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) THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XXXI, Part I 14th November, 1978

CONTENTS

Pages

Kar LARSEN and SUPEE S. LARSEN: Bauhinia dewitii, a new Bornean species... 1- 3

P. S. AsuTon: Flora Malesiana Precursores: Dipterocarpaceae _.... aie 5-48

N. P. BALAKRISHNAN and N. G. NAIR: A new eee of Cnesmone laa BL.

from South Andaman Island, India : 49-50

T. C. WuITMorE: Studies in Macaranga VII: The genus in “Greater India”... 51-56

N. P. BALAKRISHNAN and P. CHAKRABORTY: A new 2 of eae from 57-60

Nicobar Islands NA : :

May Lay Fu: Plantlets from Paulonia tissue culture or): ve ae 61-66

R. D. HOoGLAND: SAURAUIAE GERONTOGEAE: II Notes on some species of Java 67-72

R. D. HooGLAND: SAURAUIAE GERONTOGEAE: III Two new species from Flores 73-76

Index 2 eae ie see a “$ ome 77-80

Published by Botanic Gardens

Parks & Recreation Department

Singapore

Printed by the Singapore National Printers (Pte) Ltd

DK DPE DCB EE RO QE OW EX QE OE IE DE DE OE QE ER YE IO IE’ KE

A\\

PANS LEA OR YO ER OE OER OIE ORE OIE OIE ODIO

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XXXI, Part I 14th November, 1978

CONTENTS

Pages

Kal LARSEN and SUPEE S. LARSEN: Bauhinia dewitii, a new Bornean species... 1- 3

P. S. ASHTON: Flora Malesiana Precursores: Dipterocarpaceae “2 71a 5-48

N. P. BALAKRISHNAN and N. G. NAIR: A new Sees" of Cnesmone javanica Bl.

from South Andaman Island, India : ‘ “fe 49-50

T. C. WHITMORE: Studies in Macaranga VII: The genus in “Greater India’... 51-56

N. P. BALAKRISHNAN and P. CHAKRABORTY: A new ree of Macaranga from 57-60

Nicobar Islands — “ a ses ine

May Lay Fu: Plantlets from Paulonia tissue culture Se ee Ga 61-66

R. D. HOOGLAND: SAURAUIAE GERONTOGEAE: II Notes on some species of Java 67-72

R. D. HOOGLAND: SAURAUIAE GERONTOGEAE: III Two new species from Flores 73-76

Index nae = as 5 a ae ae 77-80

Edited by Chang Kiaw Lan

Published by Botanic Gardens

Parks & Recreation Department

Singapore

Printed by the Singapore National Printers (Pte) Ltd

Price: S$10

Postage Extra

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Ps Ts" _ ane) ne ee Oe

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

SINGAPORE

Vol. XXXI, Part I 14th November, 1978

CONTENTS

Pages

Kal LARSEN and SuPEE S. LARSEN: Bauhinia dewitii, a new Bornean species... 1- 3

P. S. ASHTON: Flora Malesiana Precursores: Dipterocarpaceae we Aa 5-48

N. P. BALAKRISHNAN and N. G. Nair: A new PY Seg: of Cnesmone javanica BI.

from South Andaman Island, India - ‘ re 49-50

T. C. WHITMORE: Studies in Macaranga VII: The genus in “Greater India”... 51-56

N. P. BALAKRISHNAN and P. CHAKRABORTY: A new species of Macaranga from 57-60

Nicobar Islands ae - oP id tee

May Lay Fu: Plantlets from Paulonia tissue culture se 2 se 7 61-66

R. D. HOOGLAND: SAURAUIAE GERONTOGEAE: II Notes on some species of Java 67-72

R. D. HOOGLAND: SAURAUIAE GERONTOGEAE: III Two new species from Flores 73-76

Index 4a — 2 ber nae se 77-80

Edited by Chang Kiaw Lan

Published by Botanic Gardens

Parks & Recreation Department

Singapore

—

Printed by the Singapore National Printers (Pte) Ltd

Price: S$10

Postage Extra

Bauhinia dewitii, a New Bornean Species.

Kal LARSEN & SupeE S. LARSEN

Botanical Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark.

Abstract

A new species of Bauhinia from Borneo is described; De Wit was the first to draw

attention to this taxon which he called: “Phanera spec. nov. A” on the basis of sterile

material.

Flowering material is now available; we propose the name B. dewitii for this species

belonging to the section Bracteolanthus (de Wit) Wunderlin.

During revisionary work on Asian Bauhinia species we discovered an undes-

cribed species from Sarawak, Borneo. This plant, however, was observed already

by de Wit (1956) who described it as “‘Phanera spec. nov. A”’ belonging to section

Bifoliola de Wit. Only sterile material was at his disposal, Clemens 20486, collected

from Kuching, Gunong Tieng — Sarawak.

In 1970 Paul Chai from the Sarawak Forest Department collected flowering

branches of the same taxon which is easily recognized by its unique subbullate

leaves, glistening on both surfaces as if varnished and with the nerves deeply

impressed on the upper surface, sharply raised on the lower surface.

We have named this new species in honour of H.C.D. de Wit, author of the

first revision of the Malaysian Bauhinieae.

Bauhinia dewitii sp. nov. sectionis Bracteolanthi (De Wit) Wunderlin (in sched.)

Fig. 1.

Planta lignea scandens: rami juvenes glabri.

Folia: stipulae mox caducae (non visae); petioli glabri, 3-6 cm longi; 2

foliola libera semicordata, 8-13 x 3.5-6.5 cm magna, marginibus interioribus

subrectis; apex in acumen 5-10 mm longum contractus; lamina utrinque omnino

glabra, nitida, 4 nervis utrinque elevatis percursa nervulis transversis elevatis

numerosis; mucro validus 3-5 mm longus inter foliola prominens.

Inflorescentia: racemus axillaris simplex vel compositus omnino glaber ad

16 cm longus; axis primarius satis tenuis; bracteae triangulae, minutae. Flores

pedicellis filiformibus 1.5-2 cm longis portati; bracteolae minutissimae, sub-

Oppositae, infra medium insertae. Gemma obovoides apice acuta, 8 mm longa

receptaculo campanulato 2-3 mm longo incluso. Calyx inter anthesin i 5 lobos

fissus. Petala alba, intra maculis perlaete roseis ornata, subaequalia, oblonga;

unguis 1 mm longus; lamina 10-12 x 8-10 mm magna. 5 stamina fertilia filamentis

lanuginosis, basi hirtis, 15 mm longis, antheris 1.5 mm longis; 5 stamina rudi-

mentaria fertilibus circiter dimidio breviora, antheris parvis. Ovarium stipitatum,

ad basem receptaculi insertum; stipes hirtus, inter anthesin circiter 7 mm longus;

Ovarium hirtum, 5 mm longum; stylus 12 mm longus; stigma capitatum.

) Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

a LW : ‘ iY

SAA AY |

= Wa i! ay iS 6

SS" de My La

WT ri

73. STS ae 10mm

Bauhinia dewitii, a. flowering twig; b. bud; c. opened receptacle, petals removed; —

Bauhinia diptera, d. bud; e. opened bud 4 anthers removed; f. fully developed petal.

Bauhinia dewitii 3

Legumen ignotum.

Holotypus die 24 Junii anni 1970 in planitie humida prope rivum ad pedes

montis Doya vicinitatis oppidi Bau regionis Sarawak Forest Department 29920

insulae Borneo a Paul Chai lectus, in Herbario Kewensi (K) depositus, isotypus

in SING (!)

Bauhinia dewitii is a very remarkable species, It does not at all belong to the

Phanera-group, regarded by de Wit as a separate genus. It is a member of the

Bracteolanthus-group. De Wit established Bracteolanthus a new, monotypic genus

endemic to Borneo. He based it on Bauhinia diptera Blume ex Miq. We do not

share de Wit’s point of view in splitting up the genus Bauhinia in a number of

smaller genera of which some, in any case, are not natural groups (See Larsen,

S. S. 1975). We regard, however, Bauhinia diptera and B. dewitii as forming a

distinctive group which deserve to be treated as a section. R. P. Wunderlin (written

communication) has proposed the section Bracteolanthus (de Wit) Wunderlin

(mss. in print).

The name Bracteolanthus was given by de Wit with reference to the large

bracteoles inserted near the top of the pedicel enclosing the bud. The new species

described by us makes it necessary to emend the description of the section. Further-

more de Wit describes B. diptera as having 6-8 antheriferous stamens. We have

dissected flowers of this species and in all cases found 10 antheriferous stamens, 5

long ones belong to the outer whorl, the inner whorl being represented by 5 short.

The same arrangement of the androecium is found in B. dewitii.

Emended description of section Bracteolanthus:

Giant lianas with tendrils. Leaves of the flowering shoots consist of two free

leaflets. Intrastipular trichomes absent. Stipules small, early caducous. Flowers in

slender racemes. Receptacle turbinate. Antheriferous stamens 10, 5 long represent-

ing the outer whorl, 5 short representing the inner whorl. Anthers opening length-

wise. Ovarial stipe free from the receptacle, insertion slightly excentric. So far

the section is known from Borneo only.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Inflorescence woolly tomentose; bracts and bracteoles persistent, sub-

rotundate, 7-10 mm, bracteoles inserted on top of pedicel; buds floccose,

Sean US OEE oy a cra Da ne gue See a san pn easd¥suoues «suds oe B. diptera

1. Inflorescence glabrous, bracts and bracteoles caducous, minute; bracteoles

inserted near the middle of the pedicel; buds glabrous; petals glabrous

aM Ries ae aR a Shoes iain PoE Gs= Seat dl oRaaln Die wf Sidi <aWe Waa etdvne cones oes B. dewitii

The best distinctive characters for the section are the combination of 5

long + 5 short stamens with free ovarial stipe excentrically inserted in the

turbinate receptacle and the 2 free leaflets on the flowering shoots.

LITERATURE

Larsen, S. S., 1975: Pollen morphology of Thai species of Bauhinia (Caesalpinia-

ceae). — Grana 14: 114-131.

De Wit, H. C. D., 1956: A revision of Malaysian Bauhinieae. — Reinwardtia

3: 381-539.

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Flora Malesiana Precursores: Dipterocarpaceae

P. S. ASHTON

Botany Department, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.

Summary

Species delimitation in Dipterocarpaceae is discussed. The genus Pentacme DC. is reduced

as a section of Shorea Roxb.

The following names are reduced:

Dipterocarpus penangianus Foxw. (to D. caudatus Foxw.), D. speciosus Brandis (D.

kunstleri King), D. trinervis Bl. (D. retusus Bl.), D. pseudofagineus Foxw. (D. fagineus Vesque),

D. basilanicus Foxw. (D. eurynchus Miq.), D. subalpinus Foxw. (D. hasseltii B1.);

Anisoptera mindanensis Foxw. and A. oblonga Dyer (A. costata Korth.), A. brunnea Foxw.,

A. polyandra Bl., and A. kostermansiana Dilmy (all to A. thurifera (Blco) Bl.), Vatica

blancoana Foxw. (V. umbonata (Hook f.) Burck), V. simalurensis Sloot. (V. venulosa Bl.),

V. subcordata Bl., V. celebica Bl. and V. papuana Dyer (all to V. rassak (Korth.) BI.), V.

stipulata Ridl. (V. hullettii (Ridl.) comb. nov.), V. sumatrana (Miq.) Burck and V. wallichii

Dyer (V. pauciflora (Korth.) Bl.), V. scaphifolia Kosterm. (V. javanica Sloot.), V. obtusifolia

Elm. (V. mangachapoi (Blco) Bl.), V. songa Sloot. (V. perakensis King); Hopea argentea

Meijer (H. cernua T. et B.) H. kelantaneusis Sym. and H. garangbuaya Ashton (H. coriacea

Burck), H. woodiana Gutierrez (H. malibato Foxw.), H. siamensis Heim (H. pedicellata

Brandis), H. dolosa Sloot. (H. celebica Brandis), H. nabirensis Sloot, (H. iriana Sloot.), H.

resinosa Sym. (H. pachycarpa (Heim) Sym.), Shorea flava Meijer (S. falciferoides Dyer), S.

glaucescens Meijer (S. falciferoides Foxw.), S. ciliata Foxw. (non King) (S. astylosa Foxw.),

S. rogersiana Raizada and Smitinand (S. laevis Ridl.), Pentacme mindanensis Foxw. (S.

contorta Vidal). S. resinanegra Foxw. (S. longisperma Roxb.), S. kalunti Merr. (S. hopeifolia

(Heim) Sym.), S. sororia Sloot. (S. assamica Dyer), S. plagata Foxw. and S. agsaboensis Stern

(S. pauciflora King).

Parashorea stellata Kurz and P. lucida (Miq.) Kurz are reinstated as separate species.

Balanocarpus heimii Sym. is transferred to a new taxon Neobalanocarpus gen. nov.

The identity of Parashorea warburgii Brandis, Hopea dasyrrhachis Sloot., H. gregaria

Sloot. and H. plagata Vidal, S. siamensis Mig. and S. virescens Parijs is discussed.

There are 3 species of Dipterocarpus, 5 of Vatica, 8 of Hopea and 6 of Shorea described

for the first time; subspecies are defined in Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw., D. palembanicus

Sloot., Anisoptera thurifera (Blco) Bl., Vatica venulosa Bl., V. granulata Sloot., V. javanica

Sloot., V. mangachapoi (Blco) BI., Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer, Shorea falciferoides

Foxw., S. parvistipulata Heim. S. singkawang Miq. and S. curtisii Dyer.

Species delimitation

Dipterocarp taxonomy has been hampered in the past by inadequate field

study: Leaf shape, tomentum density and the presence of glaucousness can change

dramatically ontogenetically, while leaf and twig dimensions can vary with site

conditions as well as genotypically.

Symington (Mal. For. Rec. 16, 1943) perceptively described specific and intra-

specific variation in Malaya. He recognised that groups of closely allied species

such as Shorea parvifolia Dyer, S. leprosula Miq., S. lepidota Bl., S. dasyphylla

Foxw. and S. macroptera Dyer, occur commonly together in the same forest yet

remain consistently distinct and easy to identify, especially at maturity, and that

morphological hybrids are rare. He also recognised though that less distinct, but

still nevertheless more or less discontinuous variation occurs within Malayan species

as he defined them, and that this is generally allopatric in lowland species, many

6 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

(e.g. Dipterocarpus lowii Hook. f., Parashorea densiflora Sloot., Shorea macrantha

Brandis and S. parvifolia Dyer) being represented by distinctly different forms,

especially in Perak State in the northwest and in the eastern coastal areas. Excep-

tionally, two distinct forms occur sympatrically such as the two subspecies of

S. curtisii Dyer ex Brandis, given formal description for the first time in the present

paper. A third pattern of intra-specific variation occurs in Malaya among those

species which transgress the perhumid to seasonal climatic boundary in the north-

west, such as Anisoptera costata Korth. In them allopatric differentiation occurs

but is much less clearly defined and is more or less continuous though not

apparently clinal. Such variation becomes yet more continuous in the seasonal

evergreen and more especially dry dipterocarp forests of Indo-Burma, where, for

instance, Shorea siamensis Miq. S. roxburghii D. Don and Dipterocarpus obtusi-

folius Teysm. ex Miq. show great but more or less continuous variation in tomentum

distribution and density which has been given taxonomic status in the past.

Less is known of the dipterocarp flora of Sumatra and Indonesian Borneo,

though the pattern of variation appears to be similar to that of perhumid Malaya.

The neogene basins of East Malaysia, characterised by the most diverse and least

fertile soils in the region are also the present centre of dipterocarp diversity. The

pattern of largely allopatric specialisation is repeated, in this case with certain

rivers along the N.W. Borneo coast marking the boundaries of groups of species

and geographical subspecies. Taxa appear to have rather recently fragmented into

uniform segregates that constitute morphological species or subspecies; local

endemism is high-(for a review of. this subject see Ashton Trans. II Aberdeen-Hull

Symposium on Malesian ecology, 1972 pp. 35-49). Here too though some taxa

appear to arise sympatrically. This is particularly evident in Shorea sect. Pachycarpae

Heim: the rare S. rotundifolia Ashton grows together with, and completely within

the geographical range of, the closely related S$. amplexicaulis Ashton. S. pinanga

Scheff. is polymorphic, and forms with glabrous and with pubescent leaves, and

with as few as 10 or as many as 20 pairs of nerves, have been collected from nearby

localities; variation in one character appears to be discontinuous, but forming a

reticulum of more or less uncorrelated variation within different characters which

prevents definition of intra-specific taxa. It is curious that the only apparent

examples of clinal variation in Borneo occur in the riparian and valley species

Vatica umbonata (Hook f.) Burck and Dipterocarpus kunstleri King. A hybrid

between the former and the riparian V. rassak (Korth.) Bl. is also known; in Malaya

V. umbonata varies similarly and appears to hybridise with V. stapfiana Ridl. The

still little collected dipterocarp flora of the New Guinea lowlands appears to follow

the N.W. Bornean pattern within Hopea, the only genus represented there by more

than one species.

In the Philippines, characterised by highly fertile soils influenced by limestone

and basaltic lava and ash, and by a gradually increasing seasonality towards the

north-west, a different pattern of variation prevails. The dipterocarp flora is

relatively poor, and local endemicity low at both specific and infra-specific levels;

a few species (Dipterocarpus philippinensis Foxw., Shorea assamica Dyer ssp.

philippinensis (Foxw.) Sym., Hopea cagayanensis (Foxw.) Sloot.) are confined to

the more strongly seasonal areas, but most are remarkably widespread in view of

the range of seasonality. However, many species vary greatly and apparently

continuously and clinally in the size of leaves and twigs. In Shorea contorta Vidal _

and S. falciferoides Dyer dimensions decline with increasing seasonality in N.W.

Luzon, Vatica mangachapoi (Blco) B\., Hopea malibato Foxw. and Shorea poly-

sperma (Blco) Merr. occur throughout the Philippines on a wide range of sites but

manifest great variation in relation to physiography. The leaves of S. polysperma

and also S. polita Vidal are sometimes glaucous beneath, particularly in drier sites.

Shorea almon Foxw, is considered to occur in two distinct forms in Mindanao, one

Dipterocar paceae 7

with small bullate leaves scabrid beneath, the other with larger more sparsely pubes-

cent leaves (a pattern of variation analogous to that of S. ovalis (Korth.) Bl.). Field

observation revealed that the two forms occur together on soft coralline limestone,

and that variation appears to be continuous, though parallel ontogenetic variation

necessitates a quantative study to confirm this. It is perhaps significant that

hybridisation among some Philippine dipterocarps is well known, notably between

Dipterocar pus kunstleri King and D. grandflorus (Blco) BI. and D. elongatus Korth.

In the absence of experimental evidence, therefore, consistent criteria for the

definition of species and subspecies are essential. I have adopted the following:

1. Size differences are not by themselves sufficient to distinguish species, neither

are differences of leaf size and shape combined. Differences in fruit size are likewise

unreliable and rarely correlate with other characters; collections from one tree in

different years often exhibit great variation. A consistent discontinuity in leaf size,

where correllated with differences in androecium or gynoecium, in qualitative (but

not quantitative) characters of indumentum, with qualitative characters of the twig

or stipule or with a discontinuity in the range in the number of leaf nerves does

constitute an adequate criterion for separating species however.

2. Subspecies can be defined where discontinuities occur in the range of

dimensions of parts, in tomentum distribution and in density. However, sometimes

taxa which share an unique qualitative character, especially of fruit or flower, are

recognised as subspecies even though they may differ qualitatively in vegetative

parts; the subspecies of Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Bl. may serve as an example.

Dipterocarpus

Dipterocarpus obtusifolius TEYSM. ex MIQ. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1

(1863) 214; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 608; WALP. Ann. 7 (1868) 377; DYER FI. Br. Ind. 1

(1874) 295; KURZ Fl. Burm. | (1877) 115; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 7, 27;

Ind. Trees (1907) 65, 701; GUERIN in LECOMTE, FI. Gén. L-C. 1 (1910) 358; TARDIEU

in id. Suppl. 1 (1943) 338; TROUP Silv. Ind. Trees (1921) 39; CRAIB FI. Siam. Enum.

(1925) 136; PARKER Ind. For. Rec. 16 (1931) 9; PARKINSON Burma For. Bull. 27 (1932)

23; SYM Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 184. — D. vestitus WALL. Cat. (1828) 954; WALP. Rep. 5

(1845) 124; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 614 nomen nudum; ex DYER FI. Br. Ind. 1 (1874) 295

desc; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 27. — D. punctulatus PIERRE FI. Coch. 3

. Gas J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 31 (1895) 29; GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gén.

Ho.oryrPe: Teysmann H.B. 5918, Kanburi, Thailand (U; syntypes L, BO, K).

Var. subnudus RYAN & KERR J. Siam. Soc. 8 (1911) 3.

LecToTyPE: Kerr 17717, Kao Kuap, Krat, Thailand (K).

Var. vestitus (WALL. ex DYER) SMITINAND Thai For. Bull. 1 (1954) 51.

Ho.LotyPeE: Wallich 954, Martaban (K).

Var. glabricalyx SMITINAND Thai For. Bull. 1 (1954) 51.

_ IsoOHOLOTYPE: R.F.D. 7739 (Dec. 462) Koke Dindaeng, Wang Sapoong, Loie,

Thailand (K).

Twigs, inflorescences, flower calyx, outside of corolla, leaf buds and petioles

densely pale fulvous to buff hirsute or glabrous; leaf beneath and midrib above

shortly densely evenly + persistently buff pubescent.

A characteristic and frequently gregarious fire-resistent component of the Dry

Dipterocarp (savanna) forest. Very variable, especially in the amount and density

of tomentum; the more glabrous form (var. subnudus) prevails in the more humid

areas including N.W. Malaya; var. vestitus is tomentose on all parts, whereas var.

8 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

glabricalyx differs only in the glabrous flower calyx. In view of the extreme

variability of this species (cf. S. siamensis) I do not recognise the varieties as

distinct taxonomic entities.

Dipterocarpus caudatus FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot. 177; ibid. 67 (1938)

256; MERR. En Philip. 3 (1923) 89; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 302, 303.

Ssp. caudatus Lectotype: FB 21193, Barrio Hibatac, Camarines, Luzon (K).

Leaf bud and stipule outside shortly densely pale buff pubescent, parts otherwise

glabrous. Twig 1-3 mm ¢ apically, slender, + compressed, smooth, with slightly

swollen amplexicaul stipule scars. Bud 8-17 by 2-3 mm, narrow falcate or linear;

apex tufted with slightly longer hairs arising from the outer surface. Stipule c. 3.5

by 0.5 cm., linear, obtuse. Leaves 7-11 by 3.5-5 cm, broadly elliptic, prominently

plicate; base broadly cuneate; acumen to 1.2 cm long, prominent, narrow; nerves

9-12 pairs, prominent, at 35°-45°; petiole 1-1.5 cm long, slender. Raceme to 12 cm

long, slightly compressed, unbranched or singly branched, the flowers secund, few;

bracts unknown, Flower bud to 3 by 0.8 cm. Calyx and carolla typical, calyx

puberulent. Stamens c. 30, shorter than the style; filament short; anthers short,

linear, tapering; appendage to connective slightly shorter than anther, stout at base,

tapering. Ovary conical, densely pubescent; style and stylopodium narrowly

cylindrical, somewhat stouter and more densely tomentose in the basal half, Fruit

calyx glabrous; tube c. 2 cm long and 4, slightly obovoid, glabrous, minutely

lenticellate, tapering gradually to the pedicel, c. 1 cm. ¢ at the neck; 2 longer calyx

lobes to 14 by 3 cm, oblong, 3-nerved, obtuse, rather abruptly narrowing to c. 5 mm

broad at base; 3 shorter lobes 4-8 by 3-4 mm, variable, strongly recurved and

revolute.

Distr. Malesia: S.E. Philippines (Mindanao, Luzon).

Ssp. penangianus (FOXW.) stat, nov. — D. penangianus FOXW. Mal. For Rec.

10 (1932) 72; SYM. Mal. For. Rec, 16 (1943) 185; ASHTON, Man. Dipt. Brun. (1963) 43;

ibid Suppl. (1968) 16.

Type: SFN 3484 (Haniff) Mt. Olivia, Penang (SING, K).

Twig, petiole, raceme, midrib and nerves shortly sparsely fugaceous pubescent,

twigs sometimes densely persistently so. Leaves narrowly elliptic, applanate, with

narrowly cuneate base, hardly prominent nerves beneath and 1.5-2.5 cm long

petiole.

Distr. Malesia: Malaya (Perak, Penang, W. & E. Johor, Kelantan, Pahang),

Singapore, Karimun, Mursala, Borneo (Sarawak N.E. of river Rejang; S.E. Sabah).

I do not consider that the small difference of tomentum and leaf shape are

sufficient to justify maintaining these taxa as separate species, especially in view

of their distinctive shared linear-falcate bud and obovoid to obturbinate fruit calyx.

Malayan collections are distinguished from Bornean by their denser and more

persistent indumentum on twigs, and by their prominently lenticellate fruit calyx

tube. I have selected the Kew isoholotype as lectotype as the holotype is no longer

in the Philippine National Herbarium and is presumed destroyed.

Dipterocarpus hasseltii BL. FI. Jav. 2 (1829) 22; KORTH. Kruidk. (1841) 65; WALP

Rep. 5 (1845) 123; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 497; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867)

85; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 609; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 196; BRANDIS J.

Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 30; K. et V. Bijdr. (1900) 109; RIDL. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33

(1900) 42; ibid. 34 (1900) 94; MOLL & JANSSONIUS Mikrogr. Holz. (1906) 359; KOORD.

Exk. Fl. Java. 2 (1912) 620; BAKER f. J. Bot. 62 (1924) 10; CRAIB Fl. Siam. Enum. 1

(1925) 135; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1096, 1097; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot Btzg III,

8 (1927) 280; ibid. III, 16 (1940) 436; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 67; Philip. J. Sc. 67

(1938) 251; BURK. Dict. 1 (1935) 844; SYM. Mal. For Rec. 16 (1943) 180; SMITINAND

Thai For. Bull. 4 (1958) 35; BACKER & BAKH. f. Fl. Jav. 1 (1936) 329; MEIJER & WOOD

Sab, For Rec. 5 (1964) 255, — D. tampurau KORTH. Kruidk. (1841) 63; WALP. Rep. 5 (1845)

Dipterocar paceae 9

123; BL. Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 36; MIQ. FI. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 498; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat.

3 (1867) 85; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 609; DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 103; BURCK Ann. Jard.

Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 198 p.p.; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 29; MERR. En. Born.

(1921) 400; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 292; HEYNE Nutt PI. ed. 1, 3 (1917)

274: ibid. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1098; ASHTON Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 234.— D. quinquegonus

BL. Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 36; WALP. Ann. 4 (1851) 335; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 497; Ann.

Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 85; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 400.— D. pentagonus DC. Prodr.

16, 2 (1868) 610; DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 104; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 199;

BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 34; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 282. —

D. lampongus SCHEFF. Nat. Tijd. N. I. 31 (1870) 146; DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 102; BURCK

Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 197; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. (1895) 31; HEYNE Nutt PI. 1,

3 (1917) 272; ASHTON Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 236 in obs. sub D. gracilis. — D. balsamiferus

BL. Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 37; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 498; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3

(1867) 85; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 613; DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 108; BURCK Ann. Jard.

Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 203; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 40; K. et. V. Bijdr. (1900)

111; MOLL & JANSONIUS Microgr. Holz (1906) 357; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927)

1096. — D. trinervis (non BL.) FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 6 (1911) Bot. 247; ibid. 13 (1918) Bot.

177; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 91.— D. subalpinus FOXW. in ELM. Leafl. Philip. Bot.

6 (1913) 1950; Philip. J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot. 177; ibid. 67 (1938) 255; SLOOT. Bull. Jard.

Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 283.

I agree with Merrill (En. Philip.) in reducing D. subalpinus FOXW..,

based on Elmer 13531, Cabadbaran, Mt. Urdaneta, Agusan here. Foxworthy

(1938) claimed that D. subalpinus differed from D. hasseltii in having smaller leaves

and fruit without the distinctive large suborbicular shorter calyx lobes, in this

resembling D. gracilis BL. The problem is confounded by the frequently unusually

sparsely tomentose leaves of D. gracilis in the Philippines, especially at higher

altitudes where D. subalpinus appears to prevail. However, the specimens presently

available convince me that Philippine material is within the range of variation of

D. hasseltii from other parts of its range.

Dipterocarpus retusus BL. Cat. (1823) 77; Verh. Bat. Gen. K. W. (1823) 178; Bijdr.

5 (1825) 223; Fl. Jav. 2 (1829) 14; WALP. Rep. 5 (1845) 122; MIQ. FI. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859)

497; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 85; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 609: DYER J. Bot.

12 (1874) 102: BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 197; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P.

Pfi. Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 256; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 30; K. & V. Bijdr.

(1900) 112; KOORD. Exk. Fl. Java, 2 (1912) 21; GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925)

251; HEYNE, Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1097; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927)

286; ibid. III, 16 (1940) 435; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 69; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16

(1943) 187; BACKER & BAKH. f. Fl. Jav. 1 (1963) 329. — Dipterocarpus trinervis BL. Cat.

(1823) 78; Verh. Bat. Gen. K. W. 9 (1823) 178; Bijdr. (1825) 223; Fl. Jav. 2 (1829) 11;

KORTH. Kruidk. (1841) 61; WALP. Rep. 5 (1845) 122; LINDLEY Veg. King. (1846) 393;

SCHNIZLEIN Ic. 3 (1857) t 213; MIQ. FI. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 496; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.

-Bat. 3 (1867) 85; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 608; SCHEFF. Nat. Tijd. N. I. 31 (1870) 346;

BAILLON Hist. Pl. 4 (1873) 204; Dict. Bot. 1 (1878) 562; Tr. Bot. Med. Pharm. 2 (1884)

816; DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 102; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 195; BRANDIS &

GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 256; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 29:

K. et V. Bijdr. (1900) 105; MOLL & JANSSONIUS Microgr. Holz (1906) 354; KOORD.

Ex. Fl. Java. 2 (1912) 620; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 1, 3 (1917) 274; ibid. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1098:

GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 251; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927)

284; ibid. II, 16 (1940) 436; BACKER & BAKH. f. FI. Jav. 1 (1963) 329 — D. trinervis var.

elegans BL., var. canescens BL. FI. Jav. 2 (1829) 13; HASSK. Pl. Jav. Rar. (1848) 270; MIQ.

Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 497; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 609; DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 102:

BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 196.— D. spanoghei BL. FI. Jav. 2 (1829) 16; WALP.

Rep. 5 (1845) 122; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 497; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. (1867)

85; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 609; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 198; HEYNE Nutt.

Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1097.— D. macrocarpus VESQUE C. R. Ac. Paris 78 (1874) 627; J. Bot.

12 (1874) 153; DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 4; PARKER Ind. For. Rec. (Bot.) 20, 15 (1934)

3. — D. spanoghei BL. var. cordata BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 198. — D. pubescens

K. & V. Bull. Inst. Bot. Btzg 2 (1899) 2; Bijdr. 5 (1900) 115; MOLL & JANSSONIUS

Microgr. Holz (1906) 359; KOORD. Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912) 621; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 1, 3

(1917) 274; ibid. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1097. — D. tonkinensis A. CHEV. Bull. Econ. Indoch. 20 (1918)

798; TARDIEU in LECOMTE FI. Gen. I.-C. Suppl. 1 (1943) 341.

I do not recognise Blume’s two species D. retusus (Syntypes: Blume 1082a

G. Salak (L); Van Hasselt s.n. sub. HLB 902,146-196,-197, W. Java (L) ) and

D. trinervis (Syntypes: Junghuhn s.n. sub. HLB 902 146—219,—230, loc. incert.,

Java (L); Blume s.n. sub. HLB. 902,146-218,-234, G. Salak (L); Van Hasselt

10 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

s.n. sub, H.L.B. 902,146-241, G. Poelasari W. Java (L)), D. trinervis is said to

differ in being persistently buff pubescent on twigs, panicles and often petiole. The

two grow together within a single forest in Java; their similarity in other characters,

and the variability of the tomentum convince me of their conspecifity. I reduce

D. macrocarpus VESQUE (Syntypes: Griffith s.n., Kew dist. no 733, Kujoo,

Lakhimpur, Assam (P, K) of Assam, north Burma and Thailand and D. tonkinensis

CHEV. (Holotype: Chevalier 37387, Cuyen Guang, Tonkin) of Tonkin here for

the first time. They both resemble D. trinervis but the tomentum is somewhat longer

and they remain persistently pubescent on the leaf beneath; furthermore PARKER

described D. macrocarpus var. glaber on Parkinson 344, Myityina which differs in

no important respect from the glabrous forms D. retusus.

This species, as presently understood, has an interesting distribution: At the

extremities of its range in mainland Asia and on Lombok and Sumbawa it occurs

in a seasonal climate down almost to sea level and is relatively tomentose. In

Malaya and W. Java it is confined to altitudes above 800 m. and in the former is

uniformly glabrescent but for the buds and corolla.

D. littoralis BL. is clearly a segregate from the widespread D. retusus, endemic

to the lowland forests of Noesa Kambangan Island, Java; I maintain it as a species.

It would appear that the ecological and geographical distribution, and diversification,

of the two must be explained in terms of regional Pleistocene history.

Dipterocarpus kunstleri KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 96; BRANDIS

J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 37; BRUHL & KING Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. 5, 2 (1896) 148;

RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 217; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1094, 1096; SLOOT.

Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 327; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 83; BURK. Dict. L

(1935) 844; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 182.— D. speciosus BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot.

31 (1895) 38; PERKINS Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1904) 22; FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 6 (1911) Bot.

250; ibid. 13 (1918) 178; ibid. 67 (1938) 261; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 90; SLOOT. Bull.

Jard. Bot. Btzg Ul, 8 (1927) 265; SLOOT. ex WOOD Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 486;

Reinwardtia 5 (1961) 462; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 31; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 14;

MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964) 246.

In the Philippines the species is very variable; in some collections the fruit

calyx is continuously ribbed from base to apex and even winged, suggesting

hybridisation with D. grandiflorus (BLCO) BI1.; in others the twigs and petioles

are densely fulvous pilose as in D, elongatus KORTH., which grows with it there.

D. speciosus BRANDIS is based on Vidal 2160, in fruit (K) from Luzon, a

specimen with tomentum typical of D. kunstleri KING and fruit similar though with

narrower, more continuous ribs. I see no satisfactory solution other than to unite

the two species.

In N.E. and E. Borneo the calyx tube is more or less obtusely ribbed and

tuberculate distally, and the calyx lobes often (not always) short or even rudimen-

tary. Individual trees observed in the field are rather constant in the lobe length,

but geographical variation appears continuous and to some extent clinal, the lobes

becoming shorter towards the S.E. limits of its range. I cannot therefore recognise

distinct varieties meriting taxonomic status.

Dipterocarpus fagineus VESQUE C.R. Ac. Sc. Paris 78 (March 1874) 625; J. Bot.

12 (1874) 149; DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 152; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 200;

KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 94; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 33;

BURKILL J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 81 (1920) 51, 53; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 398; RIDL.

Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 216 p.p.; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 318; FOXW.

Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 80; SYM. Kew Bull. (1937) 318; Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 177;

BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak & Brunei (1955) 108; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. Suppl,

ne r

sg te 2 ae eee ai ae) ees ee oe ee

(1968) 14.—D. prismaticus DYER J. Bot. 12 (Apr. 1874) 104; ibid. (May (1874) 152.— —

Duvaliella problematica HEIM Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 2 (1891) 1009; Rech. Dipt. (1892) 72; P|

BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 263; GILG in ibid 2, 21 (1925) ©

258. — Dipterocarpus pseudofagineus FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 82; SYM. Mal. For.

Rec. 16 (1943) 186.

Dipterocar paceae 11

The holotype of D. fagineus, Beccari 3008 (P) is from Sarawak, where the

species is rare in hill forests. In Malaya it also occurs in the hills of Perak and

Penang island. Collections from low altitudes in coastal Pahang and Trengganu, and

also Perak, previously generally described as D. pseudofagineus FOXW. (Holotype:

Kep 25511, Keledong Saiong F.R., Perak (KEP)) have longer leaves with more

nerves, generally glaucous beneath, and have fruit calyx ribs confined to the distal

half. Symington, whose opinions I have learned to respect, considered these as

distinct species. There is no discontinuity, among collections presently available,

between these lowland and hill forms however. and they appear to occur together in

the Keledang Saiong range in Perak. I therefore feel compelled to unite them.

Dipterocarpus glabrigemmatus sp. nov. — D. sp. ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. Suppl.

(1968) 19,

D. grandiflori (BLCO) BI. affinis, sed staminibus 15 lamina subtus sparsim

pubescenti gemma glabra differt.

Midrib and nerves sparsely pubescent, other vegetative parts glabrous. Twig c.

3 by 2 mm ¢, somewhat compressed and ribbed, lustrous; stipule scars slender,

pale, hardly raised. Leaf bud to 6 by 4 mm, acute. Stipule unknown. Leaves 6-9

by 4.5-6 cm, broadly ovate; margin sinuate distally; base obtuse; acumen to 5 mm

long, short, broad; nerves 10-11 pairs, prominent beneath, at 45°-60° near the

base, straight but curving near the margin; midrib applanate above, prominently

terete beneath; tertiary nerves subscalariform; petiole 1.5-2.5 cm long, slender,

drying rugose. Raceme to 10 cm long, to 1 mm ¢ at base, axillary, unbranched,

glabrous. Flower bud to 25 by 12 mm. Calyx glabrous, prominently 5-winged;

corolla typical. Stamens 15, subequal: filaments compressed at base, tapering;

anthers linear, 2-3 times as long as filaments; appendage to connective almost as

Jong as anther, filiform, tapering. Ovary ovoid, small, pubescent; style c. 5 times

length of ovary, pubescent except at apex. Fruit unknown.

Hoorype: S. 23849, Bukit Raya, Kapit, Sarawak (K).

OTHER COLL: Sarawak: S. 22339, Bt. Leran, S. Miah, Rejang; Smythies s.n.,

S. Bena, Sut, Baleh.

__ D. grandiflorus is confined to seasonally dry habitats: in seasonal evergreen

dipterocarp forests of Indo-Burma and N.W. Luzon, dry ridges in Malaya and the

everwet parts of the Philippines, and dry coastal hills in N.E. Sabah. Our species,

whose leaves and probably fruit (judging from the flower calyx) bear a marked

resemblance to those of D. grandiflorus, is a rare tree on moist clay soils in everwet

Central Sarawak. The 30 stamens and distinctive densely greyish puberulent bud

of D. grandiflorus serves at once to distinguish it.

Dipterocarpus palembanicus SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 336.

Ssp. palembanicus SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 185; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun.

Suppl. (1968) 16 p.p. — D. alatus (non ROXB.) FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 82.

LecroryPE: F.R.I.T.134 (fruit), Gunong Megang, Lematang Hilir, Palembang,

Sumatra (BO).

Twig, leaf bud and stipule outside densely fulvous hirsute; petiole, midrib

above and leaf beneath densely shortly puberulent; caducous on twigs and petioles,

Otherwise persistent. Leaves 10-14 by 5-9 cm, broadly elliptic to ovate; petiole

2-3 cm long. Fruit calyx tube to 3.5 by 1.5 cm, narrowly ellipsoid, tapering

gradually to the base and the c. 1 cm ¢ neck; broadly 5-winged, the wings thin,

to 8 mm broad, + obtuse or subcordate at base, with the margin folded over

frequently at maturity.

Distr. Malesia: Malaya (Trengganu, C. Johore), Singapore, Sumatra

(Palembang), Borneo (C. Sarawak).

12 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Ssp. borneensis ssp. nov.— D. palembanicus (non SLOOT.) ASHTON Man. Dipt.

Brun. (1963) 42; MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For Rec. 5 (1964) 266.

Ramuli petioli costa media costi laterales subtusque conferte breviter badio

pubescentes; ramuli caduci partes aliter persistentes. Gemmae stipulae petiolique

persistenti hirsuti lamina sparsim fugace pubescens. Lamina 6-11 x 3-6 cm oblonga

vel ovata costis jateralibus utrinsecus 12-14; petiolo c. 15 cm longo. Tubus calycis

in fructu -4.5 x 20 cm alis lateralibus 5, -15 mm latis undulatis basim et apicem

versus auriculatis.

Distr, N.E. Borneo, C. and N.E. Sarawak, E. Sabah to Nunukan. In lowland

Mixed Dipterocarp forests, sometimes occurring with ssp. palembanicus.

Ho.otyre: San A 1747, Beaufort, Sabah (L).

OTHER COLL.: Sarawak S. 22204, 22228, Bt. Raya, Kapit; S. 15106, Ulu

Segan, Bintulu.

Dipterocarpus fusiformis sp. nov.

D. mundi SLOOT. affinis sed gemma persistenti alutaceo velutinata lamina

subtus sparsim puberulens differt.

Large tree. Young parts densely buff velutinate, persistent on leaf buds and

stipule outside, becoming sparse yet + persistent on twigs, petiole and leaf under-

surface, elsewhere caducous. Twigs c. 2 mm ¢ apically, slender, terete, + verrucose.

Buds to 15 by 3 mm, linear, lanceolate; stipule to 30 by 6 mm, lanceolate, acute.

Leaves 7-17 by 3-7 cm, elliptic or narrowly ovate, coriaceous; base cuneate or

obtuse; acumen to 12 mm long, slender, prominent; nerves 13-17 pairs, slender but

prominent beneath, ascending at 30°-40°; tertiary nerves densely scalariform,

evident but hardly elevated beneath; petiole 2—2.6 cm long, slender. Complete

inflorescences unknown; inflorescences singly branched or unbranched, axillary.

Flowers unknown. Fruit pedicel c. 1 mm long, short; calyx tube to 28 by 18 mm,

ellipsoid, with 5, to 6 mm broad, straight incrassate wings or narrow ridges,

continuous from base to apex but generally broader in the distal half; 2 longer lobes

to 10 by 2.6 cm, broadly spatulate, obtuse, c. 7 mm wide at base; 3 shorter lobes

to 5 mm long, suborbicular, subrevolute.

Distr. N.E. Borneo; rare on undulating well drained fertile soils in Mixed

Dipterocarp forest.

Ho.otyrPe: San 39170, Mile 81, Labuk Road, Sandakan (L).

OTHER COLL.: San 63787, S. Sipit, Semporna; San 70858, 70903, Ulu Segama,

Lahad Datu; San 15279, Kalabakan, Tawau; San 17173, 16452, Balong, Tawau.

Clearly closely allied to D. mundus SLOOT. of the Central Bornean hills, a

species which is conspicuously glabrous but for its corolla, ovary, and the inside ~

of its stipules. The two species are therefore very different in appearance; flowers

are still awaited and may provide further differences.

Dipterocarpus eurynchus MIQ. Sum. (1862) 485; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3

(1867) 85; D. C. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 613; WALP. Ann. 7 (1868) 377; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot.

Btzg 6 (1887) 203; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 40; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot.

Btzg III 8 (1927) 273, 302; ASHTON Gard. Bull. Sing 20 (1963) 238; Man. Dipt. Brun.

(1964) 30; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 14. — D. eurynchoides SCHEFF. Nat. Tijd. N. I. 31 (1870) 346;

BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 203; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 40;

SLOOT. Bull, Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 273, 302.— D. appendiculatus SCHEFF. Nat.

Tijd. N. I. 31 (1870) 347; ibid. 32 (1873) 407; DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 104 p.p.; BURCK Ann,

Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 200 p.p.; BRANDIS Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 34 p.p.; MERR. En. —

Born. (1921) 397 p.p.; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1094; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot Btzg

III, 8 (1927) 326; Reinwardtia 5 (1961) 458; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 83 in

obs.; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 167.— D. micropterus DYER in SLOOT. Reinwardtia

5 (1961). 458 nomen pro syn. — D. basilanicus FOXW. Philip. J. Soc 13 (1918) Bot. 179;

ibid. 67 (1938) 259; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 88.

Dipterocar paceae 13

Distr. Malesia: Malaya (E. coast, Trengganu to N.E. Johor), Sumatra (E.

Aceh, Langsa), P. Singkep, Banka, Borneo (W. Borneo, Sarawak, Brunei), S.

Philippines (rare).

A polymorphic species, I recognise one distinctive and well collected segregate,

D. ochraceus MEIJER, as a separate species. Others, presently ill-understood, may

eventually deserve taxonomic definition: The few Malayan and Sumatran collec-

tions, for instance, have markedly larger leaves with longer petioles, and collections

from Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan (including Kep. 23788, quoted by Symington

(1943) as a possible hybrid between D. gracilis and D. costatus) come close to

D. ochraceus. D. basilanicus FOXW. (Lectotype: FB 18895, Mt. Basilan, Philip-

pines (K) ), conforms more closely than these to N.E. Bornean collections and

the type and must therefore be reduced. D. eurynchus is apparently derived from

the widespread D. costatus GAERTN. f. of seasonal S.E. Asia as may be the

closely similar D. glandulosus THW. of Ceylon.

Dipterocarpus perakensis sp. nov.— __D. alatus (non ROXB.) FOXW. Mal. For.

Rec. 10 (1932) 89 p.p.; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 166.

D. eurynchus MIQ., D. ochraceus MEIJER, D. philippinensis FOXW. affinis

sed tubo calycis in fructus alis 5 lateralibus—8 mm latis partibus glabris ovario

excepto.

Large tree. Parts glabrous but for the cream puberulent ovary apex. Twigs

c. 2 mm. ¢ apically, much branched, blackish. Buds to 9 by 2 mm, lanceolate,

drying blackish; stipules unknown. Leaves 4-7 by 8-13 cm, elliptic, coriaceous;

base broadly cuneate to obtuse; apex shortly acuminate; nerves densely scalariform,

slightly elevated beneath; petioles 1.5-3.2 cm long, slender. Flowers and inflores-

cence unknown. Fruit pedicel to 2 by 1 mm; calyx tube to 2.3 cm ¢, subglobose

with 5 prominent continuous to 8 mm wide coriaceous wings; 2 longer lobes to 12

by 3 cm, oblong-lorate. obtuse, tapering abruptly to c. 8 mm wide at the revolute

base; 3 shorter lobes to 5 by 5 mm, suborbicular, subrevolute, small.

Distr. N. W. Malaya; Very local in lowland Mixed Dipterocarp forest on the

coastal hills of Dindings, Perak and on Pangkor and Penang Islands.

HOLotyPeE: Kep 76716; South Pangkor F.R., Dindings, Perak, Malaya (KEP).

OTHER COLL.: Kep 54231, 76547, S. Pangkor F.R.; KEP. 24555 ‘Ipoh’;

Curtis 1560, Burkill s.n. July 1918, Penang Hill.

A segregate from D. eurynchus MIQ. and D. costatus GAERTN. f., clearly

distinguished by the relatively broad wings on the fruit calyx tube and conspicuous

lack of tomentum.

Anisoptera

The problem of A. costata Korth. and A. thurifera (Blco) BI.

The type section of Anisoptera KORTH. includes two distinct but obviously

related vicarious species: A. curtisii DYER ex KING of Malaya with 25 stamens

and A. grossivenia SLOOT. of Borneo with c. 36; also A. megistocarpa SLOOT.

of Malaya with c. 60 stamens which shares the golden peltate leaf undersurface.

The peat swamp species A. marginata KORTH. differs in having but 25 stamens

and a small epilose few-nerved leaf. while A. reticulata ASHTON of the N.E.

Borneo hills resembles the latter but has 35 stamens. These five are confined to the

perhumid area of western Malesia, are rather constant intraspecifically and are well

defined from one another.

In the seasonal extremities of the sectional range, however, more variable

species occur.

Anisoptera costata KORTH. Kruidk. 3 (1841) 67; BL. Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. 2

(1852) 42; MIQ. FI. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 501; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3 (1867) 85; D. C.

Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 615; PIERRE in LANESS. Pl. util. colon. Franc. (1886) 298; BURCK

14 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 220; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 43; RIDL. Agr.

Bull. Str. & F.M.S. 1 (1901) 60; Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 54 (1910) 25 p.p.; Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)

218 p.p.; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 400; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg 3, 8 (1926) 7; Rein-

wardtia 2 (1952) 8 p.p.; THORENAAR Med. Proefst. Boschw. 16 (1926) 106; HEYNE Nutt.

Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1098; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 3 (1927) 79; ibid. 10 (1932) 97; SYM. Gard.

Bull. S.S. 8 (1934) 9; Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 204; SLOOT. apud HOLTHUIS & LAM

Blumea, 5 (1942) 214; WYATT-SMITH Mal. For. 18 (1955) 74; BACKER & BAKH. f. FI.

Jav. 1 (1963) 330; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 11; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 5; MEIJER &

WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964) 293.—Anisoptera oblonga DYER FI. Br. Ind. 1 (1874) 301;

PIERRE FI. Coch. 3 (1892) 235, 236; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 42; Ind. Trees

(1997) 67; GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gén. I-C. 1 (1912) 369; GAMBLE Man. Ind. Timb.

(1922) 75; SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1934) 10; Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 208; PARKINSON

Ind. For. Rec. 20 (1935) 7.—Shorea nervosa KURZ Rep. Pegu App. A. (1875) XVIII, nomen;

Fl. Burm. | (1877) 110.—Anisoptera cochinchinensis PIERRE in LANESS. Pl. Util. Colon.

Franc. (1886) 268; Fl. Coch. 3 (1892) t. 235A. 253; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 31 (1895)

42; HEIM Bot. Tidsskr. 25, 1 (1902) 44; GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gén. I.-C. 1 (1912)

367; TARDIEU in ibid. Suppl. 1 (1943) 343; CRAIB FI. Siam. Enum. | (1925) 139; LECOMTE

Bois Indochine (1926) 115. — Dipterocarpus parallelus, Dryobalanops hallii KORTH. ex BURCK

Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 220, 243.—A. robusta PIERRE FI. Coch. 3 (1894) t. 236;

BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 42; GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gén. I.-C. 1 (1912)

368; TARDIEU in ibid. Suppl. 1 (1943) 343; CRAIB FI. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 140; SYM.

Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1934) 11—A. glabra (non KURZ) PIERRE FI. Coch. 3 (1892) 235B;

GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gén. IL-C. (1912) 368; TARDIEU ibid. Suppl. 1 (1943) 343.—

A. marginatoides HEIM Bot. Tidsskr. 25 (1902) 44; GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gén. I.-C,

1 (912) 369; TARDIEU in ibid. Suppl. 1 (1943) 344; CRAIB FI. Siam. Enum. | (1925) 139.—

A, mindanensis FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot. 181; ibid. 67 (1938) Bot. 266; MERR.

En. Philip. 3 (1923) 92.—Anisoptera sp. A. SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1940) 209.

Symington has already questioned the distinctness of not only A. cochinchensis

PIERRE of Indochina from A. costata, which he correct united, but also A. oblonga

DYER of Burma. Thailand and northern Malaya (Isosyntypes: Griffith 719,

920, 939, Mergui (K) ) which he kept separate on account of its larger more

sparsely pubescent leaves; according to the original description A. cochinchinensis

has 30-35 stamens, but I have not found this to be the case. He also tentatively

recognised Anisoptera sp. A, with relatively small few-nerved leaves, from N.W.

Malaya. I have examined the many collections under these names at Kepong,

Singapore, Kew and elsewhere and am unable to find a single character to consis-

tently distinguish them, nor can I distinguish A. robusta PIERRE of Laos and

Vietnam (Isosyntypes PIERRE 1549-1571 (P, K) ), with densely pilose vegetative

parts, or A. mindanensis FOXW, (known from a single flowering collection:

lectotype: FB 21899, Naga Naga, Zamboanga, Mindanao (K) ) which is uniquely

entirely epilose on twigs and leaves but does not otherwise differ.

As now understood, therefore, A. costata is distinguished by its 25 stamens

and generally grey-brown pubescent leaf with generally at least 15 pairs of nerves.

It occurs from Mindanao (one definite record) through Borneo, Java, Sumatra and ~

Malaya to Chittagong, Burma, Thailand and Indochina. In Mindanao it is epilose

but for petals and ovary; in Borneo it has relatively small chartaceous sparsely

grey-brown pubescent leaves with 15-20 pairs of nerves; in Java, Sumatra and

sometimes Malaya the leaves are similar but somewhat larger, with to 22 pairs of

nerves; In Malaya the species becomes more variable however, usually being

relatively large-leaved, with a rather dense, often golden tomentum; in the north-

west a small golden tomentose leaved form prevails with as few as 8 pairs of

nerves. In the Indochinese region the species varies much in leaf size and tomentum,

and in more seasonal areas becomes shortly deciduous; no clear geographical

differentiation is discernable, though variation is greatest in southern Indochina, In

summary, variation appears on the whole continuous as in a panmictic population,

with geographically localised forms appearing in the less seasonal areas, No forms

appear distinct enough to merit taxonomic status. There is the possibility of

hybridisation with A. curtisii in N.W. Malaya, and with A. megistocarpa in Johor

and Singapore (large-leaved golden tomentose forms).

Dipterocar paceae 15

Van Slooten (1952) recorded A. costata from Celebes and the Moluccas on

the basis of sterile material. It is indistinguishable from A. thurifera (BLCO) BL.

when sterile; for phytogeographical reasons, until flowers are collected, I would

prefer to tentatively associate these numbers with the latter.

Anisoptera thurifera (BLCO) BL. Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 42; WALP. Ann. 4 (1857)

336; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 615; VIDAL sinopsis (1863) t. 14 E; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc.

Bot. 31 (1895) 44; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. 3, 6 (1895) 258; MERR. &

ROLFE Philip. J. Sc. 3 (1908) Bot. 115; MERRITT For. Bur. Bull. Philip. 8 (1908) 48;

WHITFORD Philip. J. Sc. 2, 4 (1910) Bot. 703; For. Bur. Bull. Philip. 10 (1911) 78; FOX-

WORTHY Philip. J. Sc. 6 (1911) Bot. 256; ibid. 13 (1918) Bot. 181; ibid. 67 (1938) Bot. 267;

MERR. Sp. Blanc. (1918) 269; En. Philip. 33 (1923) 92; REYES, Philip. J. Sc. 22 (1923) 323;

SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg 3, 8 (1926) 4; SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1934) pl. 4c.

—Mocanera thurifera BLCO FI. Philip. ed. 1 (1937) 446. — Dipterocarpus thurifer BLCO

Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 310; ibid. ed. 3, 2 (1878) 212; D. C. Prodr. 16, 2 (1858) 614.

This Philippine species, with its oblanceolate leaf, has been much collected;

when sterile it is sometimes indistinguishable from the usually broader leaved A.

costata though the acumen is generally bent downwards (or twisted over in pressed

specimens). It differs markedly, however, in possessing 45-47 stamens; the

tomentum is generally sparse and short, even absent, on vegetative parts. In

seasonal north-eastern Luzon and as far south as Real, Quezon a form occurs,

apparently mixed with the typical form, with a more or less distinctly chocolate-

brown lepidote leaf undersurface and young parts. This was distinguished as A.

brunnea FOXW. (FB 11292, Camalamugan, Cagayan Prov. (K)), but as the scale

colour varies greatly and apparently continuously, from chocolate to the typical

greyish colour of A. thurifera, I do not recognise this taxon, even at infraspecific

level. A. aurea FOXW., a species of aseasonal central east Luzon and Polillo

nearby, differs not only in the distinctive golden undersurface but in having 35-38

stamens, a distinctive pale cream-brown scolloped bark with rather persistent flakes

peeling away from above, and very narrow laminae in the inner bark giving it a

granular appearance in transverse section. A. thurifera. with which it grows on

ridges in Mixed Dipterocarp forest, has a distinctly different less persistently flaky

grey-brown bark surface. The two species are clearly distinct.

The position is complicated, however, by the fact that no reliable distinguishing

characteristics exist between A. thurifera and the very variable New Guinea species

A. polyandra BL. (Type: Zippelius s.n. sub 902, 146-52, 59-64; New Guinea

(L) ) which must therefore be reduced to it. Though typically with an obovate leaf

Otherwise similar to that of A. thurifera, the leaves can be more or less coriacous,

glabrous and with as few as 10 pairs of nerves, as in the type of A. forbesii

BRANDIS (Holotype: Forbes 373, Sogeri region, New Guinea (K)), already

reduced to A. polyandra by VAN SLOOTEN (1926); they can also be relatively

large and chartaceous, with as many as 17 pairs of nerves as in A. kostermansiana

DILMY (Type: NGF 7355, Morobe dist. New Guinea (BO, K)); specimens of

this kind sometimes have as many as 57 stamens. A continuous range from 37 to 57

stamens occurs among New Guinea specimens as a whole, however, and I am

unable to maintain A, kostermansiana as a separate taxon. It should be noted also

that the New Guinea range in stamen number obscures the differentiation between

A. thurifera and A. aurea, I still maintain the latter separately owing to its distinc-

tive leaf and bark, and because, though some New Guinea specimens are faintly

golden lepidote, they never approach the vivid colour of A. aurea. It is interesting

that other New Guinea collections, from West Irian, are more or less dark

chocolate-brown lepidote as in the Philippines form A. brunnea.

A. thurifera is now seen to be the eastern analogue of A. costata with a

distribution, if sterile collections from Celebes and the Moluccas are included here,

from northern Luzon throughout the Philippines to Celebes, Moluccas and New

Guinea. In the Philippines geographically defined variation occurs and a separate

species, probably of common origin, has evolved within the aseasonal parts of its

. @

16 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

range. In New Guinea local variation is great and collections presently inadequate

to define geographical forms. It is interesting that the species is known in both

the Philippines and New Guinea to be the only dipterocarp which readily reinvades

cultivated land.

I recognise the Philippine and New Guinea populations as geographical

subspecies :

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES.

1. Leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, prominently acuminate, stamens 45-47 ......

DEN Love tOa bh ED AIAN ES AGEN Ae OM. id Ssp. thurifera.

2: , Leaves, obovate; Stamens..37=5 7 +4214. .b% se caaetdasdes -(35a a Ssp. polyandra.

Ssp. thurifera— Mocanera mayapis BLCO FI. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 449. — Diptero-

carpus mayapis BLCO FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 313; D.C. Prodr. 16, 2, (1868) 610; DYER

J. Bot. 12 (1874) 108; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 40; MERR. Publ. Gov. Lab.

Philip. 27 (1905) 21.—Antherotriche lanceolata TURCZ, Bull. Soc. (Imp.) Nat. Mosc. 2 (1846)

505; WALP. Ann. 1 (1848) 113.—Anisoptera lanceolata WALP. Ann. 1 (1848) 113; DC.

Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 616; VIDAL Phan. Cuming. (1885) 97; F.-VILL. Nov. App. (1880) 20;

BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam, ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 263; GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam.

ed. 2, 21 (1925) 259.—Shorea mayapis BL. Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 33; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868)

632.—Anisoptera oblonga (non DYER) F.-VILL. Nov. App. (1880) 20; VIDAL Rev. PI.

Vase. Filip.. (1886) 60.—D. turbinatus (non GAERTN. f.) F-VILL. Nov. App. (1880)

20.—Anisoptera vidaliana BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 44; PERK. Fragm. FI.

Philip. (1904) 23; MERR. Philip. J. Sc. 1 (1906) Suppl. 97.—Anisoptera tomentosa BRANDIS

J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 45.—Anisoptera calophylla PERK. Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1904)

22.—Anisoptera brunnea FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 6 (1911) Bot. 254; ibid. 13 (1918) Bot. 181;

ibid. 67 (1938) 270; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 92.

Tall or medium sized buttressed tree. Twigs, leaf buds, stipules, petioles and

leaves beneath + densely persistently grey-green or pale to chocolate-brown

lepidote; panicles, flower calyx and ovary densely grey-brown puberulent; panicle

and calyx becoming sparsely so or glabrescent in fruit. Twig c. 3 mm ¢ apically,

terete, rugulose, pale brown. Leaf bud to 4 by 2 mm, lanceolate; stipules to 8 mm

long, linear, Leaves 6-15 by 2.5-6.5 cm, thinly coriaceous, elliptic to lanceolate or

obovate-oblanceolate, + coriaceous; base broadly cuneate or obtuse; acumen to

1.3 cm long, slender, downcurved and twisting over on pressing; nerves (12-)

14-18 (-20) pairs, slender but distinctly elevated beneath, less so above (as also

the reticulate tertiary nerves), arched, at 55-80°, depressed above; petiole 1.7—-3.5

cm long, slender, Panicles to 20 cm long, terminal or subterminal axillary, lax,

pendent; singly branched, branchlets bearing to 11 flowers. Flower buds to 9 by

3 mm, lanceolate. Sepals narrowly deltoid; 2 longer subacute, 3 shorter, prominently

acuminate, Stamens 45-47, subequal; filaments short, slender, filiform; anthers

narrowly oblong, somewhat tapering; appendages very slender, + twice length of

anthers. Stylopodium narrowly ellipsoid-cylindrical, puberulent distally, with pro-

minent trifid style. Fruit pedicel to 3 mm long, short. Calyx tube to 17 mm 4,

globose; 2 longer lobes to 15 by 1.5 cm, spatulate, narrowly obtuse, c. 4 mm wide at

base; 3 shorter lobes to 30 by 3 mm, linear. Stylopodium short, conical.

Distr. Malesia: Philippines, commonest in the more seasonal areas.

Ssp. polyandra (BL.) ASHTON stat. nov.— 4. polyandra BL. Mus. Bot. 2 (1852)

42; WALP. Ann. 4 (1857) 335; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (1859) 501; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat.

3 (1867) 84; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 615; SCHEFF. Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 9; F.v. M.

Descr., Not. App. 6 (1887) 97; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 220; BRANDIS J.

Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 45; DIELS Bot. Jahrb. 57, 4 (1922) 461; LANE-POOLE For. Res.

(1925) 22, 33, 119, 167; SLOOT. Nov. Guinea 14 (1926) 222; Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg 3, 8

(1926) 15; Reinwardtia 2 (1952) 11; WHITE & FRANCIS Proc. R. Soc. Queens]. 38 (1927)

247.—Dipterocarpus parviflorus ZIPP. Flora 12 (1829) 281; Alg. Konst. en. letterbode 1, 19

(1929) 296; Bijdr. Natuurk. Wetensch. 5 (1830) 178, nomen nudum.—Anisoptera sp. DYER

J. Bot. 16 (1878) 99; Burck Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 221; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot.

31 (1895) 45; DIELS Bot. Jb. 57, 4 (1922) 461.—A. forbesii BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31

(1895) 45; DIELS Bot. Jb. 57, 4 (1922) 491; BAKER f. J. Bot. 61 Suppl. (1923) 5.—A.

kostermansiana DILMY Reinwardtia 3 (1956) 347; ibid. 5 (1960) 267, .

Dipterocar paceae 17

Differing as follows: leaves 8.5-18 by 3.5-8.5 cm, elliptic to obovate,

+ coriaceous; base cuneate, obtuse or cordate; apex shortly acuminate; nerves

(10-) 12-14 (-17) pairs, slender but distinctly elevated on both surfaces. Stamens

37-57. Fruit pedicel to 4x 2 mm, prominent; 2 longer calyx lobes to 9 by 1.1 cm,

2 shorter lobes to 7 by 0.6 cm.

Distr. Malesia: New Guinea, and possibly (sterile material) Celebes, Moluccas

(Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi and Aru Is.).

Vatica

Vatica umbonata (HOOK. f.) BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 232; SLOOT.

Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg 3, 9 (1927) 132, 133; ASHTON Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 250; Man.

Dipt. Brun. (1963) 78; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 36; MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964) 320.

Ssp. umbonata. BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 135; BRANDIS & GILG in

E. & P. Pfi. Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 270; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 409; RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen 1

(1922) 249 p.p.; GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 265.—Pachynocarpus umbonatus

HOOK. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 23 (1860) 159; MIQ. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 85;

DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 617; WALP. Ann. 7 (1868) 378.— V. verrucosa BURCK Ann. Jard.

Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 232; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 131; BROWNE For. Tr.

Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 102. — P. verrucosus HEIM Rech. Dipt. (1892) 107; BRANDIS

J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 136; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 410; RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)

49 p.p.,—V. blancoana ELMER Leafl. Philip. Bot. 4 (1912) 1473; FOXW. Philip. J. Sc.

13 (1918) Bot. 196; ibid 67 (1938) 326; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 102.—V. cupularis

SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1972) 132; ibid. (1929) 20; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2

(1927) 1129; BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 100.— V. ramiflora (non HEIM)

SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg 3, 9 (1972) 118. p.p. ibid (1929) 205 p.p.—V. stapfiana (non

SLOOT.) BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 102.

Ho.otyrPe: Motley s.n., Labuan (K).

Fruit to 3 cm long and 4, pink-brown verrucose, compressed at base; calyx

united into a tube adpressed to and fused to nut, differentiated into 5, to 2.6 by

1.8 cm, oblong-elliptic, up to 5 mm. thick lobes by 5 deep longititudinal furrows;

nut 3-sulcate, exposed only at apex.

Distr. Malesia: Malaya (Pahang, Trengganu). W. and N. Borneo, Palawan.

I reduce V. blancoana ELMER (Lectotype: Elmer 13123, Mt. Pulgar, Puerto

Princesa, Palawan, K) here for the first time. Though in flower, there is no other

species in the Palawan region with similar leaves.

Ssp. acrocarpa (SLOOT.) ASHTON stat. nov.— V. acrocarpa SLOOT. Bull.

Bot. Gard. Btzg 3, 17 (1942) 241; MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 6 (1964) 320.

ISOHOLOTYPE: San 4298, Umas Umas, Sabah (K).

Nut ovoid, acute, the fruit sepals united to basal 4 only and reflexed.

Distr. E. Borneo.

Norte. V. umbonata is frequently gregarious on riverbanks and the continuous

variation found in this habitat, especially in N.E. Borneo where the two subspecies

occur in the same area, and in E. Malaya where the closely related V. stapfiana

Occurs in the same habitat, suggests panmixis and hybridisation.

Vatica venulosa BL. Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. 2 (1852) 32; WALP. Ann. 4 (1857)

337; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 502; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 623; BURCK Ann. Jard.

Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 232; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 409; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9

(1927) 78; ASHTON Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 251; Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 79, ibid.

Suppl. (1968) 36.

Ssp. venulosa. — V. bancana SCHEFF. Nat. Tijd. N. I. 31 (1870) 348; ibid.

32 (1873) 407; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 229; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31

(1895) 128; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pfi. Fam. 1, 3, 6 (1894) 269; K. & V. Bijdr.

(1905) 127; MOLL & JANSSONIUS Mikrogr. Holz (1906) 360; KOORD. Exk. Fl. Java. 2

(1912) 622; KOORD.-SCHUM. Syst. Verz. (1913) Dipteroc. 4; HALLIER Med. Rijksherb.

18 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

36 (1918) 4; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 408; GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 264;

HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1128; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 96; FOXW.

Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 263; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 217; BROWNE For. Tr.

Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 99; BACKER & BAKH. f. Fl. Jav. 1 (1963) 332; MEIJER &

WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964) 305.— V. schouteniana SCHEFF. Nat. Tijd. N. I. 32 (1873)

408. — Dryobalanops schefferi HANCE J. Bot. 14 (1876) 307.— Retinodendron bancanum

KING J. R. As. Soc, Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 129. — Retinodendron kunstleri KING J. R. As.

Soc, Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 129; BRUHL & KING, Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. 5, 2 (1896)

157.— V. kunstleri BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 127; BRANDIS & GILG in

E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 270; RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 243.—V. schefferi

BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 128. — Vatica lutea RIDL. Kew. Bull. (1926) 60.

Leaves 4-12 by 1.5—5 cm, caducously pubescent beneath; nerves 7-12 pairs;

midrib persistently shortly pale pink-brown puberulent above; petiole 5-9 mm

long; panicle to 3 (-6) cm long.

Distr. Malesia: Malaya (Pahang, Perak), Sumatra (Palembang), Mentawei

Is, Banka, Belitung, W. Java (Bantam), Borneo.

_ I reduce here V. Jutea RIDL. based on Boden Kloss 14581 (= Iboet 275)

from Pulau Siberut, Mentawei Islands (SING), which clearly represents flowering

collections of this species.

Ssp. simalurensis (SLOOT.) stat nov.— V. simalurensis SLOOT. Bull. Bot.

Btzg III, 9 (1927) 100; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1131.

Leaves 9-14 (-20) by 3.5-5.5 (-8) cm, glabrous; nerves 12-15; petiole

8-14 mm long; panicle to 7 cm long.

Distr. Malesia: P. Simalur, W. Sumatra.

SYNTYPES: Achmad 831, 1019, 1125, Simalur (BO); Achmad 1401, 1463,

Dejajan, Tapah Distr. Simalur (BO).

The collections bear a close resemblance to those of V. venulosa and are

clearly conspecific, but the large size and absence of tomentum has persuaded me

to maintain them as a distinct subspecies.

Vatica chartacea sp. nov.

V. venulosa, V. havilandii affinis sed costis lateralibus utrinsecus plus quam 16

ramulis paniculis caduce alutaceo puberulentibus petiole glabro differt.

Medium-sized tree. Young twigs, stipules and panicles caducous buff puberu-

lent; pedicel, ovary and parts of petals exposed in bud persistently so; parts other-

wise glabrous. Twig c. 2mm ¢ apically, much branched, pale. Buds to 3 by 2 mm,

ovoid, acute; stipule to 7 by 2 mm, lanceolate, caducous. Leaves 11-25 by

3-10 cm, oblong to obovate, thinly chartaceous and wrinkling on drying; base

broadly cuneate or obtuse; acumen to 1 cm long, prominent; nerves 16-20 pairs,

slender but distinctly raised beneath, with shorter secondaries; tertiary nerves

sinuately subscalariform, slender and elevated on both surfaces; midrib stout, terete

and prominent beneath, distinctly elevated above; petiole 10-22 mm long, slender.

Panicle to 5 cm long, to 3-axillary, stout. Flower buds to 6 by 2 mm, fusiform;

sepals subequal, lanceolate, subacuminate; anthers small, broadly oblong, tapering

to the equally long prominent stout appendages; style columnar, somewhat longer

than ovary, slightly tapering, rimmed beneath the conical stigma; flowers otherwise

typical. Fruit pedicel to 6 mm long, very slender, Fruit sepals to 6 by 1.5 cm,

subequal, lanceolate, subacute, cordate at base, 5-7 nerved, ascending and hiding

the -13 by 11 mm ellipsoid nut.

Distr. Malesia: W. and N.E. Borneo (Bintulu, Sarawak; Beluran and

Sandakan to Tawau).

Ho.LotyPes: San 46208, Sapi F. R., Beluran (K).

Dipterocar paceae 19

OTHER COLLECTIONS: San 57050, Kalumpang F. R., Mostyn; San 18397, Mile

104, S. Limau, Kalumpang road, Lahad Datu; San 29318, Mile 14, Kalumpang,

Tawau road; San 61253, A. 2959, A. 1725, S. Lagsikan, Sandakan Bay; San A.

4764, Kretam, Lahad Datu; San 17654, Lungmanis F.R., Sandakan; S. 15808,

Segan, F.R. Bintulu, Sarawak; b.b, 35257, Embalu, b.b. 35244, Ulu Samulang, Ulu

Kapuas, West Kalimantan.

Eco. Moist low hillsides and banks of sluggish rivers; very local.

Showing the distinctive fruit of V. venulosa BL. and V. havilandii BRANDIS,

this species is characterised by its large oblong-obovate leaves, many nerves and

short caducous buff tomentum.

Vatica pauciflora (KORTH.) BL. Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 31; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868)

618; MIQ. Sum. (1861) 191; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg (1887) 226; BRANDIS J. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 124.— Retinodendron pauciflorum KORTH. Kruidk. 3 (1841) 58.—

Vateria pauciflora WALP. Rep. 5 (1845) 126; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 626.— V. rassak (non

BL.) WALP. Rep. 5 (1845) 126.— Elaeogyne sumatrana MIQ. SUM. (1861) 460, 183;

MUELL.-ARG. in DC. Prodr. 15, 1 (1866) 1257; HALL. f. Med. Rijksherb. 36 (1918)

4.—V. zollingeriana DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 618; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg (1887)

227; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. 31 (1895) 124; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927)

126. — V. wallichii DYER J. Bot. 12 (1874) 154; BURKILL & FOXW. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.

86 (1922) 273; CRAIB FI. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 141; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1132;

SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 123; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 269;

BURK. Dict. 2, 2225; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 230.— V. lamponga BURCK Ann.

Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 227; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 123; BRANDIS & GILG

in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 269; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 1, 3 (1917) 313: ibid. ed. 2,

2 (1927) 1131; GILG in E, & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 264. — V. forbesiana BURCK Ann.

Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 228; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 124; HEYNE Nutt. PI. ed.

2, 2 (1927) 1131. — V. ruminata BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 227; HEYNE Nutt. PI.

ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1132. — Pachynocarpus wallichii KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 135

p.p.; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 136; RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 250 p.p.;

BURK. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 81 (1920) 75.— P. ruminatus BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31

(1895) 136.—V. ovalifolia RIDL. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 54 (1909) 26.—V. kelsallii RIDL.

J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 54 (1909) 27; Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 244.— P. umbonatus (non HOOK.

f.) RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1(1922) 249 p.p.—P. ridleyanus RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 250

p.p. — V. sumatrana SLOOT. ex HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1131: SLOOT. Bull. Jard.

Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 120; BACKER & BAKH. f. FI. Jav. 1 (1963) 332.

Occupying the same habitat as V. umbonata and indistinguishable from it when

sterile, the fruit calyx is nevertheless characteristic.

The type of Retinodendron pauciflorum KORTH. (Korthals s.n. sub. 902,

146-770, near Indrapura, Padang, S. Sumatra (L) ) consists of leaves and loose buds

but as V. umbonata is unknown from Sumatra we may safely conclude that Vatica

sumatrana (MIQ). SLOOT., based on Teysmann 4227 and 4345 HB, Tarabangi,

Lampong (L, U) in fruit is synonymous with it. The fruit characters by which

VAN SLOOTEN (1927) distinguished V. sumatrana and V. wallichii DYER do

not define a consistent discontinuity in variation and may in part be attributable

to their degree of maturity.

Vatica soepadmoi sp. nov.

Species in sectione Vaticae fructu ovoidea verrucosa sepalis lanceolatis

patentibus recurvis revolutis unguiformibus satis distinguitur.

A small tree. Twigs, leaf buds, petioles, midrib above, and panicles densely

persistently pale brown scabrid puberulent, nut evenly so; nervation beneath sparsely

so. Twigs c. 2 mm 4, ribbed at first, becoming terete. Leaf buds to 8 by 4 mm

lanceolate, acute. Leaves 7.5-12 by 3-5.5 cm, elliptic, oblong to narrowly ovate,

coriaceous, somewhat bullate between the nerves; margin subrevolute; base obtuse;

acumen to 1.5 cm long, slender, prominent; nerves c. 11 pairs, arched, tending to

branch within the margin and form a + indistinct looped intramarginal nerve,

prominent beneath, shallowly depressed above, with short slender secondary nerves;

tertiary nerves subreticulate, evident beneath, + obscure above; midrib stoutly

20 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

prominent beneath, evident but + channelled above; petiole 10-15 mm long,

slender. Panicle to 6.5 cm long, axillary, hardly branched. Flowers unknown. Fruit

pedicel to 6 mm long, prominent; calyx equal, to 18 by 10 mm, lanceolate, acute,

recurved inwards and + revolute thus resembling claws; nut ovoid, not known at

maturity.

Ho.oryPe: Soepadmo S, 45, Pekanbaru, Tenajan R., Upper Riau, E. Sumatra.

Known from this collection alone, in young fruit. The leaves somewhat

resemble those of V. oblongifolia HOOK. f. ssp. oblongifolia but the pale brown

scabrid tomentum, ovoid verrucose nut with thick pericap, and linear-lanceolate

patent recurved and revolute claw-like sepals make this a rather distinctive species

possibly most closely allied with V. granulata SLOOT. and V. sarawakensis HEIM.

Vatica rassak (KORTH.) BL. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 31; WALP. Ann.

4 (1857) 337; MIQ. FI. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 502; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 85;

DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 619; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 225; GRESH. Schets.

(1909) t. 50; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 125; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pf.

Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 270; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 1, 2 (1917) 313; ibid. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1130;

MERR. En. Born. (1921) 409; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 104; ibid. 3, 17

(1942) 223. — Retinodendron rassak KORTH. Kruidk. (1841) 56.— V. rassak var. subcordata

BL, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 31; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 502; DC. Prodr. 16,

2 (1868) 619.— V. papuana DYER J. Bot. 16 (1878) 100; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6

(1887) 229; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 270; K. SCHUM. &

HOLLR. FI. Kais.-Willh. Land (1889) 52; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 127;

DIELS Bot. Jb. 57 (1922) 463; LANE-POOLE For. Res. Papua (1925) 120; SLOOT. Nova

Guinea Bot. 14 (1926) 226; Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 112; ibid. III, 17 (1942) 233;

Reinwardtia 2 (1952) 63; MERR. Philip. J. Sc. 300 (1926) Bot. 411; WHITE & FRANCIS

Proc. R. Soc. Queens]. 38 (1927) 247; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1129; FOXWORTHY

Philip. J. Sc. 67 (1938) 328; SLOOT. apud HOLTHUIS & LAM Blumea, 5 (1942) 214;

MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964) 314; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. Suppl. (1968) 35.

— Vateria papuana DYER ex HEMSL. Bot. Chall. 1, 4 (1884-5) 123; 287, 296, nomen nudum;

K. SCH. & HOLLR. Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 52; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927)

1129. — Vatica moluccana BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 226; BRANDIS J. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 124; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 1, 3 (1917) 313; ibid. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1129. — R.

moluccanum HEIM Rech. Dipt. (1892) 104.— V. schumanniana GILG Bot. Jb. 18, 45 (1894)

38; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 31 (1895) 127; K. SCHUM. & LAUT. FI. Schutzgeb.

(1901) 451; DIELS Bot. Jb. 57 (1922) 463; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed.

1, 3, 6 (1895) 269. — Vatica celebensis BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 126; SLOOT.

Bull. Bot. Gard. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 77; ibid. WII, 17 (1942) 254; Reinwardtia 2 (1952) 65.— V.

subcordata HALL. f. Med. Riiksherb. 3, 6 (1918) 4; SLOOT. Bull. Bot. Gard. Btzg III, 17

(1942) 228.— V. celebica SLOOT. Bull. Bot. Gard. Btzg III, 17 (1942) 237.

Twigs, petioles, buds and stipules outside (glabrous within) very shortly evenly

persistently pale buff pubescent, leaf nervation beneath sparsely so. Twig c. 3 mm 4,

stout, crooked, ribbed, becoming rugose, flaky, pale grey-brown; stipule scars

prominent, horizontal; internodes 1-3 cm long. Bud to 4 by 4 mm, ovoid-conical,

subacute, Stipules to 14 by 4 mm, lorate, subacute, subpersistent. Leaves 13-32

by 5-11 cm, oblong to narrowly elliptic, thickly coriaceous; base broadly cuneate

to subcordate; acumen to 1.5 cm long; nerves (10—) 16-20 pairs, prominent beneath,

slightly elevated above, arched at 50°-60°, with short hardly elevated secondary

nerves; tertiary nerves reticulate; midrib prominent beneath, applanate above;

petiole 2—3.5 cm long, stout, not geniculate, drying pale buff pubescent. Panicle to

14 cm long, terminal or axillary, ribbed, at first shortly evenly buff pubescent,

becoming pale brown flaky; irregularly branched, with many branches near base,

appearing fascicled. Flower bud to 14 by 3 mm, fusiform; calyx densely shortly

pale buff pubescent; flowers otherwise typical. Fruit glabrous. Pedicel to 3 mm

long, stout. Calyx lobes to 12 by 7 mm, deltoid, acute, incrassate, reflexed, recurved.

Nut to 5 by 3.5 cm, oblong to ovoid, irregularly pitted and furrowed deeply at the

sutures, minutely verruculose and rugulose; pericarp thick, corky.

Distr. Malesia: Borneo (E. of Rejang valley and Sampit, commonest on E.

coast), Tawi-Tawi, Celebes, Moluccas (Sulu Isl. Mangoli, Morotai, Halmaheira,

Bacan, Obi Is., Aru Is.), New Guinea, Sudest Is.

Dipterocar paceae 21

On river banks in Borneo, elsewhere also on hills to 400 m.; locally abundant.

The above description defines my interpretation of this variable species. The

large oblong-elliptic coriaceous leaves with long petiole, and the Jarge corky nut,

are characteristic though the nut shape is very variable (in part owing to the degree

of maturity on herbarium specimens). Its distribution into seasonal areas and its

semigregarious ecology parallel that of other polymorphic species such as A.

costata KORTH., A. thurifera (BLCO) BL. and V. umbonata (HOOK. f.) BURCK

discussed elsewhere in this paper.

The most recent accounts of this species are those of Van Slooten who finally

(1952) concluded that V. rassak, V. papuana, V, celebensis and V. subcordata

were separate species. He distinguished V. celebensis (Holotype: Beccari s.n.

Lepo-Lepo, Kandari, Celebes (K)) principally by its smooth obtuse symmetrical

nut, The single ripe fruit collection available does suggest a distinct difference but

not at the level of species as some fruiting collections from New Guinea and

Borneo, named V. rassak by VAN SLOOTEN, have a similar nut shape, though

they are more verrucose; more ripe fruit are required before the constancy of these

characters can be confirmed; I fail to see any consistent difference between V.

papuana (holotype: Beccari and D’Albertis s.n., Ramoi near Sorong, W. Irian,

New Guinea (K) ), and V. rassak (type: Korthals s.n., sub 900, 171-121, S. Borneo

(L)). V. subcordata (type: Korthals s.n. sub. 902, 146-764, Dusun Distr., S.

Borneo (L) ), whose range coincides with the southern part of that of V. rassak,

represents an extreme in the range of variation, with very long petiole and sub-

cordate leaves and (not always) very large malformed fruit.

Vatica granulata SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 112; Bull. Bot. Gard.

Btzg III, 17 (1941) 136; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 70; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 32.

Ssp. granulata

Leaf 10-20 by 2.7-7 cm; stipule to 6 by 4 mm, hastate, subacute, caducous.

Fruit calyx lobes to 7 by 4 mm, chartaceous, deltoid, reflexed.

Type: HALLIER 3399, G. Amai Ambit, Ulu Kapuas, W. Borneo (BO, L).

Distr. Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Ulu Kapuas and Barito).

Ssp. sabaensis ssp. nov. — V. scortechinii MEIJER (non KING) Sab. For. Rec.

5 (1964) 319.

Lamina 15-25 x 6-10 cm; stipulae -3 x 2 cm subpersistentes oblongae vel

lanceolatae acutae basim versus obtusae vel subcordatae lobis calycis in fructu —

20 x 12 mm elliptici revoluti reflexi.

Distr. N. E. Borneo (Crocker range, S. W. Sabah to Kelabit Highlands and

N.E. Sarawak).

HototyPe: San 16613, N. slopes of Bt. Batanga, 5 miles south of Malaman,

S.W. Sabah (K).

OTHER COLL. San 17000, Kundasan, Kota Belud; San 16708, Gunong Lamaku;

S. 26312, S. Belaban, Lawas, Sarawak; Nooteboom 2233, Kelabit Highlands, Ulu

Limbang, Sarawak.

Mistaken in the past for the Malayan species V. scortechinii KING with which

it shares similar subpersistent stipules. The nut of V. scortechinii is smooth and

puberulent however.

Vatica hullettii (RIDL.) comb. nov. —Capura hullettii RIDL. J. Str. Br. R. As.

Soc. 54 (1910) 36. — Otophora hullettii RIDL. FI. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 454; RADLK. in E. & P.

Pfi. Fam. ed. 2, 98 (1932) 775. — V. stipulata RIDL. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 82 (1907) 172; FI.

Mal, Pen. | (1922) 244; SLOOT. Bull. Jard Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 76; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec.

10 (1932) 253; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 229.

22 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

I am grateful to Dr. P. W. Leenhouts for drawing my attention to the fact that

Ridley based his Capura hullettii, later changed by him to Otophora hullettii, and

his Vatica stipulata on the same collection: Hullett 781, April 1888 from Mount

Ophir, Malacca (K).

This species is now known from elsewhere in southern Malaya on hills; it

differs from the closely allied Bornean species V. albiramis SLOOT. principally in

its large elliptic subpersistent stipules and puberulent petioles and panicle.

Vatica javanica SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 16 (1940) 451; BACKER &

BAKH. f. Fl. Jav. 1 (1963) 332.

HoLotyPe: b.b. Ja 6573 (BO, isoholotypes in L. K).

Ssp. javanica.

Leaves 13-24 by 6-10 cm, elliptic-oblong, applanate.

Distr. Malesia: W. Java (Preanger regencies, once collected).

_ Ssp. scaphifolia (KOSTERM.) comb. nov.— Y._ scaphifolia KOSTERM.

Reinwardtia, 4 (1955) 2.

Leaves + prominently boat-shaped with the lower surface concave,

+ distinctly bullate between the nerves, the nerves and sometimes tertiary nerves

consequently + channelled above.

Distr. Malesia: S.E. Borneo (Samarinda, Balikpapan).

HoLotyPE: Kostermans 4085, S. Wain region, Balikpapan (BO; ISOHOLOTYPES

ind, K).

OTHER COLL: Kostermans 4174, b.b. 34419, S. Wain region; Kostermans 6533,

Loa Djanan, W. of Samarinda.

The Bornean collections of this rare species are given a distinctive appearance

by their bullate concave leaves.

Vatica mangachapoi BLCO FI. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 401; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868)

623; VIDAL Sinopsis (1883) t. 15 b; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Philip. (1886) 61; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc.

Bot. 31 (1895) 134; MERR. Publ. Govt. Lab. Philip. 27 (1905) 22; Philip. J. Sc. 1 (1906)

Suppl. 98; Sp. Blanc. (1918) 272; En. Philip. 3 (1923) 101; FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 6 (1911)

Bot. 282; ibid. 13 (1918) 196; ibid. 67 (1938) 321; REYES Philip. J. Sc. 11 (1923) 320;

SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 94; BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955)

101; ANDERSON Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 159. 228; ASHTON Gard. Bull. Sing. 20

(1963) 253; Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 71; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 33; MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For.

Rec. 5 (1964) 310.

Ssp. mangachapoi — Mocanera mangachapoi BLCO Fi. Filip. ed. 1 (1837)

540.— V. sinensis (non GMEL.) BLCO FI. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 401; ibid. ed. 2 (1845) 280;

ibid. ed. 3, 2 (1878) 156; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 236.—V. apteranthera BLCO FI. Filip. ed.

2 (1845) 281; ibid. ed. 3, 2 (1878) 156.— Dipterocarpus mangachapoi BLCO FI. Filip. ed. 2

(1845) 313; ibid. ed. 3 (1878) 216; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 614.— Shorea mangachapoi BL.

Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 34; DC. Prodr, 16, 2 (1868) 632; WALP. Ann. 4 (1857) 338;

F. VILL. Nov. App. (1880) 21.— Pteranthera sinensis BL., P. mangachapoi BL. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 30.— Anisoptera mangachapoi DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 616.—V.

scaphula (non DYER) F. VILL. Nov. App. (1880) 21.—V. bureavi HEIM Bull. Soc. Linn.

Paris, 2 (1891) 955; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 133; MERR. En. Born. (1921)

409; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 76.—Synaptea bureavi HEIM Rech. Dipt.

(1892) 114.—V. reticulata (non DC.) KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 106; —

BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 131; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 83;

FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 259 p.p.; BURK. Dict. 2 (1935) 2224.— Cotylelobium

philippinense HEIM ex BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 134, nomen pro syn. —

Synaptea reticulata RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 243.—V. whitfordii FOXW. Philip J. Sc.

67 (1938) 322. —V. patula SYM. J. Mal. Br. R. As, Soc. 19, 2 (1941) 148; Mal. For. Rec. 16

(1943) 226.

Leaf 6-11 by 2.7-5 cm, elliptic, coriaceous; base cuneate; acumen to 7 mm

long; panicle to 14 cm long.

Dipterocar paceae 23

Ssp. obtusifolia (ELMER) comb. nov.— Vatica obtusifolia ELMER Leafi.

Philip. Bot. 4 (1912) 1471; FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot. 196; ibid. 67 (1938) 323;

MERR. En, Philip. 3 (1923) 102.

LecroryPE: Elmer 12963, Mt. Pulgar, Puerto Princesa, Palawan (in flower)

(K).

OTHER COLL. San 25435, Bt. Mesasam, Beluran, Sabah (K).

Leaf small, thickly coriaceous, obtuse to subacuminate; panicle not exceeding

6 cm long.

Distr. Malesia: Palawan, E. Sabah. Rocky exposed ridges and plateaux,

very local.

Notes. V. mangachapoi is a species with much local variation, especially in

the Philippines, and I have no hesitation in reducing V. obtusifolia to it as a sub-

species. Forms approaching both V. odorata ssp. mindanensis and V. pachyphylla

occur, and suggest hybridisation.

Vatica odorata (GRIFF.) SYM. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 19 (1941) 156; ASHTON

Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 75; Gard. Bull. Sing. 22 (1967) 263.

Ssp. odorata. — YV. thorelii PIERRE FI. Coch. 15 (1890) ¢. 238; ibid. (1891) t. 254b;

GUERIN in LECOMTE. FI. Gen. I.-C. 1 (1912) 390; TARDIEU in ibid. Suppl. 1 (1943) 360.

SYNTYPES: Thorel s.n., 1866-68, Stung Treng (P); Thorel s.n., 1885, Uban,

Mekong (P); Thorel s.n. 1862-66 Chu Dan Moth (P), all in Cambodia.

— Perisandra laotica GAGNEPAIN, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. (1948) 27.

HoLotyPeE: Poilane 12090, Savannakhet, Laos (P).

The synonymy of this species has already been fully discussed by SYMING-

TON; further additions have later been made by myself. The additional Indochina

species added here, based on flowers and young fruits (V. thorelii) or flowering

specimens alone (P. laotica) are in my opinion well within the range of variation

of V. odorata. The following new subspecies, previously considered a separate

species is apparently confined to quartz sand raised beaches in Vietnam, generally

near the coast, and bears a relationship to ssp. odorata as V. mangachapoi Ssp.

obtusifolia does to ssp. mangachapot.

Ssp . tonkinensis (TARDIEU) ASHTON comb. nov.— Vatica tonkinensis A.

+ G945) ex TARDIEU Not. Syst, 10, 3 (1942) 137; in LECOMTE, Fl. Gén. I.-C. Suppl.

LEcroTyPE: Poilane 7301, Tourane, route de Ba Na (P).

Young parts fulvous flocculent pubescent as in ssp. odorata. Leaf 4-7 by

2-3 cm, small, elliptic-lanceolate, coriaceous, cuneate at base, + obtuse at apex;

nerves 5—10 pairs. Petiole 3-6 mm long, short, not geniculate. Panicle to 8 cm long,

flowers and fruit as in ssp. odorata.

OTHER COLL. Chevalier 37587, Quong-Yen, Yen Lap Province (P); Pételot

s.n., Ile de la table, Si Quang Yen Prov.; Fleury 38019, Phong Du reserve., Tonkin;

Barry 75, 70, 71, 72, 73, Kuet 95, Cam Ranh peninsular.

Tardieu cites (unnumbered) collections of BONNET from Tien Yen and

another, ‘service forestier’ from Hongay, neither of which I have seen.

Key to the subspecies of V. odorata.

1. Lamina typically at least 8 by 2.7 cm; nerves at least 10 pairs; petiole at least

a aie a, as hk Das ay gina ch sande pind'ns aginyphabses ce icrsdecnces 2.

2. Petiole 6-18 mm long, not geniculate; leaf drying yellow brown ............

Pee NE MIR LLILEL. GIMDEL Gus vauw dwwidic Cb Uv ebicdaunicwcdbboceddiaciccncene. Ssp. odorata

24 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

2. Petiole 15-20 mm long, + geniculate; leaf drying greyish .....................

sid astattn drape noe Soviets Gone Deh NEES il Ssp. mindanensis

1. Lamina to 7 by 3 cm, drying yellow-brown; nerves at most 10 pairs; petiole

at most'G mm iong, not gemculate .......6..008.5.04)anee eee Ssp. tonkinensis.

Vatica brevipes sp. nov.

V. micranthae SLOOT. affinis sed lamina obovata basim versus anguste

cuneata.

Small to medium sized tree. Buds, petioles and panicles densely persistently

pale brown scabrid puberulent; parts of petals exposed in bud and ovary evenly

so, sepals caducously evenly so; parts otherwise glabrous, Twigs c. 2 mm ¢ apically,

red-brown, prominently rugose and ribbed, becoming flaky. Buds to 3 by 2 mm,

ellipsoid. Leaves (4-) 5-13 by (1.5-) 2.5-5.5 cm, elliptic or obovate, thinly

coriaceous; base narrowly cuneate; acumen to 6 mm long, short but slender; nerves

7-10 pairs, ascending, straight at first, arching and forming a + incomplete

intramarginal nerve, slender but prominent beneath, elevated above, with a few

short secondaries; tertiary nerves distantly reticulate, clearly evident on both surfaces

though more so below; petiole 5-11 mm long, short, rather stout. Panicles to

1.6 cm long, short, very slender, axillary or terminal, hardly branched; buds to

3 by 2 mm, ellipsoid; sepals narrowly deltoid, lanceolate, subacute; anthers broadly

obong, tapering distally to the deltoid appendages; style broadly columnar, slightly

longer than the ovary, terminating in a prominent rim beneath the deltoid style.

Fruit pedicel to 6 mm long, slender; 2 longer calyx lobes to 5 by 1.4 cm, spatulate,

subacute or obtuse; 3 shorter lobes to 12 by 3 mm, lanceolate, acute; nut to 8 mm

, subglobose, apiculate.

Distr. Malesia: Borneo (Sarawak: Ulu Rejang). Local, in Mixed Dipterocarp

forest, to 700 m.

Ho.oryPe: S, 29633, Ulu Baleh, Kapit (K).

OTHER COLL.: S, 23943, 23991, Bt. Raya, Kapit; S. 29576, Ulu Baleh below

Nanga Mengiong.

Though undoubtedly close to V. micrantha the obovate leaf serves at once to

distinguish this species.

Vatica perakensis KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 103, p.p. emend SYM.

J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. Soc, 19, 2 (1941) 152; Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 226; BRANDIS J.

Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 132 p.p.; BRUHL & KING Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. 5, 2 (1896)

149 p.p.; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 86 p.p., FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10

(1932) 262 p.p.; BURK., Dict. 2 (1935) 2224. — Synaptea perakensis RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1

(1922) 242. p.p. —V. songa SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 93; HEYNE, Nutt.

Pied. 2; 2 (1927) t131:

Symington (1941) has critically reviewed the taxonomy and nomenclature of

this species in Malaya. I unite here V. songa SLOOT. (Syntypes: Theunissen 4, 4a

(= b.b. 233, 234) P. Moesala, W. Sumatra (BO) ) for the first time; it bears

no distinct difference and similarly occurs on coastal hills in Mixed Dipterocarp

forest, in West Sumatra.

Vatica pentandra sp. nov.

Vaticis alteris stamina 5 foliae minutae facile distinguitur.

Twigs, petioles and panicles persistently shortly scabrid fulvous pubescent,

calyx outside + caducously so, parts of petals exposed in bud and ovary persis-

tently evenly buff puberulent. Twigs c. 2 mm ¢ apically, ribbed, much branched,

ascending. Leaf buds minute. Leaves 18-45 by 9-20 mm, elliptic, thinly coriaceous,

with subrevolute margins, obtuse to broadly cuneate base and + deeply retuse

apex; nerves 4-5 pairs, ascending at c. 45°, slender, hardly elevated on either

Dipterocar paceae 25

surface though more so below; petiole 4-11 mm long, slender, hardly geniculate.

Panicle to 4 cm long, slender, singly branched; branchlets bearing to 3 flowers.

Flower buds to 9 by 3 mm; stamens 5, in a single whorl, flowers otherwise typical.

Fruit unknown.

HoLotyPe: Kostermans 10277, Belajan R., near Tabong, C. Kutei, E.

Borneo (L).

Known from a single collection. The only Vatica with but 5 stamens; the

leaves are among the smallest and most distinctive in the genus. Without fruit it is

not yet possible to assign this species to a section though it has the general

appearance of section Sunapteae.

Vatica cauliflora sp. nov.

V. sarawakensis HEIM, V. scortechinii KING, V. granulata SLOOT. putate

affinis sed costis lateralibus supra depressis acumine caudata petiolo gracili differt.

Twigs, petioles and panicles persistently scabrid fulvous pubescent; midrib

beneath caducously so; calyx outside, parts of petals exposed in bud and ovary

persistently evenly buff puberulent. Twigs c. 3 mm ¢ apically, stout, ribbed; leaf

buds minute. Leaves 7-22 by 2.5-8 cm, oblanceolate, coriaceous, with subrevolute

margins, obtuse to subcordate base and + prominent subcaudate acumen; nerves

c. 12 pairs, prominent beneath, evident but depressed above as also the many

secondaries; tertiaries reticulate, barely elevated though evident on both surfaces;

midrib prominent beneath, less so above; petiole 10-18 mm long, c. 2 mm 4,

relatively slender. Panicles to 6 cm long, 1-axillary, doubly branched, many

flowered. Flower buds to 7 by 2 mm, lanceolate, otherwise typical. Fruit unknown.

Distr. Malesia: Ulu Kapuas, W. Borneo. Locally frequent along river banks.

Ho.oryPe: b.b. 35234, S. Inai, Ulu Kapuas, W. Kalimantan (L).

OTHER COLL.: b.b. 35262, N. Lao, Ulu Kapuas; b.b. 35245, 35246, Ulu

Semulang, Kapuas.

Possibly allied to V. sarawakensis, V. scortechinii and V. granulata; it is

distinguished by the depressed nerves above, caudate acumen and slender petiole.

Dryobalanops

D. rappa. BECC.

SFN 32194, a flowering collection from swamps in S. E. Johor, Malaya,

differs from D. oblongifolius DYER, with which it was identified, in having more

coriaceous leaves and rufous flocculent pubescent innovations and inflorescence,

in this resembling D. rappa which is otherwise unknown outside Borneo. Fruits

are required to confirm this record.

Dryobalanops oblongifolia DYER — JJ. Bot. 12 (1874) 100; BURCK Ann. Jard.

Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 224; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 51; BRANDIS & GILG in

E. & P. Pfl, Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 259; BECCARI For. Born. (1902) 550, 572; MERR. En.

Born. (1921) 401; BURKILL J. Str. Br. R. As, Soc. 86 (1922) 291; DEN BERGER &

ENDERT Med. Proefst. Boschw. 11 (1925) 104; GILG in ENGLER Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21

(1925) 255; THORENAAR Med. Proefst, Boschw. 16 (1926) 110; FOXW. J. Mal. Br. R. As.

Soc. 5 (1927) 340; Mal. For. Rec. 1 (1921) 76; ibid. 3 (1927) 49; ibid. 8 (1930) 17; ibid. 10

(1932) 110; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. N. I. ed. 2, 2, (1927) 1105; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III,

12 (1932) 22; BURK. Dict. 1 (1935) 867; CORNER Wayside Trees (1940) 212; SYM. Mal. For.

Rec. 16 (1943) 196; WYATT-SMITH Mal. For. 18 (1955) 153 p.p.; BROWNE For Tr. Sarawak

and Brunei (1955) 116; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. Suppl. (1968) 23.

HootyPe: Beccari 2533, G. Matang, Sarawak (K).

26 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Ssp. oblongifolia Baillonodendron malayanum HEIM Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris,

2 (1891) 867; Rech. Dip, (1892) 38. D. abnormis SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Btzg II,

16 (1940) 449; ASHTON Bard. Bull. Sing. 22 (1967) 262.

Leaf 6-20 by 4.5-5 (6-6.5) cm; fruit calyx tube to 15 mm deep and 4,

massive, bordered by 5, to 5 by 7 mm, deltoid acute incrassate frequently reflexed

calyx lobes; nut ellipsoid to obovoid, prominently lenticellate.

Distr. Malesia: Borneo (Kapuas hinterland, Sarawak W. of Kemana).

Local on hillsides below 600 m.

Ssp. occidentalis ssp. nov. — _D. beccariana RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 211. ——

D. ovalifolla BURKILL Guide Bot. Gard. Sing. (1928) 22.

Lamina 6-11 X 2-4.5 cm; tubus calycis in fructu -8 mm longus campanu-

latus margine obscure 5-lobati; nux late ellipsoidea striata lissa haud lenticellata.

Distr. Malesia: Malaya (E. coast, rare from Perak northwards in W.); E.

Sumatra (Bengkalis, Riouw, Djambi, Palembang). By streams and in fresh water

swamps, locally abundant; occasionally on hillsides.

HOoLotyPE: Kep 5452, Temerloh, Pahang (KEP).

When discussing earlier the taxonomy of D. oblongifolia (1967) I concluded

that the Bornean, and Malayan and Sumatran, populations did not deserve

separate taxonomic status; inspection of further material has convinced me

otherwise.

Parashorea

Parashorea stellata KURZ J. R. As, Soc. Beng. Sc. 39, 2 (1870) 66; Fl. Burm. 1

(1877) 117; PIERRE FI. Coch. 4 (1889) 224; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed.

1, 3, 6 (1895) 267; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 104; Indian Trees (1906) 70;

GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gen. I-C. 1 (1910) 388; TARDIEU in ibid. Suppl. 1 (1943)

354; RIDL. Agr. Bull. S.S. & F. M. S. 6 (1907) 170; Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 83; BAKER

f. J. Bot. 62 Suppl. (1924) !1; CRAIB FI. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 144; HEYNE Nutt. PI.

ed. 1, 3 (1917) 310; ibid. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1126; LECOMTE Bois de I’Indochine (1926) 113;

SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 373 p.p.; BURK. Dict. 1 (1935) 1664. —— Shorea

stellata DYER FI. Br. Ind. 1 (1874) 304; KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 120.

HoLotyPeE: Brandis s.n., Martaban (BM).

P. lucida (non KURZ) SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8 (1927) 373 p.p.; SYM.

Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 102. —— S. cinerea FISCHER Kew Bull. (1926) 460.

HoLotyPe: Parkinson 1681, Thebyu Chaung, S. Tennasserim, Burma (K).

— P. poilanei TARDIEU Not. Syst. 10, 3 (1942) 136; in LECOMTE FI. Gén. I.-C.

Suppl. 1 (1943) 354,

HoLotyPe: Poilane 6612, Massif de la Mére et de |’ Enfant, Vietnam.

The type of Shorea cinerea FISCHER is a typical flowering collection of P.

stellata; nor am I able to distinguish TARDIEU’s species from the present one,

the distinguishing characters enumerated by her (non-reflexed young fruit sepals,

glabrous stamens, linear stipules, shortly pubescent ovary) being insufficient by

themselves for specific delimitation in this genus.

Van Slooten (1927) confused this species with P. lucida (MIQ.) KURZ.

Symington (1943) united the two under the name of P. lucida, I do not consider

this justifiable, the two species being distinguishable as follows:

P. stellata

Leaves 6-16 by 2.3-8 cm, drying as dark beneath as above (mature trees);

plication obscure; nerves distinct, arched, elevated but slender and not prominent

beneath; tertiary nerves dense, obscure; petiole (10—) 12-30 mm long, slender.

Dipterocar paceae 27

Distr. Southern Burma, Thailand, Indochina and Malaya (Trengganu and

Perak northwards). Frequent in lowland and hill evergreen dipterocarp forests in

seasonal areas, especially in valleys, to 650 m.

Parashorea lucida (MIQ.) KURZ J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 39, 2 (1870) 66;

BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 221; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 104;

HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 1, 3 (1919) 310; ibid. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1126; SLOOT. Bull, Jard. Bot.

Btzg II, 8 (1927) 373 p.p.; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. Suppl. (1968) 38 in nota sub P.

smythiesii. Shorea subpeltata MIQ. Sum. (1862) 488; 191; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 632;

WALP. Ann. 7 (1868) 370; BURCK Ann, Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 219; BRANDIS J. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 103. —— P. stellata (non KURZ) SLOOT. Bull. Jard, Bot. Btzg III,

8 (1927) 373 p.p.

Leaves 6-14 by 2.2-6.5 cm, + silvery lepidote beneath; plication subpersis-

tent; nerves dense, hardly arched, prominent beneath; tertiary nerves densely

scalariform, very slender but distinctly raised beneath; petiole 10-20 mm long,

relatively stout.

Distr. Malesia: Sumatra (Central E. & W. of Barisan Range), Borneo (C.

Kalimantan, C. and N. E. Sarawak). Mixed Dipterocarp forest on hills, to 700 m.

Van Slooten has already discussed the synonymy of S. peltata MIQ.

Neobalanocarpus nom. nov.

Neobalanocarpus heimii (KING) comb. nov. —_ Balanocarpus heimii KING J.

R. As. Soc. Beng. 62, 2 (1893) 133; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot, 31 (1895) 110; BURN

MURDOCH Agr. Bull. S. S. & F. M. S. 7 (1908) 386; Trees and Timbers (1911) 3; BURK.

J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc, 81 (1920) 3; J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 1 (1923) 218; Dict. 1 (1935)

204; RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 247; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1128; FOXW.

Mal. For. Rec. 1 (1921) 64; ibid. 3 (1927) 53; ibid. 8 (1930) 10; ibid. 10 (1932) 149; J. Mal.

Br. R. As. Soc. 5 (1927) 399; STRUGNELL J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 9 (1931) 24; SYM.

Gard. Bull. S, S. 8 (1934) 27; Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 147; CORNER Wayside Trees,

1 (1940) 210. —— B. wrayi KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 134. B.

acuminatus (non BRANDIS) HEIM Ass. Franc. Adv. Sc. Besancon, 1893 (1894) 560. ——

Pierrea penangiana HELM ex BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 31 (1895) 110 nomen in syn.

SYNTYPES: Kunstler 3718 (K), Wray 813, Perak (K).

Large tree with tall stout buttresses. Leaves penninerved, unequal-based, with

scalariform tertiary merves. Inflorescence paniculate. Flowers medium-sized,

secund; stamens 15, glabrous, with slender tapering filaments and linear-oblong

anthers bearing rudimentary appendages; ovary ovoid, with long slender style.

Fruit sepals short, subequal; pericarp splitting into 3 equal valves at germination;

cotyledons very unequal; first 4-5 seedling leaves in a whorl.

The possession of short equal fruit sepals, in the presence of a unique

androecium structure, deprives this single species from the sole character by which

it could be allotted to the genera Shorea or Hopea, underlining the close affinity

between these genera. The general appearance of tree and foliage and especially

the inflorescence, fruit embryo and mode of germination, suggests that this unsatis-

factory genus bears affinity with Hopea, sect. subsect Hopeae; the linear anthers

ate somewhat approached by those of H. plagata (BLCO) Vidal of the Philippines

though there the appendage is acicular and prominent. Nevertheless the hardly

contorted corolla of broad petals is distinctive and it remains too isolated to be

reduced convincingly to Hopea. The king of the Malayan forests must therefore

tetain its separate status. Balanocarpus it certainly is not, however, that genus

having already rightly been reduced to Hopea by Bole (Kew Bull. 1951 (1951)

146). A new generic name is therefore necessary.

28 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Hopea

Hopea cernua T. et B. — Nat. Tijd. N. I. 29 (1867) 252; MIQ. Ann. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 4; BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 241; BRANDIS & GILG

in E. & P. Pf. Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 244; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 31 (1895) 71;

GILG in E. & P. Pf, Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 238; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 402; ASHTON

Man. Dipt. Brun. Suppl. (1968) 49, —— Hancea cernua PIERRE Fl. Coch. 2 (1892) sub.

t. 244.

SYNTYPES: Teysmann s.n. Sibolga (sterile) (K); Binnendijk s.n, flowers,

Sumatra (K).

—— H. argentea MEIJER Act. Bot. Neerl. 12 (1963) 348; MEIJER & WOOD Sab.

For. Rec. 5 (1964) 207; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. Suppl. (1968) 47.

Ho.otyPeE: San. 16367, Ranau (K).

Meijer’s type differs substantially only in the relatively broader leaf and more

prominent nerves beneath. Examination of all the collections now available from

Sumatra, northern and eastern Borneo indicates that genetic and ontogenetic

variation is partially paralleled with regard to the prominence of the nerves;

saplings from West Sarawak, where the mature tree leaf is small and nervation

slender and not prominent, closely match Sabah and E. Borneo mature tree

leaves; there the leaves are of the H. argentea type throughout life. Some collections

from W. Sarawak have up to 18 stamens but this too is not constant. I understand

this species therefore to be defined by its thinly coriaceous leaf, to 9 by 7 cm,

frequently but not always glaucous beneath; its dryobalanoid venation with 10-12

pairs of main nerves but prominent though distinctly shorter secondaries; and its

prominent midrib above, narrowly revolute margin, absence of floral stylopodium,

and fruit with prominent shorter sepals which exceed the nut and enclose it.

Hopea coriacea BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 237; BRANDIS J. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 64; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 402.

Type: Teysmann s.n., Borneo (K).

— H. kelantanensis SYM. J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 19 (1941) 144; Mal, For. Rec. 16

(1943) 130.

RUPEES Kep. 50533, S. Nal, Kelantan, Malaya (KEP).

— garangbuaya ASHTON Gard. Bull. Sing. 19 (1963) 256; Man. Dipt. Brun.

(1964) 101; "ib Suppl. (1968) S51.

Ho.otyPe: Brun. 2006a, Ulu Senuko, Labu, Brunei (K).

Burck’s species, based on a single specimen, has remained a shadowy entity.

Further collection of H. kelantanensis from as far south as Pahang on the eastern

Malayan coast, and of H. garangbuaya from throughout Sarawak have confirmed

that these are synonymous and that both must be reduced to Burck’s species.

Allied to H. cernua T. et. B., H. coriacea is at once distinguished by its large,

11-16 by 6-10 cm, thickly coriaceous broadly ovate leaf and large flowers and

fruit. It is usually, though not always, found on sandy river banks.

Hopea malibato FOXW. in ELMER Leafl. Philip. Bot. 6 (1913) 1953; Philip.

J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot. 184; ibid. 67 (1938) 281; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 93; GUTIERREZ

Act. Manil. 4, A, 2 (1968) 39.

Type: Elmer 13526, Mount Urdaneta, Cabadbaran, Agusan Province,

Mindanao (K).

H. pierrei (non HANCE) FOXW. Philip J. Sc. 6 (1911) Bot. 265 p.p.; ibid. 13 (1918)

184 p.p H. foxworthyi (non ELMER) FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 67 (1938) 282 Bully pte

Hopea Wadia GUTIERREZ Act. Manil. 4 A, 2 (1968) 42.

HoLotyPeE: PNH 97150 (Gutierrez et al.). Maluso, Canas, Basilan.

—— H. dalingdingan GUTIERREZ Kalikasan 5 (1976) 92.

HoLotypPe: PNH 116902, Siniloan, Laguna, Luzon (PNH),.

Dipterocar paceae 29

This Philippine species, as indicated already in this paper, varies greatly in

the size of its parts; leaves can vary between 4-9 x 1.5—-4 cm, and from lanceolate

to ovate; flowers and fruit also vary in size though the former can reach

6 by 3 mm before anthesis, large for section Dryobalanoides.

Variation in leaf shape and size appears to be complex and both genetic

and ontogenetic. The species occupies a wide range of sites from shales and lime-

stone to basalt, and from river banks to ridges at 700 m. This variation would merit

biometrical study in the field. I have been unable to see any discontinuity in

variation either in the field or herbarium and consequently unite H. woodiana

and H. dalingdingan, the names created by Gutierrez for small-leaved collections

formerly confused with H. pierrei Hance and H. foxworthyi Elmer; these latter

species conspicuously differ in their obscure depressed midribs on the leaf above

as well as other characters. I define H. malibato therefore by its dryobalanoid

unequal-based ovate-lanceolate leaf with c. 11 pairs of slender but elevated nerves

with shorter secondaries, its evident and elevated midrib above, and by the absence

of a floral stylopodium, small fruit and glabrous parts except for the petals and

more or less caducous puberulent innovations. It differs therefore from H. vesquei

HEIM in that the ripe nut does not exceed 11 mm long, from H. dryobalanoides

M1Q. in that the fruit sepals do not exceed 4 cm long (as well as in characters of

the leaf midrib and petiole) and from H. johorensis SYM., H. latifolia SYM. and

H. ferruginea PARIS notably in its glabrous panicle.

Hopea pierrei HANCE J. Bot. 14 (1876) 308; ibid. 16 (1877) 329; BRANDIS &

GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 263; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895)

67 p.p.; GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gén. L.-C. 1 (1910) 372; TARDIEU in ibid. Suppl. 1

(1943) 344; GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 238; DAKKUS Bull. Jard. Bot.

Btzg 3, Suppl. 1 (1930) 162; SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 9 (1938) 323; Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943)

139; SMITINAND Thai For, Bull. 1 (1954) 19.

Ho.LoryPe: Pierre 1425, Phu Quoc island, Kampot, Cambodia (BM).

—— H. micrantha (non HOOK. f.) HANCE J. Bot. 15 (1876) 242; Hancea pierrei

PIERRE FI. Coch. 3 (1892) 248. —— Hopea avellanea HEIM Bot. Tiddskr. 25 (1902) 46;

SCHMIDT Bot. Tiddskr. 27 (1906) 46; GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gén. I.-C. 1 (1910)

375; TARDIEU in ibid. Suppl. 1 (1943) 376; CRAIB Fl. Siam, Enum. 1 (1925) 147;

SMITINAND, Thai For. Bull. (1954) 10; Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 19 (1958) 63.

HoLotyPeE: Schmidt 320, Klong Munse, Koh Chang Isl. (C).

Symington (1938) has already clarified the synonymy of this species in

Malaya. I add H. avellanea HEIM; the distinctive depressed obscure midrib above,

and hour-g ass shaped stylopodium, betray the identity of the type of this name,

based on insubstantial characters and inadequate material.

Hopea inexpectata sp. nov.

H. griffithii KURZ affinis novellis sericeis petiolo 6-7 mm longo brevi differt.

Medium sized smooth-barked tree. Young twigs, petioles and base of

Boo? caducous tawny puberulent. Twigs c. 2 mm ¢ apically, slender, much

ranched, somewhat ribbed, becoming blackish, smooth. Leaves 5-9 by 2.44.5 cm,

Ovate, coriaceous; margin subrevolute; base + equal, broadly cuneate; acumen

to 15 mm long, slender; nervation dryobalanoid, main nerves 8-10 pairs, slender

but distinctly elevated beneath, arched, with 1 or a few shorter less distinct

secondary nerves; tertiary nerves reticulate, evident beneath; midrib sharply

prominent beneath, depressed and obscure above; petiole 6-7 mm long, short,

slender. Flowers unknown. Panicle to 2.5 cm long, terminal or axillary to rami-

florous, slender, singly branched; bracts unknown, caducous. Fruit pedicel to 2 mm

long, slender; 2 longer calyx lobes to 7 by 1.5 cm, spatulate, subacute, tapering

to 2 mm broad above the 4 by 2 mm ovate saccate thickened base; shorter lobes

30 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

to 6 by 3 mm, ovate, acuminate, shorter than nut; nut to 8 by 4 mm, ovoid-

acuminate, tapering to a short apiculus bearing the vestiges of the distinct

stylopodium,

Distr. Malesia: W. New Guinea (Kebar valley). Locally frequent in lowland

forest.

HoLotyreE: BW 11331, Asiti, Kebar valley, Irian Jaya (W. New Guinea)

(L).

OTHER CoLL: BW 6865, Anomi, Kebar valley.

This unexpected record of the first member of section Dryobalanoides east of

Wallace’s line suggests the possibility of polyphyletic origin, presumably from

section Hopeae, which is otherwise the only section occurring in New Guinea

and already shows remarkable plasticity there as in H. celtidifolia (q.v.). H.

inex pectata shows a strong superficial resemblance to H. griffithii KURZ, but

differs in its lustrous leaf undersurface, sericeous young parts and short petiole;

flowers are required for critical comparison of androecium and gynoecium.

Hopea pedicellata (BRANDIS) SYM. — Gard. Bull. S. S. 9 (1938) 327; Mal.

For. Rec. 16 (1943) 138; SMITINAND Thai For, Bull. 1 (1954) 10, 19; ASHTON Man.

Dipt. Brun. Suppl. (1968) 54.

LECTOTYPE: Curtis 167, Penang (K).

— H. micrantha (non HOOK. f.) KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 124

p.p.; RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 237 p.p. H. griffithii var. pedicellata BRANDIS J.

Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 69 p.p. quoad spec. Malay.; RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 238, ——

H. intermedia (non KING) BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 67 p.p.; EE:

mengerawan (non MIQ.) BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 70 p.p. —— H. pierrei (non

HANCE) RIDL. FI. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 238 pp.; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 133

p.p.; BURK. Dict. 1 (1935) 1193 p.p. —— H. siamensis HEIM Bot. Tiddskr. 25 (1902) 46;

WILLIAMS Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2, 5 (1905) 147; SCHMIDT Bot. Tiddskr. 7 (1907) 46;

GUERIN in LECOMTE FI. Gén, I.-C. 1 (1910) 376; TARDIEU in ibid Suppl. 1 (1943) 348;

CRAIB FI. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 147; SMITINAND Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 19 (1958) 63.

Ho.otyPe: Schmidt 508 c, Klong Son, Koh Chang Isl. (C).

I have inspected the type of H. siamensis, consisting of fruit only, and fail

to see any differences between it and H. pedicellata.

Hopea rudiformis sp. nov.

H. nervosae KING H. sublanceolatae SYM. affinis sed costis lateralibis

utrinsecus 11-13 lamina subtus + glauca differt.

Medium sized tree. Twigs, leaf buds and parts of petals exposed in bud

densely + persistently pale tawny puberulent; panicles sparsely so; calyx outside

and nerves and midrib beneath sparsely caducously so. Twigs c. 2 mm ¢ apically,

rather straight, ribbed, becoming smooth, dark brown, Bud small, ovoid, acute;

stipule fugaceous, unknown. Leaves 6.5-14 by 3.5-7.5 cm, ovate to broadly

lanceolate, thinly coriaceous, minutely stellate lepidote and appearing pale and

dull beneath; margin subrevolute; base broadly cuneate; acumen to 1.5 cm long,

broad, tapering, downcurved and twisted over on pressing; nerves 11-13 pairs,

slender but prominent beneath, + obscurely depressed above, arched, at 55°-65°;

secondary nerves few, short, hardly elevated beneath; tertiary nerves densely

scalariform, obscure; petiole 8-13 mm long. Panicle to 3.5 cm long, to 2-axillary;

singly branched, branchlets bearing to 3 flowers; bracts unknown, fugaceous.

Flower bud to 3 by 2 mm, ovoid, small. Sepals subequal, broadly ovate, suba-

cuminate, Stamens 15, in 3 subequal verticels; filaments compressed at base,

tapering medially and filiform below the shortly oblong anthers; appendages

slightly longer than anthers, short, slender. Ovary ovoid, surmounted by an

indistinct tapering ciliate stylopodium and short columnar style c. } length of

ovary and stylopodium. Fruit pedicel to 2 mm long, short, base of ripe fruit +

Dipterocar paceae 31

impressed. 2 longer calyx lobes to 9 by 2 cm, broadly spatulate, obtuse, c. 3 mm

broad above the to 6 by 5 mm ovate deeply saccate thickened base; 3 shorter

lobes to 8 by 8 mm, ovate, chartaceous at margin, subacute, reaching apex of nut

and adpressed to it; nut to 8 by 8 mm, ovoid, terminating in the persistently

truncate stylopodium.

Distr. Malesia: S. E. Borneo (Sandakan to Pulau Laut); Ulu Kapuas, W.

Borneo. Undulating land on deep well-drained soil in lowlands; sometimes in

freshwater swamps.

VERN. Selangan jangkang, emang bahau, putang leman, damar jengkar.

HoLotyPe: Kostermans 4394, S. Wain, North of Balikpapan (L).

OTHER COLL: Indonesian Borneo: b.b. 34778, S. Kerajan, Sengkulirang: b.b.

34314, 34250, 34295, Kostermans 4549, 4549a, S. Wain; b.b. 19460, 31175, Tanah

Bumba, Seblimbingan, P. Laut; Kostermans 4109, Muan region, Balikpapan; b.b.

24655, Manggar, Balikpapan; b.b. 24939, Mentawir, Balikpapan; b.b. 25151,

25152, 25150, 25155, 25154, Loa Bakoeng, E. Koetei; b.b. 25603, Sepan; b.b.

35254, Ulu Embalu, Kapuas, West Borneo; Sabah: San. 30483, 29672, Ulu

Kelumpang; San. 53121, Mile 17, Kelumpang road; San 18563, Ulu Kelabakan,

Tawau; Kep 35226, Segaliud, Lungmanis, Sandakan.

This species appears to be derived from the widespread H. nervosa KING

whose geographical range includes its own. It differs in the shorter broader leaf,

pale beneath and with fewer nerves; it shares however the same distinctive flowers

and large fruit which associates it, with H. nervosa and also H. sublanceolata

SYM. of Malaya, in a distinct subgroup within subsection Sphaeocarpae.

Hopea bracteata BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 239; BRANDIS J, Linn.

Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 111; SYM. Gard. Bull. S.S. 10 (1939) 337; SLOOT. Reinwardtia 3 (1956)

317; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 97; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 48; MEIJER & WOOD Sab.

For. Rec. 5 (1964) 229. — B. bracteatus MERR. En. Born. (1921) 407; FOXW. Mal. For.

Rec. 10 (1932) 142; BURK. Dict. 1 (1935) 284.

Ho.LotyPe: Teysmann 8265 H. B., W. Borneo (BQO).

— Balanocarpus curtisii KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62 (1893) 131; BRUHL &

KING Ann. R, Bot. Gard. Calc. 5, 2 (1896) 158; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895)

lil; BURKILL J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 81 (1920) 59; RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 246;

SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1934) 27. —— H. minima SYM. Gard. Bull, S. S. 10 (1939) 337;

Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 133.

Type: Curtis 1406, Penang (K).

Distr. Malesia: Malaya (Penang, Perak), Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sanda-

kan, S. E. Borneo to Puruktjau).

EcoL. Locally abundant on ridges below 650 m.

Symington (1939), in critical notes on this species in Malaya, concluded that

it differed sufficiently there, both in having shorter panicles and in unspecified

leaf characters, to merit separate specific status from the Bornean H. bracteata;

he also recognised significant differences between the Penang and mainland

populations. The species has since been collected many more times, particularly

in northern Borneo, and I am now unable to sustain the Malayan collections as a

separate entity.

The rare Hopea brachyptera (FOXW.) SLOOT. of Zamboanga, Mindanao

closely resembles H. bracteata though the leaf is somewhat larger. The ovary

differs, according to Foxworthy (Philip. J. Sc. 13 (1918) 195; ibid. 67 (1938)

285) in being densely pubescent; I have seen neither flowers nor fruits, which

may all have been lost when the Manila herbarium was destroyed in 1945.

32 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Hopea celtidifolia sp. nov.

— H. celtidifolia KOSTERM. nomen in herb.

Hic species ab alteris propter costas laterales arcuatas conjunctas praestat.

Medium sized scaly barked buttressed tree. Young twigs, leaf buds and

stipules densely + persistently tawny puberulent, petioles caducously so. Twig

c. 1 mm ¢ apically, much branched; internodes short. Buds small, ovoid, subacute;

stipules small, fugaceous. Leaves 5-10 by 3-4.5 cm, elliptic to lanceolate,

coriaceous, margin subrevolute; base obtuse to broadly cuneate; acumen to 8 mm

long, slender; nerves 4-5 pairs, frequently all arising from the proximal 4 of the

leaf, arched and coalescing midway to the margin forming an almost unlooped

intramarginal nerve continuing to the acumen, the whole venation slender but

prominent beneath, distinctly elevated above; intramarginal nerve with indistinct

lateral branches to the margin; tertiary nerves scalariform, evident beneath,

elevated above; petiole 8-10 mm long, slender. Panicle unknown; flowers unknown.

Fruit pedicel c, 2 mm long, stout; 2 longer calyx lobes to 5 by 1 cm, spatulate,

obtuse, c. 2 mm broad above the to 6 by 3 mm narrowly ovate saccate thickened

base; 3 shorter lobes to 5 by 4 mm, obtuse to acute, similarly saccate. Nut to

15 by 6 cm, narrowly ovoid, the stylopodium showing as a prominent medially

thickened apiculus.

Distr. New Guinea; apparently local in evergreen lowland forests.

HoLotyPe: BW 4854, R. Digoel, near Wagi, South New Guinea (L).

OTHER COLL: BW 8533, Iwoer, E. Digoel river junction, Moejoe subdiv.,

S. New Guinea; BW 6430, 6441, Ninati, Moejoe river; Bemerlen 4, Strickland

river.

Specimens of this astonishing species in the type section, distinguished from

all other dipterocarps by its nervation, were annotated at Kew by Kostermans

with the appropriate name Hopea celtidifolia.

Hopea dasyrrachis SLOOT., Hopea plagata VIDAL and H. gregaria SLOOT.

I draw attention to the fact that the following specimen from the N., E.

Sarawak limestone has been tentatively identified as H. dasyrrachis owing to the

suborbicular longer fruit sepals: S. 24037, Melinau Gorge, G. Api, Ulu Tutoh.

Nevertheless, the leaves differ from H. dasyrrhachis from Indonesian Borneo in

being narrow, glabrous, usually lacking domatia and with shorter, 5-10 mm long

petioles, in all these characters resembling the Philippine species H. plagata. H.

plagata fruit are occasionally (but not always) nearly suborbicular too; A.

dasyrrhachis has 10 stamens and a sericeous ovary, H. plagata c. 35 and a g'abrous

ovary though one collection (Loher 12914, Luzon) possesses only 15 stamens and

has a puberulent ovary as already pointed out by Gutierrez (Act. Manil. 4, A, 2

(1968) 55). It would appear that the two species are closely related.

H. gregaria SLOOT. of Celebes, which also has 15 stamens and shares

suborbicular fruit sepals, but which has a glabrous gynoecium bearing a long

slender stylopodium unlike the short stylopodium of the other two species, would

appear related also. More flowering collections from H. plagata and from H.

en in N. E. Borneo are urgently required to clarify these inter-relation-

ships.

Hopea aptera sp. nov.

H. ultima sp, nov., H. novoguineensis SLOOT., H. scabra sp. nov., H.

papuana DIELS similis lobis calycis brevibus subaequalibus differt. |

Small, smooth-barked, stilt-rooted tree. Twigs, petioles and panicles +

persistently greyish sericeous, outside of calyx and leaf nervation beneath

caducously so, parts of petals exposed in bud densely pubescent. Twig c. 2 mm

@ apically, becoming terete, + rugulose. Buds minute, ovoid; stipules fugaceous, — :

Dipterocar paceae 33

not seen. Leaves 10.5-25 by 4-8 cm, oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous; margin sub-

revolute; base obtuse or shallowly cordate; acumen to 3 cm long, prominent,

slender; nerves 15—21 pairs, slender but prominent beneath, + obscurely depressed

above, arched towards the margin, at 55°-70°, without secondaries; tertiary nerves

scalariform, very slender but elevated beneath; midrib prominent beneath, elevated

above; petioles 8-12 mm long. Panicle to 7 cm long, 1-axillary to ramiflorous,

lax, slender; singly branched, branchlets to 1.5 cm long, bearing to 3 secund

flowers. Flower buds to 5 by 3 mm, ellipsoid, rather long. Sepals subequal, suborbi-

cular, pubescent, fimbriate, patent. Stamens 15, in 3 unequal verticels; filaments

compressed and broad at base, tapering and filiform in the distal 4; anthers small,

subglobose; appendage c. 34 times length of anthers, very long and slender. Ovary

and stylopodium narrowly hour-glass shaped, with short but distinct columnar

style. Fruit pedicel very short. Calyx lobes to 8 by 6 mm, subequal, ovate, acute,

saccate, + thinly incrassate. Nut to 10 by 6 mm, ovoid, crowned by a prominent

medially swollen stylopodium.

Distr. N. W. New Guinea (Vogelkop peninsula). Locally common, primary

and secondary forest below 300 m., clay soil including limestone.

Ho.LotyPe: BW 7409, Aitinjoe, Vogelkop, West New Guinea (L).

OTHER COLL.: BW 7414, 7415, loc. cit.

One of the several species in New Guinea which apparently belong to sect.

and subsect. Hopeae yet which share with subsect. Pierreae a large oblong leaf with

more or less unequal base and narrow tapering, though not spindle-shaped,

stylopodium; H. aptera is distinguished by its short subequal fruit sepals.

Hopea ultima sp. nov.

H. scabra sp. nov., H. papuana DIELS affinis aed lamina basim versus

subequali subcordata tomento conferto persistenti brevi ravo differt.

Medium sized unbuttressed tree with flaky bark. Twigs, petioles, panicles

and calyx densely pale tawny puberulent, midrib beneath sparsely so; parts of

petals exposed in bud densely pubescent. Twigs c. 2 mm ¢ apically, terete, +

rugose, pale brown, becoming smooth. Leaves 6-17 by 3-6 cm, oblong, sub-

sericeous; base subcordate, + equal, margin narrowly revolute; acumen to 5 mm

long, stout; nerves 16-18 pairs, slender but prominent beneath, at 50°-65°;

tertiary nerves slender, hardly elevated, scalariform; midrib slender but prominent

beneath, elevated above; petiole 9-14 cm long. Panicles to 5 (-8) cm long, -3

axillary to ramiflorous or sometimes terminal, short, slender; 1-2 branched, the

branchlets bearing to 6 secund flowers. Flower buds to 5 by 2 mm, ellipsoid.

Sepals unequal, the outer 2 lanceolate, inner 3 ovate, erose. Stamens 15; filaments

dilated at base, tapering medially; anthers subglobose; appendage 24-3 times

length of anthers, aristate. Ovary and stylopodium narrowly fusiform, tapering

into a shorter style. Fruit unknown.

Distr. E. New Guinea (Milne Bay area, Normanby Is.).

HoLotypPeE: Brass 25419, Waikaiuna, Normanby Island (K).

OTHER COLL.: NGF 1342, Milne Bay area, S. E. New Guinea.

Though superficially similar to H. scabra and H. papuana the less unequal

subcordate leaf base and short even tawny puberulent indumentum distinguish it.

Hopea scabra sp. nov.

H. novoguineensis DIELS affinis sed fructus -8 <X 6 mm minori costis

tertiariis subtus glabrescentibus differt.

Medium sized buttressed tree. Twigs, petioles, leaf buds and stipules +

persistently pale rufous scabrid pubescent, leaf nervation beneath and midrib

above sparsely but distinctly so; calyx fugaceous puberulent outside, Twigs c.

34 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

2 mm ¢ apically, much branched, becoming terete, smooth, pale brown. Leaf

buds minute, ovoid; stipules to 7 by 3 mm, lanceolate, caducous. Leaves 6.5-17 by

2.3-6.5 cm, oblong to lanceolate-falcate, coriaceous; margin subrevolute; base

unequal, cordate; acumen to 1.5 cm long + caudate, slender; nerves 15-24 pairs,

slender but prominent beneath, obscurely + shallowly depressed above, arched,

at 70°-80°, with many short but distinct secondary nerves; tertiary nerves scalari-

form, distinctly elevated beneath; midrib slender but prominent beneath, elevated

above; petiole 4-6 mm long. Panicle to 4.5 cm long, short, slender, 1-axillary;

singly branched, branchlets to 13 mm long, bearing to 4 flowers; bracts to 1 mm

long, deltoid, acute. Flowers buds at anthesis unknown. Very young fruit with

2 narrowly deltoid-acuminate outer sepals, 3 suborbicular fimbriate obtuse inner

sepals, and ovoid ovary surmounted by a slightly narrower, equally long, promi-

nent stylopodium and short but distinct style. Fruit pedicel short; 2 longer calyx

lobes to 8 by 1.8 cm, spatulate, obtuse, 2 mm wide above the to 5 by 4 mm ovate

deeply saccate thickened base; 3 shorter lobes to 8 by 6 mm, ovate, acuminate,

similarly saccate. Nut to 8 by 6 mm, ovoid; stylopodium prominent, tapering.

Distr. W. New Guinea (Hollandia Div., Madang). Clay soils on undulating

land, locally frequent.

HoLotyPE: BW 2376, Sidoarsi mountains, 200 km. west of Jayapura

(Hollandia)y, W. New Guinea (L).

OTHER COLL.: BW 7988, Sidoarsi mountains, BW 4826; Noordwijk, Hollandia;

BW 5887, 8087, Bodem R., 600 km. S. E. of Saruni, Hollandia division; BW 15,

Cyclops mountain, Hollandia Division; BW 2705, 2715, Tami, Merading,

Hollandia; b.b. 25089, Kostermans and Soegeng 76, 154, 125, Jayapura (Hollandia);

Hoogland 4966, Kokun R. near Jaal village, Gogol R. country, Madang distr.,

E. New Guinea.

The smaller nut and sparser, less scabrid tomentum distinguishes this species

from H. papuana DIELS. Sterile collections of H. scabra have sparsely scabrous

tertiary nerves beneath whereas in the latter they are glabrous.

Hopea ovoidea sp. nov.

H. semicuneata SYM. similis sed ovario ovoidea conferte pubescenti aristis

antherorum brevioribus differt.

Large buttressed flaky barked tree. Leaf bud, panicle, parts of perianth

exposed in bud and ovary densely persistently pale buff pubescent, parts otherwise

glabrescent. Twigs c. | mm ¢ apically, slender, becoming terete, smooth or rugu-

lose. Buds minute; stipule unknown, fugaceous. Leaves 9-13 by 3-6.5 cm, elliptic

to narrowly ovate, chartaceous and undulate on drying; base equal, cuneate, +

shortly decurrent; acumen to 2 cm long, slender, tapering; nerves 7-8 (to 10 in

young trees) pairs, slender but distinctly elevated beneath, arched, ascending at

65°-55°, without or with a few porous canaliculate domatia; tertiary nerves

scalariform, + distinctly elevated beneath; petiole 10-15 mm long, slender. Panicle

to 13 mm long, erect, slender, to 2-axillary or terminal, singly branched; branchlets

to 3.5 cm long, bearing to 7 secund flowers; bracteoles fugaceous. Flower buds

to 3 by 2 mm, ovoid; 2 outer sepals narrowly deltoid, subacute; 3 inner sepals

broadly ovate, acute; stamens 15, in 3 subequal verticels; filaments compressed at

base, tapering to the narrowly elliptic subacute anthers; appendages 14-2 times

length of anther, acicular, relatively stout; ovary and stylopodium ovoid, sur-

mounted by a short glabrous columnar style c. 4 their length. Fruit unknown.

Distr. N. E. Borneo: (Sandakan to Tawau). Low hills near coast; rare.

HoLotyPe: E’mer 21428. Elphinstone province, Tawau (K),

OTHER COLL.: San 21690, Segama road, Lahad Datu; San A 4829, Kretam;

San A 2489, Matrid, Lahad Datu.

Dipterocar paceae 35

Closely resembling H. semicuneata SYM. when sterile, it can nevertheless be

distinguished by its brown, rather than grey-brown, drying leaves and small

canaliculate rather than pustular domatia which are at times absent; the pubescent

ovoid ovary and rather stout short connectival appendages (slender and thrice as

long as the anthers in H. semicuneata) define this species,

Hopea celebica BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 237; BRANDIS, J. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 64; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1110; SLOOT. Reinwardtia 2

(1952) 15; BACKER & BAKH. f. FI. Jav. 1 (1963) 331.

Type: Teysmann 12779 H. B., Maros, S. W. Celebes (L, BO).

—— Hopea dolosa SLOOT. Reinwardtia, 2 (1952) 18.

Type: Kjellberg 2065, Lampen, Malili, S. E. Celebes (BO).

The only consistent difference between Burck’s and Van Slooten’s species

that I can confirm is the persistence of the tomentum in the former, expecially

on the panicle. This does appear to distinguish specimens of the S. E. from

S.W. peninsulars of Celebes but, on the meagre material presently available, would

hardly appear enough to merit taxonomic recognition even at infraspecific level.

Hopea iriana SLOOT. Reinwardtia 2 (1952) 28; van ROYEN Man. Forest Trees

Papua New Guinea 8 (1965) 35.

Type: b.b. 25644, Hollandia (BO, L).

— Hopea nabirensis SLOOT. Reinwardtia 2 (1952) 27; van ROYEN Man, Forest Trees

Papua New Guinea 8 (1965) 38.

HoLotyrPe: Kanehira and Hatusima 12544, Sennen Nabire, Geelvink Bay,

W. New Guinea (BO).

The type of H. nabirensis, in fruit, in my opinion represents a specimen of

H, iriana with unusually short leaves and prominent domatia, but comes within

the range of variation of that species.

Hopea pachycarpa (HEIM) SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1934) 30; BROWNE

_ For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 125; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 105; Gard.

Bull. Sing. 22 (1967) 271; Man Dipt. Brun. Suppl. (1968) 54. Pierrea pachycarpa HEIM

Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 2 (1891) 598; Rech. Dipt. (1892) 78; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P.

Pfl. Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 268; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 113; MERR. En.

Born. (1921) 408; GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 263.

Type: Beccari 3314, Sarawak (P, K).

— Balanocarpus pubescens RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 247; FOXW. Mal. For.

Rec. 10 (1932) 147; SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1934) 28, 32; BURK. Dict. 1 (1935) 288.

Pierreocar pus pachycar pa RIDL. ex SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1934) 30 nomen in syn.

Taxa SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1934) 33; BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955)

125; ASHTON Man, Dipt. Brun. Suppl. (1967) 54.

— H. resinosa SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1935) 278; Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 141.

HoLotyPE: Kep 3602, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaya (KEP).

I have earlier (1967) discussed the synonyms of this species in Borneo. I

now reduce here also the Malayan H. resinosa. Though this typically has somewhat

smaller, fewer nerved leaves which are less glaucous beneath several Bornean

collection from mature trees, especially from West Sarawak, fall well within its

range of variation and I am unable on present evidence to define even geographical

subspecies.

Hopea bilitonensis sp. nov.

Species in sect. Hopeae subsect. Pierreae costis lateralibus utrinsecus 6-8

remotis costis tertiariis remote subreticulatis paniculis l-axillaribus facile distin-

guitur.

36 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Small smooth barked tree with stilt roots. Leaf buds and parts of petals

exposed in bud densely tawny pubescent, young twigs and panicles fugaceously

so, otherwise glabrous. Twigs c. 1 mm ¢ apically, slender, much branched, red-

brown, terete, smooth. Leaf buds c. 1 by 1 mm, ovoid, acute; stipules unknown,

fugaceous. Leaves 7.5-16 by 3.5-6 cm, ovate-lanceolate, + chartaceous, lustrous;

base obtuse to subcordate, subequal; acumen to 2 cm long, attenuate;

nerves 6-8 pairs, prominent beneath, applanate above, arched at 50°-60°;

tertiary nerves distantly subreticulate, slender but distinctly elevated beneath;

petiole 6-8 mm long, short. Panicle to 18 cm long, slender, axillary,

so.itary, lax, pendent; twice branched, branchlets to 4 cm _ long, bearing

to 6 flowers; bracts and bracteoles minute, deltoid, caducous. Flower bud to

3 by 2 mm, lanceolate, Sepals fimbriate; 2 outer deltoid, subacute; 3 inner ovate,

subacute. Stamens 15, in 3 unequal verticels, shorter than style at anthesis;

filaments somewhat slender, compressed at base, tapering distally and filiform

beneath the small subglobose anthers; appendages c. 34 times as long as anthers,

very long and slender, + crisped. Ovary small, ovoid, with somewhat longer

oblanceolate stylopodium and short terminal style. Fruit pedicel to 2 mm long,

stout. 2 longer calyx lobes to 5 by 1.2 cm, broadly spatulate, obtuse, c. 7 mm

broad above the to 7 by 4 mm subauriculate centrally thickened base; 3 shorter

lobes to 9 by 6 mm, ovate, acuminate, shorter than nut. Nut to 10 by 6 mm,

ovoid, prominently slender apiculate.

Distr. Malesia: Belitung, N. W. Malaya. Locally common in lowland forest,

once recorded from limestone in Perak, N.W. Malaya.

Ho.otyPeE: b.b. 23087, Air Malih, Billiton (Belitung) (L).

OTHER COLL.: b.b. 20335, Air Malih; b.b. 23085, Kepayang; Teysmann 11070,

Tg, Pandan; Teysmann 11068, Mangar; Van Rossum 3, 8, b.b. 20112, Herb

Billiton 4, Belitung; Kep 110201, G. Gajah, Kampar, Perak, Malaya.

An interesting species, locally common on the relatively seasonal islands of

Banka and Belitung and now recorded from limestone in relatively seasonal N. W.

Malaya — a distribution that has apparently become disjunct since the Pleistocene.

Though an isolated species on account of its leaves, solitary axillary inflorescences

and small fruit the leaves nonetheless recall those of the anomalous H. poly-

althioides SYM. of East Johor, still unknown in flower or fruit, though they

differ in size and shape.

Shorea

Shorea falcifera DYER ex BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot, 31 (1895) 86; BECC.

For. Born. (1902) 571; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 571,

HoLotyPeE: Beccari 3046 (K).

— Hopea linggensis BOERL. Cat. Hort. Bog. (1901) 103.

Ho.otyPes Tree VII. C. 2, in hort. Bog. (BO ).

S. glauca (non KING) BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 168 p.p. ——

S. flava MEIJER Act. Bot. Neerl. 12 (1963) 325; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. Suppl. (1968) 69.

HototyPeE: S. 9480, Santubong, Sarawak (K).

There is no doubt that Meijer’s and Brandis’ types represent the same species,

distinguished by its relatively small glaucous falcate leaf with c. 10 pairs of nerves.

Shorea falciferoides FOXW. Philip. — J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot. 189; ibid. 67 (1938)

296.

Ssp. falciferoides.

LecrotyPE: F. B. 25664, Masinloc, Zambales Province, Luzon (K).

Dipterocar paceae 37

— §. Balangeran (non BURCK) VIDAL Phan. Cuming. (1885) 97; Rev. Pl. Vasc.

Filip. (1886) 61; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot, 31 (1885) 86; FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 4 (1909)

Bot. 508; ibid. 6 (1911) Bot. 269; ibid. 13 (1916) Bot. 187; WHITFORD Bull. For. Bur.

Philip. 10 (1911) 73; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 96; REYES Philip J. Sc. 22 (1923) 336;

SYM. Gard. Bull, S.S. (1935) 273.

S. gisok FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 67 (1938) 294.

LecroTyPE: F. B. 25657, Tayabas (now Quezon) Province, Luzon (K).

Large tree, Young twig, panicle, petiole, leaf bud and stipule shortly densely

evenly cream pubescent. Twig c. 2-3.5 mm ¢ apically, terete or + compressed and

ribbed, stout, smooth; stipule scars c. 1.5 mm long, pale, cuneate, horizontal. Bud

to 5 by 3.5 mm, globose to ovoid, subacute, slightly compressed. Stipules c. 10

by 4 mm, obtuse, fugaceous. Leaves 10-18 by 4.5-8 cm, ovate-lanceolate, thinly

coriaceous, pale cream-brown lepidote beneath; base obtuse to cuneate, equal;

acumen c. 8 mm long; nerves 9-14 pairs, slender, hardly elevated beneath, at c.

40°-50°; tertiary nerves slender, densely scalariform, at c. 90° to the nerves;

petiole 1.5—-2 cm long, bearing to 6 close secund flowers; bracteoles to 3 mm long,

elliptic, shortly pubescent, fugaceous. Flower bud to 5 by 2.5 mm, small, lanceo-

late. Calyx densely pubescent outside, glabrous within; lobes suborbicular, obtuse,

subequal. Petals cream, narrowly elliptic, acute, shortly pubescent on both surfaces.

Stamens 33-45; filaments glabrous, applanate at base, tapering and filiform

distantly, somewhat gibbous; anthers subglobose, the two outer cells slightly

larger; appendage to connective very short on inner anthers, + + length of anthers

on outer anthers, sparsely shortly setose but for a single long apical bristle. Ovary

and stylopodium ovoid, densely pubescent, tapering into the short glabrous style.

Fruit calyx sparsely puberulent, more densely so at the base; 3 longer lobes to

9.5 by 2.2 cm, broadly spatulate, obtuse, with c. 8 by 8 mm thickened saccate base

closely adpressed to the base of the nut; 2 shorter lobes to 7 by 1 cm, subequal,

broad, tapering to 5 mm broad above the saccate base. Nut c. 15 by 15 mm,

broadly ovoid, shortly densely cream-buff tomentose; style remnant c. 4 mm long,

tapering.

Distr. Throughout the Philippines to Zambales and Bulacan in the modera-

tely seasonal north-west; in Mixed Dipterocarp forest to 1000 m., more or less

confined to ridge tops in the everwet areas.

Specimens in the seasonal part of Luzon, represented by F. B. 25664, usually

have somewhat smaller leaves but do not otherwise differ from those of the

everwet area represented by the type of S. gisok. This is a common pattern of

variation in Philippine dipterocarps, already discussed, and here as in other species

appears to be continuous.

Ssp. glaucescens (MEIJER) stat. nov.

— Shorea glaucescens MEIJER Act. Bot. Neerl. 12 (1963) 327; MEIJER & WOOD

Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964) 170; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 134; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 71.

Ho.otyPe: San. 15484, Sepilok F. R., Sandakan (K).

Leaves broadly ovate-falcate, chartaceous, base subequal; nerves 8-12 pairs,

well spaced, raised but not prominent beneath; petiole rather stout.

Distr. Borneo (except the west and south-west); clay rich soils in Mixed

Dipterocarp forest to 600 m.

The flowers of the two subspecies, with 33-45 stamens, appear identical and

the leaf differences, though rather constant, in my opinion do not constitute

adequate grounds for maintaining them separately,

Shorea astylosa FOXW.— Philip. J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot. 188; ibid. 67 (1938) 297;

MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 96. -S. ciliata (non KING) FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot.

188; ibid. 67 (1938) 300.

38 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — X X XI (1978)

Foxworthy maintained that B. S. 18575, Biliran island and FB. 22788, Quezon

Province represented a different taxon from FB. 13271 (Foxworthy and Demesa)

Dumanguilis R., Zamboanga (in flower), type of S. astylosa. He compared them

with §. ciliata KING of Malaya but Merrill was in disagreement. I concur with

Merrill that they belong to S. astylosa.

This species differs from the Bornean S. domatiosa ASHTON, with which

it is vicarious, principally in having a prominent stylopodium and c. 32, in

comparison with 25-30, stamens.

Shorea laevis RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 232; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 1, 2

(1927) 1121; FOXW. Mal, For. Rec. 10 (1932) 179; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) ‘18;

BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 169; ASHTON Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963)

273; Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 139; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 73; MEIJER & WOOD, Sab. For.

Rec. 5 (1964) 178. S. ciliata (non KING) RIDL. Agr. Bull Str. & F. M. S. 4 (1905) 63;

FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 1 (1921) 69; ibid. 3 (1927) 66; ibid. 8 (1930) 19; EDWARDS Mal.

For. Rec. 9 (1931) 142. H. laevifolia PARIJS in Fedde, Rep. 33 (1933) 244. —— S.

arorun ENDERT Tectona 28 (1935) 292; BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955)

171. S. rogersiana RAIZADA & SMITINAND Thai For. Bull. Bot. 1 (1954) 7

I have already (1963) discussed the synonyms of this species. I further reduce

here S. rogersiana, based on Rogers 350 T, Sin Yat hill, Tavoy (Dehra Dun); the

principa! difference indicated by the authors is in the size and ovoid shape of the

buds, which would strictly place S. rogersiana in the type subsection rather than

in subsection Barbatae with S. laevis. The other floral characters, however, are

iypical of subsection Barbatae and it is clear that the buds are of this shape

because they are approaching anthesis. S. /aevis is now known to occur therefore

in peninsular Burma and Thailand.

Shorea micans sp. nov.

S. asahi ASHTON proxime affinis lobis inaequalibus 3 aliformibus differt.

Medium sized tree. Panicles and nut densely greyish puberulent, fruit calyx

sparsely so, other known parts glabrous. Twigs c. 1 mm ¢ apically, slender, much

branched, smooth, terete. Buds minute; stipules not seen. Leaves 5-10 by

1.8-4.7 cm, ovate-lanceolate, thinly coriaceous, lustrous on both surfaces; margin

narrowly subrevolute; base broadly cuneate, + unequal; apex to 1.3 cm caudate;

nerves 7-8 pairs, very slender, slightly elevated beneath, + applanate above, at

50°—55°; tertiary nerves obscure, scalariform; midrib slender, evident and slightly

elevated on both surfaces; petiole 7-12 mm long, rather short, very slender.

Panicle to 7 cm long, terminal or subterminal axillary, slender, shortly branched.

Flowers unknown. Fruit pedicel c. 1 mm long, slender; 3 longer calyx lobes to

5 by 1.5 cm, spatulate, obtuse, c. 4 mm broad above the to 8 by 7 mm elliptic

saccate thickened base; 2 shorter lobes to 25 by 4 mm, narrowly spatulate, acute,

similar at base; nut to 19 by 7 mm including the prominent slender apiculus,

ovoid.

Distr, Malesia: N. E. Borneo (Twice collected, north of Sandakan), on

ultrabasic rock in lowlands.

Ho.LotyPeE: San 39312, Bukit Meliau, Karamuak, N. E. Sabah.

OTHER COLL.: San 24279, Telupid road, Beluran, Sabah.

Differing (in the absence of flowering collections) from S. asahi only in the

fruit sepals.

Shorea Section Pentacmes (DC.) stat. nov.

—— Gen. Pentacme DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 626; KING Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Cale. 5, 2

(1896) 151; BRANDIS J. Linn, Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 72; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932)

154; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 104.

Type SPECIES: S. siamensis MIQ.

Dipterocar paceae 39

Flowers large, cream, ovoid, on lax spreading racemes; petals broadly elliptic,

ovate, hardly contorted, falling separately; stamens 15, in 3 verticils; filaments

short, applanate, tapering; anthers linear, glabrous, with 4 pollen sacs each

prolonged and tapering apically into a prominent awn at least as long as the

stoutly acicular + recurved appendage; ovary ovoid, style filiform. Stipules and

bracts fugaceous, small. Leaf with scalariform tertiary nerves; midrib raised,

evident, above. Bark surface flaky. Wood anatomy and properties widely divergent

between S. E. Asia and Philippine species,

‘Distr. 1 species in seasonal South-East Asia, 1 in the Philippines.

I have elsewhere (Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 254-259, 261-271) elaborated

Symington’s (1943 and elsewhere) conclusion that fruit provide the principal

characters for generic definition among Brandis’ tribe Shoreae (which includes

Parashorea, Hopea, Shorea and, formerly, Balanocarpus and Pentacme), while the

characters of the flower and in particular androecium provide definitive characters

for the sections of Hopea and Shorea. De Candolle raised S. siamensis MIQ. to

generic status on account of its flowers. Its 3-winged fruit possesses no unique

characters not found in Shorea and it is clear that two courses alone

would be consistent: to reduce Pentacme once again to Shorea as a separate

section or to raise the sections of Shorea (and presumably Hopea too) to generic

level. I choose the former for both theoretical and utilitarian reasons; this decision

has been anticipated by my earlier (Blumea 20, 2 (1972) 361) reduction of

Doona THW. of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) to sectional status within Shorea.

Though the floral morphology of the two species is unique in the genus and

closely similar, the bark and wood anatomy differs widely between them. The

bark of S. siamensis is cracked and flaky, that of S. contorta densely V-section

fissured. This is exceptional among Dipterocarpaceae and suggests that the section

is polyphyletic in origin. The appearance of the two trees — crooked and deciduous

in S. siamensis, tall straight and evergreen in S. contorta, reinforces this view. A

detailed comparison of bark and wood anatomy would be very worthwhile.

Shorea siamensis MIO. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1864) 214; DC. Prodr.

16, 2 (1968) 631; WALP. Ann. 7 (1868) 379; DYER Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1874) 304; RYAN &

KERR J. Siam. Soc. 8 (1911) 7, 15, 35. —— Hopea siamensis WALL. Cat. (1828) n. 959

nomen nudum. —— Pentacme siamensis KURZ J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 39, 1 (1870) 66; FI.

Burm. 1 (1877) 119; PIERRE Fl. Coch. 3 (1892) 225-227; HEIM Rech. Dipt. (1892) 56;

Bot. Tidsskr. 25 (1902) 46; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 1, 3 6 (1895)

263; GUERIN in LECOMTE FI, Gén. I.-C. 1 (1910) 385; TARDIEU in ibid. Suppl. 1 (1943)

352; CRAIB FI. Siam. Enum. | (1925) 145; GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 238;

FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 8 (1930) 15, 35; ibid. 10 (1932) 155; BURK. Dict. 2 (1935) 1960;

ies) oe For. Rec, 16 (1943) 105. —— Vateria siamensis BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg

84.

Ho.orypPeE: Teysmann s.n. near Kanbuiri, Thailand (U).

—— Hopea suava WALL. Cat. (1828) n. 959 nomen nudum; ex DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868)

635. Pentacme suavis DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 626; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31

(1895) 72; Indian Trees (1911) 68; GAMBLE Man, Ind. Timb. (1922) 77; TROUP Silv.

Ind. Trees 1 (1925) 145; CRAIB FI. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 145; GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam.

ed. 2, 21 (1925) 259; SMITINAND Thai For. Bull. 1 (1954) 9, 10, 24. Shorea suavis

PIERRE ex LANESSAN PI. Util. Colon Franc. (1886) 301.

Ho.otyre: Wallich 959, Martaban (K).

S. bracteata PIERRE ex LANESSAN PI. Util. Colon Franc. (1886) 301. S.

mekongensis PIERRE ex LANESSAN PI. Util. Colon. Franc. (1886) 301. S. tomentosa

(non MIQ) PIERRE FI. Coch. 3 (1892) sub. t. 225 in syn. Pentacme tomentosa CRAIB

Kew. Bull. (1915) 423; Fl. Siam. Enum. | (1925) 145,

HoLotyPe: Kerr 3184, Me Maw, Thailand (K).

Pentacme malayana KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62. 2 (1893) 107; BRUHL &

KING Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. 5, 2 (1896) 151; RIDL. Agr. Bull. Str, & F. M. S. 1 (1901)

62; Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 220; CRAIB Fl. Siam Enum. 1 (1925) 145.

ISOHOLOTYPE: Curtis 2095, Langkawi (K).

40 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Small gnarled + deciduous tree. Leaves glabrous or one or both surfaces

+ persistently pubescent; young calyx, twigs and panicle + caducous puberulent,

otherwise glabrous. Twigs 3-5 mm ¢ apically, terete, smooth; stipule scars short,

pale. Bud small, ovoid, acute; stipule to 18 by 7 mm, ovate-falcate, fugaceous.

Leaves 9-12 by 6-13 cm (smaller if subtending panicles), broadly ovate-oblong,

chartaceous; base deeply cordate to cuneate (if subtending panicles); acumen to

1 cm long, short, broad; nerves 13-16 pairs, slender but prominent beneath, barely

elevated above as also the midrib, arched, the basal pair with prominent lateral

branchlets; tertiary nerves remotely scalariform, sinuate but typically prominently

elevated beneath; petiole 3-5 mm long, c. 2 mm 4, straight. Panicle to 14 mm long,

terminal or axillary, lax, peduncle stout at base; irregularly branched, branchlets

to 7 cm long, bearing a few + secund flowers. Anthesis directly following leaf

fall; bud to 15 by 6 mm, large, ellipsoid; sepals narrowly ovate, prominently

slender, acuminate, subequal; petals broadly elliptic, glabrous or pubescent; stamens

15, subequal; filaments lorate, slightly tapering; anther cells linear, extended

apically beyond the connective into prominent tapering horns c. 4 their length;

appendages acicular, glabrous, c. 4 length of anthers; ovary narrowly ovoid,

tapering into a stoutly columnar style c. twice its length and exceeding the stamens

at anthesis. Fruit pedicel to 5 by 3 mm, broadening into the receptacle; 3 longer

calyx lobes to 12 by 1.3 cm, narrowly spatulate, narrowly obtuse, c. 4 mm broad

above the to 8 by 7 mm elliptic saccate thickened base; 2 shorter lobes to 7 by

0.5 cm, lorate, subacute, similar at base. Nut to 20 by 12 mm, ovoid, tapering

into an up to 8 mm long prominent acicular style remnant.

Varying greatly in the distribution and density of the tomentum, reduction

of which is roughly correlated with increasing humidity of climate or soil; The

species P. malayana (leaf glabrescent) and P. tomentosa (both surfaces of leaf

tomentose) were distinguished from P. siamensis (= suavis) with tomentose leaf

undersurface, but the continuous variation which exists in nature suggests merely

ecotypic differentiation in panmictic populations.

Shorea contorta VIDAL Sinopsis (1883) 15; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 61;

BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 31 (1895) 88; MERR. Philip. J. Sc. 1 (1906) Suppl. 98. ——

Pentacme contorta MERR & ROLFE Philip. J. Sc. 3 (1908) Bot. 115; MERRITT Bull. Bur.

For. Philip. J. Sc. 8 (1908) 48; WHITFORD Philip. J. Sc. 4 (1910) Bot. 703; Bull. Bur.

For. Philip. 10 (1911) 61; FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 4 (1910) Bot. 511, 516; ibid. 6 (1911) Bot.

266; ibid. 13 (1918) Bot. 186; ibid. 67 (1938) 287; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 95; REYES

Philp, J. Sc. 22 (1925) 342,

SYNTYPES: Vidal 987, Rizal Prov. Luzon (K); Vidal 2159, Tayabas (Quezon)

Province, Luzon (K).

— Pentacme paucinervis BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 73.

SYNTYPES: Vidal 79, 1166, 2167, Luzon (K).

— Pentacme mindanensis FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot. 185; ibid. 67 (1938)

289; MERR. En. Philip, 3 (1923) 95; REYES Philip. J. Sc. 22 (1923) Bot. 332.

LecroryPE: F, B. 21893 (Villamil) Zamboanga Prov. Mindanao (K).

Medium sized, sometimes large evergreen tree. Panicle, parts of petals exposed

in bud, ovary and leaf buds densely persistently pale brown puberulent, twigs,

petioles and calyx outside caducously so. Twig c. 2-3 mm ¢ apically, terete or +

ribbed; stipule scars short, descending. Leaf buds to 6 by 3 mm, lanceolate;

stipules fugaceous. Leaves 9-29 by 5.5-11 cm, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, thinly

coriaceous; base subequal, obtuse or rarely cordate (subpeltate in young trees);

apex broadly to 1 cm long acuminate; nerves 5-9 pairs, slender but prominent

beneath, distant, arched, + applanate above as also the midrib, set at c. 45°-70°;

tertiary nerves densely scalariform, slender, hardly elevated on either surface;

petioles 20-33 mm long, slender. Panicles to 22 cm long (if terminal), to 14 cm

long (if axillary), singly or doubly branched; branchlets to 4 cm long. Flower

Dipterocar paceae 4]

buds to 7 by 4 mm, ovoid, lanceolate; sepals ovate, obtuse, the outer 3 somewhat

the larger; petals broadly oblong-elliptic, acute; stamens 15, subequal; filaments

short, broad, applanate; anther cells linear and as long as the stout appendage;

style co.umnar, c. thrice length of ovary. Fruit shortly pedicellate; 3 longer calyx

lobes to 12 by 3 cm, spatulate, obtuse, tapering to c. 8 mm wide at the incrassate

saccate base; 2 shorter lobes to 9 by 1.5 cm, otherwise similar. Nut to 35 by 15 mm,

narrowly ovoid, apiculate.

The species is widespread in the Philippines. BRANDIS’ name is based on

small leaved collections from the seasonal area of N. W. Luzon, Foxworthy’s

represents the large-leaved form which is found scattered, mainly in the west, of

Mindanao. Foxworthy himself recognized the synonymy of Brandis’ species yet

created a further one for large leaved collections. In discussions with foresters

in the Philippines I have been informed that P. mindanensis has larger fruit than

P. contorta, and that it has smaller fruit; a specimen tree of P. mindanensis at

Los Bafios, Laguna, yielded specimens with large fruit one year (Barban 11982,

11983), small in another (Barban 588). It is sometimes also said that the base

of the leaf is obtuse rather than acute. There seems no doubt to me that S.

contorta is yet another widespread Philippine species whose leaf size varies greatly,

increasing from seasonal to everwet habitats. It is commonest in seasonal areas,

becoming scattered, even rare in the everwet forest of the east (cf. Anisoptera

thurifera).

Shorea henryana PIERRE in LANESSAN pi. Util. Colon. France. (1886)

302; Fl. Coch. 15 (1890) t. 229; ibid. 16 (1891) t. 351b; BRANDIS, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31

(1895) 89; GUERIN in LECOMTE, FI. Gén. I.-C. 1 (1910) 382; TARDIEU in ibid. Suppl.

1 (1943) 350.

HoLotyPe: Pierre 1593, Xuyen Kot, Baria, Dinh Province, Vietnam (P;

Syntype in K).

S. sericeiflora FISCHER & HUTCH. Kew Bull. 1926, 433; PARKINSON, Ind.

For. Rec. (Bot) 1 (1937) 43; SYMINGTON J. Mal. Br. R. As Soc. 19, 2 (1941) 160; Mal.

For. Rec. 16 (1943) 41.

HoLotyPeE: Conservator of Forests 1954, Pegu, Burma (K).

— §S. longistipulata TARDIEU Not. Syst. 103 (1942) 132; in LECOMTE, Fl. Gén.

L-C. Suppl. 1 (1943) 349.

HoLotyPe: Fleury, Herb. Chev. 29.994, Gia Ray forest reserve, Cochin-

china (P).

Pierre’s species is based on a collection with flowers, fruit and leaves apparent-

ly from an immature tree; the velutinate parts, absence of pale lepidote leaf

undersurface and prominent narrow stipules give a very different appearance from

the type of S. sericeiflora, collected from a mature tree, but are nevertheless

unmistakably of this species as is the type of S. longistipulata in which the foliage

is in a yet more immature stage.

Shorea kuantanensis sp. nov.

S. faguetianae HEIM affinis lobis calycis in fructu quam fructus brevioribus

lamina nervis lateralibus utrinsecus 8-9 differt.

Medium sized tree. Twig apices and leaf buds sparsely buff puberulent, ovary

densely so. Twig c. 2 mm ¢ apically, terete, striated. Leaves 7.5-12 by 2.7-5 cm,

lanceolate, thinly coriaceous; base cuneate, subequal; acumen to | cm long,

slender, margin subrevolute; nerves 8-9 pairs, slender but elevated beneath,

obscurely depressed above; tertiary nerves reticulate; midrib prominent beneath,

hardly elevated above; petiole 15-18 mm long, slender. Panicles and flowers

unknown. Fruit pedicel to 4 mm long, expanding into the fruit base; calyx lobes

to 22 by 4 mm, subequal, linear except at the expanded incrassate saccate base:

nut to 25 by 11 mm, narrowly ellipsoid, acute, exceeding fruit sepals.

42 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Ho.LotyPE: Kep 31771, Bukit Goh F. R., Kuantan, E. Malaya. (KEP).

OTHER COLL.: Kep, 31806, Bt. Goh F. R.

This curious little tree will probably never be collected in flower; the fertile

basalt soils of Bt. Goh forest reserve, east Pahang, on which it grew now support

a cover of Elaeis guineensis JACQ.

Shorea chaiana sp. nov.

S. longispermae ROXB. S. obovoideae SLOOT. affinis lobis calycis in fructu

brevibus subequalibus lamina basim versus inaequali costa media supra manifesta

differt.

Large buttressed tree. Petiole, panicles, perianth outside and ovary persis-

tently + densely cream-buff puberulent; sepals, twig and leaf nervation below

sparsely + caducously so; other parts glabrous. Twigs c. 1 mm ¢ apically, much

branched, terete, becoming smooth, dark brown. Buds minute. Leaves 6-11 by

2-4 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, + distinctly falcate, subcoriaceous; margin subrevolute;

base cuneate or obtuse, subequal; acumen to 15 mm long, slender, caudate;

nerves 8-11 pairs, slender but prominent beneath, evident above, arched; tertiary

nerves reticulate, distinctly elevated beneath; midrib prominent and terete beneath,

evident but applanate to shallowly depressed above; petiole 5-8 mm long, short,

slender. Panicle to 6.5 cm long, terminal or axillary, slender, singly branched;

branchlets to 2 cm long. Flower buds to 5 by 2 mm, lanceolate. Sepals broadly

ovate, subacuminate, subequal. Stamens 15; filaments expanded and gibbous in

the basal 4, filiform distally; appendages acicular, c. 24 times as long as the

narrowly ellipsoid 2-locular anthers. Ovary ovoid-conical, surmounted by an

equally tall columnar puberulent stylopodium and shorter glabrous style. Mature

fruit unknown; sepals ovate, subequal; ovary ovoid.

Distr. Malesia: Northern Borneo (C. and N. E. Sarawak). Local, in Mixed

Dipterocarp forest below 1000 m.

HoLotyPeE: S, 29722 (Suib) S. Spanggil, Kapit, Sarawak (K).

OTHER COLL.: Sarawak: S. 29517, Ulu S. Sekentut, Kapit; S. 29632, Ulu

Balleh, Kapit; S. 29626, S. Mengiong, Balleh.

The leaves somewhat resemble those of S. longisperma ROXB. though the

tomentum beneath is more sparse, the base unequal and besides, the fruit calyx

lobes are short and unequal. The leaf base and tomentum also differentiates it

from S, obovoidea SLOOT.

Shorea tenuiramulosa sp. nov.

S. angustifoliae ASHTON S. maximae (KING) SYM. affinis paniculis —-

18 cm longis gracilibus petiolis -20 mm longis gracilibus epilosis differt.

Small to medium sized tree. Panicles caducous greyish puberulent; bracts

persistently so, parts of petals exposed in bud and ovary persistently densely so.

Twigs 1-2 m ¢ apically, terete, pale greyish brown, rugulose. Buds and stipules

not seen. Leaves 9-24 by 4-11 cm, elliptic to lanceolate, thinly coriaceous, drying

pale greyish brown; margin undulate, somewhat revolute; base broadly cuneate to

obtuse; apex shortly broadly acuminate; nerves 8-9 (-11) pairs, arched, at

55°-66°, very slender but distinctly elevated beneath, slightly so above as also

the laxly reticulate tertiary nerves; midrib prominent on both surfaces; petioles

11-20 mm long, drying cream-brown at the ends, otherwise blackish, Panicles

to 18 cm long, terminal or to 3-axillary or ramiflorous, slender, many flowered;

doubly branched, branchlets to 2 cm long; bracts to 2 mm long, elliptic, fugaceous.

Flower buds to 5 by 2 mm. Sepals ovate-deltoid, incrassate, subacute, glabrous,

subequal. Stamens 15, in 3 unequal verticils; filaments dilated at base, tapering and

filiform distally; appendages slender, villous distally, c. 14 times as long as the

Dipterocar paceae 43

narrowly ellipsoid anthers. Ovary ovoid, tapering into the somewhat shorter stout

columnar style; style villous in the basal 4. Fruit pedicel to 2 by 2 mm; sepals to

6 by 5 mm, equal, ovate, subacuminate, thickened; nut to 25 by 8 mm, fusiform-

lanceolate,

Distr. Malesia: N. E. Borneo (E. Sabah, Sakar Island). Local on dry rocky

ultrabasic ridges near the coast.

HoLotyPe: San 39306, Bukit Meliau, Karamuak, E. Sabah (K).

OTHER COLL.: San 54801, 21621, 21626, 36031, Look Megulang, Pulau Sakar,

San 21475, Mt. Silam, Lahad Datu.

Clearly allied to S. angustifolia; the rather broad chartaceous leaf, curling

over irregularly at the margin and with matte undersurface, and the long and

slender epilose petiole cream coloured only at the distal end, serve to distinguish it.

Shorea longisperma ROXB. Hort. Beng. (1814) 93 nomen nudum; Fl. Ind. Careys

ed. 2 (1832) 618; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 632; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot, 31 (1895) 103;

RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 143. — Parashorea longisperma KURZ J. R. As. Soc. Beng.

Sc. 39, 2 (1870) 66; DYER FI. Br. Ind. 1 (1874) 441; SLOOT, Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 8

(1927) 571; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 226.

HoLotyPe: Roxburgh s.n., Prince of Wales Island (BR).

— Shorea resinanegra FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 205; BURK. Dict. 2 (1935)

204; SYM. Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 56; ASHTON Man. Dipt,. Brun. Suppl. (1968) 89.

HoLoryPe: Kep. 24205, S. Lalang F. R., Ulu Langat (KEP).

The type of S. longisperma has for long remained lost and a mystery;

Symington surmised that it might represent S. curtisii DYER ex KING. Thanks

to a tip-off from Professor Van Steenis I have rediscovered it hidden in the

Brussels herbarium among the Roxburgh collections. It proves to consist of

fruits only, but unmistakably those of S. resinanegra FOXW.

Shorea hopeifolia (HEIM) SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S. 8 (1933) 150; ibid. 8 (1934)

36; Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 52; BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 163;

MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964) 73; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Suppl, (1968) 84. ——

Cotylelobium? hopeifolium HEIM Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris | (1891) 971; BRUHL & KING

Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. 5, 2 (1896) 153; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 95. —— S.

ridleyana KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 115 p.p.; SLOOT. ex MERR. PI. Elm.

Born. (1929) 204; RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 226 p.p.; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 3 (1927)

353; ibid. 10 (1932) 209 p.p. —— Hopea heimiana BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895)

63; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 402. —— H. albescens RIDL. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 73 (1916)

142; Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 236. —— S. kalunti MERR. Philip J. Sc. 26 (1925) 475; DESCH

Mal. For. Rec. 12 (1936) 35, 39; FOXW. Philip J. Sc. 67 (1938) 307. —— H. hopeifolia

SLOOT. Bull. Jard, Bot. Btzg IIl, 10 (1929) 396.

Symington has already discussed the synonymy of this species. I add S.

kalunti MERR., based on F.B. 27701 (Angeles and Hilario) Banauan, Davao

Prov., Mindanao in fruit (isoholotype in K). It shares the somewhat larger leaf,

lacking domatia and with more remote tertiary nerves, that also prevails in

N. W. Sabah, but the densely cream flocculent pubescent inflorescences, flowers

and fruits are characteristic of S. hopeifolia; this species therefore occurs in

Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo and in Mindanao.

Symington considered the pair of porous domatia on either side of the base

of the midrib as a diagnostic character in Malaya; it is usually absent in Borneo

however, as in Mindanao.

Shorea assamica DYER Fi. Br. Ind. 1 (1874) 307; BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot.

31 (1895) 85; Ind. Trees (1911) 70; FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 4 (1909) 516; TROUP Ind.

Woods and Us2s (1909) 241; Silv. Ind. Trees (1921) 133; GAMBLE Man. Ind. Timb, (1922)

83; PEARSON & BROWN Commer. Timb. Ind. 1 (1932) 119; KANJILAL & DAS FI.

F935} 331° 136; PARKINSON Ind. For. Rec. (Bot.) 1 (1937) 40; SYM. Gard. Bull. S. S.

44 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Ssp. globulifera (RIDL.) SYM. Gard, Bull. S. S. 9 (1938) 331; Mal. For. Rec. 16

(1943) 31. —— S. globifera RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 232; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 3

(1927) 35; ibid 10 (-932) 191; BURK. Dict. 2 (1935) 2010; SYM. ex DESCH, Mal. For

Rec. 12 (1936) 27, —— Shorea sororia SLOOT. Bull. Bot. Gard. Btzg III, 18 (1949) 247.

I follow Symington’s interpretation (1938) of this species except that Ssp.

Koordersii is now recorded from Luzon (Rojo 100, BBLC1, Bislig, Surigau del

Sur, Mindanao). Van Slooten (Reinwardtia 2 (1952) 42) could not bring himself

to accept such a wide concept of this species. He recognized that S. globifera

RIDL. occurs in Sumatra yet described S. sororia based on b.b. 31387, Perhutan

Lajan, Tapanuli, W. Sumatra (BO), from there also without defining the

differences between the two species; indeed, he did not even comment on their

similarity. I am unable to separate S. sororia SLOOT. from S. assamica DYER

ssp. globifera (RIDL). SYM. on any character.

Shorea virescens PARIJS jin Fedde, Rep. 33 (1933) 244; Kennis Oost-Ind.

Damarhars (1933) 120; SLOOT. Bull. Bot. Gard. Btzg III, 18 (1949) 240; ROJO Kalikasan

5 (1976) 99.

HoLotyPE: b.b. 13898, Sanggau, West Borneo (L).

—— §. lamellata (non FOXW.) ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 164 p.p.; ibid. Suppl.

(1968) 94 p.p.

Twig, panicle, bud, stipule, petiole, midrib (both surfaces) and nervation

beneath shortly densely persistently grey-buff tomentose. Twig 2.5—-4 by 1.5-3 mm,

compressed, becoming finely cracked; stipule scars c. 2.5 mm long, glabrous,

horizontal. Bud 2-3 by 4 mm, globose to stoutly ovoid, obtuse, Stipule to 25 by

3-4 mm, linear, acute. Leaves alternate, 8-15 by 4-8 cm, obovate; base subcordate;

acumen to 7.5 mm long; nerves 20-26 pairs, at 90° at base, c. 40°-55° along the

midrib; tertiary nerves very slender, scalariform, dense, at 90° to the nerves;

petiole 1.5-2 cm long, Panicle to 10 cm long, terminal or axillary, + compressed,

slender, straight; unbranched or singly branched; bracteoles to 8 mm _ long,

narrowly lanceolate, densely pubescent outside, puberulent within, caducous.

Flower buds to 6 by 3 mm, ellipsoid, obtuse. Calyx densenly puberulent outside,

glabrescent within; 3 outer lobes ovate, subacute; 2 inner lobes shorter, smaller,

thinner, ovate-acuminate. Petals narrowly lanceolate, densely pubescent on parts

exposed in bud. Stamens 15, of 2 lengths; filaments broad at base, tapering and

filiform distally; anthers narrowly oblong; appendage to connective about twice

length of anther, exceeding style apex. Ovary ovoid, minutely puberulent; style

filiform, as long as ovary, distinctly trifid. Fruit calyx shortly puberulent or

glabrous when mature; 3 longer lobes to 8 by 1.3 cm, spatulate, + obtuse, to

6 mm broad above the to 8 by 7 mm elliptic somewhat thickened saccate base;

2 shorter lobes to 5.5 by 0.5 cm, linear, similar at base. Nut to 1.3 by 1 cm,

glabrescent; style remnant to 3 mm long, tapering.

Distr. Malesia: Borneo, Philippines (Mindanao, Samar).

I had earlier confused this species with the next, now given formal description

for the first time. S. virescens differs in its compressed persistently grey-buff

pubescent twigs and obovate leaves with at least 20 pairs of nerves. Mr. J. ROJO

has provided the first records of this species from the Philippines, and the

following collections now exist: Mindanao: Rojo CLP 102; PICOP concession,

Nyhalu fall, Surigao del Sur; Rojo CLP 190, DASTECO concession, Davao city;

Rojo CLP 88 (young fruit), 76, ADECOR concession, Asuncion, Davao del

Norte; Rojo CLP 1553, Sang, Asuncion, Davao del Norte; Lomibao Bel, 176,

Monkayo, Davao. S. E. Samar: Medulid 1500, Guinmaayohan forest.

Shorea confusa sp. nov.

—— S. virescens (non PARIJS) ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. (1963) 167; ibid Suppl. —

(1968) 95; MEIJER & WOOD, Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964) 60.

Dipterocar paceae 45

S. virescenti PARIJS affinis ramulis glabrescentibus teretis lamina elliptica

costis lateralibus utrinsecus minus quam 18 differt.

Large tree. Leaf bud, panicle, stipule outside, petiole, and very young twig

caducous pubescent. Twig 2-3.5 mm ¢ apically, frequently rugulose; stipule scar

short, obscure. Bud 3-4 by 2 mm, conical, acute. Stipule c. 8 by 3 mm, linear to

deltoid, subacute. Leaves 6-12 by 3.5-8 cm, elliptic to slightly obovate; base

obtuse; acumen broad, 0.5—1.0 cm long; nerves (10-) 13-18 pairs, curved, at 90°

to nerves; petiole 1-1.5 cm long, c. 1 mm 4, rather slender. Panicle to 22 cm

long, terminal or axillary, terete, lax; singly or doubly branched, branchlets to

i0 cm long, bearing to 6 flowers; bracts and bracteoles unknown. Flower bud to

9 by 5 mm, narrowly ovoid, obtuse, Calyx puberulent outside, glabrous within;

lobes equal, narrowly deltoid, obtuse. Petals large, narrowly ovate, acute,

puberulent on parts exposed in bud. Stamens 15, in 3 subequal verticels; filaments

c. 14 length of anther, slender, tapering gradually; anthers oblong, tapering;

appendage to connective c. 3 X length of anther, reaching 2 length of style. Ovary

small, ovoid, puberulent; style stoutly filiform, c. 3 x length of ovary, glabrous

in the apical 4, otherwise puberulent, shallowly trifurcate. Fruit pedicel stout.

Calyx glabrous; 3 longer lobes to 12 by 1.5 cm, narrowly spatulate, obtuse, hardly

tapering, slightly broadening at the thickened saccate base; 2 shorter lobes to

6 by 0.5 cm, unequal, linear, similar at base; base of calyx obconical, tapering

into the pedicel. Nut to 2 cm long, ovoid, glabrescent; style remnant c. 6 mm

long, slender.

Distr. Malesia: N. E. Borneo (N. E. Sarawak, Sabah S. E. to Sangkulirang).

Scattered, undulating land and hills below 650 m. on leached clay soils in Mixed

Dipterocarp forest.

Ho.woryre: San 19395, Mile 24 Cocoa Estate, Tawau (K).

OTHER COLL.: Sabah: San 9276, Pababag Isles F.R.; San 40334, Mt.

Templer P.F., Kota Belud, San A 3522, 16349, 16180, S. 2976, A 2664, 15485,

Wyatt-Smith s.n. 12.8.54, s.n. 25.5.54, Kep. 35607, 55175, 55340, 48863,

Kabili-Sepi'ok F.R.; San A 3691, A 3663, A 4148, Kalabakan, Tawau; San

16592, Ulu Moyah, Sipitang; San 16108. Sabahan R., Lahad Datu; San 15027,

Masuli-Koyah F.R., Lahad Datu; San A 4233, Bt. Garam, Kinabatangan; San

4948, Kep. 41085, Supu, Sandakan; Wyatt-Smith s.n. 16.8.54, Dalas; s.n.

16.8.54, Tamparuli; Kep. 38816, Mile 15. Sandakan; Kep 38690, Sekong valley,

Sandakan; Kep. 28768, Bettotan, Sandakan; Kep. 80479, South of Talibong, Kota

Belud. Sarawak: Kep 79343, Lambir hills; S .1533, Lawas; S. 23023, Bt. Mentagai,

Bok-Tisam F.R.; S. 23307, G. Dulit at Long Atun. Brunei: Kep 30535, Ulu Batu

Apoi: Brun 5281, Ulu Belalong at K. Ropan; S. 5641, Peradayan F.R.; Brun 895,

Rh. Sigat, Ulu Tutong; Brun 2004, Bangar; S. 1690 S. Belaban, Tutong.

For differences from S. agami WOOD ex ASHTON, see ASHTON (1963).

Shorea dispar sp. nov.

S. negrosensis FOXW. affinis lamina 4-7 x 2-3.5 cm minori staminibus c. 25

aristis antherorum longioribus differt.

Large buttressed tree. Twigs, petioles, bud, panicles, perianth outside and

ovary densely + persistently pale tawny pubescent, leaf nervation beneath sparsely

so. Twigs c. 2 mm ¢ apically, much branched, terete, at first rugulose and +

ribbed, becoming smooth, dark brown dappled; stipule scars short, dark,

horizontal. Buds to 3 by 2 mm, ellipsoid, obtuse. Stipules unknown. Leaves

4-7 by 2-3.5 cm, elliptic, coriaceous, + distinctly but sparsely cream lepidote

beneath; margin subrevolute; base cuneate; acumen short, broad; nerves 9-11

pairs, ascending, prominent beneath, obscure and narrowly depressed above as

also the midrib; petiole 12-16 mm long. Panicle to 8 cm long, terminal or axillary,

rigid, ascending; singly or doubly branched, branchlets to 3 cm long. Flower buds

46 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

to 6 by 4 mm, ovoid. Sepals broadly ovate, subequal, shortly subacuminate.

Stamens c. 25; filaments long, lorate, somewhat tapering to the oblong anthers;

appendages c. 3 length of anthers; ovary small, ovoid, glabrous, surmounted by

a slender filiform style c, twice its height. Fruit unknown.

Distr. Malesia: Borneo (C. Sarawak; once collected). Mixed Dipterocarp

forest on inland hills.

HoLotyPeE: S. 29208, Ulu Baleh above Nanga Mengiong, Kapit.

Superficially resembling S. parvifolia DYER ssp. velutinata ASHTON, the

flowers betray the close relationship of this rare tree with red lauan (S. negrosensis

FOXW.), the celebrated timber tree of the Philippines, and assign both to section

Rubellae ASHTON.

Shorea parvistipulata HEIM Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 2 (1891) 974 Ssp. parvistipulata.

BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 95; MERR En. Born. (1921) 406 (Sphalm. parvistipula);

ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. Suppl, (1968) 114; MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964)

132.

TyPE: BECCARI 2547, Sarawak (K, P).

—— S. squamata (non BENTH. & HOOK f.) BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895)

92; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 407 p.p. quoad sp. Born. S. dyeri (non THW. ex TRIM.)

HEIM Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 2 (1891) 957. S. cristata BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31

(1895) 97; MERR. En. Born, (1921) 404; ASHTON Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 106; ibid.

Suppl. (1968) 106; MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964) 102.

HoLotyPeE: Beccari 2115, Sarawak (K).

Leaves 6-20 by 3-9 cm, not lepidote beneath; nerves 13-21 pairs; longer

fruit calyx lobes to 20 cm long.

Distr. Borneo (excepting S.W.). Widespread on clay rich soils on alluvium

and especially hillsides and low ridges to 1300 m.

I no longer consider that S. cristata can. be maintained as a separate species.

S. palosapis (BLCO) MERR. is undoubtedly closely allied but differs in its

amplexicaul stipule scars, large deltoid subpersistent stipules, and its oblong

irregular crown, branching from low on the bole.

Ssp. nebulosa (MEIJER) stat. nov.

— 5S. nebulosa MEIER Act. Bot. Neerl. 12 (1963) 337; MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For.

Rec. 5 (1964) 123.

Partes ut in ssp. parvistipulata sed lamina -13 X 6 cm costis lateralibus

utrinsecus minus quam 15; lobis celycis in fructu -9 X 18 cm differt.

Distr. N. E. Borneo; Crocker range and Mt. Kinabalu region, Hill forests

between 800-1300 m.

HootyPeE: San 16355, Paring, Ranau (L).

OTHER COLL.: San. 16273, Ulu Moyah, Sipitang; San A 4378, Keningau;

San 17010, 17025, Tambunan; San 16357, Paring, Ranau.

Ssp. albifolia ssp. nov.

Partes ut in ssp. parvistipulata sed lamina subtus roseoargentea lepidota

differt.

Distr. Borneo: N. E. Sarawak (Niah), Brunei; S. E. Sabah southwards to

to Balikpapan. Fertile soils on undulating land and periodically innundated

alluvium.

HoLotyPeE: S, 29276, Ulu Sekaloh, Niah, Sarawak (L).

OTHER COLL.: Brunei: S. 1689, S. Belaban, Tutong; S. 1692, S. Kiaput, Ulu

Tutong; Brun 5630, Ulu Pelangaoung, Belait. Indonesian Borneo: b.b, 34918,

Sambodja, Balikpapan, S. E. Borneo,

Dipterocar paceae 47

Shorea pauciflora KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 116; BRANDIS

J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 98; BURKILL J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 81 (1920) 51, 69; RIDL.

Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 228; FOXW. Mal, For. Rec. 3 (1927) 51 p.p.; ibid. 10 (1932) 218;

SLOOT. in MERR. Pl. Elm. Born. (1929) 203; BURK. Dict. 2 (1935) 2020; SYM. Mal. For.

Rec. 16 (1943) 78; BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 149; ASHTON Man.

Dipt. Brun. (1963) 207; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 114; MEIJER & WOOD Sab. For. Rec. 5 (1964)

133.

ISOHOLOTYPE: Curtis 1537, Penang Hill (K).

— S. plagata FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 13 (1918) Bot. 192; ibid. 67 (1938) 308.

ISOHOLOTYPE: F.B. 13758 (Foxworthy, Demesa and Villamil) Fort Banga,

Zamboanga Province, Mindanao (K).

— §S. agsaboensis W. L. STERN Brittonia 17 (1965) 36; ZAMUCO et al. Forestry

leaves, Philippines, 15, 3 (1965) 75.

ISOHOLOTYPE: Stern 2102 Tungao, Agsabo R., Agusan, Mindanao (K, LBC).

The type of S. plagata differs from S. paucifiora substantiaily only in the

unusually small leaf size and the usual but not universal presence of small axillary

domatia up the midrib. Foxworthy described the timber as being a heavy red

Jauan as is S. pauciflora and I have little doubt that they are conspecific, though

flowers of S. plagata are still unknown and would provide useful confirmatory

evidence.

Under S. polysperma (BLCO) MERR. Foxworthy (ibid. (1938) 309)

commented on the presence of a hill form in Laguna and Tayabas (now Quezon)

provinces, Luzon, known as Tiaong, with significantiy lighter softer wood. I have

seen this tree in the field, and am convinced that it represents nothing more than

the small-leaved extreme in a continuous range of variation in S. polysperma, leaf

size increasing down the hillside into the valleys sheltered from the typhoons;

larger leaved forms prevail in the everwet forests of southern Luzon to Mindanao.

However, the name has also been applied by foresters (from Luzon) to a small-

leaved tree in timber concessions in northwest Mindanao which undoubtedly

represents S. plagata though the leaves are generally somewhat larger than the

type and more closely match those of S. pauciflora KING. There it also has the

reputation of being light-timbered and liable to ‘trashy heart’, which is not in

character with S. pauciflora; Zamuco et al. found the wood to be anatomically

similar to S. negrosensis and S. polysperma though paler than the former; they

did not compare density. Stern, who also regarded the Luzon ‘tiaong’ to be either

S. polysperma or S. negrosensis described a fresh species on the basis of Surigao

del Norte specimens, under the name S. agsaboensis.

This form of S. pauciflora is now known from throughout Mindanao including

Zamboanga, Lanao, Surigao del Norte, Agusan and Bukidnon (according to

Foxworthy, specimens destroyed). Flowers are urgently required to establish its

exact status, which may be as a distinct subspecies of S. pauciflora.

OTHER COLL.: from Mindanao: Stern and Rojo 2102A, Esmade and Tamesis

s.n., 30.8.1963, Lomibao 1436, Tungao, Agusan; Tamesis and others CLP N-69.

PNH 40893, Mamato plateau, Misamis Oriental; Rojo CLP 1583, Rojo 1570,

NALCO, Agusan Norte (all at LBC).

Shorea singkawang MIQ. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. -Bat. 3 (1865) 87.

Ssp. singkawang. BURCK Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 219; BRANDIS J. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 87; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 1, 3 (1917) 307; ibid. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1125;

FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 10 (1932) 164; BURK. Dict. 2 (1935) 2022; SYM. Mal. For. Rec.

16 (1943) 92. —— Hopea singkawang MIQ. Sum. 1 (1860) 489, 191; DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1968)

635; WALP., Ann. 7 (1868) 379; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1125.

HoLotyPe: Teysmann s.n., Sidjungjung, Sumatra (U).

— 5S. thiseltoni KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 62, 2 (1893) 122; BRANDIS J. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 265; BRUHL & KING Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 5, 2 (1896) 155; BURKILL

J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 86 (1922) 285; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1125. — S. forbesii

48 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

KING ex BRANDIS J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 77, nomen in syn. —— Pachychlamys

thiseltoni RIDL. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 233; Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1927) 38. —— P. peccatianeg

(non DYER ex BRANDIS) RIDL. FI. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 233.

Young twigs, petioles, midrib and fruit calyx caducous ochrous-buff puberu-

lent; panicles, parts of perianth exposed in bud and nut persistently so. Leaves

(8-) 12-24 by (2.3-) 5.5-9 cm, oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous; base + broadly

cuneate; acumen to 1.5 cm long, tapering; nerves 7-12 pairs.

Distr. Malesia: Malaya, Lingga, E. Sumatra (Indragiri, Palembang,

Lampong).

Ssp. scabrosa ssp. nov.

—— Shorea sp. C. SYMINGTON Mal. For, Rec. 16 (1943) 95.

Ramuli gemmae stipulae petioli costa media costae laterales subtus paniculi

calyx externusque primo conferte scabrido fulvo pubescentes costae subtus dein

sparsim calyx caduce alteris persistente pubescentes. Lamina coriacissima basim

versus obtusa vel cordata acumine brevi vel obtusa costis lateralibus utrinsecus

12-17.

Distr: Malesia: E, Malaya (coastal Pahang, Trengganu, and N. E. Johor).

HoLoTyPE: Kep. 66959, Bukit Bauk Forest Reserve, Dunguan, Pahang

(KEP).

OTHER COLL.: Kep. 26729, 26708, 26734, 26740, 26904, 26755, S. Paka,

Trengganu; Kep. 44139, Bt. Lonchong, Ulu Paka; Kep. 94931, 93845, 94934,

94943, 94963, Kerteh, Ulu Chukai reserve, Kemaman, Trengganu; Kep 43058,

Dungun; Kep. 31681, 31680, S. Taroh, Lesong F. R., Pahang; SFN 29331, S.

Kayu Ara, Mawai-Jemaluang road, Johor.

Shorea curtisii DYER ex KING J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc. 2 (1893) 111; BRUHL

& KING, Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. 52, 2 (1896) 152. ssp. curtisiii BRANDIS J. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 101; RIDL. Agr. Bull. S. S. & F. M. S. 1 (1901) 58; Fl. Mal. Pen. 1

(1922) 223; HEYNE Nutt. Pl. ed. 1, 3 (1917) 299; ibid. ed. 2, 2 (1927) 1116; BURK, J. Str.

Br. R. As. Soc. 81 (1920) 71; FOXW. Mal. For. Rec. 1 (1921) 78; ibid. 3 (1927) 39; ibid.

10 (1932) 226; BURK. Dict. 2 (1935) 2009; CORNER, Wayside Trees | (1940) 213; SYM.

Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 67; BROWNE For. Tr. Sarawak and Brunei (1955) 147; ASHTON

Sees ts Brun. (1964) 185; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 106; MEIJER & WOOD, Sab. For. Rec.

(1964) 103.

SYNTYPES: Curtis 427, 1394, 1395, Penang Hill; Kunstler 8143, Larut, Perak,

Malaysia (K).

Twig c. 1.5 mm ¢ apically. Leaves 6-9 by 2.5-3.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate;

nerves 9-11 pairs; petiole 10-13 mm long.

Distr. Peninsular Thailand (Pattani) and in Malesia: Malaya, Singkep,

Lingga, Borneo (Rejang valley to S. W. Sabah).

Ssp. grandis ssp. nov.

—— Shorea sp. B. SYMINGTON Mal. For. Rec. 16 (1943) 95.

Ramuli apices versus c. 4 X 2 mm ¢. Lamina 11-17 Xx 5-8 cm elliptica — |

costis lateralibus utrinsecus 10-13 petiolo 20-25 mm longo.

Distr. Malaya: Perak. q

HoLotyPeE: Kep 16276, Ulu Chemor, Kinta hills Forest Reserve, Perak

(KEP). !

OTHER COLL : Kep 85601, Kinta Hills F.R., Kep 25412, 15440, Upper Chemur

valley, Perak; Kep 32165, 33701, 28981, 25642, 40610, Keledong Saiong F. R. —

Perak.

: This distinct form grows in mixture with the type subspecies in the Perak

ills. .

A New Variety of Cnesmone javanica B1.

from South Andaman Island, India.

N. P. BALAKRISHNAN & N. G. Nair

Botanical Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Circle, Port Blair.

Summary

A new variety Cnesmone javanica Bl. var. glabriuscula Balakr. & N. G. Nair

(EUPHORBIACEAEB) is described with illustrations, from South Andaman Island of Bay

of Bengal in India.

Cnesmone javanica B1. var. glabriuscula Balakr. & N. G. Nair var. nov. Fig. 1.

Differt a var. javanica planta subglabra, gracili; internodiis stipulis et petiolis

longioribus; foliis regulatum et minute dentatis; dentibus positibus distantibus;

bracteis femineis longioribus; calycibus femineis glabris vel minute disperse

puberulis.

Differs from var. javanica in being subglabrous slender plant; internodes,

stipules and petio!es longer; leaves regularly and minutely dentate; teeth distantly

placed; female bracts longer; female calyx lobes glabrous or with very minute

scattered hairs.

Twining herbs; internodes 15-30 cm long, + 4 mm thick, puberulous. Leaves

oblong-ovate, 6-15 cm long, 4-12 cm broad, cordate at base, acuminate at apex,

minutely toothed at margins, with scattered stiff hairs on nerves above, glabrous

and light green below; petioles 8-12 cm long, + 2 mm thick, puberulous; stipules

ovate-elliptic, 12-15 mm long, 4-6 mm broad, cordate at base, acuminate at apex.

Flowers in leaf-opposed androgynous racemes, apetalous; male flowers superior in

the raceme, female flowers inferior; lowest bracts ovate-lanceolate, 12-13 mm long,

8-9 mm wide; upper bracts successively narrower, linear-lanceolate. 2-4 mm long,

1-3 mm broad. Male-flowers:— pedicels 3-4 mm long, puberulous; calyx 3-partite,

ovate- deltoid, + 5 mm long, + 8 mm wide; stamens 3, + 2 mm long, connective

with long aristate and arcuate appendage at apex; anthers oblong, truncate, yellow,

longitudinally dehiscing. Female flowers:— Calyx 3, imbricate, ovate, acute at apex,

cuneate to subobtuse at base, + 12 mm long, + 8 mm broad, enlarging in fruits;

ovary 3-celled, + 3 mm diam., covered densely with long stiff white hairs;

styles 3, united at base, oblong-ovoid, fleshy, + 6 mm long, + 3 mm thick;

stigmatic surface many-papillose, greenish or rarely pinkish, fleshy; fruiting calyx

12-15 mm long, 8-10 mm broad; fruiting pedicels 3-5 mm long; fruits sparsely

white hairy, 3-lobed, + 2 cm across, + 1 cm high; seeds globose, 6-8 mm in

diam., white, smooth.

SOUTH ANDAMAN ISLAND: Guptapara, 23 Nov. 1973, Balakrishnan

641 A (HOLOTYPUS in CAL); ibid. 641 B-E (ISOTYPI in PBL*); ibid. 641 F

(ISOTYPI in K); Guptapara, 22 Oct. 1975, Balakrishnan & Nair 2287 (PARA-

TYPI in PBL, CAL, K, L, SING).

Acknowledgments

The authors express their grateful thanks to Mr. H. K. Airy Shaw, Kew for

Kindly going through the manucript and giving his expert opinion.

* Andaman-Nicobar Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Port Blair.

50 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

‘ Gat; ¢

A Pe he ee 6 i ee al Oe i ee

b \\

~ ea pe ee ee ee ee

Fig. 1. Cnesmone javanica Bl. var. glabriuscula Balakr. & N. G. Nair. a. branch; 5. inflores-

cence; c. male flower with closed tepals; d. male flower with open tepals; e. stamens with

appendage in normal position; f. anther, top view; g. stamen with appendage lifted up; h.

bracts of male flower; i. female flower; j. bracts of female flower; k. ovary, showing stigmatic

lobes; I. ls. of ovary; m. t.s. of ovary; n. hair of ovary; o. fruit with persistent tepals.

Studies in Macaranga VII*

The genus in ‘Greater India’

T. C. WHITMORE

Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford University, England

Summary

Only 12 Macaranga are known from ‘Greater India’, these are keyed out and annotated.

Several remain very inadequately collected. M. gmelinifolia is reduced to M. pustulata and

confusion between M. indica and M. peltata is resolved.

Introduction

The term ‘Greater India’ is used in this paper with no political connotations

as a convenient designation for the Indian subcontinent north to the Tibetan

frontier, plus Ceylon, the Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Burma. Airy Shaw

(Kew Bull. 26 (1971) 191-363) has enumerated Macaranga for Thailand and the

present author for Malaya (Tree Flora of Malaya 2 (1973) 106-13) The present

contribution extends these studies westwards to the Asian limit of the genus.

In Greater India Macaranga is far less rich and diverse than further south

and east. The fragmentary ecological notes on collecting labels suggest most species

(perhaps all) are gregarious pioneer trees of secondary forest. There are a few slim

indications that they are restricted to rain forest and monsoon forest. Further, they

extend to elevations which suggest occurrence in lower montane as well as lowland

rain forest.

The account is based on the collections at K and BM. There is little material

from later than the second decade of this century. In fact, of the thirteen recorded

species, only M. denticulata, M. indica, M. peltata and M. pustulata are well

represented. M. conifera is included on the word of Kurz. A second collection is

recorded of M. gamblei, previously known only from the type.

The recent discovery in the Nicobar and Andaman Islands of M. nicobarica,

a new species related to M. gigantea of West Malesia, suggests that there may be

more species awaiting discovery or ranges awaiting extension, and that, just as in

Malaya, an observant forest botanist could gather a rich harvest in this genus of

conspicuous, gregarious, wayside trees.

Abbreviations

The principal publications are abbreviated in the enumeration as follows:

Airy Shaw — in Kew Bull. 26 (1971) — i.e. Euphorbiaceae of Siam.

2. Brandis, D. — Indian Trees (1906).

3. Cowan, A. M. & Cowan, J. M. — The Trees of Northern Bengal, Revised by

J. S. Gamble (1929).

* continued from Kew Bull. 29(1974) 445-50.

—

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Gamble, J. S. — Flora of the Presidency of Madras 2 (7) (1925).

Haines, H. H. The Botany of Bihar & Orissa (1925).

Hook, f. — in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1887).

Kurz, S, — Forest Flora of British Burma 2 (1877).

Muell. Arg. — in DC., Prodr, 15 (2) (1866).

Pax & Hoffh. — in Engl., Pflanzenr, IV. 147 (1914).

Trimen, H. — A Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. 4 (1898).

Whitmore, T. C. 1973 — Tree Flora of Malaya 2 (1973).

Whitmore, T. C. 1975 — Macaranga: in The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo.

Kew Bull. Addit. Ser. 4.

Key to Macaranga species in Greater India

Leaves peltate at base ...:...tsawisicse -2¢ <atealwe. .cbeeseas aed 00 2

Leaves not peltate at base 25.20. Aco-S: eee t Bea 6

Stipules persistent. ..:..2..-9. -SS. LAA LIEN. ... 26. 2022 dani an 0 3

Stipules immediately or soon CadUCOUS. .....:......5.-.0.2++0++ssascunes0 se ~

Leaves below with reddish granular gland dots, sparsely pilose. Bracteoles

entire (male) or shallowly irregularly dentate (female). Fruits smooth

Lo ain cbse pddendi¥'s appade ainnkuddehaaaibdes Bh dbaehaiseatel as. c8 Caan ia a M. nicobarica

Leaves below not granular glandular, finely velvety. Bracteoles densely

toothed. Fruits spiny, ad .seud: viii oetiaw-ve hehe Sao) ahae M. tanarius

Leaves with broadly truncate base; basal pair of secondary nerves rather

straight; tertiary nerves scalariform, raised, pale, conspicuous on lower

surface. Fruits 2-shouldered with short persistent stigmas. Twigs coarsely

striate, ochre-fawn. tomentose at first .. /...i.0stilAsi.cctencteckl M. denticulata

Leaves with rounded base; basal pair of secondary nerves markedly curved;

tertiary nerves not regularly scalariform, not strongly conspicuous, Fruits

usually globose, style eccentric. Twigs not coarsely striate, often slightly

PIAUCOUS: is. toc sia. daiteb -snb «o\fad bj mRipians CLG d md ODA RIORBELD ole ARC Akos Ss 5

Leaves usually with 2 large glands near petiole insertion. Bracteoles linear,

with a conspicuous apical gland. Fruits c. 2 mm diam., pedicel 10 mm, borne

on secondary branches; infructescences pyramidal, forming a tangled mass

Lv acylase « lave s shies colgs bled «= Siighs Silda Mi linn eid Bald AACE NOE ge bee aa a M. indica

Leaves never with hack glands. Bracteoles ovate, dentate. Fruits c. 4 mm

diam, pedicel 20 mm, borne on primary branches: infructescences oblong,

more or less discrete ...... oie 02. JOT poe oe M. peltata

Some or all leaves with 3—5 lobes .....i.00..2. 0.02. .kesse0s e+ ou nnnelaneene nian 7

Leaves not lobed ......3...6seasssssoassp00nsenee ous see Sila sine Sinn ens 8

Most leaves with 5 lobes, drying beetroot-red beneath. Fruits horned ......... a!

nun ilbala st ciele dn ien ave» «wuipsiels 0 p'sieejge'y ets ale ¢nnte amit annn M. quadricornis

ees with 3 lobes. Fruits softly spiny, enclosed in leafy bracts ...............

Pe emere ene eae Parent Ae eee) oe F M. kurzii

Leaves palmately netead senesnsnnsceawiyiil cde dn daalccled ohilUES sires alee saan ie

Leaves ‘pinnately nerved s....2s0.3..08.1, dvsveld 1d. OR, ne 10

Leaves with 2 glands at petiole insertion; truncate to subeordate Fruits

shouldered. Tree 20.00. c:.s0+3s.+.cas¢enéoane poppe deane een a M. pustulata

Leaves without such glands; truncate. Fruits spiny. Sarmentose shrub .........

DS PR ae a dovccenencesccncscsaessecsieneesons ceeds odes aan abin yas innit

Macaranga in Greater India 53

EG AS es FS RAR Senge: 1]

ees ny wrmena Were res eo F8 L OURw o 12

11. Inflorescences simple, lateral; male thread-like; female capitate, with persistent

RN das oo aces cannes aca enansccecdecsqeaectwe M. andamanica

Male inflorescences compound, terminal (female unknown) ...... M. gamblei

I CIPS PCMRC TL TUL cay stately eis Soles Shes ie Mashed hoe hbe die ceeded. M. digyna

Ree! RSUMAMIAIS (5621s LL i ee EEO RS at Gk M. conifera

Macaranga andamanica Kurz: 389 (1877); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 365 (1914);

Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman Is.: 238 (1923); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 19: 318

(1965) & 26: 287 (1971); Whitmore in Malayan Nature Journ. 20: 95 (1967),

Biol. Journ. Linn. Soc, 1: 225 (1969) & in Tree Flora Malaya 2: 112 (1973).

M. brandisii King ex Hook, f.: 453 (1887); Brandis: 592 (1906); Pax & Hoffm.

loc. cit. (1914).

M. bracteata Merr. in Lingnan Sci. Journ. 6: 281 (1928).

? M. rosuliflora Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb, 23: 51 (1942).

Lower Burma, Andaman Isl., S. China (Yunnan, Hainan), Indochina (Tonkin),

Thailand, Malaya.

A typical species of Sect. Pseudo-Rottlera.

Macaranga conifera (Zoll.) Muell. Arg.: 1005 (1866). Pax & Hoffm. vii: 392

(1914). Whitmore: 112 (1973) &: 157 (1975).

Mappa conifera Zoll. in Linnaea 29: 466 (1857).

Pachystemon populifolius Miq., Fl, Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 462 (1861).

M. populifolia (Miq.) Muell. Arg.: 1006 (1866); Kurz: 381 (1877); Hook. f.: 450

(1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 322 (1914).

Andamans (fide Kurz), Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo.

The only record is that of Kurz, which is entirely plausible both to location

and identity.

Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell. Arg.: 1000 (1866); Kurz: 387 (1877); Hook.

f.: 446 (1887); Brandis; 591 (1906); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 334 (1914); Haines: 108

(1925); Cowan & Cowan: 120 (1929). Whitmore in Malayan Nature Journ, 20:

94, 96 (1967) and in Tree Flora Malaya 2: 111 (1973); Airy Shaw: 288 (1971).

? Trewia hernandiifolia Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp.: 374 (1821).

Mappa denticulata Bl., Bijdr.: 625 (1825).

Rottlera glauca Hassk. in Flora 25. ii Beibl. 2: 41 (1842).

Mappa gummiflua Migq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 430 (1858).

M. wallichii Baill., Et, Gén. Euphorb.: 430 (1858).

M. truncata Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 198 (1865).

Macaranga gummiflua (Mig.) Muell. Arg.: 1000 (1866).

M. perakensis Hook. f.: 447 (1887).

M. henricorum Hemsl. in Journ, Linn. Soc. London 26: 442 (1894).

Common, widely distributed Nepal eastwards in the southern Himalaya, to

Burma, Andaman Isl., Thailand, S. China, Malaya, Sumatra and Java.

54 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Distinguished from M. indica and M. peltata by the broadly truncate base,

basal secondaries rather straight and tertiaries straight and parallel (ie. scalariform)

and pale and clearly visible on the lower leaf surface. Furthermore, the twigs are

usually coarsely striate with an ochre-fawn (but caducous) tomentum, the fruits

are two-shouldered with very short reflexed stigmas. Rarely the leaf has several

big glands on the main basal nerves near the petiole insertion, but they are smaller

than similar glands in M. indica, which are always 2 in number.

Roth’s description of a peltate-leaved plant with entire bracteoles most closely

fits here rather than with M. indica where J. D. Hooker thought it might belong.

{f a specimen can ever be traced the epithet is four years earlier. -

Macaranga digyna (Wight) Muell. Arg.: 1007 (1866); Hook. f.: 453 (1887);

Trimen: 70 (1898); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 323 (1914); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.

19: 327 (1965).

Claoxylum digynum Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 5: 23, t. 1884 (1852).

Rottlera digyna (Wight) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan.: 273 (1864).

Mappa digyna (Wight) Muell. Arg, in Linnaea 34: 198 (1865).

Cey!on.

A typical species of section Pseudo-Rottlera.

Macaranga gamblei Hook. f.: 445 (1837); Brandis: 592 (1906); Pax & Hoffm.:

364 (1914); Cowan & Cowan: 120 (1929). Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 19: 327

(1965) passim.

Tanarius gamblei (Hook, f) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl.: 620 (1891).

Sikkim at Dalkajhar (type, K!) and Darjeeling (Hans 77, BM!)

Pax & Hoffmann place this species in Sect. Pseudo-Rottlera. As Hooker

remarked it is highly distinctive. Unfortunately it is still only known from the

original gathering (Gamble 503C, 503D, ! at K) now a century old (4 [18] 76)

and one more recent gathering (1963). Both are male, The Gestalt is of Sect.

Pseudo-Rottlera but, as Airy Shaw pointed out, the branched, compound, terminal

male inflorescence is very different from anything else in the section. More material

is needed.

Macaranga indica Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 5:23, t. 1883 (1852) and 6:5 t. 1949,

ii (1853); Muell. Arg.: 1009 (1866); Kurz: 397 (1877); Hook. f.: 446 (1887);

Trimen: 70 (1898); Brandis: 592 (1906); Pax and Hoffm. vii: 349 (1914);

Haines: 108 (1925); Gamble: 1326 (1925); Cowan & Cowan: 121 (1929);

Hurusawa and Tanaka in Hara, Fl, E. Himalaya: 179 (1966); Airy Shaw in Kew

Bull. 23: 93 (1969), 26: 290 (1971); Whitmore & Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.

25: 241 (1971); Whitmore: 107 (1973).

W. Peninsular India, Ceylon, E. Himalaya, SW. China, Assam, Andaman Isl.,

Thailand, Malaya.

Very easily confused with M. peltata, and sterile specimens cannot be certainly

named. M. indica usually has 2 large glands on the leaf near the petiole insertion,

but not always; such glands are never present in M, peltata. Both species have

almost terete twigs which may be glaucous to a variable degree, distinctions from

M. denticulata, The broad papery stipules are soon to very soon caducous. The -

leaves in both species are deeply peltate with rounded base, and velvety to almost

glabrous below. The bracteoles of M. indica are essentially spoon-like, linear, with

a large apical gland. Those of M. peltata are ovate, dentate, rusty tomentose and

very conspicuous. In both species the bracteoles are caducous, especially in the

female. The male panicles of M. indica have slender zig-zag branches, and those

Macaranga in Greater India 55

of the female are slightly zig-zag. M. peltata has stouter straightish branches. Both

species have the style long and eccentric. The fruits of M. indica mature at c. 2 mm

diam. rarely it is bilobed (but nearly always in the sparse Malayan material at

K); the pedicel is 10 mm long; fruits are borne on secondary branches and the

panicles are pyramidal and form dense, tangled clusters, In M. peltata the mature

fruit is c. 4 mm diam. and the pedicel is 20 mm long; fruits are borne on the

primary branches, the infructescences are smaller, racemose and roughly oblong,

they do not form dense tangles. M. flexuosa has the bracteoles of M. peltata; it is

clearly conspecific with that, not M. indica where it has long been placed.

Macaranga kurzii (O. Kuntze) Pax & Hoffm. vii: 360 (1914); Airy Shaw: 290

(1971).

M. membranacea Kurz in Journ. As. Soc, Bengal 42: 246 (1873) & For. FI. Brit.

Burma 2: 389 (1877); Hook. f.: 454 (1887); non Muell. Arg. (1866). ©

Tanarius kurzii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl.: 619 (1891).

Lower Burma (apparently rare), Thailand, S.W. China, Indochina.

Macaranga nicobarica Balakrishnan and Chakraborty in Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 31:

57-60.

Great Nicobar Isl., Katchal Isl., Andamans and possibly Burma at Amherst.

The description suggests that this recently discovered species is related to

M. gigantea but differs in the entire leaves, the bracteoles entire (4) or only

shailowly irregularly dentate (2) not deeply dentate, and the leaves below only

sparsely pilose and with minutely red — lepidote. Maung Tha Myaing 159

(commun. Lace) at K (!) is very similar but the leaves have two short lateral

lobes.

Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell. Arg.: 1010 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 347

(1914); Gamble: 1326 (1925); Cowan & Cowan: 121 (1929).

M. roxburghii Wight Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 5: 23 (1852) & 6: t 1949 iv (1853); Hook.

f.: 448 (1887); Brandis: 592 (1906); Haines: 108 (1925).

M. tomentosa Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 5: 23 (1852) & 6: 1949, i (1853). Muell.

Arg.: 1010 (1866); Trimen: 70 (1898).

M. flexuosa Wight, Ic. Ind. Or. 5: 23 (1852) & 6: t. 1949, iii (1853); Gamble:

1326 (1925) Syn. nov.

M. wightiana Baill., Et. Gén. Euphorb.: 432 (1858).

Mappa peltata (Roxb.) Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 3: t. 817 (1844).

Osyris ? peltata Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3: 755 (1832).

India from Sikkim southwards, Ceylon, Andaman Isl., Tenasserim.

Extremely easily confused with M. indica, q.v. for a full discussion.

Macaranga pustulata King ex Hook. f.: 445 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 338

(1914); Brandis: 592 (1906); Cowan & Cowan: 120 (1929); Hurusawa & Tanaka

in Hara, Fl. E. Himalaya: 179 (1966).

Tanarius pustulatus (King ex Hook. f.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl.: 619 (1891).

M. gmelinifolia King ex Hook. f.: 445 (1887); Brandis: 592 (1906); Cowan &

Cowan: 120 (1929). Syn. nov.

Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards, 3-6000 ft., chiefly on old clearings, often

gregarious.

56 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Macaranga quadricornis Ridley in Bull. Misc, Inf. Kew 1923: 367 (1923) & FI.

Mal. Penins. 3: 300 (1924); Whitmore in Biol. Journ. Linn. Soc. 1: 227-230

(1969) & Tree Flora Malaya 2: 107 (1973) &: 149 (1975); Airy Shaw: 291

(1971) ‘M. ? tenuifolia’ sec. Corner: 269 (1940), an Muell Arg.?

M. triloba sec. Airy Shaw: 292 (1971) in annot. ‘Lower Burma’ an (BI.)

Muell. Arg.

Lower Burma, Thailand, Malaya, Borneo.

Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg.: 997 (1866); Kurz; 388 (1877); Hook, f.:

447 (1887); Brandis: 592 (1906); Pax and Hoffm. vii: 352 (1914) (excl. synon.

M. clavata Warb.); Whitmore in Malayan Nature Journ, 20: 94, 99 (1967), 111

(1973) and: 158 (1975); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 999 (1969), in clavi &

26: 291 (1971).

Ricinus tanarius L. in Stickm. Herb. Amboin.: 14 (1754) and in Amoen, Acad.

A: 195 (17591.

Mappa tanarius (L.) BI., Bijdr.: 624 (1825).

M. tomentosa Bl., Bijdr.: 624 (1825).

Macaranga molliuscula Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 42: 245 (1873).

Lower Burma, Andaman Isl., Nicobar Isl., S. E. and Lower Thailand, Cochinchina,

S. China, Taiwan, Ryu Kyu Isl., throughout Malesia to N. Australia and Melanesia.

Macaranga trichocarpa (Reichb. f. & Zoll.) Muell. Arg.: 1003 (1866); Hook. f.:

450 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 358 (1914); Whitmore in Malayan Nature Journ.

20: 95, 99 (1967), Tree Flora Malaya 2: 112 (1973) &; 158 (1975); Airy Shaw

in Kew Bull. 23: 97 (1969), 26 g.v for full synonymy, 26: 292 (1971).

Mappa trichocarpa Reichb. f. & Zoll. ex Zoll. in Verhand. Natuurk, Vereen. Ned.

Ind. 1: 8 (1856), & in Linnaea 28: 307 (1856).

Macaranga minutiflora Muell. Arg. in Flora 47: 466 (1864) & in DC.: 1012

(1866); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 358 (1914); Pax apud Schmidt in Bot. Tidsskr.

32: 390 (1916). Brandis: 592 (1906). Kurz: 388 (1877).

M. helferi Muell. Arg.: 1004 (1866).

Lower Burma, ? Andaman Isl. (Helfer 4750, K !), Thailand, Indochina,

Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo.

Doubtful and excluded species

Macaranga depressa (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.: 989 (1866); Hook. f.: 454 (1887);

Trimen: 71 (1893); Whitmore: 146 (1975).

This is recorded for Ceylon by Muell. Arg. on the basis of specimen of

Thunberg’s in Herb. Upsala. The species is a Bornean endemic and I agree with

Trimen that there must be an error of labelling.

Macaranga involucrata (Roxb.) Baillon, Et. Gén, Euphorb.: 432 (1858). Muell.

Arg.: 1011 ex parte Pax & Hoffm.; Hook. f.: 454 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 374

(1914).

Urtica involucrata Roxb., Hort. Beng.: 67 (1814).

Moluccas. Cult. in Calcutta Botanic Garden (Wallich 4621).

Macaranga sp. Hook. f.: 454 (1887) ‘Chittagong, (Hook. f. & C. T. Clarke)’.

This collection is not represented at BM or K.

A New Species of Macaranga from Nicobar Islands

N. P. BALAKRISHNAN & P,. CHAKRABORTY

Botanical Survey of India

Andaman — Nicobar Circle

Port Blair (India)

Summary

A new species Macaranga nicobarica (Euphorbiaceae) is described with illustrations from

Nicobar group of islands in the Bay of Bengal.

During a survey of the flora of Katchal Island in Nicobar group of islands

situated in the Bay of Bengal in August 1974, the junior author collected a very

large-leaved Macaranga from dense evergreen hill forests near a place called Mildera

at an altitude of about 100 m above M.S.L. The solitary tree noticed was in flower

and three specimens were collected and flowers were preserved in liquid. On study

of the materials it is found that they do not fit into any of the described species of

Macaranga. Again in October 1975 a large population of the same species was noticed

near a place called Kapanga on the same island in dense hill forests. They were in

fruiting condition. Further studies showed that this can be described as a new

species close to M. gigantea Reichb. f. & Zoll. but differs in being a smaller tree

with larger entire leaves, larger floral bracts completely concealing flowers, entire

male bracts, much reduced cupular female perianth and globose seeds. The figures

of fruits and seed were drawn from P. Chakraborty 2584 and the rest from P.

Chakraborty 2041.

Macaranga nicobarica Balakr. & Chakrab. sp. nov. (Fig. 1)

M. giganteae affinis a qua imprimis differt arboribus brevioribus; foliis majoribus

integris; bracteis majoribus omnino tegentibus flores; bracteis integris; perianthio

reductissimo cupulato, subtruncato, adherenti ovarii basim; seminibus globosis, non

compressis.

Arbor parva, ramosa, monoecia, 4-10 m alta; caulis principalis 15-25 cm

crassus, molliter lignosus, medulla magna; nodi incrassati, hirsuti; rami parce

pubescentes; ramuli dense pubescentes; stipulae erectae, lanceolatae peranguste

acuminatae ad apices, affixae ad dimidas ambitua caules basibus latis, 4-8 cm

longae, 2.55.0 cm latae, internodia aequantia vel eis longiora, extra dense villosae

hirsutae, intra glabrosae. Folia ovata, integra, basi rotundata, apice abrupte breviter

tenuiter caudata, 50-70 cm longa, 40-60 cm lata, alte (12-17 cm) peltata,

subcoriacea, juniora dense rufo-tomentella, matura supra subglabra subtus parce

stellato-pilosa, minute rubro-lepidota; nervi subtus tereti porcati prominentes,

stellato pilosi et rubro-lepidoti; nervi primarii 10-12, palmati radiatim ex petiolis

apicibus; nervi primarii ascendentes 5; nervi descendentes 5—7, graciliores; nervi

laterli ex costis 10-12 jugi; nervi tertiari numerosi, paralleli regulariter scalariformes;

nervi minores scalariformes, reticulati, subprominentes; petioli teres, 30-75 cm

longi, 1.0-1.3 cm crassi, incrassati ad bases, puberuli ad bases et apices, parce

44, !

NY Mendy

A AA

Ra eA

a eee )

SS eS Ele

Ze SSS iE

—=3

tne = ay

NPB. dal.

Fig. 1. Macaranga nicobarica Balakr. & Chakrab. A. twig; B. male bract with flowers; C.

male spike; D. female spike; E. male flower; F. 3-stamened male flower, opened out; G.

2-stamened male flower, opened out; H. female bract with flower; J. female flower; J. ovary,

l.s.; K. ovary, t.s.; L. seed; M. fruit, side view; N. fruit, top view showing dehiscence.

Macaranga nicobarica 59

minute rubro-lepidoti. Inflorescentia laxe paniculata racemosa, gracilis, 20-30 cm

longa, dense puberula, ramulis 6-8 cm longis, bracteis ramealibus ovatis 3-5 mm

longis persistentibus, bracteis floralibus numerosis laxe spiratim dispositi sessilibus

suborbicularibus integris + 2.5 cm diametro pubescentibus lepido-glanduliferis.

Flos &é numerosus in axilla bracteae omnis, sessilis, fasciculatus; perianthium

campanulatum, 3-lobatum, + 0.8 mm longum; lobi subacuti, puberuli paucis luteis

lepido-glanduliferis ad apices; stamina 2 vel 3, + 0.7 mm longa; filamenta connata

ad bases; antherae 3-4-locellatae, oblongae, subglobosae longitudinales dehiscentes.

Inflorescentia 2 \leviter dense paniculatim racemosa, brevior et crassior, 10-15 cm

longa, dense puberula; ramulis 5—6 cm longis; racemi strobiliformis; bracteae ramis

ovatae, sessiles, pubescentes, 3-5 mm longae; bracteae florum foliaceae spiratim

dense dispositae, erectae, ovatae, subacutae, brevipetiolatae, brevi dentatae pectinatae

ad margines, 8-10 mm longae, 6-8 mm latae, intra pubescentes, extra puberulae,

luteae lepido-glanduliferes, 3-5-nervatae; nervi supra sulcatae; infra elevatae, Flos

2 solitariis in axillae bracteae subsessilis, + 3 mm longus; perianthium reductis-

simum, cupulatum, subtruncatum, adherens versus ovarii basim, + 0.8 mm

longum, dense pubescens; ovarium biloculare, ovoideum, oblongum, dorsoventraliter

compressum, sparsim tuberculatis obtusis atrobrunneis et dense luteo-lepidotis;

stigma bilobatim, sessilis, adherens ad ovarii apicem, dense papillosum, atrobrun-

neum; ovulum solitarium in omni cellula, in placenta axialibus. Capsula bicellularis,

reniformis, transverse oblonga, + 1 cm lata, + 6 mm alta, + 5 mm crassa, dense

rubro-lepidota; semina solitaria in omni cellula, globosa, + 4 mm crassa: testa

atrobrunnea, crustacea, plurimis fractis porcatis.

NICOBARS, Katchal Island: Mildera, 11 Aug. 1974, Chakraborty 2041 A

(HOLOTYPUS in CAL); ibid. 2047 B-C (ISOTYPI in PBL*); Kapanga, 19 Oct.

1975, Chakraborty 2584 A-B (PARATYPI in PBL); ibid. 2584 C-D (PARATYPI

in CAL). Great Nicobar Island: 33 KM on East-West Road, 22 July 1976, Bala-

krishnan 3950 (PBL); Campbell Bay, 28 July 1976, Balakrishnan 4053 (PBL).

Small branched monoecious tree, 4-10 m high; main stem 15-25 cm thick, soft

woody with large pith; nodes thickened, hirsute; branches sparsely pubescent;

branchlets densely pubescent; stipules erect, lanceolate, narrowly acuminate at apex,

attached to half the circumference of stem by broad base, 4-8 cm long, 2.5-5.0 cm

wide, equal to internode or longer, densely villous hirsute outside, glabrous inside.

Leaves ovate, entire, rounded at base, abruptly short slender acuminate at apex,

50-70 cm long, 40-60 cm wide, high (12-17 cm) peltate, subcoriaceous, young ones

densely rufous tomentose, mature ones subglabrous above, sparsely stellate-pilose

and minutely red lepidote beneath; nerves prominently terete ridged, stellate pilose

and red-lepidote; primary nerves 5-7, slender; lateral nerves from midrib 10-12

pairs; tertiary nerves parallel, regularly scalariform; nervules scalariform-reticulate,

subprominent; petiole terete, 30-75 cm long, 1.0-1.3 cm thick, thickened at base,

puberulous at base and apex, sparsely minutely red-lepidote. Inflorescence 4 lax

panicle of racemes, slender, 20-30 cm long, densely puberulous; branches 6-8 cm

long; bracts of branches ovate, 3-5 mm long, persistent; floral bracts numerous

laxly spirally arranged, sessile, suborbicular, entire, + 2.5 mm diam. pubescent,

lepidote-glandular. Flower $ many in axil of each bract, sessile, fasciculate;

perianth campanulate, 3-lobed, + 0.8 mm long; lobes subacute, puberulous, with

some yellow lepidote glands at apex; stamens 2 or 3, + 0.7 mm long; filaments

*Andaman-— Nicobar Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Port Blair.

60 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

connate at base; anthers 3-4-celled, oblong subglobose, longitudinally dehiscing.

Inflorescence @ somewhat densely racemose paniculate, shorter and_ thicker,

10-15 cm long, densely puberulous; branches 5-6 cm Jong; racemes strobiliform;

bracts of branches ovate, sessile, pubescent, 3-5 cm long; floral bracts foliaceous,

dense, spirally arranged, erect, ovate, subacute, shortly petiolate, shortly dentate

pectinate at margins, 8-10 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, pubescent inside, puberulous

and yellow lepidote glandular outside, 3—5-nerved; nerves sulcate grooved above,

raised beneath. Flower ¢ solitary in axil of each bract, subsessile, + 3 mm long;

perianth much reduced, cup-shaped, subtruncate, adherent to base of ovary, +

0.8 mm long, densely pubescent; ovary 2-celled, ovoid-oblong, dorsoventrally

compressed, sparsely obtuse dark brown tuberculate and densely yellow lepidote;

stigma bilobed, sessile, adherent to top of ovary, densely papillose, black brown;

ovule solitary in each cell, on axile placenta. Capsule 2-celled, reniform, tranversely

oblong, + 1 cm wide, + 6 mm high, + 5 mm thick, densely red-lepidote; seed

solitary in each cell, globose, + 4 mm thick; testa dark brown, crustaceous, with

many broken ridges.

Acknowledgement

The authors express their grateful thanks to Mr. H. K. Airy Shaw and

Dr. T. C. Whitmore, Kew for kindly going through the manuscript and illustrations

and for giving their expert opinions.

Plantlets from Paulownia Tissue Culture

May Lay FU

Botanic Gardens

Parks and Recreation Department

Singapore

’ Summary

Plantlets were produced from white and firm callus tissue of Paulownia taiwaniana Hu &

Chang initiated on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium. Illuminated by 400 ft.-c of

light for 16 hrs/day at 25°C., leafy shoots were initiated followed by roots at a later stage.

Whole amiga were then isolated from callus. Plantlets after transplanting into the soil

survived.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank the following: —

of the Forestry Research Institute, Taiwan: Mr. Hu Ta-Wei for suggesting the

research topic and for the supply of plant material; of the Department of Botany,

National Taiwan University: Miss Liu Fu-Sen and Mr. Chang Yen-Jun for their

technical assistance; and of the Parks and Recreation Department, Singapore: Mr.

Wong Yew Kwan, Commissioner, who encouraged me to publish the results and

Dr. Choo Yon Sen for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.

Introduction

There have been many successful cases in the induction of complete plants

from tissue and cell culture of herbaceous angiosperms and monocots (Murashige,

1974) (1). However, plantlets from woody tree tissue culture have been reported

only in very limited cases. According to Winton (1974) (2) plantlets have been

produced successfully by tissue culture method in the following few trees;

Eucalyptus citriodora (3), Ephedra foliata (4), Zamia floridana (5), Pinus palustris,

Pinus elliottii, Pinus rigida (6), Populus tremuloides (triploid, tetraploid and diploid

plants), Populus alba (7, 8, 9), Ulmus glabra (10), Ilex aquifolium (12), Eucalyptus

obliqua, Eucalyptus viminalis (12), Broussonetia kaziniokii (13), Populus deltoides,

Populus nigra (14, 15), Citrus sinensis (16, 17, 18, 19), Citrus aurantiifolia (20),

Citrus maxima (21), Populus euramericana cv. robusta, Manihot esculenta (22).

This paper reports * the success of organ initiation from Paulownia taiwaniana

stem callus into complete plantlets and the transplanting of these plantlets in

open air.

The genus Paulownia is a native of East Asia and has been introduced to

Europe and North America for commercial purposes. It is a kind of lumber tree

renowned for its light weight combined with strength. It has been used extensively

in industries for making chest, guitar and other types of musical instruments. It

is also useful for building small boats and as military aircraft plywood.

* A preliminary note under the same title has been published in Chinese in the Taiwan

Forestry Research Institute Bulletin No. 286 in December 1976.

62 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Materials and Methods

The physiological conditions required for callus production and organ

initiation into plantlets varied somewhat with the age of the explants employed.

Generally, the younger the explants, the easier the organ initiation. Two types

of Paulownia taiwaniana (23) stems, one from seedlings and the other from

saplings of approximately one year old were used to initiate callus culture.

1. Seedling stem callus cultures: Paulownia seeds were sterilized in 10%

w/v calcium hypochloride and sown aseptically on agar medium containing only

inorganic salts of Murashige and Skoog medium 1964 (24). Toole and his

associates in 1958 (25) found Paulownia seeds required more light energy for

germination than seeds like lettuce. Thus, for the germination of Paulownia seeds,

the cultures were exposed to 400 ft-c of light for 16 hours each day. Four to six

weeks were required to initiate germination and likewise for the seedling stem

to grow to a length of 2 cm with a diameter of 0.05 cm. The seedling stem was

very slender and it was very difficult to separate the nodes from the internodes.

Subsequently two-thirds of the length from the apex of these slender stems were

cut off to induce straighter and stronger new shoots to grow out from the

seedling stumps. It took only two to three weeks for a new shoot to grow to a

stem of 8 to 10 cm in length and 0.2 cm in diameter, Nodes and internodes of

the stem could be clearly distinguished. The seedling stem was excised into nodal

and internodal segments of 0.2 to 0.3 cm in length. Nodal and internodal segments

were planted separately on 5 different media (Table I). All cultures were grown

at 25°C in darkness. Temperature has been found to be an important factor. If

the temperature was higher than 28°C degree, the callus culture turned brown.

Table I. Nutrient Medium Composition for Formation of Callus from Paulownia (all values

expressed as milligrammes per liter).

Constituent A B S D E

NH,NO, 1650 1650 1650 1650 825

KNO, 1900 1900 1900 1900 950

MgSO, 7H,O 370 370 370 370 185

CaCl, 2H,O 440 440 440 440 220

KH,PO, 170 170 170 170 85

FeSO, 7H,O 27.84 27.84 27.84 27.84 13.92

Na,EDTA 37.24 37.24 37.24 37.24 18.62

MnSO,H,O 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 8.45

ZnSO,7H,O 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 4.3

H,BO, 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 3.1

KI 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.415

CoCl 6H,O 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.0125

CuSO,5H,O 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.0125

Na,MoO,2H,O 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.125

Thiamine, HCl 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

myo-Inositol 100 100 100 100 100

Indole-3-acetic acid — — — _ 5

2,4-D 3.0 0.3 3.0 0.3 —

Kinetin . 0.03 0.1 0.03 0.1 re

Casein hydrolysate — — 3000 3000 —_

Coconut Milk -- os — — 15%

Sucrose 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Paulownia tissue culture 63

2. Sapling stem cultures: Five one year old Paulownia saplings of height

two-feet tall were grown in pots in the open. Stem segments of 0.3 to 0.5 cm in

length and 0.5 to 0.8 in diameter were excised from both green hairy young

shoots and old brown lignified stem and planted on 5 different media (Table I).

The cultures were incubated in darkness until callus was produced. The callus was

then cut into four to six pieces and transferred to il different media E, F, G, H, L

F’, G’, H’, l’, J, K (Table II) for organ initiation. Medium E, found to produce

white and firm callus was chosen as the medium for producing stock callus for

organogenesis studies. Thus some of the callus was subcultured in medium E

and incubated in darkness for stock callus. All callus tissues for organogenesis

studies were incubated under 400 ft-c light for 16 hours per day at 25°C in

various media. Eleven media, E, F, G, H, I, F’, G. H’, I’, J, and K were used

in organ initiation studies (Table IL). All the callus used in these studies were

from brown lignified internodal stem. Media E, F, G, H, I are Murashige and

Skoog medium with varying concentrations of kinetin and Auxin. Media F’, G’,

H’ and I are the same as F, G, H, I respectively except that there is a higher

concentration of ammonium nitrate (2000 mg/l instead of 1650 mg/l). Media

J and K are Winton’s (26). Aspen medium with zero and 0.15 mg/| 6-amino-

benzyladenine respectively. The callus tissues planted in various media were all

kept under 400 ft-c light for 16 hours/day at 25°C.

Table II. Nutrient Medium Composition for Formation of Plantlets from Paulownia Callus

(all values expressed as milligrammes per liter)

Constituents F G H I F” G’ H’ r J K

Inorganic salts MS MS MS MS MS! MS! _ MS! MS! Ww2 Ww2

Organic constituents

Thiamine, HCl 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1

myo-Inositol 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Nicotinic acid 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Glycine 2 2 2 2 z 2 2 2 a ort

Pyridoxine, HCl 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1

Adenine sulfate 40 80 40 40 40 40 40 40 o— —

(dihydrate)

Kinetin 1 0.6 2 6 ] 0.6 2 6 l 0

6-Benzyladenine _- _ a — = — —_ — ~ 0.15

Indole-3-acetic acid 0.1 0.2 2 2 0.1 0.2 2 2 —_ —

Sucrose 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 +2000 #2000

Coconut Milk 18% 15% 15% 153% 15% 15% 15% 15% = aes

2, 4-D — —- — — —- — —_ — 0.04 —_—

1 NH,NO,2000 mg per liter, the rest of the composition as Murashige & Skoog Medium

(1962)

2 Same as Winton Medium (1970)

Results

Stem segments excised from green hairy young shoots of Paulownia harboured

all kinds of contaminants in the hairs and were very sensitive to surface steriliza-

tion with calcium hypochloride. They had no chance to form callus for they were

killed by either contamination or sterilization procedures. On the other hand the

brown lignified stem can resist sterilization procedures. The outside layers were

easily peeled off before segmenting into lengths of 0.3 to 0.5 mm and planting

on the media. Thus more than 90% stem segments in culture formed callus after

four to six weeks’ growth in darkness.

64 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Fine media (Table I) were used to produce Paulownia stem callus. On

medium A, callus was produced in the first week but appeared to be a very loose

soft structure of brown color. Media B and C produced firm callus of mixed white

and brown color. Medium D failed to produce callus. Medium E produced white

and firm cailus. Thus callus from medium E was choosen for organogenesis

studies. The time required to form callus from different stem sections of Paulownia

on Medium E is as shown in Table III.

Table III. Callus Formation from Stem Segments

Time required to

% formed callus form callus

Seedling internode 100% 2-3 weeks

Seedling node 100% 2-3 weeks

lignified brown stem node 100% 4-6 weeks

It has been found that in brown lignified stem sections, culture callus grew

from the cambium and phloem regions, and thus looked like a doughnut in shape.

When the callus was cut into four to six pieces and subcultured on medium E

under the same conditions each piece grew into a new lumpy callus of 2 cm

diameter in three weeks (Fig. 1).

After two to three weeks, the callus planted in media F, G, H and I enlarged

quickiy and turned bright green in colour, Though the callus appeared as if it would

sprout any time yet it turned brown and withered after a couple of months with

no formation of shoots at all. The callus in media F’, G’, H’ and I’ showed a pale

green colour and no shoots came out after two months, The callus in media

J and K grew slowly, turned into a brown colour and finally died. Surprisingly,

the callus in medium E showed green spots and started to sprout (Fig. 2) after

several weeks exposure to 400 ft-c light for 16 hours per day at 25°C. The time

required for shoots to sprout from callus tissue from various stem sections is

shown in Table IV.

Table IV — Shoot Formation from Callus

Time required

% Sprouting to sprout

Seedling internode 50-60 % 3— 5 weeks

Seedling node 95-100% 2-— 3 weeks

Callus from brown lignified stem-

internode and subcultured several times 20-30 % 6-10 weeks

Two or three weeks after the sprouting, roots started to grow out and whole

plantlets were isolated (Fig. 3). The plantlets after transplanting into the soil

survived (Fig. 4).

Callus from seedling node has almost 100% chance to sprout shoot compared

to callus from stem internode section. Possibly because node have pre-existing

axillary buds (meristem). Cells from meristem tissue usually are more active than

cells from other tissues and are aways more easy to form adventitious bud. Callus

from the lignified internode stem showed a lower percentage of sprouting than

callus from seedling internode. There are three possible reasons to explain this.

Firstly, all the callus from lignified stem segments for organ initiation studies

have been subcultured several times. The same phenomenon has been reported in

carrot tissue (27). Secondly, the more subculturing done, the lesser the origin

cambium tissue left. Cambium is a kind of meristem tissue and may form

adventitious bud. Thirdly, the brown lignified tissue is older than tissues of the

seedling stem. The younger the tissue, the easier it is to form adventitious bud.

Paulownia tissue culture 65

Results of organ initiation in the 10 media indicate that tests on Paulownia

requires a higher concentration of auxin than kinetin. Adverse results were shown

in the media F, G, H, I, F’, G’, H’ and I’ where there was less kinetin than auxin.

The callus turned green but no shoots were formed whereas in medium E with

the concentration of auxin doubled that of kinetin the callus sprouted. Yet,

medium E had only half the strength of inorganic salts of the other eight media.

Whether half strength instead of full strength of Murashige and Skoog inorganic

salts is of critical importance for organogenesis or not requires further research.

It is observed that the seedling with the top cut off produced new shoots which

grew faster and straighter. This is also true for Paulownia sapling in the forest.

There must be some hormone stimulation for adventitious shoot formation

following the removal of the stem apex. However, some plantlets isolated from

callus grew even faster than adventitious shoots from the seedling stumps in flask

culture. This may be due to the effects of auxin and kinetin which were present

in the media used for organ initiation. It is also possible that quick growing

plantlets isolated from callus are polyploids (28). Further research on the

chromosomes of the plantlets can reveal whether the faster rate of growth of the

plantlets isolated from callus is due to polyploidy or not. Plantlets from tissue

culture method of some other woody plant has been reported to be difficult to

survive in the open on soil because of the defective root system. They dehydrated

and died after transplanting in the soil. However, plantlets of Paulownia produced

in this experiment after transplanting into the soil survived (Fig. 4).

It has been found that medium E is very good for callus formation. Medium

E has induced the formation of white and firm callus from:— rice anther in

anther culture, chrysanthemum stem, rose stem, dahlia underground stem and

some other plants. In the case of Begonia, new plantlets have been found on

segments of flower stalks in medium E under direct light.

Literature Cited

1. Murashige, T. 1974. Plant propagation through tissue cultures. Annual

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Berbee, F., J. Berbee, and A. Hildebrandt 1972 Induction of callus and trees

from stem tip cultures of a hybrid popular. In vitro 7: 269.

Berbee, F., J. Berbee. Production of virus symptomless hybrid poplars from

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unfertilized ovules of the Washington navel orange. In Int. Sym, Morpho-

genesis in Plant Cell, Tissue & Organ culture, Delhi.

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The Citrus Growth & Sub-Tropical Fruit Journal.

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from unfertilized ovules of the Washington navel orange through tissue

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pollinated & unfertilized ovules of the Washington navel orange in vitro

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ovaries & from ovules of in vivo grown emasculated flower bud of Citrus

sp. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 184-9 (1972).

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cultures. Hort. Sci. 9.

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obtaining polyploid plants. J, Heredity 57: 115-118.

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emery ree

Subcultured callus from brown lignified stem segment of Paulownia taiwaniana. (x 0.5)

Young shoot sprouting from callus of brown lignified stem. (x 50)

Paulownia plant produced from tissue culture, (x 1)

Fig. 4. Paulownia taiwaniana planted in soil.

SAURAUIAE GERONTOGEAE

II. Notes on some species of Java

R. D. HooGLAND

Australian National University

Canberra

Abstract

Nomenclatural notes are given for 4 species from Java: Saurauia bracteosa DC.,

S. javanica (Nees) Hoogl. (Reinwardtia javanica Nees; syn.: S. reinwardtiana Bl.), S. lanceo-

lata DC. (syn.: S. micrantha Bl.), and S. microphylla Vriese (syn.: S. blumiana Benn. non

S. blumeana Spreng.). S. bogoriensis Hoogl. is described as a new species from Java.

Introduction

In the course of the preparation of a new account of the species of Saurauia

of Java, it was found that some nomenclatural adjustments are required. As further

fieldwork in Java is envisaged before the full account is presented, these are

published here in advance,

During visits to the Ciapus gorge on the slopes of the Salak near Bogor in

1973 and 1975, specimens were collected of an apparently undescribed species.

For assistance in this and other fieldwork in West Java the author is indebted to

the Director of Herbarium Bogoriense, Dr. Mien A. Rifai, and his staff, in

particular Gregory Hambali without whose assistance it would have been

°° to obtain the material on which the description of this new species is

ased.

Herbarium specimens were studied in and from the same herbaria as listed

in the first paper of this series, and their cooperation is gratefully acknowledged.

For the opportunity to study the Noronha manuscript, containing the plates and

descriptions on which Saurauia gigantea DC. and S. cauliflora DC. are based, the

author is indebted to the librarian of the Central Library of the Muséum National

d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

The illustrations of S. bogoriensis were prepared by Mrs. Cathy Porter.

I. NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON SOME SPECIES

1. Saurauia bracteosa DC. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve 1 (1822) 423,

t. vi A. —— LECTOTYPE: “‘ex India tulit Lahaye” in P-JU (11,955).

Synonyms: Saurauia bracteosa var, punctata DC. |.c. (1822) 423, t. vi B. ——

HOLOTYPE: “Java — De La Haye. Hb, DELESSERT”’ in G.

Saurauia gigantea DC. l.c. (1822) 424; BI., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (3) (1825)

129. TYPE: “Scapha gigantea. Noronha ic. ined. in bibl. Juss.’’, now in the

Bibliotheque Centrale du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (manuscripts

42 and 43, plate 59).

Saurauia blumeana Spreng., Linn. Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 4 (2) (1827) 210. ——

TYPE: “Java (S. gigantea Blum.).”

Fig. 1.

Saurauia bogoriensis Hoogl

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

. Flowering branch, xX 2. After Hoogland 12628.

Saurauia from Java 69

The protologue for S. bracteosa is inconclusive as to whether the typification

“Hab. In Java. La Haye (v.s.sp. in herb. Deless.)”’ applies to the species or to its

variety punctata. In the Prodromus [1 (1824) 526] De Candolle typified the

species “in Java (v.s. in h. Juss.)”, but the variety, though mentioned, is not

typified. The only specimen in the Delessert herbarium in Geneva annotated by

De Candolle clearly forms the basis for his var. punctata, and is accepted as

HOLOTYPE for the variety. In the absence of clear typification of the species in

the original publication and on the basis of the reference in the Prodromus I

accept the specimen in the Herbier A.L. de Jussieu the LECTOTYPE for the

species. There are in the main herbarium in Paris two further sheets of specimens

collected by De Lahaie (no. 2118) which may represent isotypes. The differences

for var. punctata are so slight that this specimen may even have been collected

from the same tree.

S. gigantea was described by Blume without any reference to the earlier

publication by De Candolle, though he gave the same Sundanese name: “‘Kileho

mundin(g)”. Blume appears to have had access to the De Candolle publication

as he compared his new species S. reinwardtiana [I.c. (1825) 128] with S. bracteosa.

It is reasonable to assume that Blume used De Candolle’s name, supplying his

own description. To me there is no doubt that the same species was involved,

and consequently that there was no taxonomic justification in Sprengel supplying

a new name for Blume’s taxon. I refrain from typifying his §. blumeana; Sprengel’s

description could have been based merely on Blume’s, or he may have had an

actual specimen which should be considered the type. I have seen no such specimen.

2. Saurauia javanica (Nees) Hoogl., comb. nov.

Basionym: Reinwardtia javanica Bl. ex Nees in Syll. Pl. Nov. Ratisb. 1 (1822)

98 = Blumia javanica (Nees) Spreng., Linn. Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 3 (1826)

126 = Saurauia blumia Steud., Nomencl, Bot. (ed. 2) 1 (1840) 212 et 2 (1841)

440, 516, nom. illeg. — TYPE: Blume, “‘Habitat ad Salak Javae insulae’’, lost;

NEOTYPE: Blume s.n., ‘‘Sallak’’, in L (908.251-1101).

Synonym: Saurauia reinwardtiana Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (3) (1825) 128.

TYPE: “in montosis Javae insulae’; LECTOTYPE: Blume s.n., ‘“‘Sallak’”’, in

L (908.251-1101).

The detailed generic and specific descriptions of Reinwardtia javanica Nees

are in all aspects in full agreement with the genus Saurauia and the species

currently known as S. reinwardtiana Bl. Koorders and Valeton [in Bijdr. 3 Booms.

Java (1896) 250] do not wish to include Nees’s taxon in Saurauia but they have

apparently not seen the original description, only Sprengel’s excerpt. Their

objection against the yellow colour of the flowers as given by Sprengel, is not

valid as Sprengel misinterpreted Nees’s description ‘‘Floris aperti interiora lutea”’

which is perfectly acceptable in Saurauia as indicating the colour of the anthers.

I am using the same specimen to typify Reinwardtia javanica Nees and

Saurauia reinwardtiana Bl. which I hope will eliminate any confusion which

might otherwise arise in the future. S. javanica is one of a number of closely

similar taxa found in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo, and including i.a. S. hirsuta

Bl., S. dasyantha Vriese, and S. trichocalyx Kds & Val.

3. Saurauia lanceolata DC. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve 1 (1822) 421,

non t. iv. —— TYPE: “Hab. in Java ubi dicitur Popko. Lechenault, (v. s. sp. in

h. Mus. Par.)”; HOLOTYPE in P.

Synonym: Saurauia micrantha Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (3) (1825) 127. ——

TYPE: ‘ad margines catarrhactarum fervidarum montis Gede.”; LECTOTYPE:

Blume s.n., Java, in L (910.95-454).

70 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Fig. 2. Saurauia bogoriensis Hoogl. a. Individual inflorescence from cluster on main trunk,

X 4; b. open flower, xX 24; c. longitudinal section of flower, X 24; d. stamens, X 24;

e. flower section without corolla and stamens, X 24; f. immature fruit, X 24. All after

Hoogland 12628.

Saurauia from Java 71

The confusion which arose from the discrepancy between the original

description of Saurauia lanceolata and the plate associated with it has prevented

this name from having been accepted for a Javanese species. As already indicated

by Choisy [in Mém. Soc. Phys, Hist. Nat. Genéve 14 (1855) 116] and more

recently again by Merrill [in J. Arm. Arb. 35 (1954) 144, t. i], plate iv of De

Candolle’s, though given the name Saurauia lanceolata and referred to in the text

under that name bears no relationship to the species described on the basis of the

Lechenault specimen in the Paris herbarium, a photograph of which was

reproduced in Merrill’s paper. Choisy suggested that De Candolle’s remark on the

similarity of this species and A patelia lanceolata was due to him not realising that

his illustrator had twice sent him a drawing of the one species. Similarly the

introduction of his [var.] 8. glabrata can only be understood as having been made

in the final stage of the manuscript without reference to actual specimens; only

the single collection by Lechenault appears to be involved.

The plate is referable to Apatelia lanceolata (Ruiz & Pavon) DC., a South

American species described and illustrated in the same publication [DC. lL.c.

(1822) 427, t. viii] which is now considered synonymous with Saurauia biserrata

(Ruiz & Pavon) Spreng.

Saurauia lanceolata is endemic to West Java.

4. Saurauia microphylla Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Or. (1856) 49. —— TYPE: “In

insulae Javae monte Dieng ibique in sylvis vidit cel. Junghuhn’”; LECTOTYPE:

Junghuhn 62 in L (910.95-619), ISOTYPES in G, L.

Synonym: Saurauia blumiana Benn., Pl. Jav, Rar. (1840) 174, t. 37, nom. illeg.,

non S. blumeana Spreng. 1827. —— TYPE: Horsfield, Java; HOLOTYPE:

Horsfield 1: 105 in BM.

Because of the earlier homonym the name for this well known species, so

excellently illustrated by Bennett, unfortunately has to be changed. Under Article

73 of the Seattle Code blumeana and blumiana are to be considered orthographic

variants which invalidates the later name. The variant blumeana, preferable in

accordance with Recommendation 73C of the Code as the name honours C.L.

Blume, has been used for the species under consideration by several later authors,

e.g. Choisy & Zollinger, De Vriese, Miquel, Koorders, Koorders-Schumacher,

Koorders & Valeton, and Gilg & Werdermann.

The type collection of S. microphylla has, as suggested by the epithet, parti-

cularly small leaves. These specimens were gathered from a 30 m tall tree whereas

all other collections seen, as far as adequately annotated in this respect, represent

shrubs or small trees up to ca 6 m only. It is not unusual in tropical trees for leaf

size to decrease with tree height. The height indicated for this particular collection

greatly exceeds that recorded for any of the other species known from Java

though tall trees are well known to occur amongst species of Saurauia elsewhere,

e.g. in New Guinea.

Saurauia microphylla is endemic to Java, most frequent in Central and East

Java and absent in the Western half of West Java.

Il. A NEW SPECIES FROM WEST JAVA

5. Saurauia bogoriensis Hoogl. sp. nov. (fig. 1, 2)

Arbor parva usque 10 m alta, 20 cm diametro. Folia ovato-oblonga vel

oblonga, plerumque 17-27 cm longa, 8-11 cm lata, 12-18-nervata, apice obtusa

subacuminata, basi obtusa ad rotundata, petiolo 4-6 cm longo. Inflorescentiae

solitariae, usque 5 cm longae in axillis foliorum, solitariae vel 2-4 fasciculatae,

usque 8 cm longae in axillis cicatricium foliorum in ramulis minoribus, usque 10

vel plures fasciculatae, usque 25 cm longae in ramulis crassioribus et in trunco;

72 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

cymosae, identidem ramosae, pauciflorae vel usque 100-florae. Pedunculus brevis,

usque 2 cm longus, subcrassus (2 mm diametro). Pedicelli usque 2 cm longi,

1 mm diametro, bracteis bracteolisque ovato-oblongis usque 5 mm longis, 2 mm

latis. Sepala 2 exteriora late triangulari-ovata, 7.5-9 mm longa, 9.5-11.5 mm lata;

2 interiora transverse elliptica, 7.5-9 mm longa, 8.5-11 mm lata. Corolla late

campanulata, ca 10 mm longa, 35 mm diametro; tubus 3.5-45 mm _ longus,

11-12.5 mm diametro; lobi 11-14 mm longi, 10-14 mm lati, apice bilobulati.

Stamina plerumque 25-35, filamentis subaequalibus 3.5-5.5 mm _ longis, antheris

versatilibus dorsifixis 2.5-3.5 mm longis. Ovarium conicum, apice rotundatum,

2.5-3 mm longum, 4.5-5 mm diametro, dimidio inferiori glabrum, dimidio apicali

pilosum, (3-) 4-5 (-6)- loculare; styli 7-8 mm longi, basi 2-2.5 mm connati.

Squamae tenuiter subulatae, in ramulis usque 8 mm longae, in costa usque

5 mm longae, secus nervos et in intervenio usque 3 mm longae; costa et nervi

facie inferiori foliorum dense squamosi, facie superiori sparsim squamosi; inter-

venium facie inferiori foliorum satis dense squamulosum et, inter squamas, dense

villosum, facie superiori glabrum.

TYPE: Hoogland 12628, Ciapus Gorge SW of Bogor, W. Java, 6 June 1975, in

dense fairly low forest on steep slope at ca 650 m altitude. HOLOTYPE in CANB,

ISOTYPES being distributed to A, BO, G, K, L, US, SING.

Further collections examined: Hoogland 12384 (collected from the same

tree as the type; B, BO, CANB, KEP, MEL, P, SING, US), 12631 (BO,

CANB, L), Van Steenis 5649 (BO, L).

When I first collected it, I had confused this species with S. cauliflora DC.

on account of the similarity in leaf shape and nature (including colour) of the

tomentum. On subsequent analysis of the flowers there appeared to be clear

distinguishing features between the two species: while in S. cauliflora the outer

sepals are glabrous, or have at most only a few scales on the outside, they have

a dense cover of scales and floccose tomentum similar to the lower side of the

leaves in S. bogoriensis. The number of stamens in the flowers of S. cauliflora

generally ranges between about 16 and 20, in those of S. bogoriensis between 25

and 35. The number of ovules per carpel is of the order of 150-160 in S. cauliflora,

of 400-550 in S. bogoriensis. The number of carpels per flower varies from 2-4

(mostly 3) in S, cauliflora, from 3-6 (3 and 6 only rare) in S. bogoriensis. The

ovary of S. bogoriensis has a tomentum of fairly stiff, generally straight hairs in

the upper part, that of S. cauliflora is glabrous or has a loose thin-floccose

tomentum in the upper part. The inflorescence of S. bogoriensis is much more

clearly and divergently branched than that of S. cauliflora, particularly in the

cauline clusters. Saurauia cauliflora rarely, if ever, exceeds 5 m in height and

10 cm in diameter, whereas both trees of S. bogoriensis collected by me were about

10 m tall and 20 cm in diameter.

The epithet of the new species, apart from its geographical connotation,

honours the National Biological Institute at Bogor.

SAURAUIAE GERONTOGEAE

Ill. Two new species from Flores

R. D. HooGLAND

Australian National University

Canberra

Abstract

Two new species of Saurauia are described from the island of Flores in the Lesser

Sunda Islands: S. schmutzii Hoogl. and S. verheijenii Hoogl.

Introduction

From a study of herbarium specimens it has become apparent that the genus

Saurauia is represented in the Lesser Sunda Islands by some species extending

their range eastward from Java, as well as by some other, endemic ones represented

on one or more islands of the chain. During a short visit to Flores in June 1975

the author was able to collect two of the endemic species which are here formally

described.

Fieldwork from Ruteng was greatly facilitated by Fathers Jilis A. J. Verheijen

and Erwin Schmutz of the Catholic Mission at Ruteng, and by Father M. Malar,

the Rector of the Mission. The assistance of the Bupati, Mr. Salesius Lega, is also

gratefully acknowledged.

The illustration of S$. schmutzii was prepared by Mrs. Cathy Porter, that

of S. verheijenii by Miss Jill Ruse.

1. Saurauia schmutzii Hoogl., sp. nov. (fig. 1)

Arbor parva usque 7 m alta, 10 cm diametro. Folia oblonga, plerumque

12-32 cm longa, 5-14 cm lata, 18-25-nervata, apice obtusa usque acuta, basi retusa

vel subcordata, petiole 4-6 cm longo. Inflorescentiae solitariae vel 2-6 fasciculatae

in axillis foliorum vel cicatricium foliorum, nonnullae in ramulis brevibus in

axillis foliorum parviorium (usque 8 X 4 cm); dichasiales, 1-12-florae, usque

7 cm longae. Pedunculus 2-3 cm longus. Pedicellus 5-15 mm longus. Sepala ovalia

vel suborbicularia, 2 exteriora 4.5-6 mm longa, 5-6 mm lata, 2 interiora 7-7.5 mm

longa, 6-7 mm lata. Corolla anguste campanulata, 11-12 mm longa, 12-15 mm

diametro; tubus 1.5-2 mm longus, 7-8 mm diametro; lobi 10-12.5 mm _ longi,

8.5-11.5 mm lati, apice bilobulati. Stamina plerumque 20-26, filamentis 2-3 mm

longis, antheris versatilibus dorsifixis 1.5-2.5 mm longis. Ovarium depresse

globosum, ca 2.2 mm altum, 3.7 mm diametro, parte basali glabrum, parte apicali

sparsim villosum, (4- vel) 5-loculare; styli 4.5-5 mm longi, basi 0.5-1 mm connati.

Squamae suborbiculares usque acuminatae, glabrae; inter squamas tomentum

villosum. Squamae ramorum usque 4 mm longae, 1 mm latae (plerumque

minores), foliorum usque 2 mm longae, pedunculorum et pedicellorum usque | mm

longae. Tomentum plerumque densum, sed facie superiori foliorum apertum.

74 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Fig. 1. Saurauia schmutzii Hoogl. a. flowering branch, x 4; 5. small-leaved lateral

flowering branch, x 4; c. clustered inflorescences on leafless branch, x 4; d. open flower,

x 2; e. longitudinal section of flower, x 2; f. stamens, x 2. All after Hoogland 12652.

: Saurauia from Flores 715

Fig. 2. Saurauia verheijenii Hoogl. a. flowering branch, x 4; 6. small-leaved lateral

flowering branch, x 4; c. open flower, upper view, x 14; d. open flower, lower > All

x 14; e. longitudinal section of flower, x 2; f. stamens, x 4; g. immature fruit, x 2.

after Hoogland 12648.

76 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

TYPE: Hoogland 12652, Tsuntsarompe creek near Nderu village ca 2 km due

west of Ruteng, W. Flores, 28 June 1975, on steep slope of deep gully at ca 1200 m

altitude. HOLOTYPE in CANB, ISOTYPES being distributed to BISH, BO, G,

K, L, MEL, SING, US.

Further collections examined: Hoogland 12650 (A, BO, CANB, E, KEP, L),

12651 (BM, BO, CANB, L, NY), 12657 (CANB), 12658 (CANB), Kostermans

& Wirawan 883 (BO, CANB, L), Verheijen 784 (L).

2. Saurauia verheijenii Hoogl., sp. nov. (fig. 2)

Arbor parva usque 12 m alta, 30 cm diametro. Folia oblonga vel obovato-

oblonga, plerumque 11-25 cm longa, 4-10 cm lata, 13-16-nervata, apice acuta

usque obtusa, basi late acuta usque rotundata, petiolo 3-5 cm longo. Inflorescentiae

solitariae vel 2-4 fasciculatae in axillis foliorum vel cicatricium foliorum, racemosae,

(1-) 3-5 (-7)-florae, usque 7 cm longae. Pedunculus 0.5-3.5 cm longus. Pedicellus

20-25 mm longus. Sepala ovata vel ovalia, 2 exteriora 8.5 mm longa, 7 mm lata,

2 interiora 9-9.5 mm longa, 6.5-7.5 mm lata. Corolla campanulata, 12 mm longa,

15 mm diametro; tubus 1-2 mm longus, 5.5 mm diametro; lobi 12.5-13.5 mm

longi, 7.5-9 mm lati, apici bilobulati. Stamina plerumque 21-26, filamentis 3-4.5 mm

longis, antheris versatilibus dorsifixis 3-3.5 mm longis. Ovarium conicum,

rotundatum, 3 mm altum, 4.2 mm diametro, glabrum, verrucosulum, 3-4(-5)-

loculare; styli 4.5-5 mm longi, basi 2.5 mm connati.

Squamae anguste acutae usque acuminatae, basi villoso excepto glabrae; inter

squamas tomentum stellatim villosum. Squamae ramorum usque 3 mm, foliorum

usque 2 mm, pedunculorum usque 1 mm longae. Tomentum apertum, faciei

superior! foliorum interdum nullum.

TYPE: Hoogland 12648, near Golorukal at foot of Poco Taduwalog, W of

Ruteng, W. Flores, 26 June 1975, in low forest on alluvial fan on lower slopes

of mountain, at ca 1500 m altitude. HOLOTYPE in CANB, ISOTYPES being

distributed to BO, G, K, L, MEL, SING, US.

Further collections examined: Hoogland 12644 (A, BO, CANB, K, L),

12645 (BO, BRI, CANB, E, L, SING, US), 12647 (CANB, L), 1/2649 (A,

BM, CANB, NSW), /2653 (BO, CANB, NY, P), 12655 (CANB, L), 12656

(CANB), Kostermans & Wirawan 579 (BO, K, L), Schmutz 272 (L), 3846

(CANB, L), Verheijen 333 (L), 2076 (L).

The two species here described are the only ones so far known to occur in

Flores. Both were collected in the close surroundings of Ruteng, with only

S. verheijenii collected elsewhere as well (Schmutz 272: Wangkung, probably at

800-900 m altitude: Schmutz in litt.; 3846: Naga, at 900 m).

In the field S. schmutzii is readily recognised by the ferruginous tomentum,

especially on the lower side of the leaves. It is usually more abundantly flowering,

but there is a great deal of variation in this character in both species, Apart from

the very clear differences in external tomentum, the presence of hairs in the upper

part of the ovary in S. schmutzii, as against the glabrous ovary of S. verheijenii,

separates the two species.

a hg? 2.4

INDEX, VOL. XXXI, PART I

Specific names in italics indicate synonyms, in bold type new proposed names

Anisoptera sect Anisoptera 13

Anisoptera sp 14 16

aurea 15

brunnea 15 16

calophylla 16

cochinchinensis 14

costata 6 13 14 15 21

curtisii 13 14

forbesii 15 16

glabra (non Kurz) 14

grossivenia 13

kostermansiana 15 16

lanceolata 16

mangachapoi 22

marginata 13

marginatoides 14

megistocarpa 13 14

mindanensis 14

oblonga 14

polyandra 15 16

reticulata 13

robusta 14

thurifera 13 15 21 41

ssp polyandra 16

ssp thurifera 16

tomentosa 16

vidaliana 16

Antherotriche lanceolata 16

Apatelia lanceolata 71

var. 8 glabrata 71

Baillonodendron malayanum 26

Balanocarpus 39

acuminatus (non Br) 27

bracteatus 31

curtisii 31

heimii 27

pubescens 35

wrayi 27

Bauhinia 1, 3

Bracteolanthus-group 3

Phanera-group 3

dewitii 1 3

diptera 3

Begonia 65

Blumia javanica 69

Broussonetia kazinokii 61

Capura hullettii 21 22

Citrus aurantiifolia 61

maxima 61

sinensis 61

Claoxylum digynum 54

Cnesmone javanica var. glabriuscula 49

var. javanica 49

Cotylelobium? hopeifolium 43

philippinense 22

Dipterocarpus alatus 11 13

appendiculatus 12

balsamiferus 9

basilanicus 12 13

Dipterocarpus caudatus 8

ssp caudatus 8

ssp penangianus 8

costatus 13

elongatus 7 10

eurynchoides 12

eurynchus 12 13

fagineus 10

fusiformis 12

glabrigemmatus 11

glandulosus 13

gracilis 9 13

grandiflorus 7 10 11

hasseltii 8 9

kunstleri 6 7 10

lampongus 9

littoralis 10

lowii 6

macrocarpus 9 10

var glaber 10

mangachapoi 22

mayapis 16

micropterus 12

mundus 12

obtusifolius 6 7

var glabaricalyx 7

var subnudus 7

var vestitus 7

ochraceus 13

palembanicus 11

ssp borneensis 12

ssp palembanicus 11 12

palembanicus (non Sloot) 12

parallelus 14

parviflorus 16

penangianus 8

pentagonus 9

perakensis 13

philippinensis 6 13

prismaticus 10

pseudofagineus 10 11

pubescens 9

punctulatus 7

quinquegonus 9

retusus 9 10

spanoghei 9

var cordata 9

speciosus 10

subalpinus 9

tampurau 8

thurifera 15

tonkinensis 9 10

trinervis 9 10

var canescens 9

var elegans 9

turbinatus 16

vestitus 7

78 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Dryobalanops obnormis 26 siamensis 30 39 .

beccariana 26 singkawang 47 r

hallii 14 suava 39 F

oblongifolia 25 sublanceolata 30 31

ssp oblongifolia 26 ultima 32 33

ssp occidentalis 26 vesquei 29

ovalifolia 26 woodiana 28 29

rappa 25 et:

schegene 48 Ilex aquifolium 61

‘ ; Macaranga 51 57

Duvaliella problematica 10 sp. 56

Elaeogyne sumatrana 19 andamanica 53

Ephedra foliata 61 bracteata 53

b brandisii 53

Eucalyptus citriodora 61 Clavate (a6

obliqua 61 conifera 51 53

viminalis 61 denticulata 51 52 53 54

Hancea cernua 28 depressa 56

pierrei 29 ee a ie

exuosa

a ai ‘« - gamblei 51 53 54

wk tell t Hach 4 gigantea 51 55 57

aptera 32 33

argentea 28

avellanea 29 ;

bilitonensis 35 resin 53

brachyptera 31 indica 51 52 54 55

bracteata 31 involucrata 56

Cagayanensis 6 kurzii 52 55

celebica 35

celtidifolia 30 31 32 nee

gmelinifolia 55

gummiflua 53

cernua “eh molliuscula 56

Seas 98 29 nicobarica 51 52 55 57

= ing cages peltata 51 52 54 55

§ pe i “i bigest os

populifolia

dryobalanoides 29 pustulata 51 52 55

ferruginea 29

foxworthyi (non Elmer) 28 rosuliflora 53

foxworthyi 29 roxburghii 55

ghii

garangbuaya 28 tanarius 52 56

gregaria 32 ? tenuifolia 56

griffithii 29 30 tomentosa 55 56

var pedicellata 30 trichocarpa 52 56

heimiana 43 triloba 56

hopeifolia 43 ighti

inexpectata 29 30 ai cot ly

quadricornis 52 56

intermedia (non King) 30 Manihot esculenta 61

iriana 35 Mappa conifera 53

johorensis 29 denticulata 53

kelantanensis 28 digyna 54

laevifolia 38 gummiflua 53 a

latifolia 29 peltata 55 4

linggensis 36 tanarius 56

malibato 6 28 29 trichocarpa 56

mengerawan (non Miq.) 30 truncata 53

micrantha (non Hook f) 29 30 wallichii 53

minima 31

Mocanera mangachapoi 22

mayapis 16

thurifera 15

nabirensis 35

nervosa 30 31

novoguineensis 32 33

ovoidea 34 Neobalanocarpus heimii 27

ein A va a Osyris ? peltata 55

pelindlats 30 Otophora hullettii 21 22

pierrei (non Hance) 28 29 30 Pachychlamys beccarianus 48

plagata 27 32 thiseltoni 48

polyalthioides 36 ridleyanus 19

resinosa 35 ruminatus 19

rudiformis 30 umbonatus 17, 19

scabra 32 33 34 verrucosus 17

semicuneata 34 35 wallichii 19

Index

Pachystemon populifolius 53

Parashorea densiflora 6

longisperma 43

lucida (non Kurz) 26

lucida 27

poilanei 26

smythiesii 27

stellata 26

stellata (non Kurz) 27

Paulownia 61 62 63 64 65

taiwaniana 61 62

Pentacme 38 39

contorta 40 41

Pentacme malayana 39 40

Pentacme mindanensis 40 41

Pentacme paucinervis 40

Pentacme siamensis 39 40

Pentacme suavis 39

Pentacme tomentosa 39 40

Perisandra laotica 23

Phanera A 1

Pierrea pachycarpa 35

penangiana 27

Pierreocarpus pachycarpa 35.

Pinus elliottii 61

Palustris 61

rigida 61

Populus alba 61

deltoides 61

euramericana cv. robusta 61

nigra 61

tremuloides 61

Pteranthera mangachapoi 22

sinensis 22

Reinwardtia javanica 69

Retinodendron bancanum 18

kunstleri 18

moluccanum 20

pauciflorum 19

rassak 20

Ricinus tanarius 56

Rottlera digyna 54

glauca 53

Saurauia 67 69 71 73

biserrata 71

blumeana 67 69

blumia 69

blumiana Benn 71

bogoriensis 67 71 72

bracteosa 67 69

bractcosa var punctata 67 69

caulifiora 67 72

dasyantha 69

gigantea 67 69

hirsuta 69

javanica 69

lanceolata 69 71

micrantha 69

microphylla 71

reinwardtiana 69

schmutzii 73 76

trichocalyx 69

verheijenii 73 76

Shorea 27 39

sect. Pachycarpae 6

sp 48

agami 45

agsaboensis 47

amplexicaulis 6

angustifolia 42 43

asahi 38

assamica 6 43 44

ssp globifera 44

ssp globalifera 44

ssp koordersii 44

ssp philippinensis 6

astylosa 37 38

balangeran (non Burck) 37

bracteata 39

chaiana 42

ciliata (non King) 37 38

cinerea 26

confusa 44

contorta 6 39 40 41

cristata 46

curtisii 6 43 48

ssp curtisii 48

ssp grandis 48

dasyphylla 5

dispar 45

domatiosa 38

dyeri (non Thw ex Trim) 46

faguetiana 41

falcifera 36

falciferoides 6

ssp falciferoides 36

ssp glaucescens 37

flava 36

forbesii 47

gisok 37

glauca (non King) 36

glaucescens 37

globifera 44

henryana 4]

hopeifolia 43

kalunti 43

kuantanensis 41

laevifolia 38

laevis 38

lamellata 44

lepidota 5

leprosula 5

longisperma 42 43

longistipulata 41

macrantha 6

macroptera 5

mangachapoi 22

mayapis 16

m2xima 42

mekongensis 39

micans 38

nebulosa 46

negrosensis 45 46 47

nervosa 14

obovoidea 42

ovalis 7

palosapis 46

parvifolia 5 6 46

ssp velutinata 46

parvistipulata 46

ssp albifolia 46

ssp nebulosa 46

ssp parvistipulata 46

Shorea (cont.)

pauciflora 47

peltata 27

pinanga 6

plagata 47

polita 6

polysperma 6 47

resinanegra 43

ridleyana 43

rogersiana 38

rotundifolia 6

roxburghii 6

section Pentacmes 38

sericeiflora 41

siamensis 6 8 38 39

singkawang 47

ssp scabrosa 48

ssp singkawang 47

sororia 44

squamata 46

stellata 26

suavis 39

subpeltata 27

tenuiramulosa 42

thiseltoni 47

tomentosa (non Miq) 39

virescens 44 45

Synaptea bureavi 22

perakensis 24

reticulata 22

Tanarius gamblei 54

kurzii 55

pustulatus 55

Trewia hernandiifolia 53

Ulmus glabra 61

Urtica involucrata 56

Vateria papuana 20

pauciflora 19

siamensis 39

Vatica acrocarpa \7

albiramis 22

apteranthera 22

bancana 17

blancoana 17

celebensis 20 21

celebica 20

brevipes 24

bureavi 22

cauliflora 25

chartacea 18

cupularis 17

forbesiana 19

granulata 20 25

ssp granulata 21

ssp sabaensis 21

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978) |

havilandii 18 19

hullettii 21

javanica ssp. javanica 22

ssp. scaphifolia 22

kunstleri 18

lamponga 19

lutea 18

mangachapoi 6 22 23

ssp mangachapoi 22 23

ssp obtusifolia 23

micrantha 24

moluccana 20

oblongifolia ssp oblongifolia 20

obtusifolia 23

odorata 23

ssp mindanensis 23 24

ssp odorata 23

ssp. tonkinensis 23 24

ovalifolia 19

pachyphylla 23

papuana 20 21

patula 22

pauciflora 19

pentandra 24

perakensis 24

ramiflora (non Heim) 17

rassak 6 19 20 21

var subcordata 20

reticulata 22

ruminata 19

sarawakensis 20 25

scaphifolia 22

scaphula 22

schefferi 18

schouteniana 18

schumanniana 29

scortechninii 21 25

simalurensis 18

sinensis 22

soepadmoi 19

songa 24

stapfiana 6 17

stipulata 21 22

subcordata 20 21

sumatrana 19

thorelii 23

tonkinensis 23

umbonata 6 19 21

ssp acrocarpa 17

ssp umbonata 17

venulosa 17 18 19

ssp simalurensis 18

ssp venulosa 17

verrucosus 17

wallichii 19

whitfordii 22

zollingeriana 19

owe

Wg a .

Zamia floridana 61 65

‘ vA

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po ale Se Se Cee (Oe ee Sa! iT era) haa ®

] 7

Ap, siVe <

~phitelte Za.

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aa ?

Dy CONTENTS

PAGES

_R. KIEw: Notes on the Systematy of sonia Fig

y XXV AQUIFOLIACEAE LS Br ae ae 81 \\

. Hsuan KENG: Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore ng ot ee 84 ()

)

ly YY. C. WEE: Vascular epiphytes of Singapore’s wayside trees = ET? ne eee 114 \

) 5

y HSuUAN KENG: The delimitation of the genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) PS 127 x

a May Lay Fu Fan: Clonal Propagation of Aranda, Ascocenda, 2

[ )- Cattleya by Leaf Tissue Culture eR LED | NS s/h ee aa 132 \

7 ‘

» J. F. MaxweLt: A revision of Medinilla, Pachycentria, and ee pentnera CO)

ae (Melastomataceae) from the Malay Peninsula... . ae 139 \

a TRAWATI: ‘The influence of Sucrose on Tissue Cultures of Oncidium Shah 3

y Dendrobium Alice Spalding and Aranthera Beatrice Ng ae” Le ee 217

a Sri HARJOETI HARTONO: The influence of some Growth Substances on CQ

Bi Induction of Roots and Shoots of Renanopsis Lena Rowold Rok ae 222 X

| a ANNE JOHNSON: The Trentepohliaceae of Singapore Island ... ... ...... 229

ay \

j moa WEE: Annotated list of algae of Singapore (I) ... ... ... ... an. 238 )

May Lay Fu FAN, YON SEN CHOO, Pod N

_Hoonc Ho: A Preliminary Repo 3

| on the Tissue Culture of eriede Wilkesianc SCC‘; C!:C:: 251 x

_ YON SEN CHOoo, SIEW ()

_ Hoonc Ho, May Lay Fu Fan: Preliminary investigations \

on the propagation of Eugenia grandis through Tissue Culture... __... 253 )

ne \

1 A Published by Botanic Gardens X.

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

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VOL. XXXI, PART II DECEMBER, 1978

® BEAGLE. N “ES

PAGES

R. KiEw: Notes on the Systematy of Malayan Phanerogams

XXV AQUIFOLIACEAE EAT Spe “1 Ay atl se ae ae 81

HsuaN KENG: Annotated list of seed plants of Singapore ATS Sale Ale aa 84

Y. C. WEE: Vascular epiphytes of Singapore’s wayside trees setae ie ie ey. 114

HsuaN KENG: The delimitation of the genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) ee 127

May Lay Fu Fan: Clonal Propagation of Aranda, Ascocenda,

Cattleya by Leaf Tissue Culture ia i Se Pe er cee) sei oh ox 132

J. F. MAXwELL: A revision of Medinilla, Pachycentria, and Pogonanthera

(Melastomataceae) from the Malay Peninsula .......... «ss 139

IRAWATI: The influence of Sucrose on Tissue Cultures of Oncidium Goldiana,

Dendrobium Alice Spalding and Aranthera Beatrice Ng tte Mars, oe 217

Sri HARJOETI HARTONO: The influence of some Growth Substances on

Induction of Roots and Shoots of Renanopsis Lena Rowold PLN ae 222

ANNE JOHNSON: The Trentepohliaceae of Singapore Island ...... ... —... 229

. = Wee: Annotated list of algae of Singapore (I) .... .:. ... 1.0 ae 238

| May Lay Fu Fan, YON SEN CHOoo, SIEW

Hoonc Ho: A Preliminary Report

on the Tissue Culture of Acalypha Wilkesiana Ser eee 251

YON SEN CHOOo, SIEW

; Hoonc Ho, May Lay Fu Fan: Preliminary investigations

} on the propagation of Eugenia grandis through Tissue Culture ..._... 253

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Notes on the Systematy of Malayan Phanerogams

XXV AQUIFOLIACEAE *

R. KIEw

Agricultural University of Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

ABSTRACT

Ilex tahanensis Kiew nom. nov. replaces I. rupicola Ridley — a nomen nudum; /.

polyphylla Ridley and I. triflora var longifolia Ridley are reduced to I. triflora; and

I. venulosa var nervulosa Loes. is I. macrophylla Hook. f.

ILEX

Ilex tahanensis Kiew nom. nov.

I. rupicola nomen nudum Ridley J. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. 6:142, 1915; Fl. Mal.

Pen. 1:439, 1922.

non: //ex rupicola Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 7:55, 1824;

Loesener Nov. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop-Carol. Nat. Cur. 78: 170-1, 1901.

Ilex tahanensis most resembles in its habit and foliage /. epiphytica King, a

widespread montane holly, and /. praetermissa Kiew, which is only known from

Klang Gates Ridge, Selangor. It is distinguished from these two species by its

inflorescence, a simple cyme with a long peduncle about 1 cm long: J. epiphytica

has umbels and /. praetermissa has solitary fruits. Ridley (1915) had originally

described his species as having terminal panicles but corrected this in his flora.

Most species of //ex bear their flowers on young shoots, the flowers develop before

the leaves so that the whole shoot has the appearance of a terminal inflorescence.

I have called this species tahanensis because it was originally described in

Ridley’s paper (1915) entitled ‘““The Botany of G. Tahan, Pahang’. It is a rare

montane shrub known only from G. Tahan (Pahang) and G. Rabong (Kelantan).

Specimens: Pahang, G. Tahan. Ridley 16040 (Type) K!, Ridley 16173 K!, Haniff

& Nor 7993 SING!; Kelantan, G. Rabong, Soepadmo & Mahmud 1072 KLU!

Ilex triflora Bl. Bijd. 1150, 1826, Loesener loc. cit. 344-347, Ridley Fl. Mal. Pen.

1:438, 1922, Hu J. Arnold Arb. 30: 328-333, 1949.

Syn. noy. /lex polyphylla Ridley J. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. 4:45, 1915, Fl. Mal. Pen.

1:438-9, 1922. Ilex triflora var longifolia Ridley Fl. Mal. Pen. 1:438, 1922.

Ilex triflora is the most common Malayan holly and is found on almost

every mountain. It is also the Malayan holly with the widest geographical range,

extending from China through Indo-China and Assam to Malaya and south to

Borneo, Sumatra and Java (Kiew & Stone, in press). It is extremely variable in

such characters as the indumentum, shape and size of the leaf and the length of

* continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 28 :231-234 1976.

82 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

the fruit pedicel. This variation led Loesener to describe seven varieties, two of

which were present in Malaya viz. var. lobbiana (Rolfe) Loes. and var. kurziana

Loes. Hu considered that there was no key character to separate the material

collected from the various geographical areas and concluded that /. triflora was

a variable species. She reduced Loesener’s seven varieties as there were no

constant differences in floral and fruit characters to support them.

Within Malaya the variation in leaf shape and size is marked (Corner, 1940,

Text-fig. 116 and Kiew, in press). This variation does not correlate with any

floral or fruit characters or with geographical range. Thus /lex polyphylla from

G. Kerbau, Perak, was characterised by small, thick leaves with a shiny upper

surface (Ridley, 1915): similar plants have been collected from the Cameron

Highlands, Pahang and G. Ulu Kali, Selangor. Specimens of /. triflora collected

from the Cameron Highlands, where several peaks are readily accessible, show a

complete range of leaf shape and size. Ridley’s var. longifolia, with larger and

thinner leaves, does not represent a lowland form as his original collections are

from the montane vegetation of Taiping Hills (1000m), Perak, where typical

specimens are also present. Odd plants with equally large and thin leaves have

been collected from several other localities, such as Cameron Highlands, where

the typical form predominates. Neither /. polyphylla nor J. triflora var. longifolia

can be justified as distinct taxa and are here reduced to synonomy with J. triflora.

Ilex macrophylla Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 704-5, 1872. King J. As. Soc. Bengal

ii 64:136, 1895. Loesener loc. cit. 84. Ridley Fl. Mal. Pen. 1:442,° 1922)

Corner Wayside Trees 329 & fig 115, 1940.

Synonym: /lex venulosa var nervulosa Loesener loc. cit. 90. Ridley loc. cit. 442.

Specimen: Singapore, Beccari s.n. FI sheet no. 2935, 2935A & 2935B FI!

Ilex venulosa is a Burmese species and has not been recorded from Malaya.

Loesener’s variety is known from a single unnumbered collection made by

Beccari in Singapore. Examination of photographs of this collection show that

Loesener’s variety is Ilex macrophylla in young bud with leaves more coriaceous

than the average specimen. Both /. macrophylla and I. venulosa have large

entire, membranous or subcoriaceous leaves and cymose inflorescences with many

tiny fruits. J. venulosa can readily be distinguished from /. macrophylla by its

long acumen (up to 5 cm long) and the inflorescence which is a trichotomously

branched cyme with extremely short secondary branches giving the inflorescence

the appearance of a stalked umbel: in contrast, 7. macrophylla has an acumen

up to 14 cm long and the inflorescence is an open lax cyme with secondary

branches about 4-1 cm long. Loesener’s description of var. nervulosa differed

from that of the Burmese variety in its shorter acumen, 1-14 cm long, and its

lax inflorescence, thus conforming to the description of 7. macrophylla.

Loesener records his variety from Malacca but this is probably an error as

he cites Beccari’s single specimen from Singapore. Ridley had not seen this

specimen but took Loesener’s description for his flora. Singapore has been

intensively collected and ‘several collections of /. macrophylla exist from Bukit

Timah and it is from these trees that Corner (1940) based his observations on

the flowering, fruiting and leaf fall of this species.

Malayan Phanerogams 83

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank the Professor of Botany at Cambridge for use of facilities

at the Botony School during my sabbatical leave and Prof. C. H. Steinberg for

supply photographs of the type specimen of Ilex venulosa var nervulosa from

Florence.

REFERENCES

Kiew, R. (in press) Aquifoliaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya, Ed. by F.S.P. Ng. Vol. 3, Longmans,

Malaysia.

Kiew, R. & Stone, B.C. (in press) Ilex micrococca Maxim, and I. polyneura (Hand-Mzt.) Hu

(Aquifoliaceae): New Records for Malaya and Thailand. Malay. Nat. J. 30: no. 3.

ANNOTATED LIST OF SEED PLANTS OF SINGAPORE (YV)*

HSuAN KENG

Department of Botany, University of Singapore

CONTENTS

PAGE

Casuarinaceae se a: see ace ap we she 87

Chloranthaceae oh sah ee af; aes io ae 87

Combretaceae ne. Oe. ss ied % ii *e 100

Fagaceae Ps. 2 et: sere 3 a os 88

Gonystylaceae x36 me oat os Rs 22 sacl SiS

Haloragaceae ae bes ie a a oe eae

Juglandaceae “a a Lt ee os a ae 90

Lecythidaceae bi soy he me a as 2-2

Lythraceae #: ae on as ns ps Mths:

ee ee ee en

Melastomaceae af Bi ao ae a MY 107

Moraceae a Sh aN = vis! so) ms 92

Myricaceae 33 aah 43 ye of = es 90

~ a

Myrtaceae Fe 3 a me “e HT of

Onagraceae an ray sy ie oF Me ei Ree

Piperaceae oe pai ae oe mY as bie 85

Proteaceae Pe a me iS ips si i. 85

Punicaceae Mi sé, eet es fa ae eects eee

Rhizophoraceae if — a i: me Ne *. 98

Salicaceae Aa ae a ie bd me a} 87 4

Thymelaeaceae at mY va He ae whe igi ae !

Trapaceae ny 6 we ae ‘a nes eh AS

Ulmaceae Leib ioe aa pe ih ey Js 90

Urticaceae ah x t 4 a aT ag a 9]

* Continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 28: 237-258. 1976.

Seed Plants 85

II. ANGIOSPERMAE-DICOTYLEDONS (Continued)

57. PROTEACEAE

Helicia excelsa (Roxb.) Bl.

Tree; racemes erect; densely covered with dark red soft hairs; in forests;

Chua Chu Kang, Kranji, Mandai Road (Sinclair 40049).

Hel. petiolaris Benn.

Tree, glabrous; racemes thick, angled; Bukit Mandai, Changi (No specimens

available).

Hel. robusta R. Br. ex Wall.

Tree, glabrous; racemes stout, lax; Bukit Timah, Gardens’ Jungle (No

specimens available).

58. PIPERACEAE

Key to the genera

eeow. merus.-erect; leaves without stipules <...:2...... 0... ...........2000-- Peperomia

A. Mostly woody plants, climbing or erect; stipules present, joined to the leaf-

Peperomia pellucida HBK.

Tiny herb; stem and leaves succulent and translucent; flowers very small and

simple, in long spikes. A common garden weed, native of S. America.

Pep. sandersii DC. var. argyreia Bailey

Herb; leaves ovate, with 9 broad white bands between the veins. This and

a few other species are sometimes cultivated as pot plants.

Piper betle L.

The leaves of this plant (known as betel pepper) together with betel nut

(Areca catechu L.), are used for chewing. Native of E. and C. Malesia.

Vern. Sireh, Pars

Pip. caninum B1.

Slender climber or small trees; leaves variable in shape and size; common

in woods; Seletar, Gardens’ Jungle (Chew 1467), Kranji, Siglap, Pulau Tekong.

Vern. Sireh utan.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Piper chaba Hunter

Pip.

Climbing, glabrous; leaves oblong or ovate; near and almost identical with

Pip. betle from the Malay Islands. Vern. Bakek.

flavimarginatum C. DC.

Woody climbers or trees; leaves ovate; Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah

(Corner 34996).

lanatum Roxb.

Slender climber; Ponggol (Ridley, s.n. in 1905). Prob. not specifically distinct

from Pip. caninum.

maingayi Hook. f.

Climber; leaves elliptic-lanceolate; rarely flowering; common; Bukit Timah,

Gardens’ Jungle, Chua Chu Kang.

minatum Bl.

Climber; fruit spikes red; in woods; Bukit Mandai, Tuas, Chua Chu Kang,

Reservoir Areas. Vern. Sireh Ayer.

muricatum Bl.

Erect herb or shrubby; stem and leaves hairy; in woods, not common; Bukit

Timah, Chua Chu Kang, Jurong.

nigrum L.

A climbing shrub of the Malabar Coast of India. Pepper of commerce is

the dried and ground fruits of this plant; black pepper is the whole dried fruit,

and white pepper is the fruit which has been retted in water and the mesocarp

removed. Vern. Lada hitan Ff tt

pachyphyllum Hook. f.

Glabrous climber; leaves broadly ovate; in forests; Bukit Timah, Gardens’

Jungle.

pedicellosum Wall.

Woody climber; leaves elliptic ovate; in woods; Chua Chu Kang.

porphyrophyllum N. E. Br.

Slender; leaves ovate-cordate, deep green spotted silver and pink; rarely

fruiting; in woods; Bukit Timah, Seletar, Gardens’ Jungle (Hullett 397).

protractum C. DC.

Erect shrubby; leaves oblong; in woods; Jurong, Chua Chu Kang.

ribesioides Wall.

A climber; leaves ovate-oblong; not common; in Reservoir Woods (Sinclair |

40227).

Seed Plants 87

Piper sarmentosum Roxb.

Erect herb, with long runners; common in villages and shady places as a

weed. Vern. Chabei, Kadok.

59. CHLORANTHACEAE

Chloranthus elatior R. Br. ex Link

Shrublet, with slender spikes of white flowers and translucent white berries;

in damp ravine in jungles, formerly locally abundant; Bukit Timah (Holttum

19791), Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Jurong. Called Chl. officinalis Bl. in Ridley’s

Flora.

CAl. spicatus (Thunb.) Makino

A pot plant growing for its pale yellow, fragrant flowers 4 # fA ; never

set fruit under local conditions; propagate vegetatively by division. Also

called CAl. inconspicuus Swartz.

60. CASUARINACEAE

Casuarina equisetifolia J. R. & G. Forst.

Tall tree with green needle-like branchlets; leaves reduced to whorled tiny

scales; often planted but possibly wild originally between Tanjong Rhu and

Changi (Hullett 501). Vern. Ru, # fk 3

available).

Cas. nobile T. C. Whitmore

A beautiful tree with a cone-shaped crown, superficially like a conifer, native

of Borneo. Several other species are occasionally planted, these including

Cas. glauca Sieb. from Australia, Cas. nodiflora Thunb. (= Cas. rumphiana

Miq.) from New Caledonia and Cas. sumatrana Jungh. & DeVriese. from W.

Malesia. The last two species together with Cas. nobile are sometimes

classified under a separate genus Gymnostoma.

61. SALICACEAE

Salix babylonica L.

A small tree with slender drooping, light-green twigs. Native of China; all

the trees planted were probably originated from the cuttings of a male tree;

occasionally producing male catkins. #p

88 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Salix tetrasperma Roxb.

Less common than the above; twigs and leaf-stalks reddish on the upperside;

native of S. India.

62. FAGACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Fruit triangular or irregularly ovoid, completely enclosed in a spiny cupule

which splits: open:to expose-l—3: nutsn. 2. a5/esn. Poe ; Castanopsis

1. Fruit ovoid, conical or cylindrical, cupule rarely completely enclosing the

fruit, not splitting, containing a single fruit (acorn).

2. Leaf-stalks thickened throughout their length; midrib always raised above;

margin rarely toothed; stigma tiny .......uebes..-eae eee Lithocar pus

2: Leaf-stalks usually thickened at base; midrib often sunken above; margin

often toothed? ‘stignma’-a’ big head yn ee ah ae Quercus

Castanopsis inermis (Lindl. ex Wall.) Benth. & Hook. f.

Big tree; cupule 4-angled with lines of short blunt warts in rings around each

angle; cooked fruit edible.

Cast. lucida (Nees) Soepadmo

Big tree; cupule splitting into 4 valves, the valves deeply ridged; Gardens’

Jungle, Bukit Timah, Sembawang, Bukit Mandai. Called C. hulletti King

in Ridley’s Flora.

Cast. malaccensis Gamble

Cupule covered with long sharp branched spines; Tuas.

Cast. nephelioides King ex Hook. f.

Cupule flattened, covered wth short ridges and warts; rare: Bukit Timah,

Pulau Damar.

Cast. megacarpa Gamble

Big tree; cupule large, round to ellipsoid, covered with long branching spines;

Bukit Timah, Gardens’ Jungle. Vern. Berangan Gajah.

Cast. shefferiana Hance

Tree; cupule densely covered with short stout spines, splitting by 4 valves;

Gardens’ Jungle, Changi. Called C. andersonii Gamble in Ridley’s Flora.

Cast. wallichii King ex Hook. f.

Tree; cupule round, covered with triangular, sharp-tipped spines; common in

woods; Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang, Changi.

Seed Plants 89

Lithocarpus bennettii (Mig.) Rehd.

Cupule thin flat, with short stout base; fruit conic-ovoid; in woods; Seletar,

Holland Road (Ridley, s.n. in 1899). All the Lithocarpus species were classi-

fied under Pasania in Ridley’s Flora and under Quercus in Corner’s Wayside

Trees.

Lith. cantleyanus (King ex. Hook. f.) Rehd.

Cupule thin saucer-shaped with ring-like flanges; fruit flattened; Changi,

Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah, Kranji (Ridley s.n. in 1893).

Lith. conocarpus (Oudem) Rehd.

Cupule shallow saucer-shaped, thin; fruit conical, pointed; Gardens’ Jungle,

Changi, Seletar.

Lith. cyclophorus (Endl.) A. Camus

Cupule saucer-shaped, enclose 4 of fruit; fruit flattened, very large. Gardens’

Jungle, Seletar.

Lith. elegans (B1.) Hortus ex Soepadmo

Cupule cup- to saucer-shaped, with tiny, pointed scales + in rings; fruit

ovoid, flattened; Bukit Timah.

Lith. encleisacarpus (Korth.) A. Camus

Cupule thin, completely enclosing the fruit; Gardens’ Jungle, Seletar, Changi.

Lith. ewyckii (Korth.) Rehd.

Cuple saucer-shaped; fruit ovoid, conic; Bukit Timah, Gardens’ Jungle, Seletar.

Including Lith. lamponga Rehd.

Lith. hystrix (Korth.) Rehd.

Cupule saucer-shaped; fruit depressed, ovoid; Gardens’ Jungle, Tuas.

Lith. lucidus (Roxb.) Rehd.

Cupule woody, saucer-shaped, very thick, with a broadly ringed rim protruding

at the fruit base; fruit hemispheric; Seletar, Tampines, Bukit Timah.

Lith. wallichiana (Lindl. ex. Hance) Rehd.

Cupule cup- or saucer-shaped, rim thin, sessile; fruit round; Seletar, Jurong,

Pulau Ubin.

Quercus argentata Korth.

Big tree; cupule with 6—9 prominent, slightly toothed flanges; fruit ovoid with

a short tip; Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 36398).

90 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

63. MYRICACEAE

Myrica esculenta Buch._Ham.

Small tree; leaves dark green, the margin serrate or entire, but coarsely toothed

in seedling and sappling leaves; fruit a small red, then black drupe; common

on the seashores and also in secondary forests; Tuas (Goodenough 3955),

eee Jurong. Called Myr. farquhariana Wall. in Malayan literature. Vern.

Geliche.

64. JUGLANDACEAE

Engelhardia serrata BI.

Medium-sized tree; leaves even-pinnate, with 3-5 pairs of leaflets; fruits

crowded in catkins, each is a small nut, but attached to the base of a large,

3-lobed wing; rare; Kranji (Goodenough 2833), Gardens’ Jungle. Vern. Sepoh

Petri, Kedi.

65. ULMACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Leaves entire, leathery, with 1 main vein; fruit flattened, each with 2 long

and Conspicuous StyheS. 205 as: szcVen as iacds cts bike eetncs Seem ea a Gironniera

2. Leaves toothed, thin, 3-nerved from the base; fruit rounded, each with 2

Short styles. ...o3.isg sj, 3s< dmaccopeedaeet cs sabes ceabe ies aes tne ae Trema

Gironniera nervosa Planch.

Small or big tree; branches and leaves densely covered with short brown

hairs; fruit a small or large drupe; common in woods; Tanglin, Chua Chu

Kang, Water Catchment Area (Chew 28), Changi. Vern. Kasap.

Gir. parvifolia Planch.

Leaves glabrous, thin-leathery; in dense jungle, rare; Bukit Timah (Ngadiman

34908), Kranji.

Gir. subaequalis Planch.

Leaves glabrous, thick-leathery; less common; Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang.

Trema angustifolia (Planch.) B1.

Shrub or small tree; leaves narrow, brownish hairy beneath; Changi, Chua

Chu Kang, Tanglin.

Seed Plants 9]

Trema cannabina Lour,

Leaves glabrous beneath; berry yellow to orange; Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang

(Cantley’s collector, s.n.). Called Tre. virgata B1. in Ridley’s Flora.

Tre. tomentosa (Roxb.) Hara

Leaves ovate, acuminate, densely hairy beneath; berry green then blue-black;

in waste ground; Tanglin, Changi (Cantley’s collector, s.n.). Called Tre.

amboinensis B1. or Tre. orientalis B1. in Malayan literature. 4 + Ak

66. URTICACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Herbs,

2. Herbs often with sting hairs; leaves alternate ..................... Laportea

2. Herbs without sting hairs,

ae eavesvOpposite; THOWers ‘CYMOSE i 526.02 0020. .02. Poles Te. ees cee Pilea

3. Leaves alternate,

Fen AR IRAE Tha inal orate ok hae wh 3 oe po Elatostemma

Riveter letmeta iit, ah aty eae OS Gis «30s oiler o> «25 Fn Pouzolzia

1. Shrubs, erect or climbing,

5. Erect; flower heads distinct on spikes; fruiting perianth dry ... Boehmeria

5. Scrambling or climbing; fruiting perianth fleshy,

6. Flowers yellow, in spikes or panicled clusters ............... Pipturus

6. Flowers whitish, in axillary cymose heads ............ Poikilospermum

Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.

Shrubby, 1-2 m high; leaves broadly ovate, alternate. Ramie is a well-

known fibre-yielding plant, native of E. and S.E. Asia. *% fit

Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew

A weed, sometimes stinging; Tanglin, Serangoon (Ridley s.n. in 1897);

formerly called Fleurya interrupta Gaud.

Elastostema repens Hall. f.

Small creeping plant; leaves alternate, very unequal at the base; native of

S.E. Asia. Also called Pellionia duvauana N.E. Br.

92 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. |

Tiny herb, with many branches; leaves very small, arranged in two rows. A

weed of American origin, common in waste spots in gardens.

Pipturus mollissimus Wedd.

Shrub, climbing; leaves elliptic-ovate, 3-nerved; flowers yellow; fruit white;

rare; Tuas (No specimens available).

Poikilospermum suaveolens (B1.) Merr.

Large scrambling and epiphytic shrub; leaves large; flowers whitish, in com-

pound heads; in woods; Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Nee Soon (Chew 32),

Pulau Ubin. Vern. Akar Murah, Ara Jankang. Called Conocephalus

suaveolens Bl. and Con. amoenus HK. f. in Ridley’s Flora.

Pouzolzia indica Linn.

A low weed, not common, sometimes used as a vegetable; Bukit Timah, Chua

Chu Kang (Cantley s.n.). Vern. Ubai Ubai.

67. MORACEAE

Key to the genera

1. Flowers and fruits borne inside a round, hollow receptacle ............... Ficus

1. Flowers and fruits borne on a axis, usually forming a spike or head,

2. Fruit a multiple one (sorosis),

3. Fruit often very large (3-35 cm long) ..... Artocarpus, Parartocarpus

3. Fruit rather-small (to f5 ‘cow long) ois)... 0s. e.0e se Morus

2. Fruit not multiple,

4. Leaves narrowed to the base; fruit berry-like wrapped round in the

persistent sepals, white or yellOW css <.s1,-sess>adaeneume tenn Streblus

4. Leaves round or heart-shaped at the base; fruit pulpy, red to

Black: .:.::ckaensaaduatecdasenpeeeenes eee een sie} «dca Antiaris

Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.

A large evergreen tree, formerly found at Bukit Timah, now probably extinct.

The fresh latex of this famous upas tree is extremely poisonous, and at one

period was in use by the aboriginal tribes of the Malay Peninsula to tip their

arrows. Vern. Ipoh.

Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosberg

The bread-fruit tree, a native of Polynesia, is variously called Art. communis

J. R. and G. Forst. and Art. incisus Linn. f. in literature. Leaves pinnately

lobed or incised; fruiting heads globose or ellipsoid, 20-30 cm across, smooth

and green; cultivated locally as an ornamental, rather than a fruit tree. 3m @ fit

Seed Plants 93

Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.

Large tree with huge pinnate leaves (over 60 cm long); fruiting head globose,

with linear-oblong spines; in forest, Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley 4/13), Water

Catchment Areas. Also called Art. superbus Becc.

Art.

dadah Mig.

Bushy tree; fruiting head green or orange-red; in open woods; Bukit Timah

(Ngadiman 34682), Chua Chu Kang, Tanglin, Changi, Water Catchment Areas.

Called Art. lakoocha Roxb. in Ridley’s Flora. Vern. Tampang Ambong.

Art. elasticus Reinw. ex. BI.

Large tree; leaves dimorphic, those in young trees deeply lobed, in adult trees

ovate-oblong, entire; fruiting head dark yellow, oblong, to 16 cm _ long;

common all over Singapore (Sinclair 10683). Called Art. kunstleri Hook. f.

in Ridley’s Flora. Vern. Getah Terap.

Art.

gomezianus Wall. ex Tréc

Medium-sized tree; leaves oval-oblong; fruiting head smooth, round or ovoid,

yellow and shining outside, inside rose pink, edible but sour; Bukit Timah;

Bukit Mandai; Gardens’ Jungle.

Art.

heterophyllus Lamk.

The jack fruit is a native of S. India; leaves glabrous, entire; fruiting head

of very large size, ellipsoid and yellow (30-90 x 25-50 cm). Called Art.

integrifolia L. in literatures. Vern. Nangka, iK &

Art.

integer (Thunb.) Merr.

Hairy small tree; leaves oblong, entire, but in young trees often 3-lobed;

fruiting head ellipsoid (20-35 x 10-15 cm), golden yellow, strongly foetid;

cultivated as a fruit tree, wild in Malaya. Vern. Champedah.

Art. lanceifolius Roxb.

Large tree, timber highly valuable; fruiting head oblong (15 cm long), brown,

pubescent; Tanglin, Changi Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah (Sinclair SFN

40249). Vern. Keledang.

Art.

maingayi King

Small tree; fruiting head oblong, 2-3 cm long, pubescent; rare; Tuas, Bukit

Timah, Gardens’ Jungle.

Art.

rotundus (Houtt.) Panzer

The Monkey Jack is a large tree; fruiting head globose, yellow (7-11 cm

across), covered with short spines and enclosing numerous seeds embedded

in an orange coloured, sweep pulp, edible; Tanglin, Changi (Ridley 3357),

Chua Chu Kang, Gardens’ Jungle. Called Art. rigidus B1. in Ridley’s Flora.

Vern. Tampuneh.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Artocarpus scortechinii King

Tall tree; fruiting head oblong, to 8 cm or more long; Tanglin, Kranji

(Ridley 11366).

Ficus annulata Bl.

-Fic.

Fic.

Climber or tree; fig large, orange in colour; rare; Bukit Timah (Ridley 3783).

The genus Ficus with nearly 40 species occurs in Singapore. They are either

shrubs, or trees, or climbers. Their fruits are sought for by birds and fruit-

bats which frequent the trees during the fruiting season. Most of the trees

are of rapid growth with soft and valueless timber and with white or rarely

yellow sap. The common fig (Ficus carica Linn. # }{ #) selling in super-

markets is native to the Mediterranean Region. Attempt to grow it in

Singapore, according to Burkill, was not successful. Figs of one introduced

species F. roxburghii Wall. are edible.

apiocarpa Miq.

Large climber; figs pear-shaped, large, orange-red; Tanglin, Kranji, Tuas,

Gardens’ Jungle (Corner 32787).

aurantiacea Griff.

Called Fic. callicarpa Miq. in Ridley’s Flora. Large climber; stem flattened;

figs large (5-6 cm long), pear-shaped, orange-red with white spots; Bukit

Timah, Chua Chu Kang, Keppel Harbour (Corner s.n.).

bengalensis Linn.

Big tree with many aerial roots, some of them developing into massive pillar-

roots, thus forming a ‘“‘forest’’ of its own. Known as Indian Banyan, some-

times planted. Native of India.

benjamina Linn.

Small to large tree; commonly planted, wild in Malaya. Vern. Waringin.

binnendijkii Migq.

Tree, formerly found at Chua Chu Kang, Mandai (Kiah 36543) and Bukit

Timah.

botryocarpa Miq.

Called Fic. miquelii King in Ridley’s Flora. Large tree/igs green with white

spots, on simple or branched racemes; in woods; Bukit Timah (Ridley 5632).

bracteata Wall. ex Mig.

Medium-sized tree; leaves rusty beneath; figs orange; in swamp forest, some-

times near the sea; Changi, Chua Chu Kang, Seletar (Sinclair 24797).

caulocarpa Mig.

Called Fic infectoria Roxb. in Ridley’s Flora. Deciduous tree; figs small,

round, whitish with red or orange dots; Bukit Timah, Alexandra Road

(Corner S.n.).

Seed Plants 95

Ficus chartacea Wall. ex King

Fic.

Slender shrub; figs small, yellow; in thick woods; Gardens’ Jungle, Changi

(Ridley 3407), Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai; the bark is used for string.

consociata Bl. var. murtoni King

Large shrub or tree; figs orange; more common near the coast; Changi,

Ponggol, Seletar, Bukit Timah (Burkill 4896).

deltoidea Jack

Called Fic. diversifolia Bl. in Ridley’s Flora. Small shrub, sometimes an

epiphyte; leaves extremely variable (narrowly obovate to broadly obovate,

and bilobed); in sandy places or mangrove swamps; Sungei Morai (Sinclair

40178), Changi, Kranji, Seletar.

dubia Wall. ex King

Tree; like Fic. benjamina but with larger leaves and figs; Bukit Timah, Tengah

(Goodenough 5636).

elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.

The Indian rubber tree is sometimes planted; the young plant is often grown

in pots for its thick glossy, evergreen leaves.

excavata King

Epiphytic small-leaved creeper; in swamp forest; Jurong (Corner s.n. in 1934),

Seletar.

fistulosa Reinw. ex BI.

Small bushy tree; figs green, in pairs on pedicels or in fascicles on stem

tubercles; Bukit Timah (Chew 1/2), Changi, Chua Chu Kang.

fulva Reinw. ex BI.

Called Fic. chrysocarpa Reinw. ex BI. in Ridley’s Flora. Small shrub, leaves

hairy; figs golden hairy; common in open country; Nee Soon (Chew and

Whitmore s.n.).

glandulifera (Wall. ex Mig.) King

Small tree with spreading crown; figs yellow; Bukit Timah (Corner 34922);

Gardens’ Jungle, Changi.

globosa BI.

Bushy tree; figs dark green; in thickets; Bukit Timah; Bukit Mandai, Changi

(Ridley s.n. in 1893), Tuas.

grossularioides Burm. f.

Called Fic. alba Reinw. ex BI. in Ridley’s Flora. Shrub; leaves large and

lobed when young, smaller and entire in older trees, white beneath; figs yellow,

becoming reddish; very common in open country; Mandai (Hullett 193).

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Ficus heteropleura BI.

Fic.

Fic

Fic.

Called Fic. urophylla Wall. ex Miq. in Ridley’s Flora. A shrub, often

epiphytic on other trees; figs small, orange; common; Tanglin, Bukit Timah

(Ridley 5630), Chua Chu Kang. Vern. Ara Supudeh.

laevis BI.

Epiphyte or small tree; rare; Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 8034),

Pulau Ubin.

microsyce Rid.

Shrub or epiphyte; fig globose; sessile, in pairs: Gardens’ Jungle, Jurong,

Sungei Hantu (Sinclair 39528).

obscura BI.

Small tree; figs white; common; Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu

Kang, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 5625). Also called Fic. pisifera Wall. ex Miq.

pellucido-punctata Griff.

Called Fic. indica Linn. in Ridley’s Flora. One of the commonest wild

species of strangling fig; Seletar, Pulau Ubin, Mandai (Corner 37127).

pisocarpa BI.

Called Fic. microstoma Wall. ex King in Ridley’s Flora. Tree: figs globose,

in axillary pairs, green with a conspicuous yellow umbo; Geylang, Bukit

Timah, Pasir Panjang.

pumila Linn. var. awkeotsang (Makino) Corner

Epiphyte from Taiwan, adherent to walls or tree trunks by aerial roots;

remaining vegetative in lowland.

recurva Bl.

Epiphytic and rock-climber; Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang, Cluny Road

(Ridley 6919).

religiosa Linn.

The Bodh-tree is commonly planted as roadside tree, but really also a

strangling plant; native of India, sacred to both Hindus and Buddhists;

* te tH :

retusa Lin.

Tree; leaves often asymmetric with a blunt tip; figs pink to purple black;

Geylang (Ridley 5680), Changi, Bukit Timah, Bajau. #§ ##

roxburghii Wall.

Small tree with very large leaves; native to E. India and Burma; producing

large figs at base of the trunk which are edible and can be made into jam.

The cultivated form is probably parthenocarpic, as it only bears female

flowers within the fig.

Seed Plants 97

Ficus sagittata Vahl

Called Fic. ramentacea Roxb. in Ridley’s Flora. Climber, with yellow and

bitter sap; figs nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs, globose, red, narrowed at

base to a stalk; Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 6731), Tanglin.

Fic. sinnata Thunb.

Called Fic. rostrata Lamk. in Ridley’s Flora. Epiphytic on trees, glabrous

leaves often long-cuspidate; figs globose, orange coloured; Gardens’ Jungle.

Fic. subgelderi Corner

Called Fic. rigida Miq. in Ridley’s Flora. Epiphyte, glabrous; figs oblong,

1.5 cm across sessile on branch ends, in pairs, orange with white spots; Bukit

Timah (Ridley 5621).

Fic. subtecta Corner

Called Fic. procera Reinw. ex Bl. in Ridley’s Flora. Big tree; figs in pairs,

globose, 1.5 cm long, sessile; Fort Canning (Ridley 3396), Changi.

Fic. variegata BI.

Called Fic. polysyce Ridl. in Ridley’s Flora. Large, deciduous tree, with

conspicuous buttresses; figs pear-shaped, 2-4 cm across, long stalked, in dense

clusters on the trunk and main branches; in secondary growth and forests;

Gardens’ Jungle, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley s.n.).

Fic. vasculosa Wall. ex Miq.

Small tree; leaves often cuspidate; figs pear-shaped, 1.5—2 cm long, light

yellow then deep rose-red, stalked, on leafy twigs; often in gardens and

hedges; Seletar (Ridley 3403); Changi, Bukit Timah.

Fic. virens Ait var. glabella (Bl.) Corner

Called Fic. glabella Bl. in Ridley’s Flora. Big. tree; figs small, white, with

pinkish spots; Bedok, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 1602).

Fic. villosa BI.

Climber; figs clustered on axillary tubercles, yellow or red, hairy; common;

Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 6202).

Fic. xylophylla Wall. ex Miq.

Big epiphyte or small tree, strangling; figs 5-6 cm long, orange with dark

spots; Geylang, Bukit Timah, Changi, Seletar, Mandai Road (Corner 37136).

Morus australis Poit.

The mulberry tree is native of China; the local strain (which appears to

have female flowers only) produce fruits parthenocarpically. The trees are

frequently visited by birds because of tne edible fruits. J- % 4

Parartocarpus venebisus (Zoll. & Mor.) Becc. ssp. forbesii (King) Jarrett

Tree; young twigs appressed with hairs, soon glabrescent; fruiting head with

spines; Jurong (Corner 21845).

Streblus elongatus (Miq.) Corner

Big tree; heart wood dark brown, very durable; ““The plant flowers readily

even in seedling...; the fruit is soft white drupe enclosed in the four

98 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

thickened white sepals; these are sweet and edible and any pressure on them

ejects the fruits to some distance so that if a bird attempts to eat them, the

fruit is thrown out’? (Ridley). Common in dry woods, Tanglin, Chua Chu

Kang, Changi, Bukit Timah (CWL 1/4). Called Sloetia elongata Miq. in

literature. Vern. Tempinis.

68. RHIZOPHORACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Trees and shrubs of mangrove* forest; leaves opposite with interpetiolar

stipules

B. Calyx 5-16 lobed; seedlings usually much less than 25 cm long before

fallings,

C. Calyx. 8-16 lobed; stem with knee roots. ..................... Bruguiera

C. Calyx 5-6 lobed; stem with appressed stilt roots ........... Ceriops

B. Calyx 4 lobed; stem supported by branched stilt roots; seedlings often

over 30 cm long ‘before Falling 00... S na eaedee Rhizophora

A. Trees and shrubs of inland (usually secondary) forest,

D. Leaves alternate, without stipules;style 4 <.2...4.::../:.cecuee Anisophyllea

D. Leaves opposite, with interpetiolar stipules; style 1,

FE. Calyx divides to the base, glabrous inside; stipules imbricate and

overlapping.

F;.. Young-branches solids: ::.0/2).3%, nds. 14. ee Carallia

F. “Young branches honow «.s:.°, sis.ta0! sur ohn ee oe Gynotroches

FE. Calyx tubular, divides only at the tip, the tube hairy inside below;

stipules flat, not anbricate, ov... ¢ uniseawav sty 16k Consus Pellacalyx

Anisophyllea disticha Baill. | |

Shrub; branches spreading, pendulous; leaves of two kinds in 4 rows (with

2 large and 2 small, but almost in one plane); flowers yellowish white, tiny;

fruit ellipsoid, red, 2—2.5 cm long. Common in woods, Tanglin, Changi

(Ridley in 1892), Seletar and Bukit Timah.

Anis. griffithii Oliiv.

Tree; leaves of one kind, lanceolate to elliptic, 5-10 cm long; fruit broadly

ellipsoid, 4-5 cm long. Chua Chu Kang, Water Catchment Area (Corner

s.n. in 1937). !

* The mangroves are characteristic of coastal swampy regions in tropics, and sometimes also

in subtropics. The seeds of some of the dominant trees, such as Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia,

Rhizophora (belonging to the Rhizophoraceae), and some other genera have the peculiar

habit of germinating within the fruit wall (“vivipary”) and hanging on the branches, then

the fully developed seedlings fall downwards into the mud. The wood is hard, but difficult

to season, often used as fuel. Tannin extracts can be obtained from the thick bark of

many of the mangrove trees.

Seed Plants 99

Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BI.

Formerly called B. caryophylloides Bl. Small to large tree; stem base

buttressed, also with many knee roots; flowers greenish, calyx 8-lobed, petals

with 2-3 bristles at the apex; seedlings 8-15 cm long before falling. A very

common mangrove tree, formerly even occurred in River Valley Road,

Serangoon, Seletar (fide Ridley), now still found in Changi, Tuas, Jurong,

Kranjii and in many off-shore islands (Pulau Ubin, Ridley 366). Vern. name:

Pakau_ putih.

Brug. gymnorhiza Lamk.

Calyx pinkish red, usually 12-14 lobed. Common, Jurong, Changi, Tuas

(Riidley 4669).

Brug. parviflora W. & A. ex Griff.

Calyx green, 8-lobed. Jurong, Ulu Pandan (Sinclair 39660). Vern. name:

Lenggadi.

Brug. sexangula (Lour.) Poir.

Formerly called B. eriopetala W. & A. Calyx usually 10-12 lobed. Bakau,

Kranji, Jurong, Tanjong Pasir Laba (Sinclair 40175).

Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.

Formerly called C. lucida Roxb. and C. scortechinii King. In forest, Bukit

Timah, Nee Soon (Kiah 36546).

Ceriops tagal C. B. Robins.

Formerly called C. candolleana Arn. Tree; stem with appressed stilt roots

up to 1 m tall; calyx deeply 5—6 lobed; seedlings 15-25 cm long before falling,

sharply angular. In mangrove, Jurong, Changi (Md. Shah 868). Vern.

name: Tengah.

Gynotroches axillaris BI.

Tree; young branches hollow; leaves opposite, with numerous tiny green

flowers in axils; fruits very small, red to black. In woods (Bukit Timah,

Negadiman 36119) and secondary jungles, common in water catchment area.

Pellacalyx axillaris Korth..

Tree, young branches hollow; leaves rusty pubescent beneath; flowers in

axillary clusters, calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Nee Soon,

Bukit Mandai (Ridley 3883).

Pell. saccardianus Scort.

Leaves glabrous beneath; calyx 4-lobed. In forest. Bukit Timah (Holttum

19785), Nee Soon.

Rhizophora apiculata BI.

Formerly called R. conjugata L. in Malayan literature. Small or large tree;

stem supported by stilt roots; flowers in pairs; seedlings up to 38 cm long

100 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

before falling. Common in mangrove swamps, Changi, Jurong (Ridley 3795),

Seletar, Bajau.

Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.

Like the above species, but flowers 2-12, in 2-3 forked cymes, and seedlings

40-65 cm long before falling. In all mangrove swamps, Jurong,, Bajau,

Changi, Kranji, Pulau Brani (Ridley in 1890). Vern. name: Belukup.

69. COMBRETACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Large trees; flowers small, without petals; drupe compressed,

Often “winged |... 2.50.2 2ie.cs coe cnc ioids 2s shu ce eee Terminalia

A. Small trees or shrubs, erect or climbing; flowers usually showy;

petals present,

B. Erect small trees or shrubs; calyx-tube short; fruit cylindric,

NOt WISER oo eee a ee ee ee Lumnitzera

B. Climbers; fruit winged

C. Calyx-tube slender, produced beyond ovary ............... Quisqualis

C. Calyx-tube., short. 13):.:iGiot ae ee ee eee Combretum

Combretum sundaicum Miq.

Climber or scandent shrub; leaves opposite; flowers green, in terminal dense

compound racemes; fruit with 4-wings. In open bush and edges of forest,

Bukit Timah (Ridley 10918), Changi, Jurong, Bedok.

Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt

Formerly called Lum. coccinea W. & A. Small tree or shrub, with scarlet

flowers in dense racemes. In mangrove near the sea, Bajau, Serangoon,

Jurong, Kranji (Ridley 334).

Lum. racemosa Willd.

As above species, but flowers white in elongate, racemes. In mangrove

swamps. Jurong, Ulu Pandan (Corner 38160).

Quisqualis indica L.

Climber; flowers in terminal spikes, white then turning dark red. Native

of the Old tropics, a garden escape in Singapore. Vern. Akar Suloh, {# #@ >

Terminalia catappa L.

A large tree; leaves deciduous, often turning red before they fall; flowers

small, green, in spikes; fruit flattened ovoid, keeled all round, pinkish green;

seeds edible (hence called ‘Sea almond’). Common along the coast (Hullett

31/1), and planted as a roadside tree. Vern. Ketapang, #% {E tit

Seed Plants 101

Terminalia phellocarpa King

Large tree; fruit ellipsoid, mango-like, corky. In damp spots in woods,

Mandai (Corner 36987), Bukit Panjang, Chua Chu Kang. Vern, Mampelam

babi.

Term. subspathulata King

Large tree; fruit broadly 2-winged. Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah (Ridley

10817).

70. MYRTACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Leaves opposite.

B. Leaves with a main midrib.

C. Twigs and leaves glabrous; fruit usually a large berry ...... Eugenia

C. Twigs and leaves hairy.

D. Leaves large (10-15 cm long), conspicuously veined;

SPAM a e e esue Sameera re eee a Psidium

D. Leaves smaller (less than 10 cm long), faintly veined; fruit

sind) Atess. thant Cli ACTOSS).- 5.720542: ..202 62-04... Decaspermum

B. Leaves 3-nerved,

E. Tree with small (around 5 mm across) white flowers; leaves silvery

DE ETS REG els Sg aA ey SARS hee Nad hi ai ile dils RR Rhodamunia

E. Shrub with showy (4-5 cm across) pink flowers; leaves woolly

Mite ecnen tah sc. he de ls idee casnsi dec: Saieet . Whawces nee Rhodomyrtus

A. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged; fruit capsular.

Pereaves.avith 5] ‘transverse Vers’ 2.297 920. MOP. Melaleuca

F. Leaves with a midrib,

Semper TAINS. CTIA ad cain ci ahve scennsnesassrese Tristania

G. Flowers in dense spikes near the end of branches ......... Callistemon

Callistemon citrinus Skeels

Also called Cal. lanceolatus Sweet. Shrub with linear leaves; flowers in

dense spikes near the ends of young branches; stamens many in a flower,

crimson red, the whole inflorescences with spreading stamens resembling a

bottle brush (hence the common name). Native of Australia, sometimes

planted as ornamental.

102 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore —- XX XI (1978)

Decaspermum fruticosum J. R. & G. Forst.

Shrub or small tree; leaves small, narrowly elliptic; flowers white; berry

rounded, flattened, purple. In secondary forest, Mandai, Jurong, Chua Chu

Kang, Bukit Timah, Seletar (Md. Shah & Ahmad Shukor 2364).

Eugenia aquea Burn.

Small tree; flowers white, fruit transparent, rose or white, edible. Cultivated,

probably a native of southern India. Vern. name: Jambu Ayer. This species,

together with most of the following ones, has been segregated by some taxo-

nomists from Eugenia (a genus thus defined as restricted to the New World

tropics) into a separate genus, Syzygium. The alternative name for this

species for example, is Syzygium aqueum (Burm.) Alston. Species of Eugenia

(or Syzygium), in general, possess opposite, glandular punctate leaves

with conspicuous submarginal veins. Those with larger (and edible) fruits

are known as jambu or jambo by the Malays, and those with smaller fruits

as kelat.

Eug. attenuata Koord. & Valet,(= E. penangiana Duthie)

Tree; flowers white; fruit oblong (0.7 X 0.5 cm) pinkish. Kranji (Corner

29056), Bukit Timah.

Eug. avenis (Miq.) Henders. (= E. scoparia Duthie)

Tree; fruit globose (0.4 cm across). Only represented by an earlier col-

lection (Wallich 3594).

Eug. caryophyllus Bull. & Harris (= E. aromatica Baill.)

The clove tree is a native of Moluccas, grown in Singapore in large scale in

early 19th century but failed. The cloves of commerce are the dried

unopened flower-buds.

Fug. cerina Henders. (= E: punctulata King)

Tree; flowers small; fruit oblong ovoid (1.4 X 0.8 cm), greenish.

Eug. claviflora Roxb.

Tree; flowers creamy white; fruit oblong-globose (2 cm long), crimson then

black. Labrador, Pasir Panjang (Corner s.n.).

Eug. conglomerata Duthie

Tall tree; flowers white; fruit depressed globose (1.2 cm across), dark purplish.

Botanic Gardens (Ridley 5073).

Eug. cumingiana Vidal (= E. acuminatissima Kurz) (= Acmena acuminatissima

Merr. & Perry)

Tree; flowers small, white.

Eug. cumini Druce (= E. jambolana Lamk.)

Tree; flowers white to rosy pink; fruit oblong (2 * 1.7 cm), black. Vern.

Jambolan.

Seed Plants 103

Eugenia densiflora Miq.

Small tree; flowers pink; fruit globose (2.5 cm across), pinkish. Changi,

Siglap, Bukit Timah. Vern. Name: Kelat Jambu.

Eug. duthieana King

Tree; flowers white; fruit globose or slightly pear-shaped (2 cm long).

Eug. filiformis Duthie

Small tree; flowers white with long slender pedicles; fruit globose (1.5 cm

across) greenish white. Gardens’ Jungle, Changi, Seletar.

Eug. glauca King

Tree; flowers sessile; fruit globose (2.5 cm across) green, faintly ridged.

Bukit Timah (Henderson 34780).

Eug. grandis Wight

A big tree; flowers white; fruit globose (1.2-1.5 cm across) green, leathery.

Common on sandy and rocky shores, and widely planted along the roads.

Vern. name: Jambu Ayer Laut.

Eug. griffithii Duthie (= E. subrufa King)

Tree; flowers white; fruit globose (2 cm across); in woods, Changi, Seletar,

Bukit Timah.

Eug. jambos L.

Small tree; flowers large, white; fruit dull yellow, tinged pink, depressed

globose (-5 cm across). Long cultivated of doubtful origin. Vern. names:

Jambu Mawar, rose apple,

Eug. javanica Lamk.

Small tree; flowers white; fruit pear-shaped (-6 cm long and broad), waxy

white. Native of Java. Nicobars and Burma, sometimes cultivated.

Eug. longiflora F. — Vill. (= E. lineata BI.)

Tree; flowers white or pale green; fruit oblong (1.3 < 1 cm), opaque white.

Very common in secondary jungles.

Eug. linocieroides King

Small tree; flowers white; fruit oblong 1 cm long). Resembles F. longiflora

but differ s from it in the more angled calyx tube.

Eug. malaccensis L.

Tree; flowers brilliant pink; fruit large, pear-shaped (5—7.5 cm long), white

or pink. Cultivated for the edible fruit. Vern. name: Jambu bol.

Eug. michelii Lam.. (= E. uniflora L.).

A bush from Brazil, occasionally planted.

104 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978) —

Eugenia microcalyx Duthie

Tree; flowers creamy white; fruit small (0.4-0.5 cm across), white tinged red.

Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 10410).

Eug. muelleri Mig. (= E. venulosa Duthie)

Tree; flowers white; fruit globose (1.3 cm across), green. Tampines, Bukit

Mandai.

Eug. ngadimaniana Henders.

Small tree; fruit ovoid (2 cm long) dark green, flushed dull purplish red at

apex. Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 36129).

Eug. nigricans King

Tall tree; flowers white. Bukit Timah (Corner 34988).

Eug. oblongifolia Duthie

Small tree; flowers creamy white; fruit globose (1.7 cm across), pale green.

Gardens’ Jungle, Chua Chu Kang.

Eug. oleina Wight (= E. acuminatissima Kurz, = E. myrtifolia Roxb.)

Small tree, flowers white; fruit obovoid, small (0.5 X< 0.7 cm), dark red.

In river banks and near the sea. Seletar, Jurong (Ridley 4985).

Eug. pachyphylla Kurz

Small tree; flowers white, fruit obovoid (2.5 x 2 cm).

Eug. palembanica Merr. (= E. lepidocarpa Kurz)

Small tree; flowers white; fruit urn-shaped (2 cm across), ribbed. Common

on the sea coast and inland. Tanglin, Kranji, Changi.

Eug. papillosa Duthie

Tall tree; flowers white; fruit globose (2.5 cm across) green; in fresh water

swamp forest.

Eug. polyantha Wight

Slender tree; flowers white; fruit globose (1.2 cm across), pink to purple.

In inland forest.

Eug. pseudocrenulata Henders. (= E. crenulata Duthie, non Willd.)

Small tree; fruit depressed globose (1 * 1.5 cm). Seletar (Ridley 6232),

Mandai.

Eug. pseudoformosa King

Small tree; flowers pink; fruit oblong-globose (2 cm across).

Eug. pseudosubtilis King

Tree; flowers yellow; fruit depressed globose (1.5 cm across), pink to black.

In fresh water swamp forest.

Seed Plants 105

Eugenia pustulata Duthie

Small tree; flowers greenish yellow; fruit oblong globose (1.4 xX 0.6 cm).

Eug. ridleyi King

Tree; flowers pale green; fruit globose (to 2 cm across), dull green.

Eug. rugosa Merr.

Tree; flowers white; fruit broadly obconic (1 X 0.75 cm). Bukit Timah

(Corner 34605), Jurong.

Eug. spicata Lamk. (= E. zeylanica Wight)

Small tree; flowers white; fruit obong (0.6 cm long), white. In sandy spots

near the sea; Tanglin, Changi, Kranji, Tuas.

Eug. subdecussata Duthie

Tall tree; flowers greenish yellow; fruit globose (2 cm across), green, flushed

dull pink. Gardens’ Jungle, Changi, Tuas.

Eug. syzygioides Henders. (= Eug. cymosa Wight)

Small tree; flowers white, fruit small, round (1 cm across), cherry red. .In

secondary growth, Changi, Pulau Tekong.

Eug. tumida Duthie (= E. pyrifolia Wall.)

Like E. longiflora, but fruit round, larger (1.5—2 cm across), leathery, green.

Cluny Road, Changi.

Melaleuca cazuputi Powell (= M. leucadendra L.)

Tree, with twisted trunk; bark whitish, papery flaky; leaves with 5-7 longi-

tudinal veins; flowers white, in spikes. Seletar (Sinclair 40633). Indigenous,

but sometimes planted. A medicinal oil, known as Cajeput oil, is distilled

from the leaves. Ridley observed that “‘Kampong Gelam may perhaps take

its name from trees formerly growing here’. Vern. name: Gelam, @ + &

Psidium guajava L.

Small tree; branches drooping; fruit fleshy, with numerous seeds inside, edible.

Native of tropical America, often planted in gardens. Vern. names: Guava,

Jambu batu, & © t%

Rhodamnia cinerea Jack (= R. trinervia Bl.)

Small to medium-sized tree; leaves with 3 main nerves, the lower surface

shining silvery if growing in open country (hence the name “‘silver back tree’’);

flowers small, white; berry red to black. Very common in secondary forests

(Changi, Hullett 315).

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait) Hassk.

Bushy shrub; leaves 3-nerved, whitish woolly; flowers prominent, pink: berry

purplish, edible. Common in sandy spots. Vern. Kemunting, # 4 4B

106 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Tristania merguensis Griff.

Tree; leaves spirally arranged; flowers small, yellow, in axillary clusters;

capsules small, compressed globose, 1—-1.2 cm across, half immersed in the

calyx cup. Bukit Timah (Corner s.n.).

Tristania sumatrana Miq.

Small tree. Once collected from Pulau Ubin (Ridley 4970).

71. LECYTHIDACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Leaves very large (over 30 cm long), in 2 rows; flowers yellow ... Bertholletia

A. Leaves relatively small, spirally arranged; flowers white, pink or red,

B. Inflorescences arising from persistent, much branched, woody inflore-

scenice-stalks On “Grune (oso. cxpievncn Capra. ao he Couroupita

B. Inflorescences usually arising from young or old branches,

C. - Pruitt -one-seeded: issu abet ak ee aoe Barringtonia

C. Fruit :matty-seedeang. 25... eae ee ee tpt Planchonia

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz

Large coastal tree; leaves, flowers and fruits all very large; flowers white, in

pendulous spikes; fruit with a broad square base, tapering to the 2 persistent

sepals. Changi, Kranji (Ridley 14453), Pulau Tekong. Vern. Putat Laut,

tt #2 Wr i

Barr. conoidea Griff.

Large shrub, in tidal rivers; fruit conical with 8 strong flanges round the base.

Seletar, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 2057).

Barr. macrostachya (Jack) Kurz

Small tree; fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth. In dry woods, Bajau (Ridley s.n.

in 1894). Vern. Putat hutan.

Barr. racemosa (L.) Spreng.

Small tree; fruit egg-shaped, green, in damp places near tidal rivers or the

sea. Tanglin, Kranji, Geylang (Ridley 8051), Sentosa. Vern. Putat Kampong.

Barr. reticulata (Bl.) Miq.

Large shrub; fruit oblong, 4-angled, narrow to the base. In sandy woods

near the sea, Tuas, Jurong, Macpherson Road (Ridley 8419).

Bertholletia excelsa HBK.

Large tree, native of the Amazon region, rarely planted. The large seeds

(called ‘Brazil nuts’), rich in oil and very nutritious, are imported..

Seed Plants 107

Couroupita guianensis Aubl.

Native of S. America, planted for the showy flowers on trunk. Cannon-

ball-like (thus ‘Cannon Ball Tree’) fruits are occasionally formed.

Planchonia grandis Ridl.

Big tree; buttressed; flowers green, ,in terminal spikes, fruit globose. Gardens’

Jungle (Ridley 6423, type), once collected.

72. MELASTOMATACEAE*

Key to the genera

A. Herbs, sometimes semi-woody below,

B. Small herbs, erect or creeping; flower parts in 3s; fruits

CL ot Sh ie Sa eda at Le Het dant ik Clie i he 2 Absa dea Rae Seen Sonerila

B. Tall herbs, sometimes soft woody below; stems erect, hairy; flower parts

REA DIC DETIN hnac ce 2 ls) ls sb 0S ods ods aca sane -s odBOs oo Clidemia

A. Shrubs or trees,

C. Shrubs,

D. Twining or climbing, stems slender

E. Inflorescence short, few-flowered, on leaf axils ...... Macrolenes

=. lnnorescence: panicled, terminal. <.2..........:....... Dissochaeta &

Diplectria (Anplectrum)

D. Erect shrubs,

F. Mostly epiphytic; stems more or less fleshy ............ Medinilla,

Pogonanthera, Pachycentria & Plethiandra

F. Usually terrestrial; stems noi fleshy,

G. Stems covered with chaffy scales; leaves entire; flowers large

67cm “across), “3-9: TOPCUMET. 20. sci csdeed os. ss. Melastoma

G. Stems glabrous: leaves with finely toothed margins; flowers

tte OS Fin. WARES Al NAM Fe Aes cee Ochthocharis

C.,. Trees,

H. Leaves with a single midrib; berry usually 2-seeded ...... Medinilla

H. Leaves 3-nerved; berry many-seeded .....................64. Pternandra

Clidemia hirta Don

Hairy herb, sometimes soft woody below; flowers white, in axillary clusters;

fruit a round berry, black. A common weed on roadside or in forest edge,

native of South America, naturalized.

* Thanks to Mr J.F. Maxwell for going through most of the plants listed under this family.

108 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Diplectria glauca (Jack) Veldk.

Slender climber; flowers white or purple, in panicles. Also called Anplectrum

glaucus Triana or Backeria glauca Bakh. f. In woods, Gardens’ Jungle,

Bukit Timah, Water Catchment Area.

Diplectria viminalis (Jack) O.K.

Formerly called Anplectrum pallens Bl. Slender climber; flowers white.

Seletar (Ridley in 1889), Pulau Ubin.

Dissochaeta annulata Hook. f. ex Triana

Climber; flowers rose pink, in large panicles (to 15 cm long). In edge of

forests, or on tall trees, BukitTitmah (Goodenough in 1889).

Dis. celebica BI.

Lower leaf-surface rusty; flowers pale pink. Common; Bukit Timah (Ridley

2025), Water Catchment Area.

Dis. gracilis BI.

Slender climber; flowers white. Bukit Timah (Burkill 3123), Bukit Mandai.

Dis. intermedia BI.

Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 6056).

Dis. pallida BI.

Water Catchment Areas, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah (Ridley 176).

Dis. punctulata Hook. f. ex Triiana

Bukit Timah (Goodenough 341), Bukit Mandai, Seletar, Ponggol.

Macrolenes nemorosa (Jack) Bakh. f.

Formerly called Marrumia nemorosa (Jack) Bl. A climber, thickly covered

with rusty hair; flowers with 4 pink petals and 8 (4 longer and 4 shorter)

stamens. On borders of forests.

Macro. echinata Nand.

Ang Mo Kio (Ridley 258).

Medinilla radicans (BI.) BI.

Small bushy or scrambling shrub, epiphytic on trees or rocks; stems not

tubercled; flowers white; fruit deep red or purple. In mangroves or damp

forests, Bukit Mandai (Goodenough 1637), Kranji, Bajau.

Melastoma malabathricum L.

A very common shrub all over the island, in open places; flowers light to

dark pink, showy. Misleadingly called the ‘“Siingapore Rhododendron”’.

Vern. Sendudok, # 44 +

“

tat

Seed Plants 109

Memecylon amplexicaule Roxb.

Small tree. Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 37009). Memecylon species, in general,

is rather similar to Eugenia spp. (Myrtaceae), but can be distinguished by

its small blue flowers with 8 short stamens. In Eugenia, the flowers are

green, white, yellow or red, and the stamens are long and numerous.

Memecy. caeruleum Jack

Shrub. In sandy open spots. Singapore (Furtado 34854).

Memecy. cantleyi Rid.

Shrub. In woods, Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley 13012, type).

Memecy. edule Roxb.

Shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic or ovate. In dry spots near the sea

(Henderson 35783). Vern. Dalek ayer.

Memecy. edule Roxb. var. ovatum Clarke

A variety with round ovate leaves (Ridley 9565).

Memecy. fruticosum King.

Epiphytic shrub. Singapore (Ridley 5753).

Memecy. garcinioides BI.

Small tree. In lowland forests; Seletar, Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 34975).

Memecy. oleaefolium BI.

Slender tree. In woods; Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley 64/4).

Ochthocharis borneensis BI.

Small shrub; flowers small, white, with 4 white or pale pinkish petals, about

10-15 in a cluster. In tidal rivers; Seletar (Ridley 6221).

Ochth. javanica BI.

Small shrub. In tidal mud; Changi, Kranji (Goodenough 2008).

Ochth. paniculata Korth.

Low shrub. Wallich 4083 said to be collected from Singapore.

Pachycentria constricta (Bl.) BI.

Glabrous epiphytic shrub; roots tuberous, woody; flowers pale pinkish, in

panicles. Sungei Morai, Seletar (Ridley in 1890). Formerly called Pachy.

tuberculata Korth.

Pachy. maingayi (Clarke) Maxw.

Small bushy epiphyte; flowers and fruit both pink. Sungei Buloh, Chua Chu

Kang (Ridley in 1894), Bukit Timah. Formerly called Medinilla maingayi

Clarke.

110 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Plethiandra sessiliflora (Cogn.) Burk.

Epiphytic spreading shrub; flowers waxy pink, solitary or in axillary fascicles.

In mangrove swamps; Tuas, Seletar, Kranji (Ridley in 1892), Sungei Buloh.

Pogonanthera pulverulenta BI.

Epiphytic spreading shrub, scaly; flowers small, white. Pulau Ubin, Kranji

(Ridley 276), Bukit Timah.

Pternandra coerulescens Jack

Small tree; flowers in axillary cymes or rarely in terminal panicles; petals

light blue; fruiting calyx marked with square or oblong depressions. Tanglin,

Changi (Ridley in 1894), Chua Chu Kang.

Ptern. echinata Jack

Bushy tree; flowers white, often deeply tinted with light blue or lilac; fruit

echinate. In woods, common; Changi, Bukit Timah (Goodenough 352a).

Vern. Serai manaun.

Ptern. tuberculata (Korth.) Maxw.

Tree. MacRitchie (fide Maxwell).

Sonerila begoniifolia BI.

Small herb, densely hairy to 15 cm tall; flowers white or pink, in clusters.

In damp woods; Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 2005a).

Soner. heterostemon Naud.

A glabrous herb. In forests; Bukit Timah (Hullett 449), Chua Chu Kang.

73. LYTHRACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Trees and shrubs, near or in the sea,

B. Shrubs; fruit a capsule, 'l-chamberéd: 7.000. 2005; ii 2 es Pemphis

B. Trees; fruit berry-like, 10-15-chambered ..........0/%2.7, 27RNie! Sonneratia

A. Inland trees and shrubs,

C. Flowers small, unisexual, apetalous, in terminal panicles ... Crypteronia

C. Flowers medium to large, bisexual,

D. Calyx-tube swollen on one-side, slightly curved. ............... Cuphea

D. Calyx-tube straight,

E. Shrubs, flowers relatively smaller, sepals

and petals 40 ii. .ciciecccc'nnse ds bec ncullenesee ane Lawsonia

Seed Plants 111

FE. Trees, flowers large and showy, sepals and petals

Lee eal REE ae ae ee Lagerstroemia

Cuphea ignea DC.

Small bush, much branched; calyx orange red; petals absent. Native of

Mexico, sometimes cultivated.

Crypteronia cumingii (Planch.) Endl. var. griffithii (Clarke) Osinga

Tall tree; branches with swollen nodes; flowers very small, in large terminal

panicles. In Water Catchment Areas, Bukit Timah (Ngadiman 36472).

Vern. Talinga badak.

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.

Also called Lag. flos-reginae Retz. Tree, with spreading branches; flowers

pale to deep pink. Native of S.E. Asia, widely planted in gardens and

along the roads, easily propagated by cuttings or marcoting. Vern. Bungor,

KM th

Lag. indica L.

Shrub or small tree; leaves smaller than the above species; flowers white, rose

or pink. Native of the Orient, sometimes cultivated. Vern. Crepe myrtle,

ie de

Lawsonia inermis L.

Shrub or small tree. Native of W. Asia, sometimes cultivated as a hedge

plant. The leaves are the source of a red dye. Vern. Henna. tg P je

Pemphis acidula J.R. & G. Frost.

A coastal shrub, often partly submerged in sea-water during high tide;

leaves fleshy, thick; flowers white, with short or long styles. Changi (Md.

Shah 864), St. John’s Island.

Sonneratia alba J. Smith

Tree, near or in the sea, with upright conical breathing roots around the

trunk; leaves broadly elliptic; flowers large with 6 white petals; stamens

white. Tuas, Changi, Jurong, Pulau Brani (Ridley in 1907). Vern. Bedada.

Sonn. caseolaris (L.) Engl.

Formerly called Sonn. acida Linn. Tree; leaves narrowly elliptic; stamens

pinkish red. In tidal river, Balestier plain, Changi (Sinclair 40023).

74. PUNICACEAE

Punica granatum L.

The pomegranate tree is a native of West Asia. A dwarf form is commonly

planted in pots or on the ground for its bright scarlet (rarely yellow) flowers

and handsome, edible fruits. Vern. Dalima, 4% #8 » £ © t¥%

112 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

75. ONAGRACEAE

Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara

Formerly called Jussiaea repens L. Herb, prostrate or ascending, often

floating in streams with swollen pithy floats; petals creamy white. Tanglin

(Ridley 16697).

Ludwigia erecta (L.) Hara

Erect herb, nearly glabrous; petals pale yellow. Tanglin, Tanjong Katong

(Cantley 2871).

Lud. octovalis (Jacq.) Raven spp. sessiliflora (Mich.) Raven

Formerly called Jussiaea suffruticosa L. Robust herb, shrubby, densely

covered with spreading hairs; petals yellow. Serangoon, Kallang.

Lud. peruviana (L.) Hara

Formerly called Jussiaea speciosa Ridl. Shrub, to 3 m tall; petals bright

yellow. Ditches and swamps, Serangoon, Balestier.

Lud. prostrata Roxb.

Small annual herb, subglabrous; petals yellow, narrowly spoon-shaped.

In wet spots, Tanglin.

76. HALORAGACEAE

Haloragis chinensis Merr.

Small herb, leaves opposite; flowers yellow, very small. Known only from

a small spot near the sea, Lim Chu Kang (Sinclair 40276).

77. TRAPACEAE

Trapa bicornis Osb. var. cochinchinensis Gluck ex Steenis

Floating herb, occasionally growing in ponds; fruit (also called ‘‘water chest-

nut” not to be confused with the corm of Eleocharis dulcis Trin. of the

Cyperaceae, both are imported from China) with two conspicuous horns,

edible #$ 9 &

78. THYMELAEACEAE

Key to the genera

A. Fruit capsular; petaloid appendages usually distinct and always

pubescent 4.2414. ..0+sihbbe s+ Dell Cie lity gies | eel i oe eee ee Aquilaria

A. Fruit drupaceous; petaloid appendages if present, always glabrous,

B. Woody climbers; inflorescence usually provided with 2 leafy bracts on

each branch; ovary densely pubescent,

Seed Plants 113

Ce amens.in.2 series; stvle: short; . is csw.s dasweeoeine «cen. sys ss dese Enkleia

C. Stamens in | series; style several times as long as ovary ... Linostoma

B. Erect shrub; inflorescence without leafy bracts;

a ME MNMEA MR Se ot Ao BME, Yo. van kas doidecis odie deck sadeaeies Wikstroemia

Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.

Big tree; leaves glabrous beneath; flowers yellowish green, in branched

umbels; fruit a small woody capsule. In the interior of old trees are found

dark coloured resinous, fragrant masses for burning as incense. These

resinous masses are called eagle-wood. Bukit Timah, Kranji, Gardens’

Jungle (Ridley in 1894). Vern. Geharu, jt F

Aquil. hirta Ridl.

Small tree; leaves tomentose beneath. Bajau (Ridley 3837, type!).

Enkleia malaccensis Griff.

Slender woody climber, densely covered with reddish hair; branches some-

times hook-like; leaves alternate; panicles spreading. In woods, Gardens’

Jungle (Sinclair 40196), Bukit Timah.

Linostoma pauciflorum Griff.

Lofty woody climber; leaves opposite or nearly so; flowers light green,

pendulous. Gardens’ Jungle, Changi (Ridley 1858), Bukit Timah.

Wikstroemia ridleyi Gamble

According to Ridley (Fl. Mal. Pen. 3:146) this plant was “‘Brought from

Penang in 1890, ran wild for some time in Tanglin, Singapore’. Now still

can be found in certain spots in Water Catchment Areas.

79. GONYSTYLACEAE

Gonystylus maingayi Hook. f.

Small to large tree; flowers in terminal inflorescence; capsule ovoid, thick-

woody. Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang, Water Catchment

Areas, Bukit Timah (Ridley in 1894).

VASCULAR EPIPHYTES OF SINGAPORE’S WAYSIDE TREES

Y. C. WEE

Department of Botany, University of Singapore

INTRODUCTION

The planting of wayside trees in Singapore has been going on since the turn

of the last century. Most of these trees have been exotic, while a few, indigenous.

One old favourite is the angsana, Pterocarpus indicus Willd., a native of Peninsula

Malaysia (Burkill, 1935). This tree provides excellent shade and was thus planted

extensively along many roads. However, around 1914 there was an outbreak

of a disease resembling that of the European elm variety. One by one these

trees became infected and rows of them were cut down in an effort to contain

the disease, but in vain (Furtado, 1935). Only a limited number of trees survived,

scattered around the island. The three big trees at the Esplanade by Anderson

Bridge are among these (Corner, 1952). Another common wayside tree is the

mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla King. This tree was first introduced into the

country from Sri Lanka in 1876 (Burkill, 1935). Around 1930-40 these trees

were planted along many roads. Most are still in existence today. Grown alter-

nately with these trees along most of these roads were the jambu laut, Eugenia

grandis Wight. A native of Peninsula Malaysia, this tree was adopted in 1882

as a fire break and planted along those roads bordering /alang wastes and sub-

jected to regular fires (Burkill, 1935). The only road left with an entire row of

jambu laut along both sides appears to be Dalvey Road.

The rain tree, Enterolobium saman Prain ex King, which has an umbrella

shape and casts excellent shade, has been in Singapore since 1876 when it was

introduced from its native South America (Burkill, 1935). The tree has proved

to be popular ever since and avenues of different ages of trees can te found in

many parts of the island. On the other hand the tembusu, Fagraea fragrans

Roxb., which is of Indo-Malaysian origin, was grown for its majestic beauty

along the older roads and in private compounds. ‘Today, old trees can be

found mainly around the Tanglin areas. Another popular tree, the batai, Albizzia

falcataria (L.) Fosberg, is fast growing and provides excellent shade. However,

these trees are susceptible to damage by storms due to the shallowness of the

root system and the softness of the wood. Because of this it has become

unpopular and today a few old trees can still be found by certain roads while

others are found growing wild in abandoned lands. The common ru, Casuarina

equisetifolia J.R. & G. Forst., native to this region and a pioneer on sandy coast,

was once extxensively grown along Tanjong Rhu (Ridley, 1900), but no more.

It was also once popularly grown in private compounds. It casts little shade but

makes excellent wind-breaks. It is not commonly planted today but a substantial

number can be found scattered around the island.

The population of Singapore’s wayside trees has increased considerably

since 1967 when the Government embarked on a campaign to turn the Republic

into a garden city. Since then more than a quarter million trees have been

planted (Anon., 1977). The current favourite is still the angsana, as besides

114

Vascular Epiphytes 115

being a good shade tree, planting materials are abundant as cuttings strike root

without difficulty. Other species of wayside trees include the yellow flame,

Peltophorum pterocarpum Backer ex Heyne; the acacia, Acacia auriculiformis A.

Cunn. ex Bth; the royal palm, Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) D.F. Cook and the flame

of the forest, Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Rafin, among others.

Many of the wayside trees are infested with epiphytes, the older more so

than the younger. Again, certain species of trees appear to be more heavily

infested than others. On the other hand there are many trees that are entirely

bare of epiphytes. According to Richards (1939) effective colonization by

epiphytes only begins in the middle and late life of the trees. Working with

two common wayside trees in Singapore, Johnson & Awan (1972) found that

certain epiphytic species showed preference for host trees, probably because of

their bark characteristics. In an effort to undrstand more about the epiphytic

populations of the wayside trees, a qualitative survey was initiated in 1977 to

study the distribution, species composition and association with the host trees.

It is hoped that this study would lead to further work on the various quantitative

aspects as well as on the autecology of the epiphytic species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Observations were made on the occurrences of vascular epiphytes on 11

common wayside trees along various main roads in Singapore. Only the number

of species per tree was noted, no attempt was made to include quantitative infor-

mation. The diameter of the tree trunk at breast height was recorded in

every case. Trees with a diameter of less than 30 cm were excluded as these

were considered too young to harbour any epiphytes. Each tree was examined

from the ground. In most cases it was easy to identify the epiphytes as they

usually occurred on the lower and bigger branches. The only difficulty was with

-Pyrrosia. Except for P. longifolia (Burm.) Morton with its distinctive long

fronds, the other species like P. varia (Kaulf.) Farwell, P. adnascens (Forst.)

Ching and P. angustata (Sw.) Ching could not be identified as the plants were

sterile at the time of the survey. These were thus grouped under Pyrrosia spp.

The species of trees examined were:

No. trees observed

Enterolobium saman Prain ex King 160

Eugenia grandis Wight 223

Swietenia macrophylla King a A

Peltophorum pterocarpum Backer ex Heyne 96

Fagraea fragrans Roxb. 150

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. 138

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Bth. 122

Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. & G. Forst. 144

Cocos nucifera L. 200

Albizzia falcataria (L.) Fosberg 89

Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) D.F. Cook 154

TOTAL 1,693

116 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

The highest number of epiphytic species was recorded on EF. saman. Of

these 18 species, 11 were ferns and the rest phanerogams (Table 1). In addition,

five species of phanerogams, not usually epiphytic, were found growing on the

wayside trees examined. Asplenium nidus Linn., Davallia denticulata (Burm.)

Mett., Drymoglossum piloselloides (Linn.) Presl. and Pyrrosia spp. were the

common ferns and Dendrobium crumenatum Sw., the pigeon orchid, the common

phanerogam. Bulbophyllum vaginatum (Lindl.) Rchb. f., another orchid, was

common on F. grandis. The strangling figs, represented by Ficus religiosa Linn.

and other Ficus spp. were reasonably common on most trees.

There was evidence of epiphytic preference for specific wayside trees.

Dischidia nummularia R.Br. and D. rafflesiana Wall. were commonly found on

P. pterocarpum; B. vaginatum on E. grandis; Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) Moore

on E. saman; P. longifolia on F. fragrans; and Vittaria ensiformis Sw. on E. saman

and E. grandis.

Platycerium coronarium (Koenig) Desv., the stag’s horn fern, at one time

common, is now getting rare. Isolated plants were encountered on E. saman,

FE. grandis, F. fragrans, A. auriculiformis and C. equisetifolia. Of the total of

1693 trees examined, only 8 or slightly less than 0.5% had this fern on them.

Generally, the abundance of epiphytic species depended on the species of the

wayside trees (Fig. 1). E. saman, E. grandis and S. macrophylla were more

heavily infested with epiphytes than the other wayside tree. About 58% of

E. saman and E. grandis trees sampled had three or more epiphytic species while

the figure for S. macrophylla is 41%. With P.nterocarpum, F. fragrans, P. indicus

and A. auriculiformis, about 69%, 55%, 55% and 56% respectively of the

trees sampled had epiphytes on them. In the case of the other tree species, most

of the trees had no epiphytes at all.

Older trees were more prone to epiphytic infestation than younger trees. Age

was estimated from tree trunk diameter and only trees with a trunk diameter at

breast height of more than 30 cm were included in the survey, as those with a

lesser diameter invariably had no epiphytes on them. Thus those trees that

were observed were at least 10-15 years old, as growth in diameter of these trees

was estimated to be not more than 3 cm per year. Table 2 shows that in all

nine species of trees (R. regia and C. nucifera were excluded as palms with a

trunk diameter of more than 50 cm were rare), a higher percentage of trees with

a trunk diameter of more than 50 cm had epiphytes on them. The difference

between presence and absence of epiphytes was less obvious in the case of E. saman,

E. grandis and S. macrophylla. E.saman had a high rate of infestation regardless

of the diameter class while the other two species of trees were all more than 60

years old, and thus had their share of epiphytes. In addition to having a higher

percentage of trees with epiphytes, older trees had more epiphytic species on them

(Fig. 2). Of those trees sampled whose trunk diameter was more than 50 cm,

53% had three or more epiphytic species on them, compared to 24% of those

trees with a diameter of 30-50 cm. Another point worth noting is that a higher

percentage of the latter group had no epiphytes at all.

Table 3 lists the number of the various wayside trees that had only one

epiphytic species. Of the 238 trees with only one epiphytic species, 65 had

D. piloselloides while 83 had D. crumenatum. Looking ai the data closer, it is

Vascular Epiphytes 117

noted that of the 83 trees with the pigeon orchid, 43 are §. macrophylla and 23

E. grandis. Most, if not all the trees sampled belonging to these two species

were more than 60 years old. The presence of D. crumenatum on trees of S.

macrophylla and E. grandis thus indicates a later stage of succession. It is not a

pioneer while D. piloselloides is, as this fern was usually found to be associated with

relatively young trees. P. longifolia and A. nidus are also pioneers but these

epiphytic ferns generally appear later than D. piloselloides.

DISCUSSION

In growing trees for shade, pollarding is generally practised to encourage

branching. Two, three or even four branches may arise at the point of the cut.

The bases of these branches form rain channels along which rain water flows

down the trunk. In certain cases a depression develops where the branches meet

and water collects here. Dead leaves together with dust blown off the road also

accumulate here and along the rain channels, especially if the bark is rough and

flaky. These sites form the centres of epiphytic colonization (Fig. 3-6). Other

sites include bark fissures, axils of large branches, the base of the tree and wound

scars (Oye, 1924). The first plants to appear are the blue-green algae, followed

closely by the bryophytes (Barkman, 1958). Under local conditions D. piloselloides

is the first vascular epiphyte to colonize the trees. This fern does not grow along

the rain channels or in the depression at the base of the main branches where

moisture is readily available, but rather on the trunk itself or the surface of the

main branches (Fig. 7 and 10). Once established, this fern may spread and cover

more areas of the bark, and in extreme case even the twigs and leaves. On

F. fragrans trees the pioneer is P. longifolia instead of D. piloselloides. Both

these ferns are crassulacean acid metabolism plants (Wong & Hew, 1976) and

together with their succulent fronds and stellate hairs covering the abaxial surface,

are apparently sufficiently adapted to such habitats.

The presence of depressions at the axils of the main branches of the trees,

with the accumulation of soil, paves the way for the establishment of saplings of

other wayside trees which are normally not epiphytic. These are the “‘epiphyta

ephemeralis’”’ of Hosokawa (1968). Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott., basically

a ground fern but common on oil palms (Sands, 1926), was also found, although

sparsely, on a number of wayside trees. This fern can be classified as “‘epiphyta

occasionis’’, while the strangling figs, Ficus spp., common on many trees (Fig. 5),

are actually false epiphytes or the ““hemiepiphytes’’ of Hosokawa (1968).

Humus collecting ferns like A. nidus and P. coronarium (Fig. 3-6 and 11-12),

are later pioneers, preparing the way for other epiphytes: D. denticulata growing

from the root mass of the former (Fig. 11), V. ensiformis growing under the shade

of the fronds of A. nidus, and Ophioglossum pendulum Linn. growing from the

nest of P. coronarium (Fig. 11).

The stag’s horn fern, P. coronarium, a common epiphyte of rubber trees

(Anon., 1955), is slowly getting scarce. In the present survey, this fern was

observed on 0.5% of the trees examined while only nine years ago Johnson &

Awan (1972) reported finding them on 60 out of the 150 F. fragrans trees they

examined. Of the 150 such trees observed in the present survey (these trees

need not necessarily be the same as the earlier ones) only one was found to

harbour P. coronarium. Old nests of this fern usually have O. pendulum growing

from them (Fig. 11), which competes with its host for the supply of water held

118 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

within the nest. It appears that as the O. pendulum grows larger, it absorbs most

of the water from the nest resulting in the eventual death of the host (Holttum,

1954). It is possible that the sparsity of the stag’s horn fern may be due to

death of the old plants at a faster rate than sporeling establishment. However,

it is probable that the drastic reduction of the fern’s population has been the

result of their being physically removed, as excess water dripping from the nest

can encourage rotting of the branches. Also, it has been reported that the

water held by the nest provides breeding ground for mosquitoes (Anon., 1955).

About 53% of the trees examined harboured some species of epiphyte or

other. Forest trees apparently are less infested with vascular epiphytes. Davis

& Richards (1933, 1934) recorded epiphytes on only 16% of trees more than

5 m high and 38% of trees more than 14 m high in a number of plots sampled

from a high forest in Guyana. The figures for rain forests of Sarawak are 11%

to 13% (Richards, 1936) and of Nigeria are 15% to 24% (Richards, 1939).

According to Richards (1957), the number of epiphytic species on a single tree

is seldom very large, from 13 species recorded in Nigeria to about 15 species in

-Guyana. This is comparable to the 18 species recorded from the sample of

E. saman trees examined in this survey. On the other hand Eggeling (1947) has

observed as many as 40-45 species of phanerogams and ferns on one tree in

Uganda. ‘The epiphytic flora on Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Bl. growing along

the banks of small rivers in Peninsula Malaysia is still richer. Henderson (1935)

recorded as many as 87 orchid species and 40 other phanerogams and ferns on

such trees during an expedition up one of the small tributaries of Sungei Sat

and Sungei Ketil in Kelantan.

The extent of epiphytic infestation of the local wayside trees depends on

the nature of the bark, the nature of the crown and the mode of branching. A

smooth bark reduces the chance of epiphytic establishment as it is unable to

trap the propagules. A. falcataria has a very smooth bark (Fig. 9) and only in

very old trees are there any epiphytes. The same situation is seen with R. regia

(Fig. 8). Epiphytes only manage to establish at the base of the trunk when the

numerous prop roots have emerged to break the smoothness of the bark, or on

the trunk when the smooth surface has been damaged. At the other extremes

are the rough and flaky bark of FE. saman (Fig. 6 and 10), E. grandis (Fig. 7)

and §. macrophylla (Fig. 4).

The abundance of epiphytes on E. saman is also due to the mode of branch-

ing and the structure of the crown. The main branches grow out at an angle of

50-80° to the main axis. The ends of the branches bear leafy shoots which

form the thin layer of foliage making up the umbrella-shaped crown. The inside

of the crown is spacious and devoid of leaves, and this allows sunlight and

moisture to get to the branches, where the epiphytes usually are (Fig. 3). The

branching of P. indicus and the structure of the crown on the other hand dis-

courage epiphytic growth. The branches grow at an angle of 10—30° to the main

axis and bear numerous, slender and leafy shoots which hang down into the

interior of the crown. This results in a dense and narrow-domed crown which

is obviously not conducive to epiphytic growth. Most of the epiphytes on —

P. indicus are found around the main forks of the branches where light and |

moisture are available. t

The branching of FE. grandis and S. macrophylla does not encourage epiphytic

infestation as the branches grow up at an angle of 30-40°. Branching is sparse

in these trees as they had not been planted for shade and thus not subjected to —

Vascular Epiphytes 119

pollarding. The richness of epiphytes on these two species of trees can be attri-

buted to their age, most of which are at least 60 years old. In the case of

F. fragrans the sparsity of epiphytes is attributed to the nearly vertical branches

or the branches growing horizontally for a short distance before turning upwards.

Such branching provides poor sites for epiphytic establishment. The deeply

fissured bark without being flaky obviously does not help in the trapping of

propagules.

Another factor that encourages epiphytic infestation is the availability of

moisture around: the branches where the epiphytes usually are. In most trees

dew is precipitated on the coldest surfaces, that is, the leaves. Thus the leaves

are thoroughly wet at night while the branches remain dry (Geiger, 1950). In

the case of E. saman, the leaflets begin to fold about one and a half hours before

sunset and do not open until the same time after sunrise (Corner, 1952). This

permits dew to settle on the branches and thus provides a supply of moisture

to the epiphytes even during dry periods. Also, when the sky is overcast, the

leaflets similarly close. During any subsequent rain the branches are sure to

get wet. With other broad-leaved trees however, a considerable proportion of

the rain clings on to the leaves. If the rainfall is less than 10 mm the water

flowing down the trunk is negligible (Geiger, 1950). Downflow begins only after

the rainfall is heavy and even in this case only about 20% of the total rainfall

flows down the trunk. With needle-leaved trees the amount of rain that clings

on to the leaves is higher than in the case of broad-leaved trees. The downflow

of the water among such trees is less than 5% of the total rainfall even in the

heaviest of storms. This is probably the case with C. equisetifolia where the

epiphytic flora is extremely poor. Only when such trees have been subjected

to some form of pollarding and side branches have developed can one find any

epiphytes on the branches or trunks.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The assistance of Mr. Douglas Teow in photography is greatly appreciated.

REFERENCES

Anon., 1955. Hanging gardens. Plrs’ Bull. Rubb. Res, Inst. Malaya. 20, 89-92.

Anon., 1977. Singapore Public Works Department, Annual Report. Min. Nat, Dev.

Barkman, J.J. 1958. Phytosociology and ecology of cryptogamic epiphytes. Assen: Van

Gorcum & Co. N,V

Burkill, 1.H. 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. I

& Il. London: Crown agents for the colonies.

Corner, E.J.H. 1952. Wayside trees of Malaya. Vol. I, 2nd. ed. Singapore: Govt. Printers.

Davis, T.A. & Richards, P.W. 1933-34. The vegetation of Moraballi Creek. British Guiana;

an ecological study of a limited area of tropical rain forest. Parts I and II. J. Ecol.

21, 350-384; 22, 106-155.

Eggeling, W.J. 1947. Observations on the ecology of Budongo rain forest, Uganda. J. Ecol.

34, 20-87.

Furtado, C.X. 1935. A disease of the angsana tree. J. Malay. Br. Royal Asiat. Soc.

13, 163-192.

120 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Geiger, R. 1950. The climate near the ground. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Univ. Press.

Henderson, M.R. 1935. The epiphytic flora of Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Bl. (Neram).

Gdns’ Bull., Singapore. 9, 93-98.

Holttum, R.E. 1954. Plant life in Malaya. London: Longmans, Green & Co.

Hosokawa, T. 1968. Ecological studies of tropical epiphytes in forest ecosystem. In Proc.

Symp. Recent Adv. Trop. Ecol. Pt. II. (eds. R. Misra & B. Gopal) pp. 482-501.

Varanasi: Intl. Soc. Trop. Ecol.

Johnson, A. & Awan, B. 1972. Distribution of epiphytes on Fagraea fragrans and Swietenia

macrophylla. Malay. Forester. 35, 29-43.

Oye, P. van. 1924. Sur l’écologie des epiphytes de la surface des troncs d’arbres 4 Java.

Gén. Bot. 36, 12-30; 68-83.

Richards, P.W. 1936. Ecological observations on the rain forest of Mount Dulit, Sarawak.

Parts I & Hl. J. Ecol. 24, 1-37; 340—-360.

Richards, P.W. 1939. Ecological studies on the rain forest of Southern Nigeria. I. The

structure and floristic composition of the primary forest. J. Ecol. 27, 1-6l.

Richards, P.W. 1957. The tropical rain forest. Cambridge: Univ. Press.

Ridley, H.N: 1900. The flora of Singapore. J. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. 33, 27-196.

Sands, W.N. 1926. Epiphytes on cultivated plants. Malay. Agric. J. 14, 13-17.

Wong, S.C. & Hew, C.S. 1976. Diffusive resistance, titratable acidity, and CO2 fixation in

two tropical epiphytic ferns. Am. Fern J. 66 121-124.

Vascular Epiphytes

TABLE Il.

PERCENTAGE OCCURRENCES OF EPIPHYTIC SPECIES

ON 11 COMMON WAYSIDE TREES

BPIPHYTE

FERNS

Asplenium nidus Linn.

Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett.

Drymoglossum piloselloides (Linn.) Presl.

Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) Moore

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

Ophioglossum pendulum Linn.

Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.) Ching

Platycerium coronarium (Koenig.) Desv.

Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.) Morton

Pyrrosia spp.

Vittaria ensiformis Sw.

PHANEROGAMS

Bulbophyllum vaginatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f.

Dendrobium crumenatum Sw.

Dischidia nummularia R.Br.

Dischidia rafflesiana Wall.

Ficus religiosa Linn.

Ficus spp.

Hoya ridleyi King & Gamble

Cordia cylindristachya Roem & Schult.

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Bth.

Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl.

Eugenia grandis Wight

Ptychosperma sp.

No. of epiphytic fern species

No. of epiphytic phanerogam species

No. of “non-epiphytic” phanerogam species

WAYSIDE TREE

E. saman

= Coro, =

E. grandis

aL TE OP —

§. macrophylla

foe)

te SS SS (GN

Co Gor 1 QO OS

P. pterocarpum

C1 S28 Oo “OOo NS OS ey

F. fragrans

- oO -_- WwW

—

P. indicus

WwW

No —

Oo WN

Rel ND ON SO SO 1h ee Bee

‘©

A. auriculiformis

aes

—_ WW

S.-o Sh we Oo el = tS

C. equisetifolia

—

ae eer ae a a — er — hs — ees 9

a. er Qa SG Ce oR Sa oO Ue NAO

C. nucifera

oS -—s.o 2 oc: oo Oro +. SO

or, oc or ao. co. ao oO coca 242 NM. wo

A. falcataria

—

(AT a i Sa) — I — (= a es

121

R. regia

—

Or Cte =" Oe Os SS Car re

Ce Ger Ge fo OS UN”. Ge" on™ On OO

122 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

TABLE 2.

PERCENTAGE OF OBSERVED TREES WITH EPIPHYTES

Trunk diameters **Number

30-50 cm >50 cm Observed

Enterolobium saman Prain ex King 77 97 90/70

Eugenia grandis Wight 90 99 121/102

Swietenia macrophylla King 82 98 147/70

Casuarina equisetifolia J.R.&G.Forst. 14 43 114/30

Peltophorum pterocarpum Backer ex Heyne 58 100 78/18

Albizzia falcataria (L.) Fosberg

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. 38 80 93/45

Fagraea fragrans Roxb. 36 82 89/61

Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Bth. 34 100 86 / 36

Roystonia regia (H.B.K.) D.F.Cook a i ‘154/*

Cocos nucifera L. {2 * 200 /*

* All the palms observed had trunk diameters of 30-50 cm

_** Number of trees observed with trunk diameters 30-50 cm/>50 cm

i.e

se sae

TABLE 3.

=p as

SINGLE EPIPHYTIC SPECIES INFESTATION:

NUMBER OF TREES OF THE VARIOUS TYPES AND SPECIES OF EPIPHYTES

~~ aw

a i Ve

ang Ss t

=a 2 ee |

rt ore ~ 1

WAYSIDE TREE 2eRS8S £2.58 8 6 '

Su £ 8 £ 8 & 3 Sea

FE 8 § $8 3 2S 3 eee

A gBhd |

EPIPHYTE eee ee

WOH hh & A! OO eee

Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. 1 23 43 1 6 | Bob pripeoe 83

Drymoglossum piloselloides (Linn.) Presl. 1S. 1. Zu) 5 3 aaa 4 65}

Ficus spp. 00 1 i111 4 4.) Oye

Asplenium nidus Linn. 0 4 3 | 2Qutahuyipeaaeeee 24

Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.) Morton 0 2 oD, shel ae 0 1

Pyrrosia spp. 0 2 gle ih 0

Dischidia nummularia R.Br. .. oC 28 0

Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett. Oy 2b toe 0

Bulbophyllum vaginatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. 0 4°85 008 0

Platycerium coronarium (Koenig) Desv. 0 0-2 08 0

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott. 0 0 anes 0

Hoya ridleyi King & Gamble 0° 1. See 0

Vascular Epiphytes

20 E. saman

E. grandis

20 \

al se

1 orapagile

; F. fragrans

a See

eo)

Fig. J.

11 common wayside trees.

123

A.auriculiformis

C.nucifera

: lOO

=. 20 90

: il P indicus A.falcataria 5

| il... a. he ere gs O

[2456789 O |

no. epiphytic = ecie

Percentage occurrences of number of epiphytic species per tree for the

124 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

occurrence 2,

30. "206 lO ome) lO 20

eee ©

ee | ee

3 eee

me , ee

>50 ci

2S sae

30-50 em

diameter diameter

Bo 7

no. epiphytic

Species

Fig. 2. Percentage occurrences of epiphytic species on trees with trunk diameters of 30-50 cm

and >S5S0 cm based on a survey of 704 and 402 trees respectively coming from seven

species of tree (E. saman, E. grandis, S. macrophylla, P. pterocarpum, F. fragrans,

P. indiicus and A. auriculiformis).

Fig. 3-6. Fig. 3. Nests of Asplenium nidus perching on the branches of the rain tree,

Enterolobium saman. Fig. 4- An old nest of Asplenium nidus growing on

the mahogany tree, Swietenia macrophylla. Note the flaky and scaly bark.

Fig. 5. An old Acacia auriculiformis tree infested with Asplenium nidus

and Ficus sp. Fig. 6. Close up of Enterolobium saman trunk to show the

establishment of Asplenium nidus along the rain channel and Pyrrosia sp-

trailing along the trunk (arrowed) with wilted fronds as a result of drought.

Fig. 7. Drymoglossum piloselloides growing on the rough and flaky bark

of Eugenia grandis. Towards the left (arrowed) is Hoya ridleyi. Fig. 8.

Trunk of Roystonea regia to show the smooth surface. Fig. 9. Smooth

bark of Albizzia falcataria. Fig. 10. Close up of Enterolobium saman

trunk with its shallowly fissured and flaky bark and recent establishment

of a young Asplenium nidus (arrowed, left) and Drymoglossum piloselloides

(arrowed, right). Fig. 11. An old Fagraea fragrans tree infested with old

nests of Platycerium coronarium (PC) from which grow Ophioglossum

pendulum (OP), Pyrrosia longifolia (PL) and Davallia denticulata (DD).

Fig. 12. The stag’s horn fern, Platycerium coronarium with its nest and

pendulous fronds.

THE DELIMITATION OF THE GENUS MAGNOLIA

(MAGNOLIACEAE)

HSUAN KENG

Department of Botany, University of Singapore

SUMMARY

Aromadendron Blume, Manglietia Blume and Talauma Juss. are reunited with

Magnolia Linn. as advocated by H. Baillon. Species of the first three genera from

the Malay Peninsula and Thailand are renamed.

In preparing taxonomic accounts of the family Magnoliaceae for Tree Flora

of Malaya (Keng 1973) and for the Flora of Thailand (Keng 1975), I followed

closely the generic delimitation laid down by the late Mr. J.E. Dandy (1927, 1964)

who kindly made available to me his unpublished lists of magnoliaceous plants

from Malaya and Thailand and also critically read and commented on my manu-

scripts. On both occasions, I treated Magnolia Linn., Manglietia Blume, Talauma

Juss. and Aromadendron Blume as separate genera. In Mr. Dandy’s opinion,

these four genera are well-defined ones. This can be better expressed in the

following key (adapted from Dandy 1964, p. 54):

A. Fruiting carpels dehiscent, not fleshy,

B. Carpels free, in fruit dehiscent along the dorsal suture,

ovules. 4 Or more im-each carpel i. ee. 1. Manglietia

C. Ovules 2 in each carpel (rarely 34 in

MOA el Cal mels Sei RS A A Pad 2. Magnolia

B. Carpels concrescent at least at the base, in fruit circumscissile and woody,

the upper portions falling away either singly or in irregular masses, the

lower portions persistent with the suspended seeds; stipules adnate to

RIMMED ila eons, s chal a vSebbe nie cda neous eansinacte ote « 3. Talauma

A. Fruiting carpels indehiscent, concrescent to form a fleshy syncarp; tepals 18

or more, subequal; connective-appendage very long, subequaling or longer

than the anther-loculi; ovules 2 in each carpel; stipules free from the

iE i te ae aR i A A Al ae Mee 4. Aromadendron

Previously I had my doubts about the validity of segregation of Manglietia

and Talauma from Magnolia, and had discussed the matter with Mr. Dandy in

August 1970 while visiting him at Tring, England during the time when he was

recuperating from an operation. Very recently after examining several fully

matured fruiting material of Aromadendron, I tended to agree with Baillon (1866,

1871) who considered Magnolia a much broader genus which includes Manglietia,

Talauma and Aromadendron. The reasons are presented below.

Among the three, the weakest genus is Manglietia which differs from Magnolia

merely in the number of ovules per carpel, and even that is not a clear-cut one

(see Dandy’s key above). When I raised this point during my visit, Mr. Dandy

127

128 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

smilingly replied that someone in the USSR (presumably he meant Dr. M.A.

Baranova) studied the stomatal structures and supported the segregation.

Technically the difference between Magnolia and Talauma lies in their fruit

character alone (see the key above). Without fruit, it is not possible to distinguish

them. A case in point: In my treatment of a Thai species, Magnolia craibiana —

Dandy for the Flora of Thailand, the following note was added with the full

endorsement of Mr. Dandy: ‘‘No fruiting specimens of this species has been

seen, and its generic position is therefore in doubt. It may possibly belong to

the genus Talauma, but until this can be proved by collection of the fruit there —

is no point in transferring it to that genus’. (Keng 1975, p. 255).

Elsewhere I questioned the wisdom of separating genera merely based on

fruit character. In my proposal of combining Tutcheria with Pyrenaria (Theaceae), —

I cited several similar examples such as: Lobelia-Pratia (Campanulaceae), Buddleija-

Nicodemia (Loganiaceae), Euphorbia-Elaeophorbia (Euphorbiaceae), and Aloe-

Lomatophyllum (Liliaceae) which are segregated on their different nature of fruits

_ (for details, see Keng 1972). It appears that Magnolia-Talauma camplex falls into

the same category.

Aromadendron and Talauma are so closely related that the former was reduced

to the latter by several botanists such as Bentham (in Bentham and Hooker f.),

Prantl (in Engler & Prantl), Miquel and others (for details see Dandy 1927).

Their segregation was, however, upheld by Dandy on the grounds that Aromaden-

dron differs from Talauma in: “‘(1) the indehiscent, fleshy fruiting carpels, (2) the

free stipules, (3) the elongated peduncle, (4) the numerous tepals, and (5) the long

connective-appendages”’ (Dandy 1927), p. 258). Among the characters mentioned,

the stipules are either adnate to or free from the petiole in the genus Magnolia as

defined by Dandy, the length of peduncles and connective-appendages are of

quantitative value, the number of tepals is not consistent in any one of these taxa;

thus the only crucial one is the fruit character as reflected in Dandy’s key to the

genera quoted in the beginning of this paper.

In examining the freshly collected, ripened fruit of Aromadendron (A. elegens

- BL.) from Bukit Timah, Singapore, to my great surprise, the fruiting carpels are

not fleshy. In fact they are dry, and dehiscing from within and breaking up into

large or small, irregular pieces (plate 1). In the fully ripened specimens, only a

number (35-50) of pink, succlent seeds remains, each attached to the persistent

central axis by a thin but strongly elastic funicular cord. This is virtually

indistinguishable from the fully matured fruits of Talauma which I had observed

before.

Sometime ago, in response to my enquiry, Dr. J.E. Canright of Arizona State

University, the foremost student of the Magnoliaceae, replied in a letter dated March

29, 1972: “I seriously doubt that you can separate Magnolia, Manglietia, Talauma

(and perhaps others) on anatomical grounds, this includes woody anatomy, floral

anatomy, nodal anatomy, seedling anatomy, leaf anatomy, and even pollen morpho-

logy’ (personal communication).

It can thus be concluded that Manglietia, Talauma and Aromadendron (but

not Michelia) should be merged with Magnolia, a view originally expressed by

Baillon (1866, 1871) over a century ago. It saddens me a great deal that I could

not discuss this point further with Mr. Dandy who passed away in 1976.

sane a

Magnoliaceae 129

A list of newly combined names of Magnolia originally described under

Aromadendron, Manglietia and Talauma from Malaya and Thailand is presented

below:

Magnolia betongensis (Craib) H. Keng, comb. nov.

Talauma betonensis Craib) Kew Bull. 1925: 7: H. Keng in Whitmore, Tr.

Fl. Mal. 2: 291, f. 5, 1973, and in Smitinand & Larsen, Fl. Thai. 2(3):

258, f. 41, 1975.

Magnolia decandollii H. Keng, nom. nov.

Talauma candollii Bl., Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 9: 147, 1823; H. Keng in

Whitmore, I.c. 293, and in Smitinand & Larsen, Lc. 256 (non Magnolia

candolli Link).

Magnolia elegans (BI.) H. Keng, comb. nov.

Aromadendron elegans Bl. Bijdr. 8, 1825: H. Keng in Whitmore, l.c. 283, and

Smitinand & Larsen, l.c. 252, f. 38.

Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook. f. & Thomas.) H. Keng, comb. nov.

Talauma hodgsonii Hook. f. & Thomas., Fl. Ind. 1: 74, 1855: H. Keng in

Smitinand & Larsen, l.c. 258.

Magnolia nutans (Dandy) H. Keng, comb. nov.

Aromadendron nutans Dandy, Kew Bull. 1928: 183: H. Keng in Whitmore,

Lc. 284.

Magnolia siamensis (Dandy) H. Keng, comb. nov.

Talauma siamensis Dandy, Kew Bull. 1929: 105: H. Keng in Whitmore, l.c.

293, and in Smitinand & Larsen, lI.c. 257, f. 40.

Magnolia singaporensis (Ridl.) H. Keng, comb. nov.

Talauma singaporensis Ridl. Kew Bull. 1914: 323: H. Keng in Whitmore,

lc. 293.

Magnolia villosa (Migq.) H. Keng, comb. nov.

Talauma villosa Mig. Fl. Ind. Vat. suppl. 1: 366, 1860; H. Keng in Whitmore,

De 293.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I should like to thank Dr. James E. Canright for his advice and encourage-

ment, Mr. James F. Maxwell for drawing my attention to the matured fruits of

Aromadendron, and Mr. D. Teow for assistance in photography.

130 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978) —

REFERENCES

Baillon, H. 1866. Mémoire sur la Famille des Magnoliacées, in Adansonia 7: 1-16.

Baillon, H. 1871. Natural History of Plants (Engl. transl. by M.M. Hartog) vol: 1. L. Reeve

& Co- London.

Dandy, J.E. 1927. The genera of Magnoliaceae, in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 257-263.

Dandy, J.E. 1964. Magnoliaceae. In J. Hutchinson, The general of flowering plants, 1:

50-57. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Keng, H. 1972. Two new Theaceous plants from Malaysia and a proposal to reduce Tutcheria

to a synonym of Pyrenaria, in Gard. Bull. Singapore 26: 127-135.

Keng, H. 1973. Magnoliaceae. In T.C. Whitmore, Tree Flora of Malaya, 2: 281-294.

Longman, London...

Keng, H. 1975. Magnoliaceae. In T. Smitinand and K. Larsen, Flora of Thailand 2(3):

251-267. ASRCT Press, Bangkok.

Magnoliaceae

131

PLATE 1.

A branch of Aromadendron elegans Blume (or Magnolia elegans H Keng) with two

fruit specimens, the one, a nearly matured, seemingly fleshy and succulent syncarp (in lower

corner, detached); and the other, a fully matutred syncarp with carpels dehiscing from inside

and falling away in pieces and with seeds remaining on the central axis (in centre, attached).

Collected from Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore on July 19th, 1978 by H. Keng and

J.F. Maxwell; photographed by Mr. D. Teow. (Scale in 1 cm divisions).

CLONAL PROPAGATION OF ARANDA, ASCOCENDA, CATTLEYA

BY LEAF TISSUE CULTURE

Fu FAN May Lay

Botanic Gardens, Singapore

INTRODUCTION

Monopodial orchids seem to differ from sympodial orchids in their response

to tissue culture. We chose both monopodial orchids and sympodial orchids as

material to study their proliferation ability by leaf tissue culture. Originially

leaves of aseptic mericlone plantlets of Aranda Noorah Alsagoff (monopodial),

Cattleya bowringiana x C. forbesii (sympodial) and Den. Alice Spalding (sym-

~ podial) were used. Subsequently, leaves of mature nursery plants of Aranda

Wendy Scott, Aranda Christine No 27, No. 130, Asocenda Hilo Rose x Vanda

Josephine (monopodial) and Den. Sunny (sympodial) were experimented with.

Numerous plantlets from all, except the Dendrobiums, were successfully obtained

by leaf tissue culture.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Leaves from Aranda Noorah Alsagoff and Cattleya bowringiana x C. forbesii

mericlones were cut in the middle into two parts, so that one part contained the

leaf tip and the other part contained the leaf base. Both parts of the leaf were

cultured separately in test tubes of 3 different types of liquid media A, B, and C

(Table I). All cultures were placed under continuous illumination with $ylvania

Glo-Lux 30 w tube and agitated with back and forth movements of a shaker 16

hours a day at a temperature of 28°C.

Whole young leaves between 1 to 3 cm long and 0.5 to 1 cm wide were

obtained from mature nursery plants of Aranda Christine No. 27 and No. 130,

Aranda Wendy Scott, Ascocenda Hilo Rose x Vanda Josephine and Den. Sunny.

The leaves were sterilized in a 10% chlorox solution for 15 to 20 minutes and

suspended in medium C. Only Aranda Christine 130 was suspended in media

A, B and C. The cultures were placed under the same condition as the above

mentioned mericlone young leaves.

TABLE I

MEDIA FOR LEAF TISSUE CULTURE

Medium A Murashige-Skoog inorganic salts full strength

Thiamine 1.0 mg/1

2-4-D 1.0 mg/1

6-amino-benzyladenine 0.5 mg/1

Sucrose 30.0 mg/I

pH 5.0

Clonal Propagation 133

Medium B Vacin and Went inorganic salts full strength

Coconut water 500 ml/]

Sucrose 20 g/l]

pH 5.0

Medium C Murashige-Skoog inorganic salts full strength

Thiamine 1.0 mg/1

myo-Inositol 100.0 mg/1

Glycine 1.0 mg/1

Nicotinic acid 0.25 mg/1

Pyridoxin HCl 0.25 mg/1

2-4-D 2.0 mg/1

6-amino-benzyladenine 2.0 mg/]

Coconut water 150.0 ml/1

Sucrose 30.0 g/l]

pH 5.0

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The results of leaf tissue culture are shown in Table II.

TABLE II

RATE OF PROLIFERATION OF LEAF TISSUE CULTURE

IN MEDIA A, B AND C

Leaf from Mericlone Plantlet: Medium A Medium B Medium C

Aranda Noorah Alsagoff (monopodial)

Leaf tip — — —

Leaf base — deck 7 ag Seat

Cattleya bowringiana x C. forbesii (sympodial)

Leaf tip —

Leaf base =F

-+-

tee

Den. Alice Spalding (sympodial)

Leaf tip = ms

Leaf base ‘ — + =

Leaf from Mature Nursery Plants:

Aranda Wendy Scott (monopodial)

Whole Leaf : Fea

Aranda Christine No. 27 (monopodial)

Whole Leaf pees

Aranda Christine No. 130 (monopodial)

Whole Leaf — ++ 5 laa Fe

Ascocenda Hilo Rose x Vanda Josephine

Whole Leaf (monopodial) 5 es ae

Den. Sunny (sympodial)

Whole Leaf seit

No proliferation —— Good proliferation +--+

1 plantlet formed + Excellent proliferation +++

# Both media A and B are modified from Churchill et. at. Orchid Dig 34: 271-273 and

Amer. Orchid Dig. 34: 100-113.

134 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

All leaf tips did not proliferate after culturing for a period of 9 weeks. Leaf

tips in medium B were still alive but none of them proliferated. Leaf tips in

medium A and C, turned brown and died. Leaf bases of Aranda Noorah Alsagoff

proliferated in both media B and C (plate I). Leaf bases of C. bowringiana x C.

forbesii proliferated in media A and C (plate II) but formed only one plantlet in

medium B. Nine duplicates were made of all the above cultures and all showed

consistent results. The whole leaves of mature plants of Aranda Christine No. 27,

and No. 130 (plate III) Aranda Wendy Scott (plate IV) and Ascocenda Hilo Rose x

Vanda Josephine all formed excellent proliferations in medium C. Den Alice

Spalding (mericlone plantlet) and Den. Sunny (mature plant) all failed to proliferate.

They did produce some callus-like tissue in solid medium C, but differentiated plant-

lets except for some leaf bases of Den. Alice Spalding which formed single plantlets

in medium B.

All leaves which we were experimented with survived in medium B although

they might or might not have produced proliferate bodies. Medium B contains

quite a high concentration of coconut water (50%). There must be a compound

in the coconut water which can prevent, in leaves in-vitro cultures, senescence

and gradual death after excision from the mother plants. Zeatin, a kind of

natural cytokinin in coconut water may take part in this role. 6-amino-benzylade-

nine in medium A does not seem to be as effective as coconut water in preventing

excised leaves from senescing.

Excised monopodial orchid leaves turned brown and died after culturing in

medium A, but survived and proliferated in both medium B and medium C which

contain coconut water. Monopodial leaves may contain quite a high level of

endoauxin, so that they easily senesce.. and an extra amount of cytokinin is

required to counteract this endoauxin reaction. This also could explain why

proliferating bodies are formed in medium B which has no extra auxin added in

the medium. In contrast to the above, Cattleya leaves may contain a lower level

of endoauxin. 6-amino-benzyladenine in medium A is enough to prevent them

from senescence. However auxin in coconut water alone is not enough to stimulate

the formation of protocorms and additional auxin in the medium is required for

the formation of proliferating bodies.

Medium C contains both coconut water and additional plant hormones.

Thus both the monopodial orchids and Cattleya form proliferating bodies.

Since all the media, A, B, and C contain quite a high amount of plant hor-

mones, or coconut water, the protocorm-like bodies were transferred to a regular

liquid mericlone medium, namely Vacin and Went inorganic salt, 15% Coconut water

and no sugar, as soon as they formed, in order to minimise the chances of pro-

ducing variants. These leaf protocorms are kept in this medium to serve as stocks.

When transferred to a solid medium the protocorm-like bodies all differentiated

into plantlets. Numerous plantlets were produced from these leaf protocorms in

a period of 9 months. They all have a normal appearance and many of them

have already been transplanted into community pots in the nursery.

In our experiment, all leaf portions containing the leaf base produced proli-

ferating bodies in medium C. We believe that the leaf bases have some young

cells which may or may not have undergone cell division but are not fully expanded

cells and hence are easily stimulated to become meristematic tissue. The leaf tip

cells which we have used may have already matured to a certain extent so that

Clonal Propagation 135

they are difficult to stimulate to become meristematic tissue. Very young leaf

tips, such as the leaf primordia which we removed from a swollen (top or

axillary) bud in our shoot tip culture did produce proliferate bodies in medium C.

We believe this success in leaf base portions is not because they have some

of the meristematic tissue of the axillary bud attached to it, as surface steriliza-

tion with Clorox solution bleached the excised leaf base margins to a depth 0.1

to 0.2 cm and any attached meristematic tissue must have been killed before the

culture procedure commenced.

B eee |

Plate 1. Leaf bases of Aranda Noorah Alsagoff proliferated in both media B and C (x 0.5).

A 22% ¢

Plate 2. Leaf bases of Cattleya bowringiana x Cattleya forbesii proliferated in media A

and C (x 0.5)-

Plate 3. The whole leaves of mature plants of Aranda Christine No. 130 proliferated in

both medium B and medium C (0.5).

136 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978) —

Plate 4. The whole leaves of mature plants of Aranda Wendy Scott proliferated in medium

C (xT

Plate 5. The whole leaves of mature plants of Ascocenda Hilo Rose x Vanda Josephine

proliferated in medium C (x 0.8)-

Clonal Propagation 137

1 cm

Fig. I. Leaf bases of Aranda Noorah Alsagoff proliferated in both media B and C.

Fig. II. Leaf bases of Cattleya bowringiana x Cattleya forbesii proliferated

in media A and C.

Fig. Ill. The whole leaves of mature plants Aranda Christine No. 130 proliferated

in both medium B and medium C.

138 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI1 (1978)

LITERATURE CITED

Arditti, J. and E.A. Ball. (1971). Clonal propagation of orchids from leaf tips. Amer. Orchid

Soc: Bull. 40(2): 109-113.

Ball, E.A., J. Arditti and M.E. Churchill. (1971). Clonal propagation of orchids from leaf

tip. Orchid Rev. 79: 281-288.

Churchill, M.E., E.A. Ball and J. Arditti. (1970). Production of orchid plants from seedling

leaf tips: Orchid Dig. 34: 271-275.

Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with

tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497.

Vacin E. and F- Went. (1949). Some pH changes in nutrient solutions. Bot. Gaz. 110:

605-613.

A REVISION OF MEDINILLA, PACHYCENTRIA, AND POGONANTHERA

(MELASTOMATACEAE) FROM THE MALAY PENINSULA

J. F. MAXWELL

Department of Botany, University of Singapore

ABSTRACT

The genera Medinilla, Pachycentria, and Pogonanthera have been thoroughly

revised for the Malay Peninsula. Fourteen species and 3 varieties of Medinilla,

including Medinilla selangorensis Maxw., which is proposed as a new species, with

12 new synonyms, and 3 new combinations; 3 species of Pachycentria, with 1 new

combination; and Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) Bl. are included. In addition

to the taxonomic treatment (with keys and critical notes), the comparative morpho-

logies of various salient organs, distribution patterns, and an index to collections

are presented. Drawings of the calyx, petals, stamens, and other important

structures have been prepared for all taxa.

INTRODUCTION

This paper, the first in a planned series of revisions on Malayan Dissochaeteae

(Melastomataceae), has been prepared in an effort to clarify much of the taxo-

nomic confusion that has developed within the tribe throughout the years. In an

overall attempt to eventually revise the entire tribe, three genera: Medinilla,

Pachycentria, and Pogonanthera were studied first since their generic distinctions

are clear, and the individual taxa in these three are relatively better delimited.

Now that Memecylon (28 species and 3 varieties), Pternandra (4 species), and

Astronia (1 species) have been completed for the Malay Peninsula it is hoped

that I shall proceed to study Dissochaeta, Diplectria, Macrolenes (Marumia) and

related genera.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Completion of this paper would not have been possible without my visit to

Leiden and Kew during May and June 1977. I am indebted to Drs. Robert

Geesink at Leiden for his assistance in arranging for my visit, personal assistance,

and allowing me to be his house guest. I would also like to thank his charming

wife Dia for her hospitality and friendship. Needless to say, I am very grateful

to Prof. Dr. C. Kalkman, Director of the Rijksherbarium, Prof. Dr. C.G.G.J. van

Steenis, Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Dr. W. Vink, and other members of

the tropical group and staff members at Leiden for their expertise and support.

Dr. H. Sleumer and Dr. J.F. Veldkamp were kind enough to preare the Latin

diagnosis of Medinilla selangorensis Maxw. and offer comments on the manu-

script. I would like to offer my thanks to the Keeper and staff at Kew for allow-

ing me to study and borrow their specimens.

My work on this group could not have been started without the cooperation

of Dr. Chang Kiaw Lan, Curator of the Singapore Herbarium, and Dr. Hsuan

Keng (University of Singapore). Dr. Keng and Prof. Dr. A.N. Rao (University

139

_——————

140 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978

of Singapore) offered their continued Support and assistance during my researcly

and preparation of this paper. Finally, I would like to thank Mr. Vijay Kumai

Medinilla, Literary Review

Clarke (1879) has brief discussions of 11 species and 1 variety of Medinilla®

in the flora of British India where 5 species and the 1 variety were collected from

the Malay Peninsula. These include: M. rosea Gaud. (description = M. clarkej

= M. crassifolia (Reinw. ex BI.) BI., M. hasseltii BI. var. griffith Cl, te M.

scortechinii King), M. rubicunda (Jack) Bl., and M. speciosa (Reinw. ex BI.) BI.

Medinilla maingayi Cl., listed under imperfectly known species, is now transferred

King (1900) included 10 species and 2 varieties of Medinilla for the Malay

Peninsula; among these taxa he described 5 new species and 1 new variety. |

Among these 10 species I recognise 4 as being distinct, viz. M. speciosa (Reinw. |

ex BI.) Bl, and 3 of the new species: M. clarkei King, M. scortechinii King, and |

M. venusta King. The other two of King’s new species have been reduced in | |

this paper: M. scandens King = M. alternifolia Bl., and M. heteranthera King

= M. varingiaefolia (BI.) Nayar. Two other species are now considered as —

synonyms: M. hasseltii (Bl.) Bakh. f. = M. crassifolia (Reinw. ex Bl.) BI., and |

M. perakensis King = M. clarkei King. M. maingayi Cl. has been changed to |

Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.) Maxw., and King’s description of M. crassinervia Bl. |

Is incorrect and fits M. radicans (BI.) Bl. Both varieties have been reduced, viz. —

M. heteranthera King var. latifolia King = M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar, and

M. hasseltii Bl. var. eriffithii Cl. = M. scortechinii King.

Ridley (1922) copied and summarized most of King’s work and added 3 of

his Own new species: M. pendens Ridl., M. pahangensis Ridl. (= M. clarkei

King), and M. penduliflora Ridl.: while reducing M. chionantha Stapf to M.

venusta King var. chionantha (Stapf) Ridl. The only other taxonomic change

Ridley made in his treatment of Medinilla was incorrectly reducing M. hasseltii

Bl. var. griffithii Cl. to the type species. Stapf, in addition to M. chionantha

which he described in 1906, also considered M. gratiosa Stapf as a new species

in 1933. Both species are, in my opinion, synonyms of M. venusta King.

M. crassiramea Hend., described in 1933 from a specimen collected in the

Cameron Highlands, Pahang, is included in this paper as a variety of M. clarkei

King.

In 1930 Craib described 4 new taxa of Medinilla from southern Thailand,

viz. M. elliptica Craib and M. elliptica Craib var. tetramera Craib (both =

M. curtisii Hk. f.), M. emarginata Craib (= M. succulenta (BI.) BI., and M. ferrata

Craib (= M. laurifolia (BI.) BI. var. ferrata (Craib) Maxw. These 4 taxa plus

M. penduliflora Ridl. and M. succulenta (Bl.) Bl. were listed by Craib (1931) as

having been collected in peninsular Thailand.

Henderson (1949, 1959) gives brief descriptions and excellent diagrams of

7 species of Medinilla from Malaysia, viz. M. scandens King (= M. alternifolia

BI.), M. maingayi Cl. (= Pachycentria maingayi (C1.) Maxw.), M. clarkei King,

M. speciosa (Reinw. ex Bl.) Bl., M. scortechinii King, M. crassinervia BI. (descrip-

tion and drawing = M. radicans (Bl.) BI.), and M. hasseltii BI. (= M. crassifolia

(Reinw. ex BI.) BI.

Melastomataceae 141

Furtado (1963) discussed M. pterocaula Bl. and M. radicans (Bl.) Bl., how-

ever I do not believe that the former species is found in the Malay Peninsula.

The 3 specimens that Furtado cited under M. pterocaula BI. differ from the type

collection (Blume s.n., from Java) at Leiden, which are, in my opinion, M. radicans

(BI.) Bl. I agree with Furtado in reducing M. quadrifolia Bl. to a synonym of

M. radicans (Bl.) Bl. Nayar (1970) correctly transferred Pachycentria varingiae-

folia Bl. to Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar and renamed Pachycentria

speciosa Rid]. as M. bakhuizenii Nayar (= M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var.

bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw.).

In this paper 14 species and 3 varieties of Medinilla are enumerated. This

includes 3 new combinations (all to varietal status), 12 new synonyms (not includ-

ing 2 in scheda names: M. clarkei King var. sumatrensis Ohwi = M. clarkei

King, and M. holttumi Hend. = M. succulenta (Bl.) Bl.), and M. selangorensis

Maxw. — a new species.

Medinilla curtisii Hk. f., M. laurifolia (Bl.) Bl. var. ferrata (Craib) Maxw.,

and M. rubicunda (Jack) Bl. have been included since they have been collected

on a few occasions from peninsular Thailand (the two former taxa) and Penang

(the latter species).

Distribution

Seven taxa of Medinilla are only known from the Malay Peninsula, viz.

M. clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw. (Pahang), M. laurifolia (Bl.) BI.

var. ferrata (Craib) Maxw. (peninsular Thailand), M. pendens Ridl. (southern

Johore), M. penduliflora Ridl., M. scortechinii King, M. selangorensis Maxw.

(Selangor and Pahang), and M. venusta King. All of the other taxa have wider

distributions, e.g. M. curtisii Hk. f. and M. rubicunda (Jack) Bl. — from the

Indian sub-continent to the Malay Peninsula (the latter also in Sumatra); and

M. speciosa (Reinw. ex Bi.) Bl. which is found from the Malay Peninsula to

the Moluccas. Most of the other species have been collected in the Malay

Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java: 7 of which were discussed by Bakh. f.

in his paper on the Melastomataceae of the Malay Archipelago.

A bundance

Based on herbarium material that I have studied, I have grouped the 17

taxa of Medinilla from the Malay Peninsula into 4 categories based on their

relative abundance; very common, common, not common, and rare. Medinilla

clarkei King and M. crassifolia (Rienw. ex Bl.) Bl. are very common species and

have been found throughout the peninsula. M. scortechinii King, M. speciosa

(Reinw. ex BI.) BI., M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar, and M. venusta King are

common species and have been found in most of the Malaysian States, but not

as frequently as the two very common species noted above. The following three

species are not common; M. alternifolia Bl., M. radicans (Bl.) Bl., and M. suc-

culenta (Bl.) Bl. The remaining 8 taxa are rare, and in 5 instances have only

been collected on a few occasions in the type locality, e.g. M. clarkei King var.

crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw. (Cameron Highlands, Pahang), M. laurifolia (Bl.) var.

ferrata (Craib) Maxw. Surat Province Thailand), M. pendens Ridl. (Kota Tinggi,

Johore), M. selangorensis Maxw. (Selangor, Pahang), and M. varingiaefolia (BI.)

Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw. (Cameron Highlands, Pahang).

142 | Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Habit

Medinilla alternifolia Bl. is always a creeper, while M. radicans (Bl.) Bl., M.

crassifolia (Reinw. ex BI.) Bl. and M. venusta King, which usually grow as shrubs,

have been recorded on a few collections as creepers. All the other 13 taxa have

always been collected in flower or fruit as shrubs. While most taxa are usually

epiphytes, 5 other taxa have, on occasion, been collected on the ground, viz.

M. clarkei King, M. clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw., M. speciosa

(Reinw. ex BI.) BI., M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar, and M. venusta King.

Branchlets and Stems

The branchlets and stems provide several useful characteristics in identifica-

tion.. The branchlets are either cylindric or angled. Eleven taxa of Medinilla

from the Malay Peninsula have exclusively cylindric branchlets (and stems), e.g.

M. clarkei King. M. scortechinii King, and M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar. M. cur-

tisti Hk. f. and M. succulenta (Bl.) Bl. usually have cylindric branchlets, but

sometimes they are 4-angled. M. penduliflora Ridl. always has sharply 4-angled

‘branchlets, while those of M. speciosa (Reinw. ex BI.) Bl. are 4-angled to 4-winged.

M. radicans (Bl.) BI. has cylindric to 2-grooved branchlets, and M. alternifolia BI.

has flattened and 2-grooved upper internodes. Whether the morphology of the

branchlets is a result of the compression of 4-angled branchlets, thus giving a

flattened and 2-grooved appearance, or expansion of a flattened internode is a

morphological problem and should be investigated. Generally speaking, mature

stens of Medinilla are cylindric.

The texture of mature stems is also an excellent taxonomic aid since this

is an obvious and usually constant feature of all taxa that I have studied. Six

taxa have entirely smooth stems, e.g. M. radicans (Bl.) Bl., M. speciosa (Reinw.

ex Bl.) BI.. and M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar. Gradation into pustulate stems

is notable in M. curtisii Hk. f. and M. pendens Ridl. where the stems vary from

smooth to sparsely pustulate. M. alternifolia Bl. has roughened, lenticellate

stems; while the 8 remaining taxa always have distinctly and often densely pustu-

late stems, e.g. M. clarkei King, M. crassifolia (Reinw. ex BI.) BI., M. succulenta

(Bl.) Bl., and M. venusta King.

The only taxa that have pubescent (furfuraceus) branchlets are: M. alternifolia

BI., M. clarkei King and M. clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw. M. lauri-

folia (Bl.) Bl. var. ferrata (Craib) Maxw., according to Craib, has ferrugineus

branchlets, however the type collection at Kew is entirely glabrous. All the other

13 taxa have glabrous branchlets and stems.

Leaves

The leaves of Medinilla provide one of the most useful taxonomic features

which are constant for each taxon. Leaf arrangement is alternate in mature

specimens of M. alternifolia Bl., however juvenile plants often have opposite leaves

— one normal and one rudimentary. Eleven taxa have exclusively opposite leaves,

e.g. M. crassifolia (Reinw. ex BI.) BI., M. scortechinii King, M. succulenta (BI.) BL.,

and M. venusta King. M. selangorensis Maxw. has opposite and 3-whorled leaves,

however since I have seen only 5 collections of this species I am not entirely

certain if this is a constant feature. Leaves in whorls of 3-4 (M. clarkei King and

M. speciosa (Reinw. ex BI.) Bl.) or 4-5 (M. clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) —

Maxw. and M. radicans (Bl.) Bl.) are obvious features which immediately dis-

tinguish several taxa. All taxa except M. alternifolia Bl., which has serrulate

blades, have entire blades.

Melastomataceae 143

The mid-nerve is always prominent and in M. rubicunda (Jack) Bl. and M.

succulenta (BI.) BI. the only other longitudinal nerves are a pair of thin intramarginal

ones. All the other taxa have at least 1 more pair of nerves which branch from

near the base of the mid-vein. Eleven taxa have 1 pair of side nerves (3-pli-

nerved) in addition to a pair of thin intramarginal ones, e.g. M. crassifolia (Reinw.

ex BI.) Bl., M. pendens Ridl., M. radicans (Bl.) Bl., M. scortechinii King, and

M. venusta King. M. clarkei King has both 3 or 5-plinerved blades, while M.

clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw. is 5-plinerved. M. alternifolia Bl. is

usually 5—7 plinerved and M. speciosa (Reinw. ex Bl.) Bl. has characteristically

24 pair of side nerves (5-9 plinerved).

Except for their length, the petioles are not a very useful structure for identi-

fication purposes. M. penduliflora Ridl., M. scortechinii King, M. succulenta (B1.)

Bl., and M. venusta King often appear sessile; however all the other taxa have

distinctly petiolate blades. M. speciosa (Reinw. ex BI.) Bl. can also be easily

identified by its tuft of axillary bristles and unequal blade bases. All other taxa

have minutely pilose or glabrous leaf axils and symmetric blades.

Inflorescence

The inflorescence of most taxa of Medinilla is cymose and often arranged in

a panicle of cymes, however M. alternifolia Bl. has a glomerulate inflorescence and

solitary flowers are often found on some species, e.g. M. pendens Ridl., due to a

reduction of the inflorescence axes. An umbellate arrangement, again due to a

shortening of upper axes, is frequently seen in several taxa, e.g. M. clarkei King.

The inflorescence is axillary in most taxa, however M. curtisii Hk. f., M. speciosa

(Reinw. ex BI.) Bl, M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar, M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar

var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw., and sometimes M. venusta King have terminal

inflorescences. The inflorescence can either arise from leafy axils (e.g. M. crassi-

folia (Reinw. ex BI.) Bl. and M. penduliflora Ridl.), from leafless nodes (e.g.

M. radicans (Reinw. ex BI.) Bl. and M. succulenta (Bl.) Bl.), or from either leafy

or leafiess nodes (e.g. M. clarkei King var. crassiramza (Hend.) Maxw. and M.

selangorensis Maxw.). While the nature of the inflorescence is distinct for many

taxa, I have not found it as useful as the leaves or flowers for identification

purposes.

Calyx

The calyx in all taxa except M. pendens Ridl. and M. scortechinii King,

which have 5 (the former) or 4 (the latter species) undulate lobes, is completely

truncate (M. alternifolia Bl., M. crassifolia (Reinw. ex Bl.) Bl, and M. radicans

(BI.) Bl.) or truncate with 4 (5 taxa) or 5 (5 taxa) cusps. M. curtisii Hk. f., M.

selangorensis Maxw., and M. venusta King have both 4— and 5—merous flowers.

The general shape is campanulate to cyathiform (e.g. M. clarkei King and

M. radicans (B\.) Bl.) or funnelform with a globose ovary (e.g. M. varingiaefolia

(Bl.) Nayar). M. clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw. and M. selangorensis

Maxw. have furfuraceus calyces, while those of the other taxa are glabrous.

Petals

The petals in Medinilla are typically thin and showy. The shape varies from

Ovate to sub-orbicular with an acute or broadly rounded tip and truncate base.

The petals are asymmetric in many taxa (e.g. M. clarkei King, M. crassifolia

(Reinw. ex Bl.) Bl., and M. venusta King). In accordance with the number of

calyx lobes, each taxon has 4 (8 taxa) or 5 (7 taxa) petals. M. curtisii Hk. f., M.

selangorensis Maxw., and M. venusta King have 4 or 5 petals.

144 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Anthers

The morphology of the anthers is a very important generic feature which

easily distinguishes Medinilla from Pachycentria and Pogonanthera, however it is

of limited use for identifying most Medinilla found in the Malay Peninsula.

Medinilla has anthers with a dorsal crest or keel on the connective which is often

spur-like near the filament, and a basal lobe-like extension at the base of each

anther locule. M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar lacks a crest on its 4 long anthers,

but the 4 short ones have a crest. M. radicans (Bl.) Bl., M. variniaefolia (B1.)

Nayar, and M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw. are the

only taxa with dimorphic (4 long and 4 short) anthers from the Malay Peninsula.

M. curtisii Hk. f., M. selangorensis Maxw., and M. venusta King have either

8 or 10 stamens, while 8 taxa have 8 stamens, and 7 have 10 stamens. The

mature anthers in all taxa are slightly curved, 2-locular, and open with a single

terminal., oblique pore at the tip of a thin rostrum.

_Extra-Ovarial Chambers

Medinilla, as with most other genera of the Dissochaeteae, has 8 or 10 (accord-

ing to the number of stamens) cylindric chambers between the calyx tube and

ovary. [hese chambers are where the introrse bud anthers are inserted and with

the elongation of the filaments, grow out of these chambers and eventually become

erect. The chambers in Medinilla extend to about the middle of the ovary and

are best seen in buds.

Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar and M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var.

bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw. are exceptional in that they do not have any extra-

ovarial chambers or septa, and in this respect could easily be considered under

Pachycentria (P. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Bl.). These two taxa are somewhat inter-

mediate between the two genera since the shape of the calyx is more like that of

Pachycentria than Medinilla. The anthers, as discussed above, of the two taxa

convince me that they both should be included under Medinilla.

Gynoecium and Fruit

The stigma in Medinilla is typically minute and the style is slender, glabrous,

and rises to a level slightly above the tip of the anthers. The inferior ovary is

4-6 loculed with numerous ovules on a parietal placenta in each. The fruit is

a berry which is globose or somewhat oblong (M. radicans (Bl.) Bl.) with a thin

exocarp, fleshy (often juicy) mesocarp, and numerous seeds. I have not found

the gynoecium or fruit to be very useful taxonomically since there are many

vegetative features that can be used to identify fruiting material.

Literary Review of Pachycentria and Pogonanthera

Clarke (1879), King (1900), Ridley (1922), and Bakh. f. (1943-45) all included

Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) Bl., on the basis of its unique anthers, as a

distinct species ranging from the Malay Peninsula to New Guinea. Pachycentria

tuberculata Korth. (= Pachycentria constricta (Bl.) Bl.) was included by King

(1900) and Craib (1931) as the sole representative of the genus in the Malay

Peninsula and Thailand, respectively; however Ridley (1922) added Pachycentria

speciosa Ridl. (= Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar)

Maxw.). Bakh. f. discussed 6 species of Pachycentria from the Malay Archipelago ©

including: P. constricta (Bl.) Bl., Pachycentria microsperma Becc., and Pachycen-

tria varingiaefolia (Bl.) Bl. (= Medinilla varingiaefolia (B\.) Nayar). He described

as sp. nov. the other 3 species — all from New Guinea. |

Melastomataceae 145

Medinilla variniaefolia (Bl.) Nayar should be included as a species of Medinilla

rather than Pachycentria even though the shape of the calyx and absence of extra-

ovarial chambers in this species are features of Pachycentria. The 8 anthers of

P. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw. are like those of

Medinilla, while 4 anthers of the type species are like those of Medinilla, and the

other 4 (long ones) are like Pachycentria. The size of the flowers of both taxa

are larger than those of Pachycentria and on this feature alone the affinities lie

with Medinilla. 1 have, therefore, accepted Nayar’s transfer of Pachycentria

varingiaefolia (Bl.) Bl. to Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar. Medinilla bakhui-

zenii Nayar, except for the long anthers, is identical to M. varingiaefolia (Bl.)

Nayar; therefore I have reduced the former to a variety of the latter, viz.

Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw.

Medinilla maingayi Cl. has been recombined as Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.)

Maxw. due to the shape of the calyx, absence of extra-ovarial chambers and septa,

and the spurred (not crested or with locular appendages) anthers.

Comparative Morphologies of Medinilla, Pachycentria, and Pogonanthera

Vegetatively and with many structural features these three genera are very

similar. Since Pogonanthera is not as closely related to Medinilla as Pachycentria

is, the former has always been considered as a distinct genus and according to

Bakh. f. consists of one polymorphic species, viz. Pogonanthera pulverulenta

(Jack) Bl. Pachycentria and Medinilla, however, are easily confused and several

species have been transferred from one to the other. The three species of Pachy-

centria and Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) Bl. from the Malay Peninsula are

all epiphytic shrubs with furfuraceus branchlets; opposite, entire, and 3-plinerved

leaves; and small, 4-merous flowers, without extra-ovarial chambers or septa,

Pachycentria constricta (Bl.) Bl. has flattened branchlets and a groove on each

flattened face; while those of Pachycecntria microsperma Becc. are flattened to

4-angled. The branchlets of Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.) Maxw. are cylindric,

and a cylindric to 4-angled shape characterizes those of Pogonanthera pulverulenta

(Jack) Bl. Medinilla has branchlets which range from cylindric, flattened and

2-grooved, to 4-angled and 4-winged. Most taxa of Medinilla have glabrous

branchlets, however 3 are furfuraceus. The branches and stems of Pachycentria

and Pogonanthera are smooth, while those of Medinilla range from smooth

densely pustulate. Medinilla is also more variable in having taxa with alternate

(1 species), opposite, and whorled leaves: and 1 to 9 main nerves.

The inflorescence of the 3 species of Pachycentria and Pogonanthera

pulverulenta (Jack) Bl. is cymose, as in most species of Medinilla; however

solitary flowers are often found on specimens of Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.)

Maxw. due to a reduction in the length of the inflorescence axes. The inflore-

scence is usually terminal in Pachycentria and Pogonanthera, but Pachycentria

maingayi (Cl.) Maxw. and Pachycentria microsperma Becc. often have axillary

inflorescences in addition to the terminal ones. Medinilla has both terminal and

axillary inflorescences. While all species of Pachycentria and Pogonanthera

pulverulenta (Jack) Bl. have 4-merous flowers, Medinilla has species with both

4 and 5-merous flowers (3 having both 4 and 5 merous parts).

The anthers provide the most useful means for distinguishing the 3 genera,

however when considering individual species of Medinilla and Pachycentria other

features (e.g. leaves, calyx, fruit) must be examined. Medinilla includes all

species that have anthers (8 or 10, equal or unequal) with a connective crest

or keel (often spur-like near the filament) and a linear or lobe like extension

146 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI1 (1978)

at the base of each locule. The anthers of Medinilla have, therefore, 3 appendages.

The three species of Pachycentria from the Malay Peninsula have 8 equal (other

species having 10, sometimes unequal) anthers with a spur-like extension at the

base, without any crest or locule appendages. Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack)

BI., in addition to the auricled base of the blades, has unique anthers which are

inappendiculate and have a tuft of bristles on the lower part of the connective.

Pachycentria and Pogonanthera both lack extra-ovarial chambers and septa, in

contrast to Medinilla which has 8 or 10 chambers and septa (according to the

number of stamens), except in M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar and M. varingiaefolia

(BI.) Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw. which lack these structures, which

extend to about the middle of the ovary. The absence of these chambers is

an exception in the Dissochaeteae and is, therefore an excellent means, along with

the anthers, to distinguish Medinilla from Pachycentria. Medinilla maingayi Cl.,

considered as such by King and Ridley, is certainly Pachycentria by virtue of

the shape of the calyx, absence of extra-ovarial chambers and septa, and spurred

anthers without locular appendages. I have, therefore, recombined the species

as Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.) Maxw.

Ditibiffion and Abundance

In relation to the 3 species of Pachycentria and Pogonanthera pulverulenta

(Jack) Bl. with Medinilla from the Malay Peninsula, Pachycentria constricta (B1.)

Bl. is common and is found throughout the region. Pachycentria maingayi (C1.)

Maxw. and Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) Bl. are not as common, how-

ever they have been collected from scattered localities throughout the Peninsula.

Pachycentria microsperma Becc., while rare in the Malay Peninsula, is more

common in Sumatra and Borneo.

Generic Key to Medinilla, Pachycentria, and Pogonanthera

1. Anther connective crested, often spurred at the base, locules each with a

basal appendage extra-ovarial chambers 8 or 10, extending to about the

middle of the ovary (except in Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar and

M. varingiaefolia var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw.) ...................:. Medinilla

1. Anther connective not crested, locules inappendiculate; extra-ovarial chambers

not developed.

2. Anther connective with a basal spur; locules each with up to 15 ovules;

blades acute or rounded at the base ..............-....4-4me Pachycentria

2. Anther connective with a tuft of minute bristles; ovules c. 25 in each

locule; blades usually auricled at the base ......:......:4. 4) 0.9.) Saeeees

Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) BI.

eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee

MEDINILLA Gaudichaud

Gaudichaud, Voy. S.M. l’Uraine (1892) 484; De Candolle, Prodr. II (1828)

167; Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. III: 15 (1851) 285; Triana, Trans. Linn.

Soc. 28:1 (1871) 95; Clarke in Hk. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. II (1879) 546; Cogniaux in

DC. Monogr. Phanero. 7 (1891) 572; King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, II: 1 (1900)

59 (Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen., 467); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 801; Craib, Fl. Siam.

Enum. I: 4 (1931) 699; Bakh. f., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45) 147;

Henderson, Malay Nat.-J. 4: 3 & 4 (1949) 132 and Malay. Wild Fils. I (1959)

132: Furtado, Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 118; Nayar, Blumea 18:2 (1970) 567. —

Melastomataceae 147

Epiphytic, rarely terrestrial shrubs; erect, iess frequently creeping; stems

smooth or pustulate, generally cylindric; leaves opposite, whorled, or in one species

alternate; blades generally fleshy coriaceous; with 1, 3, 5, or 7 main nerves; flowers

axillary or terminal, solitary or more commonly in cymose or umbellate inflores-

cences, generally showy and 4-5 merous; calyx campanulate or cyathiform to

funnelform, truncate, often apiculate or shallowly lobed; petals thin, white or

pinkish, sometimes asymmetric; stamens 8 or 10, uniform or dimorphic; anthers

cylindric, tapered to the tip and opening by a single terminal pore; connective

crested or not, with a basal appendage; locules each with a basal appendage in

the shape of a tubercle, hook, or claw; filaments flattened; extra-ovarial chambers

8 or 10, extending to about the middle of the ovary; ovary inferior, 4-6 loculed,

ovules numerous; fruit a berry, generally globose with a distinct calyx remnant;

exocarp thin, ripening red or violet; seeds few to numerous, ovate to oblong, hilum

frequently flattened, testa usually finely reticulate.

Medinilla, according to Airy-Shaw (Willis, Dict. Fl. Pl. & Ferns), includes

about 400 species ranging from tropical Africa, Madascagar, the Indian sub-

continent, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Malay Archipelago, and the Pacific islands.

Key to the Species and Varieties of Medinilla

from the Malay Peninsula.

I. Inflorescence terminal

2. Calyx with 4 distinct cusps or 4 sub-marginal thickenings, petals 4.

een UHR MUMEOEIY oo. .3 carcc. th ce 7 ioe, an gt ps eos Soe M. curtisii Hk. f.

3. Stamens dimorphic.

4. Blades acuminate, sub-coriaceous, connective of long anthers without an

eT Saeed Oe Bae eae M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. varingiaefolia

4. Blades obtuse. coriaceous, connective of long anthers with a basal spur

ie Bist M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw.

2. Calyx with 5 cusps or 5 sub-marginal thickenings, petals 5.

5. Branches 4-angled to 4-winged, smooth or with remote pustules.

6. Nodes with setose bristles, leaves in whorls of 3 ............... M. speciosa

(Reinw. ex BI.) BI.

6. Nodes without bristles, leaves opposite ..................... M. curtisii Hk. f.

5. Branches cylindric, densely pustulate .......................2... M. venusta King

I. Inflorescence axillary, not terminal.

7. Inflorescence glomerulate, primary axes several from each axil, plant a

root climber, leaves on mature plants alternate ......... M. alternifolia BI.

7. Inflorescence paniculate, cymose, umbellate, or of solitary flowers; primary

axes generally 1 in each axil, shrubby (or with M. radicans a root

climber); leaves opposite or whorled.

8. Inflorescence paniculate, cymose, or of solitary flowers; stamens uniform.

148

12:

12,

11.

10.

13,

14.

£5;

16.

Wig

18.

19;

20.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Calyx truncate or minutely 5-dentate, connective crested.

Stems and inflorescence axes cylindric or flattened; inflorescence up to

14 cm long.

Stems pustulate, sometimes only slightly; inflorescence 3-14 cm long.

Leaves whorled.

Anther locules inappendiculate, leaves in whorls of 3, blades decurrent

(4 to 3 total length) on the petiole ............... M. selangorensis Maxw.

13. Anther locules appendaged, leaves in whorls of 4, blades not or very

shortly (1-2 mm) decurrent on the petiole.

Inflorescence axes and petioles glabrous or only sparsely furfuraceus ......

M. clarkei King var. clarkei.

14. Inflorescence axes and petioles densely red brown furfuraceus .........

M. clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Mawx.

Leaves opposite.

Blades decurrent on at least half the length of the petiole, calyx 6-9 mm

long, fruit 8=9+mm swide SR .c. ee M. venusta King.

15. Blades not or only decurrent for 4 the length of the petiole, calyx

4-6 mm long; fruit c. 6 mm wide.

15. Pedicels c. 3 mm long, calyx 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, petals 5-6 mm

long, 3 mm wide; anthers straight, 3-4 mm long ........................

M. crassifolia (Reinw. ex BI.) BI.

Pedicels c. 5 mm long, calyx 5-6 mm long 5 mm wide, petals 16-18

mm long, 9-11 mm wide; anthers “J” shaped, c. 8 mm long ...............

M. laurifolia (Bl.) Bl. var. ferrata (Craib) Mawx.

Stems smooth, inflorescence 1.5—3 cm long ............... M. pendens Rid.

Stems and inflorescence axes 4-angled, smooth; inflorescence (10) 16-32

CM LONG |... «pa nied dnware vedi eee ae genes ae aaa M. penduliflora Ridl.

Calyx 4-denticulate to 4-lobed, connective not or only slightly crested.

Blades at least 6.5 cm long, inflorescence at least 1.5 cm long.

Inflorescence axes and calyx glabrous.

Inflorescence 6-12 cm long. multiflowered, axes flattened and often

winged, axes distinct; calyx lobes broadly triangular ........................4+5

M. scortechinii King

19. Inflorescence 1.5-2.5 cm long, few flowered, axes cylindric, 3d axes

not developed, calyx with 4 cusps (often sub-marginal).

Upper branchlets slightly 4-angled to cylindric, smooth or with scattered

pustules, petiole 1-3 mm long, calyx 3-4 mm long, 3 mm wide; petals

6-7 mm long, c. 4 mm wide” !...20. 02... M. succulenta (Bl.) BI.

Melastomataceae 149

20. Upper branchlets cylindric, smooth, petiole usually more than 3 mm

long; calyx c. 5 mm long, 4 mm wide; petals 12-14 mm long, c. 6

Te is Th. ee. 220d. sre... enol. M. rubicunda (Jack) BI.

18. Inflorescence axes and calyx minutely furfuraceus ........................00008.

M. selangorensis Maxw.

17. Pisces Up io 3 chr long, inflorescence up to 15 cm long .............:.......

q.v. Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.) Maxw.

8. Inflorescence umbellate (secondary, etc. axes not developed), plant a

root climber, stamens dimorphic ........................ M. radicans (Bl.) BI.

1. Medinilla alternifolia Bl\., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1:2 (1849) 19. M. scandens

King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, II: | (1900) 60; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 801

syn. nov.

Root climber, stem closely appressed to tree trunks, 5-12 m long, with many

adventitious roots up to 6.5 cm long, firmly rooted in the ground, slightly com-

pressed and 2-grooved, red-brown hispid when young; becoming cylindric and

up to 1 cm thick with a roughened, rugose-lenticellate, glabrous, tan-brown epider-

mis; wood in x-section with many radiating cavities; leaves on juvenile plants

frequently opposite, with one large and one rudimentary leaf at each node or

alternate where the smaller leaf has not developed; thin, but thickening with size

and maturity of the plant; larger blades lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, margin

minutely and widely serrulate, often with setaceous cusps; acute at the tip; rounded

and shallowly (1-2 mm), sometimes unequally, auriculate-cordate at the base;

venation pinnate with 2-3 pair of main nerves arising from the mid-nerve near

the base, lowest pair very thin and not reaching the tip, generally 3-nerved at the

tip, nerves sunken above, slightly raised below, drying brown above, lighter brown

below; petiole dorsally grooved, setose, 2-8 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm thick; small

leaves generally about 1/10 to 1/5 the size of the larger ones, often ovate otherwise

having a similar margin, texture, etc. as the larger blades; petioles similar, but

shorter; leaves of mature (flowering) plants from the main stem or on thinner

branches, alternate (infrequently opposite), sub-coriaceous, fleshy, glabrous, serrulate

broadly elliptic, ovate, or sub-orbicular; acute at the tip; acute or rounded, shortly

decurrent, often unequally, at the base; venation pinnate, with 3-4 pair of nerves

arising from the mid nerve near the base; lowest nerves intramarginal, thin, and

incomplete; 5 (less commonly 3) nerved at the tip; nerves sunken above, raised

and arching below; transverse venation pinnate, c. 20-25 pair, arising at 90° from

the main veins, widely spaced, sunken above, raised below; 14-26 cm long, 7-15 cm

wide; dull dark green above, pale green below, drying brown above, lighter brown

and often with an olive hue below; petiole 5.5—20 cm long, 2-4 mm thick when

dry, fleshy, glabrous, purplish-reddish; inflorescence glomerulate, on raised, irre-

gular tubercles; 2-3 cm long, c. 1 cm wide, mostly from behind the leaves or in

the axils of the oldest leaves; glabrous; primary axes numerous, especially from

the lowest nodes, 5-20 mm long, c. 1 mm thick, unbranched with one node, or

with 1-3 secondary axes 2-10 mm long each with 1 normal and sometimes 1 or

2 rudimentary flowers; pedicles 3-7 mm, or in solitary flowers up to 15 mm long,

reddish; bracts squamose up to 0.5 mm long; calyx cyathiform-urceolate, truncate,

smooth, glabrous, 7-8 mm long, c. 4 mm wide, green; petals 4, thin, ovate to

oblong, acuminate at the tip truncate at the base, reflexed at maturity, sparsely

hispid outside (especially in bud), glabrescent, 10-12 mm long, 6-8 mm wide,

pinkish; filaments flattened, c. 6 mm long, 0.5 mm wide at maturity; anthers

cylindric with a narrow and thin apical beak with one terminal pore, 5-6 mm

150 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

long, 1 mm wide, yellow; connective ridged and thickened, extended in a plano-

convex or flattened spur, 1-2 mm long, often thickened; locules each with a minute

claw at the base; stigma minute, curved to hooked; style cylindric, minutely and

sparsely hispid, c. 10 mm long, 1 mm thick, white; fruit sub-globose, 8-9 mm long,

6-7 mm wide, on primary axes up to 25 mm long, and pedicles 8-20 mm long;

calyx remnant c. 1 mm high, areolus 4 mm wide; exocarp smooth, glabrous, white

then orange, black or dark brown when dry, pericarp c. 0.3 mm thick; seeds

numerous, ovate, c. 0.5 mm long.

Figure 1: a. calyx, b. petal, c. stamen.

Distribution: shaded evergreen forests in central and Southern Malaysia,

Sumatra and Borneo.

Distinct from all other species of Medinilla in the region with its creeping

habit, and in mature plants alternate leaves, serrulate blades, and glomerulate

inflorescence.

King notes that M. scandens King merely differs from M. alternifolia B1.

in having a much shorter connective spur, larger leaves, and more flowers in each

inflorescence. Unfortunately, only one specimen in the type collection of M.

alternifolia (Blume s.n., from Sumatra) at Leiden has flowers, and these are merely

scraps of a few crushed buds. The bud anthers do, however, appear identical to

Kiah 32048, which is obviously M. alternifolia, from the Malay Peninsula. The

branches and leaves of these two specimens are identical. The number of flowers

per inflorescence is variable, and in many collections from Sumatra and Borneo

this factor does not correlate with the size of the leaves. M. scandens King is,

therefore, entirely identical to M. alternifolia. The only other species that could

be confused with M. alternifolia Bl. are M. bisetosa Bakh. f. and M. barbata Bakh.

f. — the former having smaller blades with invisible secondary venation, and the

latter with furfuraceus leaves and calyx tube.

MALAYSIA

Perak — Bujong Malacca: Curtis 3294; Bukit Kemunting, Taiping: Shah &

Sidek 1182; Maxwell’s Hill: Sinclair & Kiah 38804; Pandok Tanjong For.

Res.: Spare 36301 (2243); Taiping Hills; Henderson 10393; Tapak: Ridley

14094; Tea Gardens: Ridley 2933; sine loo.: Cantley sn. Scortechini 150

(syntype M. scandens King).

Trengganu — Ulu Bendong. Kajang, Kemaman: Corner 30127; Kampong

Bukit: Sinclair & Kiah 40448.

Pahang — Sungai Tahan: Shah 1415.

Johore — Mersing: Jumali & Heaslett 4448; Sungai Kayu: Kiah 32048,

32456, 32755, sn on 11 April 1936; Corner 32456, 32755.

2. Medinilla clarkei King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, I1:1 (1900) 63; Ridley,

Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 803; M. perakensis King, |.c. 64 syn. nov.: M. pahangensis

Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 38 (1907-09) 310 syn. nov.; M. clarkei King var. sumatrensis

Ohwi in scheda herb. Bogor, Leiden.

var. clarkei.

Epiphytic, rarely terrestrial, shrub up to 2.5 m tall; branches cylindric, c. 2 mm

thick, often climbing with the aid of adventitious roots, glabrous or sparsely fur-

furaceus, sparsely to densely pustulate, epidermis purple, drying tan to light brown,

Melastomataceae |

Figure 1. Medinilla alternifolia Bl., a-c Chew 346 (Sarawak).

152 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978) —

wrinkled; stems up to 1 cm diameter, nodes prominent; leaves in whorls of 3 or 4;

blades sub-coriaceous, elliptic, obovate to sub-orbicular, rounded at the tip,

rounded or narrowed and decurrent, or in larger blades often shallowly (c. 1 mm)

auricled at the base; midnerve sunken above, raised and tapering below, with one

or two pair of thinner, often obscure, nerves arising from near the base (3 or 5

plinerved) which parallel the margin and in smaller blades disappear in the

upper 3 of the blade; transverse venation obscure or invisible; 3.0-9.5 cm long,

1.0-5.0 cm wide; dark green above, whitish-green often tinted with red below;

drying brown to blackish above, lighter brown below, texture on both surfaces

riughened when dry; petiole cylindric, sparsely furfuraceus to glabrous, 0.6-3.5 cm

long, 1.0-1.5 mm thick, frequently with a small patch of minute red-brown hairs

in the axils, reddish to purple; inflorescence cymose, less commonly umbellate

with reduced axes, rarely of solitary flowers, typically many flowered, from leafy

or more commonly leafless nodes 2—6 (8) cm long; axes cylindric, smooth, sparsely

furfuraceus to glabrous, pink to maroon: bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, acute,

0.50.75 mm long; primary axes generally solitary, (0.5) 1-4 cm long with 1-3

nodes; secondary axes 3-5, whorled, 0.6-1 cm long, 3d axes not developed or up

-to 5 mm long; pedicels 4-5 mm long; calyx campanulate, often widened at the

rim, truncate with 5 thickened cusps or thickened points just below the margin;

3-6 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, pink or maroon; petals 5, thin, obovate, tip usually

asymmetric and rounded with a thickened mucro, narrowed and truncate at the

base, venation distinct, 6-14 mm long, 4-8 mm wide, pale pink to (waxy) white;

stamens 10, infrequently 12, uniform; filaments flattened, 4-5 mm long, anthers

3-5 mm long, nearly straight or slightly curved, yellow, connective crested, often

with a minute spur at the base, locules each with a curved to hooked appendage

up to 0.5 mm long at the base; stigma capitate, minute; style slender, c. 5 mm long;

fruit globose, 6-8 mm diameter, areolus slightly (c. 0.5 mm) raised, 4-5 mm wide;

exocarp thin, whitish, yellowish, green, blueish-red, then purple when ripe; seeds

numerous, ovate, hilum flattened, c. 1 mm long, testa finely reticulate.

Figure 2: a. calyx, b. petals, c. stamens. Plate 1.

The combination of whorled leaves, pustulate stems, and truncate calyx dis-

tinguish this species.

Distribution: Malaysia and Sumatra; generally above 1000 m elevation.

King (1. c. 64) noted that specimens of M. clarkei King were incorrectly re-

ferred by Clarke (FI. Brit. Ind. II (1879) 547) as M. rosea Gaud. The descriptions

of M. rosea Gaud. by Cognioux (Mono. Phan. 7 (1891) 573) and Bakh. f. (Rec.

Trav. Bot. Neerl. (1943-45) 154) indicate that the species has fascicled, 4-merous

flowers; smooth branches, etc. which are unquestionably different from the

specimens that King described as M. clarkei.

Medinilla clarkei varies considerably in the shape and size of the leaves and

King (1. c. 64) states that specimens with the largest leaves are from higher eleva-

tions. With many specimens on hand it is apparent that this is not true — both

large and small leaved plants have been collected at all elevations up to 2300 m.

Purseglove 4243, from Fraser’s Hill, Pahang; has large leaves and was collected

at c. 1600 m elevation; H.M. Burkill 835, from the Cameron Highlands, Pahang;

also collected at c. 1600 m, has small leaves. The inflorescences of both specimens

are c. 5 cm long. Ridley (1.c. 804) notes that specimens from Selangor have ©

larger, thinner leaves with conspicuous nerves and larger cymes than specimens

collected elsewhere which have small, fleshy leaves with no visible side nerves and

dense cymes. Several specimens show that this observation is not always true,

Melastomataceae

Figure 2. Medinilla clarkei King, a-c Jumali 710 (3917).

153

154 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Plate 1. Medinilla clarkei King var. clarkei. Maxwell 78-150 from the top of Gunong

Brinchang in the Cameron Highlands, Pahang on 14 April 1978.

Photo: Dr. Ivan Polunin.

Melastomataceae 155

e.g. Derry 616 (Malacca), Haniff 3922 (from Gunong Kerbau, Perak at 2300 m),

and H.M. Burkill 835 which nave small leaves and a relatively large inflorescence;

and Wray & Robinson 5312 (Pahang) which has large leaves and solitary flowers

on primary axes 0.5 mm long. Ridley 16037, which has the largest leaves and

most expansive inflorescence on any specimens examined, is from Pahang.

Generally speaking there is no correlation between small leaves and the size of

the inflorescence, however almost all the large leaved specimens have a large in-

florescenice.

Medinilla pahangensis Ridl. is identical to M. clarkei in flower structure,

fruit, and seeds; and its small leaves with a relatively short inflorescence (up to

2.5 cm) also compare closely with some specimens of the latter. The isotype of

M. pahangensis (Wray & Robinson 5396) is from Gunong Tahan, Pahang.

Ridley notes that M. pahangensis resembles M. hasseltii B1. (= M. crassifolia

(Reinw. ex Bl.) Bl.) in general appearance, however these two species are only

similar in having pustulate stems, similar inflorescences, and asymmetric petals.

The opposite leaves, larger blades, truncate calyx which lacks cusps, and the

different anthers of the latter are distinguishing features.

Medinilla perakensis King is distinguished on the basis of its larger, 5-nerved

blades, longer petioles, and slightly longer inflorescences. The pustulate stem,

whorled arrangement of the leaves, structure of the inflorescence, flowers, fruit,

and seeds of this species and M. clarkei are the same. M. perakensis, in my

opinion, is the same as M. clarkei since in several collections from Sumatra the

two species are indistinguishable, i.e. specimens could be named as either one.

Bunnemeyer 2877 and van Steenis 9576 have the typically large, 5-nerved blades

of M. perakensis, but the latter specimen also has some 3-nerved blades which

are characteristic of M. clarkei. Bakh. f. identified Bunnemeyer’s collection as

M. clarkei. M. clarkei is restricted to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra with

most collections having smaller, 3-nerved blades which match the type specimens

of M. clarkei.

Ohwi identified two collections from Sumatra (van Steenis 8340, 9576) as

M. clarkei King var. sumatrensis Ohwi. Both specimens are unquestionably M.

clarkei which have slightly larger blades than in the syntypes. These two collec-

378, syntype) were collected from 2000-2300 m elevation.

MALAYSIA

Perak — Gunong Benom: Fed. Mal. States Mus. sn. 26 July 1925; Gunong

Bubu: Ng 6153, Straits sn; Gunong Batu Puith: Wray 378 (syntype M.

perakensis King); Gunong Bubu Puteh, Larut: Wray 412 (syntype), 3831

(syntype); Gunong Inas: Wray 4084 (syntype), Yapp 469; Gunong Kerbau:

Haniff 3922, Robinson sn in June 1913; sine loc.: Cantley sn; Scortechini

243 (syntype), sn.

Kelantan — Gunong Rabong: Soepadmo & Mahmud 1096, Whitmore 20662.

Trengganu — Gunong Lawit Besut: Cockburn 8222; Gunong Mandi Angin:

Whitmore 10290; Gunong Padang: Moysey & Kiah 31871.

Selangor — Bukit Kutu: Ridley 7314, 8031; Genting Highlands; Shah & Ali

2990; Gunong Mengkuang: Robinson sn on 18 Jan. 1913; Gunong Nuang:

Whitmore 12189; Gunong Semangkok: Ridley 15607; Gunong Ulu Kali;

Burn-Murdoch sn in 1910; Maxwell 78-80; Hulu Semingkok; Ridley sn;

Ulu Saugat: Kloss sn in Feb. 1912.

156 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Pahang — Cameron Highlands: H.M. Burkill 835; Chew 233, 791,1245;:

Henderson 11024, Melville & Landon 4832, Nur 32556, Strugnell 23913;

Symington 20996, 31011; Fraser’s Hill: H.M. Burkill 2321; H.M. Burkill,

Shah, Noor 2385; I.H. Burkill & Holttum 8557, Cubit 11141, D.F.O. 22494,

Foxworthy 4803; Henderson 11225, 17876, 23324; Henderson & Nur 10536,

Moe 77; Purseglove 4288, 5523; Shah & Noor 657; Gunong Benom: Fed.

Mal. States. Mus. sn on 9 Aug. 1925, Strugnell 22316, Whitmore 3306, Keng

& Hons. Stud. 6; Gunong Berembun: Ng 5901, Ogata 110268, Whitmore

15496; Gunong Brinchang: Maxwell 78-150; Gunong Jasar: Whitmore 15465;

Gunong Tahan: Haniff & Nur 8028, Ridley 16037; Wray & Robinson 5312,

5396 (type M. pahangensis Ridl.); Gunong Tapis: Cockburn 11045, Syming-

ton & Kiah 28856; Gunong Terbakor: Henderson 10989; Kluang Terbang:

Barnes 10866; Robinson Falls: van Balgooy 2648; Taman Negara: Soepadmo

902.

Malacca — Gunong Mersing: Ridley 32281; Mt. Ophir: Derry 616, Jumali

710 (3917), Maingay 769 (2732) (syntype), Ridley sn in Dec. 1898, Shah &

Ahmad 3576; sine Ioc.: Griffith 2282 (syntype).

Johore — Gunong Ledang: Whitmore 12363.

3. Medinilla clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw. comb. nov.;

M. crassiramea Hend., Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 7:2 (1933) 103.

Epiphytic (or terrestrial when on peat soil) shrub up to 2 m fall, branches

cylindric, often slightly ridged in places, densely red-brown furfuraceus, younger

branches sparsely pustulate, c. 5 mm thick; older branches mostly glabrous,

densely pustulate-tuberculate, up to 12 mm thick; epidermis drying khaki-tan,

with a rugose texture; nodes thickened; leaves in whorls of 4 or 5; blades

coriaceous, broadly illiptic, ovate, to sub orbicular, obtuse and frequently with

a 1 mm long cusp which is often sunken (emarginate) at the tip; rounded and

shallowly (2-4 mm) auriculate-cordate at the base; midnerve with 2 prominent

and one thin (intramarginal) pair of nerves arising from near the base, sunken

above, raised and tapering below; transverse venation obscure to invisible,

especially below; immature blades sparsely furfuraces above, more densely

(especially on the nerves) below, glabrescent; 11-15 cm long, 6.5—9 cm wide;

medium glossy green above, paler and dull green below; drying brownish,

often with an olive-green hue above, brown below, texture roughened on both

surfaces; petiole densely red-brown furfuraceus, less so with age, 2—5 cm long,

3-4 mm thick, axils provided with a dense cushion of red-brown hairs; infores-

cence a panicle of cymes, up to 7 cm long and about as wide many flowered,

from leafy or upper leafless nodes; axes cylindric, spreading, densely red-

brown furfuraceus; bracts and bractecles lanceolate, acuminate, densely red-brown

furfuraceus, c. 1 mm long; primary axes solitary, 3-4.5 cm long, c. 2 mm thick,

with 1-3 nodes; secondary axes whorled, 1-2 cm long with 1 or 2 nodes; 3d axes

not developed or 2-3 mm long; pedicels 1-2 mm long; calyx campanulate, truncate

with 5 thickened cusps from below the rim, sparsely red-brown furfuraceus, glabre-

scent, 3-4 mm long, 3.5 mm wide; petals 5, thin, obovate to sub-orbicular, broadly

rounded with a thickened cusp at the tip, narrowed and clawed at the base, 5-5.5

mm long, 3-5 mm wide (according to Henderson, Lc., 2 usually larger and broader

than the other 3); stamens 10, uniform; filaments flattened, c. 3 mm long; anthers

c. 2.5 mm long, slightly curved, narrowly crested with a minute claw at the base;

locules each with a minute spur at the base; stigma capitate, minute; style c. 4.5

mm long; fruiting axes slightly longer and thicker; fruit globose, 3-4 mm diameter,

areolus slightly (c. 1 mm) raised, c. 3 mm wide; exocarp thin, white flushed with

pink, blueish when ripe; seeds numerous, c. | mm long, ovate, hilum flattened,

testa finely reticulate, glossy tan.

Melastomataceae 157

Figure 3: a. calyx, b. petals, c. stamen, d. seed.

As Henderson notes in his description, this plant is very close to M. perakensis

King (now a synonym of M. clarkei King) which has sparsely pustulate stems,

3-5 plinerved blades, and being glabrous, or nearly so, in all its parts. All three

specimens of var. crassiramea in the Singapore collection are from the Cameron

Highlands, which is within the range of distribution of M. clarkei. Since all the

collections of M. clarkei at Singapore and Leiden have at the most sparsely fur-

furaceus branches, leaves, and inflorescences; all of which become glabrescent with

age; var. crassiramea is distinct and can be easily separated on the basis of its

pubescence. Generally speaking, the leaves of M. clarkei are smaller and 3-nerved,

and specimens with larger, 5-nerved blades which were designated by King as

M. perakensis, are also essentially glabrous. I have not seen any specimens that

could possibly link M. clarkei and var. crassiramea; therefore I have considered

the latter as a separate taxon.

Pahang — Cameron Highlands: Stone 8026; Gunong Batu Brinchang:

H.M. Burkill 799, Henderson 23588 (type), Ng 5980, Sinclair 9947, Whitmore

15541.

4. Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw. ex BI.) BI., Flora 14 (1831) 511; Melastoma

crassifolium Reinw. Bl., Bijdr, Fl. Ned. Ind. 17 (1826) 1075; Medinilla crassifolia

(Reinw. ex BI.) Bl. var. Aasseltii (Bl.) Bakh. f., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45)

189 and Medinilla hasseltii Bl. |.c. 513: King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, II: 1 (1900) 62;

Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 802 syn. nov.

Epiphytic shrub up to 3 m tall, climbing, or scrambling; branchlets cylindric,

glabrous, 1.5—2 mm thick; at first smooth, later with scattered, black pustules; stem

cylindric, glabrous, sparsely to densely black pustulate, 5-8 mm thick, becoming

more rugose with age; adventitious roots common from leafless nodes; blades

coriaceous, opposite, glabrous, lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate at the tip (acumen

1.0-1.5 cm long), narrowed and somewhat rounded at the base, not or only

slightly (1-2 mm) decurrent on the peticle; mid-nerve with a thin pair of intra-

marginal nerves from the base, 1-2 mm from the margin, and a more prominent

pair of arching nerves from above the base, venation sunken above, raised and

tapering below; transverse venation extremely obscure to invisible on both sur-

faces; (6) 10-19 cm long, (2) 3.0-8.0 cm wide: dark green, drying with a roughened

texture on both surfaces. brown above, lighter brown below; petioles mostly

cylindric to somewhat flattened, 6-8 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm thick, glabrous, red,

drying with a roughened texture; with a small, dense, axillary tuft of minute hairs

which are lost with maturity; inflorescence cymose. glabrous, from leafy axils,

1-3 cm long, many flowered, bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, acute, c. 0.5 mm

long; axes cylindric, or somewhat flattened, sparsely pustullate, red; primary axes

1 or 2 from each axil, 7-12 mm long, c. 2 mm thick, with 1-3 nodes, secondary

axes whorled, 5-8 mm long with | or 2 nodes, 3 mm axes not developed or 1-2

mm long. pedicels c. 3 mm long; calyx campanulate to cyathiform, truncate,

smooth, glabrous, 4 mm high. 3 mm wide; pink; petals 4 or 5, thin, obovate,

asymmetric at the broadly rounded tip with an oblique, thickened cusp, venation

distinct, 5-6 mm long, c. 3 mm wide, reflexed at maturity, creamy white or trans-

lucent white; stamens 8 or 10, filaments flattened, c. 3 mm long, purple; anthers

cylindric, straight with a slight curve at the tip, mauve-purple, red; connective

crested with an apendage; locules each with a linear lobe; connective and all three

appendages black; c. 3-4 mm long: stigma capitate, minute; style slender, 6 mm

long; fruit globose, smooth, glabrous. 6 mm diameter, on pedicels up to 6 mm

long, areolus 4-5 mm wide; pericarp thin: immature fruit pink, red when ripe;

seeds numerous, ovoid, hilum flattened, testa minutely reticulate, c. | mm long,

light brown.

158 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Figure 3. Medinilla clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw.,

a-d Henderson 23588 (isotype).

Melastomataceae 159

Figure 4: a. calyx, b. petals, c. stamen.

Uses: leaves made into a medicine for headaches; leaves added to curries

for a sour taste.

Habitat: shaded, moist evergreen forests up to c. 1500 m elevation; on rocks

or trees.

Distribution: central Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java.

Vernacular: akar nubal, assam lokan puteh (Negri Sembilan), assam bongkor

(Johore) senudok ayer (Selangor).

This species is very closely related to M. venusta King (q.v.) which has larger

flowers, different anthers, and sub-sessile leaves. M. scortechinii King (q.v.) is also

very similar, but has a lobed calyx, longer inflorescence, and sub-sessile leaves.

The anther appendages of M. crassifolia and M. scortechinii are nearly the same,

however there is no connective crest with the latter. Medinilla laurifolia (BI.)

BI., with a wider distribution from Sumatra to the Celebes, is another close species

which differs in having smaller and thinner leaves, few flowered inflorescences,

and larger flowers and fruit.

The holotype of M. hasseltii Bl. at Leiden is a fruiting collection which is

virtually indistinguishable from many specimens of M. crassifolia. The calyx of

M. crassifolia, especially in bud, is either entirely truncate or has 5 minute cusps.

The areolus in mature fruit is truncate and I have not seen any specimens with

distinct cusps. The type specimen of M. crassifolia var. diaphana (BI.) Bl., which

Bakh. f. (l.c. 188) correctly reduced to M. crassifolia differs from the holotype of

M. hasseltii in having slightly longer petioles. The holotype of M. crassifolia is

vegetative, however the petioles in this collection are also longer than those of M.

hasseltii. Several collections identified by Blume and Bakh. f. as M. crassifolia

have shorter petioles and in this respect could also be identified as var. hasseltii

(BI.) Bakh. f.

Collections from the Malay Peninsula clearly show that the length of the

petiole is variable since in many collections it is difficult to say whether the

specimen is M. crassifolia or var. hasseltii, e.g. Stone 4790, and Whitmore 12608.

The flowers and fruit of the Malay collections show some variation in size and

again it is not clear in some specimens as to which of these two taxa the specimen

belongs.

Since I cannot adequately separate M. crassifolia from its var. hasseltii,

especially with fruiting material, I have found no reason to retain the variety.

Ridley reduced M. hasseltii Bl. var. griffithii Cl. to a synonym of M. hasseltii

Bl. The holotype of var. griffithii (Griffith 2282), from Malacca, is clearly the

same as M. scortechinii King (q.v.).

MALAYSIA

Kedah — Gunong Bintang For. Res.: Sidek 267, 279.

Perak — Bruas, Dindings: Ridley sn in March 1896; Bujong Malicca: Curtis

3157, Ridley sn in Sept. 1898; Bukit Batu Suloh, Kinta Forest: Allen &

Kadim 482; Changkat Jong For. Res.: Ng J 5645; Dindings: Curtis 3448;

Gunong Bubu For. Res.: Hou 671, Whitmore 0640; Larut: King’s collector

1961; Larut Hill: Curtis = 3448: Maxwell’s Hill: Hardial & Samsuri 293;

Pangkor, Dindings: Curtis 1642; Relau Tujor: Wray 1843; Slim Hills For.

Res.: Whitmore 0850; Taining Hill: Henderson 10112; Tea Gardens: Curtis

2715, Ridley sn in 1891; Thaiping: King’s collector 8507; Trolak For. Res. :

Chelliah 104672.

160 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Figure 4. Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw. ex Bl.) Bl., a-c King’s coll. 8507.

Melastomataceae 161

Kelantan — Gua Namik: Henderson 19726; Sungei Lebir: Henderson 29649.

Trengganu — Bukit Kajang, Kemaman: Corner sn; Gunong Padang: Whit-

more 12608.

Selangor — Bukit Batu Berkingding, Kanching: Nur 34360; Gading For.

Res.: Chelliah 98230; Kanching Reserve: Jaamat 12756: Klang Gates:

Hume 7100; Kuala Lumpur: Curtis 2334: Rawang: Melville 4758; Semen-

gon: Hume 8138: Sungai Tua: Loury sn: Telok For. Res., Klang: I. H.

Burkill 6620, 7031; Ng 1974; Ulu Gombak: Jaamat 10922; sine loc.: Ridley

sn. on 21 July 1889.

Pahang — Bentong: Best 13863; between Pekan and Ayer Tanar: [.H.

Burkill & Haniff 17260; Pramon: Ridley 1055; Sabai Estate, Bentong: Shah

149; Sungai Tahan: Shah 1402; Tahan Reserve: Haniff & Nur 8076; Tahan

River: Ridley sn in Aug. 1891.

Negri Sembilan — Bukit Sutu: Alvins 1981: Gunong Angsi: Nur 11763;

Kupayang: Alvins 2205.

Malacca — Gunong Ledang: Ridley sn; Mardima Reserve: 2039; sine loc.:

Maingay 797 (1419).

Johore — Alor Bukit: Hardial 539; Bukit Badak: Hassan & Kadim 38;

Gunong Belumut: Holttum 10738; Gunong Muntakak: Nur 19970; Gunong

Panti: H.M. Burkill 3428, H.M. Burkill & Sanusi 3170, Chew 732, Cockburn

7844; Holttum 18074, 19853, Jumali 14; Kuswata 425 sn on 1 Aug. 1960;

Ridley sn in 1892, Samsuri 312, Stone 4790; Gunong Pulai: Best 7701, H.M.

Burkill 2572, Keng 3298 (K778), Mat 371, Sinclair 39554; Hadyi Serawi:

Ridley sn in Nov. 1900; Kota Tinggi: Shah, Noor, Shukor 2096; Kuala Sedili

Road: H.M. Burkill 1961, 2669; Kadim & Noor 149. Shah & Noor 820;

Kukut: Ridley 13251, sn in 1908, sn in 1909; Labis For. Res.: Jumali 4224

(K6685), Shah & Samsuri 1698; Layang Layang: Holttum 29351; Mt. Ophir:

Whitmore 12301; Pengkalan Paja, Pontain: Ngadiman 36642; Sungai Juasseh,

Labis: Shah & Shukor 2276; Sungai Kayu: Kiah 31980; Sungei Sedili:

Corner 26054; Sungai Tahan: Ridley sn in April 1903; Taiping River: Ridley

sn in 1894; Tanah Runto: Goodenough sn; Ulu Sungei, Segamat: Samsuri &

Shukor 666; sine loc.: Lake & Kelsall sn in Oct. 1892.

Singapore — Cantley sn, Goodenough sn at Seletar in 1890; Ridley 273, 286,

sn: in 1890, in 1892, in 1894, in 1909; Spare 904; Wallich cat. 4084.

5. Medinilla curtisii Hk. f., Gar. Chron. 20 (1883) 621, fig. 108; and Curtis’s

Bot. Mag. (1883) tab. 6730; Medinilla elliptica Craib, Kew Bull. 1930, 322 syn. nov.;

M. elliptica Craib var. tetramera Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1:4 (1931) 699 syn. nov.

Epiphytic shrub, youngest branchlets obscurely 4-angled or 4-lined, becoming

cylindric, smooth or with a few small pustules, drying khaki-tan, 2-3 mm thick,

glabrous; leaves opposite, axils glabrous; blades sub-coriaceous, elliptic to ovate,

acute at the tip, rounded and decurrent or shallowly (1-2 mm) cordate at the

base, mid-nerve with one pair of prominent lateral nerves from near the base,

intramarginal nerves very faint, c. 1 mm from the margin; 7-11.5 cm long, 3-4.5

cm wide, drying greenish above, brownish-greenish below; petiole 1.0-1.5 mm

long, c. 2 mm thick, glabrous; inflorescence terminal, a panicle of cymes, many

flowered, 4-5 cm long; axes 4-angled, often with 4 membranous wings, sparsely

162 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

furfuraceus, later mostly glabrous; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, acute, up to

0.5 mm long, caducous; primary axes 1-3 at each tip, 1.5—-2 cm long with | node;

secondary axes 3-5, 6-10 mm long, 3d axes 4-6 mm long, pedicels 8-10 mm long;

calyx campanulate, smooth, sparsely furfuraceus, glabrescent, c. 5 mm long, 4-5

mm wide, margin truncate with 4 or 5 sub-marginal cusps; petals 4 or 5, thin,

obovate, broadly rounded and often asymmetric with a cusp at the tip, narrowed

to a claw at the base, 11-12 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, pink or white; stamens 8

or 10, equal; filaments c. 9 mm long; anthers slightly curved, opening with a

single pore at the thin, rostrate tip, c. 7 mm long, connective with a thin keel near

the base which is often spurred, locules each with a thickened bulbous-oblong

appendage, c. 0.5 mm long; stigma minute, style c. 14 mm long; fruiting axes

slightly longer; fruit urceolate, c. 6 mm long, 7 mm wide, areolus c. 5 mm wide;

exocarp membranous, drying tan; seeds numerous, ovoid, c. 1.5 mm long; testa

finely reticulate, glossy tan.

Figure 5: a. calyx, b. petal, c. stamen.

This species is easily distinguished from all others in the region by its terminal

inflorescence with 4-angled axes; smooth, angled branchlets; and opposite, sub-

sessile leaves. M. venusta King (q.v.) has similar inflorescences and flowers,

especially the stamens, but differs in having pustulate branches. M. scortechinii

King (q.v.) has larger, thicker blades, a 4-lobed calyx, and axillary inflorescences.

The holotypes of M. elliptica Craib (Kerr 16779) and M. elliptica Craib var.

tetramera Craib (Kerr 12054) — both from peninsular Thailand, match the des-

cription and illustration of M. curtisii in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. M. curtisii,

described from a specimen collected on the west coast of Sumatra by Curtis, is

an apparently rare species since only a few collections of it exist. I have not

seen any collections of this species from Malaysia, however, with a distribution

from lower Thailand to Sumatra it is most probable that it grows in Malaysia.

The distinction of M. elliptica Craib var. tetramera Craib is, in my opinion,

not justified since the number of flower parts is the only difference. Vegetatively

and structurally the two taxa are identical. M. venusta King is similar in respect

‘to having both 4 or 5—merous flowers.

THAILAND

Ranong — Kao Panta, Chongdon: Kerr 16779 (type M. elliptica Craib)

Surat — Kao Nom Sao, langsuan: Kerr 12054 (type M. elliptica Craib var.

tetramera Craib).

6. Medinilla laurifolia (Bl.) Bl. var. ferrata (Craib) Maxw. comb. nov.: M.

ferrata Craib, Kew Bull. 1930, 323.

Epiphytic shrub, often with adventitious roots, upper branchlets cylindric,

covered with small pustules and tubercles, texture very rough and wrinkled when

dry, glabrous (ferrugineous, exceptionally glabrous, according to Craib), 3-4 mm

thick, drying greyish; older branches up to 8 mm thick, epidermis thin; leaves

opposite, with a minute cushion of ferrugineus hairs; blades sub-coriaceous,

glabrous, elliptic, mid-nerve with 1 pair of prominent nerves from near the base,

intramarginal pair very thin, c. 1.0-1.5 mm from the margin; obtuse to acute at

the tip, narrowed and decurrent (c. 4 the length of the petiole) at the base; 7—18

cm long, 4-7.5 cm wide; drying with a roughened texture, olive-greenish above,

Melastomataceae 163

Figure 5. Medinilla curtisii Hk. f., a-c Kerr 16779 (holotype M. elliptica Craib).

164 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

lighter green below; petiole flattened and slightly grooved above, 8-18 mm long,

c. 3 mm thick; inflorescence cymose; from thicker, leafless branches, 3-4 cm long

with 5-10 flowers; axes slightly flattened, glabrous; bracts and bracteoles triangular,

up to 0.5 mm long; primary axes usually solitary, 2.0-2-5 cm long, with 1 or 2

nodes; secondary axes usually developed, 1-5 mm long; tertiary axes not developed

or up to 3 mm long, pedicels c. 5 mm long; calyx funnelform, smooth and glabrous,

5—6 mm long, c. 5 mm wide, margin truncate with 5 sub-marginal cusps; petals 5,

thin, obovate, broadly and asymmetrically rounded with an oblique cusp at the

tip, narrowed to a broad claw at the base, 16-18 mm long, 9-11 mm wide, white;

stamens 10, equal, filaments flattened, c. 8 mm long, anthers “J”? shaped, c. 8 mm

long, narrowed to the single pored tip, connective with a keel-like crest, often

extended into a spur c. 0.5 mm long, locules each with a thickened, bulbous-oblong

basal lobe, 1.0-1.5 mm long; stigma minute, style flexed, c. 19 mm long; fruit

campanulate, c. 6 mm diameter, truncate at the apex; seeds numerous, ovate,

c. 1 mm long; testa finely reticulate, glossy tan.

Figure 6: a. calyx, b. petal, c. stamen. Plate 2.

This variety differs from var. laurifolia, which is found from Sumatra to the

Celebes, in having larger leaves and more densely pustulate stems. The inflore-

scence and flowers, especially the anthers, of the two taxa are the same. M.

laurifolia (Bl.) Bl. var. ferrata (Craib) Maxw. is remotely related to M. crassifolia

(Reinw. ex BI.) BI. (q.v.) which has narrower leaves and smaller flowers. Var.

ferrata may eventually prove to be the same as M. laurifolia, but since the type

specimens differ from all collections of M. /aurifolia that I have seen, I have re-

duced it to varietal status pending examination of more material of the two taxa.

Craib indicated that M. ferrata has ferrugineus branches, however the two sheets

of the type collection at Kew are entirely glabrous.

THAILAND

Surat — Kao Nawng: Kerr 13253 (type)

, 7. Medinilla pendens Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 61 (1912) 6 and FI.

Mal. Pen. I (1922) 803.

Epiphyte with hanging branches up to 1.5 m long, adventitious roots scattered,

younger branches cylindric, glabrous, fleshy, sparsely warty or smooth, 1.5-2.5 mm

thick, drying khaki-tan; older branches leafless, more fleshy, with more warts, 3-4

mm thick, epidermis drying brownish; nodes prominent; blades fleshy coriaceous,

opposite, on distal parts of the stems, lanceolate-ovate, acute to acuminate at the

tip, rounded and generally shallowly (2-3 mm) cordate at the base; midnerve

sunken above, slightly raised and tapering below, with | pair of thinner (often

indistinct) basal nerves which disappear in the upper 4 of the blades; transverse

venation invisible; dark, glossy green above, paler and glossy green below; drying

brownish, often with an olive-green hue and with a roughened, reticulate texture

on both surfaces; axils glabrous; in general appearance recalling the leaves of

Hoya; 6-10 mm long, 2—3 cm wide; petiole fleshy, glabrous, 4-7 mm long, 1.5—2

mm thick, drying with a very rugose texture; inflorescence cymose, less frequently

of solitary flowers; from leafy or upper leafless nodes, 1.5-3 cm long, spreading,

glabrous, with about 6-10 flowers; axes cylindric, dull crimson; bracts and

bracteoles lanceolate, acute, glabrous, c. 1 mm long; primary axes solitary, 4-8

mm long, with | or 2 nodes (upper internode c. 1 mm long); secondary axes not

developed or up to 4 mm long; pedicels 2-3 mm long; calyx urceolate, c. 4 mm

long, margin undulate with 5 small teeth; petals oblong, spathulate, obtuse at the

Melastomataceae 165

Figure 6. Medinilla laurifolia (B\.) Bl. var. ferrata (Craib) Maxw.,

a-c Kerr 13253 (holotype).

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Plate 2. Type collection of Medinilla laurifolia (BI.) Bl. var. ferrata (Craib) Maxw. Kerr

13253, Kao Nawng, Surat; c. 800m; August 10th 1927; epiphytic shrub, flowers

white, evergreen forest.

Photo: Rijksherbarium, Leiden. é

Melastomataceae 167

tip, c. 6.5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, thin with visible venation, waxy white; stamens

8, glabrous; filaments slender, c. 3.5 mm long; anthers straight, c. 3 mm long,

violet, connective with a short appendage near the base, locules each with a short,

curved claw at the base; style short and slender; fruit elliptic tc sub-globose, 7-9

mm long, 6-7 mm wide, areolus slightly (c. 0.5 mm) raised, c. 2.5 mm wide;

exocarp thin, bright rose-red wen ripe; seeds numerous, obovate (ovate), hilum

flattened with a thick marginal ring, c. 1.5 mm long; testa finely reticulate, light

brown.

Figure 7: a. calyx, b. petal, c. stamen, d. infructescence, e. seed.

From the habit and vegetative features, this species appears to be quite dis-

tinct. The fruit and seeds resemble those of M. clarkei King (q.v.) and M. clarkei

King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw. (q.v.), however both of these taxa differ

greatly in other features, e.g. whorled leaves, pustulate stems, etc.

Ridley notes that M. pendens is close to M. hasseltii Bl. (now = M. crassi-

folia (Reinw. ex BI.) BI., q.v.) and at least with the fruit and seeds this is true.

The structure of the inflorescence of M. crassifolia is essentially the same, how-

ever it is larger. There are also numerous vegetative differences, e.g. leaf shape

and size, and 5-merous flowers. M. pendens is poorly known and I have included

it in this paper since it appears to be a distinct species. It is only known from

Kota Tinggi District, Johore. Ridley, s.n., the holotype of M. pendens at Kew

consists of a few leaves and loose flowers, without any stems or inflorescences.

The specimen, in general appearance, resembles M. succulenta Bl. (q.v.), however

with incomplete and insufficient material of M. pendens | cannot comment further

on the matter.

MALAYSIA

Johore

Kota Tinggi: Ridley s.n. Panti River, 15 Jan. 1910, holotype K; Corner s.n.

S. Sedili, 3 miles north of Mawai; Sinclair 40352, 16th mile Kota Tinggi —

Jemalmang Road.

8. Medinilla penduliflora Ridl., J. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. 4 (1911) 19, and

Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 804.

Epiphytic shrub up to 6 m tall; branches square, sharply 4-angled, glabrous,

smooth, 2.5 mm thick, nodes slightly thicker; older branches similar, up to 7 mm

thick, epidermis drying tan to brownish; blades opposite, coriaceous, glabrous,

lanceolate-elliptic to ovate, acute at the tip; rounded and appearing sessile at the

shallowly (1-2 mm) cordate base; midnerve with one pair of thinner nerves from

near the base (3-plinerved); slightly raised above, prominently elevated below;

intra-marginal nerve very faint, 1-2 mm from the margin; transverse venation

faint above, not visible below; 9.5-17 cm long, 5—8.5 cm wide; drying dull tan-

brown above, deep chocolate brown below, slightly roughened on both surfaces;

petiole 2-3 mm long, 3-4 mm thick, glabrous; inflorescence a loose pendulous

panicle of cymes from leafy axils (10) 16-32 cm long, glabrous; bracts and

bracteoles lanceolate, acute, 0.5-0.75 mm long; axes 4-angled, red-brown; primary

axes 1 from each node, 15-30 cm long, 1 mm thick at the base, with 2—3 nodes;

secondary axes 3-6 per node, 1.5—3.5 cm long; 3d axes with 1 or 2 nodes, 0.5-1

cm long; 4th axes not developed or up to 2 mm long, each with 1| pedicel c. 2 mm

long; calyx campanulate-urceolate, truncate, rim with 5 triangular thickenings

below the margin, with 10 faint ribs, 5 mm high, 5 mm wide at the rim, m?”ve

168 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Figure 7. Medinilla pendens Ridl., a-c Ridley sn, Panti River, Johore (holotype);

d & e Corner sn, Sungei Sedili, Johore.

Melastomataceae 169

or red; petals 5, thin, broadly obovate, rounded with a minute cusp at the tip,

clawed at the base, venation distinct, 8 mm long, 8 mm across at the widest point,

reflexed at maturity, white; stamens 10, uniform; filaments flattened, c. 3.5 mm

long; anthers curved, connective with a thin crest without any projection at the

base, locules each with a rounded appendage; c. 6 mm long, golden-yellow;

fruiting axes slightly thickened, pendent, red; fruit urceolate to sub-globose,

glabrous, 7-8 mm long, 6-7 mm wide, areolus c. 0.5 mm high, c. 5 mm wide;

exocarp membranous, pink turning purple, drying pinkish or black, sweet and

juicy; seeds numerous, ovoid, c. 1.0 mm long, hilum flattened, testa minutely

reticulate.

Figure 8: a. calyx, b. petals, c. stamen.

Distribution: lower peninsular Thailand to central Malaysia, above 1000

meters elevation.

The subsessile, 3-plinerved leaves; truncate calyx with 5 thickened points,

and the winged connective of this species resembles those of M. venusta King

(q.v.) which differs in having cylindric and pustulate stems, a shorter (3-5 cm)

inflorescence, and asymmetric petals.

The thick, smooth, quadrangular stems; and large inflorescence resemble M.

javanensis (Bl.) Bl., but that species has thinner blades with prominent secondary

venation, and anthers with a linear spur. c. 0.75 mm long on the connective. M.

javanensis is found in Sumatra and Java.

M. robusticaulis Bakh. f. is also a closely related species which is only known

from the type collection (Lorhing 6880) from Sumatra. The branches, leaves,

and inflorescence of this species are similar to M. penduliflora, but the mature

anthers differ by having little or no keel on the crest, but with a linear spur at

the base of the connective. The petals are also narrower and larger. The blades

of M. robusticaulis dry greenish, in contrast to the brownish colour of M. pendu-

liflora, below. More material of both species is required to better understand

this relationship. If the two species are the same, then M. penduliflora has

priority.

THAILAND

Krabi — Panom Pencha: Keer 18728.

Nakorn Sitammarat — Kao Luang: Kerr 15498, Hennipman 3870, van

Beusekom & Phengkhlai 987.

Surat — Kao Luang: Kerr 13262.

MALAYSIA

Pahang — Brinchang, Cameron Highlands: Symington 21018; Gunong

Berumbum: Ridley 13688 (type); Taman Sedia, Cameron Highlands: H.M. Bur-

kill 2840; Cameron Highlands: Batten-Pooll sn, Henderson 23621.

9. Medinilla radicans (Bl.) Bl, Flora 14 (1831) 509; Cogniaux in DC.

Monogr. Phanero. 7 (1891) 573; Bakh. f., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45)

160. Melastoma radicans Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 1069. Medinilla radi-

cans (Bl.) Bl. var. quadrifolia (Bl.) Bakh. f. l.c. 161; Medinilla quadrifolia (BI.)

Bl. Furtado, Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 118; Medinilla crassinervia Bl. sensu

King not BI., J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, I1:1 (1900) 64 and Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. I

(1922) 804: Medinilla pterocaula Bl. sensu Furtado l.c. 118.

170 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Figure 8. Medinilla penduliflora Ridl., a-c H. M. Burkill 2840.

Melastomataceae 171

Shrub, 2-3 mi tall, often creeping; branches cylindric, sometimes shallowly 2-

grooved, smooth, glabrous, 2-3 mm thick, drying dark brown to blackish; older

branches and stems cylindric, frequently with adventitious roots from various

parts, often slightly ribbed, drying with a striate to wrinkled texture, khaki-tan to

light brown, up to 8 mm thick; nodes thickened; blades sub-coriaceous, in whorls

of 4 or 5, glabrous, elliptic to obovate, acute at the tip, acute and decurrent at

the base; mid-nerve distinct with or without a pair of side nerves originating from

above the base (3-plinerved), sunken above, raised and tapering below; intra-

marginal nerve, when present, c. | mm from the margin; transverse venation

obscure to invisible; 7-16 cm long, 3-6.5 cm wide; drying tan-brown with a

greenish hue and with a roughened texture above, brown to greenish and smoother

below; petiole somewhat flattened or almost cylindric, 1.5-3 cm long, 1.5 mm

thick; inflorescence umbelliform, from leafless nodes, few (c. 6—8) flowered; axes

cylindric, smooth, glabrous; brown-reddish; primary axes | or 2 from each axil,

9-14 mm long, c. | mm thick, tip enlarged with clustered (radially arranged with

one centrally located) pedicels 4-5 mm long; calyx cyathiform, truncate, glabrous,

8 mm long, 4 mm wide, drying tan with a roughened texture; petals 4, thickened,

in bud oblong, rounded at the tip, truncate at the base, 8 mm long, 6 mm wide;

stamens 8, 4 long and 4 shorter; bud filaments flattened, longer ones 7-8 mm

long, shorter 4-5 mm; anthers all similar in shape, but differing in size, cylindric,

curved, tapered at the tip, longer ones 8-9 mm long, shorter 5-6 mm; connective

at the base with a thickened, spatulate, grooved appendage c. 2 mm long; locules

each with a thickened, oblong spur c. 1.5 mm long; stigma minute, style slender

c. 6 mm long; fruiting axes slightly thicker; fruit urceolate, body 9-11 mm long,

8-10 mm wide; areolus 34 mm high, 4 mm wide, with a distinct annular disc

inside; pink turning red when ripe, drying brownish with a roughened texture,

pericarp c. 1 mm thick, gritty; seeds numerous, ovoid, smooth, testa without orna-

mentation, tan, c. | mm long.

Figue 9: a. calyx and corolla bud, b. petal, c. long stamen, d. short stamen.

Distribution: Malay Peninsula and the Malay Islands.

The whorled leaves and axillary, umbellate inflorescences distinguish this

species. Allied to M. radicans is M. pterocaula Bl. which has winged branches,

3-5-7 nerved blades, and 5-merous flowers. M. crassinervia Bl. is also related

but has few flowered cymes or solitary flowers. a lobed calyx, and 5-6 petals.

M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar (q.v.) although it differs in other respects, also has

has dimorphic stamens.

Bakh. f. has, with justification, reduced M. quadrifolia Bl. to a variety of

M. radicans (Bl.) Bl. Furtado, solely on the basis of the literature and the limited

number of specimens of both taxa in the Singapore collection, reduced M. quadri-

folia Bl. to a synonym of M. radicans. Among these specimens only one (Strug-

nell 13007) is not in fruit and it only has buds. Therefore, I have not seen mature

flowers of this species. Furtado is correct in his observation that uninerved (M.

radicans) and 3-nerved blades (M. quadrifolia) are found on the same specimen

(Ridley 8618, Burkill & Holttum 7866, Henderson & Nur 11101, and Shah 2800),

while others are entirely 3-nerved (Goodenough 1637, Ridley s.n. from Semangkok,

Selangor in Aug. 1905; and Strugnell 13006), or all uninerved (Strugnell 13007,

27890). Cogniaux and Bakh. f. in their descriptions of these taxa include several

other differences, viz. M. radicans has smaller flower parts and ivory-white petals,

while var. quadrifolia has larger flowers and red petals. Bakh. f. notes that the

different venation of var. quadrifolia is the major distinction between these two

172 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (19.

wws3 ——_—

—< —-— UA BE OO

Figure 9. Medinilla radicans (B1.) Bl., a-d Strugnell 13007.

—-

Melastomataceae 173

taxa. In this respect, plus the fact that the venation is mixed on several sheets,

I agree with Furtado that M. quadrifolia is the same as M. radicans. Examina-

tion of mature flowers of both taxa will probably confirm this reduction.

Bakh. f. doubts that the distribution of both taxa is beyond the Malay

Islands. Finally, most of the specimens of M. radicans that I have studied were

originally determined as M. crassinervia BI.

Furtado, again on the basis of the literature and a few specimens in the

Singapore collection, annotated several specimens which were originally identified

as M. crassinervia Bl. as M. pterocaula BI. (l.c. 118). According to Cogniaux

(lc. 575) and Bakh. f. (l.c. 156) M. pterocaula Bl. has quadrangular branches

generally with 8 wings, 3-S—7 plinerved blades, a truncate calyx, 5 white petals,

and lacks an annular disc inside the areolus. All of the specimens that Furtado

annotated as M. pterocaula have branches that are either strongly ribbed or

shortly winged. Some of the ribbed branches compare very closely with some

of the branches of M. radicans, however none of the latter are winged. The

leaves of all the specimens considered by Furtado as M. pterocaula have 3-

nerved blades which are identical to those of M. radicans.

The inflorescence is also the same as in M. radicans, except that Wray 1821

has short (4 mm) secondary axes. The fruit in these specimens has a shorter

areolus, but there is a distinct annular disc inside. A specimen collected by

Ridley (s.n. Batang Padang River, Perak in Dec. 1908), which Furtado annotated

as M. pterocaula, has 4 loose stamens with curved anthers and appendages very

similar to those of Strugnell 13007 which he labelled as M. radicans.

The specimens from the Malay Islands which Furtado annotated as M.

pterocaula also do not differ significantly from those of M. radicans collected in

the Malay Peninsula. Blume’s long description and the excellent illustration by

Rumphius in Rumphia I (1835) page 12 and plate 1 of M. pterocaula show the

species as having multi (8) winged-undulate branches which become merely ribbed

below. In Ridley’s specimen (s.n.) from Batang Padang River, Perak (Dec. 1908)

and less so with Wray 1821, the branches are winged but not undulate. Unfor-

yes both of these collections are in fruit, thus I do not know what the flowers

ook like.

The other specimens which Furtado (l.c. 118) listed as M. pterocaula have

slightly ribbed or nearly smooth branches. The illustration in Rumphia of the

calyx, petals, and stamens of M. pterocaula compare closely with these specimens.

From these specimens annotated as M. pterocaula that I have studied there is

variation in the nature of the branches — from undulate-winged to nearly smooth.

The other vegetative features. inflorescence and flower structures, and fruit appear

to be the same. In fact, aside from the branches, it is difficult to distinguish these

two species. From a comparison of the plates of M. pterocaula and M. radicans

(plate 3) in Rumphia with the specimens at hand I cannot be certain that the two

species are actually distinct since structurally they are nearly identical. With only

One specimen of M. radicans that has flowers which can be examined (Strugnell

13007. buds) I am uncertain as to what variation in flower structure this species

has. The mixed uninerve and 3-nerved blades is one variation which has been

resolved, but the differences in the stems and perhaps the dimorphic anthers

requires further study. There is the possibility that one complex involving a

single taxon is involved here, however nothing can be confirmed until I am able

to examine more relevant material.

Melastomataceae 174

Therefore, since M. radicans is rather well represented in the Singapore

collection, plus the fact that the specimens of M. pterocaula appear to be only

slightly different; I have, for the moment, included the latter under the former.

I have not seen any specimens in the Singapore collection that could possibly

be considered as being M. crassinervia Bl. which has pustulate stems and a lobed

(capped) calyx. The anthers appear similar to those of M. pterocaula.

The specimens of M. radicans (Bl.) Bl. at Leiden all have uninerved blades

which are very distinct from the 3-nerved ones of var. quadrifolia (Bl.) Bakh. f.

M. radicans (sensu stricto) is found from Java to the Lesser Sunda Islands, while

var. quadrifolia has a distribution from Sumatra to New Guinea. Apparently

there is hybridization in central Malaysia where both uninerved and 3-nerved

blades are not constant features. Maingay 799 and Wray 1821 (from Malacca

and Perak, respectively) are both 3-nerved.

Perak — Waterfall: Wray 1821.

Selangor — Gading For. Res.; Chelliah 98231; 23rd mile Ginting Simpah:

Strugnell 13006, 13007; Gunong Simpah: Strugnell 27890.

Pahang — Fraser’s Hill: I. H. Burkill & Holttum 7866, Henderson & Nur

11101, Shah 2800; 15th mile Pahang Track: Ridley 8618; Keng & Hons.

Stud. 94.

Selangor — Semangkok: Ridley sn in Aug. 1905.

Malacca — Sine loc.: Maingay 799 (1689).

Singapore — Goodenough 1637.

10. Medinilla rubicunda (Jack) Bl., Flora 14 (1831) 512, Clarke in FI.

Brit. Ind. IT (1879) 547, Cogniaux in DC. Mono. Phan. 7 (1891) 583; Melastoma

rubicunda Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. 14 (1825) 18.

Wallich cat. 4086, from Penang, is the only specimen of this species that I

have seen from the Malay Peninsula. This collection, probably the oldest in

existence since Jack’s original specimens were destroyed, consists of budding

material. Cogniaux (l.c. 583) cites several collections (Griffith 2284, J.D. Hooker

from Sikkim, Hk. f. & Thomson from Khasia) of this species which I have

examined at Leiden having mature flowers and fruit. In comparing these collec-

tions with specimens of M. succulenta (Bl.) Bl. (q.v.) it is obvious that the two

taxa are very close, but there are several features which can be used to distinguish

them. A basic problem is the fact that flowers of M. succulenta are sparse, thus

I have only examined two flowering collections (Kerr 7773, and Holttum 24970)

of it.

M. rubicunda has distinct petioles usually more than 3 mm long in contrast

to M. succulenta where they are from 1-3 mm long. While the inflorescences of

the two species appear to be the same, the flowers of M. rubicunda are larger.

The calyx is c. 5 mm long, 4 mm wide; and the petals are 12-14 mm long and c.

6 mm wide. The branchlets of M. rubicunda are cylindric and smooth, while

those of M. succulenta are frequently 4-angled and with some pustules. Finally,

the fruit of M. rubicunda is distinctly urceolate, while those of M. succulenta

appear to be globose.

Melastomataceae 175

Both species require a detailed study in order to properly understand their

exact relationship. From the limited and incomplete material available I can

merely suggest that the two taxa are very related and that M. rubicunda, if it still

occurs in the Malay Peninsula,is rare and grows in the most western range of

its distribution.

Clarke (l.c. 548) was of the opinion that M. rubicunda is very close to M.

hasseltii Bl. (= M. crassifolia (Reinw. ex BI.) BI. (q.v.)) which differs in having

thinner pustulate branches, thicker leaves, and 4 or 5 merous flowers.

Figure 10: a. calyx, b. petal, c. stamen. Plate 3.

11. Medinilla scortechinii King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, Il: 1 (1900) 62;

M. hasseltii Bl. var. griffithii Cl. in Fl. Brit. Ind. IL (1879) 547 syn. nov.

Epiphytic shrub, 1-3 m tall, often spreading, frequently on rocks and trees;

or a climber; branches cylindric, glabrous, usually smooth when young, 2.5 mm

thick; older stems sparsely pustulate-tuberculate and up to 3.5 cm thick; epidermis

dark brown to blackish and striate-ridged when dry; blades fleshy, coriaceous,

opposite, glabrous; broadly lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate; acuminate at the tip

(acumen 1-2 cm long), broadly rounded and shallowly (2-5 mm) auriculate-

cordate at the base; mid-nerve with a very faint and incomplete intramarginal

nerve from the base and one prominent pair of veins arising from near the base;

3 main nerves sunken above, raised and tapering to the tip; transverse venation

pinnate from each of the 3 main nerves, c. 20-30 pair, very obscure to invisible on

both surfaces; 11-23 cm long, 5.5-11 cm wide, dark green tinted with crimson;

drying with a roughened texture, brown with a yellowish or olive hue above,

brown below; petiole flattened, 2-4 mm long 3-5 mm wide, glabrous; inflorescence

a lax panicle of cymes, 6-12 cm long, glabrous, multiflowered, from leafy or leafless

nodes; axes flattened, often winged, orange-red; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate-

Ovate, acute, 14 mm long; primary axes 1-3 per axil, 1-6 cm long with 1-3

(infrequently more) nodes, 2-4 mm wide; secondary axes 2-5, whorled, 1.5—3 cm

long 3d axes 1-2 cm long, 4th axes not developed or up to 5 mm long; pedicels

solitary on the tip of each ultimate axis, c. 3 mm long; calyx campanulate, glabrous,

lobes 4, broadly triangular, c. 0.5 mm long with a sub-apical cusp, lobes less

distinct in mature flowers; c. 3 mm high, 2 mm wide, faintly 8 ribbed in bud,

obscure with maturity; bright coral, orange-red; petals 4, thin, oblong, often

asymmetric, rounded with a thickened mucro at the tip, clawed at the base, 6-8 mm

long, c. 4 mm wide, reflexed at maturity; pink, orange-red; stamens 8, filaments

flattened, 4-5 mm long; anthers cylindric, curved, narrowed at the tip, 3-4 mm

long, yellow, locules each with a linear, brown appendage, connective not crested

but with a smaller brown spur-like appendage at the base; fruiting axes thickened

and slightly longer; fruit globosee, 6-8 mm diameter, areolus 4-5 wide exocarp

thin. smooth, orange-red, blue-black, to purple when ripe; seeds numerous, ovoid;

c. | mm long, finely and minutely reticulate.

Figure 11: a. calyx and corolla bud, b. petals, c. stamen. Plate 4:

Habitat: primary evergreen forests up to 1600 m elevation, noted on limestone.

Distribution: central Malaysia.

This species is very close to M. venusta King (q.v.) which has more densely

pustulate-tuberculate branches and stems, truncate calyx, smaller and white petals,

different anthers, blades with acute bases (sometimes slightly cordate), and longer

petioles. The relatively large, 3-plinerved leaves; large, complex, showy inflore-

scences, and asymmetric petals distinguish these two species from all others in the

Malay Peninsula.

176 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Figure 10. Medinilla rubicunda (Jack) Bl., J. D. Hooker & Thomson sn, Khasia.

177 Melastomataceae

Ai clin tlh é teclitinde pl

Jitu bos [lle Ale te.

ie TH. 2b fp. 6b

FLORA BRIT.INDIA. = 57,

NwoedbyMr.C.B.CLALKE.

TT PE eg EE

J caters Mathie (OT

3 Mkgtel

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Ben | LOE hs

o vd e, foes

age i)

Medinilla rubicunda (Jack) BL.,

ar SF AO alls Neu ae abs

Wallich catalogue 4086, the type collection of

collected on Penang in 1932.

Photo: Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

178 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Figure 11. Medinilla scortechinii King, a-c Wray 1739 (syntype).

179

Melastomataceae

Plate 4. Medinilla scortechinii King. The bright red inflorescence, small flowers, and white

petals distinguish this species.

Photo: Dr. Ivan Polunin on Gunong Ulu Kali, Genting Highlands, Selangor in

Dec. 1977, c. 1600m.

180 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Another close taxon is M. crassifolia (Reinw. ex BI.) Bl. (q.v.) which has

nearly identical anther appendages, but differs in having a truncate calyx, shorter

inflorescences with cylindric axes, a crested connective, and distinctly petioled

leaves.

King (l.c. 63) indicates that M. scortechinii is closest to M. javanensis (BI.)

Bl. which has acutely quandrangular branches, minute hairs in the leaf axils, 5—7

nerved blades, and terminal (rarely axillary) inflorescences.

The holotype of M. hasseltii Bl. var. griffithii Cl. (Griffith 2282; from Mt.

Ophir, Malacca) has smaller leaves and a shorter inflorescence than many speci-

mens of M. scortechinii, but with other specimens the comparisons are identical.

Ridley incorrectly reduced var. griffithii to a synonmy of M. hasseltii Bl. (= M.

crassifolia (Reinw. ex BI.) BI., q.v.).

Perak — Bujong Malacca: Ridley sn in Sept. 1898; Gunong Batu Puteh:

Wray 391 (syntype); Hermitage: Curtis 1297 (syntype); Larut: King’s collector

4188 (syntype); Maxwell’s Hill: Curtis sn in Oct. 1900, Wray 1739 (syntype);

Thaping Hills: Anderson sn on 13 March 1914, Derry sn in 1899; sine loc.:

King’s collector 307 (3677?) (syntype), Scortechini 622 (syntype).

Kelantan — Gua Hiuik: Henderson sn; Gua Musang: Stone 7522; Gunong

Brong, Ulu Kelantan: Shah & Ali 2897.

Trengganu — Gunong Mandi Angin: Whitmore 12149; Ulu Brang: Moysey

& Kiah 33829.

Selangor — Bukit Etam: Kelsall sn in Jan. 1891; Bukit Hitam: Ridley 7327;

Genting Highlands: Shah & Ali 2978, Maxwell 78-89a, Stone 11660.

Pahang — Boh Plantations, Cameron Highlands: Nur 32563: Frasers Hill.

Addison 37383, H.M. Burkill 2034 Kalong 22372, Purseglove 4103, Soepadmo

& Mahmud 9051; Stone 6266, 8663, 10780; Whitmore 8636; Gunong Benom

Game Res., Ulu Krau: Ismail 97819; Gunong Tahan: Holttum 20608;

Gunong Tapis: Chan 19900; Lubok Tamang: Henderson 10950; Penglet,

Cameron Highlands: Henderson 23638; Sungei Yet, Fraser’s Hill: Hender-

son & Nur 11135.

Malacca — Mt. Ophir: Griffith 2282 (type M. hasseltii Bl. var. griffithii Cl.)

Keng 7043.

Johore — Lengor For. Res., Mersing: Whitmore 413.

12. Medinilla selangorensis Maxw. sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, terrestris vel epiphyticus, rami cylindricus, glabris, pustulatis.

Folia opposita verticillatave, axillis glaberrimis, coriacea, anguste ad late elliptica

vel subobovata, glabra, 10-22 cm longa, 4-12 cm lata, basi secus petiolum, 4-3 plo

longitudine decurrentia, apice rotundata, nervis 5, marginalibus tenuibus, petiolo

complanato, 1-2.5 cm longo. Inflorescentia paniculata, multiflora, 3.5—15 cm long,

parce puberula vel furfuracea, axe primario solitario, complanato. Flores 4 vel 5

meri, calyce 4 vel 5 denticulato, sparce puberulo, 4-5 mm longo; stamina 8 vel 10,

equalia, connectivo dorso carinato, loculis basi utisque appendiculata curvata bul-

bosa instructis vel inappendiculato. Fructe campanulati-globosi, 5-6 mm diametro.

Melastomataceae | 181

Shrub up to 2 m tall, epiphytic or terrestrial in mossy substrate, branches often

climbing; youngest branchlets cylindric, glabrous, with scattered pustules, 4-5 mm

thick, epidermis drying tan, main stems up to 2 cm thick, bark c. 1 mm

thick, roughly fissured, brown, pith hollow; leaves opposite or in most instances in

whorls of 3, axils glabrous; blades coriaceous, glabrous, narrowly to broadly elliptic

or somewhat obovate; obtuse or broadly rounded at the tip, narrowed and decurrent

(4 to ? the length of the petiole) at the base, mid-nerve with 2 pair of nerves from

near the base, lowest pair thinner and often disappearing below the tip; 10-22 cm

long, 4-12 cm wide, drying dull greenish-brown on both surfaces and with a rough-

ened texture; petiole flattened, 1-2.5 cm long, 4-6 mm wide, glabrous; inflorescence

from leafy axils or on older leafless stems, in a loose panicle of cymes, many

flowered, 3.5-15 cm long; axes somewhat flattened, red, furfuraceus; bracts and

bracteoles lanceolate, acute, c. 1 mm long,, furfuraceus; primary axes solitary,

1.5—9 cm long, 1-1.5 mm thick at the base, with 1 or 2 nodes; secondary axes 14

cm long with 1-3 nodes, tertiary axes 3-4 mm long pedicels 2-3 mm long; calyx

campanulate, maroon, sparsely and minutely puberulous, 4-5 mm long, 4-5 mm

wide, margin truncate with 4 or 5 sub-marginal cusps; petals 4 or 5, thin, obovate,

broadly rounded (often irregularly so) with a cusp (often obliquely situated) at

the tip, narrowed to the truncate base, 6-7 mm long, c. 4 mm wide, white and

often tinged with pink; stamens 8 or 10, equal; filaments c. 3.5 mm long; anthers

c. 3 mm long, light yellow, curved, with a keel-like connective crest and with or

without a bulbous appendage at the base of each locule; stigma capitate; style

slender, 4-S mm long; fruit campanulate-globose, S—-6 mm diameter, light pink to

red; seeds several, ovate, hilum flattened, c. 1 mm long; testa minutely reticulate,

glossy tan.

Figure 12: a. calyx, b. petal, c. stamen, d. calyx, e. petal, f. stamen; and

Plate 5.

Habitat: moist forests, 1600—2000 m elevation.

Distribution: Selangor, Pahang.

In several respects this species resembles M. clarkei King (q.v.), viz. cylindric,

sparsely pustulate branches, and structure of the inflorescence; but differs in having

a generally smaller inflorescence, shortly decurrent to rounded or cordate blades,

and different anthers. M. clarkei has leaves in whorls of 4 and usually glabrous

inflorescences, in contrast to M. selangorensis which has leaves in whorls of 3

(sometimes opposite) and furfuraceus axes.

Ridley (Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 804) cites the holotype of M. selangorensis

under M. perakensis King which I consider a synonym of M. clarkei (q.v.). M.

selangorensis is unusual in that it has both opposite and whorled leaves. More

collections of this species are needed so that a more detailed understanding of its

relationship with other species can be made.

Robinson sn from Gunong Mengkuang, which IJ have designated as the holo-

type (Kew), has 4-merous flowers, 8 stamens, and anthers with a curved and bulbous

appendage at the base of each locule. Maxwell 78-80 from Gunong Ulu Kali in

the Genting Highlands, matches this collection in all respects except that the

flowers are 5-merous and there are 10 stamens which have inappendiculate locules.

While variation in the number of stamens (8 or 10) is known in Medinilla

(e.g. M. curtisii Hk. f. and M. venusta King), the obvious differences in the anthers

of the two specimens is difficult to resolve. Both are identical in all other respects,

especially the puberulous calyx, and therefore cannot be confused with any other

species of Medinilla from the region.

182 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

is SDM Sargee

Rey

‘il

Figure 12. Medinilla selangorensis Maxw., a-c Robinson sn, Gunong Mengkuang (holotype).

Melastomataceae

183

she

mee ety

Pea I aL

Figure 12. Medinilla selangorensis Maxw., d-f Maxwell 78-80.

184 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI1 (1978)

, HERB HORT. BOT. REG. KEW. | Dai We | :

Ys es 7a MEE bx z Z se oo ae

GILMEAE LG Feb: he f of ey, yy g ie Kev ane ‘

Boe ba 2 ) ee ae 4 4

—

Plate 5. Medinilla selangorensis Maxw., holotype at Kew. Collected by Robinson (sn)

from Gunong Mengkuang, Selangor on 2 Feb. 1913. Cited by Ridley under Medinilla

perakensis King (= M. clarkei King). Photo: Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

Melastomataceae 185

Allied species include M. pendula Merr., from the Philippines which has

narrower, whorled leaves, and different anthers; M. penduliflora Ridl. (q.v.) which

has 4-angled branches, sessile leaves, and 5-merous flowers; and M. intermedia Bl.

which has bristly leaf axils.

Selangor — Gunong Mengkuang: Robinson sn on 2 Feb. 1913 (holotype

Kew); Gunong Ulu Kali: Shah & Ali 2951, Flealey 8, Maxwell 78-80.

Pahang — Gunong Beramban: Maxwell 78-160.

13. Medinilla speciosa (Reinw. ex Bl.) BI., Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 6 (1831) 256.

Melastoma speciosa Reinw. ex BI., Cat. Btzg. (1823) nomen and Flora 14 (1831)

315:

Shrub up to 3 m tall, epiphytic or terrestrial (frequently growing on rocks), or

a woody climber; branches thickly 4-angled to 4-winged, epidermis smooth, glab-

rous, when dry khaki-tan and 7-10 mm thick, peeling off leaving a cylindric,

smooth to sparsely lenticellate, brownish surface; leaves glabrous, in whorls of 3

(rarely opposite or in whorls of 4); blades fleshy, sub-coriaceous, narrowly to

broadly elliptic or obovate, acute at the tip; acute and decurrent, frequently un-

equally so, or not decurrent but shallowly (1-2 mm) and unequally auriculate at

the base; venation pinnate with 2-5 pair of nerves (lowest pair intramarginal and

often very faint) arising from the mid nerve in the lower } of the blade and arching

with only the upper nerves reaching the tip, slightly raised near the base or com-

pletely sunken above, raised and tapering below, rugose when dry; secondary

venation pinnate from each of the main nerves, very faint to invisible, reticulate;

20-33 cm long, 6.5-14 cm wide; dark green, veins often red below; drying with a

roughened texture, dull brown above, lighter brown and often with an olive hue

below; petiole 5-7 mm long, 34 mm wide, glabrous; nodes densely covered with

numerous setaceous bristles 1-2 cm long, drying tan, glabrous; inflorescence a

terminal panicle of cymes, glabrous, often pendulous, 12-27 cm long, 9-15 cm

wide, many flowered; axes fleshy, 4-angled or 4-winged, glabrous, red; blackish or

khaki-tan when dry; bracts whorled, lanceolate, acute, 5-10 mm long, 1-3 mm

wide, reflexed; primary axes 10-23 cm long, 4-7 mm thick at the base when dry,

with 3-5 nodes; secondary axes 2-6.5 cm long, 1.0-1.5 mm thick, with | or 2 nodes,

longest at lowest node of the primary axis; tertiary axes 7-14 mm long, 4th axes

usually not developed, up to 3 mm long; pedicels 4-5 mm long, pink to deep

rose; calyx campanulate, glabrous, widened above the ovary, rim truncate with

4 or 5 thickened points not or minutely elevated above the rim, 4-5 mm long, 3-4

mm wide, pink or red; petals 4 or 5, thin, oblong, acute at the tip, narrowed to

a broad claw at the base, 7 nerved from the base, lateral veins not reaching the

tip, 10-12 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, white or pink; stamens 10, equal in size and

shape, inflexed and inversed in bud; filaments flattened, c. 5 mm long, blue or

pink; anthers curved, locules each with a bulbous spur, connective with a thickened

ridge near the filament and ending in a short (c. 0.5 mm) appendage, 5-6 mm

long, purple or violet with yellow spurs and appendage; style slender, c. 5 mm

long, red; infructescence axes elongating slightly; fruit globose, glabrous, 6-7 mm

diameter, narrowed to the areolus which is c. 5 mm wide and 1 mm high, smooth

internally; exocarp and pericarp c. 0.25 mm thick; fruit red, violet, then purple

when ripe; dark brown to blackish with a rugose texture when dry; seeds numerous,

ovate, smooth, c. 1 mm long.

Figure 13: a. calyx, b. petal, c. stamen.

Vernacular: neualu (Raub, Pahang).

186 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

Figure 13. Medinilla speciosa (Reinw. ex Bl.) BI., a-c Sinclair & Kiah 38789.

Melastomataceae 187

Habitat: shaded, moist areas.

Distribution: Penang, Pahang, Perak, Selangor; 500-1200 m.

The thick, 4-angled to 4-winged branches; large, terminal inflorescence with

numerous flowers and multicoloured parts; whorled leaves; and bristly nodes dis-

tinguish this species.

MALAYSIA

Penang — 1.H. Burkill 2673; Curtis 874, sn in May 1893; Penang Hill: Hullett

319; Ridley sn in Dec. 1895.

Perak — Bujong Malacca: Ridley sn in Sept. 1898; Gunong Bubu For. Res.:

Hou 672; Jor Batang Padang: Henderson 10836; Larut Hill: Derry sn in

1900; Maxwell’s Hill: Sinclair & Kiah 38789, Wray 3218; Taiping: Derry sn

on 2 Oct. 1899; Tapah Hills: Ng 1286.

Selangor — Bukit Telaga, Semangkok Pass: Ridley sn on 21 June 1921;

Pahang Track: Machado sn in 1903; 15th mile Pahang Track: Ridley sn in

July 1897; Semangkok For. Res.; Chan 13301; Tras-Track: Ridley sn in Aug.

1904.

Pahang — Kuala Kubu Bharu: Calderbank 172; Pulau Tioman — Gunong

Kajang: Kadim & Noor 592; Gunong Rokam: Nur 18792; Raub: Jinal 20369.

Malacca — Maingay 798.

14. Medinilla succulenta (Bl.) Bl., Flora 14 (1831) 513. Melastoma suc-

culentum Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17 (1826) 1070; Medinilla emarginata Craib,

Kew Bull. 1930, 322 syn. nov.; M. holttumi Henderson in scheda Herb. Sing.

Epiphytic shrub; branches fleshy, cylindric or slightly 4-angled, glabrous,

smooth to sparsely lenticellate-pustulate, c. 2 mm thick; older branches with

scattered adventitious roots, pustules more numerous, up to 7 mm thick; epidermis

drying tan-brown, nodes prominent; leaves opposite, without axillary bristles or

hairs; blades fleshy coriaceous, oblanceolate, elliptic, to obovate, acute to shortly

(up to 5 mm) acuminate at the tip, narrowed and cuneate-decurrent, often shallowly

auricled (petiole appearing winged) at the base; mid-nerve sunken above, raised

and tapering below, with | pair of nerves arising from near the base (3-plinerved);

transverse venation obscure to invisible; 6.5—20 cm long, 2.5—7.5 cm wide; drying

brownish, often with an olive-green hue, on both surfaces, thin; petiole 1-3 mm

long, 1-2 mm thick; inflorescence cymose, mostly from leafless nodes, glabrous,

1.5-2.5 cm long; axes cylindric, fleshy, light pink; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate,

acute, 0.5-0.75 mm long; primary axes 1 or 2 from each axil, with 1 or 2 nodes,

3-10 mm long; secondary axes not developed or 3-5 mm long, with 1 or 2 nodes;

pedicels c. 3-6 mm long; calyx campanulate-urceolate, 3-4 mm long, c. 3 mm wide,

with 4 sub-marginal cusps. orange; petals 4, thin, oblong-obovate, acute with a

thickened cusp at the tip, truncate at the base, 6-7 mm long, c. 4 mm wide, white

or pale pink; stamens 8, filaments c. 4 mm long, flattened, white; bud anthers

cylindric, straight, c. 5 mm long, mauve; connective slightly crested, with a linear

appendage at the base, locules each with a shorter appendage; stigma capitate,

style slender, c. 8 mm long; fruit globose, c. 5 mm diameter, areolus c. 2 mm wide,

not or slightly raised; exocarp thin, bright pink to red when ripe. drying tan to

blackish; seeds numerous, ovate to obovate, hilum flattened, c. 1.5 mm long, testa

finely reticulate, brown-tan.

Figure 14: a. inflorescence, b. calyx and corolla bud, c. petal, d. stamen.

Distribution: lower peninsular Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Java.

188 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

‘ 4

ww 1 ——______»

Figure 14. Medinilla succulenta (Bl.) Bl., a-d Kerr 7773 (holotype M. emarginata Craib).

Melastomataceae 189

The cylindric, or nearly so, smooth branches; nearly sessile leaves which are

thin when dry; small flowers, and globose fruit distinguish this species from M.

rubicunda (Jack) Bl. (q.v.) and M. crassifolia (Reinw. ex Bl.) Bl. (q.v.).

The holotype of M. emarginata Craib (Kerr 7773, from Thailand) at Kew

matches the holotype of M. succulenta (from Java) at Leiden. Craib notes that

M. emarginata is closest to M. scortechinii King (q.v.) which has much larger,

coriaceous leaves and a larger inflorescence. The alliance, in my estimation, is

remote.

Nur 24970 in the Singapore collection is labeled M. holttumi Hend. which,

as far as I can determine, was never published and is therefore an invalid (in

scheda) name. This specimen matches other collections of M. succulenta at

Singapore and Leiden.

THAILAND

Panttani — Betong: Kerr 7603; Kao Kalakiri: Kerr 7773 (type M. emarginata

Craib).

MALAYSIA

Perak — Jor Camp: Henderson 10822; Ulu Temango: Ridley 14624.

Kelantan — Gua Panjang, Ulu Kelantan: UNESCO 629; Sungei Terang,

Sungei Lebir: Henderson 29640.

Selangor — Ginting Simpah: Ridley, Robinson, Kloss sn in March 1917.

Pahang — 15th mile Jua Batu: Ridley sn; Sungei Sat, Ulu Tembeling;

Henderson 22086; Sungai Teku: Holttum 20559; Tahan River: Ridley sn in

July 1890.

Johore — Gunong Brechora: Holttum 10849; Gunong Panti: Ridley sn on

6 Dec. 1892; Kwala Kaching: Lake & Kelsall sn; Labis For. Res.: Rao 4236

(K6697); Sungai Endau: Holttum 24970, Nur 24970; Tanjong Tergamoh: Fielding

sn in Oct. 1892.

15. Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayer, Blumea 18 (1970) 569; Melastoma

varingiaefolium Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17 (1826) 1071; Pachycentria varingiae-

folia (Bl.) Bl., Flora 14 (1831) 520 and Bakh. f., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40

(1943-45) 126; P. scandens Ridl., J. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 1 (1923) 61; Medinilla

heteranthera King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, II: 1 (1900) 61 syn. nov. including var.

latifolia King l.c. 61 syn. nov.

var. varingiaefolia.

Shrub, often spreading, up to 3 m tall, epiphytic or terrestiial; roots frequently

swollen or tuberous; branchlets cylindric, smooth, succulent, glabrous, reddish, be-

coming ridged and grooved or wrinkled, 2—2.5 mm thick, dark purple-brown when

dry; blades opposite, fleshy, coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate

at the tip (acumen 0.5-1.0 cm long), acute to somewhat rounded and shortly

decurrent (2-3 mm) at the base; venation 3 nerved from the base, nerves sunken

above, raised (mid-vein more prominent) and tapering below, reddish; secondary

venation pinnate from the mid-vein, usually invisible above, obscure to invisible

190 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

below; dark glossy green, often with a pinkish hue above, reddish below; drying

with a roughened texture, light to dark brown above, darker brown and often with

an olive hue below; 5.5—7 cm long, 2.0—-5 cm wide; petiole 10-17 mm long, 1.0—2.5

mm thick, glabrous; inflorescence a panicle of cymes or of solitary flowers, terminal,

3-6 cm long; axes glabrous, succulent, red, rugose and tan-brown when dry; bracts

and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-3 mm long, glabrous; primary axes 1-2

cm long with | or 2 nodes, c. 1.5 mm thick; secondary axes not developed (in

solitary flowers) or up to 1 cm long, tertiary axes not developed or 5-8 mm long,

pedicels 4-7 mm long; calyx tube cylindric or narrowed above the ovary, gradually

widening and becoming funnelform, rim truncate to undulate, often thin, with a

linear to triangular, acute cusps, ciliate or glabrous, c. 0.5 mm long; entire calyx

5—10 mm long, 4—6 mm wide, pinkish-tan to red, rugose and tan when dry; smooth

internally; corolla buds conical to dome shaped, lobes imbricating to the right,

tips 4, coherent in a pointed tip, glabrous; mature petals thin, oblong to ovate,

acute and tipped with a thickened cusp, truncate at the base, 12-19 mm long,

7-9 mm wide, waxy white tinged with red or pink or cream in the upper half,

pink-reddish in the lower part; stamens 7, 8 or 9, 3—4 long and 4 or 5 short,

‘curved, glabrous, anthers yellow; filaments flattened, white, short ones, c. 6 mm

long, long ones c. 10 mm long, locules of short anthers with a curved claw at

the base, connective with a single dorsal projection (spur) near the filament, 5—7

mm long; long: anthers 6-10 mm long, each locule with a bulbous claw, con-

nective without a spur, stigma minute, extra-ovarial chambers and sfeta none;

style slender, white, c. 20 mm long; fruit urceolate, capped by the presistent calyx,

7-9 mm wide, c. 10 mm long, areolus c. 5 mm wide, exocarp green turning red,

glabrous, rugose when dry; pericarp c. 1/5 mm thick; seeds numerous, ovoid,

c. 0.75 mm long, testa minutely papillose-reticulate, glossy tan.

Figure 15: a. calyx, b. petal, c. long stamen, d. short stamen. Plates 6 & 7.

Distribution: upland forests, 1000-2200 m elevation, Pahang, Perak, Kema-

man.

The terminal inflorescence and unequal stamens distinguish this species from

all other Medinilla in the region.

The type collection of M. varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar (Kuhl and van Hasselt

s.n., from Java) at Leiden consists of 3 sheets all with fruit. As the flowers for

this species were not available, Blume assumed that it was Pachycentria since

the fruit of the two genera are similar. This species has only been collected on

a few occasions from Java and Sumatra, thus the species was poorly known.

Bartlett 6569, from Sumatra, has leaves and branches which match the type

collection of M. varingiaefolia, and the specimen also has flowers which

match those of King’s coll. 3291 — a syntype of M. heteranthera King. There

is no doubt in my mind that M. heteranthera is the same as M. varingiaefolia.

Constant features of all flowering specimens of this species that I have examined

are the four long anthers with an extension of each locule and unappendaged

connective, and short anthers with locule appendages and a spurred connective.

The leaves vary in texture from sub-coriaceous to coriaceous. M. varingiaefolia

var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw. (q.v.) differs in having thicker, more obtuse

leaves. a longer calyx, and a connective spur on the long anthers.

King mentions that M. heteranthera resembles M. horsfieldii Miq. (reduced |

by Bakh. f. (l.c. 187) to a synonym of M. laurifolia (Bl.) Bl.) which has a distri-

bution from Sumatra to the Celebes, is an entirely different species which has

Melastomataceae 19]

Figure 15. Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar, a-d King’s coll. 3291

(syntype M. heteranthera King).

192 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978) —

MWijiy

L ttt yyy,

VY j}069)/ yi yp

Plate 6. Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. varingiaefolia showing the tuberous roots

and shrubby habit. Collected by Dr. Hsuan Keng from a sandstone outcrop in

a thicket near the top of Gunong Bunga Buah, c. 1700m, Genting Highlands,

Selangor in November 1977.

Photo: Mr. Douglas Teo.

Melastomataceae

Plate 7. Branch and inflorescence of Medinilla varingiaefolia (B\.) Nayar var. varingiaefolia,

Maxwell 78-205; Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, Pahang; 16 April 1978.

Photo: Dr. Ivan Polunin.

194 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

tan, pustulate stems; and equal stamens. The leaves of the two species are

similar, however.

Bakh. f. (l.c. 148) divided Medinilla into two sections, viz. Eu-Medinilla, with

species having a thick (1-2 mm) calyx tube, and unequal anthers; and Hetero-

Medinilla having species with a thin (0.5 mm) calyx tube, and equal anthers.

M. varingiaefolia has a thin calyx tube and unequal anthers; and does not, there-

fore, fit properly into either section. M. teysmanni Miq. is included, as an excep-

tion with unequal stamens, in Hetero-Medinilla. It is found in the Philippines,

Celebes, and Moluccas; and is entirely different from M. varingiaefolia.

Medinilla heteranthera King var. latifolia King merely differs from the typical

variety in having wider blades which are shortly (c. 1 cm) acuminate at the tip

and caudate at the base. I have examined both syntypes of this variety and

they do not differ from some of the specimens in the Singapore collection which

have both narrow (typical variety) and var. latifolia blades (e.g. Williamson, s.n.

from the Cameron Highlands, Jan. 1932; and Henderson 17919). The flowers

of var. latifolia are the same as those of the typical variety. Since there are no

structural or distinct vegetational characteristics of var. /atifolia to maintain it as

a separate taxon, I have reduced it to a synonym of M. varingiaefolia.

Perak — Guong Batu Patch: King’s collector 8017 (syntype M. heteranthera

King var. latifolia King); Wray 268 (syntype M. heteranthera King var. lati-

folia King); 397 (syntype M. heteranthera King); Larut: King’s collector

3291 (syntype M. heteranthera King), 3644 (syntype M. heteranthera King),

6304 (syntype M. heteranthera King), 6904 (syntype M. heteranthera King);

Larut Hill: Derry (Curtis 3707); Maxwell’s Hill: I. H. Burkill & Haniff 12952,

Ridley & Curtis 5346, Shah & Sidek 1044, Whitmore 12902.

Trengganu — Bukit Kajang, Kemaman: Corner sn.

Pahang — Cameron Highlands: H.M. Burkill 829; Chew 745, 1257; Hender-

son 17811, 17919: Nur 32673, Poore 1071; Rao Keng, Avadhani 53 (K8046);

Symington 20918, 21002; Williamson sn in Jan. 1932: Fraser’s Hill: I.H.

Burkill & Holttum sn 16-30 Sept. 1922; Gunong Berembun, Cameron High-

lands: Whitmore 15487; Gunong Sasar, Cameron Highlands: Whitmore 15575;

Pine Tree Hill: Nur 11063; Tanah Rata: Maxwell 78-205, Samat 369.

16. Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl\l.) Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw.

comb. nov., M. bakhuizenii Navar, Blumea 18 (1970) 569 new name for Pachy-

centria speciosa Ridl., J. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. 6 (1915) 149 and Fl. Mal. Pen. 1

(1922) 806.

This variety has one major structural feature which I feel merits distinction

from the type species, viz. the presence of a spur on the connective of the long

anthers. This is a constant feature, and in all flowering material of the type species

that I have examined the long anthers lack any trace of a spur. This spur in

var. bakhuizenii is c. 0.5 mm long. The locule appendages of the long anthers

and morphology of the short anthers of the two taxa are identical.

The leaves of var. bakhuizenii are thick coriaceaous, obtuse; and the calyx

is longer with a more pronounced ovary and more acute calyx cusps. Fruiting

material of the two taxa are identical. The variety is known only from a few

collections from Pahang at elevations of 1100-1600 meters, and is found within

the range of distribution and in similar habitats as the type species.

Melastomataceae 195

Figure 16: a. calyx, b. petal, ce. long stamen, d. short stamen.

Pahang — Gunong Tahan: Ridley 16339 (type Pachycentria speciosa Ridl.);

Pine Tree Hill, Fraser’s Hill: H.M. Burkill, Shah, Noor 2376; Purseglove

4232.

17. Medinilla venusta King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, Il: 1 (1900) 61; M. venusta

King var. chionantha (Stapf) Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 802, M. chionantha

Stapf, Kew Bull. 1906, 73 syn. nov.; M. gratiosa Stapf, Kew Bull. 1933, 184 and

Ballard in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 1935, tab 9386 syn. nov.

Terrestrial or epiphytic shrub, up to 5 m tall, or a climber; branches cylindric,

covered with raised pustular tubercles, glabrous, epidermis at first brownish, then

khaki-tan with age; 3-5 mm thick when dry; stem with more prominent pustules,

otherwise similar to the branches, 9-14 mm thick; bark thin, smooth, finely

fissured, tan; wood dense, pith hollow; leaves opposite, glabrous; blades coriaceous

(often fleshy), narrowly to broadly elliptic, less frequently lanceolate, acute at the

tip, gradually narrowed and decurrent or in larger blades shallowly (2-5 mm)

auriculate or sub-cordate at the base; mid-vein with a prominent pair of nerves

arising from near the base, and with | pair of intramarginal nerves 2-6 mm from

the margin, main veins sunken above, raised and arching to the tip on the under-

surface, often pustulate near the base; (10) 14-22 cm long, (3) 6.5—-12 cm wide;

transverse venation pinnate, very obscure to invisible on both surfaces; drying

brown above, lighter brown below; with a rugose texture and frequently with an

olive hue on both surfaces; petiole 2-8 mm long, 34 mm thick, often appearing

sessile with decurrent blades, glabrous; inflorescence cymose, from leafless and

leafy nodes, or terminal, few to many flowered, glabrous, 3—8 cm long; primary

axes flattened, pink to red; primary axes 1-3 per axil, 1-5 cm long, 2 mm thick,

generally with 1, sometimes 2 or 3, nodes; secondary axes 3-5, whorled, 1.0-1.5

(2.2) cm long, 3d axes not developed or up to 5 mm long; 4th axes nod developed

or up to 2 mm long; pedicels 5-7 mm long, slightly longer in fruit; bracts and

bracteoles lanceolate-ovate, acute, up to 0.5 mm long; calyx campanulate, glabrous,

truncate, margin with 5 minute thickenings, not or very shortly raised (denticulate);

4-9 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, pink; petals 4 or 5, thin, elliptic-oblong, asymmetric,

irregularly oblique and broadly rounded with a mucro at the tip, clawed at the

base, 12-22 mm long, 7-14 mm wide, white often with a pink or red hue, reflexed

at maturity; stamens 8 or 10, equal; filaments flattened, 6-8 mm long; anthers

cylindric and curved, 6-7 mm long, c. 1 mm wide, whitish or yellow, narrowed

at the apex, connective ridged with a keel-like wing near the base, or spurred;

locules each with an elongate, bulbous appendage which is longer than the con-

nective appendage, yellow or white; stigma capitate, minute; style slender, 10-18

mm long, red; fruit globose, 8-9 mm diameter, areolus 7-8 mm wide; exocarp

pink to red, drying tan to black; pericarp c. 0.5 mm thick; seeds numerous, ovoid,

finely and minutely reticulate, c. 1 mm long.

Figure 17: a. inflorescence, b. calyx, c. petals, d. stamens. Plates 8 & 9.

This species is distinct with its pustulate stems, opposite, 3-nerved blades,

complex axillary or terminal inflorescence, and relatively large flowers. The

closest relative is M. scortechinii King (q.v.) which has smoother branches, larger

inflorescences, smaller flowers with a lobed calyx, and different anthers.

M. javanensis (Bl.) Bl., from Sumatra and Java, has similar leaves, but can

be readily distinguished from M. venusta by the quadrangular, smooth or sparsely

pustulate branches which dry tan, and smaller flowers. M. verruculosa (BI.) BI.

has leaves and pustulate stems which resemble M. venusta, however most of its

parts are red-brown furfuraceus, and the flowers are smaller. The leaf shape

resembles that of M. venusta, but the blades are 5—7 plinerved and the secondary

venation is much more prominent.

196 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Figure 16. Medinilla varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw.,

a-d Ridley 16339 (holotype Pachycentria speciosa Ridl.).

Melastomataceae

Figure 17. Medinilla venusta King, a & b H. M. Burkill 2880,

c & d Sinclair & Kiah 38610.

197

198 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI1 (1978)

k Lia! Sheth lof y ys

“yg ods ns Cem. Ohirven

, / wees, i

t 4 4 C

Coggh Mees

A ; foey mh

nities CL fr’. / aren -

Plate 8. Holotype of Medinilla chionantha Stapf (= M. venusta King) at Kew. Cultivated by

Veitch from seeds sent by Curtis which were collected in Perak.

Melastomataceae

ee,

CULT. IN HORT. BOT. REG. KEW., A.D. 1933.

‘ ; 3 n . j

dination orakicrc Lies, p4.

SE ae ei aa x ‘

~ oe 3 hh “th q i

4 ae ee ‘* a Shoes Rie i | , oy

hint th é, xr j - ys

199

Yi Glan, Ch mon kal apZ

Ah far coe

PhS °

Gaageve NLL WM. s. OSS-¥

Plate 9. Type collection of Medinilla gratiosa Stapf at Kew. Cultivated at Kew from seeds

sent by R. E. Holttum collected at Fraser’s Hill. The species is now a synonym

of Medinilla venusta King. Photo: Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

200 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Another species, M. chionantha Stapf, is undoubtedly the same as M. venusta

King, and Ridley considered it a variety of the latter. The main distinction of

this variety is that it has 10 stamens. Stapf described this species from cultivated

plants in England which were grown from seeds sent by Curtis from Perak. One

specimen, Ridley s.n., from Thaiping Hills, Perak; has the note “‘doubtless var.

chionantha’”’ written on the sheet. Cantley 2011, from Maxwell’s Hill, Perak;

is perhaps another collection which represents Stapf’s species. The stem, leaves,

inflorescence, and calyx of these specimens which are most likely var. chionantha,

do not differ from the holotype of M. venusta King. Other collections of which I

am certain have 10 stamens include: Wray 700, Ridley 2932, Anderson 16, Sin-

clair & Kiah 38610, and H.M. Burkill 2880. These specimens, except for the

number of stamens, do not differ from the type collection of M. venusta King.

Stapf notes that M. chionantha is close to M. longipedunculata Cogn. and M.

succulenta (Bl.) Bl. — the difference with M. chionantha being narrower, 3-nerved,

basally long attenuate blades; with more and larger flowers on a shorter inflore-

scence. M. longipedunculata Cogn. has 5-nerved blades, a minutely 5-denticulate

calyx, and smaller flower parts than the specimens of M. venusta King and M.

_chionantha Stapf that I have examined. M. succulenta (Bl.) Bl. (q.v.) has a

shorter inflorescence; smaller, 4-merous flowers, a dentate calyx, and reddish-

white petals.

Included in the Singapore and Leiden collections are specimens which, in

respect to the pustulate stems, opposite leaves, and flowers are identical to M.

venusta King. These specimens, however, have a terminal inflorescence which is

structurally the same as those specimens of M. venusta with axillary inflorescences.

The leaves of some of the specimens with a terminal inflorescence are smaller,

however some collections have both small and the typically large blades common

to the more common form of the species. The type collection of M. gratiosa

has both terminal and axillary inflorescences.

Furtado, obviously confused by the terminal inflorescence, appearently did

not examine the flowers of these specimens closely since they have the truncate

calyx, 5 thin petals with asymmetric tips, and anthers which are identical to those

of M. venusta. He annotated these specimens as ‘“‘Medinilla trinervia vel affinis”’.

~The original identifications were M. venusta King or M. hasseltii BI.

Medinilla trinervia Cogn. (Mono. Phan. 7 (1891) 596) with sharply 4-angled

and smooth branches; and smaller, 4-merous flowers with unappendaged anthers

is not at all like the specimens discussed here. On one sheet (Henderson & Nur

11246) Furtado noted that M. curtisii Hk. f. may be close since it has 5-merous

flowers. However, M. curtisii has smooth branches and stems, and lacks an

anther crest.

The type collection of M. gratiosa (3 sheets) is from a specimen grown at

Kew from seeds collected at Fraser’s Hill. It has smaller leaves and smaller

flowers than M. chionantha, but otherwise the calyx, petals, and the 10 stamens

are identical.

The narrow blades of M. gratiosa are not uncommon and in several collec-

tions, e.g. Stone 8326, H.M. Burkill 1991, both from Fraser’s Hill, both lanceolate

and elliptic blades are found on the same specimen.

Stapf notes that M. gratiosa is close to M. curtisii Hk. f., but that species

has smooth, bluntly 4-angled branchlets; and sessile, cordate blades, Ballard,

however, suggested a strong alliance with M. chionantha.

Melastomataceae 201

Distribution: lower peninsular Thailand to central Malaysia in evergreen

forests 500-1700 m elevation.

Kedah — Langkawi Island: Kerr. 21729.

Perak — Caulifields Hill: Wray 700: The Cottage: Ridley 2932: Larut:

King’s collector 2390 (type): Larut Hill: Anderson 16; Maxwell’s Hill: IH.

Burkill sn in March 1924, I.H. Burkill & Haniff 12928, Curtis 2011 Hons.

stud. Univ. Sing. 33, Sinclair & Kiah 38610; Thaiping Hill: Ridley sn; sine

loc.: Curtis sn (type M. chionantha Stapf).

Selangor — Sungei Telum: Poore 525; Genting Highlands, Gunong Ulu Kali:

Maxwell 78-89.

Pahang — Blue Valley, Cameron Highlands: Chew 1267; Fraser’s Hill:

Addinson sn in Sept. 1940, H.M. Burkill 1991; I.H. Burkill & Holttum 8430,

8554; J.C. (Carrick) 1607 (2537), Franck 1441, Henderson & Nur 11246,

Kalong 22371, Keng, Chow, Hons. stud. 4744, Keng & Hons. Stud. 95, Kew

Herb. sn (type M. gratiosa Stapf); Purseglove 4178, 5524; Samat 96, Shah

2741, Shah & Noor 736, Stone 8326, Watson 11515; Gunong Benom: Strug-

nell 22325; Gunong Jasar, Cameron Highlands: Whitmore 15566; Kuala

Keria, Cameron Highlands: H.M. Burkill 2880; Sungei Bertam: Henderson

11123; Sungei Pauch Valley, Cameron Highlands: Chew 754; Tanah Rata,

Cameron Highlands: Henderson 17738; Telom: Ridley 13690; Cameron

Highlands: Nur 32924; Rao, Keng, Avadhani 66 (K8059).

PACHYCENTRIA BI.

Blume, Flora 14 (1831) 519 and Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 6 (1831) 259; Naudin,

Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. III; 15 (1851) 299; Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. 28: 1 (1871)

89; Clarke in Hk. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. II (1879) 565 (in nota); Cogniaux in DC.

Monogr. Phanero. 7 (1891) 605; King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, II: 1 (1900) 66

(Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. 474); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 805; Craib, Fl. Siam.

Enum, I: 4 (1931) 701; Bakh. f., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45) 120; Henderson,

Malay Nat. J. 4: 3 & 4 (1949) 140 and Malay. Wild Fils. I (1959) 140; Nayar,

Blumea 28:2 (1970) 567.

Epiphytic shrubs up to 2 m ttall; lower stems and roots often irregularly

swollen or tuberous, adventitious roots common; branchlets cylindric, flattened

and 2-grooved, or somewhat 4-angled, smooth and furfuraceus, glabrescent; leaves

Opposite, simple; blades sub-coriaceous to coriaceous, usually glabrous, entire,

lanceolate to sub-orbicular, acute to rounded at the tip, narrowed at the base,

mid-nerve with a single pair of thinner intramarginal nerves; petioles distinct;

inflorescence cymose, often paniculate with tertiary axes, terminal, terminal and

axillary, or of solitary flowers; axes flattened to 4-angled, furfuraceus, pedicels

distinct; calyx funnelform, less frequently campanulate, narrowed to the globose

Ovary, minutely furfuraceus and often ribbed outside, up to 4 mm long, margin

truncate with 4 cusps or lobes; petals 4, thin with visible venation, oblong to

ovate, acute at the tip, truncate at the base, 3-6 long; samens 8, equal; anthers

oblong, straight, opening with a single oblique pore at the tip. 2-3 mm long,

connective with a basal spur, locules inappendiculate; stigma minute; style slender,

rising to a height slightly above the tip of the anthers, collared at the base; extra-

ovarial chambers and septa none; ovary glabrous, 4-loculed, placentation axile

with 4-8 many ovules on each; fruit a berry, globose, 4-6 mm wide, capped by

the neck-like calyx tube (giving an urceolate appearance), exocarp smooth or

papillose-muricate, epicarp soft and juicy or pulpy; seeds few to numerous, oblong

to ovate, c. 0.75—-2 mm long; testa finely reticulate.

202 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PACHYCENTRIA

FROM THE MALAY PENINSULA

1. Inflorescence a multiflowered panicle of cymes, 2-6 cm long; blades lanceolate

to obovate, 4-12 cm long, 1-5 cm wide, ovules 3-4 or more than 10 in

each locule...

2. Calyx with 4 cusps, anthers spur glabrous; fruit smooth, seeds 10-15,

oblong, 2 mm long... Pachycentria constricta (Bl.) Bl. (18)

2. Calyx with 4 triangular lobes (c. 1 mm long), anther spur often pilose;

fruit papillose-muricate, seeds more than 25, ovate, c. 0.75 mm long...

Pachycentria microsperma Becc. (20).

1. Inflorescence of few flowered cymes up to 1.5 mm long, or of solitary flowers;

blades obovate to sub-orbicular, 1.5—3 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, ovules 6-8 in

each locule...Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.) Maxw. (19).

18. Pachycentria constricta (Bl.) Bl., Flora 14 (1831) 519; Melastoma con-

strictum Bl., Bijdr. Flor. Ned. Ind. 17 (1826) 1049; Pachycentria tuberculata

Korth., Ver. Nat. Gesch. Bot. (1839-1842) 246, tab 63; King, J. As. Soc. Beng.

69 II:1 (1900) 66, Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 805 syn. by Bakh. f., Rec.

Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45) 125, Henderson, Mal. Nat. J. 4:3 & 4 (1949)

140 and Malay. Wild Fis. I (1959) 140.

Epiphytic shrub up 100 cm tall, in trees or on rocks; lower stem and roots

irregularly swollen or tuberous; upper branchlets somewhat flattened with a groove

and 2 sharp ridges on each flattened side, later becoming cylindric, smooth, red-

brown furfuraceus, glabrescent, 2-3 mm thick; blades sub-coriaceous, glabrous,

lanceolate, elliptic, to obovate, obtuse to acuminate at the tip (acumen up to 1 cm

long), narrowed and shortly (1-2 mm) decurrent at the base; mid-nerve prominent,

intramarginal nerve thin, 1-2 mm from the margin, often disappearing below the

tip; secondary venation pinnate, distinct to invisible; 4-17 cm long, 1-6 cm wide;

glossy green, drying greenish to olive-green, with a roughened texture above;

often purplish and minutely areolate-rugose, drying tan to greenish below; petiole

flattened, dorsally grooved, 5-15 mm long, 1.5—2 mm thick furfuraceus; leaf scars

prominent; inflorescence a multiflowered, terminal, panicle of cymes, 2—6 cm long;

axes flattened, striate, furfuraceus, often with a membranous wing, deep orange

or pink to reddish; bracts and bracteoles triangular, 0.5—0.75 mm long, furfuraceus,

persistent; primary axes solitary, 155-4 cm long with 1-3 nodes, secondary axes

7-12 mm long, tertiary axes up to 7 mm long, 4th axes not developed or up to

4 mm long, pedicels 1-1.5 mm long, red; calyx campanulate-funnelform, con-

tricted above the globose ovary, c. 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, sparsely furfuraceus,

margin truncate with 4 thickened cusps, pink, internal lines faint; bud petals

dome shaped, rostrate at the tip, 3 mm long; mature petals 4, thin, oblong-obovate,

acuminate and thickened at the tip, broadly clawed at the base, 5 mm long, 2 mm

wide, white to pink, yellow. frequently with several colours, glabrous; stamens 8,

equal, glabrous; filaments flattened, c. 2.5 mm long; anthers cylindric, sometimes

slightly curved at the rostrate tip, opening with single terminal pore, c. 2.5 mm

tong, pink to purple, connective with a curved, linear, whitish-cream spur (drying

black), 0.5-0.75 mm long near the filament; stigma minute, style c. 6 mm long,

glabrous, with a conical, glabrous, membranous sheath c. 0.75 mm long at the

base: locules 4, ovules flat, 3-6 on each placenta; fruit globose — urceolate c.

5 mm long, 4-5 mm wide; areolus raised c. 1 mm, c. 2 mm wide, 4 calyx lobes

Melastomataceae 203

distinct; exocarp membranous, yellow to green, turning red, drying brownish

with a roughened-muricate texture; seeds c. 10, oblong, c. 2 mm long; hilum

grooved with a ridge on one side, about as long as the seed body; testa finely

reticulate, tan.

Figure 18: a. inflorescence, calyx, style, ovary, and ovules; b. calyx and

corolla bud, c. petal, d. stamen, e. seed.

Distribution: Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java. Celebes.

This species is easily confused with Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) BI.

(q.v.) which is immediately distinguished by having short auricles at the base

of the blade, and setose bristles on the connective. The blades of Pachymentria

constricta are entirely glabrous and often dry with a distinct, but minute, areolate-

reticulate pattern below. Those of Pogonanthera pulverulenta are sparsely fur-

furaceus and usually dry with a roughened-papillose texture below. The fruit of

Pogonanthera pulverulenia has a slightly raised areolus with ovoid seeds c. 0.5 mm

long, while the areolus of Pachycentria constricta is raised about | mm, often giving

the fruit an urceolate shape, and the seeds are oblong, c. 2 mm long.

Penang — Government Hill: Curtis 347 in March 1885, June 1885, in 1893,

May 1898; = 347 in May 1898. Ridley = C (Curtis) 347 in July 1889;

Penang Hill: Ridley sn, June 1898; Penara Bukit: Tahaya 21478; sine loc.:

Goodenough 347.

Perak — Batu Togoh: Wray 2540; Temango: Ridley 14625; Ulu Bubong:

King’s collector 10569; Upper Perak: Wray 3422, 3434; sine loc.: King’s

coll. 1701.

Kelantan — Mandi Angin: Whitmore 12064; Sungei Lebir: Whitmore 4376;

Sungai Lebir Kechil: Cockburn 7143; Ulu Lebir For. Res.: Suppiah 17712;

Ulu Sungei Aring: Whitmore 4471.

Selangor — Sungei Lalang Kajang: Symington 24154.

Pahang — Gunong Tahan: Wray & Robinson 5327; Lubok Tamang: Hen-

derson 11003, Robinson 10972; Sungei Sat. Ulu Tembeling: Henderson

22002; Tahan River: Ridley sn in Aug. 1891; Telom: Ridley sn in Nov.

1908; Wray’s Camp: Ridley 16278.

Malacca — Gunong Mersing: Ridley sn.

Johore — Gunong Blumut: Holttum 10662, 10828; Gunong Panti: Rao 914;

Suppiah 17817; Kampong Hubong, Endau: Kadim & Noor 356; Sungei

Sedile, Mawai: Corner 32791; Tangong Bunga: Ridley sn in 1894.

Singapore — Seletar: Ridley sn in 1890; Sungei Morai: Ridley sn in 1892.

19. Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.) Maxw. comb. nov.; Medinilla maingayi Cl.

in Fl. Brit. Ind. If (1879) 549, King. J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, II: 1 (1900) 471,

Ridley, Ml. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 803, Henderson, Mal. Nat. J. 4:3 & 4 (1949) 139

and Malay. Wild Fls.I (1959) 139.

Epiphytic shrub up to | m tall, branches numerous, often with adventi-

tious roots, creeping, or erect; basal roots frequently swollen and ant inhabited

(myremocophylous); young branches cylindric, minutely furfuraceus, c. 1 mm

204 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Figure 18. Pachycentria constricta (Bl.) Bl., a-d Curtis = 347, e Wray 3422.

Melastomataceae 205

thick, nodes swollen; older branches glabrous, 3-5 mm _ thick; epidermis

smooth,- drying tan to light brown; leaves opposite, numerous; blades thick

coriaceous, sparsely furfuraceus, especially near the petiole, glabrescent; obovate

to sub-orbicular, broadly rounded at the tip, narrowed, and decurrent at

the base; mid-nerve sunken above, slightly raised below; intramarginal pair

of nerves very faint to invisible, 0.5-1.0 mm from the margin; other venation

invisible; 1.5-3 cm long, 1.0-2.0 cm wide; dark green above, green below, drying

greenisn with brown above, brown below, texture roughened on both surfaces;

petiole 3-5 mm long, c. 0.75 mm thick, minutely furfuraceus, glabrescent; flowers

terminal or axillary, solitary, paired, or in few flowered cymes; axes minutely

furfuraceus, glabrescent, cylindric, green; primary axes not developed or c. 1 mm

long in solitary flowers, in cymes 1.0-1.5 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, with one node;

secondary axes c. | mm long; pedicels c. 1 mm long; bracts and bracteoles ovate,

acute, up to 0.5 mm long, furfuraceus; calyx campanulate, constricted above the

globose ovary with a neck in between, 2.5-3 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, margin

shortly 4 lobed with thickened cusps, red; petals 4, thin, oblong to obovate,

acuminate-rostrate at the thickened tip, 3.5-4 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, white

with red tips; stamens 8, equal; filaments flattened, c. 2 mm long, white; anthers

2-3 mm long, connective without a crest, provided with a short, thickened spur

at the base, locules inappendiculate, rostrum thin and tubular, red; stigma capitate,

minute; style slender, 4-6 mm long, glabrous, with a minute collar at the base;

locules 4, each with 6-8 axile ovules; fruit globose, 5-6 mm diameter, capped

by the raised (c. 1 mm) calyx remnant, areolus c. 2 mm wide; exocarp green

turning red when ripe, pericarp soft and pulpy; seeds few, oblong, c. 2 mm long,

testa shallowly reticulate.

Figure 19: a. branch tip, leaf, and calyx; b. petal, c. stamen (lateral view),

d. stamen (front view).

Habitat: on various evergreen trees and bamboo, generally in shaded areas.

Distribution: central and southern Malaysia,, Sumatra (east coast, rare).

Medinilla maingayi Cl. is, unquestionably a Pachycentria since it lacks ex-

traovarial chamers and is without a connective crest and locule appendages.

This species is very similar to P. glauca Triana found in Sumatra and Borneo

(type: Lobb 1853 (Baccari 415), from Borneo), which has generally larger, thinner,

and narrower leaves; and longer inflorescences. The flower structure of the two

species is nearly the same except that P. glauca lacks a disc at the base of the

style.

Kedah — Kedah Peak (Gunong Jerai): Robinson & Kloss 6055, Stone 8552.

Perak — Grik: I.H. Burkill 3845; Joh, Batang Padang: Henderson 10831.

Pahang — Pohoi River: Whitmore 362; Sungei Perting: I.H. Burkill & Haniff

16568; Tahan River: Ridley 2663; Ulu Sungai Sat: Shah & Noor 1802;

Upper Perak: Wray 3781.

Selangor — Pahang Track: Ridley 8621.

Malacca — Gunong Mersing; Ridley sn on 7 June 1892; sine loc.: Maingay

807 (2960) (syntype).

206 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Figure 19. Pachycentria maingayi (Cl.) Maxw., a-d Maxwell 76-785.

Melastomataceae 207

Johore — Bukit Banang: Ridley sn in Nov. 1900; Gunong Panti: H.M. Bur-

kill 3426, Ridley sn in Dec. 1892; Lombong Batu, Mersing: Tan sn; Mersing-

Endau Road: Purseglove 5506; Rengam For. Res.: H.M. Burkill 1793;

Sedenah: Ridley sn in 1908; Tana Runto: Ridley sn in 1890.

Singapore — Goodenough sn on 14 April 1890, Maingay 806 (3329) (syntype),

Maxwell 76-825; Ridley 1652, 2018, sn in June 1889, Aug. 1889, in 1894.

20. Pachycentria microsperma Becc., Malesia II (1884) 238 and tab 58

fig. 1-9; Cogniaux in DC. Monogr. Phanero. 7 (1891) 609; Merrill, J. Str. Br.

Roy. As. Soc. 86 (1921) 449; Bakh. f., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 40 (1943-45) 123.

Epiphytic shrub up to 2 m tall; branchlets slightly compressed and bluntly

4-angled, becoming cylindric, smooth, minutely furfuraceus and glabrescent, c. 2

mm thick, drying tan; nodes distinct with prominent leaf scars; blades sub-

coriaceous to fleshy coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate to oblong, acuminate at the

tip (acume nc. | cm long), acute and decurrent at the base; mid-nerve with a pair

of thinner nerves arising from near the base, secondary venation obscure, 7-10 cm

long, 2-3 cm wide, drying olive greenish above, greenish to brownish below,

surfaces often with a rugose to areolate texture when dry; petiole cylindric with

a dorsal groove, glabrous, 7-10 mm long; inflorescence terminal or axillary, com-

posed of many-flowered paniculate cymes, 2-4 cm long, axes 4~angled, flattened,

or cylindric, glabrous; bracts and bracteoles triangular, acute, glabrous, 0.5—1 mm

long, usually caducous; primary axes 1 or 2 per axil, 12-25 mm long with 1 or

2 nodes; secondary axes up to 10 mm long, 3d axes not developed or up to 5 mm

long, pedicels c. 1 mm long; calyx tube funnelform above the globose base, c. 4 mm

long, sparsely furfuraceus and ribbed outside, margin with 4 triangular, acute

lobes, each c. | mm long; petals 4, lanceolate, acuminate, thin, with visible vena-

tion, c. 6 mm long, 2 mm wide, white; stamens 8, equal, glabrous; filaments

flattened, c. 3 mm long; anthers oblong, c. 3 mm long, opening with a single pore

at the tip of a thin rostrum, locules inappendiculate. connective with a minutely

pilose or glabrous, curved spur c. 1 mm long; stigma capitate, minute; style slender,

glabrous, c. 7 mm long, merging with the ovary in a basal sheath; ovules numerous

in each of the 4 locules; fruit globose, c. 5 mm wide, with a thin neck c. 2 mm

long, 1.5 mm wide, and the calyx remnant at the top, calyx remnant c. 2 mm

wide with 4 inflexed lobes; exocarp thin, papillose-muricate, pale yellow turning

red when ripe, drying blackish; seeds numerous, ovate, c. 0.75 mm long, minutely

reticulate.

Figure 20: a. calyx, b. petal, c. stamen, d. fruit, e. seed.

Henderson 25242, which was collected on limestone, is the only specimen of

P. microsperma Becc. that I have seen from the Malay Peninsula. This fruiting

specimen is very similar to P. constricta (Bl.) Bl. (q.v.) in its vegetative characteris-

tics, but differs in having papillose-muricate fruit with longer calyx lobes and

smaller, more numerous seeds. Included in the Singapore collection are several

flowering collections from Borneo annotated by Furtado as P. microsperma Becc.

— all of which have larger calyx lobes similar to those on Henderson’s specimen.

The flowers otherwise are nearly identical to those of P. constricta (Bl.) Bl. except

that Ridley sn from Bau, has a pilose connective spur. Bakh. f. notes that P.

microsperma Becc. has smaller, ciliate petals; and a fimbriate connective spur.

Main 1831, and Purseglove 4439 (collected on limestone) have both flowers and

fruit, thus I have been able to get an idea of what the flowers of Henderson 25242

must have been like since the fruit and seeds of all 3 collections match.

208 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Figure 20. _ Pachycentria microsperma Becc., a-c Ridley sn, Bau, Borneo;

d & e Purseglove 4439.

Melastomataceae 209

While these collections of P. microsperma Becc. may not exactly fit the des-

cription given by Bakh. f., they are distinct from P. constricta (Bl.) Bl. More

work on P. microsperma Becc. is necessary since I am not exactly certain of its

relationship with P. constricta. I have not seen any authentic collections P. mic-

rosperma Becc.

Pahang — Bukit Cheras: Henderson 25242.

POGONANTHERA BI.

Blume, Flora 14 (1831) 520 and Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 6 (1831) 261; Naudin,

Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. III: 15 (1851) 302; Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. 28: 1 (1871)

89; Clarke in Hk. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. II (1879) 550; Cogniaux in DC. Monogr.

Phanero. 7 (1891) 609; King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 69, II: 1 (1900) 65 (Mat. Fl. Mal.

Pen. 473); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. I (1922) 805; Bakh. f., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl.

40 (1943-45) 127, Henderson, Malay Nat. J. 4:3 & 4 (1949) 139 and Malay.

Wild Fis. I (1959) 139.

Several species and varieties have been described, but according to Bakh. f.

l.c. 128 there is only one polymorphic species which is found in the Malay Penin-

sula, Philippines, and the Malay Archipelago.

Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) BI., Flora 14 (1831) 521. Melastoma

pulverulenta Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. 14 (1825) 19. Pogonanthera pulverulenta

(Jack) Bl. var. grandiflora Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. I (1855) 553; Pogonanthera reflexa

(Reinw. ex BI.) BI., lc. 521, Melastoma reflexa Reinw. ex. BI., l.c. 521; Pogonan-

thera reflexa (Reinw. ex BI.) Bl. var. sqguamulata Korth. ex. Bl., Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. 1:2 (1849) 24; Pogonanthera squamulata (Korth. ex BI.) BL., lc. (1849)

24, nomen. Pternandra parasitica Finl. & Wall. (Wall. cat. 4086, A & B).

Epiphytic shrub up to 1.5 m tall, on rocks or trees; branches cylindric, often

slightly 4-angled, densely red-brown furfuraceus, glabrescent, 2-3 mm thick; older

branches smooth or with scattered pustules, mostly glabrous, up to 8 mm thick,

bark grey-brown, thin, nodes prominent; leaves opposite; blades fleshy coriaceous,

lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic, to obovate; at first minutely furfuraceus, glabre-

scent; acute to acuminate at the tip, narrowed and in larger blades shallowly (1-2

mm) auricled at the base; veins reddish, mid-nerve with | pair of very faint basal

nerves (often invisible below); transverse venation obscure to invisible; 4.5—9.5 cm

long, 1.0-3.5 cm wide; glossy light green drying dark brown-greenish above, tan

to light brown below, texture roughened, often papillose below; petiole flattened

and shallowly grooved, minutely red-brown furfuraceus, glabrescent, 5—9 mm long,

1.5-2 mm thick; inflorescence a terminal panicle of cymes,.multiflowered, 5-12 cm

long, spreading; axes flattened, often 4-angled, minutely red-brown furfuraceus,

glabrescent; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, red-brown furfur-

aceus, 1.0-1.5 mm long; primary axes generally solitary, less frequently paired,

4-9 cm long, with 24 nodes; secondary axes 1-3.5 cm long with 2-3 nodes,

tertiary axes 1-2.5 cm long with 1-3 nodes, 4th axes not developed or 1-4 mm

long; pedicels 2-3 mm long; calyx campanulate c. 1 mm long, 1.5 mm wide con-

stricted above the globose ovary which is c. 1 mm diameter, sparsely furfuraceus,

red, margin truncate with 4 triangular lobes; petals 4, thin, oblong-obvate, acute

at the tip, broadly clawed at the base, minutely papillose on both surfaces, 3 mm

long, 1.5 mm wide, red; stamens 8, equal, white; filaments 1.5 mm long, glabrous;

210 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

anthers cylindric, slightly curved at the rostrate tip, c. 2 mm long, connective with

a thickened zone near the base with numerous short bristles, locules and base of —

the connective inappendiculate; stigma minute, style c. 5 mm long, glabrous, with

a villous, cushion-like collar at the base; septa and extra-ovarial chambers none;

locules 4, ovules axile, minute, c. 25 in each; fruit globose, 5-6 mm diameter,

capped by the distinctly raised (c. 0.5 mm) and widened calyx remnant; c. 3 mm

wide; exocarp thin, smooth, green turning orange red, drying brown to black; —

seeds numerous, ovate, obtuse at both ends, c. 0.5 mm long, hilum concave; testa —

finely reticulate.

Figure 21: a. calyx, b. petal, c. stamen, d. style, collar, and ovary.

Distribution: Malay Peninsula to New Guinea, Philippines; recorded on

limestone.

Pachycentria constricta (Bl.) Bl. (q.v.) is in most ways quite similar, but differs —

in having acute blade bases without auricles and the connective is without bristles,

but has a basal spur. The blades of P. constricta are entirely glabrous and often

- dry with a smooth, minutely areolate pattern below. The fruit of P. constricta

has an areolus c. 1 mm high and oblong seeds c. 2 mm long.

Penang — Pantai Acheh: Hardial 684; Waterfall Garden: Whitmore 20519.

Perak — Gunong Laba: Whitmore 0586; Larut: King’s collector 3793; Leng- |

gong: Everett 14536; Pangkor Island; Whitmore 3010.

Selangor — Ulu Langat: Gadoh 834, 1683.

Pahang — Gunong Lesong For. Res., Rompin: Lindong 80964; Sungai |

Tahan: Shah 1405.

Johore — Bukit Badak: Hassan & Kadim 29; Gunong Blumut: Shah & |

Samsuri 2181; Bukit Paloh Estate: Shah & Kadim 372; Gunong Panti: Ahmad |

319, Cockburn 7850, Jumali 4279 K6732, J. & K. K1019, Stone 4784; Kota |

Tinggi: H.M. Burkill 1817; Pulau Pemanggil, Bukit Batu Buau: Noor & |

Samsuri 21; Rengam For. Res.: H.M. Burkill 1790.

sine loc.: Franck 1003.

INDEX TO TAXA

(numbers refer to each taxon)

Melastoma constrictum Bl. 18 |

M. crassifolium Reinw. ex BI. 4

M. pulverulenta Jack 2i5

M. radicans BI. 9 |

M. reflexa Reinw. ex BI. 2

M. rubicunda Jack 10

M. speciosa Reinw. ex BI. 13

M. succulentum BI. 14

M. varingiaefolium BI. 15

Medinilla alternifolia Bl. le

M. barbata Bakh. f. q.v..

M. chionantha Stapf 17 -

M. clarkei King var. clarkei ai

}

Melastomataceae

Figure 21.

Pogonanthera pulverulentq (Jack) Bl., a-d Shah 1405.

211

PRERSSESSSERSSSSSSSSSS SSS SSNS SSSR SS RSSRSSSSNSS

a-ha a BeBe

. clarkei King var. crassiramea (Hend.) Maxw.

clarkei King var. sumatrensis Ohwi

crassifolia (Reinw. ex Bl.) BI.

crassifolia (Reinw. ex Bl.) Bl. var. hasseltii (Bl.) Bakh. f.

crassinervia BI.

crassiramea Hend.

curtisii Hk. f.

elliptica Craib

elliptica Craib var. tetramera Craib

emarginata Craib

ferrata Craib

gratiosa Stapf

hasseltii BI.

hasseltii Bl. var. griffithii Cl.

heteranthera King

heteranthera King var. latifolia King

holttumi Hend.

intermedia Bl.

javanensis (Bl.) BI.

laurifolia (Bl.) BI.

laurifolia (Bl.) Bl. var. ferrata (Craib) Maxw.

longipedunculata Cogn.

maingayi Cl.

pahangensis Ridl.

pendens Ridl.

pendula Merr.

penduliflora Ridl.

perakensis King

pterocaula Bl.

quadrifolia (Bl.) BI.

radicans (Bl.) BI.

radicans (Bl.) Bl. var. quadrifolia (Bl.) Bakh. f.

robusticaulis Bakh. f.

rosea Gaud.

rubicunda (Jack) BI.

scandens King

scortechinii King

selangorensis Maxw.

speciosa (Reinw. ex BI.) BI.

succulenta (BI.) BI.

teysmanni Mig.

varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. varingiaefolia

varingiaefolia (Bl.) Nayar var. bakhuizenii (Nayar) Maxw.

venusta King

venusta King var. chionantha (Stapf) Ridl.

verruculosa Bl.) BI.

achycentria constricta (Bl.) BI.

. glauca Triana

. maingayi (Cl.) Maxw.

microsperma Becc.

scandens Ridl.

. speciosa Ridl.

. tuberculata Korth. -

. varingiaefolia (Bl.) BI.

q.v.

q.V.

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

on Bb Uw Uw oS Be

Melastomataceae 213

Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) BI. 21

P. pulverulenta (Jack) Bl. var. grandiflora Miq. 21

P. reflexa (Reinw. ex BI.) BI. 2)

P. reflexa (Reinw. ex BI.) Bl. var. sguamulata Korth. ex BI. 21

P. squamulata (Korth. ex BI.) BI. 21

Pternandra parasitica Finl. & Wall. 21

INDEX TO COLLECTIONS

Addison 37383 (11); sn at Fraser’s Hill, Pahang in Sept. 1940 (17)

Ahmad 319 (21)

Allen & Kadim 482 (4)

Alvins 1981 (4), 2039 (4), 2205 (4)

Anderson 16 (17); sn at Thaping Hill, Perak on 13 March 1914 (11)

Barnes 10866 (2)

Batten-Pooll sn from Cameron Highlands, Pahang (8)

Best 7701 (4), 13863 (4)

H.M. Burkill 799 (3), 829 (15), 835 (2), 1790 (21), 1793 (19), 1817 (21), 1961 (4),

1991 (17), 2034 (11), 2321 (2), 2572 (4), 2669 (4), 2840 (8), 2880 (17), 3426

(19), 3428 (4)

H.M. Burkill & Sanusi 3170 (4)

H.M. Burkill, Shah, Noor 2376 (16), 2385 (2)

I.H. Burkill 2673 (13), 3845 (19), 6620 (4), 7031 (4); sn at Maxwell’s Hill, Perak

in March 1924 (17)

L.H. Burkill & Haniff 12928 (17), 12952 (15), 16568 (19), 17260 (4)

LH. Burkill & Holttum 7866 (9), 8430 (17), 8554 (17), 8557 (2); sn at Fraser’s

Hill, Pahang, 16-30 Sept. 1922 (15)

Burn-Murdoch sn at Gunong Ulu Kali, Selangor in 1910 (2)

Calderbank 172 (13)

Cantley sn in Perak (1), Perak (2), Singapore (4)

J.C. (Carrick) 1607 (2537) (17)

Chan 13301 (13), 19900 (11)

Chelliah 98230 (4), 98231 (9), 104672 (4)

Chew 233 (2), 732 (4), 745 (15), 754 (17), 791 (2), 1245 (2), 1257 (15), 1267 (17)

Cockburn 7143 (18). 7844 (4), 7850 (21), 8222 (2), 11045 (2)

Corner 26054 (4), 30127 (1), 32456 (1), 32755 (1), 32791 (18); sn at Sungei Sedili,

Johore (7); sn Sungai Kayu, Johore (1); sn Bukit Kajang, Kemaman,

Trengganu (15)

Cubit 11141 (2)

Curtis 347: March 1885 (18), June 1885 (18), in 1893 (18), May 1898 (18) = 347

in May 1898 (18); 874 (13), 1297 (11), 1642 (4), 2011 (17), 2334 (4), 2715 (4),

3157 (4), 3294 (1), 3448 (4), = 3448 (4); sn at Penang in May 1893 (13):

sn at Maxwell’s Hill, Perak in Oct. 1900 (11); sn from Perak (17) Derry 616

(2), 3707 (15); sn from Larut Hill, Perak in 1900 (13); sn from Taiping,

Perak on Oct. 1899 (13); sn from Taiping Hills, Perak in 1899 (11)

D.F.O. 22494 (2)

Everett 14536 (21)

Fed. Mal. States Mus. sn from Gunong Benom., Pahang on 9 Aug. 1925 (2); sn

from Gunong Benom, Perak on 26 July 1925 (2)

Fielding sn from Tanjong Tergamoh, Johore in Oct. 1892 (14)

Flealey 9 (12)

Foxworthy 4803 (2)

Franck 1003 (21), 1441 (17)

Gadoh 834 (21), 1683 (21)

214 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Goodenough 347 (18), 1637 (9); sn from Tanah Runto, Johore (4); sn from

Singapore on 14 April 1890 (19); sn from Seletar, Singapore in 1890 (4),

Griffith 2282 (11), 2282 (2)

Haniff 3922 (2)

Haniff & Nur 8028 (2), 8076 (4)

Hardial 539 (4), 684 (21)

Hardial & Samsuri 293 (4)

Hassan & Kadim 29 (21), 38 (4)

Henderson 10112 (4), 10393 (1), 10822 (14), 10831 (19), 10836 (13), 10950 (11),

10989 (2), 11003 (18), 11024 (2), 11123 (17), 11225 (2), 17738 (17), 17811 (15),

17876 (2), 17979 (15), 19726 (4), 22002 (18), 22086 (14), 23324 (2), 23588 (3),

23621 (8), 23638 (11), 25242 (20), 29640 (14), 29649 (4); sn from Gua Hiuik,

Kelantan (11)

Henderson & Nur 10536 (2), 11101 (9), 11135 (11), 11246 (17)

Hennipman 3870 (8)

Holttum 10738 (4), 10662 (18), 10828 (18), 10849 (14), 18074 (4), 19853 (4),

20559 (14), 20608 (11), 24970 (14), 29351 (4)

Hons. students, Univ. Sing. 33 (17)

Hou 671 (4), 672 (13)

Hullett 319 (13)

Hume 7100 (4), 8138 (4)

Ismail 97819 (11)

Jaamat 10922 (4), 12756 (4)

Jinal 20369 (13)

Jumali 14 (4), 710 (3917) (2), 4224 (K6685) (4), 4279 (K6732) (16)

Jumali & Heaslett 4448 (1)

J. & K. (Jumali & Keng) K1019 (21)

Kadim & Noor 149 (4), 356 (18), 592 (13)

Kalong 22371 (17), 22373 (11)

Kelsall sn from Bukit Etam, Selangor in Jan. 1891 (11)

Keng 3298 (K778) (4), 7043 (11)

Keng, Chow, Hons. students 4744 (17)

Keng & Hons. stud. 6 (2), 94 (9)

Kerr 7603 (14), 7773 (14), 12054 (5), 13253 (6), 13262 (8), 15498 (8), 16779 (5),

18728 (8), 21729 (17)

Kew Herb. sn from Fraser’s Hill, Pahang (17)

Kiah 31980 (4), 32048 (1), 32456 (1), 32755 (1), sn (1)

King’s collector 307 (367) (11), 1701 (18), 1961 (4), 2390 (17), 3291 (15), 3644

(15), 3793 (21), 4188 (11), 6304 (15), 6904 (15), 8017 (15), 8507 (4), 10569 (18)

Kloss sn from Ulu Saugat, Selangor in Feb. 1912 (2)

Kuswata 425 (4); sn, Gunong Panti, Johore on 1 Aug. 1960 (4)

Lake & Kelsall sn from Kwala Kaching, Johore (14); sn from Johore in Oct.

1892 (4)

Lindong 80964 (21)

Loury sn from Sungai Tua, Selangor (4)

Machado sn from the Pahang Track, Selangor in 1903 (13)

Maingay 796 (2732) (2), 797 (1419) (4), 798 (13), 799 (1689) (9), 806 (3329) (19),

807 (2960) (19)

Mat 371 (4)

Maxwell 76-825 (19), 78-80 (12), 78-89 (17), 78-89a (11), 78-150 (2), 78-160 (12),

78-205 (15), 78-365 (17), 78-372 (9)

Melville 4758 (4)

Moe 77 (2)

Moysey & Kiah 31871 (2), 33829 (11)

Melastomataceae 215

Ng 1286 (13), 1974 (4), 5645 (4), 5901 (2), 5980 (3), 6153 (2)

Ngadiman 36642 (4)

Noor & Samsuri 21 (21)

Nur 11063 (15), 11763 (4), 18792 (13), 19970 (4). 24970 (14), 32556 (2), 32563 (11),

32673 (15), 32924 (17). 34360 (4)

Ogata 110268 (2)

Poore 525 (17), 1071 (15)

Purseglove 4103 (11), 4178 (17), 4232 (16), 4243 (2), 4288 (2), 5506 (19), 5523 (2),

a924 (17)

Rao 914 (18), 4236 (14)

Rao, Keng, Avadhani 53 (K8046) (15), 66 (K8059) (17)

Ridley 273 (4), 286 (4), = C (Curtis) 347 (18), 1055 (4), 1652 (19), 2018 (19),

oes 19).- 2932 (17), 2933 (1), 77314 (2) 7327 (14), 8038 (2); 8618-(9), 8621

(19), 13251 (4), 13688 (8), 13690 (17), 14094 (1), 14624 (14), 14625 (18),

pn? (2), 16037 (2), 16278 (18), '16339 -(16),. 32281 (2); sn, Johore; ‘Bukit

Banang in Nov. 1900 (19); Gunong Panti on 6 Dec. 1892 (14), in Dec. 1892

(19), in 1892 (4); Hadyi Serawi in Nov. 1900 (4); Panti River, Kota Tinggi

on. 15 Jan. 1910 (7); Sedenah in 1908 (19); Sungai Tahan in April 1903 (4);

Taiping River in 1894 (4); Tanjong Bunga in 1894 (18); Taua Rungo in 1890

(19); Malacca: Gunong Ledang (4); Gunong Mersing on 7 June 1892 (18),

(19); Mt. Ophir in Dec. 1898 (2); Pahang: 15th mile Jua Batu (14); Tahan

River in July 1890 (14), Aug: 1891 (4) and (18); Telom in Nov. 1908 (18);

Penang: Penang Hill in June 1898 (18); Penang in Dec. 1895 (13); Perak

Bruas, Dindings in March 1896 (4); Bujong Malacca in Sept. 1898 (4), (11)

and (13); Taiping Hill (17); Tea Gardens in 1891 (4); Selangor: Semangkok

in Aug. 1905 (9); Bukit Telaga, Semangkok Pass on 21 June 1921 (13); Hulu

Semangkok (2); 15th mile Pahang Track in July 1897 (13); Tras-Track in

Aug. 1904 (13); sine loc. on 21 July 1889 (4); Singapore: Seletar in 1890 (18);

Sungei Morai in 1892 (18); sine loc. in June 1889 (19), Aug. 1889 (19), 1890

(4), 1892 (4), 1894 (4), 1894 (19), 1909 (4)

Ridley & Curtis 5346 (15)

Ridley, Robinson, Kloss sn from Ginting Simpah, Selangor in March 1917 (14)

Robinson 10972 (18); sn from Gunong Kerbau, Perak in June 1913 (2); sn from

Kunong Mengkuang, Selangor on 18 Jan. 1913 (2); Gunong Mengkuang,

Selangor on 2 Feb. 1913 (12)

Robinson & Kloss 6055 (19)

Samat 96 (17), 369 (15)

Samsuri 312 (4)

Samsuri & Shukor 666 (4)

Scortechini 150 (1), 243 (2), 622 (11); sn from Perak (2)

Shah 149 (4), 1402 (4), 1405 (21), 1415 (1), 2741 (17), 2800 (9)

Shah & Ahmad 3576 (2)

Shah & Ali 2897 (11), 2951 (12), 2978 (11), 2990 (2)

Shah & Kadim 372 (21)

Shah & Noor 657 (2), 736 (17), 820 (4), 1802 (19)

Shah, Noor, Shukor 2096 (4)

Shah & Samsuri 1698 (4), 2181 (21)

Shah & Sidak 1044 (15), 1182 (1)

Shah & Shukor 2276 (4)

Sidek 267 (4), 279 (4)

Sinclair 9947 (3), 39554 (4), 40352 (7)

Sinclair & Kiah 38610 (17), 38789 (13), 38804 (1), 40448 (1)

Soepadmo 902 (2)

Soepadmo & Mahmud 1096 (2), 9051 (11)

16 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Spare 904 (4), 36301 (2243) (1)

Stone 4784 (21), 4790 (4), 6266 (11), 7522 (11), 8026 (3), 8326 (17), 8552 (19),

8663 (11), 10780 (11), 11660 (11)

Straits sn from Gunong Babu, Perak (2)

Strugnell 13006 (9), 13007 (9), 22316 (2), 22325 (17), 23913 (2), 27890 (9)

Suppiah 17712 (18), 17817 (18)

Symington 20918 (15), 20996 (2), 21002 (15), 21018 (8), 24154 (18), 31011 (2)

Symington & Kiah 28856 (2)

Tahaya 21478 (18)

Tan sn, Lombong Batu, Johore (19)

UNESCO 629 (14)

van Balgooy 2648 (2)

van Beusekom & Phengkhlai 987 (8)

Wallich cat. 4084 (4), 4086 (10)

Watson 11515 (17)

Whitmore 362 (19), 413 (11), 0586 (21), 0640 (4), 0850 (4), 3010 (21), 3306 (2),

4376 (18), 4471 (18), 8636 (11), 10290 (2), 12064 (18), 12149 (11), 12189 (2),

12301 (4), 12363 (2), 12608 (4), 12902 (15), 15464 (2), 15487 (15), 15496 (2),

15541 (3), 15566 (17), 15575 (15), 20519 (21), 20662 (2)

Williamson sn from Cameron Highlands, Pahang in Jan. 1932 (15)

Wray 268 (15), 378 (2), 391 (11), 397 (15), 412 (2), 700 (17), 1739 (11), 1821 (9),

1843 (4), 2540 (18), 3218 (13), 3422 (18), 3434 (18), 3781 (19), 3831 (2),

4084 (2)

Wray & Robinson 5312 (2), 5327 (18), 5396 (2)

ADDITIONAL COLLECTIONS

Abdul 96 (17)

Carrick 601 (21), 663 (21)

Chin 201 (8), 243 (2), 275 (17), 528 (4), 1595 (11)

Kassim 8043 (21)

Lowry sn KLU 9017 (4)

Merton 4170 (3), 4171 (17)

Poore 225 (13), 525 (17), 698 (4), 756 (2), 1086 (21), 1242 (17), 4641 (4)

Rohani sn Fraser’s Hill, Pahang on 17 June 1972 (11)

Siew Wei Hoe 21 (12), 182 (2), 294 (2), 399 (2)

Smith 504 (19)

Soepadmo 901 (18), 9051 (11)

Soepadmo & Mahmud 9051 (11)

Stone 2703 (19), 5641 (2), 5644 (3), 5670 (3), 5831 (18), 6031 (2), 6266 (11), 6486 —

(17), 7226 (3), 7228 (2), 8326 (17), 8386 (2). 8430 (12), 8552 (19), 8610 (19), |

8758 (17), 9602 (17), 10738 (2), 11648 (4), 11762 (11), 12346 (12)

Univ. Malaya 8026 (3)

THE INFLUENCE OF SUCROSE ON TISSUE CULTURES

OF ONCIDIUM GOLDIANA, DENDROBIUM ALICE SPALDING

AND ARANTHERA BEATRICE NG

*TRAWATI

INTRODUCTION

Tissue culture today plays an important role in the production of orchid

clones throughout the world. This technique applied to orchid plants by Morel

(1960) is still being perfected by other research workers. Research workers have

used a wide range of media for their cultures but the perfect medium for each

stage of orchid culture has still to be found.

This work is done to determine the beneficial or detrimental effects of sucrose

in the culture medium.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Many orchid hybrids have been successfully propagated by the tissue culture

technique and various media have been used.

In most media, sugar (sucrose) is the source of energy. However, Kunisaki

et. al. (1972) found that proliferating bodies and greener cultures of Vanda were

obtained in medium devoid of sucrose. Singh (1976) mentions that in media

containing lower concentration of sucrose and naphtalene-acetic-acid, growth was

better than in media which contained the higher concentrations. Teo et. al. (1973),

reports that better proliferation and greener tissues of strap-leafed Vanda were

obtained on media devoid of sucrose but which had 15% by volume of coconut

water incorporated in it. Hildebrandt and Riker (1953) working with callus

tissue of marigold, sunflower and tobacco, found that 2 percent of sucrose was

most beneficial for the tissue. Valmayor (1974) working on orchid embryo culture

used 2 percent sucrose while Gamborg (1975) suggest a concentration of 2-4

percent.

Singh (1976) working with a range of media, observed that Dendrobium tissue

cultures showed a better respose in Vacin & Went and Knudson’s C media when

compared with other media.

Street (1973) mentioned that White & Kordan were able to culture callus of

lemon fruit and isolated vascular cambia in the presence of a sugar and mineral

salts alone, while Goh (1972/3) observed an enhancement in the rates of protocorm

proliferation and subsequent differentiation with the use of growth regulators.

Earlier workers have incorporated various growth regulating substances in the

culture media. Scully (1976), Street (1973) and Singh (1976) used naphtalene-

* Irawati was a Colombo Plan student doing a diploma course at the School of

Ornamental Horticulture, Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

217

218 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978)

acetic-acid, while Steward and Button (1975) used 2,4 dichlorophenoxy-acetic-acid

and 6-benzyl aminopurine. Gamborg (1975) found that thiamine was essential

for the plant tissue cultures and Arditti (1974) modified Knudson’s C by adding

microelements to obtain better results.

To increase the availability of iron in the cultures, Murashige and Skoog

(1962) added Na2EDTA to FeSO4 and noted that the resultant FeEDTA was

beneficial to the tobacco tissue cultures.

Oxidation of endogenous phenolic compounds often does limit the successful

growth of cultures as observed by Morel (1974) while working with Phalaenopsis

tissue cultures and Goh (1972/3) while working with Aranda. Lindemann et. al.

(1970) suggest that the tissue should be cut under sterile distilled water to reduce

the oxidation of the phenolic compounds. Reinert and Bajaj (1977) found that

immersion of the tissue of coffee in an isotonic medium and antioxidant further

prevented the oxidation of phenolic compounds. The antioxidant used was as-

corbic acid, diethyldithiocarbamate, L cysteine HCl, dithiothreitol or Cleland’s

-reagent and glutathione or mercaptoethanol. Meiklejoh (1953) mentioned that

ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant by providing a supply of readily available

hydrogen.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Three orchid hydrids growing at the Botanic Gardens were chosen for the

experiment, they are:

a. Oncidium Goldiana (Onc. flexuosum X Onc. sphacelatum).

b. Dendrobium Alice Spalding (Den. tokai X Den. undulatum).

c. Aranthera Beatrice Ng var. Conference Gold (Renanthera storiei X

Arachnis Ishbel).

Young shoots of the Oncidium and Dendrobium hybrids about 10 cm long

and 15 cm stems of the upper part of Aranthera hybrids were cut from their

parent plants. The leaves and sheaths were removed carefully from the shoots/

stems, to expose the axillary buds. The apical part of the shoot was removed as

only the axillary buds were used in this experiment.

The stem portion with the axillary buds was then surface sterilized using a

10% solution of commercial chlorox, for a period of 15 minutes. Explants about

4 mm cubes of tissue which included the axillary bud, were aseptically cultured

in the different media. The buds were cultured in 60 ml test tubes which con-

tained 4 ml of culture media.

To prevent the oxidation of Aranthera tissues, the exision of explants was ,

done with the stems submerged in sterile ascorbic acid solution having a concen-

tration of 2.5%.

Liquid Vacin & Went medium and Knudson’s C medium with or without

sucrose were used. Vacin & Went medium was modified with 5 ml/1 of a stock

solution containing 5.57 g FeSO4.7 H.O and 7.45 g Na2EDTA per liter H,O;

1 mg/l NAA; 1 mg/l Thiamine; 0.2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and

0.2 mg/1 Benzyl adenine to encourage proliferation of tissues, while Knudson’s

C media had microeléments incorporated as suggested by Arditti (1974). The

experiment was arranged in randomized block design with 10 replicates for |

each treatment.

Tissue Culture 219

Growth measurements were made every 2 weeks to determine an increase in

the volume of the tissues. Observations were also made on the colour of the

tissues and a colour range of 0-4 was used (O for brownish/dead; 1 — whitish/

yellowish; 2-—light green; 3-—green; 4-—dark green).

Each tube containing an axillary bud was placed on an agitator and subjected

to 40 agitations per minute for 16 hours per day. The cultures were exposed

to continuous illumination of about 200 foot candles and a temperature of 27°C.

RESULT

After a period of 11 weeks some of the Oncidium and Aranthera Beatrice Ng

cultures survived. The percentages of survival are given in tables I and II.

TABLE I.

ONCIDIUM GOLDIANA

Moditied Vacin & Went Modified Knudson’s C

+ sucrose 20 80

— sucrose 70 66.6

TABLE II.

ARANTHERA BEATRICE NG VAR. CONFERENCE GOLD

Modified Vacin & Went Modified Knudson’s C

+ sucrose 50 100

— sucrose 60 88.9

The surviving Oncidium Goldiana cultures did not show a significant difference

between the 4 kinds of media both in size or colour (F test significant for 5%

level).

However in Aranthera Beatrice Ng cultures there was a significant difference

in their size and colour as given in table III.

TABLE III.

THE MEAN SIZE (MM3) AND MEAN COLOUR SCORE OF

ARANTHERA BEATRICE NG CULTURES

Treatment Mean size (mm?) Mean colour score

* *)

Vacin & Went + sucrose 20 a it: ae

Vacin & Went — sucrose 32 ab Liiva

Knudson’s C + sucrose 45 b 3.88 bb

Knudson’s C — sucrose 41 b 4 bb

*) the same letter means no significant difference.

220 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978) :

_ It can be seen that in respect of mean size (mm?) and colour there is no

significant difference in both media by adding or deleting sucrose, but they showed

a significant difference in size (at 5% level) between Knudson’s C media (with or

without sucrose) and Vacin & Went media with sucrose.

_ However the two media (with sucrose or without sucrose) showed a high

significant difference in their colour (F test of significance at 1% level).

CONCLUSION

It was observed that there is no significant difference by including sucrose in

the two kinds of media tried for the three orchid hybrids. It is perhaps that

the sucrose content of the coconut water used in these media was sufficient

for growth of the orchid culture at that stage.

The significant different was found in Aranthera Beatrice Ng between Knud-

son’s C media (with or without sucrose) and Vacin & Went with sucrose. Colour

showed a high significant difference between the two media (with or without

sucrose).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This experiment was done in the Singapore Botanic Gardens during practical

attachment of the final year Diploma Course in Ornamental Horticulture and

Garden Design.

I would like to thank Mr. Hardial Singh, Senior Curator of Park and Re-

creation who supervised this research.

LITERATURE CITED

Arditti, J. (1974). Seed germination and tissue culture of orchids. Mimeograph, Kebun

Raya Bogor. 17.

Gamborg, O.L. (1975). Callus and cell culture. In Plant Tissue Culture Methods, 10 pp.

Gamborg, O.L. and L.R. Welter. NRC. CNRC. Canada.

Goh, C.J. (1972/1973). Meristem culture of Aranda Deborah. Malayan Orchid Review

11(1): 10-15.

Hildebrant, A.C. and A.J. Riker (1953). Influence of concentrations of sugars and

polysaccharides on callus tissue growth in-vitro. Am. Jour. Bot. 40:66-76.

Kunisaki, J.T., K.K. Kim and Y. Sagawa (1972). Shoot tip culture of Vanda. Amet.

Orchid Soc. Bull. 41(5): 435-439.

Lindemann, E.G.P., J.E. Gunckel and O.W. Davidson (1970). Meristem culture of Cattleya.

Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 39(11): 1002-1004.

Meiklejohn, A.P. (1953). The physiology and biochemistry of ascorbic acid. In Vita-

mins and Hormones advances in Research and Applications. Vol. XI. Academic

Press Inc., New York.

Morel, G.M. (1974). Clonal multiplication of orchids. In: The Orchids-Scientific Studies,

640 pp. John Wiley & Sons. New York, London, Sydney and Toronto. y

Tissue Cultures 221

Murashige, T. and F. Skoog (1962). A revised medium of rapid growth and bioassays

with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497.

Reinert, J. and Y.P.S. Bajaj (1977). Applied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell,

Tissue and Organ Culture. Springer-Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg.

Scully Jr, R.M. (1967). Aspects of Meristem culture in the Cattleya alliance. Amer.

Orchid Soc. Bull. 36(2): 103-108.

Singh, H. (1976). Meristem tissue culture of Dendrobium Ng Eng Cheow. Gardens Bull.

Singapore 28(2): 259-267.

Street, H.E. (1973). Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, pp 503, Blackwell Scientific Publica-

tions. Oxford, London, Edinburgh and Melbourne.

Teo, C.K.H., J.T. Kunisaki and Y. Sagawa (1973). Clonal propagation of strap-leafed

Vanda by shoot tip culture. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 42(5): 402-405.

Valmayor, H. (1974). Further investigations into nutrient media. Proceed. 7th World

Orchid Conference. Colombia.

Steward, J. and J. Button (1975). Tissue culture studies in Paphiopedilum, Amer. Orchid

Soc. Bull. 44(7): 591-599.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOME GROWTH SUBSTANCES ON INDUCTION

OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS OF RENANOPSIS LENA ROWOLD

* SRI HARJOETI HARTONO

INTRODUCTION

Renanopsis Lena Rowold (Renanthera storiei X Vandopsis lissochiloides)

first raised in Hawaii by Oscar M. Kirch in 1948, is found growing at the Singapore

Botanic Gardens. It is a monopodial type orchid with a thick woody stem. The

plant produces large attractive inflorescences having dark red flowers with light

orange markings. The inflorescences, often branched are about 100-135 cm long

and each bears about 45-70 flowers.

Unfortunately, most of R. Lena Rowold plants do not produce sufficient roots

along the stem and thus vegetative propagation by the normal method of cuttings

-is not possible. Monopodial orchids usually produce aerial roots along the stem

and this is an important feature for vegetative propagation as cuttings made for

propagation must have roots.

The aim of the experiment conducted at the Singapore Botanic Gardens re-

cently was to promote the growth of shoots and roots by the application of growth

substances on top cuttings, base cuttings and whole plants.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Plant propagation through shoot and root induction has been investigated by

previous workers on various types of plants.

Hartmann et. al. (1956) reported that synthetic root-promoting chemicals

which have been found most reliable in stimulating adventitious root production

in cuttings are 3-indolebutyric-acid (IBA) and naphtalene-acetic-acid (NAA); while

Bowen et. al. (1975) found that IBA and NAA increased the number of roots and

-reduced the time taken for the first roots to develop on cuttings of Pinus contorta

Dougl. Warmke (1950) observed that application of IBA and NAA on distal or

proximal part of root cuttings of Taraxacum officinale Weber and Chicorium in-

tibus L. stimulated abundant root formation. Kunisaki (1975) reported that a

cytokinin, 6—(benzylamino)—9-—(2-tetrahy-dropyronyl)—9H-purine (PBA), promoted

shoot emergence on the stem bases of Ascocenda, a monopodial orchid; while

Stewart et. al. (1977) observed that another cytokinin, benzyl adenine (BA) induced

the growth of lateral buds at the base of plant species of Paphiopedilum and its

hybrids.

Scheaffers (1970) reported that axillary buds of tobacco under apical suppres-

sion are stimulated by benzyl adenine (BA) when applied in a lanolin paste or

in an aqueous solution.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Three trials were conducted using plants of R. Lena Rowold (fig. 1) and in

each trial, the growth substances were applied to a different part of the plant. —

The method of application was also different in each of the three trials.

* Sri Harjoeti Hartono was a Colombo Plan student doing a diploma course at

the School Ornamental Horticulture, Botanic Gardens, Singapore. .

2228

Renanopsis Lena Rowold 223

The treatments for all the trials were arranged in a Completely Randomized

Design with five replicates for each treatment in trials I and II and four replicates

for trial III as there was a shortage of plants.

Trial One

Top cuttings measuring about 40 cm in length were dipped in the various

growth substance solutions for a period of three minutes. For uniformity, the

cuttings were dipped up to and including the second nodal area.

Treatments: A — 5000 ppm naphtalene-acetic-acid.

B — 5000 ppm indole-butyric-acid.

C— 5000 ppm naphtalene-acetic-acid. +

5000 ppm indole-butyric-acid.

O — control.

The cuttings after treatment were planted in pots using a potting media of

broken bricks and charcoal chips. Weekly cbservations were made to record the

dates of root formation, the number of developing roots and their lengths. (Fig. 2

and 3).

Trial Two

The basal portion of the potted plants from which the top cuttings had been

used for Trial One were used for Trial Two. A wad of cotton wool soaked in

the growth substance solutions was placed on the top of the cut surface and

secured with the aid of rubber bands after covering the cotton wool wad with a

small inverted polythelene bag. (Fig. 2 and 3).

Treatments: AA— 100 ppm benzyl adenine.

B — 2500 ppm indole-butyric-acid + 100 ppm benzyl adenine.

C— 2500 ppm naphtalene-acetic-acid +

100 ppm benzyl adenine.

O — control.

The cotton wool wads were removed 24 hours later and weekly observations

were made to record the dates of shoot formation, the number of developing shoots

and their lengths.

Trial Three

Plants which varied in height from 80-140 cm were inoculated with the various

growth substance solutions with the aid of a hypodermic needle. For each treat-

ment, 5 ml of the solution was used and this was inoculated into the nodal areas

of the sixth to the ninth leaf. Inoculation of the solution was extremely difficult

as the stem was hard and the bulk of the solution ran down the stem of the plant.

Treatments: A— 100 ppm naphtalene-acetic-acid.

B — 250 ppm naphtalene-acetic-acid.

C— 100 ppm indole-butyric-acid.

D — 250 ppm indole-butyric-acid.

E— 100 ppm naphtalene-acetic-acid +

100 ppm indole-butyric-acid.

F — 250 ppm naphtalene-acetic-acid +

250 ppm indole-butyric-acid.

O — control.

224 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Weekly observations were made to record the dates of root formation, the

number of developing roots and their lengths.

RESULTS

Final results obtained at the end of a 14 weeks period are tabulated in tables I

and II.

Table I: Number of roots produced (14 weeks).

Replicates I Il lil IV Vv Total Average

Treatments

A 6 5 3 Zz 9 25 5.0

B 2 2 2 5 2 13 2.6

CG 4 3 Wy 3 rs 19 3.8

O 0 Z + 3 l 10 2.0

By Fisher test of hypothesis for 95% level, number and length of roots re-

corded at the end of a 14 week period do not show any significant difference

between treated and untreated plants. It is however observed that the treatment

with 5000 ppm NAA produced the highest number of roots (Fig. 4 and 6), when

compared with other treatments and the lowest number of roots was seen in the

control (Fig. 4 and 6).

Table Il: Average length of roots in mm (14 weeks).

Replicates I II Ill 1V V Total Average

Treatments

A 82.0 38.4 61.6 a) 75.0 260.5 52.1

B 115.0 82.5 37.5 63.0 75.0 373.0 74.6

Cc 56.7 13.3 51.0 68.3 8.0 197.3 39.5

O — 60.0 5.2 45.0 15.0 12 34.2

The highest average length of roots is seen on the plants treated with 5000

ppm IBA (Fig. 5). Combination of 5000 ppm NAA and 5000 ppm IBA does not

show any better effect on length of roots than the two other single application

while number of roots produced is slightly higher than the treatment with 5000

ppm IBA and the control. Untreated plants do produce roots but have the

lowest number of roots and these also have the lowest length average (Fig. 4 and

6).

Trial Two

Final results obtained at the end of a 14 week period are tabulated in tables

Ill and IV.

Fig. 1.

A potted plant of Renanopsis Lena Rowold.

Roots are not found growing along the length

of the plant.

Fig. 2.

Left — Top portion of plant used

for Trial One.

Right — Basal portion of plant used

for Trial Two.

Fig. 3.

Left — Trial One, top portion of

plant potted after treatment.

Right — Trial Two, basal portion

of plant with wad of cotton wool

secured at the top.

Fig. 4. Trial One.

Left — untreated.

Right — treated with 5000 ppm NAA.

WOhtj4

Fig. 5. Trial One. |

Left — treated with 5000 ppm IBA.

Right — treated with 5000 ppm N.

and 5000 ppm IBA.

Fig. 6. |

Trial One.

Control and treatments A,B,C.

Fig. 7. |

Trial Two. ¥

Abnormal growth of roots on f#

plants treated with 2500 ppm NA

combined with 100 ppm Benzyl —

adenine.

Renanopsis Lena Rowold pF

Table III: Number of shoots (14 weeks)

Replicates I II III IV V Total Average

Treatments

A l Q 0 2 1 4 0.8

B 4 0 0 0 0 4 0.8

C 0 2 0 2 5 1.0

O 0 | 1 l 1 4 0.8

Table IV: Average length of shoots in mm (14 weeks)

Replicates I I] Itt IV Vv Total Average

Treatments

A 30.0 as 18.0 60.0 108.0 21.6

B a7 a= — — pt: 0.7

Le a 2.0 os 2.0 2.0 6.0 2

O — 30.0 60.0 3.0 40.0 133.0 26.6

Results obtained at the end of a 14 week period do not show any significant

difference between the various treatments and control. It is however observed

that plants treated with 2500 ppm naphtalene-acetic-acid combined with 100 ppm

benzyladenine produced abnormal growth of roots. The roots produced are about

three times thicker than the normal (Fig. 7).

Trial Three:

Final results obtained at the end of a 14 week period are tabulated in tables V

and VI.

Table V: Number of roots produced (i4 weeks).

Treatments A B C D E F O

Replicates

| 1 0 0 0 1 0 3

Il 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

Ill 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

| IV 3 0 0 1 0 0 0

Total 5 0 0 2 2 0 6

Table VI: Average length of roots in mm (14 weeks).

Replicates

Treatments A B C D E F O

I 100.0 ae ae a 180.0 be 60.0

| Il 185.0 = a 145.0 55.0 ts =

If am ce 8 uot vuS de> 101.0

IV 100.0 = ats 106.0 ee 4 ber

Total 385.0 — — 251.0 235.0 — 161.0

228 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

As shown in table V and VI, the number and average length of roots recorded

at the end of the experiment (14 weeks) do not show any significant effect of

growth substances when compared with the control.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

It is observed that top cuttings which were soaked for three minutes in 5000

ppm of Naphtalene acetic acid produced the largest number of roots while those

which were soaked in 5000 ppm indole-butyric-acid produced the longest roots

though fewer roots were produced with this treatment. It has been shown that

top cuttings of Renanopsis Lena Rowold which have no roots along their stem

can be successfully grown without the application of growth substances but the

use of growth substances like naphtalene-acetic-acid and indole-butyric-acid is

preferable.

It is possible that the observation period was to short and had the experiment

been conducted for a longer period of time, results obtained with the various treat-

ments may have been significant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This experiment was conducted in Singapore Botanic Gardens during the

period of practical attachment of the final year Diploma Course in Ornamental

Horticulture and Garden Design.

The auther is indebted to Mr. Hardial Singh, Senior Curator of Parks &

Recreation Department, for his guidance throughout this experiment and his kind

advice and helpful criticism of the manuscript. The author also wishes to thank

Mr. A.G. Alphonso, Senior Curator of Parks & Recreation Department, for his

kind advice and permission to use the plant materials.

LITERATURE CITED

Bowen, M.R. and Howart, J. Longman, K.A. (1975). Effect of Auxins and other Factors

on the Rootings of Pinus contorta Dougl. cuttings. Ann. Bot. 39: 649-656.

Hartmann, H.T. and Kester, D.E. (1968). Plant Propagation Principles and Practices, 702

pp. Ssecond Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Kunisaki, J.T. (1975). Induction of Keikis on Ascocendas by Cytokinin. Amer. Orchid

Soc. Bull. 44 (12): 1066-1067.

Scheaffers. G.W. and Sharpe, F.T. (1970). Kinetic of Benzyl adenine Stimulation of Tobacca

buds. Ann. Bot. 34: 707-719.

Stewart, J. and Button, J. (1977). The Effect of Benzyl adenine on the Development of

Lateral Buds of Paphiopedilum. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 46(5): 415-418.

Warmke, H.E. and Warmke, G.L. (1950). Auxin effect on Root Cuttings of Taraxacum

and Chicorium. Amer. J. Bot. 37: 272-280.

THE TRENTEPOHLIACEAE OF SINGAPORE ISLAND

ANNE JOHNSON

Biclogy Department

Nanyang University, Singapore.

INTRODUCTION

The Trentepohliaceae are a family of aerial algae, abundant in the tropics

but also found in temperate regions. They grow on rocks, soil, the bark of trees, or

as epiphytes or parasites of leaves. The vegetative cells may appear green if the

plant is growing in the shade but they are normally brick-red in colour due to a

pigment, formerly known as “‘haematochrome,”’ which is a mixture of o and B

carotenes (Tischer, 1936; Czyan & Kalb, 1960) dissolved in oil droplets in the

cell. Pyrenoids are absent and starch is not formed, the product of photosynthesis

being apparently a polyhydric alcohol, erythritol, (Bourne, 1958) which may occur

in Trentepohlia in up to 1.4% concentration (Tischer, 1936). As in other ter-

restrial algae, large vacuoles containing water are absent.

EARLY TAXONOMIC WORK

The earliest recognisable member of this family, Byssus Jolithus, was described

by Schwenckfelt in 1600 as “‘Jolithus f. Lapis violaceus’? — i.e. Jolithus variety

violet stone. In Species Plantarum, 1753, Linneaus included a mixture of blue-

green algae and fungi in the genus Byssus, including Michelius’ Aspergillus and

Botrytis. However two of the twelve Linnean species of Byssus may now be

placed in the genus Trentepohlia. These are:- (i) Trentepohlia aurea which Lin-

neaus placed in the sub-genus Filamentosae and described as having golden or

saffron-coloured filaments, growing on rocks and lacking a smell; and (ii) Trente-

pohlia Jolithus which he placed in the sub-genus Pulverulentae and described as

blood-coloured, like wine, growing on rocks and with the smell of violets.

The genus Trentepohlia was defined by Martius in 1817. In 1824 C. Agardh

divided this genus into (a) Chroolepus with rigid, solid, torulose filaments, having

a powdery nature, and (b) Trentepohlia with flexible filaments, bearing sporangia

at the ends of their branches. Species of Trentepohlia were described as purple,

golden or verdigris coloured, while those of Chroolepus varied in colour including

golden, blood-coloured, yellow-brown, reddish gold, greenish red, silky rose or

black. Chr. Jolithus and Chr. odoratus were said to be perfumed, smelling of

violets.

In 1849 Kiitzing put all species, except for a few doubtful ones, into the genus

Chroolepus and reported an additional species Chr. hercynicum with the smell

of violets. During the second half of the nineteenth century copious literature on

Trentepohlia (Chroolepus) was concerned with the structure of the zoospores, the

contents of the cell, the structure of the cell wall, sporangial forms and the part

played in the constitution of lichens. This literature was reviewed by Karsten

in 1891.

229

230 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

In 1870 Millardet (fide Engler et Prantl, 1897) described Phycopeltis as a new

genus which he had found on the needles of Abies pectinata. It resemble Coleo-

chaete in structure but contained the pigment ‘“‘haematochrome.” Phycopeltis

epiphyton was also found on the leaves of Hedera and Rubus in Europe. These

specimens were all epiphytic. In 1877 Cunningham found a pigmented parasitic

species which he called Mycoidea parasitica. This new genus, Mycoidea, was

found to be synonymous with De Toni’s Hansgirgia, and later Hariot pointed out

that the genus had been described by Kunze in 1827 as Cephaleuros, the names

Mycoidea and Hansgirgia being superfluous.

The first account of the Trentepohliaceae of S.E. Asia was made by De

Wildeman in 1891. This was a report on a collection made mainly in Java,

Sumatra, New Guinea and Celebes by Mme. Weber van Bosse. De Wildeman

stated that the previous taxonomic work on Trentepohlia based on the colour and

odour of filaments had been defective since these properties depend on the cir-

cumstances of collection, surrounding vegetation and degree of desiccation. He

divided the genus into (i) those with cylindrical cells, and (ii) those with oval,

elliptical or round cells. In this work he stated that about 40 species of Trente-

pohlia are known, of which about a dozen occur in the East Indies including

three endemic species. He placed all species in the genus Trentepohlia and within

the two divisions of the genus based species definitions on width of cell, and

position and type of sporangia.

Karsten (1891) described many new species of Trentepohlia for Java, as well

as three new species of Phycopeltis and six new species of Cephaleuros. He also

reported Cephaleuros virescens (Mycoidea parasitica) from Java. In his Prodomus

(1897) and Supplement (1899) De Wildman listed 21 species of Trentepohlia from

the East Indies together with an anomalous species, Chroolepus (non Agardh)

amboinensis. This new concept of Chroolepus was defined by Karsten in 1891

as having a thallus like Phycopeltis with filaments like Trentepohlia arising from it.

By the beginning of this century the three genera Trentepohlia, Phycopeltis

and Cephaleuros had been well-defined; Chroolepus Agardh had been dropped

and the doubtful genus Chroolepus Karsten had been created. Trentepohlia was

used for all species having free filaments, never forming a continuous thallus.

Phycopeltis contained those species which had a flat thallus consisting of a single

layer of cells, which was never parasitic and which might bear short upright fila-

ments but never long hairs. In Cephaleuros the flat thallus had one to many

layers of cells; it might be epiphytic or parasitic, and it bore elongated upright

filaments terminating in pedicellate sporangia or forming long hairs.

In the genus Trentepholia emphasis was placed on the degree of heterotrichy.

De Wildeman (1900) classified species into (a) those with reduced prostrate growth,

(b) those with well-developed erect and prostrate systems, and (c) those with only

a prostrate system of creeping filaments.

MODERN WORK

Modern work (Hariot and Printz, 1939) has divided Trentepohlia into three

sections:- (i) Chroolepus (which according to Borrelly, 1966, would be better

named Trentepohlia since it contains the type genus, T. aurea) which is not dis-

tinctly heterotrichous, and does not bear unicellular hairs.

(ii) Heterothallus with primary filaments forming a rosette like Phycopeltis

but far less organised and regular, and bearing upright filaments like Trentepohiia.

Karsten’s anomalous Chr. amboinensis should be included here.

Trentepohliaceae 231

(iii) Nylandera in which the filaments bear cylindrical unicellular hairs as

in 7. peruana (Kiutz.) Printz.

The genus Phycopeltis is normally divided into (i) Phycopeltis with a regular

disc of radial filaments not bearing upright hairs, and (ii) Hansgirgia with irregular

disc with marginal indentaton and lobes, sometimes bearing upright hairs.

Cephaleuros (including the monospecific Chrooderma Fristch, fide Borrelly,

1966) has about 12 species including some dangerous parasites of tea, coffee and

other plants. Although keys normally separate epiphytic and parasitic species,

and those with a single layered thallus from those with a multilayered thallus, no

clear division of the genus has been proposed.

Stromatochroon is a new genus proposed by Palm in 1934. It consists of a

swollen lobed structure found in the stomatal chamber of tropical plants from

which a short filament emerges through the stomate. This filament may bear a

sporangium. This monospecific genus has not been reported from S.E. Asia.

Akiyama, 1971, has reviewed the taxonomic criteria used at specific level in

Trentepohlia which in the past has been based on cell shape and size; presence

of hair-like cells; the branching pattern; cell-wall features; type of cell division;

size, shape, type and location of sporangia etc. Size and shape of the cell varies

with both climate and season, as does the length of hair-like cells in the section

Nylandera. Most species of Trentepohlia have a wide range of shape of cell

and cell-size in natural populations. It was however possible to distinguish some

species from one another from scatter diagrams relating cell length to breadth in

Brazilian material. In the species, Trentepohlia monilia, there was a correspon-

dence between Japanese and Brazilian material. (Akiyama and Hirose, 1967;

Akiyama, 1971).

TRENTEPOHLIACEAE OF SINGAPORE ISLAND

Singapore Island is roughly diamond-shaped and has a total area of 543 sq. k.

(greatest length 40 k., greatest width 24 k.). Two-thirds of the Island is below

15.3 m. elevation and a single granite mass in the centre of the Island (Bukit

Timah Hill) reaches to 160 m. The Island which lies at a latitude of 1° 21’ N

has a typical equatorial climate with lack of seasonal variation and heavy rainfall

throughout the year. More rainfall falls on the Western than on the Eastern

side of the Island.

Singapore Island was originally covered with tropical lowland dipterocarpous

forest. Most of this was cleared for cultivation of pepper and gambier in the

second half of the nineteenth century. These plantations were soon abandoned

and the cleared forest area became covered with scrubland (belukar). Since the

second world war the population has risen from 700,000 to over two million,

and much of the belukar area has been used for building high-rise flats, factories,

ship and timber yards. In an effort to conserve water and soil as well as to

improve the appearance of the city, the Government has launched a tree-planting

campaign. Trees are found along all major roads and in many other open areas.

These trees provide favourable habitats for the various species of Trentepohlia,

especially in the West of the Island. Because of the activity of planters in the

last century, very little primary forest remains: the two existing areas being Bukit

Timah Forest Reserve and a small area in the Botanical Gardens.

232 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Although much work was done on the Trentepohliaceae of Indonesia by De

Wildeman (1891, 1897, 1899, 1900) and Karsten (1891) there have been no previous

accounts of the Trentepohliaceae of Singapore Island. Trentepohlia Jolithus has

been recorded from Gunong Jerai (Kedah Peak) by Ratnasbathapathy (1972) in

Malaysia and Trentepohlia aurea has been found in quadrat studies in the National

Park, Kuala Tahan, Malaysia (Johnson, 1969). Trentepohlia is, however, ex-

tremely common in Singapore especially in the wetter Western part of the Island.

Tree trunks, cement drains, buildings etc. are coloured with the brick-red rusty

stain of Trentepohlia. Sometimes it is found on banks of earth where it con-

trasts with the red colour of the lateritic soil. It is occasionally found on rocky

outcrops but, since most of the Island is alluvial or sedimentary, these are rare.

On Bukit Timah Hill, where such rocky outgrowths do occur, the light intensity

appears to be too low under the cover of the primary forest for Trentepohlia.

Trentepohlia is rare in the deep shade of the primary forest but it is particularly

common in open situations. If it grows in permanent shade it is green not red

in colour, although the red colour can be detected microscopically. In very wet

places it may be found growing over both stems and leaves forming a furry mat.

Its presence in Singapore lichens has not yet been investigated.

Phycopeltis is common on leaves in the primary forest but is not found else-

where. It occurs indiscriminately on a large number of different species, both

monocotyledons and dicotyledons, particularly in the lower shrub layer. Humidity

decreases from ground to canopy level in the forest. This appears to be correlated

with the disappearance of Phycopeltis towards canopy level. Phycopeltis may

even be found on some fern fronds. It is easily removed from the leaf surface

by a knife or needle, and its removal does not damage leaf tissue in any way.

It is usually brick-red in colour (in spite of the heavy shade in the forest), but

green patches of cells may occur. These appear to be old cells, rather than cells

affected by shade conditions.

Cephaleuros is extremely rare in Singapore, in contrast to its abundance in

the tea estates in Malaysia. It has only been found once in this survey.

Many specimens of Trentepohlia were sterile when first collected and their

identity was not immediately established. However after they had been dried

in newspaper and kept for a few days, they often produced sporangia which was

an invaluable help in their identification.

1. Trentepohlia aurea (L.) Martius forms cottony patches on the rough bark

of Fagraea fragrans and Eugenia grandis or is terrestrial on banks of earth.

Copious branching usually occurs, the angle of branching being 60—90°. Sessile,

lateral and terminal pedicellate sporangia are plentiful in most specimens. Cells

are cylindrical without constriction at the cross wall with average length 30u. and

average width 18u. Sporangia are approximately 25u. in diameter. These dimen-

sions correspond with those given by Akiyama for Brazilian material (1971).

(Fig. 1).

2. Trentepohlia monilia De Wildeman (Physolinum monilia) (De Wildeman)

Printz; T. moniliformis Karsten). Forming minute colonies of filaments, each of

a few cells, 10x 12u. on bark of Jacaranda filicifolia and Casuarina equisetifolia.

Cells spherical, deeply constricted at cross walls. No reproductive cells. The cells

are distinctly smaller than Brazilian material (Akiyama, 1971). (Fig. 2).

3. Trentepohlia arborum (C. Ag.) Hariot (T. bisporangiata Karsten). Form-

ing a cottony colony on the smooth bark of Ficus benjamina and Acacia auriculi-

formis or attached to cement drains and rocky outcrops. The filaments are well

Trentepohliaceae 233

developed and there is a distinct difference between the diameter of main and

lateral branches. These may be extremely narrow and coil round the main axis

when young. Cells are long and cylindrical without constrictions at the cross

walls. Branching is usually at right angles. Cell size, average 18.6 x 46.2u. (main

axis), is similar to Brazilian material. Although it may bear lateral or terminal

single pedicellate sporangia, the species is best distinguished by the clustered groups

of 2-5 pedicellate sporangia found at the apex of a swollen sub-terminal cell on

a short side branch. (Fig. 3, 4, 5).

4. Trentepohlia odorata (Wigg.) Wittr. (T. umbrina Karsten). Forming a

crustaceous or penetrating layer on drains or cement buildings, cells rounded

to elliptical, with only slight constriction between them, 9.0x 8.2u., extremely

powdery. Sporangia are terminal or intercalary, pear-shaped with a thick cell

wall, about 8x 12u., opening by a terminal pore. Although the size and shape

of cells corresponds to that recorded by De Wildeman from Java, the sporangia,

while of the same form, are smaller. Javanese material was only found on the

bark of trees. (Fig. 6).

5. Trentepohlia sp.

A specimen forming a haircoating on the bark of Eugenia reticulata has been

found. All filaments are upright, only four to five cells long; each cell is about

7.5—10u., extremely small and torulose but with very thick rough wall. Sporangia

appear to be terminal only. (Fig. 7).

6. Phycopeltis treubii Karsten.

Found on upper surface of leaves in primary forest but not elsewhere, e.g. on

leaves of Calophyllum inophyllum, C. pulcherrimum, Vitis gracillis, Pithecellobium

dulce, Ficus benjamina and Lygodium circinnatum. Forming irregular colonies

by irregular radial growth of filaments. Each colony invaginated at margin; when

colonies overlap concentric patterns are formed. Sporangia of two types (i) borne

on a short filament arising at 90° to thallus, (ii) borne on the flat thallus by the

swelling of the end cell of a filament. Cells usually red brown in colour but

whole files of old cells may turn green or colourless giving a patterned effect

visible to the naked eye. Cells very variable in size, about 4.4x7.5u. (This is

slightly smaller than Javanese materials). Ascending filaments with four to six

cells, usually narrow, 2u., but occasionally with a fat ascending filament 4u. wide.

Upright hairs are sparse. (Fig. 8).

7. Cephaleuros virescens Kunze (C. mycoidea Karsten; Mycoidea parasitica

Cunn.)

On leaf of Ixonanthes icosandra, forming patches between the veins. Ex-

tremely difficult to remove without damaging leaf tissue. Thallus several cells

thick, sub-cuticular with rhizoids fixing alga to leaf. Upright filaments breaking

through cuticle and some bearing pedicellate sporangia. (Fig. 9).

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Although the genera Trentepohlia and Phycopeltis are common in Singapore

Island in their respective habitats, there is little diversity of species. Only five

species of Trentepohlia and one of Phycopeltis have been found, compared with

21 species of Trentepohlia and 3 species of Phycopeltis recorded by De Wildeman

234 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

from Indonesia. There are several reasons for this lack of diversity. The climate

of Singapore is more equable than that of Indonesia and there are no definite wet

and dry seasons. Species requiring temperature or humidity variations will not

be able to grow. There are no mountainous regions or land over 160 m. Species

like T. Jolithus which occur in the mountains will not be able to live here. In

considering Singapore Island we are dealing with an extremely small area of only

543 sq. k. compared with the vast area of Indonesia with its numerous islands.

Much of the Island is urban which reduces the variety of habitats available. The

primary forest is very limited in extent. There is no limestone or calcareous rocks

on which calcicoles could grow. Rocky outcrops are limited. Typical hosts of

Cephaleuros such as tea and coffee are not grown on the Island.

REFERENCES

Agardh, C. (1824) Systema Algarum 25:32 Lund.

Akiyama, M. (1971) Mem. Fac. Ed. Shimane U. 5 (Nat. Sc.) 81-95.

Akiyama, M. et H Hirose (1967) Bull. Jap Soc. Phycol. 15:127-131.

Bourne, E.J. (1958) Enc. Plant Phys. 6:345.

Bourrelly, P. (1966) Les algues d’eau douce. Tome 1. Paris.

Cunningham, D.D. (1877) Trans. Linn. Soc. (Lond.) lery Series Bot. 1:301.

Czyan, F.C. et Kalb, K. (1966) Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 55 :59-64.

De Wildeman, E. (1981) Ann. Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg 9: 127-142.

(1897) Prodrome de la Flore Algologique des Indes Neéerlandaises.

(1899) Supplement et Tableux. Prodrome de la Flore Algologique des

Indes Neerlandaises. Batavia.

(1900) Les Algues de la Flore de Buitenzorg, in Flore de Buitenzorg. 3 eme

partie. Leiden.

Engler, A. et Prantl, K. (1897) Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 1 Teil, 2 Abt. 99.

Hariot, P. (1889) Jour. de bot. 3:274.

Johnson, A. (1969) Mal. Nat. J. 22:152-158.

Karren et Helfenstein (1929) Helvet. chim. Acta 12:1142 (fide Tischer 1936, p. 118).

Karsten, G. (1891) Ann. Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg 10: 1-66.

Kunze, O. (1827) in Weigelt, Surinam Exsicc.

Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum 1168:4, 8.

Linneaus, C. (1754) Genera Plantarum, Sth Ed.

Martius, P. (1817) Flora crytogamica Erlangensis, p. 351.

Michelius, P.A. (1729) Nova Plantarum Genera. 80, 90, 81.

Palm (1934) Ark f. Bot. 25 (fide Borrelly, 1966).

Ratnasabavathy. M. (1972) Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore, 26 :95-110.

Schwenckkelt. C. (1600) Stirpium et fossilium Silesiae catalogus fide Linnaeus, 1753.

Tischer, J. (1936) Hoope-Seyler’s Z. fur Physiologische Chemie 243: 103-118.

Willstatter et al. (fide Tischer, 1936).

Trentepohliaceae | 235

fall

Fig. 1 Trentepohlia aurea (L.) Martius, Fig. 2 Trentepohlia monilia De

filaments and sporangia (x 600) Wildeman, branching filaments (x 1,000)

Fig. 3. Trentepohlia arborum (C. Ag.) Fig. 4 Trentepohlia arborum (C. Ag.)

Hariot, main and branch filaments of Hariot, clustered groups of pedicellate

different diameters and sporangia (x 450) sporangia on side branches. (x 450)

236 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Fig. 5 Trentepohlia arborum (C. Ag.)

Hariot, comparison of filaments in light

(left) with copious production of oil

drops containing carotene, and in shade

(right) with few oil drops near cross

wall and exposure of chloroplast.

(x 1,000)

Fig. 7 Trentepohlia sp. found on the

bark of Eugenia reticulata (x 1,200)

Fig. 6 Trentepohlia odorata (Wigg.)

Wittr., branching filament with terminal

sporangia (x 1,000)

aly

WA/272

Fig. 8 Phycopeltis treubii Karsten,

epiphytic plant on leaf (above) (x 1,000);

ascending filaments (below with sporangia

(x 1,500)

Trentepohliaceae

Figure 9. Cephaleuros virescens Kunze, parasite on leaf of Jxonanthes icosandra

(x 1) (left); pedicellate sporangia and hairs (x 1,500).

ANNOTATED LIST OF ALGAE OF SINGAPORE (I

Y.C. WEE

Department of Botany, University of Singapore

The algae as a group has been grossly neglected in Singapore. To date the

only taxonomic works available are those on euglenoids (Prowse, 1958; Skvortzov,

1968), diatoms (Prowse, 1962a), freshwater flagellates (Prowse, 1962b) and desmids

(Prowse, 1957; 1969). The most comprehensive non-taxonomic study is that by

species of Xanthophyceae, 12 species of Chrysophyceae, 30 species of Bacillario-

‘phyceae, 9 species of Cryptophyceae, 15 species of Dinophyceae, 1 species of

Chloromonadineae, 48 species of Euglenophyceae, 28 species of Cyanophyceae and

13 species of ‘Zoomastigophora’, all from the University of Singapore pond. In a

further paper, on the distribution of freshwater algae (including the University of

Singapore pond), A. Johnson (1978) recorded a total of 379 species from the

various classes, 75 more than her previous communication.

Other studies on local algae include those occurring in other freshwater ponds

(A. Johnson, 1966; D.S. Johnson, 1972); in soils (A. Johnson, 1962; 1973a); and

in miscellaneous habitats (A. Johnson, 1974/75; A. Johnson & Awan, 1972).

Studies on marine algae are limited, and these include those by Weber (1913-1928);

Burkill et al. (1968); A. Johnson (1958, 1976); Lee, L.M. (1968); Lee S.K. (1966);

Purchon & Enoch (1954); and Ku (1969).

It is the intention of this paper to list all species of algae that have been re-

ported for Singapore, together with their locality, based essentially on the above-

listed literature as well as on unpublished studies of this Department. Collections

made by the Botanic Gardens are also included. Because of the limited taxonomic

studies on algae, this list would, I am sure, prove to be useful to current as well

as future researchers. For convenience, taxonomic arrangements generally follow

Fritsch (1971, 1972).

REFERENCES

Burkill, H.M., Greenwood-Barton, L.H. & Crowther, P.C. 1968. Some studies of Malayan

agarophytic and alginophytic seaweeds. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 22, 429-441.

Fritsch, F.E. 1971. The structure and reproduction of the algae. Vol. 1. Cambridge Uni-

versity Press. (Reprinted)

Fritsch, F.E. 1972. The structure and reproduction of the algae. Vol. If. Cambridge Uni-

versity Press. (Reprinted)

Johnson, A. 1958. Some problems in the distribution of Malayan cryptogams. Proc. Cent.

Bicent. Congr. Biol., Singapore. 313-325.

Johnson, A. 1962. Precursory studies on the epiterranean soil algae of Singapore and

Malaya. Gdns’ Bull.,-Singapore 19, 379-384.

Johnson, A. 1966. B-values and the phytoplankton community. Verh. Internat. Verein.

Limnol. 16, 619-626.

238

Algae 239

Johnson, A. 1973a. A survey of the occurrence of epiterranean soil algae in Singapore

Island. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 26, 289-302.

Johnson, A. 1973b. The microflora of the University of Singapore pond. S’pore Nat. Acad.

Sci. J. 3, 241-252.

Johnson, A. 1974/75. Red fur, red rust and the scent of violets. Nanyang Univ. J. 8 & 9,

73-85.

Johnson, A. 1978. The distribution of freshwater algae in Singapore. Inst. Nat. Sci., Nan-

yang Univ., Occas. Pap. 35, pp. 23.

Johnson, A. & Awan, B. 1972. The distribution of epiphytes on Fagraea fragrans and

Swietenia macrophylla. Malay. Forester 35, 5-12.

Johnson, D.S. 1972. Development of blue-green algal blooms in non-alkaline waters. Reg.

Workshop Water Resources Envr. & Nat. Dev. S'pore Il. 256-269.

Ku, P.M. 1969. Studies on the morphology and development of Padina in Singapore.

Unpublished.

Lee, L.M. 1968. A contribution to the morphology and composition of Gracilaria (Greville).

Unpublished.

Lee, S.K. 1966. The natural history of the shore flora and fauna off Tanjong Teritip,

Singapore. Malay. Nat. J. 19, 259-274.

Prowse, G.A. 1957. An introduction to the desmids of Malaya. Malay. Nat. J. 11, 42-58.

Prowse, G.A. 1958. The Eugleninae of Malaya. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 16, 136-204.

Prowse, G.A. 1962a. Diatoms of Malayan freshwaters. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 19, 1-104.

Prowse, G.A. 1962b. Further Malayan freshwater flagellata. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 19,

105-145.

Prowse, G.A. 1969. Some new desmid taxa from Malaya and Singapore. Gdns’ Bull.,

Singapore 24, 337-346.

Purchon, R.D. & Enoch, I. 1954. Zonation of the marine fauna and flora on a rocky shore

_ near Singapore. Bull. Raffles Mus. 25, 47-6S.

Euglenae Ehr. ex Singapore. Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 22, 447-450.

Weber, A. 1913-1928. Liste des algues, Siboga Expedit. LIX.

1. CYANOPHYCEAE

The cell contains no proper chromatophore, the photosynthetic pigments being

diffused through the peripheral cytoplasm. Pigments include chlorophyll. carotene,

phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. The colour of the cell is usually blue-green.

Sugars and glycogen are the common roducts of photosynthesis. The cell is simple

and does not contain a nucleus. All members have a membrane around the cell.

Propagation is by simple division or other vegetative means.

Skvortzov, B.V. 1968. On some species of Euglena Ehr. from Singapore (De Species

)

The Class is divided into five orders of which four occur locally:

1.1. Chroococcales. Plants are unicellular, or where colonial, these are com-

monly palmelloid. Multiplication is by cell divisions and the formation

of endospores.

1.2. Chamaesiphonales. Mainly unicellular or colonial epiphytes or litho-

phytes. Multiplication is by endospores or exospores.

1.3. Nostocales. Filamentous, often showing false branching. Heterocysts

are commonly present, often with hormogones, hormocysts or akinetes.

1.4. Stigonematales. Filamentous, with true branching or dichotomous

branching, often showing heterotrichous condition.

240 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

1.1. CHROOCOCCALES

* Key to the Genera

1. Cells with pseudofilamentous growth, of gelatinous, hemispherical or irre-

gularly folded hollow ‘thallus’ ..:1:.........:...<:205.<0e: «oe eee Placoma

1. Cells unicellular or forming colonies, not forming filament-like growth ... 2

2. Cells single, or a few together in a shapeless colony .................. 3

2. Cells many in a single. colomys ..:c0:4:. 425 doe, ee if

3.,.Cells spherical. 5.5... 945.40 dead ends ohlbsielinios 0. ase 4

3. Cells clomgate 2.5 coc .0 5 cee. iies Vseaeinie calcin sled Dalen Sel ace 6

4. Without individual mucilage envelope ..................... Synechocystis

4. With a distinct efivelope «.2.. ...0045..00 ol 5

5. Sheath vesiculare:4 00). natn et Ge eee Gloeocapsa

5. Sheath not vesicular’). 0. ee ae eee Chroococcus

6. Cell division transverse, with a firm vesicular sheath ...... Gloeotheca

6. Cell division transverse, without such a sheath ......... Synechococcus

7. Cells without any regular or definite arrangement ......................0006- 8

7. Cells with definite arrangement in distinct colonies .....................06 13

8. Cells in an amorphous mucilage, with or without a few distinct sheaths

round the individual ‘cells <<: 2.3. ..Q04A.00 2). a, 9

8. Cells with distinct individual envelopes or sheaths, colonial mucilage

not homogeneous: fnavGiks A. aa ae a 1]

9. Cells typically well packed into microscopic colonies of definite shapes,

mostly platiktonie: /).35); Aer erec eta, ote Microcystis

9. Cells loosely arranged, mostly not planktonic, forming macroscopic

COLOMIES 0.5 5 cca BR s7 REY Cia end Rie ee ee rate

10...Cells. sphegival. jus; . is; couseuhads haath 1 eee A phanocapsa

10.. Cells ellipsoidal.to,cyhindrigal -.:.....:s«ise95.49bb-4en eee A phanothece

11. Individual sheaths vesicular and broad, and formed one in another ...... 12

11. Individual sheaths not vesicular, cells spherical .................. Chroococcus

12. Cells spherical. sus: scviidtatile)ina need sie paella aan Gloeocapsa

12. -Cells ellipsoidal, to cylindrical; ij: 8d... eatee te ae Gloeotheca

13. Colony tabular or flat, cells in regular transverse and _ longitudinal

TOWS “ell. Merismopedia

* Modified after T.V. Desikachary (1959). Cyanophyta. Indian Council Agricultural

Research, New Delhi. °

Algae 241

13. Colony a hollow sphere with cells arranged uniformly along the margin...14

14. Cells spherical, colonial mucilage homogeneous ...... Coelosphaerium

14. Cells pear-shaped or nearly spherical, colonial mucilage not homo-

geneous, cells with distinct mucilage sheaths ......... Gomphosphaeria

Aphanocapsa elachista West & West

Fish pond in Sembawang; catchment reservoirs.

Aphanocapsa pulchra (Kiitz.) Rabenh.

University of Singapore and Nanyang University ponds; fish ponds

in Sembawang.

A phanocapsa sp.

University of Singapore pond.

Aphanothece saxicola Naeg.

In soils collected from branches of Fagraea fragrans and Swietenia

macrophylla.

A phanothece stagnina (Spr.) A. Br.

Fish ponds.

Chroococcus giganteus West

In soils collected from branches of Swietenia macrophylla.

Chroococcus limneticus Lemm.

Fish ponds in Sembawang.

Chroococcus minutus (Kiitz.) Ndeg.

Alluvial and cultivated soils; exposed sub-soils; fish pond in

Sembawang.

Chroococcus multicoloratus Wood

Soil from Botanic Gardens jungle.

Chroococcus pallidus Niaeg.

In soil collected from branches of Swietenia riacrophylla.

Chroococcus schizodermaticus West

Grassland soils.

Chroococcus turgidus (Kitz.) Naeg.

Grassland and alluvial soiis; exposed sub-soils; catchment reservoirs;

fish ponds in Sembawang; University of Singapore pond; in soils

collected from branches of Fagraea fragrans and Sw.etenia miacro-

phylla.

Chroococcus varius A. Br.

Soil from Sunlit Path, MacRitchie Reservoir.

Chroococcus sp. |

Soil from University of Singapore.

Chroococcus sp. 2

Belukar soils; exposed sub-soils.

242

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978) —

Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum Naeg.

University of Singapore and Nanyang University ponds; catchment

reservoirs; fish ponds in Sembawang.

Coelosphaerium naegelianum Ung.

Sembawang fish ponds.

Gloeocapsa cf. compacta Kutz.

Catchment reservoirs; University of Singapore pond; fish ponds in

Sembawang.

Gloeothece sp.

University of Singapore pond; fish ponds in Sembawang.

Gomphosphaeria aponina Kitz.

Fish ponds in Sembawang.

Merismopedia minima Beck.

University of Singapore pond; Nee Soon swamp; fish ponds in Sem-

bawang.

Microcystis aeruginosa Kiitz.

Cultivated soils; exposed sub-soils; fish ponds in Sembawang; catch-

ment reservoirs.

Microcystis robusta (Clark) Nygaard.

University of Singapore pond.

Placoma sp.

Zone of high water reap tide to low water reap tide at Tanjong Teritip.

Synechococcus aeruginosus Naeg.

Grassland and cultivated soils; exposed sub-soils; fish ponds.

Synechococcus cedrorum Sauvy.

Soil from MacRitchie Reservoir forest.

Synechocystis aquatilis Sauv.

University of Singapore and Nanyang University ponds; fish ponds in

Sembawang.

1.2. CHAMAESIPHONALES

Key to the Genera

. Plants filamentous ..355.0.)065)..4 Gs eesee ae nedeaness en Endonema

1. Plants umicells ...........2++c00seeeecsepepssdnethpe apes y ee natn nnn naan 2

2. Reproduction by exospores. ;;;.31i:.i;2.39s0s0 Chamaesiphon

2. Reproduction by -endospores. ......<:.i+1+:sees1+s+ss0pe cee 3

. Apex of cell produced into a mucilage-bristle ..................... Clastidium

. Apex of cell not produced into a mucilage-bristle ............ Stichosiphon

Algae 243

Chamaesiphon fuscus (Rostaf.) Hansg.

Exposed sub-soils.

Clastidium setigerum Kirch.

University of Singapore pond.

Endonema sp.

Stichosiphon sansibaricus (Hieron.) Drouet & Daly.

University of Singapore pond; fish ponds.

1.3. NOSTOCALES

* Key to the Genera

1. Trichomes without false branching or with incipient false branching ...... 2

Pe ES TRIE, WIL. Ale? DE ATIC INIANS ooo aos ihe sins che nas OS dG vo. sa 18

2. Without heterocysts, spores commonly absent .........................4- 3

Pree BEIELOCYSIS. AUG! SDOTER, 08 9 ii cdiicncet.: vache dicts <o.2edh 2-05. 9

eee meted Mammy m1 a. Sheath . 2... cic. sang foe ew sete nsbe she entetes Microcoleus

3. Trichomes without a sheath or singly within a sheath ........................ 4

2. 7 isicuomes with a prominent sheath... 6.00. <5: .<.ccackbeid......-.clcece- 5

eit 1 ei le ge er 7

ie ede MAMCHASINOUS \.. 022-5... denen veoh esddaierGucs a een nse - Phormidium

TE Tg, Mi de eins | oe ene a Mee See Meat i 55 5 conn d= 6

eee aeetS- MOLT DUHOIOS oo len ae cece ahs a Lyngbya

G4) damenis mostly imerect bundles: -. 5... 0.0... ac. cacenns25--s-. Symploca

ae AIS ADIOS OF HESS SUTAIB IL so 8 Ue 5 prio od giant stn pie Oscillatoria

eee MURANO EIEN ATE OOMNT Do, a hes Che Pd da sinc owe eaewe snd te ka sbn ce sessene ec 8

8. Cells of trichomes not visible or unicellular ..................... Spirulina

eee Cane: OT PETCRONMES CICAT LY SVISIONE 5 602 o.oo a vig nec + Arthrospira

9. Trichomes differentiated into base and apex ..................... Microchaete

Aci live tel Co Et Reape 0 cet ah toe i i a 10

Ee ee go ee a a 11

Sih SMe NL RATAN SSC AGN a A, ovina = wicda e's ad sivd vneenesce snes 17

cP, Seterocyass present’. ...2.:....-2. TE Oh EOE I LOE Pe 12

nan REEMA, SC PLS Addy eh aes picah «xuWieas hs Van oas de cyncescncesce 16

12. Intercalary heterocysts generally in pairs ............... Anabaenopsis

12. Intercalary hheterocysts generally single ...............0..0a.c.cceceeee0e 13

* Modified after Desikachary (1959).

244 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XX XI (1978) .

Debecdedsnceeedebs peN Gr 7H Ge nan aan Cylindrospermum

13. Heterocysts rarely terminal, generally intercalary .........................45 14

14. End cells elongated, hair-like, colourless ............... Aphanizomenon

14. End cells not SO o...... 0260. c.secceen aes andedae cei peieelaiee aan 15

15. Filaments single or in a formless gelatinous mass ............... Anabaena

15. Filaments generally in a definite colony</29) 22 ee Nostoc

16. Trichomes attenuated, end cells often pointed ........... Raphidiopsis

16. Trichomes not attenuated, end cells not pointed ...... Pseudanabaena

17. Cells very short and discoid )..92).. a Nodularia

18. Without an intercalary meristematic zone and generally without a

terminal / hair 1). 2 ee ee ee 19

18. With an intercalary meristematic zone and a terminal hair ......... 20

19. False branches’ aSually' 'in*pars’ <7 .<" ee ee Scytonema

19. False branches usually single and often next to a terminal heterocyst

Een eT eo ee Tolypothrix

20. Filaments in a spherical or hemispherical thallus ......... Gloeotrichia

20. Filaments free, simple or forming dichotomously branched corymbose —

thallis.. seme Ie en ne ate se Calothrix |

Anabaena anomala Fritsch

Belukar soils.

Anabaena azollae Strasb.

Found in symbiotic association with the water fern, Azolla caroli-

niana, which occurs in the University of Singapore pond, catchment —

reservoirs, and fish ponds.

Anabaena constricta (Szaf.) Geitler

Fish pond in Sembawang; University of Singapore and Nanyang ~

University ponds.

Anabaena fertilissima Rao

Alluvial and cultivated soils.

Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) Breb. ex Born & Flah.

Fish ponds in Sembawang; University of Singapore pond.

Anabaena fuellebornii Schmid.

Alluvial soils; fish ponds.

Anabaena oryzaea Fritsch

Grassland soils.

Anabaena oscillarioides Borg ex Born. & Flah.

Fish pond in Sembawang.

Algae

Anabaena spiroides Kleb.

Alluvial soils; fish ponds in Sembawang.

Anabaena utermohlii Geitler

Fish pond in Sembawang.

Anabaena sp.

Grassland soils.

Anabaenopsis raciborskii Wolosz.

Fish ponds in Sembawang; University of Singapore pond.

Anabaenopsis tanganyikae (West) Wolosz. & Miller

Fish ponds in Sembawang; University of Singapore pond.

Anabaenopsis sp.

University of Singapore pond.

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs

Fish ponds.

Arthrospira gomontiana Setchell

Nee Soon swamps.

Arthrospira jenneri Stizenb. ex Gom.

University of Singapore pond.

Arthrospira tenuis Bruhl. & Biswas

Belukar soils; exposed sub-soils.

Aulosira aenigmatica Frémy

Exposed sub-soils.

Aulosira pseudoramosa Bharadw.

Soil from University of Singapore.

Aulosira sp.

Fish ponds.

Calothrix sp.

University of Singapore pond; fish ponds.

Cylindrospermum sphaerica Prasad

Disturbed soils.

Cylindrospermum sp.

University of Singapore pond; pond in Sembawang.

Gloeotrichia echinulata (J.E. Smith) P. Richter

In soil found on Swietenia macrophylla.

Gloeotrichia sp.

245

University of Singapore and Nanyang University ponds; catchment

reservoirs; Nee Soon swamps.

246

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978) i

Lyngbya aestuarii Liebm. ex Gom.

University of Singapore and Nanyang University ponds; Sembawang

swamp.

Lyngbya birgei Smith

Exposed sub-soils; fish ponds in Sembawang.

Lyngbya connectens Bruhl ex Biswas

In soil collected from branches of Swietenia macrophylla.

Lyngbya contorta Lemm.

Fish ponds in Sembawang.

Lyngbya digueti Gom.

In soil collected from branches of Swietenia macrophylla.

Lyngbya kuetzingiana Kirch.

In soil collected from branches of Swietenia macrophylla.

Lyngbya kuetzingii Schmidle.

In soil collected from branches of Swietenia macrophylla.

Lyngbya limnetica Lemm.

Fish ponds in Sembawang; in soil collected from branches of

Swietenia macrophylla; University of Singapore and Nanyang Uni-

versity ponds; Nee Soon swamps; catchment reservoirs.

Lyngbya majuscula Harv.

Intertidal pool at Pulau Hantu.

Lyngbya martensiana Menegh. ex Gom.

In soil collected from branches of Swietenia macrophylla.

Lyngbya mucicola Lemm.

Soil from exposed cleared building site.

Lyngbya polysiphoniae Frémy

Belukar soils.

Lyngbya sp. |

Fish pond in Sembawang.

Lyngbya sp. 2

Soil from Sunlit Path, MacRitchie Reservoir.

Lyngbya sp. 3

Telok Paku beach.

Lyngbya sp. 4

University of Singapore pond.

Lyngbya sp. 5

Beaches at Labrador and Ponggol.

Microchaete tenera Thuret ex Born. & Flah.

Soil from University of Singapore.

247

Microcoleus vaginatus (Vauch.) Gom.

Soil from University of Singapore.

Nodularia spumigena Mert.

Fish ponds.

Nostoc commune Vauch. ex Born. & Flah.

In soil collected from branches of Swietenia macrophylla.

Nostoc microscopicum Carm. ex Born. & Flah.

Cultivated soils.

Nostoc muscorum Ag. ex Born. & Flah.

Grassland soils.

Nostoc punctiforme (Kiutz.) Hariot.

Grassland soils.

Nostoc sp.

University of Singapore pond; Nee Soon swamps.

Oscillatoria annae van Goor

Alluvial and cultivated soils; exposed sub-soils.

Oscillatoria chalybea (Mert.) Gom.

Grassland soils; exposed sub-soils.

Oscillatoria chlorina Kitz. ex Gom.

Belukar and cultivated soils.

Oscillatoria fremyii de Toni

Belukar and cultivated soils.

Oscillatoria geitleriana Elenkin

Grassland soils.

Oscillatoria jasorvensis Vouk.

Belukar, grassland, alluvial and disturbed soils.

Oscillatoria limosa Ag. ex Gom.

Alluvial soils; exposed sub-soils; University of Singapore pond; Nee

Soon swamps; fish ponds.

Oscillatoria miniata (Zanard.) Hauck ex Gom.

Grassland, alluvial and cultivated soils.

Oscillatoria obscura Bruhl & Biswas.

Grassland, cultivated and disturbed soils; exposed sub-soils.

Oscillatoria okeni Ag. ex Gom.

Belukar and alluvial soils.

Oscillatoria splendida Grev. ex Gom.

University of Singapore pond; catchment reservoirs; Nee Soon

swamps.

248

Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

Oscillatoria subtilissima Kitz.

Grassland soils.

Oscillatoria terebriformis Ag. ex Gom.

Grassland and cultivated soils.

Oscillatoria sp. |

University of Singapore pond.

Oscillatoria sp. 2

Soil from University of Singapore.

Oscillatoria sp. 3

Labrador; Ponggol.

Phormidium angustissimum West & West

Soil from Botanic Gardens jungle.

Phormidium laminosum Gom.

University of Singapore and Nanyang University ponds; Nee Soon

swamps.

Phormidium subincrustatum Fritsch & Rich.

Exposed sub-soils.

Phormidium truncicola Ghose

Exposed sub-soils.

Phormidium sp. 1

Beaches at Telok Paku and Ponggol.

Phormidium sp. 2

University of Singapore pond.

Pseudanabaena catenata Laut.

University of Singapore pond.

Raphidiopsis curvata Fritsch & Rich

Fish ponds in Sembawang; University of Singapore and Nanyang

University ponds; catchment reservoirs; Nee Soon swamps.

Scytonema hofmanni Ag. ex Born. & Flah.

Cultivated soils.

Scytonema javanicum (Kitz.) Born ex Born. & Flah.

Soils from exposed building site and University of Singapore.

Spirulina gigantea Schmidle

University of Singapore and Nanyang University ponds; catchment

reservoirs; fish ponds in Sembawang.

Spirulina labyrinthiformis (Menegh.) Gom.

Alluvial soils..

Symploca elegans Kitz. ex Gom.

Soil from exposed cleared building site.

Tolypothrix fragilis (Gardn.) Geitler

Soil from University of Singapore.

Tolypothrix phyllophila West & West

Disturbed soils; exposed sub-soils.

Tolypothrix tenuis (Kutz.) Johs. Schmidt em. ib

University of Singapore and Nanyang University ponds; Nee Soon —

swamps; catchment reservoirs. .

Algae 249

1.4. STIGONEMATALES

*Key to the Genera

er ieee PICTEPOC YSIS Perea ooo oo oe 222s 5.3 c nck Sean eens Nostochopsis

De eee HET NE ASME ok. cos 2 2 odes ces oes wines sdedetn canes deernejanss 2

ee eeHOP ONES DreneME 28 te.5 58S. .2ofoiee. ee ak Hapalosiphon

2. Hormogones not known, endospores present ............... Westiellopsis

Hapalosiphon fontinalis (Ag.) Born.

University of Singapore and Nanyang Univiersity ponds; catchment

reservoirs; Nee Soon swamps; fish ponds in Sembawang.

Hapalosiphon welwitschii West & West

Grassland soils.

Nostochopsis radians Bharadw.

Grassland soils.

Westiellopsis prolifica Janet

Grassland cultivated soils.

*Modified after Desikachary (1959).

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A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE TISSUE CULTURE

OF ACALYPHA WILKESIANA

Fu FAN May Lay, CHOoo YON SEN AND Ho SIEW HOONG

Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

Acalypha wilkesiana (syn. A. tricolor) is a shrub which has many varieties

and hybrids. One hybrid which has variegated leaves of yellow and green colour

is cultivated commonly as a roadside shrub all over the island. Propagation of

this shrub is by stem cuttings.

Following the successful production of plantlets from tissue culture of stem

internode callus of Paulownia taiwaniana (Fu, 1978) which is a woody species

grown commercially for its timber a study was carried out to propagate this

A. wilkesiana hybrid through tissue culture.

Stem cuttings of A. wilkesiana hybrid were collected. Internodal sections

were cut and sterilised in chlorox solution. These internodal sections were then

cultured asceptically in medium with 2, 4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (Table I).

After 3 months callus formation was observed. These callus sections turned green

and were eventually transferred to medium D (Table II) for further development.

In medium D the callus differentiated and produced leafy shoots (Plate 1) in

6 months.

Further investigations are now being carried out on the issue culture of

A. wilkesiana hybrid the results of which will be published subsequently.

TABLE I

MEDIUM FOR INDUCING CALLUS

per litre

Murashige & Skoog inorganic salts full strength

White organic compounds half strength

Myoinositol 100 mg

Coconut water 150 ml

2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 3 mg

Sugar 30 g

Agar oe

pH 5.2

251

61-66.

“i es =

~ a0 ;

go ei

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= a. = (ee el ag a x

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So 7) a) a

S fe 6 >

ie) -

a Z, QO . 3B

v be 3 -

= : 5 5

— © Ce :

«i -* Zz. N eal P) = a

2 fe O - ~ 28 moos

= al ae 3 2 E 8

S -_= _— ~x

= Ee Zz S Sa a 5

a4 e an oe <

Q Q ° 2

= 13)

2 ZA aS) 5 . 4

YO oF =

= rs} pd ‘ 7“

la = 2 E 3

a) o 2 > a E

lo!) o a . SS oO

= = = 9 oa 3

= = & to a an) te [eo] =

tu 38 6 8s 60 8 & =

=) ‘= > Oo VD & 6D oa)

= om = YN —= wa < joy a

252

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROPAGATION OF

EUGENIA GRANDIS THROUGH TISSUE CULTURE

CHoo YON SEN, Ho SIEW HOONG AND FU FAN May Lay

Botanic Gardens, Singapore

Most of the information available on tissue culture propagation of plants has

been obtained from experiments of herbaceous and not woody plants. There have

been only very few reports on the successful propagation of woody species through

tissue culture.

An attempt has been made in the Botanic Gardens of Singapore to propagate

Eugenia grandis through tissue culture.

E. grandis (Jambu Laut) is a majestic and lofty tree which can grow to a

height of 25 to 30 metres. The crown has a dense foliage and can spread to a

diameter of about 40 metres which makes it a very good plant for shade. It grows

fast and is planted as a roadside tree in Singapore.

E. grandis seeds were collected and germinated in sand. The seedlings

obtained from these seeds were used as plant materials for tissue culture experi-

ments. Internodal sections of the seedlings were surface sterilised in chlorox

and cultured in medium with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Fu Fan et al, 1978).

Sections of the nodes and the shoot tips were also surface sterilised but were

cultured in Ac medium (Table I).

TABLE I

Ac medium

per litre

Murashige & Skoog inorganic salts half strength

Thiamine 0.4 mg

Myoinositol 100 mg

Coconut water 150 ml

Indoleacetic acid 5 mg

Kinetin 2.5 mg

Sugar 30 g

Agar 9¢g

pH 52

The internodal sections developed callus which turned green in colour. The

sections of the nodes and shoot tips in Ac medium produced roots and adventitious

shoots (Plates 1 and 2) within 8 weeks.

Observations made so far indicate that through tissue culture it is possible

to propagate E. grandis. Detailed results of current experiments will be published

later.

LITERATURE CITED

Fu, F.M.L., Choo, Y.S. and Ho, S.H. (1978). A preliminary report on the tissue culture of

Acalypha wilkesiana var. green. Card. Bull. Sing. 31(2):

253

254 Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore — XXXI (1978)

PLATE 1

Nodal section of E. grandis

showing roots (r).

, PLATE 2

Nodal section of E. grandis

producing a shoot (s).

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Lawson, R. H. (1970). Flower necrosis in Cattleya orchids. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.

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Editor’s Address: Manuscripts are to be submitted to:

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