:—Josephstaal, K.J. White N.G.F. 10263 (SING).

Morobe District:—Buang Track on a ridge above Gabensis, A.G. Floyd N.G.F.

7275 (A, BO, BRI, K, L, LAE); Morobe, Womersley N.G.F. 2934 (A, BRI, CANB,

K,,L, LAE).

56 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

NEw BRITAIN:

Sabuite Creek, Rikau Village, Talasea Subdistrict, K.J. White N.G.F. 10811

(CANB, K, L, LAE, SING); Galilo Village, near Cape Hoskins, West Nakani,

A.G. Floyd N.G.F. 6430 (A, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW); Mavalo, Powell

Harbour, C.E. Lane-Poole s.n. (LAE); near Urin, South New Britain, K.J. White

N.G.F. 10040 (CANB, K, L, LAE, SING).

Gazelle Peninsula:—Keravat Plantation Area, F. H. Coppack N.G.F. 7039 (A, BO,

BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW, SING); Keravat Logging Area, A.G. Floyd N.G.F.

6662 (A, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, SING); Keravat Expt. Siation near Rabaul,

R. Kanehira 3969 (A); Vudal Divide, Keravat, Womersley N.G.F. 7944 (A, BM,

BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW, SING); Keravat, Womersley & Jones N.G.F.

8773 (A, BRI, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION: Common in New Britain but rare in New Guinea and found

there in the Madang and Morobe Districts as above.

TYPE MATERIAL: H. hellwigii var. novobritannica J. Sinclair, A.G. Floyd

N.G.F. 6430 (A, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE holotype, NSW) Galilo Village, New

Britain.

ECOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting irregularly. Lowland primary forest.

VERNACULAR NAMES: New Britain:—Kokomo (Pidgin, Keravat); la gele

kuku (West Nakanai) this name also applied to var. hellwigii; nungam (Urin).

At first I thought that this was a separate species from H. hellwigii var.

hellwigii but now when the two are side by side I see in it the same familiar

characters with some modifications. The leaves have with the loss of tomentum

become narrower and slightly thicker but the new lock, like a coat of fresh paint,

is probably also in a measure due to the reddening up of the dried leaves with a

pinkish tinge beneath and some purple in the tissue of the petioles and lower

midrib. The base of the leaf is acute, the nerves usually oblique and the sides

tending to be parallel but there are elliptic leaves occasionally. Reticulations are

fewer and finer or if the leaf is thick, absent. In the inflorescence axis the tomentum

has become less, the female has numercus flowers and is apparently longer than

the male. It is possible that the female flowers will increase slightly more in size

since they are not quite so big as some of those seen in var. hellwigii. Male flowers

are immature in nearly all the collections examined. The largest ones I could find

were seen in the Lae duplicate of Floyd 6430 which has been made the type. In it

there are inflorescences with flowers in various stages of development, the oldest

ones being about twice the size of the youngest. It is possible that the oldest ones

will still grow a little more.

var. pulverulenta (Warb.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Horsfieldia pulverulenta Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 342 t. 23 f.1-2:

Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 150 sub H. ralumensis Warb.

Synonym: Myristica pulverulenta (Warb.) Boerl, Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900)

87 nom. alt.

Tree 15-32 m high. Bark dark brown. Twigs with the tomentum of the in-

novations dark brown. Leaves coriaceous, dark glossy green above, becoming dark

brown or blackish brown on drying and often retaining some of the gloss, thinly

covered beneath with a harsh punctate pubescence of dark brown, 0.5-1 mm long,

Horsfieldia hellwigii 57

stellate hairs, these mixed with some simple hairs as well, and the amount variable

in quantity being somewhat deciduous, the scabrid stumps of the stellate hairs

remaining and imparting a distinctive look to the leaves, a useful mark of identi-

fication, the lamina in size and shape variable, mostly narrowly oblong with

parallel sides but also elliptic, ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, the base rounded,

less often acute, the apex acuminate, occasionally with a slender filiform, 2 cm

long acumen; nerves numerous, 15-35 pairs, average 25 pairs, arising at an angle

of 50-70° to the midrib, less often 45°, closely spaced, 0.5-1.5 cm, average distance

1 cm apart from each other, straight and parallel, not curving much except near the

margins, sunk and impressed above; reticulations also impressed above and there

fairly distinct, usually very distinct beneath; length variable, 13-30-35 cm, average

30 cm; breadth 4-12.5 cm, average 7 cm; petiole 0.5—-1 cm long. Male inflorescence

7-10 cm long, much branched, axis and pedicels rusty or dark brown tomentose.

Male flowers (rather young in the only example seen) as in var. hellwigii, coriaceous

and covered at this stage with dark brown tomentum. Female inflorescence 3-10

cm long, scarcely distinguishable from the male except for the sex of the flowers,

also much branched. Female flowers coriaceous, 0.4 mm thick, yellow, dark brown

and rugulose when dry, glabrous or with a few minute hairs, subglobose, bluntly

acute towards the apex, very similar to those of var. hellwigii except darker in

colour, 3-4 mm in diam., mostly 3.5 mm, the two perianth lips thickened, forming

a small apical pore 0.5—0.8 mm wide, but probably splitting down more later; ovary

ovoid-globose, 2.8-3 mm in diam., dark chocolate brown tomentulose; pedicels

also dark brown tomentose, 3-4 mm long and 1.5—1.8 mm thick. Fruit ellipsoid,

3 cm long and 2 cm broad; stalk 1 cm long.

NEW GUINEA

VOGELKOP (DUTCH WEST NEW GUINEA):

Klamono, Sorong, Pleyte 553 (L); Andai, Beccari 759 as FI Acc. Nos 7608 (FI);

7608A (FI); 7609 (Fi): 7609A (FI); Putat, Arfak Mts, Beccari 925 as FI Acc. No

7610 (FI); Kowap, north from Fak-Fak, W. Vink BW12194 (L) glabrous form from

limestone.

DuTCH NorTH NEW GUINEA:

Nabire, Geeivink Bay, Kanehira & Hatusima 11459 (A, BO, RINR); Pionier

bivak, Membramogebied, 553/098 (BO, L); Tami, Hollandia, Schram BW2727

(CANB, L); Hollandia, Schram BW2733 (CANB, L).

DuTcH SOUTH NEW GUINEA:

Mimika, Siere (Oeta) E. Lundquist 103 as bb32822 (BO, L); Nassau Mts, Docters

van Leeuwen 10479 (A, BO, K, L); Beaufort River, Pulle 343 (A, BO, K, L) old

material badly dried by heat, indumentum partly destroyed or washed off.

T.N.G:.:

Sepik District:—Rhainbrum River near Sumo Village, Aitape Subdistrict,

Darbyshire & Hoogland 8094 (BM, E, G, L, LAE) very fine typical specimens.

P. JAPEN:

Serui, 5530514 (A, BO, L, SING); Soemberbaba, Ch. Koster BWII1I1 (L) good

material.

DISTRIBUTION: New Guinea, the northern part from the Sepik District north-

wards; also Pulau Japen.

58 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

TYPE MATERIAL: M. pulverulenta Warb., Beccari Nos 759 (FI) including the

four FI Acc. Nos given above, Andai and 925 (FI) Putat, Arfak Mts, all syntypes.

ECOLOGY: In flower most months of the year. Lowland primary forest.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Baa (Tami, Hollandia); patepo (Tarie); poi (Pogatumo

language at Sumo, Sepik District); sabobo (Orne language at Mafoka, Sepik Dist.);

sambawoi (Biak dialect at P. Japen); vionghe (Nemo).

The following are the chief characters associated with this variety: —coriaceous

leaves, narrowly oblong with parallel sides, numerous straight, parallel, closely-

spaced veins arising at an angle of 50-70° to the midrib and impressed above,

the reticulations also sunk above and often conspicuous beneath, and the harsh

dark brown deciduous stellate hairs, their scabrid bases persisting and giving the

leaf a rough punctate appearance. There is a considerable amount of overlapping

of these characters with those of var. hellwigii for var. pulverulenta can at times

have elliptic leaves with curving veins. The lamina may be large with many veins

or small with few veins. Both kinds are seen in the Beccari type material as well as

the more usual narrowly oblong elongate ones also seen in the Beccari syntypes.

As far as I can see there are only two characters which do not overlap and

which the one variety has but with the other lacks. These absolute diagnostic

characters are the coriaceous leaves and the harshness of the tomentum, but if I

were to mention only these in a key then I would be failing to convey any real

idea or image of this unique variety. It is the combination of characters rather

than individual ones that single out var. pulverulenta.

Like var. hellwigii this variety also tends to vary in the amount of tomentum

on the lower surface of the leaf. There is a single collection Vink BW12194 from

limestone in which the hairs are restricted to the midrib and to some of the

veins. The rest of the lower surface is closely punctate with scabrid dots which

represent either deciduous hairs or rudimentary ones. I have not given any special

name to this form on the strength of a single gathering and also because it stands

last in a series of specimens with diminishing tomentum.

The var. pulverulenta, because of its dark brown tomentum, resembles

Myristica fusca. Its narrow oblong leaves with parallel sides recall those of

Horsfieldia sylvestris but the latter usually has a smaller and closer network of

reticulations and the stellate hairs do not leave their harsh bases when they fall.

var. hellwigii x var. pulverulenta (Warb.) J. Sinclair.

Ramu River specimens intermediate between var. hellwigii and var. pulverulenta.

Tree 12-30 m high with horizontal branches. Bark dark brown, longitudinally

furrowed. Leaves thinly chartaceous, the youngest almost membranous, oblong-

lanceolate, less often elliptic or oblong, the base broad, rounded and then bluntly

acute for a very short way only where it joins the petiole, apex rounded and then

acuminate or more often produced into a slender, 1-2.5 mm long and 1 mm broad

filiform appendage, tomentum of stellate, dendroid and simple hairs on the lower

surface of the lamina, medium brown in colour and not dark brown, rather soft

to the touch, the stellate ones not very conspicuous except under a hand-lens,

deciduous but scarcely leaving scabrid persistent bases, the lamina smooth and

not punctate after their fall; nerves 20-30 pairs, average 25 pairs, rather close to

each other as in var. pulverulenta and also like those of it, arising at an angle of

more than 45° to the midrib, not usually impressed above, straight but also curving

Horsfieldia hellwigii 59

as in var. hellwigii; reticulations not usually impressed or conspicuous above,

except in one case, distinct, however, beneath; length (11)—15—30-(35) cm; breadth

5.5—9 cm, sometimes 11 cm broad at the very base. Flowers and fruit not seen.

NEW GUINEA

TEEN,G.:

Madang District:—Ramu Valley, about 5 miles south-east of Faita airstrip

J.C. Saunders Nos 202 (CANB, L); 358 (CANB, L, LAE); 398 (A, CANB, L,

LAE); 483 (CANB, L, LAE).

DISTRIBUTION: As above in the Madang District. To the north is var. pulveru-

lenta, to the south var. hellwigii but the latter also occurs sparingly in the Madang

District.

VERNACULAR NAMES: All Ramu Valley :—Dindo (Faita); dzidzit; gaigeram;

gegeram; (Dumpu); gamuka; gamukwa (Faita); gaun; gilus (Bilia); hokol (Amele);

kuan (Dumpu); mames; mebon (Bilia); munge (Faita).

The Saunders Madang series quoted above are a truly transitional lot leading

from the hairy oblong-leaved forms of var. hellwigii of the Morobe and Madang

Districts to var. pulverulenta from the Sepik and northwards. I can quote lists

of collectors’ numbers to show such transitions but there is not much point in

doing so unless one can see all these together in a row for comparison. If the

specimens are from different herbaria then the only person who will benefit is

the one revising a genus or a particular species that has been sent on loan.

In the larger herbaria where there is a comprehensive collection it is often possible

to lay out a series of sheets illustrating such transitions.

In leaf shape and venation the Saunder’s specimens have a lot in common

with var. pulverulenta, but in leaf texture, colour and nature of tomentum they

are more in accord with var. hellwigii. They have a slender filiform drip-tip to

the leaves but they are not unique in this modification for occasional specimens

of var. pulverulenta sometimes have it. Going on to details the tomentum is soft

like that of var. hellwigii, the colour reddish brown, and the deciduous stellate

hairs do not leave scabrid bases which roughen the texture of the leaf. Although

the leaves are mostly oblong-lanceolate with a broad base, small elliptic ones

with curving veins now and again appear, forging another link with var. hellwigii,

but the same small leaves in Saunders 358 have the nerves and reticulations im-

pressed above which is a feature of var. pulverulenta.

* * *

It will be seen that H. hellwigii is a polymorphic species extending from

one end of New Guinea to the other with off-shore extensions to Pulau Japen

and New Britain. There is a considerable amount of foliar variation over this

geographical range but the floral characters and reproductive phase remain

remarkably constant. This foliar diversion has given rise to three variants but they

are inter se not very clear-cut, there being various transitional forms and specimens

leading from the one to the other. I am not able to raise any of them to specific

rank, not even the glabrous-leaved var. novobritannica for less hairy forms of

var. hellwigii with gradually narrowing leaves stand between the two.

60 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

The pattern of variation and distribution in H. hellwigii has revealed much in

general about specific delimitation in this genus in New Guinea. I saw glimpses

of a somewhat similar but less clear pattern in certain other New Guinea species

which I had written up earlier. Had I then known the real significance of such

patterns I might have used that knowledge to advantage in sorting out the various

forms and varieties of polymorphic species like spicata, subtilis and cruxmilitensis

prior to writing them up. I might also have saved time in deciding whether certain

puzzling specimens and taxa were good species or only varieties.

If H. hellwigii and other polymorphic Horsfieldia species exhibit certain pat-

terns of delimitation and variation in traversing the length and breadth of New

Guinea, then I see no reason why other genera in various families that inhabit

primary lowland forest in the same area should not have a similar pattern. This

seems to be the case, judging from the treatment of certain lowland forest species

recently revised in Flora Malesiana. Some of these have several synonyms, three

being a common number. The fact that some species have several synonyms might

suggest variability or that taxonomists have had some difficulty with them in the

past. Sometimes we are told that the species is variable and in a few cases the

author has divided it into varieties.

We have seen that H. hellwigii is a successful species covering a more or less

continuous area of lowland forest throughout an island subcontinent. It is fortunate

for our studies that this area of forest is still more or less intact and that we have

herbarium specimens representative of most of this area. I reckon therefore that

we have all the variants of H. hellwigii and that there are no missing links. In a

continuous area of primary forest the habitat and conditions affecting growth

must be very uniform so we should expect the species to vary very little or only

gradually as we pass from one end of the region to the other. Thus one form of

the species should gradually merge into the next, each succeeding one slowly

replacing the one behind it. Transitional forms will lead from one variety to the

other and the morphological changes involved will mostly affect the vegetative

parts, especially the leaves. Flora! organs will be the least transformed. Perhaps

only will there be a change in the colour or amount of their tomentum. Less

often will the perianth have altered in size and usually not at all in shape.

The case of H. hellwigii is a wonderful example conforming in almost every

detail to such expected patterns of variation of a hypothetical species growing in a

continuous area of primary forest under uniform conditions. In fact I do not know

of any other species or Horsfieldia that demonstrates the variation theory of the

previous paragraph so admirably. The glabrous forms pass into the hairy ones

and elliptic leaves give way to oblong and narrow oblong ones with an increasing

number of veins. Details of the various transitions between one variety and the

next and the useful diagnostic characters that knit them into the pattern have

already been given in the notes after each variety. I must say that I have been

most fortunate in seeing this wonderful picture in its entirety and that yet so

simply constructed from a well arranged series of herbarium sheets. No descriptive

words could ever have conveyed the same idea to me.

Let us now see how the distributional pattern in H. hellwigii compares with

patterns in other areas. In temperate regions populations of a species between two

distant points O and X easily get wiped out. Those remaining at O the centre

of origin and those at X will be the extremes representing that particular species.

If O and X are very remote and if the destruction of the missing links between

O and X occurred a very long time ago then the plant at O and the one at X

Horsfieldia irya 61

may appear very different from each other. In some cases they will be regarded

as distinct species, but usually they will resemble each other in many ways and

give trouble to botanists attempting to name them. I should imagine that many

will be wrongly regarded as two different species when in reality they are sub-

species or varieties of only one species. If the missing links were present then one

would see what rank to give them. In such cases one should examine the flowers

of both and see if they vary. In the case of H. hellwigii the flowers do not vary.

A proper comparative study of the flowers has been neglected by all authors,

especially by Warburg who concentrated on leaves and on aril and seed characters.

This is the main reason why I have had to reduce so many of his New Guinea

species.

In conclusion it seems that on an evolutionary journey extending the length

of New Guinea H. hellwigii has undergone three gradual changes as is seen in its

three varieties. Other Horsfieldia species have also done the trip with three varieties

or two. The varieties are themselves variable and consist of a number of forms.

Although the number of Horsfieldia species is too few to draw general conclusions

yet it seems that the number three may have some significance. Does that mean

that most polymorphic species inhabiting lowland primary forest will range other

New Guinea in three varieties or subspecies? I should like to see how far this

idea can be extended for plants other than Horsfieldia. It seems that the Sepik

District is a dividing line for northern and southern forms, not only of Horsfieldia

but of other species as well. The flora of the Milne Bay District and its off-shore

islands is also rather different from that of the more northerly adjoining districts.

It seems that we can learn something useful for future revisions from the case of

H. hellwigii and its pattern of variation. It is chiefly because of the uniformity

of the habitat (primary lowland forest) and the continuity of the area (lowland,

not ascending mountains and therefore not cut off by isolation) and to a less

degree on the extent of the geographical range that H. hellwigii is but one species

and not three different species. We can save a great deal of time in the future if

we know that such polymorphic plants from lowland New Guinea like H. hellwigii

are usually single species and not small complexes of two or three species. Some

plants can extend a little further than the length of New Guinea before changing

into a different species as for example many species found in New Guinea may

have a slightly extended range into the Moluccas. Usually the Wallace Line is

their limit.

Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 317 t.22, f.1-4.

Manuscript sans description.

INDIA

ANDAMANS:

Great Cocos Island:—Prain, date 1889 (CAL, CGE, E, PDA) as var longifolia.

Long Island:—Parkinson Nos 105 (DD, K) and 792 (CAL); s.l., probably Long

Island, Parkinson Nos 329 (DD) and 467 (CAL).

South Andaman:—s.]., King, 23rd Sept. 1867 (K); King, date 1884 (BM, CAL, DD);

Port Blair, King, date 22nd Jan. 1884 (CAL); Runguchang, King 2nd May 1891

(CAL); Port Mouat, King, 3rd March 1894 (CAL); Jarawa Creek, King, 8th

Dec. 1894 (P, Z); Hope Town, Kurz s.n. (CAL, E, G, K, M, P): s.l., Kurz, date

1876 (G) probably from same collection as preceding.

62 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

NICOBARS:

Great Nicobar:—Chengoppa 23038 (DD).

CEYLON

S.L., (Gardner) Herb. Hooker 748 (K); Thwaites C.P. 2620 (A, B burnt, BM, BO,

BR, CAL, CGE, FI, G Boiss. & Prodr., P, PDA); Thwaites (Herb. Franquerville)

(P); Walker 167 (G); Walker s.n. (K) probably same collection as G.

Central Province:—Peradeniya, Gardner 748 (BM, CGE); Chunam Road, Kandy,

Worthington 487 (BM); Nalanda Rest House compound, Worthington 686 (BM).

Southern Province:—Galle, Herb. Pierre 5445 (P).

BURMA

S.L. Herb. Koenig (BM) Warburg puts it in Ceylon; Moulmein, Wall. Cat. 6804C

(BM, BR, G & Prodr., K, M) as M. exaltata pro parte see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16

(1958) 386 and under type material of H. glabra in this present account; Martaban,

Wall. Cat. 6796 (G Prodr. K) as M. sphaerocarpa.

THAILAND

Saki

Finlayson, Wall Cat. 6807 (K). M. micrantha Wall.

CENTRAL DIVISION:

All Bangkok or near Bangkok:—Kerr Nos. 4108 (BM, K); 4/08a (BM, K); 41086

(BM, K) and 4/08c (BM, K); Marcan Nos. 232 (BM) and 332 (K); Temple Com-

pound, Bangkok, Marcan 971 (BM); Pakret, Bangkok, Marcan 720 (BM); near

canal, Bangkok, Marcan 1978 (BM); Schomburgk 112 (K, P); Ban Poom, near

Bangkok, Eryl Smith 348 (BK, BM).

SOUTH-EASTERN DIVISION:

Nong Nam Keo, Sriracha, Collins 1007 (K) & Collins 1107 (BK); Makham, Kho

~Sabap, Chit 224 (BKF): Kao Saming, Kerat, Put 623 (BK, BM, K).

SOUTH-WESTERN DIVISION:

Ban Map, Amarit, Chumpawn, Kerr 1/419 (BM, K).

PENINSULAR DIVISION:

Bang Son Surat, Put 1580 (BK, BM, K); Kao Kram, Tung Song, Nakawn Sri-

tamarat, Rabil 218 (BM, K); Ao Luk, Krabi, Kerr 18599 (BK, BM, K); Kaw

Pipi, Krabi, Kerr 18907 (BK, BM, K); Bangsak, Trang, Kerr 19036 (BM, K);

Ampo, Kao-Kao, Trang. Rabil 273 (BK, BM, K); Tung Wa, Satul, Kerr 13883

(BK, BM, K); Satul, Kerr 14252 (BK, BM, K); Bukit Rajah, Wang, Satul (Setul)

Ridley 14957 (BM, K, SING); Telok Udang, Teratau, Haniff & Nur S.F.N. 7455

(BO, CAL, K, SING): To Moh, Pattani, Lakshnakara 615 (BK, BM, K).

SUMATRA

ye ER

Horsfield s.n. (K); Korthals s.n. (C, L) as M. javanica.

Horsfieldia irya 63

TAPANULI:

Sopsopan on Aek Si Olip. Div. Padang Si Dimpuan, subdiv. Padang Lawas, Rahmat

Si Toroes 5486 (L).

WEST COAST:

Sidjungdjung, Sipandjang, bb 5208 (BO, L); Priaman, Diepenhorst H.B, 2148 (U)

syntype of M. subglobosa Mia.

EAST COAST:

Selatpandjang, Tanjong Djawai, P. Mendol, bb 21463 (A, BO, L); Lao Sulu,

Karolanden bb 9293 (BO); Sungei Muka between Tanah Datar & Tanjong Tiram,

Batu Bahru, Bartlett 7151 (NY, US); Batu Bahru, Yates 2/84 (L, NY, SING, UC),

Asahan River near Tanjong Balai, Alston 15361 (BM); Si Mandi Angin, Sungei

Kanan, Subdiv. Labruhan Batu, District Kota Pinang, Rahmat Si Toroes 3961

(A, K, L, NY, UC, US); Labulan Batu, Kampong Si-matahari, bb 9758 (BO).

INDRAGIRI:

Belimbing, Indrag. Bovenlanden, bb 28460 (BO, K, L, SING); Gangsal River

between villages of Pengaka & Kemang, Indrag. Bov., Buwalda 6804 (K, P, SING).

BENKULEN:

Malakani, Benkulen Island, bb 19719 (BO, L); Muara, Forbes 3197 (A, BM, FI,

K, L).

PALEMBANG:

S.L. bb 868 (L); Grashoff 1088 (BO, L); Praetorius s.n. (L); Bajunglintjer District,

Banjuasin & Kubestreken, Endert 172 EIP 868 (BO, L); Muara Enim, Teijsmann

H.B. 3189 (U) syntype of M. subglobosa Mia.

P. SIMALUR:

Achmad Nos 60 (BO, K, L, P, SING, U): 362 (BO, L, U) and 830 (BO, L, U);

Tapah, Achmad Nos 1732 (BO, L) and 1784 (BO).

P. SIPORA:

Boden Kloss S.F.N. 14760 (BM, BO, K, UC); /boet 487 (BO, L).

BANKA:

Rias, South Banka, bb 15408 (BO).

RiouW ARCHIPELAGO:

Pulau Karimun, Telok Madjapait, bb 20382 (A. BO, L, NY, SING); P. Baru,

Ridley 1701 (SING).

MALAY PENINSULA

Records from all provinces except Perlis and Province Wellesley. For list see Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 385. A collection from Pulau Helang can be added to the

Pahang records.

PAHANG:

Pulau Helang, Rompin, Lindong bin Sombuf K.F.N. 80999 (K, KEP, L, US).

64 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

JAVA

S.L.:

Most of them probably West Java. Blume s.n. (L, P) as M. javanica Bl.; Blume s.n.

(U) as M. globularia, Horsfield s.n. (BM, K, U) as laevigata; Junghuhn Nos 33

(L) and 49 (L); Kollmann s.n. date 1838 (G Boiss., NY) as M. javanica and as irya

var. javanica; Korthals s.n. (K).

WEST JAVA:

Manes, Tjimara, Udjong Kulon, Prov. Bantam, Koorders 5265 (BO, L) Lower slope

of Mt. Hondje, Kostermans 19281 (K, SING); Danu-Muras, Koorders Nos 40485

(BO); 40539 and 41664 (BO); Anjor, Prov. Bantam, Teijsmann H.B. 2952 (U)

type of M. globularia Bl. var. subglobosa; Muras Boschje near Tjitjeda, Batavia,

van Steenis 5274 (BO, K, L, SING, U); Bogor, Warburg s.n. (G Boiss.); Serang,

Natur Monument, Danau, bb E 1/177 (BO, L); Prov. Preanger, Pelabuan-ratu,

Sukabumi, Koorders Nos 5211 (BO, L); 5237 (BO); 5241 (BO); 12274 (BO, L);

15521 (BO,.L) and 33133. (BO).

MIp JAVA:

Margasari, Brebes Res., Tegal, Koorders 5224 (BO, L); Subah, Pekalongan,

Beumee 4315 (BO); ditto, Koorders Nos 11547 (BO); 11549 (BO); 11550 (BO, P);

13493 (BO, K, L); 2249] (BO); 27479 (BO, L) and Koorders 36927 (B, BO);

Kedungdjati Teak Forests, Semarang, Koorders Nos 5213 (BO, K, L); 5214 (BO);

5215 (BO, K;..L, P); 5216 (BO); 5217 (BO); 5278 (BO): 5219 (BO); 52770

5222 (BO); 5223 (BO); 13144 (BO); 13146 (BO); 15520 (BO); 25392 (B, BO, K, L,

P); 28353 (BO) and 33715 (BO, P); Karangasem Teak Forests, Semarang, Koorders

Nos 5212 (BO); 5220 (BO); 5225 (BO); 5226 (BO); 5227 (BO); 28352 (BO) and

38882 (BO, L); Ngarengan, District Taju afud Djuwana, Djapora, Koorders 35029

(BO); Ngandang, District Sedan, Residency Rembang, Koorders 36429 (BO); Jati

Kalangan, Junghuhn s.n. (A).

BAST JAVA:

Kampong Klino, Bodjonegoro, Kartodihardjo Ja 2237 (A, BO); Tjuratjabe, Kal-

shoven 68 (BO).

ISLANDS NEAR SOUTH-WEST BANTAM:

Pulau Peutjang, Udjung Kulon, UNESCO (Kostermans) 52 (G, K, KEP, SING);

Nengah Wirawan 429 (SING) and Soepadmo 279 (K, SING).

NuSA KAMBANGAN:

Koorders Nos 20039 (BO) and 24784 (BO, L).

KANGEAN ARCHIPELAGO:

Pulau Kangean:—Djukung-djukung, Backer 27971 (BO, K, L, SING, U); Ayer

Kokap, Dommers 266 (BO).

P. BAWEAN:

Telaga Kastoba, Buwalda 3076 = Ja 4214 (A, BO, L, PNH) and Buwalda 3007

= Ja 4215 (BO, P, PNH, SING): ditto, Coert 1489 (A, BO, L); Koduk-koduk,

Buwalda 300la = Ja 4196 (BO).

Horsfieldia irya 65

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ast Division:—Ulu Lundu, P.S. Ashton SAR 18864 (SING); Santubong, Beccari

2171 (FI, K, P); Kuching, Beccari Nos 701 (FI. G, K, P) and 2648 (FI); Sungei

Mahon near Kuching, Beccari 3588 (FI, G, K, P); Setapok, Kuching, Muas 2259

(KEP, SAR, SING); ditto, Sow K.F.N. 80030 (K, KEP, SAR, SING); Serian,

Bujang Bakeri SAR 16805 (SING).

3rd Division:—Batang Trusan, J.A.R. Anderson SAR 1567 (BRUN, KEP SAR,

SING); Loba Kabang South Protected Forest, Wyatt-Smith K.F.N. 79336 (KEP,

SAR, SING); Tanjong Kibong, Daud & Tachun S.F.N. 36084 (SAR, SING);

Rejang River, Sibu, Haviland & Hose 3305 (Kalong) (BM, BO, CGE, K, L, SAR).

4th Division:—Sungei Segan, 4 miles south of Bintulu, J.4.R. Anderson SAR

18583 (SING); Sungei Labang, Bintulu, P.S. Ashton SAR 18120 (SING).

BRUNEI

Badas Forest Reserve, Ashton BRUN 5553 (BRUN, K, KEP, L, SAR, SING).

WEST BORNEO:

Sungei Sambas, Hallier Nos 1021 (B, BO, K, L) and 1/043 (BO, L, P); Sungei

Landak, Teijsmann s.n. (BO); Pontianak, Teijsmann s.n. (BO); Kapuas, Teijsmann

Nos 8676 (BO, FI, L); 8680 (BO, L) and 8683 (BO, FI, L); Ambawang, Kubu,

bb 1149 (BO); Singkadjang, Teijsmann 8678 (BO).

SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST BORNEO:

Banjermassin, Korthals s.n. (L, U); ditto, Motley 982 (CGE, K); between Banjer-

massing & Martapwa, km 14, Tulong Radia, Polok 424 (BO).

NORTH AND NorRTH-EAST BORNEO:

S.L. bb 2114 (L); Pladju, Amdjah 30th May 1912 (L); ditto, Amdjah Nos I (B,

BO, K, L, P, SING, UC) and 94 (B, BO, K, L, UC); Pembliangan, Amdjah 846

(BO, L, U); Berau (Berouw) Mt. Njapa on Kelai River, Kostermans 21456 (SING);

Betemu aer Berouw, bb 9042 (A BO, L); Sidjugdjeng, Sipandjang West Kutei,

bb 5208 (K); Lamin Resak, W. Kutei, bb 29415 (A, BO, K, L, SING); Sungei

Kelesan, Djembajan, W. Kutei, bb 25129 (A, BO, K, L, SING); Sungei Menubar

Region, East Kutei, Kostermans 5047 (BO, K, L, P, PNH, SING); Sungei Wain,

near Balek Papan, Achmat 4 = bb 34244 (BO, L); ditto, Kostermans 4006 (BO,

SABAH:

S.L. H. Lowe s.n. (K).

Tawau Residency:—Tawau, Elmer 21032 (A, BM, BO, BP, C, G, K, L, M, NY,

P, PNH, SING, U, UC, Z); Sungei Tiwang, Kalobakan, 20 chains from Pangkalan,

Tawau, Jimit b. Ingguai SAN 18726 (KEP).

Sandakan Residency:—Kinabatangan, Agullana 3868 (A UC); Segalind, Lokan

Forest Reserve, James Ah Wing SAN 34497 (SING); Sg. Munyed, Segalind, Lokan

F.R., E. Banang SAN 36949 (SING); Sandakan, Elmer 20013 (A, BM, BO, CAL,

G, K, L, M, NSW, NY, P, PNH, SING, U, UC, Z); Suan Lamba, Elopura, Puasa

132 = Kepong No 55304 (SING); Sepilok F.R., Patrick Peng Sam 21768 (KEP, K);

Tunggulian, (D.D. Wood) A postal 2416 (BO, UC); Kg. Anoman, Melegrito 2268 (K).

66 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Interior Residency:—Kawang River, Sabah Forest District, Rajuyap A463 (K, KEP,

L, SAN, SING); Kwang, + mile 16, Beaufort, G. Mikil SAN 30297 (SING).

PHILIPPINES

PALAWAN:

S.L., Natividad 25751 (A, K, P, US); Taytay, Merrill 9208 (BM, BO, BRSL, CAL,

K, L, NSW, NY, P, SING, US); Puerto Princessa, Cenabre Nos 29146 (A) and

29176 (K, US); Aborlan, vicinity of Puerto Princessa, Ebalo 570 (A); Coron,

Tamayo 31416 (NY); Brooks Point, Addison Peak, Elmer Nos 12682 (A, BM, BO,

BP, BRSL, CAL, E, FI, G, K, L, NSW, NY, U, US, Z) and 12684 (A, BM, BO,

BP; CAL, E,. FI, G, K; L, NSWy NY, Uj, US)'Z).

DUMARAN:

Paragua Island off Dumaran, Vidal 3567 (K).

BUSUANGA:

Busuanga Island, Marche 409 (P); Ramos 41198 (A, K, P).

MINDANAO:

Prov. Surigao:—Wenzel Nos 3023 (A, B, BO, G, K, M, NY, UC, Z) distributed as

ardisiifolia and 3318 (UC).

Prov. Davao:—Katigan, Kanehira 2562 (NY, TI) removed from ardisitifolia;

Astorga, de Mesa 27507 (not seen PHH burnt ?) type of acuminata.

Prov. Lanao:—Cruz 23887 (A, BM, K, P, US).

Prov. Zamboanga del Sur:—Malangas, Ramos & Edano 36770 (A, K); Cunanan,

Mt near Kabasalan, Ebalo 860 (A).

CELEBES

NORTH PENINSULA:

Belang, Minahassa, Forster 329 (L, U) a syntype of H. leptocarpa Warb.; Ratatatok,

Manado, Minahassa, Koorders 18157 (BO, L).

CENTRAL CELEBES:

Malili (Kali) Kjellberg 2743 (BO, S).

SOUTH-WEST PENINSULA:

Palopo, Baramamasie, bb 22986 (BO, L); kpg Djampi, Pare-pare, (Exped. L. van

Vuuren) Noerkas 305 (BO, L); Pangkadjene, Teijsmann Nos 11837 (BO) and

11897 (BO, L).

SOUTH-EAST PENINSULA:

Kendari, Kjellberg 580 (BO, S); Lepo-lepo near Kendari, Beccari FI Acc. Nos

7647 (FI) and 7648 (FI).

MOLUCCAS

HALMAHEIRA:

Tadim, bb 23721 (BO); s.l., Teijsmann 5644 (BO).

SULA ISLANDS:

Pulau Magnoli:—Kpg Magnoli, (Hulstijn) Atje 33 (BO, L); Kpg Waepapao,

(Hulstijn) Atje 50 (BO, L).

Horsfieldia irya 67

Buru:

S.L., de Vriese (BO, C, L, M, P, U) as type of M. vriesana Miq., also named H. irya

var. moluccana Warb.; de Vriese (20) (L) as irya var. moluccana, also wrongly

named with query as M. costulata Miq.; de Vriese 87 (L) probably part of the type

of vriesana.

NEW GUINEA

VOGELKUP DUTCH WEST NEW GUINEA:

Kebar Valley, 100 km north of Manokwari, P. van Royen 5101 (K, KEP, L, SING);

Sidei, + 65 km west of Manokwari, Koster BW 4436 (K, L); Prafi south of

Manokwari, Brouwer BW 393 (L); Ransiki, Kostermans 127 as bb 33354 (BO, K,

L); Mendiwa, bb 22530 (BO, L).

DuTcH NorRTH NEW GUINEA:

Bumi (Boeme River), 7. Inokuma & K. Hara 782-I-5 (TOFO); Obefareh, Boe

River, Sarmi, W. v. d. Leden BW 5348 (L); Hollandia, Holtekang, Brouwer 873 (L).

DutTcH SOUTH NEw GUINEA:

Si Aindua, Mimika, Kpg Oeta, bb 32895 (BO); Sauwah, Asmat Region, Nautje

BW Nos 6563 (L) and 6595 (L); east bank of Merau River, south of Senajo,

Merauke, P. van Royen 4675 (CANB, K, KEP, L, SING).

PAPUA:

Northern District:—Tufi subdistrict, along the Musa River near Guruguru Village,

Hoogland 4213 (A, BM, CANB, L).

Milne Bay District:—near Medino Village, north coast of Cape Vogel Peninsula,

Hoogland 4650 (A, BM, CANB, K, L).

Western District:—Lower Fly River, east bank opposite Sturt Island, Brass 8010

(A holotype, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE) type of H. congestiflora A.C. Smith.

T.N.G.:

Sepik District:—Wewak. Henty N.G.F. 114 (LAE).

Madang District:—near Gurumbu Village, south-western foot hills of Finisterre

Mts, Hoogland 5139 (CANB).

Morobe District:—Vicinity of Kajabit Mission, Clemens 10705 (A, UC), Solomon

Sea beach, east of Voco Point, Lae, P. van Royen N.G.F. 16320 (L), along coast at

Malahung about 3 miles north-east of Lae, 7.G. Hartley 9738 (LAE); Morobe,

Womersley N.G.F. 2980 (A, BRI, CANB, LAE).

NOEMFOOR ISLAND:

N.G.F. 309 (LAE); N.G.F. 930 (BR, LAE); N.G.F. 310 (LAE).

SOLOMONS

SHORTLAND ISLAND:

Northern part, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP 5855 (SING); eastern part, Whitmore’s

collectors BSIP 5788 (L, SING).

CHOISEUL:

Eastern part, West of Taora Passage and north of Roke River, Whitmore’s collectors

BSIP 5286 (L, SING).

68 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

NEW GEORGIA GROUP:

New Georgia Island:—Vaimbu River, north-west part, A.W. Cowmeadow BSIP

4743 (SING); Roviana Lagoon, Whitmore BSIP 2014 (L, LAE, SING); Tita River,

south-east part, L. Maenu’u BSIP 6037 (SING).

Vangunu Island:—Balavaeni, L. Maenu’u BSIP 6119 (SING); forest fringing

Gevala River near its mouth, Whitmore BSIP Nos 909 (LAE, SING) and 910

(LAE).

SANTA ISABEL (YSABEL):

Allardyce Harbour, BSIP 3668 (SING).

NGGELA GROUP:

Florida Island, Comino 355 (K).

GUADALCANAL:

Malimbu River, north coast, Walker & C.T. White BSIP 39 (A, BRI, CANB, K, L);

Berande, Kajewski 2444 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G).

SANTA CRUZ GROUP:

Vanikoro Island, old secondary forest near Peou, Whitmore BSIP 1663 (L, LAE,

SING); ditto Whitmore BSIP 1664 (L).

CAROLINES

PALAU ISLANDS:

Babelthuap Island:—Ogiwal, R. Kanehira Nos 2058 (FU not seen, K, P, TI) and

2059 (FU not seen, PHH) both syntypes of H. amklaal; Aimirik Plantation, R.

Kanehira Nos 1944 (FU not seen) and 1978 (FU not seen) both syntypes of H.

amklaal; ditto, T. Tuyama, 14th Aug. 1939 (TI); source of Arakitash stream, 2

miles south of Ngarekeai Village, Airai Municipality, H. A. Fehlmann, 12th Nov.

1956 (BISH) Dudley Herbarium of Stanford Univ., sterile.

PONAPE:

Navy Station Grounds, R. Burton 26 (BISH).

KUSAIE ISLAND:

Primary forest, s.l., R. Kanehira Nos 1303 (FU not seen, BISH, P, TI) and 13/4

(FU not seen) both syntypes of H. nunu; Mt. Wakapp, Masahiko Takamatsu 392

(BISH); Mt. Tefayaht, Sidney F. Glassman 2671 (BISH); Mot, M. Takamatsu Nos

452 (BISH); 455 (BISH) and 477 (BISH); Divide south of Lele Harbour, Harold

St. John 21446 (BISH, K, UC).

CULTIVATED: Hort. Bog., Warburg, date 1898 (G. Boiss.) Hort. Bot. Sing. see

under SINGAPORE in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 385.

Horsfieldia iryaghedhi (Gaertn.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 332 t.21 f.14

(Warburg’s spelling /ryaghedhi); Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1 (1927) 637 (Iryaghedi); Alston,

Suppl. to Trimen, A Hand-Book Fl. Ceylon 6 (1931) 247 (Iryaghedhi); Abeyesundere

& de Rosayro (edit. J. Burtt Davy & Hoyle) Draft of First Descr. Check-List for

Ceylon (1939) 50 (iryaghedhi); Worthington, Ceylon Trees (1959) 353 with pl.

(iriyaghedi); Backer & Bakhf. Fl. Java 1 (1963) 138 (iryaghedi).

Horsfieldia iryaghedhi 69

Basionym: Myristica iryaghedhi J. Gaertner, De Fruct. et Sem. Pl. 1 (1788) 196

t.41 £.4 (Uryaghedhi) excl. Nux moschata ............... foliis oppositis Burmann.;

Lamarck, Tab. Encycl. Méth. Bot. 22nd part (1800) t.833 f.4 (iryaghedi); Poiret,

Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. Bot. Suppl. 4, 1 = 12 (1816) 35 (iryaghedi); Steudel,

Nomencl. Bot. (Ist edit. 1821) 544 (Iryagdehi); Spreng. Linn. Syst. Veg. (edit. 16)

3 (1826) 65 (Iriagedi); Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. (2nd edit. 1841) 174 (lriagdehi).

Synonyms: ?Phelima, Noronha in Verhandel. Batav. Genootschap Kunsten en

Wetensch. 5, Art. 4 (1790) (3) et (edit. 1827) 66 nomen nudum Hasskarl, Cat. PI.

Hort. Bog. (Oct. 1884) 174 sub Pyrrhosa horsfieldii (Bl.) Hassk.; Index Kewensis

(1894) 492. Myristica glomerata Thunb. Acta Holm. sive Vet. Akad. Nya Hand.

(1799) 88 t.2 f.1 non Mig. (1852) vide infra. Horsfieldia odorata Willd. Sp. PI.

(edit. 4) 4, 2 (1805) 872; Persoon, Synopsis Pl. 2 (1807) 635 (spelling Horsfielda);

Moon, Cat. Ind. et Exot. Pl. Ceylon (1824) 70. M. horsfieldia Bl. Bijdr. 2, 11 (1826)

577 (Blume’s first spelling Horsfieldia); Spreng. Linn. Syst. Veg. (edit. 16) 3

(1826) 65 (Horsfieldii); Bl. Rumphia 1 (1837) 192 t.63 (Blume’s second spelling

Horsfieldii); Mig. Pl. Junghuhn. (1852) 170 (Horsfieldii); Hk.f.et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855)

163 excl. M. ferruginea Wall. Cat. 6803 (Horsfieldii); A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856)

200 excl. M. ferruginea Wall. (Horsfieldia); de Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Or. 2 (1857)

94 (Horsfieldia); Thwaites En. Pl. Zeyl. (1858, prob. before Dec.) 11 (Horsfieldii);

Migq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (25th Dec. 1858) 63 excl. M. ferruginea Wall. (Horsfieldia);

Beddome, Forester’s Man. of Botany, (at end of) FI. Sylv. 2 (1872) (176) clxxvi

(Horsfieldii); Trimen, Syst. Cat. Pl. Ceylon in J. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Br. 9 (1885)

74 (Horsfieldii); Hk.f, Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 106 excl. M. ferruginea Wall. (Hors-

fieldii); King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. (1891) 296 pl. 122 & 123 (Horsfieldii);

Trimen, A Hand-Book FI. Ceylon 3 (1895) 435 (Horsfieldia); K. & V. Bijdr. Booms.

Java 4 (in Meded. uit ‘s-Lands Plantentuin Btzg) (1896) 171 (Horsfieldii); Gamble,

Man. Ind. Timbers (edit. 1902 & 1922) 555 in obs. (Horsfieldii); J.C. & M. Willis,

Rev. Cat. Fi. Pl. and Ferns of Ceylon in Perad. Manuals of Bot. Entom. Agric. &

Hort. 2 (1911) 75 (Horsfieldia); Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912) 256 (as M.

Horsfieldii Miq.). M. notha (non Wall. Cat.) Koenig ex Bl. In Rumphia 1 (1837)

192 sub M. horsfieldii, nomen nudum; Koenig ex de Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Or. 2

(1857) 95 sub M. horsfieldia, nomen nudum. Pyrrhosa horsfieldii (Bl.) Hasskarl,

Cat. Pl. Hort. Bog. (1844) 174 (M. sect. Pyrrhosa Bl.) (Hasskarl’s spelling Hors-

fieldii); Wight, Icones Plant. Ind. Or. 5, 2 (1852) text (2-17) t.1857 [spelling

pyrrhosia sed non Pyrrhosia Mirbel (1803), a genus of Ferns]. M. (Cnema)

glomerata Mig. Pl. Junghuhn. (1852) 170 isonym based on Junghuhn s.n. Java,

non M. glomerata Thunb. (1799) et non Sterculia glomerata Blanco (1837) =

Knema glomerata (Blanco) Merr. M. odorata Reinwardt ex de Vriese in Pl. Ind.

Bat. Or. 2 (1857) 95 pro syn. (non H. odorata Willd.).

Pre-Linnaean Literature, etc. (?) Nux moschata spuria quae pseudo-nux moschata

zeylanica, Iryaghedhi zeylonensibus, Hermann, Mus. Zeyl. (1717) 58; J. Burman(n),

Thes. Zeyl. (1737) 173. Iryaghedi, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. (1747) sub annihilatis No 590,

nomen cum descriptione falsa e Burn. Thes. Zeyl. excerptum; Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 333.

Vernacular Names: Tjampaca ceilon, Radermacher in Naamlijst der planten die

gevonden worden op het eiland Java met beschrijving van eenige niewe geslagten

en soorten (1782). Tjampaka zeijlon Bl. Cat. Hort. Btzg. (1866) 171. Irie gaga

(K6nig msc.) BI. Cat. Hort. Btzg.

Tree of medium height, 5 to + 15 m high with long drooping branches.

(Heights rarely recorded by collectors of the specimens quoted here.) Bark greyish

brown, smooth or, in very old trees, vertically furrowed and slightly flaking;

70 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

wood moderately heavy and even-grained; sap red, copious. Twigs medium brown,

powdery-stellate-tomentulose on the innovations, soon glabrous and beneath the

stellate scurf blackish brown, nearly smooth to finely striate, 3-5 mm thick and

hollow here and there, the older parts greyish brown or medium to dark grey and

conspicuously striate, lenticels very few. Leaves mostly coriaceous when fresh,

becoming chartaceous and brittle when dry, though some remaining coriaceous,

distichous, medium green above, paler beneath except for some powdery, stellate,

deciduous scurf on the lower midrib and veins, later glabrous, drying olive green

above or dark brown, often glossy, the lower surface various shades from medium

to pale brown, but often a rich reddish brown, oblong, oblong-elliptic or oblong-

ovate, the base decurrent on to the petiole and rounded, truncate-emarginate or

less often bluntly acute, the apex acute or shortly acuminate, the margins very

slightly revolute or thickened when dry; nerves 14-16 pairs, oblique, mostly

parallel, rather closely spaced, being about 1 cm apart from each other, sunk

above, but not always distinct, prominent beneath, interarching clearly or faintly

rather close to the margins; reticulations absent above, absent or present beneath

as a fine scalariform network; length 13-24 cm, average 20 cm: breadth 5—10-(12)

cm, average 7 cm; petiole 1.5—2.5 cm long, average 2 cm, narrowly grooved at the

extreme base and then becoming rather broad, flat and shallow towards its junction

with the lamina, 3 mm broad. Male inflorescence buff (light brown) stellate-tomen-

tose, the axis angled, 6-12 cm long with a few short, 1-4 cm long, alternate

branches, their ultimate ramuli condensed and united into sessile, spherical capitula,

the last-named single or 2-3 together, alternately spaced along the branches, 5-7

mm —1 cm in diam. and situated in the axil of a broadly ovate, obtuse, deciduous,

2-3 mm long bract. Male flowers strongly scented, the odour again emanating on

boiling up dried flowers for dissection, orange yellow when fresh, reddish brown

or blackish when dry, densely packed in the capitulum, the triangular outlines of

their apices forming a distinct pattern at the surface of the capitulum, the tube-like

portion of the florets not visible unless the spherical inflorescence is pulled to

pieces or breaks up, each floret narrowly obovoid (obconical), 2 mm long, 3 mm

long in fresh flowers, 1 mm broad at the apex but about 1.5 mm broad in fresh

material, only 0.5 mm broad about half-way down and from there tapering to the

base so that a pedicel is not necessary and is not present, coriaceous especially

at the thickened apex of the perianth lobes, thinner lower down in the tube, split

down at first 4-way by the lobes, later 4-way or more, the lobes themselves mostly

3 in number, occasionally 4, separating slightly from each other when the flower

opens, some of them slightly imperfect or deformed because of compression in the

capitulum, broadly triangular and acute at the apex, the tube with 3 sides and 3

angles but sometimes only 1-2 angled or semi-terete through compression in the

capitulum or through lack of room to develop; staminal column conforming

closely to the shape of the flower, elongate, obconical, 1 mm long, slightly de-

pressed in the centre of the obtuse apex, the anthers rather few, 4-6-(8), mostly 6,

extending to the base or almost to the base of the column. Female inflorescence

1.5-3 cm long, branched but the branches very short, only 5 mm long, the capitula

much less regular in shape than in the male, rarely perfectly spherical, more

elongate in outline and not so compact, the flowers densely and irregularly grouped

together in them, the axis buff-tomentose with numerous bracts. Female flowers

larger than in the male, 3 mm long and 2-2.2 mm broad across the top when

fully open, sessile,, fresh flowers slightly larger, glabrous except for some hairs

on their basal portions, their broadly triangular lobes split down 4-way or right

to the base, slightly separate from each other when the flower is open, globose in

bud, very coriaceous, 0.5 mm thick, convex outside and concave in the centre

Horsfieldia iryaghedhi 71

inside; ovary ovoid-globose, often 3-angled due to pressure of perianth of same

shape, buff-tomentose, 1.5 mm in diam. Fruit 2-6 in a cluster, orange, drying dark

brown with the usual dull mat surface of Horsfieldia, glabrous, oblong and rounded

at both ends, 3-3.6 cm long and 2~-2.5 cm broad; pericarp hard and woody, 3 mm

thick; stalk (pedicel) 3 mm long and 3 mm broad. Aril red. Seed 2.5 cm long and

1.5 cm broad, conforming to the shape of the fruit but smaller, outer layer of

testa reddish brown when fresh, whitish when dry, thickly membranous, inner layer

a thin reddish brown woody, 0.5 mm thick shell; cotyledons divaricate, entire,

ovate, connate at the base; embryo 3 mm long and 1.25 mm broad.

CEYLON

S.L., J. Burman Nos 33 (L) with male flowers and named /rie and 48 (G);

Burman s.n. (L) as Irie Gaga of Ceylon, probably part of the above collection;

Gardner (Herb. Hk.f.et Th.) date 1855 (P); Herb. Pallas 51 (BM); Herb. Pierre

5448 (P); Herb. A. van Royen s.n. (BM, L):; Walker s.n. (K, L); (Herb. Hooker)

Walker s.n. (K, U); Walker 55 (G); Walker 1272 (E); (Herb. Lemann) Wight s.n.

(CGE); Wight & Arnot, date 1878 (K).

North Central Province:—Kalatuwawa Catchment, Worthington 3535 (BM).

Central Province:—Peradeniya, Thwaites C.P. 22] (A, BM, BO, BR, CGE, FI, G

& Prodr. & Boiss., K, P, SING); Bot. Gard. Peradeniya, Trimmen, July 1890 (CAL).

Sabaragamuwa Province:—west of Gin-ganga, Worthington 2308 (BM).

Southern Province:—Kottawa, Galle, Worthington 5228 (BM); Kanneliya, Udu-

gama, Worthington 6023 (BM).

CULTIVATED: Penang:—Waterfali Gardens, Haniff, 2nd Feb. 1922 (SING);

Haniff S.F.N. 3660 (BO, SING); Haji Md Nur, 18th July 1918 (SING); Walker 267

(K).

Java:—The following Java without exact locality —S. coll. s.n. (L) as Tjampaca

sp. Michelia Champaca; Blume s.n. (L, NY, P, U) as M. horsfieldia; De Bunge (P);

Junghuhn s.n. (L, U) as M. glomerata Mig. and M. horsfieldii Bl.; Korthals s.n.

(A, L, S); Herb. Meissner s.n. (NY); Reinwardt s.n. (L) as M. odorata; Reinwardt

(41) (L) as M. tomentosa; De Vriese, date 1857-1861 (L); Zollinger 3263 (A, BM,

BO, C, FI, G & Prodr. & Boiss., P).

The following are Bogor or Hort. Bog. — Beccari FI Acc. No 7683 (Fl); Bakhuizen

v.d. Brink Nos 7319 (BO, L) and 7409 (L): Herb. Boerlage, date 13th Feb. 1889

(L); Herb. Rudoff. Gross, date 1946 (B); Hallier 765 (BO); van Heurn, 23rd Sept.

1931 (A, K, L, SING, U); IVG75 (NY, US); Jelinek s.n. (L); C.E.O. Kuntze 4397,

20th May 1875 (NY); J.C.M. Radermacher 93 (L) as Tjampaca ceilon; Babakan,

Kampong Bahru, Bogor, Sugandiredja 31 (BO); Teijsmann, date 1860 (L) and a

sheet Herb. Hasskarl, given by him to J.K. Hasskarl.

West Java other than Bogor — Batavia, C.A. Backer 33977 (BO); ditto, Delessert,

date 1835 (G); Tjiomas near Bogor, C.A. Backer 36342 (L); Bidaratjina near

Batavia, Edeling 1863 (BO); Gunong Gede, Junghuhn (42) (L, N) as M. hAorsfieldii

BI.; near Depok, Koorders 31019 (BO, L); Bandung, L.v.d. Pyl. 676 (BO).

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic in Ceylon and according to Thwaites abundant round

Ratnapura in Sabaragamuwa Province and Ambagamowa (Ambegamuwa), Central

Province. Planted in West Java along roadsides and in the Botanic Gardens at

Bogor. In Malaya collections from the Botanic Gardens of Penang.

72 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII (1975)

TYPE MATERIAL: See at the beginning of the Notes.

ECOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting Aug.—Oct. and again Feb.—April in Ceylon,

Java and Penang. Occurs in the wet zone in Ceylon below 1,000 ft (307.69 m)

usually near water or streams.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Ceylon (Sinhalese): —Rook; ruk (the common spelling);

ruk gass (gass = tree); ruk (ghedhi); ruk (ghedi); thalan.

Java:—Tjampaca ceilon; Tjampaka zeijlon (This name originated in West Java

because of the similarity in scent of the male flowers to those of Michelia champaca.

Blume, Konig, Radermacher and de Vriese also used it.

USES: The wood, moderately heavy and even-grained, has been used for making

boats in the southern province of Ceylon. It is not suitable for tea boxes. Male

flowers have been put among clothes to scent them and a perfume has also been

obtained from them. According to Konig (his manuscript in the British Museum)

the nuts have been used by betel nut chewers when areca nuts are not available.

Like some other Horsfieldia species the pericarp also is edible.

NOTES ON THE TYPE MATERIAL

Myristica iryaghedhi Gaertner. Gaertner saw specimens in Leiden because he says,

“Iryaghedhi. zeylonens. E collect. fem. hort. lugdb’’. This means that the type

would include all female specimens from Ceylon in Leiden Herbarium in 1788

and before. Poiret suggests that Gaertner’s drawing, which Lamarck also copied,

was based on material brought back from Ceylon by Burmann. There are two

sheets of Burmann’s in Leiden and they would date from 1788 or before but they

are in male flower. The one is Burmann 33 named Irie from Ceylon and the other,

most probably Burmann, is also from Ceylon and is named J/rie gaga but bears

no number. On another ticket stuck on to this sheet is the inscription Myristica

notha Konig 1784. I do not think this is a duplicate of the Kénig specimen which

Warburg cites on page 335 of his monograph as being in the herbarium at Lennin-

grad. Since Gaertner’s figure is a drawing of the fruit, seed and embryo and is

without leaves it is more likely to have been made from a specimen of Burmann

kept in the carpological collection at Leiden or perhaps Gaertner may have seen

the missing Hermann number 590 which is not now at the British Museum among

the other Hermann specimens which Trimen named in his publication. It will be

recalled that there are several missing numbers in this collection which Trimen

could not find. See Journ. Linn. Soc. 24 (1887) 129-155. Besides the drawing

Gaertner cites the references of Hermann and Burmann but not Linn. Fl. Zeyl.

and makes no mention of the present species being cultivated in Java. The

Burmann reference nux moschata spuria sylvestris, caryophylli arboris foliis oppo-

sitis appears to be a Lauraceae and will have to be excluded.

It will be seen that Gaertner’s original spelling of his species is Myristica

Iryaghedhi and that it has been spelt various ways by different botanists. I have

added these variations in brackets after each reference in my citation of literature.

I agree with Warburg, page 336 that Gaertner never had any intention of using

iryaghedhi as a generic name, although some botanists seemed to be in doubt

about it. The word is actually a misnomer. It should have been ruk or rukghedhi

which is one of its Ceylon vernacular names. Perhaps Gaertner had in mind irya or

irie the Ceylon name of H. irya and automatically added ghedhi himself. Ira or

iri is the Sinhalese for striped and gedi means fruit.

Horsfieldia iryaghedhi 73

Horsfieldia odorata Willd. Willdenow says that this species is a native of Ceylon

and is cultivated in Java. His description is very accurate. He saw dried specimens

but he does not quote any collectors’ numbers or references to previous literature.

We know that he saw dried material because he adds the abbreviation for vel

siccas explained at the beginning of the first volume of his Species Plantarum

page vil.

Myristica glomerata Thunb. [sans text]

M. (Cnema) glomerata Mig. Junghuhn s.n. (L, U, holotype) sine loc. Java. Miquel

makes no mention of the M. glomerata of Thunberg and I think he was genuinely

unaware of its existence. It is a coincidence that the two have the same specific

name and that they are both identifiable with H. iryaghedhi. All three are based,

however, on different types.

M. horsfieidia Bl. Blume s.n. (L, NY, P, U) s.l., Java. In his original publication

in the Bijdragen, Blume does not mention any collectors’ numbers. Here the plant

is called Tjampakka Zeylan., and is given as cultivated in gardens. One synonym

is cited, namely H. odorata Willd. He collected some material which can be taken

as authentic. As usual there is no information on his labels. It seems strange that

he should write such careful descriptions and references, often beautifully illustrated

as in Blumea and yet pay so little attention to the illustrative specimen. Why does

he not write some of the references and information on the label of the dried

specimen? Did he not regard the specimen as very important and did he not

realize that the forest would one day disappear from entire areas of Java? He

changed the name to M. horsfieldii Bl. in Rumphia. This is not a new and

different synonym but only another way of spelling the word as well as being one

form of the correct Latin adjectival ending for a specific name. Warburg has

kept M. horsfieldia and M. horsfieldii separate as if they were two different syno-

nyms. I have added in brackets which form the various authors used.

M. odorata Reinwardt ex de Vriese. Reinwardt s.n. (L) Java as M. odorata

Reinwardt. I have seen this sheet but there is no reference anywhere on it to

H. odorata Willd. and likewise de Vriese in his publication makes no mention of

Willdenow. We cannot, therefore, take it that M. odorata Reinwardt is meant to

be a combination published by de Vriese as M. odorata (Willd.) Reinwardt ex de

Vriese and fortunately no one has suggested this.

Phelima is one of Noronha’s illegitimate unitary names. Index Kewensis places it

in the Magnoliaceae probably because of the name Michelia champaca of that

family being confused for some reason with our present plant which is known in

Java as the Ceylon Champaca or Champaka (Tjampaca ceilon or silan). I have

not seen Noronha’s publication.

The change to a capitulum comes as a pleasant moment to the weary mono-

grapher after months of wading through endless species always with a panicle.

It is also something that stands out on the horizon of the mind after the mental

images of the more commonplace species have faded away.

H. iryaghedhi, because of its capitula, shows some approach to the African

nutmeg genera, also with capitula. This is all the more remarkable and hardly a

coincidence in a species coming from Ceylon when we consider the proximity of

Ceylon to Africa and especially to Madagascar, the home of Brochoneura. The

arrangement of the flowers in Pycnanthus, one of the African genera, recalls a

similar setting in the flowers of iryaghedhi. There are small spherical capitula in

74 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

both genera but in Pycnanthus they are stalked. Inflorescences of Brochoneura are

rather similar to young bracteate inflorescences of iryaghedhi. The similarities,

however, end there for iryaghedhi is still very much a Horsfieldia.

It seems to be closest to H. wallichti where the sessile or almost sessile, flowers

are in bud also closely clustered in globose or subglobose masses. The male perianth

is also rather similar in shape but in proportion not so much drawn out towards

the base. The mature flowers, however, begin to separate from each other so that

individual clusters lose their compact effect becoming more irregular or elongate

in shape and less spherical. The leaves of the two species are most similar. In

many cases I cannot tell the difference. Those of wallichii tend to be longer

occasionally with slightly more distinct loops of interarching of the veins at the

margins.

The scent of the male flowers penetrates, lingers and overpowers with a

sweet sickly odour. One can get a whiff of it even from a distance while driving in

a fast car. It returns when dried flowers are boiled up, this time with less sweetness

and more concentration of that peculiar smell which is its own specific brand.

It is this element in it which I do not like and which would give me a headache if

I had to remain for any length of time in a closed room exposed to a sprig of it

with fresh flowers placed in a vase of water.

Horsfieldia kingii (Hk.f.) Warb. Monog Myrist. (1897) 308.

Basionym: Myristica kingii Hk.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 106; King in Ann. Roy.

Bot. Gard. Calc. (1891) 300 pl. 127; Kanjilal & Das, Fl. Assam 4 (1940) 43.

Synonym: ?H. hainanensis Merr. in Lingnan Sc. Journ. 11 (1932) 43 — syn. nov.

Tree 10-12 m high with horizontal branches often crowded near the top.

Bark grey or brownish, somewhat rough, flaking in small square flakes and

longitudinally fissured; sap blood red. Twigs rather stout even at the apex, 5-7

mm thick in the puberulous blackish apical portions, greyish and rough lower

down. Leaves chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, glabrous, obovate or oblanceolate,

broadest above the middle, drying dark brown above and pale brown beneath, the

apex acute or very shortly acuminate, the base narrowed and then acute; nerves

14-18 pairs, sunk above and prominent beneath, curving gradually and interarching

at the margins; reticulations distinct at times on the lower surface; length 12-35

cm; breadth 5-17 cm; petiole 1.5—2 cm long, 3 mm thick. Male inflorescence 9-15

cm long, the lowermost branches 4-6 cm long, tomentulose to nearly glabrous.

Male flowers* not crowded, globose, very distinctly 3—angled in bud coriaceous,

3-4 mm in diam., the lobes triangular and acute at the apices, reaching down

j-way or nearly to the base of the flowers; androecium an entire or sometimes

obscurely 3-cleft subglobose mass, depressed in the centre with 10-12 anthers;

pedicels 1-1.5 mm long. Female inflorescence 3-7 cm long, much less branched,

the branches 5-8 mm long. Female flowers mostly 2—lobed, a few 3—lobed, obovoid,

5 mm long; ovary obovoid, tomentose; pedicels 1-2 mm long. Fruit ovoid to

oblong or oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, glabrous, leathery, 44.5 cm

long and 2.5 cm broad, the perianth persistent; stalk 1 cm long. Seed ovoid,

smooth.

* Male flowers at DD were all broken off their axis so that it is not possible to determine

whether they are crowded. They are 3-angled but split to the base. Pedicels are short or

slightly longer than in valida, also slightly larger, but so near that they may be only one

species, This would be more reasonable because of a distribution in China. More material

need to be seen.

Horsfieldia macrocoma 75

CHINA

HAINAN:

Hung Mo shan, south of Fan Ta, Tsang & Fung Nos 317 = L.U. 17851 (K, NY)

and L.U. 17700 (NY) the NY specimens not seen by me.

INDIA

SIKKIM (EAST HIMALAYA):

King, date 1885 (L, PDA); Rogers, June 1899 (CAL, L, U); Grong Voo near

Sivoke, King, 19th June 1881 (BM, CAL, G, K); Rishap, King 2380 (BM, CAL, G)

and King s.n. date 1885 (BO, CAL, G, L); Rajit, Ribu 5000 (CAL, E); Mingpu,

Prain’s collector, May 1900 (CAL); Tista Valley, H.H. Haines 842 (DD, E, K);

ditto, Ribu 787 (CAL).

ASSAM:

Satsua, Masters s.n. (BO, CAL, DD, K, L, M, P, PDA) a sheet of this collection

in Paris is numbered Herb. Pierre 5462; Jalpaiguri, Dent, 20th May 1931 = DD

Acc No 56484 (DD).

DISTRIBUTION: Sikkim, Assam and probably Hainan. The Chittagong specimen

King 268 cited by Warburg is glabra.

TYPE MATERIAL: Mpyristica kingii Hk.f. King, 19th June 1881 (BM, CAL, G,

K) near Sivoke, Sikkim and Masters s.n. (BO, CAL, DD, K, L, M, P, PDA)

Satsua, Assam, both syntypes. Horsfieldia hainanensis Merr. Tsang & Fung 17851

(K, NY holotype) and Tsang & Fung 17700 (NY paratype).

VERNACULAR NAMES: Amol (Assam); mijing-ikum-asing (Miri); pandikachoa-

phang (Kach.); siltui (Lushai); bolong; bolouchi (Garo).

USES: Kernel used as a substitute for areca nut. The gum is good for mouth sores.

This differs from it relative glabra in having larger flowers and fruits. The

mature male flowers are twice as large and the fruits further differ in having a

persistent perianth. Other differences are the stouter twigs, the larger more cori-

aceous leaves with more veins and longer petioles, the stouter panicle and pedicels

and the depressed staminal column. H. hainanensis is very similar and is probably

the same as kingii but from a single sheet and lack of male flowers I am unable to

say definitely. It should also be compared carefully with H. valida. See under that

species.

Horsfieldia macrocoma

Manuscript sans description.

CHINA

YUNNAN:

Cheli Hsien, Maan-shan, C.W. Wang 78572 PE not seen) type of H. longipedun-

culata. Hu Hsen Hsu; Cheli Hsien, Gan-lan-ba, C.W. Wang 79862 (PE not seen)

type of H. pandurifolia Hu Hsen-Hsu; Maah-tsang, Shean-meng-yeang, Luh-shuen

Hsien, C.W. Wang 81096; Szemao Mts, Henry Nos 12234 (K) and 13532 (K).

INDIA

ASSAM:

Lushai Hills, U.Kanjilal 4760 (DD).

76 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

PAKISTAN

EAST BENGAL:

Hazarikal, Chittagong area, Rao 5645 (DD).

INDO-CHINA

NorTH VIETNAM (TONKIN):

Tonkin, Lemarie 169 (P).

CENTRAL VIETNAM (ANNAM):

Prov. Nghe-On, Co Ba Forest Reserve (North Annam) Fleury 30197 (P).

EAOS*

Mekong, Bangnine a Latt hon, Thorel, date 1866-1868 (P); Paklai to Luang

Probang, Me Kong, Thorel, date 1866-1868 (P); Me Kong, Luang Probang,

Thorel, date 1866-1868 (P).

BURMA

Nyaugbin tha Chaung, Taungni, Mogaung, Myitkyina, Maung Mya 2992 (DD);

Mithwegon, Mingaladon, Insein, Parkinson 14336 (DD); Salween, banks of the

Trogla, Wall. Cat. 6804A (CAL, G Prodr., K, PDA) also numbered 1857, as

M. exaltata Wall. and as M. amygdalina var. hookeri A.DC. Prodr.; Kaleinaung

Res., Tavoy, Maung Ba Pe 845 (DD).

ANDAMANS

BARATANG ISLAND:

Parkinson 310 (DD).

SOUTH ANDAMAN:

King, Nov. 1890 (K) type material of M. prainii; King 417 (CAL, K, L, PDA) type

material of M. prainii; Nanuinaghan, King, 16th Aug. 1890 (BM, CAL, Z);

North Bay, near the shore, King, 12th Sept. 1891 (CAL, P); near Port Blair,

Bojejack, King, 431 (BO, CAL, G).

SUMATRA

EAST COAST:

Pekan Baru, Afd. Simelungun, bb 35339 (BO, L); Kuala Bangun near Karohoogul.

Sibolangit, Galoengi 244 (L); vicinity of Lumbankia, Ashakan, Rahmat Si Boeea

7564 (A, S, SING, UC, US).

PALEMBANG:

Lematang Ilir, G. Megang, 166T3P107 (BO, L).

P. SIMALUR:

Achmad Nos 578 (BO, L, U); 913 (BO, K, SING); 1080 (BO, L, U) and 1/158

(oy, ,. U))-

P. ENGGANO:

- Malakoni, bb 19719 (A, BO, L); Pulau Merbau, Liitjeharms 5158 (A, BO, K, L, P).

BANKA:

Perlang in southern part of the island; bb. 10900 (BO).

Horsfieldia macrocoma 77

LINGGA:

Sei Asam, bb 5593 (BO) probably sterile, may be irya.

MALAY PENINSULA

Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Johore and Singapore. For list see

Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 391. It is now recorded for Pulau Jarak and there is

a first record for Negri Sembilan and two more localities in Selangor.

PERAK :

Pulau Jarak in the Straits of Malacca, Wyatt-Smith K.F.N. 71017 (KEP) as H. aff

majuscula in J. Ecol. (1953) 214.

SELANGOR:

Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, Ahmad K.F.N. 94463 (KEP); Bukit Lagong, along

pipe line, Kepong, Ahmad K.F.N. 99019 (K, KEP).

NEGRI SEMBILAN:

Sungei Menyala, Port Dickson, Wyatt-Smith K.F.N. 64616 (KEP).

JAVA

WEST JAVA:

Tjampea, Koorders 30468 (BO, L); Madjinang & Tyisalak, Backer 18480 (BO);

Palabuan Ratu Priangan, Drs v. Leeuwen 14078 (BO, K, L, SING, U); Bantar-

gadung, Priangan, Beumeé A541 (BO).

ISLANDS NEAR S. W. BANTAM: .

Pulau Peutjang, Udjungkulon Reserve, Kostermans & Kuswata 58 (K, L, SING).

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ist Division:—Foot of Gunong Gading, Lundu, J. Sinclair 10359 (A, B, E, FI, K,

L, M, NY, SAR, SING).

3rd_ Division:—Belaga, W.M.A. Brooke 9305 (BM, G, L); left bank of Rejang

River, 10 km below Belaga, near Belaga airfield, M. Jacobs 5256 (CANB, G, K,

L, SAR).

EAST AND NorTH-EAST BORNEO:

Tidungsche Landen, bb 18157 (A, BO, L); Mt Ilas Mapulu, Berouw, Kostermans

14052A (K); Segoi, Kelindjan River, West Kutei, Kostermans 9579 (BO, K, L,

PNH); Sungei Susuk Region, East Kutei, Kostermans 5469 (BO, K, L, PNH,

SING); Loa Lempong, Blajan River, Samarinda, Nedi 742 (L); Loa Haur, west

of Samarinda, Kostermans Nos 6783 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING); 6905 (BO, K,

L, PNH, SING) and 9903 (BO, K, L, SING); Sungei Wain Region, north of Balik

papan, (Achmat) bb 34292 (K, L) and Kostermans 4539 (BO).

SABAH:

Tawau Residency:—near Agricultural Station, Semporna, J. Singh SAN 26345

(K, L, SING); block 61/41 Silabukan F.R., Lahad Datu, Pereira SAN 29776

(K); near N. Borneo Timber Co. Concession Area, 1 mile from Chin Lik’s camp

to jetty, Lahad Datu, G.H.S. Wood A4770 (K, KEP, L, SAN, SING); mile 6 on

road eastwards to Sungei Taun, Segama Tobacco estate, Wood SAN 16059 (KEP,

L, SAN, SING).

78 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Sandakan Residency:—Kabili-Sepilok F.R., Agama 55266 (SAN, SING); Sepilok

F.R., Meijer SAN Nos 21280 (KEP, SING) and 36663 (SING); ditto,

cpt 6, Wood A1983 (L, SAN, SING); mile 15, Sandakan, Puasa 1716 (K, L, PNH);

Bettotan, Sandakan, Puasa 4644 (K, L, PNH, SING).

West Coast Residency:—Dallas, Mt. Kinabalu, Clemens Nos 27394 (B, BO, G,

K, L, M, NY, SAR, SING, UC) and 27528 (A, BM).

Interior Residency:—Beaufort Hill, Wood & Kapis b. Sisiron SAN 16838 (SAN,

SING); Bukau, 8 miles from Weston, W. Meijer SAN 33516 (SING); Sinagang,

Melalap, Tenom, Sabah Forest district, Angian 7746 (K, L, SING).

PHILIPPINES

MINDORO:

Prov. Mindoro Oriental:—Puerto Galera and vicinity, H.H. Bartlett 13443 (A);

ditto, Jose Vera Santos 5317A (L); Baco River, R.C. McGregor 151 (K, NY, US);

ditto, Merrill 4031 (G, K, L, NY, NSW, P, US); Alag River, Merrill, 5772 (NY,

US); Mt. Halcon, Edano Nos 3485 (PNH) & 3487 (A, PNH); ditto, Ramos &

Edano 40671 (A, BO, P, US); Cabesa River, Calapan, B.B. Britton 19479 (L, PNH);

Naujan, Ramos 46444 (A, B, BM, BO, K, NY, P, PNH, SING, UC, US); Pola,

M. Celestino & A. Castro 1997 (BO, L, PNH, SING); Pinamalayan, Ramos

40920 (BO, SING); Bongabong River, Merritt Nos 3617 (K) and 3696 (K); ditto,

H.N. Whitford 1408 (BO, L).

Prov. Mindoro Occidental:—Polo, Merrill Nos 2233 (US) and 2370 (US).

LUZON:

Prov. Benguet:—Twin Peaks, Elmer 6357 (G Boiss., K).

Proy. Laguna:—C. Mabesa 25378 (A, BO, US).

Prov. Quezon (Prov. Tayabas):—s.l., Bawan 24927 (A, K, P, US); Daldulao 25428

(NY); G.J. Labitag 25408 (A, BO); Ramos 1393 (BM, BRI, G, L, NSW, NY,

PNH, SING); Mt Banajao, Curran & Merritt 8049 (US); Mt Pular, Ramos 1393

(BM, G, BO, BRI, L, NSW, NY, P, PNH, SING S); Antimonan, Whitford 710

(NYY PFUS).

Prov. Camarines:—s.]., Aguilar 14270 (BM).

Prov. Camarines Sur:—Sagnay, Ramos 22145 (US).

CATANDUANES :

Ramos & Edano Nos 75503 (CAL, G, NY, SING, U, UC, Z) and 7565] (NY).

SAMAR:

Ramos 1607 (BM, BO, BRI, CAL, G, L, P, PNH, NY, SING); Ramos 17457

(K, US); Catubig River, Sablaya 41 (A, K, P); Loquilocon, Wright, M.D. Sulit

6042 (PNH); Mt Cansayao, Catarman, M.D. Sulit 14454 (A, BM, K, L, PNH).

LEYTE:

Rosenbluth 12731 (K, US); Wenzel 813 (A, BM, G).

BOHOL:

Ramos 43273 (A, BM, BO, P, UC, US).

Horsfieldia macrocoma 79

NEGROS :

Proy. Negros Oriental:—Masaplod River, Cuernos de Negros, Edano 728] (A).

PANAY:

Edano 46017 (A, B, BM, BO, K, NY, P, PNH, UC, SING); Jamindan, Ramos &

Edano Nos 30838 (A, BM, BO, P); 30874 (A, UC, US); 30986 (UC, US) and

31293 (BRI, NSW, SING).

MINDANAO:

Prov. Missamis Oriental:—Camiguin Island, Ramos 1354 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G,

tL. NY. P. PNH, SING).

CELEBES

NorTH PENINSULA:

S.L. de Vriese s.n. (L) two sheets part of type material of H. leptocarpa Warb.;

the U sheets are said to be from Buru but apparently are all one gathering;

Donggala, Alindaoe, Menado bb 17640 (BO, L).

MOLUCCAS

TALAUD ISLANDS:

Pasir Malap, bank of Kuala Malap, east of Lobo, Karakelong, H.J. Lam 2976

(BO, K, L) type of Gymnacranthera ibutii Holth.

Mororal:

Kali Sambiki, Kostermans 862 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING); Gunong Permatang,

Kali Sangowo, Kostermans 921 (A, BO, K, L).

HALMAHEIRA:

S.L. Teijsmann 5553 (U) several (5) sheets type material of M. macrocoma Miq.;

Teijsmann 21576 (BM), Tugoair, Djailolo, bb 23732 (BO, L); Soa Pobaru, Beguin

1997 (BO).

TERNATE :

N. Laguna, bb 10 (BO, SING); Foramadiahi Beguin 1402 (BO).

BATJAN:

Teijsmann 5889 (U) as syntype of nesophila; de Vriese s.n. (L) syntype of

nesophila, 2 sheets as a single fruit and loose leaves; Warburg s.n. (B burnt) sterile,

one of the syntypes of H. leptocarpa.

P. OBI:

Galala, Atasrip 103 (BO, L, SING); P. Bisa, Saanan 46 (BO, L).

BURU:

De Vriese s.n. (U) 3 sheets in U, part of type of H. leptocarpa Warb.; Wafulaput;

bb 22841 (BO, L, SING); Wae-Ula, bb 24468 (BO, L).

CERAM :

S.L., de Vriese s.n. (L) fruits, 2 sheets; H.B. (Teijsmann) 1932 (BO, U); West

Ceram, between Riving & Taniwel, Rutten 1725 (BO); East Ceram, Kiandarat,

bb 25917 (BO).

80 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

AMBON:

Robinson 1874 (L, US) the H. sp. Merr. of the Reliquiores, Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. C.

Botany 11; 5 (3rd Jan. 1917) 271. (Note the Ambon plant H.B. 1925 (U) must be

excluded. It is parviflora (laevigata).

NEW GUINEA

VOGELKUP:

Roose Kolonisatie, Manokwari, bb 15902 (BO); Sidei, + 50 km west of Manok-

wari; G. Iwanggin BW 5758 (L); Waren, 60 miles south of Manokwari, Kanehira

& Hatusima 13216 (RINR).

DuTcH NorTH NEW GUINEA:

S.L., Inokuma & Hara 562-3-4 (TOFO); Pioneer Bivak, Memberamo District,

bb 31093 (BO, L); Roode River, bb 2576] (BO, L); Bernhard Camp, Idenburg

River, Brass & Versteegh 14017 (BM, BO, BRI, L) type of H. trifida; Hollandia,

Schram BW 2731 CANB, K, L); Tami, Hollandia, Schram BW 2796 (CANB,

ih, L, PNET.

DutcH SOUTH NEW GUINEA:

S.L., Roemer 322 (BO, L) as H. oblongata (non Merr.) Mgf: s.l., Versteegh 1784

(BO, Kok Ui

PAPUA:

Northern District:—Kokoda, Carr 16520 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING); 5 km west

of Serene Village, Hoogland & MacDonald 3512 (A, CANB, L, LAE); near

Naukwate Village, Tufi Sub-district, Hoogland 4148 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, US).

Central District:—Koitaki, Carr Nos 11950 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, SING) and 12743

(BM, CANB, K, L, NY, SING); Vaimura, Vanapa River, G. MacDonald N.G.F.

816] (BM, BO, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW, SING): ditto MacDonald N.G.F. 8169

(BO, CANB, B, L, LAE, NSW).

Southern Highlands:—near Moro, Lake Kutubu, Schodde 2415 (L, LAE).

Western District:—Palmer River, 2 miles below junction of Black River, Brass 6969

(A, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE) this is a paratype of H. congestiflora A.C. Smith,

from which the description of the fruit is taken. The type of congestiflora is irya.

TANG.

Madang District:—Ramu Valley, } mile south-east of Aiome Patrol Post, Pullen

916 (CANB, L, LAE). Kami (Kani) Mts, Minjim Sub-district, Schlechter 17171

(A, E, G, K, L, NY, S, Z) as H. oblongata (non Merr.) Mef.

Morobe District:—Busu River, Native Collector N.G.F. 5583 (LAE); Lae, Native

Collector N.G.F. 4651 (A, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW); edge of rain

forest, Botanic Gardens, Lae, 7.C. Hartley 9642 (LAE); ditto, E.E. Henty N.G.F.

9834 (BO, CANB, K, L, SING) and ditto, K.J. White N.G.F. Nos 9666 (CANB,

K, L, SING) and 9682 (CANB, K, L, SING); Oomsis, Brass 29358 (L, LAE);

Oomsis Creek, Floyd N.G.F. 7297 (A, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE); ditto, E.E.

Henty N.G.F. 11960 (K, L, LAE, SING) and T.C. Hartley 10,058 (L, LAE).

P. JAPEN:

Serui, bb 30496 (A, BO, L, SING); Aisaoe, Sebosiari, Iwanggin BW 9250 (L)

Soemberbaba, Ch. Koster BW 11182 (L).

Horsfieldia motleyi 81

Cultivated: Hort. Calcutta ex Andamans:—Proudlock, Oct. 1895 (BM, CAL, P).

Hort. Bogor:—/VH 7 (BO); IVH 10 (BO); IVH 103 (L); IVH 115 (BO, L) ex

Borneo; Beccari FI Acc Nos 7618 (Fl) & 7618A (Fl) from a Halmaheira tree

planted by Teijsmann; Sinclair 10036 IVH 117 (A, E, K, L, SING); from the

same tree, Rastini 26 (L).

Horsfieldia motleyi Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 304; Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br.

R. As. Soc. special number (1921) 268.

Synonym: Myristica motleyi (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1900) 85 nom.

alt. H. macrobotrys Merr. “‘Pl. Elm. Born.” in Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929)

76 —— syn. nov.

Tree 15-30 m high, the bole up to 60 cm in diam., buttresses sometimes pre-

sent (= stiit-roots?). Bark dark reddish brown, longitudinally fissured and flaking;

sap red. Twigs with 3-5 mm thick, rusty-tomentulose to tomentose innovations,

older parts glabrous, dark brown, slightly striate and with a few lenticels. Leaves

mostly chartaceous, a few thinly coriaceous, brittle and medium brown when dry,

the upper surface occasionally with a greenish tinge and glabrous except some-

times for the pubescent midrib, lower surface sparsely rusty-pubescent to tomentose

becoming nearly glabrous, the hairs stellate or branched, very short, 0.25 mm

long, lamina elliptic, less often oblong-elliptic, apex acute, sometimes obtuse, base

cuneate, slightly decurrent on to the petiole, sometimes unequal-sided; nerves 15-22

pairs, closely spaced, oblique and more or less parallel, sulcate above, raised

beneath, interarching near to the margin; reticulations scalariform, confined to the

lower surface, rather faint, not always present; length 15-25 cm; breadth 7-11 cm,

average 8 cm; petiole 1.5-2 cm long and about 3 mm thick. Male inflorescence

pyramidal, 10-18 cm long, shortly rusty-tomentose, much branched with numerous

small flowers in sub-umbellate cymes at the ends of the ultimate branches; bracts

membranous, ovate to nearly orbicular, 3-4 mm long. Male flowers yellow, thin,

membranous with a slightly rough surface when dry, globose, 1 mm in diam.,

split down from one third to nearly half-way by the three lobes; pedicels with a

few minute hyaline hairs or nearly glabrous, 1-1.5 mm, rarely 2 mm long, very

slender, only 0.25 mm thick; androecium a flattened hemispherical mass, 0.5 mm

in diam., depressed in the centre and on a very short, 0.25 mm long stalk; anthers

5-8. Female inflorescence shorter and less branched, 4-8 cm long. Female flowers

globose in bud, becoming more ovoid-globose as the 3, rarely 24 thickened acute

teeth of the perianth begin to open and become erect, rusty-tomentulose, 2-2.5

mm in diam.; pedicels also tomentulose, very stout in comparison with the male

flowers, 2 mm long and 1 mm thick; ovary ovoid-globose, 1.5-2 mm in diam.;

stigma sessile, bi-lobed. Fruit glabrous, drying a rusty brown, thick-walled, sub-

globose or broadly ellipsoid, probably not quite mature, 1.5 cm long and 1.2 cm

broad; stalk 5-7 mm long and 2 mm thick.

BORNEO

WEST BorRNEO:

Pulau Lemukutan, Hallier 347 (BO, L, SING).

SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST BORNEO:

Sampit River region, Keminting near Kuala Kuajan, Kostermans 8117 (BO, K, L,

SING); Bandjermasing, Motley 355 (CGE, K).

82 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

EAST AND NORTH-EAST BORNEO:

Loa Haur, west of Samarinda, Kostermans 6859 (BO, K, L, P, PNH, SING);

Central Kutei, Belajan River, Gunong Kelopok near Tabang, Kostermans 10428

(BO, K, L, P, SING); East Kutei, Sangkulirang Island, Kostermans 4864 (BO, K,

L, PNH, SING); Berouw, 5b/8449 (BO, L).

SABAH:

Tawau Residency:—near Tawau, Elmer 21882 (BM, BO, BP, C, G, K, L, M, NY,

PNH, S, SING, U, UC); mile 15, Apas Road, Tawau, J. Singh & Aban SAN

29966 (SING).

Sandakan Residency:—Sungei Dagat, W. Meijer SAN 27874 (SING).

Interior Residency:—Padas Gorge, Tenom, Rivera SAN 19007 (K, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo except Sarawak and Brunei.

TYPE MATERIAL: H. motleyi Warb. Motley 355 (CGE, K holotype); Bandjer-

masing. H. macrobotrys Merr. Elmer 21882 (BM, BO, BP, C, G, K, L, M, NY,

PNH holotype burnt, PNH isotype gifted by the BM, S, SING, U, UC) near Tawau.

Merrill states that this same species is probably represented by Elmer 21364 from

the same locality. I have identified this number as H. brachiata var. sumatrana.

This species is closest to H. tomentosa from which it differs chiefly in its

thicker leaves, the longer and more richly branched male inflorescence with smaller

flowers, shorter pedicels and fewer anthers, and in the slightly smaller fruits. It

appears also to be a taller tree. Going on to details, the leaves, although scarcely

coriaceous, look very different from the fragile, almost membranous ones of

tomentosa. They have more veins, 15-22 pairs as against 12-15 in tomentosa

and their intra-marginal anastomosis tends to be more distinct. In size-range

tomentosa shows greater variability for it can have leaves as large as well as

smaller. The amount of indumentum on the undersurface is about the same but

that in motleyi can at times be denser. Owing to their thin texture the leaves of

tomentosa dry a blackish brown above and a rusty brown below while those of

the present species, though sometimes dark, usually dry a richer medium brown

and may retain some of their green colour. The male flowers are more numerous

and when compared with those of tomentosa seem almost four times less in

volumetric capacity. The female inflorescence also has more branches. Here its

flowers are about the same size as the female of tomentosa but have stouter pedicels.

They differ, however, in that their pedicels and perianths are tomentose but how

far this difference is constant remains to be proved. It may be that they are not

always tomentose or that they may become glabrous later.

H. motleyi might be confused with reticulata, a smaller tree with longer

leaves which tend to be more coriaceous and to have more indumentum beneath.

The male flowers are smaller in motleyi but immature ones of reticulata could be

about the same size. The latter are borne in simple umbels at the ends of the

ultimate branches while those of motleyi are in more complex sub-umbellate

cymes. The fruits of motleyi are smaller and glabrous, and are not adorned when

young with an enlarged persistent perianth as in reticulata. See key on pp. 28-30.

Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basionym: Myristica parviflora Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 847 Icon 2574; A.DC.

Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 207 sub species dubiae; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 72

sub species dubiae; Roxb. Fl. Ind. (1874 edition) 744; Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 278 in obs. sub H. roxburghii Warb.

Horsfieldia parviflora 83

Synonyms: ? Myristica canariformis Bl. Rumphia | (1837) 190; A.DC. Prodr. 14,

1 (1856) 207 sub species dubiae; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 71 sub species

dubiae. M. globularia Bl. Rumphia 1| (1837) 191 t.64 £.2 non M. globularia Lamk

(1791) nec M. globularia (non Bl.) Hk-f.et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 160 = H.

polyspherula (Hk.f.) Sinclair; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 202 quoad spec. Ambon.;

Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 66 quoad spec. Ambon.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. 1, 2 (1864) 206 etiam quoad spec. Ambon. sed excl. M. globularia var.

subglobosa Miq. ex Bantam, Java. M. laevigata Bl. Rumphia (1837) 191 t.64 f.3

et anal. 1-4; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 202; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 65

quoad spec. Commerson. Maurit. tantum, excl. spec. Jav. et Sumatrana ——

syn. noy. Probabiliter (?) M. tingens Bl. Rumphia | (1837) 190; A.DC. Prodr. 14,

1 (1856) 207 sub species dubiae; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1(1958) 72 sub species

dubiae. Pyrrho-globularia (Bl.) Hasskarl, Cat. Pl. Hort. Bog. (1844) 174, excl. syn.

M. microcarpa Willd. M. nesophila Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1, 2 (1864)

206 pro parte excl. spec. Batjan = H. macrocoma (Mig.) Warb. et excl. M.

nesophila Mig. of Ann. 2 —— syn. nov. M. bivalvis Hk.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886)

107; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 307 pl. 139. H. batjanica Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 275 t.21 f.1-4 —— syn. nov. H. globularia (Bl.) Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 288 t.21 f.1-4; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912)

207; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 54; Burk. Dict. 1 (1935) 1198. H. globularia

(Bl) Warb. var. minahassae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 617. H. labillardieri

Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 283 t.21 f.1-2 pro minore parte, altera pars FI spec.

= H. irya —— syn. nov. H. laevigata (Bl.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 351 t.21

f.1-2 guoad spec. Maurit. tantum excl. spec. Jav. = H. irya syn. nov. H.

nesophila (Miq.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 281 t.21 f.1-2 pro parte prob. excl.

spec. ex Batjan et excl. M. nesophila Mig. of Ann. 2. H. novoguineensis Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 271 pro minore parte quoad spec. Moseley s.n. Aru Isl.

et Riedel s.n. Damar (altera pars = H. spicata et H. polyantha original spelling is

novo-guineensis with a hyphen) —— syn. nov. H. roxburghii Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 277 t.21 f.1-2 —— syn. nov. H. minahassae (Warb.) Koorders, FI.

van N.O. Celebes in Med. Lands P. Tuin 19 (1898) 570 excl. Koorders 18158 =

H. valida (Miq.) Warb. M. batjanica (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1

(1900) 85 nom. alt. M. labillardieri (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1

(1900) 85 nom. alt. M. minahassae (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1900) 87

nom, alt. M. roxburghii (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 nom.

alt. H. bivalvis (Hk.f.) Merr. Relig. Robinsonianae in Phil. J. Sc. C Bot. 11, 5 for

Sth Sept. 1916 (issued 3rd Jan. 1917) 271; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)

379 £.32 & pl. VIIIB. H. canariformis (Bl.) Merr. Int. Rumph. (1917) 230 quoad

spec. Ambon. Robinsonii et prob. quoad Rumphii. H. obscurinervia Merr.- in

Phil. J. Sc. C Bot. 12, 5 for Sept. 1917 (9th Nov. 1917) 265 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2

(1923) 182 —— syn. nov. H. sp. Merr. Int. Rumph. (1917) 231 as M. tingens BI.

etc., Heyne, Nutt. Pl. (1927) 638. H. ramosii Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. 17, 3 for Sept.

1920 (12th Jan. 1921) 254 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 182 —— syn. nov.

Pre-Linnaean Names: Palala quarta; Palala canariformis and Palala dentaria

Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 10 (1741) 27 t.8 Palala globularia or Palala quinta

Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 10 (1741) 29 t.9 f.a—b. Palala tingens & Palala tertia

Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 10 (1741) 27 t.7 £.A—B.

Tree 4-30 m high, average 13 m. Bark reddish brown, finely vertically

fissured, eventually flaking; sap red, watery, not copious. Twigs glabrous except

the rusty-pubescent, elongate terminal bud and the minutely puberulous greenish

84 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

apex, pale grey or a dirty straw-colour, often a light reddish brown becoming

dark grey lower down, finely striate, terete without lines from petiole base to

petiole base, 3 mm thick for some distance down from the apex, lenticellate, the

lenticels slightly raised. Leaves chartaceous, occasionally thinly coriaceous, brittle

and breaking in herbaria, dark green and glossy above, paler green beneath with

a yellowish or brownish green lower midrib, drying a dark blackish brown above

and a medium brown beneath, but also lighter shades of brown tinged with

yellowish green or a dirty straw-colour without reddish pigments depending on

the texture and the method of drying, dull or less often glossy on parts of the

upper surface, glabrous, oblanceolate or narrowly oblong, less often elliptic, if

oblong then the sides parallel for a short distance, the base acute, the apex acute

or acuminate, the margins very slightly revolute or thickened; midrib distinct

above, prominent and sometimes verruculose beneath; nerves 13-20 pairs, average

16 pairs, faint, sunk or invisible above, fine, slender and slightly raised beneath,

oblique or curving gradually, equidistant, 1-1.5 cm apart, interarching in faint

loops at the margins; reticulations invisible above, occasionally a few lax ones

seen below; length (9)-15—20-(28) cm, average 18 cm; breadth 2.5-7-(9) cm,

average 5 cm but generally rather narrow in proportion to the length; petiole

(5)}-7 mm -—1.5-(1.8) cm long, average 1 cm long, petiole length often fairly

constant for certain geographicai regions, 1.8—2-(2.5) mm thick, the sides often

much inrolled. Male inflorescence a spreading panicle, glabrous or minutely rusty-

puberulous becoming glabrous, (3)-6-16 cm long, usually much branched, the

lowermost branches usually about 3 cm long but varying from 5 mm-6 cm long

but less branched or even simple in some mountain forms; bracts 1-3 mm long,

rusty-tomentulose, acute at the apex, very early deciduous. Flowers sweet-scented,

green in bud with a glaucous waxy bloom, changing to yellow, drying a brownish

purple and often retaining some of the bloom; perianth coriaceous, smooth when

fresh, slightly rough when dry and usually remaining turgid. Male flowers laterally

compressed, transversely oval, less often obtriangular, the upper side convex, the

lower two sides also more or less so, the base sometimes slightly narrowed where

it meets the pedicel, the perianth split }4—way into the two lobes, 2.5 mm long

and 3—-3.3 mm broad, 3-3.5 mm long and 4 mm broad in fresh flowers; androecium

an obconic, compressed, sessile, 2-lobed cup with 10-12 anthers, each anther

from its middle completely inflexed into the cup and reaching nearly to the bottom

of the cup; pedicels slender, 0.4 mm thick, 1-2 mm long but occasionally 24 mm

long. Female inflorescence more rigid than in the male, (3)-5-8 cm long with

several branches, the lowermost 2.5-3 cm long. Female flowers more coriaceous

than in the male, about 0.5 mm thick, subglobose in bud, ellipsoid later and split

4-4-way by the perianth lobes, 3 mm long and 2 mm broad; ovary subglobose, 2

mm long and 2 mm broad, mostly glabrous, occasionally pale brown-tomentulose

(G. Sembilan and Halmaheira) the suture prominent at this stage; pedicels 1.5—2

mm long and | mm thick. Fruit yellow, usually drying a reddish brown, sometimes

blackish, several (up to 20) in a cluster or single, glabrous, smooth when fresh,

but with the usual matt surface when dry, oblong or subglobose, rounded at each

end, small, 1.2-2 cm long and 1-1.6 cm broad, the average dimensions 1.6 cm

long and 1.3 cm broad, the pericarp 1-1.5 mm thick; pedicels 5-7 mm long and

1.5-2 mm thick. Aril bright red. Seed 9 mm long and 7.5 mm broad with a small

cavity at the centre.

LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS

DAMAR:

Riedel s.n. (K) one of the syntypes of H. novoguineensis Warb.

Horsfieldia parviflora 85

PHILIPPINES

LUZON:

Proy. Camarines Norte:—Paracale, de Maesa & Magistrado 26503 (K, P, US);

ditto, Ramos & Edafio 33693 (BM, BO, CAL, L, SING).

BucaS GRANDE ISLAND:

Ramos & Pascasio 35047 (K, US).

CELEBES

NorTH PENINSULA:

Manado (Menado): —bb/3748 (BO, L); Amurang, Ranomea, bb/7/81 (A, BO,

K, L); near Ratahan, Koorders Nos 18123 (BO) and 18/24 (BO); near Kayuwatu,

Minahassa, the following: —Koorders 18136 (BO, L); Totok, Koorders 18146 (BO,

L); Pinamorongan, Koorders 18164 (BO, L).

CENTRAL CELEBES:

Malili:—Malili, Kjellberg 2040 (BO, S); Kali, Kjellberg 3161 (BO); Usu, Cel

11/236 (A, BO, L); ditto, Cel 11/404 (A, BO, L, SING); Kawata, Cel II /464

(BO, K, L, SING).

Preho:—K jellberg 2487 (BO, S).

SOUTH-WEST PENINSULA:

Bolong, Palopo district, Kjellberg 1990 (BO, S); Pangkadjene, Teijsmann 11767

(BO, SING); Balotje-sehroh, Teijsmann 12610 (BO); Tjamba, Teijsmann 12709

(BO); Tienjoh, Baleh-Angien, also spelling Angin, Teijsmann Nos 12503 (BO)

and 12733 (BO, SING); Tienjoh, Tjamba, Teijsmann 12755 (BO); Bonthain,

Saluang, Cel 1/45 (BO).

SOUTH-EAST PENINSULA:

Tawanga, B. Watuwila, Kjellberg 982 (BO, S); Asinua, Kjellberg 1154 (BO, S);

Lepo-lepo, near Kendari, Beccari s.n., FI Acc. Nos 7638 (FI); 7638A (FI); 7638B

(FI) and 7638C (FI).

P. KABAENA:

Sangia-wita Berg, Elbert 345] (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING).

P. MOENA:

Patu-patu, bb5432 (BO, L, SING, U); Raha, Kpg Lamanu, bb20754 (A, BO, K,

L); Wasalangka, bb21325 (A, BO).

P. BUTON:

Kombowa, bb665] (BO); Wapaneana, bb&459 (BO, L).

MOLUCCAS

TALAUD ISLANDS:

Karakelang:—East of Beo, H.J. Lam Nos 2628 (A, BO, K, L, P, PNH, SING)

and 2650 (BO, L); south slope of Gunong Duata, H.J. Lam 281] (BO, K, L);

south-west slope of G. Duata, H.J. Lam 2929 (BO, L).

Morora!:

Kali Sambihi, Kostermans 899 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING); Totodoku, Exped.

Kostermans (Tangkilisan 250) bb33920 (A, BO, K, L); ditto, Kostermans Nos 673a

(A, BM, BO, K, L, LAE, PNH, SING); 767 (A, BO, K, L, LAE, PNH, SING)

86 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII (1975)

the BO sheet with H. sylvestris in addition and 7888 (K, L); Gunong Sangowo,

Kostermans 1014 (BO, K, L, SING); Gunong Paré-paré, Kostermans Nos 1157

(A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING); /2/8 (A, BO, L, SING) and /256 (A, BO, K, L,

SING); Tjaw, Kostermans 1513 (BO, K, L, LAE, PNH, SING); west slope of

Gunong Sabatai, Kostermans Nos 3459 (BO, L); 3499 (BO, L) and 3510 (BO, L).

HALMAHEIRA:

W. Pitu, Beguin 2247 (BO, SING); Goal, Idjan & Mochtar 181 (L); Weidamo,

Idjan & Mochtar 191 (K, L); Kampong Lolori, Djailolo, Pleyte 141 (BO, K, L);

Gunong Sembilan, Pleyte Nos 377 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING) and 409 (BO, K, L,

P, PNH, SING).

TERNATE:

S.L., C. Smith, Herb. Roxb. (BM not seen, BR); Toramadiahi, Beguin 1407 (BO,

Ly.

TIDORE:

Buhu Mala, H.J. Lam 3767 (BO, K, L).

Fr, ul.

Djikodolong, 5523787 (BO, L)); Kasina, 5523805 (BO, L).

CERAM:

S.L., probably west Ceram, W.H. de Vriese s.n. (L); Kairatu, Gemba, west Ceram,

Kuswata & Soepadmo 86 (BM, K, L, KEP, SING); Waiselang, Kairatu, Kuswata

& Soepadmo 236 (K, L, SING); east Ceram, Kampong Kiandarat, Gunong Kilia,

bb25845 (K, L, SING) and ditto, Buwalda 5627 (BO, L); south-east Ceram, Wai

Afling, (Exped. Rutten) Kormassi 996 (BO, L, SING).

AMBON:

S.L., Binnendijk s.n. (BO); C.B. Robinson Nos 240 (A, BM, BO, K, L, NY, P, US);

241 (US); 1878 (A, BM, BO, CAL, K, L, NSW, NY, P, SING) and 1/885 (K);

(Herb. Hasskarl) Teijsmann 1567 (BO); Teijsmann, H.B. 1925 (BO, U) as M.

nesophila see notes on type material; Teijsmann Nos 1968 (BO, U) and 5138

(BO, U); Teijsmann & de Vriese s.n., date 1859-1860 (L) as M. globularia, 2

sheets; de Vriese s.n. (K, L, MEL) as M. globularia, 2 sheets in L; Zippelius s.n.

(L) as M. glabra Mig. and M. globularia Bl.

With locality:—Waai, Buwalda 6141 (BO, K, L, LAE, PNH, SING); ditto, de

Fretes 5748 (BO, U); ditto, Teijsmann s.n. (BO, SING); slope of Gunong Salahutu,

Waai, Kuswata & Soepadmo 292 (BM, K, L, SING); Hutumuri, Leitimor, Teijs-

mann s.n. (BO, L, SING).

BANDA:

See under “Cultivated’’. (I think that some of the early records may be from

Ambon and vice versa).

Kat ISLANDS:

Jaheri 90 (BO) poor material.

NEW GUINEA

ARU ISLANDS:

S.L., Moseley s.n. (K) one of the syntypes of H. novoguineensis Warb., Pulau

Wokam, Dosinamalau, Buwalda 4970 (A, BO, K, L, PNH).

Horsfieldia parviflora 87

CULTIVATED

MAURITIUS (ISLE DE FRANCE):

Commerson 238 (L, P) type of M. laevigata Bl., female tree, one sheet in L with

leaves attached to female inflorescences, the second, obviously from the same

gathering has leaves and twigs only; Labillardiére s.n. Herb. Webb (FI) female

inflorescences, probably from the same tree as the preceding; Herb. Michaux,

Herb. Ventenat, collector Céré date 1821 (G & Prodr.) as laevigata with female

inflorescences only is probably a duplicate of Commerson 238. All the specimens

here are probably from the same tree.

SINGAPORE:

Cult. Bot. Gard. Singapore. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 381.

HORT. BOGOR:

Origin as Java or erroneous:—Java is given as the origin of the following all

under /VH76a but cannot be Java as parviflora does not occur there. The

material is rather similar to that from Ambon ard Ceram but the origin may also

be from Banda. Rastini Nos 105 (K, L) and 206 (K, L, SING); Woerjantoro 99

(K, L).

Origin Ambon:—Sub 1VG90 type tree of H. roxburghii Warb. the following,

Beccari s.n. FI Acc. No 7641 (Fl, P); Herb. Bur. Agric. Manila, date 1903 (NY);

Sinclair 10037 (A, E, K, L, SING). Sub IVH75 named globularia, the following,

Beccari s.n. Fl Acc. Nos 7639 (FI) and 7639A (FI); Herb. Bur. Agric. Manila,

date 1903 (A, NY, US); Rastini 223 (K, L, SING). Sub origin Ambon without a

number, de Fretes s.n. (BO, K).

Origin Banda:—Forbes 1158 (BM, K) stated to be Banda; Forbes 1184a (A, BM,

FI, G, L, P, PNH, SING) very doubtfully Banda and certainly not Java. These

two numbers may have been from the trees ]VH76 or IVH76a. These specimens

are very similar to Ambon material.

Origin Batjan:—Note that there are no specimens collected directly from Batjan.

Sub IVH13, type tree of H. batjanica Warb. a female tree introduced into Bogor

by Teijsmann, the following, Beccari s.n. FI Acc. Nos 7604 (FI); 7605 (FI) and

7606 (FI); Herb. Bur. Agric. Manila, date 1903 (NY, US); Kostermans 11186 (BM,

K, L, P, SING); Rastini 220 (K, L, SING) and Sinclair 10035 (A, E, K, L, SING);

(Herb. Hance) Teijsmann s.n. (BM); Teijsmann 10 (BO). ~

DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in the Moluccas, very rare in the Philippines.

Has also been found in Damar in the Lesser Sunda Islands and in the Aru

Islands (New Guinea).

TYPE MATERIAL: See notes below.

ECOLOGY: In lowland primary forest. Records of flowering in all months

except December and January.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Duguan (Philippines, Bik.); lJaran’a (Karakelang);

kuleman (Morotai); tefiri (Tidore).

TYPE MATERIAL, NOTES

This section contains some miscellaneous information which will also serve

as an introduction to the notes.

88 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII (1975)

Myristica parviflora Roxb. Like its close relative H. spicata is was also described

from a female tree introduced from the Moluccas, probably from Banda, by

Christopher Smith into the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta. It flowered regularly

during the rains. No type specimen has been found. There is a coloured illustration,

however, for this species but not for spicata. This illustration No 2574 of Rox-

burgh’s Icones agrees with the material here quoted under globularia, laevigata

and other synonyms. I saw no sign of this tree in the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta

during my visit there in 1959 and further enquiries regarding its fate have not

met with success. The typification of parviflora depends a lot on the typification

of spicata and is also dealt with under that species.

H. batjanica Warb. Introduced into Hort. Bog. from Batjan by Teijsmann.

Warburg quotes as type material Beccari s.n. (B burnt, FI) male and female (fruit).

The Beccari specimens were subsequently given the FI Accession Nos 7604 (FI);

7605 (FI) and 7606 (FI). When I saw these specimens at FI I did not indicate

which, if any, of these numbers are male. The female type tree /VHJ3 representing

some of the above numbers and most of the other specimens quoted here in the

text under Batjan is still in Bogor. I obtained my specimens from it on 26th Feb.

1959 and Rastini his on 2nd Sept. 1960.

M. bivalvis Hk.f., Murton 149 (K holotype) Singapore Botanic Gardens’ Jungle.

Male tree. Ridley 6736 (SING) from the Store, Botanic Gardens, is probably

from the same tree. This store near the potting yard is at the edge of the Gardens’

Jungle. Ridley 393 (K, SING) is probably also from the same tree. I cannot find

this tree now but other specimens, see Sinclair ““Malayan Myristicaceae”’ in Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 381 are from the large existing tree, also male, still flourishing

on Lawn B. See also in the notes under H. spicata regarding the tree on Lawn B.

M. canariformis Bl. Based on Palala canariformis, palala quarta & palala dentaria

Rumphius Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 10 (1741) 27 t.8. See Appendix on Rumphian

Myristicaceae at the end of these notes.

M. globularia Bl. Based on Palala globularia or palala quinta Rumphius Herb.

Amb. 2 ch. 10 (1741) 28 t.9. It is strange that Blume who often depended closely

on Zippelius did not on this occasion refer to Zippelius s.n. (L) Ambon, a good

but sterile specimen named M. globularia. This specimen can be taken as the

authentic type specimen of M. globularia Bl. It bears in probably Blume’s writing

the collector’s name and locality ic. Zippelius, Ambon and it has been named

by Blume as Palala quinta and palala globularia Rumph. 2, t.9. It must have

been about the only specimen known to Blume at that time when he wrote his

account. There is Blume’s illustration of M. globularia in Rumphia, drawn, we

are told, from genuine Ambon material by Arckenhausen. The flowers, male, are

young but some of them at this stage do show the bilobed perianth which in

this case helps greatly to establish the correct identity of this Ambon species.

See Appendix after the notes.

H. globularia (Bl.) Warb. var. minahassae Warb. Koorders Nos 18123 (BO);

18124 (BO); 18146 (BO, L) and 18/64 (BO, L) Celebes. All syntypes. Koorders in

Fl. van N.O. Celebes, page 570 raised this to a species. At least the circumscrip-

tion there can be taken to be a new combination. It is a pity that he added

Koorders 18158 to the list of cited specimens since this number is one of the

three syntypes of H. pachythyrsa Warb.

Horsfieldia parviflora 89

H. labillardieri Warb., Labillardiére s.n. Herb. Webb (B burnt, FI) Java. Male

flowers. This creation of Warburg is H. irya. I have examined the FI duplicate and

found this to be so. Also the details in his description point clearly to irya, the

very short petioles, the rounded base of the rather broad leaves showing that

they belong to the Java form of irya, the veins “‘fere rectis” arising at almost right

angles to the midrib and the presence of reticulations on the undersurface. If it

agrees so well then one may ask why have I placed it also as a synonym of

parvifiora. It will be seen from Warburg’s description that the male flowers are

1 mm long and 1.5 mm broad while those of irya are only 1 mm long and | mm

broad. The difference in breadth would give them quite a different shape, laterally

elongate for parviflora and subglobose or globose for irya. In fact the flowers of

irya are about the smallest in the genus, sharing this distinction with only two or

three other species. The illustration of H. labillardieri in Warburg is to my mind that

of parviflora and not irya. The flowers are too large and too laxly spaced to

represent irya. Most probably they have been drawn from the Berlin duplicate

now destroyed and it is just possible that that duplicate may have been parviflora

and not irya. Yet the leaves in Warburg’s description, as pointed out, agree exactly

with those of irya. Another suggestion is that the leaves belong to irya alright

but that the inflorescence may have been represented by a loose portion which

came from another collection. These are the reasons why I have kept H. labillardieri

pro minore parte as a synonym of parviflora but if we consider only the existing

type specimen then it belongs to irya.

M. laevigata Bl., Commerson 238 (L, P) Mauritius, cultivated, female flowers.

Blume cited Commerson as the collector and discoverer. He does not mention any

other collectors so the Mauritius material of Commerson distributed from Paris

is clearly the type. Both Blume and Warburg’s drawings show the much branched

female inflorescence of the Mauritius material. The ovary is covered with a

very short pale brown tomentum. H. parviflora usually has a glabrous ovary but

specimens from Halmaheira have this same kind of pale brown tomentum. Warburg

did not cite the type, i.e. the Commerson specimen unless the one in Herb. Michaux

previously came from Commerson and he added other specimens from Java in

his citation which are not parviflora. Unfortunately this has caused some confusion

in certain herbaria and some of the material thus cited by Warburg has come to

be regarded as part of the type material of /aevigata when it actually has no con-

nection with /aevigata. The following Javan specimens cited by him are therefore

to be excluded as irya: —Horsfield s.n. (BM, K) including Horsfield 2 (K) in the

separate collection; Herb. Ventenat, Lahaie (Delahaye or Lahaye) s.n. (G) female;

Herb. Labillardiére, Herb. Webb (FI) female. Lahaie was the gardener and plant

collector of Labillardiére so the last two citations may represent one and the same

gathering. The Mauritius specimens of M. laevigata went under the name of Le

Muscadier sauvage le globulaire. Many sheets of parviflora have been named

laevigata. It is the oldest name after parviflora and globularia.

M. nesophila Miq., W.H. de Vriese s.n. (B burnt, L) Ceram, 2 sheets, male flowers.

A luxuriant form of parvifiora with slightly larger leaves than usual; the male

flowering pedicels are also longer, 244 mm as against 1-2 mm in most specimens

of parviflora. The other two syntypes quoted by Miquel are:—de Vriese s.n.

(L) Batjan and de Vriese s.n., Ambon. The Batjan material in Leiden referred

to by Warburg as loose leaves in a packet and a single elliptic fruit has now been

mounted on two separate sheets. The belong to H. macrocoma and must be

excluded from parviflora in the citation of synonyms. The third syntype, the one

90 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

from Ambon could not be traced by Warburg. He thinks that Miquel may have

subsequently placed it under another species, forgetting to say where. De Vriese

certainly collected in Ambon ample material identical with the Ambon form of

parviflora. There are two sheets in Leiden with the labels de Vriese and Teijsmann

and two others with de Vriese only. Of the last two sheets Miquel has determined

one of them as M. globularia but he has not written any identification on the

second. Can this sheet be the one he referred to as M. nesophila, Ambon.? The

specimen which I myself take to be the Ambon syntype is in Utrecht with a

duplicate in Bogor. It is named M. nesophila Miq. and is (Teijsmann) H.B. 1925

(BO, U) Ambon. M. nesophila Miq. of Ann. 2 is not the same as that of Miq.

Ann. 1 and must be excluded from citations of H. parviflora. Miquel gives the

name nesophila Miq. of Ann. 2 to a Zippelius gathering from Dutch South New

Guinea. There are several duplicates of it. Most of them are spicata and one sheet

is polyantha. See notes under these species. H. novoguineensis Warb., Riedel s.n.

(K) Damar, syntype and Moseley s.n. (K) Aru Islands, syntype. It seems that a

small portion of this most confusing mixture. H. novoguineensis, must be cited

under parviflora, The majority of the bits and pieces will be found under spicata

while polyantha is a minor shareholder. Unfortunately too little material is at hand

from Damar and the Aru Islands and that which is available is rather poor. I

am not satisfied either with the gatherings from the Kei Islands. I have named

specimens from these three places parviflora because I did not see any lines from

petiole base to petiole base on the twigs. The specimens from the Aru and Kei

Islands which I did name spicata definitely have the lines. It may be that the

lines were just not present on the portions of the twigs that I saw and that a

careful search on the tree would show them. This is an occasion where the problem

could be solved by myself in the field better than in the herbarium. Also it is more

likely that only one species and not two will be present in small islands like the

above-mentioned.

H. obscurinervia Merr., de Mesa & Magistrado 26503 (K, P, PNH holotype burnt,

US) Paracale. Prov. Camarines Norte, Luzon, male flowers.

H. ramosii Merr., Ramos & Pascasio 35047 (K, PNH holotype burnt, US) Bucas

Grande, female flowers.

H. roxburghii Warb., Christopher Smith s.n. Herb. Roxb. (BM, BR) Ternate,

male flowers, syntype and Cult. Hort. Bog. ex Ambon, tree No IVG90, Beccari

s.n. FI Acc. No 7641 (B burnt, Fl, P) sub nomine M. laevigata, male flowers,

syntype. This tree is still there. I obtained my specimens from it on 27th Feb.

1959. The BR specimen which I have seen has male flowers as stated by Warburg.

I could not find the BM duplicate. There is however a BM specimen of spicata

with female flowers from Ternate. If this is the specimen that Warburg saw then

it will have to be excluded from the type material of H. roxburghii.

M. tingens Bl. Based on Palala tingens and Palala tertia Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch.

10 (1741) 27, t.8. See Appendix on Rumphian species to be published at the end.

There is some individual variation among the collections of this species in

their range over a number of islands but not nearly so much as is known by its

close ally H. spicata. The burdensome synonymy in the preceding pages is proof

of this variation and wide distribution but it also marks a species with which the

authors have had difficulty. New species have been created without showing where

they would fit in a key but no reducations have ever been made. Warburg did

nothing to simplify the situation. He was too engrossed in seeing differences but

Horsfieldia parviflora 91

not resemblances and created three more species, /abillardieri, batjanica and

roxburghii. He did mention that the last two and globularia are close — stehen sich

recht nahe etc., but he places too much stress on the branching of their male

inflorescences. Boerlage was not quite certain which way the wheels were going

to turn but made sure they were not going to turn against him. He created alter-

native names in Myristica for species that had been described in Horsfieldia.

Blume in his day did not see many specimens and Merrill did not seem to think

that the Philippine material could have any connection with the Moluccan but in any

case both of them were too anxious in trying to relate their species to the obscure

names of Rumphius who after all was not a good systematic botanist.

Key to separate Horsfieldia parviflora from spicata

1. Twigs without two lines or ridges running from petiole base to petiole base

on each side. Leaves mostly oblanceolate or narrowly oblong, less often elliptic

(elliptic in some Batjan and Morotai specimens), often the same length as

the next species but usually narrower, (9)-15—20-(28) cm long, average 18

cm long and 2.5-7-(9) cm broad, average 5 cm broad. Male flowers trans-

versely oval, less often turbinate (turbinate in some specimens from Batjan

and Morotai), 2.5 mm long and 3--3.3 mm broad, the base horizontal and

slightly curved, not triangular and not decurrent into the pedicel (decurrent

in the turbinate flowers); pedicels 1-2 mm long, occasionally 3-4 mm long.

Female inflorescence (3)-5—8 cm long (? always), the lowermost branches

2.5-3 cm long. Fruit single or in clusters, oblong or subglobose, usually 1.6

cm long and 1.3 cm broad, the range 1.2-2 cm long and 1-1.6 cm

i i Ara al acne ngs t cts tig to ges (BWa~ np eas ys old nays H. parviflora

1. Twigs with two lines or ridges running from petiole base to petiole base on

each side. Leaves mostly oblong or elliptic, less often obovate, (10)-15—30-(44)

cm long, average 20 cm long and (3.5)-6—-10-(16.5) cm broad, average 8 cm

broad. Male flowers turbinate or obtriangular, 2-3.5 mm long and 2-3 mm

broad, the base often triangular or cuneate and decurrent into the pedicel;

pedicels (increasing with age) 1-5 mm long, average 3 mm long. Female

inflorescence 1-5 cm long, the lowermost branches 5 mm-—1 cm long, Fruit

single, if more not clustered, oblong, usually 2.5-3 cm long and 2-2.5 cm

broad, the range 1.7-3.5 cm long and 1.2-2.7 cm broad ............... H. spicata

As pointed out our present species is remarkably close to spicata but with a

somewhat different distribution. The relationship of the one to the other will be

best understood if individual variation between the various island forms of parviflora

is also brought into the discussion. The notes on the type material contain some

relevant introductory information on individual variation which need not be

repeated here. The main difference between the two species is the presence or

absence of the two lines or ridges on the twigs which stretch from petiole base

to petiole base. This is a very convenient diagnostic character and one that can be

applied to sterile material as well as fertile. Yet for all its convenience it seems

just a little bit artificial. Perhaps I have laid too much stress on it. A few other

species of Horsfieldia have it too and even in Myristica there are examples. It

may be that there is only one broad species stretching over a great area and

embracing parviflora, spicata, and even ardisiifolia. The first two are composed of

several smaller units each occupying a distinct geographical area and linked to

one another in a reticulate relationship. Thus one taxon will be distinguished best

from its nearest allied neighbour not by one character but by little groups of

92 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

characters. It will be very difficult to divide a group of say twelve such units or

taxa into two equal lots of six using a single character and then to subdivide each

six into halves by some other attribute. It will be difficult to construct a key for

a reticulate species with equal subdivisions as every taxon is related to its neigh-

bour in some way. Thus when I divide up the above reticulate complex using

this one character i.e. “‘lines on twigs present or absent’? and examine the speci-

mens in the resulting group “‘lines absent’ i.e. those under parviflora I do not

get an altogether uniform species. The specimens from Ambon, Ceram and Celebes

are very similar but the others from Batjan, Halmaheira, Tidore and Morotai are

slightly different. Those from Morotai are mare variable among themselves than

the material from any of the other islands. Therefore the presence of the two lines

may be rather an artificial division to superimpose on the classification and a

more natural though cumbersome system would be the one mentioned above in

which there is one very broad species divided into rather more of these little

reticulate units than I have here allowed. Yet we can take too broad a view and

then classification would not get very far. I feel I have been drastic enough in

reducing so many former species to spicata and parviflora and that I should pause

for the meantime and examine the results. Perhaps one day I may even go the

whole length and reduce parviflora also. I certainly should like to see something

of this complex in the field where I might be able to decide from individual trees

about the value of the lines on the twigs. The answer to many problems still lies

in the field and not in the herbarium. It is important then to see that botanists

get admission to the field, and that the harvest is not over when they get there.

Personally I hope that the present status of ardisiifolia, parviflora and spicata

as distinct species will be maintained for these are units of a convenient size.

Apart from the lines on the twigs the next best character for distinguishing

parviflora from spicata lies in the size of the fruit. It is smaller in the former and

may be single or in dense clusters of up to 20. The shape is oblong or subglobose

and the apex rounded. In spicata the larger oblong fruit is never densely clustered.

The apex, though usually obtuse may occasionally be acute. This is clearly

seen in Koerinasih 42 which has an ellipsoid fruit, pointed at each end and

resembling that of a Canarium.

The shape of the male perianth in parviflora is usually transversely oval and

much elongate laterally. The base tends to be convex and not narrowed off into

the pedicel. In spicata the flowers resemble an inverted cone, being turbinate and

not so long laterally, 2-3 mm broad as against 3-3.3 mm in parviflora and the

base is more or less triangular and tapers gradually down into the pedicel. This

would be a good character but unfortunately it is not constant, specimens of

parviflora from Batjan, especially those named batjanica as well as some from

Morotai have a more triangular perianth with a tapering base as in spicata. The

female inflorescence seems to be longer than that of spicata and similarly the

lowermost branches are also longer. I do not know how far this character is con-

stant but personally I do not have much faith in it.

Leaf characters are not very reliable. There is a much greater range in the

size and shape of the leaves in spicata than in parviflora. The longest ones will

be found in spicata and except for specimens of parviflora from the Philippines

named obscurinervia and others unnamed from the mountains of Morotai, the

smallest leaves also will be found in spicata. Excluding the out-sizes at the top

of the scale and the small ones at the bottom, the normal sizes in spicata are

15-30 cm long as against 15-20 cm long in parviflora. The average length for both

is nearly the same. I have 20 cm for spicata and 18 cm for parviflora. Shape and

Horsfieldia paucinervis 93

breadth measurements are, however, more useful. Those of parviflora are usually

narrower and in shape are oblanceolate or narrowly oblong, less often elliptic

(elliptic in some specimens from Morotai) while those of spicata may be as narrow

but more often they are broader. In shape they are oblong or elliptic and less

often obovate.

Lenticels are often present in parviflora but specimens that have the twigs

rough or tuberculate with them will usually be spicata. Specimens with long,

smooth, non-striate portions in the apical regions of the twigs will again usually

be spicata.

Having briefly mentioned individual variation let us now look at it in more

detail. The usual name for the present plant has hitherto been globularia but

many specimens of it have also been named Jaevigata. The type of the latter is

clearly a tree cultivated in Mauritius introduced from the Moluccas though the

name laevigata has been used for many specimens grown in the Botanic Gardens

at Bogor and distributed from there to various herbaria. Specimens from Ambon,

Ceram, Celebes and the Botanic Gardens, Singapore are all very similar and uni-

form and they have been known as globularia. They have the typical narrow,

short-petioled, oblong leaves, 15—20 cm long which dry a dark or medium brown

above and only slightly paler beneath, finely striate, reddish brown twigs, a profusely

branched male inflorescence with turgid, oval, reddish brown, cockle-shell flowers

and clusters of small reddish brown subglobose or oblong fruits.

Specimens from Batjan, Halmaheira, Tidore and some parts of Moroiai tend

to have paler twigs, longer petioles, less branched or simple inflorescences and

single fruits which dry blackish. In fact there seems to be an absence on drying

of reddish pigments in the parts normally associated with them. The greatest

Variation is shown in the Morotai specimens. Those from Gunong Paré-paré have

small, thinly chartaceous elliptic leaves. We might have expected such mountain

forms from an elevation of 1,000 m to have coriaceous leaves. Strange to say the

specimens of parviflora that have coriaceous leaves in Morotai are from Tjaw a

locality only 30 m above sea-level. It will be recalled in the case of glabra and

some other species that the leaves normally become more coriaceous and thicker

in texture as we ascend into the mountains. The Gunong Paré-paré specimens

also have simple inflorescences and longer pedicels than those of the above-

mentioned Ambon-Celebes-Singapore material. The leaves on specimens from

Gunong Sangowo are similar but slightly larger, being transitional and leading on

to ones even larger but still elliptic and found at Totodoku and other Morotai

localities. Finally there are in Morotai specimens with the usual narrowly oblong

to oblanceolate leaves.

Horsfieldia paucinervis Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 345 t.22 f.1-2; Merr. En.

Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. special number (1921) 268.

Synonym: Myristica paucinervis (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900)

87 nom. alt.

Small tree 3--8 m high and about 12 cm in girth. Bark characters not recorded;

sap pale pink. Twigs 2-3 mm thick in the rusty-tomentose innovations, glabrous,

medium brown and finely striate in the older parts. Leaves slightly coriaceous,

less often chartaceous, drying greenish brown and dull above, softly tomentulose

beneath with plumose hairs of a reddish brown tinge, elliptic, apex acute or shortly

acuminate, base bluntly acute; nerves 5-9 pairs, average 7 pairs, oblique, rather

faint above and at the margins, raised beneath; reticulations absent; length 7-13

94 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

cm; breadth 3-6.5 cm, petiole tomentose, 0.5—1 cm long and 2-3 mm thick.

Male inflorescence slender, shaggy-tomentose with plumose hairs, branched, 4-9

cm long and bearing the flowers in groups of 3-5 at the ends of the ultimate

ramuli. Male flowers yellow, drying blackish, glabrous, sub-globose to laterally

flattened, split down about one third way by the three acute perianth teeth, 1-1.5

mm in diam.; androecium with 8-10 anthers, slightly depressed in the centre,

circular in outline and on a 0.25 mm long stalk; pedicels glabrous, very slender,

1 mm long and 4 to 3 mm thick. Female inflorescence shorter than the male,

2-6 cm long and with fewer and shorter branches. Female flowers ovoid-globose,

3-toothed, 2 mm in diam.; ovary ovoid, glabrous, the stigma sessile; pedicels 2 mm

long and 1 mm thick. Fruit (only a young one seen) oblong, glabrous, obtuse at

both ends, 1 cm long and 7 mm broad, almost sessile on a 2 mm long and 3.5

mm thick stalk.

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ast Division:—Gunong Santubong (east), Haji Bujang bin Sedik SAR 13489 (K,

SAR, SING); probably near Kuching, Haviland (Garai) 1020/865 (SAR) the SAR

sheet has, in addition, flowers of crassifolia mounted on it; Kuching, Haviland

1735 (K); Setapok, Purseglove 4403 (K, L, SAR, SING); Matang Road, Dabong

(Native Collector) 537 (K, PNH, US); Mt Matang, Native Collector 5094 (NY).

2nd Division:—Marop, Batang Lupor, Beccari 3279 = FI Acc. Nos 7615 (FI)

and 7616 (FI).

4th Division:—Similajau Forest Reserve, Bintulu, Briinig SAR 8652 (SAR);

Bintulu, Haviland 3075 (CAL, K, SAR, SING) the SING sheet is numbered 3074

apparently in error for there is another 3074 which is brachiata var. laticostata.

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak.

TYPE MATERIAL: Beccari 3279 = FI Acc. Nos 7615 (FI) and 7616 (FI)

these two sheets are both parts of the holotype. They are both from a single

female tree.

ECOLOGY: In coastal kerangas and in secondary forest on eroded white sand.

Probably in other types of habitat as well.

Nearest to H. tomentosa but with smaller thicker leaves which dry a greenish

colour instead of blackish brown, smaller male flowers, shorter pedicels and

smaller fruits. It at once looks different because the hairs on the undersurface of

the leaves and on the inflorescence axis are of a reddish hue and not dark brown.

Those on the inflorescence axis are slightly longer and less tightly packed, giving

it a shaggy appearance. The male flowers are very similar to those of moftleyi but

fewer on a shorter, less richly branched axis. See key on pp. 29-30.

Horsfieldia penangiana J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 408 f.42.

Myristica griffithii (non Hk.f.) King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 31

pro parte, quoad Curtis Nos 2406 et 2458 excl. typum. Gymnacranthera farquha-

riana var. griffithii [non (Hk.f.) Warb.] Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912)

226 pro parte.

Twigs 1-3 mm thick in the apical parts. Petioles 1-2 mm thick. Male flowers

probably immature.

Horsfieldia polyantha 95

MALAY PENINSULA:

Penang, For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 410.

TYPE MATERIAL: Curtis 2406 (BM, CAL, K, SING holotype, US).

No further material of this species has turned up since it was first described.

I now see that it is next to glabra, but at that time I had seen little material of the

latter, and it was certainly very different from any of the glabra sheets I had in

front of me then. It may have arisen from a glabra stock, but is a more elegant

edition of that species, recalling certain parallel cases of resemblance which I have

already pointed out under other Myristicaceae. Thus we have the couples Myristica

guatteriifolia/agusanensis, M. schleinitzii/rosselensis, Knema furfuracea/latericia

and Horsfieldia superba/fulva where the second member of each pair is a very

similar but less robust edition of the first. H .penangiana has very slender twigs,

much more so than in glabra, more slender petioles, smaller leaves with fainter

venation. on the lower surface (the nerves are not raised and cannot be felt with

the fingers) and smaller male flowers which, though still immature, are not likely

to increase very much more.

I do not think that penangiana is just a typical glabra with slender twigs,

narrower petioles and smaller leaves because the two different collections of it

from different localities on Penang Hill are very constant and do not vary from

each other. I do not expect either that new collections of it, if they ever turn up,

will have the thicker twigs of typical glabra.

It may be, however, that it is only a variety of glabra and the size of mature

flowers and fruits from further material might help here. I very much want to see

more specimens. The Penang Botanic Gardens have an area of virgin forest in

their upper reaches near the waterfall and there is more forest beyond on this

part of Penang Hill. It is here that one should search. But if penangiana is indeed

a variety why is it not more widespread and why are there so many minute,

nameless variants of glabra, the so called forms and subforms which I have referred

to in the notes under that species? Why do these not differ as much from glabra

as penangiana? In fact if there is one more variant of glabra to be found in a

small area like Penang Hill, then why is it not more like the glabra which we

find in Pahang, the glabra which I have not had any difficulty in identifying?

For lack of sufficient evidence I must continue to retain penangiana as a distinct

and endemic species. After all endemic species do occur in Penang.

I have not so far seen the Curtis s.n. specimens from Penang Hill, altitude

1,500 feet, supposed to be in Herb. Kew and which was quoted by Warburg,

Gamble and Ridley under amygdalina now glabra. It may be penangiana, but

on the other hand I think it is more likely to be Gymnacranthera eugeniifolia which

has extremely similar foliage. I should certainly have overlooked it if it has been

filed under that genus.

Horsfieldia polyantha Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 281 t.23 f.1-2.

Synonyms: Myristica nesophila (non Mig. Ann. 1) Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat.

2, 1 (1865) 49 pro parte [altera pars = H. spicata (Roxb.) Sinclair]; Scheffer in

Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 45 pro parte. H. novoguineensis Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 271 pro parte quoad Beccari 684 et Zippelius 139d, Leiden Acc.

96 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

No 908,133-1107 tantum; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151 pro parte

quoad eosdem numeros praecedentes, M. polyantha (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned.

Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 nom alt. H. tuberculata [non (K.Schum.) Warb.] Markgraf in

Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151 pro parte quoad Beccari FI Acc. 7619 et 7619A syn. H.

polyantha Warb.

Tree 15-30 m high, average height 20 m. Bark greyish brown, brown or dark

brown, longitudinally fissured; sap red, copious. Twigs glabrous, 2-3 mm thick in

the apical parts, reddish brown, purplish brown or sometimes greyish brown,

occasionally blackish, the striations fine to prominent, usually close together, the

two lines from petiole base to petiole base present but not always showing,

tuberculate lenticels sometimes seen on the older wood. Leaves chartaceous, dark

green and glossy above, drying either a pale greyish green or less often a dark

chocolate brown above and nearly always a reddish ochre or a burnt sienna

beneath, parchment-like with a dull, rarely glossy, slightly rough granular surface,

glabrous, obovate or oblanceolate, less often elliptic, the base acute, the apex

rounded and then apiculate; the midrib often with a reddish purple tinge beneath

when dry, this colour extending down into the petiole where it is more con-

centrated and best seen; nerves 10-14-(16) pairs, mostly 12 pairs, sunk and faint

above, fine and slender beneath, oblique and equidistant, interarching faintly in

single or double loops about 5 mm from the margin; reticulations mostly absent

except for a few faint ones on the lower surface best seen with a lens; length

12-22-(32) cm, average 17 cm; breadth 4-9 cm, average 6 cm; petiole generally

rather short, 5-7 mm long or in several specimens | cm long, 2-3 mm thick, the

edges much inrolled on the upper surface. Male inflorescence a 4-10-(18) cm long

panicle, the axis fragile and slender, 1- 2mm thick, minutely rusty puberulous to

pubescent, tending to become less pubescent but never yet glabrous, often trans-

versely striate as well as longitudinally due to shrinkage on drying, the main

branches 1-6 cm long, obliquely ascending, alternate but the secondary ones often

opposite. Male flowers in racemes or sub-umbels, yellow, drying a purplish brown

or a reddish brown, the surface glossy, glabrous or with some minute pubescence

from the pedicels extending to them, subreniform, less often subglobose except

when immature, fleshy and having a slight inflated appearance even when dry

due to their contents and to their rather thick, 2-lobed perianth, 1.5-2 mm long

and 2-3 mm broad, split down 4—3-way by the lobes; pedicels rusty puberulous

to minutely pubescent, fine and slender, (1.5)-2-4-(5) mm long, mostly 25 mm

long and about 0.3 mm thick, oblique, horizontal or sometimes slightly decurved;

androecium a flattened, oblate, sessile, 2-lipped cup the same shape as the perianth

but smaller, about 2.5 mm across, the central cavity very shallow; anthers 10-12.

Female inflorescence 2-5 cm long, the axis rusty tomentulose, 3 mm thick, the

branches fewer, stouter, and shorter than in the male, 1-1.5 cm long. Female

flowers 2-2.5 mm long and 2-2.5 mm broad, the perianth ovoid-globose, fleshy,

about 1 mm thick, the same colour as in the male and also drying with a purplish

lunge; ovary 2 mm long and 2 mm broad, minutely pubescent; pedicels 2-2.5 mm

long, stout, 1 mm thick. Fruits rather numerous in the cluster up to five or more,

glabrous, subglobose, rarely oblong, yellow or orange yellow, drying a reddish or

pinkish brown, often with scattered pinkish spots or warts, the surface granular,

slightly rough or parchment-like, (1)-2 cm in diameter, 2.5 cm long and 1.7 cm

broad in the oblong form, the pericarp becoming hard and woody, 2-3 mm thick

when young; stalk 5 mm long and 2 mm thick. Aril orange. Seed subglobose to

oblong, smaller than the carpel.

Horsfieldia polyantha 97

NEW GUINEA

VOGELKOP (DUTCH WEST NEW GUINEA):

Andai, Beccari 684 as FI Acc. Nos 7642 (FI); 7643 (FI); 7643A (FI) and

7643B (Fl); Wariki, about SO km west of Manokwari, G. Iwanggin BW5828 (L);

Sururemi, Kebar Valley, R.P. Mangold BW2340 (L, SING); Warsui near Ransiki,

Kostermans 2635 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING); Beriat, about 12 km south of

Teminabuan, Kalkman BW6245 (L).

DutTcH NorTtTH NEW GUINEA:

Slieber, Nabire, R. Kanehira 12656 (A, BO); ditto, R. Kanehira & S. Hatusima

12645 (A); Pionier Bivak, Membramo District, 553/124 (BO, L); Kali Nebis,

Sarmi, H.R. Karstel BW5302 (L); Bernhard Camp, Idenburg River, Brass 14014

(A, BM, BRI, L, LAE); Sidoarsi Mts, about 200 km west of Hollandia, G.

Iwanggin BW9064 (L); Nemo, Hollandia, C. Kalkman BW3455 (K, L, LAE,

PNH); Tami, Hollandia, F.A.W. Schram BW2665 (CANB, K, L, PNH, SING).

DutTcH SouTH NEw GUINEA:

S.L., von Romer 329 (BO, L); S.L., Zippelius 139d as Leiden Acc. No 908,133-1107

(L) a syntype of M. nesophila Mig. and also of H. novoguineensis Warb.;

Aninweg, Branderhorst 165 (BO, K, L, U).

PAPUA:

Milne Bay District:—Menapi, Cape Vogel Peninsula, Brass 21765 (A, G, K); Peria

Creek, Kwagira River, Brass 24203 (A, L, LAE).

Central District:—Mori River, Abau sub-district, C.D. Sayers N.G.F.19625 (L).

Gulf District:—Kerema in a Sago Palm swamp, Brass 1220 (BRI, K, P).

Western District:—Strictland River, Bauerlen 13 (MEL) herb. F.v. Miiller.

T.N.G.,

Sepik District:—Slope above main camp at Malu, Ledermann s.n. (SING) very

young fruit, wrongly cited as H. sepikensis; ditto, Ledermann 7974 (SING) in

fruit, wrongly cited as H. sepikensis by Markgraf; Sepik River, near August River,

Womersley N.G.F. 3798 (A, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, SING); August River,

Womersley N.G.F.3821 (A, BM, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW, SING);

Sepik River near Yellow River, Womersley N.G.F.3899 (A, BO, BRI, K, L, LAE,

SING). ,

Madang District:—Near Josephstaal, Lower Ramu Atitau Area, Robbins 1580

(CANB); Josephstaal, Robbins 1622 (CANB); ditto, K.J. White N.G.F. 10242

(BM, CANB, K, L, SING); about one mile north-west of Josephstaal, Saunders

958 (CANB, L, LAE); Bosman to Daidam, Ramu River, Robbins 1762 (CANB);

Ramu Valley about five miles south-east of Faita airstrip, Saunders 198 (A, CANB,

K, L, LAE); Kaulo, Minjem sub-district near Stephansort, Schlechter 16933 (E,

G, K, NY); Keneja, Bismarck Range, Schlechter 18302 (A, E, G, K, L, NY, S, Z).

Morobe District:—Burep River, north-east of Lae, 7.G. Hartley 10147 (L,

LAE); Morobe, Womersley N.G.F. 3124 (A, BRI, CANB, LAB).

Aru ISLANDS:

Pulau Wokam (Vokan), Beccari s.n. as FI Acc. Nos 7619 (FI) and 7619A (FI);

P. Watoebakar, P. Wokam, Buwalda 5015 (A, BO, K, L, SING).

98 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

DISTRIBUTION: New Guinea as above. Lowland primary forest on clay near

river banks.

TYPE MATERIAL: H. polyantha Warb. Beccari s.n. FI Acc. Nos 7619 and

7619A (FI) P. Wokam, Aru Islands. A stout twig has been cut into two fo make

these two specimens. One can see where they once joined so in this case, since

there are no duplicates, both these numbers constitute one holotype.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Babijag (Karoon); betelohoi (Manikiong); euoe (Sko);

gaigihab (Dumpu); gamuga (Faita); gefrah (Tehid); hokol (Amele); nawakara

(Kwerba); saguwer (Kaowerawetj); sakasak (Amele); sebohonggwa (Manikiong);

sontie (Berik).

If I ever have the chance to collect this species I should like to dry some of it

by artificial heat and the rest in my usual old-fashioned way, i.e. changing the

paper every day and not using heat. I first became convinced of its existence and

was impressed with it after seeing the type Beccari s.n., Aru Islands in Florence

in 1956. Markgraf united it with tuberculata, now a synonym of spicata, but I

agree with Warburg that it is a distinct species. I shall always remember the type

material because its leaves had dried a peculiar pale greyish green above with

reddish veins beneath. It was chiefly because of their colour and appearance that

I was later able to match with this species a lot of newly acquired New Guinea

duplicates from the Lae Forest Department. It was only recently, however, that

I noticed that certain specimens which had dried a dark chocolate brown above

must also go into H. polyantha. It seemed at first hard to believe that the altered

colour had made all that difference, preventing one from recognizing it. But this

was the case. Some of these specimens were then unnamed and others had been

determined as H. novoguineensis. Yet I had wondered how they could have the

same kind of globose fruit as the specimens with the pale leaves. If they had

possessed male flowers like the type then it would have been easy to recognize

them but most of them were in fruit. So a good herbarium collection would

therefore not be complete without examples of those that have dried a pale

colour (the more usual way) and those that become dark brown! It seems

reasonable to suppose that the specimens of polyantha dried by heat are the dark

brown ones and that those with the paler leaves have been dried without heat or

by some other process. I should like, however, to confirm this.

Average specimens of polyantha have leaves 12-22 cm long and the male

inflorescence measures from 4-10 cm in length. Beccari’s excellent type material

is more robust with leaves 22-32 cm long and male inflorescence 16-18 cm long.

Otherwise it does not differ from these smaller specimens. A long stout twig has

been neatly cut into two portions and mounted on two separate sheets to furnish

the two FI Accession Numbers 7619 and 7619A. One can see where the two ends

fit to make up a continuous portion so in this case where there are no duplicates

both these numbers constitute one holotype.

As mentioned H. polyantha is probably related to spicata. Poor, badly dried,

sterile or immature flowering specimens may be mistaken for spicata, but the more

typical ones should not give trouble. I have had difficulties with such specimens in

the herbarium but if I were myself to collect from the living tree it would be

easy then to select only the parts that show what polyantha is meant to show.

Thus left to myself, I should look for twigs that have the characteristic striations,

the two lines running down from petiole base to petiole base, the obovate leaves

and so on, for surely there must be one some part of the tree typical portions that

Horsfieldia polyantha 99

will serve to identify it. In other words the author studying a particular group has

the advantage of knowing what he is looking for in the field while the ordinary

collector does not.

Key to Separate Horsfieldia polyantha from spicata

1. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, less often elliptic or other shapes; under-

surface drying a reddish brown. Male inflorescence axis and branches very

slender and fragile, the main axis 1-2 mm thick. Male flowers subreniform

or subglobose, not usually cuneate towards the base where they meet the

pedicel, turgid as if full of contents and not collapsing much on drying;

pedicels slender, 0.3 mm thick. Fruit subglobose, rarely oblong, usually drying

a reddish or a pinkish brown with paler pinkish spots, (1)-2 cm in diam.,

(2.5 cm long and 1.7 cm broad in the few oblong ones). Lower midrib,

petioles, flowers and portions of the twigs drying a purplish or reddish brown

ee ances te se las acpen css rsactesdsaeas ores H. polyantha

1. Leaves oblong or elliptic, less often obovate or other shapes; undersurface

drying pale brown, yellowish brown or otherwise but not reddish brown. Male

inflorescence axis and branches stouter, not fragile, the main axis 1-3 mm

thick. Male flowers turbinate, triangular or cuneate towards the base where

they meet the pedicel, not always turgid and often collapsing or shrinking on

drying; pedicels stouter, 0.4-0.8 mm thick. Fruit oblong usually drying a

dark or a blackish colour, 2.5—-3 cm long in most specimens (the complete

range 1.7—3.5 cm long and 1.2-2.7 cm broad). Lower midrib, petioles, flowers

and twigs not drying purplish or reddish-brown (flowers drying a pale

straw colour or blackish, exception purplish sometimes in var. sepikensis)

EI 2 9 S| Meek eg a ee ee eT H. spicata

The most important specific difference probably lies in the shape of the male

flowers, subreniform in polyantha and turbinate in spicata. In the latter the base

of the perianth is cuneate or triangular where it meets the pedicel while in

polyantha it is not or only slightly prolonged inta the pedicel. Other differences

seen in polyantha are the smaller male flowers with more slender pedicels, their

fragile inflorescence with thinner branches and main axis, the abovate or oblanceo-

late leaves and the different colour and shape of the fruit. The male flowers

when dry tend to retain their turgid appearance probably because of a more

coriaceous texture, while those of spicata often resemble collapsed balloons due

to shrinkage. Minor differences, some of them not always apparent or reliable are

seen in the twigs which have more regular and closer striations, the rougher

parchment-like texture of the undersurface of the leaves visible with a hand-lens,

the male inflorescence tending to become less pubescent, yet never finally glabrous

(it can be entirely glabrous in spicata), its axis and branches having moniliform

cross-trabeculae due to uneven shrinkage on drying and in the thicker walls of the

fruit. The fruit wall is probably thicker than that of spicata when the comparison

is made on very young fruits of equal age where the diameter is only 1 cm but

this requires confirmation. The average size for petioles in spicata is 1 cm long, the

complete range being (5) mm —7—1.5-(2.5) cm and if we include the var. sepikensis

then 1.5—3 cm long. The general conclusion is that while on the average the petioles

of polyantha tend to be shorter than those of spicata yet they can be the same

size in the lower ranges but are not so long as those of spicata in the higher

ranges.

100 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Apart from all these differences, some important and some trifling there is

something else to which I always turn first .| have found it most useful and

helpful in difficult cases when other characters fail or are not in evidence. It

has been decisive in the determination of the poor, badly dried, atypical, sterile

specimens mentioned in an earlier paragraph as well as specimens like the

Leiden duplicate of von ROmer 329 with twigs so short and clipped off so near the

apex that they show neither the lines from petiole base nor the striations. This

most useful character to which I now refer is a reddish pink or purple colouration

which seems to pervade the whole plant on drying. Whether it is a definite pigment

or not I do not know but it is present in certain parts of the twigs as a reddish

purple colour, the undersurface of the leaves as a reddish brown or burnt sienna,

in the flowers as purple and in the fruit as a reddish pink. It is probably masked

by chlorophyll in fresh material. Normally the colour of plants on drying does not

have a high place as a diagnostic character and one is apt to treat it rather lightly.

This is certainly not the case here where colour seems to have great value.

It has also been of value in helping me to recognize young male flowers of

polyantha and also to decide whether certain specimens, bb31124, Branderhorst

165 and von Rémer 329 with atypical oblong fruits belong to that species or to

spicata. One has to learn to recognize young male flowers of polyantha which

look very different from those of the adult not so much because of their much

smaller size but because of their globose or subglobse shape. They are often

slightly pubescent and in this respect resemble the hairy forms of spicata which

have been named H. pilifera. Good examples of immature male flowers are

seen in Shram BW2665, Kanehira & Hatusima Nos 12645 and 12656 and the

rather troublesome 5bb31124 and all these have their perianth purple or reddish

purple on drying.

I have referred to the oblong fruits mentioned above as atypical because the

more usual shape is subglobose. It may be, however, that oblong fruits are of

much more frequent occurrence for the world’s herbarium material of polyantha

used in this study consists of more flowering and sterile specimens than of fruiting.

In several cases collectors have stated that fresh flowers are yellow. But all

species of Horsfieldia have yellow flowers. Womersley has been more helpful with

information that Womersley N.G.F. 3124 has golden brown flowers and Womersley

N.G.F. 3899 pale creamish ones. I should like to know for my own records the

exact shade of yellow in case the colour may help to distinguish this species from

spicata.

One fruiting specimen Ledermann 7974 of polyantha, fortunately not the type,

is quoted by Markgraf as H. sepikensis.

H. novoguineensis Warb. is a very heterogenious mixture of several species

and synonyms. It has become a dumping ground for almost all New Guinea

Horsfieldia species which are difficult to name. Even some Solomon Island species

have been placed with it. Pro majore parte it is H. spicata and I have dealt with

it under that species in considerable detail while explaining its synonym Myristica

nesophila Mig. Ann. 2. But it also contains H. parviflora and a very small element

in it is our present species H. polyantha Warb., described by Warburg on page

281 of his monograph and consisting there of a single specimen the type. Both

names H. novoguineensis Warb. and polyantha Warb. are of the same date. H.

Horsfieldia polyspherula 101

novoguineensis Warb. pro minore parte, that is H. novoguineensis Warb. after

excluding from it spicata and parviflora and the various confusing synonyms and

misidentifications like M. irya (non Gaertner) K. Schum. might be used as a name

for our present species. But novoguineensis is a name to be avoided when the

very much more desirable and suitable one polyantha already exists.

I now give in detail a list of Warburg’s syntypes of H. novoguineensis Warb.

as taken from page 272 of his monograph, adding their correct identification: —

Q) Zippelius material. These specimens have already been explained by me

under H. spicata, They are also the syntypes of M. nesophila (non Miq.

Ann, 1) Ann. 2, They are, pro majore parte, H. spicata but one specimen

Zippelius 139d Leiden Acc. No 908,133-1107 (L) is H. polyantha Warb.

while another is the holotype of M. aruana Bl. See under spicata for the

others.

(2) Beccari 684 as FI Acc. No 7642 (FI); 6743 (FI); 7643A (FI) and 7643B

(FI) Andai is H. polyantha Warb.

(3) Beccari 116 as FI Acc. No 7645 (FI) and 7645A (FI) Sorong is H. spicata

(Roxb.) Sinclair.

(4) Hollrung 657 (B burnt, BO, K, L, MEL, P) August River is H. spicata

(Roxb.) Sinclair.

(5) Moseley s.n. (K) Aru Islands is H. parviflora (Roxb.) Sinclair.

(6) Riedel sn. (K) Dammar is H. parviflora (Roxb.) Sinclair.

H. novoguineensis Warb. var. moseleyana Warb.

Moseley s.n. (BM, K) Nares Bay, Admiralty Islands is H. spicata (Roxb.) Sinclair.

The synonyms of H. novoguineensis Warb. page 271 are: —

(1) Myristica aruana Bl. see above.

(2) M. nesophila Mig. Ann. 2 See above and under H. spicata.

(3) M. irya (non Gaertn.) K. Schum., Hollrung 657 (B burnt, BO, K, L, MEL,

P) August River.

Horsfieldia polyspherula (Hk.f.) J.Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 422 £.47

& pl. XIIB.

Basionym: Myristica polyspherula Hk.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 108 pro parte excl.

Griffith Nos 4351; 4352; Maingay 1286 pro parte et Wall. Cat. 6806 pro parte (see

note Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. /.c. 425); King in Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891)

312 pl. 146, emend.

Synonyms: M. horsefieldia (non Bl.) Wall. Cat. (1832) No. 6806 pro parte (alterae

partes H. crassifolia & H. wallichii). M. globularia (non Bl.) Hk.f.et Th. Fl. Ind.

(1855) 160; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 202 guoad sp. malacc. Griff. = Griff. 4354.

H. lemanniana [non (A.DC.) Warb.] Auctt.: Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 326

typo. excl. i.e. excl. basionym Myristica lemanniana A.DC.; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 219 typo. excl.; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 59 typo. exel.;

Burk. Dict. 1 (1935) 1198 typo. exci.

102 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Key to the varieties of Horsfieldia polyspherula

1. Twigs rusty-pubescent in the young parts. Leaves at first rusty-pubescent on the lower

midrib, becoming glabrous, the texture chartaceous, rarely coriaceous except sometimes

in mountain specimens. Inflorescence densely covered with the same indumentum, the

male inflorescence 6-12 cm long, branched, the branches spreading with numerous flowers

in dense clusters on their ultimate ramuli ..................cccceececeeeeeecsees var. polyspherula

1. Twigs glabrous in the young parts. Leaves entirely glabrous, the texture various. Inflores-

cence glabrous or with only a mere trace of indumentum, the male 4-6 cm long, much

less developed with only a few branches and the flowers scarcely densely clustered.

2.. Twigs pale straw-coloured except in the apical parts. Leaves coriaceous, drying

mostly greenish above and a rich brown beneath with darker veins; petiole 2-3 mm

thick. Male flowers 1.5 mm in diam., the perianth thickly coriaceous; pedicels 1 mm

WOMB ol et aad. Cue ae CIA See Oe ec ee a aes Sere var. oligocarpa

2. Twigs brownish as in the type var. Leaves thinly chartaceous, drying greyish green

above and pale brown or greyish brown beneath; petiole as in the type, slender, 1-2

mm thick. Male flowers 1 mm in diam., the perianth thin as in the type; pedicels

1-1.5-(2) mm long and a trifle more slender (ii. Sa AL enonas var. tenuifolia

var. polyspherula

Twigs 2-4 mm thick in the apical parts, finely longitudinally striate; terminal

bud dark brown-pubescent. Leaves mostly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate; petiole 2

mm thick. Male inflorescence with some of its ultimate ramuli reflexed. Male

flowering pedicels 0.2-0.25 mm thick. Fruit 2—2.5 (3) cm cue (fide Meijer 3 cm),

not 4 cm long as stated in Gard. Bull. Sing. l.c. 424.

SUMATRA

WEST COAST:

Ophir, Watas Panti, Tjubadak, bb6567 (BO); Taram, River Tjampo, east of Paja-

kumbuh, Maradjo 285 (K, L, SING); Gunong Batu Kunit, Silungko, Solok, Koorders

10664 (BO).

EAsT COAST:

Langkat, bb9170 (BO); Aek Kanopan, Lundut Concession, Kualu, Bartlett 7304

(CORK: LL, NY-US):

DJAMBI:

Selembuku, Posthumus 833 (B, BO, L, SING, VU).

PALEMBANG:

Banjuasin & Kubestreken, 159E/JP85] (BO, L, SING).

BANKA:

Perlang, South Banka, bb/0893 (BO); Lobok Besar, Kostermans & Anta 593 (BO,

L); Blinju, Teijsmann 17948 (BO).

MALAY PENINSULA

Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca, Johore and Singapore. For list see Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 424. No records for the remaining states, but the following

are added : —

SELANGOR:

Bukit Lagong, Kepong, F.C. Yong K.F.N. 85230 (K, KEP) and Ahmad K.F.N.

85231 (K, KEP, SING).

Horsfieldia polyspherula 103

BORNEO

SARAWAK :

4th Division:—Sungei Sekelian, Draham SAR 911 (KEP, SAR, SING).

BRUNEI:

Anduki Forest Reserve, Sinclair & Kadim 10414 (A, BM, BO, E, K, L, NY, SING).

WEST BORNEO:

Landak, Teijsmann s.n. (BO, L, SING).

SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST BORNEO:

Hayup, Hubert Winkler 2526 (BRSL, L).

EAST AND NorTH-EAST BORNEO:

Belajan River, near Long Bleh, Central Kutei, Kostermans 10696 (K, SING); Loa

Lempong, Belajan River, Samarinda, Nedi 719 (BO, L).

SABAH:

Tawau Residency:—Mile 11, Apas Road, Tawau, D. Brand SAN 21487 (SING);

ditto, mile 114, Wood SAN 17244 (KEP, L, SAN, SING); Sipaku, Tawau, Maidin

4204 (K, L, SING).

Sandakan Residency:—Bukit Besi, Lungmanis, G. Mikil SAN 31129 (SAN).

West Coast Residency:—Sumsuron, Tambunan, Puasa & Angian 3918 (K).

Interior Residency:—Beaufort Forest Reserve, Sow K.F.N. 71665 (A, K, KEP, L);

Beaufort Hill, Wood & Kapis bin Sisiron SAN 16838 (K, KEP, L); Ulu Moyah, 8

miles south-east of Malaman, Wood SAN 16284 (KEP, L, SAN, SING).

PULAU NUNUKAN:

Northern Part, Kostermans 8658 (BO, K, L, SING) and 9060 (BO); Nunukan near

camp 1, 4 km south kampong, W. Meijer 2137 (BO, K, L, SING); Sungei Simen-

kadu, W. Meijer 2398 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica polyspherula Hk.f. emend. King, see notes below.

Proposed Lectotype, Griffith 4354 (BM, C, CAL, CGE, FI, G & Boiss., K holotype,

M, P, S, U) Malacca. The BM and CGE specimens are still unnumbered, see Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 424.

King has correctly eliminated from Hooker’s species the elements which are

not polyspherula. He however, left it in Griffith 435] but I take it that this is a

misprint for Griffith 4354 for he has already made Griffith 4351 one of the syntypes

of his H. brachiata var. brachiata. See Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 424.

Although Griffith 4351 has rather small leaves and resembles polyspherula, I agree

with King that it is brachiata for I can see that the two lines which extend from

petiole base to petiole base are present. Griffith 4354, unlike the other syntypes,

is a pure element consisting entirely of polyspherula. It has a wider distribution in

the various herbaria than any of the other syntypes. For these reasons I had

proposed that it be considered the type of M. polyspherula, the Kew duplicate

being the holotype. Griffith 4354 is also the Malaccan plant that was distributed as

104 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

M. globularia Bl. and quoted under that name in Flora Indica page 160. It is not,

however, the Moluccan plant, the globularia of Blume which is now called H.

parviflora because of the earlier Knema globularia (Lamk) Warb. Incidentally

there is a printer’s error in my List of Collectors’ Numbers on page 456 of the

Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) where Griffith 4354 wrongly appeared as 4554.

var. oligocarpa (Warb.) J.Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Horsfieldia oligocarpa Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 354 t.22 f.1-3;

Merr. En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. special number (1921) 268.

Synonym: Myristica oligocarpa (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900)

87 nom. alt.

Twigs pale straw-coloured, darker towards the glabrous apical parts, terminal

bud pubescent, lenticels sometimes present, striations rather faint. Leaves coriaceous,

usually drying greenish above and a rich rusty brown with darker veins beneath,

petioles 2-3 mm thick Male inflorescence 5 cm long, minutely puberulous, with only

a mere trace of indumentum, becoming glabrous, flowers rather few at the ends

of the ultimate ramuli. Male flowers 1.5 mm in diam., thickly coriaceous, the anthers

5-7; pedicels 1 mm long. Fruit as in the type, ovoid, less often oblong, rounded

or slightly pointed at the apex, yellow, reddish yellow or orange, 2.5 cm long and

1.5-1.8 cm broad.

BORNEO

SARAWAK :

Ist Division:—Matang, Beccari 2066 (FI, K, P) the FI material consisting of FI

Acc Nos 7620 (FI) and 7621 (FI); Siol, (Native Collector) Dabong 821 (A, BM,

BO, K, .L,,P; PNH; UC, US):

4th Division:—Similajau Forest Reserve, Bintulu, Briinig SAR 8623 (SAR, SING);

Niah, Jelalong, Bintulu, Briinig SAR 8864 (SAR); Marudi Forest Reserve, Baram,

Yacub SAR 8255 (K, SING); Rumah Temenggong, Begrih, Bawan, Balingian,

Paul Chai, SAR 19470 (L, SING).

BRUNEI:

Sungei Lumut, Sinclair & Kadim 10430 (A, B, FI, K, NY, SING); Andulau

Forest Reserve (west), Sinclair & Kadim 10452 (E, K, L, SAR, SING); Bukit

Puan, mile 3, Ashton & Whitmore BRUN 635 (BO, BRUN, K, KEP, L, SAR,

SING); Bukit Labi Forest Reserve, mile 44, Sinclair & Kadim 10503 (A, E, K, L,

SAR, SING); Berakas Forest Reserve, Ashton & Whitmore BRUN 398 (BO,

BRUN, K, KEP, L, SAR, SING); Sungei Ingei, Briinig SAR 4402 (K).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak and Brunei in heath forest on sand and peat or on

white sandy podsols. .

TYPE MATERIAL: Horsfieldia oligocarpa Watrb. Beccari 2066 as Fl Acc. No

7620 (FI, K, P) Matang, fruit, syntype; Beccari s.n. as Fl Acc. No. 7621 (FI)

Kuching, male flowers, syntype.

This is rather a distinct ecological variety of polyspherula differing from it in

the paler, glabrous, less striate twigs, the more coriaceous leaves of a deeper green

above and a more vivid brown or copper colour beneath when dry, their stouter

petioles, the almost glabrous, less developed male inflorescence axis with fewer

flowers and the thicker perianth.

Horsfieldia punctatifolia 105

var. tenuifolia J.Sinclair, var. nov.

A typo ramulis glabris, foliis tenuiter chartaceis, in sicco supra griseo-

viridibus subtus pallido-brunneis, inflorescentia mascula minus edita fere glabra,

floribus masculis paucioribus, pedicellis paullo longioribus differt.

Ramuli glabri, gemma terminalis tantum puberula. Folia tenuiter chartacea,

supra in sicco griseo-viridia, subtus pallido-brunnea vel griseo-brunnea; petiolus

tenuis, 1-2 mm crassus. /nflorescentia mascula fere glabra, tenuis, 4-5 cm longa,

0.5-1 mm crassa, ramuli pauci, 1—-1.5 cm longi. Flores masculi cum typo comparati

pauciores, 1 mm in diam., antherae 6-7; pedicelli 1-1.5-(2) mm longi. Fructus ut in

var. polyspherula similis.

Twigs glabrous, only the terminal bud puberulous. Leaves thinly chartaceous,

drying greyish green above and pale brown or greyish brown beneath; petiole

slender, 1-2 mm thick. Male inflorescence very minutely puberulous or almost

glabrous, slender, 4-5 cm long and 0.5—1 mm thick, the branches few, 1-1.5 cm

long. Male flowers fewer than in the typical, 1 mm in diam., anthers 6-7; pedicels

1—1.5-(2) mm long. Fruit as in var. polyspherula.

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

1st Division:—Arboretum, Semengoh Forest Reserve, Haji Bujang bin Sedik SAR

12774 (A, BO, K, L, SAN, SAR, SING); ditto, Sinclair & Kadim 10179 (A, B, E,

FI, K, L, M, NY, SAR, SING); Gunong Santubong (east), Haji Bujang bin Sedik

SAR 13686 (K, L, SAN, SAR, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak’in the First Division. Apparently of very local distri-

bution in shade in dense lowland forest.

TYPE MATERIAL: Haji Bujang bin Sedik SAR 13686 (SING lectotype,* K, L,

SAN, SAR). |

This differs from var. polyspherula in having glabrous twigs, thinner leaves

which dry a greyish green above and a pale brown or greyish brown beneath, a

less developed almost glabrous male inflorescence and the male flowers fewer with

slightly longer pedicels. It is not such a distinct or striking variety as var. oligocarpa.

Horsfieldia punctatifolia J.Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 413 £.44 & pl.

XIB. |

Twigs rather slender, 2-3 mm thick in the apical parts. Leaves becoming

chartaceous when dry dull or glossy above, covered with black or brown dots

beneath, these usually present, occasionally absent or not seen on every leaf, lamina

oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or elliptic; midrib (even when fresh) lying in a

groove on the upper surface of the leaf; petiole rather slender, 1-2 mm thick.

Female inflorescence 3-7 cm long, the few short branches 1-1.5 cm long, very

sparsely puberulous to glabrous with a few minute hairs and scales; pedicels 1.5

mm thick. Fruit pink inside when ripe; peduncle 3—7 cm long, pedicels 5 mm long

and 3-4 mm thick. Seed 3.5—5.5 cm long and 2.5-3 cm broad.

* The author had meant to select a holotype but did not. The SING specimen which he

knew well is here proposed as the lectotype—Ed.

106 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

SUMATRA

INDRAGIRI:

Tjerenti, Kuantan District, Riouw en Ond., bb25216 (L).

MALAY PENINSULA

Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca and Singapore. For list see Gard. Bull.

Sing. 16 (1958) 416. There is now a first record from PAHANG.

PAHANG :

Fraser’s Hill, Symington F.D. 45430 (KEP) sterile.

BORNEO

SARAWAK :

1st Division:—Arboretum, Semengoh F.R., Yacob SAR 6534 (K, SAR, SING).

BRUNEI:

Sungei Batu Apoi-Majuan watershed, Ashton BRUN 317 (BO, K, KEP, L, SAR,

SING).

EAST AND NorTH-EAST BORNEO:

Loa Djanan, west of Samarinda, Kostermans 6713 (BO, K, L, PNH); Sungei Tiram,

East Kutei, Kostermans bb35017 (K, L, SING); West Kutei bb Nos 16872 (BO, L,

SING) and 16878 (A, BO, L).

SABAH:

Tawau Residency:—Bukit Serudong, A. Bakar SAN 26176 (K, L); Ulu Sungei

Serudong, A. Gibot SAN 30649 (SAN).

Interior Residency:—Beaufort Hill, G. Mikil SAN 28079 (SAN, SING).

West Coast Residency:—4th mile Ranau-Poring Road, Sinclair 9278 (B, E, K, L,

M, SAN, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo as above. Widely dis-

tributed but never common.

TYPE MATERIAL: Sinclair S.F.N. 40211 also numbered Sinclair 7987 in my

own series (BK, BO, DD, E, K, L, P, SING).

I cannot add much more to what I have already said about this species.

Sterile material may be troublesome if one is not intimately acquainted with it.

The rather small narrow leaves are very close to those of sucosa but they can

be distinguished by their shorter petioles and the punctate marks on the under-

surface. These pustular erruptions of the tissue, unfortunately, are not always

present and in that case the rather thin rusty brown twigs will distinguish our

present species from the thicker pale straw-coloured ones of sucosa. The other day

I had fresh leaves of both species on my desk and have now learned that I can

distinguish these with my eyes closed simply by feeling with my fingers for the

raised midrib on the upper surface of the leaf in sucosa. It is not raised in

punctatifolia in fresh leaves. In dried leaves this test is inapplicable for then the

upper midrib of both species is sunk or lies in a groove flush with the upper

surface. |

Horsfieldia reticulata 107

Horsfieldia reticulata Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 304 t.22 f.1-3; Merr. En. Born.

J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. Special number (1921) 268.

Synonym: Myristica reticulata (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3,1(1900)

85 nom. alt.

Tree 8-18 m high with a pyramidal crown. Bark dark brown, longitudinally

fissured and flaking: sap pink. Twigs (and the stout terminal bud) densely tomen-

tulose to shortly tomentose with rusty to buff dendroid hairs on the 5-8 mm thick

innovations, lower down glabrous, dark brown and coarsely longitudinally striate.

Leaves mostly coriaceous but sometimes chartaceous, dark green and glossy

above, drying a rich medium brown and sometimes retaining the gloss, buff-hairy

beneath with short stellate and longer dendroid hairs, the tomentum varying in

quantity, usually rather dense but sometimes very thin and almost disappearing,

oblong-ellipsoid, narrowly oblong or obovate, the margins very slightly revolute,

apex apiculate, base cuneate and at times a trifle decurrent on to the petiole;

nerves 18-22 pairs, oblique and parallel, interarching very close to the margin,

sunk above, raised and prominent beneath as are the scalariform reticulations when

not obscured by hairs; length 20-42 cm, average 30 cm; breadth 6-16 cm, average

11 cm; petiole tomentose, 1-2 cm long and 4-7 mm thick. Male inflorescence 10-18

cm long, much branched, the axis densely tomentose with the same kind of hairs

as on the twigs, the bracts also tomentose, numerous and conspicuous but falling

completely at anthesis, ovate, membranous, acuminate at the apex, 0.6-1.5 cm long

and 2-4 mm broad. Male flowers numerous, 4-7 in sub-umbellate fashion at the

ends of the ultimate branches, fragrant with the odour of Peru balsam, golden

yellow, drying light brown to purplish brown, glabrous, thin and fragile, sub-

globose, the younger ones with less contents, shrinking on drying and becoming

discoid and slightly depressed in the centre, 1-2 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad,

split 4-way down on the top by the 3-(4) teeth of the perianth; androecium a

sessile discoid mass of 8-10 anthers, slightly depressed in the centre, its pattern

of ridges and furrows usually impressed on the perianth on drying; pedicels about

as long as the flowers, 1-2 mm long and 4 mm thick, glabrous. Female inflorescence

(fruiting) 3-5 cm long with 2-3, much shorter branches. Fruit orange, rusty-

tomentulose, becoming glabrous, ovoid-globose 2.3-2.5 cm long and 1.8 cm broad,

the pericarp very hard, pink inside when fresh, the perianth lobes persisting at its

base for some time, falling before maturity; stalk 5-8 mm long and 5 mm thick.

Aril orange. Seed reddish brown when dry, 1.5 cm long and 1.2 cm broad.

BORNEO

SARAWAK :

Ast Division:—Sungei Serayan, Lundu, Anderson et ali SAR 15526 (A, K, L, SAN,

SAR, SING); Telok Tajor, Bako National Park, Zen Osman SAR 5140 (K, SAR,

SING); Batu Enam, Daud & Tachun SING 35606 (A, E, K, L, SAR, SING);

Arboretum, Semengoh F.R., Galau s.n., Tree No. 3500 (SING); Seburan, Bau,

Anderson SAR Nos 9394 (SAR, SING) and 12916 (K, SAR, SING); Sungei Sabal

Tapang, Serian, Sinclair Nos 10227 (A, B, E, K, L, SAR, SING) and /0273 (E, K,

L, SAR, SING).

2nd Division:—Kalaka, probably Haviland & Hose (or their collectors) s.n., 17th

April 1893 (SING); Marop, Batang Lupor, Beccari 3475 = FI Acc. Nos 7607

and 7607a (FI, G, K, P).

4th Division:—Dry P.F., Beraya, Seal 47 (E, K, SING).

108 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

BRUNEI:

Kuala Belalong, Abdul Latip BRUN 5654 (BRUN, K, KEP, SAR, SING).

WEST BORNEO:

Near Lebang Hara, Hans Winkler 388 (HBG).

EAST AND NorRTH-EAST BORNEO:

Mentawir River basin, Balikpapan sub-district, Sauveur Nos I 14 (BO, K, SING)

and /26 (BO, DD, K, SING); Loa Haur near Samarinda, Kostermans 9535 (BO,

K, KEP, L, P, SING); No 24, L. Iboet, West Kutei, Endert 2595 (A, BO, K, L);

No 19 near L. Puhus, W. Kutei, Endert 5010 (BO, K, L).

SABAH:

Sandakan. Residency:—Miule 81, Labuk Road, Sandakan District, W. Meijer SAN

38769 (SING); Leila Forest Reserve, Muin Chai SAN 23739 (K, KEP, SING);

Kabili F.R., Otik 4782 (BO, BRI, K, L, PNH, SING); Compartment 16, Sepilok

F.R., Sinclair, Kadim & Kapis 9292 (E, SAN, SING); ditto, cpt 16, Wood &

Charington SAN 15487 (BO, K, KEP, L, SAN, SING); ditto, cpt 14, Wood &

Charington SAN 15390 (KEP, L, SAN, SING); Kinabatangan, Bukit Garam,

Lamag District, J. Ampuria SAN 36592 (SING); Sungei Sapi, Beluran, Suah Ting-

guan SAN 36333 (SING).

Interior Residency:—Ulu Sipitang, 5 miles east of Sipitang, Wood & Kapis SAN

16927 (KEP, L, SAN, SING); Ulu Moyah, 8 miles south-south-east of Malaman,

Wood SAN 16656 (KEP, L, SAN, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: Beccari 3475 (B holotype, burnt, FI, G, K, P).

The leaves vary considerably in texture and in the amount of indumentum.

They are usually tomentose but can be almost glabrous in which case the reticula-

tions usually show up better. They dry a rich medium brown or are occasionally

darker. Those of the type are actually glabrous beneath and have dried a dark

colour. It is possible that over-exposure to the sun, weather and torrential rain

may have caused the tomentum to fall. The leaves of the type certainly look as

if they had been exposed to much weathering and also to heat on drying. Its flowers,

however, are exactly the same as those of the other specimens now cited with it.

This species has male flowers very similar to those of grandis but the mature

ones appear to be a trifle larger and the ramuli which bear them are slightly

longer and more branched with a shorter and more compact tomentum than

those in grandis. The very rough upper surface of the leaf alone is easily the best

character for distinguishing grandis. Its leaves also have fewer, more distantly

spaced nerves and are rounded or sub-cordate at the base. The fruits are a little

smaller than those of reticulata. See key on pp. 28-30.

I must confess, however, that it took me some time to- realize that reticulata

was different from motleyi. In motleyi the leaves dry the same colour but are

smaller and not so elongate. Its flowers and fruits, too, are smaller.

Horsfieldia ridleyana (King) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 331; Gamble, Mat. FI.

Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 221; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 60; Burk. Dict. 1 (1935)

1199; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 432 £.52..

Horsfieldia reticulata 109

Basionym: Myristica ridleyana King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 311

pl. 145.

Tree 6-30 m high. Bark reddish brown with shallow longitudinal fissures; sap

dark red, copious. Twigs sometimes minutely verruculose, 1.5-2 mm thick at the

extreme apex and 2-4 mm thick lower down, dark brown, but becoming dark

grey in the older parts. Leaves variable in texture, shape, size and especially the

distinctness of the nerves, chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, distichous, medium

green and glossy above when fresh, dull beneath, mostly narrowly lanceolate but

also broadly lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, apex occasionally obtuse; nerves 7-12

pairs, occasionally raised on both surfaces but more often very faint and even

invisible, always slender, arising at a steep angle, 50-80°, equidistant; length 5.5—17

cm; breadth 2-4-(6) cm; petiole 7 mm—1.5 cm long and 1-2 mm thick, minutely

puberulous when young. /nflorescence axis minutely rusty-puberulous to nearly

glabrous. Male flowers with pedicels thickening slightly where they join the

perianth. Female flowers cernuous, mostly ellipsoid, only the youngest ones globose;

pedicels as long as the flowers, 2 mm long and 0.6 mm thick. Fruit pear-shaped,

3-4 cm long and 2-2.8 cm broad; stalk 2-3 mm broad.

SUMATRA

TAPANULI:

Angkola and Sipirok, Panosaban, bb26//7 (A, BO, K, L, SING).

WEsT COAST:

Sungei Tolang, 556479 (L).

BENKULEN:

Tanjong Ratu, Lebong, bb1965 (BO).

PALEMBANG:

Pasemahlanden near Dusun Tjawang, A. Rahman T.B.473 (BO).

MALAY PENINSULA

Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Malacca. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 434.

There are no new state records but the following extra collections are recent.

PAHANG:

Pulau Tioman, Sungei Ayer Besar, Camp 2, Kadim & Md. Noor bin Juma’at 558

(A, BO, K, L, LAE, SING).

SELANGOR :

Bukit Lagong, Kepong, Ali, Motan & Sow K.F.N. 52124 (KEP) and ditto, Wyatt-

Smith K.F.N. 63193 (KEP).

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

ist Division:—Mangrove Forest Reserve, Kuching, F. G. Browne 1258 (KEP,

SAR); Bako National Park, Briinig Nos 6721 (SAR) and 6954 (SAR); near Bukit

Tambi, Bako N.P., Purseglove 5607 (K, L, SAR, SING); Gunong Meroyong, Sam-

padi F. Reserve, off Batang Kayan, Sinclair & Kadim Nos 10406 (E, K, L, SAR,

SING) and 1/0406 (E, K, L, SAR, SING) and /0406a (K. SING); Santubong,

Hewitt, Jan. 1907 (SAR) and ditto, Ridley, Jan. 1915 (K).

110 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

BRUNEI:

Andulau Forest Reserve, Ashton BRUN 3277 (K, L, SING); ditto (north) Sinclair

& Kadim 10438 (A, B, E, K, L, NY, SAR, SING); ditto (west) Sinclair & Kadim

10453 (A, B, BM, E, K, L, NY, SAR, SING); Badas, Ashton Smythies & Wood

SAN 17446 (KEP, SING).

EAST AND NorRTH-EAST BORNEO:

West Kutei, Mo-Antjalong, 5b/6516 (A, BO, L); Sungei Tiram Village, Kutei,

Schut K31 (K, L, SING); Loa Djanan River region, west of Samarinda, Koster-

mans 9947 (BO, K, L, SING); Tandjong Bangko region near mouth of Mahakam

River, Kostermans 7043 (BO, K, L, P, PNH, SING); Sungei Wain, Balikpapan,

bb34325 (BO); Sungei Mentawir region, Balikpapan district, Kostermans 9782 (BO,

K, L, SING).

SABAH:

Sandakan Residency:—S.P. 17, cpt. 8, Sepilok Forest Reserve, Charington SAN

21159 (K, L, SING); Lungmanis, on only big ridge at 6th mile, 7.C. Whitmore SAN

17652 (SING).

Interior Residency:—Klias, Beaufort, G. Mikil SAN 31427 (SING); 4 mile north-east

of Beaufort township, Wood A173. (K, KEP, L, SAN, SING).

PULAU NUNUKAN:

bb29301 (L); 6b29315 (BO, L) and 6629373 (BO, L); northern part, Kostermans

8617 (K, L, P, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, East

Borneo and Sabah) as above. In rich sandy loam and sometimes in kerangas, sandy

heath forest, but also in lowland diptercarp forest among tall trees.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica ridleyana King. The following are all syntypes : —

King 10917 (BM, CAL, K, L) Ulu Bubong, Perak; Scortechini 862 (BM, CAL, K,

PDA, SING) Haram, Perak; Cantley 1798 (K) Sungei Ujong, Malacca.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Darodong (Batak, Sumatra).

The above notes will help to supplement the rather incomplete basic description

of this species in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 432. A lot of new material has come in

since then from Borneo, some of which I did not at first recognize as ridleyana. The

type material from the Malay Peninsula was old and inadequate and its small imma-

ture fruit was especially misleading, looking rather different from the larger fruits

now at hand. The leaves of the Borneo material show more variation than can be

ascertained from a study of the early Malay Peninsula specimens alone. The foliage

may be coriaceous as well as chartaceous and in coriaceous ones the nerves will

tend to be obscure or even invisible. This phenomenon has been mentioned by me

several times and is always a stumbling block to the student of the Myristicaceae.

Leaves look so different when the nerves fade out, but the new appearance does

not mean that we are looking at a different species. The flowers and the bark, how-

ever, unlike the leaves, are very constant and from them it is not difficult to identify

the Borneo material as belonging to ridleyana. The bark is reddish brown and

longitudinally furrowed and is very like that of polyspherula and wallichii. I have

had the good fortune to find tall magnificent trees of ridleyana in very old forest in

Brunei; one was 60 feet and another 100 fect high. The tree is scarce in the Malay

Peninsula, but since I last wrote about it there is now a record from Bukit Lagong,

Horsfieldia rufo-lanata 111

Kepong. I mention this for the benefit of the young student from the Forest Research

Institute, Kepong who may want to see the tree. The wooded area round this

Institute is a show place where many native trees are preserved and not likely to be

cut down. Here fortunately are quite a few other member of the Myristicaceae and

the student can wander at will and learn much.

Horsfieldia rufo-lanata Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 1939, No 10 (1940) 540.

Tree 17 m high, the trunk 19 cm in diam. Bark brown, shallowly fissured with

flat ridges. Twigs 5 mm thick and dark rusty-tomentose in the apical parts, becom-

ing glabrous and striate lower down. Leaves coriaceous, yet breaking in herbaria,

the upper surface drying a greenish brown, glabrous, slightly shining or dull, the

lower surface dark brown and slightly tomentose with dendroid or plumose hairs,

becoming nearly glabrous later, broadly elliptic to elliptic, the margins very slightly

revolute, the apex obtuse, less often sub-acute, the base rounded or bluntly sub-

acute; midrib flat to convex and lying in a groove above, prominent beneath; nerves

13—15 pairs, also flat to convex and lying in a groove above, thus giving the lamina

a slight sub-bullate appearance, curving gradually and interarching very distinctly

at the margins; reticulations scalariform, visible on both surfaces, not very numerous;

length 16-22 cm and probably longer; breadth 5.5-12 cm; petiole tomentose, 1—1.5

cm long and 4-5 mm thick. Male inflorescence 5-8.5 cm long and 4-5 mm thick

at the base, densely tomentose to lanose with 1-2 mm long, dark brown, dendroid

hairs, the main branches rather short and few with the flowers in sub-umbellate

fashion at their ends. Male perianth globose, 2 mm in diam., glabrous, slightly

shining, 3-4 lobed; pedicels 1-(1.5) mm long and 0.5 mm thick; androecium globose,

1 mm in diam., almost sessile, slightly depressed at the top and there bearing the

impression of the 3-4 perianth lobes, anthers 13—15-(20). Female flowers not seen.

Fruit oblong, rounded at both ends, glabrous, probably with some tomentum when

young, 2 cm long and 1.5-1.8 cm broad, the pericarp 3 mm thick; stalk very short,

3 mm long and 3 mm thick.

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

4th Division:—Mt Dulit, Richards 1667 (K, SING).

5th Division:—Bukit Bubong Rumah, Lawas, Briinig SAR 10599 (SAR).

SABAH:

Interior Residency:—Ulu Bole, Sipitang, Wood SAN 16295 (L, SAN, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak (4th and 5th Divisions), Sabah. Rare. Altitude (3,000-

4,000 ft) 923—-1,230 m.

TYPE MATERIAL: Richards 1667 (K holotype, SING).

This mountain species is nearest to H. reticulata and probably evolved from

a stock of that one ascending the hills. I can add very little to the already published

description except that fruit is now available from Wood SAN 16295. Our present

species differs from reticulata as follows:—smaller leaves, usually obtuse at the

apex, a shorter male inflorescence with longer darker tomentum, a slightly thicker

male perianth, 2 mm in diam. as against 1-2 mm in reticulata, more anthers, slightly

shorter but stouter pedicels and an oblong fruit. The dark tomentum on the under-

surface of the leaves is helpful but reticulata can, at times, have tomentum just as

112 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

dark. The nerves are more prominent above than in the specimens of reticulata which

have coriaceous leaves but specimens of the latter with thin leaves have them just

as prominent. See key on p. 29.

Horsfieldia spicata (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, comb. nov.

Basionym: Myristica spicata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 847; A.DC Prodr. 14, 1 (1856)

207 sub species dubiae; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 72 sub species dubiae;

Roxb. Fl. Ind. (1874 edition) 744; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 271 in obs. sub. H.

smithii Warb.

Synonyms: Myristica aruana Bl. Rumphia 1 (1837) 191 pro parte, typica, see

note; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 207 sub species dubiae; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1

(1858) 65 pro parte; F.v. Miiller, Descr. Notes on Pap. Pl. 1, 5 (1877) 96 pro parte;

Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1 (1927) 638 as Horsfieldia sp. — syn. noy. M. nesophila (non

Miq. Ann. 1) Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 49 pro parte (altera pars

= H. polyantha); Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 45 pro parte; Warb.

in Bot. Jahrb. 13, 3-4 (1891) 310. M. glabra (non Bl.) Hemsl. in Report Voyage

Challenger 1, 3 (1885) 244 (as M. glabra var.). M. irya (non Gaertn.) K. Schum. in

Schumann & Hollrung, Fl. Kais.-Wilhelms]. (1889) 47. [M. tuberculata K. Schum.

in Schum. & Hollrung, Fl. Kais.-Wilhelmsl. (1889) 46]; Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. 13,

3-4 (1891) 308 — syn. nov. H. novaelauenburgiae Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 278

(original spelling novae-lauenburgiae with a hyphen); K. Schum. ‘“‘Die Fl. v. Neu-

Pomm.” in Notizblatt Bot. Gart. Berlin 2 (1898) 117; K. Schum. & Lauterbach, FI.

Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 324 (excl. syn. M. nesophila Miq. Ann. 1);

Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151 — syn. nov. H. novoguineensis Warb.

Monog. Myrist. (1897) 271 t.23 f£.1-3 qguoad Beccari 116, Hollrung 657 et pro parte

Zippelius Nos (original spelling novo-guineensis with a hyphen); K. Schum. &

Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 323 pro parte; Pulle* in

Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 635 pro parte; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151 pro

parte excl. syn. H. glabrescens Warb. et partim syn. M. nesophila Mig.; A.C. Smith

in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 62 pro parte, quoad Kajewski Nos 2554 et 2710 et Brass

Nos 2605 et 3460 tantum (altera pars = H. irya et H. whitmorei) — syn. nov. H.

novoguineensis Warb. var. moseieyana Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 273; K. Schum.

& Lauterbach Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. id. Siidsee (1900) 324 — syn. noy. H.

olivaeformis Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 352 t.23 f.1-2; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb.

67, 2 (1935) 152 — syn. nov. H. smithii Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 270 t.21 f.1-3

— syn. nov. H. tuberculata (K. Schum.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 279 t.23 f£.1-3;

K. Schum. ‘“‘Die Fl. v. Neu-Pomm.” in Notizblatt Bot. Gart. Berl. 2 (1898) 117; K.

Schum. & Lauterbach Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 324; Markgraf in

Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151 (excl. syn. H. polyantha Warb.); A.C. Smith in J. Arn.

Arb. 22. 1 (1941) 62 — syn. nov. M. olivaeformis (Warb.) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned.

Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 87 nom. alt. M. smithii (Warb.) Boerl. l.c. 85 nom. alt. H. sp. Merr.

Int. Rumph. (1917) 231 quae est M. aruana BI. Myristica sp. Markgraf in J. Arn.

Arb. 10, 2 (1929) 214 (quae est Brass 610 typus H. pachycarpae A.C. Sm.). H.

confertiflora (non Merr.) Kanehira in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 45 (1931) 280 pro parte

quoad Kanehira 270 (quae est H. palauensis Kanehira typus) [altera pars Kanehira

564 = H. amklaal Kanehira = H. irya (Gaertn.) Warb.]. M. glabra (non BI.)

Kanehira in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 45 (1931) 280. H. glabra [non (Bl.) Warb.] Kanehira,

‘“‘New Trees Micronesia (I) in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 46 (1932) 452 sub H. palauensis

Kanehira. H. palauensis R. Kanehira, ‘“‘New Trees, Micronesia (I)” in Bot. Mag.

*Author in tender to “see in Kew”.

Horsfieldia spicata 113

Tokyo 46 (1932) 452 (original spelling is palauense); Fl. Micronesica (1933) 111

£.33; ‘‘An Enumeration of Micronesian Plants’’ in Journ. Dept. Agric. Kyushu Imp.

Univ. 4, 6 (1935) 319 — syn. nov. H. pilifera Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935)

154 — syn. nov. H. pachycarpa A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 64 —

syn. nov. H. solomonensis A.C. Smith in J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 63 — syn. nov.

Key to the varieties of Horsfieldia spicata

1. Lamina chartaceous, (10)-15-30-(44) cm long and (3.5) -6-10-(16.5) cm broad; petiole

(5)-7 mm —1.5-(2.5) cm long, average | cm long; nerves 10-16 pairs and up to 20 pairs

in the very largest leaves. Branches of the male inflorescence few to several, 3-5 cm long,

ascending, obliquely spreading, horizontal or deflexed. Male flowers when mature 2-3

mm long and 2-3 mm broad. Fruit mostly 2.5-3 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad when dry

(1.7 cm long and 1.2 cm broad in the smallest and 3.5 cm long and 2.7 cm broad in the

largest), the pericarp drying a blackish brown, less often a lighter shade, the suture

usually well marked and often raised into a ridge. Flowers, petioles and lower midrib

drying light or dark brown, the flowers sometimes straw-coloured, sometimes black .........

A a Tae Aa ae ee 2 ee ee var. spicata

2. Lamina chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, 7-14-(20) cm long and 3-6 cm broad; petiole

longer in proportion to the smaller lamina, 1.5-3 cm long; nerves fewer, 8-10 pairs.

Branches of the male inflorescence fewer, shorter, 3 mm -2 cm long, ascending rather

steeply or obliquely spreading, apparently not horizontal or deflexed. Male flowers usually

smaller (?immature) but probably not always, 1.5 mm long and 2 mm broad. Fruit

smaller, 1-1.8 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad, the pericarp drying a purplish or reddish

brown, the suture not well marked, often not visible, not raised into a ridge in mature

fruit. Flowers, petioles and lower ‘midrib drying sometimes as stated above but most

often a purplish EE TRESS OS AES 2 ES Se er ee eee var. sepikensis

var. spicata

Tree 7-30 m high, often 12 m. Bark dark brown, fissured, eventually flaking

in small rectangular or square portions; sap red, free-flowing. Twigs glabrous,

24 mm thick in the apical portions, hollow in parts, variable in colour,

pale straw-coloured, light greyish brown or blackish to dark reddish brown,

glossy or dull with smooth dark blackish portions extending down from the apex

for varying distances up to 27 cm long or less often finely striate right up to the

apex, the two lines from petiole base to petiole base present but quite often faint

or not visible in every random sample, lenticels small and rather scattered, not

always present, generally seen in specimens from low lying and swampy terrain,

more numerous in those from high altitudes, the terminal bud elongate, minutely

greyish or greyish brown-puberulous. Leaves brittle, chartaceous or thinly char-

taceous, rarely slightly coriaceous, drying either a light or a dark greyish-greenish

brown above and paler shades of these colours beneath, occasionally with small

whitish blister-patches present on both surfaces or above only, these probably

acquired during the process of drying, glossy above when fresh, dull on both sur-

faces when dry, glabrous, oblong with the sides parallel for some distance or

elliptic or less often obovate, these shapes each in broad or narrow versions, the

base cuneate, the apex acute or mostly rounded and then acute, acuminate or

apiculate, the apiculus 5 mm — 2 cm long; the midrib very narrow lying in a

groove above, the groove closing round it and sealing it off from view especially

in the upper third apical portion of the lamina, prominent and longitudinally and

punctately striate beneath due to uneven shrinkage on drying; nerves 10-16-(20)

pairs with an occasional secondary one between the main ones, fine and slender

above, a mere groove, the two sides of which sometimes completely close up,

slender but raised beneath, oblique and arising at a angle of 45° or curving more

gradually and arising at much wider angles, the marginal anastomosis distinct or

faint, if distinct then a double loop may be seen beneath; reticulations faint above

or at least visible with a hand-lens, rarely invisible, more distinct beneath forming

114 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

a lax network along with the punctate dots of drying, the latter few and scattered

or sometimes so numerous that they all but touch each other; length (10)—15-30-

(44) cm, average 20 cm; breadth (3.5)-6-10-(16.5) cm, average 8 cm; petiole flat

or slightly sulcate on the upper surface, the sides often much inrolled giving the

false impression that the groove is deep, (5)-7 mm -— 1.5-(2.5) cm long, average

1 cm long and 2-3 mm thick. Male inflorescence variable in length, 2-16 cm long,

average 10 cm long, the axis 1-3 mm thick, flattened, glabrous or less frequently

greyish or rusty brown adpressed-pubescent, the branches alternate, few to several,

ascending steeply or nearly erect, spreading horizontally or reflexed, 3-5 cm long.

Male flowers in lax sub-umbels, bright yellow or golden yellow and fragrant when

fresh, pale brown or straw-coloured to black when dry, entirely glabrous or

slightly pubescent with the indumentum from the axis spreading up to them,

especially to the basal part of their perianths, such flowers. probably becoming

glabrous at maturity, fleshy, turbinate, the 2-lobed perianth split down half way,

2-3.5 mm long and 2-3 mm broad (for fresh flowers add 1 mm more); pedicels

variable, depending on age, 1-5 mm long, average 3 mm long and 0.4-0.8 mm

thick; androecium a flattened cup, the same shape as that of the perianth but

smaller, the central cavity extending down to the bottom of the cup, anthers 10-14.

Female inflorescence 1-5 cm long, the branches fewer and shorter than in the

male, 5 mm-—1 cm long. Female flowers 3 mm long and 2.5-3 mm broad on stout

2 mm long and 0.8-1.2 mm thick pedicels, ovoid-globose in bud, urceolate or

ellipsoid when mature, split down half way by the perianth lobes; ovary glabrous,

rusty pubescent in some forms, ovoid-globose, 1.3-1.5 mm long and 1.5-1.8 mm

broad, the suture a well defined raised ridge. Fruit oblong, sometimes slightly

flattened laterally, obtuse at both ends, glabrous or minutely rusty pubescent in

some forms when very young, yellow or orange-yellow when ripe, drying a blackish

or yellowish brown with a parchment-like surface, 1.7 cm long and 1.2 cm broad in

the smallest, 3.5 cm long and 2.7 cm broad in the largest, the usual sizes being

2.5-3 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad (add 1 cm to these measurements for fresh

fruit), the pericarp fleshy but firm in some of the largest forms, becoming hard

and woody in herbaria, 5 mm thick, probably less as the seed becomes larger, the

line of dehiscence present or not, sometimes as a raised ridge giving the fruit

its flattened appearance; stalk 7 mm-—1 cm long and 2 mm thick.

LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS

TTANIMBAR ISLANDS:

Timor Laut, Makatian, bb244]4 (A, BO, K, L, SING).

MOLUCCAS

TERNATE :

Christopher Smith s.n. cult. 1801 (BM) Roxburgh’s handwriting? Someone has

named it M. spicata.

CERAM:

Gunong Pemali, Kormassi (Exped. Rutten) 218 (BO, L, SING, U); Hatu Saweli,

Rutten 1776 (BO, L, UV).

BANDA:

Christopher Smith s.n., one of the BM sheets numbered 296 (B burnt, BM, BR,

CAL, G, K, L) date May 1797, Herb. Roxburgh; Christopher Smith by Dr.

Roxburgh, Delessert 111 (G Prodr.) queried as M. glabra. Male flowers.

Horsfieldia spicata 115

Kat ISLANDS: Jaheri 711 (L); Ohoitiel near Tual, Jensen 326 (BO, C, L).

NEW GUINEA

VOGELKOP (DUTCH WEST NEW GUINEA):

Sorong, Beccari 116 as FI Acc. Nos 7645 (Fl) and 7645A (FI) these two numbers

as one of the syntypes of H. novoguineensis Warb.; ditto, Beccari 17] as FI Acc.

Nos. 7617 (FI) and 7617A (FI); Klamono, Sorong, Pleyte 688 (A, K, L, PNH,

SING); Kebar Valley, Koster BW7149 (L); Maepi Il, Manokwari, Koster BW 1097

(CANB, K, KEP, L, PNH); Saowi coast, Manokwari, Kostermans 2727 (BO,

SING) on coral limestone; Pasir Puteh, Manokwari, P. van Royen & H. Sleumer

6682 (L) specimen somewhat intermediate approaching var. sepikensis; Wersar,

about 6 km south of Teminabuan, Schram BW6082 (K, L, SING).

DutcH NortH NEw GUINEA:

Obefareh, Boe River, sub-district Sarmi, H.R. Karstel BW5340 (L); Hollandia,

Berg and Dal, Ch. Versteegh BW481] (1); 6 km south west of Bernhard Camp,

Idenburg River, Brass 12752 (BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE).

DutTcH SOUTH NEW GUINEA:

S.L., Zippelius s.n. (K, L, P, S, U)* Leiden Acc. Nos 908,133-1106 (L); 908,133-

1110 (L); 908,133-1117 (L) and 951,341-582 (L) the four sheets represent the M.

nesophila Miq. of Ann. II non M. nesophila Miq. of Ann. 1; another sheet of M.

nesophila Zippelius s.n. Leiden Acc. Nos 908,133-1107 is H. polyantha Warb., see

there; Najaja near Oeta, Aet 348, Exped. Lundquist (L); Nassau Mts, W.M. Docters

van Leeuwen Nos 10623 (BO, L) and 1/0702 (A, BO, K, L).

PAPUA:

Northern District:-—Lala River, (A, BM, K, L, SING); Alola River, Carr 14146 (A,

BM, K, L, SING); Embi Creek, J. Cavanaugh & D. Fryar N.G.F. 2413

(BRI, LAE) Morobe is the locality on the Lae duplicate.

Milne Bay District:—Menapi, Cape Vogel Peninsula, Brass 21765 (A, G, K, LAE).

Central District:—Bisiatabu, Brass 610 (A not seen, BRI, SING, P); Boridi, Carr

Nos 13262 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, SING) and 14334 (A, BM, K, L, SING); Sogeri

Region, Forbes Nos 7 (BM); 192 (BM, P) and 367 (MEL) Herb. von Miiller;

tributary of Laloki River, 2 miles east of Rouna, 7.G. Hartley 10707 (L).

TBEG.*

Sepik District:—Kubeka, Sepik River, A.W. Herre 293 (NY); August River, Holl-

rung 657 (BO, K, L, MEL, P) one of the syntypes of H. novoguineensis Warb. and

wrongly quoted as H. irya (Gaertn.) Warb. by Schumann and Hollrung; slope

above main camp at Malu, Ledermann 6675 (L, SING); ditto, main camp,

Ledermann 10450 (L); Hawain River, about 20 miles west of Wewak, Wewak-

Angoram area, Robbins 2070 (CANB).

Madang District:—near Gurumbu Village, south western foothills of Finisterre

Mts, Hoogland 5139 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, US); Ramu Valley, about 5 miles

south east of Faita airstrip, Saunders 493 (L, LAE).

Eastern Highlands District:—Wahgi River near Kup, Chimbu sub-district,

Robbins 624 (CANB, L, LAE).

*See remarks on p. 123.

116 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Morobe District:—below Sattelberg, Clemens Nos 524 (A, L) and 635 (A, L);

Sattelberg, Clemens Nos 1698 (A) and 1710 (L.); Ogeramnang at 5,800 ft, Clemens

5378 (A, B); Mountains above Boana at 4,000-5,000 ft, Clemens Nos 8545

(B, SING) and 8688 (A, B, SING); Yunzaing, Clemens 3478 (A); Oomsis logging

area, Osborn & Henty N.G.F. 14800 (K, L, LAE).

LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO:

Narian, Misima Island, Brass 27648 (A, BO, K, L); Rambuso, Sudest Island, Brass

28143 (A, BO, K, L, LAE); Abaleti, Rossel Island, Brass 28352 (A, BO, K, L); Mt

Rossel, south slopes, Rossel Island, Brass 28464 (A, BO, K, L).

WOODLARK ISLAND:

Kulumadau, Brass 28660 (A, K, L, LAE).

NEw BRITAIN:

Mora-Mora, Talasea sub-district, K.J. White N.G.F. 10981 (CANB, K, L, LAE,

SING).

DUKE OF YORK GROUP:

Ulu Island, Bismarck Archipelago, Warburg 20713 (B burnt, G Boiss.).

St MATTHIAS GROUP:

Mussau Island, Bismarck Archipelago, M. Kie & Sandermann Olsen 1385 (C).

ADMIRALTY ISLANDS:

Admiralty Islands, Nares Bay, Challenger Exped., Moseley s.n., March 1875 (BM,

K) type of H. novoguineensis var. moseleyana Warb.; Purdy Island Karnbach, date

1892 (C, L, M); Bat Island, Hollrung 848 (BO, K, MEL, P).

P. JAPEN:

Serui, (Exped. L.J. van Dijk 428) bb30428 (BO) somewhat intermediate approaching

var. sepikensis; (Exped. van Dijk 208) bb30429 (A, BO, L, SING) somewhat inter-

mediate approaching var. sepikensis; (Exped. van Dijk 327) bb30547 (BO, L) some-

what intermediate approaching var. sepikensis; (Exped. van Dijk 344) bb30558

(BO, L, SING); (Exped. van Dijk 351) bb30563 (A, BO, L, SING); (Exped. van

Dijk 383) bb30587 (BO, K, L, SING) somewhat intermediate approaching var.

sepikensis, (Exped. van Dijk 389) bb30593 (BO) and (Exped. van Dijk 391)

5630595 (A, BO, L, SING).

NOEMFOOR:

Namber, Koster BW Nos 1003 (CANB, K, L, PNH) and 1022 (L).

Mios Waar:

Koster BW Nos 1201 (CANB, L); 1283 (BO, CANB, K, L) and 1295 (CANB, L)

these three somewhat intermediate approaching var. sepikensis.

BATANTA GROUP:

Rajah Ampat, Marchesu Bay, Andoei (Andai) Village, Batanta Island, P. van

Royen 3548 (BO, CANB, K, L, PNH).

ARU ISLANDS:

Pulau Wokam, Dosinamalau, Buwalda 4969 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING); P.

Wamar, Giabu-lengan, Beccari s.n. FI. Acc. No. 7644 (FI).

Horsfieldia spicata 117

SOLOMONS

BOUGAINVILLE

Teop Island, north-east Bougainville, J.H.L. Waterhouse Nos 35 (K, Y not seen)

and 2/275 (K); north-east Bougainville, near Teop Island, Waterhouse 337 (NY);

Arawa Plantation, Bovo River, Womersley & Corner N.G.F. 13326 (LAE); Siwai,

Waterhouse 178 (A, K, Y not seen); Kieta, Kajewski 1549 (A not seen, BM, BO,

BRI, G); road from Kokiri Plantation to Toiumonapu Plantation, P. van Royen

N.G.F. 16431 (SING); north side of Tonalei Harbour, Whitmore BSIP4154 (L,

LAE, SING); Cyprian Bridge Island in Bougainville Strait, Whitmore’s collectors

BSIP5689 (L, SING).

SHORTLAND ISLAND:

North-east part, plain inland from Harapa Village, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP5743

(L,. SING); north-west part, Lagugo River on hillside, Whitmore BSIP5806 (L,

SING); south-west part, 1 mile across bay from Nila, Whitmore’s collectors

BSIP5922 (L, SING).

TREASURY GROUP:

Mono Island, summit slope, Whitmore BSIP418&3 (L, SING).

CHOISEUL:

Eastern part, Roke River, Whitmores’ collectors BSIP 5396 (L, LAE, SING);

south-east part, Ruruvai, Whitmore BSIP3986 (L, SING).

WAGINA ISLAND:

Whitmore’s collectors BSIP5519 (L, SING).

New GEORGIA GROUP:

Baga Island:—Whitmore’s collectors BSIP2855 (L, SING).

New Georgia Island:—S./., Officers of the H.M.S. Penguin, date 1894 (K); north-

west part, Vaimbu River, A.W. Cowmeadow BSIP3145 (L, LAE, SING); north-

west part, near Jela, Cowmeadow BSIP3703 (L, SING); north-west part, near

Gurava, Whitmore’s collectors BSIP3739 (L, SING); Roviana, Waterhouse, date

1927 (K); Roviana Lagoon, Baharo River, near Nusahope Village, Whitmore

BSIP1967 (L, LAE, SING); Viru Harbour, south-east part, F. Kere BSIP6172

(SING.)

Vangunu Island:—Sosole River, John W.F. Chapman 426 (L, SING); west part,

inland from Bopo Village, Whitmore BSIP1273 (L, SING).

SANTA ISABEL (YSABEL):

Maringe Lagoon, Buala Village, Whitmore BSIP2248 (L, LAE, SING); Allardyce

Harbour, Whitmore’s collectors (W. Masu’u, J. Sore & Z. Lipageto) BSIP2615

(L, LAE, SING); Sigana, Brass 3460 (BM, BO, BRI, G, L, SING); Faro Island

(probably Fara but not Fauro), Guppy 213 (K).

MALAITA:

Kiu, Are-Are District, south-west part, Z. Lipageto BSIP Nos 3437 (L, SING)

and 35/0 (L, SING).

ULAWA ISLAND:

Brass 2983 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L).

118 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

GUADALCANAL:

North-east part, Rere River, 3 miles inland, Z. Lipageto BSIP3358 (L, SING);

ditto, Whitmore BSIP3843 (SING); Konga, 20 miles south-east of Honiara,

Whitmore BSIP737 (L, LAE, SING); Mt Austen, near Honiara, Whitmore BSIP766

(L, LAE, SING); Berande, Kajewski 2440 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G) Kajewski 75 is

part of the preceding; Vulolo, Tutuve, Kajewski 2554 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G, L,

SING); Sorvorhio basin, Kajewski 2710 (A, BM, BO, BRI, G, L, NSW, S, SING);

forest adjacent to Tina River, Whitmore & Womersley BSIPI125 (L).

SAN CRISTOBAL:

Huro River, Brass 2605 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L).

RENNELL ISLAND:

Henry Dissing Nos 2942 (C) and 2945 (C); Hutuna, T. Wolff 3032 (C).

CAROLINES

PULAU ISLANDS:

Babelthuap (Baobeltaub) Island:—Arekalong, Masahiko Takamatsu 1668 (BISH)

very young male flowers; Arumonogui near Arumatan, west side of island,

Takahide Hosokawa 6756 (BISH) very good male flowers; Eimelijk, T. Tuyama,

14th Aug. 1939 (TI) male flowers; Ngatpang, 7.Tuyama, 15th Aug. 1939 (TI)

young fruit; ditto, 7. Tuyama, 17th Aug. 1939 (TI) male flowers; ditto, T.Tuyama

9349, 19th Aug. 1939 (TI) good fruit; Aimiriik, R. Kanehira Nos 270 (BISH, FU

holotype, TI, TNS) female flowers and very young fruit, all seem by me except

the FU holotype; 1958 (K) and 1960 (P).

Urukthapel (Urukdzapel) Island:—Mt Todaiyama, T. Tuyama 9th Aug. 1939 (TT)

sterile, broad leaves up to 9 cm diam.

Peleliu (Peliliu) Island:—R. Kanehira 2440 (TNS) male flowers; T. Tuyama 10th

Sept. 1937 (TI) very good fruit.

CULTIVATED: Cult. Hort. Bog. ex Banda, 1VH74, Koerniasih 42 (BO, G, K,

L, P, SING) female fl. & fr. date, 29th Oct. 1957; H.B. 5032 (BO, SING) probably

from the same tree as the preceding: Hort. Agronom., Tjikeumeuh, Bogor, s. coll.

270 probably Massink (L).

DISTRIBUTION: Lesser Sunda Islands (Tanimbar Islands only), Moluccas (Ter-

nate, Ceram, Amboina, Banda and the Kai Islands), New Guinea over a wide area

from Vogelkop to the Louisiades, the Aru Islands, P. Japan, Noemfoor, Mios

Waar, Batanta Island and New Britain, several of the islands in the Bismarck

Archipelago, throughout the Solomons and also in the Palau Islands at the western

end of the Caroline chain. Ascending from sea-level to 1,785 m (5,800 ft).

TYPE MATERIAL: M. spicata Roxb. See in the discussion and notes below.

M. aruana Bl., Zippelius s.n. (50) Leiden Acc. No 908,133-1106 (L holotype)

Dutch South New Guinea; see notes below. M. glabra (non Bl.) Hemsl. This collec-

tion, Moseley s.n. March 1875, Nares Bay, Admiralty Islands, Challenger expedi-

tion (BM, K) wrongly named glabra is the type of H. novoguineensis Warb. vat.

moseleyana Warb. M. irya (non Gaertn.) K. Schum., Hollrung 657 (B burnt, BO,

K, L, MEL, P) August River; wrongly named M. irya, this specimen is one of

the syntypes of H. novoguineensis Warb. M. nesophila Mig. Ann. 2, not of Miq.

Ann. 1; this refers to the Zippelius Nos from Dutch South New Guinea which

Horsfieldia spicata | 119

are also syntypes of H. novoguineensis Warb. Most of them can be identified as

H. spicata but one sheet is H. polyantha. For details see in the notes below. H.

novaelauenburgiae Warb., Warburg 20713 (B holotype burnt, G Boiss.) Ulu Island,

Bismarck Archipelago. H. novoguineensis Warb. This creation of Warburg consists

of a number of syntypes and synonyms many of which are spicata but others belong

to H. parviflora and polyantha and will be dealt with under those species. Its

synonyms M. aruana Bl., M. irya (non Gaertn.) K. Schum., and M. nesophila

Mig. have already been mentioned above. The following Beccari syntypes of

novoguineensis ate spicata:—Beccari 116 as FI Acc. Nos 7645 (Fl) and 7645A

(FD) Sorong, both with male flowers, but other Beccari syntypes of novoguineensis

belong to polyantha, e.g. Beccari 684 FI Acc. Nos 7642 (FI); 7643 (FI); 7643A

(FI) and 7643B (FI) Andai. H. novoguineensis Warb. var. moseleyana Warb.,

already dealt with above under M. glabra (non Bl.) Hemsl. H. olivaeformis Warb.,

Beccari 271 as FI Acc. Nos 7617 (1) and 7617A (FI) Sorong both female flowers

and fruit. H. pachycarpa A.C. Smith, Brass 610 (A holotype not seen, BRI, P,

SING) Bisiatabu, Central District. H. palauensis Kanehira, R. Kanehira 270 (BISH,

FU holotype, TI, TNS) Aimiriik, Babelthuap, Palau Islands, Carolines. H. pilifera

Markgraf, Ledermann 10450 (B holotype burnt, L) Sepik District; Ledermann 6675

(L, SING) Sepik District is a paratype; other paratypes were destroyed. H. smithii

Warb., Christopher Smith s.n. date 1797 (a BM sheet numbered 296), Herb. Rox-

burgh, male and female flowers, more than one gathering, all syntypes (B burnt,

BM, BR, CAL, G, K, L, LINN not seen) Banda. H. solomonensis A.C. Smith,

Kajewski 1549 (A holotype not seen, BM, BO, BRI, G) Kieta, Bougainville Island.

Brass 2983 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L) Ulawa Island and Kajewski 2440 (A, BM, BO,

BRI, G) Berande, Guadalcanal are paratypes, M. tuberculata K. Schum., Hollrung

848 (B holotype burnt, BO, K, MEL, P) Bat Island, Admiralty Islands.

VERNACULAR NAMES: MOLUCCAS :—Lobi-lobi (Ceram).

NEW GUINEA:—Ai (P. Japan); aitobi (Aru Islands); beterohooi (Manikiong at

Mios Waar); dzidzit (Dumpu); fodien (Itik at Mander); gaigeram (Kaigorin); hokol

(Amele); kamojer (Noemfoor); kamore (Biak); kaura (Serui); kKuahaja (Bandawaja);

mailis (Jal); samgoot (Kebar); sang (Bembi); sariw (Madang); sasar (Kerawai);

sebehongwa or sebohonggwa (Manikiong); sengo (Gurumbu); sigiria (Faita); sontie

(Berik); ubub (Bilia); warema (Ambai at P. Japen).

SOLOMONS :—Aigqil (Bougainville); ambuinor (Kwara’ae) the most widely used

name in the Solomons; ambuynor is a less frequent spelling while other Kwara’ae

versions of it are ambuino, ambuino’o and ambuinoo. It is sometimes wrongly

named ainynu which is H. whitmorei; baimoloi (Fara, the Guppy specimen); do-do

(Huro River, San Cristobal); ikohi (Rennell Island); kagkag (Bougainville); korvai

and langa-langa (Guadalcanal); pike (New Georgia); sagae (Rennell Island); tarle

(Guadalcanal); totonio (Ulawa Island); tutupun and vadovodovuru (Bougainville);

zukan-zuka (Vangunu Island).

CAROLINES :—UmA&lar (Palau Islands).

USES: In the Solomons the bark is macerated in water and the solution drunk

to check haemorrhages. The somewhat succulent but firm husk of the fruit is

eaten in preparations by the inhabitants of the Aru Islands, the Palau Islands,

the Solomons and some parts of New Guinea.

The variations in this species are mostly size-differences seen in certain organs.

They are not elaborate or excessive when one considers its wide geographical

120 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

range and they have not altered its general appearance very much. The leaves may

vary somewhat in length and breadth those of the type specimens of H. tuberculata

and solomonensis being among the largest. Most of the specimens from the Solo-

mons have on the average smaller leaves but these form a most uniform series,

normal, broad, broader and broadest with increments 1 mm at a time right up to

the type of solomonensis and with the same texture and the same colour on drying.

Since the leaves are thin and the veins distinct beneath we do not get peculiar

forms with coriaceous leaves and faint venation such as are to be found in the

more polymorphic H. glabra.

While spicata usually has a glabrous perianth and a glabrous ovary one meets

with specimens which have yellowish brown or whitish hairs on the inflorescence

axis, pedicels, flowers and ovary. This tomentum varies in amount and is some-

times present only on the inflorescence axis. H. pilifera Markgraf which I have had

to reduce to a synonym of spicata is based on such material. The flowers are

immature and therefore smaller than those of the typical. Some of them tend to

be slightly acute at the apex because of their immaturity. When I grouped those

specimens together, i.e. those which have pubescent flowers I found that they did

not form a uniform series. 1 spent endless time shifting specimens from spicata to

pilifera and back again to spicata, often wavering undecidedly from one to the

other, see-saw and Marjory-Daw until it suddenly dawned on me that there is only

one species here.

There is some variation in the size of the fruit in spicata. Those with large

fruits have been named pachycarpa A.C. Smith; they are also somewhat flat

laterally. When the suture is prominent the shape appears to be rather flat. Small

unripe fruits resembling those of H. australiensis but with a very thick pericarp

will be seen in Clemens Nos 524 and 635 from the higher elevations at Sattelberg,

Hoogland 5134, Madang District and Herre 293, Sepik River. It seems that they

will increase a bit more in size as the seed gets bigger and the pericarp thinner.

I do not know what kind of fruit material from the Sepik District type locality

has. The Ledermann type and paratypes were not in fruit.

Christopher Smith collected living and dried specimens of economic plants

from Banda and the Moluccas. Roxburgh described some of these in his Flora

Indica and gave the Moluccas as the locality for most of the Myristicaceae in the

collection. Smith’s living specimens were planted in the Botanic Gardens at

Penang and from there sent to Calcutta. It is most probable that he also gave

material to Bogor. Penang was his headquarters as he was superintendent of the

Gardens there from 1805-06 when he died. Now Warburg described Horsfieldia

smithii from one of the plants collected by Smith in May 1797 in Banda and

which had come from Roxburgh’s herbarium. There were male and female

flowers showing that it consisted of more than one gathering but the specimens

were unnamed while in Roxburgh’s possession. Roxburgh described his M. spicata

from living material introduced into the Calcutta Garden in 1798 by Smith from

Banda. He states that one female tree (implying that more than one had been

planted) blossomed during the rains when it was about twelve feet high. According

to him the flowers did not set fruit and such would be the case as there were no

male flowers present at the time to fertilize the female. No type specimen has

been found and strange to say spicata is not represented in his /ncones, either in

the Kew set which I examined, nor, as Dr. Santapao kindly informs me, in the

set at Calcutta. Yet some of the other Myristicaceae described by him have

pictures. Thus 2572 = M. angustifolia; 2573 = M. peltata; 2574 = M. parviflora;

2575 = M. montana and 1714 = M. moschata. Warburg and others were of the

Horsfieldia spicata 121

opinion that the H. smithii and several duplicates which came from Roxburgh’s

herbarium represented authentic material of M. spicata. Someone has indicated

by writing in pencil on the Kew and BM sheets of smithii that this might be Rox-

burgh’s M. smithii. Warburg, cautious as usual [see my previous remarks on his

virtues, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1967) 446] was afraid to use the name spicata as he

thought Roxburgh’s description was too short. But many of Roxburgh’s descrip-

tions for other plants in Flora Jndica are equally brief. Thus the description of

M. parviflora Roxb. is also short and the name has not been used by Warburg for

the same reason. Like spicaia this species was introduced to Calcutta Botanic

Gardens from the Moluccas by Smith. It was also described from a female tree

which blossomed during the rains. Warburg of course did not understand parvi-

flora properly and he did not then know that its synonyms H. roxburghii and

batjanica were not different from each other. If he had he would not have created

them. He had no idea of the wide geographical range of parviflora and of the

several other synonyms which must be grouped with it. He also did not see that

the group of species centred round smithii represented only one plant. In fact there

were far too many species to block the view otherwise he might have been

able to get to the next stage over the stepping stones from smithii to spicata.

Now what about the fate of the other living material of spicata and parviflora

which Smith brought in from Banda for it is unlikely that he sent it all to Calcutta?

There is a female tree in Bogor, Hort. Bog. ex Banda IVH74 from which dupli-

cates have been sent out to various herbaria from time to time. This tree was

certainly still in Bogor on 29th Oct. 1957 when the excellent duplicates of

Koerniasih 42 were distributed (see under CULTIVATED). I think that the

tree must have been brought in by Smith for he is the only person in the old

records who collected dried specimens of spicata from Banda. There are several

trees of H. parviflora in Bogor but they are under synonyms like H. batjanica,

globularia and roxburghii and were mostly obtained by Teijsmann from Ambon,

Batjan, Celebes and Wai. Teijsmann has many dried collections of parviflora (see

my long list under that species) from these places but none from Banda. It will

be seen from my list that Smith collected dried material of parviflora from Banda

and Ternate. Also the only other person I can find who collected dried material

of this species from Banda was Forbes. There is, however, some doubt about this

locality as well as some more of his localities. He may have obtained some of the

living parviflora now in Bogor. No trees of either spicata or parviflora have to my

knowledge survived in Penang. There is, however, a very flourishing tree of parvi-

flora still alive in the Botanic Gardens at Singapore, dating back to Cantley and

Murton’s day and how far back into the dim past beyond that I do not know.

This is the tree known as H. bivalvis in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 379. Is it pos-

sible that this came from Smith’s original stock in Penang for the present day

Botanic Gardens in Singapore was not founded till 1859, half-a-century after

his death?

In the whole of the Moluccas there are very few Horsfieldia species and fewer

still in Banda. It will not very much matter whether the type tree of H. spicata

came from the Moluccas or from Banda. If it came from the latter then typification

by eliminating other possible Horsfieldia species is simpler. In the Moluccas there

are five species, H. irya, macrocoma, parviflora, spicata and sylvestris; in Banda

only the last three. The Calcutta type tree has to be the same as one of them.

It is not M. salacifolia Willd., long ago proved to be H. sylvestris. Roxburgh’s

description of “leaves lanceolate, villous underneath; peduncles two to three

flowered, not oblong and aril undivided’’ shows that salacifolia Willd. as he called

122 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

it is a Horsfieldia. It is not irya, a well-known species published by Gaertner in his

De Fructibus in 1788 long before Roxburgh’s publication of Flora Indica. No

doubt Roxburgh, who did not mention irya, would be acquainted with it both

from specimens in India and Ceylon and from Gaertner’s publication. H. macro-

coma is certainly ruled out for being monoecious, would have set fruit. H. spicata

according to Roxburgh had female flowers only and these proved abortive. Further,

the female inflorescence of macrocoma like the male is quite long, not the short

inflorescences of parviflora and spicata, also correctly given as short in Roxburgh’s

description.

We have now narrowed the identification of our species down to one of two

plants for Banda and also for the whole of the Moluccas. It is either parviflora or

spicata. These two are rather similar but I shall now use Roxburgh’s much

shunned short and so-called inadequate description to distinguish the two. There

is one very good character which alone should be sufficient to distinguish the one

species from the other. Thus we have:—‘‘Female flowers in short axillary spikes”

for spicata and “‘Female flowers in axillary racemes’ for parviflora. The term

“spikes” very aptly describes the almost sessile female flowers of spicata on a

short simple or little-branched axis. ““Racemes”’ suits better the longer and much

more branched female axis of parviflora where the branches themselves are some-

what longer than any present in spicata. The female inflorescence of this species i.e.

parviflora is probably more branched than that of most species of Horsfieldia

while the male is well branched too, but not more so than that of spicata. For

the key see p. 91.

There remain a few minor features in Roxburgh’s description which may be

of some diagnostic value. The leaves of spicata are short-petioled. One gets the

impression that those of parviflora have longer petioles for the female racemes

were the length of the petioles. The word urceolate used by Roxburgh to describe

the perianths is another fitting term for they are indeed this shape after they have

opened. This then is spicata as I have interpreted it. Finally there is Roxburgh’s

coloured plate of parviflora which has been most useful not only as an accessory

in helping to confirm the identification of parviflora but more so in helping to

typify spicata.

Blume actually had a particular specimen before him when he described his

M. aruana BI. Unfortunately he did not quote the number of it in his publication.

Palala aruana Rumphius was only a reference from which he coined the specific

name aruana in M. aruana. How do we know that there was an actual specimen?

Alphonse de Candolle tells us that Blume had informed the Paris Museum about

the existence of such a specimen. Thus A.DC. in Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 207 states

“Specimen adest, e Nova-Guinea, sub illo nomine comm. a cl. Blume cum Mus.

par., M. glabrae nimis proximum, sed flores nec fructus habet et inde differt forsan

a planta Rumphii.”’ Note that he says specimen and not specimina. This specimen

which can now be regarded as the holotype of M. aruana BI. is a Zippelius sheet,

Leiden Acc. No 908,133-1106 (L) from Dutch South New Guinea. Zippelius 50

appears as a number on this sheet but 50 may or may not be a collecting number.

It is indeed a flowering specimen and better still it bears the name of M. aruana

in Blume’s handwriting together with his descriptive notes.

It will be noticed that Blume’s description in Rumphia is short but that con-

siderable attention is paid to certain individual details which he describes with

great accuracy. In this case he stresses the distinctness of the two lines which run

from petiole base to petiole base, and notes the large oblong leaves, obtusely

Horsfieldia spicata 123

acuminate at the apex and attenuate at the base. His attention is centred on a

particular sheet rather than on a series of sheets and in this case it is the holotype

because it answers so well to his description.

Miquel used the name M. nesophila Mig. for all the Zippelius specimens and

duplicates from Dutch South New Guinea of which Leiden Acc. No 908,133-1106

is a part. Let us call it Zippelius s.n. for easy reference in spite of the fact that

some of the sheets have certain numbers which may or may not be collecting

numbers. He was very much of the opinion that the Zippelius s.n. specimens were

not the same as Palala aruana of Rumphius from the Aru Islands and so did not

use the name M. aruana Bl. It was at that time thought that M. aruana BI. included

both the Zippelius s.n. specimens and Palala aruana. Thus he says ““M. nesophila

(non Miq. Ann. 1) Miq. Ann. 2. Huc M. aruana BI. in herb. ad sp. novo-guineensia,

non ad Rumphii tabulam et syn., quae licet adhuc valde incerta, hoc nomen apte

retinebit.”’

As this M. nesophila Miq. of Ann. 1 was not the same as M. nesophila Mig.

of Ann. 2, Warburg used a new name namely H. novoguineensis Warb. to cover

the Zippelius s.n. plants, i.e. the M. nesophila Mig. of Ann. 2, which now became

syntypes of his new species, H. novoguineensis Warb. The latter contained other

syntypes as well (see under H. polyantha Warb.). Warburg pointed out, and quite

rightly so, that the Zippelius s.n. specimens seemed to contain two forms. (1)

Blatter pergamentartig, schmaler, scharfer zugespitzt, die Bliithenstande kiirzer (B,

W) and (2) Blatter diinn, grésser und relativ breiter, stumpf zugespitzt, die Nerven

treten deutclicher hervor, der Bliithenstand ist grésser (L, LE). While nearly all

the Leiden sheets are spicata there is one syntype, Zippelius s.n. or Zippelius

193d Leiden Acc. No 908,133-1107 (L) which agrees with the first form above. Its

leaves are “‘scharfer zigespitzt’’ and it is H. polyantha Warb. The Stockholm sheet

S is spicata and the K, P and U sheets are probably spicata but although I have

seen them sometime ago I shall have to examine them again if I wish to find

out whether any of them are polyantha. It is possible that the B and W sheets

which were destroyed were also polyantha. The above information on type

material is now expressed in a condensed form.

TYPE MATERIAL of Myristica nesophila Mig. Ann. 2 consists of several syn-

types, the Zippelius s.n. sheets from Dutch South New Guinea. (Some of the

Zippelius sheets are numbered, see below.) The Zippelius s.n. sheets also constitute

part of the type material of H. novoguineensis Warb. They are syntypes of H.

novoguineensis Warb. The Zippelius s.n. sheets consist of :—

(1) H. polyantha Warb. L. Acc. No 908,113-1107 (L) also numbered Zippelius

139d. This is not type material of H. polyantha but a syntype of M.

nesophila and H. novoguineensis. The B and W duplicates destroyed were

probably also polyantha.

(2) H. spicata (Roxb.) Sinclair, Zippelius s.n. (K, L, P, S, U). The Leiden

material of this spicata consists of 4 sheets namely :—

L. Acc. Nos 908,133-1106 as Zippelius 50 (L) which is also the holotype

of M. aruana BI.; 908,133-1110 as Zippelius s.n. (L); 908,113-1117 as

Zippelius 50 or 68 (L) and 951,341-582 as Zippelius 55 in pencil (L) the

last three are isotypes of M. aruana BI.

I have unfortunately not been able to find out whether Palala aruana of Rum-

phius Herb. Amboin. 7 Auctuar. (1755) 56 t.24 f£.3 is the same as M. aruana BI.

The vernacular name cabbita bita or kaju fita fita for Palala aruana does not

124 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

agree with the one viz. aitobi which Buwalda got for H. spicata in the Aru Islands.

There are not many Horsfieldia species in the Aru Islands. H. subtilis and sylvestris

are unlikely and may be ruled out. This leaves three possibilities, parviflora, poly-

antha and spicata all of which resemble each other rather closely especially when

sterile. They agree with palala aruana in certain points and differ from it in an

equal number. There is no need for me to elaborate on the details some of which

are rather vague. I should point out, however, that the oblong fruit of palala aruana,

described as acuminate at the apex may at first seem a bit out of place and very

unlike the fruits of these three Horsfieldia species. Yet when oblong fruits dehisce

they would tend to be somewhat acuminate or at least acute. This is exactly what

we see in that rather poor picture in Rumphius which I must say also reminds me

of Gymnacranthera paniculata var. zippeliana. No one so far has collected this

species in the Aru Islands but it is certainly expected to occur there, since it has

a wide distribution in New Guinea and is common in the adjacent territory of

Dutch South New Guinea. The fruits of palala aruana are used in medicine and

some authors say they are eaten. According to information on the label of Koster-

mans 2635, the flowers of H. polyantha are eaten at Warsui near Ransiki. As the

specimen is in fruit and not in flower, and due to a possible error in typing, he

meant that the fruits are eaten. These, however, are normally subglobose in shape

and not oblong as in palala aruana. The only way now to solve the identity of

the latter is to visit the Aru Islands and conduct investigations there. See my further

remarks on the identity of palala aruana on page 123.

H. palauensis has turned out to be H. spicata. | am very grateful for the loan

of material from the herbaria of BISH, TI and TNS, all brought together in time

and in place to compare with Dr. T.C. Whitmore’s recent extensive collections

of spicata from almost every island in the Solomons, without which the above con-

clusion could not be reached. Kanehira made three futile attempts to name it, the

names he proposed being H. confertiflora, H. glabra and H. palauensis. Of course,

he did not see all this fine material to which recently I had access. There are now

more sheets from the Carolines with good mature male flowers and these provide

the best conclusive characters for comparison. It was from male flowers that I

was able to positively determine the exact status of palauensis and to see that it

is identical with spicata.

My earliest ideas about palauensis, got after listing specimens during visits to

Kew and the Tokyo herbaria, had no connection with spicata. I thought that it

was a species near irya and I remembered it best from its oblong fruit. No impres-

sions of its male flowers remained in my memory. It could not be true irya for

that has a perfectly spherical fruit. It was because of the oblong fruit that I first

thought that it was the same as specimens from the Solomon Islands with an

oblong fruit. But this is only partly correct as there are two species in the Solomons

with fruit of this shape. When I finally found out that one of these was spicata,

I unfortunately still thought that the other remaining one (now whitmorei) must

also be palauensis. This error was dispelled when I was finally able to examine

male flowers of palauensis from the BISH and Tokyo material recently sent on loan.

Kanehira also thought that palauensis was near irya, i. amklaal from the

Carolines, the name he gave to the irya of that area. But he could not have had

a very good idea of the species of Horsfieldia when he did not recognize irya and

called it both H. amklaal and H. nunu, Under H. amklaal Kanehira in Bot. Mag.

Tokyo 47 (1933) 670 he writes, ‘““The alliance of this species is manifestly with

Horsfieldia palauensis Kanehira from which it differs in its much thinner and

larger leaves; in its larger and more slender inflorescences and smaller male and

Horsfieldia spicata 125

female flowers; and in its globose not ellipsoid fruits. It is often difficult to dis-

tinguish Horsfieldia amklaal and Horsfieldia palauensis in the field unless the in-

florescences or the fruits are available. While the former grows in low wet jungles

the latter is generally found at somewhat higher altitudes. The pericarp of H.

amklaal is not edible but that of H. palauensis is eaten by the natives. The tree

is very tali, the trunk being usually straight. The wood is whitish, light and soft.

It is called “‘amklaal’’ by the natives.’”’ It will be seen from the collections made

of these two species that irya has a wider distribution in the Carolines than spicata

(palauensis), being found in Kusaie and Ponape as well as the Palau Islands (Babel-

thuap Island). So far spicata has been found in the Palau Islands only. The type

has leaves 5-6 cm wide but there are others up to 9 cm broad in later collections.

The edible fruit mentioned above may have some systematic significance. It

is rather strange that whenever the fruit of a species from New Guina or its sur-

rounding islands is mentioned on collector’s labels as being eaten by the natives

it invariably turns out to be one of the synonyms of spicata. Thus it is edible in

New Guinea, the Carolines, the Solomons and in the Aru Islands. This may mean

that palala aruana has a further chance of being spicata. It could also mean that

polyantha, too, is not different from spicata, and if not a variety of it might be a

young stage with a very thick-walled pericarp which becomes slightly oblong later.

This might account for certain specimens like polyantha which have an oblong

fruit. See p. 99 for the key.

For the discussion on similarities and differences of H. spicata and H. ardisii-

folia please refer to p. 5.

var. sepikensis (Markgraf) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 147.

Tree 7-30 m high, often 12 m; stilt-roots occasionally recorded from trees

growing along river banks. Bark brownish, fissured and flaking. Twigs glabrous,

2-4 mm thick in the apical parts, dark greyish brown, sometimes with a dark

reddish or purplish tinge, finely striate up to the apex or occasionally the apical

portions smooth only for a short distance down, the two lines from petiole base

to petiole base mostly prominent but sometimes absent, lenticels minute, numerous

and close together, the twigs often rough in parts with them, terminal bud elongate,

minutely greyish or greyish brown-puberulous, the hairs rusty and denser in forms

from limenstone localities. Leaves brittle, chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, yellowish

green to dark green above and paler green benath, drying a greyish blackish

brown, infrequently green-tinted above and a paler brown or greyish brown be-

neath, dull on both surfaces, glabrous, narrowly obovate, spathulate or oblanceo-

late, less often elliptic and rarely narrowly oblong with the sides parallel for part

of their length, the base cuneate, the apex acute or rounded and obtuse with a

small blunt mammillate apiculus; midrib often drying purplish beneath and this

colour extending to the petiole; nerves 8-10 pairs with an occasional secondary one

between the main ones, faint or invisible above, fine and slender beneath, the

clarity depending on drying and on the texture of the leaf, arising at an angle of

50-60°, straight or curving rather widely and gradually; reticulations mostly in-

visible above, faint beneath and best seen with a hand lens, forming a lax pattern

along with the scattered punctate dots of drying; length 7-14-(20) cm; breadth

3-6 cm, average 4.5 cm; petiole noticeably long in proportion to length of lamina,

1.5-3 cm long and 1.5-2 mm thick. Male inflorescence 2-8 cm long, the axis

slender, 1-2 mm thick, pubescent to glabrous, the branches alternate, ascending

126 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

steeply or nearly erect, short, 3 mm-—2 cm long. Male flowers in lax sub-umbels,

yellowish and fragrant when fresh, yellowish brown when dry or sometimes purple,

glabrous, ovoid-globose to turbinate, mostly 2-lobed with occasionally some flowers

3-lobed in the same specimen, the type and the Ledermann Sepik numbers, how-

ever, with a 3-lobed perianth in which case, because of their shape, they are

bluntly acute at the apex, the lobes extending down to about half way or sometimes

more, 1.5 mm long and 2 mm broad (most of the flowers seen in herbaria were

small and immature), pedicels variable in length and thickness, 1-3 mm long and

0.4-0.6 mm thick; androecium flattened, turbinate, the shape the same as that

of the perianth but smaller, a triangular column in the case of 3-lobed flowers,

slightly depressed in the centre and with 10 anthers, their pattern of ridges and

furrows sometimes impressed on the inside of the perianth. Female inflorescence

2-5 cm long, the branches fewer than in the male, 0.5—1 cm long, also rather erect.

Female flowers 2-2.5 mm long and 1.5-2 mm broad on stout, 2 mm long and

0.7 mm thick pedicels, the perianth lobes 2 or 3, acute, splitting down from 1-4-way

and finally to the base when they become reflexed; ovary glabrous. Fruit 1-4 on

the axis, subglobose to mostly oblong, obtuse at both ends, glabrous, orange-yellow,

drying medium brown to reddish brown with a purple tinge and rough parchment-

like surface, 1-1.8 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad, the pericarp about 1 mm thick at

maturity, the line of dehiscence present on one half of the pericarp but never

raised into a ridge; stalk slender, 7 mm long and 1.5 mm thick. Aril red, the colour

persisting when dry.

NEW GUINEA

VOGELKOP (DUTCH WEST NEW GUINEA):

Warsamson River, about 25 km east of Sorong, Jwanggin BW5640 (L); near Remu,

Sorong, Pleyte 736 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING); Sorong hills east of Kampong

Baru, P. van Royen 3166 (CANB, G, K, L, NSW, PNH, SING, UC, US); A(i)

tinju, Schram BW6153 (L); Tubun, north of Lake Ajamau, Vink BW15370 (L);

Beriat, 12 km south of Teminabuan, Kalkman BW6255 (K, L, SING); ditto,

Schram BW6046 (L); Babo, bb21812 (BO, L); Fakfak near Agonda, Babo, (Exped.

Lundquist 268) bb32987 (BO, K, L); Adi Island, near Fakfak, Iwanggin BW10153

(L).

DutTcH NortH NEW GUINEA:

Bumi, 40 km inwards from Nabire, Kanehira & Hatusima 12737 (A, BO, *RINR);

Bernhard Bivak, Hollandia, bb25695 (A, BO, K, SING); ditto, bb25724 (A, BO, K,

L, SING).

DutcH SOUTH NEW GUINEA:

Erma, sub-district Asmat, Bouman BW3234 (CANB, L); ditto, Nautje BW Nos

6530 (L) and 6608 (L).

PAPUA:

Western District:—Oriomo River, McVeagh N.G.F. 8297 (K, L, LAE, SING);

ditto, Gray & White N.G.F. 10378 (L).

T.N.G.

Sepik District:—Malu, Ledermann Nos 6738 (K, SING); 6974 (SING); 7866

(SING) and 8016 (SING).

* RINR = Royal Institute for Natural Resources, Tokyo.

Horsfieldia spicata 127

Madang District:—Josephstaal, K. White N.G.F. 10237 (SING).

P. JAPEN:

Mariarottu, (Exped. L.J. van Dijk 153) bb30376 (A, BO, K, L, SING); Serui,

(Exped. van Dijk 419) bb30617 (A, BO, K, L, SING); Wasabori near Serui, (Exped.

van Dijk s.n.) Aét & Idjan 389 (BO, K, L).

NOEMFOOR:

Namber, Koster BW1018 (CANB, K, L, PNH).

Mios NoemM:

(Exped. van Dijk 800) bb30945 (A, BO, L, SING) but also given as Serui.

P. WAIGEO:

Rauki Island, Bay of Kabaré, P. van Royen Nos 5388 (K, L, SING) and 5396

(K, L, SING).

MISOGL:

Waigama, Teijsmann s.n. (BO).

DISTRIBUTION: New Guinea as above.

TYPE MATERIAL: Horsfieldia sepikensis Mgf, Ledermann 8016 (B holotype

burnt, SING) Sepik District.

ECOLOGY: Collectors report a large range of habitats such as primary forest,

edge of primary forest adjoining secondary forest, Agathis forest, forest with

Calophyllum and Ficus, flat land, slopes of low hills, flat land, slopes of low hills,

flat land subject to seasonal inundation, swamp forest, and most common river

banks or near the edges of rivers. Very few have stated what I want most i.e.

the type of soil. Three collections are from limestone, others from sand and clay.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Ainu (at Babo); isasir, jessaser or jisasir (Asmat);

kKamorei, kamori or kamopi (Manawi dialect at Serui and P. Biak); kKamojer (Num-

foor); kKaura (Ambai at Serui); makowah (Wainafi at Mios Noem); mbowak (Tehid);

medak (Mooi); selamae (Kiunga at Oriomo River); semies or simies (Maibrat):;

teenjak (Tehid).

It is with reluctance that I have had to reduce H. sepikensis from what at

first appeared to be a good species to only a variety of spicata. To substantiate

the change a clear and complete description of both taxa is first necessary, fuller

in this case for a variety than in conventional procedure. I first came to notice

and separate sepikensis from other New Guinea species as a plant with long

petioles, a little bit long in proportion to the lamina. The fact that the Ledermann

type and paratypes from the Sepik District had three perianth segments in their

flowers seemed odd since all the other New Guinea allies of this group have two.

It was disconcerting for it upsets the classification. Perhaps after a search I should

find some flowers with a two-lobed perianth, but the long petioles and the three-

lobed perianth all seemed to make it a distinct species! H. macrocoma has a three-

lobed perianth but then it belongs to quite a different group and is not entirely

restricted to New Guinea. On investigation I found that specimens with a long

petiole collected since the date of Markgraf’s publication of the Ledermann

material could be named and grouped with sepikensis. They mostly had a two-

lobed perianth but an occasional flower had three lobes. Thus my suspicions were

confirmed.

128 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

The link with spicata came later. In the meantime I noticed that male flowers

of the two were extraordinarily alike. Those of spicata were generally larger than

those of the present plant but in growth stages where the two had reached the

same size no difference could be detected. I had no difficulty in picking out com-

parative stages once I had assembled Dr. Whitmore’s excellent collection of spicata

from the Solomons which shows many stages in flower and fruit as well as the

complete geographical range of that species throughout the islands. With a better

knowledge of spicata the final break-through came when I could not longer maintain

pilifera distinct from spicata. With these two united it was then much easier to see

the close resemblance between spicata and sepikensis.

Sepikensis may be distinguished from spicata by the following characters : —

1. The twigs usually dark; the light portions often seen in spicata absent. 2. The

longer petioles, rather long in proportion to the length of the lamina. 3. The smaller

leaves, narrowly obovate, spathulate or less often elliptic in shape. Since the leaves

are smaller their veins will be fewer. 4. The short branches of the inflorescence,

these ascending or nearly erect, rarely spreading at a wide angle to the main axis,

and no horizontal or deflexed. 5. The apparently smaller flowers, but probably

there are forms of spicata with mature flowers just as large. 6. The smaller fruit

with a thinner pericarp, the colour when dry a reddish brown or a reddish purple,

not black or yellowish brown; the line of dehiscence present or not (usually on

one side only) and not raised into a ridge.

Minor details of difference, not always constant or present, are as follows :—

The smooth apical portions of the twigs are usually very short in proportion to the

lower striate portions. They are very often striate right up to the apex without

any smooth interval at all. The lenticels are smaller and closer together. The

leaves usually dry a darker colour above. The lower midrib and petiole often dry

with a reddish purplish tinge which may at times also include the upper portions

of the twigs, the flowers and, as mentioned above, the pericarp.

If we try to analyse and classify the differences listed above we shall soon be

aware of their limitations and their extreme simplicity. There are many kinds of

differences or degrees of difference concerning the morphological and physical pro-

perties of matter. There are differences in shape, size, colour, quality, texture and

quantity, involving numerical and dimensional differences relative to these and to

physical forces like temperature, sound, light, heat, magnetism and electricity.

There are differences in words and expressions, homonyms, synonyms, antonyms,

opposites, differences poles apart, antipole and antipode. Finally there are dif-

ferences when new organs or objects are present or when they are absent or have

been removed; the stress in such cases has shifted from the qualifying adjective

or epithet to the noun or object it qualifies. These are the real differences, the

best diagnostic ones. Small leaves, small flowers and small fruits as in the case of

sepikensis are merely changes in size in a scale of diminishing values. It is as if

by a stroke of the witch’s wand waved over the plant that it has shrunk in size

or like the knob on a radio set used to turn down the volume. There has been

a change in one direction or dimension, yet not a real one, for nothing new has

been added or taken away; only the qualifying adjective has been changed, not the

substantive. Such diminutive differences effecting a mere all round shrinkage in

size in various organs are to my mind paltry. They are fair enough to represent

varietal differences but not forceful enough to be specific. A good species has

individuality just as a man or an ape has personality.

Horsfieldia spicata 129

It should be stressed that it is the combination of all the characters listed 1-6

that constitutes the var. sepikensis as distinct from var. spicata and not only one

or even two of them taken separately. All ‘‘spicata-like’’ plants with small leaves

are not sepikensis. Thus bb30429 and bb30547 from Serui with small leaves have

short petioles and would go into var. spicata. These two specimens are discussed

under “‘intermediates”’.

Very few of the differences are absolutely reliable for distinguishing spicata.

Although useful there is scarcely a diagnostic character that cannot be criticized

in value. Nearly every one of them except the most minor will break down against

certain forms of spicata. All the main features of sepikensis taken singly or in-

dividually are present in some form or other in spicata but the combination of

them is not present and will not break down. Let us examine the characters 1-6

in more detail. 1. Thus spicata can have dark as well as light twigs. I should not

like to say that those of sepikensis never have light portions. 2. While the long

petiole of sepikensis is its best distinguishing character yet there are some specimens

of spicata, P. van Royen 3548 and P. van Royen & Sleumer 6682 where the

petioles are as long as those of sepikensis. Spicata normally has petioles 1-1.5 cm

long, 1 cm long in some forms and 1-1.5 cm long in others. In sepikensis petiole

range is 1.5-3 cm long. 3. Specimens of spicata with small leaves have already

been mentioned. This subject will come up again under “intermediate” specimens.

There is a Leiden sheet P. van Royen 3166 of sepikensis where in addition to its

normal small leaves one is large with a lamina 20 cm long and a petiole 2.5 cm

long showing that sepikensis cannot be very far removed from spicata. One feature

not much seen in the leaves of sepikensis is common in many New Guinea forms

of spicata including specimens from the Moluccas and Banda, the type locality.

This is seen in P. van Royen 5388 where the sides of the leaves are parallel for

some distance. Here also the shape of the leaf tends to be oblong. Most of the

shapes present in sepikensis are also present in spicata. The pattern of reticulations

and “drying dots’’, small punctate eruptions of the tissue (see Warburg page 280)

often seen in thin-leaved specimens of spicata is also present in sepikensis. 4. The

value of the inflorescence as a distinguishing character is not always reliable.

Spicata may have a rather simple one similar to that of sepikensis where the

branches are few, erect and not spreading. 5. The shape and size of male flowers

have already been mentioned. Inflorescences and immature male flowers of spicata

from Whitmore’s Collectors BSIP Nos 2855; 3145; 3437 and 5519 are extremely

like those of sepikensis including its Ledermann numbers. How much larger all

these will become is uncertain. Those of the Ledermann type are certainly im-

mature. Other specimens of spicata such as Brass 28143; P. van Royen & Sleumer

6682 and Whitmore’s Collectors BSIP2615 have considerably larger flowers. It may

be that the flowers vary in size in spicata. 7. To get the best basis for comparison

we should try to eliminate the size factor by selecting from each fruits of as nearly

the same size as possible. Thus I see little difference, only a colour difference when

I compare the largest fruits of sepikensis, Koster BW1018 (L) with only slightly

larger immature ones of spicata, Lipageto BSIP3510 (SING). Their oblong shape

with a blunt apex is the same.

An important matter now to discuss is the presence of “intermediate” speci-

mens or those somewhat intermediate between spicata and sepikensis. I have group-

ed them with the former and they seem to be nearer to it than to sepikensis. They

occur chiefly in areas where the two mingle especially for example in Pulau Japen

at Serui. Here is found a form of spicata with short petioles, medium-sized leaves,

a pubescent inflorescence axis, the young flowers pubescent outside and the fruits

130 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII (1975)

large and somewhat flattened on both sides. Some of these may have been named

H. pilifera Markgraf in certain herbaria and I had myself also named them pilifera

before I decided that they must go with spicata. Examples are bb Nos 30558;

30563 and 30595. This form is also common in Vogelkop, e.g. Pleyte 688 from

Sorong. Here also occurs at Serui and elsewhere a form of sepikensis with narrow

leaves, particularly long petioles, the two lines from petiole base to petiole base

well developed, the flowers glabrous and the inflorescence axis glabrous or with

very few hairs. Illustrative specimens are Aét & Idjan 389 and bb Nos 30376;

30617 and 30945. The specimens somewhat intermediate between them and spicata

but nearest to spicata also at Serui and in P. Japen are bb Nos 30428; 30429; 30547

and 30587. They have much smaller and narrower leaves than spicata; some are

elliptic and some are obovate but their petioles are short, keeping them in spicata.

They certainly have an appearance intermediate between that of the two forms.

Their dark twigs with the striations extending right up to the apex are like those

of sepikensis. Their pilose inflorescence axis and flowers are like those of spicata.

It seems to me therefore that these two forms are certainly crossing or interbreeding

and producing the somewhat intermediate form.

In Mios Waar Island there is a rather puzzling plant represented by Koster

BW Nos 1201; 1283 and 1295. From the leaves, their texture and colour on drying

it is obvious that only one taxon is involved. The leaves of 1295 as regards size

would pass for those of spicata yet those of the other. two numbers are smaller

and look like those sepikensis. The petioles unfortunately do not help very much

as most. of them are 1.5 cm long, the size where sepikensis begins and where

spicata ends. Others on Koster 1283 reach 2 cm long yet both that specimen and

1201 are surely spicata with smaller leaves than usual approaching sepikensis. The

inflorescence axis is short, simple or with a few branches. The glabrous male

flowers are small and fruit which might have helped is absent.

P. van Royen & Sleumer 6682 mentioned already is probably best placed in

spicata. It has leaves of spicata but with a rather short lamina, flowers of spicata

and twigs and petioles of sepikensis.

Thus we have had an insight into the nature of the relationship between

spicata and sepikensis and have seen that intermediates can occur. Sepikensis is

itself not a very well defined or clear-cut entity. There is a number of differences

between it and spicata but they are not very satisfactory or real, being mostly

size-differences. Species can arise from another in this way but I do not think

sepikensis has gone quite far enough along an evolutionary track to be a species.

The goal can be reached even with fewer differences but they must be of another

kind. The differences in sepikensis are more in the way of varietal differences. It

is easier to find characters in which the two resemble each other than ones in

which they differ. The resemblances are more numerous and satisfactory than

the differences also suggesting that sepikensis is a variety of spicata and not a

species distinct from it. We have also seen that certain features or morphological

trends present in sepikensis may be much more common or better developed in

spicata. The intermediates are all nearer to spicata than to sepikensis and would

thus seem to show that sepikensis is only a variety of spicata. Thus H. spicata var.

spicata X H. spicata var. sepikensis would be more easily achieved and more likely

to take place in nature than H. spicata X H. sepikensis.

By analogy I was thinking of certain species of Veronica in Europe which are

very Close to each other yet distinct, e.g. V. persica; polita; agrestis and hederifolia.

To my knowledge there are no intermediate specimens between them to. cause

Horsfieldia subalpina 131

trouble, yet one might expect that there would be since they are so near to each

other. Hence they must all be good distinct species. H. spicata and H. sepikensis

are also close to each other but there are intermediates between them. It is therefore

more likely that those two are not good species or rather that one of them, the

second, is not a good species being a variety of the other rather than a distinct

species.

A final point must be mentioned which has no connection with the above

arguments. In establishing H. sepikensis, Markgraf quotes several Ledermann species

which are now no longer in existence, these having been destroyed in Berlin.

Fortunately the isotype Ledermann 8016 with male flowers and several other

Ledermann sheets also in flower still exist in Singapore. They are a very uniform

lot of specimens, but I have had to remove Ledermann 7974 and Ledermann s.n.,

both fruiting paratypes and place them with H. polyantha, a species which has

rather similar but more globose fruits. Most of the Ledermann numbers destroyed

were in fruit so I do not know what their correct identity might have been. It is

quite possible that some of them were polyantha because Markgraf does not seem

to have understood that species properly having made it a synonym of tuberculata.

Horsfieldia subalpina J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 410.

Tree 12 m high. Twigs 4 mm thick in the apical parts, dark brown and

lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous, medium green and glossy above, paler beneath,

oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, slightly decurrent on to the petioles; length 18-23

cm; breadth 6-8 cm; petiole 1.8—-2 cm long and 3 mm thick. Male flowering pedicels

of the type material 2 mm long and not 20 mm as stated in original description.

Fruiting inflorescence 3-7 cm long. Fruit yellow, glabrous, subglobose, pericarp

hard, shrinking about | cm on drying, 4.5-5 cm long and 3.5-4 cm broad when

fresh (still not ripe), 3-4 cm long and 2.5—2.6 cm broad when dry; stalk (pedicel)

7 mm long and 3 mm thick.

MALAY PENINSULA

Perak. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 411. Fruiting material has been obtain-

ed recently by Md Shah.

PERAK:

Path from Speedy’s bungalow to Gunong Hijau about 4 mile above the bungalow,

Maxwell’s Hill, Md Shah 1096 (E, K, L, SING) fruiting.

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Malay Peninsula.

TYPE MATERIAL: Wray 467 (BM, CAL, K holotype, L) Gunong Batu Puteh,

Perak.

The above extra notes are taken from Md Shah 1096, fruiting material recently

collected from Maxwell’s Hill and agreeing best with H. subalpina. The original

description of subalpina in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 410 was based on material

with male flowers, namely Wray 467, fruit at that time being unknown. It was sug-

gested in the notes following the description that Kostermans 7414 from the Peak

of Balikpapan, East Borneo with a large 8 cm long fruit might be the same. This,

however, is not the case as I have now identified that specimen with H. valida. H.

subalpina is very close to glabra but differs in its larger fruit. The shape of the fruit

too is different, being neither ovoid nor ellipsoid as in glabra but subglobose. The

leaves are more coriaceous than those of the Malay Peninsula specimens of glabra

132 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

from Pahang, being about the same in texture as those of Kinabalu material. An-

other species rather similar to subalpina is kingii which has a fruit of about the

same size but of a different shape and with a persistent perianth. Its flowers, too,

are larger than those of subalpina.*

Horsfieldia subtilis (Miq.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 286 t.23 f.1-4; Markgraf

in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 152.

Basionym: Myristica subtilis Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 50;

Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 45; F.v. Miller, Descr. Notes on Pap.

PL, D107) 96.

Synonyms: H. aruensis Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 284 t.23 f.1-3; Markgraf in

Bot, Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 154 — syn. nov. H. lauterbachii Warb. Monog. Myrist, (1897)

285 +¢.23 f.1-2; K. Schumann & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. id. Siidsee

(1900) 324; Pulle in Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 635; Markgraf in J. Arn. Arb. 10, 2

(1929) 213 et in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 153 — syn. noy. Myristica aruensis (Warb.)

Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 nom. alt. H. globularia [non (Bl.) Warb.] K.

Schum. & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 324. H. ramuensis

Warb. in K. Schum. & Lauterbach. Nachtr. z. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. id. Siidsee

(1905) 266; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 153 pro syn. H. lauterbachii Warb.

H. nesophila [non (Miq.) Warb.] Pulle in Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 635.

Key to the varieties of Horsfieldia subtilis

1. Leaves (6)-10—-23-(28) cm long, average 16 cm long and 3-10.5 cm broad, average 6 cm

broad. Fruit globose or subglobose, not or seldom oblong, 1—1.2 cm long and 1-1.2 cm

broad (rarely 1.4 cm x 1.4 cm); pseudo-stalk absent or if present 0.8-1 mm, rarely 2 mm

long; ‘apiculus”absent'or 0:5—1 immi-loney. oo. sn h.. ee eae epee, mee var. subtilis

1. Leaves smaller, usually shorter and nearly always narrower. Fruit oblong; pseudo-stalk

present, longer; apiculus present or absent.

2. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, 9-13 cm long and 2-4.5 cm broad, average 3.5 cm

broad; venation on lower surface distinct. Fruit 1.4-1.5 cm long and 1 cm broad;

pseudo-stalk 3-4 mm long; apiculus 2 mm long and 2 mm broad ......... var. rostrata

2. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 4.5-15 cm long and 1.5-4 cm broad, average 3 cm broad;

venation on lower surface faint. Fruit 1.3 cm Jong and 1 cm broad; pseudo-stalk

3-5 mm long; apiculus mostly absent (in one case a slender 4 mm long beak) .........

aaa Wine daidisn turd dain eo ofa aio-e 016 chn:ocelkeee a ep ssenSic 3 is ATE TH RODE nets RTT, eee ca var. schlechteri

var. subtilis

Shrub or small tree 2-10 m high, usually 7 m. Bark dark greyish brown to

black, smooth and later becoming finely vertically striate, horizontally elongate

lenticels sometimes present, their shape more rounded towards the top of the tree;

sap red. Twigs glabrous, slender, 1-3 mm thick in the apical parts, medium or dark

grey often brownish grey, less often whitish ashy grey, finely longitudinally striate

becoming smoother towards the exrteme apex, glossy in parts, lenticels very few

and often absent. Leaves chartaceous or thinly chartaceous, rarely slightly coriaceous,

brittle and breaking in herbaria, dark glossy green above, paler and dull beneath,

drying a dark grey or a dark greyish or blackish brown, mostly blackish and dull

though portions here and there sometimes glossy, the lower surface the same colour

but paler with a slight suggestion of green, glabrous, of various shapes, narrowly

oblong with the sides parallel for part of the way, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, oblong-

elliptic, oblanceolate, rarely obovate, acute or acuminate at both ends, mostly

acuminate at the apex; midrib lying in a groove above, its flat or convex surface

Eye crt had meant to compare this with the type of H. glabra and to check against

H. kingii

Horsfieldia subtilis 133

broadening slightly towards the base where it joins the petiole; nerves 10-14 pairs,

mostly 12 pairs, obscure or invisible above, fine and slender beneath, leaving the

midrib at a wide angle, curving and interarching along with the secondary nerves

and scalariform reticulations usually in a pattern of double loops, sometimes the

pattern very distinct and at other times faint, more complex in appearance when

the reticulations and secondary nerves are numerous; length (6)—-10—23-(28) cm,

average 16 cm; breadth 3-10.5 cm, average 6 cm; petiole (5 mm)-1-1.5 cm long

average 1 cm long, and (1)—2-(3) mm thick, usually 2 mm, which inrolled at the

sides but not deeply channelled. Male inflorescence 3-8 cm long, the axis slender,

0.8 mm thick, glabrous, the main branches alternate, well spaced from each other in

an open lax diffuse panicle, very slender, 0.3 mm thick only, the ultimate ones

opposite or often dichotomous through the suppression of the terminal or one of

the laterals. Male flowers usually in threes at the extremities of the ultimate ramuli,

yellow or bright yellow, drying blackish to pale brown or straw-coloured, odourless,

slightly coriaceous or turgid, glabrous, rather smooth, flattened and laterally elongate,

turbinate (broadly obovate or obtriangular, the shape of an inverted triangle, with

the base directed towards the pedicel), bilobed and opening only along the length

of the broad convex apex, the aperture not extending down along the sides, 1.5-2 mm

long, average 2 mm long and 2-3 mm mostly in mature flowers; androecium 1-1.5

mm across, laterally compressed, anthers 8-10; pedicels 2-2 mm long, the average

being 2.5 mm long but sometimes 5—7 mm long in terminal flowers, very slender,

0.2 mm thick. Female inflorescence 3-8 cm Jong, also laxly branched as in the male

but slightly stouter, 1 mm thick. Female flowers like the male but not laterally

elongate, ovoid-ellipsoid or ovoid-globose, narrowing slightly at the apex into the

two lips of the perianth, 2-2.5 mm long and 2-2.5 mm broad, the aperture of the

perianth very small, not reaching 4-way down; ovary ovoid-globose, conforming to

the shape of the flower, glabrous 2 mm across; pedicels 3-6 mm long, rather slender,

0.5 mm thick. Fruit 2-6 or more, at first yellow, later orange, drying black, some-

times with a few minute scattered orange, pink or whitish spots or warts present

in the matt surface of the tissue, glabrous, globose, occasionally not quite globose,

being 1-2 mm longer than broad, but when young ovoid-globose and narrowed

towards the apex, that is subulate or mucronate, the style sometimes persisting as

a little 0.5-1 mm long mucro at maturity but often quite absent, a 0.5-1 mm long,

rarely 2 mm long pseudo-stalk present or not at the base, 1-1.2 cm long and 1-1.2

cm broad on the average, occasionally reaching 1.4 cm long and 1.4 cm broad in

the very largest fruits, the pericarp woody and not easily broken, about 1 mm thick;

stalk 0.5-1 cm long, 2 mm thick when young but slender only 1 mm thick at

maturity. Aril orange or bright-red. Seed greyish, 8-9 mm in diam.

NEW GUINEA

VOGELKOP (DUTCH WEST NEW GUINEA):

Ramoi, Beccari 302 as FI Acc. No 7614 (FI); Asbakin, Warsamson Valley, east of

Sorong, F.A.W. Schram BW12255 (L); Warsamson Valley, F.A.W. Schram

BW12422 (L); Kebar, Asiti, W. Vink BW11388 (L, SING); Sidei Bostuin (Forest

Garden) Tafelberg, Manokwari, Kalkman BW Nos 3517 (CANB, K, KEP, L, SING)

and 3518 (CANB, L); ditto, Koster BW4340 (K, KEP, L, SING) and ditto, CAr.

Versteegh BW4761 (K, L); near Dorei (Doré) Teijsmann 7588 (BO, K, L, SING);

Andai, Beccari 798 (FI); ditto Beccari Nos 524 as FI Acc. Nos 7612 (FI) 7612A

(FI); 7612B (FI) and 524bis as FI Acc. Nos 7613 (Fl), 7613A (FI) and 7613B (FI);

Mangoapi plateau near Manokwari, J.F.U. Zieck BW3262 (L); Sidai, about 65 miles

134 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

west of Manokwari, Koster BW6796 (K, L, SING); Kali Kamundan, bb21954 (BO);

Waren, 60 miles south of Manokwari, Kanehira & Hatusima 13216 (A, BO);

Warnapi, 15 km north of Ransiki, and 80 km south of Manokwari, Kostermans Nos

2802 (A, BO, L, PNH, SING); 2668 (A, BO, K, L, SING) 2686 (A, K, L); 4744

(A, BO, K, L); Warsuwi near Ransiki, south of Manokwari, Kostermans Nos 2670

(A, K, L) and 2903 (BO, L); Tanah Merah, north side of Lake Ajamaru, W. & M.

Vink BW15270 (L); Beriat, about 12 km south of Teminabuan, Kalkman BW6235

(K, L, SING); ditto, Schram BW6056 (K, L, SING) and Chr. Versteegh BW4942

(K, L); road from Steenkool to Temboeni, 200 m west of the road off km 8, P.v.

Royen Nos 3473 (CANB, K, L, PNH, SING); ditto, near to Temboeni at km 1.5,

hills east of the road, 3560 (CANB, K, L, NSW, PNH, UC) and side road at km

1.20, 4017 (K, KEP, L, SING); Tisa near Babo, Aet 2 (Exped. Lundquist) (A, BO,

K, L, SING); between Lake Yamoer and Wati, /jiri & Niimura Nos 53 (INS);

ditto, Wati, 585 (TNS) and 700 (TNS).

DutcH NortH NEw GUINEA:

S.L., Atasrip 63 also numbered 7/5 (BO, L); s.1., probably Nabire, R. Kanehira 1833

(NY); Nabire, Kanehira & Hatusima Nos 11461 (A, BO) and /1462 (A, BO);

Patema, 40 km inland from Nabire, Kanehira & Hatusima 12344 (A); Mamberamo,

F. de Bruyn 230 (BO); Albatros Bivak, Mamberamo, Docters van Leeuwen Nos

9/22 (A, BO, K, L) and 96/1 (A, BO, K, L, PNH); Pionier Bivak, H.J. Lam 770

(A, BO, K, L); van der Willigen River, Docters van Leeuwen 9698 (BO, K, L);

Rouffer River, Meervlakte Motor Bivak, Docters van Leeuwen Nos 9767 (BO, K, L);

11066 (A, BO, K, L) and 71067 (A, BO, K, L); Tami River, Hollandia, Gellerup

Nos T7 {(BO-W) and. 2735) (BOL):

DutTcH SOUTH NEW GUINEA:

Zippelius s.n. (BO, K, L, S, U) type material of M. subtilis, five sheets in Leiden

namely L Acc. Nos 908,133-609; 908,133-627; 908,133-647; 951,341-587 and

951 ,341-588; Sungei Siera (Si-era, also Djera or Jera) near Oeta, Aet 313 (L);

Aria near Oeta, Aet 382 (K, L); Lorentz River = Noord River, s.l. A. Pulle 25

(BO, L); Kloof Bivak, A. Pulle 1239 (BO, K, L); Noord River, G.M. Versteeg 1140

(BO, K, L, U); ditto near Alkmaar, Noord River, G.M. Versteeg Nos

‘1612 (A, BO, K,.L, SING, U); 1568 (BO, K, L, SING, U) and 18/4 (L); Noord

River, probably Alkmaar, von Rdémer 676 (L); Resirug, G.M. Versteeg 1689 (BO)

form approaching var. schlechteri; along Digul River near Koeweh (Kuweh), Chr.

Versteegh BW Nos 4834 (L) and 4837 (K, L, SING); path from Bot River to Lake

Wam in Merauke District, P. van Royen 4745 (CANB, K, L).

PAPUA:

Northern District:—Kokoda, Carr Nos 16164 (SING) and 16281 (SING); 2 km

north-east of Sangara homestead, about 10 km west of Popondetta, Hoogland &

Womersley 3245 (A, BM, BO, CANB, K, L, LAE, US); near Divinikoari Village,

Hoogland 3503 (A, BM, BO, CANB, G, K, L, LAE, US); between Horata &

Oitatandi Village about 1 km north-west of Horata, Hoogland & Womersley 3617

(A, CANB, L); about 1 km north of Kumoara Village, Tufi sub-district, Hoogland

4208 (A, CANB, K, L, LAE); near Budi Barracks, Tufi sub-district, Hoogland

4583 (A, BM, CANB, L, LAE).

Milne Bay District:—Modewa Bay, Modewa, Brass 28938 (A, K, L, LAE): north

Sagarai Valley, F.E. Henty N.G.F. 16847 (SING).

Horsfieldia subtilis 135

Central District:—near Maipa Village, Akaifu River, Kairuku sub-district, Darby-

shire 1024 (L, LAE); Kubuna, Brass 5668 (A, BO, BRI, NY); about 3 miles west

of Karema, Schodde 2590 (L, LAE); Brown River Forest Reserve, 20 miles east

of Port Moresby, McDonald 8232 (K, L, SING); Brown River, Maru Kumul

N.G.F. 13066 (L, SING); tributary of Laloki River, 2 miles east of Rouna, 7.G.

Hartley 10710 (L); Kanosia, Carr 11/545 (BM, CANB, K, L, SING); Veiya, Carr

11629 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, SING); Koitaki, Carr Nos 12575 (A, BM, K, L,

SING) and 12820 (SING); Sogeri-Sirinumu dam road, Rouna Falls, P. van Royen

N.G.F. 16068 (LAE); Sirinumu area, 7 miles south of Sogeri, Schodde 2910 (L,

LAE); Sogeri-Rouna Divide, about 2 miles west of Sogeri, Schodde 2968 (L, LAE);

Sirinumu, about 9 miles south-east of Sogeri, Schodde 3066 (L, LAE); Asia River,

Brass 1414 (A, BRI, K, P).

Gulf District:-—Omati, Womersley & Simmonds 5080 (A, BM, BO, BRI, CANB,

K, L, LAE, NSW, SING); north bank of Brown River, Kikori, Hart N.G.F. 4553

(A, BM, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE, NSW, PNH, SING, US).

Western District:—Oriomo Creek, mouth of Yakup Creek, 40 miles from the sea,

Womersley N.G.F. 17775 (L).

LANG):

Sepik District:—Yellow River near Sepik River, Womersley N.G.F. 3890 (A, BO,

BRI, K, L, LAE, NSW, SING).

Madang District:—near Josephstaal airstrip, Lower Ramu-Atitau Area, Pullen

1074 (BM, CANB, L); Josephstaal, Robbins 1601 (CANB).

Morobe District:—Finschhafen, Lauterbach 805 (BRSL); along Busu and Sankwep

Rivers, Hartley 11328 (L); Bumsi River, tributary of Busu River P. van Royen

N.G.F. 16075 (L, LAE, SING).

~ P. JAPEN:

Sei Arompaul near Serui, Aet & Idjan 554 (A, BO, K, L).

MISOGOL:

Tip, Pleyte 1006 (A, BO, K, L).

ARU ISLANDS: |

P. Wokam (Vokan), Beccari s.n. FI Acc. Nos 7622 (FI); 7622A (FI); 7622B (FI)

7622C (FI) and 7623 (FI); Papukula, H. Jensen (A, BO, C, L).

DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the lowlands of New Guinea; absent from the

central mountainous areas and districts and from many of the surrounding islands.

TYPE MATERIAL: Mpyristica subtilis Mig. Zippelius s.n. (BO, K, L, S, U) the

Leiden material consists of five sheets, already quoted under distributional head-

ing “Dutch South New Guinea’’, consisting of male flowers and fruits, probably

two different gatherings and therefore syntypes. H. aruensis Warb. Beccari s.n. Fl

Acc. Nos 7622 (FI) with male flowers; 7622A (FI) with female fiowers and fruit;

7622B (FI) with male flowers; 7622C (FI) sterile with leaves only, flowers and

fruit might have dropped off; 7623 (FI) female flowers and fruit. It would thus

seen that the type material has been collected from two trees so for this reason I

regard the separate sheets as syntypes. H. lauterbachii Warb., Lauterbach 805 (B

holotype burnt, BRSL) Finschhafen. H. ramuensis Warb., Rodatz & Klink Nos 20

(B) & 24 (B) Ramu, as syntypes, both destroyed.

136 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

ECOLOGY : On sandy and most often clayey soil in lowland primary rain forest,

and in old secondary growth, often near the coast or along river courses and

subject to seasonal inundation, sometimes on gentle slopes. In one case reported

from limestone at Tanah Merah on the north side of Lake Ajamaru. Usually from

sea level to 500 feet, about 153 m, and not often above that. The highest record

is 1,600 feet.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Airawikoepata (at Tiso near Babo); baiwach (Mai-

brat); boskomok (Oriomo); etsipa (Onjob at Koreaf); hamana (Orokaiva at Mumu-

ni); kKorua (Aisa River); mag (Daru); mangaifa (Mekeo at Maipa); njet (Kebar);

oara (Veiya); peh (Begie, Awjoe language); rengkeferek or renkeferek (Tehid);

roman (Waria); sieniedela (Mooi); torua (Baruga at Guruguru).

var. rostrata (Markgraf) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Horsfieldia rostrata Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 152.

Tree 10-12 m high. Leaves slightly coriaceous, or chartaceous, obovate or

oblanceolate, 9-13 cm long and 2-4.5 cm broad; nerves distinct beneath in a

single loop, 9-12 pairs. Female inflorescence and flowers glabrous. Fruit two aris-

ing together from a common peduncle which forks into two pedicels, oblong,

1.4-1.5 cm long and 1 cm broad, the apex in one fruit terminating in a stout blunt

apiculus 2 mm long and 2 mm broad (the apiculus in the other fruit represented

by a broad flat scar) the base ending in a 3-4 mm long pseudo-stalk; peduncle

7 mm long; the two slender divaricate pedicels 1 cm long not including the pseudo-

stalk, both peduncle and pedicels 1 mm thick.

NEW GUINEA

TNG::

Sepik District:—Etappenberg at 850 m in the mossy forest, Ledermann 8916

(SING).

DISTRIBUTION: This single record.

TYPE MATERIAL: Ledermann 8916 (B holotype burnt, SING).

If I had never heard of H. rostrata I should probably have included the above

specimen in subtilis. In fact I do not think I should ever have thought of it being

anything else for its diagnostic characters are already all present in subtilis but not

of course to the same degree of development. The present variety is known by the

combination of its slightly coriaceous leaves, the glabrous inflorescence, the oblong

fruit with a pseudo-stalk at the base and a small beak at the apex. I do not know

whether the beak is always present for on one of the fruits there is broad scar

in place of it. Now if we imagine that the beak and the pseudo-stalk of subtilis could

be lengthered by mm and that 2 mm could also be added to the length of the fruit

then we would have a specimen exactly like rostrata. As previously mentioned sub-

tilis often has a beak and a pseudo-stalk and though the fruit is usually globose,

there are some in which the length may be 1-2 mm longer than the breadth. The

leaves may be slightly coriaceous as well as chartaceous but subtilis does not usually

ascend as much as 850 m, the height at which rostrata was collected. A 2 mm

increase in the length of certain organs is not a very substantial one and the ques-

tion will arise whether it is enough to maintain var. rostrata distinct from var.

Horsfieldia subtilis 137

subtilis. A certain specimen of var. subtilis namely W. & M. Vink BW15270 from

limestone is the nearest approach to var. rostrata. It has small, slightly coriaceous

leaves, but the fruit is subglobose and not oblong and the beak and pseudo-stalk

a little shorter than in var. rostrata. I have thus considered rostrata as a variety

of subtilis but I cannot at present reduce it further from a single specimen only.

A job for the future will be to make several gatherings of this tree from the type

locality and surroundings and see whether the oblong fruit, pseudo-stalk and

apiculus are constant characters and if so one can maintain it as a variety of

subtilis.

var. schlechteri (Warb.) J. Sinclair, stat. nov.

Basionym: Horsfieldia schlechteri Warb. in Schumann & Lauterbach, Nachtr. z.

Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. id. Siidsee (1905) 267; Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2

(1935) 153.

Shrub or small tree 2-10 m high. Leaves chartaceous to slightly coriaceous,

narrowly elliptic, 4.5-15 cm long and 1.5-4 cm broad, average 3 cm broad; nerves

obscure or absent above, fine and slender beneath, tending to disappear in parts

and not showing the pattern of the loops and double loops. Male inflorescence 1-5

cm long, minutely and sparsely rusty or greyish puberulous as also are the pedicels

and sometimes the flowers, the branching mostly alternate or irregular with a

zig-zag appearance due to the suppression of some of the laterals especially if

they are dichotomous. Male flowers fewer, smaller and less elongate laterally than

in var. subtilis (but their size probably sometimes due to their immaturity), broadly

obovoid, 1.5 mm long and 1.5 mm broad, anthers 8-10; pedicels very slender,

2-3 mm long and 0.2 mm thick. Female inflorescence 2-3 cm long, unbranched

or with 1-3 very short branches. Female flowers ellipsoid, 2 mm long and 1.5-1.6

mm broad, ovary glabrous; pedicels slightly thicker than in the male, 2 mm long

and 0.5 mm thick. Fruit 1-2, oblong and obtuse at the apex mostly without an

apiculus (except Brass 722]) 1.3 cm long and 1 cm broad not including the basal

triangular pseudo-stalk; pseudo-stalk 3 mm long (in one case 5 mm long), 3 mm

broad at the base of the fruit and 1.5 mm at the pedicel end where it tapers off;

stalk (pedicel) 1-2 cm long and 0.8-1 mm thick.

NEW GUINEA

VOGELKOP (DUTCH WeEsT NEW GUINEA):

Fakfak (Pikpik on label) 5522228 (A).

DutcH NortH New GuINEA:

Albatros Bivak, Mamberamo, Docters van Leeuwen 11222 (A, BO, K, L, PNH):

Hollandia, Kalkman BW3681 (K, L, SING); Dok 5, Hollandia, H.A.v.d. Sijde BW

4064 (L); hills north of Hollandia, E. Meijer Drees 208 as bb25083 (A, BO, K,

L, SING); east of Tablasoefoe Village, Hollandia, van Royen & Sleumer 6455

(K, L, SING); Hamadi near Hollandia, F. Schram BW2900 (CANB, L); Cycloop

Mountains above Hollandia, Koster BW4307 (K, L, SING); ditto, v.d. Sijde BW

5522 (K, KEP, L, SING); southern slope of Makanoi Range, north of Kota-

nica, Cycloop Mts, van Royen & Sleumer 6219 (K, L, SING).

PAPUA:

Western District:—Palmer River, 2 miles below junction with Black River,

Brass 7221 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L).

138 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII (1975)

T.N.G.:

Sepik District:—Torricelli Range, Schlechter 14500 (BM, BO, BRSL, G, K, P);

Prince Alexander Range, south-east side of Mt Turu above Ambakanja Village,

Maprik sub-district, Wewak-Angorma Area, Pullen 1514 (CANB, L).

DISTRIBUTION: New Guinea as above. Seems to be commonest in the Hollandia

area and also in the adjacent Sepik District.

TYPE MATERIAL: Schlechter 14500 (B holotype burnt BM, BO, BRSL, G,

K, P) Torricelli Range, Sepik District.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Unfortunately none given. It would have been interest-

ing to see whether the local people distinguish it from H. subtilis.

Although close to subtilis schlechteri is a more distinct variety than rostrata.

It is distinguished from var. subtilis by the narrower elliptic leaves with fainter

venation beneath, the puberulous inflorescence, the hairs extending to the pedicels

and sometimes to the flowers, and by the oblong fruit with a longer pseudo-stalk.

The type material consists of male flowering specimens so we do not know what

kind of fruit the female plants in the type locality had. The pseudo-stalk is well

developed in most cases except in Kalkman BW3681 where it is short like that

of var. subtilis. However, the fact that there are only 1-2 fruits present here in the

infructescence might help to distinguish it from subtilis which has few to several

fruits. Brass 722] is unusual in having a 4 mm long apiculus to the fruit. The var.

schlechteri has no apiculus in the other specimens, but sometimes the 0.5—-1 mm -

long remains of the style may be seen at the apex of the fruit. Minor points of

difference are the puberulous male inflorescence with its fewer zig-zag branches

and probably the smaller male flowers. Those examined were slightly immature

so they may grow more yet.

As I have pointed out before in these studies on Myristicaceae the most suc-

cessful members in the family are the small trees or shrubs with smali or medium-

sized leaves and small fruits. Such a species is H. subtilis which has a wide distribu-

tion, some slight variation in the size of the leaves and in the pattern of venation,

and in the size of the fruit. This question of success and distribution becomes

more significant when we examine the case of the rather similar H. australiana.

The leaves are of the same size and very similar to those of H. subtilis. young

fruit is very similar, older fruit a little larger and heavier, however, but australiana

is a tall tree and not a shrub. Look at the result in its much more limited distri-

bution.

H. subtilis should be easily recognized from its small round fruits which dry

a black colour. They are so similar to those of schlechteri that I had to reduce

that species to a variety of subtilis. As will be seen, H. subtilis varies in the breadth

of its leaves, the larger and broader forms being named aruensis and lauterbachii

by Warburg. I have not seen H. ramuensis which was destroyed at Berlin but I

accept Markgraf’s view that it is a synonym of Jauterbachii and therefore subtilis.

The faintness or distinctness of the veins varies much in subtilis. Examples

of very faint veins are seen in var. schlechteri. There is one collection namely

Versteeg 1689 with narrow leaves like those of var. schlechteri, but I have kept it

in var. subtilis because the venation is very distinct. Also the fruit of Versteeg

1689 does not have the long characteristic pseudo-stalks but there is one 2 mm

long. Thus var. subtilis does at times tend to resemble its vars. schlechteri and

rostrata. The resemblance in the venation of all three is so great this being another

Horsfieldia sucosa 139

reason why I cannot regard them as distinct species. An example with distinct

veins, interarching at the margins is seen in var. rostrata. But in certain cases the

pattern of the veins and their interarching is most distinct, the primary veins, the

secondary ones and the reticulations all joining up and linking with each other

in double loops as in H. cruxmilitensis. This is one of the reasons why I think

the two may be related. The pattern is seldom as distinct as in cruxmilitensis for

there are in subtilis all grades between just single loops and double loops. The

loops may be present but some of the reticulations and secondary veins absent

so there is no point in giving a varietal name to leaves with dense venation. While

mentioning cruxmilitensis, another reason why I think the two may be related is

the fact that very young male flowers in subtilis are narrowly obovate and are

rather like the clavate ones of the other species. Mature flowers are of course

different.

As mentioned there is a very slight variation in the size of the fruit in subtilis.

The fruit is normally 1-1.2 cm long and 1—1.2 cm broad. We cannot always tell

from dried herbarium specimens whether the fruit is quite mature. The largest

fruits which I have seen in subtilis, specimens collected by Versteeg in Dutch

South New Guinea, measure 1.4 cm long and 1.4 cm broad. This is an increase

of 2 mm as compared with average sized fruits. For an increase of only 2 mm

I have not considered it worth while creating any special varietal name to cover

specimens with such fruits.

I do not think subtilis will be readily confused with spicata, but there are times

when spicata can resemble almost every other New Guinea species of Horsfieldia.

Subtilis lacks the two lines from petiole base to petiole base. This should help to

distinguish it from spicata and certain other species. The flowers are the same shape

as those of spicata but smaller and more laxly arranged on thinner, longer redicels.

Size for size and although smaller, their perianth tends to be more elongated

laterally than that of spicata or the other New Guinea species.

The student looking at Kalkman BW3517 would certainly say that the flowers

are laxly arranged. There is a word of caution, however, for young flower buds

as in Kostermans 2686 look very different, all bunched together on short pedicels

which have yet to elongate. One could easily go wrong here in a key which stresses

laxly arranged flowers as a character.

Finally there is one minor point. I have noticed that there are many com-

ments about the sweet fragrance of the flower H. spicata on collectors’ labels

but not a single word about that of our present species. I take the absence of

comments as meaning scentless.

Horsfieldia sucosa (King) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 322 excl. Wray 467;

Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 217 excl. King 4078; Ridley 9461 & Wray

467; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 58 excl. Ridley 9461 & Wray 467; Burk. Dict. 1

(1935) 1199; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 416 £.45 & pl. XITA.

Basionym: Myristica sucosa King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 301 pl.

172 excl. f.2-9 excl. King 4078 & Wray 467.

Twigs 4-6 mm thick in the apical parts. Petiole 3 mm thick. Male inflorescence

9-12 cm long with 2-3 successive orders of ramification, the lowermost main

branches of the first order 3-4 cm long. Male perianth very thin, drying dark brown

and dull, rough with a slightly reticulate surface, the margins of the teeth slightly

thickened; pedicels very slender, + mm thick. Fruit in the young stages sometimes

with a persistent perianth; stalk 3-4 mm thick. Seed 1.7-2 cm broad.

140 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

SUMATRA

RioUW ARCHIPELAGO:

Pulau (Bintang) Bintan, Tanjong Pinang, Teijsmann s.n. (BO, SING).

MALAY PENINSULA

Kedah, Penang, Perak, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca

and Singapore. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 418. There is now a first

record for JOHORE and a further record for Selangor.

SELANGOR:

Subang F.R., Kuala Selangor, F.C. Yong K.F.N. 94284 (K, KEP, SING).

JOHORE:

Cpt 69, Panti F.R. Kota Tinggi, Md Khalil bin Zukifli K.F.N. 104482 (KEP).

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

3rd_ Division:—Left bank of Rejang River, 10 km below Belaga near Belaga

airfield, M. Jacobs 5413 (CANB, G, K, L, SAR, SING).

4th Division:—Baram, Charles Hose Nos 29 (BM, K, PNH) and 86 (BM, K, P,

PNH).

BRUNEI:

Arboretum, Kampong Gana, Belait, Moksin bin A. Bakar SAR 1928 (KEP, SAR).

DISTRIBUTION: Malay Peninsula, Riouw Archipelago and Borneo (Sarawak

and Brunei).

TYPE MATERIAL: Mpyristica sucosa King, King Nos 4647 (CAL, G, K, L, UC)

and 10475 (CAL, K, UC) Perak and Maingay 1300 also numbered 2422 (CAL, K)

Malacca. As pointed out in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 418 two other numbers

cited by King have to be excluded. These are again King 4078 H. punctatifolia and

Wray 467 H. glabra (subalpina).

In Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 419 I gave a list of the differences between

this species and the closely related bracteosa. Having now seen more material I

have to point out that both species may have a persistent perianth in young fruiting

stages, the persistent perianth not being restricted only to bracteosa. Still there are

plenty of other characters available and I have noticed a new one that seems to

be reliable for separating male inflorescences of the two species. The male in-

florescence of bracteosa is much Jonger and more branched, producing 3-4 suc-

cessive orders of ramuli while the shorter one of sucosa has only 2-3 orders of

ramuli and is altogether a simpler structure. In fact the whole inflorescence of

sucosa is comparable on the same scale to a single lowermost branch of the first

order in bracteosa. There are other minor details in the differences between the

two species but these are rather trivial and will probably not be of much use in

separating the two. For example the flowers of sucosa are slightly thinner in texture

than those of bracteosa and on drying appear to be rougher because their veins

tend to show up in a reticulum against the thinner shrunken background of tissue

as also do the more thickened free edges of their perianth teenth. In the other

Horsfieldia superba 14]

species both the perianth and veins are equally coriaceous and we only see a smooth

surface. Fresh leaves of sucosa have the upper midrib slightly more raised than that

of bracteosa. Then again, although sucosa usually has more coriaceous leaves than

bracteosa, the former may at times have leaves equally thin in texture. The best

character for distinguishing leaves is the much longer petiole of sucosa and this

will be useful if breadth measurements of the two species tend to overlap. Also

in sucosa leaves tend to bunch at the apices of twigs.

Horsfieldia superba (Hk.f.et Th.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 295; Gamble, Mat.

Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 209; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 55; Corner, Wayside

Trees of Malaya 1 (1940 & 1952 editions) 476; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. 16 (1958)

393 £.36 & pl.XB.

Basionym: Myristica superba Hk.f.et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 162; A.DC. Prodr. 14,

1 (1856) 194; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1958) 62; Hk.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 105;

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 298 pl. 124bis, 125bis.

Twigs 5-7 mm —(1 cm) thick in the apical portions. Leaves drying a greyish

to medium brown above, often retaining some of their green colour, medium or dark

rusty brown beneath, both surfaces becoming dull and parchmentlike; petiole 5-7

mm thick. Male perianth obovoid to broadly obovoid or oblong in bud, 4-5 mm

broad; pedicels about 1 mm thick; androecium with a tri-radiate crack at the

apex. Fruit with a 4-5 mm thick stalk.

SUMATRA

WEST COAST:

Mid Sumatra without exact locality, Koorders 10383 (BO).

MALAY PENINSULA

Penang, Perak, Trengganu, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore and Singa-

pore. For list see Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 395. Since my revision of the Malay

Peninsula species there are now records for KEDAH and PAHANG.

KEDAH:

Pantai Mulik, Sow F.D. 34637 (KEP).

PAHANG:

King George V National Park, K.F.N. 78603 (KEP); ditto, Chegar Sireh, Michael

Wong, date 13th Oct. 1958 (KEP).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra and Malay Peninsula (in all states except three). I am

surprised to see only one record from Sumatra.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica superba Hk.f.et Th. Phillips s.n. (K holotype, LE)

Penang.

A few more details have been added to the description. The average length

of the leaves is about 42 cm and very few reach 70 cm. The tree can easily be

spotted at a distance in the forest by its large leaves with their brownish pubescent

undersurface. The oblong staminal column and the oblong or obovoid flowers are

probably sufficient characters to place it and its near ally fulva in a series of their

own. For discussion and key please see 34.

142 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 337 t.22 f.1-6; K.

Schumann & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. i.d. Siidsee (1900) 325; Gamble,

Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 222; Pulle in Nova Guinea, 8, 4 (Sept. 1912) 636;

Merr. Int. Rumph. (1917) 230; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 60; Heyne, Nutt.

Pl. 1 (1927) 637; White & Francis in Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 38 (1927) 229;

Markgraf in Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 149; Merr. in J. Arn. Arb. 19, 4 (28th Oct.

1938) 341.

Basionym: Myristica sylvestris Houtt. Nat. Hist. 2, 3 (1774) 340; Christmann &

Panzer, Pfl. Syst. 2 (1777) 326; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 193; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.

1(2), 1 (1858) 61 et Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1, 2 (1864) 207.

Synonyms: M. salicifolia Willd. in Roem. & Usteri, Mag. Bot. 3, 9 (1790) 26 et

Sp. Pl. (4th edit.) 4, 2 (1806) 871; Persoon, Synopsis Plant. 2 (1807) 635; Poiret in

Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. Bot. Suppl. 4, 1 = 12 (1816) 34; Sprengel, Linn. Syst.

Veg. (16th edit.) 3 (1826) 65; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Carey’s edit. (1832) 846 and reprint of

Car edit. (1874) 743.

M. pinnaeformis Zipp. (msc.) ex Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 49;

Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 45; F.v.Miiller, Descr. Notes on Pap.

Pl. 1, 5 (1877) 96; K. Schum. & Hollrung, Fl. Kais.-Wilhelmsl. (1889) 47; Warb.

in Bot. Jahrb. 13, 3 & 4 (1891) 308 excl. spec. Ralum. [spec. Ralum. i.e. M. pin-

naeformis (non Zipp. ex Mig.) Warb. = H. hellwigii (Warb.) Warb. var. hellwigit].

M. pendulina Hk£. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1890) 859; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3

(1891) 329 pl. 170; M. edulis F.v.Miiller in schedula; Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897)

342 sub. obs. pro syn.; Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb. var. villosa Warb. Monog.

Myrist. (1897) 341; K. Rechinger in Bot. und Zool. Ergebnisse (1907) 112 £.22 et

in Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Natw. Kl. 89 (1913) 554 excl. t.l £2b

quae est H. helwigii (H. ralumensis Warb.).

Pre Linnaean Names: Palala secunda; Palala Burong Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 9

(1741) 26 t.6 incl. f.A.

A large, handsome tree, 12-33 m high, average 20 m with whorls of long,

unbranched twigs forming little individual crowns at the ends of the branches; small

buttresses occasionally present in old trees. Bark 6 mm thick, dark brown or pinkish

brown, often discoloured with grey on the outside, reddish brown beneath the

weathered surface, shallowly and irregularly longitudinally furrowed and flaking

slightly when old; sap copious. Twigs in the innovations medium or dark brown-

tomentulose, rather smooth, hollow, terete or sometimes slightly compressed below

the tomentose terminal bud, 5 mm thick and soon increasing (occasionally only

2—4 mm thick in the apical regions of certain slender, very young twigs), the lines

from petiole base to petiole base normally absent, but occasionally a few faint ones

may be seen; older portions slightly pubescent, later glabrous, reddish brown to

greyish or blackish brown, sometimes faintly and distantly striate, 1 cm or slightly

more thick, lenticellate, the lenticels straw-coloured or pinkish; the total length of

such twigs from the terminal bud to where they join the older branches being about

1 m and up to 2 m in very robust ones. Leaves distichous and drooping, the oldest

ones having fallen and left oval petiole-scars on the lowermost third of the twigs,

chartaceous and brittle, coriaceous sometimes in fresh ones but not in dried, dark

green and glossy above, medium green beneath, drying pale shades of greenish

brown or yellowish brown above, less often medium brown, dull or sometimes

glossy, paler beneath and there densely to sparsely tomentose or even glabrous, the

hairs a medium rusty brown varying with age in amount, being sometimes present

Horsfieldia sylvestris 143

on both surfaces in very young leaves but soon disappearing from the upper and

slowly disappearing on the lower (? always), 0.5-(1) mm long, both stellate and

simple, both kinds falling without leaving marks; the lamina very narrowly oblong

with parallel sides (7-9 times longer than broad), the base mostly rounded, some-

times bluntly acute and often unequal-sided, the apex acuminate or acute; the midrib

flat and broad on the upper-surface where it joins the petiole; nerves (25)-30-40—(50)

pairs, average 40 pairs, (50 pairs reported by King but not seen by me), mostly

impressed above, prominent below, straight and nearly parallel or curving gradually

and leaving the midrib at an angle of 50-60°, but the angle varying, sometimes

oblique at 45° and occasionally at almost right angles, interarching about 5 mm

from the margins; reticulations numerous, fine and slender, sunk above but some-

times absent there, raised beneath, scalariform with an additional lax network of

small loops in the areas between the lines of anastomoses of the main veins and

the margins; length (16)—23-35-45 cm, average 35 cm long and probably reaching

50 cm (50 cm reported by King but not seen by me); breadth (2)—3.5—5.5—(9) cm,

average 5.5 cm; petiole very short, 2-5 mm long, rarely 7 mm iong, the lamina

sessile or almost sessile, decurrent on to the petiole, giving it a winged appearance,

its breadth 3-5 mm. Male inflorescence a bushy, much branched, spreading panicle

from 8-30 cm long and often 15 cm long, the main branches 5—7 cm long, alter-

nate, obliquely spreading, then horizontal, finally reflexing and thus obtaining a

maximum coverage spread, the axis slender, about 2 mm thick for most of its length

except the base and the extremities, terete or flattened, rusty-tomentose with dendroid

hairs, and bearing the flowers in closely packed clusters at the ends of its ultimate

ramuli; bracts ovate-lanceolate, tomentose, concave inside, arching over the clusters

of flowers and enveloping them, the exterior ones 7-8 mm long and falling first,

the inner ones 2-3 mm long. Male flowers very numerous, coriaceous, odourless

except when crushed, orange, drying reddish brown to purplish brown with a

glaucous bloom, narrowly obovoid (clavate), oblong-obovoid, less often oblong,

obtuse at the apex, some flattened or concave and irregularly angled along the

sides where they touch due to the pressure of being closely packed in bud, the

angles, swellings and irregularities slowly tending to even out during flowering but

the majority of them remaining, 2 mm long and + 1 mm broad, split down about

one third way by the two, rarely three lobes; staminal column cylindrical or clavate,

obtuse at the apex, 1.8 mm long, anthers 8-10, pollen pale yellow; pedicels glabrous

or with some hairs on the lower half, glabrous above the middle, angled due to

being tightly pressed against its neighbours in the flower-buds, slender, 1—1.5—-(2)

mm long and 3 mm thick. Female inflorescence 6-11 cm long, the branches alternate

and horizontally spreading, the lowermost 3 cm long, the upper 2 cm long, the

axis more rigid and less branched than the male, 3-4 mm thick. Female flowers

coriaceous, orange, drying dark brownish purple or blackish, ellipsoid, split down

41-way by the two lobes, 3-4 mm long and 3 mm broad, 5 mm long in fresh

material; ovary ovoid or oblong-ovoid, glabrous, 3 mm long and 2 mm broad;

pedicels adpressed-tomentose, 4 mm long and 1-1.5 mm thick. Fruit orange to red-

dish brown, drying blackish brown or more often reddish brown with a granulate

mat surface often with whitish incrustations, the remains of the fleshy pulp, oblong,

ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse or slightly acute at the apex, variable in size,

the variation probably due mostly to age, 3.5-5.6 cm long and 2.5-3 cm broad, the

pericarp glabrous, hard, 3-5 mm thick; stalk 0.5-1.3 cm long and 3 mm thick.

Aril red, dark red when dry with a few short fimbriations at the apex but these

entirely covering the seed. Seed oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad.

144 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

MOLUCCAS

S.L.:

Teijsmann & de Vriese, date 1859-1860 (M, P); de Vriese (M). These two are pro-

bably part of the other collections from Batjan and Buru, see below.

MOROTAI

Totodoku the following five: —Totodoku, Kostermans Nos 767 (BO, L) and 7831

(BO) a portion of H. parviflora is also mounted on the L duplicate of 767; Gunong

Baru, Tobelo, bb24561 (BO); Daruba, Tobelo, Totodoku, Kostermans 13 as bb33725

(BO, K, L, PNH, SING); Tobelo, Kostermans 251 as bb33921 (BO, K, L, PNH,

SING). Tiai, Kostermans 1685 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING); Gunong Sangowo,

Kostermans 1123 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING); west slopes of Gunong Sabatai, H.J.

Lam Nos 3463 (BO, L) and 3538 (BO, K, L).

HALMAHEIRA:

Tobelo, A. Lebengon, bb23749 (A, BO, L); Weda, Tiloppe, bb24864 (A, BO, L,

SING) and ditto, bb24879 (A, BO, L); Kampong Toliwang, Idjan & Mochtur 362

(K, L); Gunong Sembilan, D.R. Pleyte 379 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING).

TERNATE :

Toramadiahi, N. Laguna, bb3 (BO, L); ditto, Beguin 1400 (BO, L).

BATJAN:

S.L.:—Teijsmann 5893 (BO, PDA, U); Teijsmann & de Vriese 4706 (BP) the

number 4706 in pencil; Teijsmann & de Vriese 83 (L, U); de Vriese s.n. (BO, C, L,

MEL, U). Amasing, bb16468 (BO, L); Saoran, Domut, 5523187 (BO, L).

BurRu:

S.L.:—Riedel s.n. (K); Teijsmann Nos 1896 (U) and 5228 (U); Teijsmann s.n.

(K); Teijsmann & de Vriese 84 (L); Teijsmann & de Vriese s.n. date 1859-1860

(C, L); de Vriese 1857-1861 (BR, L, U). Balo-Balo, bb25176 (A, BO, L) and

ditto, bb25180 (BO, K, SING).

CERAM:

S.L., Teijsmann & de Vriese s.n. (K, L); de Vriese s.n. (A, K), Kairatu, Gemba,

west Ceram, Kuswata & Soepadmo 3 (K, L, SING); Kiandarat, east Ceram,

bb25825 (A, BO, L); Gunong Kilia, Kiandarat, P. Buwalda 5628 (A, BO, K, L).

AMBON:

S.L. de Fretes 5747 (BO, U) and de Fretes s.n. (K) probably all one collection;

Hutumuri, Teijsmann 1978 (BO, U); probably Hutumuri, Teijsmann & de Vriese

s.n. (L); Hina Niwel, J.G. Boerlage 506 (BO); Waai, P. Buwalda 636 as bb2598]

(A, BO, L, SING); kampong Waai, P. Buwalda 6112 (BO, K, L); Hitoe messen,

C.B. Robinson 235 (BO, K, L, P, US) as palala secunda.

BANDA:

Christopher Smith (Herb. Roxb.) s.n. (BR, G).

Kal ISLANDS:

Jaheri Nos 86 (BO) and 7/0 (L).

Horsfieldia sylvestris 145

NEW GUINEA

VoGceLkop (DuTcCH WEST NEw GUINEA):

Sorong (Soron), Beccari s.n. as FI Acc Nos 7727 (Fl) and 7729 (FI); Klamono,

Pleyte 686 (A, K, L, SING); Warsamson River, + 25 km east of Sorong, F.A.W.

Shram BW Nos 2948 (L); 2950 (L) and 5923 (L); Sausapor, Ch. Versteegh BW

3985 (L); Sidei (also Sidai), G. Iwanggin BW5844 (L, SING); ditto Sidei, + 60 km

west of Manokwari, Koster BW 4446 (L) and ditto + 65 km west, Koster BW4460

(L); Sidei, Shram BW Nos 1733 (CANB, L); 1735 (L); 1754 (L) and 1766 (CANB,

_ L); Maseni, near Manokwari, Schram BW1812 (CANB, L); Pami, 65/5901 (BO,

L); valley of the Lower Pami River, + 5 km north of Manokwari, Koster BW

4369 (L); Andai, Beccari 696 as FI Acc. No 7728 (FI); between Andai and Bivac

2, Tuyama 19]2 (RINR) Arfai, Mangold BW Nos 2207 (CANB, K, KEP, L,

SING); 2208 (BR, CANB, K, KEP, L, SING); 2209 (CANB, K, L); 2270 (CANB,

L); 2211] (CANB, K, L) and 2227 (CANB, L); Prafi, Koster BW343 (L); ditto,

Schram BW Nos 498 (L); 533 (L) and 536 {L); Oransbari, south of Manokwari, A.

Brouwer BW2535 (L); Oransbari, Mangold BW2131 (CANB, L); ditto, Schram

BW Nos 1838 (CANB, L) and 1839 (CANB, K, KEP, L); Warnapi, 15 km north

of Ransiki, south of Manokwari, Kostermans Nos 2652 as bb33664 (BO, L) and

Kostermans 2669 (A, K, L); Ransiki, Koster BW Nos 1151 (CANB, L); ditto,

Kostermans 128 as bb33355 (BO, L); Momi, south of Manokwari, Kostermans 201

as bb33414 (BO, K, L, PNH, SING) and ditto, K. Yasutake 14 (BO); Beriat, +

12 km south of Teminabuan, Schram BW6002 (L); Inanwatan, Muturi, 5b32682

(BO, L); Fak-Fak, bb22268 (A, BO, L); Adi Island, Fak-Fak, G.T. Iwanggin

BW10160 (L); Mangera, 5522532 (BO, L).

DutTcH NorTtTH NEW GUINEA:

Nabire, Geelvink Bay, R. Kanehira & S. Hatusima 11457 (A, BO, RINR); Dall-

man, 7. Inokuma & K. Hara 445-1—-2 (TOFO); Mamberamo River near Scholte

Island, Ch. Versteegh BW24 (BO, CANB, L); Hollandia — Sentani Road P. van

Royen & H. Sleumer 6193 (L); road from Binnem, Hollandia to Lake Sentani,

P. van Royen 4510 (K, L); Sentanimeer, H.A.v.d. Sijde BW 4089 (K, L); Bivak,

Hollandia, Gjellerup Nos 180 (BO, K, L, U) and 407 (BO, K, L, U); mouth of the

Tami River, Schram BW Nos 2687 (CANB, L) and Westerhuis BW5413 (L).

DutcH SouTH NEW GUINEA:

S.L. Zippelius s.n. (L) three sheets numbered /80 and one as 72. Most probably

from Dutch South N.G., but if not then from Triton Bay which is just a short

distance due north of it; Sungei Aendua near Oeta, Aet 487 (BO, L); ditto, also

spelling S. Aindua, Mimika, 5532913 as Lundquist 194 (BO); Erma, Asmat region,

B. Nautje BW6539 (L).

PAPUA:

Northern District:—Veimauri, C.E. Lane-Poole 22 (BRI).

Central District:—c. 2 miles north of Maipa Village, Kairuku Subdistrict, P.J/.

Darbyshire 908 (LAE); Brown River Forest Reserve, about 20 miles east of Port

Moresby, F. Coppack & E. Gray N.G.F. 7153 (A, BO, BRI, CANB, K, L, LAE,

NSW, SING); ditto, G.J. McDonald N.G.F. 8214 (BM, K, L, SING).

Western District:—Palmer River, 2 miles below junction of Black River, Brass

7068 (A, BM, BO, BRI, L, LAE); Fly River, d’ Albertis, date 1876, Herb. Beccari

s.n. as FI Acc. Nos 7724 (Fl); 7725 (FI) and 7726 (FI); ditto, Herb. von Miller.

146 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

d’ Albertis 8 (MEL) this will be a duplicate of one of the above collections;

Katow River near Fly River, Herb. von Miiller, d’ Albertis 11 (MEL) as M. edulis

v. Miiller, Msc. ined. This could also be a duplicate of one of the above FI Acc.

Nos in the Beccari herbarium; Oriomo River, E. Gray & K.J. White N.G.F. 10353

(CANB, K, LAE) and ditto, A.J. Hart N.G.F. 5007 (A, BM, BO, BRI, CANB,

K, L, LAE, PNH, NSW, SING).

T.N.G.:

Sepik District:—August River, Hollrung 741 (B burnt, BO); Karosomeri River,

Womersley N.G.F. 3694 (A, BRI, CANB, K, LAE); Garamambu, Womersley

N.G.F. 3743 (A, CANB, BRI, K, LAE).

Madang District:—Josephstaal, K.J. White N.G.F. 10262 (SING); Lower Ramu-

Atitau Area, J.C. Saunders 920 (CANB, L, LAE); near Usino Village, Ramu

Valley, Hoogland 5021 (A, BM, CANB, K, L, US); Hatzfeldthafen, Warburg

20708 (A, B burnt) one of the syntypes of var. villosa Warb.

P. JAPEN:

Serui or near Serui:—Wasabori, Aet & Idjan 396, Exped. L.J. van Dijk (A, BO,

K, L, SING); Hirong near Serui, Aet & Idjan 749, Exped. L.J. van Dijk (BO, K,

L); Mariarottu, bb30393 (A, BO, L); the remainder all Serui, bb Nos 30272 (A,

BO, L); 6630570 (A, BO, L, SING); bb30748 (A, BO, L) and bb30811 (A, BO, L).

NoeMrFoor: N.G.F. 304 (LAE); Namber, Ch. Koster BW1009 (L).

ISLANDS NEAR THE COAST IN GLEEVINK Bay:

Meos Waar Island, Ransiki District, Koster BW1280 (BO, CANB, K, L).

SALAWATI:

Kaloal, Koster BM Nos 1366 (CANB, L) and 1/433 (CANB, L).

ARU ISLANDS:

P. Kobroor, Dosinamaloe, Buwalda 249 as bb25282 (BO, L, SING); ditto, Buwalda

4994 (A, BO, K, L).

CULTIVATED: Botanic Gardens, Singapore:—Canitley s.n. 6th March 1886 (A,

K, CAL) ex Buru, female, type of H. pendulina Hk.f. The following are all from

the same tree as the type of pendulina:—-Lawn C, C.X. Furtado, Gardens’ No 57

(SING, UC, US); ditto, Furtado 34863 (BRI, K, L, SING); ditto, Ridley 186 (CAL,

K, SING).

Hort Bogor:—Beccari s.n. as FI Acc. No 7637 (FI); Forbes Nos 1155A (BM) and

1218C (A, BM, FI, G, L, P, SING); 1VH39, Sutrisno 66 (K, KEP, L, P, SING)

origin Ambon; /VH71a, sine coll. (BO) and 1VH71b, sine coll. (BO) origin for 7la

& 71b is supposed to be Manado, Celebes, but it is not native in Celebes; 1VH71Ja,

Rastini 90 (L, SING); Teijsmann s.n. (L, MEL) as var. minor Miq. ined.; the

origin is supposed to be Sumatra, but it is not native there.

DISTRIBUTION: Moluccas, widely distributed in most of the 18 geographical

units. New Guinea including the Aru Islands, Salawati, P. Japen, Noemfoor and

other islands in Geelvink Bay but apparently absent from the Morobe District

and most of the south-eastern part. Does not occur in New Britain or the

Solomons. ,

TYPE MATERIAL: See at the beginning of the ‘‘Notes’’ further on.

Horsfieldia sylvestris 147

ECOLOGY: Primary forest on sandy or clayey soil in flat or slightly undulating

country, especially common on the coastal plains of Vogelkop. Flowering records

for most months of the year but June to October is the best time, August being

the peak month. Fruiting from April to October, the majority of records being in

October. Some trees may have flowers and fruits present simultaneously.

VERNACULAR NAMES: Moluccas:—Aoe-aoe, also spelling au-au (Ternate);

berahau (Buru); buah rao (Weda, South Halmaheira); cottreman (Ambon from

Rumphius); hoela ma goetoe (Tidore); kokoe moetoe, also spelling kKokumutu (G.

Sabatai, Morotai); kokoe moetoekoe (Tobelo, North Halmaheira); kotomutu (G.

Sabatai, Morotai); kolema (Galelareesch, Morotai); kolemana (Tobelo, Morotai)

loeri ma tokoe (Gal., North Halmaheira); Jogreman (Buru); longen (Weda, South

Halmaheira); mandaja (Batjan); pala hutan; palala ala manay or ala manay; palala

burong (Indonesian or Malay, Ambon); safon (Alfursch, East Ceram).

New Guinea:—Aimakohar; amakuhar (Ambai at Serui); angrau (Sidei); baa (Sko

at Tami); bomsij; spelling also bomsy, the most general name in use over a wide

area but it stands for other Myristicaceae as well, see M. tubiflora (Manikiong

language at Salawati, Arfai, Prafi, Manokwari, Oransbari and Meos Waar); ekom

(Asmat); gwoe (Mooi); hieka (Atam at Momi and Warnapi, also Manikiong lang.);

hoddjai (Manikiong); kamori; kamorimbo (Ambai at Serui); kKawo (Noemfoor);

kawoh; kawoi (Bosnieh at Serui); Jaar (Aru Islands); lages or more commonly

lagis (Mooi at Warsamson River); Jagies (Karoon at Sausapor); mabranghu (Atam

at Ransiki); makuari (Jense at Inawatan); manaya (Mekeo at Maipa); menggok

(Tehid at Beriat); mouof (Arfak at Sidei); pak (Sko at Tami River); sambawoi

(Biak lang. at Adi Island); samgot; soemat (Amberbaken at Sidei); tombok (Fak-

fak).

USES: The wood is heavy and easily worked but not very durable (according to

Rumphius). Some use has been made of it as a timber for house-building (War-

burg). The midly acid and slightly astringent succulent part of the fruit is one of

the ingredients of a fish dish prepared by the inhabitants of Buru and the Aru

Islands. The manuscript name of M. edulis F. von Miller suggests some similar

use by the people of the Western District of New Guinea (Warburg). According

to Rumphius the fruits are eaten by birds such as pigeons and parrots, and the

nuts are apparently swallowed whole.

Notes on the type material now follow.

Myristica sylvestris Houtt. No type sheets preserved but Houttyn had material in

front of him when he described it as he says “From my twig, as in mine, my

branch, van myn Takje, etc.’’ He refers to Palala Burong of Rumphius in Herb.

Amb. 2 ch. 9 (1741) 26 t.6 incl. f.A. Rumphius gives the type locality as in insulis

amboinensibus and mentions Ambon, Buru and Ternate. His plate, though

recognizable, is not a good one.

Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb. var. villosa Warb., Beccari 696 as FI Acc.

No 7728 (FI) Andai, syntype; Warburg 20708 (A, B burnt) Hatzfeldthafen, also

syntype.

M. pendulina Hk.f., Cantley s.n. 6th March 1886 (A, K holotype, CAL) Lawn C,

Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Female tree, origin Buru. The tree is still in existence

as I write these notes. The other Singapore specimens quoted under CULTIVATED

are all from this same tree, but were collected at different dates. M. edulis F.v.

Miiller, d’ Albertis 1] (B burnt, MEL) Katow River near Fly River. Warburg did

148 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

not publish this manuscript name as a synonym of H. sylvestris but only mentioned

it in his notes after that species. He was not sure of it being absolutely identical

with sylvestris. Since he did not actually publish it as a synonym I have left out

the word ‘‘ex” in the circumscription, i.e. I have not put M. edulis F.v. Miiller

ex Warb. but simply M. edulis F.v. Miiller in schedula.

M. pinnaeformis Miq., Zippelius s.n. (L) three sheets numbered /80 and one as 72

but these numbers are probably not the collector’s numbers. The locality is most

probably from Dutch South New Guinea, but if not, then they must surely be

from Triton Bay which is just a short distance to the north. The specimens appear

to be all one gathering from a single tree.

Many a time I have, while walking in the Singapore Botanic Gardens, paused

and looked up to admire the simple, but majestic dignity of this fine tree, a true

aristocrat in the genus Horsfieldia. The many vernacular names testify that it has

come into the lives of the ordinary people of New Guinea and the Moluccas and

that they took notice of it long ago even before the days of Houttyn and Rumphius.

It deserves a place in our lives also and I should like to see it established as an

ornamental tree in Singapore and Malaya. It will probably need, as most Myristi-

caceae do, careful nurture and shelter from too fierce a sun in the early tender

stages of its growth. My former colleague John Wyatt-Smith was also impressed

with it, and just before he left Malaya, was trying to get seeds from New Guinea

for trial plantings.

The long unbranched twigs of H. sylvestris bear distichous leaves in their

upper two thirds, those of the lower third having fallen, leaving only their petiole

scars. At a distance such twigs very much resemble compound leaves with pinnate

leaflets. H. irya has similar leaves in two ranks but they are smaller with the petioles

more slender. In the distance and in silhouette against the sky-line or background

the crowns and more especially the lesser individual crowns or whorled clusters

of branchlets of the two species are noticeably similar except for size, those of

irya being smaller because of its smaller leaves.

Variation in sylvestris is rather slight and I do not think it calls for any

further subdivision of this species into subspecies or varieties. Had its range of

distribution extended to the southern tip of New Guinea we might have got greater

variation. The forms of a species growing in the Moluccas often seem to be similar

to those of the same one in Vogelkop. There are sometimes greater differences

between a plant in Vogelkop and its forms in Milne Bay District. But I have no

idea in what percentage of cases the above statements apply. Concerning the varia-

tion that does occur in sylvestris, there is some difference in the size of the leaves

and in the amount of tomentum on their lower surface. There is some variation

also in the size of the fruit. Rumphius and Houttyn say that the leaves are two

spans in length. I picked up a number of fallen ones from the type tree of M.

pendulina in the Singapore Botanic Gardens. They were indeed just two spans

of my hand. Some herbarium specimens have leaves only one span long while others

are longer than two. I think King’s measurement of 50 cm long for the leaves is

too high.

There are specimens with a much denser coating of hairs on the lower surface

of the leaves than those of Warburg’s var. villosa. In fact there was no need for

him to have created this variety, since the type, according to Houttyn, was woolly

beneath; so also were the specimens described by Rumphius and Willdenow. The

latter refers to his salicifolia as having the lower surface of the leaves tomentose

Horsfieldia tomentosa 149

and the veins rufous-villose. There are, of course, forms that are nearly glabrous,

e.g. some specimens from Buru, but it is very difficult in the herbarium to tell which

specimens were initially almost glabrous because the tomentum is dense in young

leaves and later becomes gradually less in older ones. Markgraf and the authors

after Warburg including myself have not recognized the var. villosa.

H. sylvestris should be easy to distinguish from its congeners though I myself at

the beginning of my studies have mistaken some sterile sheets of it for H. Aellwigii

var. pulverulenta. It is not ordinarily confused with H. hellwigii which usually has

elliptic leaves and a slightly longer petiole, but when the lamina becomes narrowly

oblong as in some forms of var. hellwigii and in most forms of var. pulverulenta

then there may be some danger of a mix up; but when one is properly acquainted

with the diagnostic characters of var. pulverulenta there should be no difficulty. In

comparison with the latter, sylvestris has thinner leaves, the shape regularly narrow-

oblong, the size on a twig uniform (no small elliptic ones mixed with the large ones

as is often the case in var. pulverulenta). the petiole shorter, though not always, the

reticulations with a narrower mesh and more numerous marginal loops, and the soft

hairs on the lower surface of the leaf a medium brown often with a reddish tinge,

not dark brown, and not leaving harsh persistent stellate stumps. The presence or

absence of these harsh stellate hairs dotted all over the undersurface and giving

it a rough touch is by far the best and most decisive character for naming sterile

material. It should also be pointed out that it is only the densely hairy forms of

sylvestris that are likely to be mistaken for var. pulverulenta, and that a hand-lens

is required for examination of the stellate hairs.

There should be no difficulty with flowering material where the much more

densely clustered and more numerous male flowers of sylvestris are elongate and

not globose or subglobose as in hellwigii and its varieties. The female ones are also

more elongate than those of hellwigii being elliptic as against the subglobose or

ovoid-globose ones of hellwigii.

Horsfieldia tomentosa Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 302; Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 212; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 56; Burk. Dict. 1 (1935) 1199;

Merrill, ““New Sumatran Plants IV” in Papers Mich. Acad. Sc. Arts and Letters

24, 1 for 1938 (1939) 71; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 403 £.40.

Basionym: Myristica tomentosa Hk.f. & Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 161 non Thb. (1782)

nec (non Thb.) Auctt.: Bl., Graham, Thwaites; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 204;

Migq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 68; Hk.f. FI. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 105; King in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 301 pl. 129.

Synonyms: ‘‘Myristicea?” (sphalmate Myristica) Wall. Cat. (1849) No: 9025.

Bark greyish brown, longitudinally striate. Twigs 2-3 mm thick in the apical

parts. Leaves mostly acute at the base, less often rounded; petiole 1.5-3 mm thick.

THAILAND

PENINSULAR DIVISION:

Kao Toi, Phang Nga, Kerr 17252 (K); Kantang, Trang, Kerr 17482 (BK, K).

SUMATRA

EAST COAST:

Silo Maradja, Asahan, Rahmat Si Toroes 801 (S, SING, UC); vicinity of Rantau

Parapat, Bilia, Rahmat Si Toroes 2242 (A, NY, SING, UC, US).

150 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

MALAY PENINSULA:

Kedah, Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca and Singapore. For list see Gard.

Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 403. There are now first records for KELANTAN and

JOHORE.

KELANTAN:

Batu Pintu, Bertam, Ulu Kelantan, UNESCO 159 (K, SING).

JOHORE:

Forest off 43 milestone (west side) Kota Tinggi-Mersing Road, Sinclair 10158 (A,

E, K, L, M, NY, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: Peninsular Siam, Sumatra (East Coast) and Malaya as above.

It is not found in Borneo where it is replaced by H. motleyi and paucinervis.

TYPE MATERIAL: Myristica tomentosa Hk.f.et Th. Wall. Cat. 9025 cited in

Wall. Cat. as Myristicea? (error for Myristica!) (BM, CAL, G Prodr., K holotype,

SING) Porter, Penang.

The leaves are thin in texture and dry a blackish brown above and a rusty

brown or dark brown with a slight yellowish tinge below. It is nearest to motleyi

and paucinervis. For differences see the notes under these species and pp. 29-30.

In Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 403 under the citation of literature for H.

tomentosa, I added “‘Myristica horsfieldia Wall. Cat. 6806 pro parte’. It is better

that this should be deleted. In the Wall. Cat. this number is cited as ““M. horsfieldia

BI.? Singapore 1822” and is stated to be a mixture which it certainly is. It is not

the true M. horsfieldia of Blume, now a synonym of H. iryaghedhi and none of the

two sheets in the separate Wallich collection in Kew have any specimens which I

can identify with tomentosa. It could be that Warburg, who also cites M. horsfieldia

Wall. Cat. 6806 p.p. under tomentosa, did see a portion of this species mounted on

a Sheet of 6806 in some other herbarium. One of the Kew sheets of 6806 in the

special collection consists of H. crassifolia and wallichii while the second has

crassifolia and polyspherula var. polyspherula mounted on it. It is unlikely, anyway,

that a duplicate elsewhere could be tomentosa from Singapore. I have never see this

species in Singapore myself. It is possible that the only record Cantley 30 (K) from

Singapore could be from Malacca instead.

Horsfieldia valida (Mig.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 349; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. 1

(1927) 638 S51. |

Basionym: Myristica valida Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 67 et Suppl. 1 (1860)

156. ,

Synonyms: M. costulata Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 48 — syn.

nov. H. costulata (Mig.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 350 — syn. nov. H. pachy-

thyrsa Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 618 tres syntypi Koorders Nos 18156; 18158

et 18170 — syn. nov. H. crassithyrsa Warb. ex Koorders, Fl. van N.O. Celebes in

Med. Lands Pl. Tuin. 19. (1898) 570 sine descr. nomen nudum, quoad syntypos

Koorders Nos 18156 et 18170. H. minahassae [non (Warb.) Koorders] Koorders,

Fl. van N.O. Celebes etc. (1898) 570 pro parte quoad Koorders 18158 M. crassi-

thyrsa (Warb. ex Koorders) Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 87 nomen alt.

M. pachythyrsa (Warb.) Boerl. lc. (1900) 86 nomen alt. M. minahassae (Watb.

ex Koorders) Boerl. l.c. (1900) 87 pro parte, nomen alt. H. confertifiora Merr. in

Phil. J. Sc. C. Bot. 13, 5 (1918) 285 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 182 — syn. nov.

Horsfieldia valida 151

H. megacarpa Merr. in Phil. J. Sc. C. Bot. 13, 5 (1918) 286 et En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2

(1923) 182 — syn. nov. H. villamilii Elmer ex Merr. En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 182

in obs. pro syn. H. megacarpa Merr et nomen nudum. H. vulcanica Elmer (in

sched.) ex Merr. En. Phil. Fl. Pi. 2 (1923) 182 in obs. pro syn. H. ardisiifolia et

nomen nudum, see note: Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 10, 136 (1939) 3808 pro syn.

H. ardisiifolia.

Tree 12-28 m high with bole 20-50 cm in diam. and buttresses sometimes

present in very large trees. Bark medium brown, rough, longitudinally furrowed;

sap red, copious. Twigs puberulous to pubescent, blackish, conspicuously lenticel-

late and (3)-5-(8) mm thick in the apical parts, becoming glabrous, longitudinally

striate and medium grey in the older parts. Leaves variable in texture, chartaceous

to coriaceous, but at high altitudes sometimes rigidly coriaceous, yet brittle in

herbaria, glabrous or with a pubescence on the petioles and the midrib, the lower

midrib more pubescent than the upper, the lamina when fresh medium green above,

paler beneath and glossy on both surfaces, when dry blackish brown above,

medium or dark brown beneath, less often (when not dried by heat) retaining a

slight yellowish green tinge on both surfaces, oblong-elliptic but also oblong-

obovate, widest above the middle and gradually narrowed down to the acute base,

decurrent slightly on the petiole, the apex acute or broad, rounded and then acute

or obtuse; nerves 18-25 pairs, average 20 pairs, raised and prominent on both

surfaces, straight, oblique, parallel, equidistant and with distinct interarching;

reticulations absent above, sometimes present beneath in thin leaves; length 18-35

cm; breadth 7-13 cm; petiole short in proportion to lamina, 5 mm-—1 cm long and

3-4 mm thick. Male inflorescence rusty-stellate-pubescent or tomentulose, 25 cm

long, the lowermost branches 5-9 cm long, the flowers much conferted at the ends

of the ultimate ramuli, the clustered appearance enhanced because of the very

short flowering pedicels; bracts 1-8 mm long, densely rusty-tomentose, the largest

ones like bud scales, enclosing the whole inflorescence. Male flowers yellow,

coriaceous (less coriaceous in the Philippine ones) subglobose or flattened laterally

in bud, 2 mm long and 2-(3) mm wide (the Philippine ones slightly smaller, 1.5

mm long and 1.5-1.8 mm broad) perianth segments broadly ovate, acute at the

apex, reaching down about ?-way, diverging at the apex and often not touching

each other along their thickened, sharply angled free edges; androecium a sub-

globose mass of 10-12 anthers, 1-1.8 mm in diam. and 1 mm high, much de-

pressed in the centre, entire or less often faintly 3-lobed with the impression of the

perianth segments; pedicels terete (angled in specimens from higher altitude), very

short, 0.3-1 mm long, rarely 2 mm long. Female inflorescence rusty-tomentulose, 3

cm long with very few, short, thick, 5S mm -—1 cm long branchlets or tubercles, the

flowers also clustered somewhat. Fernale flowers (immature) coriaceous, ovoid-

globose, 2.5—3 mm long and 2.5—2.8 mm broad, split down half way into the seg-

ments, the edges of which are much thickened as in the male; avary ovoid,

glabrous, 2 mm broad: pedicels very stout, 1.5 mm long and 1.5 mm thick. Fruit

orange, glabrous, oblong, strongly ridged along the line of dehiscence, very large,

when dry 7-9 cm long and 7 cm broad, when fresh 10 cm long and 8-8.5 cm broad,

the pericarp very thick, pinkish on the inside, perianth not usually persisting in fruit

(always?); stalk 1-2 cm long and 8 mm-1 cm thick. Aril orange.

CHINA

YUNNAN:

Szemeo Mts, Henry Nos 12234 (K) and 13532 (K).

152 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

SUMATRA

WEST COAST:

Batang Barus, Teijsmann 479 (BO, U); Mt Sago near Pajakumbuh, forest in ravine

above Padang Mengatas, Maradjo 449 (CANB, L, SING); Taram east of Paja-

kumbuh, region of River Tjampo, W. Meijer 6776 (L); Agam, Sungei Dareh, Batas

Tjoeli, S.W.K./1I 25 (BO).

East COAST:

Bandar Baru, east of Sibajak, Sibolangit, Lorzing Nos 5896 (BO, L, SING) and

10192 (BO); Mt Sibajak, Lérzing 15557 (K, L); Batuloteng, Afd. Simelungun,

bb2918 (BO, SING).

PALEMBANG:

Rawas, Dumas 1649 (BO, L, SING).

BORNEO

WEST BORNEO:

Mt Amai Ambit, Central Borneo, Hallier 3202 (BO, SING).

EAST AND NorRTH-EAST BORNEO:

Peak of ‘Balikpapan near Béoul, East Kutei, Kostermans 7414 (BO, K, L, SING);

Peak of Balikpapan, Berikan-bulu (G. Beratus) Kostermans 7461 (BO, K, L, SING);

Muan Region, near Sungei Riko, Balikpapan Bay, Kostermans 4355 (BO, K, L,

SING).

SABAH:

West Coast Residency:—All from Mt Kinabalu. Near Royal Society’s base camp

(Ranau) Smythies SAR 14430 (K, SAR); east shoulder, Chew, Corner & Stainton

142 (K, SING). The following from Penikukan, Kinabalu: —Clemens Nos 26971

(A, BM, BO, G, K, L, M, UC); 30536 (A, B, BM, BO, L); 31579 (BM, BO, G, L,

UC); 31679 (could be error for 31579) (A, K, M, NY) and 50050 (A, BM, G, K, L,

M, UC).

PHILIPPINES

PALAWAN:

Balagbag, Edafio 77788 (NY).

LUZON:

S.L. Centre of Luzon, Vidal 1676 (K).

Prov. Bataan:—Lamao River, Mt Mariveles, Borden s.n. (UC).

Prov. Rizal:—Bosoboso, Ahern’s collector 3183 (BO, K, NY, P, PNH (or PDA),

SING, US); San Andales, Edafiv 48751 (B, BO, NY, P, UC, US).

Prov. Laguna:—Dahican River, San Antonio, Ramos 16527 (A, BM, BO, K, L,

NY, P, SING, US); Mt Banahao, FE. Gutierrez 3488 (SING); Mt Makiling, Fox-

worthy s.n. Nov. 1914 (US); ditto, Sinclair & Edario 9455 (PNH, SING).

Prov. Quezon:—Alabat Island, Ramos & Edafio 48080 (BM, BO, BRI, DD, NY,

S, SING, UC); Mt Malacaya, Prov. Tayabas, Curran & Merrit 7787 (BM, BO,

CAL).

Horsfieldia valida 153

Proy. Sorsegon:—Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Elmer 17045 (A, BM, BO, CAL, FI, G, K,

L, NSW, NY, P, U, UC, US, Z); ditto, M.D. Sulit 2685 (BO, L, PNH, SING).

Leyte:

Wenzel 920 (A, BM, G).

PANAY:

Prov. Capiz:—Edano 46059 (B, BM, K, NY, P, UC, US).

BASILAN:

Miranda Nos 18891 (DD, SING) and 1/8893 (BM, BO, K, L, P, US); Reillo 16152

(NY, P, US); Vidal 3563 (K); University of Philippines land grant, Lamitan district,

Basilan City, José Vera Santos 4246 (L).

MINDANAO :

Prov. Misamis:—Miranda 11885 (K, US); Quimpo 30468 (UC).

Prov. Davao:—Mt Haguimitan, Edafio 10995 (A, L, PNH).

CELEBES

NorTH PENINSULA:

S.L., Teijsmann and de Vriese s.n. date 1859-60 (L); de Vriese s.n. (L).

Manado (Menado):—Paloe, Tomado, bb Nos 17630 (BO, L) and 2821/7 (BO, L,

SING); Amurang, bb Nos 17288 (A, BO) and 17967 (A, L, BO); Ratahan, Mina-

hassa, Koorders 18156 (BO, L); Lolombulan, Minahassa, Koorders Nos 18158

(BO, L) and 18770 (BO).

CENTRAL CELEBES:

Malili:—Oesoe, Cei 1-153 (A, BO, L); Malili, Cel 7/-313 (BO, BRI, K, L, SING)

and Cel III-27 (BO, L); Timampu, Lingkomomo, 5b8563 (BO); Malili, 5613581

(BO, SING) and Matalena, bb24/00 (BO, SING).

SOUTH-WEST PENINSULA:

Todjambu, Kjellberg 1878 (BO).

SOUTH-EAST PENINSULA:

Lepo-lepo near Kendari, Beccari sn. = FI Acc. Nos 7635a (FI) and 7635b (FD;

Kendari, Kjellberg 3790 (S).

PULAU BUTON:

Kaboengka, Kjellberg 289 (BO, S).

DISTRIBUTION: China (Yunnan), Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines and Celebes.

TYPE MATERIAL: See notes below.

VERNACULAR NAMES:

Sumatra : —lundang, the name given tu the type material of M. valida (West Coast,

Sundanese); pianggu pematang (Palembang). Philippines:—duguan (Tag., Bik.);

hindang-atison (S.L. Bis.); lanot (Ibn.); tadhok (Sul.). Celebes : —mararak; niuntikus.

H. valida is a tree of the mountains, ascending as much as 1,230—1,538 m

(4,000-5,000 feet) on Kinabalu and 700-900 m on other heights. It sometimes

occurs in the lowlands as well. Like glabra the leaves vary in texture, being more

154 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

coriaceous as we ascend. Thus the Philippine specimens have thinner leaves than

usual suggesting that many of the localities there are not very elevated. Material

from the Philippines also differs from that of other regions in its slightly smaller

flowers. One may get the impression that the fruits too, are smaller, but this is not

the case for the UC duplicate of Edano 46059 from Panay has quite large fruits.

A lot of sheets from the Philippines have immature fruits and these certainly look

smaller. In any case it is difficult to tell the original dimensions of fruits in the

herbarium which have shrivelled and shrunk on drying though I estimate that 1 cm

should be added to length and breadth. The mature fruits which Teijsmann saw

in Sumatra were as large as a goose’s egg.

H. valida belongs to a group of species* which have glabrous leaves and a sub-

globose, globose or less often oblong staminal column, slightly depressed in the

centre. Here belong bracteosa, glabra, kingii, punctatifolia, subalpina and sucosa. H.

valida is readily known from most species by its dense clusters of male flowers,

split down about ?-way by the perianth lobes, the edges of which are thickened to

an acute apex and sharply angled, not or scarcely touching each other when the

flower opens. The female flowers are clustered also but not quite so much. Other

spot characters are the large fruits, thick twigs with numerous raised lenticels on

their blackish younger portions, the short petiole and the oblique veins, distinctly

raised on the upper surface of the leaf. The perianth does not seem to be persistent

in fruit but this may not be a reliable character. H. valida is probably nearest to

kingii, differing from it chiefly in having the veins raised on the upper surface of the

leaf, the flowers densely clustered but smailer, the ovary glabrous and not tomentose

and the fruit larger. There are also a number of minor differences seen in certain

characters but I do not know how constant some of these really are. The differences

between the two species are given here:

H. valida H. kingii

Twigs Puberulous to pubescent, Almost glabrous.

sometimes glabrous.

Lenticels numerous,

very conspicuous.

Leaves Veins raised above, Veins not raised above,

18-25 pairs, average 20 14-18 pairs. Petioles

pairs. Petioles 5 mm — 1.5-2.5 cm long.

1 cm long.

Flowers Male flowers densely Male flowers not densely

clustered, 1.5-2 mm long clustered, larger 3-4 mm

and 2-(3) mm broad, the in diam., the perianth

perianth lobes split down lobes probably not split

3-way or nearly to the base; so much; pedicels 1-1.5

pedicels 0.3-1 mm, rarely mm long (probably not

2 mm long. a very good character).

Ovary Glabrous. Tomentose.

Fruit Large, 9-10 cm long and Smaller, 44.5 cm long

7-8.5 cm broad, perianth and 2.5 cm broad,

not persistent (always?). perianth persistent

(always?).

*refer to pp. 28-30 for key.

Horsfieldia valida 155

Here are the notes on type material inserted now for economy of space.

Myristica valida Miq., Teijsmann 479 (BO, U holotype) West Coast, Sumatra. H.

confertiflora Merr., Ahern’s collector 3183 (BO, K, NY, P, PDA (or PNH), SING,

US) Prov. Rizal, Luzon. Here also are quoted some paratype sheets of confertiflora

but of these Curran & Merrit is H. macrocoma; Borden 2487, sterile, is I think

better put under H. brachiata var. sumatrana; and Curran 7509 which I have

not seen is probably burnt. M. costulata Miq., de Vriese s.n. (L holotype) Celebes.

Warburg in his monograph, page 350, cites Leiden specimens of H. costulata col-

lected by de Vriese from Batjan and Buru and remarks that there must be some

curious confusion or mix up in the labels. I am of the same opinion and I think

that the Batjan locality must also be Celebes; the specimens are very similar and

have dried a similar shade. This is not the first time, however, that specimens of

de Vriese have wrong localities on their labels. I agree with Warburg that the

Buru material of costulata is H. irya. He names it H. irya var. moluccana but I

am not sure whether this is the female specimen to which he refers. There is a

very young inflorescence enclosed in bracts and it looks as if there had been others

which have dropped off. I have not seen any sterile sheet. However,

all this will not affect the status of MM. costulata Miq., because

Miquel in his original description has limited costulata to the Celebes

collections of de Vriese. I have seen these, and Warburg also cites

them. There are two sheets in Leiden and one of them, namely Leiden Acc. No

908133-526 has a large fruit typical of costulata. The other sheet obviously from

the same gathering is sterile and bears the Leiden Acc. No 908,133-526. H. cras-

sithyrsa Warb. (ined.) Koorders Nos 18156 (BO, L) and 18170 (BO) both Celebes.

This was a Warburg manuscript name written on these two Bogor sheets but one

has to open up the folds of the determinavit slips in order to see this name. The

inscription states “‘det. Warburg, 1897” but the handwriting may not be that of

Warburg. Warburg did not use this name again but published his species as H.

pachythrysa and not crassithyrsa. These two numbers then became the syntypes

of pachythrysa, and he added one more syntype namely Koorders 18158 (BO, L).

The latter has a similar cryptic slip revealing the manuscript name H. minahassae

Warb. “determined by Warburg’’. Koorders published these two names and with-

out a description in his Flora van N.O. Celebes in 1898 but oddly did not mention

Warburg’s H. pachythrysa (1897). It looks as if he sent his manuscript to the press

before Warburg sent his but had to wait over a year till it was published. It was

not till 1902 that Warburg wrote the name pachythrysa on the label in the bottom

right hand corner on these three syntypes. H. megacarpa Merr., Ramos 16527 (A,

BM, BO, K, L, NY, P, SING, US) Dahican River, Prov. Laguna, Luzon. H.

minahassae Warb. (ined.) Koorders 18158 (BO, L) Celebes, also one of the three

“syntypes” of H. pachythrysa, see preceding note. Koorders (see Flora Celebes)

quoted several more numbers under his H. minahassae but these, namely Koorders

Nos 18123; 18136; 18146 and 18164 are all H. parviflora. H. pachythrysa Warb.,

Koorders Nos 18156 (BO, L); /8/58 (BO, L) and /8/70 (BO) Celebes; the first

and the last numbers are also the “‘syntypes’” of H. crassithyrsa Warb., while

Koorders 18158 is one of the syntypes of H. minahassae Warb. Warburg chose

these manuscript names but never actually published them: see notes above under

each. H. villamilii Elmer, nomen nudum in sched., Villamil Nos 19888 and 20844,

not seem by me, probably destroyed in Manila. H. vulcanica Elmer, normen nudum

in sched. Elmer 17045, Mt Bulusan, Prov. Sorsogon, wrongly identified and cited

under H. ardisiifolia by Merrill in his.

156 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Horsfieldia wallichii (Hk.f.et Th.) Warb. Monog. Myrist. (1897) 305; Gamble,

Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 5, 23 (1912) 213; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 57; Sinclair in

Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 405 f.41 & pl. XIA; Uphof in Nat. Pfl. 17a2 (1959)

210 £.46 & pl. XIA.

Basionym: Myristica wallichii Hk.f.et Th. Fl. Ind. (1855) 161 pro parte, Wall. Cat.

6806 mixtum est; A.DC. Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 203; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858)

67; Hk.f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 105: King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891)

303. pl. 132 & 133 excl. syn. M. crassifolia Hk.f.et Th.

Synonym: M. horsfieldia (non Bl.) Wall. Cat. (1832) No. 6806 pro parte.

Twigs blackish, 4-5 mm thick and often slightly flattened in the apical parts.

Leaves more or less in two rows, few and not bunched towards the ends of the

twigs, sometimes broadening out just above the base which is often slightly decur-

rent on to the petiole; petiole 1-3 cm long, average 2 cm long. Male flowers

obovoid. Fruit when dry 5.5 cm long and 4—4.5 cm broad; stalk 5 mm thick. Seed

2.5 cm broad.

SUMATRA

ATJEH:

Lho Seumaweh, 5b6025 (BO).

TAPANULI:

Pidjuan, Padang Lawas, bb6191 (BO).

WEST COAST:

Barung, Belanti, Painan, bb5759 (BO); Simpang Dareh, Bangkinang, bb23701 (BO,

By.

East COAST:

Langkat, Beneden, Alur Gusta, bb/6382 (A, BO, L); Masihi F.R., Asahan,

Krukoff 4114 (A, BO, BRI, C, G, L, NY, SING, US); Labuhan-Batu, Perbuangan,

5b10342 (BO).

INDRAGIRI: ;

Riouw & Ond., Indrag. Bovenlanden, Pulau Gelang, bb29/54 (K); Sungei Besar,

Kuantan District, bb24049 (BO, L); Muara Serangge, Indrag. Bovenlanden, bb

30033 (BO, L).

DJAMBI:

bb12828 (BO); Pahu, Posthumus 1067 (BO).

PALEMBANG:

Semangus Reserve, Lematang Ilir, bb3/758 (BO, L) and bb32146 (A, BO, K, L,

SING) and ditto T3P944 (BO, L); Gunong Megang, Muara Enim, Teijsmann

3687 (BO, SING); Muara Mengkulem Forest, Sungei Rawas, Forbes 3048 (A, BM,

FI, G, K, L, SING); Banjuasin & Kubestreken, Grashoff 719 (BO).

PULAU SIMALUR:

Achmad Nos 251 (BO, L, U); 514 (BO, L, SING, U); 675 (BO, L, SING) and

THD (6O2 1; 0).

Horsfieldia wallichii 157

PULAU MORSALA:

Pulau Poenei, 5619346 (A, BO, L); P. Poenei, Sepinggan-pinggan, bb378/ (BO).

MENTAWAI ISLANDS:

Pulau Siberut, 5517452 (A, BO, L).

BANKA:

Gunong Mangkol, Kostermans & Anta 795 (BO, (Kostermans 268) K, L, P, PNH,

SING); Bahung, (Kostermans 268) bb34139 (SING); Lobok Besar, (Kostermans

126) bb34063 (K, L, SING); ditto, Kostermans & Anta Nos 845 (BO, K, L, P,

PNH, SING); 1/068 (A, BO, K, L, PNH, SING) and 1194 (A. K, L, PNH. SING);

Rindik, South Banka, bb/1564 (BO).

MALAY PENINSULA

All provinces except Perlis and Negri Sembilan. Since my last revision it has now

been recorded from Kelantan and Pahang. One should look for it in Negri

Sembilan.

KELANTAN:

Tanah Merah, Kemahang Forest Reserve, cpt 61, Aegidius Sitiol K.F.N. 93550

(KEP) and ditto, cpt 33, Khalili b. A. Manaf K.F.N. 92334 (KEP).

PAHANG:

King George V National Park, M. Wong, Tree 104, Oct. 1958 (KEP); Kamasul

F.R., Bentong, Forest Guard Ahamed K.F.N. 92114 (KEP) and ditto, Mohd

Hussain b. A. Kadir K.F.N. 92182 (KEP).

BORNEO

SARAWAK:

Ast Division:—Near Kuching, Haviland 2673/2182 (BM, K, SAR, SING); Arbo-

retum, Semenggoh Forest Reserve, Haji Bujang bin Sedik SAR 12771 (A, BO, K,

L, SAR, SAN, SING) tree 715; ditto, Rosli SAR 14759 (L, SING) also tree 715;

Mt Rayon (probably G. Rawan) Native Collector 5038 (A, NY, UC).

BRUNEI:

Bukit Tawan, Labi, Abang Bujang F.D. 30393 (KEP).

WEST BORNEO:

Melawi, Tjatit, B. Tengkujung, 5525505 (BO, L).

SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST BORNEO:

Puruk Tjahu, Tahudjan, Central Borneo, bb21179 (A, BO, L); Hayup, Hubert

Winkler 2419 (BM, BO, K, L, P).

EAST AND NorRTH-EAST BORNEO:

Karangan River, north-west of Sangkulirang, Kostermans 13623 (K, L); Longbleh,

West Kutei, 5b16139 (A, BO, L); Gunong Sahari, Belajan River, West Kutei,

Forman 484 (BO, G, K, L, P, SING); Sungei Susuk, East Kutei, Kostermans 5651

(BO, K, L).

158 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

SABAH:

Sandakan Residency:—Sandakan, mile 8, Puasa 1682 (K, L); Sungei Tabin,

Lumeran Forest Reserve, Lumeran, James Ah Wing SAN 34985 (SAN, SING).

DISTRIBUTION: A wide distribution in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

TYPE MATERIAL: Hooker f.& Th. cite the following specimens with the

original description:

1. Griffith s.n. (K) Malacca.

2. Wallich, Singapore, represented by Wall. Cat. 6806 in part (CAL, K) Singapore.

See note below for the excluded part.

3. Lobb (K) Singapore. Female flowers. See note below.

In the actual Wallich Catalogue Wall. 6806 is given as ? M. horsfieldia Bl.

(i.e. with a query) and followed by the words Singapore 1822, forsan duae species

mixtae. Wall. Cat. 6806 is not M. horsfieldia, now a synonym of H. iryaghedhi but

indeed a mixture. There are two sheets of it in the special Wallichian herbarium

at Kew; the first consists of wallichii plus a panicle of male flowers of H. crassifolia

and the second of H. crassifolia and polyspherula. There is also a sheet of it in

the general herbarium at Kew with wallichii and a leaf of crassifolia. The Calcutta

sheet consists of both wallichii and polyspherula. It should be noted that M. hors-

fieldia is the spelling used by Blume in his original publication in the Bijdragen

page 577 but that he altered it later to M. horsfieldii in Rumphia. Later authors

most inconsistently use both spellings. Hooker filius and Thomson state that they

described the female flowers of wallichii from a specimen collected in Singapore by

Lobb and that the young fruit is in the Wallichian herbarium but detached. I have

not seen any Lobb specimen of wallichii in Kew unless Lobb collected Wall. Cat.

6806 or part of it.

For further notes on wallichii see under H. sabulosa.

APPENDIX ON THE RUMPHIAN MYRISTICACEAE

When dealing with Knema cinerea in ‘‘Florae Malesianae Precursores —

XXXI,” Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 174 I had occasion to refer to certain Myristi-

caceae in Rumphius, Herbarium Amboinense vol. 2, chapter 10, page 28 t.8 and 9.

At that time I was unable to identify these Myristicaceae exactly, but I promised

then to return to the matter and make a statement after I had completed the study

of the final genus Horsfieldia. It is opportune now to do so and to comment as

well on the names that Rumphius used in the family.

In attempting to interpret Rumphian species the fact must be constantly kept

in mind that his illustrations were not made from the actual specimens on which

the corresponding descriptions were based. The original set of plates was burnt

in a disasterous fire in 1687 which destroyed his house and library and a new set

had to be made afterwards by his son and others as he himself was then blind.

He had prepared the bulk of the text by 1670 and it was just after that time that

blindness struck him. See Merrill in An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium

Amboinense, Manila, 1917. The accuracy of the Rumphian drawings leaves a lot

to be desired. Some of them are good but many of them remind one of the old

herbals where the work is artistic but sometimes fantastic. Quite often leafy twigs

are drawn to one scale but stuck on to them are flowers or fruits of a different scale.

Rumphian Myristicaceae 159

Rumphius’ idea of species was not at all that of species as understood to-day.

Many of the plants he named are forms or varieties rather than true species.

Slight variations in the colour of the leaves and the flowers are often deemed by

him to be of sufficient importance to separate one plant from the next. He often

describes in great detail unimportant characters or ones that have little systematic

value such as the nature of the aril and the number and colour of coats surround-

ing the seed or the fruit. Not being a student of the family Myristicaceae he

neglects the flowers and does not know what the essential characters are. I some-

times wonder if the same species is described twice. I should not be surprised if

the description belongs to one species and the drawing to another in the case of

closely related plants.

For the interpretation of the Rumphian Myristicaceae it will be necessary to

have at hand a check-list of the species which actually occur in Ambon. Since it is

a small island Rumphius probably saw and collected the majority of them so the

list in his book should be farily complete. Apart from Myristica fragrans, his nux

myristica, he tells us that there are six wild species. The check-list which now

follows has been prepared from my own Precursores. It is necessary, however, to

include a second check-list for the whole of the Moluccas and a third for the

Aru Islands because Rumphius often included in his publication plants from these

areas as well as a few from the Philippines, New Guinea and outside areas.

Ambon:—(1) Gymnacranthera paniculata var. zippeliana (2) Horsfieldia macrocoma

(3) H. parviflora (4) H. sylvestris (5) Knema tomentella (6) Myristica fatua var.

fatua (7) M. fragrans (8) M. lancifolia var. montana.

Moluccas:—(1) Gymnacranthera paniculata var. zippeliana (2) Horsfieldia irya (3)

H. macrocoma (4) H. parviflora (5) H. spicata (6) H. sylvestris (7) Knema cinerea

var. cinerea (8) K. tomentella (9) Myristica elliptica var. celebica (10) M. fatua var.

fatua (11) M. fatua var. morotaiensis (12) M. fatua var. sangowoensis (13) M.

fragrans (14) M. globosa (15) M. koordersii (16) M. lancifolia var. bifurcata (17)

M. lancifolia var. montana (18) M. subalulata (19) M. succedanea.

Aru Islands:—(1) Horsfieldia polyantha (2) H. spicata (3) H. subtilis var. subtilis

(4) H. sylvestris (5) Myristica fatua var. papuana (6) M. lancifolia var. lancifolia

(7) M. lepidota (8) M. subalulata.

The Rumphian Myristicaceae of chapters 5—9

In this appendix the Horsfieldia species are my main concern but the list will not

be complete unless the rest are identified also. They have been mentioned by me

elsewhere mostly when citing pre-Linnaean names but only very briefly. I am in com-

plete agreement with Merrill as to the identifications of the species represented

by tabulae 4, 5 and 6 of chapters 5 to 9.

Tabula 4

Rumphian Names: Nux myristica; Pala.

Vernacular Names: Pala. Rumphius described five forms all merely vari-

ants of the common nutmeg:—Pala Boy; Pala Pents-

joeri; Pala Radja; Pala Hollandia or Pala Puti; Pala

Domine.

Reference: Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 5 (1741) 14 t.4 f£.A-H.

Botanical Name: Myristica fragrans Houtt. This is the widely accepted

name and Merrill and I both agree to it.

160 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

The Myristica in the illustration tab. 4 can at once be recognized as M. fragrans

Houtt. which Rumphius called Nux myristica or Pala. For other less well-known

names see the text in Rumphius, chapter 5. Miquel referred Pala radja Rumph.,

one of the five variants of the common nutmeg to Myristica radja Miq., now M.

succedanea BI., see Merrill, Int. Rumph. 230, but in my Precursores on Myristica

I have shown Pala radja to be partly M. fragrans and partly M. succedanea.

Tabula 5

Rumphian Names: Nux myristica mas; Pala Lacki-Lacki; Nux mon-

tana.

Vernacular Names: Pala Lacki-Lacki (Ambon, Malay or Indonesian

language); Pala Fuker (Banda); Pala utar (Ambon).

Reference: Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 8 (1741) 24 t.5 £A-D.

Botanical Name: Myristica fatua Houtt. var. fatua. Merrill and I both

agree to this widely accepted name.

The two chief names for this species are Nux myristica mas and Pala Lacki-Lacki.

There has been no difficulty in recognizing it for mas refers to the golden yellow

colour of the under-surface of the leaves.

Tabula 6

Rumphian Names: Palala secunda; Palala Burong.

Vernacular Names: Palala Burong (Malay or Indon. language); Palala

Ala Manay or Ala Manay (Ambon.). Ala is a bird

which eats the fruit of this species. Burong is Malay

for bird.

Reference: Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 9 (1741) 26 t.6 incl. f.A.

Botanical Name: Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb. This is the

accepted name to which Merrill and I both agree.

From the text and the figures I agree with Merrill and others that this species,

Palala secunda or Palala Burong, is Horsfieldia sylvestris. The illustration is not

very good as Merrill himself admits but the single large fruit in fig.A, separate from

those of the smaller scale main drawing is very helpful and decisive in recognizing

H. sylvestris.

The Rumphian Myristicaceae of chapter 10

The species of the preceding tabulae, numbers 4, 5 and 6 are easily identified and

should require no further explanation. The same, however, cannot be said about

the ones in chapter 10, a group with small leaves and small fruits which Rumphius

styled the Palalae reliquae minores or the Palala Kitsjil, the last word being Malay

for small. They are mostly Horsfieldia species though one is a Knema and another

may be a Gymnacranthera. One if not more of them is almost certainly H. parvi-

flora but it is a very difficult problem to prove exactly and to put a tag on the

one that really represents parviflora. I have tried to put a name to each of the

Rumphian Myristicaceae 161

three plates 7, 8 and 9 but in every case there is doubt. It is not that I cannot find

good reasons to support a name for each. I can find other arguments equally good

to condemn that name. Again when the descriptions in the text point to one definite

specific name, something in the drawings will inevitably turn up which leads to the

rejection of that name. Let us consider each name in turn, examining the evidence

in the text as well as that in the illustration. The botanical name given here is my

own identification but I give the opinion of Merrill also.

Tabula 7

Rumphian Names: Palala tertia and Palala tingens.

Vernacular Names: Palala Dauer Kitsjil (Malay and Indon.); Palala laun

Maun (Ambon.); small-leaved nutmeg (English).

Dauer and laun written more correctly as daun in

Malay means leaves.

Reference: Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 10 (1741) 27 t.7 f.A-B.

Sinclair’s Opinion: Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxb.) J. Sinclair probably.

Specimens or the form with several or many fruits in

clusters.

Merrill’s Opinion: Horsfieldia sp. Merr. Int. Rumph. (1917) 231. He

refers Palala tertia to Myristica tingens B\. but makes

no new combination because of the uncertain status

of M. tingens BI.

As previously pointed out Rumphius often neglects the real systematic characters

and goes to great length in dealing with other less useful ones. In the case of the

above species, palala tingens, he describes the inflorescence and the arrangement of

the flowers in it but says nothing about the number of the floral parts or other

details of the flower. He pays much attention to the description of the fruit, aril,

seed, the ruminate endosperm and the red sap from the aril in which the Ambonese

formerly dipped and dyed their fingers when dressing for weddings and festive

occasions. Some Indians and Malays in Singapore do the same to-day, using instead

the yellow dyes of henna from Lawsonia inermis. These details absolutely verify that

the plant in the text belongs to the family Myristicaceae whatever else that in the

plate may represent. But I wrote in the Introduction of my Precursores to Myristica

that aril and seed characters are of little use in species determination.

Yet there are some good points in the description. For example he says that

the present species has the smallest leaves of all in this group, the Palalae reliquae

minores. H. parviflora does have, on the average, smaller leaves than its near ally

spicata. The best and most decisive piece of evidence, however, comes from the

drawing. There is a striking similarity in the two large bunches of fruit seen there and

the clusters of many small oblong and subglobose fruits which can be found in the

Singapore duplicates of H. parviflora, Kuswata & Soepadmo Nos 86 and 236 from

Ceram and 292 from Ambon. The comparison and likeness of the actual clusters of

fruit with those in tabula 7 have for me been most convincing and I wish that all

interested could only see it because words alone cannot convey the same image.

The dehiscence of the carpels in the tabula also shows that the fruit there belongs to

the Myristicaceae.

162 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

Unfortunately the value of the drawing has been lowered a little by an inaccu-

racy in the two figures A and B. Although one of them has the correct dehiscence

for a member of the Myristicaceae they both show a persistent perianth with three

or more lobes. H. parviflora does not have a persistent perianth and further there

are only two lobes in its perianth. The fruits in the main drawing are correct and

show no trace of a perianth.

It was partly on account of the persistent perianth in figs A and B that I was

at one time against even placing palala tingens in the Myristicaceae and partly be-

cause Lamarck thought palala tingens was the same as his own species M. uviformis

Lamk. I wrote in the Precursores to Knema pages 173 and 174 that I had already

seen M. uviformis Lamk and that it was certainly not a member of the Myristicaceae

but Euphorbiaceae instead and probably an Aporosa. I may have been rather ambi-

guous there when I said that Lamarck placed his microcarpa with doubt under M.

uviformis. It should have been “‘Lamarck placed palala tingens with doubt under

M. uviformis’’. ““His microcarpa’’ refers to Willdenow’s microcarpa and Willdenow

states that microcarpa is the same as palala minima, alternative name palala tingens.

That the M. tingens of Blume is palala tingens Rumphius no one can dispute.

M. tingens Bl. is merely a modern scientific botanical name given to a pre-Linnaean

binary name. The specific name tingens may be considered well-chosen (I have

mentioned above what Rumphius says about it as a dye during Ambonese festive

occasions) but the harm was done when Blume did not choose an actual dried

herbarium specimen to represent M. tingens. Rumphius’ specimen of palala tingens,

if he ever had one, was lost with the others and a drawing made after he was blind

was highly insufficient. There will always be doubt in the minds of taxonomists as

to what species the plate actually represents. Alphonse de Candolle placed M. tingens

in species dubiae in the Prodromus; Miquel and Merrill did not know what species

it represented while Warburg though that it might be the same as his H. roxburghii.

For a long time I have also been at a loss to find an answer but now I venture to

give an opinion having been greatly convinced by the specimens of Kuswata &

Soepadmo with many fruits in a cluster that palala tingens represents specimens or

a form of H. parviflora also with many or several fruits in a cluster. I have men-

tioned above several points in the evidence “‘for’’ and several in the evidence

“against” palala tingens or M. tingens. The evidence against cannot be lightly dis-

missed, but no matter what my opinion is we have to put a question mark before

M. tingens BI. in the citation of literature under H. parviflora (Roxb.) J. Sinclair.

Tabula 8

Rumphian Names: Palala quarta; Palala canariformis and Palala den-

taria.

Vernacular Names: Palali-Canari (Malay and Indon.).

Reference: Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 10 (1741) 27 t.8.

Sinclair’s Opinion: Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxb.) J. Sinclair probably.

The form with single or few fruits.

Merrill's Opinion: Horsfieldia canariformis (Bl.) Merr. Int. Rumph.

(1917) 230.

Synonyms: Myristica canariformis Bl. Rumphia 1

(1837) 190. H. roxburghii Warb. Monog. Myrist.

(1897) 277 t.21 £.1-2.

Rumphian Myristicaceae 163

Merrill is of the opinion that the specimens which his collector C.B. Robinson got

in Ambon, i.e. Robinson 240, are the same as Horsfieldia roxburghii Warb. and also

represent Palala canariformis Rumph. and M. canariformis Bl. They were cited by

Merrill in Int. Rumph. (1917) 230 as Horsfieldia canariformis (Bl.) Merr. comb. nov.

under Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 240 and distributed. They have simple, unbranch-

ed or almost unbranched, few-flowered male inflorescences and certainly represent

the form of H. parviflora described by Warburg as H. roxburghii. Thus H. canari-

formis i.e. H. canariformis (Bl.) Merr. sensu Merr. is H. parviflora (Roxb.) Sinclair,

but this does not necessarily mean that M. canariformis Bl. and Palala canariformis

Rumphius are the same since no type was chosen by Blume. Robinson 1878, also

from Ambon, was distributed under the series Reliquiae Robinsonianae as H.

bivalvis (Hk.f.) Merr., synonym M. globularia Bl. It is very similar to Robinson 240

but is in fruit. It seems strange that Merrill did not recognize it as being the same

as his H. canariformis. It looks as if he was more interested in looking for a separate

specimen to cover as many of the old Rumphian names as he could.

The drawing t.8 is unsatisfactory and ambiguous. In fact the ieaves and twigs

in t.7, 8 and 9 are all so similar and might very well all represent one plant. I have

identified t.7 as H. parviflora so the others could also pass for parviflora. There

is a single detached fruit in t.8 so probably t.8 represents the form of parviflora

which has single or very few fruits on its short axis ic. H. roxburghii as has just

been mentioned and not the form with many fruits in dense clusters, the form

represented in t.7. This single detached fruit (if it really belongs here) shows

striations. Rumphius says nothing about the striations in the text, but in the explana-

tion of the captions to the drawing he says fructibus racemosis striatis. Fresh fruits

in the Myristicaceae are not striate so the one in the drawing may be that of a

seed. It will be recalled that in Myristica and Gymnacranthera the fenestrate aril

often leaves striate-like impressions on the seed but in Horsfieldia the aril is almost

entire and there would be no striations. There might be some sort of a mark at

the top representing the apical convolutions of the aril. Fleshy fruits which shrink

on drying may or may not have some artificial striations (see next paragraph).

Is there any possibility that t.8 may represent H. spicata rather than parviflora?

Such a conclusion is very hard to establish. It is sometimes difficult enough to dis-

tinguish these two species even when actual herbarium specimens lie side by side.

The unripe fruit is described by Rumphius and by Blume as canariform referring to

its likeness with that of Canarium of the Burseraceae, ellipsoid and pointed at both

ends. Sometimes the fruit of spicata is rather like this as in the Bogor duplicate of

Koerniasih 42. Here the fruit having lost much of its fleshy outer layers through

shrinkage on drving is now acute at both ends. The remains of the once succulent

coat are thrown up into faint longitudinal striate folds but they are artificial striations

and because of the method of their origin might be found in other species of

Horsfieldia as well as in spicata. They are not a usual feature of H. spicata for

another time the shrinkage may take on a different pattern.

Regarding the flowers Rumphius states, “Flosculi ex foliorum alis progermi-

nant’? which in the Dutch translation opposite reads, ““De bloempjes komen voort

uit den schoot der bladern’’. The meaning of ex alis would normally be from wings

or from flanges and it will be recalled that spicata has two lines or wings on the

twigs which stretch from petiole base to petiole base. Because of these words in the

description, one might at first be tempted to associate palala canariformis with

spicata. But ex alis here can only mean “‘from the axils of the leaves” since the

Dutch word schoot means womb or the centre of or the very bosom of, lap. Further

Rumphius does not mention any flanges on the twigs. Neither does his drawing

164 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

show any sign of them. In it the inflorescences arise from barren intervals of the

twigs below the leaves and not in the axils of them. Nowhere are there any woody

protuberances like what we find in Myristica and Knema. Without wings on the

twigs there is little chance of our present species being spicata. Another point

against it being spicata is the fact that spicata has not been recorded from Ambon

but parviflora is common there.

It is strange that neither Blume, Merrill nor Rumphius makes any mention of

the number of perianth segments in the flower, yet those in the drawing clearly show

three to five. Blume says that the flowers are like those of the true nutmeg, icc.

Myristica fragrans, being much smaller and more acuminate. He goes on to say

that they are more open at the top and that the green pistil can be seen in the

centre. The number of perianth segments in parviflora is nearly always two, only

occasionally is there a flower in the same inflorescence which has three. After they

have opened female flowers of parviflora do show the pistils but it seems to me

that the flowers in t.8 are much more like those of Horsfieldia macrocoma. They

normally have three perianth segments, but quite often there are four and five and

I should not be surprised if six occasionally occur. These flowers are very much

open, their perianths being split almost to the base by the spreading segments with

the ovaries in full view. Rumphius says that the leaves are very like those of palala

secunda but slightly smaller, narrower, fewer, more glabrous and of an ordinary

green beneath. This description of the leaves would fit those of macrocoma. It is

strange that Merrill did not think of macrocoma, but then he failed to identify

Robinson 1874 (L, US) a specimen of macrocoma from the Relinquiae Robinson-

ianae which he published as Horsfieldia “‘sp’’ in Phil. J. Sc. C Bot. 11, 5 for 5th Sept.

1916 (issued 3rd Jan. 1917) 271. Warburg thought that palala canariformis was

probably H. nesophila, see Merrill in Int. Rumph. (1917) 231, but then he probably

had in mind the Ceram and Ambon syntypes which are parviflora and not the

Batjan part which is macrocoma.

We have seen that there are several good points in favour of H. macrocoma

but there is now the other side of the story, a black chapter with the evidence

“against’’. In the illustration in t.8 the length of the flowering and fruiting inflores-

cences are much too short to be macrocoma even though the shape of the perianth

and the number of its segments agree. H. macrocoma has very long inflorescences,

both male and female, the latter often longer than the male. It looks then as if

the female inflorescences and flowers must be those of Gymmnacranthera paniculata

var. zippeliana. They are of the correct length, the branching seems right and the

flowers have three or more perianth segments which are acute at the apex and

which spread somewhat obliquely at anthesis to give the flower an open appearance.

Merrill does not suggest Gymnacranthera but we hardly expect him to do so as he

had Gymnacranthera in mind for the next species, palala globularia. But palala

canariformis cannot be Gymnacranthera unless the plant in the drawing is not

the same as that in the text. There is a piece of very condemning evidence against

it being Gymnacranthera and this is that the lower surface of the leaves are, as

we have been told by Rumphius, of an ordinary green. His actual words are, “sed

ordinariam habent viriditatem’’. The leaves of Gymnacranthera are glaucous on the

undersurface, this being one of the diagnostic characters used in separating the

genus from certain other genera such as Horsfieldia. The leaves of G. paniculata

var. zippeliana even retain their glaucous colour in the herbarium.

Thus there are several possible species which might be the same as palala

canariformis yet some fault or objection can be found for each one. It seems to me

that this Rumphian species was certainly a Horsfieldia and most probably a form

Rumphian Myristicaceae 165

of parviflora with single fruits or only a few fruits in the infructescence. Such speci-

mens have been described by Warburg as H. roxburghii.

Tabula 9

Rumphian Names: Palala quinta or Palala globularia.

Vernacular Names: No special name among the Ambonese except the

general term of Palala kitsjil (nutmeg with small

fruits).

Reference: Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 10 (1741) 28 t.9 f.a-b.

Sinclair’s Opinion: Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxb.) J. Sinclair probably.

The usual form with several to many fruits in the

infructescence.

Merrill’s Opinion: Gymnacranthera paniculata (A.DC.) Warb. var. zip-

peliana (Miq.) J. Sinclair. He quotes Robinson PI.

Rumph. Amb. 239 (A, BM, BO, K, L, NY, US) from

Robinson 239 is certainly this Gymnacranthera.

Merrill says that there is little doubt that Robinson 239 from Ambon represents

Palala quinta Rumph. He identifies the Robinson gathering as Gymnacranthera zip-

peliana now G. paniculata var. zippeliana. 1 agree with his identification but I have

to criticize the words “‘little doubt.’’ Superficially Gymnacranthera paniculata var.

zippeliana and Horsfieldia globularia have many points of resemblance but one

could show their differences well enough in a careful drawing. That of Rumphius’

is disappointingly the reverse and lacks every critical feature that might distinguish

the two.

The twigs in the drawing show striations but those of Gymnacranthera are not

striate. The leaves are of Horsfieldia rather than of Gymnacranthera. If they had

belonged to Gymnacranthera surely there would have been some indication of the

characteristic marginal anastomosis with double loops. The fruit in the drawing

could belong to either Gymnacranthera or Horsfieldia. Both have a similar suture

and a rather similar shape yet that of Gymnacranthera is a trifle more elongate

than the drawing suggests. The inflorescence is not helpful for again it could be

that of both. The flowers are in bud and we do not know whether they have two

or three perianth segments. The drawing of the nutlet has three radiating lines

which meet at a point near its apex. It is not clear what they are. If they are meant

to represent an aril then they might indicate the entire aril of a Horsfieldia rather

than the fenestrate one of Gymnacranthera, but in the first case two lines and not

three would be sufficient to indicate the structure and the apical fold of the aril of

Horsfieldia. The description is not any more helpful than the drawing. It says that

the aril for the most part surrounds the seed. If it had said “‘completely” the

Specimen would have been a Horsfieldia but if it was a Gymnacranthera surely

the text would have said that the aril is split far down or half-way or words to

that effect.

Like the drawing the text lacks the critical details that are necessary in diag-

nosis and which might have been of help in distinguishing the two. It contains

on the other hand some puzzling and contradictory statements. Thus we are told

that the fruits are rugose and rufous on the outside as if covered by reddish sand.

Actually the fruits of Gymnacranthera and Horsfieldia are perfectly smooth and

166 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

glabrous when fresh. Those of H. parviflora when dry have a matt or granular

surface but they are not rugose. They dry brownish in specimens with many fruits

and blackish in those with single fruits. They are a trifle rougher than the usually

smooth fruits of Gymnacranthera though the surface of the latter may also be uneven

due to shrinkage on drying. It may be that there is some rusty furfuraceous powder

on the Horsfieldia fruits when young but if so this would drop off later. There is

less chance of this being present in Gymnacranthera but in any case I have not

seen any evidence of it in either.

There is one point in the description which may be of value and which may

help to show that palala globularia is not after all a Gymnacranthera but a Hors-

fieldia. In the description of the species following palala globularia i.e. palala sexta

which is supposed to be a Knema, Rumphius says that it differs from the previous

one in that the leaves are glaucous beneath and the bark blackish. The previous

one is, of course palala globularia and this statement can only mean that the leaves

of palala globularia are not glaucous beneath.

Blume created Myristica globularia thus providing a modern binomial equi-

valent for a pre-Linnaean name but he was not in any better a position then than

I am at present to prove that his species M. globularia was the same as palala

globularia Rumph. In the case of M. canariformis and M. tingens he did not even

choose a type but for M. globularia the namesake of palala globularia the situation

is a much happier one. There is an actual drawing of M. globularia in Rumphia.

We are told by Blume in the explanation to the captions that it was drawn by

Arckenhausen from material that came from Ambon. He does not say who was the

collector. The drawing shows a small portion of a leafy twig with rather young male

flowers still in the globose stage. It is more accurate than any executed by Rumphius

and most important, the oldest flowers definitely show a two-lipped perianth.

Besides the drawing there is an authentic Leiden specimen named M. globularia

collected by Zippelius in Ambon. It bears two other tickets probably in Blume’s

handwriting. One states that it was collected in Ambon by Zippelius and on the

other it is named Palala quinta and Palala globularia Rumph. 2, t.9. Blume does

not mention any collector in Rumphia but this specimen must have been about the

only one in existence when he wrote his account of the Myristicaceae for Rumphia

and we can take it to be the type of M. globularia Bl. The specimen though sterile

is quite a good one. Could it be that it once had flowers and they were removed

to provide the material from which the drawing has been made? Could there not

have been another portion with male flowers that fell out by chance and got mixed

up and eventually mounted with Teijsmann and de Vriese specimens for there are

several sheets of these in Leiden and the material on them looks exactly the same as

that of the single Zippelius sheet all having dried exactly the same colour. The

Zippelius specimen has a reddish brown tinge to the leaves and other parts and

represents the common form of (globularia) parviflora in Ambon, i.e. the one with

numerous fruits.

So now we know what Blume had in mind when he described M. globularia.

It is a great pity that there are no authentic specimens or types chosen to validate

the names M. canariformis and tingens. If there had been we would at least know

whether they are the same as parviflora or not and then it would not be necessary

to put a question mark before them in the citation of literature for parviflora. It is

immaterial whether they are the same as their Rumphian equivalents for the latter

are pre-starting point date and beyond the jurisdiction of the Rules. It will be seen

that Merrill /.c. 232 when referring to Rumphius t.9 as Gymnacranthera zippeliana

Rumphian Myristicaceae 167

uses the Rumphian name palala quinta but never the alternative name palala globu-

laria. He does not include Blume’s Myristica globularia in Gymnacranthera zippe-

liana. In fact he continues to uphold M. globularia Bl. and H. globularia (Bl.) Warb.

and refers to them under Robinson 1878 in the Reliquiae Robinsonianae in Phil. J.

Sc. C Bot. 11, 5, for 1916 (1917) 271 as H. bivalvis (Hk.f.) Merr. comb. nov. There

is no mention there of this species being called palala globularia Rumph. In other

words Merrill thinks the Rumphian plant in the text, page 28 and in the tabula 9

is not the same as Blume’s M. globularia.

Several authors including Alphonse de Candolle, Miquel, Warburg, Gamble,

Ridley and Burkill have followed Blume in using the name globularia for the Ambon

plant. None of them considers it to be a Gymnacranthera and all from Warburg to

Burkill place it in Horsfieldia. This is the view that I have taken also. I have given

my opinion on what it probably is in the preceding text but once again I am against

it being a Gymnacranthera for the main reason that its leaves are not glaucous

beneath as in that genus.

One might think it odd that | have identified three species in succession as H.

parviflora. I am not worried by this. Rumphius was quite capable of describing the

same three more than once and it is obvious that he had no idea of systematic

characters.

Palala sexta (Not illustrated)

Rumphian Names: Palala sexta

Vernacular Names: No special name.

Reference: Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2 ch. 10 (1741) 28 not illustrated.

Sinclair’s Opinion: Knema tomentella (Mig.) Warb.

Merrill’s Opinion: Knema tomentella (Mig.) Warb.

There is one important clue to the identification of palala sexta in the Rumphian

description and that is “‘ejus rami sunt jongi, incurvi et nodosi’’. The word nodosi

refers to the knotted branches with numerous knob-like persistent woody tubercles

spaced out along their length. Looking at the list of Ambon Myristicaceae there are

two possible species left that may be palala sexta and they certainly have these

knotted branches. They are Knema tomentella and Myristica lancifolia var. mon-

tana. The knob-like effect is most striking if one stands at the base of the tree and

looks up along the length of the trunk into the tiers of whorled branches. The

knots are best seen in old trees of Knema and certain Myristica species of section

Fatua. The finest examples of knotted branches I have ever seen are in trees of

Knema furfuracea and latericia in the Arboretum, Botanic Gardens, Singapore and

in a tree of K. cinerea var. sumatrana by a stream at Lukut, Johore. If I remember

correctly the tree of M. lancifolia var. montana in the Botanic Gardens at Bogor

shows it quite well.

Merrill once again says that there is little doubt that palala sexta is the same

as K. tomentella. Although I agree that K. tomentella is the best match yet, how

can he use the words “‘little doubt’. Unfortunately there are some conflicting and

contradictory statements in the Rumphian description. First of all he says that

palala sexta does not differ much from the preceding species in t.9. There is no

need to elaborate on how very different t.9 is. A similar disturbing remark is

“flowers as in the previous species’. Again I do not like “fruit pendent’? and to

say that the aril completely surrounds the seed would not be accurate for a Knema.

168 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

The blackish bark would be alright for a Knema. I have noted that the bark

was brownish grey in my own specimens of tomentella but few collectors have

recorded the exact details of the bark in this species. The leaves are alright for

size and the glaucous colour of their lower surface is a good character in favour

of K. tomentella. Other good diagnostic points are provided by the solitary oblong

fruit about the size of an olive and its rusty furfuraceous indumentum.

But what is there in palala sexta to distinguish it from also being K. cinerea var.

cinerea or M. lancifolia var. montana. Robinson did not find the former in Ambon

nor has anyone else, but I mention it since it has been found in two places in the

Moluccas, namely Banda and the Sula Islands. He collected the Myristica several

times, Robinson Nos 242; 243; 244; 1877; 2033 and 2042 and recorded them in his

“Reliquiae Robinsoniae’’ as Myristica sp., but remarked there that there is nothing

in the Rumphian descriptions that could be this species. Both of these species have

glaucous leaves and numerous transverse nerves though those of M. montana are

very much more slender than those of Knema cinerea and tomentella. All three

have a similar solitary fruit but the important point, and the one that swings the

balance in favour of K. tomentella, is that the fruit, to use the words of Rumphius,

is ‘‘rugosi acsi arena forent conspersi’”. This rusty powder like sand scattered on

the fruit would aptly describe the harsh furfuraceous indument on the fruit of

tomentella, that on the other two being softer and shorter and best described as

tomentulose.

The Rumphian Myristicaceae of the Auctuarium

Of the remaining Rumphian Myristicaceae there is Palala aruana of the Auctuarium

or volume 7 of Rumphius Herb. Amb. (1755) 56 t.24 £.3. This species is either

the same as Horsfieldia spicata or H. polyantha. As it is most likely to be H. spicata

I have dealt with it under that species. Merrill’s reference to it is Horsfieldia sp.

Int. Rumph. (1917) 231.

It appears then that Rumphius has not described all the Myristicaceae that

occur in Ambon. If my identifications of his species are correct then he does not

seem to have found Horsfieldia macrocoma or Myristica lancifolia var. montana

unless palala sexta refers to the latter instead of Knema tomentella. 1 have not been

able to find any likely plants in the other volumes of his book which might be

identified as members of the Myristicaceae.

On Mpyristica microcarpa Willd. and its connection with the

Runmiphian species of chapter 10

Myristica microcarpa Willd. i. Roem. & Usteri, Mag. Bot. 3, 9 (1790) 27; Willd.

Sp. Plant. 4, 4, 2 (1806) 871.

There has been careful thinking and diverse opinions over what Myristica

microcarpa Willd. really represents. The original description is very brief: —Species

No 4 Myristica microcarpa foliis oblongis glabris, fructuum racemis ramosis. Since

this publication is now rare and not available to everyone I had better state that

the description is followed by an important reference, namely:—Palala Kitsjil

Rumph. Amb. 2 P.27 tab.7, 8, 9. The remainder of the circumscription is:—

Wachst auf Amboina in bergigten Gegenden. n. Diese Art ist auffallend von der

vorhergehenden durch die ungleich kiirzen glatten Blatter, durch die Astigen

Trauben und die ausserordentlich kleinen Friicht verschieden.

Rumphian Myristicaceae 169

We have seen that Blume gave botanical names to each of the Rumphian

species in t.7, 8 and 9. Thus for palala tingens Rumph. he gave the name Myristica

tingens Bl. and so on. Almost fifty years before Blume’s time there was Willdenow

who had also been interested in the Rumphian plants especially the Palala kitsjil

of chapter 10. He must have at that time thought that all three in t.7, 8 and 9

represented the same species. Like Blume he gave a botanical name to them and

the name he chose was M. microcarpa Willd.

I do not think that he ever had a type specimen or even a plant that he wished

to name M. microcarpa. I wrote to Berlin to ask about a type specimen but the

curators could not find any even in the special Willdenow collection housed there

though the latter contains other species of Willdenow’s Myristicaceae named and

unnamed according to serial numbers. [f he had a type he must have had altogether

three different ones because later on he returned to the subject and made three

different varieties out of microcarpa (this is explained in detail below). These would

all have to come from Ambon so he would need to have quite a large gathering

of microcarpa to provide material for three different types. This all seems highly

complicated and improbable. If his specimens were so different that he had to

make three varieties later, surely he would have said something about the variability

of the species in his first publication. If we accept the explanation that he had no

type specimen, but like Blume was merely providing a botanical name for each

of the Rumphian names in t.7, 8 and 9, then the matter is quite simple. Certain

authors have made it complicated and confusing.

I now give the details of how he divided microcarpa mentioning the various

synonyms or references concerned but to understand it properly it would be better

for the student to open the Species Plantarum at page 871 and to keep it beside

him. The three varieties covering t.7, 8 and 9 of Rumphius are not actually called

varieties by Willdenow but are designated by the letters of the Greek alphabet.

Thus the letter beta stands for the second variety and gamma for the third. The

first one M. microcarpa var. microcarpa is not designated by alpha or any letter

but is given simply as M. microcarpa followed by its description etc. Then comes

each of the other varieties in turn. Willdenow restricts M. microcarpa to Palala

minima Rumphius t.7. This is palala tingens but he uses the alternative name of

palala minima. The (var.) beta Palala dentaria is t.8 while (var.) gamma Palala

globularia is t.9. Unfortunately he makes a mistake in adding as a synonym to his

microcarpa (var. microcarpa i.e. his first variety) the name M. uviformis Lamarck.

This addition has caused confusion and complications with later authors. I have

seen the type of Lamarck’s uviformis with its small fruits like bunches of grapes

and it is not Myristicaceae but Euphorbiaceae and most likely an Aporosa. Will-

denow was probably influenced by what Lamarck wrote and this may be the reason

that he wrongly added the above synonym M. uviformis Lamk. Lamarck was

of the opinion that palala tingens (alternative name palala minima) might be the

same as M. uviformis Lamk. Willdenow gives another synonym, namely M. globu-

laria Lamk. under his (var.) gamma. This is quite separate from the reference

Palala globularia Rumph. t.9 also under (var.) gama. M. globularia Lamk. is Knema

globularia (Lamk.) Warb. and not the same as palala globularia Rumphius so

Willdenow was wrong here in citing it as a synonym. It is interesting to note that

he gives the date 1788 for Lamarck’s two species. It is true that Lamarck wrote

up his species for 1788 but the correct citation for them should have been Lamarck.

Mem. Acad. Roy. Soc. Paris ‘‘for the year 1788” (1791) 162 and 166.

The question may be asked whether Myristica microcarpa Willd. is the same

as Horsfieldia parviflora. If it really is then it would be an earlier name than

170 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

parviflora. We have been from the above that M. microcarpa var. microcarpa is a

botanical binomial for palala minima i.e. palala tingens Rumphius. If we turn to the

citation of literature under parviflora and see how palala tingens and M. tingens were

cited we should get the answer. Merrill also wonders if microcarpa is the oldest

name for M. tingens, but now he seems to have lost his usual confidence and for a

change he says that M. microcarpa Willd. is a very doubtful plant.

But before I noticed Merrill’s remarks I had written that both palala tingens

and Myristica tingens must for ever remain a doubtful species as there was no

authentic herbarium specimen preserved to represent them. Although I how sug-

gested that they are the same as Horsfieldia parviflora, the form (if it can be called

a form) with several to many fruits, I cannot prove it. I may actually be correct yet

I cannot say that M. fingens and M. microcarpa are synonyms. In the case of M.

tingens I can at the most put a question mark in front of the name placing it as a

doubtful synonym. As M. microcarpa Willd. is an older name than H. parviflora it

could not be written as a synonym of parviflora even if doubtful. It would have to

come first to be in chronological order but it is not the practice to write doubtful

names first as according to the rules a plant can only have one name, the correct one.

The proper place then for M. microcarpa would therefore be under doubtful species

at the end of the account for revision.

Only can M. microcarpa be the same as H. parviflora if there is a type specimen

of microcarpa to prove that they are the same. Further, and to remove all doubt

the type specimen should be a good one. I prefer a dried one on a herbarium sheet

though a living type tree would serve the same purpose. In the case of H. globularia

we know exactly what Blume meant as there was a drawing of an Ambon Horsfieldia

with a two-lobed perianth and an authentic Zippelius specimen which may be taken

as the type of M. globularia Bl. We know that these match many other Ambon and

Moluccan specimens which are the same and also identical with H. parviflora. We

cannot, however, say that these specimens or the authentic M. globularia (drawing +

Zippelius specimen) are the same as the Rumphian species in t.9; we do not require

this piece of information anyway. The year 1753 was the starting point of botanical

nomenclature.

Conclusion

I have now, in conclusion, to refer to the opening paragraph of this Appendix

and also to page 174 of the Precursores on Knema where I promised to give Merrill’s

and my own opinion of what the two varieties of M. microcarpa Willd., t.8 and 9

of Rumphius are. I think I have already done so but to find the exact place in a

mass of other details may be difficult. I now refer to them briefly.

1, Myristica microcarpa var. beta refers to t.8 of Rumphius and is Palala dentaria

which is the name used by Willdenow. Alternative names are Palala quarta and

Palala canariformis. These are in my opinion probably Horsfieldia parviflora

(Roxb.) J. Sinclair, the form (or just specimens) with a single fruit or very few

fruits. If not H. parviflora other suggestions will be found in the text, under sub-

heading “Tabula 8”. Merrills’ opinion of t.8 is Horsfieldia roxburghii Warb.

but he makes a new combination for it under H. canariformis (Bl.) Merr.

2. M. microcarpa Willd. var. gamma refers to t.9 of Rumphius and is Palala

globularia Rumph. or Palala quinta Rumph. These are in my opinion probably

H. parviflora (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, specimens or a form (if it can be called a

form) with several fruits. Merrill’s opinion of t.9 is Gymnacranthera paniculata

(A.DC.) Warb. var. zippeliana (Miq.) Sinclair and is palala quinta but not

palala globularia. He believes palala globularia to be H. bivalvis (Hk.f.) Merr.

171

INDEX OF COLLECTORS

The following contractions are used for names of species, etc.:

ard — ardisiifolia; austr — australiana; brach — _ brachiata, (var)

lat — laticosta, (var) sum — _ sumatrana; bract — _ bracteosa, (var) micr

— microcarya; carn — carnosa; crass — crassifolia; crux -— _ cruxmili-

tensis; floce — flocculosa; frag — fragillima; fva — fulva; gl —

glabra; gs — grandis; helw — helwigii, (var) novo — novobritannica,

(var) puly — pulverulenta; ir — irya; irdhi — iryaghedhi; kng —

kingii, macr — macrocoma; motl — motleyi; parv — _ parviflora; pauc

— paucinervis; pen — penangiana; polya — _ polyantha; polys — _ polys-

pherula, (var) ol — oligocarpa, (var) ten — tenuifolia; punct —

punctatifolia; ret -— reticulata; ridl — ridleyana; rufo-1 — _ rufo-lanata;

spic — spicata, (var) sep — _ sepikensis; sab — _ sabulosa; sub —-

— subalpina; subt — subtilis, (var) rostr — rostrata, (var) schl —

schlechteri; suc —- sucosa; sup — superba, sylyv — _ sylvestris; tom —

tomentosa; val — _ valida; wall — _ wallichii: whitm — whitmorei.

Collections which are not under personal numbers are listed under HERB,

HORT, FI, NGF, SAR, bb, CEL, JA, SWK, E, T, EXP(edition) or NATIVE

Collector. In group listings, the preceeding collector’s name is contracted to the

initial and the last letters. Names with de, van, van der, Mohd, Abang, Haji are

arranged not according to their particles, but to the alphabetical order of the

principle names.

ABDUL LATIP BRUN 5654 — ret ... ABU 3317 — bract ...

ACHMAD 60 — ir, 205,241 — gl, 251 — wall, 578 — macr, 783 —

gl, 830 — ir, 913 — macr, 914 — gl, 1080, 1158 — macr, 1219 —

wall, 1342, 1634, 1712 — gl, 1732, 1784 — ir. KFN 94463 & 99019 —

macr ... ACHMAT 4 (bb 34244) — ir ... AET 2 — subt, 348 —

spic, 382 — subt, 487 — sylv ... At & IDJAN 389 — spic var sep,

396 — sylv, 554 — _ subt, 749 — sylv ... AEGIDIUS KFN 93550 —

wall ... AGAMA A 4211 — frag, 55266 — macr ... Agullana 3868 — ir

.. Ah WING, James SAN 34497 — ir, SAN 34985 — wall ...

AHAMED KEN 92114 — wall ... AHERN’S collector 3183 — val

AHMAD 22 — carn, KFN 85231 polys ... AHMAD bin KASSIM KFN

93676 — bract ... d’ ALBERTIS8&11 ... sylv, 15361 — ir ... ALI,

MOTAN & SOW KFN 52124 — ridl ... ALSTON 15361 — ir ...

AMDJAH 1, 94, 846, — ir, 1088 — brach ... AMPURIA SAN 36592

— ret ... ANDERSON SAR Nos: 61, 127, 524, 672, 688 — _ crass, 1567 —

ir, 2716, 2826, 3188 — crass, 4258 —- gl, 9028 — crass, 9394, 12916 —

ret, 15449, 15955 — carn, 18583 — ir ... AN et alii SAR 15526 — ret

... ANGIAN 7746 — macr ... APOSTAL 2416 — ir ... AQUILAR

14270 — macr ... ARUMPAD SAN) 27826 — crass ... ASHTON

BRUN Nos: 64 — gs, 137 — frag, 317 — _ punct, 752 — gs, 766 —

frag, 838 — crass, 1053 — gl, 3277 — ridl, 3011 — gs, 5553 — ir;

SAR 13987 — brach var sum, SAR 18120 & 18864 — ir AN, SMYTHIES

& WOOD BRUN 375 — crass, SAN Nos: 17438 --- carn, 17446 — rid,

17497 — gs, 17560 — sab ... AN & Whitmore BRUN Nos: 398 —

polys var ol, 759 — sylv, 635 — polys var ol ... ATASRIP 63 (and as

a sup, 19 —- macr ... ATJE, 33 =. Ar... AUSTR, FOR,

SURV, CO. NGF 240 — helw

BA PE 308 — gl, 845 — macr, 13025 — gl ... BACKER 1163,

7405 — gl, 18480 —- macr, 18854, 22119, 25748 — gl, 27971 — ir,

33977, 36342 — irdhi ... BAKAR KFN 93645 —- bract, SAN 25045 brach

var Sum, SAN 26176 — punct ... BANANG SAN 36949 — ir

172 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

BANGHAM W.N. & C. M. 882. — bract .... BANYING, anak NYUDONG

SAR 19396 --— gl ... BARTLETT 6867, 6990 — brach var Sum, 6991

— gl, 7151 — ir, 7300 — gl, 7304 — polys, 13443 — macr, 13755

— ard, 87110 — brach ... BAUERLEN 13 — polya ... BAWAN

24927 -—- macr ... bb Nos:* 10 — macr, 868, 1149 — ir, 1799 —

bract, 1965 — ridl, 2114 — ir, 2358 — _ bract var micr, 2918 — _ val,

3781 — wall, 5171 — gl, 5208 — ir, 5383 — crass, 5432 — parv,

5593 — macr, 5656 — gl, 5759 — wall, 5952 — crass, 6025, 6191 —

wall, 6479 — rid], 6483 — gl, 6651, — _ parv, 7570 — crass, 8310 —

bract var micr, 8459 — parv, 8563 val, 8801 — _ brach, 9053 — gl,

9170 — polys 9293, 9758 — ir, 9937 — crass, 10342 — wall, 10900

— macr 11236) —) brach,-11564,°/12828eS=)cwall, -13581 “4 2y wal alias

— parv, 14823 — _ bract var micr, 15408 — ir, 15901 — _ sylv, 15902 —

macr, 16139, 16382 — wall, 16468 — _ sylv, 16516 — ridl, 16872, 16878

— punct, 17181 — parv, 17288 — val, 17452 — wall, 17630 — val,

17640 — macr, 17967 — val, 18157 — macr, 18449 — motl, 19042

— ir, 19346 — wall, 19719 — macr, 20375 -— crass, 20382 — ir,

20754 — parv, 21179 -- wall, 21290 — crass, 21325 -— parv, 21463

— ir, 21812 — spic var sep, 21954 — _ subt, 22268 — sylv, 22530 —

ir, 22532 —- sylv, 22841 — macr, 22986 — ir, 23187 — sylv, 23701

— wall, 23721 — ir, 23732 —- macr, 23749 -—- sylv, 23787, 23805 —

parv, 24049 — wall, 24100 — val, 24414 — spic, 24468 — macr,

24561, 24864, 24879 — sylv, 25129 — ir, 25176, 25180 — sylv, 25216

— punct, 25282 — sylv, 25505 — wall, 25571 — _ brach var sum, 25695,

25724 — _ spic var sep, 25761 -— macr, 25825 — _ sylv, 25845 — parv,

25917 — macr, 25981 — sylv, 26117 — ridl, 28128 — _ brach var lat,

28169 — crass, 28217 — val, 28340 — frag, 28399 — crass, 28460

— ir, 29154 — wall & crass, 29301, 29315, 29373 — rid], 29415 — ir,

29545 — crass, 30033 — _ wall, 30272, 30393 — sylv, 30496 -— macr,

30514 — helw var pulv, 30570, 30748, 30811 — _ sylv, 31093 — macr,

31098 — _ helw var pulv, 31124 — polya, 31758 — _ wall, 31936 — _ bract,

32146 — wall, 32404 — crass, 32682 — _ sylv, 32822 — helw var pulv,

32895, 33354 — ir, 34292 — macr, 34325 — ridl, 35339 — macr;

E1177 — ir ... BECCARI (FI Acc. Nos. in brackets): 116 (7645, 7645A)

171 (7617, 7617A) — _ spic, 302 (7614) — _ subt; 344 (7624) — carn, 524

(7612, 7612 A & B), 524 bis (7613, 7613 A & B) — _ subt, 684 (7642, 7643,

7643 A&B) — polya, 696 (7728) —- sylv, 701 -— ir, 759 — _ helw var

pulv, 791 (7633, 7633 A & B) — _ brach var sum, 798 — _ subt, 925 — _ helw

var pulv, 1242 (7625) — _ carn, 2066 (7620) — _ polys var ol, 2171, 2648 —

ir, 3279 (7615, 7616) -— _ pauc, 3475 (7607, 7607A) —- ret, 3588 — ir,

(7619, 7619A) — _ polya, (7621) — polys var ol, (7622, 7622 A-C, 7623)

— subt; (7633, 7633 A&B) — brachvarsum, (7635 A&B)— val, (7604,

7641) — parv, (7618, 7618A) -— macr, (7637) — _ sylv, (7638, 7638 A-C) —-

parv, (7644) — spic, (7647, 7648) — ir, (7683) -—- irdh, (7724-7727,

7729) — sylv .... BEDDOME 6730 — gl ... BEGUIN 502 — crass,

1400 — sylv, 1402 — macr, 1407 — parv, 1997 -— macr, 2247 —

parv .... BERMEJOS 1518 ard ... BEUMEE A541 — macr, 4204

— gl, 4315 — ir, 6826 — gl ... BISWAS 3725 — gl ... BLUME

2160, 2160 b, 2206 — gl ... BOERLAGE 506 — sylv ... BON 2669,

4272, 4302 — sgl, [1883 — 1891] — el ... BORDEN 2487 — brach

varsum ... BOURMAN BW 3234 — spicvarsep ... BRAND SAN 21487

— polys & 21509 — brach ... BRANDER-HORST 165 — polya ...

BRANDIS 394 (925), 741 — gl ... BRASS 610 — spic, 1220 — _ polya,

1414 —- subt, 2605, 2983, 3460 -— spic, 3607, 3663, 5386 — austr, 5668

* at 22 sylv.

Collectors 173

— subt, 6969 — macr, 7068 — _ sylv, 7221 — _ subt var schl, 8010 — ir,

12752 — _ spic, 14014 — _ polya, 21765 — _ polya & spic, 21821, 21912, 21996

— austr, 24203 — polya, 24386 -- helw, 25503 austr, 25949 —

helw, 27648, 28143, 28352, 28464, 28660 — spic, 28938 — _ subt, 29358 —

macr ... BS& VERSTEEGH 14017 — macr ... v.d. BRINK 1239, 3072, 5444,

5516, 6140, 6780 — gl, 7319, 7409 — irdhi ... BRITTON 19479 —

macr ... BROOKE 9305 — macr ... BROUWER 2535 — sylv; BW

393 & 873 — ir ... BROWNE F.G. 1258 — ridl ... BROWNE FR.

367 — carn ... BRUNIG 101 — crass; SAR Nos: 956 — sab, 1000,

1071 — carn,1195 — crass, 4402 — polys var ol, 6259 — _ brach var

sum, 6721, 6954 — ridl, 8623 — polys var ol, 8629 — carn, 8652 —

pauc, 8718 -- brach var sum, 8864 — polys var ol, 10599 — rufo — |

“de. . BRUYN.. 230 —_. subt....,._ BUNNEMEIJER .,7100. —- gl...

Abang BUJANG FD 30393 — wall ... Haji BUJANG SAR 13489 —

pauc ... BUJANG bin BAKRI SAR 15456 — carn, SAR 16805 — ir

... BUJANG bin SEDIK SAR Nos: 12751 — brach var Sum, 12771 —

wall, 12774, 13686 — _ polys var ten, 13689 — brach var lat ... BURMAN

33, 48 — irdhi ... BURTON 26 — ir ... BUWALDA 636 — sylv,

300la (Ja 4196), 3007 (Ja 4215), 3076 (Ja 4214) — ir, 4969 — pic, 4970

— parv, 4994 — sylv, 5015 -— polya, 5627 — parv, 5628, 6112 —

— sylv, 6141 — parv, 6804 — ir ...

CANTLEY 1798 — rid] ... CARR 11545, 11629 — subt, 11950 —

macr, 11962 — helw, 12398 — austr, 12575 — _ subt, 12743 — _ macr,

12820 — _ subt, 13262, 13901, 14123, 14146, 14334 — spic, 16164, 16281 —

subt, 16520 — macr* ... CASTRO A83 — gs, 5704 — _ brach var sum

CAVANAUGH NGF 857 — helw ... CH & FRYAR NGF 2413 —

spic ... CEL Nos: I/45 — parv, I[/153 — val, I1/236 — parv, IL/313

— val, IJI/404, [1/464 — parv, I/27 — val ... CELESTINO &

CASTRO 1925 — ard, 1997 — macr ... CENABRE 29146, 29176 —

ir ... CHAI, MUIN, SAN 23739 — ret ... CHAI, PAUL; SAR Nos:

18011 — carn, 18519 — _ brach var lat, 18940 — _ gs, 19470 polys var

olt ... CHAPMAN 426 — spic, 427 — whitm ... CHARLINGTON

SAN 21159 — rid], SAN 24665 — frag ... CHEW WEE-LEK 261 —

gs, 606 — frag, 637 — brach var lat ... Cw & CORNER 4116, 4209,

4530, 7000 -— gl ... Cw, Cr & STAINTON 142 — val ... CHIT 224

= ir ... CLEGHORN 187 — gl... CLEMENS 78 — helw, 524, 635

— spic, 877 — ir, 1698, 1710 — spic, 1838 — _ helw, 3474 — gl, 3478

— spic, 4418 — ir, 5378, 8545, 8688 — spic, 10705 — ir, 10825 —

austr, 10908 — helw, 22345 — carn, 26863 — gl, 26971 — val, 27394,

27528 — macr, 28305, 28730, 29558 — gl, 30536, 31579, 31679 — _ val,

32204, 32500, 32605, 32642, 32800, 33136 — gl, 50050 — val, 50513, 50721

Sivel. OERT 1489 —° ir?. “COLLINS 1007 ‘— ii... COMINO

355 — ir ... COMMERSON 238 — parv ... CONKLIN 17461 —

ard ... COPPACK NGF 7039 — helw var novo ... Ck & GRAY NGF

7153 — sylv ... CORNER SFN 30556 — brach var sum ... COW-

MEADOW BSIP Nos: 3145 spic, 3679 — whitm, 3703 — _ spic, 4743 —

.. COWMEADOW’S Collectors BSIP 3218 & 4834 — whitm ... CRUZ

Wigs). 284 + CUADRA A865 — frag‘... CUMING “1702 —_ ard

—. CURRAN & MERRITT 7787 — val, 8049 — macr ... CURTIS

2406 — pen

* SF Nos: 26920, 27002, 27351, 27450 — al.

419535 — frag.

174 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

DABONG 537 — pauc, 676 — carn, 821 — polys var ol, 1167 —

carn ... DALDULAO 25428 — macr ... DAN bin Haji BAKAR SAR

4361 — frag ... DARBYSHIRE 908 — sylv, 1024 — subt ... DE

& HOOGLAND 8094 — helw var pulv ... DAUD & TACHUN SEN Nos:

35606 — ret, 36078 — crass, 36084 — ir ... DD 90820 — gl ...

DEKA 14 — gl ... DENT DD 56484 — kng ... DICKASON 5516,

5517, 5568, 5657, 6556 b — gl .... DIEPENHORST HB 2148 —

ir, HB 2362 — crass ... DIN 241 (11866) brach ... DISSING 2942, 2945

— spic ... DOMMERS 266 — ir, DONNAT 38164 — gl ... DORST

T-3P..511, T 3P.591.— .: bract,.3T1P3,°T3P 264, 191 TIP 708°>—~gl

DRAHAM SAR_ 911 — pilys .... DUBOURDIEU 39134 — gl

DUMAS 1649 — val

E No: 159 EIP 251 — polys ... EBALO 160 — ard, 570, 860 — ir ...

EBERHARDT 3050 — gi ... EDANO 3485, 3487 — macr, 10995 —

val, 46017 — macr, 46059, 48751, 77788 — val ... EDELING 1863 — irdhi,

EGON 566 — cam ... ELBERT 3451 — parv ... ELMER 6357 —

macr, 7094, 12067 — ard, 12297 — _ brach var sum, 12337 — ard, 12682,

12684 — ir, 17045 — val, 17220 — ard,- 20013, 21032 — ir, 21338,

21364 — brach var sum, 21607 — bract var micr, 21882 — motl ...

ENDERT 44 — gs, 2114 — gl, 2595 — ret, 3213 — _ bract var micr,

3996, 4276 — g1,5010 — ret,5081 — _ gs; 5088, 5091 —_ brach var sum,

172E 1P 868 — ir ... EXP. van DIJK (bb nos in brackets): 153 (30376) —

spic var sep, 208 (30429), 327 (30547), 344 (30558) — _ spic, 351 (30563), 383

(30587), 391 (30595) — _ spic 419 (30617), 800 (30945) — _ spic var sep

FALCONER (PIERRE 5446) — gl... FI Acc. Nos: 7608, 7608A,

7609, 7609A, 7610 — helw var pulv .... FLEURY 30197 — macr ...

FLOYD NGF Nos: 6410 — helw, 6430, 6662, 7275 — _ helw var novo, 7297

— macr ... Fo & HOOGLAND 3818 — helw .... FORBES.7, 192, 367

— spic, 1155A, 1218C — _ sylv, 1158, 1184a — parv, 3048 — wall, 3197

— ir ... FORMAN 484 wail’... “FORSTER? 329° = Grete

FRETES 5747 — §sylv,5748 -— parv .... FRYAR NGF 2413 — spicata,

NGF 4019 — helw_ ... FURTADO 57, 34863 — _ sylv

GALAU (tree 3500) — ret ... GALLE (Herb. Pierre 5445) — ir

... GALOENG 1244 — macr ... GIBOT SAN 32932 — brach, SAN

30649 — punct ... GJELLERUP 11 — subt, 180 — sylv, 273 —

subt, 407 — sylv ... GLASSMAN 2671 — ir ... GRASSHOF 117 —

crass, 719 — _ wall, 719a — -brach’ var sum, .1088 > — ir ...)..GRAY -&

WHITE NGF 10353 — _ sylv, NGF 10378 — spic var sep ... GRIFFITH

4350 — crass; 4351 — _ brach; 4354 — polys var ten, 4358 (Helfer) —

gl ... GUPPY 213 — spic ... GUTIERREZ 3488 — val

H B 5032 — spic ... HAAS NGF 10540 — helw ... HAINES

842 — kng ... HALLIER 347 — motl, 624 — frag, 765 — _ irdhi,

875 — gs, 1021, 1043 — ir, 2141 — brach var sum, 2381 — carn,

3115 — gl, 3202 — val, 3378 -— gl ... HANCE (Herb, Pierre 5469)

— gl... HANIFF 3855. — brach, SEN 14334 — brach..var sum;

... HF & NUR 2477 — brach var sum, SFN 7455 — ir ...HANSEN,

SEIDENFADEN & SMITINAND 11181 — gl ... HART NGF 4553

— subt, «NGF, 5007,.— sylv....... HARTLEY, 9642 —\macry 297ae

— ir, 9968 — austr, 9970, 10013 — helw, 10058 — macr, 10147

— polya, 10421 — austr, 10707 — spic, 10710 — subt, 11029 —

austr, 11328 — subt ... HASSAN SAR 4924 — gs ... HN & KADIM

98 — floce ... HAVILAND 1020, 865 — _ pauc (SAR Sheet With Crass),

1735 — pauc, 1941 — crass, 2182, 2673/2182 — wall)°3074 —£°°brach

Collectors 175

var lat, 3075 — pauc (SING as 3074) ... Hp & HOSE 655 — gs, 965,

1020/865, 1941 — crass, 2096 — carn, 2436/1941 — crass, 3305 — ir,

3306 — brach var sum ... HENDERSON SFN 23646 — brach var sum

... HENRY 12234 & 13532 — macr&val ... HENTY NGF Nos: 114 —

ir, 9834 — macr, 11960 — macr, 10540 — helw, 16847 — subt ...

HERRE 293 — spic ... HOFMANN 6564 — gl ... HOLLRUNG 657

— spic, 741 — sylv, 848 — spic ... HOOGLAND 3245 — §subt, 3256,

3431, 3464 — helw, 3503 — _ subt, 3523 — crux; 3617 — subt, 3623,

3663 — crux, 4148 -— macr, 4208 -—- subt, 4213 — ir, 4386 — helw,

4583 — subt, 4650 — ir, 5021 — sylv, 5139 — ir, 5210 — helw

2 Hp & MCDONALD 3512 — macr, 3516 — austr ... HERB BOG

5032 — spic ... HERB PALLAS 51 — irdhi ... HERB PIERRE 5448

— irdhi ... HORT AGR TJIKEMEUH 270 — spic ... HORT BOGOR.

IV GNos: 13 — parv,75 — _ irdhi, 80 — _ brach var sum; IV H Nos: 7810

— macr, 39 — sylv, 7la 71b — sylv, 74 [5032] — spic, 75 & 76a —

parv, 103 & 115 — parv ... HOSE, CHARLES 29 & 86 — suc

HOSOKAWA 6756 — spic ... HULLET 590 — brach var sum

Md HUSSAIN bin KADIR KFN 92182 — wall

IBOET 311 — brach var sum, 487 — ir ... IDJAN & MOCHTAR

181, 191 — parv, 362 — sylv ... IJIRI & NITMURA 53, 585, 700 —-

subt ... INOKUMA & HARA 445-1-2. — _ §sylv, 562-3-4 — macr, 782-1-5

— ‘ir... IWANGGIN BW Nos: 5640 — spic var sep. 5758 — _ macr,

5828 — polya, 5844 — sylv, 9064 — _ polya, 9250 — macr, 10153 —

spic var sep, 10160 sylv

Ja Nos: 2548 — gl, 2585, 2617, 3827 — gl ... JASAMAT FMS

35947 brach var sum ... JABIL KFN 77746 — gs _ ... JACOBS 4667 —

gl, 5256 — macr, 5413 — suc ... JAHERI 86 — sylv, 90 — parv,

710 — sylv, 711 — spic, 724 -— gs, 955 brach ... JENKINS (Herb.

Pierre 5462) gl ... JENSEN 326 — spic ... JIMIT b. INGGUAI SAN

18726 — ir ... St JOHN 21446 — ir ... JUNGHUN 33 — ir, (42)

— irdhi, 49 — ir; 230,559 — gl ...

KADIM & NOOR 558 — ridl, 586, 610 — brach var sum ...

KAJEWSKI 75, 1549 — _spic, 2022 whitm, 2440 — _ spic, 2444 — ir,

2554, 2710 — spic ... KALKMAN BW Nos: 6235 — _ subt, 6245

polya, 6255 — spic var sep, 3455 — _ polya, 3517, 3518 — _ subt, 3681

subt var schl ... KALKSHOVEN 68 — ir ... KALONG 1949 (2443/

1949) — carn ... KANEHIRA 270 — spic, 1303, 1314 — ir, 1833

— subt, 1944 — ir, 1958, 1960 spic, 1978 — ir, 2058, 2059 — ir, 2440

spic, 2562 ir, 3969 — helw var novo, 12656 —- polya ... KA & HATU-

SHIMA 11457 — ssylv, 11459 — _ helw var pulv, 11461, 11462, 12344 —

subt, 12645 — _ polya, 12737 spic var sep, 13216 -— subt & macr ... KAN-

JILAL 3896, 4592, 4760, 4774, 4885, 5389 — gl ... KARSTEL BW 5302

— polya, BW 5340 spic ... KARTODIHARDJO (Ja 2237) — ir

... KAZAKOFF NGF 7060 — helw_ ... KERE BSIP 6172 — spic ...

KERR 4108, 4108a, b & c — ir, 7426, 7690 — brach, 8439, 8556 —gl,

11419 — ir, 12426 — brach, 13883, 14252 — ir, 17252, 17482 — tom,

18185 — _ brach, 18599, 18907, 19036 — ir ... KF Nos: 32645, 35714 —

brach var sum ... Md KHALIL bin ZUKIFLI KFN 78603 — sup, 104482

—~ suc ... KHALILI b. MANAF KFN 92334 -—- wall ... KING 268

— gl, 417 & 431 — macr, 2350 — gl, 2380 -— kng, 3620, 3899 brach

var sum, 4267 -— crass, 4647 — _ suc, 4704 — brach, 4706 — crass,

5059, 6004, 6672 — brach var sum, 6688 — crass, 6737 — _ brach var

sum, 6771 — _ brach, 7965, 10413 — brach var sum, 10475 — _ suc, 10917

176 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

— fridl ... KING’s collector 1233 — gs, 8618 — flocc ... KJELL-

BERG 289 — val, 580 — ir, 982, 1154 — parv, 1878 — val, 1990,

2040, 2487 — parv, 2743 — ir, 3161 — parv* ... KLOSS, BODEN

SFN Nos: 14568 — crass, 14597 — brach var sum, 14760 — ir ...

KOERNIASIH 42 — spic ... KOETE & OLSEN 1385 — spic ...

KOORDERS 5196 to 5205, 5207 to 5210 — _ gl, 5211 to 5227 — ir, 5228 —

el, 5237, 5241 — ir, 5266, 5271, 5272, 5284, 5299, 5300, 8230 — gl, 10383

sup, 10388 — gl, 10664 — _ polys, 11228 el, 11547 — ir, 11548

— gl, 11549, 11550 — ir, 11792, 12045, 12047 — gl, 12274, 13144 — ir,

13145 — gl, 13146 — ir, 13401 — gl, 13493 — ir, 14246, 14613,

14615, 15519 — gl, 15520, 15521 — ir, 15523, 16414 — gl, 18123,

18124, 18136, 18146 — parv, 18156 —val, 18157 — ir, 18158 —-val,

18164 — parv, 18170 — val, 19281, 20039 — ir, 20143, 21635, 20173,

20186, 20242 — gl, 22491 — ir, 22492, 22690, 22750, 23711, 24639, 24751,

24753 — gl, 24784, 25392 — ir, 25585, 25588, 25595, 26613, 26937, 26939,

26941 — gl, 27479 — ir, 27874 — gl, 28352, 28353 — ir, 28614,

28615 — gl, 30468 — macr, 30471, 31017 — gl, 31019 — irdhi,

32706, 32825 — gl, 33133, 33715 -— ir, 33806, 34030, 34207 — al, 35029,

36429, 36927 — ir, 36944, 38288, 38503 — gl, 38882 — ir, 39556, 39911

— gl, 40485, 40539, 41664 — ir, 42697, 42777 — gl ... KORTHALS 51

— crass, bb 2665 — gs ... KOSTER 7149 — spic; BW Nos: 343 —

sylv, 1003 — spic, 1009 — _ sylv; 1018 — spic var sep. 1022, 1097 —

spic, 1111 — _ helw var pulv, 1151 —- sylv, 1201 — _ spic, 1280 — sylv,

1283, 1295 — spic, 1366, 1433 — _ sylv, 4307 — _ subt var schl, 4340 —

subt, 4369 — sylv, 4436 — ir, 4446, 4460 — sylv, 6796 — subt, 7149

— spic, 11182 — macr ... KOSTERMANS (Unesco 52) — wm, 13

(bb 33725) — sylv, 44 — gs; 127 — ir, 128 (bb 33355), 201 (bb 33414),

251 (bb 33921) — _ sylv, 268 (bb 34139) wall. 673a — _ parv, 767 —

sylv or/and parv (L, BO), 862 — macr, 899 — parv, 921 — macr, 1014

— parv, 1123 sylv, 1157, 1513 — parv, 1685 — sylv, 2635 —

polya, 2652 (bb 33664), 2669 sylv, 2727 — _ spic, 2802 — _ subt, 2668,

2686, 2670, 2903 -— subt, 3459, 3499, 3510 — _ parv, 4006 — ir, 4189 —

crass, 4355 — val, 4448 — brach, 4539 — macr, 4744 — subt, 4864

—motl, 4988 — brach, 5047 — ir, 5078 — _ brach, 5469 — macr, 5651

— wall, 6044 -— gl, 6093 -— brach var sum, 6173 -—— punct, 6783 —

macr, 6859 — motl, 6905 -— macr, 7035 — ridl, 7044 — gs, 7414,

7461 — val, 7721 — brach, 7831 — sylv, 7888 — parv, 8117 —

motl, 8617 ridl, 8658 — _ polys, 8746, 8777, 9010, 9018 — _ brach, 9060

— polys, 9155, 9171 — _ brach, 9285 brach var sum, 9321 — _ brach,

8081 — brach var micr, 9535 — ret, 9579 — macr, 9782 — ridl,

9857A — crass, 9903 — macr, 9947 — ridl, 9973 -— bract var micr,

10097 — crass, 10176 — brach var sum, 10428 — motl, 10696

brach var sum, 11133 — gl, 11186 — parv, 12613 — brach var sum,

13028 — gl, 13623 — wall, 13773 — gl, 14052A -— macr, 19281,

21456 — ir ... Ks & ANTA 593 — polys, 845, 1068, 1194 — wall

Ks & KUSWATA 58 — macr ... KRUKOFF 4114 — wall, 4138

— brach var sum ... KUNTZE 4397 — irdhi ... KURZ 984, 2434 —

gl ... KUSWATA & SOEPADMO 3 — sylv, 86, 236, 292 — parv

LABITAG 25408 — macr ... LABOHM 2086 — crass ... LAK-

SHNAKARA 615 — ir ... LAM 770 —_ subt, 2628, 2650, 2811, 2929

— parv, 2976 -— macr, 3463 — _ sylv, 3767 — _ parv, 5538 — sylv

* 3790 — val.

Collectors 177

LAMBACH 1311 — bract, 1341 — brach ... LANE POOLE 22 —

sylv, 231 — helw ... LAUTERBACH 805 — subt, 1191 — helw ....

v.d. LEDEN BW 5348 — ir ... LEDERMANN 6675 — spic, 6738,6974,

7866 — spic var sep, 7974 — polya, 8016 — spic var sep, 8916 — _ subt

var rostr, 10450 — spic ... van LEEUWEN, Drs 9122, 9611, 9698, 9767 —

subt, 10479 — helw var pulv, 10623 & 10702 — spic, 11066, 11067 —

subt, 11222 — spic var schl, 14078 — macr ... LEMARIE 169 —

macr ... LINDONG bin SOMBUF KFN 80999 — ir ... LIPAQETO

BSIP 3318 & 3406 — whitm ... Lo & WHITMORE BSIP 3481 — whitm

LORZING 5896, 10192, 15557 — val ... LUTJEHARMS 4259, 4420,

4422 -—- gl, 5158 — macr ... LUNDQUIST 194 (bb 32913) —

sylv, 103 (bb 32822) — helw var pulv, 268 (bb 32987) — spic var sep

McDONALD NGF 8161 & 8169 — macr,* NGF 8247 — austr ...t

McVEAGH NGF 8297 — spicvarsep ... McVH & RIDGWELL NGF 7331

— helw ... MADANI SAN 36778 — gl ... MADU SAN 27105 —

brach var sum ... MAENU’U BSIP 6037 & 6119 — ir ... de MAESIA

& MAGISTRADO 26503 — parv ... MAEDIN 4204 — polys ...

MAINGAY 1286 — brach var sum & polys, 1300 (2422) — suc, 1304

(2426) — fva ... MANGOLD BW Nos: 2131, 2207, 2211, 2227 — sylv,

2340 — polya ... MARADJO 285 — polys, 449 — val ... MARCAN 232, 332,

720, 971, 1978 — ir ... MARCHE 409 — ir ... MARESA 25378 —

macr ... MARTATI 113 — gl ... MARU KUMUL NGF _ 13066

— subt ... MASTERS (Herb. Pierre 5462) — kng ... MEEBOLD

15299, 17055 — gl ... MEIJER, DREES 208 (bb 25083) subt var schl ...

MEIJER W. 2032 — brach, 2137 — polys, 2380, 2385 — _ brach, 2398

— polys, 3307, 3474, 3680, 4029, 4572, 4747, 6776 — val, 38425 — gl,

SAN Nos: 16838, 21280 — macr, 27874 — motl. 33516, 36663 — macr,

38425 — gl, 38769 — ret, 39622 — frag ... MEGANG 166T3P107

— macr ... MELEGRITO 2268 — ir, 2487 — brach var sum ...

MENDOZA 42247 — brach var sum ... MERRILL 2233, 2370, 4031 —

macr, 9208 — ir ... MERRITT 3617, 3696 — macr, 11440 — ard ....

de MESA 27507 — ir ... MIKIL SAN Nos: 28079 — _ punct, 31129 —

polys, 31427 — rid], 29239 — gl, 30297 — ir, 33940 — gl...

MILLAR NGF 9770 — helw ... MILLARD 1825 — bract ... MIR-

ANDA 11885, 18891, 18893 — val ... MOKSIN bin BAKAR SAR 1928

— suc ... De MONCHY 98 — gl, MONDY 51 — crass ... MOT-

LEY 755. moil, 982 — «ic... .MUAS SAR ‘Nos: 221 ——* brach ‘var

sum, 2264 — carn, 2259 — ir

NATIVE Collector: 1833, 1970 — carn, 5038 — _ wall, 5094 — _ pauc;

NGF: 4651 & 5583 — macr ... NATIVIDAD 22751 — ir ... NAUTJE

BW Nos: 6530 — spic var sep, 6539 — _ sylv, 6563, 6595 —_ ir, 6608 —

spic var sep... NEDI 719 polys, 742 — macr ... NG, F.S.P. FRI

1252 — bract ... NGF Nos: 204 — helw, 304 — sylv, 309, 310, 930

— ir, 2007.— helw, 2038 — austr, 7944 helw var novo, 9666, 9682 —

macr ... NOERKAS 305 — ir, NUR SFN 34117 — _ brach var sum

OMAR 65 — brach var sum ... OROLFO 27 — bract var micr,

FD 55493 — frag ... OSBORN & HENTY NGF 14800 — spic, SAR

Nos: 13594, 15137, 16614, 16985 — frag ... OTHMAN SAN 26811 —

crass ... OTIK 4412 — brach var sum, 4782 — ret

*NGF 8214 — sylv, 8232 — _ subt.

+ McGREGOR 151 — macr.

178 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

PA’IE SAR Nos: *13594, 15137, 16614, 16985 — frag ... PARKINSON

61 — gl, 105, 329 — ir, 310 — macr, 373 — gl, 467 — ir, 716 —

gl, 792 — ir, 886, 14325 — _ gl, 14336 — macr ... PARRAS & ADU-

VISO 28297 ard ... PASCUAL 205 — carn ... PENG SAM, PAT-

RICK 21768 — ir .... PENGUIN (H.MS.) 1894 — spic ... PEREIRA

SAN = 29776.,— macr ... ‘-PETELOT: 4:1070)\—.gl 4.) PICKLES;°SAR

3931... ight 2.1 9 PIERRE. 14, 680, 1812p ¢— eh way Vad PUL. 14537] ie

parv, 676 — irdhi ... PINGKUN FD 55088 — crass ... PLEYTE 379

— sylv, 409 — parv, 553 -— helw var pulv, 686 -—- sylv, 688 — _ spic,

736. —--spie.var sep,,1006 subt ..... PO KHANT 956..—..g] ...., POILANE

8699, 10224, 11106, .LI119,.\.12319,- 12439." T3041, 13480, 13529, sea

18160, 18308, 18615, ,.19887,, 22394, 23253, 23341, 29315. 39134. gl

POLOK 424 — ir ... POSTHUMUS 833 — polys, 1067 — wall,

2083 — gs ... PUASA 132 — ir, 1682 — _ wall, 1716 — _ macr, 3592,

3596 — al, 4644+) macr’... Pa. &, ANGIAN ©3918 »—7 polys;.:.

PULLE 25 — subt, 343 — helw var pulv, 1239 — subt ... PULLEN

916 — macr, 1074 — subt, 1514 — _ subt var schl, 1896 — austr ..

PURSGLOVE 4403 — pauc, 5607 — rid! ... PUT 623 — ir, 796

— gl, 1184 — brach, 1580 — ir

QUIMPO 30468 — val

RABIL 218, 273 — ir ... RADERMACHER 93 — irdhi ...

RAHMAN, TB 473 — ridl_ ... RAHMAT SI BOEEA 6668 — gl, 7564

—«=, macr,, 9632 — ,brach; 7692, 7833, -8012,. 8772, 9257,..9331 -— Drach var

sum ... RAHMAT SI TOEROES 801 — tom, 2156 — crass, 2242 —

tom, 3961 .— ir,. 4124) 4234, 4657 —~ brach, 4829 -— Perass, 548672 — oe

... RAJUYAP A 463 ir .... RAMBLI SAR 158 — gs ... RAMOS

1354, 1393, 1607 — macr, 16527 — val, 17457, 22145 — macr, 39770,

40823 — ard, 40920 — macr, 41198 — ir, 46414 — ard, 46444 —

macr ... RS & EDANO 30838, 30874, 30986, 31293 — macr, 33693 &

35047 — parv, 36770 — ir, 40671 — macr, 40673 — ard, 43273 —

macr, 48080 — _ val, 75503, 75651 — macr ... RAO 5645 — macr, 5646

— gl... RASTINI 26 — macr, 90 (IVH 7ia) — sylv, 105, 206,

220, 223 — parv, .... REILLO 16152 — val ... REINWARDT (41)

— irdhi ... RIBU 787, 5000 — kng ... RICHARDS 1667 — rufo

— ], 1927, 2509 — gl, 2602 — frag, RIDLEY 186 — syl, 1701 — ir,

11919 brach var sum, 14957 — ir ... RIVERA SAN 19007 — motl ...

ROBBINS 624 — _ spic, 1580 — _ polya, 1601 subt, 1622, 1762 — _ polya,

2070 — spic ... ROBINSON 235 — sylv, 240, 241 — _ parv, 1874 —

macr, 1878, 1885 — parv ... ROCK 1672 — gl ... von ROMER 322

— macr, 329 — polya, 676 — subt ... ROGERS 149 — gl ...

ROSENBLUTH 12731 — macr ... ROSLI SAR 14759 — wall, SAR

14971 — bract var micr .... van ROYEN 3166 — spic var sep, 3473 —

subt, 3548 — _ spic, 3560, 4017 — _ subt, 4510 — sylv, 4675 ir, 4745

— subt, 5101 — ir, 5388, 5396 -— spic var sep, NGF Nos: 16068, 16075

—subt, 16320 — ir, 16431 — spic ... v. RN & SLEUMER 6193 —

sylv, 6219, 6455 — _ subt var schl, 6682 — spic ... RUNDI SAN 432060

—gs ... RUTTEN 1776 ‘—“~ spic

SAANAN 46 — macr ... SABLAYA 41 — macr ... SAN GUPTA

6025. =i’ gl... “SANTOS, VERA’ 4246°°22° Wal. 53T7A. — “ager oe

SANUSI bin TAHIR 9739 — carn; SAR Nos: 5204, 5502, 9226, 9279, 12325

— crass, 12671, 12691 — sab ... SAUNDERS 198 —- polya, 202, 398;

*5640 — spic var sep, 5828 — polya, 5844 — sylv, 9064 — polya, 10153

— spic, 10160 — sylv.

Collectors 179

483 — helw (var helw x var pulv), 493 — spic, 528 — austr, 920 —

sylv, 958 — _ polya, 1104 — helw ... SAUVEUR I14, 126 — ret ...

SAYERS NGF 19625 — polya ... SAYU bin ELLEH SAN 35658 —

brach, SAN 34395 — brach var sum ... SCLECHTER 14500 — _§ subt var

schl, 16933 — polya, 17171 — wmacr, 17408 — crux, 18302 — _ polya,

19246 — crux ... SCHMIDT 300 — gi... SCHODDE 2415 ~—

macr, 2590, 2910, 2968, 3066 — subt ... SCHOMBURGK 112 — ir ...

SCHRAM BW Nos: 498, 533, 536, 1733, 1735, 1754, 1766, 1812, 1838, 1839

— sylv, 2665 — polya, 2687 — sylv, 2731 & 2796 — macr, 2900 —

subt var schl, 2927, 2933 — _ helw var pulv, 2948, 2950, 5923, 6002 — sylv,

6046, 6153 spic var sep, 6056 -—— subt, 6082 — spic, 12255, 12422 —

ee a ue Kot =~ dl. >. “SCORTECHINI 1844" — fva, 862

— rid], 1649 brach ... SEAL 47 — ret ... SH10604 (FD 55088) —

crass’. :.. Md SHAH 1096 — sub ... SHAIK MOKIN 583 — gl ....

SHURMA DD 90820 — gl ... v.d. SIDE BW Nos: 4064 — spic var

schl, 4089 — sylv, 5522 — subt varschl ... de SILVA & GOMES WALL

CAT 6805 — gl&crass ... SIMONS 114 — gl ... SINANGGUL SAN

38294 — gl ... SINCLAIR 7887 (SFN 40211). 9278 — _ punct, 10035

— parv, 10036 — macr, 10037 — parv, 10047, 10048 — gl, 10158 —

tom, 10227 — ret, 10265 — brach var lat, 10248 — gl, 10273 — ret,

10359 — macr, 10428 -— carn, 10445 — gs, 10473 — crass, 10602 —

gs; IVH 117 — macr ... Sr & EDANO 9455 — val ... Sr & KADIM

8977, 8987 — gl, 10179 — polys var ten, 10239 — crass, 10406, 10406a

— ridl, 10414 — polys, 10430 — polys var ol, 10437 — sab, 10438

— ridl, 10452 — polys var ol, 10453 — ridl, 10491 — sab, 10503 —

polys var ol ... Sr, KM & KAPIS 9249 — gs, 9292 — ret, 9332 —

frag ... SR & KIAH SFN 39937 — bract ... SINGH J, SAN 24313 —

crass, 26345 — macr, 39283 — gs ... SH & ABAN SAN 29966 — motl

emer C296, “P80 “——' spic” .... SMITH, “ERYL 348° — ir ....

SMITH L.S. & WHITE C.T. NGF 1617 — helw ... SMYTHIES BRUN

828 — sab, SAR 14430 — val ... SOEPADMO 15, 230 — brach var

sum, 279 — ir ... SOW FD 34637 — sup. KFN 71665 — polys,

80030 — ir ... van STEENIS 5274 — ir, bb 7464 -— brach var sum

... SUAH TINGGUAN SAN 36333 — ret, 36338 — gs ... SUGAN-

DIREDJA 31 — irdhi ... SULIT 2685 — val, 6042 — macr, 6236

a am. 14454 — “macr’ 7°. SUITERISNO 66 '—' sylv .... SWK'ID 25" —

val ... SYMINGTON FD 45430 — _punct

T 3P 944 — wall ... TAKAMATSU 392, 452, 455, 477 — ir, 1668

— spic ... TAMAYO 31416 — ir ... TANKILISAN 250 (bb 33920)

— parv ... TAPPENBECK 74 — helw ... TEIJSMANN 10 — parv,

479 — val, 1567 — parv, 1896 — _ sylv, 1932 — macr, 1968 — _ parv,

1978 — sylv, 2362 -— crass 2952, 3189 — ir, 3572 — _ brach, 3687 —

wall, 3819 — _ brach, 4352 — gl, 5138 — _ parv, 5228 — sylv, 5553 —-

macr, 5644 — ir, 5889 -—— macr, 5893 — sylv, 7588 — _ subt, 8676,

8678, 8680, 8683 — ir, 8688 — gs, 11767 — parv, 11837, 11897 — ir,

12610, 12709, 12755 — _ parv, 17948 — polys, 21576 — macr HB 1925

—' pary '... TN & de VRIESE 84, 4706 — sylv ... TEONA BSIP 6230

— whitm ... THEUNISSEN 2, 59 & 60 — crass ... THOREL 1186

= ot Wih,w ... LHWAILES 221, .—, irdhi, 2620 .— ir ......IKRAU

SAN 28914.-—_. sl, .... TSANG W.T. 29198 gl ... TSANG & FUNG

STS (LU 17851 &, 17700), —) ‘kng..,... TUYAMA. 1912, —.sylv, 9349 —

spic

UDARBE. -SAN 28152, — brach var sum ... .UNESCO fh? —

tom

180 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII (1975)

VERHOEF 38, 40 — gl .... VERSTEEG 1140, 1568, 1612, 1689, 1814

— subt ... VERSTEEGH BW Nos: 24 — sylv, 1784 — macr, 3985

— sylv,4761 — _ subt, 4811 — _§spic, 4834, 4837 — _ subt, 4888 — austr,

4942 subt .... VIDAL 1676, 3563 — val, 3567 — ard with ir ...

VINK W. BW 11388 — _ subt, BW 12194 — helw var pulv ... VINK W.

& M. BW 15270 — subt ... de VRIESE 20 — ir, 52 — crass, 87 —

WAALKES, BORSSUM 799 — gl ... WALKER 55 — irdhi,

167. — in, .267,...1271L- —,,irdhi....... 'Wree & WHITE«)-BSLE. ..39)-—

ir... WALLICH CAT Nos: 6796 — ir, 6797 — gl, 6799 parv &

brach var sum, 6804 — bract, 6804a — gl, crass & macr (also as 1857),

640b — gl, 6804c — ir, 6805 — gl & crass, 6806 — wall with crass

(K), with polys (K), *9025 — tom ... WANG C.W. 75501 — gl, 78572,

79862, 81096 — macr ... WARBURG 11007 — gl, 20708 — sylv,

20709 —_ helw, 20713 — spic .... WATERHOUSE 35, 178 — spic, 242,

318 — _ helw, 337, 21275 — spic .... WENZEL 813 — macr, 920 —

val, 3023, 3318 — ir ... WESTERHUIS BW 5413 — sylv ... WHITE

NGF Nos: 9677, 9681, 10018 -— _ helw, 10040 — helw var novo, 10237 —

spic var sep, 10242 — _ polya, 10258 helw, 10262 — _ sylv, 10263, 10811

— helw var novo, 10832 — helw, 10981 — spic ... WHITFORD 710,

1408 — macr, 1412 — ard ... WHITMORE BSIP Nos: 737, 766 —-

spic, 909, 910 — ir, 970 — _ whitm, 1273 — spic, 1405, 1537 — _ whitm,

1663, 1664 — ir, 1848 — whitm, 1967 — spic, 2014 — ir, 2248 —

spic, 2273, 2582 -—- whitm, 3843 — spic, 3986, 4045, 4046, 4096 — _ whitm,

4154, 4183 — _ spic, 4230 — _ whitm, 5806 — spic; FRI 48 — _ flocc, FRI

306 — gl, SAN 17652 — rid] ... WE & WOMERSLEY BSIP 1124 —

whitm, BSIP 1125 — spic .... WHITMORE’s Collectors BSIP Nos: 2615

— spic, 2811 — whitm, 2855 — spic, 3035, 3052 — whitm, 3739 —

spic, 3745 — whitm, 5286 — ir, 5396, 5519 — spic, 5529, 5569, 5617

— whitm, 5689, 5743 — spic, 5788 — ir, 5905 — whitm, 5922 —

spic ... WINIT 1471 — gl ... WINKLER, HANS 388 — ret, 1435

— carn .... WINKLER HUBERT 2373 — _ bract var micr, 2419 — _ wall,

2695 — bract var micr ... WIRAWAN 429 — ir ... WOERJAN-

TORO 99 — parv ... WOLFF 3032 — spic ... WOMERSLEY NGF

Nos: 2934 — _helw var novo, 2980, 3124 — ir, 3694, 3743 — _ sylv, 3798,

3821 — ir, 3890 subt, 3899 — ir, 17775 -— subt .... Wy & BRASS

NGF 8664 austr .... Wy & CORNER NGF 13326 — spic ... Wy

& HOOGLAND 5156 — helw, NGF 8773 — helw var novo ... Wy &

JONES NGF 8773 — _ helw var novo ... Wy & KAZAKOFF NGF 7092 —

helw ... Wy & SIMMONDS 5080 subt .... Wy & WHITMORE BSIP 803

— whitm ... WOOD D.D. 1226, (339) 2471, (340) 2440 — gs, 2378 —

cam ... WOOD GH.S. A. Nos: 1735 — ridl; 1741 — gs, 1983 —

macr, 2995 — brach var sum, 3649, 4713 — frag, 4770 — macr; SAN

Nos: 15146 — Sab, 15254 bract var micr, 16059 — macr, 16284 —

polys, 16295 — rufo-l, 16656 — ret, 17186 — _ brach var sum, 17244 —

polys .... Wd & CHARINGTON SAN Nos: 15390, 15487 — ret, 16519 —

frag ... Wo & KADIR SAN 16838 — polys (& macr), 16927 — ret,

16971 — bract var micr ... Wp & WYATT-SMITH A 4562, A 4598 —

crass, KFN 80353 — gl ... WORTHINGTON 487, 686 — _ ir, 2308, 3535,

5228, 6023 — irdhi ... WRAY 122 — brach var sum, 467 — _ sub,

2218, 2705 —- brach var sum, 3071 — crass ... WRIGHT 632 (FA 412)

— sab .... WYATT-SMITH 54 —- fva; KF Nos: 64487 — fva, 64616

— macr, 64628, 64737, 64771, 64818 — fva, 71017 — macr, 79336 —

ir, 80106 — gs

*6807 — Ir.

Collectors 181

YACOB SAR 6534 — punct, SAR 8255 — polya ... YASUTAKE

14 — sylv ... YATES 2164 — ir ... YONG F.F. KFN Nos: 85230

— polys, 94284 — suc, 99852 — flocc

ZEN OSMAN SAR 5140 — ret ... ZIECK BW 362 — subt ...

ZIPPELIUS (L. Acc. Nos. in brackets): 72, 180 — _ sylv, 139d (908, 133 —

1107) — _ polya, (908, 133 — 609, — 627, — 647) — subt, (908,

133 — 1106, — 1110, — 1117) — spic; (951, 341 — 582

587) — subt, (951, 341 — +582) — spic ... ZOLLINGER 1202

gl, 3263 — _ irdhi.

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Vol. XXVIII, Part Il

11th September, 1976

CONTENTS

E. J. H. CoRNER: A new species of Parartocarpus Baillon (Moraceae)

R. Krew: The Genus Iguanura Bl. (Palmae) - - - - -

K. M. KOcHUMMEN: Notes on the pa of i nt oe sre

Myrtaceae - - - :

FY S. P. Ne: oo on ae eeaney of hig ge a =

Ericaceae

F. S. P. Nc: A New Species of Erythroxylum in Malaya - - - -

Hsuan KENG: Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (IV) - - -

HARDIAL SINGH: Meristem Tissue Culture of Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow -

Review of the work of the Singapore Botanic Gardens for the year 1974 - -

Review of the work of the Singapore Botanic Gardens for the year 1975 - .

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WR ISO SRO BR OBR OE OPE IPE OE QC QC QR DQ" ER

PAGE

183-190

191-226

227-229

231-234

235-236

237-258

259-267

269-276

277-283

A new species of Parartocarpus Baillon (Moraceae)

E.J.H. CoRNER

Emeritus Professor of Tropical Botany

University of Cambridge

P. microcarpus sp. nov. is described as a montane species from Sarawak and Sabah, as

the most leptocaul species of the genus able to fruit with small 1 (-2) seeded syncarps. Four

species are recognised, namcly P. bracteatus, P. forbesii, P. microcarpus, and P. venenosus.

Parartocarpus has been revised by Jarrett (1959, 1960), who reduced ten

specific names to P. bracteatus (King) Becc. and P. venenosus (Zoll. et Mor.)

Becc. For the second she introduced four subspecific names, but the complexity

calls for enquiry. I take this up with a new species P. microcarpus. My attention

was drawn to it by the field-note attached to the collection S. 33074 from Sarawak,

which had been filed under P. venenosus. It recorded the plant as a treelet c. 3m

high. I have seen many trees of P. bracteatus and P. venenosus and have never

observed such precocious maturity. They do not fruit until c. 12m high, when the

trunk is becoming massive; ultimately they reach 30-45m. They are among the

easiest trees to recognise in the primary forest where they grow. The pale cylindric

trunk, rarely with short imperfect buttresses, has strongly pustulate and greyish

white bark, often tinged brownish or yellowish, with faint hoop-marks and copious

latex. Actually they are often first encountered by stumbling on the massive

superficial roots with similar pustulate bark. From these stout roots, which spread

widely, many smaller laterals proceed from the underside deeply and perpendi-

cularly into the soil; thus uprooted trunks and stumps in recent clearings can also

be recognised. I observed that in the peat-swamps of Singapore and Johore big

asi of P. venenosus ssp. forbesii (King) Jarrett occurred at the rate of 2-4 per

ectare.

As I had never seen such small fruiting trees as S. 33074, I examined in

detail the duplicate sent to me and found that what appeared to be inflorescences

at anthesis (capitula 2-3cm wide) were in fact fully grown syncarps with a nearly

mature seed; the cotyledons had not entirely filled the testa. More remarkable,

however, were two facts; the syncarps were bisexual and the anthers were introrse.

Parartocarpus, like most other Moraceae, has extorse anthers; they are introrse,

so far as known, merely in Antiaris, Antiaropsis, and Ficus (Corner 1962). I found

the same peculiarities in the duplicate of S. 28676, sent to me, but the field-note

gave this as a large tree c. 26m high. As this material was scant, I borrowed

through Mr Paul Chai the original sheets from the Kuching Forest Herbarium.

He kindly sent me two more sheets which also gave the tree as 25-30m high. The

four collections agreed in the thin twigs (3—-Smm thick), small glabrous leaves,

small bisexual syncarps (of which I dissected eight), flat facets to the tepals, the

1(—2?) fertile seeds, absence of any central core to the syncarp, introrse anthers,

and short thick deflexed involucral bracts. In P. bracteatus and P. venenosus the

syncarps are much larger (7-20cm wide), many-seeded, with a distinct core

(34cm thick), and usually unisexual. Their twigs are relatively stout (S-9mm

thick) and their leaves larger with more lateral veins (8-15 pairs) and distinct

transverse intercostals (3-5 in P. venenosus, up to 11 in P. bracteatus), though

the smaller leaf of P. venenosus ssp. forbesii (1-2 intercostals) approaches that

183

184 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

of P. microcarpus (Figures 1, 2). The leaves are also figured by Jarrett (1960,

figure 21).

Having found these morphological agreements between the four collections,

I asked that the field-note on S. 33074 should be checked. It transpires that there

was an error. The tree was c. 23m high and 1.6m in girth (7Oft., 4ft. girth, not the

10ft, treelet of 4in. girth as given on the label). This error has been productive.

P. microcarpus is the most leptocaul species able to fruit with exceptionally small

syncarps, and this faculty may enable it to begin fruiting early in the life of the

tree. The species comes nearest in leaf, perhaps also in seed, to P. venenosus

ssp. forbesii (Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo), but differs in the non-spinous, small and

bisexual syncarps, the thick deflexed involucral bracts, the introrse anthers, and

the montane habitat.

The bisexual syncarp is puzzling. At first I thought that the capitula were

strongly protogynous because the male flowers had included anthers, as if to

become exsert while the seed was forming. At anthesis of the female flowers the

anthers were 3-4mm long and well-formed with the loculi filled with apparently

mature pollen-grains. In the nearly ripe syncarps the anthers were shrunken

(1.5-2.5mm long), more or less empty, and without sign of elongation of the

filament. The collections S. 28676 and S. 33074 had capitula at anthesis and

various stages in development on to mature syncarps, but there were no exsert

anthers as typical of the genus (Figure 3). Two explanations offer themselves,

which field-study must resolve. Either there are only bisexual capitula from which

the anthers are never exsert, and the pollen must be extruded somehow from the

male loculus; or there are both male and functionally female capitula, in which

case the male have yet to be discovered, perhaps on different trees. The second

possibility happens occasionally in P. venenosus ssp. forbesii, a few syncarps of

which have such male loculi with included and shrunken but extrorse anthers, and it

was habitual in two trees of Treculia africana which grew in the Singapore Botanic

Garden; all the syncarps of these trees were bisexual, very strongly protogynous,

with the anthers slowly exsert, and productive of many viable seeds. Like

Parartocarpus in general and Artocarpus, Treculia is said to be monoecious with

unisexual capitula.

Parartocarpus microcarpus sp. nov. Figure 1.

Arbor -30m alta. Folia parva glabra, venulis intercostalibus transversis nullis.

Capitula 15mm lata, bisexualia; bracteis involucri 3-4(—5) deflexis, dense puberullis.

Syncarpia parva, 2.5-3cm lata, seminibus 1(-—2) praedita; bracteolis tepalisque

planis, non spinosis. Semina epistomio sclerotico deficientia. Borneo (Sarawak,

Sabah) in silvis montanis 1000-1800m alt. Typus:— S. 28676 (Herbarium, Forest

Department, Sarawak).

Tree -30m high, bole —2m in girth; bark whitish, lenticellate; latex white.

Leaves spirally arranged. Twigs 3-Smm thick, appressedly puberulous with whitish

hairs 0.1-0.3mm long, soon glabrous, Stipules 2-3.5mm long, closely puberulous,

caducous, Lamina 3-10 x 1.6—-4cm, narrowly obovate to lanceolate-elliptic, subacute,

base tapered, coriaceous, entire, glabrous except for sparse whitish hairs —0.5mm

long on the underside of the midrib, drying brown; lateral veins 6-8(-9) pairs,

raised on both sides of the lamina, without transverse intercostal veins (rarely 1);

reticulum not or scarcely raised; petiole 18-35 x 1-1.5mm.

Capitula c. 15mm wide at anthesis of the female flowers, bisexual, solitary,

axillary, globose, minutely facetted with flat or slightly convex tepals arranged

mostly in pairs or threes (rarely fours) with the outer end 1.5-2.5mm wide,

sometimes with a slight central point, the free parts 0.5mm high; involucre of

A new species of Parartocarpus 185

Figure 1. Parartocarpus microcarpus, Capitula shortly after anthesis of the female flowers

(S. 33074) and fully grown (S. 28676), x 2. Twig and leaves, x 4. Embroy in radicle view,

x 3. Stamens, x 5. Male flowers in t.s., x 10. Facets of perianths, the lower two apparently

with bifid stigmata (S. 28676), x 6.

186 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

3-4 (-5) short, thick, closely puberulous, triangular, more or less deflexed bracts

3-4 x 3-5mm, 2—2.5mm thick, free or shortly joined; peduncle 14-25 x 1.5-2mm,

thinly puberulous, glabrescent. Male flowers abundant, in hairy sockets

4—5 x 3-4mm, subtended by 2 tepals at the surface, the septa between the sockets

0.2-0.4mm thick; stamens 2, rarely 1 or 3; anthers 3-4 x 1.5mm, introrse, not or

scarcely mucronate, ? not exsert; filaments very short, free, with conspicuous

hairs round the base; pistillode none. Female flowers in thinly hairy sockets as

the male but more deeply situated, few (? 6-8 per capitulum), subtended at the

surface by 2-3 (-4) tepals; ovary glabrous, drying dark brown; style terminal,

embedded in the capitulum-wall and issuing between the tepals with a short,

simple, scarcely projecting stigma (? sometimes with 2 stigmatic arms).

Syncarp. 2.5-3cm wide, similar to the capitulum, with 1(-2) seeds, without

a distinct core, the flattened tepals not or scarcely enlarged; syncarp-wall 4-6

(-8)mm thick; male flowers with included and more or less desiccated anthers.

Drupe 12-14 x 10-11mm, dark brown, with thin (? pulpy) exocarp and woody

endocarp. 0.5mm thick; style broken and more or less lateral; testa membranous;

hilum of seed without a sclerotic plug. Embryo large, curved, with rather thick

cotyledons and rather short radicle.

Leaf; upper epidermal cells polygonal with straight walls; lower epidermal

cells with undulate walls; cuticle striato-rugulose round the stomata; hypodermis

none; mesophyll without resin-cells or long hyphal arms. Gland-hairs?

Sarawak.— S. 28676, Kapit District, Ulu Balleh, summit ridge of Bukit Tibang

on Indonesian border, 1° 35’ N 114° 35’ E, 1700m alt., in mossy forest on

andesite soil; large tree 26m high, 2m girth, with cylindric bole; bark whitish with

prominent lenticels; immature fruit bluish green. J.A.R. Anderson and Ilias bin

Paie, 12 July 1969.— S. 33074, 5th Division, Lawas, Sungei Masia in Kota Forest

Reserve, 1200m alt., in kerangas forest; 23m (not 3m treelet), 1.6m girth (not

10cm); twigs greyish; latex white; calyx brownish green; fruit light green. S. Tong

and Jugah, 14 March 1973. Iban, kateh— H.P. Nooteboom and P. Chai 02124,

Kalabit Highlands, Bario Pamerario river, 15 April 1970, 1000m alt.; tree 25m

high, bole 45cm diam.

Sabah.— San 44318, Tambunan, Trusmudi Forest Reserve, above Ulu Koingaran,

1800m alt., primary forest on black sandstone soil; tree 30m high, bole 13m, 2m

girth; buttresses; bark rough, slash yellowish pink, sandy hard, cambium whitish

fibrous lcm thick; fruits green; latex white. G. Mikil, 26 Oct. 1964.

Species in Parartocarpus

To judge from the leaf, P. bracteatus with 11-15 pairs of hairy lateral veins

and numerous transverse intercostals is the least advanced species (Figure 2). It

entails the large spinous syncarp. P. microcarpus is the most leptocaul. P. venenosus

ssp. forbesii relates them in spiny syncarp (Figure 3, 4) and reduced leaf (6-11

pairs of lateral veins, 1-2 intercostals). P. venenosus ssp. borneensis adds more

numerous intercostals (3-5) and somewhat hairy epidermis. P. venenosus ssp.

venenosus and ssp. papuanus differ from this alliance in the very massive syncarp

with subconic, truncate, or flat, low facets to the bracteoles and tepals, the larger

seed, and the fairly large leaf with lax venation (6-15 pairs of lateral veins, 3-5

intercostals). P. microcarpus, though with the flat facets of ssp. venenosus, is

aero closer to ssp. forbesii, and this alliance seems to be proved by the

seed.

In P. bracteatus and P. venenosus, except ssp. forbesii, the seed has a thick

sclerotic plug in the hilum (Figure 4). This is absent from P. microcarpus and

from some collections of ssp. forbesii (Figure 4), though perhaps not all (Jarrett

1959, figure 2e). The plug develops early, even before the sclerotic endocarp. The

A new species of Parartocarpus 187

seeds are largest in P. venenosus ssp. venenosus and ssp. papuanus (20-35 x

16—28mm across the endocarp), smaller in P. bracteatus, ssp. forbesii, and spp.

borneensis (c. 15 x 12mm), and slightly less, perhaps, in P. microcarpus (12-14 x

10-1lmm). The exocarp becomes pulpy, yellowish to pale orange, and aril-like

as in several species of Artocarpus subgen. Artocarpus, but it has a layer of red

or purple pulpy cells in its outer cortex (Figure 4). Growth of the drupe is often

inequilateral and the style, breaking from the wall of the syncarp, becomes more

or less lateral (Jarrett 1960), but this is not always the case in ssp. papuanus and

P. microcarpus where it may remain subterminal,

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Figure 2. Leaves of Parartocarpus bracteatus (a), P. venenosus ssp. borneensis (b), ssp.

forbesii (c), and ssp. papuarus (dq), x 4.

188 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Geographically, according to Jarrett (1960), Parartocarpus occupies the

lowland forests of south-east Asia on the Sunda Shelf, except for P. venenosus

ssp. papuanus the distribution of which is easterly from Celebes and the Philippines

to the Solomon Islands. With this exception, all species and subspecies occur in

Borneo, where ssp. borneensis is endemic, and Java has only ssp. venenosus. The

one record of ssp. venenosus from Borneo, however, is problematic and based on

the type of P. beccarianus, which may need enquiry. Certainly the main distribution

of ssp. venenosus and ssp. papuanus is different from that of the remainder of the

genus. When morphological characters are added, I incline to regard ssp. forbesti

and ssp. borneensis as a distinct species connected with the ancestry of P. bracteatus

independently of P. venenosus. Hence I would attribute four species to Parartocar-

pus, namely P. bracteatus, P. forbesii, and microcarpus of the Sunda Shelf, and

the wide-ranging P. venenosus. This implies the parallel evolution of the flat

bracteoles and tepals in P. venenosus and P. microcarpus.

Ecologically, as Jarrett has observed, there are also distinctions. P. forbesii

seems to be a species of the more or less tidal and freshwater, peat-swamp forest

behind the mangrove. This is certainly its habitat in Johore, as it was in Singapore

where this forest has been exterminated except for a small part in the north-east

corner of the Water Catchment area, and here P. forbesii may persist. P. bracteatus

and P. venenosus occur on firm clay soil, more or less lateritic, on hillsides and

above inundations; P. venenosus may be associated with the more strictly seasonal

climate. Ssp. borneensis is reported from sandy soil, and P. microcarpus from

montane sandy peat, or montane kerangas forest: it has not been found in the

Bako National Park with its typical lowland kerangas. All these habitats may

border on one another and it is not known how the species occur in the transitional

zones, even if they can grow together; their presence as saplings, flourishing or

dying, would be of much interest. Ecologists should be on the look-out for small

trees suggestive of Sapotaceae but with the characteristic trunk and roots and, if

obtainable, the twigs with stipular scars.

Concerning the microscopic structure of the leaf there seems to be little, if

any, difference between the species. The lower epidermal cells have undulate wails.

in P. forbesii, but they are polygonal with straight walls in P. microcarpus, and

they vary from one form to the other in P. bracteatus and P. venenosus.

To what extent the seeds are poisonous also needs investigation. In the case

of P. venenosus ssp. papuanus, which I observed not infrequently in the Solomon

Islands on old raised headlands at c. 300m altitude, the thick wall of the syncarp

ripens mealy-oily and orange-yellow beneath the brown tesselate surface, and it is

edible with a pleasant flavour of banana and lemon. The seeds taste nutty but a

local forest-officer who ate three kernels vomitted a few hours later with feelings

of giddiness; I ate less than half a kernel without ill effect. Natives, however, grind

up the seeds with food for dogs in order to kill them. The latex is also said to be

poisonous and may be the source of the seed-poison.

The Indo-Malaysian Artocarpus and Parartocarpus invoke consideration of

the African Treculia, which is in need of much more detailed study (Leandri 1952,

Jarrett 1959); it combines features of both and in its specialisation belongs to

neither. Treculia is monoecious with unisexual capitula of similar shape (cf.

Parartocarpus), though they are bisexual in 7. africana (cf. P. microcarpus). The

inflorescences, which are subsessile, have small and more or less biseriate bracts

without flowers as an involucre, suggestive of the primitive state in Parartocar pus.

They are covered with many free bracteoles with peltate heads (cf. Artocarpus)

or they have spicately ramified extremities. The male flowers have a thin tubular

perianth with 2-4 teeth at the end (cf. Artocarpus), but they enclose 3-4 extrorse

stamens (cf. Parartocarpus) with short anthers and free filaments; there may be

a minute pistillode. The female flower has no perianth or it may consist of three

A new species of Parartocar pus 189

Figure 3. Parartocarpus venenosus ssp. forbesii. Facets of female flowers with bracteoles,

x 6. Male flowers, immature and mature, and stamens, x 10. a. Female flowers in Ls. at

anthesis, x 2.

Figure 4. Drupes of Parartocarpus in |.s., x 3. P. venenosus ssp. papuanus (a, with hilum

of seed only), ssp. forbesii (c, with syncarp-wall), and P. bracteatus (b). Endocarp striated;

v.b. with broken lines; layer of red pulpy cells of exocarp speckled.

190 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

narrow tepals, but this needs confirmation. The ovaries are sunk in loculi of the

receptacle and the style has two rather long stigmatic arms (cf. Artocarpus pr. p.)

The embryo has the short radicle of Artocarpus, very unequal cotyledons (cf.

Artocarpus), but the large cotyledon is bent as in Parartocarpus, Germination is

epigeal with elongate hypocotyl as in Parartocar pus, not as in Artocar pus with

suppressed hypocotyl. The distichous leaves with small caducous stipules show that

Treculia is a remnant from pachycaul ancestry with spirally arranged leaves and is

comparable vegetatively with Artocarpus subgen. Pseudojaca, The three genera

indicate a pachycaul Laurasian ancestry in common with that of Broussonetia and

Maclura (Corner 1962). The most advanced in reproductive features is Artocar pus.

It is by far the largest, most varied, and successful genus and, as I have found in

Ficus (Corner 1967), it shows consequently the evolution from large-leafed

pachycaul into the small-leafed and distichous leptocaul. Indeed, no Urticalean

genus shows better the evolution of the leaf from the large pinnate form with

spiral arrangement on massive twigs, through the pinnatifid, to the simple leptocaul

with small leaves and many distichous twigs in the bushy crown. It shows, as well

as Ficus, that the main generic evolution of Urticales was in the pachycaul phase.

I draw attention to the recent and excellent account of the tropical American

Naucleopsis (Berg 1972). This genus of Olmedieae, though specialised and simpli-

fied on its account, suggests a less advanced state of Parartocarpus in the discoid

or hemispheric inflorescence with multiseriate involucre and in the more typical

Moracean flowers with bifid stigma. Berg describes 18 species all of which appear

to be more or less leptocaul with distichous leaves except the remarkable N.

(Palmolmedia) stipularis. It is the pachycaul relic of limited distribution in the

Amazon Basin with large leaves and persistent stipules spirally arranged on twigs

7-20mm thick. The ancestry of Naucleopsis must link with that of Artocarpeae.

References

Berg, C.C., 1972. Flora Neotropica Monograph no. 7. Olmedieae, Brosimeae

(Moraceae). Hafner Publishing Co., New York.

Corner, E.J.H., 1962. The classification of Moraceae. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 19,

187-252.

Corner, E.J.H., 1967. Ficus in the Solomon Islands, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond.

B 253, 23-159.

Jarrett, F.M. 1959, Studies in Artocarpus and allied genera 1. General considera-

tions. J. Arn. Arb. 40, 1-29.

Jarrett, F.M., 1960. Idem V. A revision of Parartocarpus and Hullettia. J. Arn.

Arb, 41, 320-340.

Leandri, J., 1952. Flore de Madagascar et des Comores, 55e Familie.... Moracees.

Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Phanérogamie). Paris.

The Genus Iguanura BI. (Palmae)

R. KIiEw

Universiti Pertanian Malaysia*

Summary: A revision of the Malesian genus Jguanura Bl. is presented. The genus, which is

confined to Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo, comprises 16 species, four of which

represent new species.

Iguanura is a genus of forest undergrowth palms confined to Borneo, Malaya,

Sumatra and Southern Thailand. In Malaya /guanura has a widespread distribution

being found in almost every area of lowland forest and occasionally species of

Iguanura dominate the undergrowth, being found in dense stands.

The botany of Malaya is comparatively well known and /guanura is included

in both the floras of J. D. Hooker (1892) and Ridley (1907, 1925), the latter

providing a key to Malayan species which tends to cloud rather than clarify the

differences between the species. Furthermore in his 1925 edition, the description

that Ridley gives for J. ferruginea is actually that of Licuala ferruginea. Whitmore

(1973) has also considered the Malayan members of the genus in his popular book

on palms. In contrast, although the species in Borneo are more numerous, they are

less well known and no previous composite account or key exists for these species.

All in 21 species of Iguanura have been described by previous authors — twelve

from Malaya, seven from Borneo, one from Sumatra and one dubious species

I, speranskyana has been described from Brazil.

Iguanura has been regarded as a confusing genus and difficulty has been

experienced in identifying taxa in the field with the result that 7guwanura has

remained obscure. Among the Malayan taxa there has been a proliferation of

species descriptions based on extreme forms or unsound characters while there has

been no systematic study of the species in Borneo since Beccari’s time. Detailed

study of the genus has resulted in the reduction of nine species (eight from Malaya)

and the exclusion of J. speranskyana from the genus. Four new species from

Borneo are described, bringing the total number of species in the genus to 16.

The genus /guanura is probably not closely related to the other genera of West

Malesian arecoid palms and is readily distinguished from the other widespread and

common dwarf arecoid palms — Pinanga, Areca and Nenga — and from those with

a more restricted distribution — Rhophaloblaste and Gigliolia — by a combination

of the following characters: a praemorse leaf margin, interfoliar inflorescences

(except for J. bicornis), deeply sunken triads of flowers and the basal position of

the stylar remains in the fruit.

Many species of Jguanura are most attractive both in habit, varying from palms

four metres in height to the minute J. palmuncula with leaves the size of a hand,

and in possessing red, juicy, drupaceous fruits and delicate foliage. 7guanura has

* Postal address: University Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

19]

192 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

not been widely introduced into cultivation. It is not difficult to grow from seed and

it has been cultivated in the Botanic Gardens of Bogor, Singapore and at the

Waterfall Gardens in Penang. There appear to be no records of its being cultivated

either in America or Europe except for the exhibition specimen of J. wallichiana

which was displayed at Ghent in 1898. Seedlings I took to England have thrived in

the glass houses at the Cambridge Botanic Gardens. Recently Dransfield distributed

a large quantity of seed of 7. macrostachya from Bogor.

History

The genus was first described by C. L. Blume (1838a) for Jguanura leucocarpa

which was based on two collections from Sumatra, one collected by Korthals from

Padang and the other from Palembang (perhaps collected by Praetorius). In

Rumphia (1838b) Blume writes that it was so named “ob aliquam spadicis

obsessi cum cauda quorundam Amphibiorum, quae ad Genus /guanus pertinent,

similitudinem, ei inditum eat”. However it is only the immature spadix that appears

scaly due to the effect of the raising of the pit bract as the male flowers develop.

Porter first collected in 1822 from Penang what Martius later (1837)

described as Areca wallichiana, but it was not until 1883 that J. D. Hooker trans-

ferred this species to the genus 7guanura. From Griffith’s collection from Malacca

Slackia geonomaeformis Griffith was described in 1842 and which Martius trans-

ferred to the genus 7guanura, thus making Slackia synonymous with Iguanura.

The first species to be described from Sarawak was I. remotiflora which had

been collected by Lobb in 1857 and described by Wendland (1859). This was

followed by J. borneensis described by Scheffer (1876) from a collection by

Teysmann from Borneo.

Beccari (1886) described 7. bicornis, I. corniculata, I, malaccensis and I.

polymorpha from the west coast of Malaya and IJ. ambigua, I. elegans, I. macro-

stachya and I. palmuncula from his own collections from Sarawak. J. D. Hooker

(1892) using Beccari’s manuscript, described /. diffusa, I. parvula and I. wallichiana

var major and var minor besides a new species, J. brevipes. Ridley (1904) described

two species from his Malayan collections — J. ferruginea and I. spectabilis — and

one species from Sarawak — I. sanderiana, from a collection by Micholitz. Finally

in 1934, I. arakudensis was described by Furtado and, J. ridleyana from Sarawak,

described by Beccari, was published posthumously. No recent revision of the genus

Iguanura has been made.

Iguanura is confined to West Malesia. (Bois, 1899, described J. speranskyana

from Brazil, but this is probably a geonomoid palm). It is a genus of the under-

growth of primary rain forests and in Malaya is widespread and often abundant.

It has no economic value or uses although Burkill (1935, 1966) accords contracep-

tive ability to 1. wallichiana based on a note made by Alvin in 1884, after Alvin had

been told by an aboriginal community ‘“‘Anybody don’t wished their wife confined,

they shall eat this roots and flowers’’.

Neither the aboriginals nor the Malays have any constant names which

distinguish the species of Iguanura; all are called “‘pinang’’ which includes the

forest species of Areca, Pinanga, Nenga and Iguanura. There are numerous local

names (some, one suspects, are coined on the spot). ‘““Terunoh”’ or Terunok” has

been cited as the native name for /. wallichiana subsp. wallichiana var. major (I.

spectabilis) although it is used for var. wallichiana in Kelantan and Pahang.

Iguanura Bl. 193

Genus

Iguanura Bl.

Iguanura Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 7: 66 (1838); in Rumphia, 2: 105

(1843); Endlicher, Genera Plantarum. Suppl. 1, 1752/1: 1372 (1836-40); Meisner,

Plantarum Vasc. Gen. 7: 226 (1836-43); Martius, Historia Naturalis Palmarum,

3: 229 (1823-50); Miquel, Flora Indiae Batavae. 3: 43 (1855-59); Scheffer, Ann,

Jard. Buit. 7: 141 (1876); Hooker f., in Bentham and Hooker f., Genera Plan-

tarum. 3: 907 (1883); Drude in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2: 68 (1887);

Hooker f., Flora of British India. 6: 415 (1892); Ridley, Materials for Flora of

Malay Peninsula. 2: 149 (1907); Flora of Malay Peninsula. 5: 13 (1925); Beccari

and Pichi-Sermolli, Webbia 77: 140 (1955). Potztal in Engler’s Syllabus Pflanzen-

familien. 2: 585-6 (1964). Whitmore, Palms of Malaya. 62 (1973).

Synonyms. Slackia Griffith, Calcutta J. Nat. His. 5: 469 (1845). Palms of British

East India. 161 and pl. 163 (1851); Icones Plantarum Asiaticum 3: 162 (1851);

Notulae ad Plantes Asiaticas 3: 162 (1851).

Type Species: Iguanura leucocarpa B1.

Description

Small, unarmed, monoecious palms; acaulescent or stem erect to 4 m tall,

slender (4) 1 (3) cm in diameter, with regularly spaced annuli 1-3 cm apart.

Solitary or branched from the base and caespitose. Stembase with numerous stilt

roots branching copiously at soil level. Crownshaft conspicuous in some species c.

25 cm long and 1.5 cm diameter. Crown of c. 7 leaves. Leaves arching out of the

crown, bronze-coloured when young becoming rice green then olive green with

age. Leaf sheath tubular c. 10-12 cm long with a conspicuous midrib continued

into the petiole. In species with crownshaft, leaf abscission occurs and leaf sheath

is green and limp; in species with non-abscissing leaves sheath is brown and

fibrous and split for c. 4 its length. Petiole c. 15 cm long and 4 cm thick,

rounded below, flat or grooved above. Rachis, often covered with brown hairs,

tapering to a filiform apex. Lamina c. 30-85 cm long and 30 cm wide, thinly

coriaceous, simple with an apical notch in juvenile plants and in some species

(except in J. sanderiana) or in most species divided into compound reduplicate

segments, slightly pendulous, variable in width and number but always with several

veins, generally in pairs, the apical pair about twice the width of lower segments.

Segments sessile, either parallelogram-shaped with the apical corner elongated and

lateral veins parallel or trapezoid with a narrow base widening to the distal margin

and with veins diverging from the rachis to the margin. Margin finely dentate,

praemorse. Veins prominent, 4-1 cm apart, abaxial ones often covered with grey

or dense brown hairs, Inflorescence axillary, inter- or infra-foliar, unbranched or

paniculate with upto 15 rachillae c. 10 cm long, the lower rachillae often with

second order branching; inflor green, either glabrous and shining or covered by

a felt of fawn hairs at the base; either short (c. 4 cm) and below the leaves

(I. bicornis) or long c. 30 cm and projecting beyond the leaf sheaths (upto 60 cm

long in I. wallichiana and I. macrostachya). Inflor. base narrow, ultimately

clasping } of stem. Spathes, 2, sometimes persistent and papyraceous. Outer spathe

c. 6-11 cm long, not extending beyond the leaf sheath, in cross section flattened

and wings with a lateral row of teeth. Inner spathe attached c. 1 cm above the

outer, longer c, 10-14 (25) cm long and round in cross-section. Inflor. piercing

both bracts. 1-3 sterile bracts above the spathes, small (c. 25 mm long), green

and ovate. Floral pits protandrous, arranged in loose spiral becoming tighter

194 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

towards the apex, immature flowers deeply sunk in pit. Pits with bract below and

lip above, interior of pit densely covered with long brown hairs, pits widely spaced,

c. 4-1 cm apart. Flowers sessile, unisexual and similar with prominent pistillode or

staminodes, symmetrical, arranged in triads of 2 male and one female flower with 2

male flowers occupying a distal position to the female; in the distal part of the

rachilla with pairs of male flowers only. Flowers rarely seen as triads but develop-

ing in succession; mature male I and immature male II; mature male II and

immature female; and finally mature female. Male and female flowers similar in

appearance, flowers 2-2. 5 mm long, conic with a blunt apex or longer, 5 mm, and

apex pointed in J. leucocarpa, I elegans and I, macrostachya. Sepals 3, submerged

within the pit, green or brown, cordate, imbricate, 1 x 1 mm, concave, brittle and

slightly coriaceous, thinly transparent at the edges, terminating with a row of long

simple hairs, inner surface laminate, often split at the apex. Petals 3, projecting

beyond the pit, cream and strongly ribbed, fleshy at the base. Male flowers partly

embedded in the pit, ephemeral, abscissing between the petals and sepals. Petals

valvate, thick, boat-shaped, closely appressed at the margins. Stamens 6, filaments

free, erect 2.5 — 4 mm, inflexed in bud; anthers c. 1.5 — 2 mm, cream; pollen

sacs 2, attached laterally, versatile, lobed or unlobed, splitting longitudinally on

lateral side. Pistillode c. 7 mm tall, purple, stout, c. 2 mm in diameter, narrowly

conical, slightly ridged (where anthers appressed in bud), flask-shaped with domed

apex, apex dirty yellow and minutely papillose with raphid cells. Pollen: cream

in colour; elliptic monocolpate (rarely tricoto-monocolpate, in [. wallichiana)

furrow elliptic, exine finely reticulate (Thanikaimoni, 1966). Female flowers with

stigmas projecting above the petals. Petals and sepals imbricate, increasing in size

and thickness from sepals, c. 1.5 mm long, to the petals c. 3 mm long. Sepals thin,

slightly coriaceous, brownish green or cream in colour except for some populations

of J. polymorpha with crimson sepals. Sepals persistent but not falling with the

fruit. Petals cream and fleshy. Staminodes 6, filaments tapering to a point without

anther vestiges, staminodes mostly on opposite side of ovary to the single ovule.

Ovary syncarpous, flask-shaped, 3 mm long, slightly asymmetric, bulged on the

side of the single ovule. Stigmas 3, massive, sessile and recurved. Ovule hemitro-

pous, pendant, reniform, crassinucellate with vestigial aril. Fruit drupaceous, small,

1 — 1.5 cm long and 4 cm diameter, asymmetric with conspicuous basal stylar

remains, fruit variously shaped: olive-shaped, curved, bigibbous or with elongated

apex. Pericarp smooth and fleshy; white, green or pink when unripe, ripening

cerise, glistening, sweet and juicy (in all species observed in the field). Endocarp

hard and fibrous, inner surface laminate, drying smooth or ribbed with a rounded

seed cavity or longitudinally ridged with an angular seed cavity. Endosperm

homogeneous, sometimes weakly (J. polymorpha, I. corniculata) or strongly

ruminate (J. wallichiana), solid and horny at maturity. Embryo basal. Germination:

hypogeal with cotyledon enlarging within the fruit, plumule develops through the

fruit stalk scar. Plumule with 2 narrowly tubular scale leaves; third leaf with

simple lamina, bifid apically, truncate or cuneate at base and margin finely serrate.

Successive leaves similar but larger, in most taxa becoming pinnate from the base

upwards, first one segment then with a pair of segments and so on.

Species: 16

Distribution: Borneo, Sumatra, Malaya and Thailand. Malaya: J. corniculata:

Malaya and Thailand: J. bicornis; Malaya and Sarawak: J. polymorpha; Malaya,

Sumatra and Sarawak: J. wallichiana; Sumatra: I. leucocarpa; Kalimantan: J.

borneensis, I. prolifera; Kalimantan and Sarawak: I. macrostachya; Sarawak: I.

ambigua, I. elegans, I. melinauensis, I. minor, I. myochodoides, I. palmuncula, I.

remotiflora, I. sanderiana.

Iguanura Bl. 195

a >

7,"

20,

Figure 1. The flower and fruit of Jguanura. a. Sunken triad of flowers (J. wallichiana) x 4;

b. male flower (J. wallichiana) x 20; c. stamens x 40 ci unlobed anthers (J.

wallichiana) cii lobed anthers (J. remotiflora); d. female flower (J. wallichiana) x

10; e. ovary (I. wallichiana) ei LS x 8 eii TS x 20; f. TS of dried fruit x 3 fi

unribbed and unridged fruit with ruminate endosperm (J. wallichiana) fii ribbed

fruit with homogeneous endosperm (J. myochodoides) fiii ridged frvit with homo-

geneous endosperm (J. melinauensis).

196 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Figure 2. Distribution of Iguanura species in Borneo. A. Ist Division Sarawak. B. Borneo.

a. 1. ambigua; b. I. borneensis; c. I. elegans; d. I. macrostachya; e. I. melinauensis;

f. I. minor; g. I. myochodoides; h. I. palmuncula; i. I. polymorpha; }j. I. prolifera;

k. I. remotiflora; |. I. sanderiana; m. I. wallichiana.

Ecology: In Malaya Iguanura is a ubiquitous palm in the undergrowth of primary

rain forest although it may be absent from ridgetops and forest above about

1300 m, the highest record being 1500 m. It is absent from mangroves and exposed

limestone, though J. polymorpha and I. corniculata have been collected growing

in crevices at the base of limestone hills. It frequently dominates the undergrowth,

particularly in the vicinity of streambeds and in seasonally swampy areas.

In Borneo (Fig. 2) and Sumatra, /guanura may be common very locally but

none of the species is common and widespread. J. palmuncula var lenta has been

collected from shallow peat and /. melinauensis from limestone debris. Otherwise

Iguanura is confined to the undergrowth of the lowland and hill forests.

It has never been recorded from open habitats.

Iguanura Bl. 197

The relationship of the genus Iguanura to other Malesian arecoid genera

Other genera of small palms which are common and widespread in Malaya,

Sumatra and Borneo are Pindnga, Areca and Nenga which are more closely related

to each other than they are to 7guanura and from which /guanura is distinguished

by its praemorse leaf margin, interfoliate inflorescences (except for J. bicornis) and

by the basal position of the stylar remains in the fruit. Two other arecoid genera

of undergrowth palms are represented by Rhophaloblaste singaporensis (Becc.)

Hook. f. in Malaya and Gigliolia in Sarawak. Gigliolia subacaulis Becc superficially

resembles J. elegans in habit and leaf shape but the leaf margin is serrate rather

than praemorse and the flowers of these genera are very different. Rhophaloblaste

can also be readily distinguished from /guanura, Rhophaloblaste possessing narrow

leaf segments with a single main vein and its stylar remains occupying an apical

position in the fruit. Furthermore, 7guanura exhibits several unusual features not

seen in the other palms growing in this region, namely the triads of flowers deeply

sunken in pits, lobed anthers (Fig. 1) in some species and a wide range of fruit

shapes (Fig. 3). In addition 7guanura displays several features of leaf anatomy

(Kiew 1972 PhD, unpublished) which Tomlinson (1961) records as being unusual

in arecoid palms, namely: the possession of epidermal cells with sinuous walls,

the possession of different types of hairs, the absence of an adaxial hypodermis and

scattered nonvascular fibres in the mesophyll.

The position of /guanura within the arecoid palms has been subject to widely

differing opinion. J. D. Hooker (1883) divided the Areceae tribe into 12 subtribes

of which Iguanureae was one and included genera from Madagascar, New Guinea

and several thorny genera from the Seychelles. Drude (1887) recognised seven

subtribes of the Arecinae, 7guanura being placed within the Areceae. Beccari and

Pichi-Sermolli (1955) provided a detailed conspectus of the arecoid genera of the

Old World which they divided into eleven tribes: Iguanura was isolated together

with a New Guinea genus, Sommieria, in the tribe Iguanureae. These two genera

are similar in possessing basal stylar remains, a praemorse leaf margin and by

lacking thorns. These two genera differed in fruit type: /guanura possessing a

drupaceaous fruit and Sommieria a dry warty one.

Burrett and Potztal (1956) recognized several subtribes but many genera

including Zguanura were not allied into these subtribes. Satake (1962) produced

a system of classification in which Jguanura was surprisingly included in the

Geonomeae tribe. Potztal (1964) placed Jguanura in a monogeneric tribe. Moore

(1973) has revised the classification of palms and the largest taxa, the arecoid

palms, he subdivides into alliances : [guanura is placed with Rhophaloblaste in the

Clinostigma alliance and Pinanga, Areca, Nenga and Gigliolia fall within the Areca

alliance.

This lack of concensus about the position of /guanura within the arecoid

palms is due to two factors. One factor is that /guanura is not apparently closely

related to any palm genus that grows within its geographic range. The other factor

is that although common in Malaya, it is a palm that has escaped detailed study

until the present time and is little known to many palm taxonomists and to botanic

gardens outside South East Asia.

It is difficult to confirm whether Sommieria is closely related to /guanura as

specimens of this palm are rare and descriptions few, thus for Sommieria the

position of the inflorescence, whether the leaves are marcescent or absciss and the

structure of the ovary are not precisely known. In many respects, the genus

198 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Iguanura appears most closely related to the genus Linospadix, a genus from New

Guinea and Queensland which has several significant characters in common : the

leaf of some species possessing a praemorse margin, interfoliar inflorescences, two

spathes, male flowers with six stamens and a conspicuous sterile ovary; female

flowers with imbricate petals, six conspicuous staminodes and a single locule in the

ovary and a fruit with a fleshy pericarp. It differs in the stylar remains occupying

an apical position in the fruit. Some of these characters might reflect a similar

degree of advancement e.g. the number of stamens, the number of locules in the

ovary and the presence of conspicuous staminodes and pistillodes (Moore, 1973).

Moore (1973) places Linospadix in a separate alliance, the Linospadix

alliance. No diagnoses are given for these new alliances, but Uhl and Moore (1971)

provide a description of the ovule characters of the Linospadix alliance which

agree closely with the anatomy of the ovule of /guanura wallichiana and I. poly-

morpha (Kiew 1972 PhD unpublished). Thus /guanura is similar to Linospadix

in the triads of flowers being deeply sunken in pits in the rachillae, in the presence

of a well developed stigma, in the presence of a triradiate stylar canal, in the ovule

being pendant and being attached near the top of the loculus, in the presence of a

short, rounded funicular aril and in the outer integument being fused for almost

its entire length. The structure of the ovary differs only in the tannin sheath which

surrounds the embryo being narrower (2-4 cells thick as opposed to 6~7 cells in

Linos padix).

The anatomy of the ovule of the Areceae alliance is described and although

the Areceae group possess a narrow tannin sheath there are several fundamental

differences such as, the ovule is campylotropous being attached basally, the outer

integument is separate from the inner integument and the stylar canal is not

grooved. The anatomy of the Clinostigma alliance is not mentioned.

Clearly Zguanura is not closely related to any palm genus indigenous to

Malaya, Sumatra or Borneo and on the basis of evidence presented here, guanura

appears most closely related to Linospadix — a genus of palms centred in New

Guinea.

The Species of Iguanura B1.

The work presented here is based on one year’s field work in Malaya and one

month’s field work in Sarawak, in addition to the study of herbarium specimens.

All type specimens have been examined except in the case of J. speranskyana for

which no type specimen appears to exist, the original brief description being based

on a sterile horticultural specimen. A thorough study of the variation between and

within populations of the widespread and common Malayan species was made

which elucidated the previous confusion created by the proliferation of species

based on extreme forms. It was not possible to study variation in populations of

the species from Borneo and Sumatra. In most cases the species are rare, local or

inaccessible and are represented on average by about five herbarium specimens,

some like J, leucocarpa are represented by two specimens from which the fruit have

been lost. Nor have I seen any of these species in the field. As a result necessary

information is sometimes lacking especially for the habit, position of the inflores-

cences, ripe fruit shape and type of endosperm and field notes are often exiguous.

This is particularly disappointing as the majority of the species of this genus are

endemic to Borneo, This has resulted in difficulties being encounted in constructing

a key to all the species and the one presented here necessarily leans heavily on

Iguanura Bl. 199

herbarium characters. For this reason I have supplied an additional key for the

Malayan taxa based on field characters.

As mentioned above several species of Iguanura have been described from

Malaya which were based on variable characters e.g. J. ferruginea was distinguished

by the degree of hairiness and colour of the hairs on the under surface of the leaf,

I. diffusa by its narrow leaf segments and /. arakudensis by its simple or scarcely

segmented leaf. Study of populations in the field reveals that these are merely

unusual forms found within large populations of typical individuals.

Confusion has been caused by the developmental sequence of the foliage of

Iguanura. Descriptions of the species are based on adult foliage but Whitmore

(1973) illustrates variation of the leaves not with adult leaves but with silhouettes

of sterile juvenile plants (see his Fig. 47). In common with many palms, /guanura

produces a series of leaves from the simple seedling leaf through a succession of

larger leaves exhibiting progressive dissection of the leaf from the base upwards

until the adult dissected leaf is produced (Fig. 4: Kiew, 1972) after which further

adult leaves produced are similar in the number and width of the leaf segments.

Rarely, fertile specimens with simple leaves are found within a population of

individuals with segmented leaves. These are smaller plants and are presumably

rare individuals which are flowering precociously. In a few areas plants with simple

leaves predominate and these populations are considered as varieties.

Another variable character which has generated confusion in the identity of

I. wallichiana s.\. is the number of rachillae. Extensive field work has revealed that

two taxa (J. wallichiana with a much branched inflor. and J. geonomaeformis with

a less branched inflor.) have different but overlapping distributions and these two

taxa have been designated subspecies (see below).

Characters that have proved reliable in distinguishing taxa at the species level

include the shape of the leaf (Fig. 4 & 5) as opposed to the individual segment

shape, position of the inflorescence in relation to the leaves, whether the anthers

are lobed or unlobed, fruit shape (Fig. 3) and whether the endocarp is smooth,

ribbed or ridged (Fig. 1). The male and female flowers are uniform throughout

the genus excepting the lobing of the anther (Fig. 1).

Key for the identification of the species of Iguanura BI.

1. Fruit either curved, oblong and bigibbous or ellipsoidal in shape ...... 2.

2. Fruit curved and endosperm weakly ruminate .....................+5 3.

3. Fruit narrowly elongate terminating in a pronounced hook,

inflorescence unbranched. Malaya ............ 4. I. corniculata Becc.

3. Fruit squat and curved, inflorescence branched (rarely unbranch-

ed). Malaya and Sarawak ................+. 12. I. polymorpha Becc.

2. Fruit not curved and endosperm homogeneous .................+:-0+5 4.

4. Fruit ellipsoidal, endocarp ribbed; peduncle at least 10 cm long;

iitawak ~......... Boviaies. nos. nea. 10. I. myochodoides Kiew

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

4. Fruit oblong and bigibbous, endocarp smooth; peduncle extremely

short (to 5 cm long). Malaya and Thailand ................00......00.

Fruitovoid(olive-shaped }t iv). Sei). 3) Odd. Dray, eee, I Sat BA: ae. 5.

5. Endocarp smooth without ribs or ridges, fruit drying smooth ...... 6.

6. i Anther not lobed! ioltucb ad) 2d. boelion. m9en. 2ed nominee... 7

7. Endosperm deeply ruminate, inflorescence either unbranched

or with upto 15 rachillae. Malaya, Sumatra and Sarawak

ul. leaiugelenes. alee. 16. J. wallichiana (Mart.) Hook. f.

7. Endosperm homogeneous, inflorescence unbranched. Sarawak

4 AAI, OPE. DORAL ALL ROR ae 9. I. minor Kiew

6: Anther ‘lobed Yare. 600 cr See. (ee oe, ee eee 8.

8. Leaf simple and lamina deeply plicate with apical notch

obscure. Sarawak: . esc. .coidw. wasted: 15. I. sanderiana Rid.

8. Leaf divided into segments, lamina not plicate, apical notch

CONSPICUOUS | e/13463 Jud. Jeera iy. Svad. Cane. badomnat ae 9;

9. Peduncle short (less that 10 cm), inflorescence unbranched.

SUMALE A arp of 2 oh odes a Rael ae 6. I. leucocarpa BI.

9. Peduncle longer (more than 15 cm long), inflorescence

unbranched or branched with upto 7 rachillae ......... 10.

10. Peduncle more than 25 cm long, inflorescence un-

branched or with upto 6 rachillae. Sarawak ............

nike edjcae bags wipe ded aa ee oa ee 1. I. ambigua Becc.

10. Peduncle 15-20 cm long, inflorescence with 5-7

rachillae, Sarawak ............ 14, I. remotiflora Wendl.

5. Endocarp. ribbed or ridged, fruit drying ribbed or ridged ............ 11.

11. Endocarp ribbed; leaf large (lamina more than 50 cm long) and

sunple. Sarawak 7) tea. oe. Ue. eennke. eae 5. I, elegans Becc.

11. Endocarp ridged; leaf divided into segments or simple and less

than-50 ‘cur Tong oe: igocie cs cape ete Ne aes Se 12

12. Peduncle more than 40°Gm tose v!.....22. 2). ee 3;

13. Inflorescence unbranched or narrowly 2-branched,

flowers large c. 5 mm long, anthers not lobed. Kali-

mantan and Sarawak ......... 7. I. macrostachya Becc.

Tguanura Bl. 201

13. Inflorescence branched with 4-7 rachillae, flower

c. 3 mm long, anthers lobed, Sarawak ....................

lk. eee fk ee 8. I. melinauensis Kiew

iz. geeduncle short (upto Poem FOS). .5:.....5, 64, -spvinesede on 14.

14. Fruit 5-angled with a conspicuous elongated apical

beak "Sarawak .... Sages... 11. 7. palmuncula Becc.

14. Fruit rounded and ridged, not angled ............... 15.

15. Inflorescence with 4-6 rachillae, anther lobed.

Kalimantan .................. 3. I, borneensis Scheff.

15. Inflorescence unbranched, anthers unlobed. Kali-

stan) ..... eee. n eer ~cns 13. I. prolifera Kiew

A field key to the Malayan Taxa of Iguanura B1.

1. Leaves with trapezoid segments (leaves rarely simple), leaves abscissing,

fruit variously shaped, not olive-shaped, endosperm not deeply ruminate

SeeeeeeeestescesesreesreeeseeteseeseseeseseseeseeeeeseseeeFeseseseereseseseseeseeseeeeeeeeseseeeesese

2. Peduncle short (less than 5 cm long), inflorescence always below the

leaves, fruit oblong bigibbous in shape ............... 2. I. bicornis Becc.

2. Peduncle long (more than 10 cm), inflorescence among and below the

leaves, fruit elongate and curved, not bigibbous in shape ............... 3s

3. Fruit squat and curved, inflorescence branched (rarely unbranch-

=) le Oe ee ee 12. I. polymorpha Becc.

3. Fruit narrowly elongate terminating in a pronounced hook,

Infloresceiee UMPeaMened ..:......~Weiace..... 4. I. corniculata Becc.

1. Leaves with parallel-sided segments, or leaf simple, leaves marcescent,

Ba oliveshaped, endosperm deeply ruminate ...............2s0...geecegpesseeees

16. J. wallichiana (Mart.) Hook. f.

eeeereeeeeresee eee eee eeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

1. Iguanura ambigua Beccari, Malesia 3: 105 (1886).

Stem up to 2.6 m tall. Annuli 3 cm apart. Leaf 40-100 cm long and marcescent.

Leaf sheath 12-15 cm. Petiole 10-40 cm long. Lamina 30-60 cm long and 15-18

cm wide, parallel-sided. Veins 4 cm apart. Inflorescence among the leaves. Outer

spathe 10 cm, inner 30 cm. Peduncle 15-20 cm long. Inflorescence unbranched or

branched with up to 6 rachillae, 10-25 cm long and 2 mm thick. Flowers upto

4 cm apart. Anthers lobed. Fruits (immature. Ridley 11816) with dorsal ridge

somewhat extended.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII, Sept. (1976)

202

’

)

lcornis

I. b

f. I. leucocarpa (after Rumph

igua

f Iguanura. a. I. amb

elegans;

eats

ts of species o

I. macrostachya.

corniculata

ied fru

isd

is;

c. I. borneens

g. I. melinauens

Shapes of the dr

igure

203

Tguanura Bl.

continue

igure

I. proli-

riew;

ft dorsal v

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I. polymorpha

vallichiana.

k. J. palmuncula

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204 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Distribution : Sarawak, G. Mattang, Kuching.

Collections examined : G. Mattang: Beccari PB 1308 (Type) FI (!); Ridley

1903 sn. SING (!); Ridley 11816 SING (!); Sarawak; Hewitt 35 K (!).

Notes: Three species of Jguanura have been collected from Gunong Mattang in

Sarawak — J. ambigua, I. palmuncula var. palmuncula and I. wallichiana var

malaccensis. Gunung Mattang is close to Kuching and has been the subject of

intensive botanical collecting but only a few specimens of these species have been

collected (J. ambigua was collected by Beccari and Ridley; /. palmuncula by

Beccari and J. wallichiana by Dransfield) which leads to the conclusion that these

species are rare.

There is no doubt that these three species are discrete. J. palmuncula var

palmuncula is stemless and possesses a remarkable fruit (five-angled with an

elongated apical beak), while 7. wallichiana var malaccensis has unlobed anthers

and an unridged olive-shaped fruit.

None of the specimens of J. ambigua possesses ripe fruit so that the fruit

characters cannot be precisely determined. While it is not likely to be confused with

the other species collected from G. Mattang, it is similar to I. remotiflora from

which it can be separated by characters subject to variation i.e. 1. ambigua has a

longer and narrower leaf, a less branched or unbranched inflorescence and a shorter

peduncle; it does not differ in floral characters (both have lobed anthers) and

differences in characters of the fruit are not precisely known. The only fruit of J.

ambigua is immature and that of J. remotiflora is represented by a single apparently

aberrent fruit where two ovules have developed. I have retained I. remotiflora and

I. ambigua as separate species as the ultimate status of them depends on additional

collections of specimens with mature fruit being available.

The other species, 7. elegans, found at several localities in Sarawak’s First

Division is unlikely to be confused with either 7. ambigua or I. remotiflora as it

possesses large simple leaves and the fruit is olive-shaped and has a ribbed

endocarp.

2. Iguanura bicornis Beccari, Malesia 3: 188 (1886); Hooker f. Fl. Brit. India 4:

417 (1892); Ridley, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc) 2: 153 (1907); Fl. Mal. Pen.

5: 16 (1925). Whitmore, Palms of Malaya. 63, (1973). Synonym: Iguanura

arakudensis Furtado, Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 35: 273 (1934). (described

as Pinanga canina Beccari in Ridley, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 138 (1907); Fl. Mal.

Pen, 52 9 °00923).-)

Plant small, 1-2 m tall, stem smooth, crownshaft conspicuous, leaf sheath

abscissing cleanly, loose, limp (not fibrous), strongly ribbed. Leaf c. 1.5 m long

with 5-8 pairs of trapezoid segments, lateral veins diverging from the midrib

towards the margin, glabrous beneath. Inflorescence always below the leaves, with

several branches (4) 6 (10). Spathes not persistent. Peduncle short, (1) 2.5

(4) cm. Fruit oblong bigibbous. Endosperm homogeneous.

Distribution: Malaya: Perak, Gunong Inas; Kedah, Weng (abundant locally).

Thailand: Kao Keo Range; G. Ma, Betong.

Collections examined: Malaya: Perak, G. Ijuk (Hijau), Scortechini 1188 (Type)

FI (!); Larut Hills, Kunstler, King’s Coll. 6375 FI (!), K (!), Maxwell’s Hill,

Wray 695 K (!); FI (!); Krunei, Evans 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, Kedah: G. Lang

Weng, Kiah 35048 SING (!), BO (!), K (!), G. Inas, Whitmore 4650 KEP (‘).

Thailand: Kao Keo Range, Songkla, Salut, Kerr 14520 BM (!), G. Ma, Betong,

Kerr s.n. BM (!).

Iguanura Bl. 205

Notes: I. arakudensis is represented by a single specimen which does not possess

any fruits and is regarded as synonymous with J. bicornis because it has a short

peduncle and because it was distinguished solely by the wide terminal pair of

segments and small number of segments. The leaf shape of the specimen of /.

arakudensis is part of the series of juvenile leaf shapes from the simple seedling leaf

to the adult leaf. As in the case of J. parvula it represents a precociously flowering

specimen and not a distinct taxon.

3. Iguanura borneensis Scheffer, Annls. Jard. bot. Buitenz. /: 161 (1876);

Winkler, Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 48: 89 (1912). Synonym. J. borneensis var australis

Beccari, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa Mem. 44: 172 (1934).

Stem 14 m tall and 1-14 cm thick, smooth, annuli 3 cm apart. Leaf sheath

loose, limp (not fibrous), strongly ribbed. ‘“‘Crownshaft” 25 cm long, leaf abscissing

cleanly, petiole 12-37 cm long. Leaf lamina 30-48 cm long and 17-23 cm wide,

lamina simple with deep apical notch or divided into c. 4 pairs of distinctly

trapezoid segments, the terminal segment pair often forming a rounded apex

(Fig. 4). Segments c. 20 cm long and 10 cm wide. Lateral veins 1 cm apart

diverging from the midrib to the margin, glabrous below. Inflorescence among or

below the leaves. Peduncle stout, 5 mm thick and 12 cm long, only just emerging

from the leaf sheaths. Rachillae 4-6, up to 9 cm long, recurved and curled. The

pit bract large and elongated into a long point. Male flowers with lobed anthers.

Fruit olive-shaped 1 x 4 cm with one central and two lateral ridge on each side.

Fruit surface undulate. Endosperm ridged, homogeneous.

Distribution: Borneo, Kalimantan.

Collections examined: Borneo: Landak, Teysmann 13329 (type) BO (!), FI (‘);:

Batu Babi, Winkler 2782 FI (!); Lao Djanan, Samarinda, Kostermans 6479

BO (!).

Notes: Beccari’s variety australis was distinguished from the typical form by its

divided leaf. A leaf of the type specimen of the typical form is also divided and

both the varieties have rounded terminal segments compared with other collections.

Beccari stated that the fruit of var australis is the same as that of J. elegans. This is

an error as the fruit and endosperm of J. elegans is olive-shaped while that of /.

borneensis is ridged both in the typical form and the specimen of var. australis.

This species resembles J. melinauensis in fruit shape and from which it can be

distinguished by its short peduncle (that of 7. melinauensis is over 40 cm long) and

I. melinauensis does not have a conspicuously elongated pit bract.

4. Iguanura corniculata Beccari, Malesia, 3: 187 (1886); Hooker f. Fl. Brit.

India 6: 417 (1892); Ridley, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2; 152 (1907); Fl. Mal.

Pen. 5; 15 (1925). Whitmore, Palms of Malaya. 63 (1973).

Stem small 1-1.3 m tall, bark smooth. Crownshaft conspicuous, leaf abscissing

cleanly, leaf sheath loose, limp (not fibrous) and strongly ribbed. Leaf 30 cm long,

petiole 10 cm. Lamina divided into 6 pairs of trapezoid segments, segments narrow

at proximal end and 3-5 cm wide at distal end, 7-8 cm long, lateral veins diverging

from the base and widely spaced, 1.5 cm, at distal margin, glabrous below.

Inflorescence unbranched. Peduncle 10 cm long. Fruit 2 cm long with pronounced

hook at tip, stylar remains on inside of the curve of the fruit. Endosperm weakly

ruminate.

Distribution: Malaya: Perak, Selama; Pahang, Bukit Serdam, Raub.

Collections examined: Malaya: Perak, Selama. Kunstler, King’s Coll. 3131 (Type)

FI (!), K (!), BM (!); Pahang, Bukit Serdam, limestone hill, Raub, Henderson

25059 SING (1).

Iguanura Bl. 207

Notes: Apart from collections from the type locality, the one other collection,

namely Henderson 25059, has identical foliage (the leaf segments are particularly

narrow at their base and the lateral veins are more widely spaced than those of

I, polymorpha and I, bicornis, which also have trapezoid leaf segments.) Hender-

son’s specimen lacks fruits.

This species must be extremely local as apart from Kunstler’s collection from

Selama and Henderson’s from Raub it has not been collected again although

Perak in particular is botanically well known. It is readily recognized by its fruit

shape, which compared with that of J. polymorpha, is more elongated and only

the tip is strongly curved, and, its inflorescence is unbranched (that of J. poly-

mor pha is branched but rare individuals possess an unbranched one). J. leucocarpa

from Sumatra also has an unbranched inflorescence and trapezoid segments but an

illustration indicates that J. Jeucocparpa has olive-shaped fruits.

5. Iguanura elegans Beccari, Malesia 3: 103 (1886).

Synonym: JI. ridleyana Beccari, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa Mem. 44: 173 (1934).

Stem 4-14 cm thick, bark papyraceous when dry. Annuli 2 cm apart. Leaf

marcescent, large 60-80 cm long and 17-20 cm wide. Leaf sheath thick, brown and

fibrous, 10-13 cm long. Petiole short, 7-11 cm long. Lamina simple, obovate

55-70 cm long, sometimes divided into a few segments at the base, 55~70 cm long

and 17-20 cm wide, apex bluntly rounded, sometimes slightly attenuated, with a

narrow, shallow (24 cm) apical notch. Margin finely serrate. Veins ? cm apait.

Inflorescence unbranched or branched with 2-5 (7) rachillae, always among the

leaves. Peduncle 13-16 cm, just projecting above the leaf sheaths. Rachillae

13-20 cm long, curled and recurved. Inner spathe 19 cm long, outer 6 cm. Male

flowers large 4-5 mm long. Anthers lobed. Fruit olive-shaped, faintly ribbed with

one main dorsal rib, 2 main lateral and 2 shorter lateral ribs, surface rough.

Endosperm olive-shaped, not ridged, homogeneous.

Distribution: Sarawak: 1st Division.

Collections examined: Sarawak: Kuching, Beccari PB 163 (type) FI (!), K (!);

Jambusan, Ridley 12399 K (!), SING (!); Bau, Ridley s.n. K (!) SING (!).

Notes: I consider /. ridleyana as synonymous with J. elegans because it differs only

in sometimes having a less branched inflorescence (unbranched or with two

rachillae as compared with the 2-S rachillae of J. elegans), which is not a sufficiently

reliable character for separating these two taxa at the species level.

Leaves of plants in the Bau population taper more acutely to the base than

leaves collected from other localities and in one specimen the leaf is divided into

two narrow basal segment pairs and one wide apical pair. The leaf shape is

distinctive being rounded at the apex and possessing a shallow apical notch

(Fig. 4).

6. Iguanura leucocarpa Blume, Rumphia 2, pt 18; 105 and plate 117 (1843);

Endlicher, Gen. Plant Suppl. I, 1752/1; 1372 (1836-40); Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm.

3: 317 (1823-50).

Stem 4 cm thick, bark smooth, annuli 2 cm apart. Crownshaft conspicuous,

leaf sheath c, 10-12 cm long, abscissing cleanly, loose, limp (not fibrous). Petiole

18 cm. Leaf lamina 48 cm long and 20 cm wide, with 4 pairs of trapezoid

leaf segments, 2.3 cm wide at midrib and 6-12 cm wide at the margin, main

veins diverging from the midrib to the margin, glabrous beneath. Inflorescence

unbranched, below the leaves. Inflor. 18 cm long, peduncle 9 cm long, 2 mm thick.

Flowers arranged in a tight spiral. Male flowers 4.5 mm long, apex pointed.

Anthers lobed. Fruits (from illustrations in Rumphia) olive-shaped, not ribbed nor

ridged.

208 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Distribution: Sumatra: Padang and Palembang.

Specimens examined: Sumatra, Padang. Korthals s.n, (type) L (1), BO (?).

Notes: The type specimen was collected by Korthals from Padang and is cited in

Rumphia. Palembang was also cited as a locality but I have not been able to locate

this specimen. Korthals never visited Palembang; van Steenis (pers. comm.)

suggests that Praetorius might have collected it. No other specimen of /. leucocarpa

appears to exist which suggests that it has not been collected since Blume’s time.

The type specimen does not now have any fruits but the illustration in Rumphia

shows them as being olive-shaped. The type description for the genus records that

the flowers are hermaphrodite, this error is probably due to observations being

based on the male flowers which possess a large pistillode similar externally to the

ovary of the female flower.

Several species of Jguanura besides I, leucocarpa possess trapezoid leaf

segments viz. the Malayan J. polymorpha, I. corniculata and I. bicornis and the

Bornean I. borneensis, of these only J. corniculata has an unbranched inflorescence

but it differs in possessing strongly hooked fruits, a shorter leaf, more pairs of

segments and the male flower has a blunt apex.

7. Iguanura macrostachya Beccari, Malesia 3: 101 (1886).

Stem c. 2 m tall and 1-14 cm thick, bark papyraceous when dry. Annuli

1-2 cm apart. Leaf marcescent, about 10 leaves in the crown. Leaf sheath thick

and fibrous, 15 cm long. Petiole long, 20-25 cm. Lamina 40-60 cm long and

19-23 cm wide, with upto 10 pairs of parallel-sided leaf segments. Inflorescence

unbranched, sometimes narrowly two branched, always among the leaves. Outer

spathe 7-10 cm long, inner 25-35 cm long. Inflorescence exceptionally long,

90-130 cm of which peduncle is 58-60 cm long. Male flowers large, 5 mm long

with pointed apex in bud. Anthers unlobed. Fruits olive-shaped, ridged with one

dorsal and two lateral ridges on each side. Endosperm ridged, homogeneous.

Distribution: Borneo: Sarawak — Jakarran, Kuching; Kalimantan Kutei Nature

Reserve.

Collections examined: Sarawak: Beccari PB 3851 (type) FI (!); Kalimantan:

Endert 5210 BO (!), SING (!); Dransfield 1568 BO (!); Cultivated at Bogor

Botanic Gardens no. 340 BO (!).

Notes: This species is distinctive, possessing an exceptionally long inflorescence

which is usually unbranched and bears large male flowers. Its local populations

have a wide distribution throughout Borneo (Fig. 2).

8. Iguanura melinauensis Kiew sp. nov.

Palma humilis: caulis 4-14 m altus, cortice laeve. Annuli 2-24 cm distantes.

Vagina folii 9-14 cm longa. Petiolus brevis 7-12 cm longus. Lamina 30-65 cm

longa, 12-16 cm lata, in 2-5 paribus segmentorum divisa. Margines segmentorum

parallelae, sed angulo apicale distale elongato. Segmenta terminalia lata: nervi

4—} cm distantes. Inflorescentia inter-vel infra-foliata. Spatha externa ad 20 cm

longa, spatha interna 25-30 cm longa. Pedunculus 42-53 cm longus. Rachillae

4-7, rectae, 10-20 cm longae, 1-2 mm latae, 45° divergentes. Flores 4-4 cm

distantes. Antherae lobatae. Fructus olivaeformis crista centrale cristis duobus

utrinque. Endospermium homogeneum cristis ad cristam endocarpii congruentibus.

Typus: Chew 487, Melinau, Sarawak, Holotypus (SING).

Stem 4-14 m tall. Bark smooth, Annuli 2-24 cm apart. Crownshaft 22-30 cm

long. Leaf sheath 9-14 cm long. Petiole short, 7-12 cm long. Lamina 30-65 cm

long and 12-16 cm wide, divided into 2-5 pairs of segments. Segments parallel-

Tguanura Bl. 209

sided but with apical distal corner elongate. Terminal segment pair wide, often

4_1 as long as whole laminal region. Veins 4—-} cm apart. Inflorescence among

or below the leaves. Outer spathe 20 cm long, inner 25-30 cm long. Peduncle

42-53 cm long. Rachillae 4-7, straight, 10-20 cm long and 1-2 mm thick, diverging

at 45°. Flowers 4—-} cm apart. Anthers lobed. Fruit olive-shaped with central ridge

and two lateral ridges on either side. Endosperm homogeneous and with ridges

corresponding to the endocarp.

Distribution: Sarawak: Melinau district, 4th Division.

Collections examined: Melinau 4th Division Melinau Gorge. Chew 487 SING

holotype (!), SARF (!); Anderson and Keng K 81 SARF (!); G. Api, Chai

S 30057 K (!).

Notes: Al} collections are from a single locality — Melinau and in the Melinau

Gorge it is recorded living on limestone debris as well as on alluvial soil. The

complete collections indicate that the Melinau population is probably extensive

enough to allow selection of plants in both flower and fruit.

This species is recognised by its narrow leaves with a large pair of terminal

segments, by its long peduncle and its fine and diverging rachillae, its ridged fruit

and ridged endosperm. The species epithet refers to its locality, Melinau.

9. Iguanura minor Kiew sp. nov.

Palma humilis, caulis ad 4 m altus, ?-1 cm diametro. Annuli 14 cm distantes.

Vagina folii ad 10 cm longa. Folia marcesentia. Petiolus 4-10 cm longus. Lamina

indivisa 30-40 cm longa, 12-14 cm lata; vel in 2-3 (7) paribus segmentarum

parallelilaterum apicis elongatis divisa. Inflorescentia interfolia, simplex 30-50 cm

longa in toto, pedunculo 15-30 cm longo. Spatha interior 14 cm longa. Flos

masculus antheris lobatis. Fructus olivaeformis nec porcatus nec striatus.

Typus: Foxworthy 242, Gunung Pueh, Sarawak. Holotypus (FI).

Stem up to 4 m tall, 3-1 cm thick. Annuli 14 cm apart. Crownshaft c. 10 cm

long. Leaves marcescent. Petiole 4-10 cm long. Lamina simple 30-40 cm long and

narrow, 12-14 cm wide or divided into 2-3 (7) pairs of narrow, parallel-sided

segments each with an elongated apex. Inflorescence among the leaves, unbranched,

total length, 30-SO cm of which 15-30 cm is the peduncle. Inner spathe 14 cm

long. Male flower with anthers lobed. Fruit olive-shaped, not ridged nor ribbed.

Distribution: Sarawak, G. Pueh. Ist Division.

Collections examined: Sarawak, G. Pueh. Foxworthy 242 FI (!) 24/7 FI (!);

Purseglove P 4748 K (!); at 4500’ Clemens 20474 K (!).

Notes: This species has been collected from a single locality, Gunung Pueh in

Sarawak. It is a slender palm with particularly small and narrow simple leaves

(Foxworthy 241) while the dissected leaved plant possesses long and narrow leaf

segments; the inflorescence is unbranched — for reason of the small leaves and

inflorescence it has been named /. minor.

It is closely related to /. wallichiana in possessing parallel-sided leaf segments,

unlobed anthers and an olive-shaped fruit without ribs or ridges on the endocarp.

I. wallichiana var malaccensis in addition possesses unbranched inflorescences and

has been collected from G. Mattang (Dransfield 768). I. minor is distinguished

from J. wallichiana by the leaf shape — /. minor has a simple leaf which is parti-

cularly narrow, and has a deeply toothed margin at the apex (Fig. 4) and both

simple and dissected leaves have a narrow apical notch.

210 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

This single population at G, Pueh might be analagous to the populations of

I. wallichiana subsp. malaccensis with distinctive leafshapes at Gunung Belumut

and Kemaman in Malaya which are regarded as varieties of the large and variable

Malayan population. Since information about variation within the Sarawak

population of guanura is not available I have described the Gunung Pueh popula-

tion as a separate species.

10. Iguanura myochodoides Kiew sp. nov.

Palma humilis; caulis c. 0.6 m altus, 7.5 mm crassus. Annuli 1-3 cm

distantes, vaginae coronae 26 cm longa. Folia abscissa. Vagina folii 9-11 cm longa.

Petiolus 11-13 cm longus. Lamina 26-37 cm longa, 13-18 cm lata in 2-3 paribus

segmentorum latium paralleli laterum divisa. Inflorescentia interfolia. Pedunculus

13-20 cm longus, rectus, 1-2 mm diametro; rachiallae 4-6, curtae ex axe vix

divergentes. Flos masculus antheris lobatis. Fructus ellipsoideus 1.5 cm longus,

0.7 cm latus, porca unica centrale, porca duobus Jateralibus.

Typus: Clemens 20541, Gunung Tieng, Sarawak. Holotypus (SARF).

Stem c. 0.6 m tall, ? cm thick. Annuli 1-3 cm apart. Crownshaft 26 cm long.

Leaves abscissing. Leaf sheath 9-11 cm long. Petiole 11-13 cm long. Lamina

26-37 cm long and 13-18 cm wide, divided into 2-3 pairs of wide parallel-sided

segments. Inflorescence among the leaves. Peduncle long, 13-20 cm and straight

and 1-2 mm thick with a few, 4—6, short c. 7-9 cm, rachillae which scarcely diverge

from the main axis. Male flowers with lobed anthers. Fruit ellipsoidal, longer

(1.5 cm) than wide (0.7 cm) with one central rib and with a lateral one on either

side.

Typus: Clemens 20541, Gunung Tieng, Sarawak. Holotypus (SARF).

Distribution: Sarawak, Kuching 1st Division.

Collections examined: Sarawak: Kuching, G. Tieng, Clemens 20541 SARF (!) :

(isotype) K (!). G. Penrissen, Jacobs 5024 K (!) SARF (!).

Notes: This species is distinct from others in possessing an erect inflor. with

narrowly divergent short rachillae and by its fruits. Most species of Iguanura have

an oOlive-shaped fruit or those that are elongate in shape are either bigibbous

(I. bicornis) or curved (I. polymorpha, I. corniculata) but I. myochodoides takes

its name from its peculiar fruit shape which is that of a giant mouse dropping.

11. Iguanura palmuncula Beccari, Malesia 3: 106 (1886).

A dwarf palm or with stem to 3 m tall. Leaf sheath fibrous, 7 cm long. Leaves

marcescent, small and simple, or large and dissected, the larger segments being

trapezoid. Inflorescence among or below the leaves, branched. Male flowers with

lobed anthers. Fruit dorsiventrally flattened with dorsal ridge extending into a long

projecting beak (6 mm long) at the apex. Four prominent lateral ridges form

shoulders on opposite sides of the dorsal ridge, two at the apex and two at the

base. Endosperm homogeneous.

Distribution: Sarawak, 1st Division.

Notes: This species is distinguished by its peculiar fruit with a long apical beak.

Although other species have a dorsal ridge, it is never elongated to such an extent

at the apex and furthermore the fruits of other species possess an additional lateral

ridge on either side which runs parallel to the dorsal main ridge (Fig. 3).

The two varieties differ only in size and dissection of the leaf; they do not

differ in significant characters such as fruit shape, branching and position of the

inflorescence.

Iguanura Bl, 211

Var palmuncula

Synonym: J. palmuncula var. angustisecta Beccari, Malesia 3: 107 (1886)

Stem concealed within the persistent leaf sheaths, 6-10 cm long. Annuli

crowded. Leaf c. 40 cm long, petiole 8-9 cm; lamina 30 cm long and 15 cm wide,

either divided into 2—4 pairs of segments or simple and oval-rounded in shape with

a deep apical notch. Inflorescence branched among the leaves, short, just emerging

from the leaf sheaths. Peduncle 8 cm. Rachillae 2-6, 10 cm long, 1 mm thick.

Flowers to 4 cm apart.

Figure 5. Leaf shapes of Iguanura palmuncula var palmuncula (a); I. sanderiana (b); and

I. wallichiana (c) x 1/6.

212 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Distribution: Sarawak, G. Mattang, Kuching.

Collections examined: Sarawak, G. Mattang, Beccari PB 3957 (type) FI (‘);

Notes: Beccari (1904) described how he found this species on Gunung

Mattang:— ‘‘Here, too, I collected specimens of the largest known Calamus and

of the diminutive 7guanura palmuncula, which is probably the smallest of known

palms. Its four or five fronds which constitute the entire plant, and are about the

size of a man’s hand, are borne at the summit of a stem a few inches high and of

the thickness of a goose-quill.”” He described two varieties: one has simple leaves

(‘‘forma typica’’) and the other has dissected leaves (var angustisecta). The type

collections of those two varieties have the same collecting number suggesting that

they are from the same population and the dissected leaved specimen shows a series

of leaves from the scarcely dissected to the completely dissected leaves so that I

regard these plants as belonging to a single taxon.

Var magna Kiew var. nov.

Caulis ad 3 m altus, 1 cm diametro. Annuli aggregati vel ad 3 cm distantes.

Petiolus 15-25 cm longus. Lamina 30-50 cm longa, 13 cm lata in 3-5 paribus

segmentis trapezoideis divisa. Inflorescentia inter vel infra folia. Spatha exterior

7 cm longa, interior 19 cm longa. Pedunculus 20-25 cm longus, 3 mm diametro.

Rachillae 7-18, 8-13 cm longae, 1 mm crassae. Rachillae inferiores late divaricatae,

rachillis ordinis secundis. Flores 4-1 cm distantes.

Typus: Anderson S 15319, Gunung Gaharu, Sarawak. Holotypus (SARF).

Plant tall, stem to 3 m and 1 cm thick. Annuli crowded or up to 3 cm apart.

Petiole 15-25 cm long. Lamina 30-50 cm long and 13 cm wide, divided into

3-5 pairs of more or less trapezoid segments. Inflorescence either among or below

leaves. Outer spathe 7 cm long, inner 19 cm long. Peduncle 20-25 cm, 3 mm thick.

Rachillae 7-10, 8-13 cm long and 1 mm thick. Lower rachillae widely spread with

second order branching. Flowers 4-1 cm apart.

Distribution: Sarawak, Gunung Gaharu and Telok Sabang.

Collections examined: Sarawak: Kuching, Telok Sabang, Anderson S 12246 SARF

(!); G. Gaharu, Anderson S 15319 SARF (!), K (!).

Notes: Anderson discovered plants with the same peculiar fruits at Gunung

Gaharu and Telok Sabang. These plants differ from the typical variety in being

taller, possessing larger leaves and a secondarily branched inflorescence, this

difference in size is so marked that I have accorded them varietal rank as var.

magna. Anderson reports (pers. comm.) that the plants he collected came from

small and local populations. At Telok Sabang this variety was growing in shallow

peat — the only species to be recorded from shallow peat.

12. Iguanura polymorpha Beccari, Malesia. 3: 189 (1886); Hooker f., Fl. Brit.

India 6: 417 (1892); Ridley, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc). 2: 152 (1907); FI.

Mal. Pen. 5: 15 (1925); Martelli, Nuovo G. bot. ital 42: 52 (1935). Whitmore,

Palms of Malaya. 64 (1973).

Synonyms: J. polymorpha var canina Beccari, Malesia. 3: 189 (1886); Ridley,

Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc). 2: 152 (1907); Fl. Mal. Pen. 5: 15 (1925); 1.

brevipes Hooker f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 416 (1892); Whitmore, Principes 1/4: 124

(1970); Palms of Malaya 63 (1973). 7. parvula Beccari, in Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 6: 417 (1892), Ridley Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc) 2: 152 (1907). J.

ferruginea Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 47: 40 (1904); Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. (Monoc) 2: 152 (1907).

Zguanura Bl. 213

Stem 1-3 m tall, bark smooth. Annuli (1) 24 (5) cm apart. Leaf abscissing.

Leaf sheath loose, limp (not fibrous), strongly ribbed, 11-12 cm long. Petiole (6)

13 (22) cm long. Lamina (26) 42 (69) cm long and (12) 20 (31) cm wide. Leaf

dissected with (2) 5 (6) pairs of trapezoid leaf segments, each with the lateral

veins diverging from the midrib to the margin, glabrous beneath. Lamina rarely

simple and then oblong with the base cuneate. Inflorescence branched (rarely

unbranched), inflorescence either among or below the leaves, infructescence gene-

rally below the leaves. Peduncle (7) 12 (19) cm long. Rachillae (1) 5 (10) and

(6) 114 (19) cm long. Spathes persistent. Outer spathe (4) 9 (16) cm long, inner

(7) 12 (20) cm. Male flower with unlobed anthers. Fruit elongate, diameter largest

at the centre weakly or strongly curved. Stylar remains either on the inner or outer

side of curve. Endosperm weakly ruminate.

Distribution: Malaya — widespread in the north; northwards from Maxwell’s Hill,

Perak on the west coast and Gunong Tebu, Trengganu on the east coast. Sarawak:

Bukit Mersing, Tau Range.

Collections examined : Malaya: Perak, Scortechini 3186 (type) Fl (!) and about

50 specimens from herbaria and 30 of my own. Sarawak : Bukit Mersing, Tau

Range, Purseglove P 5278 L (!) SING (!).

Notes: Although called /. polymorpha there is little variation in the vegetative

form of this species. Simple leaved forms are exceptionally rare, for example there

is Only a single specimen of the simple leaved form J. parvula. I. parvula has a

simple leaf longer than the early juvenile ones of I. polymorpha though identical

in shape and not differing in any other character and is therefore considered as

synonymous with J. polymorpha. Whitmore (1973) considers J. parvula an extreme

form of J. wallichiana, however, this is an error for the simple leaf of I. wallichiana

never has the oblong shape of the simple leaf of 7. polymorpha (Plate 4. a & b).

In addition Whitmore has labelled in his Fig. 8c the leaf segment of J. poly-

morpha as Korthalsia rigida.

The criterion of whether a taxon possesses a crownshaft or not has caused

confusion within the genus, particularly in regard to the status of J. brevipes. The

term “‘crownshaft” was coined by Bailey (1933) and he defined it in 1943 as: “The

apparent extension of the trunk or main caudex above the spadices and on the top

of which rests the head of leaves well marked in Roystonea and Euterpe. This

shaft is not a woody caudex, however, but is composed of long sheathing leaf

bases and the enclosed long terminal bud”’.

In Bailey’s sense this crownshaft is seen in those arecoid palms where the leaves

absciss and by leaf fall the infiorescence is exposed. The inflorescence in this case is

relatively short. Palms considered not to have a crownshaft are those in which the

leaves are marcescent and the inflorescence is generally long and projects beyond

the leaves e.g. Linospadix or in a few instances the inflorescence is short and breaks

through the decaying leaf base as in Pinanga simplicifrons.

This distinction is not absolute and the presence of a crownshaft can depend

purely on the timing of leaf fall in relation to inflorescence development. The com-

plete range can be seen within Iguanura. Thus I. bicornis has a conspicuous crown-

shaft — the leaves absciss cleanly to reveal the short inflorescence which was

previously completely enclosed within the tubular leaf sheath of the fallen leaf.

I, wallichiana represents the other extreme where there is no crownshaft — the

leaves are marcescent and as the leaf sheath is fibrous they remain rotting on the

plant for several years, the inflorescence has a long peduncle and projects beyond

the leaf sheaths and is always found among the leaves. In J. polymorpha the inter-

mediate situation is seen — the inflorescences have long peduncles and project

beyond the leaf sheaths; however the leaves absciss and since fruit development

is a long process taking about six months it may happen that during this period

the supporting leaf abscisses so that the infructescence is below the leaf sheaths

214 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

and the plant can then be said to have a crownshaft in Bailey’s sense. From field

observations and from the examination of numerous herbarium specimens the

picture emerges of the great majority of inflorescences being found among the

leaves and most of the infructescences being found below the leaves and in any

large population of J. polymorpha this process can be seen on a single plant where

there is a series of inflorescences from the young inflorescences among the leaves

to the infructescences below the leaves.

Hooker f. (1892) made this same distinction of “‘spadix infrafoliar’ and

‘‘spadix interfoliar” in separating the taxa of Iguanura — I. brevipes he distinguish-

ed from J. polymorpha solely on the former having interfoliar inflorescences and

the latter having infrafoliar inflorescences. The character “‘infrafoliar inflorescence”

being equivalent to the taxon possessing a crownshaft. Thus the presence or absence

of a crownshaft in J. polymorpha (and the synonymous /. brevipes) depends only

on the age of the inflorescence and the time at which the lowest leaf abscisses and

does not as Whitmore (1973) suggests “‘reflect a considerable difference in the

growth processes of the stem apex”

I. ferruginea was distinguished by its acutely curved fruits (though the speci-

mens identified by Ridley are not more curved than those of J. polymorpha and

do not have the pronounced hook of J. corniculata) and dense hairs — neither of

these characters is a reliable taxonomic character and fall within the variation seen

within a single population of J. polymorpha and I. ferruginea is therefore reduced

to synonomy. The description of J. ferruginea in Ridley (1925) is that of Licuala

ferruginea.

13. Iguanura prolifera Kiew sp. nov.

Caulis 1.5 crassus. Vagina folii crassa, fibrosa c. 10 cm longa. Folia marces-

centia. Petiolus 12-24 cm longus. Lamina 25-45 cm longa, 17-19 cm lata indivisa,

vel pare apicale segmentorum latorum et 1-2 paribus infinis angustorum. Inflores-

centia inter folia, simplex, 25-35 cm longa, pedunculos 15-25 cm longo. Flos

masculus antheris non lobatis. Fructus oblongus porca unica dorsale, porcis duobus

lateralibus.

Typus: Hallier 1759, Gunung Kenepai, Borneo. Holotypus (L).

Stem 14 cm thick. Leaf sheath thick, fibrous c. 10 cm long. Leaves marcescent.

Petiole 12-24 cm long. Lamina 25-45 cm long and 17-19 cm wide, simple or with

a wide apical pair of leaf segments and 1-2 narrow pairs of basal parallel-sided

segments. Inflorescence among the leaves, unbranched, 25-35 cm long of which

peduncle is 15-25 cm long. Male flowers with unlobed anthers. Fruits oblong,

ridged with one dorsal and two lateral ridges.

Distribution: Borneo.

Collections examined: Borneo: G. Kenepai, Hallier 1759 L (!); Muara Muntai on

S. Bongan, Kutei. Meijer 503.

Notes: This species is recognised by its unbranched inflorescence and oblong,

ridged fruits and is distinguished from /. leucocarpa and I. corniculata, which have

unbranched inflorescences, by their trapezoid leaf segments and their fruit shapes,

and from I. wallichiana var malaccensis with parallel-sided leaf segments by its

Olive-shaped fruits.

Hallier’s collection was determined by Beccari as ‘J. macrostachya vat

prolifera’, His variety had a simple leaf or a scarcely segmented one compared

with the typical variety with leaves with about 10 segments. Although /. prolifera

and I. macrostachya both have an unbranched inflorescence, they differ in the

length of the inflorescence and the shape of the fruit: 7. macrostachya always has

Tguanura Bl. 215

a long inflorescence, and the fruits are olive-shaped and ridged while /. prolifera

possesses a shorter inflorescence (about half the length of that of 7. macrostachya)

and the fruit which is oblong in shape has an additional lateral ridge on either side

of the main ridge (fig. 3), I have elevated Beccari’s varietal name ‘‘prolifera’”’ to the

species level.

14. Iguanura remotiflora Wendland Bot. Ztg. 17: 63 (1859).

Stem 4-14 m tall. Leaf divided into 3 pairs of wide segments, parallel-sided

but with apical corner elongated. Petiole c. 15 cm long, lamina 37-44 cm long and

17-19 cm wide. Inflorescence branched, thin, | mm thick. Outer spathe 104 cm

long, inner 22 cm long. Peduncle 28-50 cm long. Rachillae 5—7, 15-22 cm long, and

at right angles to the main axis. Flowers 4-1 cm apart. Male flowers with anthers

lobed. Fruit globose (2-lobed in Ridley’s collection) and neither ridged nor ribbed.

Distribution: Sarawak: 1st Division.

Collection examined: Sarawak, 1st Div. Lobb s.n. (1857) (type) K (!); Bau,

Ridley 11815 SING (!).

Notes: The two collections match exactly on vegetative and_ inflorescence

characters. The lamina is broad compared to its length and is divided into a few

wide segments; the inflorescence, both peduncle and rachillae, is unusually thin and

the rachillae are held at right angles to the main axis. The flowers are not excep-

tionally wide apart — several other species e.g. 7. palmuncula have equally widely-

spaced flowers but the effect is exaggerated by the thinness of the rachillae of /.

remotiflora.

The fruit on Lobb’s specimen is immature while that on Ridley’s, besides

being immature, is also a rare aberrent fruit where the two ovules have developed

to produce a two-lobed fruit: the immature fruits show neither ribs nor ridges.

I. remotiflora resembles I. wallichiana in possessing parallel-sided leaf segments

and an inflorescence, which although unusually thin, falls within the range of

variation seen in Malayan specimens. It differs in possessing lobed anthers. In many

aspects it is most similar to J. ambigua (see I. ambigua) but neither species is

represented by specimens with mature fruits.

15. Iguanura sanderiana Ridley, Gdnrs’ Chron. 35: 50 (1904).

Stem 1-14 cm thick, bark papyraceous when dry. Annuli 1-2 cm apart. Leaf

marcescent. Leaf sheath thick and fibrous, 9-20 cm long. Petiole short, 3-8 cm

long. Lamina simple, large, 30-85 cm long and narrow 9-16 cm wide, apex

acuminate. Lamina deeply and closely plicate, lateral veins c. 4 cm apart, apical

notch obscured by overlapping pleats. Margin finely serrate. Lateral veins abaxially

covered by brown hairs. Inflorescence usually branched, sometimes unbranched,

always among the leaves. Inner spathe 15-36 cm long. Peduncle short 10-13 cm

long or sometimes up to 57 cm long, stout 3 mm thick. Rachillae 2-3, 9-18

(40) cm long, flowers 4-1 cm apart. Male flowers 2 mm long, anthers lobed. Fruit

olive-shaped, neither ridged nor ribbed. Endosperm homogeneous.

Distribution: Sarawak: 1st Division.

Collections examined: Sarawak: Lundu River, Micholitz 11849 (type) K (!);

Forest Reserve, Kuching, Brunig nos. 5, 20, 22, 30. SING (!); Bako National Park,

Brunig nos. 4, 31, 34 SING (!).

Notes: The leaf is particularly distinctive (Fig. 5), the deep plications and the lack

of apical notch do not occur in other Zguanura species: it rather resembles the

leaf of Gigliola subacaulis from which it can readily be distinguished by the

inflorescence, flowers and fruits, and in the lobing of the leaf margin which in

216 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

1. sanderiana is truly praemorse and in G. subacaulis corresponds to the ribbing of

the leaf.

From Brunig’s collections this species appears to be locally abundant.

16. Iguanura wallichiana (Wall. ex Mart) Hook. f. Areca wallichiana Wallich’s

Catalogue no. 8600 (1828); Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 178 (1837); Endlicher,

Gen. Plant. Suppl. 1. (1841); Kunth, Enumeratio Plantarum. 3: 186 (1841):

Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 15 (1855). Iguanura wallichiana (Mart) Hook. f. in B.

and H. f. Gen. Pl. 3: 908 (1883); Beccari, Malesia. 3: 100 (1886): Hook. f, FI.

Brit. Ind. 6: 416 (1892); Ridley, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc) 2: 151 (1907);

Fl. Mal. Pen. 5: 14 (1925); Whitmore. Palms of Malaya. 65 (1973). Iguanura

geonomaeformis Griff ex. Mart. Hist. Nat. Hist. Palm. 3: 229 (1838) and pl. 178

(1894); Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 44 (1855); Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind., 6: 415 (1892);

Ridley, Mat. Fl. Pen. (Monoc) 2: 150 (1907); Fl. Mal. Pen. 5: 13 (1925);

Martelli, Nuovo G. bot. ital. 42: 52 (1935); Whitmore, Palms of Malaya. 63

(1973). Slackia geonomiformis Griffith Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 469 (1845); Palms

of Brit. E. Ind. 162 and pl. 245 (1851); Icones Plantarum Asiaticum 3: 162 and

pl. 243 (1851); Notulae ad plantes Asiaticas 3: 163 and Pl. 243 (1851). Slackia

insignis Griffith, J. Travels in Assam, Burma, Affghanistan and the neighbouring

countries 2: 187 no. 977 (1847).

Solitary or in clumps (except in var humilis where solitary). Stem usually

2 m tall and upto 3.5 m or acaulescent, to 1 m tall in the dwarf variety (var.

humilis) and upto 4 m in tall varieties (var. major and var. elatior) Stem (4) 14

(3) cm thick. Bark brown squamous, papracous when dry. Annuli c. 1-2 cm

apart. Leaves 8-10 in the crown (upto 14). Leaf medium-sized c. 50-70 cm long

and c. 20-40 cm wide. Leaf simple or pinnate, not abscissing but decaying on the

stem. Leaf sheath thick, brown and fibrous. Petiole c. 20-50 cm long. Lamina with

abaxial veins covered by brown hairs. Pinnate leaf usually with 5-6 segment pairs

and upto 20 narrow segments. Segments parallelogram-shaped with veins parallel

to one another and at right angles to the margin. Rarely opposite but frequently

with equal numbers on either side of the midrib. Terminal segments ending bluntly,

upto twice as wide as the lower segments and forming a deep cleft between them.

Lower segments with apical corner elongated.

Spathes short, remaining within the leaf sheaths. Inflorescence long, 20-50 cm

(upto 100 cm in subsp. wallichiana), always among the leaves and projecting

beyond them. Inflorescence branched or unbranched. Peduncle long, upto 90 cm,

spongy, sometimes glistening green, portion among the leaves sometimes covered

with a felt of grey or brown hairs. Male flowers c. 2-24 mm long, anthers unlobed.

Fruits olive shaped, 14 x ? cm (upto 2 x 1 cm in var. major); white, ripening

sweet, fleshy, translucent and cerise. Dried fruit neither ribbed or ridged but surface

undulate. Endosperm deeply ruminate.

Type specimen: Porter, Wallich Cat. 8600 (K) Penang, Malaya.

Distribution: Malaya, common and widespread. Sumatra and Sarawak.

Taxa: Two subspecies (subspecies wallichiana and subsp. malaccensis) and five

varieties, two in subsp. wallichiana (var wallichiana and vat. major) and three in

subsp. malaccensis (var. malaccensis, var humilis and var elatior).

Malay name: There is no Malay name which is consistently used throughout Malaya

for this common forest palm. The name ‘“‘terunok” is used in Kelantan for var.

wallichiana and at G. Bubu, Perak, for var. major.

Notes: Iguanura wallichiana is distinguished at once from all other Malayan

species by the shape of the leaf segments and the persistent, fibrous leaf sheaths —

even the seedling can be recognised by its distinctive lamina shape with a deep

apical cleft and brown hairs on the abaxial veins (Plate 4b).

Iguanura Bl. 217

I. wallichiana is a variable species both in the degree of inflorescence branching

and the division of the lamina which has led to the description of several species

which are here reduced to J. wallichiana, I. geonomaeformis Griff. ex. Mart. and

I, malaccensis Becc. were both based on variation in the number of branches of

the inflorescence and J/. diffusa Becc. and I. spectabilis Ridl. were based on variation

of lamina dissection. Neither of these characters is sufficiently precise to divide this

taxon into species but rather represents a continuum of variation. However, I have

used them for distinguishing taxa at the subspecific level, based not only on

differences in inflorescence branching but also on ecological differences and distinct,

though over-lapping, geographic distribution. Five varieties are recognised based

on geographic distribution (Fig. 6) and whether the lamina is dissected or not.

i Tha | La n d

= \

subsp: Dy

malaccensis

wallichiana

overlap of

MS subspecies

var: E

M major

E elatior

H humilis Singapore

malaccensis

Figure 6. Distribution of the subspecies and varieties of Iguanura wallichiana in Malaya.

218 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

In Malaya, the degree of branching of the inflorescence is not a reliable

character because there is a complete continuum from the unbranched inflorescence

to one with upto eight or occasionally 16 branches, although one form tends to

predominate in a local population. Branching does not alter with age.

For example, of a sample of 100 plants of this species (50 from different

localities in the northern part of Malaya and 50 from different localities in the

south of Malaya), the majority from northern Malaya had four or eight (some-

times with upto 16) branches to the inflorescence though a few had inflorescences

with only two or three branches; in the sample from southern Malaya, the majority

of plants had unbranched inflorescences and about } had bifurcating inflorescen-

ces. In Pahang, in central Malaya where the distributions of these two taxa overlap,

occasional plants were found with several inflorescences on the same plant, some

inflorescences unbranched and some with upto four branches.

Inflorescence branching is therefore not a valid criterion for erecting species.

However two subspecies are recognised by differences in inflorescence branching

and by distinct though overlapping geographic distribution. Thus subspecies

wallichiana has branched inflorescences, a northern distribution and a wider ecologi-

cal range and subspecies malaccensis has unbranched or sometimes bifurcating

inflorescences, a southern distribution and a narrow ecological range, being

confined to wet areas.

The subspecies have been so named because the species epithet wallichiana

predates geonomaeformis for a taxon with branched inflorescences. Martius (1837)

described Areca wallichiana as possessing ‘“‘spadicibus simpliciter valde ramosis’’,

and Griffith (1845) described Slackia geonomiformis as possessing an inflorescence

‘generally dichotomous, sometimes ramosely branched’’. In 1838, Martius publish-

ed a description of Iguanura geonomaeformis Griff. ex. Mart. stating that “spadice

saepe simpliciter ramosa”’ and an illustration of the plant shows two inflorescences,

one with two branches and the other with three branches. This description was

based on Griffith’s specimen and description, although Martius’ publication

predates Griffith’s. J.D. Hooker (1892) also did not make any distinction between

these two taxa for inflorescence branching describing both as having either simple

or branched inflorescences.

However Ridley (1907) made these two taxa apparently distinct by describing

I. geonomaeformis as having a simple inflorescence or an inflorescence with two

or three branches as opposed to J. wallichiana which he described as having about

eight branches. Whitmore (1973) follows Ridley in this, describing J. wallichiana

as having ‘‘several (to 10) widely-diverging spikes, sometimes branching” and

I. geonomaeformis as having “‘simple spikes ...., occasionally with a few narrowly

diverging branches”’.

In 1886 Beccari described a new species, J. malaccensis, with unbranched

inflorescences and I have used this name at a subspecific level for the taxon with

unbranched or bifurcating inflorescences. This predates Ridley’s re-interpretation

of the concept of J. geonomaeformis, which in Griffith’s original sense is synonymous

with Martius’ description of Areca wallichiana.

Within each subspecies I have recognised varieties where simple leaved plants

are predominant in certain localities. There are three varieties in subspecies

malaccensis : var malaccensis, widespread in southern Malaya and with pinnate

leaves; var humilis in Kemaman with simple leaves and a dwarf habit, and var

elatior at G. Blumut with simple leaves and a tall habit. There are two varieties in

subspecies wallichiana: var wallichiana, widespread in northern Malaya with

pinnate leaves and var. major at G. Bubu with simple leaves and a tall habit.

_The genetic status of these taxa is not known — it is unknown whether the

varieties are interfertile or whether the two subspecies are interfertile where their

distribution overlaps.

220 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

There may be found rarely and scattered randomly among populations of the

pinnate varieties, plants with simple leaves as if immature, yet with inflorescences.

These plants have no trunk or only a small one (c. 50 cm) compared with the

average height of 1.2 m for the fertile pinnate varieties. The leaves too are smaller,

suggesting that these simple-leaved forms are young plants precociously fertile

among a completely pinnate population. It is unknown whether these plants would

show the normal succession of juvenile leaves to the adult pinnate leaf (observa-

tions of this nature would require five to ten years) but fertile plants have been

found with a succession from older juvenile simple leaves to more or less pinnate

adult leaves, indicating that these simple forms would probably develop into the

pinnate form in time. This contrasts with the other simple-leaved varieties which

not only predominate in number over pinnate varieties in specific localities but

also differ significantly in leaf shape from the simple juvenile leaf of the pinnate

varieties (fig. 7.).

Key to the infraspecific taxa of Iguanura wallichiana.

I. Inflorescence branched, generally with more than four branches. Sumatra and

northern Malaya (from Fraser’s Hill northwards) ............ subsp. wallichiana

2. Stem 1.5-2 m tall. Leaves pinnate with 3-10 segment pairs. Lamina

narrow c. 24 om,gwide =... 6 eh A ee var. wallichiana

22. Stem 2-2.5 m tall. Leaves undivided. Lamina broad c. 40 cm wide.

Malaya: Gunong Bubu and Kledang Siong F. R. ............... var. major

II. Inflorescence unbranched, sometimes narrowly bifurcating. Sarawak and

Southern Malaya (south of Genting Simpah) ............... subsp. malaccensis

3. Stem 1.5-2 m tall. Leaves pinnate with 3-20 segment pairs ............

eT ees ee ee, Oh, he al, We eS Sa var. malaccensis

33. Leaves simple.

4. Acaulescent or stem to 0.3 m tall, leaf sheaths often covered

by a mass of roots. Lamina narrow c. 15 cm wide. Inflorescence

c. 40 cm long. Malaya: Kemaman ..................... var. humilis

44. Stem 0.3 to 1.5 m tall. Leaf sheaths not covered by a mass of

roots. Lamina broad c. 30 cm wide. Inflorescence c. 55—90 cm

long. Malaya: Gunong Blumut ..... ita ek. a var. elatior

Subsp. wallichiana

Inflorescence usually with more than 4 branches, sometimes with secondary

branching.

Distribution: Malaya: common and widespread at and from Fraser’s Hill north-

wards in the main range and north of Sungei Dungan on the east coast. In central

Pahang mixed populations of this subspecies and subspecies malaccensis are found.

Sumatra: East coast and Jambi.

Ecology: This is a common and widespread palm and unlike subsp. malaccensis

it 1s not restricted to damp or wet areas (though it is also found there) but will

form large populations on slopes. It is, however, absent from dry ridges where the

bertam, Eugeissona tristis, often dominates. With selective logging practises it

becomes restricted to areas near streams which suffer less disturbance.

Iguanura Bl. 221

Var wallichiana

Generally 1-2 m tall, upto 3.5 m. Leaves usually with (3) 5 (8) leaf segment

pairs and with upto 17 in some populations, rarely simple and then acaulescent.

Lamina (34) 68 (133) cm long and (18) 27 (40) cm wide. Lamina of simple

leaves (39) 52 (64) cm long and (22) 23 (40) cm wide, apex rounded, sides

parallel, cuneate at the base. Inflorescence branches (2) 6 (16). Peduncle

11-40 cm upto 100 cm long, branches (15) 22 (45) cm long, Floral pits deep.

Fruit 14 x 2 cm.

Synonym: Iguanura diffusa Beccari, Malesia 3: 123 (1886); Hooker f. Fl. Brit.

Ind. 6: 416 (1892); Ridley, Mat. Fl. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc) 2: 152 (1907); FI.

Mal. Pen. 5: 14 (1925). Whitmore, Palms of Malaya. 65 (1973). Zguanura

wallichiana var minor Beccari ex Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 416 (1892).

Distribution: as for subspecies wallichiana.

Collections examined: Malaya: Penang, Porter Wallich’s Cat. no. 8600 (type)

K (!); Singapore* Lobb s. n. K (!); also about 100 specimens from herbaria and

50 of my own collection. Sumatra: East Coast, Batang Serangan, Beumee 481, 482

BO (!) Jambi, Kampung Penetai, Dransfield 2623. BO (!).

Notes: Minor local differences include the pink immature fruit colour (rather than

the usual white colour) in the National Park population, a variant colour it shares

with subsp. malaccensis at this locality. Another conspicuous local form is found in

populations in South Kemaman and north east Pahang, where the inflorescence is

particularly thin and has secondary branching as compared with the less branched

and stouter inflorescences of the main range population.

Smaller plants of this variety have been described as var. minor and plants with

leaves with numerous narrow segment pairs have been described as /. diffusa by

Beccari.

Var. major Becc. ex Hook. f.

Iguanura wallichiana vat major Becc. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind., 6: 416 (1892).

Synonym: Geonoma pynaetiana Masters, Gdnrs’ Chron. 23: 258 f. 98 (1898)

Iguanura spectabilis Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 47: 40 (1904); Mat.

Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc) 2: 151 (1907); Fl. Mal. Pen. 5: 14 (1907). Whitmore,

Palms of Malaya. 65 (1973).

Stem 1.5-2.5 m tall. Leaf simple, frequently glabrous or with sparce brown

hairs on the abaxial veins. Lamina undivided and broad; (63) 75 (103) cm long

and (32) 38 (45) cm wide; rounded at the apex and tapering gradually to the base.

Main veins on upper surface (26) 33 (37). Petiole short c. 15 cm. Inflorescence

branches 5-8, c. 25 cm long, peduncle 55-80 cm long, glabrous glisteningly green.

Floral pits shallow. Fruits 2 x 1 cm.

Distribution: Malaya: Common at G. Bubu and Kuala Kangsar (formally known

as the Larut Hills) also known from Gopeng, although it has not been collected

there recently. Sumatra: East Coast, Palembang and Batang.

Collections examined: Malaya: Gopeng, King’s Coll 43] (type) L (!) K (),

King’s Coll 8827 K (!) BM (!); King’s coll 8227 K (!) Fl (!) : Bruas, Ridley

8403 BM (!) SING (!); Hermitage Hill, Ridley s.n. SING (!); G. Bubu Symington

30743 KEP (!) and several other collections from G. Bubu and K. Kangsar.

Sumatra : Palembang, Grashof 643 BO (!); Batang, Jochems 3191, 3193 BO (}).

* Thos. Lobb ... “collected also dried plants which were sold in sets after determination,

often bear incorrect localities. It is thought that the majority of the Malayan plants

were got in Penang” (Burkill, 1927).

222 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Notes: This variety was discovered early in the botanical exploration of Malaya

being relatively accessible on the west coast from Penang and was avidly taken

into cultivation by Victorian society which appreciated lush foliage — thus it was

introduced into Europe by Curtis at the Ghent Exhibition where it was described

by Masters (1898) as “‘strikingly handsome”. This exhibition plant was sterile and

was named Geonoma pynaertiana. Ridley (1907) later described this taxon as

Iguanura spectabilis, However, Beccari’s earlier variety (Hooker f. 1894), var

major, included pinnate and simple forms and these were described as larger than

I. wallichiana, In fact the pinnate forms in this population are not as large as var

major but the leaflets are wider and closer together than typical plants of var.

wallichiana but as the range of the pinnate forms is large these can easily be

accommodated in the concept of var. wallichiana. It is not known whether these two

varieties are inter-fertile. Whitmore (1973) considers this taxon a variant of /.

wallichiana.

This taxon comprises the largest plants of 7guanura growing in Malaya and

it is interesting to note that Johannesteijsmannia perakensis which is the only

trunked member of its genus, is also found on these hills, Gunong Kledang and G.

Bubu fide Dransfield (1972).

Subsp. malaccensis (Becc) Kiew stat nov

Iguanura malaccensis Beccari, Malesia. 3: 102 (1886); Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Ind.

6: 416 (1892), Whitmore, Palms of Malaya. 114, (1973).

Synonyms: /guanura geonomaeformis var. malaccensis (Becc) Rid]. Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. (Monoc) 2: 150 (1907); Fl. Mal. Pen. 5: 14 (1925). Iguanura geonomae-

formis var ramosa Ridl., Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 151 (1907); Fl. Mal. Pen. 5: 14

(1907).

Inflorescence usually unbranched with about a fifth of the collections

examined with narrowly bifurcating inflorescences. Fruit 1 x 3 cm.

Distribution: Malaya: widespread and common south of the Genting Simpah in

the main range and south of Kemaman in the east coast. Sarawak: G. Mattang

Ist Division.

Ecology: This subspecies appears to be strictly limited in its habitat, as suggested

by the fact that dense populations dominating the undergrowth beside streams will

cease abruptly not far from the streams where there is no apparent competition

from other plants in the undergrowth layer. It is tolerant of waterlogging and plants

are often found growing in shallow water near the banks of streams or pools. J

have seen seedlings growing in areas seasonally flooded to a depth of about 5 cm, a

depth which would almost submerge them. Their distribution is particularly con-

spicuous in their confinement to damp flushes in forests at low altitudes and their

absence elsewhere.

Notes: | have recognised three varieties: one with pinnate leaves and two new

varieties with simple leaves, both with a very local distribution, one taller than the

pinnate variety and the other smaller.

Var malaccensis

Generally 1-2 m tall, upto 3.55 m. Leaves commonly with (3) 5 (7)

segment pairs, less commonly with numerous segments (9) 13 (21), rarely simple

and then on acaulescent plants to 0.5 m tall. Lamina (42) 69 (98) cm long and

(11) 24 (40) cm wide. Lamina of simple leaves (17) 47 (67) cm long and (13)

20 (26) cm wide, apex rounded, sides parallel and cuneate at the base. Peduncle

20-50 cm long, floral pits in distal (10) 33 (65) cm of inflorescence.

Iguanura Bl. 223

Distribution: as for subspecies malaccensis.

Collections examined: Keheding (1878) Klang (type) K (!) Fl (!). About 150

Malayan specimens from herbaria and about 30 of my own collection.

Sarawak: G. Mattang Dransfield 768.

Notes: Beccari (1886) distinguished J. malaccensis by the unbranched inflorescence.

This is the first description which distinguishes a taxon with unbranched inflores-

cences from those with branched ones i.e. J. wallichiana and I. geonomaeformis.

However the situation became confused when /. geonomaeformis was used by

Ridley to describe the unbranched taxon, while 7. malaccensis was reduced to the

varietal level and was distinguished from the “‘typical” variety only by being more

tomentose. The situation is further confused by Whitmore (1973) who mistakenly

described J. malaccensis as ‘‘one of the branched forms”’.

In accordance with Griffith’s original sense, 7. geonomaeformis is treated as

synonymous with /. wallichiana so that I. malaccensis is the correct name for the

taxon with unbranched inflorescences. I have used it in a slightly wider sense by

including plants which have both simple and bifurcating inflorescences on the same

plant. A problem then arises about Ridley’s J. geonomaeformis var ramosa which

he described as having two or three branches. After consideration, I have reduced

this to synonomy with var malaccensis as all the plants cited by Ridley have a

southern distribution. However plants with one, two, three or four-branched

inflorescences on the same plant are rare and form less than 2% of the populations

I examined.

Var humilis Kiew var. nov.

Palma humilis solitaria saepe acaulescentia, vel caule breve 10 cm — 1| m alto,

2 cm crasso. Annuli aggregati ad 2.5 mm distantes. Plantae caulescentiae radicibus

gralliformibus. Vagina folii ramis radicum gralli formium tecta, Folium indivisum

8-10 in corona. Lamina anguste — oblonga, base cuneate, apice rotundata, margine

leviter serrato. Petiolus 30 cm longus. Lamina (46) 50 (55) cm longus, (13) 15

(20) cm latus, nervis lateralibus (21) 23 (26). Inflorescentia c. 42 cm longa, c.

17 cm florifera. Inflorescentia indumento aurantiaco tecta. Spatha exterior c.

10 cm longa, interior c. 20 cm longa, indumentum dense tecta. Foveae conspicuae,

bracteolo magna.

Typus: Corner 30095 Ulu Bendong, Malaya. Holotypus (SING).

Solitary, often acaulescent or with short trunk 10 cm to 1 m tall. Stem stout

c. 2 cm thick. Annuli crowded, upto 4 cm apart. In plants with a stem, stilt roots

at stem base give rise above to a mat of thin branched roots covering the leaf

sheaths. Leaf simple, 8-10 leaves in the crown. Lamina narrowly oblong, gradually

cuneate at base, rounded above. Margin shallowly serrate. Petiole c. 30 cm long.

Lamina (46) 50 (55) cm long and (13) 15 (20) cm wide. Lateral veins (21) 23

(26). Inflorescence c. 42 cm long, c. 17 cm bearing floral pits. Inflorescence covered

by wiry ginger hairs. Outer spathe c. 10 cm long, inner c. 20 cm long. Spathes

covered by a felt of fluff. Pits conspicuous with large covering bract.

Distribution: Malaya: Kemaman.

Collections examined: Ulu Bendong, Corner 30095 SING (!); L (!); Corner s.n.

BO (!), SING (!) BM (!); Ulu Ayam, Corner 30258 SING (!); 30259 SING (!);

30260 SING (!); Bukit Kajang, Corner s.n. SING (!); Kiew 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14,

5, 76.

224 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Notes: Var humilis is distinguished from the sporadic simple-leaved forms by the

narrower leaf (fig. 7) and by the peculiar mass of branched roots at the base of

the trunk. These arise from the stilt roots and are unusual in that they appear to

be negatively geotropic, growing upwards and forming a network round the leaf

sheaths where detritus collects and into which the roots appear to penetrate.

Occasional pinnate forms are found in the local populations of var humilis which

are both smaller in stature and in length of leaf than the average var malaccensis

and possess the mat of roots covering the leaf sheaths characteristic of the

Kemaman population,

This variety is the smallest palm in Malaya and rivals J. palmuncula var

palmuncula in Sarawak. It is fertile when acaulescent and can have rounded leaves

only about 5 cm in width and length and an unbranched inflorescence about 10 cm

long. It is smaller than the early juvenile simple-leaved forms of the other taxa

of this species.

Var elatior Kiew var. nov.

Caulis 50-350 cm altus. Folia indivisa (36) 57 (72) cm longa, (24) 30 (36) cm

lata. Lamina fissura apicale profunda, (19 cm), base acute contracta (interdum

parallelilatera). Nervi laterales (18) 29 (35) interdum glabri, saepe indumento

aurantiaco longo. Inflorescentia 55-90 cm longa, indumento filimetallico simile

tecta, floribus 25-45 cm tecta. Spatha exterior 14 cm longa, interior 28 cm.

Typus: Holttum 10299 Gunung Belumut, Malaya. Holotypus (SING).

Stem 4-34 m tall. Leaves simple (36) 57 (72) cm long and (24) 30 (36) cm

wide. Lamina with deep apical notch (19 cm), base tapering acutely (occasionally

with parallel sides) towards the apex. Lateral veins (18) 29 (35), sometimes

glabrous frequently with dense long ginger hairs beneath. Inflorescence 55-90 cm

long, covered by wiry hairs, flowers covering 25-45 cm. Outer spathe 14 cm, inner

spathe 28 cm.

Distribution: Malaya: G. Blumut, Johore.

Collections examined: Johore: North side G. Blumut, Holttum 10299 SING (!);

Kluang Forest Reserve, Ng 98021 KEP (!), Dransfield 817 KEP (!), Kochummen

2841 KEP (!); Whitmore 3850 KEP (!) Evans 103, 107, 108, 109, 110 (!).

Notes: This variety grows in populations together with the pinnate variety var

malaccensis, over which var elatior slightly predominates in number. The pinnate

plants are indistinguishable from the general Malayan population of var

malaccensis. Var elatior eventually grows much taller than these and has leaves

differing in shape from the general populations’ simple-leaved forms (fig. 7) by

being abruptly cuneate at the base and having a particularly deep apical cleft.

The first reference to this variety is Dransfield (1969). He points out its

similarity to the population of var major at Gunong Bubu in Perak; however they

are distinct in inflorescence branching — var. elatior has a simple inflorescence

and falls within the range of subsp. malaccensis while var major has a branched

inflorescence and falls within the range of variation of subsp. wallichiana, Leaf

size and shape also show differences (fig. 7).

Species Excludenta

Iguanura speranskyana Bois, J. Hort. Soc. France 665 (1899). Martelli, Nuovo

Giornale Botanico Itali 42: 52 (1935).

__ There is no type specimen for this plant and the sole description is: ‘‘Palmier

originaire du Brésil,a port de Geonoma, acaule,a feuilles rouges dans le jeune

age.”

Tguanura Bl. 225

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a Royal Society/Leverhulme Scholarship and a

NERC studentship and represents part of a thesis submitted at Cambridge Univer-

sity for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. I should like to thank in particular

Prof. E.J.H. Corner for supervising my work, Dr. T.C. Whitmore who assisted me

with field work in Malaya, Dr. J. Dransfield for the latin translation of the new

species description and for friendly criticism and the Cambridge Philosophical

Society for a Travel Grant which contributed towards a visit to Sarawak.

Bibliography

Bailey, L.H. 1933. 1. Palms and their characteristics. Gentes Herb. 3: 1-29.

Bailey, L.H. 1943. New palms in Panama, and others. Terms. Gentes Herb. 6: 264.

Beccari, O. 1886. Nuovi studi sulle palme asiatiche. Malesia 3: 58-149.

Beccari, O. 1904. Wanderings in the great forests of Borneo, Trans E. Gigliolo.

Revised and edited F.H.H. Guillemard. Constable, England.

Beccari, O. and Pichi-Sermolli, R.E.G. 1955. Subfamiliae Arecoidarum palmae

gerontogeae. Webbia 9: 1-187.

Blume, C.L. 1838a. Revue des Palmiers de l’archipel des Indies Orientales. Bull.

Sci. Phys, Nat. Neerl. 1: 61-67.

Blume, C.L. 1838b. Rumphia 2, pt. 18: 105 and plate 117.

Bois, M.D. 1899. Les plantes nouvelles et les plantes herbacées pouvant servir a

lornement des jardins pendant la belle saison J. Hort. Soc. Fr. : 664-70.

Burkill, IH. 1935, 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay

Peninsula. 2 vols. Governments of Malaysia and Singapore.

Burrett, M. and Poiztal, E. 1956. Systematische Ubersicht tiber die Palmen. 7.

Arecoideae. Willdenowia I: 350-85.

Dransfield, J. 1969. Palms in the Malayan Forest. Malay. Nat. J. 22: 144-51.

Drude, O. 1887. Palmae in Engler, A. and Prantl, K. (ed.), Die Naturlichen

Pflanzenfamilien II, 3: 1-93. Engelmann, Leipzig.

Furtado, C.X. 1934. Palmae Malesicae. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni vag. 35: 273-83.

Hooker, J.D. 1883. Palmae in Bentham, G. and Hooker, J.D. Genera plantarum

3: 870-948.

Hooker, J.D. 1892. Flora of British India vol. 6: Reeve, London.

Kiew, R. 1972a. The Natural History of /guanura geonomaeformis Martius: A

Malayan undergrowth palm. Principes. 16: 3-10

Kiew, R. 1972b. Taxonomy and Ecology of Jguanura (Palmae). Phd. Cambridge

University.

Martius, C.F.P. von 1823-50. Historia naturalis palmarum vols 1-3. Munich.

Moore, H.E. 1973: The Major Groups of palms and their distribution. Gentes

Herb 11: 27-140

226 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Potztal, E. 1964. in Melchior, H. (ed.), Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzen-familien.

12th ed. II. Angiospermen. Reihe Principes 579-88. Borntraeger, Berlin.

Ridley, H.N. 1904. New Malayan Palms. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41:

Ridley, H.N. 1907. Materials for Flora of Malay Peninsula (Monocotyledons) Il;

133-221. Methodist Publishing House, Singapore.

Ridley, H.N. 1925. Flora of the Malay Peninsula, Vol. 5. Reeve, London.

Satake, T. 1962. A new system of the classification of palms. Hikobia 3: 112-33.

Scheffer, R.H.C.C. 1876. Sur quelques palmiers du groupe des Arécinées. Annls

Jard. bot. Buitenz. 1: 103-64.

Thanikaimoni, G. 1966. Contribution 4 l’étude palynologique des Palmiers. Trav.

Sect. Scient. tech. fr. Pontichéry Pt. 2. 5: 1-91.

Uhl, N.W. and Moore, H.E. 1971. The palm gynoecium. Am. J. Bot: 58: 945-92:

Wendland, H. 1859. Beschreibungen neuer Palmen. Bot. Ztg. 17: 63.

Whitmore, T.C. 1973. Palms of Malaya. Oxford University Press. Kuala Lumpur,

Singapore, London.

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Notes on the Systematy of Malayan Phanerogams

XXIII. MYRTACEAE

K. M. KOCHUMMEN

Forest Research Institute, Kepong

Abstract

Eugenia filiformis Duthie var. constricta Kochummen and Eugenia spicata Lamk var.

cordata Kochummen are new varieties.

Tristania razakiana Kochummen is a new species, named in honour of the Prime Minister

of Malaysia.

Eugenia

Eugenia filiformis Duthie var. constricta Kochummen yar. nov.

EF varieta typica in tubo calycis supra ovariam in medio abrupta constrictata

differt.

SELANGOR: Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve at 600 m altitude, KEP 98776

(KEP holotype, K, A, L, SING).

Once collected. Tree 12 m tall and 90 cm girth.

Eugenia spicata Lamk var. cordata Kochummen var. nov.

E varieta typica in folius ovato-lanceolato cordatus differt.

TRENGGANU: Gunong Padang at 1200 m altitude, FRI 12731] (KEP holo-

type, K, L, SING).

Tristania

Tristania razakiana Kochummen sp. nov.

Arbor. Ramuli juniores siccitate fere nigri glabri vel, apicem versus, sulfureo-

puberuli. Folia coriacea, lamina elliptica vel peranguste obovate, 3.5—6.5 (10.5) cm

longa, 0.8-2 (3) cm lata, apice acuto vel acuminato, basi cuneato, in petiolo

decurrentia, marginibus reflexis, petiolo 0.3-1 cm longo, nervis primariis pluribus

(c. 30), foliis junioribus (cum petiolis ad superficiem ventralem) dense sulfureo-

puberulis. Inflorescentia cymosa, axillaris, brevis, usque ad 3.5 cm longa, pedunculo

ruguloso glabro vel puberulo, floribus in ramulis ultimis dense dispositis. Calyx

tubo campanulato ruguloso 4.5 mm longo et 3.5 mm diametro basin versus in

pseudopedicello 2 mm longo contracto; lobis calycis deltoideis acutis vel subacutis

c. 1 x 1 mm. Petala late obovato-orbicularia c. 1.5 X 1 mm, basi angustata,

glaberrima, marginibus undulatis. Stamina in phalangibus aggregata, phalangio

unico e 4-5 staminibus formato, segmento basali phalangii 5 mm longo piloso,

filamentis liberis usque ad 1 mm longis, glabris, antheris globosis c. 0.2 mm

diametro. Ovarium triloculare semi superium densiter pilosum, stylo nonnihil crasso

c. 0.5 mm longo glabro. Capsula triloculare, oblonga 6 mm longa cum calyce 2

mm alto. Semen alatum, 0.4 mm longa.

*continued from Gdns’ Bulli. Sing. 27: 269-287.

227

228

KEP. 20440

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Tristania razakiana 4

FRI. 20417

Malayan Phanerogams: Myrtaceae 229

Small to medium sized trees reaching a height of 21 m and a girth of 118 cm.

Bark peeling in long strips, peeled strips deep red brown leaving the bole smooth

and white in appearance. Inner bark light yellow. Sapwood light yellow.

Young twigs black, glabrous, their tips yellow pubescent. Blade coriaceous,

elliptic to narrowly obovate, 3.5—6.5 (10.5) x 0.8—2 (3) cm, apex acute or acuminate,

base cuneate, decurrent on leaf stalk, margin reflexed, secondary nerves numerous

c. 30 pairs, very faint to inconspicuous; petiole 0.3-1 cm long; very young leaves

yellowish hairy below. Inflorescence in axillary cymes up to 3.5 cm long; calyx

tube campanulate, narrowed at base into 2 mm long pseudostalk, calyx lobes

triangular, 1 x 1 mm; petals broadly obovate to orbicular c. 1.5 X 1 mm, stamens

in bundles, each bundle with 4-5 stamens, basal segment of the bundle with 5 mm

long hairs, filaments free, about 1 mm long, glabrous; anthers globose, 0.2 mm

diameter; ovary trilocular, semi superior, densely hairy; style 0.5 mm long, glabrous.

Fruit a trilocular capsule 6 mm long, with persistent calyx up to 2 mm high. Seeds

flat, 0.4 mm long.

PAHANG: Frasers Hill at 1200 m altitude: FR/ 20417 (holotype KEP), FR/

9013, 9025, 16733, 16744, KEP 29495, 32281; Gua Tinggi, Ulu Liang, Raub:

KEP 20440. PERAK: Gunong Korbu at 1650 m: KEP 31444.

A very distinct species of high mountains, locally abundant, characterised by

the very small stalked leaves, differing from 7. pontianensis Hend. in the slender

longer pseudostalk and in the glabrous wrinkled calyx tube.

I have named this species in honour of Tun Haji Abdul Razak bin Datuk

Hussein, Prime Minister of Malaysia, to commemorate his visit to the Forest

Research Institute, Kepong on 21st July, 1973.

Acknowledgement.

I would like to thank Dr B. C. Stone, University of Malaya for the Latin

descriptions.

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Notes on the Systematy of Malayan Phanerogams

*XXITV ERICACEAE

F.S. P. Ne

Forest Research Institute, Kepong

Abstract

Vaccinium whitmorei Ng and Vaccinium pseudodialypetalum Ng are new species.

Vaccinium

Vaccinium whitmorei Ng sp. noy.

Arbor parva, ramulis glabris; foliis glabris coriaceis integris obovatis apice

acuto basi cuneato, marginibus (in sicco) recurvatis, costa media ex pagina supra

prominulento, nervis c. 4—paribus pinnatis; petiolo glabro 2-3 mm. longo;

alabastris axillaribus incrassatis 1.5 x 1.55 — 4 x 3 mm. Inflorescentia racemosa

multiflora glabra, 3-6 cm longa, bracteis 4-6 mm longis, ante anthesin caducis.

Flores alba rosascens externe glabrae, pedicellis 6 mm longis, calyx quinquelobato

3.5-4.5 mm longo, tubo quam lobis paullo longiori, corolla tubuloso 5 —lobato c.

8 mm longo (intus villosus), lobis c. 1 mm longis, staminibus 10, c. 4 mm longis,

filamentis villosis, calcaribus dorsalibus brevibus, tubulis quam thecis antherae

brevioribus, apice porosis, stylo glabro c. 7 mm longo, disco glabro. Fructu

globosus, c. 5 x 5 mm, calycis lobis 1 mm longis coronatus.

A small tree. Twigs glabrous. Leaves obovate, apex acute, base cuneate;

glabrous, coriaceous, entire, recurved in dry specimens; midrib slightly prominent

above, pinnate nerves about 4 pairs; petiole 2-3 mm long, glabrous. Axillary buds

swollen, 1.5 x 1.5 — 4 x 3 mm. Inflorescence a glabrous axillary many-flowered

raceme 3-6 cm long. Bracts 4-6 mm long, falling before anthesis. Flowers white

tinged pink, glabrous externally; pedicels 6 mm at anthesis, calyx 3.5 — 4.5 mm

long, 5 lobed, with tube slightly longer than lobes; corolla tubular, c. 8 mm long,

hairy inside the tube, with 5 lobes c. 1 mm long; stamens 10, c. 4 mm long, with

filaments hairy, dorsal spurs short, tubules slightly shorter than anther cells,

opening by apical pores; style glabrous c. 7 mm long; disc glabrous. Fruit globose,

c. 5 x 5 mm, crowned by calyx lobes 1 mm long.

MALAYA Pahang/Selangor border on G. Ulu Kali at c. 1700 m: FRI

12584 (KEP holotype, L, K, SING, A) fl. Sept. 1969; and on Frasers Hill at

1000 m: KLU 13146 (KLU) fr. July 1970.

Named for its collector Dr. T. C. Whitmore.

Vaccinium pseudodialypetalum Ng sp. nov.

Frutex epiphyticus, ramulis junioribus pubescentis, foliis chartaceis, integris,

ovatis, glabris (costa media excepto) apice longe acuminato, basi rotundato vel

subcordato, costa media supra prominento, nervis c. 7— paribus pinnatis angustis

prominulentis, venis tertiariis prominulentis; petiolo 2-3 mm longo pubescentio.

Inflorescentia axillaris racemosa 2-3 florifera, 10-16 mm longa, bracteis vix 1 mm

* continued from p. 229.

231

232 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

“he ° : Aa

Vaccinium whitmorei e

KLU 13146

x10

FRI 12584

233

Malayan Phanerogams: Ericaceae

pelLIS diy

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234 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

longis. Flores: alabastris glabris pedicellis c. 1 cm longis ad anthesin, calyx

5—lobato, tubo quam lobis longiori, corolla 5S-—lobato, tubo quam _lobis

longiori, staminibus 10 glabris, calcaribus dorsalibus brevibus, tubulis quam thecis

paullo brevioribus, poribus elongatis tubulis aequantibus; stylo discoque glabro.

Fructu globosus 5 x 5 mm (immaturus) calycis lobis 1 mm longis coronatus.

An epiphytic shrub. Twigs pubescent when young. Leaves ovate, apex long-

acuminate, base rounded to sub-cordate, glabrous except the midrib sometimes

pubescent, chartaceous, entire, midrib prominent above, pinnate nerves c. 7 pairs,

slender but prominent on both sides, reticulations prominent on both sides; petiole

2-3 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence a sparsely pubescent axillary 2-3 flowered

receme 1—1.6 cm long. Bracts tiny, to 1 mm long. Flower buds glabrous;

pedicels c. 1 cm long at anthesis; calyx 5 lobed, with tube longer than lobes;

corolla 5 lobed, with tube longer than lobes; stamens 10, glabrous, with short

dorsal spurs; tubules slightly shorter than anther cells, opening by elongate pores

as long as the tubules; style and disc glabrous. Fruit globose c. 5 x 5 mm

(immature) crowned by calyx lobes 1 mm long.

MALAYA: Pahang/Selangor border on G. Nuang, G. Moyang and K.

Pansom, at c. 1000-1500 m. KEP 56673 (KEP holotype) fil. 3/11/40; KEP

51794 fr. 12/5/40; KL 925.

The species is so named because it has been confused with V. dialypetalum

which it resembles closely in the leaves. It differs from V. dialypetalum mainly in

calyx lobes being up to 1 mm long instead of 2-4 mm, filaments glabrous instead

of pubescent, dorsal spurs on stamens short instead of long, and pedicel slender

instead of thick.

Acknowledgement. I would like to thank Dr. B. C. Stone, University of

Malaya, for the Latin descriptions.

A New Species of Erythroxylum in Malaya

F. S. P. Ne

Forest Research Institute, Kepong

In Cockburn’s revision of Erythroxylaceae for the Tree Flora of Malaya

(1972) and Payens’ revision of the same family for the Flora Malesiana (1958)

only one indigenous species was recognised in Malaya.

We now have evidence to show that there are in fact two species in Malayan

forests.

__ The new species is known from only two localities and differs from the more

widespread FE. cuneatum in the following characters.

E. cuneatum E, kochummenii sp. nov.

Fruit size Up to 1.0 x 0.5 cm 2x 1.5 — 2.2 x 2.0 cm

Fruit shape oblong-ellipsoid broadly obovoid

Loculi occupying 3 angles of a lying 3 in a row

triangle

Fertile loculus nearly same size as much narrower than sterile

sterile loculi

Styles united basally free

Leaf apex retuse or obtuse acuminate

The leaf difference is constant in Malaya but breaks down elsewhere. Never-

theless, the fruit and flower differences appear to be good.

Erythroxylum kochummenii Ng sp. nov.

Erythroxyli cuneati valde affinis, sed differt fructu majore late obovoideo

2.0-2.2 cm longo 1.5-—2.0 cm lato loculis in linear recta, loculo uno fertile duos

loculos sterilis interjects et valde angustiore. Styli liberi. Foliorum apex acuminatus.

A medium-sized tree to 30 m tall 180 cm girth.

Hill forests. SELANGOR: Ulu Gombak F. R. KEP 51730 fi. IV 1941; KEP

93146 ripe fr. VIII 1965 (Holotype KEP). KELANTAN: Ulu Lebir F. R. FRI

17705 fr. VIII 1970.

The species is named after Mr. K. M. Kochummen, who collected the type

specimen. I am very grateful to Dr. M. Jacobs of Rijksherbarium, Leiden, for the

Latin diagnosis.

References

Cockburn P. F. 1972, Erythroxylaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya 1, 194-195. (Ed.

T. C. Whitmore) Longman Malaysia.

Payens J. P. D. W. 1958. Erythroxylaceae. Flora Malesiana 1, 5, 543-552.

235

236 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Fig. | Erythroxylum kochummenii a-c: KEP 51730; d-g: KEP 93146; a — flower bud,

b — stamens and pistil, c — two petals showing ligules on inner face, d — fruit, e — fruit

in transverse section & f — in longitudinal section, g — leaf. Erythroxylum cuneatum /-i:

FRI 16786; j-m: KEP 15688; h — fruit, i — fruit in t.s., j — stamens and pistil, k — flower

bud, / — one petal showing ligule on inner face. m — leaf.

Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore (IV)*

HSUAN KENG

Department of Botany

University of Singapore

I]. Angiosperms-Dicotyledons (continued)

29. BIXACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Leaves entire; flowers pale pink Bixa

A. Leaves 3-5-lobed; flowers yellow Cochlospermum

Bixa orellana Linn.

Shrub or small spreading tree; leaves heart-shaped; flowers pale pink; fruit a

purple capsule with soft hairs; seeds with a pulpy coat containing a orange-red

juice — Anatto — which is used as a dye in cosmetics and in dairy products.

Native of trop. America, planted as an ornamental. Vern. Kesumba,

RLAX > HANSA °

Cochlospermum religiosum Alston

Small tree; leaves 3—5—lobed; flowers golden yellow; fruit pear-shaped, smooth;

seeds coiled, covered with long hairs — yellow cotton tree. Native of India,

planted as an ornamental.

30. VIOLACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Herbs; corolla irregular Viola

A. Shrubs or trees; corolla regular Rinorea

Rinorea anguifera (Lour.) O.K.

Shrub or small tree; leaves ovate, serrate; flowers small, white, in axillary

cymes; capsule 3-5 cm across, covered with soft, long hairs; in dry woods,

Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley s.n. in 1894). Called

Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. in Ridley’s Flora. Vern. Sebilek.

Rin. lanceolata (Wall.) O.K.

In forests, Ang Mo Kio, Changi (Ridley 1813). Called Alsodeia grandiflora

Ridl. & Al. floribunda King in Ridley’s Flora.

Viola odorata Linn.

Native to Europe, occasionally planted in pot. & 8:38 »

* Continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 27 : 266, 1974.

237

238 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X XVIII, Sept. (1976)

31. FLACOURTIACEAE

Key to the genera

A, Flowers bisexual.

B. Leaves without 2 glands.

C. Ovary superior; berry entirely free; flowers in axillary clusters Casearia

C. Ovary half-inferior; capsule connate with the calyx in the lower

half; flowers in racemes Homolium

B. Leaves with 2 distinct glands at the base of the blade; fruit a berry Scolopia

A. Flowers unisexual

D. Flowers in axillary clusters; fruit baccate with a ring of 4-8 bifid styles Flacourtia

D. Flowers in spikes or panicles

E. Flowers in panicles; capsules 3-valved Osmelia

E. Flowers in racemose spikes; fruit baccate Ryparosa

Casearia capitellata B1.

Shrub or small tree, pubescent; flowers green, few in axillary clusters; fruit

orange, subglobose (1.2 x 0.8 cm); Gardens’ jungle, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley

s.n, in 1892). As Cas. lobbiana Turcz. in Ridley’s Flora.

Cas. clarkei King

Tree; flowers small, in dense clusters; fruit ovoid, bright yellow (5-6 x

2.5-3 cm); Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6334).

Cas. tuberculata B1.

Small tree; flowers white, often galled; fruit oblong (4-5 x 1.6 cm), orange-

red; once collected by Wallich (7197) in 1822. C. coriacea Vent in Ridley’s

Flora.

Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch.

Small tree, thorny below; fruit purple or red, edible, 1.5—-2.5 cm across. Culti-

vated around villages, possibly native of India. Vern. Rukam.

Flac. rukam Z. & M.

Small tree, thorny below; flowers small, in axillary clusters; berry globose,

pink to reddish, good for making jams; fruit from the cultivated form is also

edible; in damp forest, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley s.n. in 1894).

Homalium grandiflorum Benth.

Buttressed tree; flowers in racemes or panicles; calyx teeth 7-9; capsules

spindle-shaped; in lowland forests, rare, Gardens’ jungle, Tanglin, Kranji.

Osmelia philippina Benth.

Tree; flowers in panicles, densely yellow tomentose, fruit a capsule, red,

tomentose; in lowland forest, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley s.n. in 1894), Bukit

Timah, Bukit Mandai.

Pangium edule Reinw.

Seeds of this species, known as Buah Keluak, imported from northern Malaya,

used as culinary flavour.

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV) 239

Ryparosa hullettii King

Shrub or tree; male spikes 30-40 cm long; female spikes 4-8 cm long; berry

fusiform, with leathery pericarp, 2-3 seeded; in dense forest, rare, Fern

Valley of B.T.N.R. (Ngadiman 35947) and Chan Chu Kang.

Ryparosa wallichii Ridl.

Tree; flowers small, male spikes 5-8 cm long; once collected in Gardens’

jungle. No specimen available.

Scolopia macrophylla (W. et A.) Clos.

Shrub or small tree, thorny; flowers greenish white, in racemes; connective

of anthers producing into an appendage; berry orange to black; in mangroves,

Changi (Ridley 1818), Serangoon.

32. TURNERACEAE

Turnera subulata J.E. Smith

Different from the following species by its broader leaves and by the presence

of a dark purple eye in the corolla; native of tropical America.

Turn. ulmifolia L.

Herb, erect or ascending; leaves ovate, serrate, with a pair of small glands at

the base of blade; flowers bright yellow; cultivated, now escaped and

naturalized in open sandy places. Native of the West Indies.

33. PASSIFLORACEAE

A. Flowers unisexual; fruit capsular Adenia

A. Flowers bisexual: fruit baccate Passiflora

Adenia microphylla Koord. var. singaporeana (Wall. ex D. Don) de Willde

Slender woody climber; fruit spindle-shaped, 5 cm long; in margins of thickets,

B.T.N.R. (Ridley 5710), Gardens’ Jungle, Chan Chu Kang, Nee Soon. Called

Adenia singaporeana Engl. in Ridley’s Flora.

Passiflora foetida Linn.

Slender climber; leaves 3—lobed; flowers white; fruit orange, globose (1.5-2 cm

across), enclosed in the green, fimbriate, sticky involucre of 3 bracts. A com-

mon weed, native of S. America, + naturalized.

Pass. laurifolia Linn.

Climber; leaves oblong; flowers violet-banded with white; fruit as big as a

hen’s egg, yellow with 2 green bracts at the base. Native of S. America;

cultivated and escaped. Vern. Buah susu.

Pass. quadrangularis Linn.

Large climber; stem 4-angled, soft; leaves ovate; flowers 10-12 cm across,

purple-banded with white; fruit pale green, oblong, to 18 cm long. The

Granadilla, a native of S. America, sometimes cultivated.

Pass. subrosa Linn.

Small climber; leaves 3-lobed; flowers greenish, without true corolla; fruit

globose, 1.2 em across, green to dark purple. Native to S. America, escaped

as a weed. Several other species are planted.

240 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

34. CARICACEAE

Carica papaya Linn.

Small tree, soft-wooded, with milky sap, mostly unbranched; leaves large,

palmately lobed; flowers mostly unisexual, greenish yellow; berry cylindric to

ellipsoid. The Papaya, native of Trop. America is widely cultivated as a fruit

tree. Vern. Betik, A] » FAM -

35. CUCURBITACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Anther-locules straight; flowers very small, in panicles Gymnopetalum

A. Anther-locules conduplicate, worm-shaped.

B. Corolla divided about 4 to the base or less; coarse vines

with solitary, yellow flowers and very large fruits Cucurbita

B. Corolla divided nearly to the base, or the petals nearly free.

C. Corolla-lobes fimbriate; fruit many-seeded Trichosanthes

C. Corolla-lobes entire or nearly so.

D. Flowers white; calyx-tube of the male flowers

elongated; anthers included Lagenaria

D. Flowers mostly yellow; calyx-tube of the male

flowers short; anthers usually exserted.

E. Anthers not or scarcely cohering; stamens

inserted near the mouth of the calyx-tube.

F. Male flowers racemose; fruit cylindric.

smooth or angled, opening at the end Luffa

F. Male flowers solitary; fruit ellipsoid,

indehiscent Benincasa

E. Anthers more or less cohering; stamens inserted

below the mouth of the calyx-tube.

F. Male flowers clustered, short-pedicelled Cucumis

F. Male flowers racemose, or solitary and long-

pedicelled, usually bracteolate Momordica

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.

Wax gourd is an ancient cultigen of unknown origin; also called B. cerifera

G. Savi.; two common varieties are used as vegetables: the one with large,

round, or ovoid fruit covered with white wax-like substance, Tung Kwa &J\ >»

the other with smaller cylindric fruit covered with silky white hairs, Mo Kwa

=], . Vern. Kundor.

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.

Also called C. vulgaris Schrad.; the water melon is a native of S. Africa; fruits

of several varieties are found in the market, mostly imported. Vern. Mendikai,

Fa °

Cucumis sativus L.,

The cucumber is prob. a native of N. India; annual herb, climbing by simple

tendrils; growing locally for its edible fruit. Vern. Timun china, #4 JI\ °

Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.

The winter squash and several closely related species (C. maxima Duch.,

C. pepo L.) are natives of Mexico and C. America, occasionally planted;

fruits in the market are mostly imported. Vern. Labu Merah, Labu Ayer,

PA s I °

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV ) 241

Gymnopetalum cochinchinensis Kurz

Slender creeping herb, leaves 3~5—lobed; flowers white; fruit orange coloured,

oblong (2 x 5 cm), 10-ridged, beaked; occasionally found in open places. No

specimens available. Vern. Sipam.

Lagenaria siceraria Stand.

The bottle gourd is prob. a native of Africa; two common varieties in cultiva-

tion are: the one with the fruit slightly curved, large, pear-shaped, whitish

green and hairy when young, used as cooked vegetable; the other has the fruit

constricted in the middle, when ripe treated and used as a flask. Vern. Labu

ayer puteh, J » Hi °

Luffa acutangula Roxb.

The angled Loofah is probably a native of trop. Asia; young fruit cooked and

served as vegetables. Vern. Keftola sanding, f4JI\ °

Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.

The smooth Loofah is probably a native of trop. Asia; young fruit edible, less

common than angled Loofah; the network of strong fibre of the ripe fruit is

used as a sponge; also called L. cylindrica Roem. Vern. Ketola manis, *JI\ °

Momordica charantia L.

The bitter gourd is probably a native of trop. Asia; fruit pale orange, with

smooth tubercled ridges; seeds white or brown, with scarlet arils; the unripe

fruit used as vegetable. Vern. Peria laut, 77 -

Trichosanthes arguina Linn.

The long and twisted, snake-like fruit with dark green and lighter patches:

— serpent gourd —a less common vegetable, probably native of India. Vern.

Ketola ular, te Il ¢

Trich. celebica Cogn.

Slender climber; leaves 3-foliolate; flowers, white, night-blooming; the corolla

tubular, fimbriate; fruit yellow to red, ovoid (8 x 12 cm); seeds flat, embedded

in slimy dark green pulp. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6783).

Trich. wallichiana Wight.

Fruit red, ellipsoid, obtuse, 5-10 cm long; at one time very common in woods

and hedges in Singapore (Pulau Ubin, Ridley 446). Vern. Akar Timun Gagak,

or Crow’s Pumpkin.

Trich. wawraei Cogn.

Fruit, oblong, red. Mandai (Sinclair 40269).

36. BEGONIACEAE

Begonia coccinea Hook. f.

Erect, branched, glabrous; leaves obliquely oblong, not white-spotted, often

red-margined; flowers red; pot plant, from Brazil.

Beg. heracleifolia Cham. & Schl.

Leaves rounded, shallowly 5-9-lobed, hairy on both surfaces, dark green above,

brown-spotted; flowers white or pink. from Mexico.

242 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Beg. masoniana Hort.

Leaves brightly green, with a purplish-black cross-shaped spot on the upper

surface; the Iron Cross Begonia is a variety which originated in a garden.

Beg. rex Putz.

Rhizome creeping, often above the ground; leaves obliquely ovate, shallowly

dentate or deeply lobed, white-banded or-spotted above, red hairs on nerves;

flowers pale pink, native of India.

Beg. semperflorens Link & Otto

Erect, branched, glabrous or sparsely hairy; flowers pinkish white; from

Brazil.

37. DILLENIACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Woody climber ; filaments broadened; follicles dehiscent; seeds arillate,

the aril fimbriate Tetracera

A. Trees or shrubs, erect; filaments not broadened.

B. Follicles dehiscent; seeds arillate, the arils fleshy W ormia

B. Follicles enclosed in the thickened pulpy sepals, indehiscent; seeds

not arillate Dillenia

Dillenia aurea Sm.

Sometimes cultivated as a roadside tree; wild in northern Malaya.

Dil. grandifolia Wall. ex Hook. f. et Thoms.

Large tree, with buttresses and stilt roots; leaves elliptic to obovate with a

rounded or obtuse tip and a narrowed base, in sappling can reach 1 meter long;

flowers without petals; in dense forests; Bukit Timah (Corner 34906),

Garden’s jungle; called D. scortechinii King or D. exima Mig. in Malayan

literature.

Dil. indica Linn.

Flowers 15-20 cm. across, the petals white; once wild near Reservoir and

Bukit Panjang (Ridley 3702), now survived in cultivation.

Dil. reticulata King

Tall tree, with stilt roots and apetalous flowers; leaves elliptic to oblong, with

a rounded or emarginate tip and a rounded base; sappling leaves 1 to 1.5

meter long; flowers with yellow petals; Bukit Timah, Gardens’ Jungle. No

specimens available.

Tetracera akara (Burm. f.) Merr.

Tall woody climber, in forests; Gardens’ Jungle, Changi, Mandai Road

(Sinclair 40025qQ; called T. sylvestris Ridl. in Ridley’s Flora.

Tetr. arborescens Jack.

Climber, not rare, found along Cluny Road and at Kranji (Ridley 262); also

called T. euryandra Vah. or T. lucida Wall.

Tetr. fagifolia B1.

In woods, Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley 6381), Seletar, not common; also called

T. sumatrana Mia.

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV) 243

Tetr. indica (Christm & Panz.) Merr.

Climbing and scrambling shrub, common in open country, often forming

thickets; flowers pinkish (Singapore, Hullett 489). Formerly called 7. assa

DC. in Malayan literature.

Tetr. macrophylla Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thom.

Climber, common in woods; Tanglin, Changi (Hullett s.n. in 1893), often

remaining sterile.

Wormia excelsa Jack.

Tall tree; Bukit Timah, Gardens’ Jungle, Seletar (Nur 6382); alternative name

is Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Gilg, should one consider Dillenia and Wormia

being congeneric.

Wormia pulchella Jack.

Small bushy tree; leaves deep green; flowers pale yellow; Tanglin, Bukit

Timah, Mandai Road (Sinclair 40270), in wet places. Alternative name is

Dillenia pulchella (Jack) Gilg.

Wormia suffruticosa Griff.

Large shrub; leaves with a folded winged petiole; flowers bright yellow; fruits

when ripe split open like a star; common all over the Island (Ridley 3966).

Alternative name is Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Mart. Vern. Simpoh Ayer.

38. ACTINIDIACEAE

Saurauia tristyla DC.

Tree; leaves oblanceolate; flowers unisexual, pinkish, 2-3 in cymes, axillary

or on small tubercles on the branches; fruit globose; Bukit Timah, Ridley

10440. The correct name is S. pentaphylla (Jack) Hoogl. ined. to be validated

in volume 30 of this Bulletin.

39. HYPERICACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Trees; flowers white to pink; seeds winged Cratoxylum

A. Herbs; flowers yellow; seeds not winged Hypericum

Cratoxylum arborescens BI.

Large tree; flowers deep red, in panicles; capsule purplish, with many seeds;

Bukit Timah, Gardens’ Jungle, Seletar (Sinclair 40008), in woods. Vern.

Geronggang.

Crat. formosum (Jack) Dyer.

Tree; flowers rose-pink; in open country; Bukit Timah (Whitmore 78), Bukit

Mandai, Chua Chu Kang. Vern. Derum.

244 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Crat. cochinchinense BI.

Tree; bark red, peeling off in strips or angular pieces; flowers pink to dark

red; Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai (Nur 358a), Changi, Chan Chu Kang, in

woods. As Crat. polyanthum Korth. in Ridley’s Flora, Vern. Derum selunchor,

BAA ©

Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray

Tiny herb with yellow flowers, formerly found in pepper plantations at Bukit

Mandai and Chua Chu Kang (Mat s.n. in 1894), now probably extinct.

40. GUTTIFERAE

Key to the genera

A. Ovary 1-2-chambered; flowers bisexual.

B. Ovary l-chambered; leaves with numerous parallel side veins *Calophyllum

B. Ovary 1-2-chambered, with 1 or 2 ovules in each chamber Mesua

A. Ovary 4-5 (-12)-chambered.

C. Flowers unisexual, dioecious; petiole-base clasping the twig Garcinia

C. Flowers polygamous; petiole-base not clasping the twig Mammea

Calophyllum austrocoriaceum Whitmore

Gardens’ Jungle (SFN 39452), MacRitchie Reservoir.

Cal. biflorum Henders. & Wyatt-Sm.

Sungei Hanto, opposite Pulau Serimbun (SFN 39532).

costulatum H. & Wyatt-Sm.

Bukit Timah (no specimens available).

Cal.

Cal. ferrugineum Rid.

Common; Bukit Timah, Changi, Tanjong Gul (Ridley 1959).

incrassatum Henders. & Wyatt-Sm.

In lowland forest; Bukit Timah, Mandai, Sungei Morai (Ridley 5071).

Cal. inophyllum L.

Tree; leaves with numerous fine, parallel side veins; flowers white, in raceme-

like inflorescence; fruit like a small pingpong ball, waxy green; common on

the sea-shores, often planted in gardens, several parts of the plant are used

in native medicine; Bajau (Ridley s.n.), Pulau Seletar, P. Ubin. Vern. Penaga

Laut, 3$5 ie Yee Se py

Cal. macrocarpum Hook. f.

Rare, one old collection from Changi (Goodenough s.n.).

Cal.

‘Cal. molle King’

Once collected in swamp forest at Mandai (SFN 37715), but not an exact

match; to be referred to a taxon related to C. pisiferum P|. & Tr.

Cal. pulcherrimum Wall. ex Choisy

Common; Gardens’ jungle, Changi (Ridley 4636), Kranji, Bukit Mandai,

Bukit Timah.

*Grateful acknowledgement is made to Dr. Peter F. Stevens for additional information on the

genus Calophyllum incorporated in this script.

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV) 245

‘Cal. retusum Wall. ex Choisy’

Not common; Nee Soon, Jurong (Corner s.n. in 1932). Superfluous name for

Cal. burmannii Wight, to be renamed as Cal. sundaicum P.F.S. ined.

Cal. rigidum Mig. (= Cal. kunstleri King)

Rare; Bukit Mandai (Ridley 1955), Jurong.

Cal. rubiginosum Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.

Easily confused with Cal. wallichianum, but differs from the latter by its pale

yellow twigs with rusty tomentum; Bukit Timah (Ridley 6196), Chua Chu

Kang.

Cal.

saigonense Pierre (= Cal. curtisii King)

Once collected at Gardens’ jungle (SFN 39434).

Cal. soulattri Burm.

Gardens’ jungle, Bukit Timah, Seletar; formerly called Cal. spectabile Willd.

Ridley’s Flora. Vern. Bintangor Bunut.

tetrapterum Mig. (= Cal. floribundum Hook. f.)

Common, variable; Water Catchment Area, Gardens’ jungle (Ridley 6935),

Bukit Timah.

Cal. teysmannii Mig. (= Cal. inophylloide King var. singapurense H. & W.-Sm.)

Rare; Changi, Gardens’ jungle (Ridley 6941).

Cal.

Cal. wallichianum Planch. et Tr.

Leaves coriaceous, oblong; petiole long, dark red; Bukit Timah (Ridley 6333),

Chua Chu Kang. Vern. Bintangor Merah.

Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders.

Young leaves light red; flowers red, large; fruit orange yellow, 12-16—ribbed.

Vern. Asam Gelugor.

Gar. bancana Miq.

Along tidal rivers; Kranji, Seletar (Ridley s.n. in 1893), Changi.

Gar. dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz

Planted in gardens and villages; fruit round, compressed, light yellow. Vern.

Mundu.

Gar. eugenifolia Wall. ex T. Anders.

Tree; flowers white, sweet; in woods; Chan Chu Kang, Changi, Seletar (Mohd

Shah 2367), Tanjong Gul, Pulau Ubin.

Gar. forbesii King

Small tree; flowers cream or pink; fruit small, apple-like, red, edible; Gardens’

Jungle, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 3585a), Chua Chu Kang.

Gar. griffithii T. Anders.

MacRitchie Reservoir (Burkill 3202), Bukit Timah.

Gar. hombroniana Pierre

Flowers cream coloured; like the mangosteen but the fruit smaller; along sea

shores, Chan Chu Kang, Changi (Ridley s.n. in 1890), Blakang Mati, Pulau

Ubin.

246

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Gar. mangostana Linn.

Gar.

The mangosteen is a common fruit tree, its origin unknown, but it may have

been brought into cultivation in S.E. Asia. It is likely that the mangosteen

fruits are developed parthenocarpically. Vern. Manggis, Lit » 38H hii °

nervosa Miq.

Shrubby, stem and branches 4-ridged and narrowly winged. Very rare; found

on Serangoon Road and Pulau Ubin. Recently found in MacRitchie (Sinclair

10764).

nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anders.

Tree; flowers small, yellow; fruit small, globose, edible; in woods and open

country, Changi (Ridley 3611a), Sungei Morai.

parvifolia Miq.

In lowland and secondary forests; Gardens’ jungle, Water Catchment Area

(Sinclair, 39657).

rostrata (Hassk.) Miq.

Near Gar. eugenifolia, possibly not distinct (fide Whitmore); Bukit Mandai

(Ridley 5824).

Mammea americana L.

The mammee apply, native of S. America, is occasionally cultivated.

Mesua ferrea L.

Medium-sized tree; wood hard, heavy and durable -Ironwood Tree. Native

of Malaya. Vern. Penaga.

41. THEACEAE

Key to the genera

Leaves alternate, distichously arranged in two rows on one plane.

B. Flowers minute (less than 0.5 cm across), unisexual, several

in axillary clusters Eurya

B. Flowers larger (about 1 cm across), bisexual, singly or

2-3 in leaf-axils Adinandra

Leaves alternate, spirally arranged on branches.

B. Leaves sessile; petals twisted; fruit a capsule, dehiscing

from base by 5 thin, leathery valves Ploiarium

B. Leaves petiolate; petals imbricate.

C. Fruit dehiscent, dehiscing from top by 5 thick woody

valves; seeds winged Gordonia

C. Fruit indehiscent; seeds not winged.

D. Fruit drupe-like (or actually an inrehiscent capsule),

with very thick hard wall; plants hairy Pyrenaria

D. Fruit a berry; with soft leathery wall; plants glabrous Ternstroemia

Adinandra acuminata Korth.

Like Adin. dumosa, but leaves thinner and more pointed, and petals fully

open; in woods, Gardens’ J ungle, Sembawang, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah

(Ridley 6771).

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV) 247

Adim. dumosa Jack

Small tree or shrub; flowers cream white, the petals always remaining closed;

berry with a long pointed style, carried away and sucked by bats; open

country, especially common in secondary jungles all over the Island (Bukit

Timah, Goodenough 1953). Vern. Tiup tiup.

Adin. hullettii King

Branches and lower surfaces of leaves densely covered with brown hairs; not

common, Gardens’ jungle, Seletar (Ridley 3655), Bukit Timah.

Eurya acuminata DC.

Shrub or small tree; flowers minute (less than 0.5 cm across), yellowish,

unisexual; several crowded in leaf axils; along forest margins, Nee Soon,

Mandai (Baker s.n. in 1917).

Gordonia multinervis King

Like Gord. singaporeana, but petioles not winged to the base; in forests, relati-

vely rare; Bukit Timah (Corner 36435).

Gord. penangensis Ridl.

Small tree; branches silky pubescent; rare, in forests of Water Catchment

Area (Ridley 6284).

Gord. singaporeana Wall. ex Ridl.

Large tree; branches glabrous; flowers 3-4 cm across; fruit an elongate,

5-valved capsule; seeds with an oblique long wing; Bukit Timah, Jurong,

Changi (Ridley 3812), also common in Water Catchment Area.

Pyrenaria acuminata Planch.

Small tree; branches hairy; flowers white; fruit green, 3.5-4 cm across, like

a small apple, indehiscent; in thick woods, Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 34535),

Tanglin, Water Catchment Area.

Ploiarium alternifolium (Vahl) Melchior

Shrub or rarely a tall, slender tree, glabrous; flowers pinkish white; fruit a

5-valved capsule, opening from base upwards; both in dry secondary jungles

and in swampy areas, Tanglin, Jurong, Changi, Water Catchment Areas, Bukit

Timah (Goodenough 1945). Called Archytaea vahlii Choisy in Ridley’s Flora.

Vern. Riang Riang.

Ternstroemia bancana Miq.

Small tree, glabrous; flowers yellowish, 2 cm across, unisexual; berry ovoid,

few-seeded, about 3 cm long; in forests, Bukit Timah, Seletar (Ridley 1948).

Terns. wallichiana (Griff.) Engl.

Like the above species, but with slightly larger flowers (2.5 cm across) and

bigger fruit (to 3.5 cm long), near the sea, Changi, Pulau Tekong (Ridley

1807).

248 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

4. megtstocarpa

y W. Griffithii

D. penangianus

D. Kerri

H Mengarawan

Figure 1. Leaves and fruits of Singaporean species of Anisoptera (A), Dipterocarpus (D),

Hopea (H), and Shorea (S). Scale in 5 cm.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the University of Malaya Press for per-

mission to reproduce figures 1 & 2 from C. F. Symington, Malayan Forest

Record No. 16 U.M.P. copyright reserved

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV) 249

42. DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Key to the genera

Sepals in fruit woody and persistent, not developed into

conspicuous wings Vatica (in part)

Sepals in fruit enlarged and developed into wings.

B. 3 outer wings (or enlarged sepals) much larger than the

2 imner ones Shorea

B. 2 outer wings much larger than the 3 inner ones.

C. Wings with at least 7 longitudinal veins Hopea

C. Wings with 5 conspicuous veins Vatica (maingayi)

C. Wings with only 3 prominent veins.

D. Persistent calyx tube free from the nut Dipterocarpus

D. Persistent calyx-tube united with the nut Anisoptera

Anisoptera costata Korth.

Large tree; leaves 12 x 6 cm, dull yellow and hairy on the veins on the lower

— Garden’s jungle; Bukit Timah (Sinclair 40623). Vern. Mersawa

esat.

Anis. megistocarpa Sloot.

Leaves slightly larger than above species (15 x 7 cm), coarsely hairy, dark

reddish brown on the upper surface; Garden’s jungle (Ridley 6684); Bukit

Timah. Vern, Mersawa Merah.

Balanocarpus heimii King

Ridley (in Roy. Asiat. Soc. Str. Br. 33: 28, 1900) suggested that the district

name Changi was derived from Chengal, a vernacular name for this species,

and postulated its occurrence in Singapore prior to 1850. According to Syming-

ton, this species is endemic to but widely distributed in the Malay Peninsula,

and it occurs in every State except Perlis and Malacca. Its heavy and durable

wood is well known. It is also the source of damar penak, one of the finest

natural dammars from this part of the world. Ridley’s postulation is highly

plausible, although there is no specimen of this species from Singapore

available.

Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer

Dip.

Large tree; leaves large (25 x 15 cm), smooth, pale yellow, minutely tomen-

tose beneath; about 20-nerved; common in regenerated forests; Bukit Timah,

Changi, Mandai (Ridley 3753). Vern. Keruing Gambang.

kerrii King

Leaves rather small (12 x 7 cm), shining, about 9-nerved, long-petioled; Bukit

Timah, Dalvey Road (Corner 31429). Vern. Keruiig Gondol.

penangianus Foxw.

Leaves rather smal! (12.5 x 6 cm), drying dull grey-brown, about 10-12-

nerved; fruit top-shaped, warty, the wings up to 15 cm long; Bukit Timah

(Ngadiman 35569); according to Dr. Ashton in sched., this plant should be

called Dipt. caudatus Foxw.

250 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Hopea griffithii Kurz

Large tree, with smooth bark; dried leaves 6.5 x 3.5 cm, dull, purple-brown,

with midrib depressed on the upper surface; Bukit Timah (Henderson 35928),

Garden’s jungle. Vern. Merawan Jantan.

Hop. mengarawan

Large tree, fissured-barked, buttressed; leaves larger than those of above

species (10 x 3.5 cm), drying yellowish brown; common; Bukit Timah (Kiah

36494), formerly also found in Chan Chu Kang. Vern. Merawan Penak.

Shorea bracteolata Dyer

Large tree; leaves elliptic-oblong, 12.5 x 6 cm, glabrous; petioles about 2 cm

long; Dalvey Road (no specimen available). Vern. Meranti Pa’ang.

Shor. curtisii Dyer ex King

Crown light-coloured; leaves lanceolate, 10 x 3 cm, acuminate, glaucescent

beneath; Bukit Timah (Symington 3478). Vern. Seraya.

Shor. gibbosa Brandis

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 8 x 3 cm, glabrous; flowers pinkish; Garden’s jungle

(Ridley 6079). Vern. Damar Hitam Gajah.

Shor. gratissima Dyer

Leaves small (9 x 3.5 cm), ovate-lanceolate, smooth; flowers white; common;

Garden’s jungle, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah (Corner 34642). Vern.

Meranti Laut.

Shor. leprosula Mig.

Crown yellowish brown; leaves elliptic, 12.5 x 5 cm, yellow-tomentose beneath;

common; Garden’s jungle, Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 35909). Vern. Seraya.

Shor. macroptera Dyer

Bole comparatively smooth; leaves leathery, oblong, 15 x 5 cm, variable; fruit

wings auriculate; common; Garden’s jungle (Burkill 1272), Chan Chu Kang.

Vern. Meranti.

Shor. ovalis Bl.

Twigs hairy; leaves elliptic-oblong, 18 x 7 cm, scabrid; flowers white; rare;

Garden’s jungle (Sinclair 40664). Vern. Meranti Kepong.

Shor. parvifolia Dyer

Large tree, bark closely fissured; leaves small (9 x 4 cm), ovate-elliptic or

oblong-lanceolate; Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 35795), Garden’s jungle. Vern.

Meranti Sarang Punai.

Shor. pauciflora King

Bole grayish brown, scaly; leaves ovate-oblong, 9 x 5.5 cm, acuminate, about

10-nerved, tertiary veins inconspicuous; flowers yellow; Garden’s jungle,

MacRitchie Reservoir (Sinclair 8917).

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV)

pi 1 ]

V. Wallichis

horea (S) and Vatica (V).

U.M.P. copright reserved

252 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Shor. platycarpa Heim.

Bark coarsely fissured; leaves elliptic to subrotundate, 10 x 5.5 cm, scabrid or

tomentose, in swampy forests; Mandai (Kiah 37722). Vern. Meranti Paya.

Vatica maingayi Dyer

Small tree; bark rough; leaves with a slender petiole; flowers red; fruit

2-winged; Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 34959). Vern. Resak.

Vat. ridleyana Brandis

Tree; fruit oblong-ovoid, pointed, warty and wrinkled, 2.5-5 cm long, persis-

tent, sepals small, curved; Garden’s jungle, Bukit Timah, Changi (Ridley

4448). Vern. Resak Buah Cana.

Vat. wallichii Dyer

Fruit ovoid, 1.5—3 cm long; calyx (5 sepals) small, woody, forming a 5-lobed

receptacle adnate to the base of fruit; Garden’s jungle, Changi (Goodenough

1839), Tuas. Vern. Resak Laru.

43. ANCISTROCLADACEAE

Ancistrocladus tectorius Merr.

A hooked woody climber; fruit a nut, winged by the persistent and enlarged

sepals; formerly common along the sandy shores (Changi, Ridley 1901), now

probably extinct. Called Anc. pinangianus Wall. in Ridley’s Flora.

44. OCHNACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Leaves arranged in 2 rows, more or less on the same plane; fruit

1-5 single-seeded drupes on a swollen receptacle.

B. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits; stipules free;

inflorescence umbellate Brackenridgea

B. Anthers opening with 2 terminal pores; stipules united on the

abaxial side of the petiole; inflorescence usually thyrsoid.

C. Stamens 10; ovary 5-loculate; leaves with intramarginal

veins Gomphia

C. Stamens 12-many, ovary 5-10; leaves without intramarginal

veins Ochna

A. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, with finely spiny margins; stamens 5;

fruit a berry, the receptacle not distinctly enlarged. Euthemis

Brackenridgea hookeri (Planch.) A. Gray

Small bushy tree; flowers deep red; Changi, Tanjong Gul, Bukit Timah

(Ridley 10738). Called Gomphia hookeri Planch. in Ridley’s Flora.

Brack. palustris Bartell

Shrub; flowers white; Tanjong Gul (Ridley 1957), Bukit Timah. Called

Gomphia corymbosa Ridl. in Ridley’s Flora.

Euthemis leucocarpa Jack

An under shrub; flowers white; berries rounded, white; in sandy woods,

Kranji, Pasir Panjang (Ridley 14156), Changi.

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV) 253

Euth. minor Jack

Small ascending subshrub; berries 5-angled, dark red; in sandy woods, Chua

Chu Kang (Ridley 14191).

Gomphia serrata(Gaertn.) Kanis

Small tree; flowers yellow, in panicles; common; Bukit Timah (Ngadiman

36492), Changi, Tuas, Pulau Ubin. Called Gomphia sumatrana Jack in

Ridley’s Flora.

Ochna kirkii Oliv.

Bushy shrub; flowers yellow; fruit of 1 to several black berries on a scarlet red

receptacle. Native of tropical Africa.

45. CACTACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Shrubs, not succulent; leaves large, oblong, flat Pereskia

A. Succulent shrubs or trees.

B. Leaves small, nearly cylindrical; flowers without a tube Opuntia

B. Leaves usually absent; flowers with a prominent tube.

C. Plants erect, joint columnar; flower-tubes bearing scales Cereus

C. Plants not erect (or possibly erect at first);

joints flat and thin, leaf-like Epiphyllum

Cereus peruvianus (L.) Mill.

Arborescent, stem columnar; from tropical America.

Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC) Haw.

Shrubby, much branched; night-blooming, the common Keng Hwa ( #87/£); a

variety of forms results from hybridization and selection. Native of tropical

America.

Opuntia vulgaris Mill.

Shrub or small tree, often strongly branched; introduced from S. America.

Also called O. monacantha Haw.

Pereskia grandifolia Mill.

Spiny shrub; leaves oblong; flowers rose-coloured, a few in clusters. Native

of W. Indies. Species of several other genera such as Mammillaria, Zygocactus,

etc. are kept as pot plants.

46. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Climbers; perianth spathulate tubular, zygomorphic; capsule globose Aristolochia

A. Erect or creeping shrubs; perianth bell-shaped, 3-lobed, + regular;

capsule elongate Thottea

254 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Aristolochia ungulifolia Mast.

A climber with large trilobed leaves and purple flowers; once found by Ridley

in wet grassland at Jurong (Ridley 5836). Probably extinct. Several other

species are however cultivated, the commonest one being Arist. tagala Cham.

which is introduced from Malaya.

Thottea dependens Klotzsch.

Shrub; perianth-tube globose; collected once from Sungei Morai (Goodenough

5570).

Thot. grandiflora Rottb.

A low shrub, covered with rough brown hairs; flowers dark purple, the

perianth bell-shaped, hairy with raised green veins externally; locally abundant

in Reservoir jungles (Burkill 3162).

47. NEPENTHACEAE

Nepenthes ampullaria Jack

Pitchers of two different kinds: aerial pitchers cup-shaped larger, to 25 cm

long, green or spotted with purple; ground pitchers globose, in groups or

whorls; lids of all the pitchers very narrow; common in open country,

especially in borders of woods (Symington 22984).

Nep. gracilis Korth.

Pitchers tubular, small (9-10 cm long), green, sometimes tinged red; leaves

sessile; common in open country, borders of belukar; Seletar (Md. Shah

2400). Vern. Peviok Kera, $& #2 »

Nep. phyllamphora Willd.

Pitchers tubular, 12-15 cm long, green; leaves long-petiolate; rare, Changi and

Jurong (no specimens available).

Nep. rafflesiana Jack

Aerial pitchers narrowly funnel-shaped, large, to 30 cm long, green at the base

and purplish-red towards the mouth; ground pitchers urn-shaped; lids large

and broad; common; Jurong (Ridley s.n. in 1889).

48. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Erect herb; leaves lanceolate or oblong; flowers solitary, showy Dianthus

A. Slender trailing herb; leaves kidney-shaped; flowers very small

in cymes Drymaria

Dianthus chinensis L.

Annual herb; flowers red or red-and-white banded, often in polypetalous form:

from E. Asia, 47 °

Dianthus caryophyllus L.

Cut flowers of the carnation are sold by florists, imported.

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV) 255

Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex R. & S.

Tiny trailing herb, from temperate regions to tropical mountains, only recently

collected from Chua Chu Kang (Sinclair 38589).

49. AMARANTHACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Leaves spirally arranged.

B. Fruit 1-seeded.

C. Flowers bisexual, in axillary, head-like clusters Allmania

C. Flowers unisexual, in spikes or panicles Amaranthus

B. Fruit many-seeded; flowers in spikes, thick combs, or loose panicles Celosia

A. Leaves opposite.

D. Lower flowers accompanied by fascicled hooks; inflorescence

spike-like Cythula

D. Flowers not accompanied by hooks.

E. Flowers in head-like clusters.

F. Heads small axillary Alternanthera

F. Heads large, terminal Gomphrena

E. Flowers in a large terminal, elongate spike Achyranthes

Achyranthes aspera L.

A tall herb, more or Jess woody below, erect or ascending; leaves opposite,

thick and hairy; spikes stiff, elongate with flowers pointing downwards; in

waste places or near villages (Ridley 10632).

Allmania nodiflora R. Br. ex Wight

Spreading herb; leaves long and narrow; flowers in round, nodding heads; in

sandy places near the sea; Changi (Md. Nur 29745).

Alternanthera amoena (Lem) Voss

The Telanthera, a native of Brazil, with green or reddish branches and leaves,

is often planted in bordering paths and flower beds and in fish tanks.

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.

Creeping herb; leaves opposite; flowers in small globular, axillary heads; in

waste ground (Hullett 580). Vern. Keremak.

Amaranthus lividus L.

Slightly creeping herb, without spines; leaves oblong or rhomboid, sometimes

with a notched tip; flowers unisexual, in dense spikes; a weed, common in

waste ground, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 4690); but often eaten as vegetable; as

Amar. blitum Mig. (broader leaves with a notched tip) and Amar. viridis

L. (narrower leaves with a pointed tip) in Malayan literature. Vern. Bayam.

Amar. spinosus L.

Erect spinous herb, much branched; a common weed in waste places. Jurong

(Ridley 8920). Vern. Bayam Duri.

256 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Amar. tricolor L.

The Chinese spinach ( #3 ) has two forms: green-leafed and variegated-

leafed (variously known as Amar. caudatus L. or Amar. paniculatus L.), They

are cultivated either as a pot-herb or as an ornamental. Vern. Bayam.

Celosia argentea L.

Erect herb; leaves spirally arranged; flowers in dense, elonged racemes; a

pantropical weed occasionally found in waste places; Mt. Pleasant (Hullett

154); two commonly cultivated forms which originated from this wild species

are: (1) var. plumosa, having a large paniculate inflorescence with many

plumy slender side branches and (2) var. cristata, having heavy headed,

convolute combs, (Cockscomb, 28 4£76 ).

Cythula prostrata BI.

Creeping and ascending herb; leaves opposite; spikes long; flowers 1-3 in a

cluster, the peripheral flowers sterile, with many stiff, hooked hairs on the

perianth; in waste places (Hullett 379). Vern. Nyarang.

Gomphrena globosa L.

Herb; leaves opposite; flowers in a terminal globular head (‘‘Bachelor’s

button’’); native of tropical America, often cultivated as an ornamental.

50. CHENOPODIACEAE

Spinacia oleracea L.

The spinach ( #32 ) is imported from the hill stations in Malaya; its leaves

are served as vegetable. It is a native of West Asia. Another less common root

vegetable, the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ft3é ), also belonging to this

family, is a native of S. Europe.

51... AIZOACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Erect slender herb; flowers minute, in cymes Mollugo

A. Prostrate succulent herb; flowers conspicuous solitary Sesuvium

Mollugo pentaphylla L.

Annual herb, glabrous; leaves 3-5 or more in a node; flowers small, yellowish

or reddish; in sandy and exposed: places; Changi (Ridley s.n. in 1893). Vern.

Sepit, KF e

Sesuvium portulacastrum L.

Prostrate or ascending herb or undershrub; flowers rose-pink with many

stamens; on clay soil near the seashores; Changi (Hullett 406). Vern. Gelang

Laut.

52. PHYTOLACACEAE

Rivina humilis L.

Erect herb or subshrub; flowers pinkish, 4-merous, in racemes; berry bright

red. Native of tropical America. Occasionally naturalized.

et pea

Seed Plants of Singapore (IV) 257

53. NYCTAGINACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Herbaceous plants.

B. Flowers tiny, in cymes, bracts small Boerhaavia

B. Flowers showy, solitary; involucral bracts 5, green Mirabilis

A. Woody plants.

C. Woody climbers; flowers bisexual, 3 in a simple cyme,

subtended by 3 large coloured involucral bracts Bougainvillea

C. Tree or shrub; flowers unisexual and many in small cymes;

bracts inconspicuous Pisonia

Boerhaavia diffusa L.

A prostrate herb, finely branched; flowers very small, pinkish; sandy places

near the seashore; Geylang (Ridley 9/31).

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy

Leaves smooth; stem less thorny; flowering bracts rose-red; native of Brazil.

Boug. spectabilis Willd.

Leaves hairy; stem thorny; flowering bracts purplish red; native of Brazil. In

addition to this two, several horticultural varieties and hybrids are found in

gardens. JLB & °

Mirabilis jalapa L.

Herb; flowers white, red, pink or yellow, unfolding in the afternoon (Four

O'clock); native of tropical America. Vern. Bunga Pukul Empat. PRERZE °

Pisonia grandis R. Br.

Shrub or small tree; sometimes cultivated near the sea for its bright yellowish-

green leaves which are also edible, called the Lettuce tree; native of Andamans

and elsewhere.

54. BASELLACEAE

Basella alba L.

Twining herb, rhizomatous; leaves and branches succulent, green or purple

(as Bas. rubra L. and treated a separate species by some authors); cultivated

and served as a vegetable; native to S. E. Asia and Africa. Vern. Remayong,

Gendola, 3% 3% «

55. PORTULACACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Flowers solitary or in clusters; ovary half-inferior; capsule

opening by a lid Portulaca

A. Flowers in racemes or panicles; ovary superior; capsule opening

by 3 valves Talinum

258 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Portulaca oleracea L.

Succulent herb, prostrate on open sandy places; flowers with 5 bright yellow

petals; common; in waste places, Changi (Ridley s.n. in 1894); sometimes

served as a vegetable. Vern. Segan, oR RL °

Port. quadifida L.

A smaller plant; stem with tufts of white hairs on the joints; flowers with 4

yellow petals; in waste places, Changi (Ridley 9566).

Port. grandiflora Hook.

A native of Brazil, with large red, often polypetalous flowers, sometimes

planted in gardens.

Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.

Perennial herb; stem cylindrical; flowers in a large panicle, opening in the

afternoon; native of tropical America, cultivated as a vegetable or an orna-

mental. Also called Tal. patens Usteri.

Tal. triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.

Stem 3-angulate; flowers in racemes, opening in the morning. Native of

W. Indies.

56. POLYGONACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Twining herbs by the aid of tendrils Antigonon

A. Erect herbs without tendrils Polygonum

Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.

Perennial herb, climbing by tendrils arising from the end of inflorescences;

flowers pink or rarely white; native of Mexico, misleadingly called ‘“‘Hololulu

Creeper.

Polygonum barbatum L.

Herb, to 1 m tall; flowers small, white, in spikes; common along ditches;

Gelang, Chang Chu Kang, Holland Road (Ridley 3756). Vern. Tebok

Seludang, =

Poly. chinensis L.

A herb found in E. and S. E. Asia and also on high mountains in Malaya;

planted as an ornamental or medicinal plant.

Poly. hydropiper L.

A cosmopolitan herb, also found in northern Malaya. Its young leaves and

shoots, peppery in taste, are sometimes used as a flavouring.

—

Meristem Tissue Culture of Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow

HARDIAL SINGH

Botanic Gardens

Singapore

Introduction

The conventional methods of vegetative propagation of monopodial orchids

is by cuttings while sympodial orchids are propagated by the division of the

pseudobulbs. Both the methods can be very slow if one desires to propagate a

large number of plants from a single selected plant. In view of this, in recent years

orchidologists have successfully propagated plants through the technique of

‘meristem’ culture. Through this method, one may start with a piece of meriste-

matic tissue and on successful culture, obtain a large number of protocorm-like

bodies which could be induced to differentiate into new plants or be made to

proliferate further to obtain more protocorm-like-bodies.

The success in meristem culture in orchids will have a tremendous impact on

the economics of orchid culture in Singapore. The production of large numbers

of ‘prize’ plants will enable orchid enthusiasts to obtain them more easily and it

will also enable the commercial nurseries to increase their plants and flower

production, both for export and for local distribution.

Literature Review

The technique of meristem culture in orchids was initiated by Morel (196U)

who successfully obtained healthy Cymbidium plants when he cultured apices of

shoots of virus infected plants. Morel (1964) observed that in culture, the excised

meristem first enlarged to form a protocorm-like-body which then developed into

a plantlet or produced a small clump of several protocorms, each giving rise to a

plantlet. He also observed that further proliferation of protocorms took place on

sectioning and sub-culturing the protocorms.

Wimber (1963, 1965) and Kunisaki et al (1972) observed that the number

of protocorm-like-bodies could be greatly increased if the meristems were cultured

in liquid media and particularly if there was agitation of the liquid, making it

possible to obtain many plantlets from a single isolated piece of meristematic

tissue.

Scully (1967) mentions that preliminary attempts to culture Cattleya explants

on solid media were unsuccessful and hence all cultures were agitated in liquid

media, He also observed that explants from the same vegetative shoot produced

protocorm-like-bodies after varying periods of time.

Kunisaki et al (1972) observed that absence of sucrose encouraged prolifera-

tion of protocorms while sucrose encouraged the differentiation of protocorms into

plantlets.

The pH of the nutrient media is an important factor. Wimber (1965) using

a media of pH 5.6 had good results while Jasper (1966) recommends a pH of

between 48 and 5.5. Scully (1967) adjusted the pH of his medium to between

5.0 and 5.2.

259

260 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Sagawa and Shoji (1967) and others have been successful with the meristem

culture of Dendrobium though not much success has been reported locally.

The present paper briefly describes the success obtained in the case of

Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow, the parents of which are D. Jacquelyn Thomas and

D. Alice Spalding. D. Ng Eng Cheow is a local hybrid done by Koh Keng Hoe

Nursery. It first flowered on 5 May 1972 and the hybrid was registered in May

1973. This hybrid, having white flowers, was selected to work with as there is a

shortage of white orchid flowers in Singapore.

apical explant

[4\h

chester ga TTS Sra rrr eer

Sete ht),

Smm

Fig. 1. A young shoot of Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow.

Fig. 2. The apical and an axillary bud excised out from a shoot from which the

enveloping leaves had been removed.

Design and Layout

Five culture media, namely Knudson C., Vacin and Went, Morel’s Potato

media, Murashige and Skoog and White’s, which have been used by various

workers in culture work, were selected to investigate their efficacies in relation to

the propagation of Dendrobium Elizabeth. Both solid and liquid media were used

and the treatments were arranged in a randomised block with five replicates for

each treatment.

Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow 261

Meristematic buds found on young Dendrobrium Elizabeth shoots were

aseptically removed and the explant placed in liquid or on solid media. One

explant was placed in each flask. Liquid treatments were mounted on an agitator

to provide proper aeration of the plant tissue.

Explants were transferred to fresh media every two weeks and visual observa-

tions were made periodically (once every three days) to detect the emergence of

protocorm-like-bodies.

Observation kept for a period of a month showed that explants in Vacin and

Went’s and Knudson C media showed a better response than those in the other

three. It was decided to use Vacin and Went’s medium as it appears to be the most

popular in orchid tissue culture work. This medium was slightly modified in that

ferric tartrate being found insoluble was substituted with ferrous sulphate.

Steward and Caplin (1952) observed that addition of coconut milk to the

media caused a definite growth response in the cultures and thus 15 per cent of

whole coconut milk was added to the media.

Morel (1965) observed the stimulating effect of Napthalene acetic acid on

the growth rate of his cultures and thus this was incorporated in the media.

Young shoots (Fig. 1), about 8 cm long were removed from mature plants

of Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow. The leaves and leaf bases were removed from the

shoot so as to expose the apical region and the axillary buds (Fig. 2), and this was

then surface sterilized using a 10% solution of commercial Chlorox, for a period

of fifteen minutes. Explants, about 5 mm cubes of tissue, which included the apical

or axillary buds, were aseptically cultured in the modified Vacin and Went’s

medium (1949) with a pH of 5.0. The composition of the media is given in

Appendix.

Explants were agitated at a rate of 40 times a minute and were exposed to

continuous illumination of about 200 foot candles and a temperature of

21° —25° C.

Results

Explants became green in 3-4 days’ time showing an increase in size. In a

month’s time, explants had shown considerable growth and were transferred to

media devoid of sucrose. Absence of sucrose encouraged proliferation of the tissue

which started in about 8-10 weeks after transference.

Growth rates varied for the various explants from the same shoot even when

subjected to the same experimental conditions. It was also observed that explants

which included the axillary bud showed more growth potential than those which

included the apical bud. After a period of 3 months, explants showed 3 distinct

growth patterns.

1. Explants which developed into a single shoot (Fig. 3, Plate la).

2. Explants which developed into a shoot and also produced a few protocorm-

like bodies at the basal portion of the shoot (Plate lb). These protocorm-

like-bodies differentiated into shoots, resulting in a cluster of shoots

(Fig. 4, Plate Ila, IIb). Some of them showed the presence of roots. The

cluster of shoots had to be separated to encourage further proliferation

of protocorm-like-bodies from the basal portion of the shoot.

3. Explants which developed into a mass of protocorm-like bodies (Figs. 5,

6, Plate IIc, IId). These masses readily separated into a smaller groups

and were very prolific in their growth. Some differentiation into shoots

was seen. The clusters of protocorm-like-bodies were then separated into

small groups (Fig. 7, Plate Ic) and cultured in solid media which con-

tained sucrose but was devoid of napthalene acetic acid. The tissue showed

262 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

‘Wve:

Fig. 3. (left): A single shoot which developed from the explant.

Fig. 4. (right): Multiple shoots which developed from the explant.

developing shoots

v4 \

f Sin

Kiva

ANAM

)

bese 2 dite ay

icm

Figs. 5 (left) & 6 (right) A mass of protocorm-like-bodies which developed from the explant.

Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow 263

good response and distinct signs of differentiation were seen in 4 — 5

days’ time along with an increase in size of the tissue mass (Fig. 8,

Plate Id). The tissue mass increased considerably in size in 2 weeks’ time

and individual plantlets measuring about 5 mm in length were seen (Fig.

10, Plate Illa, IIb), At the end of 3 weeks, little protocorm-like-bodies

were seen to develop at the bases of the existing plantlets, and these too

started to differentiate into plantlets. Root primordia were also seen

developing (Fig. 13). At the end of 4 weeks, distinct roots were seen and

some plantlets had developed up to four leaves (Fig. 15, Plate Ilic).

Figures 7 to 15 (at the back) show the progressive differentiation of a mass

of protocorm-like-bodies while Plate [TV shows 10-week old plants growing in a

community pot.

Protocorms were also cultured on the media (solid) given in the Appendix,

which contained varying concentrations of sucrose and napthalene acetic acid to

determine which concentrations would induce maximum growth and differentiation

of the protocorms.

Treatments Sucrose Napthalene Acetic Acid

A ss =

B 1 gm/L ---

C 5 gm/L —

D 10 gm/L —

Ee 20 gm/L =

F 10 gm/L 0.2 mg/L

G 10 gm/L 0.5 mg/L

H 10 gm/L 1.0 mg/L

I 10 gm/L 2.0 mg/L

J 10 gm/L 4.0 mg/L

The treatments were arranged in a randomized block with five replicates tor

each treatment.

Observations made two weeks later showed that in treatments B and H,

individual plantlets having 2 leaves each had developed, while all other treatments

had developed one leaf plantlets except treatment J in which no distinct leaves had

developed, but instead more protocorm-like-bodies had developed from the

existing ones, At the end of three weeks good plantlet development was seen in

most of the cultures except in treatments A, 7 and J, The above observations

showed that the presence of sucrose did encourage the growth and differentiation

of plantlets and better growth was seen in media which contained lower concentra-

tions of sucrose and napthalene acetic acid when compared with media which

contained the higher concentrations.

Conclusion

It was observed that explants, apical or axillary, behaved differently even

when they came from the same parent shoot and were exposed to the same

experimental conditions. This variation in growth perhaps was due to the age and

size of the buds which were excised from the young shoots.

In a period of five months, the author has been able to produce several

hundred plantlets from a single explant and it appears possible to produce several!

thousand plantlets in one year.

264 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to express his gratitude to Messrs Wong Yew Kwan and

A. G. Alphonso, Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner of Parks and Recreation

for their continued interest in the project and Messrs Pang Kim Whatt and

Paul Loh for their technical assistance.

APPENDIX

Media /L

Ammonium sulphate 0.50 gms

Magnesium sulphate 0.25 gms

Manganese sulphate 0.0075 gms

Potassium nitrate 0.525 gms

Mono potassium acid phosphate 0.25 gms

Tricalcium phosphate 0.20 gms

Naphthalene acetic acid 0.2 mg

Ferrous sulphate 0.028 gms

Sucrose 10.00 gms

Coconut water 150 ml

Literature Cited

JASPER, B. S. 1966. A method of meristem tissue culture. Am. Orchid Soc.

Bull, 35:-40211.

KUNISAKI et al 1972 Shoot-Tip Culture of Vanda. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull.,

41: 435-439.

MOREL, Georges M. 1960. Producing Virus-Free Cymbidiums. Amer, Orchid

Soc. Bull. 29: 495-497.

1964. Tissue Culture — A new means of Clonal Propagation of

Orchids. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 33: 473-478.

1965. Clonal Propagation of orchids by Meristem Culture. Cymbi-

dium Soc. News 20 (7) : 3-11.

SAGAWA, Y. and T. SHOJI. 1967. Clonal propagation of Dendrobium through

shoot meristem. culture. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 36: 856-859.

SCULLY, R. M. Junior 1967 Aspects of Meristem Culture in the Cattleya Alliance.

Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 36: 103-108.

STEWARD, F. C. and CAPLIN, S. M. 1952. Investigations on growth and

metabolism of plant cells. [V. Evidence on the role of coconut milk factor in

development. Ann. Bot. 16: 477-89.

VACIN, E. and F. WENT. 1949. Some pH changes in nutrient solutions. Bot.

Gaz. 110: 605-613.

WIMBER, D. E. 1963. Clonal Multiplication of Cymbidiums through Tissue

Culture of the shoot Meristem. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 32: 105-107.

1965. Additional observations on clonal multiplication of Cymbi-

a ie through culture of the shoot meristem. Cymbidium Sec. News, 20: (4):

265

Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow

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266 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

Fig. 11. 15 days after culture on solid media — developing plantlets.

Fig. 12. 17 days after culture on solid media — developing plantlets.

root primordium

Fig. 13. 21 days after culture on solid media — root primordium developing from

plantlet.

Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow 267

Young roof

5mm

Fig. 14. 26 days after culture on solid media — plantlets showing developing

roots.

Fig. 15. 30 days after culture on solid media — young plantlets with distant roots.

‘uoTeUaI sUBIS ; Vv

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I Bs . . , c

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m the explant.

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Plate Ill. a, b: Plantlets developing two weeks after culture on solid media.

c: Young plantlets with distinct roots.

Plate IV. 10-week old seedlings growing in a community pot (X34).

Some plants of the clone growing in a community pot. The plants have

been in the pot for ten weeks. It took 9 months from culture of explant to this

Stage.

Review of the work of the Singapore Botanic

Gardens for the year 1974

1. IMPROVEMENTS TO THE GARDENS

A second lake was constructed at the northern end of the Gardens, close to

the Tyersall Road boundary. This new lake covers an area of approximately 0.9 ha,

has three islets and is provided with facilities for band performances.

_ Another floor was added to the New Herbarium Building to accommodate the

increasing number of herbarium specimens.

The plant introduction nursery and part of the pot plant nursery have been

shifted to Malcolm Road. The new nursery provides additional space for develop-

ment and expansion.

The roof of the annexe to the Plant House was renovated to allow better

lighting for the plants grown there.

2. HERBARIUM

The Herbarium facilities were fully made use of throughout the year by

visiting botanists. A total of 3,017 specimens were loaned to various botanical

institutions and 2,016 duplicates were sent outward in exchange for 1,913

specimens.

During the year, a total of 4,421 specimens were mounted, 459 old sheets were

repaired and 6,769 specimens were incorporated in the Herbarium. A total of 270

specimens of indigenous species were added to the collection.

Several plant collecting trips were made in the year, details of which are given

in Appendix I.

3. ORCHIDS

Twenty-one new orchid hybrids were described during the year. Two new

hybrids were registered. They were Dendrobium Tien Soeharto (Dendrobium Noor

Aishah x D. schulleri J. J. Smith) named in honour of Her Excellency Madame

Soeharto, wife of the President of Indonesia during her visit on 30.8.74, and Vanda

Farah Pahlavi (Vanda Ling x V. tessellata Hook ex Don) a hybrid selected for the

honour by Her Imperial Majesty, the Empress of Iran during her visit to the

Gardens on 19.9.74.

During the year, 119 hybrid pods were harvested from the Gardens’ nursery.

Of these, 107 pods produced viable seed. A total of 3,600 flasks of orchid seedlings

were subcultured and seedlings from 1,158 flasks were transplanted into community

pots.

A total of 106 plants and cuttings and 97 seedlings were received from various

institutions and private individuals in exchange for 117 plants and cuttings.

During the year, 25,157 orchid sprays were supplied to various organisations,

government departments and statutory bodies.

4. NURSERIES

a. Pot Plant Nursery

A total of 28,723 pots of plants were propagated for display, landscaping and

decoration purposes.

269

270 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

b. Plant Introduction Nursery

Plant species introduced through collection, gifts, purchases and exchange

totalled 1,562 for the year.

5. DECORATIONS

Four floats for National Day were decorated by the Gardens. In addition,

floral decorations were put up for the National Day State Banquet and for a number

of functions organised by the 24th Colombo Plan Consultative Committee.

6. EXHIBITIONS

The Gardens participated in the 1974 Orchid Show organised by the Orchid

Society of South East Asia. One of the Gardens’ orchids, Phalaenopsis sumatrana

Korth & Rchb, won an award for “Best Local Species’ at the Show.

7. TREE PLANTING DAY

Tree Planting Day was on Sunday, 3rd November 1974. A total of 23,625

ornamental and fruit trees and shrubs were planted in various parts of the Island.

8. SCHOOL OF ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE

The first group of 12 students graduated from the School with a Diploma in

Ornamental Horticulture in September 1974. They had successfully completed a

two-year course on various aspects of tropical horticulture.

9. LIBRARY & PUBLICATIONS

A total of 126 books and 4 new titles of periodicals were added to the Library

in 1974, making a total collection of 10,005 books and 360 current titles of serial

publications which were obtained from subscriptions and exchanges.

Publications produced during the year include:

a. The Gardens’ Bulletin, Volume 27, parts I & II.

b. A Revised List of Plants for Sale.

10. SALE OF PUBLICATIONS AND PLANTS

Revenue collected from the sale of botanical and horticultural publications

amounted to $5,517.25.

2,393 orchid seedlings and plants were sold for a total sum of $7,531.00.

11. VISITORS

Among the many visitors welcomed in the Gardens in 1974 were: —

Madam Tien Soeharto, wife of the President of Indonesia.

Her Imperial Majesty, the Shahbanou of Iran.

Miss Makiko Tanaka, daughter of the former Prime Minister of Japan.

Mr D. T. Ekanayake, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya,

Sri Lanka.

Dr Duncan Poore and Dr & Mrs Bruce Weber from the International Union

for the Conservation of Nature.

Prof J. Arditti, University of California, Irvine, USA.

Members of a study group from the Horticultural Sub-department, Depart-

ment of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia.

Members of a Japanese Landscape Survey Mission.

Delegates from the ASEAN Youth Ship.

Review of Singapore Botanic Gardens 1974 271

12. NATURE RESERVES

The present Nature Reserves, comprising the Bukit Timah, Catchment, and

Labrador Reserves, come under the management of the Nature Reserves Board.

The daily administration and maintenance of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve is

carried out by the Botanic Gardens.

In the course of the year, a survey of the boundary of the Bukit Timah

Reserve was carried out by the Survey Department. Old boundary stones were

located and new ones marked out to replace those lost. The labour force at this

Reserve concentrated mainly on repair work throughout the year. A fair number

of trees were also identified and labelled.

13. METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS

Temperature, rainfall and humidity records for 1974 are given in Appendix II.

The figures were recorded at the Botanic Gardens, the Bukit Timah Nature

Reserve, and the Kranji War Graves Cemetery.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

272

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Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

APPENDIX IID

1974

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT

KRANJI WAR GRAVES CEMETERY

Recorded daily at 8.00 a.m. from

1-1-74 to 31-12-74

Month Rainfall , By ; neaA hone

in. with rain in.

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6.20 13 1.27

7 8 1.00

5.32 16 0.78

12.95 13 3.24

7.07 14 1.51

6.00 11 1.78

3.13 11 0.79

10.24 21 1.64

5.39 11 2.16

7.87 15 1.56

713 12 / M3

‘Lotak =m 78.86 152 20.14

Review oi the work of the Singapore Botanic Gardens

for the year 1975

1. GARDENS’ MAINTENANCE

A total of 1,650 new plantings were added to the lawns. Most of these were

in the form of perennial beds or borders designed to improve the landscape of the

grounds. 142 senescent or diseased plants were removed and replaced wherever

possible.

The services of the Vector Control Unit, Ministry of the Environment, were

called upon on six occasions to remove bee hives in the Gardens. One of the hives

was located at the top of a Dyera costulata at a height of approximately 17 m and

assistance had to be sought from the Fire Brigade Department in removing it.

2. HERBARIUM

The Herbarium facilities were fully made use of throughout the year by

visiting botanists and members of the staff. A total of 2,973 specimens were loaned

to various botanical] institutions and 634 duplicates were sent outward in exchange

for 3,592 specimens,

During the year, a total of 4,304 specimens were mounted, 1,342 old sheets

were repaired and 3,721 specimens were incorporated in the Herbarium. A total

of 577 indigenous species were added to the collection.

Several plant collecting trips were made in the year, details of which are given

in Appendix I.

3. ORCHIDS

During the year 142 seed pods were harvested from the orchid nursery. 52 of

these were found to be sterile, while the remaining 90 pods, together with 17 seed

pods sent in by local growers were cultured. Of these 107 pods, 71 produced

viable seeds.

A total of 1,196 flasks of seedlings were transplanted into community pots

and 3,017 established seedlings were planted out in the open.

Ten new orchid hybrids were described during the year.

A total of 29,366 orchid sprays were supplied to various organisations,

government departments and statutory bodies in 1975.

4. NURSERIES

a. Pot Plant Nursery

A total of 29,706 pots of plants were propagated for display, landscaping and

decoration purposes.

b. Plant Introduction Nursery

Plant species introduced through collection, gifts, purchases and exchanges

totalled 1,238 for the year.

5. EXHIBITIONS

The Gardens participated in the 1975 Singapore Orchid Show organised by

the Orchid Society of South East Asia, at the National Stadium from 31.10.75 to

3.11.75. A large landscape arrangement using 1,150 pots of flowering orchids was

put up as a non-competitive exhibit.

277

278 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXVIII, Sept. (1976)

6. TREE PLANTING DAY

This year’s Tree Planting Day was held on Sunday, 9th November 1975. A

total of 7.494 ornamental trees, 3,320 fruit trees and 19,816 shrubs, hedges and

creepers were planted in various parts of the Island.

7. LiBRARY AND PUBLICATIONS

The library collection has continued to expand and is increasingly used as a

source of reference and information. Besides personal references, about one

hundred reference enquiries were dealt with during the year. Loans of books and

periodicals totalled 900. A total of 161 new books, 273 periodical issues, 26

pamphlets and 177 reprints were added to the collection in 1975.

During the year, the library distributed 190 copies of the Gardens’ Bulletin,

Singapore, Vol. 28 pt. 1, mainly for exchange with other institutions throughout

the world.

Two other publications were produced; viz.

(a) Plants and Planting for a Garden City — 40 popular climbers

(b) A brochure on Bukit Timah Nature Reserve.

8. SALE OF PUBLICATIONS AND PLANTS

Revenue collected from the sale of botanical and horticultural publications

amounted to $4,040.35.

1,256 orchid plants and cuttings and 844 seedlings were sold for the sum

of $6,124.00.

9. PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES

Mr A. G. Alphonso attended the Ist ASEAN Orchid Conference held a

Bangkok and the 8th World Orchid Conference at Frankfurt.

Miss Geh Siew Yin participated in the course on South East Asian Plant

Genetic Resources organised by BIOTROP at Bogor, Indonesia, from 10.2.75 to

2a D.

10. EDUCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Proficiency tests on gardening were conducted for four candidates on behaif

of the Ministry of Health.

Four gardening assistants from the Port of Singapore Authority were attached

to the Gardens for practical training from April to mid-June.

Four students from the University of Singapore and Nanyang University were

attached to the Gardens for 6 weeks under the Industrial and Business Orientation

programme organised by the Singapore Science Council.

Mr D. Dissanayake, a Colombo Plan Trainee from Ceylon, was given a

practical training course in horticulture for a period of six months.

Mr Chin Shing Hin of the Sandakan Town Board, Sabah, underwent a

two-month course in horticultural practices.

Mrs V. L. Gurung, Colombo Plan Fellow from Nepal, completed a six-month

course for taxonomic studies on ferns.

A gardener-nurseryman from Tan Tock Seng Hospital, and another from the

Medical Outpatient Services were sent to the Gardens for 6-week training courses

in gardening.

Students from Chai Chee Secondary School visited the nurseries and the

orchid section. They were instructed in the various methods of vegetative propaga-

tion of plants.

Review of Singapore Botanic Gardens 1975 279

Students of Bartley Secondary School were conducted around the Herbarium,

Orchid Section and nurseries, and briefed on the work done in the various sections.

Assistance was provided to ETV for their production of a film on various

propagation methods of shrubs and orchids.

Advice was given to the Singapore Teacher’s Union on planting schemes for

their new centre at Sembawang.

Assistance was also given to the National Safety First Council of Singapore in

connection with their exhibit on ‘Poisonous Plants’ for the Home Safety First

Exhibition.

Students from the National Junior College sought advice for their Science

Exhibition which would be held early in 1976.

Plant specimens were provided for an exhibition organised by Hwa Chong

Junior College.

11. Buxir TIMAH NATURE RESERVE

A total of 522 steps along the footpaths in the Reserve were repaired. Some

14 trees succumbed during heavy storms and were removed. One wasp nest was

removed by the Vector Control Unit.

Twelve litter bins were installed and the site where the old Forest Guard

Quarters stood was levelled and converted into a temporary car park.

12. NATURE RESERVES BOARD

The Board held 9 meetings during the year.

Labrador Nature Reserve Park was officially opened by the Minister for Social

Affairs, Encik Othman Wok, on 10.5.75.

A brochure containing a plan and information on Bukit Timah Nature

Reserve was published during the year.

A new Board of Trustees was appointed on 9.7.75.

13. VISITORS

Among the many distinguished visitors welcomed at the Gardens were: —

Lord & Lady Duncan Sandys, London, England.

Mr Robert Muldoon, Leader of the Opposition Party, New Zealand, &

Mrs Muldoon.

Mrs Cristina Ponce-Enrile, wife of the Secretary of National Defence, the

Philippines.

Mrs Chartichai Choonhaven, wife of the Minister of Foreign Affairs,

Thailand.

Mrs Evangelina Macapagal, wife of the former President of the Philippines.

Mr L. K. Mara, the Prime Minister of Fiji.

14. METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS

Temperature, rainfall and humidity records for 1975 are given in Appendices

II A, B and C. The figures were recorded at the Botanic Gardens Office and

School of Ornamental Horticulture, and the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve.

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PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS

SINGAPORE

1. The Agricultural Bulletin of the Malay Peninsula (Series I).

Only Nos. 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9 available, at 20 cents each.

2. The Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and F.M.S. (Series II).

Vols. 1-10, 1901-1911, monthly issues.

Many parts available.

Price: $5 per volume, 50 cents per part.

3. The Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements (Series IID). ‘o

Vols. 1-11, 1912-1947.

Vol. 1 (1-5) January-May 1912 issued under title of Agricultural Bulletin

of the Straits & F.M.S.

Prices on application.

4. The Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore (Series IV).

Vols. 12-27, 1949-1971. Voi. 28 Pt. I in print.

Price: Vol. 13 Pt. I (New impression) $12 per copy, $20 per vol.

Vols. 12 & 14 $13 per vol.

Vol, 15-320 per vok: — |

Vols. 16-25 $25 per vol. Individual parts vary in price. ea

Vol. 26 (Pt. I. $18; Pt. IL $18); 27 (Pt. I $18) Pt 1 $850)

28 (Pt. I $18); Vol. 29 in press. —

Frequency: Parts are published as materials become available.

5. Materials for a Fiora of the Malay Peninsula, Monocotyledons.

Parts 1, 2 and 3 remain available.

Price: $10 per set, $5 per part.

6. Annual Reports.

1909-1972.

. (a) Malayan Orchid Hybrids by M. R. Henderson and G. H. Addison. $15.

(5) Malayan Orchid Hybrids, Supplement I by G. H. Addison. $21.

8. A Revised Flora of Malaya.

(a) Vol. 1, Orchids, by R. E. Holttum. $30 (3rd ed. 1972 Impr.).

(6b) Vol. 2, Ferns, by R. E. Holttum. $20 (2nd ed., 1968).

9. Boletus in Malaysia by E. J. H. Corner. $50 (1972).

Items 1-6 obtainable from the Commissioner, Parks & Recreation Department,

Botanic Gardens, Cluny Road, Singapore 10.

Items 7-9 obtainable from Singapore National Printers (Pte) Ltd, Upper Serangoon

Road, Singapore 13.

Prices quoted are in Singapore Dollars

Overseas postage is extra